;-NRLF

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

MANUAL

OF

L

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

( VT\.-K,IlVATOn OF THE CONCHOLOCilC'AI, SKCTIO.V OK THK AfADKMV OP XATVRAL
SOKNCKS <>F PHir-ADKMMUA.

YOU LI I.

TRlTONIDjE, FUSION, BUCC1NIDA

PHILADELPHIA:
Published, by tlio Antlior,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. COR. IOTH & RACE CTT.

1881.

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

WM. P. KILDARE. PRINTER. 734 & 736 SANSOM ST , PHILA.

IN offering the Third Volume of the Manual of Conchology,
I desire to express my sincere thanks for the very kind reception
which the work has obtained from those interested in this and
kindred pursuits, throughout the world. My constant endeavor
is to perform my task in such a manner as will, in some measure,
merit a continuance of their approbation.

The present volume includes monographies of the families
Tritonidae, Fusidee and Buccinida?. embracing a large number of
familiar genera : a portion of them variable in specific character-
istics and hence difficult of identification. I trust that the
conservative view which I have adopted in treating these will at
least facilitate their recognition.

I am under especial obligation to a number of correspondents
who have manifested their interest in the Manual in a very
pleasing way, by sending me (unsolicited, for the most part)
specimens, drawings and critical observations upon the species.
I shall be glad to continue to receive similar aid, and as a hint to
those who are willing to furnish it, I would mention that, in
addition to the three families mentioned above, material relating
to the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra. Columbella, Mar-
ginella, Oliva. Ancillaria, Harpa and their allies will be very
acceptable.

January, 1881. G. W. T., JR.

Already Triton at his call appears

Above the waves, a Tyrian robe he wears ;

And in his hand a crooked trumpet bears.

The sovereign bids him peaceful sounds inspire,

And give the waves the signal to retire ;

His writhen shell he takes, whose narrow vent,

Grows by degrees into a large extent.

DRYDEN.

I have seen

A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract
Of inland ground, applying to his ear,
The convolutions of a smooth-lipp'd shell ;
To which, in silence hush'd, his very soul
Listen' d intensely, and his countenance soon
Brighten'd with joy : for murmurings from within
Were heard, — sonorous cadences, whereby,
To his belief, the monitor express' d
Mysterious union with its native sea.

WORDSWORTH.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Family TRITONIDJE.

Shell with varices, which are either few and irregularly dis-
posed (Triton] or form a continuous row crossing the whorls on
opposite sides (Banella). The number of varices does not exceed
two to each whorl, whilst in Mar ex the smallest number is three.
Operculum annular, with sub-apical or central nucleus. Mantle
enclosed, siphon straight, foot small. Lingual membrane with
teeth in seven rows (3-1-3 ), like the Doliidae, etc. (The Muricida*
have the teeth 1-1-1). The dentition is illustrated on plate 2.

I have already stated the reasons which induce me to place the
Tritonidae in close connection with the Muricidae, yet forming a
passage to the Cassididre and Doliida1, rather than arrange them
with the latter groups. See Vol. II, p. 67.

The Tritonidae first positively appeared in the eocene strata ;
the genus Spinigera d'Orb., from the cretaceous, being now
referred, more correctly I think, to the family Strombidre, and
Tracliytriton Meek, also cretaceous, does not belong certainly to
the family.

Synopsis of Genera.

TRITON, Montfort. Shell oblong ; spire prominent, whorls with a few
remote and non-continuous varices ; columella rough or smooth ; canal
recurved, short or long ; outer lip internally crenated or denticulated.
More than a hundred recent species have been characterized.

DISTORSIO, Bolten. Shell subturreted ; whorls distorted ; aperture
irregular, contracted, ringent ; canal recurved ; inner lip dilated,
lamellar, rugosely plicated ; columella excavated, verrucosely plicate ;
outer lip sinuous, internally plicate-dentate.

6 TEITON.

RANELLA, Lamarck. Shell ovate or oblong, compressed, with two rows
of continuous varices, one on each side ; aperture oval ; columella
arcuated and ridged, or crenulated ; canal short, recurved ; outer lip
crenated.

There are over fifty recent species. In the lingual dentition (PI. 2).
Triton and Ranella are closely allied, but with a difference in the
rachidian tooth ; Triton Cutaceum, however, approaches Banella argus.
Distorsio (PI. 2, fig 9.) is not sensibly different from Triton. The
dentition of the family is unmistakably allied to that of the Cassididae,
Doliidae, etc.

Fossil Genera.

The distinctness of the following groups is very doubtful.

RANELLINA, Conrad. The genus was never characterized. The type
differs from the figure in the varices being partially disconnected, thus
showing more affinity to Triton than to Ranella.

RANELLA MACLURII Conrad . Plate 3, fig. 14. Tertiary ; Glaiborne, Ala.

PERSONELLA, Conrad. Genus not characterized. Scarcely a Distorsio,

but more like a Gutturnium.
DISTORSIO SEPTEMDENTATA, Gabb. Plate 8, fig. 15. Eocene, Texas.

TRITONOPSIS, Conrad. The type is a water-worn specimen, which Mr.
Angelo Heilprin, who has examined the shell, declares to be too
imperfect to assign to it any reliable characters. Has some resemblance
to the section Cabestana, like T. doliarium L.

TRITON SUBALVEATUS, Conrad. Plate 3, fig. 30. Eocene, Vicksburg.

TRACE YTRITON, Meek. The generic character appears to be confined
to the occurrence of internal varices, marking the former positions of
the lip, and which have not been absorbed when growth recommenced ;
otherwise very like Priene Oregonensis = cancellatus. The want of a
callus on the upper part of the columella, which Meek makes a distin-
guishing character from Priene, also characterizes the P. Oregonensis,
young, as described by Mr. Redfield.

T. VINCULUM, Hall and Meek. PI. 3, fig. 13. Cretaceous, Dakotah.

Genus TRITON, Montfort.

Animal of T. Tritonis, Linn., figured upon Plate 1 (Frontis-
piece). Details of the anatomy of the genus will be found in the
introductory portion of Yol. II of this Manual, together with
figures upon the 3d, 4th and 6th plates thereof.

Shell oblong, with generally prominent spire, the whorls crossed
by a few remote and non-continuous varices ; the columella

TRITON. 7

smooth or nodulous; the canal long or short; the outer lip
crenated or denticulated within.

Operc iilum ovate, its growth annular either from a sub-apical
or submarginal nucleus.

Whilst the lingual armature of Triton allies it closely with
.fiolium, etc., among the so-called taenioglossate mollusks, the
affinities of the animal are on the whole closer, and those of the
shell decidedly so, to Muricidse.* It may be considered a
connecting link between the two groups, but certainly cannot be
safely removed from the vicinity of the latter, to wThich it is not
only allied by its operculum (which is entirely different from that
of Dolium), but so closely by the shell in some instances, that
the assignment of the generic position is quite arbitrary.

The Tritons are distinctly tropical in distribution, no species
inhabiting the colder seas. The species are numerous and beau-
tiful, presenting a great range of variation in size and color ; one
species being almost the largest of gasteropod mollusks, attaining
a length of one and a half feet, whilst others, belonging to the
Epidromoid section, do not exceed a half inch in length. The
cancellated forms a re chiefly Kast Indian, and are dredged in sand
in deep water; the West Coast of America group, covered with
a rough epidermis, is obtained in sand}' mud at from six to thirty
fathoms' depth. A number of species have a world-wide distri-
bution , which is doubtless due to their free-swimming or pelagic
larvae. These, unlike the Murices, but like the Purpurae,f are
very different at first from the adult both in animal and shell,
undergoing a metamorphosis at a period subsequent to hatching.

I adopt the well-known name Triton in preference to the pre-
viously given Tritonium of Ouvier, believing that the interests
of science are best conserved by keeping the nomenclature as
stable as possible. Triton has been used in other departments
of zoology, but so have many other generic names, which are
nevertheless accepted without question. The fact is, that prac-
tical common sense has quietly shelved the British Association
rule forbidding the use of a generic name in more than one
branch of zoology. In these days only the very few enjoying

* See Vol. 2, Manual of Oonchology, page 67.
f Vol. II, plate 8.

8 TRITON. •

exceptional advantages can hope to acquire a competent knowl-
edge of the names in use in a single department, and no one
possesses the time or acquaintance with general zoology which
would be necessar}' to avoid duplications. The alternative adop-
tion of the name Tritonium has its difficulties : it is more gener-
ally known in connection with a Buccinoid group, and it is too
close to Cuvier's genus Triton ia.

Reeve says* : The Tritons are shells of much more solid structure
than the Murices or Ranellse, and of much more simple growth.
They are not furnished with any spines nor have they any rami-
fied branches like the Murices ; the rude manner in which the
whorls are convoluted seem rather to indicate that their animal
inhabitant, though possessing abundant power of calcification, is
of somewhat sluggish growth. The epidermis of the Tritons is
often rernarkabty thick, hairy and bristly, and is sometimes
accompanied with small tufts of bristles. Another curious pecu-
liarity in these shells is the structure of the apex ; it appears in
numerous instances to be formed of horny substance, thinly
plated with shelly matter, and it is not an uncommon thing to
find examples in which the calcareous plating is broken off so as
to expose the horny cast underneath. The columella of the
Tritons is generally covered with a bright coat of wrinkled
enamel, and the outer lip becomes thickened in a manner exceed-
ingly curious ; upon arriving at maturity the lip curls under so
as to form a deep, broad channel or gutter, and this is then filled
up to form the thickened lip. The varices are all constructed in
the same manner, each forming for a time the margin of the
aperture ; they are destined, it is conjectured, to protect the lip
during a season of rest, and it would be extremely interesting if
it could be discovered what length of time ordinarily elapses
between the formation or deposit of the varix and the renewal
of the operation of growth.

Mr. Arthur Adamst mentions the adaptation of the Trumpet-
shell ( T. tritonis) to the purposes of a tea-kettle by the inhabitants
of the Typinsan archipelago, near the Loo-Choo Islands ; the
operculum forming the lid, the canal answering the purpose of a

* Conch. Icon., Vol. II, Triton, 1844.
f Narrative Voy. Samarang, I, 89.

TRITON. 9

spout, and the shell suspended by a wooden hook over the fire.
Mr. Adams says that this rude vessel was adopted several times
for the convenience of his party, and answered its purpose
admirably.

The species of Triton being numerous, several attempts have
been made to separate them into generic or subgeneric groups ;
the most successful beini>- the arrangement of Messrs. H. and A.
Adams. Two of these groups, however, Simpulum and Cabestana,
are so closely related that J think Kobelt has very judiciously
united them. Priene is the connecting form approximating
Triton and Runvlla ; whilst in the latter genus species of the
group Lampax recall Triton.

A very excellent catalogue of the genus has been published by
Kobelt, the arrangement of which I. mainly follow ; adding, how
ever, some additional species, making about one hundred and fifty
in all. Kobelt has monographed the genus in Krister's Conehylien
Cabinet and there are also monograph ios by Reeve and Kiener
in their respective Iconographies.

Subgenern.
SIMPULUM, Klein. Shell fusiform, whorls nodosely ribbed ; outer lip

thick, plicate-dentate internally. Operculum with apical nucleus.
CYMATIUM, Bolteii. Whorls triangular ; aperture longer than the spire ;

outer lip dentated internally. Operculum with apical nucleus.
GUTTURNIDM, Klein. Shell pyriform, subturreted, canal long, narrow.

Operculum with submarginal initial point, near the middle of the

inner margin.
EPIDROMUS, Klein. Shell with long, generally curved spire ; aperture

small and canal very short. Operculum triangular, with submarginal

nucleus.
PRIENE, H. and A. Ad. Shell ventricose, thin, cancellated or plicated ;

canal short. Operculum with apical initial point.

(Typical.}
Genus TRITON, Montf. £

T. TBITONIS, Linn. PL 1, fig. 1 ; pi. 3, fig. Iti ; pi. *, fig. 25.

Whitish or yellowish, variegated with semi-lunar markings of
chestnut or chocolate color ; spire pink towards the apex ; orange-
red within the aperture ; columella dark chocolate crossed by
numerous white wrinkles or plaits ; outer lip denticulated at the
3

10 TRITON.

margin, each denticle terminating a double revolving band of red-
brown, or chocolate color. Length, 16 inches.

Me of Bourbon, Philippines, New Zealand, Polynesian
Islands. Japan, Indian Ocam.

Yar. NOBILIS, Conrad. PI. 4, figs. 21, 26.

Usually heavier and shorter than the typical form, the whorls
with a distinct shoulder ; color within the aperture lighter.

Sicily, So. Coast of Spain, Portugal, (Jape Verd Isles, West Indies.

Conrad considers this a distinct species, and Aradas and Benoit
have also described it, from the Mediterranean under the name of
T. Seguenzde (pi. 4, fig. 26) ; but the numerous specimens before
me enable me to satisfactorily connect the two forms. The hump
appears to become gradually more prominent with age, as in half
grown specimens it is not apparent either in Mediterranean or
West Indian specimens.
T. NODIFERUS, Lain. PI. 1, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. 3, fig, 17 ; pi. 4, fig, 23,

AVhite, clouded and painted with reddish brown ; aperture
white within ; lip margin painted with brown ; columella with
white plaits, of which the posterior one is very prominent.

Length, 5 to 10 inches,

• Mediterranean, Atlantic Coast of Europe, Brit > *]i dm Hurl, ('on-
firies, Natal, Mauritius, Japan, Australia, JVnr Zealand.

T, Sauliae, Reeve (pi, 3, fig, 17), and T. austratis, Lam, (pi. 4,
fig, 23), are generally considered at least varieties of this species.
but I am unable to give them any permanent differential char-
acters. The species varies in much the same manner as '/'.
Tritonis in the smoothness or nodulation of surface, length of
spire, etc. It is found fossil, commencing with the niiocene, at
several localities in southern Europe. The most northern
European locality is the island of Guernsey, where three living-
specimens were trawled at different times between 1825 and 1832.
Madame Power found this animal capable of reproducing ampu-
tated tentacles, etc. The Sicilians and Algerians eat the mollusk
and esteem it a delicacy. At Nice, the fishermen and country
people make a hole in the apex of the spire and use the shell as
a trumpet which, Yerany remarks, produces a braying sound. It
is an indispensable instrument in the old-fashioned charivari,
which he describes as a deafening serenade to signalize the mar-
riages of ill-assorted or unpopular couples.

SIMPULUM. 1 1

T. SUBDISTORTUS, Lara. PI. 3, fig. 18.

Whitish, maculated and spotted with reddisli brown ; white

within the aperture. Length 2 to 2.5 inches.

Australia.
T. BASSI, Angas. PL 3, fig. 20.

The revolving riblets and tuberculations appear to be propor-
tionally smaller than in the preceding species, and the denticu-
.lations of the lip-margin are described and figured as "close."
The color does not differ .from that of T. subdistorttts, and I
think it will prove to be synonymous with that species.

Length 1,08 inch.

Bass' Straits, Australia.

T. f rate re alas Dunker appears, from the description (not
figured) to be a synonym.

T. FUSIFORMIS, Kieiier. PI, 4, fig, 22.

The whorls have two or three large knobs between the varices
and the entire surface is covered with very fine, close, reATolving
striae, which are composed of minute, oblong granules. Yellow-
ish brown, articulated with darker brown; aperture white within.

Length 1.5 to 2 inches,

Australia.

Subgenus Simpulum, Klein.

T. OLEARIUM, Linn. PI. 3, fig. 19 ; PL 4, fig. 24 ; PL 5. figs. 27- (\

29; PL 6, fig. 37. ^

Light brown, the varices and lip usually tesselated with
chocolate, the columella frequently chocolate between the
whitish plications ; within the aperture flesh color. Variable
in its proportions, the spire being sometimes short, in others
longer. Frequently, the revolving ribs are partially separated
into approximate pairs by an incised line ; sometimes they are
partiall}' broken up into revolving series of granules. When the
shell is fresh it is covered by a thin epidermis which, at frequent
intervals, develops longitudinal, reflexed ridges terminating,
upon their entire length, in long, hair-like digitations. Opercu-
luni with terminal initial point. Length, 2 to 6 inches.

Mediterranean Sea ; Atlantic Coast of Europe and Africa ;

Canary and Cape Verd Isles ; St. Helena; West Indies to Brazil ;

Polynesia ; Australia ; New Zealand ; Japan.

12 SIMPULUM.

The animal is of a light straw-yellow, covered with black spots,
which become distant and larger upon the head ; tentacles long
and black. The name olearium Linn, appears in the 12th edition
to apply here partially, but it is not the olearium of the 10th
edition nor of Born nor Gmelin. It is the Murex costatux of
Born (not Gmelin), and parthenopux of von Salis. The current
identification of the Linnean name is so well established that,
however ill it may accord with fact, it seems preferable to
retain it.

T. PILEABIS, Linn. PI. 6, tigs. 31-3G ; PL T, tigs. 88-39.

Yellowish brown, with occasionally darker (and sometimes
white) revolving bands; aperture and columella orange-red to
blood-red, with white plications ; epidermis thin, hairy and
bristly, light olive color. Length, 2 to 5 inches.

Red Sea, Seychelles, Natal, China, Japan, Australia, Philippines,

Sandwich Isles, Florida, West Indies, Brazil.

Kobelt distinguishes T. Martinianus ( =Veliei Calkins, fig. 36).
T. aquatilis Reeve, (fig. 34), and T. intermedium Pease, (fig. 35),
as varieties ; but I cannot so regard them, as I find no characters
by which to separate them. T. vestilus Hinds, (figs. 38, 39),
from the west coast of Central America, lias normally, a shorter
spire and more inflated body-whorl, is smoother, darker in color,
the lip and columella between the plications dark chocolate ; yd
the intermediate stages between this and the typical pileart*
make a continuous series.

T. BUBECULA, Linn. PI. 7, fig. 40.

Lemon to orange color, or orange-red, with a light lemon or
white revolving band on the middle of the body whorl, and white
blotches on the varices ; lip and columella same color as outer
surface, with the plications white. Length, 1 to 2 inches.

Red Sea ; Nicobar Isles ; Philippine* ; Central Pacific ;

Sandwich Isles; St. Thomas, W. L

The last locality is upon the authority of a dredged specimen
in the Swift Collection, now in the museum of the Philada.
Acad. For this specimen Morch made a variety occidentals, but
it has 110 distinctive characters.

STMPULUM. 13

T. OEMMATUS, Reeve. PI. 7, figs. 41-44.

Whitish to orange-yellow. Revolving ribs fewer in number
than in T. rubecula, with three revolving strise between each rib —
of which the middle one is largest ; frequently laticed by longi-
tudinal ribs, and sometimes developing two or three nodules
between the varices. Length, 1 to 1-5 inches.

Philippines to Sandwich Islands; Paumotus.

More graceful in form, with more rapidly accuminated spire
and longer canal, and smaller than T. rubecula ; — to which 5
nevertheless, it is closely allied. T. mundum Gould, (figs. 43,
44), appears to be the same species.
T. FICOIDES, Reeve. PI. 7, fig. 46.

Fig-shaped ; yellowish, the lip and columella orange color.

Length, 2 inches.

West Africa.
T. OHLOROSTOMI s, Lam. PI. T, figs. 47,48.

White, more or less tesselated with red or chocolate spots,
the revolving, incised lines usually colored ; aperture deep
orange within. Length, 1*5 to 3 inches.

Red Sea ; Me of Bourbon ; New Caledonia ; Philippines ;

Central Pacific; Sandwich Islands; West Indies.

T. CORHI.MJATUS, Lam. PL 8, tig. 49.

Whitish, more or less stained and marked with brown;
epidermis brown, pilose. Length, 2*5 to 3'5 inches.

Mediterranean; Atlantic coasts of France, Portugal and Spain.
Var. KREBSIT, Morch. PL 8. fig. 50.

Spire shorter, nodules between the varices stronger.

St. Thomas, St. Croix, W. I.

Described as a distinct species but the characters by which
Morch distinguishes it are common to the type form except the
shorter spire and more rugose longitudinal ribs. Probably not
perfectly acclimated, and depauperate in consequence.

T. BECCARII, Tapparone-Canefri. PL 7, fig. 45.

Light yellowish; aperture orange color. Length, 1*75 inches.

Massaua; Red Sea.

A single specimen only obtained. Its very narrow form will
distinguish it at once from the nearly related species.

14 SIMPULUM.

T. LINEATUS, Brod. PI. 8, fig. 51.

Yellowish brown, the raised revolving lines chestnut-brown ;
columella and aperture chocolate, the plications white.

Length, 2'25 inches.

Galapagos Isles, in sand ; 6 fathoms.

T. GBANULATUS, Dunker.

An unfigured species. 35 mill, in length, from Bass' Straits.
Australia. Said to belong to the group Simpulum. I cannot
indentify it.

T. CONTABULATUS, Anton.

Unfigured and not identified ; placed by the author in his
" pileare" group.

T LIROSTOMUS I Described by Mr. Arthur Adams in Ann. Mag.
T. PAPILLOSUS Nat. Hist. 1870. All from Japan. No figures,
T. TRINGA ( dimensions, nor comparative characters are

T. NODILIRATUS,

given ; so that I am unable to give an opinion
as to their novelty.

The species of this group approach more nearly to the Doliida?
in form and sculpture than any other Tritons.

T. TRANQUEBARICUS, Lam. PL 8, figs. 52, 53.

Light yellowish brown, the revolving ridges chocolate-brown ;
whitish within. Length, 1*25 to 2 inches.

W. Coast Africa; Went Indies.
T. POULSENII, Morch. PL 8, fig. 54.

Thin, inflated, orange-brown ; white within the aperture ; lip-
teeth orange color. Length, 2 inches.

West Indies.

Two specimens in the Swift Cabinet (Mus. Philad. Acacl.). It
is possibly a variety of T. cingulatus, although much more
inflated and with shorter canal than the typical form of that
species. Very much like the genus Dolium in its general
appearance.

SIMPULUM. 15

T. CINGULATUS, Lam. PL 8, figs. 55, 56.

Light yellowish brown, with the revolving ribs darker ; slightly
shouldered and tuberculate on the angle ; canal rather long and
recurved. Length, 2 to 2*75 inches.

Philippines; Floating dock, St. Thomas*, W. I. (Swift Coll.).

T. Voigtii, Anton (fig. 56) is a synonym, according to Philippi,
who publishes the first and only illustration of that species.

T. WIEGMANNI, Anton. PL 9. fig. 57.

Whorls decidedly shouldered, and nodulous on the angle of
the shoulder. Yellowish brown, the revolving ribs darker in

color. Length, 2- 5 to 3'5 inches.

Mazatlan to Panama.

There is but little difference between this and the preceding-
species : it has a more decided shoulder and the canal is shorter.
Should they prove identical, which is probable, the species must
be called T. cingvlatus, Lam.

T. CLANDESTINUS. Lam. PL 9, fig 58.

Very light yellowish brown ; the regular cord-like revolving-
ribs chestnut-brown ; aperture white within.

Length, 1-5 to 2'5 inches.

Australia.

T. LIGNARIUS, Brod. PL 9, fig. 63.

Solid ; yellowish brown, with dark chestnut revolving bands ;
columella with a double series of small tubercles which are white
upon an orange ground ; outer lip orange stained, with white
tuberculations. Length, 1-25 inches.

W. Coast Central America ; sandy mud, 7 to 12 fathoms

A very distinct species, readily recognizable by its sculpture
and showy coloring.

T. CUTACEUS, Linn. PL 9, fig. 59.

The revolving ribs are elegantly sculptured into close, bead-
like nodules. Light yellowish brown, white within the aperture.
Length, 2 to 3 inches.

Mediterranean Sea ; W. Coast of France ;

Channel Islands ; Cape Verd Isles.

1 6 SIMPULUM.

The epidermis differs from that of most of the Tritons in being
a thin, smooth skin. The species is found from low to deep
water. Philippi describes the animal thus : Body on the upper
part painted with irregular spots of dark purple, which are
separated by narrow white lines ; foot pale violet above, marbled
on the sides, and speckled here and there with reddish spots
which are edged with white.
T. DOLIARIUS, Linn. PL 9, fig. 60.

Pale yellowish to brown, sometimes spotted with brown on the
ribs; white within the aperture. Epidermis short-tufted, light
olive-brown or yellowish. Length, 1'25 to 1*75 inches.

Cape of Good Hope; Nrir tfotith Walr*, Australia.

Ranella tuberculdta, Risso, is a synonym of T. cutaceus, but
the shell figured for Risso's species by Kiister in his monograph
of Purpura is a T. dollar ius, typical in every respect.
T. AFRICANUS, A. Ad. PI. 10, tig. 73.

Red-brown, white within the aperture. Length, 2'25 inches.

Ichaboe, /S. Africa.

I separate this from T. doliarius with considerable hesitation.
It may prove to be merely a lengthened, more solid form of that
species I have before me an example of T. doliariti* which is
rather longer than usual, with the peculiar revolving sculpture
almost obsolete.
T. FOSSATUS, Gould.

Shell solid, subglobose, yellowish; spire short; whorls six, the
sutures profoundly canaliculate ; surface with two revolving ribs,
crossed l>y nodulous longitudinal undulations ; aperture narrow,
rounded behind; lip varicose, denticulate, sulcate within;
columella erectly sulcate, the posterior sulci larger.

Length 35, diam. 20 mill. Honko-ug, China,

Not figured ; said to approach T. doliarius in form and sculp-
ture, but has the sutural canal and a longer beak.

T. SPENGLERT, Lam. PI. 9, fig. 61.

Yellowish brown, the incised revolving lines chestnut-brown ;
all the ribs crossed by longitudinal striae, cutting their surface
into bead-like nodules ; white within the aperture.

Length, 3'5 to 5 inches. & Australia; Chatham Maud*.

The epidermis is thin, smooth, yellowish olive.

SIMPULUM. IT

T. WATERHOUSEI, Ad. and Aug. PI. 9, fig. 62.

Yellowish brown, somewhat tinged with olive ; white within

the aperture. Length, 2'25 inches.

S. Australia.

The spire is proportionally shorter, the shoulder of the whorls
not so well marked ; whorls more rounded than in last species.
Epidermis squamately pilose.

T. BOLTENIANUS, A. Ad.

Allied to T. tipengleri, but smaller, more ponderous, and
without varices. The young shells are peculiarly inflated, and
banded inside with dark purple ridges. Length, 2 inches.

Not figured. I have not seen it.

T. BARTHELEMYI, Bernardi. PI. 10, fig. 69.

Yellowish white, the transverse grooves darker; brownish
within the aperture. Length, 5*5 inches.

8. Australia, among rocks at low tide.

Evidently very closely allied to T. Spengleri, of which it will
very probably prove to be an overgrown form, living amidst
uncongenial surroundings.

T. LABIOSUS, Wood. PI. 9, figs. 64-68.

Shouldered ; encircled by revolving ribs, each of which is
bi-sulcate, so as to divide the rib into three ; decussated by
almost equally strong longitudinal costre ; canal us.ually short.
Yellowish to dark chestnut-brown, sometimes light-banded ;
aperture and columella white. Length, 1 inch.

Japan, Philippines, Mauritius, Australia, West Indies.

The numerous specimens before me, from various West Indian
localities, are not distinguishable from Australian examples. T.
Loroisii, Petit (fig. 66), has no distinctive characters. T.
Strangei, A. Ad. and Ang. (fig. 67), from Australia, has less
shoulder and longer canal than the typical form, but I have
before me a West Indian specimen which closely mimics the
figure of that species. T. orientalis, Nevill (fig. 68), from the
Indian Ocean, has a somewhat longer canal, but does not other-
wise differ from the typical labiosus. These may be considered
varieties by those who are fond of minute distinctions.

18 CYMATIUM.

T. DORSUOSUS, A. Ad.

A Japanese species, not yet figured. No dimensions given.
Assigned by the author to this group. The Latin diagnosis, as
usual, is worthless for the purpose of identification. It is simply
the cabalistic ceremonial through which Mr, Adams becomes
invested with the title to a specific name ; it does not and cannot,
and perhaps never was intended, to define his property with
sufficient accuracy to prevent trespass on his rights by others ;
therefore it becomes a trap for the unwary and ambitious. On
the other hand the indefiniteness of the usual diagnosis permits
its author the greatest latitude in. shifting its object from species
to species ; or, if he is enterprising, in capturing some of the
species diagnosed at a later date by his brother conchologists.
As a rule, I will not attempt to identify unfigured species, and
would like to exterminate all such descriptions and names for
the benefit of science.

Submenus Cymatmm, (Bjlten) Adams.

This group is well distinguished by the trigonal form of the
shell of the typical species, large varices and nodules, Opercu-
lum with initial point at its apex.

T. FEMORALE, Lillll, PI, 10. fig. 70.

Yellowish brown ; the principal revolving ribs white where
they cross the varices ; aperture white, light purplish or roseate
within. Length, 3 to 7 inches. West India Islands.

Reeve mentions that the varices of this species suggested the
gadroon border used by silversmiths for the decoration of plate.
The epidermis is very thin, somewhat bristly. The initial point
of the operculum is apical.

T. TIGRINUS, Brod. PL 10, fig. 71, 72.

Yellowish brown, tinged more or less with dark brown between
the revolving ribs. Length, 4'5 to 6*5 inches.

W* Co. Central America; 11 fathoms in sanely mud.

A wider, smoother species than the preceding, with simpler
sculpture. When full-grown, the outer lip spreads out, making
the body whorl very wide.

T. Ranzanii, Bianconi (fig. 71) from Mozambique, E. coast of
Africa, appears to be the same species.

GUTTURNITJM. 19

T. LOTORTUM, Linn. PL 11, figs. 78, 79 ; pi. 10, fig. 76.

Orange-brown ; the principal revolving ribs yellowish white
upon the varices, where the interstices become intensified to a
dark chestnut color ; aperture white or blush color, the teeth of
the outer lip varying from orange to chocolate, with blotches of
the same on the columella. Length, 3'5 to 4*5 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Central Polynesia.

T. grandimaculatus, Reeve ffig. 76) belongs here ; the distinc-
tive characters are individual only.

T. PYRUM, Linn. PL 10, fig. 74.

Orange color; usually lighter within the aperture; the teeth of
the lip and columella nearly white. Length, 3 to 4 inches.

Indian Ocean; Madagascar; Isle of Ticao, Philippines,

under stones at low water.
T. DUNKERT, Lischke. PL 11, fig. 82.

White or yellowish, more or less irregularly variegated with
brown; aperture, columella and lip-teeth white. Length 3*75 in.

Japan.

Very like T. pyrum in form, but thinner ; the longitudinal
nodules between the varices are much smaller, more continuous
and more numerous, being seven or eight in number; whilst in
pyrum they are five ; the coloring also, is different.

T. MUNSTERI, Anton.

Described as a species of the lotorium group. It has never
been figured nor identified.

Subgenus Gutturnium, Adams.

The shells of this group possess a peculiar polished, porcel-
laneous outer and inner lip, the latter reflected over the coluraella,
together with a short, rounded pyriform body and lengthened,
narrow, more or less twisted canal. Opcrculum with initial point
subinarginal, near the middle of the inner margin.

T. CYNOCEPIIALUS, Lam. PL 11, figs. 80, 81 ; pi. 15, fig. 152.

Light yellowish or orange, smetimes with deeper indefinate
bands; aperture yellowish white; columella, especially the upper
portion, with a brown patch. Length 2'25 to 3 inches.

West Indies ; Philippines, 6 fathoms in coral sand.

20 GUTTURNIUM.

Occasionally the longitudinal disposition of the tubercles pre-
vails over the transverse, in which state the species has been
re-described by Reeve as T. moritinctus (fig. 81). This, and
intermediate forms are found in West Indian, as well as in Phil-
ippine Islands specimens.

T. SARCOSTOMA, Reeve. PI. 10, fig 75.

Intervariceal ribs not so numerous, and more prominent than
than in the preceding species. Yellowish brown. Lip tinged with
orange ; columella without the brown markings of T. cynoceph-

ahcs. Length 2*5 inches.

On the reefs, Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

I admit this as a distinct species with some hesitation, as the
growth of one rib or nodule at the expense of two smaller ones is
not unusual in this and allied genera.

T. TRILINEATUS, Reeve. PI. 10, fig. 77 ; pi. 11. fig. 87.

Longitudinal ribs distant, less prominent than the revolving
series ; shoulder of the whorls obtuse, defined b}' tubercles ;
body whorl a little attenuated below. Yellowish brown, whitish
on the prominent nodes and revolving ribs ; aperture white,
columella brown stained. Length 3 inches.

Red Sea, Philippines, China,

Mr. Reeve distinguishes his T. segrotus (fig. 87), from this
species ^y the less developed tubercles on the shoulder, and by
its having a varix on the back of the penultimate whorl : neither
of which distinctions holds good. I consider it a synonym.

T. TESTUDINARTUS, Ad. & Reeve. PL 11, fig. 84.

The longitudinal ribs are more developed than the revolving
ones, so that the shoulder of the whorls is less defined by
tubercles ; the canal is also longer than in t?*ilineatus ; which it

greatly resembles.

Chinese Sea.

T. SINENSIS, Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 85.

White, more or less stained with pale yellow.

Length, 3*5 inches.

Chinese Sea.

GUTTURNfUM. $1

T. CLAVATOR, Lam. PL 11. fig. 86.

Whitish, varices more or less stained with brown ; columella,
and inner margin of lip orange. Epidermis bristly tufted on the
ribs. Length, 2*5 inches.

Isle of Burias, Philippines; sandy mud, seven fathoms. Cuming.

T. GALLINAGO, Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 89.

White, more or less stained with yellow on the varices.

Length, 2*4 inches.

Isle of Mindanao, Philippines ; sandy mud at 20 fathoms. Cuming.

More boldly sculptured, and with shorter canal than
T. Sinensis ; — of which it may prove to be a variety.

T. EXILIS, Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 88.

Differs from T. clavator in having no varix on the penultimate
whorl, in the white aperture, the surface vividly stained with
orange-brown, and especially in the well-developed nodulous ribs.

Length, 2-5 inches.

Isle of ZebUj Philippines ; in sandy mud, 10 fathoms. Cuming.

T. PACHYCHEILOS, Tapparone-CaneM.

Differs from T. exi^y Reeve, in the columella being destitute
of prominent rugose plications, in the less developed tubercles
and canaliculate suture. White, variegated with orange, and
obscurely doubly zoned with brown ; varices two, maculated
with dark brown ; aperture white, lip with seven large teeth.

Length. 55 mill.

Mauritius.
Tins species has not yet been figured.

T. MONILIFER, Ad. & Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 90.

White, variegated with chestnut ; lip and columella white.

Length, 2 inches. Chinese Sea.

The figure indicates a canaliculate suture, but it is not men-
tioned . in the description. Possibly the preceding species is
identical with this.

T. CAUDATUS, Gmel. PL 12, fig. 92.

A white shell, identical in sculpture and general appearance with
T. tiinensis, except that the spire is more depressed, the whorls
arising from deeply grooved sutures. Length, 3 inches;

Chinese Sea.

22 GTJTTURNIUM.

T. TRIPUS, Lam. PI. 12, fig. 93.

Pale yellowish brown, lighter colored on the revolving ribs ;
white or pale blush within the aperture. Length, 2 to 3 inches.

Indian Ocean, China.

Like T. caudatus, this species has canaliculate sutures.

T. VESPACEUS, Lam. PL 12, figs: 94-100.

Very finely granulated ; dorsal tubercles large, giving the
shell a somewhat hump-backed appearance. Yellowish white,
marbled and banded with brown. Length, 1-5 inches.

Australia, Viti Isles, Sandwich Isles. (Pease). West Indies. (Swift).

The above localities are all authentic. The typical full-grown
shell is that described by Reeve as T. Ther sites (figs. 99, 100), a
form occurring both in the West Indian and Polynesian localities.
T. vespaceus was described from a smaller, though perhaps full-
grown shell, probably a more stunted growth. T. elongatus ( fig. 96) ,
and T. gracilis (fig. 91), of Reeve, are of somewhat more graceful
form and have a longer canal ; the latter is represented in the
collection of the Philada. Academy by specimens from St. Croix,
W. I., and from the Yiti Isles.

T. TENUILIRATUS, Lischke. PL $2, fig. 105.

Shell varying from light to dark brown, white within the
aperture. Yarices four; whorls nine, of which the first four
are embryonal and small. Length, 40 mill.

Japan; Sandwich Isles, (W. H. Pease).

I copy the figure of Dr. Lischke, which represents the unique
and decidedly imperfect specimen from which he described his
species.

T. AMICTUS, Reeve. PL 40, fig. 188.

Whitish, with a soft, sparingly bristled epidermis.

Length, T4 inches. Philippines.

I do not know the species. The figure somewhat resembles
Eupleura caudata.

T. EXARATUS, Reeve. PL 12, figs. 102, 104.

Shell with two varices ; the whorls flat shouldered ; revolving
ridges duplicate. Whitish, variegated or banded with brown, or
brown with a white median band. Length, 1*75 inches.

Australia.

GUTTURNTTTM. 23

Has fewer varices, and the shoulder angle is not so gibbously
nodulose as in the next species ; yet I suspect them to be
identical.

T. GIBBOSUS, Brod. PI. 12, figs. 101, 103.

Shell with four varices ; gibbous ; strongly tuberculated on
the margin of the flat shoulders ; spire scalariform ; surface
closely covered with chain-like minute tuberculations. Yellowish
brown. Length, 2*5 inches.

Panama; Monte Ghristi, W. Columbia, 7 fathoms, coarse sand.

T. LOBBECKEI, Lischke. PL 12, fig. 106.

Very closely allied in general appearance, with T. exaratus
Reeve, but the whorls are rounder, with shorter spire and canal ;
shoulder more rounded ; spiral striae finer; ribs between the
varices obsolete. Length, 1*5 inches.

Japan.
T. PFEIFFERIANUS, Reeve. PL 13, fig. 107.

Yellowish white, with irregular darker bands ; whitish within
the aperture. Length, .2'5-3 inches.

Philippines.
T. RETUSUS, Lam. PL 13, fig. 108.

Yellowish-brown, sometimes maculated or banded with darker
brown ; aperture white within. Length, 2 to 2-5 inches.

Indian Ocean, Mauritius.
T. PYRULUM, Ad. & Reeve. PL 13, fig. 109.

Light yellowish brown. Length, 1'to inches.

East Indies.
T. ENCAUSTICUS, Reeve. PL 13, fig. 110.

Light yellowish brown. When adult, the columella and lip
are thickly enamelled, pale orange-brown. Length, 1-f 5 inches.

/. Ticao, Philippines ; on the reefs.

T. TUBEROSUS, Lam. PL 13, figs. 111-113.

Light to dark brown, the ribs and tubercles lighter or whitish,
with sometimes, a median white band. Lip and columella thickly
enamelled, white or yellowish ; interior of aperture orange red.
Operculum with terminal nucleus. Length, 1'5 to 2'5 inches.
West Indies, Indo-Pacific 0., Mauritius, Polynesia.

24 GUTTURNIUM.

Several authors have separated the West Indian and exotic
specimens of this most common of Tritons, upon differences
which are purely assumptions — the variations in coloration,
length of canal etc. pervading specimens from either of the
localities.

T. MAURITIANUS, Tapparone-Canefri.

•Said to resemble T. tuberosus, but smaller, with differently
shaped and ornamented mouth ; shorter canal ; smaller number

of varices ; and light color. Length, 32 mill.

Mauritius.

Not figured. It is very doubtful whether the species is a valid
one; very probably it is one of the numerous variations of
T. tuberosus.

T. CRISPUS, Reeve. PL 13, fig. 114.

Whitish or yellowish ; lip and columella covered with white
enamel ; aperture blush or yellowish within. Length, '75 inch.

Hab. unknown.

Has the appearance of a short, stout, miniature tuberoxus.

T. QUOYI, Reeve. PI. 13, fig. 116.

Varices four or five ; whorls closely decussated, and nodulous
at the crossings of the riblets. Orange-brown.

Length, 1'25 inches.

Australia.

This is the T. viperinum of Kiener, not Lamark — the latter
being a distinct fossil form. T. eburneus^ Reeve is closely allied,
but may be distinguished by its shorter and more obtuse spire.

T. EBURNEUS, Reeve. PL 13, fig. 115.

Closely decussated; varices four; white. Length, -75 inch.
Isle of Tivao, Philippines ; under stones at low water.

T. VERRUCOSUS, Reeve. PL 13, fig. 117.

Varices four or five ; whorls decussated and roughly nodulous.
Orange-brown ; lower portion of body whorl sometimes articu-
lated with darker brown; aperture white within.

Length, *85 inch.

Australia ; Jamaica \one specimen, R. Swift).

EPIDROMIJS. 25

T. CONVOLUTUS, Brod. PL 13, fig. 118.

White ; whorls encircled by sharp, close revolving ridges.
Length, 1*25 to 2 inches.

Marquesas (7 to 10 fathoms, sandy mud); New Guinea,
(22 fathoms soft mud); Philippines.

T. SCALARIFORMIS, Brod. PI. 13, fig. 119.

White ; with sharp, close-set revolving ribs, crossed by slighter

longitudinal ribs. Length, '80 to 1*60 inches.

Panama.

Although the specimen figured shows sufficient distinction, I
have individuals of intermediate character before me which ren-
der the separation of this and the last species somewhat doubtful.
Typically, the position of the varices is different, and the decus-
sated striae of T. Scalariformis are coarser.

T. SPECIOSA, Angas. PI. 13, fig. 120.

Shell with from 20 to 22 conspicuous, erect, rounded varices ;
yellowish white, with sometimes a pale chestnut, narrow band ;
with alternately larger and smaller concentric ridges, decussated
by sharp, raised striae into bead-like nodules ; aperture white
within.

Port Jackson, Australia; at very low spring tides.

The number of varices suggests the genus Trophon. I have
not seen the species.

Subgenus Epidromus, (Klein) Adams.

T. MACULOSUS, Gmelin. PI. 14, fig. 121.

White, shaded and spotted with chestnut-brown ; aperture and
columella white. Length, 3 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, Amboina, Red Sea.
T. TENERUS, Gray.

" Shell ovate, turreted, thin, pale, fulvous, pellucid, cancellated,
with equally fine longitudinal and spiral ridges ; spire attenuated,
longer than the mouth ; whorls rounded ; varices rounded ; can-
cellated, with two brown spots. Mouth ovate, oblong; outer lip
crenulated ; throat smooth ; inner lip thickened ; smooth, elevated,

canal short, perforated in front. Axis, 3'5 inches.

Hdb.f

26 EPIDROMUS.

"Allied to T. maculosus, but thinner and cancellated." The
above is the original description, and the species has not been
figured nor recognized. Yery probably it is founded on a thin
specimen of T. maculosus.

T. SOWEEBYI, Reeve. PL 14, fig. 122.

Shell encircled by brown, excavated lines, in pairs. Orange-
brown, variegated with brown and ornamented with two distant
rows of square brown spots. Length, 2'5 to 3 inches.

Galapagos Isles, in sandy mud at six fathoms (Cuming) ; Red Sea,
(MacAndrew, Tapparone-Canefri) ; Isle of France (Chemnitz).

Said to live in the Red Sea at a less depth than T. maculosus •
from 10 to 11 metres.

T. CLATHRATUS, Sowb. PI. 14, figs. 123, 124, 129.

Whorls well-rounded, rapidly increasing, so as to form a stout,
heavy shell, with small mouth and broad lip-varix. Covered with
strong, sharp-set longitudinal ribs which are fimbriated by the
crossing of revolving lines. Yellowish white, mottled with

orange-brown. Length, 1-5 inches.

Indian Ocean.

The coarse, prominent sculpture, rounded whorls, and stout
form distinguish this species. T. Cumingii, Dohrn (fig. 129), is
described from an unusually stout specimen.

T. DISTORTUS, Schubert & Wagner. PI. 14, figs. 125, 120.

Light yellowish brown, clouded with chestnut, with frequently,
"a median row of chestnut spots. Length, 1-25 to 2'5 inches.

Indo-Paciftc Ocean. Polynesia.

This species is readily distinguished by its curved spire, which
is caused by the single varices of each whorl occurring in a con-
tinuous oblique line. The animal is pale flesh-color with a fawn-
colored head, and tentacles annulated with fawn-color. 1.
tortuosus, Reeve (fig. 126), cannot be considered even a variety.

T. OBSCURUS, Reeve. PL 14, figs. 127, 128 ; PL 16, fig. 157.

Light brown, clouded with chestnut, with one or two revolving-
series of chestnut spots. Length, 1/5 to 2*25 inches.

Indian Ocean ; Paumotus, West Indies, Cape Verd Is.

EPIDROMUS, 27

In sculpture this species resembles T, distortus, but it is dis-
tinguished by the straight spire, the varices far apart instead of
in a continuous oblique series, and the revolving spots.

T. testaceous, Morch (fig. 128), does not appear to differ in
any appreciable degree from the type ; it is the West Indian
manifestation of the species. T. comptus, Sowb. (fig. 157), from
China, is certainly the same species.

T, NITIDULUS, Sowb. PI. 14, figs. 130~r32.

Whorls smooth, polished, sometimes obsoletely granulated.
Light brown, belted and spotted with darker brown, sometimes
with longitudinal flame-like markings, sometimes with a white
median band. Varices twelve or fourteen, usually maculated
with brown. Length, 1 to T75 inches.

Paumotus, Central Polynesia.
Var. CEYLONENSIS, Sowb. PI. 14, fig. 131.

Decussating ribs more prominent, giving the surface a closely

granulated ornamentation.

Polynesia, New South Wales, Ceylon.

In both forms the granules are equally prominent upon the
upper whorls of the spire, but in the smoother T. nitidulus this
nodulation is finally covered by or lost in a smooth enamelled
surface. T. Brazieri, Angas (fig. 132), inhabiting the coast of
New South Wales offers no important differential characters.
The lip and columella of the specimen described are tinged with

orange color. ,,,

* *

T. RETICULATUS, Blainv. PI. 16, figs. 160, 161.

Light brown, variously stained or banded with darker brown,
sometimes uniform dark brown. Length, 1 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

T. pygmdeus, Reeve (fig. 161), does not differ. The Galapagos
Islands are given by Reeve as a locality for T. reticulatus, but
there is no subsequent confirmatory information.
T. LANCEOLATUS, Menke. PI. 16, fig. 162.

Yellowish white or flesh-color, more or less clouded and spotted
with brown ; varices eight or nine, bearing brown spots.

Length, 1 inch.

West Indies, under stones and pieces of coral,

in one or two feet water.

28 EPIDROMUS.

T. SIPHONATUS, Reeve. PL 15, fig. 133.

" Chiefly distinguished by its anterior extension." The figure
shows evidences of juvenility, in the small development of the
columellar lip. I think it will prove to be a young T. lanceolatus.

Habitat unknown.
T. ANTIQUATUS, Hinds. PL 15, fig. 134.

Whitish, with occasional brown spots on the varices.

Length, -15 inch.

New Ireland, Viti Islands.
T. Coxi, Brazier. PL 15, fig. 151.

Whorls with three revolving rows of brown dots on a light
brown surface ; body-whorl blotched and finely dotted.

Length 1 inch.

New South Wales, Australia.

Will probably prove to be a variety of T. antiquatus.
T. SCTJLPTILIS, Reeve. PL 15, fig. 135.

White, with a median brown band ; the interstices of the longi-
tudinal ribs upon the shoulder of the whorls are sometimes
colored brown. Length, 1 to 1*15 inches.

Viti Isles ; Mascarenes ; Isle of Capul, Philippines,

under stones at low water.
T. EXIMIUS, Reeve. PL 15, fig. 136.

White, sometimes obscurely banded or mottled with light
brown. Length, -55 inch.

Mascarenes, Philippines, Lord Hood's IsL, West Indies.

T. parvus, C. B. Ad., from the Caribbean region does not
differ in any respect from Pacific specimens.

T. DECOLLATUS, Sowerby. PL 15, fig. 137.

Whorls transversely grooved, grooves dark brown; surface
yellowish, clouded with brown. Length, 1 inch.

IsL of Annaa ; found on the reefs.

T. TBUNCATUS, Hinds. PL 15, fig. 138.

Orange-yellow, with generally, two white bands, and large
brown spots disposed in revolving rows. Length, -75 inch.
Isl. Sohol, Philippines, under stones at low water ;

New Ireland ; Viti Isles ; Sandwich Isles.

A beautiful species, sharing with the following two a long
cylindrical form and greatly truncated spire.

EPIDROMUS. 29

T. CYLTNDRICUS, Pease. PI. 15, fig. 139.

Yellowish white, ornamented with longitudinal blotches of
dark reddish brown, regularly disposed, usually oblique on last

whorl. Length, ] 0 mill.

Tahiti.
T. DECAPITATUS, Reeve. PI. 15, fig. 140.

Whorls slightly, longitudinally ribbed, and closely concentric-
ally striate. Yellowish, longitudinally flamed with brown, with
two narrow yellow bands on the last whorl and one on the spiral

whorl. Length, -66 inch.

Kingsmill and Viti Isles.

T. BRACTEATUS, Hinds. PI. 15, figs. 141, 148, 149.

Yellowish white, tubercles tipped with dark brown, frequently
disposed as revolving rows of spots. Length, *40 to '60 inch.
Philippines, Marquesas, Sandwich Isles, Red Sea.

The old shells are frequently devoid of color, and whilst th'e
longitudinal ribs remain, the revolving striae and tubercles disap-
pear ; in this state the species has been redescribed by Reeve as
T. latevaricosus (fig. 148).

T. bacillum, Reeve (fig. 149), is apparently founded upon a
white specimen of bracteatus in a somewhat worn condition ; the
prominent varices on either side of the body -whorl mentioned by
him are equally characteristic of bracteatus, and the additional
spire varices of the latter are obsolete in some specimens.

T. DIGITALIS, Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 142, 143.

White or light yellowish brown, with sometimes, faint brown
revolving bands. Length, 15 mill.

Philippines, Mauritius, Viti Isles.

The spire is not so turriculate, the whorls without the shoulder ;
the sculpture finer than in T. bracteatus, Hinds.

T. CONCINNUS, Reeve. PL 15, figs. 144, 145.

Shell decussately striated, the longitudinal striae rib-like on the
spire and sometimes on the body-whorl. White or yellowish,
with flame-like brown markings and clouds, which are sometimes
subsutural, sometimes covering the entire surface, and occasion-
ally modified into large spots. Length, -66 inch.

Philippines, under stones at low water.

30 EPIDEOMUS.

The sculpture is variable ; in some specimens the longitudinal
ribs are well developed, in others these are subordinated to the
close revolving striae. I unite with this species T. tessellatus,
Reeve (fig. 145), the coloring and sculpture of which are not per-
manently distinctive.

T. ANGULATUS, Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 146, 147.

Yellowish white, sometimes with narrow brown bands.

Length, '5 inch.

Philippines, under stones at low water.

There is nothing but the slight shoulder on the whorls to dis-
tinguish this from T. concinnus.

T. FICTILIS, Hinds. PI. 15, fig. 150.

Varices three, whorls longitudinally obliquely ribbed, and
transversely finely striated. Brown. Smooth within the small
aperture. Length, *75 inch.

ISAgulhas bank, Cape of Good Hope, 50 to 60 fathoms. — Hinds.

I am not acquainted with this species.

T. PICTUS, Reeve. PI. 15, fig. 154.

No varices. Longitudinally very closety ribbed, transversely
elevately striated. Tessellated with reddish brown.

Length, '7 inch.

Galapagos Is., under stones at low water.

I do not know this species, but the figure is singularly like a
narrow form of Columbella varia, Sowerby.

T. CREBRISTRIATUS, Carpenter.

Shell like T. pictus, Reeve, but closely spirally striate ; white,
densely maculated with reddish chestnut; aperture scarcely

varicose, simple within. Length, *58 inch.

Bay of Panama.

Is destitute of the expressed spiral ribs of T. pictus. The
only specimen seen has 110 teeth in the aperture. It may be only
on the verge of maturity, or it may belong to a Buccinoid genus.

The above is a copy of the original description — which is
worthless, as very probably is also the species. It may not
really differ from T. pictus, or it may well be a young Columbella
varia.

EPIDROMUS. 31

T. ANOMALUS, Hinds. PL 16, fig. 163.

Yellowish brown, with narrow, darker bands.
Length, 15 mill.

Isl. of Quibo, Veragua ; found on the sandy shore at low water.

More ventricose than T. pictus, and the ribs more distant.
T. RETICOSUS, A. Adams. PL 16, fig. 155.

White, distantly maculate with brown ; whorls seven, covered
with rounded longitudinal plications, crossed by revolving lirae ;
lip lirate within ; no varices except that of the lip.

Length, -5 inch.

Japan.

Something like a P/ios, and therefore a doubtful Epidromus.
The species has not been illustrated heretofore ; I give a figure
from a specimen forming part of Adams' original lot.

T. PUSILLUS, Pease. PL 16, fig. 156.

Whorls six, non-varicose, plicately ribbed longitudinally and
spirally striated ; columella arcuate posteriorly, callous, smooth ;
outer lip denticulate. White, with irregular brown spots or
flammules, longitudinally disposed, interrupted in the centre of
each whorl by a narrow transverse white line. Length, *25 inch.

Sandwich Islands.

Figured from a typical example in Coll. Acad. Phila.

T. SWIFTI, Tryon. PL 16, fig. 158.

Whorls eight, convex, without varices ; covered with longitu-
dinal rounded ribs, crossed by close revolving striae. White,
maculate with brown. Length 17, diarn. 6 mill.

Isl. of Antigua, W. I. (R. Swift).

Differs from the related species l>y its narrow form, elongated
sharp spire, small aperture, etc.

Un figured and Doubtful Species.

I can only insert the descriptions of the following species, with
which I am not otherwise acquainted.

T. LINEOLATUS, Conrad. PL 16, fig. 159.

Elevated, with brown revolving lines ; spire scalariform ; with
numerous varices or costse on the body-whorl ; they are generally

32 EPIDROMUS.

smaller, and crenulate the revolving lines; labrum with four

teeth within. Length, -9 mill.

Tampa Say, Florida.

I copy Conrad's figure, which is utterly unrecognizable ; very
probably the shell is an Engina or Columbella.

T. BEDNALLI, Brazier.

Shell elongately turreted, thickish, with six rather indistinct
rounded elongated varices, spire straight, apex acute, whorls
eight, convex, sculptured with regular close-set longitudinal ribs
and transversely striated ; ribs noduled at the suture, white,
sometimes brown ; aperture ovate-oblong, smooth within ; colu-
mella arcuate, smooth, straight, outer lip thickened, white.

Length 11, breadth 3'75 lines.

Cruichen Bay, S. Australia.

Approaches near to Epidromus Brazier i, Angas, and E. Coxi,
Brazier.

T. LIMBATUM, Phil.

Quoted in H. & A. Adams' Genera. I am unable to find any
description of it.

T. PAPILLATUS, Dunker.

Shell small, subulately turreted, white ; whorls seven, rounded ;
suture profound, subcanaliculate ; closely longitudinally plicate,
varicose, transversely striate, the last whorl a little smaller than
the spire; aperture ovate, columellar lamina much expanded,
canal short, recurved. Length 8 mill, lat. 3 mill.

Viti Islands.

T. ANGASI, Brazier.

Fusiform, turreted, thin, with eight distinct rounded varices ;
spire slightly twisted in the centre, apex obtuse, whorls seven,
slightly con vex, sculptured with longitudinal fine ribs, transversely
lined, interstices with very minute striae, suture rather deep,crenu-
lated at the edge ; whitish, besprinkled with chestnut-brown spots,
a blotch of the same color somewhat square in front of the varices ;
the back of the last whorl showing more of the irregular, nearly
obsolete brown spots ; columella straight, thickened with a white,
expanded callus, smooth, outer lip thin at its edge, thickened

PRTENE. 33

behind, minutely denticulated within ; aperture oblong-ovate,
white within ; canal very short, recurved.

Length 10, breadth 3 lines.

Torre* Straits, Australia.

It differs from Epidromus Coxi by having coarser sculpture,
varices larger, more distorted at the third and fourth whorl from
the aperture by one slightly bulging to the right, and the other
to the left; the outer lip thin at the edge, very much thickened
behind and more strongly crenulated at the suture.

T. GLADIOLUS, Monterosato.

A small flattened species, with dichotomous varices like the-
true Ranello?. the canal short, recurved, the mouth rounded, the
whole shell lance-shaped, without sculpture, white.

Length 12, diam. 5 mill.

Alexandria, Egypt.

This species has not yet been figured. The description would
not be unlike a worn specimen of Eo.nella pusiUa, Brod., which
is recorded from the Red Sea.

T. VITREUS, Foxn. CANCELLATUS, all of Gray, Beechey's Voyage,

110, 1839.

These species have not been recognized by any author during
the forty years which have elapsed since they were published.
They have not been figured,

T, OBSCURUS, A. Adams, South Coast of Africa ; T. PYRIFORMIS,
A. Adams, China ; T. COMPTUS, A. Adams, China.
Not figured nor recognizable.

Subgenus Priene, H. & A. Adams.

This small group contains shells of comparatively large size,
thin, cancellate, white without any bands or spots of color, usually
more or less covered by an epidermis ; the operculum has a
terminal initial point. The species inhabit a somewhat limited
region, the West Coasts of South and North America, one of
them recurring on the Japanese coast. The rarity of varices
and general appearance of these shells indicate a passage into
the Fusidse, whilst they appear to connect more remotely with
the argus group of Ranella and with Buccinum.
5

34 PRIENE.

T. CANCELLATUS, Lam. PL 16, figs. 164-167 ; pi. 17, figs. 170-172.

Varying from cancellated to coarsely decussated surface, in
the latter the intersections of the longitudinal and revolving striae
frequently rounded nodulous. The epidermal fringe upon the
nodules is sometimes half an inch in length.

Length, 3 to 4-5 inches.

Straits of Magellan, Chili, Oregon, Alaska, Japan.

I agree with P. P. Carpenter that T. Oregonensis, Redfield
(fig. 167), is synonymous with this species ; the want of the ridge
upon the upper part of the columella by which Mr. Redfield dis-
tinguishes his species, being in consequence of the juvenility of
his type specimen. The variation in the sculpture which, in his
type, may have supported the view of specific distinction, includes
every intermediate stage in specimens before me, and in some of
them, a portion of the shell is rudely cancellated whilst another
portion is smoother and more finely decussated. The northern
distribution of T cancellatus is undoubted, but its occurrence
upon the southern coast of South America is not so certain,
although probable.

The male (figs. 171, 172). and female (fig. 170 ), of this species
are, according to Gould, distinguished by their coloration ; the
shells also differ somewhat in form.

T. SCABER, King. PI. 16, fig. 168.

Varies like T. cancellatus in the closeness and prominence of
its sculpture. The internally toothed lip and closely bristled,
persistent epidermis are quite characteristic of the species.

Length, 1-5 to 2'25 inches.

Valparaiso, (7 to 45 fathoms) northwards to the coast of
Bolivia; Arctic America to California.

T. RUDIS, Brod. PL 16, fig. 169.

Whitish, with a yellowish brown, close, rather persistent epi-
dermis. Length, 1*5 to 2 inches.

Chili; Iquiqui, Peru, in mud and sand, 6 to 10 fathoms,

and in coarse gravel, 9 fathoms ( Turning \

DISTORSIO. 35

Genus DISTORSIO, Bolteri.

This genus, in its ringent aperture reminds one of the genus
Malia in the Doliidse.

D. ANUS, Linn. PL 17, figs. 173, 174; pi. 15, fig. 153.

White, with reddish brown bands ; columellar plate and lip
flesh white. Length, 2 to 3 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Society islands,
under stones at low water (Cuming).

The operculum (fig. 174) is curiously modified in form to suit
the contracted aperture of the shell, with central nucleus.

D. CANCELLINUS, Roissy. PL 17, figs. 175-178.

Yellowish brown, without bands ; spire and canal proportion-
ally longer than in D. anus; surface peculiarly divided into
squares by the distant, decussating narrow ribs ; epidermis light
brown, velvety ; columellar plate and lip varying from very light
to dark salmon color. Length, 1*75 to 3 inches.

Ceylon ; China ; Philippines, in coral sand, 6 fathoms (Cuming) ;
8t. Thomas and other West Indian Islands ; Monte Christi and
Xipixapi, W. Columbia, sandy mud, 7 to 10 fathoms ^Cuming).

D. constrictus, Brod (fig. 176) from the West Coast of tropical
America, as well as D. ridens (fig. 177) and D. decipiem Reeve
(tig, 178), from the Philippine Islands have no claim to rank even
as varieties.

D. PUSILLA, Pease.

Shell solid, oblong ovate, gibbous, somewhat distorted, four or
five var ices ; whorls beautifully latticed, with rather coarse gran-
ular raised ridges and fine microscopic spiral striae ; aperture
small, narrow ; outer lip thick, strongly dentated on inner edge,
sinuated above ; columella deeply excavated and plicatety toothed ;
canal short.

Only a single specimen has been found, too much faded to
determine its color. It is pale yellow, with faint traces of brown.

The above is the original description in full ; it does not give
any characters not possessed by D. cancellinus.

36 RANELLA.

Genus RANELLA, Lam.

In Eanella the tentacles are commonly somewhat closer together
than in Triton, and the head is longer and narrower than in
Murex and Fusus ; the e}^es in some species are nearly basal, but
are generally placed about the middle of the tentacles on their outer
sides ; the siphon is short and directed upwards ; the foot larger
than in Triton, Murex, or Fusus, and considerably dilated both
before and behind ; the mantle does not appear to be furnished
with fimbriated processes as seen in some Murices. In some
species the trunk is enormously developed, whilst in others it is
not protruded, in the usual condition of the animal. Operculuin
ovate, horny, with a lateral nucleus and semicircular elements.*

The species are inhabitants of warm seas, and principally trop-
ical : those of the typical group, having winged varices live in
deep water, whilst the nodose species forming the sub-genus
Lampas, are found at less depth, and prefer coral reefs and rocks.
The animal is active in its movements. Eupleura, formerly con-
sidered a subgeneric group of Ranella, is now classed with Muri-
cinse, on account of the lingual dentition of one of its species.|

I have retained the generic name Eanella in preference to Bursa,
Gyrinium, Bufo, Eana, etc., all of which have priority, but were
obscurely published and have never attained general acceptance,

Mr. Macdonald J thus describes the larval state of Eanella :

u I next observed a stout little shell, much resembling a Mac-
gillivrayia in form, but having the spire more minute and sharply
marked, and the whorls beset with epidermic spines, disposed in
close spiral lines. The microscopic examination of the animal
gave unmistakable proof of its being a EaneUa, the lingual den-
tition agreeing, at least generically, with my figures and speci-
mens. On examining the operculum, which in Eanella, is so
very remarkable, exhibiting three successive stages of growth,
I found that it was quite of the same character, only that it had
but yet attained the second stage, Finally, on comparing the
whole operculum, and the little shell respectively, with the nu-
cleus of the operculum and the apex of the shell of an adult

* Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 37.

f For the species of Eupleura vide Vol. II, p. 157.

\ Linn. Trans. XXIII, 69.

RANELLA. 3f

Ranella, I could detect no points of difference, even with mag-
nifying powers ; the conclusion, therefore, is irresistable, that the
one is but the young state of the other."

Subgenera.
LAMPAS, Schum. Shell turreted ; whorls nodose ; aperture with posterior

channel ; canal very short and recurved.

ASPA, H. and A. Adams. Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth ; spire very
short ; whorls nodulous at the angles ; aperture with posterior channel.
ARGOBUCCINUM, Klein. Spire elevated ; canal short ; posterior channel
wanting.

( Typical.)

Genus BANELLA, Lain.

R. SPINOSA, Lam. PI. 18, fig. 1

Light brown, obsoletely banded or mottled with a darker
shade. Length, 2 to 3 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Mauritius.
R. FOLIATA, Brod. PI. 18, fig. 2.

Light yellowish brown, both margins of the aperture deep
orange. Length, 2*25 to 3 inches.

Mauritius.

Very closely allied to B. crumena, — with which it has been
confounded : the only differences are the color of the margins of
the aperture, the greater extension of the superior sinus-foliation,
and more distinct wrinkles of the inner lip. It may be only a
varietal form of -R. crumena.

R. CRUMENA, Lam. PI. 18. fig. 3.

Yellowish brown, with darker bands or spots ; aperture white,
lips more or less stained with orange, Length, 2 to 3'5 inches,

Ceylon, Philippines.
R. MARGARITULA, Deshayes, PI. 18, fig. 4,

Light brown, with darker spots on the principal tubercles;
white with a roseate blush within the aperture, with sometimes
close, narrow brown bands, There is a singular depression upon
the lower part of the columella. Length, 1'25 to 2 inches,

Indian Ocean.

38 . LAMPAS,

Very close to It, cruittena, Lam,, and perhaps only a variety of
that species. It is usually smaller, more uniform in color, with
the granules of the surface closer, and more distinct,

R, ALBIVARICOSA, Reeve. PI. 18, tigs, 5, G,

White, stained with reddish brown ; varices usually white ;
aperture roseate. Length, 3 inches,

India, Java, N. E. Australia.

More inflated and thinner than the related species,
R. SUBGRANOSA, Sowb, PI. 19, fig. 8 ; pi. 18, fig. t,

Spire and canal more drawn out than in the preceding species,
not so much inflated ; tubercles less prominent. Marbled light
brown and white ; interior roseate. Length, 3 to 3*5 inches.

Chinese Coast, Manilla.

E. elegans. Beck (fig. 7), is a variety in which the two princi-
pal rows of tubercles are more spinosely developed.

R. NANA, Sowb. PI. 20, fig. 15 ; PI. 19, fig. 9.

Purple or reddish brown, with a white band ; lip and aperture
white. Shoulder of the whorls encircled by a row of tubercles,
rest of surface granulate or smooth. Length, 1*5 inches.

Panama; in coarse sand, 10 fathoms (Cuming).

The smooth form (fig. 15) is tj^pical ; the granulate shell has
been called by Sowerby, E. albifasciata (fig, 9), and may retain
its name as a variety.

R. CRASSA, Dillw. PI. 19, fig. 10.

Yellowish brown, irregularly banded with white and chestnut ;
lip and columella usually tinged with yellow. Shell thick ; sur-
face obsoletely or distinctly granulate, with frequently one or
two larger nodes on the middle of the front and back of the
angle of the whorls ; posterior canal long, bordered by the fim-
briated lip. Length, 1-25 to 2'5 inches.

West Indies, Northern Coast of S. America.

Subgenus LAMPAS, Schum.

R. LAMPAS, Linn. PL 19, fig. 12.

Whitish or cream-color, stained and variegated with orange-

LAMPAS. 39

brown ; flesh-color within the aperture ; in the young shells
orange-red within the aperture and on the lip.
Length, 3 to 9 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Ins. Viti, Mauritius.

The most ponderous species of the genus. The half-grown
shell, when 3 to 5 inches long, is quite thick and already pos-
sesses adult characters ; it is more highly colored than the larger
specimens.

R. BUFONIA, Gmelin. PI. 21, figs. 21-23, 28, 29, 68 ; PI. 19, fig.
11; PI. 20, figs. 13, 14.

White, brown punctured and spotted ; lip and interior white
or yellowish. Length, 2'5 inches.

Red Sea, Philippines, Seycftelles, I. Bourbon, Paumotus, etc.

R. tuber osissima, Reeve (fig. 14), is the young of this species,
with the lip-margin and interior more deeply yellow stained.
It. asperrima (fig. 29), and Gray ana, Dunker (fig. 28), are synon-
ymous.

Var. VENUSTULA, Reeve, PL 20, fig. 13.

Lip and columella stained with very dark purple ; aperture
roseate within. R. siphonata, Reeve, (PI. 19, fig. 11), is a
synonym.

R. CRUENTATA, Sowb. PI. 21, figs. 24-27, 30, 31.

Light yellowish or brownish white, the principal tubercles
frequently maculated with red ; white or rosy within the aper-
ture, columella sometimes with dark red spots.

Length, -75 to 1*5 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, West Indies.

The spots on the columella are not always present in the Phil-
ippine specimens constituting the type form, and are not found
in the variety. This species is very closely related to R. bufo-
nia, but is uniformly much smaller and the siphon is not con-
tinued up the spire in the peculiar manner of that species.

R. verrucosa, Sowb. (fig. 27), is a rather remarkable looking
shell, as represented in the monographs, but is nothing else than
a worn specimen of R. cruentata, in which the nodules become
smooth and darker in color. I have before me several

40 LAMPAS.

intermediate stages which prove their identity. A large cruen-
tata, with the tubercles dark, and the shell in a fresh state has
been called E. rugosa by Mr. Sowerby (fig. 31).

Var. RHODOSTOMA, Beck. PI. 21, fig, 25.

Shell smaller; aperture roseate within; columella white. This
variety inhabits several West Indian localities, and these were
named R. Thomae by d'Orbigny (fig. 36). but they do not differ
at all from Philippine and Mauritian specimens.

R. CALIFORNICA, Hinds. PL 22, fig. 42 ; PL 21, fig. 32.

White, variegated and interruptedly banded with chestnut ; fine
specimens are roseate within the aperture.

Length, 2-5 to 4 inches,

California, Lower California.

P. P. Carpenter considered this species identical with R, ven-
tricosa, Brod., and they are certainly so similar as to indicate a
common ancestry ; ventricosa, however, is much thinner (very
thin for a Ranella), more ventricose, spire shorter, surface
smoother, nodules less developed and more numerous ; R. Cal-
ifornica is found in the pliocene and post-pliocene formations,
of California, R. Thersites, Redfield (fig. 32), is a synonym.

R. VENTRICOSA, Brod. PL 20, figs. 16-18.

White, when fresh, mottled and banded with chestnut, ; aper-
ture white within. Shell very thin for the genus.

Length, 2 to 3 inches.

Callao, Peru.

D'Orbigny dredged this species in 8 to 10 metres' depth, rocky
situation with strong current. The eggs are deposited in crowded
groups upon Macrocystis; they are yellowish or reddish in
color.

R. SCROBICULATOR, Linn. PL 20, figs. 19, 20.

Mottled yellowish brown and white, with faint darker bands.
Surface thickly covered with papillary tubercles.

Length, 2 to 3-5 inches.

Mediterranean Sea.

Described as a Triton and still referred to that genus by sev-
eral distinguished conchologists. Like R. lampas it has the var-
ices of a Triton, but otherwise the facies of a Ranella, and I think

LAMP AS. 41

that the balance of characters will agree best with its position
in the present genus. I cannot doubt that R. coriacea, Reeve
(fig. 20), is a juvenile state of the same species.

R. PUSTULOSA, Reeve. PL 22, fig. 33.

Shell ponderous, chestnut-colored, with two or three rows of
chocolate-colored, distant, rounded tubercles ; margins of aperture
orange-brown. Length, 1/5 to 2'25 inches.

Ascension Isl., Atlantic 0., 280 m. N. W. of St. Helena.

Larger and more ponderous than R. caelata, with larger and
less numerous tubercles ; the latter, however, are more numerous
on the earlier whorls, and it would probably be difficult to dis-
tinguish a young specimen from R. caslata. The great difference
in the habitat of the two species may readily account for their
distinctive features, supposing, as is probable, that they were
originally derived from a common stock.

R. C^LATA, Brod. PI. 22, fig, 34.

Shell dark chestnut-color, with a number of dark chocolate
colored tubercles, arranged in several rows.

Length, 1 to 1/75 inches.

Panama.
R. CANDTSATA, Lamarck. PL 22, fig. 43.

Yellowish white, maculate with brown. Length, 4 to 5 inches

Philippines, Isle of Annaa.

Distinguished from the following forms by its large size and
elongated spire,

R. GRANIFERA, Lam. PL 22, figs. 35-37.

Shell with high spire, rather thin. Light yellowish brown,
stained and maculated with a darker tint, sometimes obscurely
white banded, tubercles white ; white within.

Length, 1*5 to 2-25 inches.

Red Sea, Natal, Paumotus, Philippines, N. E. coast of Australia.

R. semigra/nosa, Lam., (fig. 37), is a state of this species in
which the granules are obsolete. I separate R. affinis, Brod.
(with its synonyms), from this species only with great doubt, for
although that species is normally more ventricose, with larger
tubercles, replacing the granules in one to three rows, yet there
are intermediate forms which it is difficult to place.

42 ASP A , A RGOBUCH 1I N I M .

R. AFFINIS, Brod. PI. 22, figs. 38-41 ; pi. 23, fig. 55.

Light yellowish or fleshy white, frequently rose-tinted towards
the apex ; surface stained and spotted with brownish red ; tuber-
cles of the angle largest, sometimes bipartite.
Length, 1/5 to 2 inches.

Philippines, New Galedo /</<>, ///.*. A/uuia,

Xomoa Isles; also West Indies.

E. livida, Reeve (fig 39), is a less angulated form with the
tubercles more nearly equal in size throughout. I cannot detect
any difference in the West Indian shells, of which R. ponderosa,
Reeve (fig. 55), may represent the typical affi,ni$, whilst E.
Cubaniana, d'Orb. (fig. 40), is equivalent to E. livida. So many
intermediate stages of development of angle and tubercles occur
that no separation of the species is possible ; moreover, the
identity of the whole with E, granifera, Lam., is probable.

Subgenus Aspa, H. & A. Adams.

R. MARGIN AT A, Gmeliii. PI. 23, fig. 52.

Porcellanous, polished ; white with a light yellowish tinge.

Length, 20 to 35 mill.

E. Coast of Africa ; fossil in Piedmont.

Subgenus Argobuccinum, Klein.
R. GIGANTEA, Lam. PI. 24, fig. 69.

Very light yellowish brown, more or less stained with darker
brown. Length 5 to 7'5 inches.

Mediterranean ; Miocene and Pliocene of X Europe.

R. LEUCOSTOMA, Lam. PI. 23, figs, 53, 54.

Chestnut-brown, variegated with white upon the varices, under
a short velvety brown or green epidermis ; aperture white within.

Length, 2*5 to 3*5 inches.

Australia, Tasmania, Nvtr Zealand.

This is one of the species which (like gigantea, lampas, etc.)
appears to partake almost equally of the characters of a Triton.
The operculum like the Triton, has a terminal initial growth.

R. BITUBERCULARIS, Lam. PL 23, fig. 44.
Yellowish brown, white within the aperture.

Length, 20 to 28 mill.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia.

ARGOBUCCINUM. 43

The tubercles are numerous on the earlier whorls, but (in some
instances) coallesce into two large ones between the varices on
the last whorl of the adult. When the more numerous tubercles
are persistent, the resemblance to the next species is striking,
there being little to distinguish them except coloration.

R. TUBERCULATA, Brod. PL 23, figs. 45-41.

Chestnut-brown, with infra-sutural and submedian lighter
bands ; the numerous small tubercles regularly disposed and
dark chocolate color. Length, 20 to 40 mill.

Red Sea, Indian 0 , China, Malacca, Manilla, Tahiti.

Very doubtfully distinct from both the preceding and succeed-
ing species. E. fuxco-costata, Dunker (fig. 45), is a half-grown
shell of this species in which some of the tubercles have become
confluent into longitudinal ribs.

R. PULCHRA, Gray. PI. 23, fig. 51.

Light yellowish or nearly white, mottled or obscurely banded
with light brown ; aperture white. Length, 1*6 to 2'25 inches.

Philippines, Japan.

H. and A. Adams include this species in Eupleura, a section of
the Ranellge which, on account of the dentition and general
resemblance of the shells to Urosalpinx, etc., has been placed in
the Muricinre : it shows no close relationship to the species of
Eupleura, however.

R. GYRINA, Linn. PL 23, fig. 48.

Shell white, with two dark chestnut bands on the body-whorl
and one on those of the spire. Tubercles larger than in E.
tuberculala, disposed to become confluent into ribs longitudinally.

Length, *t5 to 1-5 inches.

Torres' Straits, Australia ; Viti Isles.

R. CUSPID ATA, Reeve. PL 23, fig. 49.

Light orange-color ; ponderous ; the last whorl bituberculate
between the varices. Length, 1/5 inches.

Philippines.

Somewhat like E. bitubercularis but more pyramidal, and
wants the long canal of that species ; it is also heavier in its
growth.

44 ARGOBUCCINUM.

R. PUSILLA, Brod. PI. 24, figs. 56-58, 66 ; pi. 23, fig. 50.

Color varying from white, more or less stained with rose
(typical) to uniform roseate or rosy with yellow varices (Arar. R.
rosea, Reeve, fig. 58), or light chestnut with a median white band
(R. conrtnna, Dunker, fig. 50). Length, 10 to 20 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia,

Tahiti, Lord Hood's IsL, Sandwich Isles, Natal.

The intermediate stages of coloration and perfect similarity of
appearance of the three species indicated above, justify their union
under the oldest published name. R. polychloros, Tapparone-
Canefri, agrees well with a variety of R. pusilla from the Sand-
wich Islands in Coll. A. N. S. Philada., having a purple-tinted
aperture, dirty white exterior surface and chestnut bands. I can
scarcely doubt its identit}^ with JR. pusilla. It has not been
figured.

R, ANCEPS, Lam. PL 24, figs. 59, 61.

Pure white ; obsoleteLy bi-triplicate between the varices, encir-
cled by revolving lines. Length, *4 to 1 inch.

Torres' Straits, Australia ; Japan; Viti and Sandwich Isles ;

Panama ; West Indies.

The above localities have all been duly verified, and notwith-
standing the very extensive distribution there does not appear to
be any variation in the species. In general appearance it is much
like some of the small Tritons of the subgenus Epidromus.

R. HASTULA, Reeve. PI. 24, fig. 60.

Chestnut-brown, varices yellowish; transversely granulately
striated. Length, 15 mill.

Hob.
R, ARGUS, Gmelin. PL 24, figs. 61-65.

Longitudinally plicately noduled, the nodules being either
distant and large or crowded and small ; in the latter case they
are scarcely connected by longitudinal ridges, and being rubbed
white, upon the brown, banded shell, have given rise to the name
of the hundred-eyed monster. Fresh specimens are covered with
a closely-wrinkled brown epidermis. Outer lip of shell thickened
and coarsely dentate within, sometimes in the adult, developing

ARGOBUCCINUM. 45

a tooth, like Monoceros ; columella plicate in the young, much
thickened and smooth in the adult shell. Length, 2*5 to 4 inches.
Gape of Good Hope ; Ins. Chiloe and Conception, Chili ;

Chatham Isles, New Zealand ; Isle of St. Paul, Indian Ocean.

The type-form of this species (fig, 61) is from Cape of Good
Hope, whilst the R. Ranelliformis, King (= vexillum, Sowb.,
fig. 62), supposed to be distinguished by being lighter in structure,
more fusiform, columella wrinkled, no tooth on outer lip, etc., is
from W. Coast of S. America ; found in rocky places at from 3
to 10 fathoms by Mr. Cuming, There is every gradation between
the two forms, however, even in Cape specimens, and I cannot
separate them even as varieties.

Mr. Velain* remarks that E. proditor (fig. 64 == this species)
is very plentiful at the Islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul, in the
Indian Ocean, where the skeletons of seals, abandoned on the
rocks at low-water by the fishermen, were literally covered with
lobsters and Ranellse at the succeeding tide. They are nocturnal
in Habit and may be readily fished by suspending over-night, in
10 or 15 metres depth, the body of a bird or fish.

Undetermined Ranellas.

The following species being unfigured, cannot be placed
definitely :

R, PRODUCTA, Pease ; R. LUTEOSTOMA. Pease ; both from the
Sandwich Islands.

R. JUCUNDA, A. Adams ; North Australia.

R. EPITREMA, Tenison- Woods. This is described as a widely
ovate, whitish species, not quite an inch in length ; it is nodose
and lirate, with a conspicuous!}' margined lip, dentate within.
It has a deeply canaliculate suture, causing the varices to over-
lap in a singular hooked mariner. Australia.

The description agrees very well with that of R. jucunda, A.
Adams,

R. PAULUCCIANA, Tapparone-Canefri ; Mauritius. Possibly
one of the numerous varieties of R. cruentata, Sowb.

:; Archiv. Zool. Exp. VI, 100.

46 FUSIBLE.

Family FUSIDJE.

Shell more or less spindle-shaped, without varices ; the lip of
the aperture not thickened,

Operculum ovate, acute, with apical nucleus.

The animal possesses the essential features of a Murer.

Dentition. That of the typical genus Fusus does not differ es-
sentially from that of Fasciolaria ; Stimpson states* that it has the
saw-like lateral teeth of Fasciolaria, whilst Macdonaldf found an-
other species to possess lateral teeth of the Muricoid type. Tros-
chel finds a Fasciolarioid dentition in Fusus Syracusanus, and he
has accordingly made for it a new genus, Aptyxis ; but Schacko has
recently found the same dentition in Fusus inconstans Lischke, a
typical Fusus. I think that Macdonald must have mistaken some
other genus for Fusus. The dentition of Sipho, which, according
to Troschel, resembles that of Fasciolaria is shown by the more
recent investigations of Sars to be Buccinoid. Ptychatractus^ith
evident resemblance to Fasciolaria has a peculiar dentition, ap-
proaching Murex, and on this character alone Stimpson, followed
by Gill, assigns to it a distinct family.

Neptunea, Melongena, etc., long classed with Fusidse are now
brought into more intimate relationship with Buccinum, and
Busy con, and Tudicla will go into the same group ; on the other
hand Peristernia, Latirus, etc., formerly included in Turbinellidas
have a Fasciolarioid dentition, which, with added conchological
characters may suffice for their removal from that to the present
family. Stimpson % describes and figures the dentition of an
unknown species of Peristernia from the coast of Georgia, which
has the essential features of Busycon, and he thereupon places
the genus in Neptuniinse ; but it is evident that he was in error,
as Troschel figures known species, which are Fasciolariform in
dentition as they are in conchological characters.
Sub-family Fusinse. Columella not plicate, not tortuous.
Sub-family Fasciolariinse. Columella tortuous with oblique plaits

or plications.

* Am. Jour. Conch. I, 54.

f Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser. IT, 243.

| Am. Jour. Conch., I, 60.

47

Sub-family Ptychatfactvriee* Differs from Fa^ciolariinse in lingual

dentition, and includes only three small boreal species.
Sub-family Peristerrfiinse, Columella with transverse plications.

Synopsis of Genera.

Sub-Family FUSING.

FUSUS, Lam. Shell fusiform or spindle-shaped ; spire many-whorled,

acuminate, longer than the last whorl ; aperture oval ; canal long,

straight, narrow ; columell a smooth, arcuated. Dentition, PI. 25, fig. 1.

Subgenus SINISTRALIA, H. and A. Ad. Shell reversed, fusiform ; canal

long ; whorls rounded.

AFEE, Conrad. Shell short fusiform, spire and canal moderate, body
whorl rather large, shouldered and tuberculate, aperture channelled
behind, outer lip dentate within. (Professor Meek * states that the
fossil species described by Conrad, are not congeneric with the type,
the recent Fusus afer, Lam,, and he refers them to Conrad's genus
Pyrifusus, one of the forms of N<ptuniince.)

CLAVELLA, Swains. Shell solid, thick, subfusiform ; spire acuminate;

last whorl suddenly contracted in front, thickened and rounded next the

suture ; aperture narrow, canal long and straight ; columella excavated

in the middle ; outer lip simple. Operculum ovate ; nucleus apical.

Dentition, unknown.

Peistocheilus, Meek. Described as a subgenus of Fasciolaria, appears to
be identical with Clavella, as Meek himself subsequently suspected.
The columellar plaits are nearly obsolete, situated so far within the
aperture as to be barely visible and in many specimens are not seen
at all. Clavella itself occasionally shows these adventitious and in-
conspicuous plaits. The shell is so decidedly fusiform that I place it
in the Fusinae in preference to the Fasciolariinse despite these folds.
The dentition of Clavella distorta corresponds with that of Cantharus,
Euthria, etc., with which the genus has heretofore been associated in
the sub-family Pisaniinae, and this species and its allies are also con-
chologically related to that sub-family, but the fossil types and the
recent C, serotina are generically different, so that the genus as thus
restricted must be placed here.

I figure the type of Meek's subgenus Peistochilus.

P. Scarboroughi, Meek and Hayden, PI. 28, figs. 41, 42. Cretaceous ;
Butte au Ores, Missouri River.

BUCCINOFUSUS, Conrad. Shell ventricose, spirally sculptured ; epi-
dermis pilose ; spire produced ; canal moderate in length ; columella

Pal, Hayden's Survey., IX, 344.

48 FASCIOLARIIN^E, ETC.

smooth. Dentition, pi. 25, fig. 4. The type of this genus is a miocene
fossil. B. parilis Conr. (PI. 28, fig. 40): the recent species is Boreo-
fusus Berniciensis, the type of a genus described by Sars, which becomes
a synonym.

Sub-Family FASCIOLARIINJE.

FASCIOLARIA, Lam, Shell fusiform ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval,
elongated ; canal open, moderate in length, nearly straight ; columella
smooth, with a few oblique plaits at the forepart ; outer lip internally
crenate. Dentition, pi. 25, figs. 2, 3.

Sub-Family PTYCHATRACTIN.K

PTYCHATRACTUS, Stimpson. Shell fusiform, spirally striated;
aperture with a moderate canal ; columeila plicated as in Fasciolaria.
Dentition, pi, 25, fig, 5.

MEYERIA, Dunker and Metzger. Shell elongate fusiform, longitu-
dinally obtusely plicate ; spire produced ; canal exserted ; columella
obscurely plicate. Operculum irregularly ovate ; apex obtuse ;
nucleus inconspicuous. Dentition, pi. 25, figs. 6, 7.

