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OF THE Rere™ VERTEBRATE ANIMALS NORTHERN) UNITED (STATES: INCLUDING THE DISTRICT NORTH AND EAST OF THE OZARK MOUNTAINS, SOUTH OF THE LAURENTIAN HILLS, NORTH OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, AND EAST OF THE MISSOURI RIVER INCLUSIVE OF MARINE SPECIES BY DAVID STARR JORDAN PRESIDENT OF LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR Mies ni TENTH EDITION NEWLY REVISED AND ENLARGED CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG AND COMPANY 1910 CopyRIGHT By JANSEN, MCCLuRG, AND Co, A. D. 1876, 1878 COPYRIGHT By A. C. McCLurG AnD Co, A. D. 1888, 1899 Tue University Press, CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. Tuts book is designed to give to students and collectors aready means of identifying the Vertebrate fauna of the region which it covers, and of recognizing the characters on which the families, genera, and species of these ani- mals are founded. To these ends, I have made use of a system of analyti- cal keys by which differential characters are brought into contrast. The usefulness of such keys: has long been recognized by botanists, and in ornithology the recent works of Coues and Ridgway have proved their value to the student. That the book might not reach a size too large for field or class use, I have made all descriptions very concise, with as few repetitions as possible. I have confined the generic characters to the analytical keys, using as a rule only such characters as are distinctive as well as descrip- tive. The need of condensation has caused the omission of synonymy, and of references to authorities except in special cases. In the first four editions of this work (1876, 1878, 1880, 1884), large use was made of artificial characters in the analyses of the genera. The use of such characters is often a help to quick identification of species, but with the disadvantage of hiding from the student the real char- acters on which classification is based. In the present edition, these artificial keys have been chiefly set aside, ii PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. and I have tried, with more or less of success, to set be- fore the student the essential characters of each group. The present edition is wholly re-written and it is printed from new stereotype plates. The order of ar- rangement is reversed, the lowest forms being placed first. The region covered by the Manual has been extended in the present edition so as to include, in addition, Mis- souri, Iowa, Minnesota, the Provinces of Canada, and the sea-coast from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. The deep- sea fishes of this region are, however, omitted, as well as the tropical and semi-tropical forms which occasionally drift northward in the Gulf Stream, without gaining any permanent place in the northern fauna. Several species of birds which have been once or twice taken in our limits, but which are merely accidental wanderers from the West or South or from Europe, have also been omitted. I have wished to include only those animals which really form a part of the fauna of the region in question. I have made free use of every available source of infor- mation, and I believe that the present state of our knowl- edge in this field is fairly represented. The arrangement of the fishes is essentially that of Jordan and Gilbert’s “Synopsis of the Fishes of North America” (1883), and, almost exactly that of Jordan’s “Catalogue of the Fishes of North America” (1885). The manuscript of the fresh water fishes, in the present edition, has been carefully re- vised by Prof. Charles H. Gilbert. The arrangement of the Batrachians and Reptiles is essentially that set forth in the various papers of Prof. Edward D. Cope. I have made use of Boulenger’s Cata- logues of the Reptiles in the British Museum, and of the “Catalogue of North American Batrachia and Reptilia” by N.S. Davis and Frank L. Rice. The manuscripts of the Reptiles and Batrachians have been revised by Prof. O) Paiay: PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. lil In the nomenclature and classification of the Birds, I have followed exactly the “Check List of North Ameri- can Birds,” published by the American Ornithologists’ Union. In the preparation of analytical keys to the genera of Birds, I have made large use of Ridgway’s “Manual of North American Birds,” and of Coues’ “ Key to North American Birds.” In the arrangement of the Mammals, I have been guided primarily by Professor Baird’s “ History of North American Mammals.” In the Rodentia, I have made use of the elaborate monographs of Dr. Elliott Coues and Dr. J. A. Allen; and in the other groups reviewed by Dr. Coues, I have adopted most of his conclusions. In the Cetaceans, I have used chiefly the papers of Mr. Frederick W. True and Prof. E. D. Cope, and both these naturalists have kindly furnished me with unpublished catalogues of the species recognized by them. In the preparation of the present edition I am also personally indebted for aid in various ways to Prof. Ed- ward D. Cope, Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, Prof. Oliver P. Hay, Mr. Frederick W. True, Mr. Robert Ridgway, Mr. Amos W. Butler, Dr. J. Sterling Kingsley, Mr. Charles H. Bollman, Dr. Stephen A. Forbes, Mr. Barton W. Evermann, and others. I may again refer to the cbligations acknowledged in the earlier edition, — especially to my indebtedness to Dr. Elliott Coues, Dr. Theodore Gill, Dr. G. Brown Goode, Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, Prof. Herbert E, Copeland, and Mr. Edward W. Nelson. DAVID §S. JORDAN. Bioomineton, INDIANA, June, 1888. i ui eh) | a 5 PREFATORY NOTE TO EIGHTH EDITION. THE present edition is printed from the same plates as the fifth edition, published in 1890. The decade which closes the century has seen greater activity in the study of species of animals and their relation to their environment than has been known in any other corresponding period in the world’s history. Such study has given much greater precision to our knowledge of the characters and the dis- tribution of species, with the minor results of the recogni- tion of synonyms, and the correction of nomenclature by its establishment on the solid basis of priority. Most of the recent changes in the scientific names of animals are due to the use of the earliest name given to the species, instead of some later one applied through error of one sort or another. To bring the present work up to date, it is necessary to change these antedated names, but there is no correspond- ing change, in most cases, in the definitions of the genera and species themselves. It has therefore seemed unneces- sary to ask the publishers to incur the great expense of resetting the type for a new edition. I have indicated in an appendix the principal additions and alterations which seem necessary in the group of Fishes. By the applica- tion of these corrections the nomenclature of this group will be made to correspond to that of Jordan & Ever- mann’s Fishes of North and Middle America (4 parts: part 1, published 1897; parts 2 and 3, 1898; part 4 in 1899), to which elaborately illustrated work students are referred for further details. vl PREFATORY NOTE TO EIGHTH EDITION, The corrections in the Reptiles and Batrachians have been made on the plates, from data kindly furnished by Dr. Leonard Stejneger, and Dr. Oliver P. Hay of the Smithsonian Institution, and by Dr. John Van Denburgh of the California Academy of Sciences. A few additional species are inserted in an appendix, the descriptions having been furnished by Dr. Stejneger. “The Birds” is revised to follow the generally accepted nomenclature of the American Ornithologists’ Union. “The Mammals” has been fully revised and is printed from new plates. The nomenclature has been carefully corrected in accordance with the views of Mr. T. 8. Palmer of the Department of Agriculture. ‘*The Cetaceans” has been revised by Mr. Frederick W. True of the United States National Museum. Two of my own students, Mr. William Weightman Price and Mr. Walter Kenrick Fisher, have assisted me in the revision of the account of the Mammals and the compila- tion of the additional descriptions needed to bring the work fairly up to date. DAVID STARR JORDAN. Levanp STanrorD Jr. UNIVERSITY, Pato ALTO, CALIFORNIA. March, 1899. THE VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. VERTEBRATA. (THE VERTEBRATES.) Tue Vertebrates are, in popular language, “animals with a back-bone.” They are distinguished from all other animals, says Professor Huxley, “ by the circumstance that a transverse and vertical section of the body exhibits two cavities, completely sep- arated from one another by a partition. The dorsal cavity contains the cerebro-spinal nervous system; the ventral, the alimentary canal, the heart, and, usually, a double chain of ganglia, which passes under the name of the ‘sympathetic.’ A vertebrated ani- mal may be devoid of articulated limbs, and it never possesses more than two pairs. These are always provided with an internal skeleton, to which the muscles moving the limbs are attached.” Modern researches have shown that, besides the ordinary “ back- boned animals,” certain other creatures, formerly considered as Mollusks or Worms, are really degenerate forms of Vertebrates, and must be considered as members, or at least as associates, of this group. The resemblance to the other Vertebrates on the part of the forms in question is seen in their early or larval develop- ment, and scarcely at all in the adult condition. ‘ Many of the species start in life with the promise of reaching a point high in the scale, but after a while they turn around, and, as one might say, pursue a downward course, which results in an adult which dis- plays but few resemblances to the other vertebrates.” (Kingsley.) These are the Tunicates or Ascidians, forming the Class or Prov- ince of “ Urochordata.” The essential character of the Vertebrata, in the broad sense of the term, is now understood to be this: “ The 6 VERTEBRATA. possession of a cellular cord, — the ‘ notochord,’ — which runs un- derneath the central nervous system, and which in the higher forms is surrounded by the permanent vertebral column and skull, and is largely obliterated by the development of these structures. So the term CHorpDATA is frequently employed as synonymous with VER- TEBRATA in its wide sense.” (hk. . Wright.) Without further discussion of the VERTEBRATA or “ CHOR- DATA” as a whole, we may proceed to the account of the several subordinate groups or classes. The existing forms may first be divided into about six primary groups, which have been called “ provinces ” by Professor Huxley. These are (1) the Urochor- data, including the class Tunicata ; (11) the Hemichordata or En- teropneusta ; (III) the Cephalochordata, corresponding to the class Leptocardii: (1V) the Ichthyopsida, including the classes of Cyclo- stomi, Pisces, and Batrachia; (V) the Sauropsida, including the Reptilia and Aves; and finally (VI) the Mammalia, correspond- ing to the single class of the same name. The relations of these provinces and classes are shown in the following analysis taken, in part, from Dr. Gill’s “ Arrangement of the Families of Fishes.” Only the more obvious characters are here mentioned. Others may be found in the more elaborate works on Comparative Anatomy. Analysis of the Classes of Chordata. a. Anterior end of the central nervous axis not dilated into a brain, and not surrounded by a protective capsule or skull. b. Notochord confined to the tail and usually present only in the tadpole- like larval stage of the animal (URocHORDATA): adult animal not fish-like nor were its body invested with a tough envelope or ECiGIIG 4 ci 3 $ Sis we Sis whe eS LOMPOATA, “Al, 6b. Notochord not confindd ‘ the tail, but extending forward to the anterior end of the body; sides of body with numerous gill slits which are persistent through life. d. Notochord developed in anterior end of body only (HEMICHOR- DATA): adult animal worm-like, without trace of fins; a long proboscis before the mouth. . . . . . ENTEROPNEUSTA, B. dd. Notochord perfect, continued forward to a point before the mouth (CEPHALOCHORDATA): body elongate, lanceolate, somewhat fish- like in form, not worm-like nor enveloped in a ‘‘tunic’’; middle line of body with perpen fins; no proboscis; the mouth slit- like, fringed with cirri. . . A - . » LEPTOCARDH, C. aa. Anterior end of the nervous axis dilated into a ‘‘ brain,’’? which is con- tained within a protective capsule, the ‘‘ skull oe notochord not continued forwards beyond the pituitary body; heart developed and divided into at least two parts, an auricle and a ventricle. (CRA- NIOTA.) e. Respiration during part or the whole of life performed by means of gills; blood cold. (ICHTHYOPSIDA.) VERTEBRATA. 7 J. Skull imperfectly developed and without jaws; paired fins un- developed, with no shoulder girdle or pelvic elements; a single median nostril ; gills See skin naked ; skeleton car- tilaginous. . . 4 - . Cyctostomr, D. Jf. Skull well Hevelbped: dae with jaws; badatdue girdle and pelvic elements developed; nostrils not median. g. Limbs developed as rayed fins (rarely abortive) ; rayed fins nor- mally present on the median line of the body; respiration throughout life by means of gills; lungs usually not developed. Pisces, E. gg. Limbs not developed as rayed fins, but, if present, having the same skeletal elements as in the higher vertebrates; respiration in the adult chiefly accomplished by means of lungs, the gills usually not persistent; skin usually naked. . . . . Barracuta, F. ee. Respiration performed throughout life by means of lungs, the gill slits disappearing before birth. h. Mammary glands not present; diaphragm incomplete; a single occipital condyle; oviparous (or sometimes ovoviviparous), the young hatched from a rather large egg. (SAUROPSIDA.) i. Exoskeleton developed as scales or bony plates; blood cold; heart with three (rarely four) cavities. . . Reprrt1a, G. wv. Exoskeleton developed as feathers; blood warm; heart with four cavities. . . Shoo cha se heh fey AWVHSs IEDs hh. Mammary glands phteuttt the young developed within the body from a minute egg (except in the Monotremata), and nourished for a time after birth by milk secreted in the mammary glands; exoskeleton developed as hair; two occipital condyles; dia- phragm complete; heart with four cavities; blood warm. Mamma tt, I. Of these classes, the Tunicata (A) and the Enteropneusta (B) are excluded from the plan of the present work. The Tunicata are all marine forms, of small size, the larger species being familiarly known as “Sea Squirts,” “Sea Peaches,” and “Sea Pears”; but the most of them are without common names. A considerable number of species, representing several families, are found on our Atlantic coast. The Hnteropneusta consist of the single genus Balanoglossus, a worm-like creature, of which two or three species are found on our coasts. They reach a length of six to twelve inches. They have been considered as worms having possible affinities with the Echinoderms, but the recent studies of Mr. William Bateson seem to show conclusively that their place is among the Chordata. Leaving these groups aside, we take up 8 LEPTOCARDII: CIRROSTOMI,. —I. Ciass C.—LEPTOCARDII. (THe LaNceE.ets.) Skeleton membrano-cartilaginous; no brain; no skull; the noto- chord persistent and extending to front of body; no heart, its place being taken by pulsating sinuses; blood colorless; respiratory cav- ity confluent with cavity of abdomen ; gill slits in great number; the water expelled from an abdominal pore in front of vent; no jaws; the mouth inferior, slit-like, with cirri on each side. (Gr. Aentds, thin; xapdia, heart.) OrpER I. CIRROSTOMI. The single order of this class contains but a single family. (Lat., cirrus, hair; Gr. oreua, mouth.) Famity I. BRANCHIOSTOMATIDA. (Tue LANCELETS.) Body elongate-lanceolate, compressed, naked, colorless, the fins represented by a low fold which extends along the back around the tail, past the vent, to the abdominal pore; eye rudimentary ; liver a blind sac of the simple intestine. One genus, with 5 or 6 species; small, translucent creatures found imbedded in the sand on warm coasts. These animals are highly interesting to the anatomist as showing the vertebrate type in its simplest condition. 1. BRANCHIOSTOMA Costa. (Amphioxus Yarrell.) (Bpayxia, gills ; oréua, mouth.) 1. B. caribeeum Sundevall. Lanceret. Muscular bands (myocommas) 55 to 60 (37-+ 14+ 9 = 60); tail short; extremi- ties attenuate. (Otherwise as in the European B. lanceolatum, which has 56 to 60 myocommas; 35 + 12+ 13= 60). N. Y. to S. A. buried in soft sand, locally abundant. (Name from Carib- bean Sea.) MYXINIDA. — II. 9 Ciass D. CYCLOSTOMI. (THE Myzonts.) Skeleton cartilaginous; skull imperfect, not separate from ver- tebral column; no jaws; no limbs; no ribs; no shoulder girdle nor pelvic elements ; gills in the form of fixed sacs, 6 or more on each side; nostril single, median; mouth subinferior, nearly circular, adapted for sucking; heart without arterial bulb; alimentary canal straight, simple ; vertical fins with feeble rays. Naked, eel- shaped animals found in all cool waters. (Gr. kudos, circle; oroza, mouth.) Orders of Cyclostomi. a. Nostril tube-like with cartilaginous rings, penetrating the palate; gill openings remote from the head; no eyes.. . . . HYPEROTRETA, 2. aa. Nostril a blind sac not entering the palate; gill openings close behind the head; eyes well developed in the adult.. . . HyPEROARTIA, 2. Orver II. HYPEROTRETA. Characters as given above. Only one family. (dimepwa, palate ; tpntos, perforate.) Famity Il. MYXINIDAG. (THe Hac-risues.) Snout with eight barbels; no lips; a median tooth on the palate and two rows on each side of the tongue, which is a powerful organ with a strong fibrous tendon moving in a muscular sheath; each side of abdomen with a series of mucous sacs; no eyes; intestine without spiral valve; skin thin and loose; eggs large, with a horny case and threads for adhesion; genera 2; species 4 or 5. Lamprey- like animals, burrowing into the flesh of fishes, on which they feed ; marine. a. Gill openings one on each side, this leading by six ducts to six branchial SACK Cio oy ett awalis Ve\\ | oil hhelleve/ Hh) NhoMMh oss ive tL oat, sh y'se re b'9. 40.9 Ab 2. MYXINE Linneus. (Gr. pvéa, slime.) 2. M. glutinosa L. Hac-risu, Borer. Bluish; head 3} to 4 in length. N. Atl., S. to Cape Cod. (Eu.) 10 CYCLOSTOMI: HYPEROARTIA, — IIL Orpver LT. HYPEROARTIA, Characters given above. One family only. (imep@a, palate ; Gprws, complete.) Famiry Ul. PETROMYZONTIDAS. (Tue Lampreys.) Body eel-shaped, naked, compressed behind ; mouth subcircular, armed with horny teeth, which rest on papille; gill openings 7, arranged in a row along the side of the “chest”; lips present, fringed ; nostril on top of head, just in front of eyes; dorsal fin more or less notched ; intestine with a spiral valve; eggs small. The lampreys undergo a metamorphosis, the larva of all species being toothless and having the eyes rudimentary. The name Ammoceetes was formerly applied to the ‘larval forms; originally, however, to that of A. branchialis. Genera 3 or 4, species about 15, chiefly of the fresh waters of temperate regions. They attach themselves to fishes, and feed by scraping off the flesh with their rasp-like teeth. a. Second dorsal joined to the caudal. 6, Supraroral lamina (‘‘ maxillary tooth’’) expanded laterally, forming a crescent-shaped plate, with a cusp at each end, and sometimes a median cusp; anterior lingual teeth serrate. . . . . . . AMMOCaTES, 3. 6. Supraoral lamina contracted, of two or three teeth close together; discal teeth numerous, in concentric series; buccal disk large (in adult, very smnallin larva) . is. « 4)s * «, s « LETROMYZON, & 3. AMMOCGSTES Duméril. (dppos, sand; xoirn, bed.) a. Supraoral lamina with a very small median cusp or none; edge of anterior lingual tooth small, crescent-shaped, dentate, the median denticle en- larged; buccal disk small, with few teeth. (AmMocacTEs.) 3. A. branchialis (L.). Mup Lamprey. Brook LAMprey. Dorsal continuous, deeply notched, both parts high; about 3 bicuspid teeth on each side of buccal disk; the other teeth sim- ple; infraoral plate with 5 to 9 blunt subequal cusps; head with gills 4} ; myocommas 67, between gills and vent; an anal papilla present in spring. Color bluish black. L. 8. Cayuga L. (Meek) to Minn. and Ky., ascending brooks in spring. (£u.) (P. niger, Raf., not of Lacepéde.) (Lat., having gills.) 4. PETROMYZON (Artedi) Linnwus. (rérpa, stone ; pit, to suck.) a. Anterior lingual tooth divided in two by a median groove; dorsal fin con- tinuous, with a broad notch, (/chthyomyzon Girard.) 4. P. castaneus (Girard). Supraoral lamina (maxillary tooth) tricuspid ; some lateral teeth bicuspid; infraoral lamina (mandib- PETROMYZONTIDA., — III. 11 ulary tooth) with 7 to 12 cusps. Color yellowish. L.10. Miss. Valley, Minn. to Kans, and La, (Jchth. hirudo Girard.) (Lat., chestnut-colored.) 5. P. concolor (Kirtland). Supraoral lamina bicuspid; teeth on disk all simple, and placed in about 4 concentric series ; infra- oral lamina with 7 cusps; head 74; with gills 43; 51 muscular im- pressions between gills and vent. Color bluish silvery, sometimes mottled ; a small bluish spot above each gill opening, — this found even in the larva. L.12. lL. Erie to Mo. and N., acommon para- site on the Sturgeon and other large fishes. (P. argenteus Kirtland, not of Bloch.) (Lat., uniformly colored.) aa. Anterior lingual tooth with a deep median groove, and extending in an incurved point; dorsal fin divided. (Petromyzon.) 6. P. marinus L. Great SEA LAMPREY. “ LAMPER EEL.” Supraoral lamina bicuspid; infraoral cusps 7 to 9; first row of lateral teeth on side of mouth bicuspid; the others simple; myo- commas, 64 between gills and vent ; males in spring usually with an elevated fleshy ridge before the dorsal. Color dark brown, usually mottled with blackish. L. 3 feet. N. Atlantic, S. to Va., ascending rivers to spawn, and permanently land-locked (var. uni- color, Dekay) in the lakes of W.and N. N. Y. The larva is blind, toothless, with a contracted mouth, in which the lower lip forms a lobe distinct from the upper. The eyes appear before the mouth is enlarged. (Eu.) In the spring the Lamprey ascends small brooks for the purpose of de- positing its spawn. They are then often found clinging to stones and clods of earth. Later in the season they disappear, and are seldom seen except when attached to some unlucky fish. They are rarely seen descending the stream, and “it is thought by fishermen that they never return, but waste away and die, clinging to rocks and stumps of trees for an indefinite period; a tragic feature in the scenery of the river bottoms worthy to be remembered with Shakespeare’s description of the sea floor.’? (Thoreau.) 12 PISCES. Cuiass E.—PISCES. (THE FIsHEs.) A “fish” in the popular sense is a member of any one of the three classes of aquatic or fish-like vertebrates, the groups here designated as Leptocardii, Marsipobranchii, and Pisces. But the Lancelets and the Lampreys differ so widely from the other groups that we must exclude them from consideration as fishes. Many writers go still further and remove from the Pisces, the Sharks, Chimeras, and Dipnoans, but for our present purposes all these may be referred to the same class as the true fishes, or Teleosts. The Pisces or “ Fishes” may then be defined as cold-blooded ver- tebrates adapted for life in the water, breathing by means of gills which are not purse-shaped, but attached to bony or cartilaginous gill arches; having the skull well developed and with a lower jaw; with the limbs present and developed as fins, or rarely wanting through atrophy; with shoulder girdle present, furcula-shaped, curved forward and with the sides connected below ; with pelvic bones present; having the exoskeleton developed as scales or bony plates or horny appendages, sometimes obsolete, and with the me- dian line of body with one or more fins composed of cartilaginous rays connected by membrane. ‘The existing representatives of the class Pisces may be conveniently divided into four subclasses: Selachit or Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Teleostomi, and Dipnoi. The last group (Ceratodus, Lepidosiren) has well-developed lungs and the paired fins flipper-like. It forms a connecting link be- tween the Ganoidet and the Batrachia. As there are no North American species of Dipnoi, the group needs no further men. tion in this work. Subclasses of Pisces. a. Gills not free, being attached to the skin by the outer margin. Ova few and large, impregnated and sometimes developed internally: embryo with deciduous external gills; membrane bones of head undeveloped, except sometimes a rudimentary opercle; skeleton cartilaginous; skull without sutures; tail heterocercal; ventral fins abdominal; male with large intromittent organs or claspers attached to ventral fins; skin naked or covered with minute rough scales, sometimes with spines; no air-bladder; arterial bulb with three series of valves; intestine with a spiral valve; optic nerves united by a chiasma; cerebral hemispheres united. b. Gill openings slit-like, 5 to 7 in number; jaws distinct from the skull, jeined to it by suspensory bones; no membrane bones; teeth distinct. (Sharks and Skates.). .« . . « © «© « « « SELACHM, page 14. PISCES. 13 bb. Gill opening single, leading to four gill clefts; jaws coalescent with the skull; a rudimentary opercle; teeth coalescent forming bony plates. COMMENTS.) Noten he bat rel at eisil) sy) | LLOLOCHEHALI page) 24. aa. Gills free, attached at base only to the gill arches; gill opening single on each side; eggs comparatively small and numerous; no claspers; mem- brane bones present on head; cerebral hemispheres not united. (True Fishes.) . 1 + « «© © © «© © «© « © « « TELEOSTOMI, page 25. 14 SELACHII : SQUALL — IV. SuspcLass SELACHII. (THE SELACHIANS.) This group, sufficiently defined above, includes two orders, the Sharks and the Rays, — marine fishes of large size, abundant in most seas. (Gr. oéAaxos, shark.) Orders of Selachii. a. Gill openings Tateral. 2 2. « 3 ws + se tls §6©6SQUALT, © aa. Gill openings ventral. . . ». + «© « e's © » © ow Raa, 5 Orver IV. SQUALI. (Tue Suarks.) The typical sharks are elongate in form, quite unlike the skates in appearance. Intermediate forms connect the two groups so closely that the position of the gill openings is the only constant character by which the two orders can be separated. (Lat., a shark, from Gr. yadeds, allied to yadén, a weasel.) Nore. — The Sharks are mostly fishes of the high seas, and any of the larger Atlantic species may stray to our coasts. Besides those here deseribed, the following have been at least once taken within our limits :— Echinorhinus spinosus (Gmelin), Cape Cod; Centrocyllium fabricii (Rein- hardt), off Gloucester; Centroscymnus celolepis (Bocage & Capello), Glou- cester; Pseudotriacis microdon (Capello), Long Island; Aprionodon isodon (Miiller & Henle); /sogomphodon limbatus (Miiller & Henle), Wood's Holl. Omitting extralimital families, we have the following analysis of Families of Squali. a. Pectoral fins moderate, without deep notch at base in front; gill openings 5 b. Anal fin wanting. c. Dorsal fins each with a stout spineg . . . « . « SQUALID, 4. cc. Dorsal fins without spine . . . . . « « « » SOMNrosiDa, 5. 