Sub-Family PERISTERNIINJE.

PERISTERNIA, Morch. Shell turreted, not umbilicated ; whorls longi-
tudinally ribbed ; aperture oval ; canal moderate and recurved ; outer
lip thin and crenulated ; columella with one or two slight plaits anteri-
orly, Dentition, pi. 25, fig. 8. The want of umbilicus, less distinct
columella folds and recurved canal are the principal (and not sufficient)
distinctions from Latirus.

LATIRUS, Montf. Shell turreted, fusiform, sometimes umbilicated ;
spire produced ; whorls nodulous , aperture oval -oblong ; outer lip
thin, crenulated ; columella straight, with two or three small oblique
plaits in front. Mr. H, Crosse remarks upon the insufficiency of the
diagnosis of Latirus by Montfort and H, and A, Adams, and proposes
to relegate the species to Turbinella; that genus, however, may be more
advantageously restricted to the forms for which the genera Vasum and
Mazza have been constituted,

LEUCOZONIA, Gray. Shell oval, subglobose, shouldered ; spire mode-
rate ; aperture oblong ; canal short ; columella subflexuous, with small
oblique, unequal plaits ; outer lip sub-acute, with a more or less promi-
nent tooth or tubercle at the forepart. Dentition, pi. 25, fig. 9.
Subgenus LAGENA, Schum . Whorls rounded above, not shouldered .

FUSING. 49

Fossil Genera and Subgenera.
Sub-Family FUSING.

Submenus EXILIFUSUS, (4abb. Shell very long, slender, fusiform ; spire
high ; aperture produced into a long, slender, twisted canal.

This group differs from the true genus Fusus, as restricted, by its
twisted, slender canal. In this character it approaches some of the
Neptuneae, but its high spire and strongly costate whorls show that it is
more nearly allied to the true Ftixmt.

E. KBRBI, Gabb. PL £8, rig. 48. Cretaceous, N. Carolina.

Subgenus EXILIA, Conrad. Shell very narrow, costate, spire subulate,
canal long and narrow.

E. PERGRACILIS, Conr. PI. 28, fig. 44. Eocene, Alabama.
Scarcely distinct from the typical Fusse. Evilifusiisi, Conrad (non
Gabb), is evidently a synonym.

E. THALLOIDES, Conr. PI. 28, fig. 45. Cltiborne, Alabama.

Genus TURRISPIRA, Conrad. Has not been characterized, and does
not seem to differ from FHXH*.

T SALEBROSA, Conrad. PI. 28, fig. 46. Eocene, Alabama.

Genus PRISCOFUSUS, Conrad. Founded on Fums geniculus, Conrad,
a very poorly preserved or figured fossil ; the type has " been lost for twenty
years. The species is wholly unrecognizable, and should be expunged
from nomenclature. For this rubbish Mr. Conrad has proposed a genus
Priscofusxs, but with neither figure nor diagnosis." — Dnll, Proe. Calif.
Arad. 1877.

F. GENICULUS, Conrad. Plate 28, fig. 47. Eocene, Astoria, Oregon.
Subgenus SERRIFUSUS, Meek. Shell short-fusiform ; body volution

large, and bi- or tricarinate, with carinae more or less nodose ; spire and
canal moderate, the latter bent and more or less twisted ; outer lip broadly
but slightly sinuous in outline, between the upper carina and the suture.

S. DAKOTENSIS, Meek and Hayden. PI. 28 figs. 48, 49. Cretaceous,
Dakotah.

This form so much resembles the recent WISH* (Ifemifums} probosci-
diferus, Lam., that it might well be considered a fossil form of the same
group.

SCALASPIRA, Conrad. This uncharacterized Miocene genus is figured
by me (Manual, Vol. 2, pi. 70, fig. 431) as a possible synonym with Uro-
salpinx. It may be a Fusus, however.

7

50 FASCIOLARIIN^E.

Sub-Family FASCIOLARIIN^E.

Subgenus TEREBRISPIRA, Conrad. Shell of medium size, with spire
much produced and canal short ; volutions convex, angular, and strongly
spirally ridged ; plaits of columella not exposed externally ; outer lip
internally sulcated.

T. ELEGANS, Emmons. PI. 29, fig. 50. Miocene, Alabama.

Subgenus MESORHYTIS, Meek. Shell agreeing nearly with Peistocheilus
in form, but with plaits of columella stronger, comparatively little oblique,
and exposed directly opposite the middle of the aperture ; surface with
fine spiral striae, and vertical costae.

M. GRACILENTA, Meek. PI. 29, fig. 51. Cretaceous, Yellowstone River,
150 miles from its mouth.

Has the folds of a Mttra, rather than a Fascioluria, and Meek refers it
with considerable doubt to its present position.

Subgenus CRYPTORHYTIS, Meek. Shell generally under medium size,
with volutions convex, but constricted above, and provided with regular
vertical costaa or small folds ; plaits of the columella very oblique, not
exposed in a direct view into the aperture, and occupying a higher position
than in the typical group ; outer lip smooth within.

C. CHEYENNENSIS, Meek and Hayden. PI. 29, fig. 52 (from a cast).
Cretaceous, DakotaJi.

Subgenus LIROSOMA, Conrad. Subpyriform ; ribbed, beak narrow and
produced, slightly recurved ; one long, very oblique plait at the angle of
the columella.

L. BULCOSA, Conrad. PI. 29, fig. 53. Miocene, Maryland.
Its pertinence to this genus is very doutful.

Genus FASCIOLINA, Conrad. Fusiform ; columella nearly straight
to the extremity of the beak ; one prominent oblique fold on the columella,
situated above the middle of the aperture.

F. WOODII, Gabb. PL 29, fig. 52. Miocene, New Jersey.

The only figure does not exhibit the aperture, but Conrad states that
the fold is situated more remote from the beak than in any other genus
except Cuma.

CORDIERIA, Rouault. This genus is synonymous with Borsoma, and is
a member of the family Pleurotomidse. Conrad, however, has referred
fossil Fasciolarise to it.

WHITNEYA, Gabb. Pal. Calif., I, 205.

This is said by its author to have some resemblance to Fnwiolftri-a ; I
have referred it to Purpurinae, as a distinct generic group related to
Melapium. See Manual, Vol. II, p. 214, pi. 68, fig. 397.

FUSING. 51

Sub-Family FUSING.

Genus FUSUS, Lam.

Shell fusiform ; spire long, acuminate, many whorled ; aper-
ture oval, usually striate within; outer lip simple; columella
smooth ; no umbilicus ; canal long and straight. Yellowish
brown or light horn-color, sometimes with red brown strigae or
spots ; never banded. Operculum ovate, acute, with apical
nucleus.

The genus as above defined, includes a considerable number of
species very closely related in form, sculpture and color. The
chief discriminative characters used are the proportions of dia-
meter to length of shell, the longitudinal ribs and revolving striae,
the presence or absence of a shoulder on the whorls and of tub-
ercles. Having examined extensive suites of specimens from
single localities I find so much variation in all these respects
that I am somewhat at a loss how to treat the species. I much
fear that the number of specific forms, which, for want of actual
demonstration to the contrary, I must leave intact, will eventu-
all}- have to be greatly reduced when more material shall render
possible a more philosophic consideration of the specific char-
acters. The genus, as restricted to the spindle-shaped forms, is
sub-tropical in distribution — the northern species usually de-
scribed as Fusus by the older conchologists being now more
correctly referred to the family Buccinidse.

1. Shell with periphery carinate and tuberculate.
a. Tubercles produced, spinous.

F. PAGODA, Lesson. PL 32, fig, 86.

Shell yellowish brown. Length, 2*5 inches.

Near Kiusu, Corea ; in 14 fathoms. — Belcher, Adams.

The spinose shoulder and the additional lower angle, with the
short-spined lateral riblets on the canal distinguish this species
sufficiently from all others. Fusus Japonicus Gray, according to
the description must be identical with it.

F. VAGINATUS, Jan. PI. 32, figs. 87, 88.

Yellowish brown ; the spines of the shoulder terminating in
longitudinal laminae. Length, 1 inch.

Co<(sts of Provence, Sicily, ^Egean Isles,

52 FUSING.

A rare species, inhabiting deep waters. It is found fossil in
the miocene and pliocene of the adjacent countries.

b. Tubercles compressed ; not ribbed.
F. PROBOSCIDIFERUS, Lam. PL 32, fig. 93.

Yellowish brown, covered by a light brown epideimis.

Length, 8 to 12 inches.

Australia.

This species is remarkable for its shelving shoulder, forming
a conical spire with flat sides, for the ridge at the angle of the
shoulder, which on the body whorl is only slightly or not at all
tuberculate, for the absence of longitudinal ribs, and for the sepa-
ration of the lip from the canal, forming a long, narrow, umbili-
cal channel. It is an aberrant form which I have been tempted
to place in Hemifusus, or to make it the type of a new genus.
Dr. Binney identified this species with MH »•<•;/• J/vm/ws, Linn.,
which is exceedingly questionable, as that name is usually cited
for a very different shell belonging to the genus /<W<y//r. It
appears to me to be more advisable to retain Lamarck's well-
known name.

F. VENTRIOOSUS, 11. Adams. PL 32, fig. 94.

Yellowish white. Length. 130 mill.

D'Agullias Bank, Cape of Good Hope.

Evidently related to the preceding species and showing even
more clearly than it does the separation of the inner lip from
the columella . Kobelt has changed the name to A<l<i in x/7, beca use
the original specific name is preoccupied by Beck and Gray, but
as I do not adopt either of these in the genus. I retain Adams'
designation.

c. Tubercles compressed, shell ribbed longitudinally.
F. COLUS, Linn. PL 32, figs. 89-92. 95.

White, the upper whorls of the spire and a part of the canal
stained with brown ; periphery sometimes brown-banded between
the nodules. Length. 6 to 7 inches ; diameter 1 -5 inches.

Ceylon, Tonga Tabou.

Var. TOREUMA, Martyn (fig. 95), is distinguished from the
typical form only by being more highly colored. The shell is
yellowish brown, with chestnut-brown between the tubercles on

FUSING. 53

the periphery and the rest of the surface irregularly longi-
tudinally streaked and clouded with the same color.

P. NICOBABICUS, Lam. PL 32, figs. 98, 91, 96 ; pi. 33, fig. 99.

Shell very like F. co/?/s, ATar. tor en ma ^ but stouter and more
coarsely sculptured, the ribs being rounded, and duplicating the
nodules of the shoulder. Length, 5 to 6 inches.

Japan, Philippines.

F. oblitus, Reeve (fig. 97), appears to be the same.
Yar. BEOKII, Reeve. PI. 33. tig. 99.

Only differs in being denuded of epidermis; white, without
any fuscous markings.

'Vnr. BRENCHLEYI, Baird. PL 32, fig 90.

A little shorter and proportionally wider than the type, the
revolving ridges more irregular and consisting of two to four
strife combined, the coloring more closely disposed and deeper.

Length, 3*5 inches.

I suspect that this is founded on a single specimen and that
the characters are individual only, and would gradually change
into those of the type, if a series should be examined. I have
not seen the specimen.

F. LA T i co STATUS, Desh. PL 33, fig. 101.

Profusely strigated with chestnut-brown ; heavier and wider
than F. Nicoharirtm, the revolving ribs wide and flattened.

Length. 5 inches.

Ceylon.

Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species.

F. VIRGA, Gray.

•• Shell fusiform, elongate, solid, white , apex yellowish ; spire
acute, two-thirds the length of the month ; whorls rounded,
convex, regularly and strongly longitudinally plaited, with alter-
nate broad, sharp-edged and very fine spiral ribs ; suture distinct;
mouth ovate ; throat grooved ; outer lip crenulated ; canal
elongated, tapering, transversely striated, smooth in front.

Length, 5 inches.

Hob. China ; not uncommon.

Compare with F. laficoxtatus, Desh., but the ribs are not broad
and depressed. The nucleus of this species, as in most of the

54 FUSING.

genus, is quite smooth, sub-cylindrical, blunt, of one whorl and
a half; the periostracum thin, pale brown, hairy."

The above description is all that is known of the species ; it
does not seem to convey any really distinctive characters from
several other well-known species. It has not been figured,

P. TUBERCULATUS, Lam. PI, 33, fig. 100 ; pi. 34, figs, 110, 111.

White, coarsely sculptured with revolving rounded ribs, the
angle of the shoulder somewhat distantly tuberculated, and the
interstices chestnut-brown. Length, 4*5 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean.

This shell has a shorter spire and canal and is wider in pro-
portion than F. Nicobaricus, of w^hich, however, it may be only
a variety. M. Tapparone-Canefri has given this species the
name F. maculiferus because of the prior use of the specific
name by Chemnitz for another species, but as that author was
not binomial, his descriptive phrase being " F. tuberculatus sen
muricatus," Lamarck's designation can stand.

Var. NODOSOPLICATUS, Dunker. PI 34, figs. 110, 111,
Shell larger, more prominently nodose, unicolored.
Length, 5- 5 inches. Japan.

Lischke figures a variety (fig. Ill) of this form, which not only

approaches the next species but, in its obsolete carinre, connects

it also with a different group of Fusi.

F. LOEBBECKEI, Kobelt. PI. 34, fig. 112.

Greyish white, spire somewhat stained with yellow.
Length,. 106 mill.

Hob. unknown.

Described from a single, somewhat worn specimen.

33
F. PERPLEXUS, A. Adams. P1.-3&, figs. 102-101.

Shell white or yellowish, with or without chestnut markings,
rather thin. Typically the shoulder and nodules are well devel-
oped, but they gradually disappear in a series of individuals
until in some forms they are entirely absent, and the body-whorl
is rounded and simply sculptured with revolving strise. This
extensive range of variation, fully established by the admirable
figures of Lischke's Fusus inconstant (as above), not only suffices

FUSINJE. 55

for the suppression of this species but, if a similar variability in
the other forms be assumed, it would almost reduce the oriental
Fusye to a single species. I do not think that science will be
advanced b}^ a radical reduction of these species at present : on
the other hand, whilst per plexus has no real claims to recognition
as a species, yet to suppress it would be to refer its various forms
to several different species, although they are very evidently
mere modifications of growth of a single species. Under these
circumstances I let it stand, F. perplexus has not been figured,
but Mr. E. Smith, of the British Museum, finds no difference
between specimens of it and the figures of Fusus inconstans,
Lischke, a species published four years later.

Length, 3 to 5 inches.

flab Japan.

F. MULTICARINATUS, Lam. PI. 33. fig. 109.

Yellowish white. Length, 4'5 to 5 inches.

Red Sea.

The species figured by Reeve under this name is not angulate
and much resembles F. turricula ; it has been separated from
multicarinatus by Philippi and Tapparone-Canefri and is called
F. JReeveanus by the former ; it is a synonym of Fusus spectrum,
Adams and Reeve.

F. AUSTRALIS, Quoy. PL 34, figs. 113-119.

Brownish red, or yellowish with chestnut spots or narrow
bands ; periphery subcarinate but shoulder scarcely defined,
rounded ; upon the body-whorl the revolving striae are frequently
more prominent than the ribs, breaking up the latter into tuber-
cles at their crossing. Spire and canal proportionally shorter
than in the preceding species; Length, 3* 7 5 inches.

Red Sea, Japan, Australia.

M. Tapparone-Canefri gives to this species the name of F.
tuber cvlatus, Chemn., which cannot stand, as the descriptive
phrase is " F. tuberculatus seu muricatus." He also refers to
F. verrucosus, Wood (as of Gmelin), but the identification is
doubtful. F. marmoratus (figs. 114, 115), Phil., F. aureus,
Reeve (figs. 116, lit), and F. crebriliratus, Reeve (fig. 118),
may be confidently placed in the synonymy of the species. F.
caudatus, Quoy (fig. 119), is the young shell.

56 FUSING.

F. LONGISSIMUS, (rmel. PI. 34, fig. 120.

Shell white, covered sometimes by a very light brown
epidermis ; angle of each whorl bearing about ten rather large,

compressed nodules. Length, 7'5 to 9 inches.

Ceylon.

F. candidus, Gin el., appears to be the same species and has a
prior position in the u Systema," although published on the same
page ; I use longissimus preferably because it was adopted by
Lamarck, and the species is, consequently, much better known
under that name.
F. UNDATUS, Gmel. PI. fefc figs. 121, 12«.

Shell heavy, white ; nodules more prominent, not compressed,
and fewer than in F. longissimus, being 7 or 8 to the whorl ;
revolving striae not so prominent. Length, 6 to 7 inches.

Central Polynesia.

This species resembles the preceding, but the characters given
above will serve to distinguish it. It is a very ponderous shell,
and has an obsolete angle on the periphery below the shoulder
line, making the body-whorl somewhat biangulate.

F. similis, Baird (fig. 126), from New Caledonia appears to be
the same species, only differing in having "about 10 or 11 "
nodules in the specimen described.

F. POLYGONOIDES, Lam. PL 35, figs. 127, 128.

Light brown, spotted and strigate with chestnut-brown ; body-
whorl distinctly biangulate ; both angles nodulous, those of the
shoulder the most prominent. Length 2*5 to 3*5 inches.

East Indies.

I figure two examples of this species, the proportions varying
considerably. It is possible that the succeeding species may be
only a very slim variet}-, yet I am inclined to consider it distinct.

F. LEPTORHYNCHUS, Tapparone-CaneM. PL 35, fig. 129.
Whitish, more or less strigated with reddish brown.

Length, 3 inches.

Hot Sea.
See remarks under F. polygonoides, above.

F. STRIGATUS, Phil. PL 35, fig. 122.

White, sharply angulate at the shoulder ; longitudinal ribs
prominent, chestnut-brown. Length, 2 inches.

Red Sea? Australia ?

FUSING. 57

M. Tapparone-Canefri thinks that this species approaches
rather too closely to a variety of F. polygonoides, Lam.; he thinks
F. pauper culus, Desh., may be the young of it.

F. GRADATUS, Reeve. PL 35, figs. 123-125.

Light yellowish or orange, the nodulous sculpture white.
Shell distinctly shouldered, covered by coarse rounded longi-
tudinal ribs, which are cut into compressed nodules by coarse

revolving riblets. Length, 2 to 2*5 inches.

West Indies.

The species was described without locality, but the figure
corresponds exactly with specimens of F. Hartwigi, Shuttl. (fig.
124), which were collected at the island of St. Thomas, W. I.
F. Paeteli, Dunker (fig. 125), also described without locality,
appears to be the same. The latter species is compared by
Dunker with F. strigatus, Phil., with which, notwithstanding the
differences he has pointed out, it is entirely too closely allied.

F. SCHRAMMI, Crosse. PL 35, fig. 130.

Subtranslucent, finely striated with revolving lirae ; longitu-
dinaly, tuberculately costate ; with a median sharp angle or
carina, appearing on the spiral whorls also. Yellowish, with an
interrupted, pallid brown band. Length, 69 mill.

Ghiadeloupe, W. I.

This may possibly be the .young of an extreme variety of the
following species.

F. DISTANS, Lam. PL 36, fig. 131.

Whorls convex, carinate in the middle, and encircled by a row
of compressed tubercles. Light yellowish brown, the raised
revolving lirre darker, as are also the interstices of the tubercles.
Shell stout but rather light in texture. Length, 5 to 6 inches.

Philippine Islands.

Murex ansatus and versicolor, Gmelin, are probably the same
species, but I am unable to identify them positively. The fol-
lowing, however, can onty be separated by locality, and by its
usually more elate form — although some are exactly like distans.
It may be advisable to treat it, for the present, as a variety.

8

58 FUSING.

Var. CLOSTER, Philippi. PL 36, fig. 132.

Spire usually more drawn out ; sometimes uncolored beneath
the light olive epidermis. Length, 6 to T5 inches.

IsL of Margarita, W- 1.

I have a fine suite of this form connecting it very completely
with F. distans.

Var. DUPETITHOUARSII, Kiener. PL 36, figs. 133, 134.

Unicolored beneath the light olive epidermis ; spire more elate
than the type ; upper whorls more or less tuberculate, the tuber-
cles usually vanishing before the last whorl, although sometimes
continued and forming an angle upon it ; body usually well
rounded, showing no distinct shoulder, encircled throughout
with revolving ribs, no tubercles.

Galapagos Isles ; W. Coast of Central America, N. to Acapulco.

Kiener's figure of this form (fig. 133) represents a shell quite
similar to F. distans, and the collection of the Philad., Academy
contains a similar specimen ; ordinarily, however, the non-carinate
form obtains, and such is represented by the figures of Yalen-
ciennes and Reeve. Fusus Novde-Holtandise. Reeve, next de-
scribed, is certainly very closely allied to this species.

F. SPECTRUM, Ad. and Reeve. PL 36, fig. 135.

Shell slim, graceful, unicolored, white under a light brown
epidermis; spire whorls crossed by rounded ribs, which are
evanescent on the body, the latter having a sharp carina of com-
pressed tubercles, defining a shoulder. Length, 3 inches.

Eastern Seas ; Japan.

Var. NOV^E-HOLLANDUE, Reeve. PL 31, fig. 137 ; pi. 33, fig. 108.
Ribs continued over the body-whorl, obliterating the carina

and shoulder. Length, 4 to 6 inches.

Australia.

F. multicarinatus, (non Lam., fig. 108) = F. JReeveanus, Phil,,
appears to be the same species.

Notwithstanding its slimmer form it is very doubtful whether
this should be considered specifically distinct from the last
species. Fusus albus, Philippi is, according to the description,
a synonym of the variety.

FUSING, 59

F. TORULOSUS, Lam. PI. 36, fig. 136.

Chestnut-brown, the nodules lighter and their interstices

darker. Length, 6 inches.

Red Sea?

Perhaps more robust and more boldly sculptured as well as
darker color than the average F. distans, yet scarcely distinct
enough to be separated from it.

F. ASSIMILIS, A. Adams.

The description of this unfigured species will suit any species
of the group, and it is said to resemble in form and sculpture
the F. turricula except that the whorls are nodosely angulated.

China Seas.
F. AMBUSTUS, Gould. PI. 37, fig. 138.

Shell yellowish, shaded with brown, so as to appear as if
scorched ; spire acute, whorls eight, angular, girdled with elevated
threads, and having about eight varicose folds, which disappear
on the lower part of the body. Aperture quite small, nearly
semicircular ; beak nearly straight, and with a very narrow

channel. Length, I't5 inches.

Mazatlan, Guaymas.

It is evident, from Gould's figure, that his species is a young
shell, and I think that the adult is the Dupetithouarsi of Car-
penter, which he considered equivalent to Novse-Hollandiae of
Reeve. I have before me a pair of shells three inches long, from
Cape St. Lucas, and identified by Carpenter as Dupetithouarsi,
Kiener : they are narrower and more graceful than that species,
however, and whilst sufficiently resembling an ambustus, also
before me, except in much greater size, they cannot, on the other
hand, be distinguished from F. spectrum, var. Novae Hollandiae.
I have indicated the synonymy as it appears to me, but have not
sufficient material to justify me in deciding the matter definitely.

Mr. W. H. Dall has examined a photograph from an original
drawing of F. tumens, Carpenter, an unfigured species described
from a very young individual, and identifies it with ambustus.
The ambustus of Carpenter, Cooper and others = the following
species.

60 FUSING.

F. CINEREUS, Reeve. PL 37, figs. 139-141.

Shell more or less shouldered ; canal rather short; spire long.
Ribs generally whitish ; revolving lirae, alternately larger and
smaller, cross the ribs, and the larger lirse are brownish ; the
interstices of the sculpture are brownish, sometimes variegated
with white. Length, 20 mill.

Farallone Isles to San Diego, CaL ; La Paz, L. CaL— Gabb.

Fusus luteopictus, Dall (fig. 140), is the shell which many
Californian collectors have erroneously referred to F. ambustus,
Gld., and which others have identified as F. geniculus, Conrad :
the latter is a miocene fossil, the figure of which is not sufficiently
good for recognition, the type lost. I do not doubt the identity
of luteopictus with cinereus, which was described without locality,
and as a Turbinella. P. Taylorianus, Reeve, (fig. 141), appears
to be a worn, immature state of the same species.

F. DUNKERI, Jonas. PL 37, fig. 142.

White, with a brownish interrupted zone. Length, 20 mill.

Australia.

This is evidently a very much worn specimen and perhaps not
adult; the locality, also, has not been confirmed by subsequent
collectors. Dr. Philippi considered F. Taylorianus, Reeve, a
synonym, but I do not think the condition of Dunkeri justifies a
positive conclusion. If the two species be merged the adopted
name will be Dunkeri, which has decided priority of publication.

F. CRATICULATUS, Brocchi. PL 37, figs. 143, 144.

Reddish brown, resembling F. Syracusanus somewhat in form

and sculpture. Length, 31 mill.

Mediterranean ; rather rare.

F. scaber. Lam. (fig. 144), is a synonym.

F. SYRACUSANUS, Linn. PL 37, figs. 145, 146.

Whitish, with usually the shoulders of the whorls chestnut-
brown, as well as the canal, a median band of the same 0:1 the

body-whorl. Length, T5 to 2;25 inches.

Mediterranean.

The form and coloring are remarkably similar in a number of
specimens from various localities, now before me; yet a variety
figured by Reeve (fig. 146), is larger, whorls rounded, without

FUSING. 61

shoulder, and unicolored. The dentition of this species was
ascertained by Troschel to be fasciolarioid, on which account he
founded for it a new genus, Aptyxis; it has more recently ap-
peared, however, that an undoubtedly genuine Fusus and the
only one of which the dentition has been hitherto examined,
possesses the same t}~pe of dentition (see F. inconstans, Lischke,
PI. 25, fig. 1), so that Aptyxis cannot hold.

F. ROSTRATUS, Olivi. PI. 37, figs. 147-150.

Yellowish to reddish brown, spirally corded with sharp, narrow
ridges, which become prickly on the ribs, and form a sharp series
of tubercles, defining a somewhat convex shoulder ; interstices of
the main ridges each provided with a smaller ridge and scabrous.

Length, 1 to 1'75 inches.

- Mediterranean ; Canary Islands.

Rather common in deep water, from 20 to 100 fathoms, upon
corals and rocks. Fossil, miocene and pliocene, South of Europe.
I have described the fully developed form, with carina, but this
is often obsolete, so that the contour of the body-whorl is almost
regularly rounded. To the latter belongs Reeve's F.fragosus,
(fig. 148), to the former his F. ccelatus (fig. 149), is certainly very
nearly related.

F. CCELATUS, Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 149.

Whitish ; sculpture sharp and delicate. Length, 2*25 inches.

Hob. unknown.

Except in its larger size it is not essentially different from F.
rostratus.

F. BRUIJNII, Tapparone-Canefri.

Elongately fusiform, sub-umbilicate, reddish brown ; spire elate,
apex somewhat acute ; whorls nine, convex, with impressed
sutures, closely encircled with squamous lirae crossing nine or
ten longitudinal ribs ; rounded, the last whorl obscurely sub-
angulate ; aperture ovately-subquadrate, crenulate at margin of
lip, sulcate within ; lip and columella margined with a vivid
reddish tint, otherwise white within ; canal moderate, not equalling

the spire. Length, 40 mill.

Papuan Islands.

62 FUSING.

Not figured, but compared vrith.Fusus constrictus, Koch, a
species which I have placed in the genus Coralliophila (Vol. II,
p. 208). It is said to possess a narrower umbilicus and to differ
in proportions and somewhat in color. Judging from the
description I think it possible that F. Bruijnii belongs also in
Coralliophila.
F. NIGRIROSTRATUS, E. A. Smith. PI. 31, fig. 151.

Brownish, streaked with darker color between the plications,
the revolving lirse whitish, the rostrum purplish black ; aperture

bluish or purplish within. Length, 50 mill.

Japan.

I know nothing of this species beyond the description and
figure.
F, PHILIPPII, Jonas. PI. 38, fig. 152.,

Strigate with brown on a yellowish brown ground ; white

within.

Australia.

This species has not been recognized by local collectors, nor is
it found in the Monographies : it is probably not a true Fusus.

2. Shell with rounded shoulder, no distinct carina.

This division is made to include a few species, which, so far as
our information goes, do not become sharply angulate upon the
shoulder ; there is no marked demarkation, however, between it
and the preceding group, because some of the latter, normally
carinate, vary to rounded whorls without carina.
F. NOBILIS, Reeve. PI. 38, fig. 153.

White ; interstices of the ribs faint reddish brown.

Length, 10'5 inches.

Hob. unknown.

Too closely allied to the varieties of F distans, Lam., having
rounded whorls : the only differences being larger size, and per-
haps a little more ventricose growth. The specimen figured is the
only one known ; a shell sent to me by a London dealer under
this name, as from the island of Tortola, West Indies, proving to
be identical in all respects with forms of F. distans, var. closter.
F. nobilis much resembles F. longissimus, GmeL. also, in size
and proportions.
F. TURRICULA, Kiener. PI. 38, fig. 154.

Uniform yellowish white. Lentgh, 3*5 to 4-5 inches.

China.

FUSING. 63

This appears to be a pretty constant form, the ribs large and
rounded and extending over the body-whorl ; an inner lip is
usually present in the larger specimens, presenting a well-defined
edge, raised above the columella.
F. PFEIFFERT, Phil. PL 38, fig. 155.

Brownish yellow. Length, 2 inches.

Hab. unknown.

I know nothing about the species, which is described, I presume,
from a single specimen. Its validity is more than doubtful, as it
has no characters to separate it from a half dozen other species.

F. MEYERT, Dunker. PL 38, fig, 156.

Uniform white. Length, 7 inches.

Hab. unknown.

Said to differ from F. longicauda by its larger size, larger and
more rugose revolving ridges, slightly concave shoulder, etc. It
seems to differ from F. distans, var. Novae Hollandiae only in the
ribs not being continued over the body. It might well be con-
sidered a S3rnonym of both .'

F. LONGICAUDA, Bory. PL 38, fig. 157.

Yellowish white ; epidermis brown, thin ; apex and end of
canal frequently brownish. Length, 5 to 6*5 inches.

Ceylon.

This is, perhaps, a F. colus without carina, or a F. turricula
without ribs on the body-worl.

F. COUEI, Petit, PL 38, fig. 158.

Yellowish-white. Length, 4 inches.

Hab. Gulf of Mexico.

The locality is as doubtful as the shell ; if the former is incor-
rect, the species might well be merged in the preceding one.

F. GRACILLIMUS, Ads. and Reeve. PL 38, fig. 159.

Light chestnut-brown. Length, 3 inches.

Eastern Seas.
Very like F. turricula, Kiener, but more slender.

F. ACUS, Ads. and Reeve. PL 38, fig. 160.

Reddish brown ; spiral grooves fine, close-set, peculiarly flatly

excavated. Length, 1-65 inches.

China Sea, off Borneo.
The most slender and graceful of all the species of Fusus.

FUSING.

F. LACUSICAUDATUS, Hinds. PL 38, fig. 161.

Reddish brown ; aperture contracted by an inward curvature
of the lip. Length, 2-25 inches.

L* Agulhas Bank, Gape of Good Hope.

This is doubtless a monstrosity caused by some injury to the
mantle of the animal. I have seen a number of similar instances
of abnormal inflection in the lip in both marine and terrestrial
mollusks.

F. KOBELTI, Dall. PL 39, fig. 162.

Whorls 7 or 8, with rounded ribs crossed by revolving ridges,
alternately larger. The shell is white, under an ashy gray or
greenish olivaceous epidermis, the alternate larger revolving
ridges chocolate brown ; spire moderately long, whorls well
rounded ; canal rather short, somewhat curved.

Length, 2 to 2*5 inches.

Catalma Island and Monterey, Gal.

As this species has not been figured hitherto, I give that of a
beach-worn specimen (the best I have) from Catalina I. The
shell has been confounded by some of the West Coast collectors
with F. ambustus, Old., but is a stouter species.

F. TENUILIRATUS, Bunker. PL 30, fig. 103.

Whitish, with light yellowish brown longitudinal strigations.

Length, 3 inches.

I If. ttf. liiiL-iioirn.

The gradual inferior contraction of the aperture, until it merges
insensibly into the rather wide canal is the principal distinctive
feature of this stout but probably immature shell.

F. RUBOLPHI, Bunker. PL 39, fig. 164.

Yellowish white, the revolving striae light chestnut, crossed by
longitudinal strigations or maculations of the same color.

Length, 3'5 inches.

Hal), unknown.

In the features of this species as Avell as in those of the follow-
ing one, may be recognized some of the characteristics of the
genus Hemifusus.

f RITONINyE.

PLATE 1.

TRITONIN.E.

PLATE 2.

1 1

TRITONJNJE.

PLATE 3.

13

Ifi.

15.

TRITONIN^J.

PLATE 4.

TRITONINJ3.

PLATE 5.

TRITONINJE.

PLATE 6.

TRITONINJE.

PLATE 7.

46

47

PLATE 8.

TRITONINJS.

PLATE 9.

60.

68.

TRlTONIN.fi.

PLATE 10.

TRITONIX./E.

TRITONINJB.

PLATE 13

TRITONINuE.

PLATE 14.

129

TRITONIN^E.

PLATE 15.

TRITONIN.E.

PLATE 16.

TRITONlN.fi.

PLATE 17.

PLATE 18.

RANELLIN.E

PLATE 19.

11.

RANELLINJB.

PLATE 20.

19.

FUSING. <)0

F. OCELLIFERUS, Bory, PI. 39, fig. 165.

Whitish, with pale yellowish brown, longitudinal strigations ;
revolving ribs rather broad and flattened, disposed to break up
into tuberculations, and striate on the top ; the inter-channels
each with a single narrow ridge ; whorls peculiarly appressed

below the sutures ; shell thin. Length, 4 inches.

East Indies ?

F. MINUTISQUAMOSUS, Reeve. PL 39, fig. 166.

Longitudinally plicately ribbed, crossed by squamous fine ridges.

Yellowish white. Length, -15 inch.

Hob. unknown.

I am not acquainted with this species, of which Reeve has
only given us a back view : it may be a Ooralliophila, perhaps.

F. PULCHELLUS, Phil. PI. 39, fig, 167.

Light chestnut-color, the longitudinal ribs dark chocolate, ex-
cept upon the periphery, where they are tipped with white, form-
ing an nterrupted band. Length, 22 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

F, NIPONICUS, E. A. Smith. PI. 39, fig. 168.

Whitish or yellowish, brown stained on the spine, and with a
narrow brown band on the body-whorl ; white within.

Length, 22 mill.

Japan.

Evidently immature, and very probably not a true Fusus.
F. SIMPLEX, E. A. Smith. PL 39, fig. 169.

White, under a smooth, grayish-olive epidermis.
Length, 18 mill.

Japan.

Certainly a very young shell ; very probably its adult form has
an older name.

F. RUBROLINEATUS, Sowb.

Shell rather short, light reddish, bifasciate with chestnut, dis-
tantly lineated with spiral red lines, thinly striated ; spire rather
short ; whorls seven, marked with rather distant rounded ribs
and spiral lines, with a wide chestnut band above ; aperture

Kb-ovate, terminating in a sub-elongate canal.
Agulhas Bank, South Africa.
•

bb SINISTRALTA.

Not figured, and no dimensions given. The coloration pre-
cludes its being a Fusus I suppose, but the description does not
indicate its true generic position.

F. USTULATUS, Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 170.

Rusty brown; whitish within. Length, 2*75 inches.

Hab. unknown.

In the partial separation of an inner lip from the columellar
margin of the canal, and in the canal being wide and open this
species possesses characters which remove it from the typical
Pusi and connect it with two shouldered species, F. proboscidi-
ferus and F. ventricosus. It is possible that these may form a
new generic group.

F. PYRULATUS, Reeve. PI. 39, figs. 171, 172.

Yellowish brown. Length, 2'75 inches.

Van Diemari's Land.

Appears to be somewhat immature. I have not seen the
species.

Subgenus Sinistralia, H. & A. Ad.

F. MAROCCENSIS, Gmel. PI. 40, figs. 173, 174.

Yellowish white to light brown. Length, -75 to 1 inch.

Isl. of Guadeloupe, W. Indies ?

The ribs are not continuous to the sutures, below which a
smooth space intervenes ; in the smaller specimens this space is
very narrow and thus may escape observation, but in better
grown individuals it becomes wider and more marked. In the
latter state Mr. Reeve has called the species F. elegans (fig. 174) :
a name which cannot stand even as a variety. The locality given
is exceedingly doubtful.

Doubtful and Spurious Fusidse.

F, LINCOLNENSIS, Crosse. PL 40, fig. 175.

Whitish, with a wide central brown band. Length, 19 mill,

York Peninsula, Australia.

The coloration and very short canal remove this species from
Fusus ; yet I do not know where to locate it. Resembles a
Muricidea.

FUSING. 67

F. HEMIFUSUS, Kobelt. PL 58, fig. 397.

Locality unknown.

This species, published in the Conchylien Cabinet in 1880, came
to me too late to insert in its proper position in the genus Fusus.
It is precisely like F. coins, var. Brenchlyi, and is therefore a
synonym.

F. LINEOLATUS, Costa. This is evidently not a Fusus. It is said
to inhabit the Mediterranean Sea, but I do not find it in Wein-
kauff or Monterosato.

F. PUSILLUS, Pfeiffer. Probably a very young shell, if a Fiisus,
as it only measures two lines in length. It has not been recog-
nized.

West Indies.

F. APERTUS, Carpenter. " The six specimens found of this spe-
cies were either young or fragmentary." The length of the
shell is one-tenth of an inch ! Why will naturalists cumber the
nomenclature with species founded upon such insufficient ma-
terial ?

F. MODESTUS, Gould. An unfigured shell, collected by the North
Pacific Expl. Exped. in ten fathoms, shelly sand, at Hakodadi,
Japan. The description is useless for recognition of the species,
and the types were destroyed, I presume, in the great Chicago
fire.

F. GILVUS, Phil. This may be a Hemifusus, as there is a per-
forate umbilicus. The species is from China, and has not been
figured.

F. OBSCURUS, Phil. PI. 40, fig. 176.

Nearl}' black, the upper part of the whorls, the keel, the
tubercles and a central band on the last whorl are lighter.

Length, 1-65 inches.

Hob. unknown.

The color, the flexure of the coluniella, etc., are not typical of
the genus, and would indicate some relationship to the Perister-
niinse: there is no mention made of columellar plaits, however.
Is this possibly a discolored fossil ?

F. NUCLEUS, Brod. PI. 40, fig. 187.

Whitish. Length -5, lat. *33 inch.

Galapagos.

68

FUSING.

I do not know the species. It was described as a Murex, but
neither belongs to that genus nor to Fusus — where it is placed
by Sowerby, of whose figure I give a copy. Perhaps it is a very
young Coralliophila.

F. UNICARINATUS, Phil. This unfigured and minute species from
Magellan's Straits is certainly not a Fusus, but may be a Trophon.
I have described it under that genus in Vol. II, p. 151.

F. SPIRALIS, A. Ad. This is a genuine Fusus, shouldered and
spirally striate, about three inches in length. Inhabits New
Zealand. F. pensum, Hutton, is a synonym, according to the
latter author. Unfigured.

F. NODICINCTUS, A. Ad. Australia.

F. DILECTUS, A. Ad. Venezuela.

F. ALBINUS, A. Ad. Ichaboe, W. Africa.

F. SOLIDULUS, A. Ad. Japan.

F. SPIOERI, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.

F. LEGRANDI, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.

F. NIVEUS, Gray. Sierra Leone.

F. GRANDIS, Gray. Habitat unknown.

F. GLACIALIS, Gray. Arctic Ocean.

F, VARIUS, Lam. Australia.

F. CREBRICOSTATUS, Lam. Hab. unknown.

F. RUBENS, Lam. Isle of France.

These three species are not figured by Kiener in his delinea-
tions of the Lamarckian types, and the descriptions have not
been identified by any other conchologists.
F. VENTRICOSUS and F. EXILIS, Menke. Australia.

F. CHONETICUS, F. UMBILICATUS, F. BERNARDIANUS, F. CYGNEUS

and F. NIGRINUS, Philippi.

F. umbilicatus is certainly not a Fusus, but the description
does not indicate its generic position.
F. MURICOIL>ES and F. NITENS, C. B. Adams. Jamaica.

Both minute shells, and not true Fusi.
F. LINEATUS and F. MALSBURGIANUS, Menke.

The above, described in Menke 's catalogue, are not now in his
collection. — Vide Mai. Blatt, xviii, 121.

AFER. 69

F. JAPONICUS, Gray. I have not been able to find any reference
for this name.

The following numerous species, described by Anton, in his
" Yerzeichniss," have never been identified ; they are mostly not
true Fusi and will go into Neptunea, Hemifusus, or other related
groups, judging from the diagnoses.

F. ROEDINGI and F. GIESEKII, Anton. No locality. Appear to
be true Fusus.

F. SPLENDIDUS, Anton. Something like a Turbinetta or Fascio-
laria.

F. TRISKADEKAGONUS, F. AURANTIUS, F. HEXAGONUS (" inclines

to Turbinella, still more to Murex "), F. GRANULOSUS (= Turbin-
ella?), F. CIRCULUS, F. REMOTUS, F. CONICUS. F. VENTRICOSUS, F.

CONTABULATUS, F. PUNCTATUS, F. ROSSMASSLERI, F. PLEUROTO-
MOIDES, F. MURICINUS, F. VARICOSUS, F. MONACHUS, F. ROSEUS

(— Purpuraf), F. ALBTCANS (= Turbinella?).

Genus AFER, Conrad.

Conrad never characterized his genus ; but he made Fusus
afer of Gmelin the type of it. The fossil forms assigned by him
to the genus are stated by Prof, Meek to be different from F. afer,
and he refers them to Conrad's Pyrifusus. Fusus afer does not
seem to have been very well understood by conchologists, the
figure in Kiener looking like an immature shell, whilst that given
by Reeve belongs to the Turbinellidse.

I retain the genus, with great doubt, and refer to it a second
species, which seems to have some resemblance to the type, and
for which I have no other convenient place.

A. AFER, Gmelin. PL 40, fig. 177.

Light brown ; aperture sillonated within and dentate at the

margin, slightly channeled behind. Length, 1 inch.

Senegal.
A BLOSVILLEI, Desh. PL 40, figs. 178-180.

Livid brown or bluish or pale yellow ; sometimes the revolving
ridges are brown ; aperture orange or yellowish.
Length, 1'75 inches.

Red Sea ; Ceylon ; Bay of Manilla ; rocky places at low water.

70 CLAVELLA, BUCCINOFUSUS.

Fasus lividus, Phil. (fig. 180), is usually considered identical
with this species.
Var. HEPTAGONALIS, Reeve. PI. 40, fig. 181.

In this variety some of the longitudinal ribs coallesce, so that
those remaining are not only fewer in number, but they are also
wider.

Genus CLAVELLA, Swainson.

Onl}r one recent species can be referred property to this fossil
genus, which is the C. serotina, the type of Hinds' genus Cyrtulus.
The three other recent species referred to it by H. and A. Adams
are members of other genera :

C. avellana, Reeve, is a Cronia. Vol. II, p. 180.

C. distorta, Reeve, belongs to the Pisaniinse.

G. subrostrata, Gray, belongs to the Melon geniinse.

C. SEROTINA, Hinds. PI. 40, fig. 182.

Pale yellowish or flesh-color ; within light rosy or white.

Length, 3'5 inches.

Nukahiva, Marquesas, in 9 fathoms, among sand.

A thick and heavy shell which would probabty be equally well
placed in Melongeniinae ; or in Tnrbinellidae, as some specimens
show incipient folds on the columella.

Genus BUCCINOFUSUS, Conrad.

The single recent species referred by Conrad to his genus has
since been made the type of Boreofusus, Sars — which, of course,
becomes a synonym. The dentition, only, separates this from
Sipho, several species of which might be regarded as either iden-
tical, or varieties at most. When the lingual armature of these
allied forms shall become known their definite position can be
ascertained ; at present I prefer to leave them all in Sipho.

Jeffreys thus describes the animal :

Body white or cream-color, with a slight tinge of flesh-color ;
mantle sometimes edged with brown; pallial tube extensile,
occasionally protruded beyond the canal, with an expanded or
trumpet-shaped opening ; proboscis exceedingly long, measuring
nearly two inches even when contracted after the death of the
animal ; tentacles conical, rather short, and close together, with

BUOCINOFUSUS. 71

bluntly pointed tips ; eyes small and black, seated on long stalks,
about half way up the tentacles; foot lanceolate, thick, rounded
and double-edged in front ; tail either pointed or blunt and some-
what truncated.

B, BERNICIENSIS, King, PI. 40, figs. 183, 184.

Whorls encircled with alternately larger and smaller revolving
ridges, decussated by fine growth-lines ; lip margin slightly
everted ; shell thin, white, under a very thin, light olive epider-
mis. Length, 3 inches.

North Sea ; French Coast, occasionally ; Gircumpolar ?
Dredged in fine sand 78 to 690 fathoms. Jeffreys cites varie-
ties elegans, tener and inftata. He says that " the young, when
fresh-caught and living, look like tiny rosebuds." The color of
full-grown specimens (especially of the inside) is not less beauti-
ful ; these may vie with

.... "The dappled shells
That drink the wave with such a rosy mouth."

Middendorff, Adams and Kobelt think that F. Sabinii, Gray,
is the young of this species ; if so, that name would have priority ;
but the species is unfigured, and doubtful. Jeffreys refers it
doubtfully to Sipho ventricosus.

B. TEREBRALIS, Gould. PI. 39, fig. 189.

Yellowish brown, columella tinged pallid rosaceous. Labrum

effused. Length. 2' 25 inches.

Spitsbergen.

If not identical with the preceding species; it is very closely
allied to it. Gould's type had a broken lip, but he refers besides
to a perfect specimen in the Cumingian Collection ; this after-
wards became the type of Fusus Spitzbergensis, Reeve.

Sub-Family PTYCHATRACTIN^E.

This group was distinguished as a family by Stimpson. The
shell of Ptychatractus unites the form of a Sipho with the folds
of a Fasciolaria ; its small size, color, and northern habitat will
distinguish it from the latter, even without taking into account
the very diverse dentition ; yet without the latter . difference it
would scarcely have been advisable to have separated the single
species upon which the genus was founded from Fasciolaria.

PTYCHATRACTUS.

Mr. Stearns has added a second species, which may not be dis-
tinct ; and I place here (because I must place it somewhere) the
Fusus Coreanicus of Mr. E. A. Smith.

Genus PTYCHATRACTUS, Stimpson.

P. LIGATUS, Mighels and Adams. PI. 40, fig. 185.

Shell light reddish brown. Length, '75 inch.

Coasts of Maine, Nova Scotia ; Gulf of St. Lawrence ;

in deep water.
Operculum like that of Fusus.

P. OCCIDENTALS, Stearns.

Shell elongated, fusiform, rather slender, whitish, traversed by
narrow, revolving, brownish threads and much wider intervening
spaces ; suture distinct, spire tapering ; aperture oblong-oval,
about half the length of the shell ; within white, polished ; canal
short, nearly straight ; columella obliquely, not strongly plicated.

Length, -75 inch.

Isle of Nagai, one of the Shumagin Islands, Forty fathoms.

More delicate than the Atlantic species, although the single
specimen was not quite mature. This specimen having been
mislaid, Mr. Stearns has not yet figured it. It must be con-
sidered a doubtful species for the present, as the description
presents no features by which the shell can be positively dis-
tinguished.

P. COREANICUS, E. A. Smith. PI. 40, fig. 186.

Whorls slightly longitudinally costate and encircled by about
twelve revolving ridges, which are alternately smaller. Dirty,
diluted flesh-color, the ribs stained with dark brown ; fuscous
within the aperture. Columella smooth, arcuate above, very
oblique inferiorly ; canal short, slightly retro verted.

Length, 22 mill.

Japan.

The evanescent ribs are sometimes indicated very obscurely
on P. ligatus. Nothing is said about columellar folds, but these
are sometimes not apparent on P. ligatus. The general form of
the shell is so nearly that of Pty chair actus, that I do not know
where else to place it with equal probability of giving it its
correct position.

MEYERIA, FASCIOLARIA. 73

Genus MEYERIA, Bunker and Metzger.

The dentition of the problematical mollusk which has rejoiced
within the short period of our scientific knowledge of it under so
many names, appears to relate it somewhat to Pty chair actus, and
I prefer to place it in the same sub-family with that shell, rather
than make a new family for it. Norman shows that Meyeria is
pre-occupied by McCoy for a genus of fossil crustaceans, and he
therefore proposes the generic name Metzgeria ; but I see no
advantage (and much disadvantage) in changing names because
they happen to have been previously used in some other depart-
ment of zoology.

M. ALBA, Jeffreys. PI. 39, figs. 190-193.

Fusiform, dirty white ; whorls six or seven, moderately con-
vex, suture distinct; longitudinally plicately costate, crossed
by revolving striae ; lips smooth, columella twisted, very obso-
letely biplicate ; canal somewhat twisted, open.

Length, 18 mill.

Faroe Isles ; North Sea ; Norway.

Prof. G. 0. Sars makes this name a synonym of M. ( Tritonium)
pusilla, M. Sars (figs. 191, 192); but the latter name, given in
1858, was neither accompanied by diagnosis, distinctive characters,
nor figure. I therefore cannot adopt it.

Sub-Family FASCIOLARIIN.E.
Genus FASCIOLARIA, Lam.

The animal of Fasciolaria does not differ essentially from that
of Fusus, nor do we find very much difference in the shells ; the
usually shorter spire, more swollen body-whorl, wider and shorter
and flexuous instead of straight canal, and the oblique plaits
near the fore-end of the columella, are the chief distinguishing
characters. Between Fasciolaria and Fulgur the resemblance is
much closer, and, until the dentition of the two groups became
known, they were placed close together by systematists ; in
Fulgur, however, the scarcely apparent folding of the columella
is single, whilst in Fasciolaria it is double, sometimes triple.
The Peristerniinse have columellar folds, but these, are usually
more transverse, are situated higher on the columella, and the
shells are much smaller ; indeed one of the characteristics of. the
10

74 FASCIOLARTA.

Fasciolarias is the comparatively large size of the species. The
distribution of the genus is tropical and sub-tropical, in shallow
waters. But few living species are known, to which may be
added some fossil forms, commencing with the cretaceous. The
operculum is more claw-shaped than that of Fusus, and is rather
large, filling the aperture.

I have figured the nidimental capsules of F. tulipa, Linn., in
Vol. II, PL 7, figs. 77, 81.

* Shell not nodulous or shouldered.

F. TULIPA, Linn. PI. 59, figs. 1-5.

Color white or bluish-ash or orange, irregularly mottled with
orange, chestnut or chocolate ; encircled with chestnut-brown
narrow lines, which are sometimes engraved. Aperture and
columella blush or orange, with revolving lines of chestnut
within. Length, 4 to 8 inches.

West Indies, Southern Atlantic Coast of United States,

from N. Carolina, southwards.

Krebs found it in two to six feet of water, on sand and small
stones, where Algse. are growing, and where the sea is calm.

The color-varieties are very numerous, including, not fre-
quently, one of a uniform dark mahogany, with black revolving-
lines, and the following, which has been usually accepted as a
distinct species, and may be retained as a variety.

Var. DISTANS, Lam. Fig. 5.

The revolving colored lines are less numerous than in the type,
the more prominent ones, to the number of about a half-dozen,
being retained on the body-whorl, whilst the intermediate ones
are absent. The shell does not usually grow to such a large size
as the typical form. Inhabits the same localities. In the
numerous specimens before me, I have abundant evidence that
the variety originates from the type, in the unbroken series
of intermediate stages of coloration. I figure a rugose form
which Dunker intended at one time to describe as F. Scheepmakeri,
but finally illustrated in his " Novitates " as a variety of F.
tulipa (fig. 3).

F. canaliculate/,, Valenciennes, described as from Acapulco,
Pacific Coast of Mexico, has never been figured nor positively

FASOIOLARIA. 75

identified. Carpenter remarks upon the resemblance of the
description to F. tulipa ; I have but little doubt that it should be
considered a syn onym, and that the locality is erroneous.

* * Shell shouldered, but not tuberculate.
F. LUGUBRIS, Reeve. PI. 59, figs. 6, 7.

Fleshy -brown, covered with a dark olive-brown epidermis.

Length, 2'5-3 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.

F. badia, Krauss (fig. 7), described a year subsequent to F.
lugubris, and from the same locality, is evidently synonymous.

* * * Shell shouldered and tuberculate.
F. PRINCEPS, Sowb. PL 60, figs. 11, IT.

Nodulous on the shoulder, distantly spirally ridged, interstices
concave, spirally striate. Light orange, covered with a per-
sistent chestnut-brown epidermis ; columella and interior of
aperture orange, the latter with close, revolving, raised red lines,
which sometimes tend to separate into groups resembling music

staves. Length, 6-9 inches.

Panama to Mazatlan ; Peru ?

P. P. Carpenter describes the operculum as " pyriform, apex
terminal ; outside with about five longitudinal furrows on the
middle and interior ; exterior with irregular diagonal ribs ; inside
with very large attachment, not corrugated." F. Reevei, Jonas
(fig. 17), is a poor, faded F. princeps, although it is stated in
Kiister to be " himmelweit " in its characters.

' F. GIGANTEA, Kiener. PL 60, figs. 14-16.

Shell yellowish-white, covered with a chestnut-brown epider-
mis ; flesh-color or yellowish within the aperture ; tubercles dis-
tant, large. Length, 1 to 2 feet.

South Carolina; West Indies, Brazil.

This is the largest known species of univalve shells. F* papil-
losa, Sowb. (figs. 15, 16), appears to be the young : it has priority,
but Kiener's name is so well known that I let it stand.

F. FILAMENTOSA, Lam. PI. 59, figs. 8-10 ; PL 60, figs. 12, 13.

Bluish-white, variegated and streaked with red, brown or
orange, the spiral grooves dark chestnut or blackish. Aperture

76 FASCIOLARIA.

blush or yellowish, with close, raised, red revolving lines, each
pair of which terminates in a marginal denticle.

Length, 4-6 inches.

Red Sea ; Ceylon ; Philippine Is. ; Australia ; Central Polynesia.

F. ferruginea, Lam. (fig. 12), is only a slim form of this
species, in which the nodules are scarcely apparent. Occasion-
ally there are no nodules, the shell being scarcely shouldered :
this state has been described by Jonas as F. inermis (fig. 13).

F. FUSIFORMIS, Valenciennes. PI. 61, figs. 18, 19.

Upper whorls rudely, plicately ribbed, lower whorls with re-
volving striae or ridges only. Epidermis brown, under which
the shell is light brown. Length, 3-4 inches.

So. Australia ; in grass wrack, 2 to 5 fathoms.

I doubt whether this is more than an extreme form of the pre-
ceding species.

F. ATJRANTIACA, Lam, PI, 61, figs. 20, 21 ; PI. 63, fig. 33.

Rugose, tubercnlate on the shoulder, with occasional swollen
tubercles elsewhere on the body -whorl ; spirally grooved, the
grooves generally in pairs. Mottled reddish-orange and white,
under an olive or purple epidermis ; white within.

Length, 3-5 inches.

Coast of Brazil ? Cape of Good Hope ?

Both localities are somewhat uncertain. The species is wider,
but closely allied to F. filamentosa, a few specimens of which
have a tendency to tuberculation below tKe shoulder, in the same
manner as in F. aurantiaca. F. purpurea, Jonas (fig. 27), is
founded apparently, on a specimen with epidermis. F. Persica,
Reeve, = clava, Jonas (fig. 33), is founded on the very ponder-
ous, adult form.

F. CROCATA, Phil. PI. 61, figs. 22, 23.

Shell yellowish, the revolving, elevated lines lighter in color.

Length, 3-4 inches.

Yucatan; Guiana.

The original figure and description (fig. 22) are from a young
shell ; that of Kiister (fig. 23) represents a more mature speci-
men. The nearest species appears to be F. Jilamentosa — which
is from an entirely different habitat. This species does not

FASCTOLARIA. 77

appear in the Swift West Indian Collection, and I have, therefore,
some slight doubt of the correctness of the localities.

F. TRAPEZIUM, Linn. PI. 61, figs. 24-26 ; pi. 62, figs. 27, 28.

Thick, ponderous ; whorls slanting on the shoulder, armed
with a row of tubercles, which, in old specimens, become large
and thick. Flesh-color, beneath a yellowish brown epidermis,
encircled by brown, engraved lines, which are approximated in
pairs ; aperture flesh-color, with revolving brown, raised lines.

Length, 4-8 inches.

Philippines ; Java; China ; Red Sea ; Auckland Is. ?

Among the forms of this species several have received specific
names ; among these I figure F. Lischkeana, Dunker (fig. 27), a
rather smooth form, the nodules not being developed ; F. Au-
douini, Jonas (figs. 24, 25), which is somewhat more slim than
the type, and differs somewhat in color. F. ponderosa, Jonas
(fig. 28), which, at first sight, appears sufficiently distinct, I am
able to connect with the typical form by intermediate stages ; —
it is very ponderous, the tubercles projecting outwards like spines
from the angle of the shoulder.

F. HEYNEMANNI, Dunker. PI. 62, fig. 29.

Flesh-color, under a yellowish olive epidermis.

Length, 3-5 inches.

Natal, 80. Africa.

Evidently described from a worn specimen : it is very doubt-
ful whether it has any good claim to recognition as a species.

F. CORONATA, Lam. PL 63, figs. 34, 30.

Light yellowish brown or flesh-color, under a thin, olive-brown
epidermis. Length, 4-7 inches.

Philippines; Australia; Tasmania.

The spire is longer, the tuberculations closer, and consequently
more numerous than in F. salmo,- Wood ; and perhaps the shell
is not quite so heavy : but these are differences of degree only,
and sometimes a F. salmo is met with which very reasonably
fulfils the above bill of particulars. There is a wide difference
of locality between the two forms, and I therefore allow them
both to remain for the present, but with considerable desire to
merge them under the name of F. coronata.

78 FASCIOLARIA.

F. SALMO, Wood. PI. 62, figs. 31, 32, 35.

Light flesh-color or yellowish, the very thin epidermis
yellowish brown ; aperture flesh-color. Length, 4-5 inches.

Panama to W. Coast of Mexico.

The spire is short, giving the species very much the appear-
ance of a Busycon or Fulgur.

Var. GRANOSA, Brod. Fig. 32.

Still larger, measuring 5-T inches. Edge of aperture and
columella tinged with orange. Epidermis darker colored, covered
with black granulations.

Gray states that the animal of F. salmo is bright red. See
remarks under preceding species.

F. Valenciennesij Kiener (fig. 35), is a F. salmo with the nodules
but slightly developed.

F. LIGNARIA, Linn. PL 63, figs. 36, 3f .

Whitish or yellowish, sometimes with brown bands ; brown
tinted within the aperture. Epidermis olive-brown.

Length, 2 inches.

Mediterranean Sea.

This species has a rude, solid growth, usually appearing as if
water-worn ; the sculpture being somewhat rounded and indis-
tinct.
F. RTJFA, Reeve. PL 33, fig. 38.

Reddish brown, interior white ; revolving ridges indistinct or

lost, except upon the ribs. Length, 2-25 inches.

Philippines.

Described as a Fusus, but the strong resemblance of Reeve's
figure to the foregoing species induces me to place it here.

Unidentified and Doubtful Fasciolarise.

P. SULCATA, Lesson. Acapulco.

F. RUGOSA, Yal. Acapulco. A young shell ; perhaps Latirus.
F. SULCATA, TUBERCULATA and MAGNA, Anton. Like most of
Anton's species, these have never been identified.

Sub-Family PERISTERNIIN^E.

Kobelt, in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, has divided the species
among the several generic groups, and arranged them in accord-

PERISTEIINIA. 79

ance with their relationships, I have mainly followed this ar-
rangement, although it is certainly far from perfect. The
difficulty is, that whilst the genera hold good in a general way
as roughly indicating several great groups of species, there are
species which unite these characters in such manner that to ar-
range them in either group does violence to some of their
affinities.

Besides Kobelt, Kiener and Reeve have monographed these
shells — the work of Kobelt being the most complete, and con-
taining most of the species which I shall here describe and
figure.

Genus PERISTEIINIA, Morch.
P. PICTA, Reeve. PL 64, fig, 39.

White, more or less completely covered with chestnut, or
chestnut and orange narrow revolving lines ; columella and in-
terior of aperture blush color. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Viti Isles.
P. BBLCHEBI, Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 40.

White, with dark chocolate or blackish longitudinal flames or
blotches, and revolving bands ; epidermis light yellow ; aperture
white within.

Cargados Garajos, Indian Ocean ; on coral. Liukiu Is.

Very closely allied to the preceding species.

P. AUSTRALIENSIS, Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 41.

White, ornamented between the ribs by dark chocolate square
blotches ; aperture yellowish, with two interrupted bold brown
bands. Length, 1*25 inches.

Port Essington, Australia.
P. PHILBERTI, Recluz. PI. 64, fig. 42.

Chocolate-brown, variegated and banded with white ; aperture
white or purplish within. Length, 1'25 inches.

Philippines.
P. LOBBECKEI, Kobelt. PI. 64, fig. 43.

White, base dark chocolate, with three more or less interrupted
brown bands ; aperture rosaceous, columella stained with black.

Length, 1 inch.

Polynesia.

80 PERISTERNIA.

I suspect that this is merely a rather slim specimen of P.
Pliilberti, which is itself, possibly a mere variety of P. nassa-
tula, Lam.

P. NASSATULA, Lam. PL 64, figs. 44-4T, 51, 52, 58.

Light yellowish-brown, deeper in the interstices of the ribs ;
aperture light purple. Length, 1-1-75 inches.

Red Sea ; Indian Ocean ; Philippines ; New Guinea ;

New Caledonia ; Paumotus.

P. sub-nassatula, Souverb. (fig. 52), is founded on a single
specimen in which the ribs are undeveloped ; it is from New
Caledonia, P. Deshayesii, Kobelt (fig. 41), is a small form,
without sufficient permanence to constitute a variety. P. Fors-
kalii, Tapparone (fig. 51), is a long, slim form from the Red
Sea, which may be separated as a variety. P. microstoma,
Kobelt (fig. 58), from Mauritius, is the same.

P. WAGNERI, Anton. PL 64, figs. 59-62.

White or yellowish, interruptedly marked with chestnut spots
between the ribs, forming three revolving rows of maculations ;
aperture white within. Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Viti Islands.— Garrett.

This unfortunate shell, misunderstood by Reeve and others, is
certainly quite distinct from the species with which it has been
confounded. I figure Turbinella craticulata, Wagner (not Lam.),
upon which Anton founded the name (fig, 62) ; also T. crenulata,
Reeve, not Kiener (fig. 61), Purpura Bucciniformis, Kiener
(fig. 59), and T. tigrina, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 60), the latter
being a young shell.

P. SPINOSA, Martyn. PL 64, figs. 48-50.

Body-whorl biangulate, and spinose on the angles ; white,
banded, especially on the lower part, with chestnut or chocolate ;
aperture light purple. Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Viti and Friendly Islands.

P. iostoma, Nuttall (but never described by him), is figured in
Kiister's monograph, and referred to the coast of California.
The figure (fig. 50) represents very fairly a P. spinosa, and the
locality is, of course, erroneous.

PERISTERNIA. 81

P. SPINOSA, Gray.

Shell fusiform, white, covered with a smooth brown periostra-
cum ; whorls seven, upper ones with a series of conical tubercles,
the last with distinct spiral ridges and a sub-posterior series of
conical spines; canal sub-cylindrical, with the mouth about as
long as the spire ; throat ridged ; pillar with three very slight

plaits.

Sierra Leone.

This species, the type of which is said to be in the British
Museum, was described over forty years ago, but not figured.
It has not been recognized by subsequent authors. It appears
to correspond in some degree with P. spinosa, Mart, The name
being pre-occupied, I would give it another if I knew the species
to be a good one.

P. PULCHELLA, Reeve. PI. 64, figs. 53-57.

Fulvous brown, sometimes white, with brown bands ; aperture

violet. Length, 1-1*10 inches.

Zanzibar; New Caledonia.

Var. MARIEI, Crosse (fig. 57). Brown or white, with brown
bands and base ; whorls with a more defined shoulder than in
the type.

New Caledonia.

I think that P. Sutoms, Kobelt (fig. 56), described from a
single specimen, locality unknown, is identical.

P. INCARNATA, Desh. PL 65, figs. 63-66, 69, 70.

Orange-brown, aperture rosy. Length, '75-1 *30 inches.

Philippines ; Indian Ocean ; Red Sea.

Ricinula pulchra, Reeve (fig. 64), appears to be the same
species ; it has the teeth on the outer lip characteristic of Sis-
trum, but there are two folds on the columella.

Var. ELEGANS, Dunker. Fig. 65.

Yellowish brown, with dark brown between the revolving ribs ;
whitish within. Length, *66 to 1 inch.

Viti Isles.

P. gemmata, Rousseau, non Reeve (fig. 66), is probably the
same form.
11

82 PERISTERNIA.

P. lauta, Reeve (fig. 69), I am inclined to place here also ; it
appears to be somewhat worn. I add a figure from Kiister (fig.
70), which is somewhat like the next species.

P. CAROLINA, Kiener. PI. 65, figs. 67, 68, 83.

Flesh-color or reddish with two dark chocolate bands ; roseate
within the aperture. Length, -66 to 1 inch.

Mauritius, Philippines.

Very close in sculpture and form to the preceding species;
distinguished by its coloration. Ricinula bella, Reeve (fig. 83),
is a synonym.

P. CLATHRATA, Yalenc. PI. 65, fig. 92.
White, tinged with pink, aperture white.

Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Habitat unknown.

At first I was inclined to place this among the numerous forms
of P. incarnata, Desh., but the discovery of three specimens in
the Collection of the Philada. Academy, all corresponding closely
with the figure of the type in Kiener, induces me to consider it
provisionally distinct. It is rather larger and thinner than P.
incarnata, the ribs are narrower and more numerous, the canal
more produced , the outer lip is not thickened nor dentate on the
margin, the color is entirely different.

P. LIRATA, Pease. PI. 65, fig. 71.

Orange-yellow on the longitudinal ribs, chocolate in the inter-
stices, the revolving ridges occasionally spotted with white ;
aperture and columella saffron-yellow ; covered with a thin,
membranous epidermis, roughened longitudinally.

Length. 30 mill.

Marquesas Isles.

P. GEMMATA, Reeve. PI. 65, figs. 72, 74,

Light yellow, longitudinal ribs narrower and more numerous
than in P. lirata ; chocolate, occasionally spotted with white ;
revolving sculpture impressed, instead of being ridged, as in P.

lirata. Length, 30 mill.

Taheiti ; Western Polynesia.

P. lirata was figured by Reeve as a variety of gemmata ; Pease
subsequently distinguished it. Though at first sight very similar

PERISTEBNIA. 83

in general appearance, my specimens show very constantly the
differential characters of the diagnosis.

P. GRANATA, Koch. PI. 65. fig. 73.

Whitish, covered by brown tubercles formed at the intersection
of the longitudinal and revolving sculpture; lip five-dentate
within ; columella with two obscure folds below.

Length, 4 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Evidently a young shell. It was described as a Fusus, but is
either a Peristemia, in which case it may be a worn specimen of
a young P. gemmata, Reeve, or else it is a Ricinula, and then,
perhaps, = young of E. concatenata, Bl.

P. CHLOROSTOMA, Sowb. PL 65 , figs. 75-82, 84, 91.

Shell whitish or yellowish, with an interrupted chestnut or
chocolate central band, and the sutures and base of shell tinged
with the same colors. Length, '75-*85 inch.

Sandwich Islands ; New Zealand ; Philippines ; Andaman Isles.

The earliest description, by Sowerby, gives no figure nor
locality, but is sufficiently distinctive for certain identification.
P. chlorostoma, Nuttall, and P. xanthostoma, Nuttall, are both
unpublished names, but widely circulated. P. crocea, Gray, was
likewise published without a figure, but fourteen years later.
To these are to be added the subsequent names of P. Newcombi
and P. stigmataria, A. Ad., P. scabrosa, Reeve, P. solida, Reeve.
P. scabrosa, Reeve (fig. 78), said to come from Tonga Taboo
(by Dunker), does not offer any distinctive characters except the
absence of the spots, and these are present in a form (fig. 79)
figured by Dunker as var. gracilior. The brown coloring is
entirely absent in some Sandwich Island specimens before me.

P. crenulata, Kiener,* (fig. 80), is evidently the same species.
Reeve has misconceived it, and figured for it an entirely different
shell (P. Wagneri, Anton), as pointed out by Mr. Tapparone-
Canefri, who reports the species from the Aru Islands. P. Wag-
neri, Anton, var. Samoensis, as figured by Kiister (fig. 82), is also
identical, whilst the P. craticulata, Wagner (not Gmelin), for
which Anton proposed his name Wagneri, is another species.

* Craticulata by error on his plate.

84 PERISTERNIA.

I add also to the synonymy P. decorata, A. Ad. (fig 91),
which, according to Mr. E. A. Smith's careful description can be
no other than this species : the necklace-like rows of tubercles
beneath the sutures are developed in several specimens of chloros-
toma before me.

P. USTULATA, Reeve. PI. 65, figs. 85-90.

Reddish brown, sometimes darker beneath the periphery and
at the sutures, dark chocolate at base of shell.

Length, 1-1-4 inches.

New Caledonia, Viti Isles, Tonga Taboo,

Mauritius, Indian Ocean.

The sculpture is not unlike the preceding species, but the color
differs, and the shell is not only larger, but narrower, with longer
spire and canal. The dark base is a character in common with
P. chlorostoma ; otherwise, the species varies greatly, particu-
larly in sculpture, and has thus received several names. These
synonyms are P. Caledonica, Petit (fig. 87), P. tricolor, Hombr.
et Jacq. (fig. 88), P. infracincta, Kobelt (fig. 89), which is a
light colored variety with a dark, interrupted, sub-sutural band,
and P. Marquesana, A. Adams (fig. 90).

P. MACULATA, Reeve. PI. 66, figs. 93, 94,

Yellowish white, irregularly stained and variegated with red
blotches ; the nodules upon the ribs whitish. Length, 1 inch.

Mauritius. — Robillard.

Is perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. P. macu-
lata, Hombr. et Jacq., described from a single specimen, is
evidently the same species.

P. NANA, Reeve. PI. 66, fig. 95.

Yellowish brown ; columella pink, Length, 1 inch.

Java. — Dunker.

Resembles P. maculata, Rve., so closely that I suspect it to be
a light colored form of it.

P. BICOLOR, Kobelt. PI. 66, fig. 96.

Whitish, purple-brown between the ribs, on the last whorl two
rows of purple spots in the interstices ; mouth and apex yellowish.

Length, 1-6 inch.

Locality unknown.

PERISTERNIA. 85

Not unlike P. ustulata, Rve., and may be only a large variety
of it. ,

P. DESPECTA. A. Ad. * PI. 66, figs. 97, 98.

Yellowish or reddish brown, ornamented with white spiral
lirae, base of canal dark chocolate. Length, -8-1 inch.

China ; New Zealand.

P. Zealandica, A. Ad. (fig. 98), is somewhat more slim, the
spire more produced than the type, but is otherwise indistin-
guishable

P. SQUAMOSA, Pease. PL 66, fig. 99.

Orange-yellow, nearly white at the base of the shell and beneath
the sutures — where the ribs become spinose ; light roseate within

the aperture. Length, 1'25 inches.

Baker's Island.

P. ROLLANDI, Bernard!. PI. 66, fig. 100.

Light orange-colored, yellowish within. Length, 41 mill.

New Caledonia.

Kobelt compares this to P. Caledonica, Petit (= ustulata,
Rve.), and suggests that it may prove to be a large, old speci-
men of that species ; it is very probable, although the figure and
description do not indicate the dark base characteristic of P.
ustulata. The figure .reminds one of a Coralltophila.

P. NASSOIDES, Reeve. PI. 66, fig. 101.

Yellowish brown, with a central white band ; apex and aper-
ture rosy. Length, 1*5 inches.

IsL of Ticao, Philippines; upon coral reefs.— Cuming.

The plications of the columella are obsolete, so that it is very
doubtful whether this is a true Peristernia. Reeve and Kobelt
are both uncertain as to its generic position. I have seen no
specimen, and therefore leave the shell where my predecessors,
in the exercise of their best judgment, have placed it. Is it per-
chance a Eindsia ?

P. SCABEA, Souv. PI. 66, fig. 102.

Chocolate-brown, lighter on the ribs. Length, 15 mill.

New Caledonia.

86 PERISTERNIA.

Only a single specimen known, which is in the Bordeaux
Museum.

P. NoxiMEENSfs, Crosse. PL 66, fig. 103.

Ashy, with three orange-colored bands ; purplish within.

Length, 11/5 mill.

New Caledonia.

This shell is so close to the preceding, that I have very little
doubt that thej^ will prove to be identical.

P. FUSCOZONATA, Angas PI. 66, fig. 104.

White, with a more or less interrupted, broad, brown band on
the periphery — appearing above the sutures on the spiral whorls.

Length, 14 mill.

So. Australia.

Described as a Siphonalia because there are no distinct plaits
on the columella, but I think that Kobelt is correct in referring
it to the Peristerniinae. It looks something like a young Triton
chlorostoma, Lam.

P. GIBBA, Pease. PL 68, fig. 143.

Ribs white, interstices pale purple-violet, sometimes iridescent ;
aperture deep violet. Length, 13 mill.

, Howland Isl.

An aberrant form, quite distinct.

P. GRANULOSA, Pease. PI, 66, fig. 105.

Shell elongately fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, ribs nine,
rounded, corded with transverse ridges, with a small granose
ridge encircling the interstices ; whorls angulated and slightly
excavated at the upper part, angulation encircled by close-set
granulose ridges ; outer lip lirate within ; whorls convexly
rounded ; color reddish-brown, granules lighter, aperture violet.

Length, 22 mill.

Paumotus Is.

Undetermined Species.

P. CALIFORNIA, A. Ad. In H. & A. Adams' Genera. I have not
found the description of this species.

P. FENESTRATA, Gould. A young shell 13 mill, in length. Not
figured.

St. Simon's Bay, Gape of Good Hope.
There is a Turbinella fenestrata, Anton — also undetermined.

LATIRUS. 87

F. NODULOSA, A. Ad. Not figured. Australia.

P. LUCULENTA, H. & A. Ad. White, with a broad flesh-colored
band in the middle of the nodosely plicate whorls, and with a
series of rufous-dotted spiral lirse at the fore-part of the last
whorl. Dimensions not given ; not figured. Gulf of Mexico.

P. VIBEX, Brod, Turrited, seven-varicose, varices subnodose,
transversely sulcate ; subluteus, aperture white, sulcate within ;
margin of labrum crenulate ; canal very short ; epidermis fus- •
cous, rugose. Length, 1*63 inches, lat., 1 inch.

St. Elena and Panama ; sandy mud, six to twelve fathoms.

" This shell appears to be intermediate between Murex and
Turbinella. It has the varices of the former, and the plaits on
the columella which distinguish the latter."

Described as a Murex, and referred by Sowerby to Pallia
(= Cantharus). Not figured.

Genus LATIRUS, Montfort.

As already stated in my synopsis of the genera, the diagnosis
of this genus is very unsatisfactory, its distinction from Peris-
ternia being entirely arbitrary. One of its characters is that the
shell is umbilicated, yet perhaps half of its species are utterly
without perforation, whilst those which possess it, show only a
narrow opening, except when abnormal in growth — like L. Ma-
derensis. Swainson's group Plicatella has been adopted by
Messrs. Adams as a subgenus of Latirus, having " spire moder-
ate, whorls angular, concavely depressed around the upper part,"
but these are only comparative characters, and I prefer to sup-
press the group rather than place in it species having no relation
thereto, as Messrs. Adams have done. The umbilicus shows
more distinctly in most of the species of Latirus than in those
of Peristernia, but in some of them it is not any better marked ;
Latirus, however, differs in form from Peristernia, the species
having longer spire and canal, the columella generally straight,
the plications more central, simply because the canal is more
produced.

The animals of most of the species that have been observed,
are of a dull red color.

88 LATIRUS.

L. POLYGONUS, Gmel. PL 66, figs. 106-108 ; jjl. 67, figs. 109-114.
Orange-brown or whitish, with revolving bands and strigations
of chestnut-brown ; fulvous white within the aperture.
Length, 2-2'5 inches.

Me of Ticap, Philippines : — on the reefs. Cuming.

Mascarene Isles ; Red Sea ; Central Pacific.

Var. TESSELLATA, Kobelt. Fig. 109.

Yar. BARCLAYI, Reeve. Fig. 110. Mauritius.

Var. CANDELABRUM. Reeve. Fig. 114.

Revolving ridges much sharper ; umbilicus usually more open.

Isle of St. Elena, W. Columbia. In sandy mud, seven

fathoms.— Cuming.

L. AMPLUSTRIS. Mart. PL 67, figs. 115, 116.

White under a yellowish epidermis, closely and regularly
banded with chestnut brown ; aperture ivory white.
Length, 2-3 inches.

Isle of Annaa ; on the reefs. — Cuming. Ascension Isl. — Pease.

Of the same general appearance as the preceding species, but
much smoother, the ribs and revolving sculpture obsolete.

L. GIBBULUS, Gmel. PL 67, fig. 117 ; pi. 68, fig. 126.

Orange or brown, encircled by chestnut-brown bands; yellow-
ish pink within the aperture ; usually smooth and polished.

Length, 2*5-3'5 inches.

Australia.

The colmnella is very indistinctly, sometimes not at all plaited.
L. CARINIFERUS, Lam. PL 67, fig. 118, 119.

Yellowish brown, lighter on the ribs ; aperture white within.
Length, 2-2*5 inches.

Indian Ocean; Viti Is. — Garrett.

L. CERATUS, Gray. PL 67, fig. 120.

Yellowish brown, lighter on the ribs ; epidermis chestnut or
chocolate. Length, 2 to 3 inches.

Galapagos Is., under stones at low water— Cuming ;

Panama; Mazatlan.

LATIRUS. 89

L. RECUR VIROSTRIS, Schubert and Wagner. PI. 67, fig. 121.

Pale orange-brown, interstices of the ribs stained and spotted
with chestnut-brown ; aperture orange-yellow.

Length, 2'5 to 3'5 inches.

Isl. of Luzon, Philippines ; in deep water. — Cuming.

Deshayes considered this a variety of L. cariniferus, which it
may well be ; it is, however, proportionally narrower, the inter-
tubercular raised belt on the body whorl is not so wide, and the
umbilicus is much wider.

L. AMALI^E, Kobelt. PI. 68, fig. 131.

Dark brownish yellow, lighter on the revolving ridges, and
chestnut-brown in their interstices upon the ribs ; yellowish brown
within. Length, 2 inches.

Hob. unknown.

Very like L. recur virostris in form, but is smaller, and has not
the wide open umbilicus of that species.

L MADERENSIS, Watson. PL 68, figs. 124, 125.

Yellowish to chestnut-brown, darker in the interstices of the
ribs ; white or light yellowish within the aperture.
Length, 1-5 to 2-5 inches.

Madeira ; West Indies.

This species is certainly very closely allied to the preceding ;
having much the same form and the large, open umbilicus.
Watson gave it a new generic name — Chascax, and states that
the inner lip is quite smooth ; this, however, may be due to the
bad condition of his very insufficient material, the specimen
figured by him showing dentations within the border of the lip,
which he states to be caused by the borings of annelids. West
Indian specimens before me, in much better condition are lighter
in color, larger, and have three not prominent columellar plaits,
Turbinella Stokesii, Gray, from Porto Praya, Cape Yerd Isles, a
species which has never been figured or identified, corresponds
in description somewhat with this species.

L. INFUNDIBULUM, Gmel. PL 67, fig. 122 ; PL 68, figs, 127, 144,
Orange-yellow or light brown, with darker narrow revolving
ridges ; epidermis dark brown, Length, 2 to 3 inches.

West Indies ; in deep water.
12

90

LATIRUS.

L. attenuatus, Reeve (figs. 122, 144), appears to be founded on
a young shell of the above,

L, FILOSUS, Schubert and Wagner, PI, 68, fig. 128.
Whitish, the narrow revolving ridges chestnut-brown.

Length, 1*5 to 2'25 inches.

Prince's Isl. ; Senegal.

L. LYRATUS, Reeve. PI. 67, fig. 123 ; PI, 68, fig, 145,
Rufous-brown, lighter on the ribs. Length, 1'75 inches.

Philippine Isles.

Kobelt (in Kiister, Conch. Cab.) considers this = Fusus con-
strictus Koch, which was published during the same year. The
latter I have referred to Coralliophila, because the figure and de-
scription afford no evidence of columellar plaits, and the umbilical
fasciole is fringed as in that genus.

L. MODESTUS, Anton. PI. 68, figs. 129, 130, 142.

Reddish yellow, revolving cords sometimes darker ; sutures

frilled. Length, T85 inches.

Panama to Acapulco.

Described as a Fusus, without locality, and said to have no
plaits on the columella ; it has the facies of a Latirus, however,
and appears to be nearty allied to the preceding species.

L. spadiceus, Reeve (fig. 130) can scarcely be distinguished
as a different species. The latter is said by C. B. Adams to oc-
cur at Panama. I include also L.concentricus, Reeve (fig. 142),
which occurs at St. Elena and Acapulco.

L. LANCEOLATUS, Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 132.

Light yellowish brown, darker beneath the periphery ; violet
within the aperture. Length, 1*75 inches,

Philippine Is. on the sands.— Cuming.

L. LANCEA, Gmel. PI, 68, figs. 133-135.

Yellowish brown, the interstices of the longitudinal ribs chest-
nut brown. Length, 2 inches.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines ; Indian Ocean.

Fusus aeus, Ad, and Reeve (see p, 63, t. 38, f. 160) is almost
certainly a synonym.

LATIRUS. 91

L. PAETELIANUS, Kobelt, PL 68, fig. 136.

Light yellowish brown, paler on the ribs ; aperture white.

Length, 46 mill.

? China.
L. THERSITES, Reeve, PI. 68, fig. 137,

Ivory white, covered with a thin, yellowish epidermis.

Length, 50 mill.

China.
L. CASTANEUS, Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 138,

Reddish orange, covered by a shining, chestnut-colored epider-
mis ; aperture white. Length, 2 to 2*5 inches.

Panama.

Gray has also described a Turbinella castanea, in the Zool,
Beechey's Yoy,, but has not figured it, and gives the locality
" Pacific Ocean." The indefinite description may suit this
species as well as any other.

L, ACUMINATUS, Kiener. PI. 68, figs, 139, 140.

White, under a rather persistent dark brown epidermis.

Length, l'T5 inches,

Philippines. — Cuming.
L. GRACILIS, Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 141.

Reddish brown ; yellowish white in the aperture.

Length, 2 inches.

Locality unknown ; possibly W. coast of Central America.

Carpenter described L. tumens distinguishing it from gracilis
" In L. gracilis the spiral lines are few and raised ; in this species
numerous and impressed. Length, 2-78 inches. Hob. Panama."
A single specimen in the Cumingian collection : not figured.
The distinctive character is insufficient, especialty as in the fig-
ured specimen of gracilis the spiral lines are not "few.'1
L. FASTIGIUM, Reeve. PL 69, fig, 164.

Reddish brown, sometimes lighter on the ribs.

Length, 1 to 1 25 inches.

Indian Ocean— JZ. A. Smith ; St. Thomas. W. L— R. Swift.
L. AUREOCINCTUS, Sowb. PL 69, fig. 146.

Dark chocolate, encircled by golden yellow bands which are
continuous over ribs and interstices. Length, 20 mill.

Mauritius — Robillard.

A very distinct species, both in form and coloration.

92 LATIRUS.

L. CAYOHUESONICUS, Sowb. PL 69, fig. 147.

Purplish brown, same color within the aperture ; columella
bicostate. Length, 16 mill.

Key West, Florida ; St. Thomas, W. I.—R. Swift.

There are four immature specimens of this very recently
described species in the Swift Collection. In one of them there
is a broad lighter band below the periphery.

L. NODATUS, Martyn. PI. 69, fig. 148.

Orange-brown (light yellow under the epidermis) ; the aperture
roseate. Length, 2*5-3*5 inches.

Sandwich and Viti Islands, etc. ; Panama. — Cuming?

The last locality is doubtless erroneous, as it has not been con-
firmed by any collector subsequent to Cuming

L. VARICOSUS, Reeve. PI. 69, fig. 149.

Light orange-brown, the ribs dark chocolate-brown; aperture
yellowish or blush. Length, 2*5 inches.

Galapagos Is.; in crevices of rocks. — Cuming.

L. RHODOSTOMA, Dunker. PI. 69, fig. 150.

Brown, with the revolving lirse whitish ; aperture rosaceous.

Length, 22 mill.

Japan.

L. BREVICAUDATUS, Reeve. PI. 69, figs. 154, 151.
Reddish brown, the revolving cords dark chestnut-brown ;

aperture yellowish brown. Length, 1*5-2 inches.

West Indies.

Most of the specimens before me have a well-marked posterior
channel in the aperture. L. filamentosus, Koch (fig. 151), is a
synonym, perhaps, but the only figure is evidently a very poor
one, and hardly to be identified with certainty.

L. CONTEMPTUS, A. Ad. PI. 69, fig. 152.

Reddish brown, with darker revolving lines ; yellowish within

the aperture. Length, 1*25 inches.