6b, Anal fin present; both dorsals without spine, the first inserted before the ventrals, d, Caudal fin not lunate, the upper lobe very much longer than the lower, with a notch below, towards its tip; side of tail without keel. e. Last gill opening above base of pectoral. J. Tail moderately developed, not half length of rest of body; eyes with nictitating membrane. g- Head kidney-shaped or hammer-shaped, much wider than long. Spryrnip, 6. gg. Head normally formed. . . . » « GALEOKHINIDA, 7. Jf. Tail very long, as long as rest of body; no nictitating mem- brame. « e'c¢ » sis « & & ve nle | eo, -ALOPiDes & SQUALIDA, — IV. - 15 ee. Last gill opening before base of pectoral; dorsal fins subequal. CARCHARUD&, 9. dd. Caudal fin lunate, the lower lobe not much shorter than the upper; tail with a keel on each side, last gill opening before pectorals. h. Gill openings rather large; teeth large. . . . . Lamnip&, 10. hh. Gill openings very large, nearly meeting both above and below; teeth small (largest of all fishes), . . . . CETORHINIDA, 11. aa. Pectoral fins very large, wing-like, expanded at the base in front, this ex- pansion being separated from the neck by a deep notch; no anal fin. SQuATINID#, 12. Famity IV. SQUALIDA, (Tue Doc-risHEs.) Sharks with two dorsal fins, each armed with a stout spine, and without anal fin; no nictitating membrane; spiracles moderate ; gill openings narrow, all before pectorals; ventral fins inserted posteriorly ; teeth small, compressed ; nostrils inferior, near front of snout. Genera 6; species about 15; small sharks, chiefly of the Atlantic. (Spinacide Auct.) a. Teeth in both jaws, simple, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal cutting edge, and a point directed outward; dorsal spines strong. SQuALus, 5. 5. SQUALUS (Artedi) Linneus. 7. S. acanthias L. Doc-risu. Dorsal spines not grooved; slate-color, back with whitish spots fading with age. L. 3 feet. North Atl., S. to Cuba; abundant N., its liver valued for the “Dog-fish oil.” (Hu.) (Gr. dxavéias, having spines.) Famity V. SOMNIOSIDA. (THE SLEEPER SHARKS.) Sharks with two dorsal fins, both without spine, and no anal fin, the first dorsal much before ventrals, otherwise essentially as in the Squalide. Genera 5; species 5 or 6, mostly large sharks of the Atlantic. a. Dorsal fins about equal; upper teeth lancet-shaped, incurved; lower quad- rate with a horizontal edge, ending in a point directed outwards; fins Werysurall sy aves) eh dj is fori sthie je )iel s = 9) NSOMNIOSUS, Ge 6. SOMNIOSUS Le Sueur. (Lat., sleepy.) 8. S. microcephalus (Bloch). Strerer. Nurse. Color blackish ; caudal blunt. L. 10 to 18 feet. Arctic seas, S. to Cape Cod. (Eu.) (juxpds, small; xeadn, head.) Famity VI. SPHYRNIDAH. (THe Hammer-Heapep SHARKS.) Characters of the Galeorhinide, except that the head has a form hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped, its sides being much extended, the eyes borne at the ends of the hammer. One genus, with 4 or 5 species; large sharks of the warm seas. 16 SELACHII : SQUALI. — IV. 7. SPHYRNA Rafinesque. (An old name from odipa, hammer.) a. Teeth in both jaws oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the base; no spiracles. 6. Head truly hammer-shaped; a long groove extending forward from nostrils. (Sphyrna.) 9. S. zygeena (L.). HAMMER-HEADED SHark. Width of “hammer ” twice its length. Gray. L. 15 to 20 feet. All warm seas, N. to Cape Cod. (/u.) (An old name from (vydv, a cross- beam.) 6b. Head kidney-shaped, the frontal groove obsolete. (Reniceps, Gill.) 10. S. tiburo (L.). Bonnet-Heap Suark. Width of “ ham- mer” not nearly twice its length. Ashy gray. L. 3 to 5 feet. Warm seas, N. to Va. (Eu.) (Tiburo, an Italian name of some shark.) Famity VII. GALHORHINIDAS. (Tue Tyricar Suarks.) Sharks with two dorsals and an anal fin; no spines; tail mod- erate, not lunate, bent upwards, the fin notched below near the tip ; basal lobe short; no caudal keel; last gill opening above base of pectoral ; eye with nictitating membrane; head normally formed, Genera 15, species about 60, found in all seas, a. Teeth blunt, paved, without cusps or cutting edges; spiracles present; no pit at root of tail; labial folds about mouth. . . . GALEus, 8. aa. Teeth more or less compressed, with sharp cutting edges. 5. Spiracles present; teeth large; serrated. c. Root of tail with a pit above; caudal fin with two notches. GALEOCERDO, 9. 6b. Spiracles none; teeth sharp; a pit at root of tail. d. Teeth all serrate inthe adult. . . . . . .« CARCHARHTNUS, 10. dd. Teeth all entire, all except the median ones oblique; their points turned away from the middle so that the inner margins are nearly horizontal, and form a cutting edge. . Sco.topon, 11. 8. GALEUS (Rafinesque) Leach. (Mustelus Cuvier.) (yadeds, shark; yadén, weasel.) a, Embryo not attached to uterus by a placenta; teeth very blunt. (Galeus.) 11. @ canis (Mitchill). Doc SHarx. Hounp Suarkx. Boca Dvtce. First dorsal higher than long, its middle midway between pectorals and ventrals; snout shortish. Pale gray. L. 3 feet. Smallest of our sharks. N, Atl; common N. (Zu.) 9. GALEOCERDO Miiller & Henle. (yadeds, shark ; xepda, fox). 12. G. maculatus (Ranzani). Tiger Suark. Brown, with numerous large dark spots, L. 10 feet. Warm seas; rarely N. to N.Y. (Lat., spotted.) ALOPIIDA. — VIII. LT 10. CARCHARHINUS Blainville. (Carcharias Cuvier.) (xdpxapos, rough ; pivy, shark.) (The largest genus of sharks, represented in most warm seas. It is often divided into several genera, but intergradations make it difficult to maintain these divisions. In young specimens the serration of the teeth is not evident.) a. First dorsal far behind pectoral, nearer root of ventral than that of pec- toral. ( Carcharhinus.) 13. C. glaucus (L.). Great Brug SuHark. Snout very long; color grayish blue. A large shark, rare on our coast. (Hu.) (Lat., grayish blue.) aa. First dorsal not far behind pectoral. 6. Upper teeth oblique; deeply notched on outer margin. (Platypodon Gill.) 14, C. obscurus (Le Sueur). Pectorals large; second dorsal evidently smaller than anal; first dorsal large; head pointed. L. 10 feet. N. Atl. Frequently on our coast. bb. Upper teeth sub-erect, triangular, scarcely notched at outer margin. (Eulamia Gill.) 15. C. caudatus (Dekay). Snout moderate, its length from mouth forward not less than. width of mouth; pectoral fin not very long. Atlantic coast: a little known species of uncertain synon- ymy. (Lat., long-tailed.) 11. SCOLIODON Miiller & Henle. (cxodtds, oblique; dda, tooth.) 16. S. terree-nove (Richardson). SHArp-NosED SHARK. Body slender; snout depressed ; mouth with short labial grooves on both jaws; second dorsal smaller than anal; gray, tail dusky- edged. West Indies, N. to Cape Cod, common S. (erroneously ascribed to Newfoundland). (Lat. terra, land; nova, new. New- foundland.) Famity VIII. ALOPIIDA. (Tue Turesner Suarks.) Body rather slender; snout short; teeth equal, flat, triangular, entire; gill openings moderate, the last above P.; no nictitating membrane ; spiracles obsolete; first dorsal large, second dorsal and anal very small; tail about as long as rest of body ; no caudal keel; pectorals falcate, very large. One species, a large shark, found in most warm seas, 12. ALOPIAS Rafinesque. (ddamné, a fox.) 17. A. vulpes (Gmelin). TuresHer. SwinGir-Tatt. Fox Sark. Color gray. L. about 20 feet. Open sea; occasionally on our coast. (Hu.) 2 18 SELACHII: SQUALL — IV. Famiry IX. CARCHARIIDAS. (Tue Sanp Suarks.) Body elongate, the snout sharp; mouth wide, the teeth large, long, narrow, entire, very sharp, most of the teeth with one or two small cusps at base; gill openings all in front of pectorals; dorsals small, similar to the anal; tail as in Galeorhinide@ ; no nictitating membrane; spiracles minute. One genus and 3 species; rather small sharks, of the Atlantic. 13. CARCHARIAS Rafinesque. (Odontaspis Agassiz.) (xdpxapos, jagged.) a. First and fourth teeth of the upper jaw, and first tooth of the lower without basal cusps. (Lugomphodus Gill.) 18. C. littoralis (Mitchill). Sanp Suarx. Pectoral short. Color gray. L. 6 feet. Cape Cod to 8, C., rather common N, A voracious little shark. (Lat., of the shore.) Famity X. LAMNIDAS. (THe PorseaGtes.) Body robust, contracted to a rather slender tail, which has a keel on each side ; caudal fin lunate, the lower lobe nearly as large as the upper, and not very different in form; teeth large; gill openings wide, all in front of pectorals; first dorsal and pectorals large ; second dorsal and anal very small; a pit at root of caudal, spiracles obsolete. Large, voracious sharks of the warm seas. Genera 3, species about 6. a. Teeth slender, sharp, with entire edges; tail very slender. b. Teeth very slender, flexuous, without basalcusps . . . Isurus, 14. 6b. Teeth broader, most of them with a small cusp on each side at base. LAMNA, 15. aa. Teeth broad, compressed, triangular, distinctly serrate; tail rather stout. CARCHARODON, 16. 14. ISURUS Rafinesque. (icos, equal; ovpa, tail.) a. First dorsal entirely behind pectorals, nearly midway between base of P. and V. (J/suropsis, Gill.) 19. I. dekayi (Gill), Mackeretr Suarx. Color bluish. L. 15 feet. W.I., rarely N. (For James E, Dekay, author of the Fauna of New York.) 15. LAMNA Cuvier. (Adpva, a kind of shark.) 20. L. cornubica (Gmelin). PorBeaGLte. MACKEREL SHARK. First dorsal close behind pectorals; snout conical, sharp; back elevated ; third tooth on each side in upper jaw small. L. 8 feet. Warm seas, frequently N. to Cape Cod. (22u.) (Lat., pertaining to Cornwall.) SQUATINIDA, — XII. 19 16. CARCHARODON Andrew Smith. (xdpyapos, jagged ; ddav, tooth.) 21. C. carcharias (L.). MaAn-EATER SHARK. GREAT WHITE Suark. First dorsal somewhat behind pectorals. Color leaden- gray, P. edged with black. L. 25 feet. Most voracious of all sharks, and next in size to Cetorhinus, weighing nearly aton. Warm seas, occasional off our coasts. Linnzeus says, “ Jonam prophetam ut vete- res Herculem, in hujus trinoctem ventriculo tridui spateo, besisse verosimile est.” The fossil teeth of a far larger extinct species, Carcharodon megalodon, are often found in tertiary beds along our South Atlantic coast. (Hu.) (kapypias, old name of large sharks.) Famity XI. CHTORHINIDA. (Tue Basxine SHarks.) Largest of all fishes; immense sharks with the gill openings ex- tremely wide, nearly meeting above and below; mouth moderate ; teeth very small, numerous, conical, simple; no nictitating mem- brane; spiracles very small; first dorsal and pectorals large; sec- ond and anal small; caudal lunate, the upper lobe the larger ; tail keeled on the side. One species, a huge, sluggish creature, found in Northern seas. 17. CETORHINUS Blainville. (xjros, whale ; pivn, a shark.) 22. C. maximus (Gunner). Baskrinc SHark. Head small, snout blunt. Gray. lL. 35 feet; depth nearly 6 feet. Open sea, S.to Va. (Eu.) Famity XII. SQUATINIDAL. (THE ANGEL-FISHES.) Ray-like sharks, with the body depressed, the pectoral fins very large, expanded in the plane of the body, the anterior margin bear- ing some resemblance to the bend of the wing in birds; ventrals very large; dorsal fins two, small, subequal, behind ventrals ; cau- dal small; no anal; gill openings wide, subinferior, partly hidden by base of pectoral; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped, behind eyes; mouth and nostrils anterior ; teeth small, conical, pointed, distant. A single species, in most seas. The singularly formed pectoral fins give an absurd resemblance to the conventional pictures of angels. 18. SQUATINA Duméril. (hina Giinther.) (Latin name, from squatus, skate.) 23. S. squatina (L.). ANGEI-FisH. Monk-risu. Skin rough, with small, stiff prickles; ashy gray above, usually much mottled, L. 3 or 4 feet. Warm seas, rarely N. (Lu.) Orver V. RAIAE. (Tue Rays.) The Rays, as a whole, differ from the sharks in having the gill openings underneath the flat disk formed by the body and the 20 SELACHII: RALE.— V. expanded pectoral fins. The tail is comparatively slender, and its fins are small. Spiracles present. The Rajide@ produce large eggs, enclosed in leathery cases; most of the other Raiw are ovovi- viparous, bringing forth their young alive. Families of Raia. a. Tail comparatively thick, with two dorsal fins; no serrated caudal spine nor cephalic fins. 6. Snout much produced, flat, armed with strong teeth on each side, set at right angles to its axis; body somewhat shark-like, the disk grad- ually passing into the tail. . . - « Pristiprps, 13. bb. Snout not saw-like; disk ending aheapely at base of tail. c. Electric organs wanting; skin not perfectly smooth. . Rasim, 14. cc. Electric organs present; a structure of honeycomb-like tubes between pectoral fins and head; skin perfectly smooth. . Torpepinrp#, 14. aa. Tail slender, with but one dorsal fin or none, and usually armed with a serrated spine. d. Pectoral fins uninterrupted, confluent about the snout; teeth small. DasyATID&, 15. da. Pectoral fins divided, leaving detached appendages (‘‘ cephalic fins ’’) on the snout. e. Teeth very large, flat, tessellated. . . . . . . AETOBATID, 16. es. Teeth very small, flat or tubercular; size enormous, largest of the rays. MANTID&, 17. Famity XIII. PRISTIDIDAX. (Tue Saw-risues.) Rays with elongate body, stout, thick tail, and a long saw-like snout, below which is the inferior mouth with small blunt teeth. Dorsals and caudal well developed. One genus, with 5 or 6 species, in warm seas. 19. PRISTIS Latham. (mpiorms, one who saws; the ancient name.) 24. P. pectinatus Latham. Saw-risu. Saw with 25 to 28 pairs of spines. L. 10 feet. West Indies; occasional N. (Lat., comb-toothed. ) Famiry XIV. RAJIDAS. (Tue Skates.) Rays with the disk broad, rhombic, more or less rough; the males usually with about two rows of strong spines on each pec- toral; tail rather stout, with a fold of skin on each side, and two dorsal fins above ; caudal fin small or obsolete ; no serrated spine ; no electric organs. Egg in a large leathery case, four-angled, and having two tubular horns at each end. Genera 4, species 40, mostly of the Northern seas. a, Caudal fin rudimentary; pectorals not confluent, leaving a translucent area at the snout; ventrals deeply notched. . . .« « + « Raga, 20. TORPEDINIDA. — XV. pl 20. RAJA (Artedi) Linneus. (Raia or Raja, the Latin name.) a. Middle line of back and tail behind shoulders, unarmed in adult, with a row of spines in young; outline of disk before spiracles obtuse, without acute angle at tip of snout. 6. Rows of teeth about 2°. 