St. Groix, West Indies.

I have not seen this species ; there is nothing like it in the
Swift Collection.

LATIRUS. 93

L. FALLAX, Kiister. Plate 69, fig. 153.

Reddish brown, darker in the interstices of the ribs ; aperture

reddish white. Length, 45 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Kobelt quotes three specimens in the German collections ; I
have not seen it.

L. BRAZIERI, Angas. PI. 69, fig. 155.

Orange-brown, lighter on the ribs ; columellar plaits very slight

or absent. Length, 1 inch.

New South Wales.— Brazier.

Adult specimens have a slight callous projection on the colu-
mella, near the posterior junction of the lip.

L. VIOLACEUS, Reeve. PL 69, fig. 156.

Violet-white, stained with dark chestnut at base; aperture

pinkish violet. Length, 1/5 inches.

Habitat unknown.
I have not seen this species.

L. SANGUIFLUUS, Reeve. PI. 69, figs. 157, 158.

Orange or reddish, the ribs and revolving ridges yellowish

white. Length, 2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

This may be a short variety of the following species.
L. CRATICULATUS, Linn. PL 69, fig. 159.

Whitish, with the ribs orange-red, or the deep color in the
interstices and the ribs white.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Central Polynesia,

Isle of Bourbon.

L. TURRITUS, Gmel. PL 69, figs: 160, 161.

Reddish orange, the revolving ridges chestnut or chocolate ;
aperture yellowish. Length, 1-75-2-25 inches.

Red Sea, Philippines, Australia, Isle of Bourbon,

Central Polynesia.

L. PRISMATICUS, Martyn. PL 69, figs. 162, 163.

Yellowish white, the revolving ridges as they pass over the
ribs blackish blue, chatoyant when wet; saffron-yellow within

the aperture. Length, l'5-3 inches.

Central Polynesia.

94 LEUCOZONIA.

Undetermined Species.

L. ZEA, Morch, Yoldi Catalogue. Not described.
L. NEGLECTUS, A. Ad. China.

L. ARMATUS, A. Ad. California:

L. FLAVIDUS, A. Ad. Philippines.

L. ELEGANS, A. Ad. Hab. ?

L. DISTINCTUS, A. Ad. Nab. ?

L. STRANGEI, A. Ad. Sydney, Australia.

None of the above are figured, nor are dimensions and dis-
tinctive characters given.

Genus LEUCOZONIA, Gray.

The most prominent character of this genus, when present, is
the tooth which arises from the fore-part of the outer lip. It
varies greatly in its development in the different species. In
L. cingulata, in which it is always present, it is long, curved and
tusk-like, so that the species has been erroneously arranged with
Monoceros, from which it is instantly distinguished by its claw-
like operculum and columellar plaits. In the other species it is
sometimes entirely absent in some specimens, whilst well-devel-
oped in others. There is usually a posterior subchannel to the
aperture. The sculpture does not vary essentially from that of
the species of Latirus, but the color is usually a chestnut-brown,
the only ornamentation being lighter or darker revolving bands.
Usually the species are prominently shouldered ; those which
have whorls rounded above constitute the sub-genus Lagena —
which may be conveniently retained for them.

L. CTNGULIFERA, Lam. PI. 70, figs. 165-173.

Chestnut-brown, encircled below the periphery by a white
callous raised band, terminating in a tooth on the outer lip ;
apperture white, bluish or yellowish within.

Length, l-2'5 inches.

Mouth of the Gambia, W. Africa ; West Indies ;

Florida; Brazil.

The specimens said to come from W. Africa are the largest,
but I have never seen any which can be referred to that locality
without doubt. The species is variable in its proportions and in
the prominence of its sculpture and has therefore received several

LEUCOZONIA. 95

names ; the numerous specimens before me, representing localities
from Florida, Central America, West Indies and Brazil, enable
me to place these in the synonymy. Figs. 166-168 represent
L. angularis, Reeve; Fig. 169 is L. Knorrii, Desh., from Hon-
duras and Brazil; Fig. 170 is L. Braziliana, d' Orb., also from
Brazil, and Fig. 1*71 represents the animal thereof; Fig. 173 is
L. rudis, Reeve.

L. inculta, Gould, described without figure or locality is very
probably a synonym. L. nassa, Gmel, is the oldest name for the
species, but he included L. leucozonalis in his species, and as
the subsequent name given by Lamarck has become universally
current, it seems advisable to adopt it.

L. TRISERIALIS, Lam. PI. 70, figs. 174-177.

Chestnut-brown, encircled with three rows of revolving, whitish
nodules ; aperture and columella white. Length 1-1 '5 inches.
Isle St. Vincent ; W. Africa. — Menke ; Bahia, Brazil.

The latter locality is for L. dubia, Petit (fig. 174). which
appears to me to be a somewhat depauperate variety of triserialis.
Another variety is Turbinella Hidalgoi, Crosse (fig. 177), which
develops three instead of the two lower rows of tubercles. Its
habitat is unknown.
L. MULTANGULA, Phil. PI. 70, fig. 187.

Yellowish-white, with brown strigations between the longitu-
dinal ribs. Length, 1-12 inches. '

Yucatan.

There is but little doubt that this species, described as a
Fusus, really belongs to the Peristerniinse, as the columella is
said to be plicate at the base, and the form is not unlike speci-
mens of L. triserialis. It may equal that species, possibly, with
longitudinal ribs, developed at the expense of revolving ones.
It is an immature individual.

L. OCELLATA, Gmelin. PL 70, figs. 178, 179.

Chestnut or chocolate, the raised portions white ; aperture

white. Length, 1-1*25 inches.

West Indies.

There is considerable variation in the form of this well-known
species, the spire being sometimes drawn out like the elate forms
of L. cingulifera, Lam.

96 LAGENA.

L. CINGULATA, Lam. PL TO, fig. 180.

Chestnut, with distant, flat, somewhat raised, revolving bands
of dark chocolate; aperture white. Length, 1-5-2 inches.
Panama to Mazatlan ; southern extremity of Florida,

W. W. Calkins.

Mr. Calkins is the only authority for the occurrence of this
common West Coast species in the Atlantic waters ; his locality,
however, is not to be doubted: — besides, several other Pacific
species have been discovered recently on the Florida coast.

Subgenus Lagena, Schuin.

L. SUBROSTRATA, Gray. PL 70, figs. 181, 182.

Yellowish brown, white within the aperture.

Length, 1-6 inches.
Bay of Montija, W. Columbia (in sandy mud, 12 fathoms — Cuming).

L. agrestis, Anton (fig. 182), is founded on younger specimens
of this species. Its generic position is ver}^ doubtful ; Reeve
considers it a Pyrula (= Melongena), and H. and A. Adams
have put it in Clavella ; it is also allied to Cantharus distortus.
The coluniella plaits are sometimes obsolete.

L. LEUCOZONALIS, Lam. PL 70, figs. 183, 184.

Brown, with a white raised band below the periphery, ter-
minating in a tooth on the lip ; upper part of whorls sub-
nodulous. Length, 1-1 '5 inches.

West Indies; Honduras.

Different as this species appears at first sight in i£s form and
want of distinct shoulder and tubercles, there is almost sufficient
evidence to justify its being made a synonym of L. cinyulifera.

L. SMARAGDULA, Linn. PL 70, figs. 185, 186.

Chestnut-brown, closely encircled by numerous, narrow, equi-
distant white lines ; aperture white. Length, 1-2 inches.

ines ; Viti Isles.

Undetermined Species of Peristerminae,

None of the following species have been figured, nor have they
been identified by the monographers of the Turbinellse.

TURBINELLA STRIATA, Gray. No locality.

BUCCINID^E. 91

T. (Fusus) SULCATA, Gray. No locality.

T. (Fusus) ELEGANS, Gray, Sierra Leone.

A, Adams and Dmiker have both used the same specific name.

T. PLICATULA, T. L^VIGATA, T. IMPRESSA, T. FENESTRATA, Allton.

All without locality.
T. SPINOSA, Phil. China.

T. (FASCIOLARIA) BISTRIATA, Gould and Carpenter.

The small size (l-OT inches) and long canal render it im-
probable that this is a Fasciolaria, unless a very young speci-
men. Possibly a Latirus. Panama ; a single specimen.
T. (Fusus) ROSA-PONTI, Lesson. Gambier Is.
T. TAHEITENSIS, Lesson. Taheiti.
T. PURPUROIDES, Lesson. Gambier Is.

Family BUCCINID.E.

Shell ovate, oblong or pear-shaped ; canal moderate or short,
columella without folds or plications.

Operculum with terminal or lateral nucleus.

Dentition 1 • 1 • 1. The rhachidian tooth normally three
(sometimes as many as seven) pronged, the laterals two- or three-
pronged.

The typical Bucdnum is a rather thin ovate shell, uniform and
dull in color, with the base of the aperture broadly notched
instead of being prolonged (as in the Fusidoe) into a canal ; but
with these have been more recently associated pyriform shells
having some resemblance to the latter family. *Hemifusus,
Melongena, Sipho, etc., pretty well bridge the chasm between the
two families as far as the general form of the shell is concerned,
but in those species of Buccinidae approaching Fusus there is
the general distinction that the canal, if long, is wide and open ;
whilst tortuous as in Fasciolaria, it has at most a single fold in
lieu of the plaits on the columella of that genus. I have
arranged the subfamilies and genera, commencing with those
most closely allied to Fusus, and terminating with the buccinoid
forms. Although the range of form is great, it will be seen that
the transitions are not abrupt ; and in this case the lingual den-
tition affords confirmation of the grouping adopted upon conch-
ological grounds.
13

98 BUCCINID^E.

Sub-family Melongeninse. Shell pear-shaped, heavy; spire and

canal short.
Sub-family Neptuniinse. Shell rather thin, pear-shaped or ovate ;

canal moderate and twisted.
Sub-family Pisaniinse. Shell small, heavy, costate ; canal very

short and wide, outer lip thickened, dentate within ; columella

callous or rugose.
Sub-family Buccinince. Shell rather thin, costate or smooth,

ovate, covered with a horny epidermis ; aperture very large,

lip thin, smooth within, terminating below in a short oblique

notch.
Sub-family Eburninse. Shell thick, smooth, ovate-oblong ; deeply

umbilicated or umbilicus covered by a heavy callus ; outer lip

simple acute.
Sub-family Photinae. Shell small, smooth, costate or cancellate,

ovate or turreted, thick ; outer lip striate within ; canal short

and wide, columella twisted below.

Synopsis of Genera.

Sub-Family MELONGENIN^E,

MELONGENA, Schum. Shell pyriform, solid, dark colored or banded ;
spire short, nodulose, spiny ; aperture oval-oblong ; canal short, open ;
columella smooth ; outer lip simple. Operculum solid, claw-like, nu-
cleus apical. Dentition, PI. 25, figs. 10, 11 ; PI. 26, figs, 12, 13.

HEMIFUSUS, Swainson. Shell sub-fusiform, uncolored or light yellowish;
spire shorter than the aperture, ponderous ; whorls armed with com-
pressed spines upon the shoulder; aperture long ovate, with an ascending
internal canal at the hind part, produced into a moderate wide canal
anteriorly ; columella smooth ; outer lip simple. Operculum unknown.
Dentition, PI. 26, fig. 19.

[ Thatcheria, Angas. Shell conic with scalariform spire, whorls
attenuating to base ; growth flexuous, causing a broad sinus on the
flattened shoulder of the body-whorl. No doubt a monstrosity. ]

Sub-Family NEPTUNIIN^.

NEPTUNE A, Bolten. Shell fusiform, ventricose ; spire elevated, whorls
rounded, covered with a horny epidermis, apex papillary ; aperture
oval ; canal short ; inner lip simple, smooth. Operculum ovate, nucleus
apical. Dentition, PI. 26, figs. 14-16.

BUCCINII^E. 99

VOLUTOPSIS, Morch. Shell smooth, ovate, ventricose ; spire short,
apex bulbaceous ; last whorl rather large ; aperture very large, the lip
considerably expanded; canal scarcely produced, widely obliquely
truncate. Operculum irregularly ovate, with apical nucleus. Dentition,
PI. 26, figs. 24, 25.

Subgenus HELJOTROPIS, Ball. Shell thin, sinistral, apex mammillated ;
operculum relatively very small.

SIPHO, Klein. Shell thin, pyriform or fusiform, not tuberculate or spiny,
usually smooth and rounded whorls ; spire moderate ; canal produced
and recurved. Operculum ovate, nucleus apical. Dentition, PI. 26,
figs. 17, 18.

Subgenus MOHNIA, Friele. Operculum paucispiral.

SIPHONALIA, A. Adams. Shell ovately-fusiform, sometimes variegated
in coloring, rather thin, epidermis very thin, fugaceous ; last whorl
ventricose, shouldered, usually nodosely plicate and spirally ribbed ;
aperture oval, outer lip thin, columella smooth ; canal rather short,
twisted. Operculum ovate, nucleus apical. Dentition unknown.

Subgenus AUSTROPUSUS, Kobelt. Whorls not shouldered.

FULGUR, Montf. Pear-shaped, thin ; spire short, the angle of the shoul-
der spinous ; body-whorl very large, attenuated below into a rather long
twisted canal ; lip and columella smooth, the latter with a single, rather
obsolete fold. Operculum ovate, nucleus apical. Dentition of typical
form ; rhachidian tooth 5-6 dentate, laterals 5-6 dentate.

Subgenus TAPHON, H. and A. Adarn^. Shell dextral, transversely stri-
ated, whorls rounded ; aperture ovate, fore-part produced into a long,
slightly-recurved canal.

Subgenus SYCOTYPUS, Browne (Gill). Shell with canaliculate suture,
periostraca ciliated, nodulous instead of spinous. Dentition, PI. 26,
fig. 20.

STREPTOSIPHON, Gill. Shell subfusiform ; spire rather short, apex
papillary ; whorls angulated at the upper part and tuberculate on the
angle ; columella concave, with a double very oblique fold on the lower
part ; canal moderately long, twisted ; aperture lirate within. Opercu-
culum and animal unknown. Seems to connect Busy con with Tudicla.

TUDICLA, Bolt. Shell fusiform ; spire short, apex papillary ; aperturb
oval ; canal very long, narrow, straight ; columella smooth, flattened,
with a single large, or three smaller transverse folds at the fore-part.
Operculum fusoid. Dentition unknown.

100

Sub-Family PIS ANTING.

PISANIA, Bivona. Shell oblong ; spire prominent, whorls smooth or
spirally striated ; canal very short ; outer lip thickened and crenated.
Operculum ovate, nucleus apical.

EUTHRIA, Gray. Shell fusiform, smooth ; aperture oval, produced
anteriorly into a long recurved canal ; inner lip simple ;' outer lip poste-
riorly sinuated, striate within. Operculum ovate," nucleus apical.
Dentition, PI. 27, figs. 27, 28.

METULA, H. and A. Adams. Shell elongately fusiform, finely cancel-
lated; spire elevated, acute; aperture narrow; inner lip distinct, smooth;
outer lip thickened externally, crenulated within, emarginate poste-
riorly. Operculum unknown. Dentition, PI. 26, fig. 21.

CANTHARUS, Bolten. Shell bucciniform, more or less ventricose in the
middle, narrowed anteriorly ; spire and aperture nearly equal ; colu-
mella generally with a few transverse ridges ; outer lip internally
crenated, and with a superior siphonal canal. Operculum ovate, nucleus
apical. Dentition, PI. 26, figs. 22, 23 ; PI. 27, fig. 26.

Sub-Family BUCCININ^L

BUCCINUM, Linn. Shell ovate or oblong, covered with a horny epider-
mis ; spire elevated, apex acute ; aperture large, oval,- emarginate in
front ; canal wide, very short, or a mere oblique truncation of the base
of the aperture ; columella smooth ; inner lip expanded ; outer lip
usually thin, smooth internally. Operculum ovate, nucleus small near
the outer front edge. Dentition, PI. 27, figs. 29, 30.

NEOBUCCINUM, E. A. Smith. Shell bucciniform, smooth, thin ; aper-
ture obliquely, widely notched below. Operculum subspiral. Den-
tition resembling that of N~eptunea.*

BUCCINOPSIS. Jeffreys. Shell bucciniform, smooth or spirally striu-
late, last whorl inflated ; aperture obliquely truncate below. Operculum
small, subtriangular, nucleus apical. Dentition, PI. 27, fig. 32.

VOLUTHARPA, Fischer. Shell ventricose, thin ; spire short, body- whorl
and aperture very large. Operculum usually wanting ; when present,
at first with apical nucleus, afterwards becoming annular. Dentition,
PI. 27, fig. 31.

* Mr. Smith founds his genus principally upon the paucispiral opercu-
lum, but the figure given by him shows an operculum which is no more
curved than occurs sometimes in the genus Sipho, for example. This,
with the dentition indicates relationship with Neptunea, but the absence
of canal in the shell on the other hand, relates it to Buccinum.

BUCCINIDJE. 101

CHLANIDOTA, Martens. Shell subglobose, thin, spirally costate.
Operculum with apical nucleus. Dentition : middle plate with five
teeth, the outer ones much smaller, laterals with three teeth, the middle
one smallest, the outer one somewhat smaller than the inner.

COMINELLA, Gray. Shell bucciniform, marked or spotted, covered
with an epidermis ; spire short, acute, last whorl large, ventricose, with
a posterior depressed groove at the suture, producing a contraction at
the hind part of the outer lip.* Operculum with apical nucleus. Den-
tition, PI. 27, fig. 32,

OLE A, A. Adams. Shell turbinate, covered by an epidermis, aperture

ovately acute, truncate at base and profoundly sinuate, dextral margin

regularly arcuate, parietal callus none or thin. Operculum subtrigonal,

with apical nucleus. Dentition, PI. 27, fig. 38. Inhabits fresh wate

Subgenus CANIDEA, H. Adams. Shell small, fusiform or turbinate,

covered with an epidermis ; spire longer than the aperture, apex

eroded ; whorls slightly convex, plicate ; aperture elongately ovate,

emarginated in front ; columella truncate ; lip simple, sinuated in

front. Operculum small, unguiculate ; nucleus apical. Dentition,

PI. 27, fig. 37. Living in fresh water.

Sub-Family EBURNINJE.

E BURN A, Lam. Shell ovate-oblong, thick, porcellanous, under a thin
epidermis ; deeply umbilicated ; spire acuminated, whorls more or less
convex, suture more or less channeled ; aperture oval ; columella arcu-
ated, posteriorly callous ; inner lip spreading, often covering the umbil-
icus in the adult ; outer lip simple, acute. Operculum with apical
nucleus. Dentition, PI. 27, fig. 33.

Subgenus ZEMIRA, H. and A. Adams. Umbilicus moderate ; outer lip
. with a tooth near the fore-part.

MACRON, H. and A. Adams. Shell ovate, solid, with a thick epidermis;
spire elevated ; columella wrinkled, with a callosity at the upper part ;
outer lip thin, with a small tooth anteriorly. Operculum ovate, with
apical nucleus. Dentition unknown.

Sub-Family PHOTIN.E.

P1IOS, Montfort. Shell cancellated, oblong, acuminated, usually longi-
tudinally ribbed ; outer lip striated internally, with a slight sinus near
the fore-part ; columella obliquely grooved, or with a single plait in
front. Operculum claw-shaped, nucleus apical. Dentition, PI. 27,
fig. 35.

* H. and A. Adams (Genera II, 615) make Adamsia, Dunker, a sub-genus
of Cominella ; the operculum and facies of the type show it, however, to
be a Purpura (See Manual, Vol. II, p. 156).

102 BUCCINID^E.

NASSARIA (Link), H. and A. Adams. Shell ovately fusiform ; spire
accuminated, whorls longitudinally ribbed and cancellated ; aperture
ending anteriorly in a long recurved canal ; inner lip thin, circum-
scribed, transversely corrugately plicated ; outer lip grooved internally.
Operculum ovate, nucleus apical. Dentition, PI. 27, fig. 34.

CYLLENE, Gray. Shell ovate ; spire short, acute, suture canaliculated;
columella concave, smooth or finely grooved ; outer lip with a slight
sinus at the fore-part, emargiiiate posteriorly, grooved internally.
Operculum with terminal nucleus. Dentition unknown.

Fossil Genera and Subgenera.
Sub-Family MELONGENIN^E.

Genus BULBIFUSUS, Conrad. Not characterized.

B. INAURATUS, Conr.* (=Fusus FITTONII, Lea), PI. 29, fig. 55. Eocene,
Claiborne, Ala.

Genus CORNULINA, Conr. Not charactized.

C. ARMIGERA, Conr. (= Fusus TAITII, Lea) . PI. 29, fig. 56. Eocene,
Ala.

Genus LEIOSTOMA, Swains. Fusiform, ventricose in the middle,
entirely smooth, almost polished ; inner lip thickened and vitreous ; base
of the pillar very straight.

L. BULBIPORMIS, Lam. PI. 29, fig. 57. Grignon.

A comparison of numerous specimens indicates the very close relation-
ship of Bulbifusus, Conr,, with this genus, which is itself entirely too close
to the recent group Volema. Bayle has changed the name to Si/cum, be-
cause Leiostoma is preoccupied by Lacepede in Fishes. I cannot concur
in such changes, which would completely unsettle our nomenclature.

Sub-Family NEPTUNIIN^E.

Genus FUSISPIRA, Hall. Shell fusiform, imperforate, spire more or
less elevated, with rounded volutions ; aperture elongate, oval or elliptical,
produced below, forming a sub-rimate canal ; columella slightly twisted,
without folds, peristome sharp. Surface smooth.

F. VENTRICOSA, Hall. PI. 29, fig. 58. Trenton Limestone, near Green
Bay.

So far as known, this palaeozoic genus is confined to the Quebec, Tren-
ton and Hudson River groups.

* In describing the fossil genera of Conrad I quote his specific names
for the types specified by him. I have indicated, however, the equivalent
species of Dr. Lea in brackets. The decision of questions of priority of
publication of fossil species does not fall within the scope of this work.

BUCCINID^E. 103

Genus CLOSTERISCUS, Meek. Shell thin, fusiform ; spire slender,
longer than aperture and canal ; surface smooth or minutely striate ;
aperture rhombic, outer lip broadly retreating above the middle, thin,
excepting at irregular intervals, where it became thickened and denticu-
late within, so as to leave internal varices behind as the shell advanced in
growth ; inner lip very thin, or wanting ; columella smooth ?

C. TENUILINEATUS, Meek. PL 29, fig. 59, Cretaceous, Cheyenne Riv.,
Dakota.

Genus PAL^ATRACTUS, Gabb. Pyriform, thick; spire low ; colum-
ella slightly twisted ; outer lip simple, inner lip incrusted. Surface
heavily ribbed or cancellate.

P. CRASSUS, Gabb. PI. 29, fig. 60. Cretaceous, California.

Genus PYRIFUSUS, Conrad. Pyriform; columella broad, thick,
flattened ; body volution transversely oval, compressed dorso-ventrally.

P. SUBDENSATUS, Conr. PL 29, fig. 61. Cretaceous, Mississippi.

Subgenus NEPTUNELLA, Meek. Body volution rounded ; columella not
flattened ; spire more elevated ; outer lip broadly sinuous above the
middle.

P. NEWBER.RYI, Meek and Hayden. PL 30, fig. 62, Cretaceous, Dakota.

Subgenus HERCORHYNCUS, Conrad. Shell fusiform ; spire promi-
nent, scalariform, longitudinally ribbed and tuberculated, or with
tubercles only ; top depressed above the angle or shoulder of the last
whorl, which depression becomes angular at the aperture, emarginating
the upper part of the labrum ; last whorl broad and rather abruptly
rounded at base ; beak abruptly recurved and produced.

H. TIPPANA, Conr. PL 30, fig. 63. Cretaceous, Mississippi.

Genus LIROFUSUS, Conr. Genus not characterized.

L. THORACICUS, Conr. (= DECUBSATUS, Lea). PL 30, fig. 64. Eocene,
Alabama.

Subgenus SYCOPSIS, Conrad (Subgenus of Susy con = Fulgur}. Shell
tuberculate, not canaliculate. Eocene and Miocene. Differs from the
genus in having tubercles instead of spines on the shoulder.

Genus STREPSIDURA, Swainson. Widely fusiform ; basal portion of
the pillar turned outwardly, with a sharp fold at the base of the aperture;
shell costate and sub-carinate, body-whorl ventricose.

S. COST AT A, Swainson (= Fusus ficulneus, Lam.). PL 30, fig. 65.

Genus PAPILLINA, Conrad. Pyriform; shoulder angular and spinous;
beak long, with an obtuse fold on the columella ; three volutions from the
apex forming a papillated summit. Very probably = Tudiela, Bolt.

P. PAPILLATUS, Conrad. PL 30, fig. 66. Eocene, Claiborne, Ala.

104 BucciNnxa:.

Genus PERISSOLAX, Gabb. Spire depressed ; body-whorl patulous ;
canal long ; columella without folds or plaits.

Distinguished from Papillina by the want of a columellar fold, and
evidently intended to be ranged in the Fusinae, but I think its general
appearance decidedly that of Busy con or Tudicla. Cretaceous— Eocene.

P. BREVIBOSTRIS, Gabb. PI. 30, fig. 67. Cretaceous, California.

Levifusus, Conrad, is generally considered synonymous with Perissolax.
It is an uncharacterized Eocene form, of which I figure an example :

L. (PERISSOLAX) TRABEATUS, Conr. PI. 30, fig. 69. Eocene, Alabama.

Genus TORTIFUSUS, Conrad. Differs from Busycon in being without
a trace of tubercles or spines, and in having prominent regular ribs ; the
whorls are flattened on top, and slightly canaliculated.

T.CURYJROSTRA, Conr. PI. 30, fig. 69. Miocene, N. Carolina.

Genus PYROPSIS, Conrad. Spire very short, apex not papillated ;
labrum without striae within, thick ; columella without a fold.
P. PERLATA, Conrad. PI. 30, fig. 70. Cretaceous, Tippah Co. Miss.
Genus CLAVIFUSUS, Conrad. The genus has not been characterized.
C. COOPERI, Conrad. PI. 30, fig. 71. Eocene, Alabama.
C. ALTILIS, Conrad. PI. 30, fig. 72. Eocene, Alabama.

Sub-Family PISANIIN^.

Subgenus CANTHARULUS, Meek. (S. G. of CantJiarus). Shell with
canal moderately produced, rather narrow and twisted ; inner lip smooth
throughout, and rather well developed ; columella arcuate and twisted, so
as to form an obtuse, undefined prominence below ; outer lip slightly
sinuous above.

C. VAUGHANI, Meek and Hayden. PI. 31, fig. 73. Cretaceous, Upper
Missouri River.

Genus METULELLA, Gabb. Shell fusiform, canal more or less pro-
duced; inner lip covered with a thickened plate, continuous posteriorly
with the outer lip. Interior of both inner and outer lips strongly denticu-
lated or transversely striated. Surface cancellate or costate. More dis-
tinctly fusiform than Metula, the columella with a row of denticles.

M. FUSIPORMIS, Gabb. PI. 31, fig. 74. Miocene, San Domingo, W. L

Genus LEVIBUCCINUM, Conrad. Not characterized.

L. PRORSUM, Conr. PI. 58, fig. 412. Eocene, Alabama.

Genus AGASOMA, Gabb. Subfusiform, spire low, body-whorl long ;
canal moderately produced and slightly deflected ; aperture elongate,
labrum simple; labium incrusted with a thin, smooth plate; suture bordered
by an elevated portion of the succeeding whorl as in Olavella. It differs

105

from Clavella in the very short spire and in the short and slightly curved
canal. *

A. GRAVID A, Gabb. PI. 31, fig. 75. Miocene, California.
A. SINUATA, Gabb. PI. 31, fig. 76. Miocene, California.

Sub-Family BUCCININ.E.

Genus ERIPACHYA, Gabb. Shell short, robust, subovate to subfusi-
form, spire moderately elevated. Aperture broad, terminating in advance
in a very short canal or a mere notch ; outer lip simple ; inner lip more or
less heavily incrusted. Surface marked by longitudinal ribs and revolving
lines.

E. PERFORATA, Gabb. PL 31, fig. 79. Cretaceous, California.

Genus PSEUDOBUCCINUM, Meek and Hayden. Shell oval, thin,
ventricose ; spire very short ; body volution large, not produced below ;
aperture large, terminating below in a rounded sinus ; outer lip thin and
simple ; inner lip very thin, smooth, and closely and very broadly folded
upon the imperforate umbilical region and body volution above, so as to
form, with a low revolving umbilical ridge, a kind of profoundly arcuate,
strongly spiral, false columella ; surface with more or less distinct revolv-
ing lines and furrows.

Meek is inclined to believe that Bullia ampullacea is a living example
of his genus ; if so, Volutliarpa, Fischer, will have priority over Pseudo-
buccinum.

P. NEBRASCENSE, M. and H. PL 31, fig. 78. Cretaceous, Moreau R.

Genus ODONTOBASIS, Meek. Shell buccinoid-fusiform , spire more
or less produced ; body volution ventricose, and separated below from the
short narrow beak, by a sharply defined, narrow, revolving sulcus, that
terminates below at the connection of the outer lip with the canal, in a
small tooth-like projection ; outer lip thin, smooth within, and nearly
straight in outline ; inner lip not thickened, but well-defined ; columella
a little twisted, slightly flattened, and bearing two oblique plaits below,
the lower one of which is formed by the raised lower edge of the obliquely
truncated columella, and the other, which is very obscure, or perhaps
sometimes obsolete, placed a little above the same ; surface ornamented by
vertical folds and revolving lines and furrows.

This genus referred doubtfully to the Buccinidae by Meek, seems to
unite characters of several diiferent groups ; the shell is Buccinoid in form
and sculpture, but the fold and tooth remind one of Fasciolariae, whilst
the truncate columella recalls the Nassse.

O. VENTRICOSA, Meek. PL 31, fig. 79. Cretaceous, Dakota.

Genus ECTRACHELIZA, Gabb. Shell accuminately oblong, spire
elevated (always truncated in the only species known). Surface com-
14 '

106

pressed near the suture. Inner lip incrusted ; columella sinuous, short ;
.outer lip produced in advance.

This genus seems to be allied in many of its characters to Cominella
and Truncaria. Like them, it is compressed adjoining the suture. It
shows no trace of umbilicus, as seen in most of the Buccinidse, but its
most distinctive character is in its obliquely subtruncated columella,
which does not reach to the anterior end of the shell.

E. TRUNCATA, Gabb. PI. 31. fig. 80. Miocene, San Domingo, W- I.

Genus BRACHYSPHINGUS, Gabb. Shell bucciniform, short, robust,
thick ; spire low ; aperture large, notched anteriorly ; outer lip simple ;
inner lip incrusted with a smooth callus ; surface longitudinally ribbed or
striate. Allied probably to Cominella or Volutharpa.

B. LIRATUS, Gabb. PI. 31, fig. 81. Cretaceous, California.

Genus LACINIA, Conrad. Globose ; pillar lip widely reflected, with
a heavy posterior callus ; basal emargination profound ; base dilated ;
aperture with a posterior channel ; outer lip simple.

L. ALVEATA, Conr. (=PYRULA SMITHII, Lea). PI. 31, fig. 84.
Eocene, Ala.

This does not differ very much from the recent Cominella mncitlala,
Martyn.

Genus HAYDENIA, Gabb. Shell massive, allied, in general form, to
OUva, spire low. Outer lip simple, not thickened nor crenulate ; inner
lip incrusted, callus marked posteriorly,- without teeth or folds ; canal
slightly recurved ; anterior extremity of the mouth notched, and a small
sinus at the posterior extremity of the aperture, where the outer lip unites
with the body- whorl. Surface ornamented as in some of the Buccinidse.
This curious form is probably a link between Buccinum and Volutharpa.

II. IMPRESSA, Gabb. PI. 31, fig. 82. Cretaceous, California.

Sub-Family PHOTIN.E.

Genus BUCCITRITON, Conrad. Genus not characterized. One of the
typical specimens of B. Sagenum has a single varix on the back of the
the body-whorl but the other specimens are without it, so that its non-
absorption may be regarded as accidental. B. altum is a different type of
shell entirely, and looks something like a Truncaria.

Sagenella, Conrad, also uncharacterized, judging from the type, is
identical with Buccitriton.

B. CANCELLATUM, Lea (*= SAGENUM, Conr.) PL 31, fig. 83. Alabama.
B. ALTUM, Conr. PI. 31, fig. 85. Eocene, Texas.

MELONGENA. 107

Sub-Family MELONGENIIN^E.

Genus MELONGENA, Schum.

Kobelt, in his recently published monograph of Pyrula
(Conchylien Cabinet), adopts that genus, taking as subgenera
Cassidulus ( = Melongena) , Myristica, Pugilina, Volema and
Hemifusus These groups which are too closely related concho-
logically as well as by their lingual dentition, Troschel also places
together, but without subordinating them to a higher group.
Pyrula would, indeed, be an excellent name on account of its
acceptance years ago for the major part of the species, but
unfortunately the first and only species cited by Lamarck in his
original description of the genus is the Bulla ficus, Linn., which
is a member of the genus Ficula, Swainson, over which it
has priority, and instead of which it should therefore be adopted.
Cassidulus, Humphrey, has priority over Melongena, but I can-
not adopt it as it is a mere catalogue name, not positively iden-
tified.

M. PATULA, Brod. and Sowb. PL 41, figs. 194-196.

Chestnut-brown, banded with pale yellow or white ; aperture
and columella orange or yellowish flesh-color.

Length, 4-10 inches. Panama to Mazatlan.

The animal has a yellowish, brown-spotted foot, elongate-
quadrangular in shape ; head long and narrow ; siphon chestnut-
color ; tentacula short, distant, straight, diverging.

Closely allied to the West Indian M. melongena, but may be
distinguished by its greater size and darker color. This species
develops no spines except at the shoulder of the whorl, where
they are irregularly produced, few in number, sometimes entirely
absent ; in M. melongena. although some specimens are equally
smooth and devoid of spines, there are usually on adult specimens
one to three rows of spines on the upper part of the body -whorl,
and an additional row half-way to the base of the whorl.

M. MELONGENA, Linn. PL 41, figs. 197, 198.

Light bluish or chocolate, with light yellowish, numerous
bands ; interior yellowish white. Length, 3-5 inches.

West Indies.

See remarks upon preceding species.

108 MELONGENA.

M. TUBERCULATA, Anton.

No figure or locality is given with the description of this
species ; which has not been recognized.

M. CORONA, Gmelin PL 41, figs. 199-203.

Bluish or chestnut-brown, with white bands ; same color and
bands within the aperture. Length, 2'5-4*5 inches.

Florida and West Indies.

The ordinary type of this species has erect or incurved scaly
spines on the edge of the square shoulder, usually crowded, with
a more or less prominent sub-basal series of spines ; sometimes
the latter is suppressed and sometimes the upper series is replaced
by two less prominent ones.

M. Belknapi, Petit (fig. 201), is synonymous. I figure also a
small variety (fig. 200) illustrated recently by Mr. Sowerby in
the Proc. Zool. Soc. London.

M. bispinosa, Phil. (fig. 203), is a variety of this species in
which the shoulder is encircled by a double girdle of spinose
tubercles, the upper one being most prominent. I have several
examples of this variety before me from Yucatan.

M. Martiniana, Phil. (fig. 202), appears to be a specimen of
this (or possibly of the next) species with the spines almost sup-
pressed.

Fusus bicolorj Say, described from immature specimens, has
not been identified properly heretofore : I am glad to be able,
from the examination of types sent to the Philada. Academy by
Mrs. Say, to identify it with M. corona.

M. GALEODES, Lam. PI. 42, figs. 204-208.

Pale brown, with the revolving ridges darker, or chestnut-
brown with the ridges whitish; sometimes uniform cream-color;
aperture usually white, brown-banded. The whorls are generally
frilled or scaly spinose at the sutural line, nodulous or spinose
on the shoulder, and sometimes with one or two lower lines of
spines, about equidistant one from another.

Length, l-5-2'5 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore, China, Philippines.

Mr. Tapparone-Canefri, in his review of the Murices of the
Red Sea, distinguishes, under the name of calcaratus, Dillwyn,

MELONGENA. 109

the shell which Lamarck called Pyrula angulata, and which
Kiener figures (fig. 204). The very numerous suite of specimens
before me conclusively shows that all the various forms which I
have figured are conspecific.

M. BUCEPHALA, Lam. PL 42, fig. 209.

Light yellowish brown, covered usually with a thin, rather
smooth, horn-colored epidermis. Length, 3-4*5 inches.

Indian Ocean.

Reeve's habitat " Mexico '*' is certainly an error.

M. PALLIDA, Brod. and Sowb., PI. 42, figs. 210-215.
Yellowish white. Length, 1'25-1'T5 inches.

Mazatlan, W. Coast of Central America. ?

With this species I unite the following as synonyms :

M. anomala, Reeve (figs. 212, 213), which is the adult state of
growth — the variability of the species is shown by fig. 213, which
Reeve considers a variet}^ of his anomala, M. lignaria. Reeve
(fig. 214), a form which is not adult, and Fusus Turbinelloides,
Reeve (fig. 215), is older, still not quite adult.

H. and A. Adams erroneously refer M. anomala, Reeve, to
Neptunea, in which the name is preoccupied; they therefore
changed it to Neptunea anceps.

The species might as well be referred to Siphonalia as here.

M. FUSIFORMIS, Blainv. PI. 42. figs. 216-218.

White, more or less stained with rusty brown, under a fibrous
brown epidermis. Length, 2-2*5 inches.

St. Elena, W. Columbia, in crevices of rocks at low

water. — Cuming. Peru.— d'Orbigny.

This shell is apparently very closely related to Guma Kios-
quiformis (Vol. II, p. 200), but the operculum, according to
d'Orbigny, is not purpuroid. The resemblance, conchologically,
is much nearer Guma than either Melongena or Siphonalia, and
I cannot help thinking that the great French naturalist was mis-
taken as to the operculum.

M. MYRISTICA, Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 219.

Yellowish red, white within the aperture. Length, 28 mill.

Hob. unknown.

110 MELONGENA.

This, and the two following, are located in Melongena with
much doubt.

M. CANCELLARIOIDES, Reeve. PI. 43, fig. 231.

Whitish, ridges reddish brown. Length, 47 mill.

f China.
M. SPADICEA, Kobelt. PI. 43, fig. 230.

Yellowish. Length, 2 inches.

Hob. unknown.

Kobelt thinks it not improbable that this is an Austrofusus ;
I place it here on account of the coloration which corresponds
with Melongena.

M. BERNARDIANA, Phil.

Not figured. Said to resemble Fusus turbinelloides, Reeve =
M. pallida, Brod. and Sowb.

Marquesas Isles.
M. PUGILINA, Born. PI. 43, figs. 220-222.

Chestnut-brown ; aperture orange-yellow ; epidermis dark
brown, pilose. Length, 3-4 inches.

Indian Ocean.
M. PARADISIACA, Reeve. PI. 43, figs. 223-225.

Whitish or yellowish, either unbanded, or encircled with
numerous light brown bands , aperture flesh-yellow to orange ;
shoulder smooth or defined by low tubercles. Length, 2-3 inches.

Red Sea; Ceylon; Mozambique; Natal.

The specific name is given by Reeve and others as of Martini,
who was not a binomial writer. I cannot cite him as authority
and in substituting Reeve I pass over several intervening, differ-
ent names given by other authors : the species is so well known
as paradisiaca that to change it would be inadvisable. A yellow
form, without tubercles (fig. 224), was called by Lamarck Pyrula
citrina ; whilst the tubercuiate shells were named by him P.
nodosa.

M. COCHLIDIUM, Linn. PL 43, figs. 226, 227.

Deep chestnut-brown : aperture yellowish or white.

Length, 3'5-6 inches.

Indian Ocean; Raines1 IsL, Torres Sts. — Capt. luce.

Somewhat resembling the dark-colored, tubercuiate variety of
M. pugilina, Born, but a larger shell, thinner, and with the
tubercles or sh*ort spines larger and much less numerous.

HEMIFUSUS. Ill

M. MORIO, Linn. PI. 43, figs. 228, 229.

Chocolate-brown under a rather persistent olive-brown, pilose
epidermis ; usually encircled by one or more white bands, the
principal one at the top of the aperture ; interior light brown or
bluish with revolving brown ridges ; shoulder with or without
rather distant compressed tubercles. Length, 3-1 inches.

W. Coast of Africa ; West Indies ; Brazil.

This and the preceding species were placed by the Messrs.
Adams in the genus Hemifusus, but they are quite as closely
related in form to Melongena whilst their coloration is decidedly
that of the latter genus.

M. (MUREX) SQUAMOSA, Brod. PI. 58, fig. 399.

Yellowish brown ; pink tinged, especially on the columella.
Length, 40 mill.

Payta, Peru.

This species has been neglected by recent monographers.
The only figure is in Sowerby's Conch. Illustrations. The want
of real varices and thin outer lip removes it from Murex, and
it cannot be a Fusus, as Sowerby conjectures, that genus being
now restricted to the spindle-shaped shells, with long canal. I
locate it here, not knowing how to dispose of it otherwise.

M. (PYRULA) PLICATA, Lam.

M. Deshayes has not been able to identify this species.

Genus HEMIFUSUS, Swainson.

Besides being thinner, the shells of this genus are distinguished
from Melongena, by being white (without bands or other color
markings) under a light yellowish brown epidermis. They differ
from Fusus in the flexuous, wider, open canal, which is widened
gradually into the lower portion of the aperture.
H. COLOSSEUS, Lam. PI. 44, fig. 232.

Pale fawn-yellow ; light roseate within the aperture.
Length, 10-14 inches.

Indian Ocean; Philippines.

Varies in the development of the tubercles upon the shoulder ;
occasionally they are obsolete, and are never very prominent.

112 THATCHERIA.

H. TERNATANUS, Gmel. PL 44, fig. 233.

Pawn-yellow to yellowish red ; interior yellowish flesh-color.
Length, 3-5 inches. In(Uan Qcean; Pmippine8.

A smaller, wider shell than the preceding species, with more
prominent tubercles.

H. PASTINACA, Reeve. PI. 44, fig. 234.

Thin ; whitish, under a thin, yellowish epidermis.

Length, 3*5 inches.

Australia.
I do not know this species.

H. LACTEUS, Reeve. PL 44, fig. 235.

Yellowish cream-color, or light chestnut-yellow.

Length, 2-5 inches. Philippines.

I think it very probable that this and the preceding species
will prove to be identical.

H. ELONGATUS, Lam. PL 44, fig. 236.

Whitish to yellowish orange. Length, 3-4*5 inches.

Indian Ocean.
H. TUBA, Gmelin. PL 44, fig. 23T.

Yellowish flesh-color, under a brownish yellow, thin epidermis ;
light flesh-color within the aperture. Length, 4'5 inches.

China; Japan.

The broad shoulder and prominent spines or tubercles well
distinguish this well-known species from its congeners.

Genus THATCHERIA, Angas.

Shell angularly pyriform, solid ; spire prominent, shorter than
the aperture, many whorled, whorls flattened above, strongly
keeled at the periphery and contracted below ; aperture with a
broad incurved sinus between the extremity of the last keel and
the junction of the body -whorl ; basal canal wide and open;
columella smooth ; outer lip simple below the sinus.

T. MIRABILIS, Angas. PL 44, figs. 238, 239.

Yellowish white ; aperture white. Length, 3'5 inch.

Japan.

That this shell is a scalariform monstrosity cannot be doubted,
but what may be its normal form is not so readily ascertained.

NEPTUNE A. 113

I saw the single specimen from which the above generic descrip-
tion was made, when in London, in 1877, and was immediately
convinced that the conical form, flattened shoulders and sinus
were all due to distorted growth. In the Annals of the Malacol.
Soc. of Belgium is figured a monstrosity of Strombus Luhuanus,
which I have copied for comparison (figs. 240, 241). I may here
also include a notice of Pyrula Bengalina, Grat., evidently also
a monstrosity,

PYRULA BENGALINA, Grat. PL 44, fig. 242.

Thin, fragile, transversely striate ; white, maculated with
yellowish red ; initial whorls cancellated ; aperture subviolaceous ;
lip thin, very acute at edge. Length, 50 mill.

Bay of Bengal.

Genus NEPTUNEA., Bolten.

The shells of this genus are boreal in distribution, and like the
other circumpolar genera, are nearly destitute of color, being
white or yellowish, under a light brown or yellowish, rather
smooth epidermis. The sculpture, when there is any, consists
of revolving striae, ridges or ribs, and the lip of the aperture is
smooth within or merety modified by the external sculpture when
the shell is thin. In the genus Siphonalia, the species of which
are mainly Japanese and Australian, the general form is similar,
but the shell is nodose, frequently developing longitudinal ribs,
and the outer lip is more disposed to be crenulate ; the surface is
more usually ornamented with color, disposed in bands, etc.
There are some species which can be only arbitrarily placed,
having characters partaking of either genus ; and in fact geo-
graphical considerations must sometimes be allowed considerable
weight in assigning such species to their respective genera.

Some of the species are apparently very variable, and it is
difficult to decide whether the conservative views of Gwyn Jef-
freys and Kobelt, or the more extreme views of Morch, etc.. are
most in accordance with truth.

N. ANTIQUA, Linn. PL 45, figs. 243-246.

Whorls rounded, the apical ones obscurely carinated, closely
marked with revolving striae. White, interior yellowish.

Length, 3*5-7 inches.
15

114 NEPTUNE A.

The animal has a white or yellowish white body, sometimes
partially speckled with black ; the sole of the foot often straw
color or light orange.

Cornwall (coralline zone) to Shetland (there found in the

laminarian, and deep water also) ; North Sea ;
Atlantic Coast of France.

Kobelt has varieties carinata and despecta, but Jeffrej^s con-
siders them distinct from this species, of more Arctic distribution,
and not found living (although fossil) in the British Isles. I
agree with Jeffreys' views. On the other hand, Jeffreys has the
following varieties, viz. : alba, ventricosa, striata, gracilis ; they
are merely arbitrary distinctions among forms very variable.
Jeffreys also enumerates montrosities, as follows :

N. contraria, Linn. Spire reversed. (This has usually been
considered a distinct species, and I prefer to so regard it.)
Monstr. 2. acuminatum ; Monstr. 3. scalariforme, whorls more
or less detached ; Monstr. 4. cinctum, with a sharp ridge at the top
or in the middle of the lower whorls, now and then bicarinated ;
5. sulcatum, lower whorls furrowed in the middle, and outer lip
notched like a Pleurotoma ; 6. Babylonicum., spire turre ted ; 7.
compressum, squeezed in at the sides, mouth narrow ; 8. Volutde-
forme, shaped like a Voluta ; 9. varicosum, the former outer lip
(sometimes two or three of them) persistent ; 10. contorlum, spire
twisted on one side or inwards; 11. suffultum, basal ridge con-
tinued to the periphery ; 12. bioperculatum, having two opercula.

The following information concerning this common British
shell I obtain from Jeffreys.*

" This is good bait for codfish, and a favorite delicacy of the
lower working-classes in London. At Billingsgate it is sold
under the name of ' almond ' or ' red whelk ;' according to Rutly's
History of Dublin the Irish call it ' barnagh,' the tail (liver)
being said to be more fat and tender than a lobster. The egg-
cases or capsules (Yol. II, t. 7, f. 11) overlap one another in an
imbricated fashion, each being firmly attached by its base to the
underlying capsule ; they are deposited in clusters of from a
dozen to a hundred, the capsules in each cluster being equal in
size. Those which compose one cluster, however, are not half as

* Brit. Conch. IV, 326.

NEPTTJNEA. 115

large as those forming another cluster, although in both cases
the fry are in the same state of maturity. When they are dry^
the upper or convex side shrivels, and is wrinkled or pitted ; the
under or flat side (which by contraction becomes concave) is of
a silky texture, and divided across by a few lines ; the opening
is a wide slit, lying just under the top which makes a narrow
flap.

" Before leaving the capsule the fry are perfectly formed, with
conspicuous tentacles, eyes, and operculum ; their shell has two
whorls, the first being smooth, and the other showing a few
slight incipient striae. Each capsule produces only from two to
four fry. The latter end of winter appears to be the spawning-
season ; on the 26th of January, 1861, I examined fresh capsules
which contained merely eggs immersed in a glairy liquid ; and
seven days afterwards I found in the other capsules full-sized
and living young whelks.

" The sculpture of tire adult shell differs according to the
locality and nature of the ground ; sometimes it is coarse, and at
other times scarcely perceptible. Specimens from Kiel Bay are
stunted and depauperated, owing probably to the admixture of
fresh water from the Baltic. In Shetland and at Berwick the
fishermen make an elegant lamp of the shell, suspending it hori-
zontally, mouth upwards, by a string round the middle, from a
nail in the wall ; the cavity contains oil, and the canal a wick
(See Vol. II, PI. 2, fig. 13). Now and then giants are seen, f or
8 inches long. The body-whorl of the female is larger than that
of the male. Chemnitz knew the reversed form as a Crag fossil
of Harwich ; and he deplored in moving terms the indolence and
apathy of naturalists in not procuring live specimens of this
' most delicate monster.' It is still very rare. Not only the
spire of the shell, but also the curve of the operculum is reversed.
I am not aware of any explanation of the phenomenon having
been offered on physiological grounds."

Mr. Crosse considers N. contraria, Linn. (t. 50, f. 291, 292), a
good species, and not a reversed antiqua, because it is so abun-
dantly found at Vigo, a locality more southern than any for the
normal antiqua, and Weinkauff also, remarking upon the abun.
dance of contraria in the Mediterranean and the absence of
antiqua, comes to the same conclusion.

116 NEPTUNEA.

N. LURIDA, A. Ad.

Shell ovate-ventricose, cretaceous or dirty white, epidermis
thin, brownish, spire shorter than the aperture ; whorls four-and-
a-half convex, the last obtusely subangulate behind ; aperture
large, ovate, livid within ; inner lip smooth, convex, canal very
short, open, scarcely reflexed ; lip lirate within, towards the

margin smooth, behind widely subsinuated.

Japan.

" This is the common edible Whelk of the Amos." Not figured,
nor have I seen it.

N. DESPECTA, Linn. PI. 45, figs. 241-254 ; PI. 46, figs. 255-261 ;

PI. 47, figs. 262-268.

Shell with a flat shoulder and keel, which is nodulous ; surface
covered with irregular revolving striae and riblets ; sometimes
longitudinally lamellose. Fawn-brown, lighter or whitish within
the aperture. Length, 3-5 inches.

Norway ; Spitzbergen ; Siberia ; Japan ; Alaska ;

Greenland ; Iceland ; Newfoundland.

A circumpolar species, very variable in form and sculpture,
and bearing numerous names. It has been confounded with N.
antiqua, but appears to me to be distinct. It inhabits colder
seas, is not found in any portion of the British ocean, but occurs
in boreal Asia and America where the antiqua is not found.

In the var. striata the revolving sculpture is pretty regular,
consisting of alternate larger and smaller striae or riblets, and the
shoulder is destitute of tuberculation. The variety fornicata
(fig. 251) usually has the angle of the shoulder with 'a stout rib,
upon which are compressed tubercles, but the striae upon the rest
of the shell are more or less obsolete ; sometimes the angle itself
is obsolete and the tubercles form the only ornamentation of the
surface. This latter variety is still regarded by some good
conchologists as a distinct species ; my specimens, however,
clearly indicate to me its derivation from despecta. Among the
synonyms of var. fornicata may be placed Fusus borealis, Phil,
(fig. 554), Chrysodomus heros, Gray (figs. 252, 253, 255, 256), an
extremely lengthened, non-carinated form, which approaches
Siphonalia Kellettii, Forbes, Tritonium antiquum, Midd., not
Linn. (figs. 251-260), some forms of which are suggestive of

NEPTUNE A. lit

lirata, Martyn, from the same localities, N. arthritica, Yal. (figs.
262, 264), N. bulbacea or bulbosa, Yal. (figs. 265, 266), which is
evidently the same as arthritica, Fusus saturus, Martyn (fig. 267).
To these I must add N. Cumingii, Crosse (fig. 268), from N.
China.

Fusus tornatus, Gould (fig. 261), from codfish at the Bank
Fisheries is equivalent to the typical despecta.

So variable is this species that I doubt the distinctness of even
such diverse forms as N. lirata, Martyn, and Siphonalia Kellettii,
Forbes, as well as of Volutopsis Behringii, Midd.

N. LIRATA, Martyn. PI. 48, figs. 269-272.

Shell light brown, encircled on the body-whorl by nine to fifteen
revolving ribs, which are not flattened on the top, usually three
of these ribs are visible on the spire whorls.

Length, 3-6 inches.

N. W. Coast of America.

Animal whitish, black-spotted ; end of siphon and proboscis
black.

Varies by the partial or entire suppression of the ribs as shown
by figures 270-272, and then approaches smooth varieties of N.
despecta. The question of identity of this and the following
species has been carefully discussed by Mr. W. H. Dall,* who
gives a table of differences in ornamentation and dimensions
founded upon the examination of numerous specimens. Mr.
Dall remarks that " it should be remembered that lirata does not
occur on the Arctic shores of North America, and the two species
are separated by a vast expanse of water. Some of the characters
in the comparative table graduate towards each other in excep-
tional cases, but the sum of the characters is always sufficient
to discriminate between the two, and this is all that can be
expected between any two nearly allied forms. I regard the two
as perfectly distinct." My material is not so abundant as that
on which Mr. Dall bases his conclusions, and the differences are
not so great. If it be true that neither species exists on the
Arctic Coast, it would have to be proven that they did not exist
there at some previous period of the world's history in order to

* Am. Jour. Conch., VII, 108.

118 VOLUTOPSIS.

indicate distinct origin ; we find the same species on both sides
of Central America in numerous instances. Perhaps I usually
regard species from a somewhat more comprehensive point of
view than does Mr. Dall, because in the present case he is quite
willing (indeed does not expect otherwise) to distinguish allied
species except by the " sum of the characters " of a number of
individuals of each, whilst I regard principally those "exceptional
cases " where the " characters graduate towards each other " as
extremely damaging to their specific distinctness ; consequently,
whilst Mr. Dall "regards the two as perfectly distinct," I expect
future researches to establish their identity. In case they shall
be united, Martyn's name having priority, must be adopted.

N. DECEMCOSTATA, Say. PI. 48, fig. 273.

Shell light brown, aperture usually white, sometimes brownish ;
encircled on the body-whorl by six to eleven ribs, which, in
adults are usually flattened on the top ; generally only two of
these ribs are visible on the spire-whorls.

Length, 2'5-4 inches.

Massachusetts Bay ; Maine ; Nova Scotia, etc,

Animal frequently pure white, sometimes flecked with blackish.

See distinctive characters under preceding species.

N. CREBRICOSTATA, Dall. PL 48, fig. 2T4.

Revolving ridges flat-topped and overhanging the interspaces
slightly, tops of ridges impressed with one or more lines ; em-
bryonic whorls cylindrical, free from strong ridges ; canal scarcely
produced ; siphonal fasciole none or very faint. White, under a
yellowish brown epidermis. Length, 3*5 inches.

Unalashka; 100 fathoms.— W. H. Dall.

Mr. Dall remarks that this species recalls Purpura trochlea ;
it is, perhaps, still more like P. succincta.

Sabgenus Volutopsis, Morch.

The shells of this division are characterized by their large
mouths, expanded lips, want of distinctly produced canal, etc.
The small operculum is (in F. Noruegica) more ovate than in
the true Neptunese ; the dentition also, varies from the typical
form. Volutopsis appears to stand between Neptunea and
Buccinum.

VOtAJTOPSIS. 119

N. NORVEGICA, Chemn. PL 48, figs. 276, 277 ; PL 49, figs. 278,

279; PL 50, fig. 288.

Whorls smooth, polished, sometimes veiy faintly striate ; pink-
ish cream color or white. Length, 3-4-25 inches.

North Sea Coast of England ; Shetland Is.; Greenland; Iceland;
Newfoundland ; Norway (100 fathoms) ; Sea of Okhotsk; Alaska.

The animal has a pale orange or yellowish white body, irregu-
larly streaked with purple. " The egg-cases are solitary. Each
forms a compressed hemisphere about one inch in diameter,
dirty lemon color, semi-transparent, and attached by the whole
of its base to the inside of old bivalve shells and other flat sub-
stances, and edged by a rim or strip of membrane. The upper
surface is covered with a thin whitish crust, which breaks up
into crystalline particles and is finely corrugated ; the under side
is 'satiny. Ova pink or bright flesh-color. There are in each
capsule from two to four perfect fry, which make their escape
through a slit in the rim. The shell has the expressive name of
' wide mouth ' among the North-country fishermen."*

Occurs fossil in the glacial shell mounds at Udevalla ; and in
England in the Norwich Crag. At the former locality the spire
is somewhat longer, approaching the next species.

N. Largillierti, Petit, from Newfoundland (fig. 278), is con-
sidered by its author a synonym of this species ; nevertheless
Kobelt has figured and described a specimen (fig. 279) which
differs still more than Petit's type from the normal Norvegica,
and which he thinks is distinct ; it approaches the next species
in form.

I can scarcely doubt the identity with this species of N. regu-
laris, Dall (fig. 271), which, by a curious error, was described as
a var. of N. Beringii, Midd., supposed by him to be equivalent,
or nearly so, to N. Norvegica. It comes from Unalashka, etc.,
and appears to be a stunted form.

N. TURTONI, Bean. PL 48, fig. 275 ; PL 49, figs. 281-283.

Shell whitish, spirally striated. Length, 3-5-4- 7 5 inches.
North Sea, JSnglish and Norwegian Coasts,

coralline zone to 100 fathoms.
Animal white with purple markings.

* Jeffreys Brit. Conch., IV, 331.

120 VOLUTOPSIS.

The much produced spire and very short canal serve to dis-
tinguish this from the preceding species. The egg-capsules,
according to Jeffreys, " are pale orange, either solitary, or two
together, and attached side by side, not to each other, but to a
rather broad membraneous substratum ; they are triangularly
oval, the base being the narrowest part, and consist of an outer
filmy sheath and an inner and thick fibrous case ; the latter
resembles in structure a cocoanut husk ; the opening is a wide
slit at the top. Mr. Howse found six young in one capsule.
The fry are almost cylindrical, and of a dark reddish brown hue.
The shell goes by the name of i long neck ' among the Straithes
fishermen."

Sars has separated this shell from Neptunea, appropriating to
it the generic name Chrysodomus, Swainson, a name usually con-
sidered synonymous with Neptunea. The distinctive points are,
of the shell as stated above, a somewhat different dentition (PI.
26, fig. 16), and operculum (fig. 283). I suppose that these char-
acters might be sufficient for the separation of a group, but the
opercula and dentition of so many species of Neptuniinge being
unknown, it is perhaps most advisable to make no separation at
present.

N. CALLORHINA, Dall. PL 49, fig, 287.

Shell white, solid, smooth, with faint traces of revolving striae;
spire acute ; embryonal whorls very minute, not mammillate ;
suture distinct, not channelled ; canal veiy short, wide, straight ;
aperture rounded, outer lip thickened, strongly waved behind ;
posterior angle not acute ; whorls, seven evenly tapering, not
inflated. Length, 2 inches ; width, -9 inch.

St. Paul Island, Beliring Sea.

Found two specimens dead, on Fur Seal Rookery. The apex
alone would distinguish it from any described species.

The above is Mr. Dall's description. I have not seen it.

N. HALLII, Dall. PI. 49, fig. 285.

Suture subcanaliculate, not deep, but very distinct ; canal
rather long (says Dall, but his figure does not show it so). White,
covered with a yellow-brown epidermis, with very faint revolving
striae crossing the slightly evident, waved lines of growth.

Length 1't inch., lat. -8 inch.

Alaska.

VOLUTOPSIS. 121

N. ATTENUATA, Dall. PL 50, fig. 296.

Shell solid, pinkish white, much attenuated before and behind ;
spire one-quarter shorter than the aperture. Whorls six, apex
mammillated. Posterior surface of the valves flattened towards
the suture, where they are somewhat wrinkled and appressed.
Surface of the whorls completely covered with fine, even, spiral
lines. Aperture long and narrow, a thickened callus on the inner
lip, and the outer lip slightly reflected. Canal long, nearly
straight, rather narrow. Length 2'33 inches, lat. 1 inch.

Hearing's Strait.

I do not know this species. The long canal is a feature not
consistent with Volutopsis ; nevertheless, Mr. Dall places it here.
Is it not equivalent to the next species ?

N. PERICOCHLION, Schrenck. PI. 49, figs. 284, 286.

Shell canaliculate, spirally striate, white under a yellowish or
reddish brown epidermis. Length, 4 inches.

Japan.

N. tabulate Baird (fig. 286), of which a single dead specimen
was dredged in Esquimault Harbor, Yancouver's Island, may be
synonymous with N. pericochlion. It has six whorls, flattened
above and canaliculate next the sutures, covered with revolving
striae, which are asperate ; the canal is of considerable length,
bent to one side. Length 3 inches, lat. 1-33 inches.

Carpenter mentions a second dead specimen, dredged at 120
fathoms, Catalina Isl., Cal.

N. BEHRINGII, Middendorff. PL 49, fig. 280 ; PL 50, figs. 289, 290.

Shell ovate-fusiform, rather solid when adult, whorls obtusely
shouldered, irregularly plicate longitudinally, with minute revolv-
ing striae, which are lost on the middle of the body-whorl but
become more conspicuous at its lower part. Yellowish white ;
epidermis deciduous, membranaceous, brown.

Length, 4-5 inches.

Retiring' s Sea.

The rudely folded whorls are the distinguishing characteristic of
this species : of which there is a short-spired variety, N. castanea,
Morch, which equals N. Kennicottii, Dall (fig. 290).
16

122 HELIOTROPIS.

Subgenus Heliotropis, Dall.

The essential character of this group is the reversed direction
of the spire, placing the aperture on the left instead of the right
side of the shell. The principal species have been considered by
good conchologists as mere monstrosities of dextral species ; thus
Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys regards N. contraria as equivalent to N.
antiqua. But of this species it has been shown that it has an
extensive distribution in Southern Europe, where the normal N.
antiqua is unknown, and that the so-called reversed antiqua is
very rare where the normal form is abundant. The last two
species, in form and want of defined canal appear like reversed
Volutopsae, and possibly they are.

N, CONTRARIA, Linn. PL 50, figs. 291, 292,

Pale yellowish to fulvous brown ; whitish within.
Length, 3-4 inches.

Atlantic Coast of Spain, Portugal, South France ; Mediterranean f

Fossil in the English Crag, in Belgium, and in the newer Ter-
tiary at Palermo.

See remarks under Heliotropis, above ; yet the so-called
English specimens may be veritable reversed monstrosities of N.
antiqua.

N. DEFORMIS, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 293.

Rather thin, with fine revolving striae, and tubercularly swollen
beneath the sutures. Yellowish chestnut, the columella and part

of lip-margin white. Length, 3 inches.

Spitsbergen.

N. HARPA, Morch. PL 50, figs. 294, 295.

Yellowish white, salmon within the aperture.

Length, 3*75 to 6 inches.

Sitka.

Closely allied to the preceding species. Mr. Dall remarks that
the u operculum is very small when compared with the size of
the animal. Ovicapsules solitary, of hemispherical form, attached
by the entire base, smooth above, and maturing only two or three
individuals to each sac, although of much greater size than the
ovicapsule of any other species of mollusk in the region."

SIPHO. 123

Undetermined Neptuneee.

N. DOMINOV^E and N. LAMNTGERA, Valenc. The first said to
belong to the group of Fusus bulbaceus, the last to that of F.

despectus.

Gulf of Tartary, Mantchuria.

N. ARGYROSTOMA, Lam. H. and A. Adams' Genera.

I do not find any species of this or similar name in the Hist.
An. sans Vert.

N. ANGULATA, Gray.

Shell ovate, acute, smooth, rather solid, brownish white ; the
spire elongated, rather longer than the mouth and canal ; apex
blunt ; whorls convex, rounded, with five or six subequal narrow
elevated spiral ribs. The mouth small, roundish ovate ; the canal
short, rather twisted, open. Length, 2*14 inches.

North Sea.

Genus SIPHO, Klein.

This is one of the most perplexing groups that I have
studied ; the distinctive characters of the so-called species are
comparative only, having mainly reference to the proportions
of the shells, color and sculpture being nearly identical through-
out. Experience with boreal shells teaches that they are much
more liable to variation in form than those of more temperate
latitudes : hence the conclusion is irresistable that nearly all the
species of Siplio must be relegated to the synonymy eventually.
The want of sufficient and authentic material has prevented me
from doing this in several instances. The species are confined
to the boreal seas of the northern hemisphere.

* Shell smooth, with revolving strice.
S. ISLANDICUS (Chemn.), Auct. PL 51, fig. 291.

White, under a thin fawn-color or yellowish brown epidermis.
Length, 4-5 inches.

North Sea ; N. Atlantic Ocean to Iceland and Greenland;

30 to 100 fathoms.

It is much larger than the next species, 8. gracilis ; is more
spindle-shaped, being produced and attenuated towards the base ;
the canal is much longer, and in some specimens quite straight ;

124 SIPHO.

the whorls are more rounded ; the apex is stiliform and prominent ;
and the ridges are less crowded, and are sharper and more raised,
especially on the upper whorls. The odontophores of the two
species also differ. The true Islandicus is a northern species,
very rare upon the northern confines of Great Britain. The
English species usually known under this name is the S. gracilis,
whilst the American species commonly known as S. Islandicus is
S. Stimpsoni, Morch. The name of S. cornea, Linn., is excluded
because it is believed to have covered more than one species.

S. GRACILIS, Da Costa. PI. 51, figs. 298, 299, 311.

White (rarely with a tinge of flesh color) beneath a membranous,
yellowish brown or lemon-colored epidermis. Length, 3 inches.
Great Britain, 20 to 145 fathoms, rare in the South,

and on the Coast of France ; Sweden ; Norway ;

Iceland ; Massachusetts ; Behring's Straits ?

Jeffreys describes a var. convoluta, which is smaller, narrower,
and somewhat cylindrical, more solid, with a longer spire, having
sharper ridges and a deeper suture ; mouth proportionally smaller.
He thus describes the egg-capsules.

" The capsules are solitary, small, membranous, pouch-shaped,
and attached by a broad base to stones and corallines ; their sur-
face is microscopically and closely reticulated ; orifice extremely
large and sometimes having the edge partly stained with pink.
Each capsule contains only a single embryonic shell, which is
transparent, and through it may be seen the orange liver and two
unequal-sized plumes of pale yellow gills."

" Monstrosities now and then occur, viz., some of the ridges
being prominent and keel-like ; spire twisted on one side or down-
wards ; penultimate whorl swollen ; apex broken off and replaced
by a shelly plug ; or the operculum aborted and concave. This
whelk is occasionally brought to Billingsgate (London) market,
mixed with the common eatable kinds ; but it is not saleable.
The fishermen call it * borer.' "

Kobelt considers the Fusus Islandicus of the American coast
the equivalent of this species, and calls it var. ventricosior ; but
two species appear to be confounded in our "Islandicus:" a
form which can be readily referred to S. gracilis, and a much
larger, more ventricose form which has been separated as a dis-
tinct species under the name of Stimpsoni, MorcU.

SIPHO. 125

S. PROPINQUUS, Alder. PI. 51, figs. 300, 301.

Resembling S. gracilis in shape, but narrower, thinner, less
opaque, and somewhat more glossy, the whorls not so convex,
the outer lip not projecting so much and more contracted or
incurved above. Length, 1-75 inches.

Great Britain, muddy and sandy ground in the coralline and

deep-water zones ; Norway ; Sweden ; Nova Scotia ?

Jeffrejrs says, " The shell of the female is more tumid than
that of the male. Capsules solitary, and attached to the inside
of old bivalves ; they are hemispherical, and resemble those of
F. gracilis, but have a smaller and oval orifice ; the base is mar-
gined by a narrow membrane. Embryo the color of a pomegranate.
The smaller size and more delicate texture, finer and closer
sculpture, longer, turreted, and regularly tapering spire, deeper
suture, hispid epidermis, less abrupt curvature of the canal and
especially the symetrical apex will readily serve to discriminate
this from the last species."

Mr, Verrill has obtained from the waters of Nova Scotia two
shells which are referred by Mr. Ball to this species after direct
comparison with authentic specimens thereof.

N. Ebur, Kobelt, non Morch (fig, 301), described as a white,
polished variety, with more' acute spire and less incurved canal,
was probably, as suggested by Morch, polished in the stomach of
a fish.

S. TORTUOSUS, Reeve. PI. 51, figs. 302, 303.

White, under a thick, olive epidermis. Length, 42 mill.

Arctic America ; Norway.
Var. TURRITA, Sars. PI, 21, fig. 304.

Smaller and thinner, more slender and almost cylindrical, with
a larger spire.

Shetland; Norway.

Jeffreys considers this a variety of S. propinquus, Alder;
which it may well be, but it is certainly more closely allied to
S- tortuosus if the shape of canal is a specific character : I think
all these differences of extremely doubtful persistence, and would
prefer to consider most of the so-called species mere modifications
of S. Islandicus.

1 26 SIPHO.

Var. ATTENUATA, Jeffreys. PL 51, fig. 305.

" Differs from the type in being narrower, canal not so tortuous,"
etc. Length, 43 mill.

Norway ; W. Coast of Ireland 1180-1215 fms. (Porcupine

Exped., 1869) ; Bay of Biscay, 1207 fms.

S. GLABRA, Verkriizen. PL 51, figs. 306, 301 .

I cannot find any characters by which to distinguish this satis-
factorily from S. Stimpsoni, Mbrch — the American representative

of S. Islandicus. Length, 65 mill.

Coast of Norway.

S. JEFFREYSIANUS, Fischer. PL 51, fig. 308.

Shell differing from that of S. propinquus in being much larger,
more ventricose and solid, and in having a conical and shorter
spire ; the whorls are more convex, and the last occupies eight-
elevenths of the shell ; the ridges of the back of the canal are
stronger ; the surface is covered with microscopic spiral stride,
which intersect the equally fine lines of growth, so as to produce
a slight and partial decussation ; The epidermis is membranous
and deciduous, fibrous near the outer lip, never hispid, and of a
brownish yellow color ; the alternation of size in the spiral ridges
gives a lineated appearance to that part of the epidermis on the
body-whorl which is of a paler color and situated below the
periphery ; the canal is proportionally shorter, much wider, and
more open ; the outer lip is sinuated in the middle ; operculum
amber-color. Length 2*25 inches, breadth 1*15 inches.

English Coast to Bay of Biscay ; coralline zone.

The description above is copied from Jeffreys, who first de-
scribed the species under the name of Fusus Buccinatus, Lam.,
which is, however, an Euthria.

S. STIMPSONI, Morch. PL 51, figs. 309, 310, 313 ; PL 52, fig. 31t.
This is the North American representative of S. Islandicus,
and it has generally been confounded with that species ; it is,
however, more ventricose, with a shorter, wider and more curved
canal. It is a robust shell, with a dark, rough epidermis.

Long Island to MassacJmsetts, northwards to Labrador ;

deep water.

The animal is white, with small, irregular black specks ; eyes
black ; foot rectangular, angles rounded.

SIPHO. 127

Yar. STRIATUS, Reeve. Fig. 317.

Approaching S. Sarsii and S. ventricosus. Reeve's figure is
different enough to be a distinct species from Stimpsonii, but I
possess a good series of intermediate forms.

S. TURGIDULUS, Jeffreys. PL 52. figs.. 314, 315.

Shell very thin, white, under a thin yellowish olive epidermis.
Length, 47-56 mill.

N. Atlantic Ocean, 290 to 400 fathoms (Porcupine Exped.).

S. SCHANTARICUS, Middendorff. PI. 52, fig. 316.

Shell opaque, thick, spirally lirate. canal very short.

Length, 72 mill.

Sea of Ochotsk.
S. TOGATUS, Morch. PI. 52, figs. 318, 319.

Thin, epidermis coriaceous, at the intersection of the revolving
and incremental striae sometimes ciliated. Length, 48 mill.

Arctic Seas; circumpolar.

, Several authors identify with this species the unfigured Fusus
Sabinii, Gray, described in the Conchology of Parry's Voyage ;
others have identified it with Buccinofusus Bernieiensis, King.
I very much doubt the distinctness of S. turgidulus from togatus.
S. PFAFFII, Morch. PL 52, fig. 320.

Thin, fragile, rosy white ; epidermis brown, membranaceous,
ciliated ; spirally striated, decussated by growth striae.

Length, 57 mill.

Jacobshavn, Greenland.

Mr. G-wyn Jeffreys refers this, together with tortuosus, Spitz-
bergensis and Ebur to S. Sabinii, Gray, with which he also
identifies togatus, Morch. He says, " The epidermis is usually
smooth ; but in one of my specimens it is finely and closely
ciliated. The comparative length and curvature of the canal are
variable characters,"

S. LIVIDUS, Morch. PL 52, fig. 321.

Whitish, encircled by narrow, flat lirse and narrower interstices ;
epidermis olivaceous ; lip slightly expanded. Length, 50 mill.

Newfoundland.

Morch mentions the resemblance of this species to Spitzber-
gensis, Reeve (:= Buccinofusus terebralis, Gld.), the type of

128 SIPHO.

which he has not seen. It is possible that the two are identical,
and that limdus should be expunged from the genus Sipho. It
must be considered a very doubtful species ; I am not aware of
anything like the figure in the American Seas, and cannot help
thinking that the illustration is a bad one.

S. SARSII, Jeffreys. PL 52, figs. 322, 323.

Spirally costulate, clathrate by narrow, undulated growth-lines.
White, epidermis pallid olivaceous. Length, 54 mill.

Southern Norwegian Coast ; 106 fathoms.

Outline somewhat like that of the next species, but the spire is
more elevated and the whorls rounder ; sutures, consequently,
deeper.

S. VENTRICOSUS, Gray. PL 52, fig. 324.

Shell rather thin, inflated, spire short ; epidermis light olive.

Length, l'5-2 inches.*

Banks of Newfoundland .

Fusus striatus, Reeve, is supposed by Kobelt to =this species,
but I think it more closely allied to F. Stimpso-ni, Morch.

S. LACHESIS, Morch. PI, 51, fig. 312.

Pinkish white under a coriaceous epidermis. Length, 41 mill.

Greenland ; Finmark.

S. VERKRUZENI, Kobelt. PL 52, fig. 325.

Shell solid, nearly smooth ; canal very short ; columella strongly
callous below. Epidermis smooth, greenish yellow.

Length, 2 inches.

Northern Norway.

Totally different from all the other species in its Bullia-like
aspect, want of striae and short canal. The radula and operculum
are those of Sipho, otherwise its generic position would be very
doubtful. Kobelt suspects that Chemnitz had this shell before
him when he assigned Norway as a habitat for Bullia, polita.

S. ROSEUS, Ball. PL 52, fig. 329.

Shell sniaU, of a rosy color when fresh, smooth to the touch,
elegantly proportioned. Whorls six, well-rounded but not in-
flated ; suture distinct ; apex not mammillate, but evenly and
elegantly rounded off. Sculpture consisting of delicate, evenly-

RANELLIN^E.

40

R4NELLIN.E

PLATE 23.

RANELLINJ5.

•LATE 24.

PROSOBRANCHIATA.

PLATE 25.

PROSOBRANCHIATA.

PROSOBRANCHIATA

PLATE 27.

i X 'r"^~ '1

ru x j/i

V ^

FUSING.

PLATE 28.

'

48.

FASCIOLARIINJB.

PLATE 29.

51. MELOXGENIN^E

NEPTUNIN./E.

PLATE 30.

PISAN1N.E.

PLATE 31,

o.

74
BUCCININ^E.

75.

FUSING.

PLATE 32.

Si).

95.

FUSING.

I' I; ATE

PLATE 34.

FUSING.

PLATE 35.

FUSING.

PLATE 36.

FUSING.

PLATE 3'

149

FUSING.

PLATE 38.

FUSING.

PLATE 39.

FUSING.

PLATE 40.

183

184

MELOXGENIN.E

PLATE 41.

202

203

MELONGENINJE

PLATE 42

MELONGENIN^E

PLATE 43.

STPHO. 129

distributed revolving grooves, with wide interspaces, of which
there are thirty or forty on the last whorl ; these are crossed by
faint lines of growth. Aperture rounded ovate, outer lip thin,
columella arcuated, polished, not thickened ; canal very short
and wide. Fasciole none. Length, '9 inch.

Arctic Ocean.

The sculpture reminds one of the true Fusus Islandicus, which,
however, has a long canal. The epidermis is not perceptible, and
"all the specimens were imbedded in lumps of dense spongy
growth.

The above is Mr. DalPs description.

S. PBODUCTUS, Beck. PL 52, fig, 326,

Yellowish white under a brownish epidermis, ponderous, aper-
ture small and narrow. Length, 41 mill.

Cape North, Siberia.
S. BENZONI, Morch. PI. 52, figs. 327, 328.

Thick, ponderous, white, covered with obsolete spiral line ;
epidermis thin, reddish brown. Length, 32-39 mill.

Bahia, Brazil.

/

I figure, besides the original in the Jour, de Conchyl., a shell
(fig. 328) which Kobelt refers to the same species. The localit3T
is probably an error.

S. PYGM^US, Gould. PL 52, fig. 330.

White, under a yellowish epidermis ; animal white.
Length, 15-20 mill.

Connecticut, northward to Newfoundland.

Mr. Verrill has made for this species a subgenus Neptunella,
founded on the peculiarly velvety epidermis and the dentition.
The epidermis is, however, no more velvety than in some other
species, and the description of the dentition given by Verrill
applies very well to that of Siplio Islandicus.

This species is very like S. gracilis, except that it is much
smaller.

17

130 STPHO.

* * Shell longitudinally plicate, decussated by revolving lira.

S. KROYERI, Holler. PI. 53, figs. 333-336, 349-351.
Greyish white under a smooth, thin, brownish epidermis.
Length, 91 mill.

Circumpolar; Greenland; Behring's Sea; Spitzbergen ;

Labrador ; Banks of Newfoundland*

In addition to the typical form I figure, from Kobelt, a stout
variety collected by Dall at Unalaschka. Among the synonyms
are S. (Bucc.) tortuosus, Reeve (fig. 349), S. arcticus, Phil. (fig.
336), and S. cretaceus, Reeve (fig. 350), and, possibly, S. scalari-
formis, Beck. S. plicatus, A. Ad. (fig. 351), from Japan, is
apparently the same species.

S. FENESTRATUS, Turton. PI. 53, figs. 337-339.

Shell rather thin, semi-transparent ; epidermis rather thin,
brownish yellow, rising into numerous fine prickles on the spiral
striae. Length, 1*7 inches.

Norway ; Ireland ; Newfoundland ; 40 to 160 fathoms.

S. LATERIOEUS, Holler. PI. 53, figs. 340-342.

Light reddish brown. Length, 25 mill.

Greenland ; Norway.
S. BRUNNEUS, Dall. PI. 53, fig. 343.

Nearly allied to the preceding, but with smaller and higher
plications more plainly developed on the last whorl.

Length, 18 mill.

Behr ing's Sea ; 10 fathoms.

S. PELLUCIDUS, Hancock. PL 53, fig. 344.

Yellowish horn-color, pellucid. Length, -37 inch.

West Coast of Davii Strait.

Only one specimen dredged, thirty-five years ago ; has not
since been recognized. May be a Bela or even a Trophon, but
is compared by Hancock with Fusus Islandicus.

S. VIRENS, Dall. PL 53, fig. 347.

Shell small, similar to S. brunneus in general characters, but
covered with a grass-green epidermis, tinged with light brown in
some specimens. The canal is more clearly defined ; aperture
much shorter and rounder, ridges and grooves less prominent

SIPHO. 131

and clearly defined. The costee are more arcuated posteriorly,
and the embryonic whorl larger, with revolving threads instead
of being smooth. Whorls five and a:half. Costse nine to eleven
on the last whorl ; ridges more numerous than in S. brunneus,
but almost too faint to count. Length, '65 inch.

Kyska Harbor, Alaska ; 10 fathoms.

None of the specimens fully adult, but clearly different from
any other described species of the region. — Dall.

S. JESSOENSIS, Schrenck. PL 53, figs. 345, 346.

Light roseate or reddish, under a light olive-green epidermis.

Length, 27 mill.

Japanese Seas ; 48 fathoms, sand and mud.

My figure is from the original ; afterwards the same species,
apparently, was described by Mr. E. A. Smith under the name of
Sipho Manchuricus, A. Adams' MS. ; and in this description
the specimen is larger, attaining the above length. Some of the
preceding species may be identical with it.

S. ANGUSTUS, E. A. Smith.

Fusiform; whorls about ten, slightly convex, longitudinally
plicated, finely spirally striated; plicae somewhat oblique and
arcuate, not particularly raised, broader than the interstices,
about eighteen on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl contracted
and produced below into a slender, recurved beak ; aperture
rather less than half the entire length of the shell. Whitish,
with a broad obscure brownish band round the middle of the
whorls, clothed with a greenish yellow epidermis ; aperture light
brown within. Length 25 mill., diam. 6'5 mill.

Vancouver's Island.

Remarkable for its slender form. It is not figured, and I know
nothing concerning it.

Undetermined Species of Sipho.

S. RECTIROSTRIS, Carpenter. PI. 53, fig. 348.

Puget Sound) etc.

No diagnosis of this species has been published ; it is merely
mentioned in Carpenter's 2d Report, and figured in Kiister from
a drawing furnished by W. H. Dall.

132 SIPHO.

S. BBEVICAUDA, Desh.

KamtscJiatka.

Not figured. Said to resemble S. lividus, Morch.

In Sowerby's monograph of Fusus, just published in the
Thesaurus Conchyliorum, occur the following species, referable
to Sipho:

S. RECTIPLICATUS, Sowb. PL 87, fig. 612. Northern Seas.

This is a form of the very variable S. Kroyeri, Moller.
S. OBESUS, Sowb. PI. 87, fig, 624. Northern Seas.

Nearly allied to S. glabra, Verkriizen, but more bulbous below.
Probably not distinct from that species.

S. SOLIDULUS, Sowb. PI. 87, fig. 622. Northern Seas.

= S. Stimpsom, Morch, Var., p. 126, t, 51, f. 313.

Through the courtesy of Prof. Friele, who has forwarded to
me proof plates of his forthcoming work on the Mollusca of the
Norwegian Polar Expedition, I am enabled to illustrate the
following additional species :

S. DANIELSENI, Friele. PL 87, fig. 610.

Shell whitish. Length, 39 mill.

Dredged between Norway and Greenland, at 1000 fathoms.

Very closely related to S. lividus, Morch (t. 53, f. 321 ), and
S. Sarsii, Jeffreys (t. 52, f. 322, 323). I have not seen specimens
of this or the succeeding species.

S. HANSENI, Friele. PL 87, fig. 628.

Yellowish brown. Length, 61 mill.

Spitzbergen.

Only one example found. Resembles the variety of S. Stimp-
soni, which I have illustrated, PL 51, f. 313.

S. VIRGATUS, Friele. PL 87, fig. 613.

Reddish yellow. Length, 30 mill.

Near Lofoten, Spitzbergen.

In form and extraordinarily short canal, like S. Verkriizeni,
but sculpture and apex different.

MOHNIA, STPHONALIA. 133

S. DALLI, Friele. PL 87, fig. 625.

S. UNDULATUS, Friele. PI. 87, fig. 626.

Not published ; figured from advance plate of the Norwegian
North Sea Expedition. >S. Dalli appears to be a S. tortuosus
with well-developed spiral sculpture (see t. 51, f. 302-305); S.
undulatus is not adult.

NEPTUNEA OSSIANI, Friele. PI. 87, fig. 621.

Form similar to N. Turtoni, with yellowish brown, somewhat
scabrous epidermis. Length, 88 mill.

Near Lofoten, Spitzbergen.

The sculpture and epidermis, mouth and canal, are considered
different from N, Turtoni, and the shell is less solid. Cer-
tainly very closely related.

Subgenus Mohnia, Friele.

M. MOHNII, Friele. PI. 52, figs. 331. 332.

White, subpellucid, epidermis thin, smooth or slightly hispid.

Length, 22 mill.

North Atlantic Ocean.

The paucispiral opercultim is the distinguishing feature of this
species and subgcnus ; and I can scarcely believe that some error
has not occurred in assigning such an operculum to one of the
Buccinidae, because we are accustomed to consider this form as
evidence that the shell to which it belongs is holostomate.

(Sonus SIPHONALIA, A. Adams.

This genus is principally of tropical and subtropical distribu-
tion, and more highly colored than Neptunea : which, neverthe-
less, it approaches very nearly in the form and color of S.
Kellettii, for instance. The metropolis of the genus is Japan, a
few forms being found, however, on the opposite shores of the
West Coast of North America ; some species occur also in Aus-
tralian waters. The shells are usually thin and ventricose, varie-
gated in color, and destitute of epidermis. The operculum is
fusoid.

A number of the species have been recently described by Mr.
Arthur Adams and others, the diagnoses being unaccompanied

134 SIPHONALTA.

by comparative characters or figures. The variation of coloration
and sculpture is known to be great in this genus, consequently it
is very probable that a portion of these species will prove to be
synonymous with others previously described. I shall merely
enumerate these as unidentified species.

The animal and dentition of Siphonalia are unknown.

S. KELLETTII, Forbes. PI. 54, fig. 352.

Thick, ponderous, white. Length, 4-6 inches.

Lower California; California ; Japan.

Kobelt justly remarks that this species occupies an interme-
diate position between Siphonalia and Neptunea, so that it is
difficult to decide in which genus it ought to be placed.

S. FUSCOTINCTA, Cpr.

A unique, unfigured shell from Sta. Barbara, Cal. It is probably
very immature, being only "IT inch long. It is said to look like
a minute edition of S. Kellettii, but does not accord with the
young of that species. Science is not benefited by the descrip-
tion of such material as this.

S. FUSCOZONATA, Angas. PL 55, fig. 361.

White, with an interrupted, broad brown band on the periphery ;
lip acutely lirate within, columella with a superior callus.

Length, *54 inch.

S. Australia.

Said to resemble Peristernia, but without the columellar
plications of that genus. It is too small to be an adult shell, if
a Siphonalia.

S. MODIFICATA, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 362.

Light yellowish brown. Length, 44 mill.

La Pas, L. California, Carpenter ; Japan, A. Adams.

Resembles somewhat Melongena pallida, B. and S., and may
not be properly classed as a Siphonalia;

S. SPADICEA, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 363.

Light brown, with here and there longitudinal reddish flames

and reddish brown spiral ridges. Length, 42 mill.

Japan.

I do not know this species ; it resembles some of the Melon-
genae quite as much as this group — where it is placed by Kobelt.

SIPHONALIA. 135

S. TUBEROSA, Reeve. PI. 54, fig. 354.

Chestnut-brown, white on the principal spiral ribs and nodules ;

aperture bluish white. Length, 3 inches.

Japan.
S. MAXIMA, Try on. PI. 54, fig. 355.

White, sprinkled and blotched with light chestnut-brown on
the spiral ribs ; a broad, brown band between the tubercles on
the shoulder of the whorls ; aperture white. Length, 7 '5 inch.

Tasmania.

This shell was sent to the Philadelphia Academy by Mr. GK B.
Sowerby, under the name of Siphonalia Tasmaniensis, Angas,
and he has since figured a somewhat similar form in his " Thesau-
rus" as that species ; Tasmaniensis is, however, a very different
species, as will be seen by my copy of the original figure. The
present species may possibly be the subject of one of the unil-
lustrated diagnoses which I have considered it useless to attempt
to identify.

S. DILATATA, Quoy. PI, 54, figs. 356-359.

Pale yellowish brown, the revolving ridges deep chestnut ;
interior white. Length, 2*5-5 inches.

New Zealand ; Japan, A. Adams.

F. adustus, Phil. (fig. 359) is a synonym.

Reeve and Hutton both suspect this to run into the non-
shouldered F. Mandarinus, Duclos (= Zelandicus, Quoy); if this
be so, all the species of Siphonalia might as well be given up at
once. Mandarinus I have referred to the group Austrofusus.

S. CASSIDARI^EFORMIS, Reeve. PL 55, figs, 364-369.

Reddish orange variously banded and tinged with chocolate
and white; aperture white or orange. Length, 30-55 mill.

Japan.

Quite characteristic in its general appearance, although very
variable in coloring. Probably several of Mr. Arthur Adams'
unfigured species are synonymous with this ; Lischke thus iden-
tifies two of them, S. ornata and S. conxpersa.

S. TASMANTENSIS, Ad. and Angas. PL 54, fig. 360.

Yellowish orange more or less fasciated with red (three bands
on the last whorl), yellowish white within. Length, 60 mill.

/S'. Australia and Tasmania.

136 SIPHONALIA.

S. SIGNUM, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 370.

Yellowish, marbled with gray or light brown, with five or six

narrow brown revolving bands. Length, 2 inches.

S. Japan.

Yery like S. Cassidariaeformis in shape, but smooth, and more
produced and contorted inferiorly.

S. concinna, A. Adams, may be synonymous, as suggested by
Kobelt.

S. FUSOIDES, Reeve. PL 55, figs. 371, 372.

Light brown, ridges profusely stained with small spots of

deeper color, Length, 46 mill.

Japan.

Yery like S. Cassidarifzformis, but with longer spire, and
somewhat narrower ; the canal also, is a little more produced.

S. FUSCOLINEATA, Pease. PI. 87, fig. 618.

Whitish fawn, sparingly streaked longitudinally with brown,
and ornamented with sub-equidistant revolving dark brown lines.

Length, 1-6 inches.

Corea, 70 fathoms.

I have not seen this species ; the figure of it appears very
closely related to the preceding, and it is probably synonymous
with it.

S. TROCHULUS, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 373.

Yellowish bay-color, encircled by white raised lines ; light

chocolate within the aperture. Length, 40 mill.

Japan.
S. HINNULUS, Ad. and Reeve. Plate 55, fig. 374.

Whitish, strigated and maculated sparsely with orange-brown.
Length, 41 mill.

Sooloo Sea ; Japan, 35 fathoms.

The very short canal and smooth surface as well as the peculiar
color-markings almost suggest Eburna rather than SipJwnalia.

S. NODOSA, Martyn. PL 56, figs. 376, 377 ; PL 58, fig. 398.
Yellowish white, more or less stained with rust-red.
Length, 2-2'5 inches.

New Zealand.

Purpura baccata, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 398), is the young of
this species.

AUSTROFUSUS. 137

S. VARICOSA, Kiener. PL 54, fig. 353.

Light brown, the revolving striai darker. Length, 2 inches.

Hob. unknown.

This species was first figured by Chemnitz, but his figures as
well as Kiener's are from worn specimens. My illustration is
from Reeve, and represents a very peculiar shell, the generic
position of which is doubtful.

Unidentified Species of SipTionalia.

S. LIGATA, COMMODA, NODULOSA, MUNDA, FILOSA, CORRUGATA,

GRISEA, COLUS, ACUMiNATA, FYRAMis, A, Adams, all from

Japan. None of them figured.

S. ARATAJ Gould. Hob. unknown.

S. ^STOSA, Gould. Kagosima, Japan.

S. TRAVERSI, Hutton. Chatham Isle, New Zealand.

S. CALCARIUS, Dunker. PL 55, fig. 375.

White, cretaceous. Length, 21 mill.

Japan.
Described as a Murex : generic position doubtful.

S. GYRATA, Hinds (Vol. II, 151, t. 33, f. 362).

This shell may be a young Siphonalia, although described as a
Trophon, and included by me in the monograph of that genus.

S. CLARKEI, TURRITA, CASTANEA, PULCHRA, Woods. Tasmania.

Mr. W. F. Petterd* makes Trophon Brazieri, Woods = S.
castanea, and considers Siph. pulchra, Woods, a young Pleuro-
toma philomense, with undeveloped lip.

Subgcnui Austrofusus, Kobelt.

Shell ovate fusiform, whorls rounded, not angulated at the
upper part.

S. ALTERNATA, Phil. PL 56, figs. 378, 379.
Yellowish white, the ridges deep chocolate.

Length, 2-3'25 inches,

W. Coast of Central America; Peru.

S. Fontainei, d'Orb., is from the Peruvian Coast, and appears
to be a synonym (fig. 379).

* Zool. Proc., 1880.
18

138 AUSTROFUSUS.

S. SULCATA. Lam. PL 56, fig. 380.

Yellowish brown, with chestnut-colored revolving ridges ;

aperture white. Length, 4'5 inches.

S. Australia.
S. CINNAMOMEA, Reeve. PL 56, fig. 382.

Light reddish brown, with darker revolving ridges.

Length, 2-25 inches.

Habitat -unknown.

The want of longitudinal folds appears to distinguish this
species from its congeners, except S. Mandarina, Duclos. To
this it is very closely allied and may be identical, although the
revolving ridges in cinnamomea appear to be fewer and more
distant.

S. BUXEA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 381 ; PI. 57, fig. 386.

Light reddish brown, obscurely light-banded, white within the

aperture. Length 2' 25 inches.

Cape Verd Isles.

S. Fisheriana, Petit (fig. 386), was described as a Fasciolaria
but the want of distinct columellar folds and the sculpture seem
to indicate that it would be more properly placed here; it is
almost certainly equivalent to S. buxea, described at an earlier
date, without locality.

S. REEVEANA, Petit. PI. 56, tig. 383.

Described from a worn specimen, deprived of epidermis, sup-
posed, 'to come from Newfoundland. The figure appears to be
badly drawn. Kobelt suspects that this will prove to be identical
with S. sulcata, Lam. Fusus Reeveanus, Sowb., not Petit (t. 86,
f. 600), is possibly also a Siphonalia,

S. MANDARINA, Duclos. PI. 56, fig. 384; PI. 57, tig. 385.
White or pale rust-color, ridges dark, chocolate.

Length, 2-5-3-25 inches.

New Zealand.

Fusus Zealandicus, Quoy (fig. 384), is evidently the same spe-
cies; and F. caudatus, Quoy, is supposed to be the young shell,
by Hutton, but I think it quite certain, from comparison of
Quoy's figures, that caudatus is the young of Ft australis.
Hutton connects S. Mandarina with S. dilatata, Quoy.

FULGUR. 139

S. HARFORDI, Stearns.

Solid, elongate, regularly fusiform ; spire elevated, whorls six
or seven, moderately convex, slightly flattened (in outline) above,
with a groove or channel following the suture ; color chocolatc-
brown ; surface marked by numerous narrow revoMng costae,
which alternate in prominence on the body-whorl, and longitudi-
nally by fine incremental striae, and the upper whorls by obtusely
rounded ribs of more or less prominence ; aperture ovate, about
half the length of the shell, polished, white and finely ribbed
within ; canal short, nearly straight.

Length 2-1, lat. -94 in.

Mendocino Co. and Fa/i*allone Is., California.

Mr. Dall compares this species to S. cinnamomea, Reeve. It
has not been figured and I have not seen it. Very rare.

Genus FULGUR, Montfort.

Shell with a simple, very thin periostracum, with little raised
revolving lines ; pyriform, with the whorls wound tightly round
the axis, leaving no umbilicus, angular behind, with the upper
surface shelving towards the angle ; and the whorls below the
angle ventricose, and thence gradually contracted and terminating
in a moderately elongated canal, generally little or no longer
than the aperture, concurrent with and proximal to the siphonal
fascicle, and correspondingly tortuous, Siphonal fascicle coinci-
dent with the colnmellar plait ; spire variable in evolution, with
a papillary nucleus ; sutures plane ; aperture rhombo-ovate ; outer
lip in youth striated within ; columella covered with a thin,
callous coat, decidedly and regularly concave, and with a wide
oblique marginal fold. Operculum with the nucleus apical.

Animal rather small, retractile with its operculum within the
shell for about a third of a volution from the aperture.

I quote above Prof. Theodore Gill's somewhat lengthy des-
cription, forming part of his admirable synopsis of the genus ;
which I have adopted as a basis for this work. The distribution
of the genus is restricted to the temperate and subtropical waters
of the Atlantic Coast of the United States, and its manifest con-
chological position connects Fasciolaria with Neptunea. It is
not infrequent in our miocene deposits, from which several
species have been described by Mr. Conrad.

140

FULGUR.

The name Fulgur, meaning lightning, is in allusion to the
somewhat tortuous longitudinal brown streaks upon the shell,
indicating rest-periods in its growth. The animal is used for
bait by fishermen, and the trade in the shells for garden orna-
ments and for use as hanging flower-pots is so extensive as to have
nearly caused the extermination of the species upon portions of
the New Jersey coast.

Morch and Adams have used the name Busycon, of Bolten,.for
this genus, but Bolten did. not characterize it, whilst the later
name given by Montfort accompanies a full generic description ;
I therefore prefer Fulgur. It was included by Lamarck in the
heterogenous assemblage of species which he called Pyrula.

The late Dr. Jeffreys Wyman, in his valuable memoir on the
" Fresh Water Shell Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida,"*
mentions two kinds of chisel-shaped tools cut from the shells of
-Fulgur carica and F. perversa. These implements were probably
used b3^the aborigines for fleshing skins and for the manufacture
of articles of wood. F. perversa was also used by the Florida
Indians as a drinking vessel, the interior whorls being removed
to increase its capacity. This same species was extensively used
and must have been an important article of trade among the
natives, as it is frequently found in Indian graves and mounds
throughout the Southern and Western States and Canada. It
is probable that, among other uses it was cut up into beads and
various small ornaments. The white kind of wampum or shell
money of the Indians was partially made of the axis of the shells
of Fulgur, and partially from Huccinum undatum.

F. CARTCA, Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 387-390 ; PI. 58, fig. 400.

Whitish, the younger specimens often marked by ash or
chocolate-colored longitudinal stripes at the principal rest-periods
in their growth ; mouth and columella in adult specimens deep
orange color. Length, 6-10 inches.

Cape Cod, Mass, to Florida. Also Miocene and Post Pliocene.

Animal large, dirty white to almost black; mantle thick, white,
edge plain ; proboscis long, cylindrical, slightly bi-lobed and
black, or nearly so, at the end, lighter next the body ; tentacles
short, triangular ; eyes on the outer side near the base. Opercu-

* Memoirs of the Peabody Academy, Vol. I, 1875.

FULGUR. . 141

him ovate, thick, with a broad callus around the inner edge,
which is heaviest on the left side ; outer surface coarse and rough,
greenish yellow. Mr. Conrad adopts Linnaeus' name, Aruanum,
for this species, and says that the figures in Rumphius and
Gnaltieri referred to by him represent this species : the latter
does, but the former is Fusus proboscidiferus, Lam. I am com-
pelled on account of this uncertainty to reject the prior name
given by Linnaeus in favor of carica — under which the species is
more generally known.

Var. ELICEANS, Montfort. PL 57, figs. 388-390.

On the coasts of Georgia and Florida occurs a variety which,
commencing like a normal carica, eventual!}' becomes more
thickened, the spines fewer in number and more prominent, the
columella white The appearance of fine specimens is perhaps
sufficiently distinct to justify its separation as a different species.
The ordinary manifestation of carica occurs in the same regions,
and ATarious transition states as well. The coloration of the rest-
periods is more vivid and is retained to a much larger size in the
Southern than in the Northern specimens. An exaggerated
specimen of the var. eliceans is the shell called by Lamarck
Pyrula candelabrum (fig. 389) in which the animal has completed
the growth of the body-whorl in three growths, and consequently,
has onl}T three spines upon this whorl. The type (and only
specimen known) formed part of the Lamarckian collection. F.
Kie.neri, Phil. (fig. 390), is founded on a reversed and distorted
shell of var. eliceans. Specimens of this distorted form, uni-
formly from the Southern Coast; are not uncommon, and are
either dextral or sinistral. Conrad has named sinistral specimens
of this variety Busy con gibbosum. Sowerby, in his recently pub-
lished monograph of Fusus (Thesaurus Conchyliorum) describes
and figures a F. lamellosus, Kay (meaning I)e Kay, or of Gould,
in his plate-explanations), said to come from the Northwest
Coast of Africa. Neither of the authors cited described such a
species, and the figure represents a young, but beach-worn, F.
carica.

F. PEBVERSUS, Linn. PI. 57, figs. 391-393.

The spire is very low and the tubercles numerous and small.
The shell is usually reversed, but sometimes dextral, and is

142 SYCOTYPUS.

readily distinguished by the above characters and by its narrower,
more elongated form, long canal, etc. The coloring is usually
quite vivid in young specimens, and is frequently interrupted by
the interposition of a median, broad, white, revolving band.

Length, 6-12 inches.

Florida.

Has been united with F. carica by several authors, and I am
not nearly so certain as I once was that it is distinct ; it is pos-
sibly only a variet}-, yet it does not seem to merge into the
carica form. Pyrula coarctatus, Sowerby (fig. 393), said to occur
in Florida, is this species, almost certainh*.

Subgenus Sycotypus (Browne) Gill.

I do not consider Browne's description sufficiently characteris-
tic to meet the requirements of a diagnosis ; moreover, these
shells are not even now known to inhabit Jamaica. Grill's diag-
nosis is, of course, accurate and exhaustive ; but it mainly repeats
the characters of Fulgur : the real difference is in the canalicu-
lated sutures and ciliated periostracum. The distinction of
"spinous" for Busy con or Fulgur, and " tuberculated " for
Sycotypus is of little importance generically, as the Fulgurs &•
frequently only tuberculate when young and become spinous
with advancing age ; moreover, the miocene series serve to con-
nect the two groups in this respect. Under these circumstances
I judge it better to make Sycotypus a subgenus only, under
Fulgur.

Mr. T. A. Conrad* attempts to distinguish the embryos of
Sycotypus from those of Fulgur by the latter having a long fissure
parallel with the columella, whilst the columellar region of the
former is entire. Mr. Conrad's specimens, which are before me,
and which I saw him extract from the pouches, certainly show
this difference, but I have since had occasion to examine the
embryos of Fulgur several times, and from different strings of
pouches, none of which show the slit columella : the character was
probably pathological.

* Am. Jour. Conch. Ill, 182.

TAPHON, STREPTOSIPHON. 143

F, CANALICULATUS, Linn. PL 57, figs. 394, 395; PI. 58, fig. 401.
Fulvous ash-color, covered, when fresh, by a light yellowish
brown pilose epidermis. Length, 5-7 inches.

Cape Cod, Mass, to Florida. Fossil, miocene to postpliocene.

The tubercles become obsolete on the body-whorl of the adult
shell. Animal with white mantle, edged with a narrow, bright
yellow granulous cord ; proboscis long, black-tipped, reddish
near the body. A string of the ovicapsules from Atlantic City,
N. J., contains ninety-eight embryos in each capsule, making
about five thousand for the entire string.

F. PYRUM, Dillw. PL 58, figs. 402, 403.

Whitish, conspicuously longitudinally flamed with light chest-
nut or orange ; aperture whitish or yellowish within.

Length, 4-5 inches.

Florida.

Whorls carinated, but scarcely tuberculated at the angle of the
shoulder. Mr. Conrad maintained that his F. plagosus is a dis-
tinct species, but I am not able to separate it.

Submenus Taphou, H. and A. Adams.

Dr. Gill eliminates this from Fulgur, with which he says it
evidently. has no affinity. I have not seen the shell, but judging
from description and figure I would suppose it to be either
related to Ficus or to Fulgur, and probably much closer to
Ficux. *

F. STRIATUS, Gray. PL 58. fig. 404.

Whitish, streaked longitudinally with orange-brown ; interior

of aperture white. Length, 1*6 inches.

China.

Genus STREPTOSIPHON, Gill.

S. PORPHYROSTOMA, Adams and Reeve. PL 58, tigs. 405, 406.

Whitish, with a yellow-brown epidermis, marked obsoletely
with spiral brown lines ; aperture white or light purple.

Length, 38 mill.

Eastern Seas, Senegal.

S. recurva, A. Adams (fig. 406) is evidently the same species.

144 TUDICLA.

Genus TUDICLA, Boltcn.

Besides the typical form three additional spinose species have
been described, viz., T. armigera and spinosa of Adams, and T.
tinermis, Sowb. For these H. and A, Adams have proposed a
subgeneric name, Tudwula. Sowerby remarks that their posses-
sion of three prominent transverse plaits on the columella brings
them to the family Turbinillidre, but T. spirillus itself, when closely
examined, shows slight traces of additional plaits besides the
single prominent one, and the shells are otherwise closely related
to T. sjnrillus — particularly in the long, narrow canal, and the
well-defined inner lip.

T. SPIRILLUS, Linn. PL 58, fig. 409.

Flesh-brown, spotted and clouded with light chestnut.

Length, 70 mill.

Indian Ocean.

T. CUMINGII, Jonas. PI. 58, figs. 401, 408.

Whitish, maculated with chestnut. Length, 65 mill.

China.

T. Couderti, Petit (fig. 408), appears to me to be identical, as
does also T. fusoides, A. Ad., an unfigured species, also from
China.

T. ARMIGERA, A. Adams. PI. 58, fig. 411.

Light yellowish brown, whitish within the aperture.

Length, 2' 75 inches.

, Australia.

This species has not been figured by its author, but I am able
to give an illustration from specimens sent to me by Mr. John
Brazier, of Sydne}', N. S. Wales. In possessing spines upon the
canal as well as shoulder these specimens agree with the descrip-
tion of T. armigera, whilst in that of T. spinosa no second series
of spines is mentioned : yet I suspect that the latter is not dis-
tinct, and that Mr. Sowerby's T. inermis is simply a depauperated
specimen of the same species.

T. SPINOSA, H. and A. Adams.

An unfigured species from Australia, probably identical with
T. armigera : See remarks under that species.

PISANIA. 145

T. INERMIS, Sowb. PI. 58, fig. 410.

White, with a broad chestnut band, and longitudinal flames of

the same color ; white within. Length, 1'6 inches.

Singapore f

The two specimens were obtained from a dealer at Singapore,
so that the locality it inhabits is very doubtful. See remarks
under T. armigera.

Genus PISANIA, Bivona.

Between typical specimens of this genus and of EutTiria " there
is a distinction with a difference,'" and therefore it may be profit-
able to retain both groups ; but there are species in which the
characters become so merged that their generic classification is
merely arbitrary.

P. PUSIO, Linn. PL 71, figs. 188, 189.

Chocolate or purplish, with revolving series of red-brown
arrow-headed markings, bluish within, columella and edge of lip
fawn-color ; usually a white central band on body.

Length, 1*5-2 inches.

West Indies ; Central America.

Reeve's locality, California, is an error.
P. IGNEA, Gmel. PI. 71, figs. 190-194.

Yellowish, spotted and flamed with reddish chestnut, and occa-
sionally with white. Length, T25-1'75 inches.

Red Sea ; Singapore ; Philippines ; Viti Islands.

The spots in this species are square instead of arrow-like as in
P. pusio : they are frequently confluent into longitudinal flames
and being interrupted on the periphery, cause it to appear as
though light banded.

Var. TRITONOIDES, Reeve., PI. 71, fig. 193.

Shell more ventricose, heavier, mottled with white on the
periphery and below the sutures.

Philippines; Cape of Good Hope (Gould).

I think Gould's Euthria lacertina (fig. 194) is a synonym.
Var. FLAMMULATA, Hombr. et Jacq. (not Quoy). PI. 71, fig. 192.
Shell smaller, uniform yellowish brown with a lighter central
band.

19

146 PISANIA.

The typical form is well represented by its synonyms, P. picta,
Reeve (fig. 190), P. flammulata, Quoy (fig. 191), and P. buccinu-
lum, Martini.

P. MOESTUM, Phil.

A small, unfigured species, the locality of which is unknown.
It has revolving sulci, the intermediate spaces being articulated
with white upon a dark brown ground. The description is not
sufficient for positive identification witli P. pu#io or ignea.

P. KOSSMANNI, Pagenstecher. -PI. 71, fig. 196.

Described from a distorted specimen which is said to resemble
P. pusio, but shows within the aperture eight brown revolving

bands. Length, 30 mill.

Red Sea.
A doubtful species.

P. FASCICULATA, Reeve. PI. 71, figs. 195, 197-

Orange-yellow, the narrow revolving riblets chestnut-color

dotted with white. Length, 1*25-1*5 inches.

Philippines.

P. crenilabrum, A. Adams, described in error as from the West
Indies, is apparently a mere color variation of this species ; it is
found at New Caledonia, and probably equals P. Monlrouzieri,
Crosse, the latter name having priority. If my surmise prove
correct, the latter may be distinguished as

Yar. MONTROUZTERI, Crosse. PI. 71, fig. 197.

Color purple-brown, with darker revolving riblets, sometimes
obsolete; an obscure white, irregular band on the periphery,

riblets sometimes white spotted.

Neir Cult don i«.

P. STRTGATA, Pease. PI. 71, fig. 198.

Orange or light brown, mottled and spotted with white, incised
revolving lines darker ;, upper whorls granular ; aperture white.

Length, 37 mill.

Tnsl. Ponape.

P. HERMANNSENT, A. Adams. PI. 71, fig. 199.

Smooth, fulvous, obscurety punctate with white ; body-whorl

sulcated below. Length, 1*5 inches.

China.

PISANIA. 147

/

P. GRACILIS, Koch. PL 71, fig. 200.

Light yellowish brown ; whorls cingulately silicate, the upper
portions lightly crossed by longitudinal folds or ribs.

Length '7 inch.

Nab. unknown.

Probably a young shell ; generic characters doubtful.

P. RETIOULATA, A. Adams. PI. 71, fig. 201.

Light yellowish brown, sometimes marbled with reddish brown;
surface closely reticulated by longitudinal and revolving fine lines.

Length, 1-25 inches.

New Caledonia ; Tasmania.
Var. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods.

Smaller; white, with irregular varices.

Mr. Woods says that the type is common in Tasmania. I give
an illustration from a specimen received from that locality. Mr.
Adams has not published a figure of his species.

P, MARMOKATA, Reeve. PL 71, figs. 202, 203.

Granulated by the intersection of obsolete longitudinal and
revolving ribs ; polished ; white with spots and clouds of light
chestnut. Length, 1-1 '5 inches.

Philippines; Sandwich Isles ; Japan (Schrenck).

Yar. BILLEIIEUSTI, Petit. Fig. 203.

This is narrower than the type but does not seem to differ.
Petit naively says of it : " Si quelqu'un nous disait que notre
espece est le Bucc. marmoratum decrit par M. Reeve, nous
n'oserions, en veritc afllrmer le contraire."

The variety is found at New Caledonia, and Viti Isles. The
form of this species is that of Pisania, birfc its sculpture is more
like Cantharus, and it might be placed in the latter genus with
perfect propriety.

P. ciNis, Reeve. PL 71,»fig. 204*.

Reddish white, the granules chocolate-color. Length, 1 inch.

Galapagos /«., (under stones).

Reeve says, u The granules of this shell impart a rough touch
to it, resembling that of a coal cinder." I think it very probably
identical with P. marmorata.

148

PISANIA.

P. PA/I, Crosse. PI. 71, fig. 205.

Brownish black ; livid within the aperture ; lip margin and
columella tinted with yellowish brown. Length, 40 mill.

Hob. unl.-iioii'ii.

This species also, as well as P. cinis, Reeve, may be a form of
P. marmorata, Reeve.

P. MACULOSA, Lam. PL Tl, figs. 206-209.

Olive-brown, yellowish white or light purple, profusely streaked
and spotted with chestnut-brown, with frequently a light central
band ; interior brownish or chocolate, showing the white band.
Sometimes dark chocolate, with numerous white spots and band.

Length, -75 to 1'25 inches.

Mediterranean (littoral), Azores ; St. Croix, W. I. ?

Fossil in several parts of Southern Europe.

This species is known to many European naturalists under the
name of P. pusio, Linn., but the type of pusio is a very different
shell, being the West Indian P.plumata, Gmel. = articulata, Lam.
Gmelin has called it striata, and his name has priority over
maculosa, but the latter is so well known that I will not displace
it. Specimens in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy
are labelled " St. Croix, W. I., R. E. Griffith," but the species has
not been otherwise reported from the West Indies. Buc. JEthiops,
Phil. (fig. 209), is evidently a very dark, immature maculosa.

P. JANEIRENSE, Phil. PL 11, fig. 210.

Fusiform, solid, transversely obsoletely lirate ; dark brown,
longitudinally flecked with white, with a brown articulated white

revolving band. Length, 1/5 inch.

Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

The greater size and solidity are the chief distinctive features ;
it is very likely only a finely grown P. maculosa, Lam.

P. CINGULATA, Reeve. PL U, figs. 211, 212.

Yellowish brown, with narrow chestnut revolving threads,
which are frequently interrupted, causing the coloring to appear
as revolving rows of spots ; light chocolate within the aperture,

ridged. Length, 1 to 1-25 inches,

Loo Glioo Is.

Reeve described this peculiar, thick shell without locality, and
at first I was disposed to regard it as a variety of Euthria lineata,

EUTHRIA. 149

Martyn, but the heavy appearance and great general similitude
to P. maculosa, ascertained by the examination of specimens
collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, of the U. S. N. Pacific Expl.
Exped., show that its proper place is next after the common
European species. Buccinum guttatum, Phil., an un figured spe-
cies from Java (?), appears from the description to be very similar
to P. cingulata.

P. CINGILLA, Reeve. PI. 71, fig. 213.

Covered with fine revolving grooves ; reddish chestnut, with

a central white band. Length, 22 mill.

Hob. unknown.
P. GUTTATA, Busch. PI. 71, fig. 214.

Reddish brown, with white or yellowish blotches and angular

markings. Length, I'l inch.

Hob. unknown.
Looks very much like a Columbella.

P. SOLOMONENSIS, E. A. Smith. PI. 71, fig. 217.

Granular ; whitish, with two, more or less interrupted brown

bands. Length, 8 mill.

Solomon's Is.
P. GLIRINA, Blainv. PI. 71, figs. 215, 216.

Violet-grey, maculated longitudinally with reddish brown ;
columella yellowish, aperture grey. Length, '75 inch.

Australia? Island of Tonya-Tabou?

Kicner, Kiister and Reeve figure this as discolor, Quoy, but
the latter is a very different shell and belongs to the Purpuriiiae.

Indeterminate Pisanide.

P. MOLLIS, Gould. Simoda, Japan.

P. FILABIS, A. Adams. China.

P. LUCTUOSA, Tapparone-Canefri. Mauritius.

Neither of the above have been figured.

Genus EUTHRIA, Gray.

E. CORNEA, Linn. PL 72, figs. 218, 219.

Yellowish white, reddish or purplish, variously painted with
brown ; interior of aperture purple-brown.

Length 1-75 to 2-5 inches.

Mediterranean, 5 to 15 fathoms

Fossil ; miocene and pliocene of Southern Europe.

150 EUTHRTA.

E. ARACANENSIS, Angas. 'PL 72, fig. 220.

Pale olivaceous brown, with longitudinal irregular, chestnut
markings ; aperture pale flesh-color. Length, 2 inches.

Aracan.

Appears very like a Siphonalia, and is tfre most ponderous
species of the genus.

E. PLUMBEA, Phil. PI. 72, figs. 221-226.

Smooth, or upper whorls slightly co state in fresh specimens ;
ashy brown, sometimes light ch6colate.

Length, T25 to 1*5 inches.

(Jape llorti to Chili ; Japan.

Var. FEBREA, Reeve. PI. 72, fig. 223.

Spirally lineated with brown.

Japan.

E. ferrva, Reeve, and E. viridiila, Bunker (fig. 225), from
Japan, are doubtless the same as E. plumbed, notwithstanding
the great difference of locality : that of plumbea being undoubt-
edly as quoted. As to the identity offerrea and plumbea, P. 1*.
Carpenter and A. Adams, admit it, whilst E. A. Smith makes
viridula = ferrea. To these synonyms I add Fas us rufus,
Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 222) Buccinum Mdgellanicum, Phil. (fig.
224), and B. Patagonicum, Phil. (fig. 226), from Cape Horn.

E. SIMONIANA, Petit. PL 72, fig. 227

Whitish (stained greenish) with reddish brown flames, spir-
ally lirate, lime plano-convex ; brownish within the aperture.

Length, 48 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

The color is difficult to ascertain, says M. Petit, on account
of a stain resulting from the waters where it lives.

E. ANTARCTICA, Reeve. PL 72, fig. 228.

Whorls strongly plicately ribbed towards the apex, ribs of the
last whorl fading away ; epidermis thick, olive ; interior purple-
brown, columella and inner edge of lip white. Length, 1-3 inch.

Falkland Islands.

Its pertinence to this genus, where it is placed by H. and A.
Adams, is doubtful.

EUTHBIA. 151

E. LINEATA, Martyn. PL 12, figs. 229-231.

Yellowish white regularly lineated with chestnut revolving
bands, which are sometimes raised into low ridges ; pink or pur-
plish within the aperture. Length, 1'25 to 2 inches.

New Zealand.

A broader species than E. plumbea, Yar./errea, but the young
shells of this species are very like the latter.

Yar. PERTINAX, Martens. Shell more ventricose, longitudinal
costse of the spire extending Over the antepenultimate whorl ;
color bands less numerous. Length, 68 mill.

Auckland Islands.
This variety has not been figured.

Var. LITTORINOIDES, Reeve. PI. 12, fig. 231.

Smaller, more ponderous, canal shorter. The type figured by
Reeve (fig. 229), is a very different-looking shell, but I have a
specimen before me which seems to connect it with lineata.

New Zealand.
E. MARTENSTANA, Hutton.

Smaller than Littorinoides, much thinner, spiral whorls more

distinctly costulate. Length, *1 inch.

New Zealand.

Not figured. Will very probabty prove to be a synonjTm of
the above species.

E. DIRA, Reeve. PL 12, figs. 232, 233.

Upper whorls longitudinally plicate, plicae becoming evanescent
on the body-whorl ; whole surface deeply engraved with narrow
revolving channels, making the interstices appear as though
covered with revolving, flat-top ribs ; sometimes these ribs are
divided by an impressed line into pairs. Grayish brown, revolv-
ing ribs darker; aperture yellowish brown, ribbed within and
stained- darker in the interstices at the lip.

Length, 1*25—1*15 inches.

Monterey, CaL, to Sitka.

F. Sitchensis, Midd., and F. incisus, Gld. (fig. 233), are
synoir^ms » the figure of the latter is, however, not very charac-
teristic of the species, being too much inflated and with the canal
not sufficiently produced.

152 METULA

E. BICINCTA, Huttoii. PL 72, fig. 234.

Smooth, white, porcellanous, with two chestnut bands on the
body-whorl and one 011 the spiral whorls. Length, 1-1 inches.

Chatham and Auckland Isles.

E. VITTATA, Quoy. PI. 72, figs. 235, 236.

Yellowish, with two brown bands on the body, and one on the
spire ; bands made up of three approximate lines.

Length, -75 inch.

New Zealand.

A smaller, heavier species than the preceding ; lip thickened
and dentate within, canal more produced. E. trilineata, Reeve
(fig. 236), appears to be the same.

Undetermined Species.

E. CHLOROTICA, Martens. Kerguelen's M.

E. FUSCOLABIATA, E, A. Smith. Japan.

E. BADIA and LIRATA, A. Adams. Japan.

E. FUSCATA, Brug. PL 72. fig. 237.

Reddish brown, brown within the aperture. Length, 31 mill.

Coast of Peru, abundant.

I am not able to assign this species to any genus with cer-
tainty ; it was described as a B-uccinum, which of course it is not.

Genus METULA, H. and A. Adams.

Only four species have been described: they are deep-water
shells, conchologically closely related to Pisania, etc., but with
finely cancellated surface. The dentition resembles somewhat
that of the Turbinellidae.

M. CLATHRATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 72, fig. 238.
Brownish white, obscurely two or three fasciatc.

Length, 27 mill.

Cape of Good Hope ; 136 fathoms.

M. MITRELLA, Adams and Reeve. PL 72, fig. 239.

White, obscurely marked with four subquadrate dark maciiln-

tions. Length, 23 mill.

China Seas ; from ten fathoms.

CANTHARUS. 153

M. CUMINGII, A. Adams. PI. 72, fig. 241.

Yellowish brown, tinged with chestnut. The cancellation in
the specimen described, which appears to be an old one, is con-
lined to the upper part of the spire. Length, 37 mill.

West Coast of Africa.

M. HINDSII, II. and A. Adams. PI. 72, fig. 240.

White, with four revolving series of brownish maculations.
Length, 17 mill.

West Coast of Veragua ; in mud, at a few fathoms' depth.

DoMful Species.

M. BELLA, C. B. Ad.

AVhite, with reddish brown spots in spiral series, mostly in
three series, one above and two next below the middle of the
whorls ; with ten rather narrow prominent ribs, and spiral raised
lines, nodulous at their intersection. Rather elongate, with seven
very convex whorls, a long ovate aperture, and a wide, mode-
rately lengthened canal. Length *44 inch, diameter *21 inch.

A single specimen only obtained. This was subsequently
examined by P. P. Carpenter and said by him to resemble a
young Metula: I am inclined to think it more likely a Columbella.
In his Mazatlan Catalogue, Carpenter enumerates four doubtful
Metuhe, to which he does not give specific names. It is not at all
probable that they belong to the genus.

Genus CANTHARUS, Bolten.

Swainson described a group Tritonidea which Messrs. H. and
A. Adams make a subgenus under Cantharus, distinguishing it
from the typical form by u Shell turreted ; canal lengthened."
The distinction is altogether arbitrary, as the spire in the different
species varies considerably from the typical spefcies of Cantharus
to much higher, but with no considerable break in the series,
whilst .the canal can scarcely be called " lengthened " in any of
them. I have suppressed the subgenus as superfluous and con-
fusing.

20

154 CANTIIARUS.

C. SPIRALIS, Gray. PL 73, figs. 242, 243.

White, more or less marbled with reddish brown ; covered by
a dark brown, sparsely pilose epidermis. Length, 1*5 inches.

Mauritius.

BuccinUm Prevostii, Val. (fig. 243), is evidently a synonym.

C. TRANQUEBARICUS, Gmel. PI. 73, fig. 244.

White, or with the revolving ridges sometimes reddish, under
a thin, light brown epidermis ; margin of aperture sometimes
tinged with orange. Length, 1*5 inches.

Tranquebar.

The shoulder of the whorls is more convex, the longitudinal
ribs are more numerous and narrower and extend over the spiral
whorls, where they are obsolete in C. spiralis : the revolving-
lines which take the place of the more sharply defined and less
numerous revolving ribs and sulci of spiralis will also serve to
distinguish the two species.

C. MELANOSTOMA, Sowb. PL 73, tig. 245.

Orange-brown, usually interruptedly stained with darker color
on the longitudinal ribs. Aperture white, with an orange-brown
lip and chocolate columella. Length, 1*5-2*25 inches.

This species was confounded by Kiener and others with C.
Tranquebaricus, from which it differs not only in its greater size
and solidity, and in coloration, but in its wider, cord-like revolv-
ing ribs and more apparent shoulder,

C. IOSTOMA, Gray.

Shell ovate, solid, dark brown, closely spirally striated, slightly
longitudinally plaited, covered with a thin, hairy periostracum ;
spire short conical ; last whorl subangular and nodulose behind.
Mouth ovate, large, black ; throat purple, grooA'ed ; outer lip
crenulated ; inner lip rather expanded, and strongly veined.

Length, 1/5 inches.

Pacific Ocean.

The above is the original description : the species has not been
figured nor recognized by subsequent authorities. It has some
affinity with melanostoma, and may possibly be a form of that
species.

CANTHARUS. 155

•

C. ERYTHROSTOMA, Reeve. PI. 73, fig. 246.

Yellowish brown, the ribs stained with chestnut or chocolate ;
margin of aperture and columella orange or red.

Length. 1-25 to 1/5 inches.

Ceylon; Japan.

The more rounded whorls, deeper sutures and slighter sub-
stance, as well as the coloration, distinguish this from the following
species. G. fumosus sometimes has a yellowish lip also, but
generally, on good specimens, there is a light revolving band,
which is barely indicated upon erythrostoma.

C. FUMOSUS, Dillw. PL 73, figs. 247-255.

Yellowish orange or light brown, the longitudinal ribs chestnut
or chocolate, usually a revolving white band below the periphery ;
lip and columella sometimes stained with yellow.

Length, 1 to T25 inches.

Red Sea ; Ceylon ; Singapore ; Philippines ; Japan ;

Australia; -Polynesia.

Buccinum strigosum, Gmelin has priority, but the name is not
adopted because he included two species in his description. The
principal recent synonyms are C. Proteus, Reeve (figs. 247-249)
and C. undosus, Kiener and Quoy (not Linn., fig. 250).

Yar. RUBIGINOSUS, Reeve. PI. 73, fig. 251.

This is a narrower form, with more elate spire ; orange brown,
white banded, usually not darker on the ribs. Its metropolis is
the Red Sea,' whence it extends throughout the Indian Ocean
into Polynesia, merging into the typical fumosus. One of these
slight variations has been called 0. subrubiginosus , by Mr. E. A.
Smith (fig. J52), and comes from Japan. The specimen figured
is not fully adult. Other species, founded on the narrow variety
are C. biliratus, Reeve (fig. 253), from Galapagos and Viti Is-
lands, and C. nigricostatuS) Reeve (fig. 25 4 j, said to come from
Panama, which I doubt. Pisania Desmoulinsi, Montrouzier (fig.
255), from New Caledonia, is synonymous also.

C. CARINIFERUS, Kuster. PL 73, fig. 256.

Described by Krauss as C. rubiginosus, from which it differs
in the ribs being obsolete and the spiral striae well developed on
the body-whorl. Martens and Kobelt have placed it in Comi-

156 GANTHARUS.

nella, the former as synonymous with C. porcata, the latter as a
distinct species; but the want of a superior depression on the
whorls and the possession of tubercles near the base of the colu-
mella show that Krauss was right in comparing it with C. rubi-
ginosus, although it may not be identical with that species. It is

chestnut-brown, with a white band.

South Africa.

C. LIMBATUS, Phil. PL 73, fig. 257.

White, marbled with orange. Longitudinal ribs fourteen, re-
volving striae eight ; lip with an external varix. Length, 10 mill.

West Indies.

I know nothing of this minute species ; it is a very doubtful
one.

C. EXTENSUS, Dunker. PI. 73, fig. 258.

Yellowish brown, generally with two white revolving bands on
the body-whorl. Length, 15 mill.

Looks very much like a minute edition of fiunoxux var. rubi-
ginosus.

C. BOLIVIANUS, Souleyet. PI. 73, fig. 259.

Yellowish brown, not banded. Length, 7 mill.

( 'obija ; Bolivia.
Evidently allied to the above.

C. CAPENSIS, Dunker. PI. 73, fig. 200.

Dirty yellow, variegated with brown. Length, 22 mill.

('(//><' of Good Hope.

Among eight specimens, two had white bands. The specimen
figured is evidently not adult. I cannot, for want of material,
decide upon its position, but think it will prove to be .synonymous
with C.fiimosux. Kobelt's figure of this species is incorrect, and
represents Ptxania lacertina, Gould

C. RUBENS, Kiister. PL 73, fig. 261.

Dull orange-brown, white within. Surface cancellated by close
longitudinal and revolving ribs. Length, 22 mill.

Tin* smaller size, and more numerous ribs are relied upon as
distinguishing features from C.fumoxns var. rubiginotsus, but I
think it may prove to be a stunted variety of that species. Prof.

CANTHARTJS. 157

Morch has labelled specimens in our collection " C. rubiginosus."
The longitudinal ribs are sixteen to eighteen in number.

C. MENKEANUS, Dunker. PL 73, fig. 264.

Ribs yellowish brown on a white surface, eleven to fifteen in
number ; a white band on the middle of the body-whorl.

Length, *5 to '6 inch.

Japan.

A. Adams (Ann. Mag. Y, 1870), identifies with this Engina
concinna, Reeve, but Lischke (Moll. Jap. Suppl. 50), points out
the great difference between the two shells. The illustration
which I copy, is either a very poor one, or it is taken from a
worn specimen. I conjecture that it will be found to differ not
much from C.fumosus var. rubiginosus.

4
C, CECILLII, Phil. PI. 73, figs. 262, 263.

Longitudinal ribs six in number, which become true varices on
the body -whorl ; yellowish to chestnut brown, the revolving striae
darker, frequently a white band below the periphery.

Length, 28 to 38 mill.

•China ; J«p«n ; Torres Straits.

TurUnella Cecillii has not been figured, but the description
is unmistakable and has priority over Buccinum ligneum, Reeve
(fig. 262), B. baltealufti, Reeve (fig. 263), and B. Cumingianum,
Dunker. Philippi described the species as a doubtful TurUnella
on account of the tubercles at the base of the columella, which
are transverse and oblique, somewhat resembling the plaits in
that genus. Frequently, the ribs become true varices on the
body-whorl, which, with their smaller number and greater size
will distinguish them from C. erythroxtoma.

C. FUSULUS, Brocchi. PL 73, fig. 265.

This mollusk, described seventy years ago as a fossil species,
lias recently been found living in the Mediterranean Si^a. I have
not seen it and have not access to the paper by Libassi, in which,
under the name of Spadse, it is redescribed and figured. My illus-
tration is from Brocchi, and apparently resembles a Murex rather
than a Cantharus.

158 CANTHARUS.

C. D'ORBIGNYI, Payr. PI, 73, figs. 266, 267.

Yellowish to chocolate, with a median white band ; aperture
usually white, sometimes light violet. Length, 15-20 mill.

Mediterranean ; littoral, upon rocks.

Var. ASSIMTLTS, Reeve. PI. 73, fig. 267.

Senegal; Algiers, etc.
C. SCABRA, Monts.

This name is proposed by Monterosato, without description or
figure for a shell which he previously designated as C. d'Orbignyi,
var. xubspinosa — likewise without diagnosis. I do not know the
species.

C. LEUCOZONA, Phil. PI. 74, fig. 270;, PI. 73, fig. 268.

Purple or chestnut-brown, with a white band on the angle of

the shoulder. Length, 20 mill.

Mediterranean.

Fusus violaceus, Desh. (fig. 268), is doubtfully referred to this
species by Weinkauff.

C. PICTUS, Scacchi. PL 74, fig. 271,

Yellowish white, interruptedly marbled with chestnut-brown.

Length, 8-10 mill.

Mediterranean, from Sicily to Greece.

C. HOMOLEUCA, Kuster. PI. 74, fig. 272.

Dirty white. Length, 12 mill.

Mediterranean.

Described from a single specimen, which is probably beach-
worn, and so has lost its color. The locality is not certain. It
may be the same as C. pictus, or -perhaps C. tfOrbignyi, var.
assimilis.

C. PERLATUS, Kiister. PI. 74, fig. 273.

Yellowish white, the nodules purple-brown ; with a white band.

Length, 8 mill.

Natal Coast, S. Africa.

Compared by Kiister with G. pictus. It looks as much like a
Columbella as a Cantharus.

C. LUGUBRIS, C. B. Ad.

Long ovate-fusiform ; very dark brown, with a cinereous tinge ;
with small ribs, from nine to thirteen on each whorl, traversed

CANTHAIIUS. 159

»

by rather coarse, unequal, spiral 'striae, with the intersections of
the larger stria? rather acutely nodulous ; apex acute ; spire conic ;
whorls eight, very convex, with a moderately impressed suture ;
aperture ovate ; labrum rather sharp, thickened behind ; with a
short, recurved canal. Length, -67 inch.

Panama and Taboga ; under stones at low water.

I am not acquainted with this species.

C. ELATA, P. P, Carpenter.

Shell elate, white, strigate or maculate with reddish brown ;
whorls more than six, convex, with impressed sutures ; longitu-
dinal ribs six to eight, crossed by alternately larger and smaller
revolving lirulre ; canal narrow, subrecurved ; aperture subovate,
dentate within. Length, '68 inch.

Cape St. Lucas, L. California.

The description indicates imperfect specimens. I have before
me a shell received from the Smithsonian Institution as from
Cape St. Lucas, and identified. by Carpenter as C. lugubris, C. B.
Ad. This shell corresponds so well with the above description
that I suppose it to be the same ; but it is in too imperfect condi-
tion to figure advantageously.

C. PUNCTICULATUS, Dunker.

Shell small, ovately acute, more or less graceful, subfusiform,
transversely lirate, lirse crowded, longitudinally costate, costa3
granose. Whitish or yellowish, the nodules obscurely fuscous.

Length, 10-15 mill.

Red Sea.

I am not acquainted with this species Mr. Tapparone-Canefri
suspects that Buccinum seriale, Deshayes, will prove to be iden-
tical with it, in which case the latter name will have priority. It
is said to resemble B uc. Scacchianum (= pictus, Scacchi).

C. PAPUANUS, Tapparone-Canefri.

Small, ovate-fusiform, attenuate above and below, graceful.
Color white and light brown, with darker spots upon the spiral
lines. Spire subturretted, apex smooth. Whorls eight, more or
less angulate above, the three upper ones smooth, the rest spirally
lirate and obscurely longitudinally costate ; lirae in last whorl
unequal, with granular, oblong, varicolored costse. Aperture

160 CANTHARUS.

oblong-ovate, lip thickened within, obsoletely plicate at margin,
columella smooth, canal rather long, reflected.

Length, 9-10 mill.

Papuan- Is.

Not figured. Said to be distinguished from (7. puncticulatus
by the smaller size, the smaller number and greater size of the
spiral lirae and costre and by the angular whorls of the spire.
C. LANCEOLATUS, Koch. PI 74, fig. 274.

Yellowish, white banded. Length, 13 mill.

Hal), unknown.

A shell of doubtful generic position, described as a Fusux, but
which Philippi remarks, might as well be referred to Murex,
Purpura or Pyrula, the animal and operculum being unknown.
C. FILARIS, Garrett.

Shell solid, elongate, slenderly fusiform, light brownish, with
whitish mottlings and spirally lineated with deeper brown ; whorls
seven, convex, longitudinally and spirally ridged ; ridges small,
granulated at their points of intersection ; the transverse ones
alternately larger and smaller; base contracted and produced
into a short, slightly-twisted canal ; aperture oblong, ovate, tawny
yellow and lirate within ; columella with several small nodules.

Length, 16 mill.

Samoa and. Viti Isles ; very rare, under stones on reefs.

Unligured.
C. GRACILTS, Reeve. PI. 14, fig. 275.

Whorls a little granulated in the middle, crossed by longitudi-
nal and transverse obtuse, granose ridges. Whitish, longitudinal
rows of granules orange-brown. Length, 1/25 inches.

Isl. of Masbate, Philippines ; under stones at low water.

I suspect that this and the following species are really identical.
Their generic position is somewhat doubtful ; they might as well,
I think, be ranged with P. marmorata. Reeve, in the genus
Pteania. 1 have before me some shells collected by Mr. Garrett
at the Yiti Islands which may possibly belong to this species.
C. CROCATUS, Reeve. PI. 74, fig. 276.

Longitudinally very closely plicated, transversely granosely
ridged. Saffron-orange, speckled here and there with white ;
striae between the ridges of a darker orange-brown.

Length, 27 mill.

Isl. of Capul, Philippines.

CANTHARUS. 161

C. OBLIQUECOSTATUS, Reeve. PI. 74, figs. 2 7 7, 278.

Longitudinally obliquely and very closely ribbed, ribs crossed
with small ridges. Brown-red, transverse ridges whitish.

Isle of TicaO) Philippines.
C. CROSSEANUS, Souverbie.

Fusiform, rough, longitudinally costate, cut into transverse
oblong granules by transverse sulci ; whorfe eight to ten, sub-
carinated, convex, suture well marked. White, tinged with light
chestnut ; body-whorl with a fulvous, median band ; bluish white

within the aperture. Length, 13-20 mill.

New Caledonia.

Described originally as Var. Artensis of Pisania Billeheustii ,
Petit (=marmorata, Reeve), this species occupies an anomalous
generic position : it has not been figured.

C. ASPERA, Dunker.

Oblong fusiform, with six or seven slightly convex whorls,
longitudinally densely plicate, crossed by roughly granose revolv-
ing ridges ; white variegated with brown. Length, 12 mill.

Upolu.

This species is compared with Pisania marmorata, Reeve, but
differs in its much smaller size, rougher sculpture, thicker longi-
tudinal ribs, suture not incised, canal much shorter, varicose
labrum, etc. It has not been figured.

C. SAMOENSIS, Dunker.

Ovate, subturreted, cancellated by thick longitudinal plicae and
revolving small ribs. White, unicolored or with interrupted
fuscous revolving lines, under a pallid corneous epidermis.
Whorls convex, with distinct suture, the last but little longer
than the spire ; canal deep, widely open. Length 14, lat. 7 mill.

Samoan Isles.

Not figured.

C. AUSTRALIS, Pease. PL 73, fig. 269.

Dark purplish or reddish brown, encircled by an irregular
broad whitish band, or irregularly spotted, grooves reddish.

Length, 14, diam., 6 mill.

New South Wales, Australia.

If G. unicolor, Angas, prove to be the same species, it will have
priority over Pease's name.
21

162 CANTHARUS.

C. UNICOLOR, Angas. PL 74, fig. 279.

Pale brown or whitish throughout. Length, 12, diam., 4 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia ; under stones at very low spring tides,
C. PETTERDI, Brazier.

Shell fusiform, thick, longitudinally flatly ribbed and trans-
versely ridged, the interstices filled with rows of muricated scales
(only seen under the lens), whitish, ornamented with a pure white
band in the centre of the whorls , arid a faint brown one below ;
, spire moderately elevated, apex blunt; whorls six, almost fiat,
suture impressed ; aperture ovate ; canal short, slightly recurved ;
columella arched; outer lip crenulated, thickened externally,
strongly denticulated within. Length, 12, diam., 4 mill.

Nortli-East Coast of Tasmania.

Mr. Brazier has only seen one specimen of this species, which
is in the cabinet of Mr. W. F. Petterd.
C. UNDOSUS, Linn. PL 74, figs. 280-282.

Yellowish white, the revolving ridges chestnut- or chocolate-
brown ; aperture white, the columella and margin of lip tinted
with yellow. Length, 1-25 to 1-5 inches.

Malacca; Australia; Philippines; Viti and Pauinotus Is.

Epidermis olive, short pilose. Occasionally the shell has a
few large, rounded, longitudinal ribs.
C. GEMMATUS, Reeve. PL 74, fig. 283.

Rusty brown, blotched with white, under an olive epidermis.
Revolving ridges broken up into chocolate-colored tubercles upon
the longitudinal ribs. Aperture white.

Length, 1-25 to 1-5 inches.

Monte Christi, W. Columbia (in clefts of the rocks) ; Mazatlan.

The interrupted revolving lines, more numerous ribs, higher
spire and less distinctly marked shoulder will serve to distinguish
this species from G. undosus.
C. CANCELLARIA, Conrad. PL 74, figs. 284, 285.

Fusiform, with longitudinal plicae, and more elevated, distant,
undulated, revolving costae, and intermediate fine lines ; whorls
longitudinally rugose ; aperture half as long as the shell ; labrum
with distant, acute, prominent lines within ; columella distinctly
plaited at base ; beak recurved ; color cinereous.

Length, 20 to 30 mill.

Ship Island, Gulf of Mexico; Cedar Key, Fla. (Calkins).

CANTHARUS. 163

Fusus Floridanus, Petit (fig. 285), is undoubtedly a synonym
of this species. Neither of the figures nor the specimens before me
are adult, and the shell is so close to G. gemmatus, as to suggest
identity ; the sole distinctive characters being a more elevated
spire, and more convex whorls.

C. TINCTA, Conrad. PL 14, fig. 286.

Irregularly variegated with chocolate- and chestnut-brown and
white ; margin of lip frequently tinted with orange-brown. Lon-
gitudinal ribs rather small, close, irregular or evanescent; re-
volving ridges sometimes broken up into tubercles where they
cross the ribs ; spire conical, its whorls flattened/

Length, 1 to 1-5 inches.

Florida ; West Indies.

The ribs are more numerous, but not so large nor so markedly
tuberculate as in G. Coromandelianus, the latter possessing much
ruder sculpture and a decided shoulder on the body-whorl.

C. COROMANDELTANUS, Lam. PL 14, figs. 281-290.

Chestnut-brown and white, variegated, under a thin, rather
smooth, dark olive epidermis. Length, '15 to 1*25 inches.
Panama to Mazatlan, on rocks at low water ; West Indus ;

Brazil; Coromandel?

A very robust, wide species, rudely, prominently sculptured,
with very decided shoulder and produced posterior sinus. I can-
not detect any difference between the typical W. Indian (and
Coromandel ?) form and C. ringens (fig. 288), from the West
coast of North America. C. pastinaca, Reeve (fig. 289), from
the Bay of MontijayW. Columbia, is probably a variety only.

Yar. LAUTTJS, Reeve. PL 14, fig. 290.

Differs from the type in coloration, the prevailing arrangement
being chestnut variegated with white on the nodules, with a white
band on the periphery ; sometimes the shoulder and base of the
shell are both white, when it appears to have two irregular brown

bands upon a white ground.

West Indies.
C. HANETI, Petit. PL 14, fig. 302.

Brown, with reddish brown revolving lines ; strongly longi-
tudinally ribbed. Length, 31 mill.

Near Rio^Janeiro, Brazil.

164 CANTHARUS.

I am not acquainted with this species. It was described as a
MureXj but the want of varices and of an internally thickened
lip-margin determines me to place it here.

C. TISSOTI, Petit. PI. 74, figs. 291, 292.

A very doubtful species, described as a Purpura, from Bom-
bay ; I find no record of its identification by Indian conchologists,
however. The two figures at first sight appear to represent dif-
ferent species, one of them resembling a young Eicinula ; but I
have before me West Indian specimens referred to the species
by Robert Swift, which are intermediate in character between the
two. Is it a variety of G. Coromandelianus ?

C. SANGUINOLENTUS, Duclos. PL 74, figs. 293-295.

Variegated with clouds of chocolate, chestnut and yellowish,
under a thin olive epidermis ; aperture white within ; margin of
lip and columella blood-red, the latter covered with white
tubercles. Length, 1 inch.

Panama (under stones at low water) to Mazatlan.

G. h&mastoma, Gray (fig. 294), and G. Janelii, Yal. (fig. 295),
are synonyms.
C. ELEGANS, Gray. PI. 74, figs. 296, 297.

Chestnut-brown, variegated with white, especially on the no-
dules. Epidermis short, fibrous, olive-brown.

Length, 1*75 to 2 inches.

St. Elena, W. Columbia (in clefts of rocks at low water) ;

Panama ; Mazatlan.

This species is more generally known as G. insignis, Reeve
(fig. 297), but Gray's name and figure were published twelve
years earlier.
C. INCA, d'Orb. PL 74, fig. 301.

Greenish brown ; reddish brown within the aperture.

Length, 20 mill.

Callao, Peru ; at 8 or 10 metres.

The figure is a copy of that given by d'Orbigny and is nearly
one-half larger than the dimensions given in his text (and above) :
it is probably inaccurately drawn as it represents an internally
thickened and dentate lip margin, whilst the description only
mentions a sulcated lip. Is it possibly identical with the last
species ?

CANTHARUS. 165

C. ^QUILIRATUS, Carpenter.

Like C. insignis (= elegans) but much smaller, with tumid
whorls, the ribs continuous to the base, crossed by equal-sized
lirae, of which five are shown in the spiral whorls ; basal plication
of the columella angular. Length, '98 inch.

Mazatlan ; one dead specimen.

Carpenter adds to his above description " (?pagodus, Yar.) "
sandwiched between the generic and specific names, and as 83010-
nymy " Conip. Buccinum pagodus, Reeve," etc. It is a pity to
add to our already overburthened synon}^my by describing shells
from single dead specimens, and which moreover, so greatly
resemble other species as to suggest identity even to those who
describe them as distinct. Carpenter was a great sinner in this
respect.

C. VARTEGATUS, Gray. PL U, figs. 298, 299.

Yariegated with chocolate-brown clouds upon an ashy gray
surface, with narrow, crowded, purple-black revolving lines.

Length, 1'25-1*5 inches.

Senegal; Cape de Verd Isles; Rio Janeiro.

Two prior names have been used : BUG. lineatum, Gmel., which
is really Littorina angulifera, and Murex. sulcatus, Gmel., founded
on Le Tafon, of Adanson, whose figure is too poor for positive
identification with this species.

Purpura viverratoides, Orb. (Yol. II, 168, t. 50, f. 103) placed
by me erroneously in the synonymy of P, Jisemastoma , is a
synonym ; as is also BUG. viverratum, Kiener (fig. 299), errone-
ously reported from the Mediterranean by that author.

C. DISTORTUS, Gray. PI. U, figs. 300, 305.

White, variegated and longitudinally striped with chestnut-
brown ; epidermis brown-olive, short, scabrous, rather persistent;
aperture white. Length, 1'25-1'T5 inches.

W. Columbia ; Panama.

The thickened, ear-like extension of the posterior margin of
the aperture of the adult shell gives it a unique and distorted
appearance. The spiral whorls are cancellated by longitudinal
ribs and revolving ridges : the former become obsolete on the
body-whorl and the latter are only present upon its basal portion,

166 CANTHARUS.

so that the body is mainly smooth. This and the next species
have been erroneously referred by H. and A. Adams and others
to the genus Clavella (= Cyrtulus),the type of which, G. serotina,
is a fusiform shell, with long canal.

Doubtful Species.

C. PORCATUS, H. and A. Ad, New Hebrides.

An unfigured species, said to be a true Cantharus.

C. STRIGOSUS, Jonas. Hob. Unknown.

The name of Gmelin is quoted in parenthesis and with a query
as authority for this species : the Bucc. strigosum of that author
is, however, a Cassidaria.

C. AMCENUM, Phil. Hab ?

C. BUXEUS, Brod.

Subfusiform, numerously undulately varicose, transversely
striated ; brown, transversely lineated with white ; aperture white,

lip denticulated within. Length 30, lat. 17 mill,

Per ic.

Is a Cantharus, according to Dr. J. E. Gray, but was described
as a Murex. I give a copy of a figure in Sowerby's Conch. Illus-
trations (PL 14, fig. 303) which, if it truly represents the shell,
shows it to be a Murex, closely allied to, if not identical with M-
(Ocinebra) contractus, Reeve.

C. CRUENTATA, Gmelin.

In the Index to Vol. II, I have referred a portion of the
figures in Kiister representing Pur pur a cruentata to Pisaniinse.
Upon re-examining them I prefer to consider them as Kiister has
done.

C. IMPROBUS, Gould.

In the Index to Vol. II, I have referred this species to Pollia
(= Cantharus}. It is said to resemble buxeus, Brod., but is
shorter. Upon studying the description I believe the balance of
characters is decidedly in favor of considering it a Murex
( Ocinebra), as originally described b}' Dr. Gould. It is unfigured,

BUCCINUM. 161

and the type, I think, has been destroyed by fire ; if this is so., it
will probably never be identified with certainty.

C. GUALTIERIANUS, Kiener. PI. 74, fig. 304.

This is said to be a well-grown specimen of Purpura Nassoides,
Quoy and Gaimard, but, unless Kiener's description and figure
are both at fault, he is very wrong in referring it to a species
which differs so materially from his own in having the outer lip
thickened and dentate within. P. Nassoides is a Ricinula and
— E. chaidea (See Vol. II, p. 187), whilst Gualtierianus is
probably a Cantharus and certainly very closely allied in form
and sculpture to C.fumosus, Dillw.

Genus BUCCINUM, Linnaeus.

The group of shells to which the generic name Buccinum was
originally applied, a century ago, by Linne, has been found by
subsequent investigation to contain many heterogeneous forms,
and has consequently been greatly subdivided. The name has
been retained for the genus typified by Buccinum undatum, by
common consent, and, I believe, in accordance with the best
rules of nomenclature. It is true that Linne's first species — that
which is to be selected, as in cases where no type is distinctly
specified — is a Dolium. But in the case of Linne's genera, he
must be considered to have indirectly specified the type, as he
has expressly stated that, in his view, where it becomes necessary
to divide a group, formerly supposed to be one genus, the original
name must be retained for the subdivision containing the most
common species ; in other words, that the most common species
must be considered as the type of its genus. And he must
therefore have regarded the undatum, the most common of all
his Buccinums, as the type of the genus.

The Scandinavian naturalists have generally retained the name
Tritonium of Miiller for this genus, but Linne's name has priority
by many years. Tritonium, as proposed, and as frequently used
since, would include both the Murex and the Buccinum of Linne.

The genus is too well known to require particular description
here, and few points require special remark. Among the spiral
grooves and stride or ridges with which the shell is always more

168 BUCCINUM.

or less deeply sculptured, two kinds may usually be distinguished,
a large and a small kind, those of the latter being by far the more
numerous, and distributed upon the surface of the others. These
kinds we shall call, for convenience, the primary and secondary
grooves, or ridges, as the case may be. The difference between
them is very conspicuous in B. glaciale. The columella has
normally three folds, an upper, middle, and lower one ; the lower
one constituting the oblique inferior margin of the columella.
These folds are not always distinct, but all of them may be made
out in B. tenue. The middle fold is obsolete in most of the
species, but is very prominent and tooth-like in B. ciliatum. The
layers of the shell are very distinct in this genus, the outer coat
being most frequently of a brownish color. The periostracum is
generally ciliated with minute processes along the lines of growth,
corresponding to their intersections with the secondary ridges.

The operculum is oval or subcircular, and may have the nucleus
near the centre, or more or less approximated to the posterior
(outer) margin, according to the species. On the lingual ribbon,
as in all the Buccinidse, we find three teeth in each row, the
central one of which is lamelliform , with denticles on its poster-
ior edge ; while each lateral tooth has two strong hook-shaped
denticles, with smaller ones between them. The denticles of the
central tooth are more numerous than in Neptunea.

With one or two doubtful exceptions, the genus Buccinum is
restricted geographically to the temperate and frigid seas of the
northern hemisphere. More careful examination, both of the
shell and soft parts of the Antarctic species referred to the genus,
is required, before deciding upon their actual pertinence to it.*

Geologically, the history of the genus commences in the Plio-
cene formation. They are found in the European tertiary
deposits of that age, even as far south as the shores of the Medi-
terranean. They become very numerous in the Pleistocene
deposits, both of Europe and North America, but reach their
maximum development in the existing seas.

The shells of the genus Bucdnum are peculiarly liable to

* The Antarctic as well as tropical species described as Buccinum all
belong to other genera; the genus is limited to northern seas.— G. W. T., Jr.

BUCCINUM. 169

variation both in form and sculpture, and to obsolescence or ero-
sion of the surface-markings. The identification of imperfect or
worn specimens is extremely difficult in this genus.* The late
Dr. William Stimpson studied with great care the species of Buc-
cinum, having before him fine suites of specimens and possessing
a special experience in this genus which few of his successors
can claim to have enjoyed. I think it inadvisable, however, to
use his published researches as the skeleton of the present mono-
graph, subscribing to the doubt expressed by Dr. Jeffreys that
" Whether all those which he reckoned distinct will stand the
test of a more extensive examination of this extremely variable
group is questionable." During the fifteen years that have
elapsed since the publication of Stimpson 's researches, the num-
ber of nominal species has been largely increased, mainly through
the labors of W. H. Dall in Arctic Western America, of Yerkriizen
in the waters of Newfoundland, and of Sars and Friele in Nor-
way ; still, no monography of the genus subsequent to that of
Stimpson, has appeared. The earlier monographs by Reeve,
Kiister and Kiener contain, of course, heterogeneous assemblages
of species belonging to numerous genera and are therefore almost
utterly valueless for the purpose of comparison and classification
of the species.

I annex the synoptical table of species given in connection
with Stimpson's monograph.

Very few of the later species being known to me autoptically,
I fear that this portion of my work may be considered autosche-
diastical by some of my brother conchologists.

The great variability of the species, a common characteristic
of Arctic mollusca, has caused almost every student of the Buc-
cinre, to estimate differently the range of variation permissable
within specific limits, so that what is referred to by one author
as B. undatum, for instance, may include less or more than the
specific form as herein limited, or as understood by all others ;
may include portions of related species, which thus become dis-
membered and themselves distributed among their allies or may
refer exclusively to forms herein characterized as distinct.

* William Stimpson, in Canad. Nat. N. 8. II, 364. 1865.
22

170 BUCC1NUM.

Synoptic Table of the Species of Buccinum.
According to Dr. Win. Stimpson.

A. Body-whorl angulated or carinated.

a. Primary transverse ridges flat ; secondary ridges inconspicuous.

1. Shell thin ; aperture not patulous ; outer lip not sinuated.

* Whorls shouldered; aperture broadest above. B.POLARE.

* * Whorls scarcely shouldered ; aperture broadest below.

B. GRCENLANDICUM.

2. Shell thick and strong ; aperture patulous ; outer lip sinuated.

* Shell elongated. B. DONOVANI,

* * Shell ovate. B. GLACIALE.

b. Primary transverse ridges convex ; secondary grooves very dis-

tinct. B. ANGULOSUM.

B. Body- whorl not angulated.

a. Aperture narrow.

1. Primary ridges flat. B. STRIATUM.

2. Primary ridges convex ; a strong tooth-like plait on the

columella. B. CILIATDM.

6. Aperture broad.

1 . Longitudinal folds numerous, often interrupted or interposed.

* * Primary ridges flat. B. PLECTRUM.

* * Primary ridges obsolete ; secondaries conspicuous,

crowded. B. TENTJE.

2. Longitudinal folds not interrupted or interposed.

* Shell thick and coarsely striated.

f Sinus of outer lip near the suture, columella short.

B. UNDULATUM.

f t Sinus of outer lip near the middle, columella pro-
jecting. B. UN DATUM.

* * Shell finely striated, usually thin.

f Secondary ridges easily distinguished from the

primaries, which are often obsolete.
|| Columella distinctly folded. B. SIMPLEX.

|| || Columella smooth, not distinctly folded.

B. CYANEUM:

ft Secondary ridges confounded for the most part
with the primaries

I Longitudinal folds conspicuous. B. TOTTENI.
|| I Longitudinal folds obsolete.

B. HUMPHREYSIANUM.

Since the preparation of my manuscript on Buccinum^ Dr. J.
Gwyn Jeffreys has published a paper upon their synonymy,
which, in view of his discriminative ability and experience with

BUCCINUM. 171

Northern marine shells, is entitled to the careful consideration
of those specially interested in the correct elimination of specific
forms. I have not thought it advisable to change the synonomy
in accordance with Dr. Jeffre}Ts' views, because my conclusions,
carefully worked out from the (inadequate) material accessible
to me, ought therefore to have a certain value, but I deem it ad-
visable to insert here Dr. Jeffreys' paper in full for the purpose
of comparison with my own results — results which would doubt-
less have been much modified if this paper had been published
before I commenced my study of the genus. It will be seen that
a good number of species included in my monograph are omitted
from Dr. Jeffrey's paper.

On the Northern Species of Buccinum. By J. Gwyn Jeffreys.*

" The late Prof. Stimpson published, in the ' Canadian Natural-
ist ' for October, 1865, a ' Review of the Northern Buccinums.'
and gave sixteen species with fifteen synonyms. Having had the
privilege of examining his types, as well as those of Linne,
Fabricius, Turton, Bennett, Broderip, Forbes, Moller, Hancock,
Morch, Reeve, G. 0. Sars, Friele, Yerkriizen, and others, I
thought a revised list of the species might be useful, and I now
submit it. I recognize eight species only, with forty-six
synonyms ; and I believe even that number of species may be
reduced when more intermediate forms are observed. Their
fecundity and extensive distribution in the northern hemisphere,
added to the difference in the conditions of habitat and tempera-
ture, would account for the great variability of the species.
Buccinopxis connects Buccinum with Fusus. The generic name
Tritonium is undoubtedly subsequent to Buccinum, and included
Fusus, and what I consider its subgenera, viz., Sipho, Neptunea,
Chrysodomus, Volutopsis, and Boreofusus.

1. BUCCINUM GLACIALE. Linn.
B. carinatum, Phipps. B.polaris, Gray.

Vars. B. angulosnm, Gray. B. Donovani, Gray.
" B. Greenland! cum, Hancock (not Chemnitz).
" B. tubulosum, Rve. B. undatum, Dawson (not L.).
" B. EJancocki, Morch. B. turritum, Verkriizen.

* Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th Ser., VI, 423, Dec. 1880.

BUCCINUM.

2. BUCCINUM UNDATUM, Linn.
B. vulgar 'e, Da Costa.

Vars. B. striatum, Pennant. B. zetlandicum, Forbes (a deep-water

form).

" B. Labradorense, Reeve. B. Belcheri, Reeve.
" B. fragile, Verkriizen. B. conoideum, G. O. Sars.
Monstr. B. carinatum, Turton. B. acuminatura, Brod.
" B. imperiale, Reeve.

3. BUCCINUM GRCENLANDICUM, Chemn.

B. cyaneum, Brug. B. undatum, Fab. (not L.). B. tenebrosum, Hanc^
Vars. B. Donovani, Gould (not Gray). B. ciliatum, Gld. (not Fabr.).
" B. boreale (Leach), Gray. B. undulatum, Moller and Dawson.
" B. Humphreysianum, Moll, (not Bennett), B. sericatum, Hanc.
" Tritonium ovum, Midd (not Turt.). B. fusiforme, Kien. (not

Brod.).

" B. Perdix (Beck), Morch. B. Finmarkianum, Verk. (a deep-
water form).

" B. pulchellum, G. O. Sars. B. parvulum, Verk. B. sulcatum,
Friele.

This species is closely allied to B. undatum ; and both may be
one and the same species. Herr Friele has shown that the cus-
pidation of the odontophore is not a reliable character for
distinguishing the species of this genus.

4. BUCCINUM HYDROPHANUM, Hanc.
Vars. B. tumidulum, G. O. Sars. B. Morchi, Friele. B. nivale, Friele.

5. BUCCINUM HUMPHREYSIANUM, Benn.

B. anglicanum, Fleming (not Lamarck). B. Puxleianum, Leach.
Vars. B. ventricosum, Kiener. B. striatum, Philippi (not Penn.).
" B. Kieneri, Monterosato. B. inflatum, Benoit (not Deshayes).

Not B. Humphreysianum, of Moller, Loven, Middenclorff, M.
Sars, Danielssen, or Malm.

6. BUCCINUM TOTTENI, Stimpson.

B. Terrce-novce (Beck), Morch. B. undulatum, Hanc. (not Moll.).
Vars. B. plectrum, St. B. Packardi, St. Tr. simplex, Midd.
" B. Amalise, Verkr. B. elegans, Verkr.

7. BUCCINUM TENUE, Gray.
B. scalariforme (Beck), Moll. Tr. Ochotense, Midd. B. tortuosum, Rve.

8. BUCCINUM CILIATUM, Fabr.

B. cyaneum, Hanc. (not Brug.). B. Molleri, Reeve.
Tr. tenebrosum (as of Hancock), var borealis, Midd."

BUCCINUM. 113

B. UNDATUM, Linn. PL 75, figs. 306-321 ; PL 76, figs. 322-325 ;

PL 78, figs. 361-366.

" Shell conical above the periphery or centre of the body-whorl,
and somewhat truncated at the base, more or less solid (accord-
ing to the habitat), opaque, and usually lustreless ; sculpture,
numerous fine thread-like spiral ridges, some of which are much
stronger than others and are arranged in bands (from three to
seven small ridges between every large one) ; the whole surface
is covered with extremely delicate and close-set longitudinal
stride, which seldom, however, cross the spiral ridges so as to
cause any decussation ; the upper portion of the body-whorl and
of the four or five preceding whorls is often strengthened by
curved ribs or folds (like buttresses), of which there are from
twelve to fifteen on the penultimate whorl ; top whorl smooth ;
the base is girded by a very large, strong, and obliquely-twisted
keel. Color mostly yellowish white, tinged with reddish brown,
sometimes white banded with the latter color, or reddish brown
with a pink tinge and beautifully mottled with white ; inside
yellow, white, pale reddish brown or chocolate. Epidermis pale
brownish yellow, rather thin, usually rising into close-set laminar
folds, corresponding with the longitudinal stride, which form
short, spinous processes on the outer ridges. Spire regularly
tapering, apex blunt and irregular or mammiform ; whorls seven
to eight, rounded, the last occupying about two-thirds of the
shell ; suture deep ; mouth oval and somewhat expanded ; length
about one-half that of the spire ; canal open and deep, exhibiting
outside a similar and oblique notch ; outer lip semicircular, flexu-
ous, and having a large sinus or bay in the middle ; it slopes
outwards from the periphery ; edge reflected and thickened in
full-grown specimens ; inside slightly and indistinctly grooved ;
inner lip broad, consisting of a rather thick glaze on the pillar
and adjacent part of the body- whorl ; pillar smooth and highly
polished, microscopically freckled or pustulated by the lower
fold of the mantle. Operculum pale brownish yellow, rather
solid, more or less concave towards the nucleus ; the layers of
growth are laminar and numerous, resembling the epidermis in
texture. Length, 3*25 inches ; diameter, 2 inches.

" Yar. 1. FLEXUOSA. More slender, with a produced spire ;

174 BUCCINUM.

whorls apparently twisted, in consequence of the ribs being ob-
liquely curved.

u Yar. 2. LITTORALIS (King). (Fig. 316.) Ventricose ; spire
shorter, and body-whorl disproportionately large ; longitudinal
plaits strong ; throat often coffee-colored.

"Yar. 3. PAUPERCULA. Dwarf and depauperated.

"Var. 4. STRIATA (Fig, 319). Thinner than usual, with the
longitudinal ribs nearly obliterated.

"Yar. 5. PELAGICA (King). Twice the usual size, and also
thinner, with a longer spire.

"Yar. 6. ZETLANDICA (Forbes). (Fig. 364.) Smaller, and of
a thin and delicate texture, destitute of longitudinal ribs ; epider-
mis smooth and membranous.

"Monstrosities. 1, sinistrorsum (fig. 321). Spire reversed.
2, carinatum. Upper part of each whorl encircled by a keel or
more prominent spiral ridge. (B. carinatum, Turton). 3, im-
periale. Body -whorl compressed and elongated, so as to give it
the shape of a Valuta, (Bsimperiale, Reeve, PL 78, fig. 365).
4, acuminatum (fig. 320). Spire extending to a considerable
length ; whorls flattened, and the periphery consequently angu-
lated (B. acuminatum, Brod.). 5, conico-operculatum. Opercu-
lum patelliform or conical. 6, U-operculatum and tri-opercula-
tum. Having two or three opercula.

Animal. " Body varying in color from dirty white to yellow-
ish, speckled or streaked with black ; mantle rather thick, folded
over the pillar of the shell ; pallial tube extensile, protruded an
inch or more beyond the canal, recurved, and obliquely truncated
at the extremity ; head small, narrowish ; proboscis ver}^ long
and powerful, enclosing a muscular sheath, within which lies the
tongue ; tentacles flattened, long and pointed, abruptly thickened
at the base ; eyes very small, placed nearly one-third of the way
up the tentacles ; foot oblong, with shelving sides, capable of
considerable expansion and distension, rounded in front, with
small ear-shaped corners, and bluntly-pointed behind ; very large
and fleshy, with a short point at the extremity. Odontophore
(PI. 27, fig. 29) : central tooth armed with seven cusps or points

BUBCINUM. 175

in a comb-like manner ; shaft of the side tooth having three
notches, the lowest being the largest."*

Arctic Ocean ; Siberia ; Sea of Ochotsk ; North Cape ;
Norway ; Baltic Sea ; England ; France, (Atlantic Coast) ;
Iceland; Labrador ; Newfoundland, southwards to New
Jersey ; Mediterranean Coast of France (exceptional).

B. undatum being the t}rpical species of the genus, I have
deemed it advisable to copy the somewhat extended diagnosis of
the British specimens given by Jeffreys. I add his further re-
marks in order to complete the portraiture of the species : the
diverse conditions under which the varieties are found perhaps
sufficiently account for their existence.

" Habitat : Every kind of ground, in all parts of the British
seas, from the shore to the greatest known depths. The first
variety is peculiar to hard ground in the coralline zone, through-
out the Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetland ; it is not common.
Second, among stones and on mud, in the higher part of the
laminarian zone, north of England, as well as Ireland, Scotland,
and Shetland. Third, brackish water at Southampton and Ips-
wich. Fourth, coralline zone of England, Wales and Ireland ;
not common. Fifth, Dogger bank ; Mr. Leckenby has a speci-
men six and one-half inches long. Sixth, soft ground in the deep-
water zone, west of Ireland, outer Hebrides, Orkneys and
Shetland ; I have a specimen of a pure white color. Besides
these, which I regard as the principal varieties, others have been
described by Professor King and Mr. A. Hancock.

"In horticultural language, the species is very much given to
sporting. Every abnormal growth of the shell can be disting-
uished from those of a specific or varietal sort by examining the
apex or nucleus ; this will be seen to be regular, the malformation
having subsequently taken place, a,nd being in most instances
caused by some injury to the outer edge of the mantle.

"The typical forin and variety striatum have been recorded
from every recent geological formation in the northern latitudes
of both hemispheres, and as far back as the Coralline Crag ; Pal-
ermo (Philippi). Mr. James Smith found the monstrosity
carinatum fossil at Bute, and Mr. Grainger at Belfast.

* Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. IV, 285.

IT 6 BUCCINUM.

"American specimens of the common sort are smaller than
European ; and Stimpson endeavors to show that they belong to
a distinct species, because of ' a fades difficult to describe.' * If
the supposed difference cannot be defined by any words or delinea-
tion, and the only substitute offered is the nearly exploded idea
of representation of species, it is a pity that naturalists should be
so unnecessarily perplexed.

" In Scotland and Shetland this common shell-fish is called
' Buckie,' in the Isle of Man (according to Forbes) ' mutlag,' in
Holland ' wiflk ' (Born), in France ' bouche-aurore ' (Lamarck),
at Brest ' grosse bigorne ' and at Rochelle ' burgau morchon '
(De Montfort), and in La Manche 'ran' (De Gerville).f The
animal emits a thin and copious slime. From its size and tough-
ness it makes a good subject for anatomical demonstration —
although Cuvier has left very little to be known about that part
of its history, J It burrows in the sand like Natica catena ; and
its foot is similarly traversed by numerous canals, which admit
of its being distended by water ; this enters by an orifice at the
upper corner of the mouth of the shell, and finds its way, through
the abdominal cavity, into the vascular system of the foot.
When it burrows, the end of the pallial tube or siphon is either
exposed or but slightly covered by the sand, so as to supply the
gills with water or air as the case may require. Beudant's ex-
periments show that it cannot live in fresh water. The formation
of twoopercula by the same individual appears to be congenital,
and not owing to an injury of the opercular lobe, which would
cause an aborted or defective growth ; for in some of these mon-
strous specimens the twin opercula are so large that they are
doubled or folded inwards, side by side, in order to fit the mouth
of the shell. This mollusk is very voracious, and is often caught

* In his Synoptical Table, Stimpson distinguishes the American form
(B. undulatum) by its short columella, and the sinus of the outer lip being
near the suture instead of near the middle. These distinctions usually
hold good, but not always : it is not difficult to find American specimens
with the European characters, and vice-versa.

•j- The common generic name in English is "whelk."

$ Details of the anatomy and embryology of Sue. undatum, will be
found in the introductory portion of Vol. II of this Manual, with illus-
trations upon Plates 3, 4 and 8,

BUCCINUM. 177

on the fishermen's hooks. Orsted tells us, in his interesting
treatise ' De regionibus marinis,' that great numbers of B. un-
datum and Fusus antiquus are collected in the Cattegat for fish-
bait, by putting a dead cod into a wicker basket and letting it
down on a muddy bottom ; it is soon taken up half-filled with
whelks. The same method is adopted for their capture on the
English and Irish coasts. The whelk affords an illustration of the
lex talionis ; fishes in their turn devour it with equal greediness.
I have seen between thirty and forty shells of B. undatum ex-
tracted from the stomach of a single cod. After the shell has
been cleared out and ejected by the fish, it makes a convenient
habitation for the hermit-crab. Other hations have not quite so
great a fancy as ours for eating the whelk ; perhaps it is an indige-
nous taste ; for when the Romans were in this country, they
seem to have acquired it — being one which they could not gratify
in Italy. Shells of B. undatum, mixed with those of the oyster,
have been noticed among the ruins of a Roman station at Rich-
borough. At the enthronization feast of William Warham,
Archbishop of Canterbury, on the 9th of March, 1504, there
were provided ' 8000 whelks at 5s. per 1000.' In the shell-fish
market at Billingsgate the present species goes by the name of
the ' white ' or ' common ' whelk, in contradistinction to Fusus
antiquus, which is there called the ' red ' or ' almond ' whelk.
My obliging informant, Mr. Baxter, says, ' Wilks must be sold
the same day we receive them at market in the summer, being
the day after they are caught ; if the supply is greater than the
demand, we boil them, and they keep good for several days.'
Evidence was given before a select committee of the House of
Commons in the Session of 1866, on the ' Whitstable oyster-
fishery extension Bill,' that the whelk-fishery on a sandy flat in
that bay yielded £12.000 a year, — part of the produce being dis-
posed of in the London market for food, and the rest sent to the
cod-fishing banks for bait. They are seldom eaten in the northern
part of our Isles. At Dieppe and Nantes they may occasionally
be seen exposed for sale in the fish-markets. The embryology of
B. undatum has been investigated by Baster and many other
writers. Its curious spawn-cells are figured in Ellis' Corallines
as ' Alcyonium seu Vesicularia marina of Bauhin ;' they are
23

178

BUCCTNUM.

also called 4 Sea wash-balls,' because of their being used instead
of soap by sailors to wash their hands (fig. 312). Dr. Johnston
compares this vesicular mass to the nest of .the humble-bee. It
is composed of numerous cartilaginous pouches, of the shape and
size of a large split pea, piled irregular!}- one upon another, and
attached by their edges at the base. Cailliaud counted 544 of
these cells in one of the spawn-masses. Each cell contains at
first several hundred eggs, which are afterwards so greatly re-
duced in number that only from fifteen to thirty fry come to
maturity. The process by which this reduction takes place has
been disputed by Scandinavian and English physiologists, not
less as to Buccinum than with respect to Pur pur a. Koren and
Danielssen state that the eggs are first spherical, that they after-
wards separate into distinct portions, and then amalgamate or
agglomerate and assume a different shape. Sir John Lubbock,
on the contrary, ascertained that the more advanced embryos
swallow the other yelks whole, and in such quantities as to
become greatly distended ; his paper in the ' Report of the British
Association ' for 18GO contains a representation of ' a young
embryo in the act of swallowing an egg ' (figs. 306, 307). Dr.
Mclntosh observed two specimens of the variety littoralis, on
the 19th of October, 1863, in the act of depositing spawn under
a stone, about mid-tide, in a rock-pool at St. Andrews. An egg-
case, extruded from one of these whelks which he held in his
hand, was quite soft, and fell into the water like a ball of jelly.
Before the fry leaves its cell, it is furnished with two rounded
and ciliated lobes in front, a proboscis, eyes, foot, gills, heart,
otolites or ear-stones, and other organs, besides a perfectly formed
shell of two whorls and an operculnm. The spawning season
takes place according to the latitude and climate, between
October and May ; about two months are required for the devel-
opment of the fry. The shells vary exceedingly in thickness ;
some are solid and coarsely ribbed ; others are thin, and their
sculpture is very delicate. Sometimes the top of the shell is
broken off, and the opening is closed by a plug. In young speci-
mens the nucleus of the operculum is more central than in the
adult, the lateral extension of growth being inwards or towards
the pillar. Mr. Dennis and Mr. Norman believe that the scalari-
form distortion of the whorls, which is not unfrequent, is occa-

BUCCINUM. 179

sioned by an annelid occupying the suture ; but the epidermis in
such cases may be traced covering that part, and the distinction
between poxt hoc and propter hoc may apply to the opinion of the
above naturalists, as well as to the arguments of lawyers. The
shell is the ' roaring buckle ' of Scotch bairns. Wordsworth
has amplified this idea in the following pretty lines : —

' I have seen

A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract
Of inland ground, applying to his ear
The convolutions of a smooth-lipped shell ;
To which, in silence hush'd, his very soul
Listen' d intensely, and his countenance soon
Brighten' d with joy ; for murmurings from within
Were heard, — sonorous cadences, whereby,
To his belief, the monitor express' d
Mysterious union with its native sea.' ':

u Whelks are taken in great numbers in wicker baskets baited
with offal. Billingsgate Market is chiefly supplied from Harwich
and Hull ; and some of the steamers from the north bring six or
seven tons at a time. They are sold at Is. 6^. to 2s. a measure ;
are in season from August to September, though they are really
good to eat at any time. Whelks are very troublesome to the
lobster-fishers, for they often devour the bait, and I have seen, at
St. Margaret's-at-Cliffe, on the 'Kentish coast, the lobster pots
drawn up, one after the other, baitless, and full of these greedy
mollusks ; most trying to the poor fishermen, especially when
bait was scarce, and they had been obliged to walk some miles
in the morning to purchase it. On some parts of the coast the
fishermen use the Buccinum for bait for the long-line fishing, and
they know it by the following names, viz., the conch, buckie,
whelk-tingle, or sting-winkle ; and at Youghal they call whelks
' googawns,' and ' cuckoo shells.' " — LoveWs Edible Mollusks^
125.