25. R. erinacea Mitchill. Common Skate. TosBacco-Box. Spines largest on front of pectorals; smaller ones on head, back, and shoulder girdle. Light brown, with round dark spots. L. 14 feet. Smallest and commonest of our skates, from Va. northward. (Lat., hedge-hog.) 6b. Rows of teeth about an. 26. R. ocellata Mitchill. Bie Skate. Similar to preceding, but much larger, and with additional rows of spines along the back and on sides of tail. Light brown, with dark spots; usually a large white ocellus with a dark centre on P. behind. L. 3 feet. Mass. N. aa. Middle line of back and tail with a row of spines at all ages; outline of disk before spiracles forming a more or less marked angle at tip of snout. c. Angle at tip of snout short, obtuse; teeth 4oi body and tail with strong spines with broad stellate bases. 27. R. radiata Donovan. A median dorsal row of large spines or bucklers; others about head. L. 14 to 2 feet. N. Atl.; rather rare, S. to Cape Cod. (Eu.) cc. Angle at tip of snout acute, moderately long; teeth 595 no coarse spines or bucklers. 28. R.eglanteria Lacépéde. Prickles small and sharp; a large spine on each shoulder. Brown, with darker bars and blotches. L. 2 feet. Cape Cod southward ; not common. (glantine, brier- rose.) ccc. Angle at tip of snout much produced, blunt; teeth 3a. 29. R. levis Mitchill. Barn-poor Skate. Spines of body very few and small, on head and back; a row of larger ones on median line of tail; female rougher, as is usual among rays; snout very long, somewhat spatulate. Color brownish, with paler spots mostly ringed with darker. L. 4 feet. Va. N.; not rare. (Lat. smooth.) Famity XV. TORPEDINID4. (Tue Etecrric Rays.) Trunk broad and smooth, the tail short and thick, with rayed caudal and usually two rayed dorsals, the first over or behind ven- trals ; a large electric organ made up of hexagonal tubes, between head and pectorals. Genera 6, species 15, found in most warm seas; noted for their power of giving electric shocks. a. Dorsal fins two; ventrals separate; spiracle placed nearly an eye’s diameter MOMINGL ey eshey del "ieik se! Pei ha) sel 3 MeN ; « 6 "se DASTATIC. 22° aa. Tail very slender A hot ae ‘that the very broad disk: sting minute or wanting. eS Ue eee ey sr Ug Te 22. DASYATIS Rafinesque. (7'rygon Adanson.) (dacvs, shaggy or rough; Baris, skate.) a. Tail with a fold on its lower margin only, the upper edge rounded. 31. D. centrurus (Mitchill). Common Srinc-Ray. CLAm- Cracker. STINGAREE. Snout not prominent; disk a little wider than long; tail usually not quite twice length of disk. Adult with some stellate tubercles on back and tail. Color olive-brown. L. 12 feet. Cape Cod S., common. (xévrpov, spine; odpd, tail.) aa. Tail with a fold of skin on its upper as well as lower margin. 82. D. say (Le Sueur). Sournern Stinc-Ray. Wurp- PAREE. Snout not prominent; disk a little wider than long; tail nearly twice length of disk. Body and tail without large spines. N. Y., 8. (To Thomas Say, a distinguished zoologist.) 23. PTEROPLATEA, Miiller & Henle. 33. P. maclura (Le Sueur). Burrerrry Ray. Disk nearly twice as broad as long, three times as long as tail; sting on tail usually obsolete. Olive-brown, finely marbled and speckled ; tail with four dark blotches: front edge of disk with pale half-ireular spots. Va.S. (To William Maclure.) Famiry XVII. AETOBATIDAS. (Tue Eacre Rays.) Pectoral fins interrupted, reappearing on tip of snout as one or two detached appendages or cephalic fins; skull somewhat elevated, so that eyes and spiracles are lateral: teeth large, flat, hexangular, MANTIDA. — XVIII. 23 the middle series largest. Otherwise essentially as in Dasyatide. Genera 3, species 20, in the warm seas. a. Snout entire. 6. Teeth very broad, in one series. . . . . . . . SToasopon, 24. Ga Leethyiniyseverali seriess)) (2 iiivel sie be) iat) le) | LAME TOBA TIS Ob. aa. Snout emarginate; teeth in several series. . . . . RHINOPTERA, 26. 24. STOASODON Cantor. (Aetobatis Miiller & Henle.) (orod, arcade; ddovs, tooth.) 34. S. narinari (Kuphrasen). Bisnop Ray. Disk twice as broad as long. Tail very long, three or four times disk. Brown with many round yellowish spots. Warm seas, N. to Va. (Nari- nari, the Brazilian name.) 25. AETOBATIS Bilainville (1816). (Myliobatis Duméril, 1817.) (a:rés, eagle; Baris, ray.) 35. A. freminvillii (Le Sueur). Eaqgue Ray. Skin smooth; color reddish brown. Cape Cod S. Scarce. (For Christian Pau- lin de Freminville, author of some papers on Plectognaths. ) 26. RHINOPTERA Kuhl. 36. R. bonasus (Mitchill). Cow-nosep Ray. Cephalic fin emarginate, and placed below level of pectorals, so that the snout appears four-lobed when viewed from the front. Skin nearly smooth. Cape Cod 8. “He enters the bay and ranges very exten- sively the flats where the soft clam lives. These shell-fish he is supposed to devour, for a shoal of cow-noses root up the salt- water flats as completely as a drove of hogs would do.” (Mitchill.) (R. quadriloba Le Sueur.) (Lat., a buffalo.) Famity XVIII. MANTIDA. (Tue Sea Devirs.) Rays of immense size, similar to the Aetobatide, but with the cephalic fins forming long ear-like appendages, and with the teeth very small. Skin rough. Genera 2, species 7; among the largest of all fishes, found in warm seas. a. Teeth in lower jaw only; mouth terminal . . . . . . . Mantra, 27. 27. MANTA Bancroft. (Manta, blanket, ‘a name used at the pearl fisheries of Panama, for an enormous fish much dreaded by the divers, whom it is said to devour, after enveloping them in its vast wings.”) 37. M. birostris (Walbaum). Sea Devin. Manta. Disk not quite twice as broad as long; tail as long as disk. Brown; disk 12 feet long; its breadth about 20. ‘Tropical seas, N. to Delaware Bay. (Lat. bis, two; rostrum, snout.) 24 HOLOCEPHALL SuBCLASS HOLOCEPHALI. This group, defined on page 13, is equivalent to the Orver VI. HOLOCEPHALI. Skeleton cartilaginous; gill cavity with four clefts within, but externally with a single opening, which is covered by a fold of skin within which is a rudimentary opercle. No spiracles. Jaws with- out separate teeth, but armed with bony plates, Notochord persist- ent, the vertebra consisting of rings around a notochordal sheath. No air-bladder ; intestine with a spiral valve; skin smooth, with a highly developed mucous system. Dorsal fin with a strong spine. One family. (édos, solid; xeadn, head.) Famity XIX. CHIMA#RIDAS. Forehead of males with a movable cartilaginous hook, turned forward and armed with prickles at tip. Oviparous, the egg- eases elliptical, with silky filaments. Two genera, 5 or 6 species, in cold waters. Fishes of most singular appearance, unlike any- thing else. a. Snout soft, not ending in a cutaneous flap; tail not bent upward. CHIMERA, 28. 28. CHIMZ5RA Linneus. (Xivaipa, Chimera, a fabulous monster, with the head of a lion, body of a goat, and tail of a serpent.) 38. C. affinis Capello. Color plumbeous. Cold or deep water, S. to Cape Cod. (£u.) (Lat., related, —to C. monstrosa.) TELEOSTOMI. 25 SuscLass TELEOSTOMI. (THE TRUE FISHEs.) Skeleton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous. Skull with sutures; membrane bones (opercle, preopercle, etc.) present; gill openings a single slit on each side; gills with their outer edges free, their bases attached to bony arches, normally four pairs of these, the fifth pair being modified into tooth-bearing pharyngeals ; median and paired fins developed, the latter with distinct rays. Ova small; no claspers. Heart developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb. Lungs imperfectly developed, or modi- fied to form a swim-bladder, or entirely absent. We here include under one head the Ganoids and the Teleosts. The former type is chiefly composed of extinct forms. While many of its representatives are extremely dissimilar to the bony fishes, there is a gradual series of transitions, and between the Halecomorphi of the Ganoids and the Jsospondyli of the true Teleosts, the resemblance is much greater than that between the Halecomorphi and many other Ganoids The Ganoids are, in fact, the most generalized of the true fishes, those nearest the stock from which the Teleosts on the one hand, and the Dipnoi and Batrachia on the other, have sprung. The real value or rank of some of the current orders or suborders is still doubtful. (veAeos, perfect ; otdua, mouth.) Omitting orders not represented in our waters, we have the following analysis of Orders of True Fishes. a. Arterial bulb muscular, with numerous valves; optic nerves forming a solid chiasma; ventrals abdominal; air-bladder with a duct; tail strongly heterocercal throughout life; some fins usually with fulcra. (Series GANOIDET.) 6. Skeleton cartilaginous; ventrals with an entire series of basilar seg- ments. (Chondrostei.) c. Maxillary and interopercle obsolete ; skin naked; air-bladder cellular. SELACHOosToMI, VII. cc. Maxillary and interopercle oan skin with bony shields; air- bladder simple. . . . . - « =. .« Guanrostomyi, VIII. 6b. Skeleton bony; ventrals with asian’ segments rudimentary ; air-bladder cellular. (Holostes.) d. Vertebre opisthoccelian (concavo-convex) ; maxillary transversely divided in several pieces; scales rhombic, enamelled plates. Ginetymopt, IX, 26 TELEOSTOML dd. Vertebre amphiceelian (double concave); maxillary not transversely divided; scales cycloid. . . . . . . . HAvecomorpui, X. aa. Arterial bulb thin, with a pair of opposite valves; optic nerves crossing, not forming a solid chiasma. (Series TELEOSTEI.) e. Air-bladder (if present) connected by an air-duct with the intestinal canal, this persistent throughout life; ventral fins (if present) abdomi- nal, without spines, their basilar segments rudimental. (Svft-rayed fishes.) (Physostomi.) J. Shoulder girdle attached to the skull by means of a post-temporal bone (suprascapula); form not eel-like. g. Precoracoid arch, present. h. Maxillary bone imperfect, forming the base of a long barbel ; no subopercle nor symplectic bone ; four anterior vertebrae much modified, co-ossilied, and with an ossicula auditus; supraoccipitals and parietals co-ossified; no scales. . . NerMATOGNATHI, XI. hh. Maxillary bone perfect, not entering into a barbel (rarely entirely wanting); subopercle and symplectic bone present. i. Anterior vertebra modified, co-ossified, and with the ossicula auditus. . . ih . . . » EVENTOGNATHI, XII. ui. Anterior wives similar to ‘te others, separate, and without ossicula auditus. . . . . . - + . #Isosponpytl, XIII. gg. Precoracoid arch obsolete; anterior vertebre not modified; parie- tal bones separated by supraoccipital; head scaly. Hapiomi, XIV. Jf. Shoulder girdle not attached to the skull; no precoracoid arch; parietal bones in contact; maxillary wanting or united with the palatines; form eel-like.. . . . « « + + « Apopes, XV. ee. Air-bladder without duct (in the adult); ventral fins without basal seg- ments, usually anterior in position; spines usually present in the fins; pectoral fins not on the plane of the abdomen ; parietal bones usu- ally separated by the supraoccipital. (Spiny-rayed fishes chiefly.) (Physoclysti.) j. Shoulder girdle connected to the skull by a post-temporal. k. Lower pharyngeals co-ossified; no spines; ventrals abdominal; lateral line on side of abdomen. . . . . . . SYNENTOGNATHI, XVI. kk. Lower pharyngeals separate (or united, and the dorsal fin with spines.) 1. Gills tufted; pharyngeal bones and most of the branchibyals want- ing; skin with bony plates. . . . . Lopnoprancuu, XVII. U, Gills pectinate (as usual in fishes). m. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals reduced in number ; ventrals sub-abdominal. . . . . Hemrprancui, XVIII. mm. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals in normal development. n. Ventral fins abdominal, . . . . . + PrERcrEsoces, XIX. nn. Ventral fins thoracic or jugular. o. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill openings in front of them. p. Bones of the jaws distinct. q. Cranium normal. . . . . . » ACANTHOPTERI, XX. gq. Cranium twisted, so that both eyes are on the same side of head; no fin spines. . . HeTeRosomata, XXI. ARTIFICIAL KEY. Pay pp. Bones of jaws co-ossified, the maxillary with the pre- maxillary, the dentary with the articular. PLECTOGNATHI, XXII. oo. Pectoral fins pediculate, the basal bones reduced in number and elongate, the gills in their axils. PepicuLari, XXIII. More than two hundred families are now recognized among the true fishes. The characters on which family divisions are based are usually internal, and often difficult for the beginner to ascer- tain. The boundaries and definitions of many families are also still uncertain. Instead, therefore, of giving a natural analysis under each order of the families included within it, | have thought it best to give instead an Artificial Key by which the student can recognize any of the families of True Fishes included in this work. For analytical keys showing, in some degree, the natural charac- ters, the student is referred to Jordan and Gilbert’s Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. ) SOIPABTAS BOs, 498. PROGNE Boie. (Ipoxyn, a character in mythology, turned into a swallow.) 941. P. subis (L.). Purrpre Martin. Lustrous blue-black throughout; 9 duller, whitish and streaky below. L. 7}. W. 6 T.3}. N.Am., abundant. (Lat., old name of some bird.) 499. PETROCHELIDON Cabanis. (mnérpa, rock; yedddv.) 942. P. lunifrons (Say). Criirr Swatitow. Lustrous steel blue; forehead, sides of head, throat, rump, ete., of various shades of chestnut; a blue spot on breast; belly whitish. L. 5}. W. 44. T. 2}. N. Am., abundant, formerly nesting in cliffs, but now building under the eaves of barns. (Lat., una, moon; rons, forehead.) 500. HIRUNDO Linneus. (Lat., swallow.) 943. Hl. erythrogaster Boddaert. Barn Swariow. Lus- trous steel-blue, buffy below; forehead and throat deep chestnut ; an imperfect steel-blue collar; tail feathers with white spots. L. 7. W. 5. T. 4}. N.Am., very abundant; breeding in colonies about barns, ete. (Gr., red-belly.) 501. TACHYCINETA Cabanis. (rayuxivyros, moving swiftly.) a. Ear coverts steel-blue; upper parts with metallic lustre. (/ridoprocne Coues.) 