Mr. Lovell gives the following recipes for preparing whelks
for table-use : I copy them because, notwithstanding its abun-
dance on our northern coast the whelk is rarely eaten in the
United States.

Dublin Method of Cooking Whelks — Cleanse them well, boil

180 BUCCINUM.

them till they can easily be taken from the shell, and then fry
them with plenty of fat or butter, till they are brown.

Whelk Soup. — Take two onions and cut them into small dice,
fry them in a stewpan with some butter ; shake the pan well for
a few minutes, add five heads of celery, two handfuls of spinach,
two cabbage lettuces cut small, and some parsley. Shake the
pan again, put in two quarts of water, some crusts of bread, a
teaspoonful of pepper, and a blade or two of mace. Let this
boil gently for an hour. Boil the whelks, take them out of their
shells and fry them a good brown, then add them to the soup
and let the whole boil a few minutes, then serve.

Another Way of making Whelk Soup. — Wash the whelks well.
boil them and pick them out of the shells. Put an ounce of
butter or dripping, with some finely chopped parslej', an onion,
a little pepper and salt, into a saucepan, and fry it until it becomes
brown, adding a little flour. Then to this add a pint of water
or a pint and a half of milk, and when it boils place in the
whelks, and a teaspoonful of anchovy. Let it boil again for half
an hour, then serve.

To Dress Whelks. — Boil them till quite tender, then eat them
with vinegar and pepper.

On a diminutive form of Buccinum undatum cf : Case of Natural
Selection. By Edw. S. Morse. (Figures 308-311.)

The object in making this communication is to point out some
curious results of natural selection on Buccinum undatum within
limited areas, in which the male scarcely equalled half the length
of the female.

On a ledge in the harbor of Eastport (Maine), just east of the
town, a small variety of Buccinum undatum occurs in great pro-
fusion. At the time of collecting them the sexes were pairing,
and in every case (and hundreds were observed) the male was
much smaller, sometimes not exceeding half the length of the
female. It seemed impossible that the males could be mature,
and yet they were not only found in actual connection, but an
examination of the shell revealed the full number of whorls, and
from other well-known characters indicated the fact that they
were full-grown, though of diminutive size,

BUCCINUM. 181

A glance at the condition of things at once revealed the
mystery of these dwarfed males. The ledge on which these
specimens were found is partly exposed at low tide, and is at all
times washed by impetuous currents, so that it is quite difficult
to land.

A study of the surface features of the ledge indicated the force
of the tidal currents. There were no loose fragments of rock
upon it, save those which were so tightly wedged in the crevices
of the ledge that they could not be worked out with the hands.
The specimens of Buccinum in every case were found hid away
in nooks, and concealed in the cracks and crevices marking the
ledge. It was clearly obvious that only the smallest males could
work their way into such constricted quarters for the purpose of
uniting with the females, and that the smaller males had the ad-
vantage over the larger males in this respect, there could be no
question. The true state of the case was so instantly seen, that
though hundreds of specimens were collected with the object of
determining whether in any case a large male occurred, not a
single exception was met with in which the female was not being
fertilized by a diminutive male.

The constrained position in which these were found precluded
the possibility of a large male with his cumbrous shell getting
close enough to the female in her narrow quarters to perform the
sexual act. The smaller males having this advantage, have from
generation to generation perpetuated their dwarf characters. It
would seem from these facts that natural selection has worked
in an unusual way in producing secondary sexual characters,
rarely, if ever, 'seen in gasteropods.

Both males and females presented a wide range of variation in
the characters of the shell, some of them showing very distinctly
the oblique folds so characteristic of the species, while in others
these folds were scarcely visible. The shell of the male is
smoother than that of the female, and is also more slender and
more delicate. The figures represent normal males and females
from this peculiar colony.*

Gould supposed that BUG. undatum did not occur south of
Cape Cod, Massachusetts, a point believed in his da}^ to separate

* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 284, 1876.

182 . BUCCINUM.

very distinctly two molluscan faunal provinces, but it has since
been found throughout the waters of the New England States,
and, according to Captain Gedney, off New Jersey, N. lat. 40°,
W. long. 73°, in 32 fathoms, sandy bottom. It occurs generally
in deep water, and not so numerously, however, south of Cape
Cod. It has been dredged at 100 fathoms in the Bay of Fundy,
but off the European coast has been found as deep as 650
fathoms.

Mr. Verrill remarks that "the ordinary American specimens
from shallow water differ considerably in form from the typical
European specimens, but the species is quite variable on both
coasts, and I have examined large specimens from St. George's
Bank and La Have Bank, dredged by Mr. S. I. Smith, which
differ very little from the common European form, and it is easy
to form series connecting these with our common shore specimens.
I am, therefore, unable to agree with Dr. Stimpson, who con-
sidered our species distinct from the European, and adopted the
name undulatum for it."*

In addition to the varieties enumerated in Dr. Jeffrey's descrip-
tion of the species, I have figured others from Sars, Middendorff
and Reeve ; the}^ are possibly none of them really entitled to
varietal names. These are Yar. ccerulea (fig. 314), Yar. Schanta-
rica (fig. 311), from the Sea of Ochotsk, B. pyramidale. Reeve
(fig. 366), B. Labradorense, Reeve (fig. 322) = the American
form of B. undatum, called B. undulatum, and a representation
of the latter form (fig. 318) from Gould's Invertebrata of Massa-
chusetts. To these synonyms I add B. parvulum, Yerk. (fig. 323),
B. fragile, Yerk. (fig. 324), and B. conoideum, Sars (fig. 325) ;
species which can have no place in the genus unless we agree to
a minute discrimination of its variable characters. It is true
that a slight difference exists in the dentition between one of
these forms and the normal dentition of B. undatum (PL 2*7,
fig. 29), namely, a variation in the number of tooth-like points
developed on the plates, the formula of B. undatum, B. conoideum
and B. parvulum being 4 • 6 • 4, that of B. fragile 3*4*3, accord-
ing to Sars, but Meyer and Mobiusf have shown that the central

* Hept. U. S. Fish Com'r, 638, 1875.
f Fauna der Kielerbucht II.)

BUCCINUM. 183

teeth vary from 4 to 6, and those on the sides from 2 to 4 in
specimens from a single locality, and that the number on opposite
side-plates of the same individual is sometimes different, so that
but little dependence can be placed upon the secondary charac-
ters of dentition in distinguishing species, at least in this instance.
Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys considers B. Belcheri, Reeve, a variety ;
it appears to me to be distinct.

B. ZEALANDICUM, Reeve. PI. 79, fig. 384.

Yellowish, the revolving lines between the ribs brown tinted.

Length, 1-25 inch.

f New Zealand.

This species never came from the locality assigned to it : it is
a true Buccinum and may be a form of undatum, having acci-
dentally deepened color upon the superior revolving lines, or, if
the color is normal, then it is probably a variety of B. cyaneum,
Brug.

B. EFFUSUM, Reeve. PI. 79, fig. 376.

Sliell ovately conical, thin, inflated, spire rather short but
elevated, whorls obscurely flatly ridged and minutely striated ;
lip simple, effused ; chestnut-brown. Length, 1-5 inches.

Hob. unknown.

The ridges of this species are of quite a superficial character.
The above is a copy of Reeve's description, which does not
mention longitudinal ribs, although they appear to be slightly
indicated in the figure. I do not know whether this may be a
depauperated BUG. undatum or a Cominella.

B. TOTTENII, Stimpson. PI. 76, fig, 326.

White; of a light and thin structure; spire acute ; suture im-
pressed, whorls seven, regularly convex; longitudinal folds about
twenty-two in number, not large, very regular, straight, not at all
oblique, and about equaling their interspaces in width ; these
folds are prominent on the spire, but usually obsolete on the
body-whorl, except occasionally at the suture ; the revolving
strhe are somewhat as in B. undatum, but sharper and more
regular, and the grooves are narrower and more deeply cut.

Length, 1'75 to 2'25 inches.

Banks of Newfoundland.

184 BUCCINUM.

It might be taken for a thin and delicate form of B. undatum,
but is easily distinguished by the number and straightness of the
longitudinal plications of the spire-whorls, the more numerous
and sharply cut transverse ridges and the wider mouth. Occurs
in the pleistocene beds of Montreal,

B. TENUE, Gray. PI. 76, fig. 327.

Whorls convex ; with twenty-five to thirty longitudinal ribs,
sometimes interpolated about the middle of the body-whorl ; no
prominent revolving sculpture, but merely crowded minute stria;.
sometimes obsolete. Length, 1-75 to 2'5 inches.

Greenland, southwards to Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Nova Zembla ;

Lapland; Behrincfs Straits.

This is a circumpolar species, possessing the well-known facies
of such shells ; its occurrence southwards in the Griilf of St. Law-
rence is rare and in deep water. It is a pleistocene fossil in
various localities from Canada northwards. The well-expressed,
very numerous, curved and partially duplicating ribs and the
almost total absence of transverse sculpture are its distinguish-
ing characters. B, scalar if or me, Beck, is possibly a synonym,
although it is also referred to Sipho Kroyeri, Moller. Besides
the typical form, Middendorff mentions a forma elatior, in which
the ribs tend towards evanescence. B. tortuosum, Reeve, is con-
sidered a monstrosity of this species by Stimpson, but I think it
more probable that it has that relation to Fusus (Sipho) Kroyeri,
Moller.

B. PLECTRUM, Stimpson.

Shell rather large, thin, elongated, whorls less convex than in
B. tenue, with about nineteen curved longitudinal folds, and deep
cut primary revolving grooves, with depressed intervening ridges.

Length 2-23 to 2-5 inches, diam. 1/2 inches.

Arctic Ocean, north of Behring's Straits ;

20 to 30 fathoms.

It may be described in brief language by saying that it has
nearly the form and plaits of B. tenue, with a striation of the
glaciale type. It evidently approaches nearest to tenue, but
besides the difference in the striation, the much greater regularity
of the longitudinal plaits will serve to distinguish it. I have
among a number of fossil Buccinums kindly loaned by Dr.

BUCCINUM. 185

Packard, two imperfect specimens, probably of this species, from
the pleistocene beds of Portland, Me. The shell is broader and
thicker, with fewer (thirteen) longitudinal folds, none of which
are interrupted, the primary ridges are more convex, and are
alternately wider and narrower. The secondary grooves are
rather less numerous. These differences may proove to be spe-
cific, when perfect specimens of both forms can be obtained in
sufficient numbers. If so, I would suggest the name B. Packardi
for the Portland form. It is easily distinguished from B. undu-
latum (= undatum) by the flattening and finer striation of the
primary ridges, which are also much broader than the correspond-
ing grooves. I have also a fragment of the form Packardi from
the pleistocene of New Brunswick.

The above is copied and condensed from Stimpson's descrip-
tion. I am unacquainted with the species. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys
considers it a variety of B. Totteni, Stimpson.

B. STRIATUM, Sowb. PL 76, figs. 328, 329.

Shell of moderate size, thick, rather elongated and appressed ;
whorls seven, riot convex, not angulated, longitudinal ribs eleven
in number, not at all oblique, rather distant and prominent, espe-
cially at the suture ; spiral ridges flat ; aperture narrow, a little
less than half the length of the shell, columella projecting beyond
the extremity of the outer lip. Length, 2 inches.

Sea of Ochotsk.

Occurs as a pleistocene fossil in Scotland, whence it was first
described. Dr. Stimpson unites with this B. Ochotense. Midden-
dorff (fig. 329), and Dr. Jeffreys makes it a synonym of B. tenue,
Gray.

B. GLACIALE, Linn. PI. 76, fig. 345 ; PI. 78, figs. 367-373.

Whorls flattened, spire conic-elevated ; ribs few, obliquely
curved, prominent ; body- whorl with one, two or three prominent
revolving keels, one of which is sometimes visible on the spire ;
revolving ridges coarse, well marked. Length, 2-3 inches.

Behring's Straits ; Sea of Ochotsk; Spitzbergen ; Greenland.

The typical form, according to Stimpson, has not as yet been

found fossil, but the var. (B. Gfrcenlandicum, Hancock =polare,

Gray) is quite abundant in the pleistocene beds of Montreal.

The living shell reaches a notably larger size in the North Pacific

24

186 BUCCINTJM.

than in the North Atlantic, and the vicinity of Behring's Straits
may be considered the metropolis of the species. It has been
erroneously reported as from the Orkney Islands, but is not
British. Mr. W. H. Ball, to whose enlightened explorations in
Alaska conchology is so greatly indebted, was the first to point
out the protean characters of this species and to assign to it a
numerous synonymy. I have figured the typical glaciale (fig.
345) and a two-carinated form (fig. 367), B. angulo&um, Gray,
evidently not adult (fig. 368), and regarded by Stimpson as a
distinct species, B. carinatum (fig. 3*72), B. rutilUm (fig. 369),
B. Bomber gi(&g. 37 0), and J5. Morchianum (fig. 371), of Dunker's
Novitates. Besides these, B. Stimpsoni and B. Roger si of Gould,
two unfigured species from the vicinity of Behring's Straits, are
referred to this species by Mr. Ball.

Var. POL ARE, Gray.

This form has been described but not figured ; nevertheless,
Stimpson recognizes it as a distinct species differing from B.
glaciale in its thin structure, shouldered whorls and narrower aper-
ture. B. Groenlandicum of Hancock (fig. 373), which I consider
equivalent to polare, is also treated as distinct by Stimpson, who
says that it is narrower and smaller, without shouldered whorls.
This latter difference depends upon whether one or two carina
are developed on the body-whorl. I think the only reason for
considering polare (including Groenlandicum) as a variety is
the thinness of the shell,

B. MIRANDIJM, E. A. Smith.

Shell ovate, thick, pallid, brownish red, irregularly maculated
upon the spiral ribs, invested with a fugacious, thin, light olive
epidermis ; whorls seven, concave and angulated above, concave
below the angle, longitudinally plicate, encircled by two nodose
ribs, and shallow sulcations, minutely granosely striate, beneath
the suture somewrhat rugose ; aperture light brown, scarcely more
than half the total length, labrum sinuated by the spiral carinae,
canal short, slightly recurved. Length 53, diam. 25 mill.

East Yesso, Japan; 11 fathoms.

The plications which produce nodules on the spiral elevations
become almost obsolete on the last half of the body-whorl. The
nodules number about ten on the penultimate whorl. The entire

BUCCINUM, 1ST

surface is spirally rather distantly striated, which is plainly
visible to the naked eye, and also very minutely granosely striated,
only apparent with the aid of a lens. I do not know the species,
but it appears to be related to B. glaciale, Linn., some specimens
of which certainly exhibit, though in a less marked degree, per-
haps, the principal characteristics noted above.

B. DONOVANI, Gray. PI. 76, fig. 330 ; PI. 78, fig. 374.

More elongated, with much more convex whorls than B. gla-
ciale. Sometimes slighty carinated on the middle of the body-
whorl. Ribs most prominent at the sutures, which they undulate,
soon becoming evanescent upon the body.

Length, 2*25 to 3 inches.

Banks of Newfoundland ; Greenland.

The B. Donorani of Reeve is another species = B. Terrae-
A'o/ve, Beck. B. tubulosum, Reeve (fig. 374), is, however, a syno-
nym. Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys makes Donouani a variety of B^

glaciale.

B. CASTANEUM, Ball.

Shell large, clear chestnut-brown /with whorls seven in number,
inflated and smooth, except for microscopic, closely crowded,
revolving striae Suture distinct, not channeled. Apex rather
acute, pointed. Columella straight, with a faint fasciole. Aper-
ture wide, rounded, more than semicircular. A slight glaze on
the columella. Outer lip heavily thickened, expanded and smooth,
not projecting before the column nor waved ; within livid whitish
or purple.

Length 2'5 in.,diam. 1-1 in.; length of aperture 1 in., width'75 in.
Shumagin Islands (Alaska), 20 fathoms.

A very remarkably distinct form in a genus where distinctness
is the exception and not the rule. I know of no species at all
resembling it. There are rarely faint costse on the junior whorls.

Var. TRICARINATUM, Dall.

This form, which I now consider to be probably an extreme
race of the foregoing, has a similar color and fine microscopic
sculpture, but grows larger and is furnished with one strong carina
on the junior whorls and three on the last whorl. When the lip
is not formed they are remarkably similar to young Chrysodomus

188 BUCCINUM.

liratus, and were passed over as such by me, in the field. After-
wards, when the carinse and lip are fully formed, they look like
brown B. glaciale of the carinated form. On examination, the
sculpture was found to be essentially different, and by that alone
its connection with B. castaneum is surmised. It is found in the
Western Aleutians only, and was caught with bait in five fathoms.
No intermediate specimens have been observed. Length o'08
inches, width 1*5 inches ; aperture long, 1*25 inches; wide, -9 inch.
The lip is less thickened than the typical B. castaneum.

The above is a copy of Dall's description. I am unacquainted
with the species.

B. CYANEUM, Brug. PI. 76, figs. 331-342 ; PL 78, fig. 375. PL
79, figs. 377-380.

Shell thin, whorls six to eight, not very convex, flattened near the
suture, and generally smoother than in any other species ; longi-
tudinal folds, when they exist, ten to fifteen, straight, extending
very little below the suture ; primary spiral ridges 'rounded, not
flattened, very narrow and distant, about fourteen on the lower
whorl, often obsolete, but sometimes sufficiently prominent to
form angles rather than ridges ; secondarjr ridges, when present
about five to each primary ridge and groove taken together.
Colors bright but variable, usually bluish with chestnut-brown
revolving lines or series of spots or patches : sometimes brown
with white spots. Periqstraca smooth or short-ciliated.

Length, l-2'3 inches.

Greenland, Norway, Lapland, Behring's Straits.

An arctic species ; occurs fossil in the pleistocene of Riviere-
du-Loup, Canada. A number of authors apply to this shell the
name Grcenlandicum, Chemn., which I do not adopt because
Chemnitz was not a binomial writer, and Grcenlandicum is only
a portion of his compound designation of the species.

I figure a variety patula, Sars. (fig. 332), which appears to cor-
respond with the dwarf variety of Stimpson ; also Neptunea
Baerii, Midd. (fig. 377), which is a marked, short, convex
variety. The following species described by Hancock, are all
synonymous with cyaneum, viz. : B. hydrophanum, Hanc. (figs.

BTJCCINUM. 189

333, 334, 375), B. sericatum, Hanc. (fig. 335),* B. tenebrosum,
Hanc. (figs. 336-338, 378). Mr. W. H. Dall adds to the syn-
onymy Volutharpa MorcMana, Fischer, a short-spired variety
(fig. 379), and B. perdix, Beck, to which I agree, the latter being
very probably the same as B. Finmarkianum, Verkruzen (figs.
340-342), which is at most a variety. B. Terrde-Novae, Beck, is a
large, thin variety, showing traces of plicos, and revolving angu-
lations. B. leucostoma. Lischke, an unfigured species from
Japan, is very probably another variety of this protean species :
it is a large shell, 81 mill, in length, like Terrse-Novse, but thicker,
with white lip, etc. B. simplex, Midd., from the Sea of Ochotsk,
is also a large shell, the description of which presents no dis-
tinctive peculiarities. B. pulchellum, Sars (fig. 339), does not
appear to be very different from his figure of Grcenlandicum
(== cyaneum, fig. 331). I add a figure of a remarkable shell (PI.
87, fig. 617), which Friele calls var. acuta.

B. JAPONICUM, A. Ad.

Ovate, fusiform, thin, spire produced, epidermis horny brown,
longitudinally plicate and laminate, with acute, revolving lines
(about six in the last whorl), base spirally lirate,.lip margin
thickened and reflected. Length, 1 inch.

Okosiri, Sea of Japan; 35 fathoms.

Unfigured. Probably nearly related to the preceding species.
B. Jeffrey sii, E. A. Smith, is another unfigured Japanese species,
30 mill, in length; it is described from a single specimen, with
the following remarks appended. " This species may eventually
prove but a large and fine variety of B. Japonicum, A. Ad. ; but
at present I distinguish it with a separate name, since there are
several differences which may be regarded as specific. The
whorls are only slightly angulated in the middle by the keel
which encircles them at that part ; and this keel is undulated, a

* Mr. E. A. Smith figures the dentition of this form in Ann. Mag. N.
Hist., XX, 134, 1877, and as the side plates have three fangs on one side
and two on the other, and the epidermis differs, he considers it distinct
from B. cyaneum. Mr. Jeffreys, in same magazine, p. 239, calls attention
to the variability of the epidermis in northern shells, and mentions that
he had examined numerous specimens of sericatum, and had no doubt of
their specific identity with cyaneum. The unequal distribution of denti-
cles upon the side plates of the radula, is itself sufficient evidence of the
little value of this character.

190 BUCCINUM.

character not assigned to B. Japonicum: the red spotting on
the keels is also absent in that species ; and the color of the
epidermis is different. At the base of the cauda in the present
species there is a largish excavation ; but 1 am inclined to attri-
bute it to a repaired injury."

B. FISCHERIANUM, Dall.

Shell with four whorls, of which the upper three form less
than one-sixth of the entire length, though acuminated. Epi-
dermis smooth, thin, yellowish, marked with very fine, wavy,
revolving lines, not ciliated. Surface of the whorls smooth, but
marked with rather evident lines of growth, which are raised
into plicate rugosities near the suture, which is appressed.
Whorls inflated, amply rounded, solid, porcellanous and strong.
Aperture elongate-ovate; outer lip thickened, broadly, eff'usely
arched. Peristome white. Throat of a muddy pink. Inner lip
with a thin callus, thicker on the columella, where it is colored
with a dash of deep pink. Columella twisted, broad, arched.
Canal wide and shallow, ATery short. Color externally yellowish
pink, upper whorls a little livid, last whorl with a few indistinct
revolving brown lines, frequently interrupted. Traces of obscure
revolving ridges appear in a few places on the last whorl.

Length 1*3 in., lat. *9 in.

St. George's Isl., Behring's Sea.

Described from one perfect specimen and fragments obtained
in 1868. Its nearest ally is that form of B. cyaneum described
by Fischer as Volutharpa Morchiana. From this it is very
doubtfully distinct.

B. PICTUEATUM, Dall.

Shell of moderate size, rather slender, with acute apex, sculp-
tured with fine wavy stride, the interspaces between which are
usually flat, but occasionally rise above the general surface as
flattened threads ; junior whorls with seven to nine faint, very
oblique transverse costae, the prominence of which varies in
different specimens ; epidermis very thin, smooth, dehiscent ;
color whitish, painted with oblique, reddish brown flammules,
irregularly distributed in patches transverse to the whorls ;
columella twisted with a strong fasciole, lightly glazed ; outer

BUCOINUM. 191

lip smooth, entire, slightly thickened, white on the edge, orange-
yellow within, extending a little in advance of the columella ;
apex rather acute, suture appressed ; whorls seven, regularly
tapering, not inflated ; lip not waved posteriorly, and meeting
the whorl at a rather sharp angle.

Length 2'18 in., width 1 in. ; length of aperture, 1-05 in.

Aleutian Islands.

A very doubtful, unfigured species. The original description
is given above. Probably == B. cyaneurri, var.

B. CILTATUM, Fabricius. PL 79, figs. 381, 3S£.

Shell small, ovate, strongly ribbed and with fine revolving
stria? ; solid, becoming very thick with age ; aperture elliptical,
elongated and narrow, a little more than half the. length of the
shell ; outer lip scarcely at all sinuated ; columella with a dis-
tinct tooth or projection near its lower extremity, corresponding
to the second fold of the columella seen in several other species,
such as B. tenue and B. undatum, but more tooth-like and con-
stituting an important and easily recognized specific character ;
periostraca ciliated. Length, 1*54 in.

Greenland, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland,

Behrincj Straits, and the Arctic Sea north of it.

" Although B. ciliatum is the most distinct and well-marked
form in the genus, it is by no means a common species, and has
been frequently referred to other quite different species, for want
of attention to its peculiar characters." So says Dr. Stimpson,
but I must confess rny inability to separate it satisfactorily from
B. cyaneum. If I rightly understand the specimens before me,
I think that it will prove to be a dwarf, slow-growing race of the
last-nani(''d species. B. ciliatum of Gould and American authors
generally, is a very different shell and is equivalent to B. Hum-
l>hr<'iixici.innii, Bennett. It is the B. Molleri of Reeve's Index,
and B. tenebrosum of Middendorff (fig. 382).

B: FRINGILLUM, Dall.

Shell white, resembling B. sericatum, Hancock (= cyaneum),
on the one hand, and B. ciliatum, Fabr., on the other. It has the
dense fringed epidermis of ciliatum (when the shell is perfect),
with the sculpture of the same, but wanting the tooth on the
columella, and having a number of sharp carinaB not found in

192 BUCCINTJM.

any specimens of ciliatum which I have seen. The form is much
like that of sericatum, Hanc., except that the whorls are inflated
and shouldered, and the suture canaliculate. Whorls seven.

Length 1'36 in., width '8 in. ; length of aperture -66 in.

Arctic Ocean, near Icy Cape.

The above is Mr. Dall's description, who, moreover, appends
n. s. ? to the name. It is a very doubtful species, the canaliculate
suture being its only peculiar feature, and that would indicate its
pertinence to the genus Volutharpa.

B. HUMPHREYSIANUM, Bennett. PL 76, figs. 343,344; PI. 77,
figs. 346-352 ; PI. 79, figs. 383, 385.

Shell thin, subtranslucent or nearly opaque, pale brownish or
yellowish, sometimes mottled with fawn or reddish brown, or
irregularly banded with rows of spots or chain-like markings,
frequently without spots or mottlings ; sculpture numerous fine
close-set revolving lines ; 110 longitudinal ribs, or at most but
faint indications of them upon the spire-whorls ; periostraca
very thin, ciliated. Length, l'75-3'5 inches.

Shetland Is. ; Ireland ; Norway ; American Arctic Ocean ; Banks
of Newfoundland ; Lapland ; Coast of Provence, France ; Sicily.

Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys says that " Dr. Stimpson must have mis-
taken some other species (perhaps B. ciliatum) for. B. Hum-
phrey sianum when he described the latter as having a ciliated
epidermis ; and I therefore cannot recognize the North American
localities indicated by him. B. ventricosum of Kiener (from the
coast of Provence), is closely allied to our shell ; but the whorls
are more tumid and gibbous, and the operculum is not so dispro-
portionately small. They bear the same relation to each other as
Aporrhais Serresiana does to A. Macandrese. The operculum
bears the same proportion to the size of the mouth as that of
Aporrhais ; it seems to be more ornamental than useful, like the
coquettish hats worn by the girls of Tuscany on the crown of
their heads. The opercular lobe covers only the centre of the
operculum, the upper and under sides of which are sometimes
encrusted with sessile Foraminifera. The egg-cases are sepa-
rate and hemispherical. Some of the above characters are so
peculiar as perhaps to warrant the generic separation of B.
Humphreysianum, under the name of Mada, its surface being
glabrous."

MBLONGENIN^E

PLATE 44.

NEPTUNINJS.

PLATE 45.

NKPTUNINJB.

PLATE 46.

NEPTUNIX^E.

PLATE 47.

NEPTUN1N.E.

PLATE 48.

NEPTUNINJB.

PLATE 49.

NEPTUNINJB.

PLATE 50.

NEPTUNIN.E.

PLATE 51.

NEPTUN1N.E.

PLATE 52.

NEPTUNIN.E.

PLATE 53.

NEPTUNIXJ3.

PLATE 54.

NEPTUNINJ3.

PLATE 55,

372

371

373

NEPTUNIN.E.

PLATE 56.

NEPTUNIN.E.

PLATES7.

NBPTUNINJB.

PLATE 58.

408

FA8CIOLARIINJE.

PLATE 59.

FASCIOLARIIN^E.

PLATE 60.

FASCIOLARI1NJE.

PLATE 61.

28.

FASCIOLARIIN^.

PLATE t>2.

30.

FASCIOLARIINJB.

PLATE 63.

34.

BUCCINUM. 193

Dr. Jeffreys has narrowed his conception of the species in this
instance to suit the British specimens which are, as he says,
glabrous, without epidermis or any traces of ribs; the species,
however, appears to attain its maximum development in the
waters of the Atlantic coast of British America, and it is from
these that our description is made. The ventricosum of Kiener
does not appear to differ. Colored markings are j*are upon
American specimens — which are almost invariably invested more
or less with a very thin epidermis. Our Banks specimens (fig.
348) were wrongly identified by Gould and others with B.
dliatum, Fabr., and still are to be found in most of our collec-
tions under that name. Stimpson was the first to refer them to
B. Humphrey sianum. Of course, there is hardly sufficient
character left in the egg-cases alone to justify the adoption of
Jeffreys' suggested generic name Mada.

The zebra-like striped variety (B. ventricosum, Kiener) is
rarely so highly colored as the original figure — which I have
copied (fig. 385). B.fusiforme, Kiener (fig. 347), is the typical
European form (= glabra, Jeffrej'-s), and comes from Provence.
B. striatum, Phil. (fig. 349), a Sicilian fossil, is certainly a very
good representation of the typical American form. Among the
synonyms are also to be included B. tu.midulum, Sars (figs. 350,
351 ), from Norway, and Tritonium ovum, Midd., not Turton (fig.
352) ; and probably B. Morcliii, Friele, an unfigured species,
notwithstanding the more central nucleus of the operculum, the
different number of teeth on the middle and side plates of the
lingual, etc.

B. BELCH KRT, Reeve. PI, IT, fig. 353.

Oblong-ovate, base truncate, thin, whorls convex, linearly
spirally sulcate. aperture ovate, columella arcuate, sub-excavated
in front, contorted; livid chestnut within, pellucid; epidermis
thin, deciduous.

Port Refuge and Dobbin Bay, Arctic Am. (30 fathoms) ; Finmark.

Like the rest of the genus, this species is subject to great
variation. The type specimen is comparatively smooth and
without plications beneath the suture ; others are strongly
plicated, and have the spiral ridging much raised. Dr. J. Gwyn
Jeffreys considers it a variety of B. undatum.
25

194 BUCCINUM.

Spurious, Doubtful and Undetermined Species.

B. ESCAL^E, Philippi. PL 77, fig. 354.

A minute shell, about 5-5 mill, long ; white, maculated with
rufous. Has the aspect of a Eicinula (Sistrum).

Coast of Chili.

B. CLAVULA, Mcnke. St. Thomas.

B. SCHRCEDERI, Beck. India.

B. BOYSII, Nuttall. California.

B. POULSONI, Nuttall. California.

B. PLICATULUM, Nuttall. Sandwich Isle A.

MSS. names in Jay's Catalogue, 3d edit. They are not to be
found in the 4th edition.

The following species are described by Lesson in the Revue
Zoologique : —

B. GENETTA (Coast of Oran, Algiers),- B. AFFINIS, " related
to and of same form as B. ouuw, Turt., and B. fusiforme,
Kiener," Pacific Ocean; B. PHAL^JNA, Lesson (= Engina ?),
Acapulco ; B. FLORIDANUM (= Nassa ?), Acapulco ; B. TULIPA,
Acapulco ; B. PULICARIS, Sandwich Isles and Taheiti.

B. ACUMINATUM, Meuke (? = Oolumbelld). Australia.

B. FASCICULARE, Menke. Australia.

B. PULCHELLUM, C. B. Ad. Jamaica, St. Thomas, W. I.

B. LUTEOLUM, Val. (Named but not described. ) Kurile Isles.
B. LEIOCHEILOS, Yal, Acapulco.

B. SUCCINCTUM, Powis ; B. CATENATUM, Powis (? = Columbella).

Mauritius.

B. MELO, Lesson (? ==? Melo). New Zealand.

B. TRITON, Lesson. New Zealand ; Callao, Peru.

Dr. J. E. Gray and Mr. Hutton identify this species with the
young of Siphon alia nodosa, Mart. The original description
assigns New Zealand as habitat, whence it was brought by a
vessel stationed in the South Seas ; a year afterwards the habitat
is corrected to Callao, Peru, where it is said to be very common
and eaten by the inhabitants.

BUCCINOPSIS. 195

B. VINOSUM, Lam. Australia; B. ZEBRA and B. TENUIPLICATUM,
Lam. Hob. unknown. These are not figured and M. Deshayes
has failed to recognize them. B. zebra may belong to the
Cerithiadse.

B. SECHELLARUM, Dufo. Seychelles Isles.

B. CHILOENSE, Phil. Chili.

B. CASANI, Maravigna. . Hob*?

B. ANTARCTICUM, Phil. ( ? = Columbella). Magellan's Straits.

B. ACTONIS, Phil. Magellan's Straits.

B. SULCATUM, Priele. PL 87, tig. 62*7.

I have a proof figure received in advance of its publication,
but no description of this species. Locality probably Spitz-
bergen.

B. NIVALE, Friele. PL 8*7, figs, 619, 620.

Unpublished : by the author's kindness I am enabled to give
copies of the shell and peculiar operculum, taken from a proof
copy of a plate. It probably comes from the vicinity of Spitz-
bergen.

<4enus BUCCINOPSIS, Jeffreys.

Mr. Jeffreys, who places his genus in the family Muricida;,
remarks that " the principal difference between this genus and
Hufcinum consists in the operculum, the nucleus of which, is in
Buccinopsis terminal, at the inner base of the mouth, the increase
taking place by semielliptical layers ; while in the other genus it
is placed within the edge, at the outer side of the mouth, the
increase taking place by concentric layers. The egg-cases of
Buccinopsis are separate,* and shaped like a well-filled leather
purse, the opening for the egress of the fry being at the top and
very wide. According to Mr. Alder, 'its tongue (PL 2*7, fig. 32)
differs from that of Buccinum undatum, as well as from those of
the allied species of the genus Fusus, and makes a slight
approach to that of Mangelia. It has a single plain and slightly
curved tooth on each side, and a very thin, non-denticulated plate
in the centre.' "

* As in Buccinum Humphrey sianum.

196 BUCCINOPSIS.

B. DALEI, Sowb. PI. 79, figs. 387, 388 : PL 77, figs. 355, 356.

Shell egg-shaped, with a truncated base, moderately solid,
semitransparent, somewhat glossy ; sculpture numerous very
slight and delicate spiral striae, and still more close-set lines ol
growth ; these marks are only discernible with a magnifying
power, the surface appearing smooth to the naked eye ; color
ivory-white ; epidermis extremely thin, pale yellowish white,
with a faint tinge of brown. Length 1-15 in., diam. 1 in.

Animal, body pale yellowish-white, with a faint tinge of flesh
color. Egg-cases sometimes deposited on the under side of the
maternal shell.

Ireland and Scotland, Norway, Behring^s Straits, Sea of Ochotxk.

Dredged 40 to 160 fathoms. Fossil in the Red and Coralline
Crag, and Antwerp Crag. A specimen from the latter deposit,
in the Brussels Museum, measures 3'75 ins. long by T75 ins.
in diam. Among the synonyms may be mentioned B. ovoides.
Middendorff (fig. 355), and B. ovum, Turton (fig. 388).

Yar. EBURNEA, Sars. Fig. 356.

Shell smaller and thinner, with the spire more produced.

B. NUX, Ball.

Short, very solid, smooth, except for microscopic revolving
striae, with an ivory-like surface, which in j^oung living speci-
mens is covered with a beautifully reticulated, short, velvety
epidermis, of a brownish color. The adult shell is white or with
a band of livid purple. Suture distinct ; spire very short ;
whorls five, last very much the largest, very rotund. Outer lip
thickened, smooth, projecting beyond the columella. whose
anterior edge is smoothly and widely twisted, so that a glimpse
can be had of the interior axis. Column thickened, short, some-
what arcuated, with no fasciole.

Length 1-28 inches, width -8 inch.

Aleutian Islands; 10 fathoms, rocky bottom.

Differs from B. Dalei in the epidermis, which, in the latter, is
smooth and polished, and in the solidity of the shell. I do not
know the species.

NEOBUCCINUM, VOLUTHARPA. 197

B. CANALICULATA, Dall.

Shell solid, livid white, covered with a strong, dark brown
pilose epidermis ; whorls moderately rounded ; suture deeply
channelled; surface of the whorls covered with fine, spiral,
thread-like ridges, with still finer ones intervening between them,
lightly decussated by the fine but distinct lines of growth, to
which the epidermis especially adheres ; the coarser ridges are
about seven in number, between the posterior end of the aperture
and the edge of the suture behind it. Whorls five and a half,
aperture half as long as the shell ; internally polished ; outer
edge somewhat thickened ; inner lip callous ; columella strongly
twisted ; canal short, rather wide.

Length 1'33 inches, diam. -75 inch.

Cape ExjH'nhcrtj, Alt < «/.•<(•. (One specimen, on the beach.)

Much less inflated and proportionally longer than B. Dalei,
which is nearly smooth and has not the channelled suture. I am
not acquainted with this species.

emus NEOBUCCINUM, E. A. S uith.
N. EATONI, E. A. Smith. PI. 77, figs. 357. 358.

Pallid brown ; shell thin and smooth. Length, 56 mill.

Keryuelen Island, 3-7 fathoms.

Animal (in spirit) uniform buff' color; foot broad in front and
somewhat truncated, narrowed posteriorly; head of moderate
size, furnished with two rather short tentacles not adjacent at
their base ; eyes situated on prominences on the outer side of
the tentacles towards their bases ; proboscis very long ; siphonal
expansion of the mantle thick, of medium length.

Lingual ribbon very long ; rachidian tooth tricuspidate, uncini
tricuspidate also, prongs hooked, outer one the largest, the inner
rather smaller, the median very much smaller still and close to
the latter.

The preceding genera, Buccinum and Buccinopsis, are in-
habitants of the Arctic sea ; this, of the Antarctic waters.

Genus VOLUTHARPA, Fischer.

This little group of mollusks is confined in distribution to the
North Pacific Ocean, its metropolis being Japan. Three of the
species were originally described as Bullia, from which genus it

198 VOLUTHARPA.

differs in its simple foot and in possessing eyes as well as in den-
tition. The form and porcellanous texture of the shell are like
Bullia, and serve to separate it from Buccinum. Mr, Arthur
Adams says that the animal is like Buccinum, of a white color
sparsely sprinkled with black on the head, foot and siphon; the
tentacles are broad, close together at the base, and rather short,
with the eyes on the outer side, near the middle ; the siphon is
thick and short, and the foot is fleshy and simple behind.

With regard to the Volutharpa ampullacea,a, very remarkable
fact may be mentioned. The majority of the individuals are
without opercula, even without a trace of the pad-like gland or
area from which the operculum is secreted. About ten per cent,
of the individuals of the var. acuminata which I have examined
had traces of this gland or area, marked b}^ its smooth and
rather whitish surface on the granulous dark slate-colored foot.
About fifteen per cent, had well developed opercula in the proper
position. I have ascertained the same to be the case with regard
to the typical form, from alcoholic specimens, collected by Dr.
William Stimpson in Behring's Strait. There is no mistake
about this, strange as it may and must appear, that different
individuals of the same species are indifferently operculate or
inoperculate,

A careful examination of this appendage reveals some singu-
larities in it worthy of note. At first the operculum is of an
ovoid form, with the nucleus near the edge at the larger end, and
increases by additions around the edge, but principally upon the
smaller or upper end. However, at some late period of its
growth it takes a new start, and, seemingly, a new operculum is
commenced underneath the old one, with a central nucleus
which increases by annular additions, and finally has its edges
very much thickened and turned upward, giving it a saucer-like
appearance, while the old operculum seems as if laying upon the
saucer, with its nucleus and some of the adjacent portion pro-
jecting over the edge anteriorly. It has in all a diameter of
•1 inch. That its form is not due to an individual abnormality
is evident from the fact that all the specimens examined were
similar.*

* W. H. Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., VII, 106.

VOLUTHARPA. 199

Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, in his excellent " British Cohchology,"
records the occurrence, upon the Kentish and Sussex Coasts, of
Buccinum undatum, having two or three opercula. "In a bi-
operculate specimen, procured by Mr. Rich, one of the opercula
is conical and borne on a cylindrical, stalk-like lobe, the other
being of the usual shape ; in a second specimen, one operculum
is longitudinally oval, with the nucleus nearty terminal (as in
FUSUH), the fellow operculum being placed at a right angle
to it."

44 The above facts," says Dr. Paul Fischer,* 44 modify con-
siderably our confidence in specific and generic characters fur-
nished by the operculum. They at least demonstrate that the
absence of an operculum will not suffice for the exclusion of
mollusks from families the other genera of which are provided
with them."

I have inserted in a former volume of the Manual an account
of abnormal opercula observed in Fusus and Pleurotoma^ and
it is well known that some species of the latter genus as well
as of the nearly related genus Conus are provided with opercula,
whilst others have them not. The duplication of opercula in
Buccinum undatum appears to meet a parallel in the case of the
Cephalopod genus Loligo, in the duplication of the internal car-
tilaginous pens or shells. J

After all, the operculum furnishes generic characters of con-
siderable value in classification ; we can by no means afford to
dismiss its evidence as unreliable because it sometimes, ab-
normally, unsettles our long cherished (and perhaps erroneous)
convictions of the stability of generic and specific characters.

" The ovicapsules of Volutharpa are not at all like those 'of
Buccinum, but rather like those of Busy con (= Fulgur), though
smaller, consisting of disk-like capsules, united by one edge to a
ribbon or stalk. They contain from eight to twelve embryos,
which attain the length of a half inch, and a shell of two whorls,
which, except in the absence of epidermis, essentially resembles
the adult. The first whorl, however, is whitish and amorphous,

^ Jour, de Conch., 114, 1875.
f Vol. IT, p. 15.
t Manual, I, 141.

200 VOLUTHARPA.

and very fragile ; it is large for the size of the embryo, arid is
invariably lost in shells which have attained maturity. The
remainder of the embryonic shell is translucent purplish red, or
wine-color, with revolving lines. I found the embryos on the
point of escaping from the ovicapsules in September. The disks
of the capsules are three-quarters of an inch in diameter and two-
tenths of an inch thick, with the edges perpendicular to the top
and bottom, and the angles serrate or furnished with slight
coriaceous projecting points.*

Y. PERRYI, Jay. PI. 19, fig. 389.

Shell ovately globulose, rather thin, inflated towards the base,
spire short, acute, sutures impressed, whorls smooth, color
yellowish ash, interior of aperture rusty brown.

Bay of Yedo, Japan.

V. AMPULLACEA, Midd. PL 71, figs. 359, 360 ; PL 19, fig. 390.

Reddish brown under a rufous or yellowish epidermis.

Length, 22 mill.

Japan, Sitka ; Sea of Ochotsk, etc.

Y. DESHAYESIANA, Fischer (fig. 390), is generally considered
specifically identical.

Mr. Dall has described a var. acuminata^ from Sitka ; it has a
narrower, less rounded form, with a thicker and stronger, almost
pilose epidermis.

In perfect, fresh specimens of the typical form the thin " epi-
dermis is covered with minute, very short cilia, caused by the
elevation of minute threads of the epidermis at the intersection
of the crowded fine revolving strire which cover the whorl, with
the lines of growth. In some apparently perfect specimens,
however, the epidermis appears perfectly smooth and even
polished. "f

It is very doubtful whether V. Perryi, Jay, is distinct from this
species ; no dimensions are given, but the figure is considerably
larger. I do not detect any other difference between them than
that of size.

* W. H. Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., VII, 106.
f Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., VII, 104.

CHLANIDOTA, COMINELLA. 201

Y. FlSCHERIANA, A. Ad.

An un figured species said to be " intermediate in form between
V. ampullacea, Midd., and V. Perryi, Jay. It is a thinner and
smaller shell, with a hispid epidermis, the short hairs being
arranged in close-set cross rows, giving the surface a reticulated
appearance." Length, 1 inch, diam., 11 lin.

Korea Strait, South Japan.

Unfigured. Probably not distinct from Ampullacea.

Y. LIMN^EANA, A. Adams.

This name is in the list of species of Bullia in the Genera of
Recent Mollusca, and is mentioned subsequently as a Vblutharpa
in Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1860. I do not find any description of it.

Y. MORCHIANA, Fischer.

This is believed to be synonymous with Euccinwm cyaneum,
Brug.

Genus CHLANIDOTA, Martens.

C. VESTITA, Martens. PL 19, fig. 391.

Epidermis yellowish brown ; shell white. Length, 23 mill.

Kerguelen Island.
Genus COMINELLA, Gray.

Kobelt has recently published a systematic catalogue of the
species of this genus, in which they are carefully arranged in
accordance with their inter-relationships. I have followed it ;
merely reducing the number of species which he admits, and
adding a few which appear to have escaped his notice. The
genus is confined in its distribution to the Southern hemisphere,
the metropolis of the typical species being New Zealand ;
although a few are found at the Cape of Good Hope, etc.
Martens' subgenus Ghlanidota does not appear to me to be very
closely related to Cominella, and I have preferred to treat that
shell as a genus. Kobelt includes the species of Amphissa, but
the thickening and dentition of the outer lip, the absence of the
posterior constriction and general facies, as well as lingual
ribbon, indicate a closer relationship with Columbella. I have
26

COMINELLA.

included as a subgenus Tenison-Woods' new genus Josepha,
although its principal character, the plait on the columella,
appears to ally it to Phos. also.

C. PORCATA, Gmelin. PL 80, figs. 392, 396, 399, 404.
Yellowish brown ; aperture white, tinged with brown.

Length, 2 inches.

New Zealand ; Cape of Good Hope.

C. ligata, Lam. (fig. 393), is a synonym.

G. Anglicana, Lam. (fig. 394), is called a variet}T by Kobelt,
but is scarcely entitled to be so considered.

Var. TIGBINA, Kiener. Fig. 396.

Sutural and shoulder ridges usually broken up into granules ;
surface usually spotted or flamed with darker brown.

Length, 1*25-1*5 inches.

G. pubescen^ Kiister (fig. 395), is the same ; as are also C.
robusta (fig. 399) and G. bisej'ialis, Kiister (fig. 404).

C. LIMBOSA, Lam. PL 80, figs. 397, 398, 400, 403.

Spire shorter, shell consequently more globose than C. porcata.
Yellowish to chestnut-brown, the revolving ribs whitish, macu-
lated with chestnut-brown ; sometimes uriicolored with revolving
ribs or simply fine striae. Length, 1*25-1'75 inches.

Cape of Good Hope .

I fear that this will prove to be a well-marked variety oiil}r of
G. porcata. Typically the color is uniform dark brown ; without
ribs (fig. 400).

Var. LAGENARIA, Lam. Figs. 400, 403.

Shell with revolving ribs, which are usually white, spotted with
chestnut. It is related to C. limbosa in much the same manner
that tigrina is to porcata.

Kiener's G. lagenaria (fig. 94a), which Kobelt refers to dubia,
Krauss, as a species of Oominella following lagenaria, represents
a species of Purpura (P. scobina, Quoy., Vol. II, 170, t. 52,
f. 127).

C. PAPYRACEA, Brug. PL 80, figs. 401, 402.

Thin, with close revolving striaa ; suture somewhat channelled,
concave shoulder of whorls obsolete or barely perceptible. Light

COMINELLA. 203

reddish brown or white under a very thin yellowish brown
epidermis. Length, 1/5— 1*75 inches.

Cape of Good Hope ; Natal.

C. intinctd) Reeve (fig. 402), is a synonym. C. robusta,
Kiister, which Kobelt makes a variety = the Anglicana form of
C. porcata.

C. ZEYHERI, Krauss. PI. 80, figs. 406, 406.

This is considered a distinct species by Kobelt, but the speci-
mens figured are evidently immature shells, the first, of C.
limbosa, perhaps ; the second, of C. porcata. The first figure is
certainly a bad drawing, because it does not show any subsutural
depression of the whorls although the description mentions it.

Length. *6 inch.

Gape of Good Hope.

C. DUNKERI, Kiister. PI. 80. figs. 408, 409, 407.

Whitish with chestnut revolving lirse, or flames and strigations.

Length, -5-- 6 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.

Another immature shell, described as a Fusus, and by Kiister
placed in Buccinum ; where, the specific name being pre-occupied
by Lamarck, he calls it B. Dunkeri (figs. 408, 409). It is a
doubtful species ; even its pertinence to the genus is problematical,
as well as the identtty of Kiister's shell with that of Dunker.
Schrenck reports it from the Bay of Hakodadi,but certainly has
mistaken the species.

C. VIOLACEA, Quoy. PL 80, figs. 410, 412.

Brown, with violet revolving lines. Length, 1-5 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.
C. DELALANDI, Kiener. PI. 80, fig. 413.

Ash-color, writh waved longitudinal brown markings Fine
revolving striae. Epidermis greenish. Aperture light chocolate.

Length, 1-5 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.

In form it is very close to G. lineolata, Quoy.

C. TESTUDINEA, Marty n. PI. 80, figs. 414, 415.

Ash-color, tessellated or flamed with chocolate-brown; lip
margin and columella yellowish brown, becoming bluish or choc-

204 COMINELLA.

olate within the aperture. With obsolete revolving ribs ; surface
frequently irregularly pitted. Length, 1*25 to 1*5 inches.

Netr Zc<il<t/i<t.

G. cataracta, Chemn, (fig. 415), is a mere color-variety of this
species. Kobelt quotes as a variety C. lineolata, Lam., (not of
Quoy nor Reeve,) but I think Lamarck's species is the same as
that which those authors have figured for it.

C. MACULATA, Martyn. PI. 81, figs. 421-424.

Yellowish grey with revolving lines of chocolate-brown spots ;
aperture yellowish ; epidermis chocolate color.

Length, 1-75 to 2*25 inches.

New Z«i (<(/«!,

A heavy, widely oval shell, with a strong callous deposit on
the upper part of the columella. 6'. testudinea, Lam. (fig. 422),
is a synonym ; G. maculosa. Mart. (fig. 423), is probably a young
individual, and I am inclined to believe that C. Woldemarii,
Kiener (fig. 424), is also a immature specimen, as the rude
growth often causes irregular nodules on the shoulder, at the
rest-periods.

C. QUOYI, Kiener, PL 80, fig. 418.

Spire plicate, surface covered by numerous revolving striye ;
reddish brown, yellowish brown within the aperture.

Length, 1-5 inch.

New Zealand.

I am unacquainted with this species, of which, I believe, only
one specimen is recorded, in the Museum at Paris.

C. LINEOLATA, Lam. PI. 80, figs. 41P>, 417, 419, 420 ; PI. 81, ligs.
425-429,

Shell with turrited, long pointed spire, the whorls of which
are more or less coronated on the shoulder by the commencement
there of longitudinal ribs : ribs sometimes obsolete. Body whorl
not ribbed, with a concave shoulder. Yellowish or reddish brown
or grey, with interrupted brown bands ; aperture yellowish or
purple, with numerous deep purple revolving lines, or sometimes
white raised revolving lines. Length, 1 to 1-5 inches.

New Zealand.

Kobelt considers lineolata, Lam., a variety of testudinea, Mart.,
and therefore separates from it lineolata of Quoy and of Kiener

COMINELLA. 205

(in part), whilst lineolata of Reeve he considers a distinct species.
I unite the three, finding the surface painting inconstant, and
consider them very distinct from G. testudinea : the latter being
much wider, with less exserted spire and without ribs. C. alveo-
lata, Kiener (fig. 420), has sometimes incised revolving lines,
between which the revolving dark spots take the form of oblong
tesselations ; but these lines are frequently absent, and the mark-
ings, vary all the way to uninterrupted bands.

Var. VIRGATA, H. and A. Adams. Figs. 417, 425-429.

Revolving lines continuous; surface occasionally with longi-
tudinal brown flammules.

Name proposed for C. lineolata, Quoy (fig. 425), supposed to
be a different species from that of Lamarck. Reeve proposed
the name C. Quoyi (fig. 411)), at an earlier date for the same form
in the event of its proving distinct. I do not use Reeve's name
for the variety, because it had already been used by Kiener.
C. obscura, Reeve (fig. 420;, is a slow-growing, thicker form, in
which the revolving bands occasionally become slightly elevated
above the surface. C. pluriannulata, Reeve (fig. 427), said to
come from Swan River, is also a virgata ; as well as C. linear e
(fig. 428), and C. la,ctea, Reeve (fig. 429).

C. COSTATA, Quoy, PI. 81, figs. 430-434, 438.

• Yellowish brown or ash color, tessellated with revolving series
of reddish brown oblong spots sometimes confluent into lines.
Ribbed on the shoulder of all the whorls, with incised revolving
lines. Lip and columella fawn color, aperture with revolving

raised lines. Length, 1 to 1'25 inches.

So. Australia.

A very variable species, differing from forms of C. lineolata
only in the ribs .being developed on the body-whorl : more ex-
tensive collections may prove that this is not onty synonymous
with that species, but that the two following species ( C. acutino-
dosa and filicea) should be referred to it also. The list of
synonyms is already sufficiently extensive : C. Angasi, Crosse
(fig. 432), C. Adelaidensis, Crosse (fig. 433), G. eburnea, Reeve
(fig. 434), which is a whitish variety, and C. funerea, Gld. (fig.
438), which partially ' connects this species with acutinodosa,.

206 COMINELLA.

C. Quoyana, A. Ad., an unfigured species, has no distinctive
characteristics in its diagnosis : Kobelt changes the name to
Huttoni, on account of (7. Quoyi, Kiener.

C. ACUTINODOSA, Reeve. PI. 81, figs. 435-437, 43V).

Shell with close revolving grooves, whitish or ash-color, with
interrupted chocolate bands or series of spots ; aperture closely
chocolate banded within. Length, 1 inch.

So- Australia ; New Zealand.

Perhaps only a short variety of C. costata. Apparently C.
Glandiforme, Reeve (fig. 436), C. Zealandica, Jacq. (fig. 437),
and C. lurida, Phil. (fig. 439), are synonyms.

C. FILICEA, Crosse. PL 81, fig. 440.

Has a proportionally longer spire and less numerous nodules
than C. costata. Light brown or flesh color, tessellated with

chestnut-brown. Length, 16 mill.

Cape York, Australia..

C. CITRTNA, Reeve. PI. 81, fig. 441.

Smooth, pale yellowish orange. Length, 1*4 inches.

Habitat -unknown.

This shell looks nearty as much like a Bullia, S. G. Buc-
cinanops, as a Cominella.

C. NASSOIDES, Reeve. PL 81, fig. 442.

Orange-brown, ridges and nodules lighter. Length, 1*5 inches.

Habitat unknown..
Compare with next species.

C. NODIOINCTA, Martens. PL 81, fig. 443.

Light yellowish brown. Length 45, diam. 26 mill.

Auckland Islands.

Martens says that its Antarctic habitat is undoubtedly correct.
I fear that it is not distinct from C. Nassoides, above.

Unfigured and Doubtful Species.

C. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.

Distinguished from C. costata, Q,uoy, by being double the size,
having distinct raised revolving lirse, no costse on the last whorl,
and being white or greenish, obscurely fasciate. Length, 30 mill.

JOSEPHA, CLEA. 20t

C. MAURA, A. Adams. Darnley's Island.

" This is a blackish brown shell, in some specimens lineated
with white ; the whorls are constricted just below the sutures,
and the upper ones are longitudinally plicate and somewhat
eroded."

No dimensions given. Probably a form of lineolata.

C. ELONGATA. Dunker. Hob. unknown.

C. FUCATA, A. Ad. Japan.

C. OKOCEA, A. Ad. Philippines.

Both these localities are on the authority of labels in the Cu-
mingian Collection, and being distant from the usual range of
the genus they may be considered rather doubtful.

C. ALBOLIRATA, C. TENUicosTATA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.

Subgenus Josepha, Tenison-Woods.

Founded upon the following species, which differs from
Cominella in possessing a plait upon the columella. If it is
really distinct from Coininella, why is it not a Phosi

C. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods.

Ovately fusiform, small, solid, opaque, flesh color and white ;
whorls, including the nucleus 7, convex, angular, regularly and
neatly striate, striae distant and passing over the ribs, which are
raised , rounded, and interrupted above by a conspicuous groove ;
nucleus of two whorls, smooth, inflated ; aperture ovate, attenuate
posteriorly ; labrum thin, acute, columella conspicuously unipli-
cate, canaliculate behind ; base concave, spirally lirate.

/Length, 10, diam. 4*5 mill.

Tasmania.
IJnfigured. I have not seen it.

(ien us CLEA, A. Adams.

First proposed as a genus of the family Melanidae, which the
shell resembles in its form, epidermis and habitat in fresh waters,
especially remind ing one of the genus Hemisinus. The operculum
with its apical nucleus, no less than the lingual dentition, whereof
the formula is Tl-1 in Clea, instead of 3-1-3 as in Melania,
induced Brot to remove the species to Buccinidse; and really

208 CANIDIA.

the form and sculpture of the shell do not contravene such a dis-
position of Clea, its fluviatile distribution being actually the
strongest argument for considering it a Melania. As to the
genus Canidea, the differential characters are slight and of
specific value only, except that the margin of the aperture is
sinuated in front in all the species, and this may serve as a con-
venient means of dividing the genus Clea into two groups, one
of which may bear the name of Canidea as a subgenus. The
differences in operculum and dentition pointed out by Brot are
unimportant. The geographical distribution of the genus com-
prises the Malaysian Peninsula and Archipelago. It would be
interesting to ascertain whether the waters inhabited are really
fresh, or perhaps brackish.

For the species, I follow the monograph by Dr. A. Brot, pub-
lished in the " Journal de Conchyliologie," 1876.

C. NIGRICANS, A, Adams. PI. 81, figs. 445, 446.

Epidermis dark olive, aperture light chocolate. Length, 28 mill.

Sarawak, Borneo.

C.funesta, A. Adams, an unfigured species from Malacca, does
not appear to differ specifically, judging from the description.

Subgenus Canidia, A. Ad.
C. HELENA, Meder. PI. 81, figs. 447, 448.

Yellowish olive, with two chestnut bands. Length, 20 mill.

Java.

I do not find any good characters by which to separate (>.
Theminckiana, Petit (fig. 448), an immature shell.

C. TENUICOSTATA, Brot. PI. 81, fig. 449.

Brown, without bands. Length, 21 mill.

Pexabury, fiiam.
Perhaps a variety of C. Helena.

C. BAUDONIANA, Mabille and Le Mesle. PI. 81, fig. 450.

Yellowish olive, the bands chestnut-brown. Length, 30 mill.

Houdong, Cambodia.

With a longer spire than C. Helena, and three bands, this ma}-
still be only a variety of it.

EBURNA. 209

C. FUSIFORMIS, Deshayes. PL 81, figs. 457, 458.

Straw color, with three orange bands.

Cambodia .
Another possible variety of 0. Helena.

C. BOCOURTI, Brot. PL 81, fig. 459.

Light corneous, with from one to five brown bands.
Length. 22 mill.

Pexdbury, Siam.

The ribs are more distant than in the preceding species. There
is a slight shoulder, the further development of which might run
the species into C. scalarina.

C. CAMBOJIENSIS, Reeve. PL 81, figs. 451, 452.

Straw colored or greenish olive. Length, '75-1 inch.

Cambodia.

C. SCALARINA, Deshayes. PL 81, fig. 453.

Orange-brown. Length, 12 mill.

Cambodia.
C. JULLIENI, Deshayes. PL 81, figs. 454-456.

Yellowish white, with three usually broad chocolate bands.
Length, 16-24 mill.

Cambodia.

G. bizonata, Desh. (fig. 455), does not differ, and C. Broti,
Desh. (fig. 456), is a variety in which the spire is more depressed,
making the form more globose, with the longitudinal ribs merely
rudimentary.

C. ANNESLEYII, Benson. Quilon, Malabar.

C. FUSCA, H. Adams. Cambodia.

I cannot attempt the identification of these two unfigured
species.

Sub-Family EBURNIN^E.

Genus EBURNA, Lam.

The Eburnse comprise a small, very well defined group of about
a dozen species, the generic character being unmistakable in all
of them. The whorls have more or less shoulder; those of E.
Zeylandica showing the least, being a mere slight flattening of
the contour next below the sutures, whilst in E. spirata there is
27

210 EBURNA.

a regular channel out of which arises the preceding whorl : The
species are all largely umbilicate, but in some of them the um-
bilicus is covered or filled, more or less completely by the callous
inner lip : the umbilical region is defined by a strong rib. A
thin, dark brown epidermis, sometimes translucent, covers the
living shell, but cabinet specimens are usually denuded of this,
exhibiting upon an ivory-white surface, spots and maculations
of orange-red. The aperture is usually white, sometimes tinged
with violet upon the columella. This pattern of coloring is most
uniform throughout the genus ; but the species are distinguished
by modifications of the arrangement of these color spots, as well
as by the differences of shoulder and umbilicus. None of the
species are strictly banded, although in some the coloring coal-
lesces into irregular revolving masses. The coloring reminds
one strongly of Phasianella* whilst the shell, except for the want
of its characteristic groove and tooth recalls the genus Pseudo-
liva — one of the species of which was formerly erroneously
referred to this group. The surface of the shell is invariably
smooth, devoid of the sculpture of ribs, stria*, tubeiculations, etc.
The operculum is ample, filling the aperture. The Kburnae are
natives of the tropical seas of the Eastern hemisphere.

If we observe the rule of taking the first species as the type of
a genus, Eburna, Lamarck must become a synonym of Ancillaria,
his first species being A. glabrata: Lamarck's assemblage of
species, however, clearly indicate his intention. Naturalists have
done much to render science and themselves contemptible by
expending their time upon the nomenclature, instead of the
structure and habits of animals. Eburna, Lamarck is well under-
stood and will answer my purpose.

I commence with those species showing the least shoulder,
ending with those in which it is most strongly defined. My
illustrations are mainly derived from Sowerby's Thesaurus Con-
chyliorum ; Reeve has also monographed the genus is his Con-
chologia Iconica.

* Or of the ecclesiastical group of Mitrae, such as M episcopalis, ponti-
ficalis, papaliS) cardinalts, etc.

EBURNA. 211

E. PAPILLARIS, Sowerby. PL 82, fig. 460.

Surface covered with small spots ; shoulder scarcely angulated ;
umbilical region narrow, covered. Length, 1*75 inches.

Gape of Good Hope.
A rare species.

E. ZEYLANIOA, Brug. PL 82, figs. 461, 462.

Painted with oblique blotches below the sutures, and in a
revolving series near the base ; other spots smaller ; shoulder
rounded, scarcely apparent; umbilicus open, its margin some-
times tuberculated and tinged with violet.

Length, 2-2-75 inches.

Ceylon.
E. JAPONICA, Sowb. PL 82, fig. 463.

Shorter than E. Zeylanica, with narrower umbilicus ; the
painting of the same pattern, but the spots much smaller and
more numerous. Length, 2-2*5 inches.

Japan.

Mr. Arthur Adams has described the animal of this species.*
He says : The tentacles are ringed with red brown, and speckled
with light yellow ; and the siphon is spotted with yellowish white,
and irregularly banded with red brown lines. The foot (long,
large, thick, and fleshy, like that of Buccinum), is transversely
banded with irregular red brown lines and minutely spotted with
pale yellow. The sole is also edged with pale yellow. At the
caudal extremity of the foot there is a single conspicuous cylin-
drical terminal filament. He obtained living specimens from 35
fathoms, off Tsu-saki, in Japan.

E. FORMOSA, Sowb. PL 82, fig. 475.

Coloring, large brown blotches, more or less confluent into
longitudinal zigzag markings ; no spots. Length, 1*5 inches.

Island of Formosa.
E. LUTOSA, Lam. PL 82, fig. 465.

Blotches of color pale and irregular, rarely in spots, usually
arranged in an upper broad, and two inferior and narrower re-
volving series, separated by narrow white spaces. The epidermis,
usually orange-brown, is more persistent upon this than on any

other species except E. spirata. Length, 2-2*5 inches.

China.

* Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3. sei\, xiii, 1864.

212 EBURNA.

E. AREOLATA, Lam. PL 82, fig. 416 ; PL 83, fig. 525.

Shell thinner than E. lutosa, with shoulder more marked and
slightly channelled ; umbilicus wider, open ; same pattern of
markings as E. lutosa, but color much darker, blotches more
regular, quadrangular, the three revolving series more widely
separated by intervening white spaces.

Length, 2-25-3-5 inches.

Ceylon ; China Sea, 14 fathoms.

E. spirata, Linn., included this species, as well as the one which
now bears that name. Lamarck separated and defined the two
forms.

E. SPIRATA, Lam. PL 82, figs. 466-468 ; PL 84, fig. 526.

Shoulder sharp-edged, deeply channelled ; umbilicus narrow,
perforated or closed ; epidermis frequently adhering, dark brown ;
coloring a well-defined series of blotches superiorly, below which
are numerous, rather large transverse or oblique oval spots ;
some of the latter frequently become confluent into an inferior
revolving series of irregular or cuneiform markings.

Length, 2-3 inches.

f'ct/J.n/) ; Philippines.

E. CHRYSOSTOMA, Sowb. PL 82, fig. 469.

The blotches and spots are both smaller and more numerous
than in E. spirata, the form is more oval, the coloring brighter,

including a carneous aperture and columelln.

Ceylon.

I separate this from E. spirata with some hesitation. Sowerby
considers his Fig. 3 of E. spirata to represent this species ; it has
the coloration, but the form and markings are of the charcteristic
spirata pattern. Perhaps it would be better reo-arded as a
varietjr of spirata.

E. BORNEENSIS, Sowb. PL 82, fig. 464.

Spots large, dark chestnut, distributed over the surface with
no arrangement into revolving series. Length, 2 inches.

Borneo.

Peculiar in the coloring and leopard-like arrangement of the
spots.

ZEMIRA.

213

E. SEMIPICTA, Sowb. PL 82, fig. 470.

Epidermis yellowish. The two-banded arrangement of the
spots and absence of superior row of blotches will serve to dis-
tinguish this species. Length, 1-7 inches.

Habitat unknown.

E. PERFORATA, Sowb. PI. 82, fig. 411.

The deep, wide channel, short rounded whorls, turbinate spire,
very wide umbilicus, with tuberculate margin and central callus
deposit, and above all the peculiar zebra-like coloring, will serve

to distinguish this species. Length, 2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

E. AMBULACRUM, Sowb. PI. 82, tig. 472.

Very deeply channelled, with short whorls, somewhat flattened
upon the upper half; color darker than in the other species in
consequence of the color blotches and spots nearly covering the
entire surface. Length, 1*5 inch,

Island of Mindanao, Philippines.

E. YALENTINIANA, Swains. PL 82, fig. 473.

Shell ovate-globose, heavy, shoulder channelled; spire very
short; umbilicus narrow, covered with callus. Color like that of
E. spirata. Length, 1*75 to 2-25 inches.

Persian Gulf; Red 8ea.

Yon Martens considers this merely a short form of E. spirata,
and it is quite possible that such is the case, although the three
figures which he gives I would refer without doubt to Valentini-
ana. I cannot adopt the Ghemnitzian name Molliana, because
lie was not a binomial author.

Subgeous ZEMIRA, H. and A. Adams.

The revolving channel near the base of the shell, ending in a
tooth-like projection on the outer lip, has induced Sowerby to
class this species in the genus Pseudoliva : it seems nearly
related to Eburna, however.

E. AUSTRALIS, Sowb. PL 82, fig. 474.

Shell covered by revolving incised lines ; epidermis very thin,
yellowish ; irregularly brown spotted, spots usually more promi-
nent on the shoulder border, Length, -66 inch.

Port Jackson, Australia ; 10 fathoms.

214 MACRON.

Genus MACRON, H. and A. Adams.

This was originally described as a subgenus of Pseudoliva,
which it resembles in having an inferior revolving groove ter-
minating in a small tooth-like projection of the outer lip ; the
operculum, however, is unguiculate like that of the Eburme,
whilst that of Pseudoliva is purpuroid. The more decided canal
and absence of sutural channel, and the rather persistent black-
ish brown epidermis, will distinguish it from the subgenus % emir a
of Eburna. Its locality, West Coast of North America, is also
a distinctive character ; Eburna being East Indian, and Pseudo-
liva African in distribution. The species are partly included in
Sowerby's monograph of Pseudoliva in Thesaurus Conch.,
Vol. III.

M. KELLETTII, A. Adams. PL 82, fig. 4T7.

Epidermis blackish or dark brown, under which the shell is
white. Whorls partially or entirely encircled with low, broad,
rounded ribs, sometimes only apparent on the lower part of the
body whorl, sometimes obsolete. Length, 1-T5 to 3 inches.

San Diego, Gal.; Gulf of California.

Buccinum ^Ethiops, Reeve, has been confounded with this
species, but is a very different shell, entirely distinct in its over-
hanging ribs, broad flat shoulder, want of tooth on the lip, etc. ;
in fact is a synonym of Purpura cingulata, Linn. M. Kellettii.
Hinds, belongs to the genus Siphonalia.

M. LIVI.DA, A. Adams. PI. 82, fig. 478.

Epidermis dark brown, whitish or livid beneath ; surface
smooth except several incised stride near the base.

Length, 20 mill.

San Diego, Cal.; Todas Santos Bay, L. Gal.

Mr. Stearns thinks this will prove to be a small form of M.
Kellettii, dwarfed by reason of its northern habitat. Its perfect
growth, narrower form, much smaller size, and thick lip indicate
to me adult specimens of a distinct species.

M. WBIGHTII, H. Ad. Coast of Patagonia.

M. COMMODA, H. and A. Ad. Hab. unknown.

Neither of these species has been figured.

PROS. 215

Sub-Family PHOTINJE.

(Jenus PHOS, Montfurt.

The animal of Phot* has a small head, with the tentacles ap-
proximating or connate at their base, and eyes near their tips ;
foot dilated, forming an anriculate, shield-like lobe in front, and
terminating behind in a long, tapering filament.

The species of /Vios bear some resemblance to Nassa, and
were originally placed in the family Xassidse ; from which, how-
ever, they are distinguished by certain good conchological and
•malacological characters. The turreted form, cancellated sur-
face and grooved interior of aperture are common to Nassa also,
but the oblique basal fold of the columella is characteristic of
this genus. The animal differs from Buccinum in the foot,
ending in a filament behind : Naxsa has a bifid posterior termina-
tion. The genus is widely diffused, the species however, as far
as known, being rather local in distribution. Phos has been
monographed by Sowerby in Thesaurus Conchyliortim, Vol. III.
An inspection of his plates suggests the probable identity of
many of the species there figured as distinct. No allowance is
made by most describers for individual variation in form, sculp-
ture and coloring ; yet. where a number of specimens of a species
from a single locality are compared, there will usually be found
to exist much difference in the number and prominence of ribs
and stria?, coloring, etc. Even the angulated (or shouldered)
body whorl appears to be a variable character; some specimens
of a single lot of P. Guadaloupensia being broadly shouldered
as described ; others entirely without shoulder or angulation. I
am conA^inced that Morch's subgenus Stronyylocera, comprising
the species with angulated whorls has no title to distinction, and
I have suppressed it accordingly. I have allowed some species
to stand provisionally which, judging from the ascertained range
of variation in other forms, will probably eventually be con-
sidered synonyms.

*%;. Oriental Species.
PH. SENTICOSUS, Linn. PL 83, figs. 479-490, 492, 493, 506, 575.

White to chocolate brown, with or without yellowish or red-
dish brown bands. Length, 1-2 inches.

Philippines; New Caledonia; Amboina; Andaman Isles.

216 PHOS.

I am compelled to refer to this form a considerable number of
species which do not appear to me to have distinctive characters :
I have figured them all, however, and those who suppose that I
am too conservative, will be able thereby to form their own con-
clusions. P. muricatulus, Gould (fig. 484), from Japan; P. an-
gulatus, Sowb. (fig. 485), Philippine Isles ; P. scalaroides, A. Ad.
(fig. 486), habitat unknown ; P. filosus, A. Ad. (fig. 487), habitat
unknown ; Ph. ligatus, A. Ad. (fig. 488), habitat unknown ; P.
plicatus, A. Ad. (fig. 489), from Eastern Seas ; P. rufofasciatus,
A. Ad. (fig. 490), Philippines; P. fasciatus, A. Ad. (fig. 575),
Philippines; P. textilis, A. Ad. (figs. 492, 493). Philippines:
P. nodicostatus, A. Ad. (fig. 506), Philippines.

PH. ADAMSI, Petit. PI. 83, fig. 491.
Whitish, obscurely fasciated with brown ; regularly cancellated,

and prickly nodose. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown .

This appears to be less pyramidal in form, and differs also from
senticosus in its equally prominent longitudinal and revolving
sculpture ; still, it may be only a variety. It was described by
A. Adams as P. cancellatus, which name being preoccupied,
Petit changed it to Ph. Adamsi.

P. PLICOSUS, Dunker. PI. 83, figs. 523, 522, 524.

Ribs rather distant, tubercled at the shoulder of the whorls,
encircled by close, sharp revolving striae ; white, middle of outer
lip and base of shell chestnut-brown. Length, 1*2 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.

The type is badly figured (fig. 523), yet the description identi-
fies it with the subsequently published P. speciosus. A. Ad. (fig.
524) and P. Morrissii, Dunker (fig. 522;. The ribs are somewhat
closer and the shoulder angle not so marked as in P. pallidus,
the revolving striae are much finer, and the chestnut coloring
appears to be a constant distinctive character.

PH. CYLLENOIDES, A. Ad. PL 83, fig. 497.

Light yellowish brown, with ash-colored revolving bands

crossing the ribs. Length, *5 inch.

_ Philippines.

Distinguished by its short, angulated form, few and prominent
ribs, wide shoulder, etc.

PHOS. 21T

PH. VIRGATUS, Hinds. PL 83, fig. 502.

Light yellowish, the ribs crossed by impressed brown lines.

Length, 1/5 inches.

Ceylon.
Spire longer than in its allies.

PH. I^EVIGATUS, A. Ad. PI. 83, fig. 499.

Whitish, tinged with orange or brown. Length, 1-5 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.
The only species devoid of spiral sculpture.

PH, TEXTUM, Gmel. PI. 83, figs. 498, 500, 501, 503-505, 507.

Shell whitish, the aperture and columella deep orange or
brown. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines ; Indian Ocean ; Andaman Isles.

The richly colored interior is the best character by which to
distinguish this species. It has several synonyms : P. pyrostoma,
Reeve (fig. 501) ; P. cancellatus, Quoy (fig. 498) ; P. varians,
Sowb. (figs. 503, 504); P. spinicostatus, A. Ad. (fig. 505); P.
Blainvillei, . Desh. (fig. 500). The last name is adopted by
Sowerby for this species, although Deshayes himself considers
it a synonym of P. textum in his edition of Lamarck, published
36 years ago. ^ P. cyanostoma, A. Ad. (fig. 507), as illustrated by
Sowerby in his " Thesaurus," is also a synonym ; but Mr. E. A.
Smith says that this is a mistake in identification, the true
cyanostoma being diiferent. Adams never published a figure.

PH. ROSEATUS, Hinds. PI. 83, figs. 508-511.

Whorls rounded or scarcely shouldered, the longitudinal ribs
small, narrow, rounded. Yellowish, roseate or brown, sometimes
three-banded with darker color. Length, 1-1'25 inches.

Philippines; Moluccas; Borneo.

P. Borneensis, Sowb. (fig. 510), of which a single specimen fur-
nished the diagnosis and figure, and P. varicosus, Gld. (fig. 511),
are synonyms.

PH. TEREBRA, Sowb. PL 83. fig. 513.

Narrow, with long spire; yellowish brown, with brown bands;
whorls occasionally crossed by rounded varices.
Length, -75 inch.

Sydney, Australia; Borneo?
28

218 PHOS.

PH. RETECOSUS, Hinds. PL 83, fig. 514.

Orange-brown to yellowish white ; revolving lines beaded
where they cross the low longitudinal rounded ribs ; lip of
aperture varicosely thickened externally. Length, 1*25 inches.

Ceylon.
PH. GRACILIS, Sowb. PI. 83, fig. 515.

A small, graceful ? brown species ; narrow and elongated.

Length, 20 mill.

Sydney, Australia.

Very like Ph. Terebra, Sowb., but without the varices of that
species.

#** American Species.
PH. PALLIDUS, Powis. - PL 83, figs. 494-496.

Whitish, yellowish or fuscous, usually darker between the
longitudinal ribs, color sometimes broken up into revolving
series of spots (Ph. notatus, Sowb., fig. 496). Length, 1 inch.

Panama ; Philippines ?

A stout, ovate, rugose species, with prominent nodulated
shoulder and Nassa-like form. Ph. pallidus is known to come
from Panama, yet it is recorded " Philippines " in Sowerby's
Thesaurus. Ph. notatus is also " Philippines " in the same work,
and I do not think the locality can be correct in either case.

PH. CRASSUS, Hinds. PL 83, fig. 521.
Thick, broad, light brown, more or less banded.

Length, 1'5 inches.

Panama.
PH. ARTICULATUS, Hinds. PL 83, figs. 516, 517.

Shell long and slender, with small rounded ribs and slight
shoulder ; yellowish or reddish brown, sometimes with revolving,
interrupted, darker bands. Length, 1-1-38 inches.

Panama; coral sand, 6 to 10 fathoms.— Cuming. West Columbia.

With this species I unite Ph. turritus. A. Ad. (fig. 517).

PH. GAUDENS, Hinds. PL 83, figs. 518, 519 ; PL 84, figs. 527, 528.
Shell without, or with a slight shoulder ; ribs small, few and
distant, tuberculated at the crossing of the revolving lines ;
light yellowish brown, generally with two revolving bands of
chocolate interrupted by the ribs. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Gulf of Tehuantepec, W. Coast of Mexico ; W. Columbia.

PHOS. 219

Hinds described this species from a young shell (fig. 527),
which, however, agrees well enough with Ph. Cumingii, Reeve
(fig. 519). The figures given in Sowerby's Thesaurus (fig. 518,
gaudens, fig. 528, Cumingii'), differ somewhat, but evidently
belong to the same species. I am very doubtful of the propriety
of separating this from Ph, articulatus, Hinds ; from which typi-
cally it differs in the smaller number of ribs.

PH, VERAGUENSIS, Hinds. PL 84, figs. 529-532, 534.

Shell without shoulder, closely covered with narrow, elevated,
longitudinal ribs, crossed by narrow, raised revolving lines,
forming prickly tubercles at the intersections. Yellowish or
brownish, sometimes faintly banded. Length, 1-1*25 inches.
Veragua, W. Coast of Central America ; West Indies ; Senegal.

I cannot detect any difference between the West Coast and
West Indian specimens, and accordingly place in the synonymy
the following species from the latter area : Ph. Antillarum, Petit
(fig. 531) and Ph. Candei, d'Orb. (fig. 534). Ph. Grateloupiana,
Petit (fig. 532), said to come from Senegal, may also be placed
here.

PH. BEAUII, Fischer. PL 84, fig. 533.

Elongate-conical, with numerous slight longitudinal ribs, and
occasional revolving lines ; yellowish brown, obsoletely 4-5
banded ; whorls occasionally crossed by rounded varices.

Length, 39 mill.

Isle of Marie Oalante, W. Indies.

Shell less solid and with much less developed sculpture than
the preceding species ; the absence of prickly tubercles being the
most important differential character.

PH. GUADELOUPENSIS, Petit. PL 83, figs. 520, 512.

Shell broad-ovate, spire conical -turreted ; longitudinal ribs ter-
minating in nodules upon the margin of the sloping, usually broad
shoulder. White, more or less maculated with brown ; aperture
stained with brown within. Length, 1 inch.

West Indies ; Northern Coast of South America.

A very common species of the Caribbean province, having
much the form of Ph. pallidus, Powis, and Ph. textum, Gmel.
In sculpture and degree of development of shoulder there is

220 ENGINA, NASSARIA.

great individual variation. I unite with this species P. textilinus,
Morch. Nassa unicincta, Say (fig. 512), is an unidentified species
which may possibly equal Guadeloupensis ; if so, it will have
priority.

Doubtful and Undetermined Species.

PH. SCULPTILIS, PH. VARICOSUS, A. Ad. Mentioned in H. and A.
Adams' Genera, but not described.

PH. CANCELLARE, Menke, PH. DUMALE, Phil. Marquesas Is.
PH. PUSOIDES, C. B. Ad. Panama.

A single specimen described as a Triton, having varices upon
the whorls. P. P. Carpenter, who has examined it, says that it
is not a Triton however, that the aperture has an anterior sinus
of the lip, and that it may be an Euthria. The lip sinus and
other characters, however, agree well enough with Phos.

PH. BIPLICATUS, Carpenter. Panama.

Not figured ; described from a single specimen. The diagnosis
fairly applies to Ph. Veraguensis, Hinds.

Genus ENGINA, Gray.

A group of Columbelloid shells, nodulously, longitudinally
ribbed. The dentition of one species, E. mendicaria, has been
published (PL 21, fig.36), and exhibits the characteristic features
of the Photinse. There must always be some doubt as to identifi-
cation of species in a case where, like the present one, a single
character antagonizes all the others ; and, on consideration, I
prefer to continue to include Engina among the Columbellidse
until the weight of evidence shall be more decisively against it,
than it is at present. Even if no mistake has been made, and
the lingual examined was that of E. mendicaria, it by no
means follows that the other species possess similar armature.
So decidedly is the shell Columbelloid that to separate the genus
on account of the dentition of a single species would l>e, I think,
unphilosophical and undesirable.

Genus NASSARIA (Link), H. & A. Adams.

Animal with the tentacles connate at the base ; with the ejres
near their distal ends ; foot anteriorly produced, ending behind
in a simple tail without filament.

NASSARIA. 221

This genus partakes of the characters of several recognized
forms. Its animal, however, differs from that of Triton in the
approximated tentacles, with the eyes near their ends, and the
anteriorly produced foot ; from that of Nassa in the tail not being
bifurcated. In its shell it may be known from Phos by its
recurved canal ; from Nassa by its circumscribed inner lip and
elongated canal ; and from Triton by its want of irregular varices.

The first attempt at a monograph of this interesting little genus
was made by Mr. Arthur Adams, in the Zool. Proc. for 1853, in
connection with the publication of the generic diagnosis. Subse-
quently, illustrated monographs have been published by Sowerby
in his Thesaurus Conchyliorum and by Kobelt in the Conchylien
Cabinet of Kiister. The few species are all inhabitants of the
tropical Asiatic coasts and contiguous seas.

N. NIVEA, Gmel. PL 84, figs. 535-538.

Whitish, sometimes with a rosy tinge. Length, 22 mill.

Tranquebar; Singapore; Malacca.

I consider Triton carduus. Reeve (fig. 53t), a synonym of this
species ; Kobelt being very much mistaken in referring it to the
genus Trophon. In N. multiplicata, Sowb. (fig. 538), I am also
unable to find distinctive characters.

N. SOPHIA, Benoit. Manual II, t, 6fi, f. 381.

Yellowish brown. Length, 34 mill.

Mediterranean, Coralline zone.

A single specimen in the collection of Benoit. I have described
and figured this species under Coralliophila in Vol. II, p. 211 ;
its generic position being somewhat doubtful. An European
conchologist has referred it to Nassaria nivea, and there is, of
course, a possibility that it is a specimen of that species intro-
duced accidentally into the Mediterranean Sea.