944. T. bicolor (Vieillot), Wuitrr-netitrep Sw ALLOW. Lus- trous blue-green, pure white below; 9 duller. L. 64. W. 5. T. 23. N. Am., abundant about water; very handsome. AMPELIDA. — CLXX. 293 502. RIPARIA Forster. (Clivicola, Forster, subsequent line.) 945. R. riparia (L.). Bank Swattow. Sanp MarrTIn. Dark gray, not iridescent, pale below, a brown shade across the breast. L. 43. W. 4. T. 2. N. Am., abundant, breeding in holes in sandbanks. (Eu.). (NLat., of the bank of a stream.) 503. STELGIDOPTERYX Baird. (oreAyis, scraper ; mrepvé, Wing.) 946. S. serripennis (Audubon). RovuGH-winGEp SwALtLow. Brownish gray, pale below. L.5}. W.43. T. 24. U.S., com- mon W., breeding in banks, etc. (Lat., serra, saw; penna, feather.) Famiry CLXX. AMPHELIDAL. (THe CHarrerers.) Primaries 10, or apparently 9, the first in our species rudimen- tary and displaced; bill stout, triangular, depressed, decidedly notched and hooked, with the gape very wide. ‘Tarsus short, with the lateral plates more or less subdivided, their covering often un- like that of the other Oscines ; lateral toes nearly equal. As now recognized, a small family of 6 or 8 species, constituting two groups which bear little resemblance to each other. The Ampeline includes the three species of Ampelis. They are crested birds with a soft plumage of a handsome cinnamon drab color ; the ends of the secondaries, and sometimes of the tail feathers also, are tipped with horny appendages, looking like red sealing- wax; these often absent in 9. The tail is tipped with yellow or red. The Wax Wings are migratory and gregarious, feeding on insects and soft fruits. Their voices are weak and wheezy, and they can scarcely be considered as songsters. a. Wings pointed; tail short, truncate; primaries apparently 9; the first very minute; no rictal bristles; nostrils concealed by bristles. (Ampeline.) AMPELIS, 504. 504. AMPELIS Linnezus. (Lat., name of some bird frequenting grape-vines.) 947. A. garrulus L. BonemiAn Wax Wine. NortTHEerRN Wax Wine. General color a soft silky, ashy brown; front and sides of head shaded with purplish cinnamon; a pale-edged black band across forehead through eye, around crest; throat black ; crissum chestnut red; two broad white wing bars. L. 74. W. 44. T. 3. Northern regions, S. in winter in large flocks to the Great Lakes; an interesting and beautiful bird. (Zu.) 948. A. cedrorum (Vieillot). CrEpAR Brrp. CHERRY Birp. Similar but smaller and less cinnamon-tinged; chin black; strip across face black, bordered above by whitish; belly yellowish pos- teriorly ; crissum white; no wing bars; Q with the wax-like ap- 294 AVES: PASSERES. — XLVI. pendages small or wanting. L. 64. W. 3}. T. 24. N. Am., abundant. (Lat., of the cedars.) Famity CLXXI. LANIIDAS. (Tue Surixes.) Primaries 10, the first short (rarely wanting); bill hawklike, very strong, the upper mandible toothed and abruptly hooked at the tip; both mandibles distinctly notched. Wings short, rounded. Tail long. ‘Tarsus scutellate on the outside as well as in front. Sexes alike. Species about 100, found in most parts of the world, remarkable for their vigor and pugnacity. Their habits, corresponding with the form of the bill, are similar to those of birds of prey, for which reason they were placed by Linnzeus among the Accipitres. They have a remarkable habit of impaling small animals on thorns and leaving them there. a. Rictus with bristles; nostrils concealed by bristly tufts; first primary not very short... - . » « « : » ee « « Lantus, 505, 505. LANIUS Linneus. (Lat., butcher.) 949. L. borealis Viecillot. Great NoRTHERN Surike. Butcs- ERBIRD. Ashy above, rump paler; black bars on side of head narrow, not meeting in front, and interrupted by a white crescent on under eyelid ; rump and shoulders whitish; wings and tail black, outer tail feathers with white; white below always waved with blackish. L. 9}. W.4}. T. 493. N.N. Am., S. in winter to Ky. and Va. 950. L. ludovicianus L. LoGGer-HeEAp Surike. Clear ashy blue; a whitish superciliary line; black bars on sides of head broad, meeting across forehead; no white on under eyelid ; adults white below, not dark-waved. L.9. W. 3%. T.4. S. U.S., the typical variety, S. E., N. to Ohio and Vt.; a paler form, var. ex- cubitorides Swainson (White Rumped Shrike), common W., E. to N. Y. This has the tail coverts whitish, L. 9. W.4. TT. 4. (Lat., Louisianian.) : Famity CLXXII. VIREONIDAS. (Tue Vireos.) Primaries 10, or apparently only 9, the first being often rudi- mentary and displaced. Bill shorter than head, stout, compressed, decidedly notched and hooked. Rictus with bristles. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a scale, reached by the bristly frontal feath- ers. Tarsus scutellate ; toes soldered at base for the whole length of basal joint of middle one, which is united with the basal joint of the inner and the two basal joints of the outer; lateral toes usually unequal. A rather small family, comprising 5 genera and 60 to 70 species of small olivaceous birds, all American, They are allied to the VIREONIDA. — CLXXII, 295 Laniide, being in fact small insectivorous Shrikes. The color- ation is usually blended, and varies little with age or sex. Many of them are remarkable as songsters. Concerning the “nine-primaried” species, Professor Baird re- marks : — ‘*“InV, flavifrons, in which the outer primary is supposed to be wanting, its presence may be easily appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of this species consists in a narrow edging of white to all the primary quills, while the primary coverts (the small feathers covering their bases, as dis- tinguished from what are usually termed the wing coverts, which more properly belong to the forearm or secondaries) are without them. If these coverts are carefully pushed aside, two small feathers considerably shorter than the others will be disclosed, one overlying the other, which (the under one) springs from the base of the exposed portion of the long out- ermost primary, and lies immediately against its outer edge. Thissmall feather is stiff, faleate, and edged with white like the other quills, and can be brought partly around on the inner edge of the large primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The overlying feather is soft, and without light edge. In the other Vireos, with appreciable spurious or short outer primary, a similar examination will reveal only one small feather at the outer side of the base of the exterior large primary. In all the families of Passeres, where the existence of nine primaries is supposed to be characteristic, I have invariably found, as far as my ob- servations have extended, that there were two of the small feathers re- ferred to, while in those of ten primaries but one would be detected.” a. Wings not shorter than tail; outer toe longer than inner. . VirRko, 506. 506. VIREO Vieillot. (Lat., I grow green.) a. Wings long and pointed, + or more longer than tail; first primary very small or apparently wanting, not + second. 6. Slender species; bill slender, light horn color, pale below; commissure straight and culmen relatively so; no wing bars nor conspicuous orbital ring; feet weak. (Vireosylva Bonaparte.) c. Primaries apparently 9, the first obsolete. 951. V. olivaceus (L.). RepD-EYED VIREO. GREENLET. Olive green, crown ashy, edged on each side with blackish ; a white superciliary line, and below this a dusky streak; white below, some- what olive shaded; iris red. L.6. W. 3}. T. 24. E.N. Am, very abundant in woodland; an energetic songster, 952. V. philadelphicus (Cassin). Dull olive green, becoming ashy on crown; no black lines on head; a whitish superciliary line; below faintly yellowish, fading to white on throat. L. 43. W. 23. T. 24. E. N. Am., scarce. (dire, I love; ddeAdés, brother.) cc. Primaries evidently 10, the first well developed. 296 AVES: PASSERES. — XLVI. 953. V. gilvus (Vieillot), WanrsiixG Vireo. Colors exactly as in the preceding, but the spurious quill evident. L.5}. W. 24. T. 2}. E.N. A., frequent; an exquisite songster, nesting in tall trees in cities. (Lat., yellowish.) bb. Stout species, the bill short and stout, blue-black; a pale stripe running toand around eye; two white wing bars; quills blackish, mostly edged with pale; feet stout. (Lanivireo Baird.) d. Primaries apparently 9, the first obsolete. 954. V. flavifrons Vieillot. YeELLOW-THROATED Vireo. Rich olive green above, becoming ashy on rump; bright yellow below ; belly white; superciliary line and orbital ring yellow. L. 5%. W. 3. T. 2. E. U. S., abundant, the most brightly colored species. (Lat., yellow-fronted. ) dd. Primaries evidently 10, the first small but distinct. 955. V. solitarius (Wilson). BiLur-neAprep Vireo. Bright olive green; crown and sides of head bluish-ash; stripe to and around eye white; a dusky line below it; white below, washed with yellow. L. 53. W.3. T. 2}. U.S. in woodland ; a hand- some species. Var. alticola Brewster, is a larger form, darker in color, in the Great Smoky region and S. aa. Wings relatively short and rounded, not } longer than tail, first primary 2 or more length of second; bill stout. ( Vireo.) 956. V. noveboracensis (Gmelin). Wuitre-eyep VIREO. Bright olive green, white below; sides and crissum bright yellow ; pale wing bars; stripe from bill to and around eye, yellow; iris white. L.5. W.2}. T. 2}. E.U.S., in thickets; a sprightly bird, with a loud and varied song. (Lat., of New York.) 957. V. belli Audubon. Berxi’s Vireo. Olive green, yellow below, chin and superciliary line whitish ; wing bars whitish. L. 4}. W. 24. T. 2. Ill. to Dak.and W. (ToJ. G. Bell.) Famity CLXXIIIl. MNIOTILTIDA. (Tut New Woritp WARBLERS.) Primaries 9; inner secondaries not enlarged, nor the hind toe long and straight, as in Alaudid@ and Motacillide. Bill usually rather slender, notched or not; the commissure not angulated at base, as in Fringillid@, nor toothed in the middle, as in some Tana- gride ; the end not notched and abruptly hooked, as in Vireonide and Laniide ; the gape not broad and reaching to the eyes, as in Hirundinide. The Warblers are small birds; all, except Jcteria, are less than 6} inches in length, and very many are less than 5. The colors are usually brilliant and variegated, but the sexes are unlike, and the variations due to age and season are great, so that the identification of immature birds is often very difficult. Many of MNIOTILTIDA. — CLXXIII. 297 the Warblers are pleasing songsters, but none exhibit any remark- able powers in that line. The name “ Warbler” comes from their resemblance to the warblers of Europe (Sylviid@) and not from any distinguished musical quality of their own. All are insectivo- rous and migratory. This family consists of more than 100 species, all American. The Mniotiltide grade perfectly into the Cerebide and Tanagride, and the last as perfectly into the Fringillide. Convenience is the only excuse for retaining any of these groups as distinct families. a. Bill not depressed and fly-catcher-like; rictal bristles if present scarcely reaching beyond nostrils. 6. Bill rather slender, little compressed; (small birds; length less than 6}). d. Hind toe with claw very long, as long as tarsus in front; claw of middle toe in same line as axis of the toe; (color black and white, no yellow), . . - » « « MNioTmrA, 507. dd. Hind toe with claw nate photos coe naked portion of tarsus in front; claw of middle toe (seen from above) set obliquely to axis of the toe. e. Middle toe with claw not shorter than tarsus; (no white wing bars); bill rather long. J. (Tail feathers blotched with white.) . . PRoToNoTartA, 508. Jf. (Tail feathers without white.) g- Bill very much compressed; culmen straight, with a ridge at base. . - . HELINATA, 509. gg. Bill slightly ‘compressed; culmen gently curved, the ‘basal portion not ridged. . : Glee HeLairuervs, 510. ee. Middle toe with cla decidedly cane than naked portion of tarsus in front (except in Dendroica dominica, a species with white wing bars). h. Rictus without bristles; bill very acute, scarcely notched; (tail feathers with or without white). HrLMINTHOPHAGA, 511. hh. Rictus with bristles. zi. Tail scarcely rounded, usually much shorter than wing; (tail blotched with white or with the inner web bright yellow; legs and feet moderate, usually dark colored). j- Hind toe evidently longer than its claw; bill acute, not notched. . : . . Paruta, 512. jj. Hind toe gearcely longer than its claw; bill usually not very Pee and with a slight notch toward its tips s - - . . DEnpDRoTcA, 513. vi. Tail usually more or Tees ane eal not very much shorter than wing; legs and feet strong, usually pale; (no white or bright yellow on tail feathers). k. (Lower parts much streaked.) . . Srrurus, 514. kk, (Lower parts not streaked.). - GEOTHLYPIS. 515. bb. Bill stout, much compressed, its greatest depth half its length from nos- tril to tip; outer side of tarsus smooth on its upper half; tail longer than wings; bill without notch or bristles; (large, more than 7). Chats. IcTERIA, 516. aa. Bill depressed, broader than deep at base, notched and slightly hooked, with strong rictal bristles about half the length of bill; length 53 or less. Fly-catching Warblers. 298 AVES: PASSERES. — XLVI. 1. Bill fully twice as long as wide at base ; tail a little shorter than wings. WIsonta, 517, ll. Bill scarcely twice as long as wide at base, formed much as in a Fly- catcher; tail about as long as wings. . . . . . SETOPHAGA, 518, 507. MNIOTILTA Vicillot. (jviov, moss; tiAX@, I pluck.) 958. M. varia (L.). Brack AND WHITE CREEPER. Every- where black and white, streaked; crown with a broad white stripe; wing bars white; @ similar, grayer. L.5. W. 2}. T.2}. E.N. Am., not rare; a beautiful warbler, with the habits of a nut-hatch. 508. PROTONOTARIA Baird. (Lat., first notary.) 959. P. citrea (Boddaert), ProrTHonorary WARBLER, GOLDEN-HEADED WARBLER. Front and lower parts brilliant yellow; back olivaceous ; wings and tail dusky; rump ashy ; bill long. L. 54. W. 3. T. 24. 8S. U.S., N. to Wabash Valley, in bushy swamps; rather rare, a most beautiful bird. (Lat., lemon- yellow.) 509. HELINAIA Audubon. (€dos, swamp; vai, to dwell.) 