N. ACUMINATA, Reeve. PI. 84, figs. 539-546, 548.
Whitish, indistinctly fasciate with reddish brown.

Length, 39 mill.

China Sea; Indian Ocean.'

With this species I unite N. bitubercularis, A. Ad. (fig. 541),
from the Philippine Islands ; N. suturalis, A. Ad. (fig. 542), from
Malacca ; N. recur va, Sowb. (fig. 543), from Ceylon ; N. vari-

222 NASSARIA.

cifera, A. Ad. (fig. 544), China Sea, distinguished only by having
an occasional varix ; N* nodicostata, A. Ad. (fig. 545), habitat
unknown; N. Sinensis. Sowb. (fig. 546), China Sea; N. turrita,
Sowb. (fig. 548).

N. FUSIFORMIS, Sowb. PI. 84, fig. 547.

Light reddish, slightly fasciated. Length, 19-26 mill.

China Sea ; Malacca .

Kobelt remarks upon the resemblance of N. turrita, Sowb.
(fig. 548), to N. fusiformis, and that the more slender form and
higher spire alone distinguish them from N. nivea: I think,
however, that the resemblance to N. acuminata is still more
striking.

N. NASSOIDES, Gray. PL 84, figs. 549, 550.

Yellowish white, ribs faintly tinged with brown.
Length, 23 mill.

Philippines.

Distinguished from its congeners by the peculiar expansion of
the outer lip.

N. MAGNIFICA, Lischke. PL 84, figs. 551, 552.

Reddish brown, with one or two white bands. Length, 2 in.

Southern Japan.

I figure, from Kobelt (fig. 552), a non-tuberculate variety of
this fine species.

N. EGREGIA, Reeve. PL 84, fig. 553.

Yellowish white, ribs crossed by narrow, close, brown bands.

Length, 1*4 in.

Isle of Masbate, Philippines ; under stones at low water.

Described as a Triton and excluded by Kobelt from Nassaria
and referred to T. eximius, Reeve. It is certainly not that
species, although possibly a Triton. The want of varices and
form of the shell certainly indicate close relationship with
N. nivea.

N. CLATHRATA, Reeve. PL 84, fig. 554.
Whitish, apex pale pink. Length, 1-25 in.

Habitat unknown.

CYLLENE. 223

I know nothing of this shell. It may be a distorted Nassaria,
and is equally likely to be a Coralliophila. It was described as
a Murex — which it certainty is not.

N. CURTA, Gould (imfigured). Port Jackson (W. Stimpson).

N. PAGODA, Reeve described as a Triton, and referred by Kobelt
to this genus, is a true Nassa from Panama.

N. ANGICOSTATA. Pease (= Buccinum farinosum Gould), is an
Engina.

N. AMBOYNENSIS. Watson. Amboyna.

Not figured. It is said to resemble ikN. acuminata. Rve., but
is shorter, squatter, coarser, with more ribs, is deeper in suture ;
the canal is shorter, more recurved, and more twisted."

(Jen us CYLLENE, Gray.

The species of Cyllene inhabit the intertropical coasts of
Africa, the Malaysian Archipelago, etc. They live with the
Nassas along shore lines and do not appear to inhabit great
depths. The animal which is unknown, is supposed, from the,
sutural slit which characterizes the shell, to possess a mantle
provided with a prolongation or fold occupying this slit, some-
what analogous perhaps, with that of Oliva. The operculum of
C. lyrata is elongated, rhomboidal, with terminal nucleus, exter-
nally concave, internally convex.

The genus has been monographed by Sowerby, in his "The-
saurus." Specimens are rare in collections, and the want of
material prevents me from proving or disproving the suspicion
which I strongly entertain that all the forms described are mere
variations of a single protean species. It is certain that neither
coloring nor sculpture present reliable characters, and even
Sowerby places together ribbed and plain specimens in his
C. plumbea.

C. LYRATA, Lam. PL 84, figs. 555-560.

Whitish, sometimes with interrupted bands, or a single band.
Length, -75 in.

W. Africa.

224 CTLLENE.

G. sulcata, A. Ad. (fig. 559). is certainly identical, and G. uni-
maculata, A. Ad. (fig. 560), is merely less sculptured, with a
brown spot on the shoulder.

C. LUGUBRIS, Ad. and Reeve. PL 84, figs. 561-563.

Yellowish, light brown or chocolate, with sometimes two or
three revolving series of reddish brown spots.

Length, '50-'75 in.

Sooloo Isles ; Singapore, 6 fathoms, mud ; Malacca,

6 fathoms, sand. — Cuming. W. Africa? Japan.

G. fuscata, A. Ad. (fig. 562), from Malacca and Singapore,
and G. pallida, A. Ad. (fig. 563), from W. Africa? are certainly
the same. The variation of this type from G. lyrata, consists in
the smaller, more numerous ribs, and is probably not a good
distinctive character.

C. OWENI, Gray. PI. 84, figs. 564-566.

Yellowish brown, maculated or blotched with red-brown.

Japan ; Senegal,

The rather close ribs are not prominent, and are crossed by
pretty strong revolving lines, giving a closely cancellated appear-
ance. G. Senegalensis, Petit (fig. 566), and G. Orientally A.
Ad, (fig. 565), appear to be synonymous with this form.

C. PULCHELLA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 84, figs. 567-571.

Flesh- or ash-color, sometimes banded or spotted in revolving

series, or blotched with reddish brown.

Borneo ; Japan.

Ribs and revolving striae both obsolete, except a few impressed
revolving lines at base ; almost positively a smooth state of G.
lyrata. I unite with this C. Grayi, Reeve (fig. 568), C.glabrata,
A. Ad. (fig. 569), C. striata, A. Ad. (fig. 570), and G. Guillaini,
Petit (fig. 571).

C. CONCINNA, Soland. PI. 84, fig. 572.

Fusiform, pale, blotched with brown, smooth. Length, -5 inch.

Hob. unknown.
Probably only a depauperate form of the last.

C. PLUMBEA, Sowb. PI, 84, figs. 573, 574.
Chocolate-brown, ribbed or smooth.

Hob. unknown.

APPENDIX. 225

Unidentified Species.

C. OIIRYSOSTOMA, Meuschen. Morch, Yoldi Cat.
(1. GIBBA, A. Ad. . Japan.

C. LACTEA, Ad. and Augas. New South Wales, Australia.

C. RUBROLINEATA, Sowb. Loc. unknown.

None of the above are figured.

Appendix.

TBITONIDJB.

BEDNALLI, Brazier. P. 32, t. 85, fig. 570.
Through the kindness of Mr. Brazier I am enabled to figure a,
specimen of this species.

TRITON PHILOMEL-*, Watson. Nightingale I. Tristaoda Cunha.
RANELLA FIJTENSIS, Watson. Fiji Islands.

The first dredged at 100-150 fathoms, the last at 315 fathoms*.

No figures have been published.

FUSIDJE.
PERISTERNIINJv

Genus MAZZALINA, Conrad. Not characterized. The type
appears to be very similar to Lagena, Schum., if not identical
with that genus. I figure it from the original specimen.

M. PYRULA, Conrad. PI. 85, fig. 577. Eocene, Alabama.

LATIRUS NAGASAKIENSIS, E. A. Smith. PI. 85, fig. 578. Japan.

The large chocolate plicse are twice the width of the pale inter-
mediate spaces.

LATIRUS (Fusus) CANALICULATUS, Gray. Ghina.

Described as a Fusus, but has oblique eolumellar plaits. It
has never been figured, nor mentioned by the monographers,
and I suppose that, like many of Gray's species, the type is lost.

29

226 APPENDIX.

LEUCOZONIA CINGULATA, Lam.

On page 96 I have given Florida as a locality, on the authority
of Mr. W. W. Calkins, who informs me that the name is a mis-
print in his Catalogue ; L. cingulifera being the species which
he intended to mention, as collected there.

TURBINELLA INTERMEDIA, Koch. Habitat Uit/CtlOtn< .

The figure given in Kiister is that of a very much water-worn
shell, so that its characters cannot be certainly made out ; it
appears to me to be very like T.filamentosa. Koch (t. 69, f. 151).
a synonym of Latirus brevicaudatu*. Reeve.

Luigi Bellardi, in his " Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del
Piemonte e della Liguria," makes the following fossil genera : —

Genus JANIA, Bellardi. Shell subfusiform ; spire elongate ;
mouth scarcely canaliculate behind ; lip marginate, nodose or
plicate within ; columella uniplicate anteriorly and posteriorly;
canal short, recurved.

I. ANGULOSA, Brocchi. PL 85, tig. 579.

Genus MAYERIA, Bellardi. Ovate fusiform, spire short, but
slightly acute ; whorls very sharply carinate in the middle ;
columella smooth, rather straight in front, canal moderate.

M. ACUTISSIMA, Bellardi. PL 85, tig. 583.

Genus ANURA, Bellardi. Shell turrreted, ovate ventricose :
whorls convex ; month orbicular or suborbicular ; lip somewhat
arcuate, exteriorly subvaricose in the adult, interiorly margined
and smooth ; canal scarcely produced ; columella slightly con-
torted, smooth.

A. INFLATA, Brocchi. PL 85, tig. 5«L

Genus MITR^FUSUS, Bellardi. Elongated, mitr.eforni ;
spire very long and acute ; whorls numerous, the last scarcely
depressed in front ; mouth narrow, long ; lip simple ; canal long.
produced in the axis of the shell.

M. ORDITUS, Bell, et Mich. PL 85, tig. 580.

APPENDIX. 221

Genus GENEA, Bellardi. Shell subfusiform. long, narrow ;
spire long, very acute ; mouth long, narrow ; lip simple ; colu-
mella smooth, but slightly arcuate ; canal very short, wide,
straight.
G. BONELLTT, Gene. PL 85, fig. 582.

FUSUS.

A monograph of this genus has been published lay Mr. G. B.
Sowerby in the " Thesaurus Conchyliorum," since the appear-
ance of the pages comprising the Fusidse in the present volume.
The " Fusus " of Mr. Sowerby is an assemblage of shells belong-
ing to a number of genera, omitting many species and misinter-
preting others, and (inevitable under such circumstances)
describing as new, a number of forms which scarcely present
sufficient claims to novelty. The figures are superb in their life-
like delineation of the shells; indeed, in this respect Mr.
Sowerby is without a rival, for to great technical skill he unites
a scientific knowledge of the subjects he delineates. I give
below the names, localities and copies of the figures of the sup-
posed new species, together with opinions and suggestions con-
cerning them.

F. PERCY ANUS, Sowb. PI. 85, fig. 586. Habitat unknown.

Appears to be a line F. polygonoides, Lain., a very variable

species.

F. SAND VTOHEN sis, Sowb. PI. 85, fig. 591. Sandwich Is.

= F, spectrum, Ads. and Reeve, var. NovK-Hollandise, Reeve.

F. SPIRALIS, A. Adams. PI, 85, fig. 593. New Zealand.

= F. spectrum, Ads. and Reeve.

F. DILECTUS, A. Ad. PL 85, fig. 590. Habitat unknown.

= F. distans, Lam. (versicolor, Gmel. ?), young.

F. L^EVIGATUS, Sowb. PL 85, fig. 588. Australia.

= F. Australis, Quoy (F. marmoratus, Phil.).

F. RUDICOSTATUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 594. Australia.

= F. Australia, Quoy (F* marmoratus, Phil.).

228 APPENDIX.

F. NODICINCTUS, A. Ad. PL 8C>, fig. 595. Australia.

= F. Australis, Quo}' (F. marmoratnsj Phil.).
F. BIANGULATUS, Desh. PI. 86, fig. f>96. Habitat unknown.

= F. polygonoides, Lam.

F. SUBQUADRATUS, Sowb. PI. 86, fig. 597. Habitat unknown.

\rery close to F. leptorhynchus, Tapparone-Canefri.
F. ACUTICOSTATUS, Sowb. PL 85, fig. 584. Habitat unl.-noim.

Appears to = F. ceelatus, Reeve.
F. ARTICULATUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 602. Habifa! unknown.

= F. australis, Q.uoy (F. marmoratus, Phil.).
F. ASSIMILIS, A. Adams. PL 86, fig. 601. Habitat, unknown.

Perhaps a variety of F. turricula, Kiener.
F. vuLpicoLOR,-Sowb. PL 85. fig. 585. Milk/and /*.

F. GRACILIFORMTS, Sowb. PL 85, fig. 502. -fcpai).

F. RUBROLINEATUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 604.

Bank, So. Africa.
Evidently an immature shell.

F. REEVEANUS, Petit. PL 86, fig. 600. New Zeala/x/.

This is not Petit's species, which I have figured under Sij^»»-
alia. PL 56, fig. 383. If the locality of the specimen is correct,
it is possibly one of the southern Trophons, allied to T. Sl<ni-
geri, Gray.

F. ROBUSTIOR, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 603. Oape of Good Hope.

Is allied to F. ocelliferus. but has a more distinct shoulder and
tubercles. This is one of those species which combines the
characters of more than one genus : it may be considered either
a FUSILS, Hemifusus or Siphonnlia.

F. CRENULATUS, Sowb. PL 87, fig. 623. (Jape Of Good //op,'.

This perhaps, is also a Siphonalia.

F. DEPICTUS, Sowb. PL 85, fig. 589. Habitat unknown.

S. Gr. Sinistralia. A quite young shell : I do not recognize it.

APPENDIX.

229

F. ALBINUS, A. Adams. PL 86, fig. 599. W. Africa.

Very closely allied to, if not identical with, F. ustulatus.
Reeve,

F. FILOSUS, Schubert and Wagner.

Sowerby remarks that F. filosus, Lam., is a Latirus ; but this
is the same species, the plicje frequently becoming obsolete on
the columella of the adult. I have figured it as Latirus.

F. KXOAVATUS, Sowb. PI. 86, fig. 598. Habitat unknown.

F. TENUISTRIATUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 608. Habitat unknown.

This is not a Fusus: it may be a Trophon or Siphonalia.
F. FUSCONODOSUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 605. Habitat unknown.
F. LJBTUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 606. Habitat unknown.

F. TESSELLATUS, Sowb. PL 86, fig. 607. Habitat unknown.

Closely allied species, or three forms of one species.
F. CAUDATUS, Quoy. PL 85, fig. 581. Habitat unknown.

This does not correspond with Quoy's species (t. 34, f. 119).
It is probably immature, and not readily determinable.

MELONGENA.

M. ANGULATA. Sowb. (Fusus). Australia.

- Melongena pallida, Brod. and Sowb., p. 109.
Substituted for Fusus ligvarius, Reeve, preoccupied in that
genus. The shell is a Melongena, however, and is a synonym,
besides.

M. ANGEL'S, A. Ad. (Fusus\ PL 87, fig. 609. Australia.

Probably a var. of M. pallida, Brod. and Sowb., p. 109.

M. PYRULOIDES, DeKay (Fusus). N. America.

Sowerby's figure, which he says is copied from that in the
Nat. Hist., of New York, varies in several important particulars :
he has evidently tried to improve it from the description. It
WHS found adhering to the bottom of a vessel, and is supposed to
have come from the South. Very probably a depauperate M.
corona, Clmelin, with the spines suppressed.

230 APPENDIX;

NEPTUNEA.

N. TORNATA, Gould (Fusus). PL 81, fig. 616. Massachusetts.

This is not Gould's species ; the latter I have figured (t. 4C>, i.
261). Is it possibly an extreme form of N. decemcostata , Say .'

X. INCTSA, Gould (Fusus). PI. 81, fig. 611. Northern Sens.

This also is an erroneous determination. No such shell in-
habits our coast. The true F. incisus, Gould = Eutliria dira,
Reeve (PI, 72, fig. 233), and is from New Zealand.

N. T^NIATA, Sowb. (Fusus). PL 87, fig, 614. Japan.

This is probably a var. of Neptunea despecta, var. arthritic a.
X. BOREALIS, Sowb. PL 87, fig. 615. British Coast x.

~ N. despecta, var. saturnus, Mart.

INDEX

To GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Abnormis (Fususj, Smith. Zool. Proc. 811, t. 50, f. 10, 1878.=Coralliophila.
Accincta (Purpura), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 146. = Pisania pusio, Linn.
Acclivis (Triton), Button. Cat. Mar. Moll N. Zeal, 1873.

= T. olearium, Linn.

Aciculatum (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 175. = Terebra.
Aciculatus (Fusus), DelleOhiaje, iii, t. 148, f. 13. = F. rostratus, Olivi.

Actonis (Buccinum), Phil. Mai. Blatt, xv, 223, 1868 195

Aculeiformis (Fusus), Lam. = Pusionella.

Aculeiformis (Fusus), Sowb. Genera, f . 2 = Turbinella lancea, Gmel.

Acuminata (Nassaria), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 116, 1844 221

Acuminata (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., xi. 206, 1863 137

Acuminata (Turbinella), Wood (not Kiener). Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f. 12.

= Latirus castaneus, Reeve.
Acuminatum (Buccinum), Brod. Zool. Jour., v, 44, t. 3, f. 1, 2.

= B. undatum, L., Monstr.
Acuminatum (Buccinum), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., 2P, 1843.

? =Columbella 194

Acuminatus (Latirus), Kiener. 28, t. 15, f. 2 91

Acus (Fusus), Ads. & Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang. 41, t. 7, f. 3, 1848... 63
Acuticostatus (Fusus) Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 35, f. 30, 1880.

= F. cnelatus, Reeve 228

Acutimargo (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 55, 1851 ? = Nassa.

Acuiinodosa (Cominella), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 21, 1846 206

Adamsi (Phos.), Petit. Jour. Conch., iv, 239, 1853 216

Adamsia, Dunker. Zool. Pro., 357, 1856 101

Adamsii (Fusus), Kobelt. Conch. Cab., 152. = F. ventricosus, Adams.
Adansonii (Triton), Dunker. Moll. Guin., 26, 1853.

= T. Tranquibaricus, Linn.

Adelaide (Adamsia), Ad. & Ang. Zool. Proc., 421, 1863 101

Adelaidensis (Cominella), Crosse. Jour. Conch. ,xii, 276, t. 11, f. 6, 1864.

= C. costata, Quoy.
Adspersum (Buccinum), Brug. Encyc. Meth. i, 265.

— Cominella maculata, Martyn.
Adustus (Fusus), Philippi. Abbild., ii, 21, Fusus, t. 2, f. 7.

= Siphonalia dilatata, Quoy.
-Kgrotus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 42, 1844. = T. trilineatus, Reeve.

.Equiliratus (Cantharus), Carpenter. Mazat. Cat., 515, 1857 165

-Estuosa (Siphonalia), Gould. Otia, 123,1860 137

.Ethiops (Bucciuum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 134, 1848.

= Pisania maculosa, Lam.
.Ethiops (Pseudoliva), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Buccinum, f. 108 ; Stearns,

Proc. A. N. S., Philada., 397, 1878. = Purpura cingulata, L. vol. ii, 169.
Afer, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., N. S., iii, 332, 1858.

— S. G. of Fusus, Lam 47, 69

Afer (Fusus), Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 3558 69

232 INDEX.

Affine (Buccinum) Lesson. Rev. Cuv., 237, 1842 194

Affine (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 8490. =* Cantharus undosus, Linn.
Affine (Busycon), Sowb. H. & A. Ad., Gen. i, 151 (not published).

Affinis (Ranella), Brod. Zool. Proc., 179, 1832 42, 41

Africanus (Triton), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 312, 1854 16

Afrum (Buccinum) Phil. Zeit. Mai., 53, 1851. = Nassa.

Agasoma, Gabb., Pal. Calif, ii, 46, 1869 104

Agrestis (Leucozonia), Anton. Verzeichn, 71, 1889.

= L. subrostrata, Gray.
Alatum (Triton), Menke. Synops.,No. 978. =._ Euplenra caudata.

Alba (Meyeria), Jeffreys 7::

Alba (Nassa), Martini. Conch. Cab., iv, t. 122, f. 1122, 1123.

-= Nassaria nivea, Gmel.
Albellus (Lathyrus), Dunker and Metzger. Jahrb. Deutches Mai. Ge-

sell., i, 150. t. 7, f. 4, 1874 ; Deutches Meer Comn., 257, t, 6, f. 4, ami

Cat., 1875. = Meyeria alba, Jeffreys.
Albescens (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit, Mai., 170, 1846. = Nassa

Albicans (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn, 78, 1839 69

Albidus (Fusus), Philippi. Abbild., ii, 119, t. 3, f. 5

= Trophon Geversianum, Pallas, vol. ii 144

Albifasciata (Ranella), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 52, 1841. = R. nana, Sowb.

Albinus (Fusus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 222, 1855 tits, 228

Albinus (Fusus), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 08, f. 72, 1880.

? = F. ustulatus, Reeve.

Albivaricosa (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 136, 1844 38

Albocingulatus (Triton), Desh. Moll. Reunion, 113.

= T. tuberosis, Lam.

Albolirata (Cominella), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 88, 1878, L'07
Albus (Fusus), Phil. Zeit, Mai., 75, 1851.

= F. Spectrum, Ad. & Reeve, var.

Albus (Latirus), Jeffreys. Thompson's Depths of the Sea, 474, figure,
1873. = Meyeria alba.

Alternata (Siphonalia), Phil. Abbild., Fusus, t. 4, f. 6 187

Alveolata (Cominella), Kiener. Monog., t. 10,'f. 34.

= C. lineolata, Lam.

Amalire (Turbinella), Raster. Conch. Cab., 81, t. 19, f. 4, 5 89

Ambiguus (Fusus), Phil. Icon. Fusus, i, 107, t. 1, f. 2. = Trophon,
vol. ii, 147.

Amboynensis (Nassaria), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv. 273, 1880 228

Ambulacrum (Eburna), Sowb. Tank. Cat, App., 22, 1825 218

Ambustus (Fusus), Cpr. Cooper and most California writers (not of

Gould). = F. Taylorianus, Reeve.
Ambustus (Fusus), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 385, t. 14, f. 18, 1853 ; Dull.

Cal. Proc., 1877 59

Americanum (Triton), Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 163, t. 23, f. 22, 1853.

= T. oleariuni. Linn.

Amictus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 62, 1844 , 22

Amoenum (Buccinum). Phil. Zeit. Mai., 140, 1848. = Cantharus 160

Amphissa, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 111. = Columbellidrc 201

Amplustris (Latirus), Martyn. Univ. Conch., 1, t. 3 88

Ampullacea (Bullia), Middendorff. Reise, ii, 237, t. 8, f. 3, 4; t. 17, f.

1-3, 1851 ; Beitr, Mai. Rossica, 179, 1849. = Volutharpa 198, 200

Ampullacea (Ranella), Val. Comptes Rendus, xlvi, 761, 1858.

?= R. argus, Gmel.
Anceps (Fusus), A. Adams. Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 95, f. 131, 1880.

= Melongena pallida, Brod. & Sowb., var 229

INDEX. 238

Anceps (Neptunea), II. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 80.

= Melongena pallida, B. and S.

Anceps (Ranella), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., edit. Desh., ix, 550 44

Angasi (Cominella), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xii, 275, t. 11, f. 5, 1864.

= C. costata, Quoy.

Angasi (Triton), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 174, 1877 32

Angicostata (Nassaria), Pease. Zool. Proc., 142. 1860 ; Am. Jour. Conch.,

iv, 109,1868. =Engina 228

Anglicana (Cominella), Mart. Conch. Cab., iv, t. 126, f. 1212.

= C. porcata, Gmel., var.

Anglicanum (Buccinum), Fleming. Brit. Anim. = B. undatum, Linn. 243
Anglicum (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 156.

= C. porcata, Gmel., var.

Angularis (Leucozonia), Reeve. Icon., f. 49, 1847.
Angularis (Leucozonia), var. Riiseana, Dunker, Kobelt, 83.

= L. cingulifera, Lam.
Angulata (Pyrula), Lam., vii, edit., 145; Desh., ix, 517.

= Melongena galeodes, Lam.

Angulatus (Fusus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 117, 1839 123

Angulatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 94, f. 130, 1880.

= Melongena pallida, Brod. and Sowb 229

Angulatus (Phos.), Sowb. Thes. iii, 89, t. 221, f. 7.

= P. senticosus, Linn.

Angulatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 88, 1844 .' 30

Angulosum (Buccinum), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 127, t. 36, f. 6,

1839. = B. glaciale, Linn.
Angulosum (Tritonium), Morch, Dunker. Novit., t. 2, f. 3, 4.

= B. glaciale, Linn.

Augustus (Murex), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3556. ? = Turbinella lancea, Gmel.
Augustus (Sipho), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 5 ser., vi., 287, 1880. 131
Annesleyii (Canidia), Benson. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., vi, 258, 1860. 209
Anomala (Buccinum), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 82, 1846. = Melongena.
Anomala (Pyrula), Reeve. Pyrula, f. 9, 12, 1847.

= Neptunea anceps, H. and A. Adams.
Anomalus (Triton), Hinds. Zool. Proc., 22, 1844, Voy. Sulphur, 12, t. 4,

f. 13, 14 31

Ansatus (Murex), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3554, 1788, ? = F. distans, Lam.

Antarctica (Euthria), Reeve. Bflccinum, f. 30 150

Antarcticum (Buccinum), Phil. Mai. Blatt., xv, 222, 1868.

? = Columbella 195

Antillarum (Buccinum), Dunker, = Cantharus tincta, Conrad.
Antillarum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 139, 1848. = Nassa.
Antillarum (Phos.), Petit. Jour. Conch., iv, 242, t. 8, f. 9, 1853.

= P. Veraguensis, Hinds.
Antillarum (Triton), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, 161, t. 23, f. 20, 1853.

= T. tuberosus, Lam.

Antiqua (Neptunea), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 222 113

Antiquatus (Triton), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 4, f. 7, 8 28

Antiquum (Tritonium), Middendorff (not Linn.). Mai. Ross., 130, t. 2,

f. 1, 2. : t. 5, f. 1-6. = Neptunea despecta, Linn., var. fornicata, Gray.
Antonii (Fasciolaria), Recluz. Mag. Zool., t. 92, 1844.

= Fasciolaria coronata, Lam.

Anura, Bellardi. Mem. Acad. Turin, xxvii, 231, 1873 226

Anus (Distorsio), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1218 35

Apertus (Fusus), Carpenter. Mazat. Cat., 504, 1857 67

Apiotropis, Meek. Hayden's Survey, ix, 369, 1876. = Pyropsis, Conr.

30

234 INDEX.

Apollon, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 570, 1810. — Argobuccinum, Klein,
Aptyxis, Troschel. Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, 61, 1868. = Fusus, Lam.
Aquatile (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 24, 1844. = T. pilearis, Linn.
Aquillus, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 578. 1810. = Simpulum, Klein.

Aracanensis (Euthria), Angas. Zool, Proc., 182, t. 20 f. 1, 1873 150

Arata (Siphonalia), Gould. Otia, 128; 1860 137

Arcticus (Fusus), Phil. Abbild., iii, Fusus; 119, t. 5, f. 5, 1850.

= Sipho Kroyeri, Moller.
Areolata (Eburna), Lam. Anim, sans vert., x, 235. Reeve, f. 6, Voy.

Samarang, 32, t. 8, f. 5 212

Areolatum (Buccinum), Tiberi. = B. Lefebrui, Marav.

Argobuccinum, Klein. Ostrac., 44, 1753. S. G. of Ranella, Lam 37, 42

Argus (Ranella), Gmelin, 3547 44

Argyrostoma (Neptunea), Lam., H. and A. Ad. Genera, i, 80 123

Armatus (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 314, 1854 94

Armigera (Tudicula), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 221, 1855 144

Arthritica (Neptunea), Valenc. Compt. Rend., xlvi, 761.

= N. despecta, L., var. fornicata.
Articulare (Triton), Menke. Synops., No. 987.

= Cantharus variegatus, Gray.

Articulatus (Fusus), Lam., vii, 33. = Pisania pusio, Linn.
Articulatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 37, f. 66, 1880.

= F. Australis, Quoy 228

Articulatus (Phos.), Hinds. Voy. Sulph., 38, t. 10, f. 7, 8, 1844 218

Aruanus (Murex), Linn. Mus. Ulric., 641. Partly = Fulgur carica.
Aruanus (Murex), Linn., Binney. Bost. Jour , 1, 67.

= Fusus proboscidiferus, Lam.
Aspa, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Recent. Moll., i, 106.

= S. G. of Ranella, Lam 37, 42

Asper (Melongena), Mart, Conch. Cab., ii, 78, t, 40. f. 398, 399.

= M. galeodes, l.am.

Aspera (Cantharus), Dunker. Mai. Blatt,, xviii, 155, 1871 161

Asperrima (Ranella), Dunker. Zool. Proc., 238, 1862.

= R. bufonia, Gmel .' 39

Assimilis (Buccinum), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 90, 1846.

= Cantharus, d'Orbignyi, Payr.
Assimilis (Fusus). A. Ad. Thes. Conch., Sp. 39, f 78, 1880.

? = F. turricula, Kien., var ? 59, 228

Assimilis (Tritonidea), Angas (not Reeve), /ool. Proc., 187, 1867.

= Cantharus Australis, Reeve.
Atractus, Agassiz, Sowb. Min. Conch., ed., Germ., 44, 63, 1840.

= Sipho, Klein.

Attenuate (Volutopsis), Ball. Calif, rroc., v. 253, 1874 121

Attenuatus (Fusus), Jeffreys. Proc. Roy. Soc., xviii, 434, 1870. Ann.

Mag., 4 ser., xix, 326, 1877. = Sipho tortuosus, Reeve, var.
Audouini (Fasciolaria), Jonas. Zeit. Mai. iii, 63, 1846.

= F. trapezium, L. , var.
Attenuatus (Latirus), Reeve. Reeve. Icon. f. 69, 1847.

= L. infundibulum, Gmel.

Aurantiaca (Fasciolaria), Lam. Edit. 2, ix, 434 7(1

.Auvantiaca (Fasciolaria), Sowb. (not Lamarck). Gen. Shells, No. £0.

= F. princeps, Sowb.
Aurantium (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Deshayes, x, 177. ? = Columbella.

Aurantius (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn. 76,1839, 69

Aureocinctus (Latirus), Sowb. Zool. Proc. 129, t. 24, f. 2, 1875 91

Aureus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon, f. 17, 1847. = F. Australis. Quoy.

INDEX. 235

Auritula (Buccinum), Link. Morch, Yoldi Cat, 93.

= Cantharus Coromandelinus, Lam.

Australasia; (Monoplex), Perry. Conch, t. 3, f. 3. = T. olearium, Linn.
Australe (Buccinum), Chemn. Conch. Cab. x t. 153, f. 1463-4.

= Cassis abbreviate, Lam.

Austvaliensis, (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon. f. 56. 1847 7'.i

Australis (Cantharus), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 21. 1872 161

Australis (Eburna), Sowb. Conch. 111. f. 5 213

Australis (Fusus), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ii. 495, t. 24, f. 9-14. 1832.. 55
Australis (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 625. =*. T. nodiferus, Lam.

Austrofusus, Kobelt. Kiister's Conch. Cab. Neptunea. p. 127 99, 137

Avellana (Clavella), Reeve. H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 86.

= Cronia. Vol. ii, 180.
Avena (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 52. 1846. = Columbella.

Babylonia (Schliit), Syst. Verzeichn. 18, 1838. = Eburna. Lam.
Babylonicus (Fusus), Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch., 227, t. 57, f. 17.

= Neptunea antiqua, L. monstr.
Baccata (Purpura), Hombr. et Jacq. Moll. Voy. Astrol. et Zelee, 87, t.

22, f. 9, 10. = Siphonalia nodosa. Mart.
Bacillum (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 94, 1844. = T. bracteatus. Hinds.

Badia (Euthria), A. Adams. Proc. Linn. Soc. vii, 108. 1864 152

J'.adia (Fasciolaria), Krauss. Sud. Af. Moll. 110. t. 6, f. 12, 184S.

= F. Lugubris, Reeve.
Badia (Neptunea), Bunker, Novit. Conch, t. 1, f. 12.

= N. castanea, Morch.
Baerii (Neptunea), Midd. Mai. Ross, ii, 148. t. 6. f. 7, 8, 1851.

= Var. of Buccinum cyaneum, Brug.
Balteatus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum. f. 59. 1846.

= C. Cecillii, Phil.

Balteatus (Triton), Beck. Reeve. Icon. =2 T. Tranquebaricus. Lam.
Bamffius (Fusus), Pennant. Donovan, t. 169, f. 1.

= Trophon clathratus, Linn., vol. ii. 140.
Barclayi (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 20, 1847.

= L. polygonus, Gmel. var.

Barthelemyi (Triton), Angas. Zool. Proc., 45, t- 2, f. 2. 1879 11

Bassi (Triton), Angas. Zool. Proc., 45, t, 21, f. 2, 1869 11

Baudoniana (Canidia), Mabille, et Le Mesle. Jour, de Conch. 132, t. 7, f.

1. 1866 208

Beaui (Phos), Fischer, Jour, de Conchyl. 2 ser. i, 358, t. 12, f. 8, 9, 1856.. 219
Beccarii (Triton), Tapparone-Canefri. Mur. Mar. Rosso., 23 t. 19, f. 7.

1ST:. 13

Beckii (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. t. 17, f. 34 b 1848.

= Var. of F. Nicobaricus, Lam.

Beckii (Ranella), Kiener. Monog. 5. t. 4, f. 1. — R. subgranosa. Beck.
Bednalli (Triton), Brazier. Proc Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, 6. 1876. ..32, 225

Behringii (Neptunea), Midd. Mai. Ross, ii, 147, t. 3, f, 5, 6 121

Behringii (Volutopsis), var. regularis. Dall. Proc. Cal. Acad. 1873.

= Neptunea regularis, Dall.
Belcheri (Buccinum), Reeve. Belcher's Voy., 394, t. 32, f. 7. 1855.

Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 4, ser., xx, 133, figs. 1877 193

Belcheri (Hemifusus), Hinds. H. and A. Adams. Genera i, 83.

=- Chorus Belcheri, Hinds, vol. ii, 198.

Belcheri (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon. f. 22. 1847 79

Belknapi (Melongena), Petit. Jour. Conch., iii, 165, t. 2, f. 5, 1852;

Ibid., 2 ser., i. 38. = Melongena corona, Gmelin. .

23 6 INDEX.

Bella (Peristernia), Reeve. Ricinula. f. 15. 1840. = P. Carolina, Kiener.

Bellus (Fusus), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. No. 147. ? = Metula 153

Bengalina (Pyrula), Grateloup. Memoires, 61, t. 4, f. 5, 1840 113

Benzoni (Sipho), Morch. Jour, de Conch , xx, 130, t. 5, f. 3, 1872 129

Bernardianus (Fusus), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 76, 1851 68, 110

Berniciensis (Fusus), King. Ann. Mag., 246, 1846 71

Bezoar (Buccinum), Born. Mus. 259. = Melongena galeodes, Lam.
Biangulatus (Fusus), Desh. Voy. Laborde, 66, t. 65, f. 18, 14. Sowb.

Thes. Conch., sp., 32, f. 159, 1880. = F. polygonoides, Lam 228

Bicatialifera (Cyllene), Sowb. = Golumbella.

Bicincta (Euthria), Huttori. Jour, de Conch., 15, 1878 155

Bicolor (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 56, 1851. = Nassa.
Bicolor (Fusus), Say. Jour. A. N. S. v., 215, 1826.

= Melongena, corona, Gmel. Young.
Bicolor (Murex), Cantraine. = Cantharus leucozona, Phil.

Bicolor (Peristernia), Kobelt. Kiister, 75, f. 18, f. 8/9 <s4

Biliratus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 71, 1846.

= C. funiosus, Dillw., var.
Jttlleheusti (Pisania), Petit. .Jour. Conch., iv, 244, t, 8, f. 5 ; Ibid, vi, 42. •

= P. marmorata, Reeve, var.
Billeheustii (Pisania), var. Artensis, Montr. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., iv,

265, 1865. = Cantharus Crosseanus, Sowb.
BiplexPerry. Conch., 1811. == Ranella. Lam.

Biplicatus (Phos.), Carpenter. Zool. Proc., 166, 1856 220

Birmanicuin (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 57, 1851. ? = Nassa.
Biserialis (Cominella), Kiister. Buccinum, 80, t. 14, f. 12,

= C. porcata, Gmel.
Bispinosa (Melongena), Phil. Abbild., Pyrula, i, t. 1, f. 7, 8.

= M. corona, Gmel.

Bistriata (Fasciolaria), Gould & Carp. Zool. Proc., 207, 1855 07

Bitubercularis (Hindsia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 183. 1853.

= Nassaria acuminata, Reeve.

Bitubercularis (Ranella), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix,548 42

Bizonata (Canidia), Deshayes. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Bull., x, t, 8, f. 25,

26. = C. Jullieni, Desh.
Blainvillei (Phos.), Deshayes. Voy. Bellanger, 428. = P. textum, Gmel.

Blosvillei (Fusus), Deshayes. Encyc. Meth. ii, 165 69

Bocourti (Canidia), Brot. Jour, de Conch., ser., xviii, 352, t. 12, f.6, 1876, 209
Bolivianum (Buccinum), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, 610, t. 41, f. 22-24, 1852,

= Cantharus 1.5<i

Boltenianus (Triton), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1854 17

Bonnanii (Triton), Scacchi. Cat., 12. = T. reticulatus, Blainv.
Boreale (Buccinum), Leach. Jour, de Phys., Vol. 88, 464, 1819.

= B. cyaneum, Brug.
Boreale (Buccinum), Brod. & Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, 375, 1829.

? = B. cyaneum, Brug.
Borealis (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 139, f. 110, 1880.

= Neptunea despecta, var. saturnus.
Borealis (Neptunea), Phil. Abbild. Fusus, iii, 118, t. 5, f. 2, 1850.

= N. despecta, Linn., var. fornicata 230

Boreofusus, Sars. Moll. Norv., 278, 1878. = Buccinofusus, Conr.

Borneensis (Eburna), Sowb. Thes. Conch., iii, t, 291, f. 14 212

Borneensis (Phos.), Sowb. Thes. Conch., iii, 91, t. 222, f. 22.

= P. roseatus, Hinds.

Boysii (Buccinum), Nuttall. Jay's Cat., 3d edit. 87 194

Brachysphingus, Gabb. Pal. Cal., ii, 155,1869 106

INDEX. 237

Bracteatus (Triton), Hinds. Zool. Proc., 21, 1844, Voy. Sulphur ii, t. 4,

f. 5, 6 2(.)

Branscombi (Fusus), Clark. Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., 2, ser., iv, 4^5, 1849.

= Defrancia gracilis, Mont.

Brasilianum (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Deshayes, x, 171. = Planaxis.
Brasilianum (Triton), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 142, 1849. Moll. Wilkes'

Exped., 504, f. = T. olearium, Linn 296

Brazieri (Fusus), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 539, t. 30, f. 16,
1876. = Coralliophila, Vol. ii. 208

Brazieri (Peristernia), Angas. Zool. Proc., 171, t. 26, f. 4, 1877 93

Brazieri (Triton), Angas. Zool. Proc., 46, t, 2, f. 3, 1869.

= T. nitidulus, Sowb., var. Ceylonensis.
Brazieri (Trophon), Woods. Vol. ii, 148, 156, 223.

? = Siphonalia castanea. AVoods. f
Braziliana (Turbinella), d'Orb. Voy. Arner. Merid., 449, t, 77, f. 17.

= Leucozonia cingulifera, Lam.
Brenchleyi (Fusus), Baird. Brenchley's Voy. Curac?oa, 434, t. 37, f. 1, 2,

1S73. = F. Micobarius, Lam, var.

Breve (Buqcinnm), Adams. Linn. Trans., iii, 64, t. 13, f. 3, 4.
= Purpura lapillus, Linn , Young.

Brevicaudus (Sipho), Desh. Encyc. Meth., ii, 159, 1830 132

Brevicaudatus(Latirus), Reeve. Icon., f, 50, 1847, 92. 92

Breviculus (Fusus), Desh. Morch, J. C., 3 ser., xvii, 270, 1877.

= Sipho brevicaudus, Desh.
Brocchii (Murex), Monterosato, Jour, de Conch., xxii, 393, 1874.

= Fusus craticulatus, Brochii.

Bronni (Ranella), Michellotti. Mioc. It. Sept. 257. = R. Gigantea, Lam.
Broti (Canidia), Deshayes. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Bull., x, t. 8, f. 27, 2S.

== C. Jullieni, Desh, var.
Bruijnii (Fusus), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, viii, 323,

1876 61

Brunneus (Sipho) Dall. Calif. Proc., Kobelt, Conch. Cab., 121, t. 40, f. 9,

1877 130

Bucephala (Melongena), Lam. Edit. Desh, ix, 508 109

Buccinatorium, Petiver. = Triton, Montf.

Buccinatus (Fusus), Jeffreys (non Lam.) Brit. Conch., iv, 340, t. 86, f. 4,

= Sipho Jeffreysianus, Fischer.
Buccinatus (Fusus), Lain. = Pusionella,

Buccinea (Eburna), Menke. Cat..— Cominellamaculata, Mart., (polished.)
Bucciniformis (Purpura), Kiener. 40, t. 8, f. 19.
= Peristernia Wagneri, Anton.

Buccinofusus, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 264, 1867 47, 70

Buccinopsis, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., iv, 297 100, 195

Buccinulum (Pisania), Martini. Conch. Cab., iv, 72, t. 127, f. 1217.
= P. ignea, Gmel.

Buccinum, Linn. Edit, xii, 1196, 1767 100, 167

Buccitriton, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 20, 1865 106

Bufo, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 574, 1810. = Ranella, Lam.
Bufonaria, Schum. Essai, 251, 1817. = Ranella, Lam.
Bufonia (Bursa), Bolten. Morch, Yoldi Cat., 107.
= Ranella spinosa, Lam.

Bufonia (Ranella), Gmelin. 3534 39

Bulbaceus (Fusus), Valenc. Comptes Rend., xlvi, 761
= Neptunea despecta, Linn., var. fornicata.

Bulbifusus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 17, 1865 102

Bulbosus (Fusus), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 5, f. 2.
= Neptunea despecta, L. var. fornicata.

238 INDEX.

Bulliopsis, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 65, t, :-J, f. 1, I860.

? = Melanopsis.

Bursa, Bolten. Mus. 1798. = Ranellla, Lam.
Busycon. Bolt. Mus. Morch, Yoldi Cat. i, 104, 1852 r= Fulgur, Montfort.

Buxea (Siphonalia), Reeve. Fusus, f. 18, 1847 138

Buxeus (Murex), Brod. Zool. Proc., 194, 1832 ? = Cantharus 166

Cabestana Bolt. Mus., 1798. = Simpulum, Klein 9, 15

Ceelata (Ranella), Brod., Zool. Proc., 179, 1832 41

Caelatus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 35, 1847 61

Calcar (Murex), Scacchi. Notizie 41, t. 1, f. 16. = Fusus vaginatus, Jan.
Calcaratus (Murex), Dillv. Desc. Cat. ii, 710.

= Melongena galeodes, Lam.
Calcarius (Murex), Dunker. Mai. Blatt^vi, 230, 1800. Moll. Japan,

5 t, 1 f. 2. = Siphonalia 137

Caledonica (Peristernia) Petit. Jour, de Conch., ii, 367, t. 10, f. 6;

1851. = P. ustulata, Reeve.

Californica (Leucozonia), A. Ad. H. and A. Adams' Generas, i, 153 86

Californica (Ranella), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 12, t. 2, f. 4, 5. 1844 40

Callomphala, Ad. and Ang. Z. P. 35, 1864. = Trochidoe.

Callorhinus (Volutopsis) Dall. Calif. Proc.. 1877 120

Callosa (Turbinella), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 211, 1842

= Cuma tectum. Wood, vol. ii, p. 201.

Cambojiensis (Canidia) Reeve, Icon. Melania, f. 401. 1801 209

Canaliculata (Buccinopsi«), Dall. Cal. Prod., v, 252, 1874 197

Canaliculata (Eburna), Sehum. Essai, 224. Sowb. Thes. iii, 69, t. 215,

f. 2, 3. = E. spirata, Lam.
Canaliculata (Fasciolaria), Val. Recueil d'Observations, 286.

= F. tulipa, Linn.

Canaliculatus (Fulgur), Linn., Syst. Nat, edit, xii, 122^ 142

Canaliculatus (Fusus), Gray. Zool Beechey's Voy., 116 225

Canaliferus (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 634. = T. caudatus, Ginel.
Canariense (Bucc.), Orb. Moll. Canaries, 90, t. 6, f. 35-37. = Columbella.

Cancellare (Phos), Menke. Phil. Zeit, Mai. 59, 1851 220

Cancellaria (Cantharus), Conrad. Proc. Phil. Acad., 25, t. 1, f. 12, 1846.. 162
Cancellaroides (Melongena), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Fusus, t. 15, f. 59, 1848.. 110

Cancellata (Priene), Lam. Anim. s. Vert, ix, 638 34

Cancellatus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 62. = Triton cancellatum, Lam.
Cancellatus (Phos), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 153, 1850.

= Phos Adamsi, Petit.
Cancellatus (Phos), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ii, 449, t. 32, f. 30, 31.

= P. textum, Gmel.

Cancellatus (Triton), Gray. Beechey's Voy. 110, 1839 33

Cancellatus (Triton), Lam. Hist. edit. Desh. ix, 638 34

Cancellinus (Distorsio), Roissy. Buff. Moll. 56 :'>.">

Cancellinus (Fusus), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg., i, 67, 1845.

= Ocinebra lurida, var. aspera, vol. ii, p. 131.
Cancellinus (Fusus), Phil. Archiv Nat, 67, 1845. Abbild. ii, 117, t. :5,

f. 2. = Urosalpinx. vol. ii, p. 154.
Candei (Cancellaria), d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, ii, 129, t, 21, f. 23, 24.

= Phos Guadeloupensis, Petit,
Candelabrum (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 9, 1847.

= L. polygonus, Gmel. var.
Candelabrum (Pyrula), Lam. An. sans Vert., viii, 1822.

= Fulgur carica, Gmel., var.
Candidus (Fusus), Gmel. Syst, Nat,, 3556. = F. longissimus, Gmelin.

INDEX. 239

Candidas (Fusus), Phil. Abbild. iii, 117, t. 5, f. 7. = Netrum (Pusionella).
Candidissirnum (Buccinum), C. B. Adams. Bos. Proc. ii, 2, 1845. = Nassa.

Candisata (Ranella), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., edit. Desh. ix, 542 41

Canidia, H. Adams. Zool. Proc. 383, 1861 101, 208

Capense (Buccinum), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 110, 1846. = Nassa.

Capensis (Fusus), Dunker. Phil. Abbild. i, 110, t. 1, f. 7. = Cantharus.. 150

Cantharulus, Meek. Hayden's survey, ix, 378, t. 32, f. 5, 1876.

= S. G. of Cantharus 104

Cautharus. Bolten, Mus. 1798 100, 153

Cantrainei (Triton), Petit. Jour, de Conch. 256, t. 8, f. 10, 1853.

= Murex alveatus, Kiener.

Carduus (Triton), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 121, 1844. = Nassaria nivea, Gmel.
Caribbneum (Triton), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba ii, 162.

= Cantharus Coromandelianus, Lam.

Carica (h'ulgur), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3545 140

Carinatum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3493. = B. glaciale, L.
Carinatum (Buccinum), Turton. Conch. Diet. 13.

= B. undatum, Linn., Monst.

Carinatum (Haustellum), Schum. Nouv. Syst. 213. = Tudicla spirillus, L.
Carinatum (Tritonium), Dunker. Novit. Conch. 1, t. 2, f. 3, 4.

= Bucc. glaciale, L.
Cannatus (Fusus), Pennant. Brit. Zool. iv, t. 77, f. 96.

= Neptunea despecta, Linn., var.
Carinatus (Murex), Bivona. Nuov. gen. 27, t. 2, f. 12.

= Fusus vaginatus, Jan.

Cariniferus (Cantharus), Kiister, 63, t. 12, f. 9, 10 155

Cariniferus (Latirus), Lam. Hist, vii, 108 88

Carnaria (Pyrula), En eye. Meth. = Melogena pugilina, Born.

Carolina; (Turbinella), Kiener. Monog. 47, t. 18, f. 1.. 82

Casani (Buccinum), Maravigna. Rev. Cuv. 325, 1840 195

Cassidaria'formis (Siphonalia), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 11, 1846 135

Cassidulus, H. and A. Adams. Genera i, 81. = Melongena, Schum.

Cassidulus, Humph. Mus. Calonn, 1797. = Pyrula partim.

Castanea (Neptunea), Miirch. Diag Nouv. Moll. Amer. Vidensk, Meddel

341, 1857. = Volutopsis Behringii, Midd.

Castanea (Siphonalia), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 139, 1876 137

Castaneum (Buccinum), Dall. Calif. Proc., 1877 187

Castaneus (Latirus), Reeve Icon., f. 26, 1847 91

Cataracta (Cominella), Chemn. Conch. Cab. x, 188, t. 152, f. 1455.

= C. testudinea, Mart.

Catenatum (Buccinum), Powis. Zool. Proc. 94, 1835. ? = Columbella . . . 194
Catilini (Fusus), Petit. = Pusionella.

Caudata (Ranella), Say. = Eupleura caudata, Say. Vol. ii, p. 157.
Caudatum (Bucc.), Wood. Index Test., t. 22, f. 8.

= Triton cingulatus, Lam.
Caudatum, (Triton), Kiener. Monog., t. 9, fig. 2. = T. ficoides, Reeve.

Caudatus (Triton), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3535 21

Caudatus (Fusus), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ii, 503, t. 34, f. 20, 21.

= F. Australis, Quoy.

Caudatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp, 135, f. 167, 1880 229

Cavitensis (Ranella), Beck. = R. crumena, Lam.

Cayohuesonicus (Latirus), Sowb. Zool. Proc. 796, 1878 92

Cecillii (Buccinum). Phil. Zeit. Mai. 27, 1848. = Nassa.

Cecillii (Turbinella), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 166, 1844. = Cantharus 157

Ceratus (Latirus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 114 88

Ceylonensis (Triton), Sowb. Zool. Proc. 71, 1833.

— T. nitidulus, Sowb. var.

240 INDEX.

Charon ia, GisteL Naturg. 170, 1848. = Triton, Montf.
Chascax, Watson. Zool. Proc. 362, 1873. = Fasciolaria Lam.
Ghemnitzii (Ranella), Kiister. Conch. Cab. 148, t. 39, f. 3, 4.

= R. bitubercularis, Lam.

Chemnitzii (Triton), Reeve. Icon, f. 37- = T. Wiegmanni, Anton.
Chemnitzii (Triton), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 110, 1839.

= T. Tranquebaricus, Lam.

Cheyennensis (Cryptorhytis), Meek 50

Chiloense (Buccinum), Phil. Zeitsch. fiirdieGes. Naturwiss. 124, 1858.. 195
Chinense (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 57, 1851. = Nassa.

Chlanidota, Martens. Sitzb. Berl., 23, 1878 101, 201

Chlorostoma (Peristernia), Sowb. Tank., Cat. App., 15, 1825 83

Chlorostomus (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 636 1-!

Chlorotica (Euthria), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 22, 1878 152

Chonoticus (Fusus). Phil. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Halle, 21, 1857 68

Chrysostoma (Cyllene), Meuschen, Morch. Yoldi Cat., 80. 225

Chrysostoma (Eburna). Sowb. Thes. Suppl., t. 291, f. 15, 16 212

Chrysodomus, Swainson. Malacol., 90, 308, 1840. — Neptunea, Bolten.

Ciliatum (Buccinum), Fab. Faun. Grsenl., 401, 1780 191

Ciliatum (Bucc.), Part. Gould. Invert. Mass., 307, 1841. Dawson, Canad.

Nat., ii, 415, t. 7, f. 5, 1857. = B. Tottenii, Stimpson.
Ciliatum (Bucc.), Part. Gould. Invert. Mass., 307, f. 209, 1841.

= B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Cinctum (Buccinum), Quoy. Astrol., ii, 413, t. 30, f. 5-7.

= Cantharus undosus, Linn.

Cinerea (Turbinella), Reeve. Icon., f. 68, 1847. = Fusus cinereus, Rve.
Cinereum (Buccinum), Born. Test. Mus. Cses. = Terebra.

Cinereus (Fusus), Reeve. Conch. Icon 60

Cinereus (Fusus), Say. = Urosalpinx cinereus, Vol. ii, p. 152.

Cingilla (Pisania), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 101, 1847 149

Cingulata (Pisania)j Reeve. Buccinum, f. 75, 1846 148

Cingulata (Leucozonia), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 118 96, 225

Cingulatus (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 643 15

Cingulifera (Turbinella), Lam, Hist, vii, 108 94

Cinis (Pisania), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 84, 1846 147

Cinnamomea (Siphonalia), Reeve. Icon., f. 16, 1847 138

Circulus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn., 77, 1839 69

Citrina (Cominella), Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 70. 1846 206

Citrina (Pyrula), Lain. Edit. Desh., ix, 518.

== Melongena paradisiaca, Reeve.

Clandestinus (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 639 15

Clarkei (Siphonalia), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 138, 1875 137

Clathrata (Metula), Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 32, t, 11, f. 12,

1848 152

Clathrata (Peristernia), Kiister. Monog. Turbin., 41, t. 9, f. 5.

? = P. chlorostoma, Sowb.
Clathrata (Ranella), Gray. Beechey's Voy. Blossom, 109, 1839.

= Eupleura, vol. ii, p. 158.

Clathrata (Turbinella), Valenc. Kleiner, 46, t. 18, f. 4

Clathratum (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 637 = T. cancelliuus, Roissy.

Clathratus, (Murex), Reeve. Conch. Icon,, sp. 185. = Nassaria 222

Clathratus (Triton), Sowb. (not Lam.) Zool. Proc., 71, 1833 26

Clausicaudatus (Fusus), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 13, t. i, f. 10, 11, 1844... 64
Clava (Fasciolaria), Jonas. Zool. Proc., 35, 1846. = F. aurantiaca, Lam.
Clavator (Triton), Sowb. Genera. = T. exilis, Reeve.
Clavella, Swainson. Elem., 1835 47, 70

INDEX. 241

Clavella (Pyrulaj, Reeve. Icon., f. 10. = Fulgur striatus, Gray.
Clavellithes, Swains. Mai. 77, 304, 1840. = Clavella, Swains.

Clavifusus, Conrad. Eocene Check List, Nos. 615, 612 104

Clavula (Buccinum), Mencke. Jay, Cat., 3d edit., 87 194

Clea, A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 119, 1855 101, 207

Closter (Fusus), Phil. Abbild., iii, 115, t. 5, f. 1, 1850.

== F. distans, Lain., var.

Closteriscus, Meek. Hayden's Survey, ix, Pal. 306, t. 19, f. 10, 1876.... 103
Coarctata (Pyrula), Sowb. Tank. Cat., App., 17. Petit, Jour. Conch., iii,

155, t. 753. = Fulgur perversus. Linn.
Oochlidium, Gray. Fig. Moll. An., iv, 68, 1850. = Hemifusus, Swains.

Cochlidium (Melongena), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. 11, 1221 110

Columbarium (Murex), Chemn. Conch, Cab., x, 284, 1. 169, f. 1637, 1638.

= Peristernia spinosa, Martyn.

Colosseus (Hemifusus). Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 442 Ill

Colubraria, Schum. Nov. Gen., 251, 1817. = Epidromus, Klein.

Colubrinum (Triton), Grateloup. Atlas, t. 29, f. 21. = T. nodiferus, Lam.

Colus, Bolton. Mus. 1798. = Fasciolaria, Lam.

Colus, Humphreys. Mus. Colon., 1797. = Fusus, Lam.

Colus (Fusus). Encyc. Meth.,'t. 424, f. 4. = F. tuberculatus, Lam.

Colus (Fusus), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 3543, 1767 52

Colus (Fusus), Renieri. Taf. Alf. = Fusus rostratus, Olivi.
Colus (Murex), Wood. Index Test. = Fusus Nicobaricus, Lam.

Colus (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, xi, 205, 1863 137

Cominella, Gray. Guide Brit. Mus., 15, 1857 101, 201

Commoda (Macron), H. and A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 430, 1863 214

Commoda (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 203, 1863 137

Commutatum (Triton), Dunker. Ktister, 224.

= T. Tritonis, Linn., var. nobile.

Comptus (Triton), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 312. 1854 33

Comptus (Triton), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 598, t. 72, f. 2, 1874.

= T. obscurus, Reeve.

Concentricus (Latirus), Reeve. Icon., f. 2, 1847. = L. niodestus, Anton.
Conceutricus (Tritonidia), Reeve. Bucc. f. 72, 1846.

= Ocinebra contracta, Reeve, vol. ii, p. lol.

Concinnna (Cyllene), Soland, Adams. Zool. Proc., 204, 1850 224

Coricinna (Ranella), Dunker. Zool. Proc., 239, 1862. Novit. Conch, 55,

t. 18, f. 3, 3. = R. pusilla, Brod., var.
Concinna (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 204, 1863.

? = S. signum, Reeve.
Concinnum (Buccinum), C. B. Adams. Bost. Proc., ii, 2, 1845.

= Columbella.

Concinnus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 87, 1844, 2'.)

Conditus (Murex), Gmelin. = Ranella candisata. Lam.

Conicus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn.r 77, 1839 69

Conoidalis (Buccinum), Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, 433, t. 3, f. G, 7.

= Nassa.
Conoideum (Buccinum), Sars. Moll. Norv., 258, t. 24, f. 7, 1878.

= B. undatum, L.
Conspersa (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., ii, 204, 1863.

= S. Cassidariaeformis, Reeve.

Conspersum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 138, 1848. = Nassa.
•Constricta (Distorsio), Brod. Zool. Proc., 5, 1833.

= D. cancellinus, Roissy.
Constrictus (Fusus), Koch. Phil. Abbild, ii, 21, t. 2, f. 5.

= Coralliophila, vol., ii, p. 208.

31

242 INDEX.

Contabulatum (Triton), Anton. Verzeichn., 82, 1839 .......................... 14

Con tabulatus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn., 77, 1839 ........................... 69

Contemptus (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc.,315, 1854 ........................... 92

Contractum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 53, 1346.
= Ocinebra, vol., ii, p. 131.

Contraria (Neptuna), Linn. Mant. No. 554
Convolutus (Triton), Brod.

Zool. Proc., 7, 1833 ............................... 25

Cordieria Rouault, = Borsonia, in Pleurotomidae ................................ 50

Coreanicus (Fusus), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 204, t. 20, f.36, 1879.

= Ptychatractus ........................................................................ 72

Coriacea (Ranella), Reeve. Zool., 137. = T. scrobiculator, Linn.

Cornea (Euthria), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1224 .......................... 149

Corneus (Fusus), Linn. Syst. Nat. = Sipho Islandicus and S. gracilis.
Corneus (Fusus), Say. Am. Conch., t. 29. = Sipho gracilis, Da Costa.
Cornulina Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch, i, 21, 1865 ................................ 102

Coromandelianus (Cantharus), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 169 ..................... 163

Coronata (Fasciolaria), Lam. Edit., 2, ix, 435 ................................. 77

Corona (Melongena), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3552 .................................... 108

Coronatus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix., 452. = Melongena morio, Linn.
Corrugata (Ranella), Perry. Conch., t. 5, f. I, 1811, Morch. Mai. Blatt.

xxiv, 24. = R. affinis, Brod.
Corrugata (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi., 204. 1863 ....... 137

Corrugatum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 110, 1847. = Amphissa.
Corrugatus (Fusus). Reeve. Icon., f. 84, 5848. = Trophon, vol. ii, p 145.
Corruscans (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 58, 1851. ? == Nassa.
Corticatus (Fusus), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal., 9, 1873.

= Urosalpinx Paivge, Crosse, vol., ii, p 155.
Corrugatus (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh.. ix., 628 ................................. 15

Costata (Cominella), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 417, t. 30, f. 17, 20 ........... 203

Costatum (Buccinum), Meusch. Mus. Gevers., 605, 1787.

= Triton Poulsenii, Morch.

Costatus (Triton) Born. Mus. 297. = T. olearium, Linn.
Costulatum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn., 92, 1839. = Nassa.
Couderti (Streptosiphon), Petit, Jour, de Conch., 76, t. 2, f. 8, 1853.

= S. Cumingii, Reeve.
Couei (Fusus), Petit. Jour, de ConchyL, iv., 249, t. 8, f. 1, 1853 ............. 68

Coxi (Triton), Brazier. Zool. Proc., 22 t. 4, f. 9, 1872 ........................ 28

Crassa (Cominella), Adams. Morch, YoldiCat., 94. = C. porcata, Gmel.
Crassa (Lagena), Schum. Nouv. Syst. = Leucozonia smaragdula, Linn.
Crassa (Ranella), Dill wyn. Cat. ii, 692 ............................................ 38

Crassicauda (Pyrula), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 98, 1848.

=Hemifusus tuba, Gmel.

Crassum (Buccinum), Nyst. (fossil). ?— Buccinopsis Dalei, Sowb.
Crassum (Triton), Grateloup. Atlas., t. 29, f. 20. = L. nodiferus, Lam.
Crassus (Phos), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 37, 1. 10, f, 1, 2, 1844 ............... 218

Craticulata (Turbinella), Costa. Cat. Syst. (excl. syn.) 91.

= Cantharus d'Orbignyi, Payr.
Craticulata (Turbinella), Schubert. Kiener. Iconog., t. 9. f. 2.

= T. crenulata, Kiener.
Craticulata (Turbinella), var. Wagner. Conch., 103, t, 227, f. 4023.

4024. = Peristernia Wagneri, Anton.
Craticulatus (Fusus), Brocchi. Conch. Foss. Subapp., 406, t. 7, f. 14.... 60

Craticulatus (Latirus), Linn. Syst, Nat Edit, xii, 1224 ...................... 93

Crebricostata (Neptunea), Dall. Proc. Cal. Acad., Kobelt. Conch. Cab.,

116, t. 39, f. 1, 1377 ................................................................. 118

Crebricostatus (Fusus), Lam. Anim. sans Vert,, 2d edit., ix, 458 ..... ..... 68

INDEX. 243

Crebriliratus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 20, 1847. = F. Australia, Quoy.

Crebristriatus (Triton), Carpenter. Zool. Proc. 175, 1856 30

Crenilabrum (Pisania), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 138, 1854. E. A. Smith,
Jour. Linn. Soc. xii, 541, 1876.
— P. fasciculata, Reeve, var. Montrouzieri, Crosse.
Crenulata (Peristernia), Kiener. (non Reeve). Icon. 43, t. 9, f. 2.

= P. Chlorostoma, Sowb.
Crenulata (Turbinella), Reeve (not Kiener). Icon. f. 24, 1847.

=Peristernia Wagneri, Anton.

Crenulatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp., 87, f. 17, 1880 228

Cretaceum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 112, 1847; Canad. Nat. viii, 417,

Packard, Bost. Memoirs, i, 288. = Sipho Kroyeri, Moller.
Cretaceus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 48, 1847. = Trophon, vol. ii, p. 149.
Cribrarium (Buccinum), Lam. Anim. sans Vert, vii, 274. = Columbella.
Crispus (Fusus), Forbes. JEg. Invert, 139. ? = F. pulchellus, Phil.

Crispus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 68, 1844 24

Trocata (Fasciolaria), Phil. Zeit. Mai., v, 25, 1848 76

Crocatus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 97, 1846 160

Crocea (Cominella), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 97, 1853 207

Crosseanus (Cantharus), Sowerby. Jour, de Conchyl., 3 ser., v, 160,

1865 161, 166

Cruentata (Ranella), Sowerby. Zool. Proc., 51, 1841 ; Conch. 111., f. 5, 5*. 39
Crumena (Ranella), Kiener, (not Lam.). Monog. 3, t. 2, f. 1,

= R. foliata, Brod.

Crumena (Ranella), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., edit. Desh., ix, 545 37

Crumenoides (Ranella), Blainv. = R. crumena, Lam.
Cryptorhytis, Meek. Hayden's Survey, ix, 356, 1876.

== S. G. of Fasciolaria, Lam 50

Cubaniana (Ranella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, 105, 368, t. 23, f. 24, 1853.

Morch, Mai. Blatt, xxiv, 24, 1877. = R. affinis, Brod.
Cucurbitula (Purpura), Duclos. Ann. Sc. Nat , t. 2, f. 12, 1832.

= Cominella lagenaria, Lam.

Cumia, Bivona. Nov. Gen., 1838 ^.. ....... 25

Cumingiana (Ranella), Dunkar. Zool. Proc., 238, 1862; Novit. Conch.

59, 1. 19, f. 78. = R. affinis, Brod.
Cumingianum (Buccinum), Bunker. Zeit. Mai., iii, 1846.

= Cantharus Cecillei, Philippi.

Cumingii (Metula), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 173, t. 20, f. 1, 2, 1853 153.

Cumingii (Neptunea) Crosse. Jour, de Conch., x, 51, t. 5, f. 12, 1862.

= N. despecta, Linn., var. fornicata,
Cumingii (Phos), Reeve. Elem. Conch., t. 3, f. 16, 1860.

= P. gaudens, Hinds.

Cumingii (Streptosiphon), Jonas. Reeve, Icon. Fusus, f. 67, 1818...: 144

Cumingii (Triton), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 205, t. 26, f. 5, 1861.

= T. clathratus, Sowb.

Curta (Nassaria), Gould. Otia, 125, 1860 523

Curta (Neptunea), Jeffreys. Brit, Conch., iv, 336, 1867.

= Sipho Stimpsoni, Morch.

Cuspidata (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 139, 1844 43

Cutaceum (Triton), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. 12, 1217 15

Cyaneum (Buccinum), Brug. Encyc. Meth., i, 266, 1792 188

Cyaneum (Buccinum), Hancock. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xviii, 328, 1846

= B. ciliatum, Fabr.
Cyanostoma (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 155, 1850. Smith, Zool.

Proc., 811, 1875. = P. textum, Gmel.
Cygneus (Fusus), Phil. Zeit. Mai., viii, 77, 1851 68

244 INDEX.

Cylindricus (Triton), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 94, t. 11, f. 9, 1868... 29

Cyllene, Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t, 41, 1833 102, ^

Cyllenoides (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 155, 1850 2

Cymatium, Bolt. Mus., 1798. = S. G. of Triton, Montf. 9, 18

Cymatium, Link, Ros. Samml., iii, 119. = Plicatella, Swains.

Cynocephalus (Triton), Lam. Edit, Desh., ix, 633 I-1

Cyrtulus, Hinds. Ann. Nat. Hist., zi, 256, 1843, = Clavella, Swains.

Dakotensis (Serrifusus), M. & H , 49

Dalei (Buccinopsis), Sowb. Min. Conch., 139, t. 486, f. 1, 2 190

Dalli (Sipho) Friele. Norw. North Sea Exped., t 2, f. 18, 19 1

Danielseni (Sipho), Friele. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vi, 282, 1879 132

Decapitatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 85, 1844

Decemcostata (Neptunea), Say. Jour. Phila. Acad., v, 214, 1826 118

Decemcostatum (Tritonium), Midd. (non Say). Mai. Ross., ii, 138.

= Neptunea lirata, Mart.
Decipiens (Distorsio), Reeve. Icon., f. 102, 1844.

= D. cancellinus, Roissy.
Decollates (Murex), Pennant (non Linn.), Brit. Zool., iv, 124, t. 79.

= fry of Neptunea antiqua, Linn.

Decollates (Triton), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 72, 1833 28

Decolor (Fusus), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg. i, 63, 1845.

= Trophon Geversianus, Pallas, vol, ii, 144
Decoratus (Peristernia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 316., 1854. E. A. Smith,

Zool. Proc., 812, 1878. = P. chlorostoma, Sow)).
Decussata (Cuniia), Calcara, 1838, Phila. = Triton reticulatus, Blainv.

Deformis (Neptunea), Reeve. Fusus, f. 45, 1847 122

Delalandi (Cominella), Kiener. Monog., t. 5, f. 14 203

Depictus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 82, f. 86, 1880 2

Deshayesiana (Volutharpa), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., v, 86, t, 3, f. 89,

1856, J: C., 112, 1875. = V. ampullacea, Midd.
Deshayesii (Peristernia), Kobelt. Kuster's Conch. Cab., 109, t. 24, f. 4, 5.

—P. nassatula, Lam.
Desmoulinsi (Pisania), Montrouzier. Jour. de. Conch., 3 ser., iv, 268,

t. 10, f. 3, 1864. == Cantharus fumosus, Dillw., var.
Despectus (Murex), Montagu, Pennant, etc. = Neptunea antiqua, Linn.

Despecta (Neptunea), Linn. Syst. Nat,, edit, xii, 1222 116

Despecta (Peristernia), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 315, 1854 85

Digitalis (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 86, 1844 24

Dilatata (Siphonalia), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 498, t, 34, f. 15-17 135

Dilectus (Fusus), A, Ad. Zool. Proc., 221, 1855 68, ±27

Dira (Euthria), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 92, 1840. Dall., Calif. Fusus,

Proc. Gal. Acad., 1877 lr>l

Discolor (Pisania), Kiener. Buccinum, t, 11, f. 39. = P. glirina, Bl.
Distans (Fasciolaria), Lam. An sans Vert, Edit, Desh., ix, 433.

= F. tulipa, L.

Distans (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 445 57

Distinctus (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 315, 1856 94

Distorsio, Bolt. Mus., 1798 5,35

Distorta, Perry. Conch., 1311. = Distorsio Bolt,

Distortrix Link, Besch. Rostock, iii, 122, 1807. = Distorsio, Bolten.

Distortum (Triton), Encycl., t. 415, f. 3. == T. lotorium, Linn.

Distortus (Cantharus), Gray. Wood's Index Suppl., t, 45, f. 7.". 165

Distortus (Triton). Schubert, Wagn. Conch., Cab. 138, t. 231, f. 4074,

4075..... 26

Doliarius (Triton), Linn. Edit, xii, 1223 16

INDEX. 245

Dominovse (Neptunea), Valenc. Comptes Rendus i, 761, 1858. Kobelt,

Conch. Cab. 95 128

Donovan! (Buccinum), Gray. /ool. Beechey's Voy., 128, 1889 187

Donovan! (Buccinum), Reeve (non Gray). Icon. f. 2

= T. Teme-Novre, Beck.

D'Orbignyi (Cantharus), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, 150, t. 8, f. 4-G 158

Dorsuosus (Triton), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. v, 420 18

Dubia (Cominella), Krauss. Kobelt Cat. No. 8. = Purpura scobina, Quoy.
Dubia (Leucozonia), Petit. Jour, de Conch, iv, 75, t. 2, f. 9, 10, 1853.

Dumale (Phos.), Phil. Zeit, Mai. GO, 1851 220

Dunkeri (Cominella), Kiister. 86, t. 15, f. 9-11 203

Dunkeri (Fusus), Jonas. Malak. Beitr. 129, 1844. Phil. Abbild. ii, 191,

t, 4, f. 4 60

Dunkeri (Triton), Lischke. Mai. Blatt, xv, 219, 1868. Jap, Moll, i,

40, t. 8, .f. 1, 2 19

Duodecimus (Fusus), Gray Dieffenbach's N. Zeal, ii, 230.

= Trophon, vol. ii, p. 147.
Dupetit-Thouarsi (Fusus) Kiener. Monog. 15, t. 11.

= F. distans, Lam., var.
Duplicates (Murex), Donovan. Brit. Shells, iv, t. 119.

= Neptunea despecta, Linn., var. fornicata.

Eatoni (Buccinopsis), Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xvi, OH, 1875.

(Neobuccinum), Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 168, p, 169, t.9, f. 1. 197
Ebur (Fusus), var. togatus, Petit. Cat. Moll. Eur. 275.

= Sipho togatus. Morch.
Ebur (Neptunea), Kobelt (non Morch). Jahrb. Mai. Ges. iii, 74, t. 3,

f. 1, 2. 1877. = Sipho propinquus, Alder, var.
Ebur (Neptunea), Morch. Jour. Conch, xvii, 398, 1869. Kobelt, 113,

t. 38, f. 6. = Sipho Sarsii, Jeffreys.

Eburna, Lam. Syst. An. 78, 1801 101, 209

Eburnea (Buccinopsis), Sars. Reise i Lofoten og Finm.*73, 1849.

= var. of Buccinopsis Dalei, Sowb.
Eburnea (Cominella), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 93, 1846. = C. costata, Quoy.

Eburneus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 69, 1844 24

Echinata (Gyrineum), Link. Mus. Rost. iii, 123.

= Ranella spinosa, Lam.
Echinatus (Fusus), Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii, 179.

= Trophon muricatus, Mont., vol. ii, p. 140.

Echinatus (Fusus), Kiener. Monog. 19, t. 2, f. 2. = F. vaginatus, Jan.
Ectracheliza. Nov. Gen. Buccinidee, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad. N. S. ii,

271, t. 9, f. 2, 1872 10f>

Effusum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 65, 1846 188

Egregia (Nassaria), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Triton, t. 18, f. 78, 1844 222

Elata (Pisania), P. P. Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. Hist,. 3d Ser., xiv, 49,

1864. = Cantharus 159

Elegans (Cantharus), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 25, f. 2, 1834 164

Elegans (Fusus), Gray. Ann. Nat, Hist., i, 27, 1838. = Turbinella 97

Elegans (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 87, 1848. = F. Maroccensis, Gmel.

Elegans (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 315, 1854 94

Elegans (Ranella), Beck, Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 17.

= R. subgranosa, Sowb., var.
Elegans (Ranella), Kiener (not Beck). Monog. 4, t. 3, f. 1.

= R. crumena, Lam.
Elegans (Sycotypus), Conrad. Am. Jour* Conch, iii, 185. Proc. Philad.

Acad. 583, 1862. =. Fulguf pyrum, Dillw.

246 INDEX.

Elegans (Terebrispira), Conrad 50

Elegans (Triton), Thompson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, 317, t. 19, f. 1.

= Engina farinosa, Old.
Eliceans (Fulgur), Montf. Conch. Syst. 303. = F. carica, Gmel., var.

Elongata (Cominella), Dunker. Zool. Prpc., 356, 1856 207

Elongatulum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn. 91, 1839. = Bullia.

Elongatus (Hemifusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 513 112

Elongatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 59, 1844. = T. vespaceus, Lam.

Encausticus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 43, 1844 2:-J

Engina, Gray 220

Epidromus, Klein. Ostrac. 52, 1753. Adams' Gen. i, 103.

= S. G. of Triton, Montf 9, 25

Epitremia (Ranellaj, Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, 133,

1876. ? = R, iucunda, A. Ad 45

Eripachya, Gabb. Pal. Calif, ii, 148, 1869 105

Erythrostoma (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 14, 1846 155

Escalre (Buccinum), Phil. Atacama, 188, t. 7, f. 18, 1860 194

Eupleura, H, and A. Ad. Genera i, 107. See Muricidse, vol. ii, p. 157.

Euthria, Gray. Fig. Moll. An. iv, 67, 1850 100, 149

Evarne, H. and A. Adams. Genera of Recent Moll, i, 79, 1858.

= Euthria, Gray.

Exaratus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 50, 1844 22

Excavatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp., 136, f. 168, 1880 229

Exilia, Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. iv, 291, t. 47, f. 34, 1860 49

Exilifusus Conr. Am. Jour. Conch, i, 18, 1865. = Exilia, Conrad.

Exilifusus, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 278, 1876 4.9

Exilis (Fusus), Menke. Moll. Nov. HolL, 26, 1843 68

Exilis (Triton), Reeve. Icon, f, 11,1844 21

Eximius (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 77, 1844 28

Extensium (Bucc.), Dunker. Philippi, Abbild., iii, 70, t. 2. f. 11.

= Cantharus !•"><>

Fallax (Latirus), Kobelt. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 80, 1. 19, f. 3 93

Farinosum (Buccinum), Gould. Otia, Conch., 64, 245. = Engina.
Fasciata (Melongena), Schum. Essai, Nouv, Syst, = M. melongena,

Linn.
Fasciata (Turbinella), Sowb. Reeve, Icon.

= Peristernia spinosa, Martyn.
Fasciatus (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 176, 1853.

= P. senticosus, Linn.

Fasciculare (Buccinum), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., 21, 1843 194

Fasciculata (Pisania), Reeve. Buccinum. f. 76, 1848 140

Fasciculatus (Fusus), Hornbr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v. 110, t. 25,

f. 15, 16, 1854. = Trophon, vol. ii, 143.

Fasciolaria Lam. Syst. An., 83, 1801 48, 73

Fasciolarioides (Fusus), Forbes. JEgean. Invert., 190.

- — Cantharus leucozona, Phil.
Fasciolaris (Purpura) Lam., vii, 249. = Pisania maculosa, Lam.

Fasciolina (Conrad). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 186, 1867 •">()

Fastigiella Reeve. = Cerithidse.

Fastigium (Latirus), Reeve. Icon., f. 72, 1847, Zool. Proc. 812, 1878 91

Femorale (Triton), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit.,xii., 1217 18

Fenestrata (Peristernia), Gld. Bost. Proc., vii, 327, 1860 86

Fenestrata (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeichn., 71, 1839 97

Fenestratus (Sipho), Turton. Mag. N. Hist., vii, 351 130

Ferrea (Euthria}, Reeve. Buccinum, f. 102, 1847.

= E. plumbea, Phil., var.

INDEX.

Ferruginea (Fasciolaria), Laiu. Edit. Desh., ix., 435.

= F. filamentosa, Lam,, var.

Ficoides (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 51, 1844 13

Fictilis (Triton), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 12, t. 4, f. 11, 12 30

Ficula (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 73, 1848. = Urosalpinx, vol. ii, 154.
Ficus (Murex), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3545. = Melongenaparadisiaca, Rve.
Fidicula (Fusus), Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., 233, f. 284. = Bela.

Fijiensis (Ranella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv., 270, 1880 225

Filamentosa (Fasciolaria), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 434. 75

Filamentosus (Latirus), Koch. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 69, t. 9, f. 8.

? = L. brevicaudatus. Reeve.

Filaris (Cantharus), Garrett. Calif. Proc., iv., 202, 1874 160

Filaris (Pisania), A. Adams, Zool. Proc. 313, 1854 149

Filicea (Cominella), Crosse et Fischer. Jour. Conch., xii., 349, xiii, 49,

t. 15, 16 206

Filosa (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 205, 1863 137

Filosus (Fusus), Lam., vii, 129. = Latirus gibbulus, Gmel.

Filosus (Latirus), Schubert & Wagner. Conch., xii, 100, t. 227, f. 4019,

4020 90 229

Filosus (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 175, 1853. = P. senticosus, L.
Finibriatus (Fusus), Gay. Hist. Nat. Chile., viii, 195, t. 4, f. 7, 1854.

= Trophon crispus, Gld., vol. ii, 143.
Finmarkianum (Buccinum), Verkrilzen. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ii, 237, t.

8, Friele, Prelim. Rept., 4, f. 8, 1877, Sars. Moll. Norv., 262, t. 13, f.

10, t. 25, f. 3, 4. = B. cyaneum, Brug., var.
Fischeriana (Volutharpa), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser., v.

422; 1870 .. 202

Fischerianum (Buccinum), Ball. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 106, 1872 190

Flammulata (Pisania), Hombr. & Jacq. Astrol. et Zelee., v. 75, t. 21, f. 1,

2. = P. ignea, Gmel., var.
Flammulata (Pisania), Quoy. Moll. Astrolabe, ii, 426, t. 30, f. 29, 31.

= P. ignea, Gmelin.

Flavidus (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 314, 1854 94

Flavulum (Tritonium), Beck. March, Ann. Soc. Mai., Belg., iv.17,1869,

= B. tenue, Gray.
Flemingiana (Halia), Macgillivray. Moll. Aberd., 68.

= Buccinopsis Dalei, Sowb. Jur.

Floridanum (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 237, 1842, ?= Nassa 194

Floridanum (Buccinum), Petit. Jour, de Conch., 2, ser. i, 91, t. 2, f. 5,

6, 1856. = Cantharus cancellaria. Conr.

Foliata (Ranella), Brod. Zool. Jour., ii, 199, t. 11, f. 1 37

Fontainei (Fusus), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., 447, t. 63, f. 2.

= Siphonalia alternata, Phil.
Forceps (Fusus), Perry. Conch, t. 2, f. 4. = F. turricula, Kiener.

Formosae (Eburna), Sowb. Thes., iii, t. 291, f. 17, 18 211

Fornieatus (Fusus), Gray. Beechey's Voy.

= var. of Neptunea despecta, Linn.
Forskalii (Peristernia), Tapparone. 26, f. 6, 7, Kuster, Conch. Cab., 110,

Mer. Mar. Rosso., t. 52, t. 19, f. 4, 4, a.

1875. = P. nassatula. Lam., var.

Fossatus (Triton), Gould. Bost, Proc., vii, 329, 1860 16

Foveolatum (Bucc), Bunker. Zeit. Mai. 63, 1847. = Nassa.

Foxii (Triton), Gray. Beechey's Voy., 110, 1839 33

Fragile (Buccinum), Verkr. MSS. Sars. Moll. Novr., 257, t. 24, f. 6.

= B. undatum, L.
Fragosus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 71, 1848. = F. rostratus, Olivi.

248 INDEX.

Fragrans (Fusus), Reeve. H. & A. Adams, Genera. = F. fragosus, Reeve.
Fraterculus (Triton), Bunker. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 166, 1871.

= T. Bassi, Angas.

Fringillum (Buccinum), Dall. Calif. Proc., 1877 191

Fucata (Cominella), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 107, 1864 207

Fulgur,.Mor.tfort, Conch. Syst,, ii, 502, 1810 90 189

Fulva (Pyrula), Desh. Voy. Bellanger, 422, t, 2, f. 5.

= Melongena pugilina, Born.

Fumosus (Cantharus), Dillw. Cat. 269,1819 155

Funerea (Cominella), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 152, 1850, Wilkes'Exp.,

Moll. 253, f. 320. ==, C. costata, Quoy.
Funesta (Clea), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 383, 1861.

? = C. nigricans, A. Ad. .
Funiculatum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 61, 1846.

= Ocinebra contracta, Reeve, vol. ii, p. 131.
Funiculatus (Fusus), Lesson. Rev. Cuv., 104, 1842.

= F. Dupetit-Thouarsii, Kiener.

Fusca (Canidia), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 384, 1861 209

Fuscata (Cyllene), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 205, 1850.

-= C. lugubris, Ad. and Reeve.

Fuscatum (Buccinum), Brug. Diet. Hist. Nat., No. 44. t = Euthria.... 152
Fusco-costata (Ranella), Dunker. Zool. Proc., 239, 1862. Novit, Conch.,

57, t. 19, f. 1, 2. = R. tuberculata, Brod.
Fuscolabiata (Euthria), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xv, 421,

1875 152

Fuscolineata (Siphonalia), Pease. Zool. Proc., 189, 1860 136

Fusconodosus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 132 x, f. 169, 1880 229

Fuscotincta (Siphonalia), Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser, xv, 399,

1865 134

Fuscozonata (Siphonalia), Angas. Zool. Proc., 56, t. 2, f. 7, 8, 1865... 86, 134
Fusiforme (Buccinum), Brod. Zool. Jour., v, 45, t. 3, f. 3.

= Sipho fenestratus, Turt.
Fusiforme (Buccinum), Kiener (not Brod.). 5, t. 5, f. 12, 1841.

= B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Fusiformis (Canidia), Deshayes. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Bull., x, 151, t. 8,

f. 21, 22; t. 7, f. 30-32 209

Fusiformis (Fasciolaria), Valenc. Kiener, lo, t. 4, f. 2 76

Fusiformis (Fusus), Potiez et Muh. Galerie i, 436, t. 34, f. 3-6, 1838.

= Trophon xanthostoma, Brod., vol. ii, p. 146.

Fusiformis (Melongena), Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus., i, t. 11, f. 7 109

Fusiformis (Nassaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., iii, 87, t, 220, f. 11, 12 222

Fusiformis (Polygona), Schum. Nouv. Syst.

= Latirus infundibulum, Gmel.

Fusiformis (Triton), Kiener. Monog., 36, t. 5, f. 2 11

Fusinus Ratinesque. Anal. Nat. 145, 1815. — Fusus, Lam.

Fusispira, Hall. 24th Report N. Y., 229, 1872. Hall and Whitfield.

Pal. King's Survey, 236 102

Fusoides (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 64 (not f. 9).

= Siphonalia spadicea, Reeve.

Fusoides (Siphonalia), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 9, 1846 13H

Fusoides (Triton), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 128. Carpenter, 2d Report,

182. = Phos 220

Fusoides (Tudicla), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 137, 1854.

= Streptosiphon Cumingii, Jonas.
Fusulus (Murex), Brocchi. Conch. Foss. Subapp., 409, t. 8, f. 9.

= Cantharus 157

Fusus, Lam. Syst. An., 82,1801 47, 51, 227

INDEX. 249

Galeodes, Bolten. Mus., 1798. = Cassidulus, Humph.

Galeodes (Melongena), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 517 108

Gallinago (Triton), Reeve. Icon., t. 2. f. 5, 1844 21

Gaudens (Phos), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 38, t. 10, f. 5, 6, 1844 218

Gemmata (Peristernia, var.), Reeve. Icon., f. 61, a, b.

r= Peristernia lirata, Pease.

Gemmata (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon., f. 5, 1847 82

Gemmatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 60, 1844 13

Gemmata (Turbinella), Rouss. (non Reeve). Voy. Pol. Sud., 112, t. 25,

f. 23, 24. = Peristernia incarnata, Desh., var. elegans.

Gemmatus (Cantharus), Reeve. Bucchmm, f. 49, 1846 162

Gemmulatum (Buccinum), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 1847.

= Cantharus gemmatus, Reeve.

Genea, Bellardi. Mem. Acad. Turin, xxvii, 235, 1873 226

Genetta (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Cav., 237, 1842 194

Geniculus (Fusus), Gabb. Pal. Cal., ii, 71 (pars. syn. excl.).

= F. Taylorianus, Reeve. .
Geniculus (Priscofusus), Conrad. Wilkes' Exped., 728, t. 20, f. 3. A.

J. C., 150, 1865 49

Gervillii (Buccinum), Kiener. Coq. Viv., t. 13, f. 43, 44. = Columbella.

Gibba (Cyllene), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 4 ser., v. 427, 1870 225

Gibba (Peristernia), Pease. Zool. Proc., 54, 1865. Am. Jour. Conch , iii,

279, .t. 23, f. 17, 1868 J 86

Gibbosum (Busycon), Conrad. Philad. Proc., 286, 1862.

= Fulgur carica, Gmel., var. eliceans, Montf.
Gibbosus (Triton), Brod. Reeve, s. 11, f. 38 (not t. 14, f. 38).

= T. labiosus, Wood, var. orientalis, Nevill 23

Gibbulus (Latirus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3557 88

Gieseckii (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn., 76, 1839 69

Gigantea (Fasciolaria), Kiener. Icon., 5, t. 10, 11 75

Gigantea (Ranella), Lam. An. sans vert., vii, 150 42

Gilvum (Buccinum), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 180, 1847. = Anachis.

Gilvus (Fusus), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 148, 1848 67

Glabra (Bucc.), Jeffreys. Sars, Moll. Nov. 263.

? = B. Humphreysianum, Benn., var.
Glabra (vSipho), Verkriizen. Kobelt, Jarhb. Mai. Ges., iii, 174, t. 3,f. 3,

1876 126

Glabrata (Cyllene), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 206, 1850.

— » C. Pulchella, Ad. and Reeve.

Glabrata (Eburna), Schrdter. Einl., i, 341. = E. Zeylanica, Brug.
Giaciale (Buccinum), Donovan. Brit, Shells, v, t. 154, 1779.

= B. Donovani, Gray.

Giaciale (Buccinum), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1204 185

Glacialis (Fusus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 117 68

Gladiolus (Epidromus), Monterosato. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., v. 226, 1879. 33
Glandiforme (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 109, 1847.

= Cominella acutinodosa, Reeve.

Glaucum (Buccinum), Bunker. Zeit. Mai., 125, 1852. = Nassa.
Glirina (Purpura), Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus., i, 254, t. 12, f. 9.

= Pisania 149

Gracilenta (Mesorhytis), Meek; 50

Graciliformis (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 60, f. 62, 1880 228

Gracilis (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 96, 1846 160

Gracilis (Latirus), Reeve. Icon., f. 53, 1847 91

Gracilis (Phos), Sowb. Thes. Conch, iii.. 91, t. 221, f. 33 218

Gracilis (Pisania), Koch, Philippi. Abbild., ii, 20, t. 2, f. 3 147

32

250 INDEX.

Gracilis (Sipho), Da Costa. Br. Conch., 124, t. 6, f. 5 124

Gracilis (Triton), Reeve. Icon.,f. 58, 1841. = T. vespaceus, Lam.
Gracillimus (Fusus), Adams and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 41, t. 7,

f. 1 63

Gradatus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 65, 1848 57

Grana (Cyllene), Lam. A. Ad. and Pettit. = Nassa.
Granatus (Fusus), Koch, Philippi. Abbild., ii, 19, t. 2, f. 1, 6.

= Peristernia 83

Grandimaculatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 20, 1844.

= T. lotorium, Linn.

Graudis (Fusus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 116, 1869 68

Granifera (Ranella), Kiener (not Lam). 17, t. 11, f. 1. R. affinis, Brod.

Granifera (Ranella), Lam. An. sans Vert., edit. Desh. ix, 548 41

Graniferum (Buccinum) Kiener. Monog., t. 27, f. 111. ±= Nassa.
Granosa ( Fasciolaria. Brod. Zool. Proc. 32, 1832. = F. salmo, Wood.
Granularis (Apollon), Bolten, Morch. Cat. Yoldi, 106.

= Ranella granifera, Lam.

Granulata (Ranella), Blainv., Malacol., t. 18, f. 2. II. crumena, Lam.
Graulata (Ranella), Lamarck, Edit. Desh. ix, 547.
— R. crassa, Dillwyn.

Granulatus (Triton), Dunker. Mai. Blatt, xviii, 166, 1871 14

Granulosa (Peristernia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 279, t. 23, f. 18,

1868 86

Granulosus (Anton), Verzeichn., 76,1839. Turbinella ? 69

Grateloupiana (Phos), Petit. Jour, de Conch., iv, 243, t. 8, f. 4, 18">:i.

= P. Veraguensis, Hinds.
Gratum (Buccinum), Potiez et Michaud. Galerie, i, 377, t. 32, f. 9, 10,

1838. ^ ? Columbella.

Grayana (Ranella), Dunker. Zool. Proc. 238, 1864. R. bufonia, Gmel.
Grayi (Cyllene), Reeve. Elem. Conch, t. 7, f. 4, 1850

= C. pulchella, Ad. and Reeve.

Grisea (Siphonalia), A. Ad. An. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 205, 1863.. 137

Groenlandicum (Buccinum), Jeffreys. Ann. Mag., 4, xix, 323, 1877, etc.;

Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, 177, 182, t. 152, f. 1448, 1788.

— B. cyaneum, Brug.
Groenlandicum (Tritonium) Morch. Rink's Greenland, 84, 1857.

= Bucc. cyaneum, Brug

Gruneri (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 171, 1846. = Nassa.
Guadaloupensis (Phos), Petit. Jour, de Conch., 56, t, 2, f. 3,4, 1852... 219
Gualtierianum (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog., 69, t. 19, f. 70.

Cantharus 167

Gualtierii (Purpura), Scacchi Cat., 11. = Pisania maculosa, Lam.
Guillaini (Cyllene), Petit. Jour, de Conch., i, 170, t. 7, f. 4, 1850.
C.pulchella, Ad. and Reeve.

Guttatus (Pisania), Busch. Philippi, Abbild , i, 106, t. l,f. 6 149

Guttatum (Buccinum), Phil. Archiv fur Naturg., i, 266, 184.

? = Pisania cingulata, Reeve
Gutturnium, Klein. Ostrac., 51, 1753; Adams' Gen., i. 103.

= S. G. of Triton, Montf. 9, 19

Gyratus (Trophon), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 14, t, 1, f. 14, 15. Vol. 2,

p. 151. ?= Siphonalia 137

Gyrina, Schum. Essai, 253, 1817. = Argobuccinum, Klein.
Gyrina (Apollon), Montf. =s Ranella gigantea, Linn.

Gyrina (Ranella), Linn. Sp. edit. 12, 1216 43

Gyrineum Link. Mus. Rostock, iii, 123, 1807. = Ranella, Lam.
Gyrinoides (Murex) Brocchi. Conch. Foss., 401, t. 9, f. 9,

= Triton nodiferus, Lam.

INDEX. , 251

Hgemastoma (Pollia), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 112, 1839.
= Cantharus sanguinolentus, Duclos.

Hasmastoma (Triton), Valenc. Obs. 302, 1833.= T. pilearis, Linn 3

Haldemanii (Bucc.), Bunker. Zeit. Mai., 62, 1847. Phil. Abbild., iii,

Bucc., t. 2, f. 4. = Columbella.

Halia, Macgill. Moll. Aberjl., 98, 1843. = Buccinum, Linn. Young.
Halia, Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 52, 182G. .=: Pleurotomidre.

Hallii (Neptunea), Ball. Proc. Cal. Acad., v, 59, 1873 120

Hancocki (Tritonium), Morch. Rink's Greenland, 84, 1857.

= Buccinum glaciale, L., var. polare.
Haneti (Murex), Petit. Jour. Conch., v, 90, t. 2, f. 718, 1856.

= Cantharus 1<33

Hanleyanum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit Mai. 63, 1847. == Nassa?

Hanseni (Sipho), Friele. Jahrb. Mai. Geeell., vi, 281, 1879 132

Harfordi (Siphonalia), Stearns. Proc. Calif. Acad., v, 79, 1873. Ball.

Calif. Proc., 1877 139

Harpa (Neptunea), Morch. Biag. Moll. Nouv. Vidensk-Meddel. 342,

1857 122

Hartvigii (Fusus), Shuttlw. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., i, 171, 1856.
F. gradatus, Reeve.

Hastula (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 139, 1844 44

Haydenia, Gabb. Pal. Calif., i, 98, t. 18, f. 51, 1864 106

Helena (Canidia), Meder (MSB.). Phil. Abbild., (Melania), t. 4, f. 8, 1847. 208
Heliotropis, Ball. Cal. Proc , 61, 1873. S. G. of Neptunea, Bolten....99, 122
Helleri (Fusus), Brusina, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien., xv, 8, 1865.
Murex aciculatus, Lam., Vol. ii, pp. 119, 148.

Hemifusus, Swains. Malacol., 91, 308 , 98, 111

Hemifusus (Fusus), Kobelt. Conchyl. Cabinet, 186, f. 159, f. 4, 5,

1880. F. colus, L., var. Brenchlyi 67

Hepaticum (Buccinum), Montagu. Test. Brit., 243, t. 8, f. 1. Nassa.
Heptagon alis (Afer), Reeve. Fusus, f. 26, 1847.

A. BlossviUei, Besh., var.
Heptagonum (Triton), S. Wood. — T. cutaceum, Linn.

Hercorhyncus, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 247, 1868 103

Herrmannseni (Buccinum), Bunkerr Zeit. Mai. 63, 1847. ?= Nassa.
Hermannseni (Pisania), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 138, t. 28, f. 7. 1854........... 146

Heros (Chrysodomus), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. 14, t. 7, 1850.

= Neptunea despecta, Linn, var. fornicata, Gray.

Hexagonus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn., 76, 1839 ' 69

Heynemanni (Fasciolaria), Bunker. Nachtrag, Novit. Conch. 138. t. 32,

f- 1, 2 77

Hians (Ranella), Schum. Nouv. Syst. 252, 1817.

= Ranella, lampas, Linn.
Hidalgoi (Turbinella), Crosse. Jour. Conch., xiii, 316, 414, t. 14, f. 1.

? = T. triserialis, Lam., var.

Hindsia, H & A. Adams. Genera, i, 123. = Nassaria, H. & A. Ad.
Hindsii (Metula), H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 84. — Buc. metula, Hinds.... 153
Hinnulus (Siphonalia), Ads. & Rve. Voy. Samarang., 32, t. 7, f. 10, 1848. 136
Hippocastanum (MelongQna), Born. Mus. 30, 4, (not of Linn), 1870.

= M. galeodes, Lam.
Holbollii (Fusus), Moller. Moll. Grcenl., 15, 1842.

= S. propinquus, Alder.

Homoleuca (Cantharus), Kiister. Buccinum, 87, t. 15, f. 14, 15 158

Horridum (Bucc.) Bunker. Zeit. Mai. 59, 1847. =Nassa,

Humphreysianum (Buccinum), Bennett. Zool. Jour., i, 398 192

Humphreysianum(Buccinum), Moller. Kroyer's Tidsskrift, iv, 85,

1842. =B. cyaneum, Brug.

25-2 INDEX.

Huttoni (Cominella), Kobelt. Cat, 233. ? = C. costata, Quoy.
Hyperboreum (Tritonium), Beck. Amtl . Bericht. No. 15.

=s Neptunea despecta, Linn.
Hydropanum (Buccinum), Hancock. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 1. xviii, 325,

1846. = B. cyaneum, Brug.

«

Idoleum (Pyrula), Jonas. Zool. Proc. 120, 1846, Latiaxis, vol. ii, p. 203.
Ignea (Pisania), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 145.
Imbricata (Pyrula), De Kay. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 149, Sowb. Thes. Conch.

iv. 104, f. 4. = Urosalpinx cinerea, Say. Young and worn.
Imbricatus (Fusus), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 540, t. 30, f. 3,

1876. == Coralliophila, vol. ii, p. 209-
Tniperforata (Pyrula), Menke. Cat. Syn. No. 1077.

= Strepsidura ficulnea, Lam. (fossil).
Imperiale (Bucc). Reeve. Buccinum, Sp. 8, 1846.

= B. undatum, L monst.

Iinpressa (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeichn, 71, 1839 97

Improbus (Murex), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 1860 ; Otia. 125 166

Inca (Cantharus), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Me>id. 455, t. 78. f. 3 164

Incarnata (Peristernii), Deshayes. Voy. Laborde, t. 65, f. 20, 22 81

hicarnatum (Tritonium), M. Sars. Moll. Norv. 270.

= Sipho latericeus, Moll.
Incerta (Ranella), Michelotti. Misc. It. Sept. 256, t. 10, f. 4.

= R. gigantea, Lam.
Incisa (Fusus), Gould. Wilkes' Exped. Moll. 232, f. 283.

= Euthria dira, Reeve.

Incisus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 102, f. 112, 1880. = Neptuuea. 230
Inconstans (Fusus), Lischke. Mai. Blatt., xv. 218, 1868. Jahrb. Mai.

Gesell., i, 115, t. 6, f. 1. = F. perplexus, A. Ad.
Incrasssatus (Fusus), Lam. Anim. s. Vert,, vii., 122, 1822.

= F. undatus, Gmel.

Incrassatum (Tritonium), Miiller. Zool. Dan. 2946. = Nassa,
Inculta (Peristernia), Gould. Bost. Proc. vii, 324, 1866.

? = Leucozonia cingulifera, Lam.
Inermis (Fasciolaria), Jonas. Zeit, Mai., iii, 63, 1846.

= F. filamentosa, Lam. var.

Inermis (Tudicula), Sowb. Zool. Proc. 610, 1878 145

Inferus (Fusus), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zeal. 9, 1873.

= Trophon plebeius, Hutton, vol. ii, p. 145, 156.
Inflatum (Buccinum), Aradas & Benoit. Moll. Sicil, 287.

= B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Inflatus (Fusus), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy, Astrol. et Zel. v. 109, t. 25, f.

11, 12. = Trophon Geversianus, Pallas, vol. ii, p. 144
Inflatus (Fusus), Dunker. Phil. Abbild. ii, 19, 3, t. 4, f. 2.

== Corallophila, vol. ii, p. 209.
Infracincta (Peristernia), Kiister. Conch. Cab. 92, t, 22. f. 16, 17.

= P. ustulata, Rve.

Infundibulum (Latirus), Gmel. Syst. Nat, 3554 89

Insignis (Cantharus), Reeve. Bucc. f. 58, 1846. = C» elegans, Gray.
Intermedia (Turbinella), Koch. Kobelt in Kiister, 155, t. 9, f. 6. ?

= Latirus brevicaudatus, Rve 226

Intermediums (Fusus), Gay. Hist. Nat. Chile, viii, 1.66, t. 4, f, 6, 1854.

== Trophon Geversianus, Pallus, vol., ii, p. 144.

Intermedius (Triton), Pse. A. J. Conch, v. 84, 1869. = T. pilearis, L.
Intertextum (Tritonium), Pfr. = T. reticulatus, Blainv.
Intincta (Cominella), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 32, 1846.

= C. papyracea, Brug.

INDEX. 253

loeranea, Rafinesque. Anal. Nat. 145, 1815. = Fasciolaria, Lam.

lostoma (Cantharus), Gray. Voy. Blossom, 112, 1839 154

Iostoma( Turbinella), Nuttall. Kuster, 36, t. 9, f. 1, 2.

= Peristernia spinosa, Mart.
Iricolor (Turbinella), Hombr. et Jacq. Astrol. et Zel. v, 112, t. 25, f. 25,

27, 1854. — Peristernia ustulata, Rve.
Islandicus (Fusus), Gould. (Binney's Edit, } Invert. Mass. 372, f. 628.

= Sipho Stimpsoni, Morch.
Islandicus (Fusus), var. Kiener. Monog, t. 15, f. 2.

== var. of Sipho Stimpsonii, Morch.
Islandicus (Sipho), Chemn. Conch. Cab. iv., 154, t. 141, f. 1312, 13 123

Janelii (Buccinuui), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 6, f. 1, 184o.

1=^ Cantharus sanguinolentus, Duclos.

Janeirense (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 133, 1848. = Pisania 148

Jania, Bellardi. Mem. Acad. Turin, xxvii, 177, 1873 226

Japonica (Eburna), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 200, 1842 211

Japonica (Buccinum), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., viii,

135,1861, 189

Japonicus (Fusus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 115, 1839 69

Jeffreysianus (Sipho), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., xvi, 37, 1862 120

Jeffreysii (Buccinum), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser., xv.,

424, 1875. ? = B. Japonicum, A. Ad.

Jeranea, Rafinesque. Anal. Nat., 1815. = Fasciolaria, Lam.
Jessoensis (Sipho), Schrenck. Bull. St. Petersb., v, 514, 1863. Moll.

Amur., L., 426, t. 17, f. 8-10 131

Jonasii (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 171, 1846. .= Nassa.

Josepha, Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, p, 32 202, 207

Jucunda (Ranella), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 70, 1853 45

Jullieni (Canidia), Deshayes. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Bull., x, 155, t. 8,

f. 23, 24 209

Karamensis (Fusus), Forbes. .Egean Invert., 190

Cantharus leucozona, Phil.

Kellettii (Macron), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 185, 1853 214

Kellettii (Siphonalia), Forbes. Zool. Proc., 274, t. 9, f. 10, 1850 134

Kennicotti (Buccinum), Ball. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 108, t. 15, f. 1,
1872. Calif. Proc., iv, 271. = Volutopsis Behringii, Midd. .

Kerri (Exilifusus), Gabb 49

Kieneri (Buccinum), Antou. Verzeichn., 92, 1839. ? = Nassa.
Kieneri (Bucc.), Monterosato. --- B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Kieneri (Fulgur), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 98, 1849.

= F. carica, Gmel., var. eliceans.

Kingi (Ranella), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., 451. R. Argus, Gmelin.
Knorrii (Turbinella), Desh. Anim. sans Vert!, ix, 391.

Leucozonia cingulifera, Lam.

Kobelti (Fusus), Dall. Calif. Proc., 1877 64

Kochianum (Buccinum), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., iii, 1846. ~ Nassa..
Kossmanni (Pisania), Pagenstecher. Kossmann's Reise, ii, Moll., 63..... 146
Kraussianum (Buccinum), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. iii, 1846. Nassa.

Krebsii (Triton), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 30, 1877.

T. corrugatus, Lam., var.
Kroyerij. (Sipho'), Moller. Ind. Moll. Gronl., 15, 1842 130

Labiosus (Triton), Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f, 18 17

Labradorense (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 5, 1846.
- B. undatum, L., var. undulatum, Moller.

254 INDEX.

Labradorensis (fteptunea), Packard. Mem. Bost. Soc., i, 233, t.7, f. 8,

(fossil).
Lacertina (Euthria), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 327, 1860. Kobelt, Jahrb.

Mai. Gesell., i, 133, t. 6, f. 2. — Pisania ignea, var. Tritonoides, Rve.

Lachesis (Sipho), Morch. Jour. Conch., xvii, 397, 1869 128

Lacinia, Conrad. Proc. A. N. S., vi, 448, 1853...., 106

Laciniatum (Triton), Mighels. Pease, Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 107.

= Ranella pusilla, Brod.

Lactea (Cyllene), Ad. and Angas. Zool. Proc., 422, 1863 225

Lactea (Bucc.), Reeve. Icon., f. 117, 1847. •.-— Cominella lineolata, Lam.

Lacteus (Hemifusus), Reeve. Pyrula, f. 8, 1847 112

Lacunatum (Triton), Mighels. Bost. Proc., ii, 24, 1845.

= Ranella pusilla, Brod.
Lsetum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 140, 1848. Nassa.

Lsetus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 133, f. 166, 1880 229

Laevibuccinum, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 21, t. 20, f. 17, 1865.
Laevigata (Cominella), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal.

= C. lineolata, Lam., var. virgata, H. and A. Ad.
Laevigata (Ranella), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., ix, 550.

= R. marginata, Gmel.

Lsevigata (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeichn., 71, 1839 97

Lrevigatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 30, f. 157, 1880.

= F. Australis, Quoy 227

Leevigatus (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 155, 1850 217

Lagena, Bolt. Mus. 1798, Adams' Gen. i, 104.

= S. G. of Triton, Montf.

Lageua, Schum. Nouv. Syst., 240, 1817. = Leucozonia, Gray 96

Lagenaria (Cominella), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 81.

-=- C. limbosa, Lam., var.

Lamarckii (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog. 5, t. 3, f. 0. Bullia.
Lamellosa (Ranella), Dunker. Zool. Proc., 240, 1862.

= R. anceps, Lam.
Lamellosus (Fusus), De Kay. Sowb., Thes. Conch., sp. 24, 1880.

== Fulgur carica, Gmel.

Lamnigera (Neptunea), Valenc. Comptes Rendus, i, 761, 1858- 123

Lampas, Schum. Essai, 252, 1817. ~ S. G. of Ranella, Lam 37, 38

Lampas (Murex), Linn. Edit, x, 748. _ Ranella lampas.. 28'

Lampusia, Schum. Ess. Nor. Gen., 250, 1817 = Simpulum, Klein.

Lancea (Latirus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3556... 90

Lanceola (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 52. = Latirus lancea, Gmel.
Lanceolata (Ranella), Philippi. Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, 211, t. 11, f. 28.

— Triton reticulatus, Blainv.

Lanceolatus (Cantharus), Koch. Phil. Abbild , ii, Fusus, 121, t. 3, f. 9.. 160
Lanceolatus (Latirus), Reeve. Icon., f. 12, 1847. Ads. and Reeve, Voy.

Samarang, 42, t. 7, f. 8, 1848 90

Lanceolatus (Triton), Menke. Syn., 87, 1828... 27

Lapillus (Fusus), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour, iv, 378,

Leucozonia subrostrata, Gray.
Largillierti (Neptunea), Petit. Jour. Conch., ii, 254, t. 7, f. 6, 1851.

= N. Norvegica, Chemn.

Latericeus (Sipho), Moller, Ind. Moll. Groenl., 15, 1842 130

Latevaricosus (Triton), Ileeve. Icon., f. 90, 1844. = T. bracteatus, Hinds.

Laticostatus (Fusus), Desh. Guerin's Mag., t. 21, 1830 53

Latirus (Montf.). Conch. Syst., ii, 531, 1810 "..48, 87

Latrunculus, Gray. Zool. Proc., 139, 1847. = Eburna, Lam.
Lauta (Turbinella), Reeve. Icon., f. 73, 1847.
= Peristernia incarnata, var. elegans, Dkr.

INDEX. 255

Lautus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 63, 1846.

= var. of C. Coromandelianus, Lam.
Lefebvrii (Buccinum), Maravigna. Rev. Cuv., 325, 1840. ? — Nassa.

Legrandi (Fusus), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 137, 1875 68

Leiocheilos (Buccinum), Val. Humb. et Bonpl., 328, 1833 194

Leiostoma, Swains. Malacol., 308, 1840 102

Leptorhynchus (Fusus), Tapparone-Canefri. Mur. Mar. Rosso., 63, t. 19,

f. 5, 1875 56

Leucostoma (Buccinum), Lischke. Mal.Blatt., xix, 101, 1872, (undeter-
mined).

Leucostoma (Ranella), Lam. An. sans Vert., edit. Desh., ix, 542 42

Leucozona (Cantharus), Philippi. Zeit. Mai., iii, 1843 158

Leucozonia, Gray. Zool. Proc., 136, 1847 48, 94

Leucozorialis (Leucozonia), Lam. Hist, vii, 107 96

Levibuccinum, Conrad 104

Levifusus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 17, 1865. Perissolax, Gabb.

Ligata (Purpura), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 78. Kiener, Bucc., t. 5, f. 15.

= Cominella porcata, Grnel.

Ligata (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist,. 3d ser., xi, 205, 1863. 137
Ligatus (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 175, 185,°,.

Ph. senticosus, Linn.
Ligatus (Ptychatractus), Mighels and Adams. Bost. Jour. Nat.

Hist, iv, 51, t. 4, f. 17, 1842 72

Lignaria (Fasciolaria), Linn. Edit, xii, 1224 78

Lignaria (Melongena), Reeve. Pyrula, f. 12, t. 9.

= M. pallida, Br. and Sowb.
Lignarius (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 455. == Euthria cornea, Linn.

Lignarius( Triton), Brod. Zool. Proc. 5, 1833 15

Ligneum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 57, 1846.

Cantharus Cecillii, Phil.
Ligula (Fusus), Kiener. Monog., t. 9. f. 2. = Latirus lancea, Gmel.

Limbatus (Cantharus), Philippi. Abbild., i, III, t. 1, f. 9 156

Limbatus (Triton), Phil. Ads.' Genera, i, 103 32

Limbosa (Cominella), Lam. Edit. Desh., x; 78 202

Limicola (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1851. = Nassa.

Limnamna (Volutharpa), A. Adams. (Bullia). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vi,

109, 1860 201

Limnaeforme (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 64, 1847. == ? Nassa.
Linatella, Gray. H. and A. Adams. Genera, ii, 654.
-Priene, H. and A. Ad.

Linatella, Mo'rch 14

Lincolnensis (Fusus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, 53, t. 2, f. 4, 1865. 66
Lineare (Cominella), Reeve. Bucc., f. 116, 1847. C. lineolata, Lam.

Lineata (Euthria), Martyn. var. pertinax, Martens, Sitzb., Berlin,

23, 1878 151

Lineata (Euthria), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 48 157 x

Lineata (Neptunea), Kiener. H. and A. Ad., Genera, i, 80.

? Euthria lineata, Martyn.
Lineata (Pyrula). Encyc. Meth., t. 432, f. 5. = Melongena galeodes,

Lam.

Lineata (Turbinella), Lam. Hist., vii, 109. —Latirus turritus, Gmel.
Lineatum (Buccinum), Gmel. 3494. = Littorina, angulifera, Lam.
Lineatus (Cantharus), Menke (not Gmelin). Zeit. Mai., 72, 1853.

=±= Cantbarus variegatus, Gray.

Lineatus (Fusus), Menke. Syn., No. 1110 68

Lineatus (Fusus), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., 501, t. 34, f. 6-8.

--Euthria lineata, Martyn.

25 G INDEX.

Lineatus (Triton), Brod. Zool. Proc. 6, 1833 14

Lineatus (Triton), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 72, 1831. = T. Sowerbyi, Reeve.
Lineolata (Cominella), Dunker (not Lam.) Phil. Abbild., 110, Fusus,

t. 1, f. 10. == C. Dunker, Kiister.

Lineolata (Cominella), Lam. Edit. Desh. x, 164, 186 204

Lineolata (Cominella), Quoy. Astrol. ii, 419, t. 30, f. 14-16.
C. lineolata, var. virgata. H. & A. Ad.

Lineolatus (Fusus), Costa. Rev. Cuv., 249, 1841 67

Lineolatus (Triton), Conrad. Proc. Acad., Philad., 26, t. 1, f. 18, 1846.. 31
Liomesus, Stimpson. • Canad. Nat., N. S. ii, 364, 1865.
= Buccinopsis, Jeffreys.

Lirata (Euthria), A. Adams. Linn. Proc., vii, 105, 1864 152

Lirata (Neptunea), Mart. Conch, t. 43 116

Lirata (Peristernia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 152, 1868 82

Liratus (Fusus), Gould, Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 282. ^Trophon, vol. ii, 143
Liratus (Fusus), Reeve, (non Martyn.) Icon. f. 40.

- Neptunea decemcostata, Say.
Lirostomus (Triton), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser., v, 419, 1870. 14

Lirofusus, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch , i, 17, 1865 103

Lirosoma Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., 286, 1862.

-S. G. of Fasciolaria, Lam 50

Lischkeana (Fasciolaria), Dunker. Novit. 44, t. 14.

=*F. trapezium, Linn., var.
Listeri (Fusus), Jonas. Mai. Beitr., 106, .t. 10, f. 13.

= Sipho gracilis, Da Costa.
Littorinoides (Euthria), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 94, 1846.

= E. lineata, Martyn, var.
Livescens (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 135, 1848. = Nassa.

Livida (Macron), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 136, 1854 214

Livida (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 138, 1844. = R. a-ffinis. Brod.
Lividus (Fusus), Phil. Abbild., ii, 21, t. 2, f. 8.=F. Blossvillei, Desh.

Lividus (Sipho), Morch. Jour, de Conch., x, 36, t. 1, f. 1. 1862 127

Loebbeckei (Fusus), Kobelt. Conchyl. Cab., 154, t. 48, f, 1, 1880 54

Loebbeckei (Peristernia), Kobelt. Kiister' s Conch. Cab., 104, t. 25, f.

4, 5 7'.»

Loebbeckei (Triton), Lischke. Mai. Blatt, xvii, 23, 1870 2:!

Longicauda (Fusus), Borg. Encyc. Meth., t. 423, f. 2 <»3

Longicaudus (Murex), Wood. Index Test. = Fusus colus, Linn.
Longirostris (Fusus), Schum. Nouv. Syst., 216, 1817. F. colus, Linn.
Longirostris (Ranularia), Schum. Nouv. Syst., 254.

= Triton clavator, Lam.

Longissimus (Fusus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3556 56

Longurio (Fusus), \Veinkauff. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser. vi, 247. t. 5, f. 4,

1866. =Trophon muricatum, Mont., vol. ii, p. 140
Loroisi (Triton), Petit. Jour, de Conch., 53, t. 2, f. 8, 1852.

= T. labiosus, Wood.

Lotor (Lotorium), Montf. Conch., ii, 583. - T. femorale, Linn.
Lotorium, Montf. Conch. Syst. ii, 583, 1810. = Cymatium, Bolt.

Lotorium (Triton), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1217 19

Lotorium (Triton), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 109. T. pyrum, Linn.
Luctuosa (Pisania), Tapparone-Canefri. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 242,

1876 149

Luculenta (Peristernia), H. & A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 429, 1863 87

Lugubris (Cantharus), C. B. Adams. Panama, Cat. No 60 158

Lugubris (Cyllene), Ads. & Rve. Voy. Samarang,33, t. 10, f. 10 224

Lugubris (Fasciolaria), Reeve. Icon. f. 2, 1847 75

INDEX. llfM

Lupinus (Fusus), Phil. Abbild. iii, 118. = Netrum. (Pusionella.)

Lurida (Neptunea), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc. vii, 107, 1864 116

Luridum (Buccinum), Hutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal. 14, 1873.

= Cominella lurida, Phil.
Luridum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 137, 1848. Icon, iii, 46, t. 1, f.

10. = Cominella acutinodosa, Reeve.
Luridum (Tritonium), Midd. Bull. St. Petersb. vii, 244, 1849.

= Ocinebra lurida, var. aspera, Baird. vol.ii, p. 131.

Luteolum (Buccinum), Val. Comptes. Rendus. Ivi, 762 194

Luteopictus (Fusus), Dall. Calif. Proc. 1877. = F. cinereus, Reeve. 1872.
Luteostoma Buccinum), Kiener. Monog. 110, t. 30, f. 1. = Nassa.

Luteostoma (Ranella), Pease. Zool. Proc. 307, 1860 45

Lutosa (Eburna), Lam. Encycl. t. 401, f. 4, a. b 211

Lyrata (Cyllene), Lam. Anim. s. Vert. x. 170 223

Lyrata (Nassaria), Link. (Morch). = Nassaria nivea, Gmel.
Lyratus (Fusus), Desh. Anim. s. Vert, ix, 478.

= Neptunea lirata, Martyn.
Lyratus (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 13, 1847 90

Maclurii (Ranellina), Conrad 6

Macron, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 132, H. Adams, Zool. Proc. 753,

1865 101, 214

Macula (Buccinum), Montagu. Test. Brit. 241, t. 8, f. 4. = Nassa.
Maculata (Gyrina), Schum. Nouv. Syst. 253. = R. gigantea, Lam.

Maculata (Cominella), Martyn. Univ. Conch, ii, t. 49 204

Maculata (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon. f. 70, 1847 84

Maculata (Turbinella), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pol. Sud. v. 113, t. 25, f.

32, 33, 1854. = Peristernia maculata, Rve.
Maculiferus (Fusus), Tapparone-Cayefri. Mur. Mar Rosso. 62.

= F. tuberculatus, Lam.
Maculosa (Eburna), Bolten. Morch. Yoldi. Cat. 76. = E. lutosa, Lam.

.Maculosa (Pisania), Lam. Anim. sans Vert, vii, 269 148

Maculosum (Buccinum), Martyn. Univ. Conch, t. 8, (non Bl.)

? = Cominella maculata, Martyn. Juv.

Maculosus (Triton), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3548 25

Mada, Jeffreys. Brit. Conch, iv. 295, 1867. = Buccinum, L.

Maderensis (Latirus), Watson. Proc. Zool. Soc. 362, t, 36, f. 30, 1873... 89

Magellanicum (Buccinum), Phil, Zeit. Mai. 138, 1848

= Eutheria plumbea, Phil.
Magellanicus (Murex), Chemn. Conch. Cab. x. t. 164, f. 1570.

= Triton cancellatus, Lam.

Magna (Fasciolaria), Anton. Verzeichn, 72, 1839 78

Magnifica (Nassaria), Lischke. Mai. Blatt. xviii, 148, 1871 222

Magnum (Buccinum), Da Costa. Brit. Conch. 120, t. 6, f. 4.

== Neptunea antiqua, Linn.
Magnus (Fusus), Mart. Conch. Cab. iv t. 144, f. 1339.

= F. longissimus, Gmel.

Malsburgianus (Fusus), Menke, Syn. No. 1108 68

Mammata (Bursa), Bolten. Morch. Cat. Yoldi. 105.

= Ranella bufonia, Gmelin.
Manchuricus (Sipho ) A. Adams. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 4 ser.

xv. 422, 1875. S. Jessoensis, Schrenck.
Mancinella. Mus, Berl. H. & A. Ad. Gen. i, 81.
Melongena, Schum.

Mandarina (Siphonalia), Duclos. Mag. Zool. t. 8, 1831 138

Margaritiferum (Buccinum), Punker. Zeit. Mai. 60, 1847. Nassa.

258 INDEX.

Margaritula (Ranella), Deshayes. Voy. Bellanger, t. 3, f. 13, 15 37

Marginata (Ranella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat 42

Marginatus (Fusus), Dujardin. Me"m. Geol. ii, 294, t. 19, f. 3.

= Euthria cornea, Linn.
Mariei (Turbinella), Crosse. Jour. Conch, xvii, 177, 279, t. 8, f. 2, 1869.

= var. of Peristernia pulchella, Rve.
Marminea (Mitrella), Risso. Eur. Merid. iv. 272, f. 64.

— Cantharus d'Orbignyi, Payr.

Marmorata (Pisania), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 95, 1846 147

Marmoratum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn. 92, 1836. ? — Nassa.
Marmoratum (Triton), Link. Verzeichn. 152, 1807.

— T. Tritonis, Linn, var. nobile.

Marmoratus (Fusus), Phil. Abbild. ii, 120, Fusus, t. 3, f. 7.

= F. Australis, Quoy.
Maroccanus( Fusus), Chemn. Conch. Cab. iv., 62, t. 105, f. 896.

— F. Marocensis, Gmel.

Maroccensis (Murex), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3558 66

Marquesanus (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 315, 1854.

= Penisternia ustulata, Rve.

Marlensiana (Euthria), Button. Jour, de Cench. 17, 3, .ser. xv. iii, 1874. 151
Martiniana (Melongena), Phil. Abbild, Pyrula. i, 95, t 1, f. 9.

= M. corona. Gmel.
Martinianum (Triton), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 162, 1853.

= T. pilearis, Linn.

Maura (Cominella), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 313, 1854 207

Mauritianus (Triton), Tapparone-Canefri. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. ii, 283,

1876 . : 24

Maxima (Siphonalia), Tyrou 135

Mayeria, Bellardi. Mem. Acad. Turin. *xvii, 186, 1873 226

Mazzalina, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch, i, 23,1865. Lagena, Schum. . 225
Mediterraneus (Triton), Risso. Hist. Nat. iv. 202. = T. nodit'erus, Lam.
Mediterraneus (Triton), Sowb. Zool. Proc. 71, 1833.

— T. reticulatus, Blainv.

Meganema, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch, iii, 267. = Tortifusus, Conrad.
Melanoides (Buccinum), Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, 4, 30, t. 2, f. 3, 4.
= Bullia.

Melanostoma (Cantharus), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App. 21, 1825 15 1

Melo (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Cuv. 3o5, 1840 194

Melongena, Schum. Essai, 212, 1817 98,107

Melongena (Melongena), Linn. Syst, Nat, Edit. 12, 1220 107

Mendicaria (Engina), 220

Menkeanus (Cantharus), Bunker. Mai. Blatt, vi, 222, 1860 157

Mercatoria (Voluta), Delle Chiaje, iii, t. 46, f. 44, 46.

Pisania maculosa, Lam.
Mesorhytis, Meek. Hayden's Survey, ix, 356, 1866.

— S. G. of Fasciolaria, Lam 50

Metula H. & A. Adams. Gen. Recent, Moll., ii, 84, 1858 100, 152

Metula (Buccinum), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur., 31, t. 10, f. 13, 14, 1844.

= Metula Hindsii, H. & A. Adams.

Metulella, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad. 270, t, 11, f. 3, 1872 104

Metzgeria, Norman. Quar. Jour. Conch., ii, 56, 1879.

= Meyeria, Dunker & Metzger.
Mexicanum (Buccinum), Brug.

= Cominella porcata, Gmel. var. Anglicana.

Meyeri (Fusus), Dunker. Novit, Conch., 127, t, 43, f. 1, 2 63

Meyeria, Dunker & Metzger. Sars, Moll. Norv. 245, 1878 48

INDEX. 259

Microstoma (Turbinella) Kiister, Conch. Cab. Ill, t. 26, f. 8, 9.

Peristernia nassatula, Lam., var. Forskalii, Tapp.
Middendorffi (Chrysodomus), Cooper. Pac. R. R. Rep. xii, 370.

= Neptunea lirata, Mart.
Milleti (Fusus), Petit, = Pusionella.

Minutisquamosus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 80,1848 65

Minutum (Buccinum), Pennant, Brit, Zool., iv, 11, t. 79, f. 122.

Nassa incrassata, Miiller.
Minutes (Fusus), Desh. Exped. Moree, 193, t. 19, f. 31, 33.

? Murex corallinus, Scacchi, vol. ii, pp. 119, 148.
Miocaenica (Ranella), Michelotti. Mioc. It. Sept. 258.

— R. gigantea, Lam.

Mirabilis (Thatcheria), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc. 529, t. 54, f. 1. 1877 112

Mirandum (Buccinum), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4 ser. xvi,

107, 1875 186

Mitritfusus, Bellardi, Mem. Acad. Turin, xxvii, 234, 1873 226

Mitrella (Metula), Adams & Reeve. Voy. Samarang., 32, t. 11, f. 13 152

Modestum (Buccinum), Powis. Zool. Proc., 94, 1835. == Truncaria.
Modestus (Fusus). Anton. Philippi ; Abbild., i, 111, t, 1, f. 11. == Latirus 90

Modestus (Fusus), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 327, 1860 67

Modificata (Neptunea), Reeve.' Buccinum, f. 67, 1846 134

Moebii (Neptunea), Dunker & Metzger. Jahrb., 148, t. 7, f. 1, 1874.

= Sipho Sarsii, Jeffreys.

Moestum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 60, 1851. = Pisania 146

Mohnia, Friele. N. Mag. Natur., xxiii, f. 14, 1877.

= S. G. of Sipho Klein 99, 133

Mohnii (Mohnia), Friele, N. Mag. Natur., xxiii, f. 14, 1877 133

Molleri (Buccinum), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 29, 1846 and Index.

= B. ciliatum, Fabr.
Molliana (Eburna), Chemn. Sowb. Thes., in, 69, t. 215, f. 1.

= E. Valentiana, Swn.
Molliana (Eburna), Martini. Conch. Cab., iv, 16, f. 1119.

= E. Zelandica, Brug.

Mollis (Pisania), Gould. Bost. Proc., viii, 327, 1860 149

Monachus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn., 78, 1839 69

Monilifer (Triton), Ads. & Rve. Voy. Samarang, 37, t. 10, f. 18, 1848... 21

Monoplex, Perry. Conch., 1811. = Simpulum, Klein.

Montrouzieri (Pisania), Crosse. Jour. Conch., 3 ser. ii, 251, t. 10, f. 7,

1862. = P. fasciculata, Rve. var.
Morchiana (Volutharpa), Fischer. Jour, de Conchyl., vii, 299, t, 10,

f. 2, 1859. = Buccinum cyaneum, Brug., var.

Morchianum (Bucc.), Dunker. Novit., i, t. 2, f. 1, 2, 1858. = B. glaciale, L.
Morcliii (Buccinum), Friele. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., iv, 260, 1877. N. Mag.

Naturvid., xxiii, f. 7, 1877. ? ===B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.

Morio (Melongena). Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1221 Ill

Morrissii (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai... 60, 1847.— Phos. plicosus, Dunker.
Moritinctiis (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 49, 1844. = T. cynocephalus, Lam.
Mucida (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Kobelt, Conch. Cab., 93, = S. munda, A. Ad.

Multangula (Fusus), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 25, 1848. = Leucozonia 95

Multicarinatus (Fusus), d'Orb. Voy. Am., 446. = F. closter, Phil.

Multicarinatus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 446 55

Multicarinatus (Fusus), Reeve, (non Lam). Icon., f. 22, 1847.

= F. spectrum, Ad. & Rve., var.
Multicostatus (Fusus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 118.

= Trophon clathratum, vol. ii, p. 140.
Multigranosum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 61, 1847. == Nassa.

260 INDEX.

Multinoda (Turbinella), Petit. Rev. Zool., 232, 1842.

— T. rosa-ponti, Lesson.
Multiplicata (Nassaria), Sowerby. Thes. Hi, 87, t, 220, f. 6, 7.

== N. nivea, Gmel.

Mulus (Murex), Dillw. Desc. Cat. ii, 704. = T. cancellinus, Roissy.
Munda (Siphonalia), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 3d ser. xi, 206.

1863 137

Mundum (Triton), Gould. Bost. Proc., 143, 1849. = T. gemmatus, Rve.

Munsteri (Triton), Anton. Verzeichn., 83, 1839 19

Muricatus (Fusus), Mont. Test, Brit, i, 262, t. 9, f. 2.

= Tropbon, vol. ii, p. 140.
Muriceus (Fusus), Blainv. Encyc. Meth., t. 428, f. 3.

Murex frondosus, Lam. (Fossil).
Muriciformis (Fusus), King. Zool. Jour., v, 348, 1835.

= Tropbon, Geversianus, Pallas, var. vol. ii, p. 144.
Muriciformis (Ranella), Brod. Zool Proc., 179, 1832.

= Eupleura, vol ii, p. 158.
Muriciformis (Ranella), var. Sowb. Conch. 111. f. 11.

= Eupleura triquetra, Reeve vol. ii, p. 158.

Muricinus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeicbn. 78, 1839 69

Muricoides (Fusus), C. B. Adams. Bost. Proc., ii, p o 68

Muriculatus (Phos), Gould. Sowb. Tbes. iii. 89, t. 221, f. 12.

= Ph. senticosus, Linn.
Mutabile (Buccinum), part Val. Voy. Venus, t. 6, f. 2, e, f, Carp.

Mazat. Cat., 516, 515. = Cantharus gemmatus, Rve.
Myristica, Swainson. Malacol., 86, 307, ^810.

= S. G. of Melongena, Schum.
Myristica (Melongena). Encyc. M6th , t. 431, f. 3, a, b.

= M. galeodes, Lam.
Myristica (Melongena), Reeve, Conch. Icon. Fusus, f. 57, 1848 109

Nagasakiensis (Latirus), E. A. Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 482, t. 48, f. 7,

1880 225

Nana (sPeristernia), Reeve. Icon., f. 67, 1847 84

Nana (Ranella), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 51, 1841 38

Nassa (Leucozonia), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3551.

= Leucozonia cingulifera, Lam.

Nassaria, Link. Mus. Rost. iii, 123, 1807 102, 220

Nassatula (Peristernia), Lam. Hist., vii, 110 80

Nassoides (Cominella), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 12, 1846 20r>

Nassoides (Nassaria), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier 222

Nassoides (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon., f. 71, 1847 S">

Nasuta (Voluta), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3455. = Triton Tritonis, Linn.
Natator (Tritonium), Bolten. Morch, Cat. Yoldi., 106.

= Ranella tuberculata, Brod

Nebulus (Fusus), Montagu. Test. Brit., t. 15, f. 6. = Pleurotoma.
Neglecta (Ranella), Sowerby. Zool. Proc., 52, 1841.

= R. Margaritula, Desh.

Neglectus (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 314, 1854 94

Neobuccinum, E. A. Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 168, p. 168.

1879 100, 197

Neptunea, Bolten. Mus., 1798..... 98, 113

Neptunella, Meek. Cret, Check List, 38, 1804; Pal. Hayden's Survey,

ix. 343. = Pyrifusus, Conrad 103

Neptunella, Verrill. Rept. U. S. Fish Comr., 639, 1875. Sipho, Klein.
Nerei (Murex), part. Dillw. Desc. Cat., ii, 728.

= Triton nodiferus, Lam.

INDEX. 261

Newcombi (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 314, 1854.

— Peristernia chlorostoma, Sowb.

Nicobaricus (Fusus), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., ix, 445 53

Nigricans (Clea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 119, 1855 208

Nigricostatus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 73, 1846.

= C. fumosus, Dilhv. var.

Nigrinus (Fusus), Phil. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Halle, 21, 1857 68

Nigrirostratus (Fusus), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc. 202, t. 20, f. 33, 1879. 62

JNiponicus (Fusus), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc. 203, t. 20, f. 34, 1879 65

Nisotum (Buccinum), L'otiez et Michaud. Galerie., i, 378, 1838.

? = Columbella.

Nitens (Fusus), Adams. Contrib. Conch., GO. 1850 68

Nitida (Ranella), Brod. Zool. Proc., 179, 1832. = Eupleura, vol. ii, p. 158.

Nitidulus (Triton",, Sowb. Zool. Proc., 71, 1844 27

Nivale (Buccinum), Friele. North Sea Exped., t. 3, f. 24, 25 195

Nivea (Nassaria). Gmel. Syst. Nat.., 3504 221

Niveus (Fusus), Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist., i, 28, 1838 68

Nobilis (Fusus), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 60, 1848 62

Nobilis (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 137, 1844.

= R. bufonia, Gmel. var.
Nobilis (Triton), Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. 2 ser. i, 212.

= T. Tritonis, Linn., var.

Nodatus (Latirus), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 51 92

Nodicincta (Cominella), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin., 23, 1878 206

Nodicinctus (Fusus), A. Adam«. Zool. Proc., 222, 1855.

= F. Australia, Quoy 68, 227

Nodicostata (Hindsia), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 183, 1853.

= Nassaria acuminata, Reeve.

Nodiferus (Triton), Lem. Edit. Desh., ix., 624 10

Nodiliratus (Triton;, A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. v, 419, 1870... 14
Nodicostatus (Phos.j, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 154, 1850.

= P. senticosus, Linn.
Nodosa (Pyrula), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 518.

= Melongena Paradisiaca, Reeve.

Nodosa (Siphonalia), Martyn. Univ. Conch, t. 5 136, 194

Nodosa plicatus (Fusus), Dunker. Novit. Conch. 99, t. 33, f. 3, 4 54

Nodosum (Triton), Mart. Conch. Cab. iv, t. 131, f. 1256.

= T. Wiegmanni, Anton.

Nodulosa (Peristernia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., C13, 1854 ". 87

Nodulosa (Pisania), Biv. Nouv. Gen. = Cantharus d'Orbignyi, Payr.

Nodulosa (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., xi, 206, 1863 137

Noduliferum (BuccinumJ, Phil. Zeit. Mai., 136, 1848. = Nassa.
Nodulus (Triton), Morch. Yoldi Cat.. 109. = T. tuberosus, Lam.
Notatus (Phos.), Sowb. Thes. iii, 94, t. 221, f. 17, 18. = P. pallidus, Powis.
Noumeensis (Peristernia), Crosse. Jour, de Conch , xviii, 247, 870. xix,

199, t. 6, f. 1, 1871 86

Novic-Hollandise (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 70, 1848. Carpenter, 2d

Report, 49. = F. spectrum, Ads. and Reeve.

Norvegica (Neptunea), Chemn. Conch. Cal., x, 218, t. 157, f. 1497-8.... 119
Norvegicum (Buccinum), Encyc. M6th, t. 399, f. 5.

= Cominella porcata, Gmel., var. Anglicana.
Nucleus (Murex), Brod. Zool. Proc. 175, 1832. Sowb. Conch. 111. f. 2.

= Fusus 67

Nux (Liomesus), Dall. Calif. Proc., 1877 195

Obesum (Buccinum), C. B. Ad. Bost. Proc., ii, 2, 1845. — Columbella.
Obesus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 129, f. 92, 1880. = Sipho 132

262 INDEX.

Obliqua (Cyllene), Kiener, Petit. = Nassa.

Obliqueplicatum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 61, 1847. = Nassa.

Obliquicostatus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum. f. 91, 1846... 161

Oblitus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon, f. 29, 1847. -= F. Nicobaricus, Lam.
Obscura (Buccinum), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 68, 1846.

= Cominella lineolata, var. virgata.

Obscurus (Fusus), Phil. Icon. Fusus, i, 108, t. 1, f. 5 67

Obscurus (Triton), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 312, 1854 33

Obscurus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 63, 1844 26

Occidentals (Ptychatractus), Stearns. Prelim. Desc., 1871. Cal. Proc.

v, 79, 1873 72

Ocellata (Turbinella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat,, 3488 95

Ocelliferus (Fusus), Born. Encyc. Me"th. t, 429, f. 7 65

Ochotensis (Tritonium), Midd. Reise ii, 235, t. 10, f. 1, 2; t. 9, f. 5,

1851. = Buccinum striatum, Sowb.

Odontobasis, Meek. Hayden's Survey, ix, 351, f. 41, 42, 43, 1876 105

Olearium (Murex), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. 10, 748.

? = Ranella gigantea, Lain.

Olearium (Triton), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1216 11

Olivator (Ranella), Mensch. Mcerch, Cat. Yoldi., 106.

= R. bitubercularis, Lam.

Opis (Triton), Bolt. Moerch, Yoldi Cat., 108. = T. nodiferus, Lam.
Oregonensis (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 61. = Triton Oregonense, Jay,
Oregonensis (Triton), Redfield. Ann. N. Y. Lye., iv, 165, t. 11, f. 2,

1848. = T, cancellatus, Lam.

Orientalis (Cyllene), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 205, 1850. = C. Owenii, Gray.
Orientalis (Triton), Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xliii, 29, 1874.

= T. labiosus, Wood, var.
Ornata (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ii, 204, 1863.

= S. Cassidarigeformis, Reeve.
Ornatum (Buccinum), Say. Jour. A. N. S , 229, 1822.

= Melongena corona, Gmel.
Orphnostoma (Tritonidea heemastoma, var.), Wimmer. Sitzb. Akad.

Wien, Ixxx, 472. = Cantharus hsernastoma.
Oryza (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 64, 1847. ? = Astyris.

Ossiani (Neptunea), Friele. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., vi, 279, 1879 133

Ovata (Fasciolaria), Menke. Synops. No. 1030. Morch, Mai. Blatt, xviii,

126. =F. salmo, Wood?
Ovoides (Neptunea), Midd. Reise, ii, 236, t. 8, f. 7, 8, 1851.

- Buccinopsis Dalei, Sowb.

Ovum (Buccinum), Turton. Zool. Jour, ii, 366, t. 13, f. 9.

- Buccinopsis Dalei, Sowb.

Ovum (Tritonium), Midd. Mai. Ross. Pt. 2, 174, t. 4, f. 12, t. 6, f. 1-4.

-- B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Oweni (Cyllene), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 41, f. 2 224

Pachycheilos (Triton), Tapparone-Canefri. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. ii, 243,

1876 21

Pachyraphe (Fusus), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 205, t, 20, f. 37, 370,

1879. == Coralliophila, vol. ii, p. 209.

Pacifica (Eburna), Swains. Zool. 111. iii, t. 146. = E. lutosa, Lam.
Pacifica (Turbinella), Lesson. Rev. Cuv., 211, 1842.

? = P. chlorostoma, Sowb.
Packardi (Buccinum), Stimpson. Canad. Nat. N. S., ii, 375, 1865.

? = B. plectrum, Stimpson, var.
Paeteli (Fusus), Dunker. Novit. Conch., 100, t. 33, f. 5, 6.

= F. gradatus, Reeve.

INDEX.

Paitelianus (Latirus), Kobelt. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 71, t. 18, f, 2, 3 91

Pagoda (Nassaria), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 121, 1844. = Nassa 223

Pagodus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 50, 1846.

= Melongena fusiformis, Bl.

Pagodus (Fusus), Lesson. Ill, Zool., t. 40, 1831 51

Pagodus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 97, 1844. = Nassa.

Palteatractus, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, 147, 1869 103

Pallida (Cyllene), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 205, 1850.

= C lugubris, Ad. & Reeve.
Pallida (Pyrula), Brod. & Sowb. Kobelt, Conch. Cab., Pyrula, 32, t. 7,

f. 3 109

Pallidus (Phos), Powis. Thes. iii, 94, t. 221, f. 19-21 218

Panamense (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 61, 1851.

Papillaris (Eburna), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., 22, 1825 211

Papillatus (Triton), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 166, 1871 32

Papillina, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., 262, 1855..., 103

Papillosa (Fasciolaria), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App. 16, 1825.

F. gigantea, Kiener.

Papillosus (Triton), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. v, 419, 1870... 14
Paposum (Buccinum), Phil. Atacama, 188, 1860.
Papuanus (Cantharus), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, vii,

1028,1875 159

Papyracea (Cominella), Brug. Encyc. Meth., t. 400, f. 3 202

Paradisiaca (Melongena), Reeve. Icon. Pyrula, f. 17, 1847 110

Parthenopus (Triton), Salis. Reisen, 370, 1793.
Parvulum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 64, 1847.

= Columbella cribraria, Lain.

Parvulum (Buccinum), Verkr. Mai. Jahrb., 1876. == B. undatum, L.
Parvus (Triton), C. B. Ad. Contrib. 59, 1850. = T. eximeus, Rve.
Pastinaca (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 88, 1846.
('. Coromandelianus, Lam., var.

Pastinaca (Hemifusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 64, 1848 112

Patagonicum (Buccinum), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg., i, 68, 1845.

= Euthria plumbea, Phil.

Patula (Melongena), Brod. & Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, 377 107

Paulucciana (Ranella), Tapparone-Canefri. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, 244,

1S70. ..- R. cruentata, Sowb 45

Pauperculus (Fusus), Deshayes. Laborde's Voy. Arab., 66, t. 115,

f. 15-17 57

Pazi (Pisania), Crosse. Jour, de Conch , 2 ser. iii, 380, 1. 14, f. 1, 1858... 148
Pectinata (Ranella), Hinds, Voy. Sulphur, 13, t. 4, f. 17, 18, 1844.

= Eupleura, vol. ii, p. 158. .

Pediculare (Buccinum), Lam. = Planaxis lineatus.

Peistochilus. Meek, Check List Cret. Foss. 22, 1864 ; Hayden's Sur-
vey ix, 356 , 47

Pellucidus (Sipho), Hancock Ann. Mag. xviii, 330, t, 5, f. 3, 1846 130

Penita (Cassis), Meusch. Mus. Gron, 388.

= Triton cancellinus, Roissy.
t'ennata (Pisania), Chemn. Conch. Cab., iv, t. 127, f. 1218-1220.

P. pusio, Linn.
Pensum (Fusus), Hutton. Cat, Moll. N. Zeal, 8, 1873.

— F. spjralis, Adams.

Perca (Biplex), Perry. Conch., t, 4, f. 5, = Ranella pulchra, Gray 43

Percyanus (Fusus) Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 4, f. 77, 1880.

= F. polygonoides, Lam 227

Perdix (Buccinum), Beck. Moerch, Spitzbergen's Mollusken, Ann. Soc.

Mai. Belg.. iv, 18, 1869. — B. cyaneum, Brug.

204 INDEX.

Perforata (Eburna), Sowerby. Zool. Proc., 252, t. 21, f. 2, 1870 21:;

Perforates (Triton), Conrad. Proc. Philada. Acad., iv, 150, 1849.

T. Wiegmanni, Anton.

Pergracilis (Exilia), Conr 49

Pericochlion (Neptunea). Schrenck. Bull. Petersb., v, 514, 1805.. 121

Perissolax, Gabb. Syn. Cret. Moll., 66, 1861 104

Peristernia, Moerch. Yoldi Cat., 99,1852 48, 79

Perlatus (Cantharus), Kiister. Conch. Cab., Buccinum. 61, t. 12, f. 5, 6. 158
Perplexus (Fusus), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., 106, 1864; E. A. Smith,

Zool. Proc., 202, 1879 54

Perryi (Bullia), Jay. Japan Exped., ii, 295, t. 5, f. 13-15, 1856.
Persica (Fasciolaria), Reeve. Icon. f. 15, 1847. = F. aurantiaca, Lam.
Persona, Montf. Conch. Syst. ii, 602, 1810. = Distorsio, Bolt.

Personella, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 21, 1865. = Triton 6

Perversus (Fulgur), Linn. Syst. Nat,, edit. 12, 1222 141

Perversus (Fusus), Lam. Kiener, t. 20, f. 1. = Neptunea contraria, Linn.
Pes-leonis (Bufonaria), Schum. Nouv. Syst., 252, 1817.

= Ranella scrobiculator, Linn.
Petit Thouarsi (Fusus), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 5, f. 1, 1846.

= F. Dupetithouarsi, Kiener.

Petterdi (Cantharus), Brazier. Zool. Proc., 22, 1872 162

Pfaffi (Sipho), Morch. Jour. Conch., xxiv, 869, 1876 , 127

Pfeifferi (Fusus), Philippi. Abbild. ii, 117, t. 3, f. 1 63

Pfeifferianus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 14, 1844 23

Phalaena (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Cuv., 237, 1842. ? = Engina 194

Philberti (Peristernia), Recluz. Mag. de Zool., t. 91, 1844 :.... 79

Philippii (Fusus), Jonas. Mai. Beitr., 129 02

Philomela (Triton), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 268, 1880 225

Phos, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 494, 1810 101, 215

Picta (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon. f. 19, 1847 7'.»

Pictum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 172, 1846. = Nassa.

Pictum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 74, 1846. = Pisania ignea, Gmel.

Picturatum (Buccinum), Dall. Calif. Proc., 1871 H'O

Pictus (Cantharus), Scacchi. Cat. 10, f. 14 158

Pictus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 99, 1844 :>(»

Pileare (Triton), Orb. Voy. Amer. merid. 449. = T. olearium, L.

Pilearis (Triton), Linn. Syst, Nat., edit, xii, 1217 12

Pingue (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 61, 1851. = Nassa.

Pisania Bivona, Effem. scient. 55, 1832 100, 145

Plagosus (Fulgur), Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad., 2d ser., 583, 1862 ;

Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 182. = F. pyrum, Dillw.

Planaxiforme (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeich. 92, 1839. ? = Planaxis.
Plebeius (Fusus), Mutton. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal., 9, 187U.

= Trophon, vol ii, p. 145, 156.

Plectrum (Buccinum), Stiinpson. Canad. Nat. N. S. ii, :->74, 1865 184

Pleurotomarius (Fusus), Couthuoy . Bost. Jour, ii, t. 1, f. 9. = Pleurotoma.
Pleurotomiforme (Buccinum), Potiez et Mich. Galerie, i, 379, t. 32, f.

13-14, 1838.

Pleurotomoides (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn. 17, 1839 09

Plicata (Tyrula), Lam. Anim. s. Vert,, edit. Desh. ix, 502 Ill

Plicata (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 138, 1844. Conch. Icon. t. 7, f. :'•:'..

Kuster, 139, t. 38a, f. 2. = Eupleura, vol. ii, p. 145, 150.
Plicatella, Swains. Malacol. 78, 304, 1840. = Latirus, Montf.

Plicatula (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeich. 71, 1839 97

Plicatulum (Buccinum), Nuttall. Jay, Cat. -3d edit., 88 194

Plicatus (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 175, 1857. == P. senticosus, Linn.

INDEX. 265

Plicatus (Sipho), A. Adams. Jour. Linn. Soc. vii, 107, 1864.
Plicosum (Buccinum), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. Ill, 1846. == Nassa.
Plicosum (Buccinum), Menke. = Urosalpinx cinerea, Say. Vol. ii, p. 152.

Plicosus (Phos), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. Ill, 1846 -. 216

Plumatum (Buecinum), Gmelin, 3494. = Pisania pusio, Linn.

Plumbea (Cyllene), Sowb. Thes. Conch, iii, 78, t, 217. f. 28, 27, 28 224

Plumbeus (Fusus), Phil. Abbild. i, 108, t. 1, f. 3, 1844.

= Euthria plumbea 150

Pluriannulata (Cominella), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 38, 1846.

= C. lineolata, Lam., var. virgata.
Polare (Buccinum), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 128, 1839.

= B. glaci*le, Linn., var.
Politum (Buccinum), Basterot. M£m. Geol. Env. Bordeaux, 48, t. 2, f. 11,

teste Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, 431, t. 3, f. 1, 2. = Bullia.
Pollia, Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. Ill, 1839. = Canthcvrus, Bolten.
Polychloros (Ranella), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ., Genoa, xii,

1028, 1875. == R. pusilla, Brod., var.
Polygona, Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst., 241, 1817. = Latirus, Montf.

Polygonoides (Fusus), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. edit. Desh. ix, 455 56

Polygonus (Latirus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3555 88

Polyzonalis (Ranella), Encyc. Me'th. = R. argus, Gmelin.
Ponderosa (Fasciolaria), Jonas. Phil. Abbild., iii, Fasc. 93, t. 2.

— F. trapezium, Linn., var.
Ponderosa (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 137, 1844. = R. affinis, Brod.

Porcata (Cominella), Gmelin. Syst Nat., 8494 202

Porcatum (Buccinum), B. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 3494.

= Cantharus variegatus, Gray.

Porcatus (Cantharus), H. and A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 430, 1863 166

Porphyrostoma (Tudicla), Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon. Fasciolaria,

1847 . 143

Poulsenii (Triton), Morch. Mai. Blatt, xxiv, 33, 1877 14

Poulsoni (Buccinum). Nuttall MSS. Jay, Cat. 3d edit. 88 194

Prevostii (Buccinum), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 6, f. 3.

= Cantharus spiralis, Gray.

Priamus, Beck. Desh. Anim. s. Vert. viii. 299, 1838. = Halia, Risso.
Priene, H. & A. Adams. Genera, ii, 655, 1858.

- S. G. of Triton, Montf 9, 33

Princeps (Fasciolaria), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App. 16, 1825. 75

Priscofusus, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 150,1865 49

Prismaticus (Latirus), Marty n , 93

Proboscidiferus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 449 52

Proditor (Ranella), Frauenfeld. • Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien. xv, 894.

1865. Velain, Archives, Zool. Exp. vi, 100, t. 2, f. 5.

= R. argus, Gmel.

Producta (Ranella), Pease. Zool. Proc., 397, 1860 45

Productum (Triton), Gld. Moll. Wilkes' Exp. 240, 1852.
- = T. tuberosus, Lam.

Productus (Sipho), Beck. Morch, Jour. Conch., xxiv, 371, 1876 129

Propinquus (Sipho), Alder. Cat, North., t. 63 125

Proteus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 51, 1846.

C. fumosus, Dillw.
Provincialis (Fusus), Blainv. Faune Franc., 87, t. 4, D. f. 1.

= F. rostratus, Olivi.
Provincialis (Pyrula), Martin. Jour, de Conch., ii, 249, t. 8, f. 4, 1851 ;

Petit, ibid., iii, 272. = Cnssidaria echinoph'ora.

34

zbb INDEX.

Pseudobuccinum, Meek & Hayden. Haydeu's Survey, ix, 849, t. 31, f. 5.

1876 105

Pseudodon (Leucdzonia), Burrow. Elem., 184, t. 26, f. 2, 1815.

=== L. cingulata, • Lam.

Ptychatractus, Stimpson. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 59 48, 72

Pubescens (Buccinum), Kiister. Monog., 73, t. 13, f. 8, 9, 1858.

= Cominella porcata, Gmel., var.
Pugilina, Schum. Nouv. Syst., 216, 1817, = S. G. of Melongena, Schum.

Pugilina (Melongena), Born. Mus., 315 110

Pulchella (Cyllene), Ad. & Rve. Voy. Samarang, 33, t. 10 224

Pulchella (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon., f. 65, 1847 81

Pulchella (Ranella), Forbes. Voy. Rattlesnake, ii, 328, t. 3, f. 6, a, b,

1852. = R. pulchra, Gray 4:5

Pulchellum (Buccinum), Adams. Contr. Conch., 130, 1850 194

Pulchellum (Buccinum), Sars. Moll. Norv., 261, t. 24, f. 9. 1878.

= B. cyaneum, Brug.
Pulchellus (Fusus), Pfr. (not Lam.) Archiv. fur. Naturg. i, 258, 1840.

= Cantharus limbatus, Phil.

Pulchellus (Fusus), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, 178, t. 25, f. 28 65

Pulchellus (Murex), Lam. Pfeiffer. Weigm. Archiv., i, 258, 1840.

= Cantharus limbatus, Phil.
Pulchellus (Triton), Ad. Contr. Conch., 60, 1850. = T. chlorostomus, Lam.

Pulchra (Ranella), Gray. Sowb. 111., f. 19 4::

Pulchra (Ricinula), Reeve. Icon. f. 20. ----- Peristernia incarnata, Desh.
Pulchra (Siphonalia), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 132, 1876.

= Young, Pleurotoma philomenae 137

Pulchrum (Buccinum), Reeve., f. 80, 1846. = Engina.

Pulchrum (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Cuv., 238, 1842 194

Pulla (Fusus), Reeve. Fusus, f. 89, 1848.

? = Pleurotoma Vahlii, M oiler.
Punctulatum (Buccinum), Potiez et Mich. Galerie, i, 380, t. 32, f. 15, 10.

1838. = Columbellidse.
Punctatum (Buccinum), Monog., 74, t. 14, f. 61.

= Amycla, in Columbellidte.

Punctatus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn., 77, 1839 69

Puncticulatus (Cantharus), Bunker. Mai. Blatt., viii, 44, 1862 159

Purpurea (Fasciolaria), Jonas. Zeit. Mai., 1846. = P. aurantiaca, Lam.
Purpurea (Fasciolaria), var. Dunker, Novit., 94, t. 32, f. 1, 2.

= F. Heynemanni, Dunker.

Purpuroides (Buccinum), Anton.. Verzeichn, 92, 1839. Undetermined.
Purpuroides (Fusus), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., t. 65, f. 1.

= Melongena fusiformis, Blainv.

Purpuroides (Turbinella), Lesson, Rev. Zool., 211, 1842 97

Pusilla (Distorsio), Pease. Zool. Proc.. 397, 1860 o">

Pusilla (Meyeria), Sars. Norv. Moll., 245, 1. 13, f. 8, Vid. Selsk. Foreh.

Christ., 39, 1858. = M. alba, Jeffreys.
Pusilla (Neptunea), Bolten. Morch. = Nassaria nivea, Gmel.

Pusilla (Ranella), Brod. Zool. Proc., 194, 1832 44

Pusillum (Buccinum), Pfr. Archiv., i, 257, 1840. — Columbella.
Pusillum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 62, 1851.

Pusillus (Fusus), Pfeiffer. Archiv. fiir Naturg., i, 258, 1840 67

Pusillus (Triton), Pease. Zool. Proc., 4, 34, 1860 31

Pusio, Gray. Griffith's Cuvier., t. 25, 1823. = Pisania, Bivona.

Pusio (Pisania), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit., xii, 1223 14-")

Pusio (Pisania), Linn. Philippi et Auct. == P. niaculosa, Lam.
Pustulosa (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 137, 1844. Conch. Icon., f. 11,

1844... . 41

INDEX. 267

Puxleyanum (Bucc.) Leach. Moll. Gt. Brit. 127.

= B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Pygmaea (Ranella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 154.

= Nassa pygmaea, Lam.

Pygmseus (Sipho), Gould. Invert. Mass., 284, f. 199, 1841 129

Pygrnasus (Triton), Reeve. Icon., f. 67. = T. reticulatus, Blainv.
Pyramidale (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon., f. 104, 1847. = B.undatum, Linn.
Pyramidalis (Ranella), Brod. Z. Proc., 194, 1832. =R. anceps, Lam.

Pyramis (Siphonalia), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 206, 1863 137

Pyrella, Swains. Mai., 304, 1840. = Tudicla, Bolt.

Pyriformis (Triton), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 312, 1854 , 35

Pyriformis (Triton), Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. 2 ser. i, 211, 1849.

= T. tuberosus, Lam.
Pyrifusus, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. N. S.iii, 332, t. 35. f.

12, t, 47, f. 2, 1858. Meek, Hayden's Survey, ix, 343 103

Pyropsis, Conr. Jour. A. N. S. Philad., iv, 188, t. 16, f. 39, 1860, Am.

Jour. Conch., iv, 248,1868 104

Pusillus (Triton), Pease. Zool. Proc., 434, 1860 31

Pyrostoma (Phos), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 200, 1842. = P. textum Gmel.

Pyrula. Perry. Conch. 1811. = Fasciolaria, Lam.

Pyrulatus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 50, 1847. Var. Bunker, Novit, 103,

t. 34, f. 5, 6 66

Pyrulofusus, Beck, Morch. = Heliotropis, Dall
Pyruloides (Fulgiir), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 237.

= Fulgur pyrum, Dillw.

Pyruloides (Fusus), DeKay. Nat. Hist. N.Y. = Melongena corona, Gmel. 229
Pyruloides (Fusus). Encyc. Meth. t. 429, f. 6.

= Hemifusus ternatanus, Gmel.

Pyrulum (Triton), Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 37, t. 10, f. 17, 1848. 23
Pyrum (Buccinum), Gmelin. 3484. = Melongena paradisiaca, Rve.

Pyrum (Busycon), Dillw. Cat. 485 .. 142

Pyrum (Triton), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1218 19

Quisquiliarum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 62, 1851. ? = Nassa.
Quoyana (Cominella), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 313, 1854.

? = C. costata, Quoy.
Quoyi (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. sp. 36, 1846.

= C. lineolata, Lam. Var. virgata.

Quoyi (Cominella), Kiener. Buccinum, 16, t. 5, f. 13 204

Quoyi (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 93, 1844...- 24

Rana, Humph. Mus. Calonn. 1797. = Ranella, Lam.

Rana (Murex), pars., Linn. Edit. 12, 1216. = Ranella crumena, Lam.

Rana (Murex), Linn. = Ranella albivaricosa, Reeve.

Rana (Murex), var. B., Linn. Edit. 12, No. 527.

= Ranella spinosa, Lam.

Ranella, Lam. Extr. d'un Cours., 1812 6, 36

Ran ellae forme (Triton), Sismonda. Synopsis, 39. = T. nodiferus, Lam.
Ranellaeformis (Triton), King. Zool. Jour., v, 347.

= Ranella Argus, Gmelin.

Ranellina, Conr. Am, Jour. Conch., i, 21, 1865 6

Ranelloides (Triton), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 1844. Icon, f. 10, 1844.

= Ranella cruentata, Sowb.

Ranina (Ranella), Blainv. Malacol, p. 400. = R. gigantea, Lam.
Ranina (Ranella), Lamarck. Edit. Desh. ix, 549. = R, gyrina, Linn.

268 INDEX.

Ranularia, Schum. Essai, 1817. = Gutturnium, Klein.

Ranzanii (Triton), Bianconi. Revue et Mag. Zool. 217, 1851. Zool.

Mozambicana 63, t. 3, f. 1, 2, 1851. =* T. tigrinus, Brod.
Raphanoides (Fusus), Gray. Zool, Beechey's Voy., 116, 1889.

= Melongena fusiformus, Bl.

Raphanus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 454. = Siphonalia nodosa, Martyn.
Rapulum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 82. = Pusionella.
Recluzianus (Fusus), Petit. = Pusionella.
Rectiplicatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 110, f. 101, 1880.

= Sipho Kroyeri, Moller 132

Rectirostris (Chrysodomus), Carpenter. 2d Report, 150 131

Recurva (Nassaria), Sowb. Thes. iii, 86, t. 220, f. 17, 18.

= N. acuminata, Reeve.
Recurva (Tudicla), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 135, t. 28, f. 4, 1854.

= T. porphyrostoma, Ad. and Reeve.
Recurvirostris (Latirus), Schubert and Wagner. Conch, xii, p. 100,

t. 227, f. 4021 89

Recurvus (Fusus). Koch. Philippi Abbild. ii, 119, t. 3, f. G. Urosalpinx

cinerea, Say. Vol. ii, p. 152.

Reeveana (Siphonalia), Petit, Jour, de Conch, ii, 365, t. 10, f. 7, 1851.. 138
Reeveanum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit, Mai. 62, 1847. = Nassa.
Reeveanus (Fusus), Phil. Abbild. iii, 119.

= F. spectrum, Ad. and Reeve, var.

Reeveanus (Fusus). Sowb. (not Petit). Thes. Conch, sp. 62, f. 82, 1880.. 228
Reevei (Fasciolaria), Jonas. Phil. Abbild. iii, 121, t, 3, f. 2.

= F. princeps, Sowb.
Regularis (Neptunea), Dall. Kobelt, 115, t, 39, f. 2, 3.

=N. Norvegica, Chemn.

Remotus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn. 77, 1839 69

Retecosus (Phos), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 37, t. 10, f. 3, 4, 1844 218

Reticosus (Triton), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist,, 4 ser. v, 420, 1870 31

Reticulare (Tritonium), Pfeiffer. = T. cancellinus, Roissy.
Reticularis (Murex), Linn. Gmelin, 3536. ?= R. gigantea, Lam.
Reticularis (Ranella), Deshayes. Encyc. Meth. iii, 877. =R. gigantea, Lam.

Reticulata (Pisania), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 138. 1854 147

Reticulatus (Triton), Blainv. Faune Franc., t. 4 D, f. 5 27

Retusus (Tri'on),Lam. Edit, Desh.,ix,635 : 23

Rheunia (Fusus), Menke. Zeit. Mai. 19,1851.

= Fusus colus, L. var. toreuma, Martyn.
Rhinoceros (Triton), Bolten. Morch, Yoldi Cat,, 109.

= T. lotorium, Linn.
Rhinodomus, Swains, Mai., 80, 305. 1840. = Phos. Montf.

Rhodostoma (Latirus), Dunker. Mai. Blatt,, vi, 238, 1860 92

Rhodostoma (Ranella), Beck. Sowb. Zool. Proc., 52, 1841.

= R. cruentata, Sowb. var.

Ridens (Distorsio), Reeve. Icon. f. 46, 1844. -•- 1). cancellinus, Roissy.
Rigidusv(Murex), Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl., t, 5, f. 3.

= Latirus nodatus, Martyn,

Ringens (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1851. ? = Nassa,
Ringens (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 45, 1846.

i= C. Coromandelianus, Lam

Robustior (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 73, f. 63, 1880 22s

Robustum (Buccinum), Kiister. 81, t. 14, f. 13, t. 15, f. 5.

= Cominella porcata, Gmelin.

Rodgersi (Buccinum), Gld. Bost. Proc., vii, 326, 1860. — B. glaciale, L.
Koedingi (Fusus,) Anton, Verzeichn, 75, 1839, (.9

INDEX. 269

Roissyi (Buccinum), Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, 432, t. 8, f. 8, 4.

= Nassa.
Holland! (Turbinella). Bernard! & Crosse. Jour. Conch., ix, 50, t. l,f. 5,

1861 : 75

Rombergi (Buccinum), Dunker. Novit. Conch., i, 4, t. 2, f. 5, 6, 1858.

= B. glaciale, Linn.
Rosa-ponti (Fusus), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 104, 212, 1842.

= Turbinella, Petit, Rev. Zool., 232,1842 97

Rosea (Ranella), R«eve. Zool. Proc., 139, 1844 ; Conch. Icon., f. 46.

R. Pusilla, Brod., var.

Roseatus (Phos), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 38, t. 10, f. 9, 10, 1844 217

Roseus (Fusus), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. et Astrol. et Zel., v, 107. t. 25,

f. 4-5, 1854. = Trophon, Vol. 2.

Roseus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn, 78,1839 , 69

Roseus (Sipho), Dall. Calif. Proc., 1877 128

Rossmassleri (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn, 77, 1839 , 69

Rostratum (Triton), AFart., iii, f. 1083. = T. cingulatus, Lara.

Rostratus (Fusus), Olivi. Zool. Adriat., 153 61

Rubecula (Triton), Linn. Syst, Nat,, edit, xii, 1267 12

Rubens (Cantharus), Kiister. Bucc., 25, t. 6, f. 7, 9 156

Rubens (Fusus), Lain. Edit. Desh. ix, 458 68

Rubicola (Ranella), Perry. Ranella granifera, Lam.

Rubiginosum (Buccinum), Krauss (not Reeve). Siid^Afr. Moll., 120,

= B. cariniferus, Kiister.
Rubiginosum (Buccinum), Krauss. Siid Afrk. Moll., 120.

Pisania carinifera, Kiister.
Rubiginosus (Cantharus), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 47, 1846.

= Tritonidea fumosus, Dillw. var.

Rubrolineata (Cyllene), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 251, 1870 225

Rubrolineatus (Fusus), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 252,1870 65, 228

Rubrum (Buccinum), Potiez et Mich. Galerie i, 381, t, 32, f. 17, 18, 1838.

= Lachesis minima. Mont.
Rudicostatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 30, f. 19, 1880.

= F. Australis, Quoy , 227

Rudis (Turbinella), Reeve. Icon., f.51, 1847.

= Leucozonia cingulifera, Lam.

Rudis (Triton), Brod. Zool. Proc , 6, 1833 34

Rudolphi( Fusus), Dunker. Novit. Conch., 128, t. 43, f. 3,4 64

Rufocinctus (Phos), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 154, 1850.

= Ph. senticosus, Linn.
Rufulum (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog., t. 10, f. 9, 10.

= Desmoulea ventricosa, Lam.

Rufum (Bucc.) Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1847. = Nassa.
Rufus (Fusus), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel. v, 107, t. 25, f. 1-3,

= Euthria plumbea, Phil.

Rufus (Fusus), Reeve, Icon. f. 58, 1848. Fasciolaria rufa, Rve 78

Rugosa (Distorsio), Schum. Nouv. Syst. 249. = D. anus, Linn.

Rugosa (Fasciolaria), Val. Recueil d' Observations, 286 78

Rugosa (Ranella), Sowerby. Zool. Proc., 53, 1841. Conch. III., f. 7.

= F. cruentata, Sovcb.

Rustica (Turbinella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3486. = T. smaragdula, Linn.
Rusticula (Tudicla), Bast. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 152. Unidentified.
Rutilum (Tritonium), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., 25, 1843.

= T. labiosus, Wood.
Rutilum (Tritonium), Morch. Dunker, Novit, Conch., 3, t. 1, f. 5, 6.

= B. glaciale, L.

270 INDEX.

Saginella, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 21, 1865. = Buccitriton, Conr.
Sagitta (Ranella), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 147, t, 88 a, f. fi.

= R. pusilla, Brod., var concinna, Dkr.
Salmo (Fasciolaria), Wood. IncT. Test, Suppl., t. 5, f. 14.
Sabini (Fusus), Hancock. == Sipho Islandicus, Chemn., Juv.
Sabini (Tritonium), Middendorf (not Gray).

? = Siphonalia Harfordi. Stearns.
Sabinii (Fusus), Friele. N. Mag. Natur., xxiii, 7, f. 15, 16.

= Sipho togatus, Morch.
Sabinii (Fusus), Gray. Append. Parry's Voy., 240, 1824.

Sagenella, Conrad 106

Salebrosa (Turrispira), Conrad, 49 ? — Buccinofusus Berniciensis, King;.

Salmo (Fasciolaria), Wood. Index Test. 78.

Samier (Triton), Petit, Jour, de Conch, iii, t, 2, f. 10, 1852.

= T. ficoides, Reeve.

Samoensis (Cantharus), Dunker. Mai. Blatt, xviii, 165, 1871 161

Sanctrc-Luciie (Murex), v. Salis. Reise, 371, t. 7. f. 3.

= Fusus rostratus, Olivi.
Sandvichensis (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 17, f. 25, 1880.

= F. spectrum, Ads. and Reeve, var 227

Sanguifluus (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 58,1847 M

Sanguineus (Murex), Mawe. Wood Ind. Test, Suppl. p. 217, f. 10.

= Latirus varicosus, Reeve.

Sanguinolentus (Cantharus), Duclos. Mag. de Zool. t. 22, f. 1833 164

Sarcostoma (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 21, 1844 20

Sarsii (Sipho), Jeffreys (Wood). Sars, Moll. Norv. 275 128

Saturus (Fusus), Martyn. Univ. Conch, t. 47.

= Neptunea despecta, Linn., var. fornicata.
Saulise (Triton), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc. 112, 1844. Icon. f. 17, 1844.

= T. nodiferus, Lam.
Savignyi (Fasciolaria), Tapparone. Mur. Mar. Rosso.

= F. lignaria, Linn.
Scaber (Murex), Lam. Anim. S. Vert, vii, 175.

= Fusus craticulatus, Brochi.

Scaber (Triton), King. Zool. Jour, v, 348 34

Scabra (Cantharus), Monterosato. Giorn. Acad. Sc. Palermo, xiii, 102,

1878. (For P. d'Orbignyi, Payr. var. subspinosa, Monts. Nuova

Revista, 39) 158

Scabra (Peristernia), Souverbie. Jour. Conch, xvii, 419, 1869, xviii, 430,

t. 14, f. 3, 1870 85

Scabra (Pollia), Gray. - Triton scaber, King.

Scabra (Ranella), Grateloup. Mem. 62, t. 4, f. 14, 1840.

.= Triton scaber, King.

Scabrosa (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon. f. 60, 1847. P. chlorostoma, Sowb.
Scabrum (Argobuccinum), King. Carpt. Kept. 218, and note.

= Triton scaber, King.
Scabrum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit, Mai. 171, 1846. 59, 1847.

— Nassa horrida, Dunker.
Scacchianum (Buccinum), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, 188, t. 27, f. 5.

= Cantharus pictus, Scacchi.
Scalariforme (Buccinum), Beck. Kroyer's Tidssk. iv, 84, 1842.

? = B. tenue, Gray.
Scalariforme (Tritonium), Beck. Amtl. Bericht, No. 18. Mo'ller, Moll.

Grosnl. 11, 1842. s= Sipho Kroyeri, Mciller.

Scalariformis (Triton), Brod. Zool. Proc. 7, 1833 25

Scalarina (Canidia), Deshayes. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Bull, x, 153, t. 8, f.

18-20.... 209

INDEX. 271

Scalarinus (Fusus), Lam. Pusionella Nifat, Adanson.

Scalaroides (Phos), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 154, 1859. == P. senticosus, Linn.

Scalaspira. Conrad 49

Scarlatina (Septaria), Perry. Conch, t. 14, f. 2. T. rubecula, Linn.

Schantaricus (Sipho), Midd. Reise, ii, 230, t. 10, f. 7-9. 1851 127

Schrammi (Fusus), Crosse. Jour, de Conch, xiii, 31, t. 1, f. 9, 1865 57

Schroederi (Buccinura), Beck. Jay's Cat. 3d edit, 88 194

Scrobiculator (Ranella), Linn. Sys-t. Nat. edit, xii, 1218 40

Scorbiculatus (Fusus), Dunker. Phil. Abbild, ii, 118, t, 3, f. 4.

Alurex purpuroides, Dkr. Rve. vol. ii, p. 120.

Sculptilis (Phos), A. Ad. H. and A. Adams, General, 115 220

Sculptilis (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 76, 1844.... 28

Sechellarum (Buccinum), Duifb. Ann. Sci. Nat. 68, 1840 195

Seguenza) (Triton), Aradas and Benoit. Atti Acad. Giania, ser. 3, v. 90,

1871. T. Tritonis, Linn, var. nobilis.

Semigranosa (Ranella), Kiener, Monog. 19, t. 11, f. 2.

R. civlata, Brod.
Semigranosa (Ranella), Lain. Edit. Deshayes, ix, 548.

= R. granifera, Lam.
Semigranosum (Bucc), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 170* 1846. Nassa.

Semipicta (Eburna), Sowb. Thes. Conch, iii, t 291, f. 12, 13 213

Senegalensis (Cyllene), Petit. Jour, de Conch, iv, 144, t. 5, f. 5, 1853.
= C. Owenii, Gray.

Senticosus (Phos), Linn. Syst, Nat. edit, 12, 1220 215

Sepimentum (Buccinum), Rang. Guerin's Mag. t. 18, 1832.

Pseudoliva, vol. ii, p. 196.
Septemdentata (Personella), Gabh. 6.
Seriale (Buccinum), Deshayes Laborde Voy. Arab, t, 115, f. 32-34.