960. H. swainsoni Audubon. Chiefly olive-brown, reddish on top of head; a dusky loral streak, bordered above by a brownish white superciliary stripe; head with a paler median streak ; yel- lowish white below. L.6. W.2%. T. 2. S.C. to Texas, N. to S. Ind.; rare. (To Wm. Swainson.) 510. HELMITHERUS Rafinesque. (€Apws, bug; Onpda, to hunt.) 961. H. vermivorus (Gmelin). Worm-eraTING Swamp Wars_rer. Olive green; head buffy, with four black stripes ; buffy below; 9 similar. L. 5}. W. 3. T. 2}. E. U.S, N. to L. Erie. (Lat., worm-eating.) 511. HELMINTHOPHAGA Cabanis. (éApws, bug; dayds,) (Helminthophila Ridgway.) a. Tail feathers with distinct white blotches; wings with bands or patches of white or yellow. b. Throat and ear-coverts black in g, dusky gray in 9. 962. H. chrysoptera! (L.). GOLDEN-wINGED WARBLER. Ashy blue; forehead, crown and wing patch bright yellow ; throat and broad stripe through eye black ; a white streak above eye and one below black of cheek; belly mostly white; 9 duller, L. 5. W. 24. T.2t. E.U.S.,N. to N. Mich.; a beautiful bird. (ypucds, gold; mrepov, wing.) 1 H. lawrencei (Herrick). Similar to H. chrysoptera; cheeks and lower parts pure yellow ; wing bars white ; back, etc., olive-green. N.J., etc., rare. Either a hybrid of chrysoptera and pinus or else a yellow dichromatie phase of the former. The latter view is considered by Ridgway the most probable. (To Geo. N. Lawrence.) MNIOTILTIDA, — CLXXIII. 299 bb. Throat yellow or white; ear coverts olive or ashy above, pale below. 963. H. pinus! (L.). BLuE-wiInceD YELLOW WARBLER. Olive green; crown and all under parts bright yellow; wing bars whitish ; loral strip black; Q similar. L. 43. W. 2b. T. 2. E.U.S., N. to N. Y; a handsome bird, like a miniature Protonotaria. (Jat., pine.) aa. Tail feathers without white; no wing bars. 964. H. peregrina (Wilson). TENNESSEE WARBLER. Olive green; head more or less ashy and without crown patch; white or slightly yellowish below. L. 43. W. 23. T. 13. N. Am., rare E. of Ohio; closely resembles the young of the two following, but its wings are nearly half longer than the short tail; cedata has no ashy on head, and ruficapilla is yellower below. 965. H. celata (Say). ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. Olive green, never ashy on head; crown patch orange brown, more or less concealed ; greenish yellow below; 9 duller, sometimes without crown patch, known from the next by the more olive color of the head, which is similar to the back ; belly less yellow. L. 43. W. 241. T.2. N.Am.; rare E. (Lat., concealed.) 966. H. rubricapilla (Wilson). Nasnuvitte WarBLER. Olive green, ashy on head and neck, the color contrasting with back; crown patch bright chestnut more or less concealed ; bright yellow below ; lores and orbital ring pale; 9? duller, crown patch obscure. L. 42. W. 2%. T.2. E.N.Am., common. (Lat., ruber, red; capillus, hair.) 512. PARULA Bonaparte. (Called Compsothlypis by the A.O. U. because close to the earlier name, Parulus.) 967. P. americana (L.). Buus YELLow-Backrep WARBLER. Clear ashy blue; back with a large golden green patch; yellow be- low, belly white; a brown band across breast; white wing bars; tail feathers with white; 9 obscurely marked. L. 43. W. 2h. T.2. E. N. Am., not rare; very elegant; var. usnee Brewster, N. 513. DENDROICA Gray. (devdpor, tree ; ofkéw, I inhabit.) A large genus comprising about 30 species of brightly colored little birds, very abundant in the United States during the migra- 1 H, leucobronchialis (Brewster). Ashy gray ; throat and lower parts white ; wing bands yellow or white; variable. E. U.8., not common; now considered as probably a white phase of H. pinus, as H. lawrencei is a yellow phase of chrysoptera. It is further thought that the two species in both yellow and white condition hybridize. (Aevxds, white ; Bpdyxos, throat.) H. cincinnatiensis Langdon. Olive green, lores and part of ear coverts black ; spot below eye and entire lower parts yellow. Cincinnati ; now regarded, as a hybrid of H. pinus and Gesthlypis formosus. (See Ridgway, N. Am. Birds, p. 486.) 300 AVES : PASSERES. — XLVI. tions. The adult males of the different species are readily dis- tinguished, but Q and young offer difliculties. The tail feathers are always marked with white or yellow, and the bill is usually little pointed, notched, and with evident bristles at the rictus. The following artificial analysis, partly taken from Coues’s “Key,” will generally enable the student to distinguish speci- mens, at least the males in full plumage : — a. Tail feathers edged with yellow; plumage chiefly yellow. . «stwa, 969. aa. Tail feathers blotched with white. 6. A white blotch on the primaries near their bases; no wing bars. cerulescens, 970. bb. No white blotch on primaries. c. Wing bars, if present, not white. d. White below; crown and wing patch more or less yellow. pennsylvanica, 974. dd. Yellow below; sides reddish-streaked; crown chestnut. palmarum, 983. ddd. Yellow below; sides black-streaked. e. Back olive with reddish spots. . . . . . « .« discolor, 982. ee, Back ashy. U2 6 (spe sas © ees soe eemonam ole ec. Wing bars or wing patch white. J. Rump yellow. g- Crown clear ash; yellow and streaked below. maculosa, 972. gg- Crown with yellow spot; white and streaked below. coronata, 971. ggg. Crown black with a median stripe of orange brown; an orange brown ear-spot. . . . - . « tigrina, 968. Jf. Rump not yellow. h. Crown with orange or yellow spot; throat orange or yellow. blackburnie, 978. hh. Crown black; no distinct yellow anywhere; much streaked. striata, 976. hhh. Crown blue or greenish, like the back; no definite yellow. rara, 973. hhhh. Crown chestnut, like the throat; no definite yellow; buffy below. . . . » - « Castanea, 975. hhhhh. Crown bluish or yellow ich, ak as above, — some yel- low. i. Throat black (sometimes obscured by yellow tips to feathers); outer tail feather white-edged. virens, 979. vi. Throat yellow. j. Back ashy blue; cheeks black. . . . dominica, 977. jj. Back yellowish olive; cheeks same. . . vigorsi, 980. We copy from Coues’s Key the following valuable diagnostic marks of Warblers in any plumage : — A white spot at base of primaries... . . . . « « « caerulescens, 970. Wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow. . . . . . . « « e@stiva, 969. Wing bars and belly yellow. . . . « © © « « « « « discolor, 982. MNIOTILTIDA. — CLXXIII. 301 Wing bars yellow and belly pure white. . . . . . pennsylvanica, 974. Wing bars white and tail ie sabi: at end of 2 (rarely 3) outer feathers only. « Seas S00 (686 Tp Aone BE: Wing bars brownish; tail as square at end of two outer feathers only. pulmarum, 983. Wing bars not conspicuous; whole under parts yellow; back with no greenish. kirtlandi, 981. Tail spots at end of nearly all the feathers, and no definite yellow anywhere. rara, 973. Tail spots at middle of nearly all the feathers; rump and belly yellow. maculosa, 972. Rump, sides of breast (usually) and crown with yellow; throat white. coronata, 971. Throat definitely yellow; belly white; back with no greenish. dominica, 977. Throat yellow or orange ; crown with at least a trace of a central yellow or orange spot, and outer tail feather white-edged externally. blackburnie, 978. Throat, breast and sides black, or with black traces (seen on parting the feathers); sides of head with diffuse ee outer tail feather white- edged externally. .. . 4 Sib Bg. Genes, Ore Bill acute, perceptibly curved; rump mately vellow: welen tioning. 968. With none of the foregoing special marks; crissum buffy. . castanea, 975. (OSS RUGS oo Mal Taig lek soh\ oot fon Gl bin Mole) ayaa pivatetter weld as a, Bill very acute, the tip appreciably decurved, terminal half of tongue with its edges folded over upon the upper surface, the tip deeply cleft and fringed. (Perissoglossa Baird.) 968. D. tigrina (Gmelin). Carpe May WarBLER. Olivaceous above with black streaks; rump and sides of neck bright yellow; yellow below, much streaked with black; crown mostly black; ear coverts orange brown; a white wing patch; 9 duller, with no black or reddish about head. L.54. W. 23. T.2. E. U.S. A fine spe- cies with a peculiar structure of the tongue, which is somewhat as in the Honey Creepers (Cewrebide) of the Tropics. aa. Bill not very acute nor distinctly decurved at tip; tongue gradually taper- ing to the slightly cleft and fringed tip. (Dendroica.) 6. Tail feathers without white, the inner web yellow. 969. D. zstiva (Gmelin). SumMEeER WARBLER. GOLDEN WarsBLeER. Chiefly golden yellow; breast and sides with orange brown streaks; quills dusky, edged with yellow; Q similar, the brown streaks obsolete. L.54. W. 24. T. 24. America; every- where abundant. (Lat., summer.) 6b. Tail feathers blotched with white. c. A white spot on some of the primary quills, near their bases. 970. D. cerulescens (L.). BLACK-THROATED BLUE WaAr- BLER. Rich gray blue, with a few black streaks on back ; throat, sides of head, neck and sides of body black, otherwise pure white below ; quills black, edged with blue; Q dull olive greenish, ob- 302 AVES: PASSERES. — XLVI. scurely marked, known by the blotch on the primaries. L. 5}. W. 23%. +T. 2}. E.N. Am.; an elegant species, common. (Lat., bluish. ) cc. No white spot on primary quills. 971. D. coronata (L.). YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. Bluish ash above, streaked with black ; white below with large black area on breast ; crown patch, rump and sides of breast bright yellow, there being four definite yellow places; 9 and young brownish, with less yellow on breast and head. L. 53. W.3. T. 24. U.S., very abundant. The earliest migrant; represented W. of Rocky Mts. by D. auduboni Townsend, very similar but with the throat yellow. (Lat., crowned.) 972. D. maculosa (Gmelin). BLAck AND YELLOW WARBLER. Back black, with olive skirtings; rump yellow; head clear ash; a white stripe behind eye; sides of head black ; under parts rich yel- low, with black streaks which are confluent on breast; crissum white; 9 similar, more olivaceous, with much less black. L. 5. W. 24. T. 24. E. N. Am.; a brilliant little bird, common. (Lat., spotty.) 973. D. rara (Wilson). Ca#ruLEAN WarBLER. Bright blue with black streaks; white below; breast and sides with streaks of slaty blue; ¢ not streaked, greenish above, slightly yellowish be- low. L. 44. W. 2}. T.2. E.U.S., N. to L. Erie, common S. W.; a dainty species. 974. D. pennsylvanica (L.). CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. Blackish above, much streaked with whitish and olive; crown clear yellow; black patch about eye ; pure white below; a line of bright chestnut streaks along sides; wing patch yellowish (never clear white); 9 similar but with less chestnut and black. L. 5. W. 2}. T. 2}. E. N. Am., abundant, especially N.; very pretty. 975. D. castanea (Wilson). BAy-BREASTED WARBLER. AutumMN WaArBLER. Back ashy olive, streaked with black ; forehead and sides of head black, enclosing a large deep chestnut crown patch; chin, throat and sides chestnut, otherwise pale buffy below; Q more olivaceous with less chestnut ; young scarcely dis- tinguishable from striata, but the latter has crissum white instead of buffy; castanea is less streaked on sides. L.5. W.3. T. 2h. E. N. Am., not rare. (Lat., chestnut.) 976. D. striata (Forster). BLAck-poLt WARBLER. Ashy olive, white below; almost everywhere streaked with black, the streaks below narrow; whole top of head pure black; Q more oli- vaceous, slightly yellowish below; rather large. L. 5%. W. 3. T. 2}. E.N. Am.; the last to migrate, “ bringing up the rear of the warbler-hosts; when the Black-Polls appear in force, the col- lecting season is about over.” (Coues.) (ALat., striped.) MNIOTILTIDA. — CLXXIII. 303 977. D. dominica (L.). YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. Ashy blue; throat bright yellow; belly white ; cheeks and top of head black ; superciliary line white or yellowish in front. L. 5. W. 2%. T. 21. Southern States; N. to Pa. and N. Ind., rare N. A neat, plain species with the habits of a creeper; represented W. by var. albilora Ridgway, smaller, with shorter bill, the superciliary streak chiefly or entirely white, instead of yellowish as in var. dominica. Miss. Valley and 8. (From St. Domingo.) 978. D. blackburniz (Gmelin). ORANGE-THROATED WAR- BLER. Black above with buffy streaks; crown patch, superciliary line, sides of neck and the whole throat brilliant orange, becoming yellowish on the belly; 9 similar, but olive and yellow instead of black and orange. L. 5}. W. 23. T. 2}. E.N. Am., abundant in migration, among the tree-tops; the most brilliant species. (To Mrs. Blackburn.) 979. D. virens (Gmelin). BLAck-rHROATED GREEN WaAR- BLER. Clear yellow olive; rump ashy; sides of head rich yel- low; whole throat and breast jet black, the color extending along the sides; otherwise whitish below; Q and winter birds with the black interrupted or veiled with yellowish. L. 5. W. 23. T. 21, E.N.Am.; abundant. (Lat., greenish.) 980. D. vigorsi (Audubon). PINE-CREEPING WARBLER. Yel- low olive above ; under parts and superciliary line dark yellow; no sharp markings anywhere ; wing bands dull whitish, distinct only in adult ¢; 9 more grayish. L. 53. W. 3. T. 23. E.U.S., N. to Me. and N. Mich.; abundant in pine forests, the dullest in color of our species. 981. D. kirtlandi Baird. KirTrLanp’s WARBLER. Ashy blue above, back and sides streaked with black; yellow below; chin and crissum white; no distinct white wing bars; lores black; 9? similar, duller. L. 5}. W. 23. T. 23. E. U.S., quite rare. (To Dr. J. P. Kirtland.) 982. D. discolor (Vieillot). PrarrtE WaRBLER. Olive yel- low; back with a patch of red spots; forehead, superciliary line, wing bars and under parts bright yellow ; streaked below ; sides of head with black; 9 similar. L.48. W.2}. T.2. E.U.S., N. to Mass. and Mich.; chiefly in evergreen thickets. An elegant species. (Lat., two-colored.) 983. D. palmarum (Gmelin). ReEp-pott WARBLER. Brown- ish olive above, somewhat streaked, rump brighter; crown bright chestnut ; superciliary line and under parts yellow with brown streaks ; no wing bars; 9 similar. L.5. W. 23. T. 2}. E.N. Am.; abundant; terrestrial; represented along the Atlantic coast by var. hypochrysea Ridgeway, larger, and much more deeply colored, entire lower parts bright yellow. (Lat., of the palms.) 304 AVES : PASSERES. — XLVI. 514. SEIURUS Swainson. (ceiw, I wag; ovpd, tail.) >? a. Crown orange brown with a black stripe on each side. 984. S. aurocapillus (L.). Oven-birp. GOLDEN-CROWNED “TurusH.” Bright olive green, white below, sharply spotted on breast and sides, like a thrush. L. 64. W.3. T. 2}. U.S.; abundant in woodland, spending most of its time on the ground, like the other species of this genus, and the next; remarkable for its ringing song and its curious oven-shaped nest ; the largest of the true Warblers. (Lat., aurum, gold; capillus, hair.) aa, Crown plain brownish. 985. S. noveboracensis (Gmelin). WATER WAGTAIL. WATER TurusH. Dark olive brown above, pale yellowish beneath ; thickly streaked everywhere with the color of the back; superciliary line buffy ; bill about half inch long; feet dark. L.6. W.3. T. 2h. N. Am., in thickets; moves its tail like a Wagtail. The Western form, var. notabilis Grinnell is larger and darker; it ranges E. to Ind. (Lat., of New York.) 986. S. motacilla (Vieillot), LArGe-BrLLeEp WATER TurusH. Color of preceding, but paler below, the streaks below broader and less sharply defined; superciliary stripe white ; bill larger, about # inch; feet pale. L. 6}. W.3}. T. 2}. E.U.S., scarce; N. to Mass. and N. Wis. (Lat., wagtail.) 515. GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. (yéa, earth; Odumis, some small bird like a warbler.) a. Tail evidently shorter than wing, more than half hidden by the coverts. ( Oporornis Baird.) 987. G. formosa (Wilson). Kentucky WARBLER. Clear olive green, bright yellow below; crown and sides of head and neck black, with a rich yellow superciliary stripe, which bends around the eye behind; 9 with the black replaced by dusky olive. L. 54. W.3. T. 2}. E.U.S., chiefly S. W., N. to Wis. and Conn.; in low thickets; a handsome and active species. (Lat., comely.) 988. G. agilis (Wilson). Connecticut WARBLER. Olive green, ashy on head; throat and breast brownish ash, otherwise yellow below; no sharp markings; in fall almost uniform olivace- ous. L. 53%. W.3. T. 2}. E. N. Am.; a shy, quiet bird, rarely seen in spring. 989. G. philadelphia (Wilson). Mourning WARBLER. Bright olive, clear yellow below; head ashy; throat and breast black, the feathers usually ashy-skirted (as though the bird wore crape, hence “Mourning Warbler’’); Q and @ not in full plu- mage ashy anteriorly, almost exactly like G. agilis, but the tail more nearly length of wings; no white spot on eyelid. L. 5}. W. 24. T. 2}. E. U.S., rather rare, in dense thickets. MNIOTILTIDA. — CLXXIII. 365 aa. Tail not shorter than wing; its feathers not half concealed by coverts. (Geothlypis.) 990. G. trichas (L.). Marytanp YeLtLow Turoat. Olive green; forehead and broad mask extending down sides of head and neck jet black, bordered behind with clear ash; under parts yellow, clear on throat and breast ; 9 obscurely marked, without black mask and with less yellow. L. 44. W. 24. T. 23. U.S., abun- dant in thickets; a pretty bird with a lively song. Replaced W., by var. occidentalis Brewster, larger and brighter, the belly clear yellow instead of buffy whitish. Rocky Mts., E. to Ga. and Ill. (rpiyds, some small bird.) 516. ICTERIA Viceillot. (%krepos, yellowness, as jaundice.) 991. I. virens (L.). YELLOW-BREASTED Cuat. Olive green; throat and breast bright yellow; belly abruptly white; lores black ; a white superciliary line; wings and tail plain; tarsus almost booted. L. 74. W. 3}. T. 34. U. S., southerly, N. to Mass. and Wis. ; a loud, quaint songster. 517. WILSONIA Bonaparte. (To Alexander Wilson.) a. Tail feathers blotched with white; no wing bars. 992. W.mitrata (Gmelin). Hooprp WaArsier. Bright yellow olive; breast, crown, and neck all around jet black, enclosing a broad golden mask ; under parts from the breast bright yellow; 9? olive instead of black. L.5. W. 23. T. 24. E. U. S., southerly, N. to L. Erie; a singular and beautiful species. (Lat., mitred.) aa. Tail feathers plain dusky; no wing bars. 993. W. pusilla (Wilson). GREEN BLACK-CAPPED WARBLER: ' Clear yellow olive; crown glossy black; forehead, lores, sides of head and entire under parts bright yellow; Q with less black. L. 48, W.24. T. 21. U.S. (Lat., weak.) 994. W.canadensis (L.). CANADA WARBLER. Bluish ash; crown streaked with black; under parts clear yellow; crissum white ; lores black, continuous with black under the eye; this passing as a chain of black streaks down the side of the neck encircling the breast like a necklace; a yellow superciliary streak; 9 similar, with less black. L. 54. W. 23. T. 2}. E. U. S., to the Missouri, frequent; one of the handsomest Warblers. 518. SETOPHAGA Swainson. (ons, moth; dayds, eating.) 995. S. ruticilla (L.). American Repstart. Black; sides of breast and large blotches on wings and tail orange-red ; belly white, reddish tinged; no wing bars; 9? olive, marked with creamy yellow instead of red. L. 54. W. 2}. T. 24. E. N. Am., very abundant ; a handsome and active fly-catcher. 20 306 AVES : PASSERES, — XLVI. Famiry CLXXIV. MOTACILLIDAS. (Tur Wacrarts.) Primaries 9, the first about as long as second; inner secondaries enlarged, the longest one about as long as the primaries in the closed wing. Bill shorter than the head, very slender, straight, acute, notched at tip. Feet large, fitted for walking; hind claw long, little curved, as in the Larks; inner toe cleft; "based joint of outer toe united with middle one; tarsus as in Oseines generally, ending in a sharp, undivided ridge behind. Rictal bristles not conspicuous ; nostrils exposed. A group of about 100 species, mostly of the Old World. Terres- trial birds, with the habit (shared by various others) of moving the tail up and down, as if “balancing themselves on unsteady foot- ing;” hence the name “ Wagtail.” (Lat., motacilla, wag-tail.) a. Tail shorter than ikea its feathers Pes aa hind claw long and straight- lal ee «lm . . . : . . AnrTuHuS, 519. 519. ANTHUS Bechstein. fied some small bird.) a. Tarsus longer than hind toe with claw. (Anthus.) 996. A. pensilvanicus (Latham). Brown Lark. TITLark. Pirit. Dark brown above, slightly streaked; superciliary line and under parts buffy ; breast and sides streaked ; outer tail feathers with white. L. 64. W. 3}. T.3. N. Am., not rare. aa. Tarsus shorter than hind toe with claw. (Neocorys Sclater.) 997. A. spraguei (Audubon). Missourr SkyLark. Buffy and dusky streaked. W. U. S., E. to Minn., abundant W.; its habits similar to those of the Skylark, its song not inferior. (To Isaac Sprague.) Famity CLXXV. TROGLODYTIDA. (Tue Wrens AND MOCKING-BIRDS.) Primaries 10, the first short, hardly spurious; wings moderate or long. Bill usually more or less slender, with or without a notch near the tip; nostrils not covered by bristles. Tarsus scutellate, the plates usually distinct. The Mimina, now associated with the wrens by the A. O. U., are in many respects intermediate between wrens and thrushes. Their reference to either group is chiefly a matter of convenience. The wrens “are sprightly, fearless and impudent little creatures, apt to show bad temper when they fancy themselves aggrieved by cats or people, or anything else that is big or unpleasant to them ; they quarrel a good deal, and are particularly spiteful towards martins and swallows, whose homes they often invade and occupy. Their song is bright and hearty, and they are fond of their own music; when disturbed at it they make a great ado with noisy TROGLODYTIDA. — CLXXV. 307 scolding. Part of them (Cistothorus) live in reedy swamps and marshes, where they hang astonishingly big globular nests, with a little hole on one side, on tufts of rushes, and lay six or eight dark- colored eggs; the others nest anywhere.” (Coues.) To the Mi- mine belongs the first of song-birds, the mocking-bird. All of the Troglodytine and Mimine are plainly colored, being chiefly brown. All are insectivorous, and most of them migratory. Genera about 23, species 150, most abundant in tropical America. a. Bill with bristles at the rictus; inner toe free to the base. Mockers. (Mi- mine.) 6. Tail longer than wing. c. Bill shorter than middle toe without claw; bill notched at tip. d. Tarsal scutella distinct; (tail with white), . . . . Murmus, 520. dd. Tarsal scutella indistinct; (tail without white). GALEOSCOPTES, 521. cc. Bill not shorter than middle toe with claw, often decurved; bill scarcely notched at tip. . . . . . . HARPORHYNCHUS, 522. aa. Bill not notched, without evident bristles at the rictus ; inner toe some- what joined at base to middle; nostril with a small scale. Wrens. (Troglodytine.) J. Outer tail feathers reaching decidedly beyond tips of longest lower coverts ; (back without lengthwise streaks). g. Bill rather stout, somewhat decurved at tip; (back without cross-bars ; superciliary streak distinct). . . . . . . THRYOTHORUS, 523. gg. Bill more slender, straight or slightly decurved ; (back with cross-bars more or less distinct; no distinct superciliary stripe). TROGLODYTES, 524. ff. Outer tail-feathers reaching little Sone ig of lower coverts; (back streaked lengthwise). . . . . CisroTHoRuS, 525. 520. MIMUS Boie. (Lat., mimic.) 998. M. polyglottos (L.). Mockine-Birp. Ashy brown above, nearly white below; wings blackish, with white wing bars; tail blackish, outer feathers white ; Q with less white. L. 93. W. 44. T.5. U.S., chiefly southerly ; N. to Mass., Iowa, ete. A famous singer, easily first among birds in the range and variety of its notes. (moAvs, many ; yA@rra, tongue.) 521. GALEOSCOPTES Cabanis. (yady, weasel; oxanrns, mocker.) 999. G. carolinensis (L.). Cat-Birp. Dark slate color; crown and tail black; crissum chestnut. L. 83. W. 3%. T. 4. N. Am., generally common; a fine singer. $22. HARPORHYNCHUS Cabanis. (dpm, sickle; puyyxos, bill, true of the typical species.) a, Tarsus longer than bill; lower parts spotted and streaked. (Methriopterus Reichenbach.) 1000. H. rufus (L.). Brown Turusa. Turasuer. Cinna- 308 AVES : PASSERES,. — XLVI. mon red above; lower parts thickly spotted; bill nearly straight, shorter and much less curved than in the other Harporhynchi, five species of which occur in the S. W. L.11. W.4. TT. 5}. B.1. E. U. S., abundant. A brilliant songster, its notes similar to those of the mocking-bird, but softer and less varied. 523. THRYOTHORUS Viceillot. (@pviov, reed ; Aovpos, leaping.) a. Tail not longer than wings, its feathers all brown with fine biack bars. 1001. T. ludovicianus (Gmelin). CAROLINA WreN, Mock- ING WrEN. Clear reddish brown, brightest on rump; pale buffy below; wings barred; a pale superciliary stripe. L.6. W. 2}. T. 24. E. U.S., southerly, N. to Penn. ; a remarkable singer. 523b. THRYOMANES Sclater. aa. Tail longer than wings. 1002. T. bewickii (Audubon). Umber brown above; brownish white below; white streak above eye and onneck. L.5$. W. 2}. T. 24. S. U.S., N. to Penn. and Minn. (To Thos. Bewick.) 524. TROGLODYTES Vieillot. (rpwyAodu7ns, cave-dweller.) a. Tail more than } wing. (Troglodytes.) 1003, T. aedon Vieillot. Houser Wren. Brown, brightest be- hind; rusty below ; everywhere above and behind barred or waved with darker, distinctly so on wings, tail, and crissum. L.5. W.2. T. 2. E. U.S., abundant; an active and familiar little bird. 524b. ANORTHORA Rennie. aa. Tail very short, less than } wing. 1004. A. hiemalis (Vieillot), Winter Wren. Deep reddish- brown, waved with dusky; wings, tail, and belly posteriorly sharply barred. L.4. W.13. T. 14. N. Am., U. S. in winter, common N.; a fine singer. (Lat., wintry.) 525. CISTOTHORUS Cabanis. (xicros, a shrub, rock-rose ; Oovpos, leaping.) a, Bill about half as long as head; no white superciliary line. (Cistothorus.) 1005. C. stellaris (Lichtenstein). SHort-BiILLED MArsH WREN. Dark brown, head and back darker ; entire upper parts with white streaks; lower parts buffy. L. 4}. W. 1%. T. 19. E.U.S., in marshes; rather rare. (Lat., starry.) aa. Bill slender, about as long as head; a conspicuous white superciliary line. (Telmatodytes Cab.) 1006. C. palustris (Wilson). LonG-sittep MArsH WReEN. Clear brown; back with a black patch containing white streaks ; otherwise unstreaked above ; crown blackish ; lower parts brownish white. L.5. W.2. T. 1%. U.S., abundant in reedy swamps. CERTHIIDA. — CLXXVI. 309 Famiry CLXXVI. CERTHIIDAI. (Tue Creepers.) Primaries 10, first less than half second. Bill slender, as long as head, without notch or bristles. Tarsus scutellate, shorter than middle toe. Claws all very long, curved and compressed. Wings about as long as tail; tail feathers pointed, with stiffened shafts, somewhat like the tail of a wood-pecker, and similarly used for sup- port. Genera 5; species about 12, widely distributed. Habits similar to those of the Nuthatches, but the voice different, being small and fine. (The above diagnosis applies rather to the sub- family, Certhiine.) a. Bill decurved, about as long as head. . . . . . . « CERTHIA, 526. 526. CERTHIA Linnezus. (Lat., a creeper.) 1007. C. familiaris L. Brown Creeper. Plumage dark brown, above much barred and streaked with whitish ; pale below; rump clear tawny. L. 5}. W. 23. T. 23. N.Am. A curious little bird. The E. American form (white below) is var. fusca (Barton). (Eu.) Famity CLXXVII. PARID Zl. (THe NUTHATCHES AND TITMICE.) Primaries 10, the first short. Bill not notched nor decurved ; loral feathers bristly ; nostrils concealed by dense tufts. Tarsus scutellate ; plumage more or less lax, subject to few variations. Small birds, apparently allied to the jays on the one hand and to the wrens and thrushes on the other. Species 100 or more, in most parts of the world ; insectivorous and usually not migratory. a. Bill slender, as long as head; hind toe ia than middle toe; tail much shorter than wing. ( Sittin.) aes Sacred SIrra, 527. aa. Bill stoutish, much shorter than head; chee Oe shorter than middle; tail not shorter than wing. (Parine.)\.) 2) 3) e) ) PARUS 528° 527. SITTA Linneus. (cirra, nuthatch.) 1008. S. carolinensis Latham. WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH. “Sap-sucKER.” Ashy blue above, white below; crissum with rusty brown ; crown and nape black, unstriped ; middle tail feathers like the back, others black, blotched with white; 9 with less or no black on the head. L. 54. W. 34. T. 2. U.S., abundant everywhere. An active, nimble little bird, running up and down trees, and hanging in every conceivable attitude, the head down as often as up. 1009. S.canadensis L. Rrep-BeLLIED Nutnatcu. Ashy blue, brighter than the preceding, rusty brown below; crown glossy black (@#), or bluish (?), bordered by white and black stripes. L. 44. W. 2%. T.14. N. Am., chiefly N. 310 AVES: PASSERES, — XLVI. 1010. S. pusilla Latham. Brown-neEADED NuTHaAtcH. Ashy blue ; crown clear brown, a whitish spot on nape; pale rusty below. L.4. W. 24. T.14. 8S. E.U.S., N. to Md. (Lat., weak.) 528. PARUS Linneus. (Lat., a titmouse.) a. Head conspicuously crested. (Lophophanes Kaup.) 1011, P. bicolor L. Turrep Trrmouse. Grayish ash, the fore- head alone black; whitish below; sides washed with reddish. L. 6}. W. 3}. T. 34. E. U. S., southerly, N. to Mich.; abundant in woodland and remarkable for its loud, cheerful whistle. aa. Head not crested. (Pavus.) 1012. P. carolinensis Audubon. SouTHERN CHICKADEE. Sim- ilar to the next; tertials and greater wing coverts without whitish edgings ; Arsellens tail shorter. L. 4}. W. 2}. T. 24. Southern, N. to 8. Pa. and ‘Ind; often regarded as a winter resident variety of the next. 1013. P. atricapillus L. Tirmouse. BLack-caprep Cuicka- DEE. Grayish ash; wings and tail plain, with whitish edgings ; crown, nape, chin, and throat black; cheeks white ; no white super- ciliary line. L.5. W. 2}. T. 24. N. Am., S. to Ind. and Va., abundant ; represented N. W. by var. septentrionalis Harris; paler, with tail (23) longer than wings. (Lat., black-haired.) 1014. P. hudsonicus Forster. Olive brown; crown browner; some pale chestnut below; throat black; a white stripe through eye. L.5. W. 2}. T. 2%. N.N. Am., S. to Mass. Famiry CLXXVII. SYLVIIDA. (Tur OLtp Worip WARBLERS.) Diminutive Thrushes. Primaries 10, the first short. Bill slen- der, depressed at base, notched and decurved at tip. Rictus with bristles ; nostrils oval. Tarsus usually booted, scutellate in Poliop- tiling. Basal joint of middle toe attached its whole length exter- nally, half way internally. A large family of nearly 600 species of small birds, chiefly of the Old World, where they fill the place taken in America by the Mniotiltida. The most famous of the group is the European nightingale (Luscinia luscinia L.). a. Tarsus booted; nostril with one or more minute feathers; wings longer than tail. (Regulinw.) . . .. . - « ws (REGULUS, 529. aa. Tarsus scutellate; wings not longer than tail. (Polioptiline.) PourorTILa, 530. 529. REGULUS Cuvier. (Lat., dim. of rex, king — “ of the wrens.’’) a. Nostril hidden by a single tiny feather. (Regulus.) 1015. R. satrapa Lichtenstein. GOoLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. Olivaceous; crown with a yellow patch, bordered with black, TURDIDA. — CLXXIX. olf orange red in the centre in g; forehead and line over eye whitish; a vague dusky blotch at base of secondaries. L.4. W. 23. T. 13. N. Am.; not rare. (carpamns, a ruler.) a. Nostril with a tuft of small bristle-like feathers. (Phyllobasileus Cabanis.) 1016. R. calendula (L.). Rusy-crownep Kinevet. Oliva- ceous; crown with a scarlet patch in both sexes, wanting the first year; no black about head. L. 44. W. 23. T. 1}. N. Am.. common. (Lat., a little fire.) 530. POLIOPTILA Sclater. (sods, hoary ; mridov, feather.) 1017. P. ceerulea (L.). Brue-Gray Gnat-Catcuer. Clear ashy blue, brightest on head; whitish below; ¢ with forehead and sides of crown black; outer tail feathers chiefly white. L.4}. W. 2. T. 24. U.S., chiefly southerly ; N. to Mass. and L. Mich. A sprightly little bird with a squeaky voice, but really a fine singer. Famiry CLXXIX. TURDID4#) (Tue Turusues.) Primaries 10, the first short or spurious; bill generally rather long, not conical, usually with a slight notch near the tip ; nostrils oval, not concealed, but nearly or quite reached by the bristly frontal feathers; rictus with bristles, which are well developed in most of our species; tarsus always “booted,” i. e., enveloped in a continuous plate, formed by the fusion of all the scutella except 2 or 3 of the lowest. Toes deeply cleft, the inner one free, the outer united to the middle one, not more than half the length of the first basal joint. A large family of about 300 species, found in most parts of the world, and embracing quite a wide variety of forms. Nearly all of them are remarkable for their vocal powers. Their food consists of insects and soft fruits. a. Bill short, depressed, notched and slightly hooked at tip; gonvs not more than } the commissure; tail about as long as wings. (M/yadestine.) MYADESTES, 531. aa. Bill not depressed nor hooked; gonys more than 4 the commissure. (Turdine.) 6. Wings moderate; (no blue). c. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; nostrils exposed; nasal fossz without feathers; bill notched near its tip; sexes similar. d. Bill much widened at base; (breast spotted). . HyLocicHa, 532. dd. Bill little widened at base; (breast in adult unspotted). MERULA, 523. 1 One of the most remarkable of the thrush-like birds is the Ouzel or Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus Swainson), an aquatic thrush which swims (or rather flies) freely under water, although not web-footed. Itis a fine singer, living about mountain torrents in the Rocky Mountain regions; a similar species (C. merula) occurs in Europe. They are now placed in a separate family, Cinclide. 312 AVES : PASSERES. — XLVI, cc. Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw; nostrils partly concealed by feathers in the nasal fosse; bill not notched; sexes unlike. HkSPEROCICHLA, 534. 6b. Wings long and pointed; (plumage partly blue). . . . SrALta, 535. 531. MY ADESTES Swainson. (jvia, fly; édeoryjs, eater.) 1018. M. townsendi (Audubon). Friy-carcninc Turusa. TowNSEND’s Sovirarre. Ashy gray, paler below; wing bands butty ; tail blackish; whitish ring about eye; young with reddish spots. L. 8. W. 4}. T. 44. Rocky Mountains and westward, straying E. to Ill. (Nelson.) A most exquisite songster. (To J. K. Townsend.) 532. HYLOCICHLA Baird. (Gr., wood-thrush.) a. Wings never more than 3} times tarsus; plain brownish above; spotted below. Wood-thrushes. 6. Reddish color of back most distinct on head. 1019. H. mustelina (Gmelin). Woop Turusu. Cinnamon brown, brightest on the head, shading into olive on the rump; breast with large, very distinct dusky spots. L. 8. W.4}. T.3. E. U. S., in woodland ; our largest and handsomest wood thrush. An exquisite songster. (Lat., weasel-colored.) 6b. Reddish color of back equally distinct from head to tail. 1020. H.fuscescens (Stephens). Wrrery. Tawny Turusna. Witson’s Turusu. Uniform reddish brown above; breast and throat washed with brownish or pinkish yellow, and marked with small indistinct brownish spots. L. 74. W. 4}. TT. 3}. E.N. Am., in damp woods, frequent; a fine songster, superior to the wood-thrush in its range of notes. The Western variety, Ill. to Rocky Mts., var. salicicola Ridgway, is russet olive, the cheeks paler, with broader markings. (Lat., dusky.) bbb. Back entirely olive, with no reddish shade anywhere. c. Sides of head without buffy shades. 1021. H.aliciz (Baird), Gray-cueEKep Turusu. Very simi- lar to the next, of which it may be a variety, but without buffy or whitish ring about eye, or any buffy tint about head. E. N. Am., ranging more northerly. A smaller form, with slenderer bill is var. bicknelli Ridgway, in Catskills and N. (To Alice Kennicott.) ce. Sides of head more or less shaded with buffy. 1022. H. ustulatus (Nuttall). Oxrve-sackep Turusn. Uni- form olive above; breast and throat thickly marked with large, dusky olive spots; breast and sides of head strongly buffy-tinted; a conspicuous buffy orbital ring. L.7}. W.4. T.3. N. Am. The Western form (var. ustulata) is russet brown above, rather than grayish olive as in the Eastern form, which is var. swainsoni Ca- banis. (Lat., scorched.) TURDIDA. — CLXXIX. ole 6bbb. Reddish color of back chiefly confined to the tail. 1023. H. aonalaschke (Gmelin). Hermit Turtsn. Olive brown above, becoming rufous on rump and tail; breast with nu- merous, rather distinct, dusky spots; a whitish orbital ring. L. 7. W. 34. T. 24. N. Am., migrating early; a sweet singer. The Eastern bird, var. pallasi Cabanis, is more “smoky” in hue, the tail a little less red, the bill larger. (From Unalaska Island.) 533. MERULA Leach. (Lat., merle or blackbird.) 1024. M. migratoria(L.). Rosin. AMERICAN RED BREAST. Olive gray above; head and tail blackish ; throat white, with black streaks ; under parts chestnut brown. L.9%. W.5}. T.4}4. N. Am., everywhere abundant ; a familiar, easy-going bird. 534. HESPEROCICHLA Baird. (éomépa, sunset; kixAn, thrush. ) 1025. H. nevia (Gmelin). OrrGoN Rosin. Slate color, or- ange brown below; throat not streaked; @ with black collar. L. 93. W.5. T.4. Pacific slope, rarely straying E. (Lat., spotted.) 535. SIALIA Swainson. (ovadis, name of some bird ; ciados, plump.) 1026. S. sialis (L.). Common Bivuer Birp. Bright blue above, throat and breast reddish brown (“the sky on its back and the earth on its breast’); belly white; Q usually duller, with a brown- ish tinge on back; young, as in others, spotted. L. 6%. W. 4. T. 3. E. N. Am., abundant; breeds everywhere; one of our most attractive and familiar birds. 1027. S. mexicana Swainson. WerEsTERN BLUE Brirp. Head, neck all around and upper parts generally, deep bright blue; back with more or less chestnut ; breast and sides reddish brown, throat bluish; size of last. Pacific slope, rarely E. to Iowa. 1028. S. aretica Swainson. Rocky Mountain Bivue Birp. Rich greenish blue; breast also blue; belly white; 9 with pale drab instead of blue, on breast, ete.; size of others, or smaller. Rocky Mountains, E. to Missouri R.; the prettiest of thrushes and one of the most attractive of our birds. With this beautiful bird we close the long series of feathered Sauropsida. The next class, the Mammalia, is widely different from the birds, but its lowest forms, the Monotremes, approach the common rep- tilian stock from which both mammals and birds have probably sprung. 314 MAMMALIA, Ciass I. MAMMALIA. (THe MAMMALS.) 4 Mammal is a warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrate, having the skin more or less hairy (or rarely naked); viviparous, the em- bryo developed from a minute egg destitute of food-yolk (except in the Monotremata, in which group the eggs are large, as in Rep- tiles, and are developed outside the body) ; the young nourished for a time after birth by milk, secreted in the mammary glands of the mother; respiration never by means of gills, but after birth by lungs, suspended freely in the thoracic cavity, which is completely separated from the abdominal cavity by a muscular septum (the diaphragm) ; heart with four cavities; a complete double circula- tion; blood warm. Skeleton more firm than in other Vertebrates, the bones containing a larger proportion of salts of lime. Skull articulating with the atlas by means of two occipital condyles; bones of face immovably joined by sutures; each half of lower jaw of a single bone, articulating directly with the skull, the quadrate bone becoming one of the bones of the ear (the maileus). Brain case comparatively large, corresponding with the increased devel- opment of the brain. The numerous other peculiarities of the skeleton and the viscera need not be noticed in this connection. The following analysis of the Orders of Mammals which occur within our limits is mostly taken from Professor Gill’s “ Arrange- ment of the Families of Mammals.” Orders of Mammalia. a. Young developed within the uterus from a minute egg which is destitute of food-yolk; milk glands with nipples; no cloaca. (EUTHERIA.) b. Young born when of very small size and incomplete development, never connected by a placenta to the mother; brain small, its corpus callosum rudimentary. (Subclass DipEtpHia.) . . MArsuprAuia, XLVIL. bb. Young not born until of considerable size and nearly perfect develop- ment, deriving its nourishment, before birth, from the mother through the intervention of a placenta; a well developed corpus callosum. (Subclass MONODELPHIA.) c. Brain with a relatively small cerebrum, which does not cover the other ganglia, much of the cerebellum being exposed behind, and in front much of the optic lobes. (/neducabdilia.) d, Canine teeth none; incisors 9, rarely 4, chisel-shaped; limbs adapted for walking. + s << + » i » « « » \Gbrres, XLVI dd. Canine teeth present, in some form; incisors not 3 nor 3. MAMMALIA. 315 e. Anterior limbs not adapted for flight; ulna and radius not united; hand normal; mamm usually abdominal. INSECTIVoRA, XLIX. ee. Anterior limbs adapted for flight; ulna and radius united; bones of hand and fingers much elongated, supporting a thin, leathery skin, extending along sides of body to the posterior limbs ; mammepectorals, 2 <4) =e ve) ess) |CHIROPTERA, LL; ec. Brain with a relatively large cerebrum overlapping much, or all, of the cerebellum and optic lobes. (Hducabilia.) Jj: Posterior limbs absent, the pelvis rudimentary; anterior limbs reduced to broad flattened paddles, without distinct fingers or claws; no clavicles; tail with a broad, horizontally placed caudal tin; cervical vertebrae more or less grown together; CarMIVOTORSsaiieumell (eit ysl u's OW ig) ao vic (Chopin Abd Jf. Posterior limbs and pelvis wall developed; anterior limbs with hoofs, claws, or nails. g. Femur and humerus not exserted beyond the common integu- ments of the body; clavicles more or less rudimentary; — mamme abdominal or inguinal. h, Feet with hoofs; molars mostly with grinding surfaces; in- cisors various; no tusks; developed toes, 1 to 4; herbivor- OUS