- Cantharus puncticulatus, Dunker.

Sericatum (Buccinum), Hancock. Ann. Mag. N. Hist, xviii, 328, t. 5, f.
6, 184(>. B. cyaneum, Brug.

Serotina (Clavella), Hinds Ann. Nat. Hist, xi, 257 70

Serrifusus, Meek. Hayderi's Survey, ix, 373, t. 32, f. 6, a. b. 1876.

= S. G. of Fusus, Lam 49

Setosa (Cassidaria), Hinds. Triton Wiegmanni, Anton.

Signatum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 61, 1847. Nassa.

Signum (Siphonalia), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 6, 1846 136

Similis (Fusus), Baird. Brenchley's Voy. Cura9oa, 432, t. 36, 1873.

F. undatus, Gmel.

Simoniana (Euthria), Jour, de Conch, iii, 164 t. 7, t'. 7, 1852 f. 150

Simplex (Fusus), E. Smith. Zool. Proc. 204, t. 20, f. 35, 1879 65

Simpulum, Klein. Ostrac. 50, 1753. Adams' Genera, i, 102.

S. G. of Triton, Montf.... 9, 11

Sinarum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit, Mai. 63, 1851. -, Nassa.
Sinensis (Hindsia), Sowb. Thes. iii, 86, t, 220, f. 8, 9.

Nassaria acuminata, Reeve.

Sinensis (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 18, 1844 20

Sinistralia, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll, i, 79, 1858.

: S. G. of Fusus, Lam 6t>

Sinistralis (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 458.

F. Maroccensis, Gmel.
Sinistrorsus (Fusus), Deshayes. Encyc. Meth. ii, 160.

Neptunea contraria, L.

Sipho, Klein. Ostracol. 53, 1753 99, 123

Siphonalia, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 3d ser. xi, 202, 1863. ...99, 1 :•}:.}
Siphonata (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 138, 184 1.
= R. bufonia, Gmel, var.

2 "72 INDEX.

Siphonatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 81, 1844 28

Siphonorbis, Morch. Sipho.

Sitchensis (Tritonium), Midd. Mai. Ross, ii, 149. t. 2, f. 5-8, 1857.
Euthria dira, Reeve.

Smaragdula (Leucozonia), Linn. Mus. Ulric. G10 96

Solidulus (Fusus), A. Ad. Journ. Linn. Soc. vii, 106, 1864 68

Solidulus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 131, f. 97, 1880.

Sipho Stirapsoni, Morch, var 132

Solidum (Buccinum), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 81, 1846.
i Peristernia chlorostoma, Sowb.

Solomonensis (Pisania), E A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc. xii, 541, 1876 149

Soluta (Neptune*), Gould. H. and A. Ad. Genera, i, 80.

= Bela subluta, Gld.
Solutum (Buccinum), Dillw. Desc. Cat. B. undatum, Linn.

Sophiae (Nassaria), Benoit. Conch. Mar. Sicil. 270, t. 5, f. 7 221

Sowerbyi (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 65, 1844. = T. lineatus, Brod 26

Spadte (Pisania), Libassi. Atti, Acad. Palermo, iii, 43, f. 29, 1, 2, 1859.

Monterosato, Giorn. Acad. Palermo, xiii, 102.

Cantharus fusulus, Brocchi.

Spadicea (Melongena), Kobelt. Kiister, Fusus, 179. t. 55, f. 5, 6, 1880... 110
Spadicea (Ranella), Montf. Conch. Syst. 375, 1810. K. crassa, Dillw.

Spadicea (Siphonalia), Reeve. Icon. Buccinum, Index 134

Spadiceum (Buccinum), Wood. Index Test. 109, t. 23, f. 71.

Melongena paradisiaca, Reeve.

Spadiceus (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 44, 1847. L. modestus, Anton.

Speciosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 101, 1851.
Phos plicatus, Dunker.

Speciosa (Triton), Angas. Zool. Proc. 13, t. 1, f. 1, 1871 L'">

Spectrum (Fusus), Ads. and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 41, t. 7, f. 2.

1848 58

Spengleri (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 627 16

Spiceri (Fusus), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 137, t. 875 68

Spinicostatus (Phos), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 154, 1850.

= Ph. textum, Gmel

Spinigera, d'Orb. = Strombidse 5

Spinosa (Bufonaria), Schum. == Ranella spinosa, Lain.

Spinosa (Peristernia), Martyn. Univ. Conch, t. 4, 1789 80

Spinosa (Ranella), Lamarck. An. sans Vert. edit. Desh. ix, 545 37

Spinosa (Tudicula), H. and A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 429, 1863 144

Spinosa (Turbinella), Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 28, 1838 81

Spinosa (Turbinella), Phil. Archiv fur Naturg. i, 68, 1845 97

Spinosum (Busycon), Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad. 583, 1862. Am.

Jour. Conch, iii, 182, = Fulgur carica, Gmel.

Spiralis (Cantharus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. Ill, 1839 154

Spiralis (Fusus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 221, 1855 68, 227

Spirata (Eburna), Lam. Anim. sans Vert, x, 233 212

Spirata (Eburna), Linn. Edit. 12, 1203 (Part.). Sowb. Thes. iii, 70, t.

215, f. 4. = E. areolata. Lam.
Spirata (Eburna), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. 12, 1203 (Part). Reeve, f. 7.

= E. spirata, Lam.
Spirata (Eburna), var. Martens. Vorderas. Con. 92, t. 5, f. 46.

= E. Valentiana, Swains.
Spirata (Eburna), var. Mart. Chein. ii, t. 65, f. 5.

= E. semipicta, Sowb.

Spirata (Pyrula), Kiener, t. 10, f. 1. = Fulgur canaliculatus, Linn.
Spirata (Pyrula), Lam. vii, 142, 1822. = Fulgur pyrum, Dillw.

INDEX.

Spirilla, Humph. Mus. Callon. 1797. = Tudicla, Bolt.

Spirilla (Tudicla), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1221 144

Spitzbergensis (Buccinoftraus), Reeve. Last of the Arctic Voy., 395,

t. 32, f. 6 a. b. = B. terebralis, Gld.
Splendidulum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 170, 1846. = Nassa.

Splendidus'(Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn. 76, 1839. ? = Turbinella 69

Squameus (Fusus), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 50, 1852.

= Trophon, vol. ii, p. 149.
Squamosa (Peristernia), Pease, Zool. Proc. 240, 1862. Am. Jour. Conch.

iii, 279, t. 23, f. 16, 1868 85

Squaraosa (Pyrula), Lam. Edit, Desh. ix, 518.

Melongena galeodes, Lam.
Squamosus (Murex), Brod. Zool. Proc. 176, 1832. Sowb. Conch. 111.

Murex, f. 27. - Melongena Ill

Squamulosus (Fusus), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, 204, t. 11, f. P,l.

Pseudomurex bracteatus, Br. vol. ii 210

Stangeri (Fusus), Gray. Dieffenbach' s N. Zeal., ii, 230.

= Trophon, vol. ii, p. 147.
Stigmataria (Peristernia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 313, 1854.

= P. chlorostoma, Sowb.
Stimpsoni (Bucc.), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 325, 1860. = B. glaciale, L.

Stimpsoni (Sipho), Morch. Moll., Faroer, 84, 1867 126

Stimpsonianum (Buccinum), C. B. Ad., Panama Cat., No. 65. = Nassa.

Stokesii (Turbinella), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 113, 1839 89

Strangei (Latirus), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 316, 1854 94

Strangei (Triton), Ad. and Ang. Zool. Proc. 35, 1864. Z. P. 816, t. 50,

f. 16, 1879. = T. labiosus, Wood, var.

Strepsidura, Swains. Malacol, 308, 1840 103

Streptosiphon, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 152 1867 99, 142

Striatum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn. 92, 1839. Undetermined.
Striata (Cyllene), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 205, 1850.

= C. pulchella, Ad. and Rve.

Striata (Turbinella), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 114, 1839 96

Striata (Voluta), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3455. = Pisania maculosa, Lam.
Striatum (Buccinum), Phil. Moll., Sicil. ii, 193, t. 27, f. 1

= B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Striatum (Buccinum), Pennant. Brit. Zool. iv, 121, t. 74, f. 91.

= B. undatum, L.

Striatum (Buccinum), Sowb. Records of Gen. Sci. i, 134 185

Htriatus (Fulgur), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 37, f . 4 142

Striatus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon., f. 42, 1847.

= Var. of Sipho Stimpsonii, Morch.

Strigata (Pisania), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, iv, 93, t. 11, f. 6, 1868 146

Strigata (Fusus), Phil. Abbild. iii, 116, t. 5, f. 3 or,

Strigosum (Buccinum), part. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3494.

= Cantharus fumosus, Dillw.
Strigosum (Buccinum), Gmel. ? Jonas. Archiv fur Naturg. i, 26, 1841.

= Cantharus 166

Strigosus (Fusus), Blain. .Faun. Franc. 86, t. 4, f. 3.

= F. craticulatus, Brocchi.

Strigosus (Fusus), Lam. Anim. sans vert, vii, 130. = F. rostatus, Olivi.
Strombella, Gray. Guide Brit. Mus. 13, 1857. = Volutopsis, Morch.
Strongylocera, Morch. Yoldi Cat. 80, 1852. = S. G. of Phos, Montf.
Sturmii (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 135, 1848. = Nassa.
Subalveatus (Tritonopsis), Conrad 6

35

274 INDEX.

Subantiquus (Murex), Maton and Racket!. Linn. Trans, viii, 147.

= Neptunea despecta, Linn.
Subcolubrinum (Triton), d'Orb. Rodr. iii, 77. = T. nodiferus, Lam.

Subdistortus (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix. 638 . 11

Subfuscus (Latirus), Martini. Conch. Cab. iv, 161, t, 141, f, 1817, 1318.

= L. turritus, Gmel.

Subgranosa (Ranella), Sowb. Zool. Proc. 52, 1841 38

Subgranulatus (Fusus), Petit. = Pusionella.

Subquadratus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 33, f. 28, 1880 228

Sublutus (Fusus), Gould. Wilkes' Exped. 235, f 286.

= Bela (Pleurotomidae).
Subnassatula (Turbinella), Sowerbie. Jour. Conch, xx, 50, t. 1, f. 2, 1872.

= Peristernia nassatula, Lam.

Subrostrata (Leucozonia), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 115, t. 36, f. 15.. 9(J
Subrubiginosa (Tritonidea), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc. 200, t. 20, f. 40,

1879. = Cantharus fumosiis, var. rubiginosus, Reeve.

Succinctum (Buccinum), Powis. /ool. Proc. 95, 1835 194

Succinctum (Murex), Risso. Eur. Merid. iv, 198, f. 121.

= Triton cutaceum, Linn.

Succinctum (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 628. = T. olearium, Linn.
Succinctus (Fusus), Menke. Syn. No. 1096, 1899.

= Neptunea lirata, Mart.

Suensonii (Ranella), Morch. Yoldi Cat. i, 106. = R. spinosa, Lam.
Sulcata (Cyllene), A. Ad. Adams' genera, i, 125. = C. lyrata, Lam.

Sulcata (Fasciolaria), Anton. Ver/eichn. 72, 1839 78

Sulcata (Fasciolaria), Lesson. Rev. Zool. 212, 1842 ;.. 78

Sulcata (Siphonalia), Lam. Anim. s. vert, edit., Desh. ix, 447 138

Sulcata (Turbinella), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 116 97

Sulcatum (Buccinum), Friele. Norw. North Sea Exped., t. 3, f. 18 195

Sulcatus (Murex), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3549.

? = Cantharus variegatus, Gray.
Sulcosa (Lirosoma), Conr., 50.
Sutoris (Turbinella), Kiister. Conch. Cab. 106, t. 25, f. 10, 11.

= Penisternia pulchella, Rve., var.
Suturalis (Hindsia), A. Adams. Zool. Proc. 183, 1853.

= Nassaria acuminata, Reeve.

Swifti (Epidromus), Tryon 31

Sycopsis (sub. gen. Busycon), Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch, iii, 184, 1867.. 10:5
Sycotypus, Browne. Hist. Jamaica, 406, 17- (i. (Jill, Am. Jour. Conch.

iii, 146. 1867 99, 142

Crassicauda (Pyrula), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 1848. ? = Hemifnsus tuba, Gmel ?
Sycum, Bayle. Jour, de Conch, xxviii, 240, 1880.

= Leiostoma, Swainson.

Syracusanus (Fusus), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1224 60

Syrinx. Bolton. Mus. 1798. = Fusus, Lam.

Syrtensis (Fusus), Packard. Memoirs Bost, Soc. N. Hist, i, 288, t, 7, f.

13. = Bela ?

Tabulata (Neptunea), Baird. Zool. Proc. 66, 186:5. Nat, in Brit. Colum-
bia, ii, 356 121

Tabulatus (Triton), Menke. Moll. N. Holl. 119, 1843. Mai. Blatt, 60, 1844.
= T. Spengleri, Lam.

Tseniata (Turbinella), Desh. Voy. Laborde, t. 65, f. 7, 8.
= Latirus turritus, Gmel.

Tseniatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 113, f. 119, 1880.

? = Neptunea despecta, var. artbritica 230

INDEX. 2t5

Taeniolatum (Buccinum), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg. i, 69, 1845. = Nassa.

Taphon, H. and A. Ad. Gen. i, 151. = S. G, of Busycon, Bolt 99, U'2

Tafon (Buccinum), Desh. in Lamarck, x, 158.
= Cantharus variegatus, Gray.

Tahitensis (Turbinella), Lesson. Rev. Zool. 211, 1842 97

Tarentina (Fasciolaria), Lam. Edit. 2, ix, 435. ? = F. lignaria, Linn.
Tasmanica (Cominella), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 139, 1875.... 206
Tasmanica (Josepha), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, p. 32.. 207
Tasmanica (Pisania), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 28, 1877.

= P. reticulata, A. Ad., var.
Tasmanica (Pisania), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 134, 1875.

= P. reticulata, A. Ad.., var.
Tasmaniensis (Siphonalia), Ad. and Ang. Zool. Proc., 422, t. 37, f. 1.

1863 , 135

Taylorianus (Fusus), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 85, 1848.

= F. cinereus. Reeve.
Tenebrosum (Buccinum), Hancock. Ann. Mag. N. Hist, xviii, 327. t. 5,

f. 1, 2, 1846. = B, cyaneum, Brug.
Tenebrosum (Tritonium), Midd., var. borealis. Mai. Ross., p. 162, t. 3.

f. 7, 8. = B. ciliatum, Fab.
Tener (Fusus), Friele, Jeffreys. — Var. of Buccinifusus Berniciensis, King.

Tenerus (Triton), Gray. Beeehey's Voy. Ill, 1839 25

Tenue (Buccinum), Gray. Zool. Beeehey's Voy. t. 36, f. 19, 1839 184

Tenueliratus (Triton), Lischke. Mai. Blatt, xxi, 20, 1873 22

Tenuicostata (Canidia), Brot. Jour, de Conch. 3d ser. xviii, 351, t. 12,

i. 5, 1876. = Clea Helena, Meder, var
Tenuicostata (Cominella), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 135, 1876.. 207

Tenuiliratus (Fusus), Dunker. Novit, Conch. 198, t. 33, f. 1, 2 64

Tenuiplicatum (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Desh. x, 173 195

Tenuis (Ranella), Potiez and Michaud. Moll. Douai, 426, t, 84, f. 1, 2,

1 s:',8. = R. ventricosa, Brod.

Tenuistriatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch. sp; 91, f. 140, 1880 229

Terebra (Phos), Sowb. Thes. Conch, iii, 92, t, 221, f. 28, 29 217

Terebralis (Buccinofusus), Gould. Bost. Proc. vii, 326, 1860 71

Terebralis (Fusus), Sars (non Gld.). Fide Jeffreys.

= Sipho Lachesis, Morch.
Terebrispira, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad. 28, 1862.

= S. G. of Fasciolaria, Lam 50

Ternatanus (Hemifusus), Gmel. Syst, Nat. 3554 112

Terras-Nova) (Tritonium), Beck. Morch, Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. iv, 18,

1869. = B. cyaneum, Brug. var.

Tessellata (Eburna), Swains. Zool. 111. iii. t. 145. = E. areolata, Lam.
Tessellata (Peristernia), Recluz. Mag. de Zool. t. 97, 1844.

= P. Philberti, Recluz.

Tessellatum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn. 92, 1829. Undetermined.
Tessellatus (Fusus), Schubert, Conch. Cab. Suppl. t. 219, f. 3048-9.

= ? Voluta Junonia, Lam., young.

Tessellatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 134, f. 165, 1880 229

Tessellatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 91, 1844. = T. concinnus, Reeve.
Testaceus (Triton), Morch. Yoldi Cat. 107. Mai. Blatt, xxiv, 25.

= T. obscurus, Reeve.

Testudinea (Cominella), Martyn. Univ. Conch, i, t. 8 203

Testudineum (Buccinum), Lam. Anirn. sans Vort. vii, 265.

— Cominella maculata, Mart.
Testudinarius (Triton), Ads. and Rve. Samarang, 37, t. 9, f. 3, 1848.

= T. trilineatus, Reeve, var 20

INDEX.

Textilinus (Phos), Mo'rch. Yoldi Cat. 80. = Ph. Guadeloupensis, Petit.
Textiliosus (Fusus), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et /el. v, 108, t. 25.

f. 9-10, 1854. = Trophon Geversianus, Pallas. Vol. ii, p. 144.
Textilis (Phos), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 154, 1850. = P. senticosus, Linn.

Textum (Phos), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3493 217

Thalloides (Exilia), Conr 40

Thatcheria, Angas. Zool. Proc. 1877, p. 529, t. 54, f. 1 98, 112

Theminckiana (Canidia), Petit. Jour, de Conch, t. 7, f. 11, 1853.

= Clea Helena, Meder.

Thersites (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 21. 1847 HI

Thersites (Ranella), Redfield. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv, 166, t. 10, f. 6, 1848.

= R. Californica, Hinds.

Thersites (Triton), Reeve. Icon f. 48, 1844. = T. vespaceus, Lam.
Thomee (Ranella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, 164, t. 2:5, f. 23, 24, 1853. Morch,

Mai. Blatt, xxiv. 24, 1877. = R. cruentata, Sowb. var.
Tigrina (Cominella), Kiener. Monog. t. 10, f. 32.

= C. porcata, Gmel. var.
Tigrina (Turbinella), Homb. et Jacq. Voy. Pol. Sud. v, 113, t. 25, t'. 30,

31, 1854 := Peristernia Wagneri, Anton.

Tigrinus (Triton), Brod. Zool. Proc. 5, 1833 18

Tincta (Cantharus), Conrad. Proc. Phila. Acad. 25, t. 1, f. 9, 1846 163

Tinei (Buccinum), Mar. Atti Soc. Gioenia, 1841,

= Nassa cornicula, Olivi.
Tissoti (Purpura), Petit, Jour, de Conch, iii, 163, t. 7, f. 4, 1852.

= Cantharus , 16-1

Toreuma (Fusus), Martyn. Univ. Conch, t. 56 52

Togatus (Sipho), Morch. Jour. Conch, xvii, 398, 1869 127

Tornata (Neptunea), Gould. Silliman's Journal, xxxviii. 196, 1839.

= N. despecta, Linn.
Tornatus (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 97, f. 118, 1880.

= Neptunea 22H

Tortifusus, Conv. Am. Jour. Conch, iii, 187, 1867 104

Tortuosum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 115, 1847.

? = Sipho Kroyeri, M oiler.

Tortuosus (Sipho), Reeve. Last of Arct. Voy. 394, t. 32, f. 5, a. b, 185".. 125
Tortuosus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 74, 1844.

= T. distortus, Schub. et Wagn.

Torulosus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 446 59

Tottenii (Buccinum), Stimpson. Canad. Nat. N. S. ii, 385, 1865 183

Trachytriton, Meek. Smithsonian Check List, Cret Foss. 22, 37, 1864.

Hayden's Survey, ix, 303, t. 19, f. 7, 1876 ti

Tranquebaricus (Cantharus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 34'Jl 154

Tranquebaricus (Triton), Lam. Hist, vii, 189 14

Trapezium (Fasciolaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1124 77

Trapezium (Murex), Dillw. Desc. Cat. == Faciolaria filamentosa, Lam.

Traversi (Siphonalia), Button. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal. 7, 1873 137

Tricarinatum (Buccinum), Dall. Calif. Proc. 1877.

'.' = var of Castaneus, Dall.

Trigonus (Murex), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3549. = Triton ticoides, Reeve.
Trilineata (Buccinum), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 98, 1846.

= Euthria vittata, Quoy.

Trilineatus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 31, 1844 20

Tringa (Triton), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist. 4 ser. v, 420, 1870 14

Tripus (Triton), Lain. Edit, Desh. ix, 634 22

Triquetra (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 139, 1844.

= Eupleura. Vol. ii, p. 158.
Triserialis (Turbinella), Lam. Hist, vii, 110 95

INDEX.

2Y7

Triskaedekagonus (Fusus), Auton. Verzeichn. 76, 1839 69

Triton, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 586, 1810 5, 6, 9

Triton (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Cuv. 37, 1841, 237, 1842.

? = Sipbonalia nodosa, Mart, var 144

Tritonidea, Swains. Mai. 74, 302, 1040. = Cantharus, Bolt.

Tritoni* (Triton), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1222 9, 6

Tritonium, Fabr, Faun. Grocnl, 1780. = Buccinum, Linn.
Tritonium, Link. Bescli. Rostock, iii, 121. 1807. = Triton, Montf.
Tritonium (Pisauia), Chemn. Conch. Cab. vii, 55, t. 127, f. 1217.

=P. ignea, Gmel.

Tritonofusus, Beck. Amt. Berl. 24, 1847. = Sipho, Klein.
Tritonoides (Pisania), Reeve. Buccinum, f. 77, 1846.

= P. ignea, Gmel, var.

Tritonopsis, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch, i, 20, 1805 6

Triumphalis (Columbella), Duclos. Chenu, 111. Conch, t. 5, f. 13-16, 1843.

= Cantharus distortus, Gray.
Triumphis, Gray. = Clavella, Swains.
Trochlea (Pollia), Gray. Voy. Blossom, iii, 1889.

? = Purpura trochlea. Vol ii, p. 169.
Trochlearis (Latirus). Kiister. Conch. Cab. 79, t. 19, i. 1, 2.

= L. Maderensis, Watson.

Trochulus (Sipbonalia), Reeve. Buccinum. f. 7, 1846 136

Trumbullii (Fusus), Linsley. Arn. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlviii, 28, f. 1, 2,

1845. = Sipho pygmteus, Gould.
Truncatus (Triton), Hinds. Zool. Proc. 21, 1844, Voy. Sulphur 11, t. 4,

f. 9, 10 28

Tuba (Hemifusup), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3554 112

Tuberculata (Fasciolaria), Anton. Verzeichn. 92, 1839 .' 78

Tuberculata (Melongena), Anton. Verzeichn. 79, 1839 108

Tuberculata ( Purpura j, Risso. Kiister, 146, t. 24 a, f. 6.
Triton doliarium, Linn.

Tuberculata (Ranella), Brod. Zool. Proc. 179, 1832.... 43

Tuberculata (Ranella), Risso. Eur. Merid. iv, 203, f. 123.

Triton cutaceum, Linn.

Tuberculata (Turbinella), Brod. /ool. Proc. 7, 1833.
Latirus ceratus. Gray.

Tuberculatus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 444 54

Tuberosa (Siphonalia), Reeve. Fusus, f. 7, 1847. Lischke Jap. Suppl. 27. 135
Tuberosissima (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 139, 1844.

= R. bufonia, Gmel.

Tuberosum (Buccinum), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. iv, 83, f. 1236-1239.
- Ranella lampas, Linn.

Tuberosum (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 635 23

Tubulosum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 105, 1847.
B. Donovarii, Gray.

Tudicla, Bolton. Mus. 1798 99, 144

Tudicula, H. and A. Ads. Zool. Proc. 429, 1863.
S. G. of Tudicla, Bolt,

Tulipa (Buccinum), Lesson. Rev. Cuv. 238, 1842.... 194

Tulipa (Fasciolaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1213 74

Tumens (Fusus), Carpenter. Mazatl. Shells, p. 508, 1857.

Fusus ambustus, Gld.
Tumens (Latirus), Carpenter. Zool. Proc. 166, 1856.

? L. gracilis, Reeve.

Tuniida (Ranella), Dunker. Zool. Proc. 239, 1862. - R. argus, Gmel.
Tumidulum (Buccinum), Sars. Moll. Norv. 263, t. 25, f. 5, 6, 1878.

= B. Humphreysianurn, Bennett.

2T8 INDEX.

Turbinelloides (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 56, 1848.

= Melongena pallida, Brod. and Sowb.
Turgidulus (Sipho), Jeffreys. Friele, Prelim. Report, N. Mag. Nat xxiii,

f. 17,1877 127

Turgidum (Buceinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3490.

= Cominella maculata, Martyn.

Turricula (Fusus), Kiener. Monog. t. 5, f. 1 62

Turriculatus (Triton), Desh. Exped. Moree, 187, t. 10, f. 58-60.

= T. reticulatus, Blainv.
Turris (Fusus), Val. Humb. et Bonpl. 287, 1833.

= F. Dupetithouarsii, Kiener.

Turrispira, Conrad. Eocene Check List, p. 19, 1866 49

Turrita (Nassaria), Sowb. Thes. iii, 87, t. 220, f. 19, 20.

= N. fusiformis, Sowb.

Turrita (Siphonalia), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 138, 1875 137

Turritum (Tritonium), Sars. Vet. Forh. Christ. 39, 1858. '

= Sipho tortuosus, Reeve, var.
Turritus (Phos), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 154, 1850. = P. articulatus, Hinds.

Turritus (Latirus), Gmel. Syst. Nat, 3456 «,»3

Turritus (Triton), Menke. Synops. No. 973. = Phos roseatus, Hinds.
Turtoni (Neptunea), Bean. Ann. Mag. N. H. i, 493, xix, t. 10 119

Umbilicatus (Fusus), Phil. Zeit. Mai. 77, 1851 68

Undatum (Buceinum), Dawson. Canad. Nat. ii, 415, 1857.

= B. glaciale, L., var. polare.
Undatum (Buceinum), Fabricius. Faun. Groenl. 395, 1780.

-= B. cyaneum, Brug.

Undatum (Buceinum), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit, xii, 1204 173

Undatus (Fusus), Gmel. Syst, Nat. 3556 56

Undosum (Buceinum), Kiener, Monog. t. 12, f. 41 c. (female).

= Cantharus gemmatus, Reeve.

Undosum (Buceinum), Kiener, t. 12, f. 41 a. = Cantharus funiosus, Dillw.
Undosum (Triton), Kiener. Monog. 44, t. 6, f. 2. = T. cingulatus, Lam.

Undosus (Cantharus), Linn. Edit, xii, 1203 162

Undulata (Sipho), Friele. Norw. North Sea Exped. t 2, f. 33-35 133

Undulatum (Buceinum), Hancock. Ann. Mag. N. Hist, xviii, 327, 1846.

= B. cyaneum, Brug.
Undulatum (Buceinum), Mb'ller. Stimpson, Canad. Nat. N. S. ii, 184i!.

379. Index Moll. Grosnl. 11, 1842 176

Unicarinatus (Fusus), Phil. Mai. Blatt, xv, 223, 1868,

= Trophon, vol. ii, p. 151 , 68

Unicincta (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad. v, 211, 1826.

? — Phos Guadeloupensis, Petit 220

Unicolor (Cantharus), Angas. Zool. Proc. 110, t. 13, f. 2, 1867 162

Unimaculata (Cyllene), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 123, 1855. = C. lyrata, Lam.

Ustulata (Peristernia), Reeve. Icon. f. 62, 1847 84

Ustulatus (Buceinum), Reeve. Buceinum, f. 56, 1846.

= Murex contractus, Reeve, vol. ii, 131.
Ustulatus (Fusus), Reeve. Icon. f. 66, 1848 66

Vaginatus, (Fususj, Jan. Cat. rar. nat. 11, Desh. Anim. s. Vert, ix, 464.. 51

Valentiana (Eburna), Swains. Zool. 111. iii, t. 144 213

Valenciennesi (Fasciolaria), Kiener. Monog. 16, t. 4, f. 1.

= F. salmo, Wood.

Varians (Phos.), Sowb. Thes. iii, 93, t, 221, f. 24-27. = Ph. textum, Gmel.
Varicifera (Hindsia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 183, 1853.

== Nassaria acuminata, Reeve.

INDEX. 279

Varicosa (Pyrula), Menke. Syn. No: 1085.

= Strombus gibberulus L., Juvenile.
Varicosa (Siphonalia), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. x, t. 162, f. 1545-6.

Varicosa (Siphonalia), Kiener. Monog. Fusus, 41, t. 10, f. 2 137

Varicosus (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn. 78, 1839 69

Varicosus (Latirus), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 6, 1847 92

Varicosus (Phos.), A. Adams. H. and A. Adams' Genera, i, 115 220

Varicosus (Phos.), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 143, 1849.

= P. roseatus, Hinds.
Variegata (Purpura), Schub. and Wagner. 148, t. 233, f. 4093, 4094.

= Pisania maculosa, Lam.
Variegatum (Triton), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 623. = T. Tritonis, Linn.

•Variegatus (Cantharus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 112, 1839 165

Variegatus (^usus), Deshayes. Anim. s. vert, ix, 468.

= F. laiicostatus, Desh.

Varius (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 457 68

Veraguensis (Phos.), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. 37, t. 10, f. 13, 14, 1844 219

Veliei (Triton), Calkins. Davenport Acad. 235, t. 8, f. 1, 2, 1878.

= T. pilearis, Linn.

Ventricosa (Ranella), Brod. Xool. Proc. 178, 1832 40

Ventricosum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3498.

= Neptunea de^pecta, Linn., var. fornicata.
Ventricosum (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog. 4, t. 3, f. 7, 1841.

= B. Humphreysianum, Bennett.
Ventricosum (Buccinum), Lam. = Desmoulea.
Ventricosum (Triton), Grateloup. Atlas, (. 29, f. 17.

= T. nodiferus, Lam.

Ventricosus (Fusus), II. Adams. Zool. Proc. 110, 1870 52

Ventricosus (Fusu«), Anton. Verzeichn. 77, 1839 69

Ventricosus (Fusus), Beck (not Gray). Reeve, Icon. f. 34, 1847 ; f. 34 b,

t. 17, 1868. = F. Nicobaricus, Lam., var.; Beckii, Reeve.

Ventricosus (Fusus), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl. 26. 1843 68

Ventricosus (Sipho), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 117, 1839 128

Venustum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit, Mai. 59, 1847. = Nassa.
Venustula (Ranella), Reeve. Zool. Proc. 138, 1844.

= R. bufonia, Gmel., var.
Vera (Cassis), Martini. = Triton anus, Linn.

Verkriizeni (Sipho), Kobelt. Jahrb. Mai. Ges. iii, 70, t, 2, f. 1, 1876.,... 128
Verrucosa (Ranella), Sowerby. Conch. Illus. f. 20.

= R. cruentata, Sowb.
Verrucosus (Murex), Gmel. Wood, Index Test, 126,-t. 26, f. 77.

? = F. Australis, Quoy.

Verrucosus (Triton), Reeve. Icon. f. 71, 1844 24

Verruculatus (Fusus), Lam. Edit. Desh. ix, 455.

= F. ocelliferus. Bory.
Versicolor (Murex), Gmelin (part). Syst. Nat. 3">5<i.

? = Fusus distans, Lam.
Versicolor (Pyrula), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 114, 1839.

Vespaceus (Triton), Lam. Edit, Desh. ix, 636 22

Vespertilio (Murex), Gmelin, 3553. — Melongena pugilina, Born.

Vestita (Chlanidota), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 23, 1878 201

Vestitum (Triton), Hinds. Zool. Proc. 21, 1844. = T. pilearis, Linn.
Vexillum (Ranella), Sowerby. Zool. Proc. 51, 1841. = R. argus, Gmel.

Vibex (Murex), Brod. Zool. Proc. 175, 1832 ? = Peristernia 87

Vinculum (Trachytriton), H. and M 6

Vinosum (Buccinum), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., edit. Desh. x, 172 195

Violacea (Cominella), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ii, 450, t. 30, f. 32-34 203

280 INDEX.

Violaceus (Fusus), Desh. Exp. Moroe, tii, 174, t. 19, f. 19-21, 1832.

? = C. leucozoua, Phil.

Violaceus (Latirus), Reeve. Icon. f. 59, 1847 93

Viperinum (Triton), Kiener. Monog. 39, t. 18, f. 4. = T. Quoyi, Rve.

Virens (Chrysodomus), Ball. Calif. Proc., 1877 130

Virga (Fusus), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 116, 1839 53

Virgata (Cominella), H. and A. Ad. Genera, i, 110, t. 16, f. 6 a.

= C. lineolata, Lam., var.

Virgatus (Phos), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 37, t. 10, f. 11, 12, 1844 217

Virgatus (Sipho), Friele. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. vi,281, 1879 1:52

Viridula (Euthria), Dunker. Jap. Moll. 3, t, 1, f. 16, 1861.

= E. plumbea. Phil.

Vittata (Euthria), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ii, 504, t, 34, f. 18, 19 152

Vittatum (Buccinum), Linn. Edit. 12, 1206. = Bullia.

Vitreum (Buccinum), Pfr. Kritisches Register, i, No. 5. = Nassa.

Vitreus (Triton), Gray. Beechey's Voy. 110, 1839 33

Viverratoides (Purpura), Orb. Voy. Canaries, 91, t. 7, f. 3S

= Cantharus variegatus. Gray.
Viverratum (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog. 35, t. 10, f 35.

= Cantharus variegatus, Gray.

Voigtii (Fusus), Anton. Verzeichn. 77, 1839. = Triton cingulatus. Lam.
Volema, Bolt. Mus. 1798. = Melongena

Volutharpa, Fischer. Jour. Conch. 2 ser. i, 85, 1850 KM), 197

Volutopsis, Morch. Rink's Gnvnland, 1857, Sars, Moll. Norv. 268, 1878.

= S. G. of Neptunea, Bolt 99, 118

Vulgare (Buccinum), Da Costa. Brit. Conch, t. 6, f. 6.

= B. undatum, Linn.
Vulpicolor (Fusus), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 49, f. 73, 1889 228

Wagneri (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeichn. 71, 1839 80

Wallaysii (Fusus), Petit. = Pusionella rapulum, Keeve.

Waterhousei (Triton), Ad. and Ang. Zool. Proc. 35, 1864 17

Whitneya, Gabb , 50

Wiegmanni. (Triton), Anton. Verzeichn. 77, 1838 15

Woldemarii (Purpura). Kiener. Monog. 129, t. 39, f. 91.
? = Cominella maculata, Mart., Juv.

Woodii (Fasciolaria), Gabb 50

Wrightii (Macron), H. Adams. Zool. Proc. 753, 1865 214

Xanthostoma (Turbinella), Nuttall MSS. = Peristernia chlorostoma, Sowb.

Zea (Latirus), Morch. Yoldi Cat 94

Zealandica (Peristernia), A. Ad. Kiister, Conch. Cab. 108, t. 25, f. 14, 15.

= P. despecta, A. Ad.
Zealandica (Siphonalia), Quoy. Voy. Astrol. ii, 500, t. 34, f. 4, 5.

: — S. mandarina, Duclos.
Zelandicum (Buccinum), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Moll. 24, t. 21, f. 5-6.

1854. = Cominella acutinodosa, Reeve.

Zealandicum (Buccinum), Reeve. Icon. f. 28, 1846 18:;

Zebra (Buccinum), Lam. Edit., Desh. x, 177 195

Zelebori (Ranella), Dunker, Novit. Conch. 56. = R. argus, Gmel.
Zemira, H. and A. Adams. Genera i, 110, 1858.

= S. G. of Eburna, Lam 101, 213

Zetlandicum (Buccinum), Forbes. Ann. Nat. Hist, viii, 593, f. 62, 1835.

= B. undatum, L., var.

Zeyheri (Cominella), Krauss. Kiister. 85, t. 15, f. 0-8 20M

Zeylanica (Eburna), Brug. Diet, No. 27 211

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 1.

FIGURES. PAGE.

1. Triton Tritonis, Linn. Gould, Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 292 9

2. Triton nodiferus, Lam. Hidalgo, Moll. Espagne, t. 18, f. 1 10

3. Triton nodiferus, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 1 10

Plate 2.

Dentition of Tritonidse.

4. Triton Tritonis, Linn. Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, 1. 19, f. 12,

a, b, c 9

5. Triton nodiferus, Lam. Ibid., f. 11, a, b 10

G. Triton (Simpulum) aquatile, Rve. (= pilearis, Linn.). Ibid., f. 4... 12

7. Triton (Cymatium) femorale, Linn. Ibid., t. 20, f. 2. Middle plate

and jaw 18

8. Triton (Cabestana) cutaceum, Linn. Ibid., t. 19, f. 10 15

9. Distorsio anus, Linn. Ibid., t, 20, f. 1 « 35

10. Ranella spinosa, Lam. Ibid., f. 19, f. 4 37

11. Ranella subgranosa, Beck. Ibid., f. 5 38

1.2. Ranella (Argobuccinum) argus, Gmelin. Ibid., f. 11 44

Plate 3.

13. Trachytriton vinculum, Hall and Meek. Hayden's Survey, ix, t.

19, f. 7, b 8

14. Ranellina Maclurii, Conrad. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 9 8

15. Personella septemdentata, Gabb. Jour. A. N. S. Phil., 2d ser. iv,

t. 67, f. 21 8

16. Triton variegatus, Lam. (= Tritonis, Linn.). Reeve, Icon., f. 3, b... 9

17. Triton Sauliae, Reeve (= nodiferus, Lam.). Reeve, Icon., f. 17, a... 10

18. Triton subdistortus, Lam. Kiener, Monog., t. 16, f. 2.... 11

19. Triton Americanus, Orb. (-— olearium, Linn.). Moll. Cuba, t. 23,

f. 22...., 11

20. Triton Bassi, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 2, f. 2, 1869 11

30. Triton (Tritonopsis) subalveatus, Conrad. Jour. Phil. Acad., 2d ser.,

ii, t. 1, f. 8 8

Plate 4.

21. Triton variegatus, Lam. (= Tritonis, var. nobilis). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 3, a : , 9

22. Triton fusiformis, Kiener. Reeve, f. 6 11

23. Triton Australis, Lam. (= nodiferus, Lam.). Kiener, t. 3, f. 1 10

24. Triton Brazilianus, Gld. (= olearium, L.). Wilkes' Exped. Moll.,

f.296 11

36

282 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 5.

FIGURES. PAGE.

25. Triton variegatus, Lam. (= Tritonis, L.). Kiener, t. 2 9

20. Triton Seguenzae, Arad. and Benoit ( — Tritonis, var. nobilis). Jahrb.

Mai. Gesell., i, t. 14 10

27. Triton olearium, Linn. Reeve, f. 82 11

28. Triton Brazilianus, Gld. ( = olearium, L.). Moll. Wilkes' Exped.,

f. 296, a 11

29. Triton succinctus, Lam. (= olearium, L.). Astrol. et Zel., t. 25, f. 34. 11

Plate 6.

31. Triton pilearis, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 28 12

32. Triton pilearis, Linn. Operculum. From specimen 12

33. Triton pilearis, Linn. Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 40, f. 13. 12

34. Triton aquatile, Reeve (-.-— pilearis, Linn.). Icon., f. 24 12

35. Triton intermedius, Pease (= pilearis, Linn.). Donum Bism., t. 1,

f. 6, a 12

36. Triton Veliei, Calkins (= pilearis, L.). Shells of Florida, f. 2 12

37. Triton succinctus, Lam. (= olearium, L.). Kiener, t. 0, f. 1 11

Plate 7.

38. Triton vestitus, Hinds (= pilearis, L.). Voy. Sulphur, t, 4. f. 1.... 12

39. Triton vestitus, Hinds (= pilearis, L.). Reeve, Icon., f. 101 12

40. Triton rubecula, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 29, a 12

41,42. Triton gemmatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 60, a, c 13

43, 44. Triton mundum, Gld. (= gemmatus, Rve.). Moll. Wilkes' Exp.,

f. 279, 297, a 13

45. Triton Beccarii, Tapparone Canefri. Mar Rosso, t. 19, f. 7 13

46. Triton ficoides, Reeve. Icon., f. 51 13

47. Triton chlorostomus, Lam. Reeve, f. 25 13

48. Triton chlorostomus, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrolabe, t, 40, f. 10 13

Plate 8.

49. Triton corrugatus, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 15 13

50. Triton Krebsii, Morch (= corrugatus, Lam.). Kiister, t. 70, f. 8... 13

51. Triton lineatus, Brod. Reeve, f. 4, 1 14

52. 53. Triton Tranquebaricus, Lam. Reeve, t. 14, f. 55, t. 20, f. 55... 14

54. Triton Poulsenii, Morch. Kiister, t. 70, f. 1 14

55. Triton cingulatus, Lam. Reeve, f. 35 15

56. Triton Voigtii, Anton (= cingulatus, Lam.). Philippi, Abbild. i,

Fusus, t. 1, f. 1 15

Plate 9.

57. Triton Chemnitzii, Gray (= Wiegmanni, Anton). Reeve, Icon., f.

37 15

58. Triton clandestinus, Lam. Reeve, f. 13 15

59. Triton cutaceum, Linn. Reeve, f. 39 15

60. Triton doliarium, Linn. Kiener, Monog., t. 15, f. 2 10

61. Triton Spengleri, Lam. Reeve, f. 36 10

62. Triton Waterhousei, Ad. and Angas, Kiister, t. 69, f. 1 17

63. Triton lignarius, Brod. Reeve, Icon., Triton, f. 40 15

64,65. Triton labiosus, Wood. Reeve, f. 52, b, c 17

GO. Triton Loroisii, Petit (-—labiosus, Wood), Jour, de Conch., iii, f.

2, f.8 17

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 283

FHMJKKS. 1'AGE.

67. Triton Straugei, Ad. and Ang. (== labiosus, Wood, oar.), /ool. Proc.,

t, 50, f. 16, 1878 17

• 18. Triton orientalis, Nevill (= labiosus, Wood, var.). Kuster, t. 69,

f. 8 17

Plate 10.

69. Triton Barthelemyi, Bern. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser. ii, t. 1, f. 1 17

70. TritoD femorale, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 10, f. 1 18

71. Triton Ranzanii, Bianc. (= tigrinus, Br.). Mem. Acad. Bologna,

iii, t, 3 18

72. Triton tigrinus, Brod. Chenu, Manual Conch., f. 695 18

7o. Triton Africanus, A. Ad. Kuster, t, 69, f. 3 i 16

74. Triton py rum, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 33 19

75. Triton sarcostoma, Reeve, Icon., f. 21, b 20

76. Triton grandimaculatus, Rve. ( : lotorium, L.). Icon., f. 20 19

77. Triton trilineatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 31, a 20

Plate 11.

78. 79. Triton lotorium, Linn. Reeve, Icon., ngs. 19 a, 19 b 19

80. Triton cynocephalus, Lam. Reeve, f. 26 19

81. Triton moritinctus, Rve. (-..--: cynocephalus, Lam.). Icon., f. 49 19

82. Triton Dunkeri, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch., t. 8, f. 1 19

84. Triton testudinarius, Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t. 9, f. 3 b... 20

8f). Triton Sinensis, Reeve. Icon., 18 a 20

80. Triton clavator, Lain. Reeve, Icon., f. 7 21

87. Triton legrotus, Reeve ( '. -_ trilineatus, Rve.). Icon., f. 42 20

8?. Triton exilis, Reeve. Icon., f. 11 b 21

s'.'. Triton gallinago, Reeve. Icon., f. 5 21

90. Triton monilifer, Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 18 21

Plate 12.

91. Triton amictus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 62 22

92. Triton canaliferus, Lam. (•= caudatus, Gmel.). Reeve, -f. 8 21

9:-}. Triton tripus, Lam. Kiener, Icon., t. 8, f. 2 22

94,95. Triton vespaceus, Lam. Reeve, f. 61 a, b 22

96. Triton elongatus, Reeve (= vespaceus, Lam.). Icon., f. 59 22

97, 98. Triton gracilis, Reeve (= vespaceus, Lam.). Icon., f. 58 a, b 22
99, 100. Triton Thersites, Reeve ( vespaceus, Lam.). Icon., f. 48 a, b 22

102,104. Triton exaratus, Reeve. Icon., f. 50 a, b 22

103. Triton gibbosus, Brod. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 69, f. 7 23

101. Triton gibbosus, Brod. Reeve, t, 14, f. 38 b 23

105. Triton tenuiliratus, Lischke. Kuster, Conch. Cab., t. 64, f. 4 22

106. Triton Locbbeckei, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch., Pt. 2, t. 4, f. 13.. 23

Plate 13.

107. Triton Pfeifferianus, Reeve. Icon., f. 14 23

108. Triton retusus, Lam. Reeve, f. 47 23

109. Triton pyrulum, Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 1. 10, f. 17 23

110. Triton encausticus, Reeve. Icon., f. 43 23

111. 112. Triton tuberosus, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 1, a, b.^ 23

113. Triton tuberosus, Lam. Gould, Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f, 295 23

114. Triton crispus, Reeve. Icon., f. 68 24

115. Triton eburneus, Reeve. Icon., f. 69 24

284 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. 1'AGK.

116. Triton Quoyi, Reeve. Icon., f. 93 24

117. Trjton verrucosus, Reeve. Icon., f. 71 -> 24

118. Triton convolutus, Brocl. Reeve, Icon., f. 92 , 25

119. Triton sealariformis, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 89 25

120. Triton speciosa, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., t. 1, f. 1, 1871 25

Plate 14.

121. Triton maculosus, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 04 2">

122. Triton Sowerbyi, Reeve. Icon., f. 65 b 26

123. Triton clathratus, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 57 a 26

124. Triton clathratus, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 60, f. 3 26

125. Triton distortus, Schub. and Wagner. Reeve, Icon., f. 66 26

126. Triton tortuosus, Reeve (_— distortus, S. and W.). Icon., f. 74, a.. 26

127. Triton obscurus, Reeve. Icon., f. 63 26

128. Triton testaceus, Morch (= obscurus, Rve.). Kiister, t, 70, f. 7... 26

129. Triton Cumingii, Dohrn. (= clathratus, Sowb.). Kiister, t. 69, f. 9. 26

130. Triton nitidulus, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 70 27

131. Triton Ceylonensis, Sowb. (= nitidulus, Sowb., var.). Reeve,

Icon., f. 73

132. Triton Brazieri, Angas (—_ nitidulus, var. Ceylonensis). Zool.

Proc., t. 2, f. 3, 1869

Plate 15.

133. Triton siphonatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 81 28

134. Triton antiquatus, Hinds. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 68, f. 9 2S

135. Triton sculptilis, Reeve. Icon., f. 76 28

136. Triton eximius, Reeve. Icon., f. 77 2s

137. Triton decollatus, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 82 28

138. Triton truncatus, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 83 28

139. Triton cylindricus, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, t. 11, f. 9 29

140. Triton decapitatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 85 '20

141. Triton bracteatus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 4, f. 6 29

142. Triton digitalis. Reeve. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 68, f. 17 29

143. Triton digitalis, Reeve. Icon., f. 86 29

144. Triton concinnus, Reeve. Icon., f. 87 29

145. Triton tessellatus, Rve. (— - concinnus. Rve.). Icon., f. 91 29

146. 147. Triton angulatus, Reeve. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 68, f. 15, 16. 30

148. Triton latevaricosus, Reeve (t.-- bracteatus, Hinds). Icon., f. 90... 29

149. Triton bacillum, Reeve (— braoteatus, Hinds). Icon., f. 94 29

150. Triton fictilis, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 98 30

161. Triton Coxi, Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc., t. 4, f. 9, 1872 28

152. Triton cynocephalus, Lam. Operculum. Specimen. 19

153. Distorsio anus; Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 40, f. 7 35

154. Triton pictus, Reeve. Icon., f. 79 30

Plate 16.

155. Triton reticosus, A. Ad. Specimen 31

156. Triton pusillus, Pease. Specimen 31

157. Triton comptus, Sowb. (— obscurus, Rve.). Zool. Proc. t. 72, f. 2,

1874 33

158. Triton Swifti, Tryon. Specimen 31

159. Triton lineolatus, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., t. 1, f. 18, 1846... 31

160. Triton reticulatus, Blainv. Reeve, Icon., f. 72 27

REFERENCE TO PLATES. ZOO

FIGURES. PAGE.

101. Triton pygimuus, Reeve (_— reticulatus, Bl.). Icon., f. 07 27

1(5-!. Triton lanceolatus, Menke. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 65, f. 8 27

HW. Triton auomalus, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 100 31

104. Triton cancellatus, Lam. Reeve, Fusus, f. 62 34

165, 160. Triton Oregonensis, Redf. (= cancellatus, Lam.). Reeve,

Fusus, f. 61 a, b 34

107. Triton Oregonensis Redfield (-- cancellatus, Lam.). Ann. N. Y.

Lye., iv, t. 11, f 2 a 34

108. Triton scaber, King. Reeve, Icon/Triton, f. 34 34

109. Triton rudis, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 53 34

' Plate 17.

170-172. Triton cancellatus, Lam, Gould, Moll. Wilkes' Exped. f. 298.. 34

17o, 174. Distorsio anus, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 40, f. 6, 8 35

175. Triton cancellinus, Roissy. Reeve, Icon., f. 45 35

170. Triton constrictus, Brod. (.-. cancellinus, Roissy). Reeve, f. 41... 35

177. Triton ridens, Reeve ( = cancellinus, Roissy). Icon., f. 46 35

178. Tritgn decipiens, Reeve (-.--. cancellinus, Roissy). Icon., f. 102... 35

Plate 18.

1. Ranella spino^a, Lam. Kiener, Icon., t. 5 37

2. Ranella foliata, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 8 37

;!. Ranella crumena, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 17 a 37

4. Ranella neglecta, Sowb. ( = margaritula, Desh.). Conch. 111., f. 22. 37

5. Ranella albivaricosa, Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t, 13, f. 4 38

0. Ranella albivaricosa, Reeve. Icon. f. 2 38

7. Ranella elegans, Beck ( subgranosa, Sowb.). Reeve, Icon., f. 22. 38

Plate 19.

8. Ranella subgranosa, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 1 38

9. Ranella albifasciata, Sowb. (nana, Sowb., var.). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 27 38

10. Ranella crassa, Dillw. Reeve, Icon,, f. 18, b 38

11. Ranella siphonata, Reeve ( bufonia, Gm., var. venustula). Icon.,

f. 38 :•)'.»

12. Ranella Lampas, Linn. Reeve, Triton, f. 30 b 38

Plate 20.

13. Ranella venustula, Reeve ( bufonia, Gmel., var.). Icon., f. 37 — 39

14. Ranella tuberosissima, Rve. (- bufonia, Gmel.). Icon., f. 39 39

15. Ranella nana, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 29 a 38

10. Ranella ventricosa, Brod. Kiener, Monog., t. 14, f. 2 40

17. Ranella ventricosa, Brod. Gould, Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 302 40

18. Ranella ventricosa (eggs). Orb. Voy. Am. Me'rid., t. 02, f. 11 *0

19. Ranella scrobiculator, Linn. Reeve. Triton, f. 28 b 40

20. Ranella coriacea, Reeve ( - scrobiculator, L.). Icon., f. 26 40

Plate 21.

21. 2M. Ranella bufonia, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 23 a, b 39

22. Ranella bufonia, Gmel. Gould, Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 299, 39

24. Ranella cruent-Ua, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 20 39

25. Ranella rhodostoma, Beck (-— cruentata, var.). Reeve, Icon. f. 32. 39

28-fi REFERENCE To PLATES.

F1GUKKS. PAGE.

26. Ranella Thonuc, d'Orb. (: cruentata, var. rhodostouia). Moll.

Cuba, t. 23, f. 23 . :',»

27. Ranella verrucosa, Sowb. (-= cruentata, Sowb.) Conch. 111., f 20... 39

28. Ranella Grayana, Dunker (= bufonia, Gmel,). Novit. Conch., t. 19,

f. 5 39

29. Ranella asperrima, Dunker (_--.- bufonia, Gmel.). Novit. Conch., t. 19,

f. 3 , 39

30. Ranella Ranelloides, Reeve (-cruentata, Sowb.). Icon. Triton, f.

10 a : :;<»

31. Ranella rugosa, Sowb. (= cruentata, Sowb.). Conch. 111., f. 7 N 39

32. Ranella Thersites, Redtield (= Californica, Hds.). Ann. N. Y. Lye.

iv,t. 10, f. 6b : 40

68. Ranella nobilis, Reeve (= bufonia, Gmel.). Icon., f. 16 39

Plate 22.

33. Ranella pustulosa, Reeve. Icon., f. 11 a 41

34. Ranella coclata, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 10 41

35. Ranella granifera, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 30 41

36. Ranella granifera, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrol,, t. 40, f. 21 41

37. Ranella semigranosa, Lam. (= granifera, Lam.). Reeve, Icon., f. -25. 41

38. Ranella affinis, Brod. Sowb., Conch. 111., f. 12 42

39. Ranella livida, Reeve (= affinis, Brod.). Icon., f. 28 42

40. Ranella Cubaniana, d'Orb. (= affinis, Br.). Moll. Cuba, t. 23, f. 24.. 42

41. Ranella Cumingiana, Dunker (= affinis, Br.). Novit. Conch., t. 19,

f. 7 42

42. Ranella Californica, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 9 b 40

43. Ranella candisata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 5 41

Plate 23.

44. Ranella bitubercularis, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 40 42

45. Ranella fuscocostata, Dunker (— tuberculata, Br.). Novit. Conch.,

t. 19, f. 1 4:1

46. Ranella tuberculata, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 36 43

47. Ranella tuberculata, Brod. Novit. Conch., t. 18, f. 1 42

48. Ranella gyrina, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 49 43

49. Ranella cuspidata, Reeve. Icon., f. 48 43

50. Ranella concinna, Dunker (= pusilla, Brod.). Novit. Conch., t. 18,

f. 3 -... 44

51. Ranella pulchra, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 47 43

52. Ranella Igevigata, Lam. (= marginata, Gmel.). Reeve, Icon., f. 50. 42

53. 54. Ranella leucostoma, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 40, figs. 3, 4... 42

55. Ranella ponderosa, Reeve (= affinis, Brod.). Icon., f. 14 42

Plate 24.

56, 57. Ranella pusilla, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 44 a, b 44

58. Ranella rosea, Reeve (== pusilla, Br.). Icon., f. 46 44

59. Ranella anceps, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 43 44

60. Ranella hastula, Reeve. Icon., f. 42 44

61. Ranella argus, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 12 44

62. Ranella vexillum, Sowb. (= argus, Gmel.). Conch. 111., f. 3 44

63. Ranella vexillum, Sowb. (= argus, Gmel.). Gould, Moll. Wilkes'

Exped. f. 301 44

64. Ranella proditor, Frauenf. (= argus, Gmel.). Voy. Novara, t. 1,

f. lb..., 44

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 287

FIGURES. PAGE.

05. Ranella tumida, Dunker (= argus, Gmel.). Novit, Conch., t. 18, f. 8. 44
00. Ranella sagitta, Kiister (== pusilla, Br., var. concinna). Conch.

Cab., t. 38 a, f. 6 44

67. Ranella lamellosa, Dunker (= anceps, Lam.). Novit. Conch., t. 18,

f. 6 44

09. Ranella gigantea, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 3 42

Plate 25.

Lingual Dentition.

1. Fusus inconstans, Lischke. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, t. 6, f. 1 a 47

2. Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn. Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, t. 5,

f. 12 48

3. Fasciolaria lignaria, Linn. Troschel, t. 5, f. 17 48

4. Buccinofusus Berniciensis, King. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 10, f. 26 b... 48

5. Ptychatractus ligatus, Mighels. Am. Jour. Conch., i, t. 8, f. 8. 48

0, 7. Meyeria pusilla, Sars. Moll. Norv., t. 9, f. 13 b, c . 48

8. Peristernia nassatula, Lam. Troschel, t. 6, f. 3 48

9. Leucozonia fuscata, Gmel. Troschel, t. 6, f. 1 48.

10. Melongena melongena, Linn. Troschel, t. 7, f. 13 98

11. Melongena pugilina, Linn, Troschel, t. 7, f. 17 98

Plate 26.

Lingual Dentition.

12. Melongena citrina, Lam. Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, t. 7,

f. 18 98

13. Melongena aspera, Mart. Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, t. 7,

f. 19 98

14. Neptunea antiqua, Linn. Troschel, t. 6, f. 15 98

15. Neptunea bulbacea, Bern. Troschel, t. 6, f. 16 98

16. Chrysodomus Turtoni, Bean. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 10, f. 16 98

17. Sipho islandicus, Linn. Sars, t, 10, f. 19 99

18. Sipho latericeus, Morch. Sars, t. 10, f. 24 99

19. Hemifusus tuba, Gmel. Troschel, t. 7, f. 14 98

20. Sycotypus pyrum, Gmel. Troschel, t. 7, f. 1 99

21. Metula mitrella, Ad. and Reeve. Troschel, t. 7, f. 10 100

22. Cantharus undosus", Linn. Troschel, t. 7, f. 8 100

23. Cantharus distortus, Linn. Troschel, t. 7, f. 7 100

24. 25. Volutopsis Norvegica, Chemn. Sars, Moll. Norv., 1. 10, f. 17 a, b. ' 99

Plate 27.

Lingual Dentition.

20. Cantharus proteus, Rve. Troschel, Gebiss, ii, t. 7, f. 4 100

27. Euthria cornea, Linn. Troschel, t. 7, f. 11 100

28. Euthria lineata, Chemn. Troschel, t. 7, f. 12 100

29. Buccinum undatum, L. Troschel, t. 0, f. 10 100

30. Buccinum hydrophanum, Hancock. Troschel, t. 6, f. 11 100

31. Volutharpa PerryJ, Jay. Troschel, t. 6, f. 14 100

32. Buccinopsis eburna, Sars. Moll. Norv., t. 10, f. 15 100

33. Eburna lutosa, Lam. Troschel, Archiv Naturg., i, t. 3, f. 4, 1868... 101

34. Nassaria acuminata, Rve. Troschel, Archiv, t. 3, f. 5

35. Phos senticosus, L. Troschel, Gebiss, ii, t. 8, f. 1

•°>0. Engina mendicaria, Troschel, t. 8, f. 4 220

288 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. PAGE.

37. Canidea. Jour, de Conch., t. 12, f. 3, 1876 101

38. Clea. Jour, de Conch., t, 12, f. 4, 1876 101

39. Cominella limbosa 101

Plate 28.

40. Buccinofusus parilis, Conr. Tert. Foss., t, 49, f. 5 48

41. 42. Peistochilus Scarborough!, Meek and Hayden. Geol. Survey, ix,

t. 32, f, 4 a, b 47

43. Exilifusus Kerri, Gabb. Proc. Phil. Acad., t. 17, f. 1, 1876 49

44. Exilia pergracilis, Conr. Jour. Phil. Acad., 2d ser., iv, t. 47, f. 34. 49

45. Exilifusus, thalloides (= Exilia), Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 12.... 49

46. Turrispira salebrosa, Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f, 13 49

47. Priscofusus geniculus, Conr. Geol. Wilkes' Exped., t. 20, f. 3. 49

48. 49. Serrifusus Dakotensis, Meek and Hayden. Geol. Surv., ix, t. 32,

f . 6 a, b 49

Plate 29.

50. Terebrispira elegans, Eminons. Geol. N. Car., f. 114 50

51. Mesorhytis gracilenta, Meek. Pal. Hayden's Surv., ix, 364, f. 45... 50

52. Cryptorhytis Cheyennensis, Meek and Hayden. Ibid., 1. 19, f. 13 b. 50

53. Lirosoma sulcosa, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 23, f. 3 50

54. Fasciolina Woodii, Gabb. Jour. Philad. Acad., 2d ser., iv, t. 67, f. 7. 50

55. Bulbifusus inauratus, Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 2 102

56. Cornulina armigera, Conr. Ibid., t. 15, f. 1 102

57. Leistoma bulbiformis, Lam. Swain's Malacol., 308, f. 75 102

58. Fusispira ventricosa, Hall. 24th Rep. N. Y., t. 8, f. 6 102

59. Closteriscus tenuilineatus, Meek. Pal. Hayden's Surv., ix, t. 19,

f. 10 b 103

60: Palajtractus crassus, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, t. 26, f. 26 103

61. Pyrifusus subdensatus, Conr. Jour. Phil. Acad., 2d ser., iii, t. ;!.">,

f. 12 103

Plate 30.

62. Pyrifusus (Neptunella) Newberryi, Meek and Hayden. Survey, ix,

t. 31, f. 6 b .... 103

63. Hercorhyncus Tippana, Conr. Jour. Phil. Acad., 2d ser., iv, t. 46,

f. 41 , 103

64.. Lirofusus thoracicus, Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 6 103

65. Strepsidura costata, Swains. Eneyc. Meth., t. 428, f. 2 103

66. Papillina papillatus, Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 3 103

67. Perissolax brevirostris, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, t. 18, f. 48 104

68. Levifusus trabeatus, Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 1 104

69. Tortifusus curvirostra, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 19, f. 1 104

70. Pyropsis perlata, Conr. Jour. Phil. Acad. 2d ser., iv, t. 46, f. 39.... 104

71. Clavifusus Cooperi, Conr. Tert. Foss., t. 18, f. 15 104

72. Clavifusus altilis, Conr. Ibid., t, 18, f. 16 104

Plate 31,

73. Cantharulus Vaughani, Meek and Hayden. Survey, ix, t. 32, f. 5 b. 104

74. Metulella fusiformis, Gabb. Proc. Phil. Acad., t. 11, f. 3, 1872 104

75. Agasoma gravida, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, t. 1, f. 6 105

76. Agasoma sinuata, Gabb. Ibid., t. 1, f. 7 105

77. Erypachia perforate, Gabb. Ibid., i, t. 18, f. 39 105

REFERENCE TO PLATES 289

FIGURES. PAGE.

78. Pseudobuccinum Nebrascense, Meek and Hayden. Surv., ix, t. 31,

f.5, d 105

79. Odontobasis ventricosa. Meek. Pal. Hayden' s Surv., ix, 354, f. 43.. 105

80. Ectracheliza truncata, Gabb. Proc. Phil. Acad., t. 9, f. 2, 1872 106

81. Brachysphingus liratus, Gabb. Pal. Calif., i, t. 28, f. 211 106

82. Haydenia impressa, Gabb. Ibid., t. 18. f. 51 106

83. Buccitriton cancellation, Lea (= sagenum, Conr.). Contrib. Conch.,

t. 5, f. 170 106

84. Lacinia alveata, Conr. Tert. FOPS., t. 15, f. 2 106

85. Buccitriton altum, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, t. 21, f. 9 106

Plate 32.

80. Fusus pagoda, Lesson. Reeve, Icon., Fusus, f. 32 b 51

87. Fusus vaginatus, Jan. Reeve, f. 51 51

88. Fusus echinatus, Kiener (= vaginatus, Jan.). Iconog., t. 2, f. 2... 51

89. Fusus colus, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 11 52

90-92. Fusus colus, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 44, figs. 1-3 52

93. Fusus proboscidiferus, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 17 52

94. Fusus ventricosus, H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 110, 1870 52

95. Fusus toreuma, Mart. (= colus, Linn., var.). Reeve, f. 27 52

96. Fusus Brenchleyi, Baird (= Nicobaricus, var.). Voy. Cura9oa,

t. 27, f. 1 53

97. Fusus oblitus, Reeve (= Nicobaricus, var.). Icon., f. 29 53 „ *

98. Fusus Nicobaricus, Lam. Reeve, 37 a «6* S *

Plate 33.

99. Fusus Beckii, Reeve (= Nicobaricus, var. oblitus). Icon., t. 17,

f. 34* 53 *•

100. Fusus tuberculatus, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 38 54

101. Fusus laticostatus, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 33 a 53

102-107. Fusus inconstans, Lischke ( = perplexus, A. Ad.). Jap. Conch.,

t. 2, figs. 1-6 54

108. Fusus multicarinatus, Reeve (= spectrum, var. Novse Hollandiae).

Icon., f. 22 58

109. Fusus multicarinatus, Lam. Kiener, Monog., t. 10, f. 1 55

Plate 34.

110. Fusus nodosoplicatus, Bunker (= tuberculatus, Lam.). Novit.

Conch., t. 33, f. 4 54

111. Fusus nodosoplicatus, Dunker (= tuberculatus, Lam.). Lischke,

Jap. Conch. Suppl., t. 3, f. 6 54

112. Fusus Loebbeckii, Kobelt. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 48, f. 1 54

113. Fusus Australis, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 34, f. 11 55

-114. Fusus marmoratus, Phil. (— Australis, Quoy). Abbild. ii, Fusus,

t. 3, f. 7 55

• 115. Fusus marmoratus, Phil. («= Australis, Quoy). Reeve, Icon., f.

1 a 55

•116. Fusus aureus, Reeve (= Australis, Quoy). Icon., f. 17 55

.117. Fusus aureus, Reeve (= Australis, Quoy). Phil., Abbild. iii, Fusus.

t. 5, f. 4 55

-118. Fusus crebriliratus, Reeve (= Australis, Quoy). 'Icon., f. 20 55

110. Fusus caudatus, Quoy (= Australis, Quoy). Voy. Astrolabe, t.

34. f. 20 55

120. Fusus longissimus, Grnel. Kiener, Monog., t. 2, f. 1 56

37

290 REFERENCE TO PLATES

Plate 35.

FlttUKKS. PAGK.

121. Fusus undatus, Gmelin. Reeve, Icon., f. 12 5G

122. Fusus strigatus, Philippi. Abbild. iii, Fusus, t. 5, f. 3 50

123. Fusus gradatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 65 57

124. Fusus Hartwig^, Shuttlew. (= gradatus, Reeve). Specimen 57

125. Fusus Paeteli, Bunker (= gradatus, Reeve). Novit. Conch., t. o3,

f. 5 57

126. Fusus similis, Baird (•— undatus, Gmel.). Voy. Cura9oa, t. 36 56

127. 128. Fusus polygonoides, Lam. Reeve, Icon., figs. 36 a, d 56

129. Fusus leptorhynchus, Tapparone-Canefri, Mar. Rosso, t. 19, f. 5.. 5G

130, Fusus Schrammi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, t. 1, f. 9, 1865 57

Plate 36.

131. Fusus distans, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 28 57

132. Fusus closter, Phil. (= distans, Lam.). Abbild. iii, Fusus, t. 5,

f. 1 57

133. Fusus Dupetithouarsi, Kiener (=* distans, var.). Monog., t. 11.-.. 57

134. Fusus Dupetithouarsi, Val. Voy. Venus, t. 5, f. 1 57

135. Fusus spectrum, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 68 58

136. Fusus torulosus, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 24 51)

Plate 37.

137. Fusus Novae-Hollandiie, Reeve (= spectrum, Rve., var.). Icon.,

f. 70 b 58

138. Fusus ambustus, Gould. Bost. Jour. N. Hist., vi, 374, t. 14, f. 18.. 5'.'

139. Fusus cinereus, Reeve. Turbinella, f. 68 a GO

140. Fusus luteopictus, Ball. (== cinereus, Rve.). Specimen GO

141. Fusus Taylorianus, Rve. '(= cinereus, Rve.). Icon. Fusus, f. 85... 00

142. Fusus Dunkeri, Jonas. Phil., Abbild. ii, 191, t. 4, f. 4 CO

143. Fusus craticulatus, Brocchi. Reeve, Icon., f. 74 60

144. Fusus scaber, Lam. (= craticulatus, Broc.). Kiener, Murex, t. '.»,

f. 2 GO

145. 146. Fusus Syracusanus, Linn. Reeve, f. 10 b, c GO

147. Fusus rostratus, Olivi. Specimen 61

148. Fusus fragosus, Rve. (= rostratus, Olivi). Icon., f. 71 61

149. Fusus caelatus, Rve. Icon., f. 35 b 61

150. Fusus rostratus, Olivi. Reeve, Icon., f. 55 01

151. Fusus nigrirostratus, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 33, 1879.. Gi>

Plate 38.

152. Fusus Philippi, Jonas. Phil., Abbild. ii, Fusus, t. 4, f. 1 62

153. Fusus nobilis, Reeve. Icon., f. 60 (>2

154. Fusus turricula, Kiener. Monog., t. 5, f. 1 62

155. Fusus Pfeifferi, Phil. Abbild. ii, t. 3, f. 1 63

156. Fusus Meyeri, Dunker. Novitates, t. 43, f. 2 63

157. Fusus longicaudatus, Bory. Reeve, Icon., f. 13 63

158. Fusus Couei, Petit. Jour, de Conch, iv, t. 8, f. 1 G:'»

159. Fusus gracillimus, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 69 63

160. Fusus acus, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 75 b 63

161. Fusus clausicaudatus, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 54 a» 64

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 291

Plate 39.

FK4TJRES. PAGE.

102. Fusus Kobeltii, Dall. Specimen 64

163. Fusus tenuiliratus, Dunker. Novit. Conch., t. 33, f, 2 64

164. Fusus Rudolphii, Dunker. Novit. Conch., t. 43, f. 3 64

165. Fusus ocelliferus, Bory. Reeve, Icon., f. 8 65

166. Fusus mhiutisquamosus, Reeve. Icon., f. 80 .*. 65

167. Fusus pulchellus, Phil. Reeve, Icon., f. 81 a 65

168. Fusus Niponicus, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 34 65

169. Fusus simplex, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 35 65

170. Fusus ustulatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 66 66

171. Fusus pyrulatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 50 a 66

17:2. Fusus pyrulatus, Reeve. Dunker, Novit. Conch., t. 34, f. 5 66

189. Buccinofusus Spitzbergensis, Reeve. Kuster, t. 26, f. 7.. 71

190. Meyeria alba, Jeffreys. Thompson's Depths of Sea, f. 77 73

191. 192. Meyeria pusilla, Sars. (= alba, Jeff.). Moll, Norv., t. 13,

f. 8; t. 18, f.45 73

193. Meyeria albella, Sars (= alba, Jeff.). Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 7,

f. 4.. 73

Plate 40.

173. Fusus Maroccensis, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 72 66

174. Fusus elegans, Reeve (= Maroccensis, Gm.). Icon., f. 87 a 66

175. Fusus Lincolnensis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, t. 2, f. 4 66

176. Fusus obscurus, Phil. Abbild. i, Fusus, t. 1, f. 5 67

177. Afer afer, Gmel. Kiener, Fusus, t. 18, f. 2 69

178. Afer Blosvillei, Desh. Guerin's Mag. Zool., t. 85, 1844 69

179. Afer Blosvillei, Desh. Reeve, Icon., Fusus, t. 25 b 69

180. Afer lividus, Phil. (= Blosvillei, Desh.). Abbild. iii, Fusus, t. 2,

f. 8 69

181. Afer heptagonalis, Reeve. Icon., Fusus, t. 26 a 70

182. Clavella serotina, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 1, f. 12 70

183. Buccinofusus Berniciensis, King. Jeffreys, Brit. Conch, v, t. 87,

f.l 71

184. Buccinofusus Berniciensis, King, var. solida, Sars. Moll. Norv.,

t. 14, f . 2 71

185. Ptychatractus ligatus, Mighels and Adams. Specimen 72

186. Ptychatractus Coreanicus, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc. 1879, t. 20,

f.36 72

187. Fusus nucleus, Brod. Sowb., Conch. 111., Murex, f. 2 67

188. Triton amictus, Reeve. Icon., f. 62 22

Plate 41.

194, 195. Melongena patula, Brod. and Sowb. Kiener, Monog, Pyrula,

t. 2, f. 1, 2 107

196. Melongena patula, Brod. and Sowb. Juv Gray, Voy. Blossom, t.

35, f. 3 107

197, 198. Melongena melongena, Linn. Kiener, Monog. Pyrula, t. 1,

f. 1, 2 107

199. Melongena corona, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., Pyrula, f. 7 108

200. Melongena corona, Gmel. Sowb., Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 13, 1878 108

201. Melongena Belknapi, Petit (= corona, Gmel.). Jour, de Conch.,

iii, t. 2, f. 5 108

202. Melongena Martiniana, Phil. (= corona, Gmel.). Abbild. i, Pyrula,

t. 1, f. 9 108

203. Melongena bispinosa, Phil. (= corona, Gmel.). Jour, de Conch.

iii, t. 8, f. 3 ,. 108

292

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 42.

FIGURES. PAGE.

204. Melongena galeodes, Lam. Kiener, Pyrula, t. 5, f. 2 108

205. Melongena galeodes, Lam. Reeve, Icon. Pyrula, f. 23 108

206. Melongena galeodes, Lam. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., t. 22, f. 40 108

207. Melongena squamosa, Lam. (= galeodes, Lam.). Kiener, t. 4, f. 2. 108

208. Melongena angulata, Lam. (— galeodes, Lam.). Kiener, t. 7, f. 2.. 108

209. Melongena bucephala, Lam! Kiener, Pyrula, t. 4, f. 1 109

210. Melongena pallida, Brod. and Sowb. Kiister, Monog., t. 7, f. 3.... 109

211. Melongena pallida, Brod. and Sowb. Gray, Beechey's Voy., t. 30,

f. 14 109

212. 213. Melongena anomala, Reeve. Icon. Pyrula, figs. 9, 12 109

214. Melongena lignaria, Reeve (= pallida). Icon. Pyrula, t. 9, f. 13 a.. 109

215. Melongena Turbinelloides, Reeve (= pallida). Icon. Fusus, f. 5(5. 109

216. Melongena Orbignyi, Reeve (= fusiformis, Blainv.). Icon. Pur.

pura, f. 32 109

217. Melongena Purpuroides, Orb. (= fusiformis, Bl.). Voy. Am.

Merid., t. 63, f. 1 109

218. Melongena pagoda, Reeve (= fusiformis, Bl.). Icon. Bucc., f. 50.. 109

219. Melongena myristica, Reeve. Icon. Fusus, f. 57 109

Plate 43.

220. Melongena pugilina, Born. Kiener, Pyrula, t. 5, f. 1 110

221. Melongena pugilina, Born. Reeve, Icon. Pyrula, .f. 1 a 110

222. Melongena pugilina, Born. Voy. Bonite, t. 42, f. 10 :.... 110

223-225. Melongena paradisiaca, Reeve. Icon. Pyrula, f. 17 a, b, c.... 110

226. Melongena cochlidium, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 2 110

227. Melongena cochlidium, Linn. Voy. Astrol. and Zel., t. 22, f. 37... 110

228. 229. Melongena morio, Linn. Kiener, Fusus, t. 22, f. 2 ; t. 23, f. 2. Ill

230. Melongena spadicea, Kobelt. Kiister, Fusus, t. 55, f . 5 110

231. Melongena cancellarioides, Reeve. Icon., f. 59 110

Plate 44.

282. Hemifusus colosseus, Lam. Kiener, Fusus, t. 25, f. 1 Ill

233. Hemifusus ternatanus, Gmel. Kiister, Pyrula, t. 5, f . 4 112

234. Hemifusus pastinaca, Reeve. Icon. Fusus, f. 64 112

235. Hemifusus lacteus, Reeve. Icon. Pyrula, f. 8 112

236. Hemifusus elongatus Lam. Kiener, Fusus, t. 28 112

237. Hemifusus tuba, Gmel. Kiener. Fusus, t. ^6 f. 1 112

238. 239. Thatcheria mirabilis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 54, f. 1 a, b,

1877 113

240, 241. Strombus Luhuanus, monstr. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. x, t. 2,

f. 1, 2 113

242. Pyrula Bengalina, Grateloup. Mem., t. 4? f. 5 113

Plate 45.

243. Neptunea antiqua, Linn. Kiener, Fusus, t. 18, f. 1... 113

244. Neptunea antiqua, Linn. Operculum. Meyer and Mobius, Kielerb.

ii, t. 2, f. 9 113

245. Neptunea antiqua, Linn. Monstr. Brown, Brit. Conch., t. 58, f. 19. 113

246. Murex decollatus, Donov. (= antiqua, Fry). Brit. Shells, t. 86... 113

247. 248. Neptunea despecta, Linn. Reeve, Icon. Fusus, f. 39 b, c 116

249. Neptunea despecta, young. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 14, f. 4 c 110

250. Neptunea despecta, var. carinata, Penn. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 14,

f. 4 b... . 110

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 293

FIGURES. PAGE.

251. Neptunea despecta, var. fornicata, Gray. Reeve, Icon. Fusus, f. 63.. 116

252, 253. Neptunea heros, Gray (= despecta, var. fornicata). Zoel.

Proc., t. 7, 1850 116

254. Neptunea borealis, Phil. (= despecta, var. fornicata). Abbild. iii,

t. 5, f, 2 116

Plate 46.

255, 256. Neptunea heros, Gray (— despecta, var. fornicata). Zool.

Proc., t, 7, 1850 116

257-260. Neptunea antiqua, Middendorf (=— despecta, var. fornicata).

Mai. Ross., t. 2, f. 2; t. 5, f. 1, 2, 5 116

261. Neptunea tornata, Gld. (= despecta, var. fornicata). Invert. Mass,

edit, ii, f. 641 116

Plate 47.

262. Neptunea arthritica, Val. (= despecta, var. fornicata). Jour.

Conch., 2 ser., ii, t. 12, f. 3 116

263. 264. Neptunea arthritica, Val. (= despecta, var. fornicata). Kiis-

ter, t. 13, f. 2, 3 116

265. Neptunea bulbosa, Val. (= despecta, var. fornicata). Voy. Venus.

t. 5, f. 2 a '. 116

266. Neptunea bulbacea, Val. (= despecta, var. fornicata). Bernardi,

J. Conch., 2 ser , iii, t. 7. f. 1 116

267. Neptunea saturus, Martyn (= despecta, var. fornicata). Univ.

Conch., t.47 116

268. Neptunea Cumingii, Crosse (= despecta, var. fornicata). Jour.

Conch., 3 ser., iii, t. 5, f. 2 116

Plate 48.

269-272. Neptunea lirata, Martyn. Kiister, t. 11, f . 1 ; t. 10, figs. 5,

4, 2 117

273. Neptunea lirata, Reeve (= decemcostata, Say). Icon. Fusus, f. 40... 118

274. Neptunea crebricostata, Dall. Kobelt in Kiister, Fusus, t. 39, f. 1. 118

275. Neptunea Turtdni, Bean (Egg-Capsule). Howse, Ann. Mag. N. H.,

xix, t. 10, f. 9 119

276. Neptunea Norvegica, Chemn. (Egg- Capsule). Howse, Ann. Mag.

N. H., xix, t. 10, f. 3 119

277. Neptunea regularis, Dall. (= Norvegica, Chemn.). Kobelt in

Kuster, t. 39, f. 2 119

Plate 49.

278. Neptunea Largillierti, Petit (= Norvegica). Jour. Conch., ii, t.

7, f. 6 119

279. Neptunea Largillierti, Petit (= Norvegica). Kobelt, Conch. Cab.,

t. 35, f. 1 119

280. Neptunea Behringii, Midd. Kobelt, Conch. Cab., t. 12, f. 1 121

281. Neptunea Turtoni, Bean. Reeve, Fusus, f. 83 119

282. 283. Neptunea Turtoni, Bean (Young and Operculum). Sars, Moll.

Norv., t. 25, f. 10; t. 18, f. 53 119

284. Neptunea pericochlion, Schrenck. Kobelt, t. 43, f. 4 121

285. Neptunea Halli, Dall. Kobelt, t. 43, f. 1 120

286. Neptunea tabulata, Baird ( — pericochlion, Schrenck). Kobelt, t.

45, f. 3 121

287. Neptunea collorhina, Dall. Kobelt, t. 45, f. 6 120

294 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 50.

FIGURES. PAGE.

288. Neptunea Norvegica, Chemn. Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., t. 85, f. 3.... 119

289. Neptunea Behringii, Midd. Kobelt, Conch. Cab., t, 12, f. 3 121

290. Neptunea Kennicottii, Dall (= Behringii, Midd.). Am. Jour.

Conch., vii, t. 15, f. 1 121

291. Neptunea contraria, Linn. Reeve, Fusus, f. 46 122

292. Neptunea perversa, Lam. (= contraria, L.). Kiener, t. 20, f. 1... 122

293. Neptunea deformis, Reeve. Icon., f. 45 a 122

294. Neptunea harpa, Morch. Kobelt, t, 14 a, f. 1 122

295. Neptunea harpa, Morch. Dunker, Novitates,t. 1, f. 3 122

29G. Neptunea attenuate, Dall. Kobelt, t. 45, f. 5 121

Plate 51.

297. Sipho Islandicus, Chemn. Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., t. 86, f. 1 123

298. Sipho gracilis, Da Costa. Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., t. 86, f. 2 124

299. Sipho gracilis, Da Costa. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. SS,

f. 2 124

300. Sipho propinquus, Alder. Reeve, Fusus, f. 82 b 125

301. Sipho Ebur, Kobelt (non Morch — propinquus). Conch. Cab., t.

34, f . 6 125

302. Sipho tortuosus, Reeve. Kobelt, t, 26, f. 4 125

303. Sipho tortuosus, Reeve. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 15, f. 4 125

304. Sipho turrita, Sars (= tortuosus, var.). Moll. Norv., t. 25, f. 10... 125

305. Sipho attenuatus, Jeffreys (== tortuosus, var.). Sars, Moll. Norv.,

t. 15, f. 6 126

306. 307. Sipho glabra, Verkriizen. Kobelt, t. 34, f. 2, 3 126

308. Sipho Jeffreysianus, Fischer 126

309. Sipho Islandicus (~ Stimpsoni), Gould. Invert. Mass., 2d edit.,

f. 638 126

310. Sipho Stimpsoni, Morch. Kobelt. t. 34, f. 1 126

311. Sipho corneus, Say (= gracilis, Da Costa). Am. Conch., t. 29 , 124

312. Sipho lachesis, Morch. Kobelt, t. 38, f. 5 124

313. Sipho Islandicus, Kiener (= Stimpsoni, var.). Monog , t. 15. f. 2. 126

Plate 52.

314. 315. Sipho turgidulus, Jeffreys. Kobelt, t, 38, f. 2. 3 127

316. Sipho Schantaricus, Middendorff. Reise ii, t. 10, f. 7 127

317. Sipho striatus, Reeve (= Stimpsoni, var. ). Icon., f. 42b 126

318. 319. Sipho togatus, Morch. Kobelt, t. 38, f . 7 ; t. 40, f. 4 127

320. Sipho Pfaffii,, Morch. Kobelt, t. 41, f. 4 127

321. Sipho lividus, Morch. Jour, de Conch., x, t. 1, f, 1 127

322. Sipho Moebii, Dunker and Metzger (= Sar?ii, Jeffreys). Kobelt,

t. 25, f. 5 128

323. Sipho Ebur, Morch (= Sarsii, Jeffreys). Kobelt, t. 38, f. 6; 128

324. Sipho ventricosus, Gray. Kobelt, t, 25, f. 6 128

325. Sipho Verkruzeni, Kobelt, t. 34, f. 4 128

326. Sipho productus, Beck. Kobelt, t. 41, f. 6 ! 129

327. Sipho Benzoni, Morch. Jour, de Conch., xx, t. 5, f . 3 129

328. Sipho Benzoni, Morch. Kobelt, t. 41, f. 8 « 129

329. Sipho roseus, Dall. Kobelt, t. 45, f. 8 128

330. Siph© pygmseus, Gld. Invert. Mass., edit. 2, f. 639 129

331. 332. Sipho Mohnii, Friele. Kobelt, t. 40, f. 6 129

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 295

Plate 53.

FIGUBES. PAGE.

333 335. Sipho Kroyeri, Mdller. Kobelt, t. 41, f. 1, 2; t. 3D, f. 4 130

330. Sipho arcticus, Phil. (= Kroyeri). Kobelt, t. 14 a, f. 4 130

337. Sipho fenestratus, Turton. Kobelt, t. 26, f. 6 130

338. Sipho fusiforrnis, Brod, (= fenestratus). Reeve, Buccinum, f. 31.. 130

339. Sipho fusiformis, Brod. (= fenestratus). Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 14,

f. 1 130

340. Sipho latericeus, Moller. Sars, Moll. Norv., t, 15, f. 8 130

341. 342. Sipho latericeus, Moller. Kobelt , t. 40, f. 7, 8 130

343. Sipho brunneus, Dall. Kobelt, t. 40, f. 9 130

344. Sipho pellucidus, Hancock. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xviii, t. 5, f. 3,

1846 130

345. 346. Sipho Jessoensis, Schrenck. Moll. Amur., t. 17, f. 9, 10...... 131

347. Sipho virens, Dall. Kobelt, t. 45, f. 1 130

348. Sipho rectirostris, Carpenter. Kobelt, t. 45, f . 7 131

349. Sipho tortuosus, Reeve (= Kroyeri), •Buccinum, f. 115 , 130

350. Sipho cretaceus, Reeve (= Kroyeri). Buccinum, f. 112 130

351. Sipho plicatus, A. Ad. (= Kroyeri) 130

Plate 54.

352. Siphonalia Kellettii, Forbes. Kobelt, t. 23, f. 1 134

353. Siphonalia varicosa, Kiener. Reeve, Bucc., f. 10 137

354. Siphonalia tuberosa, Reeve. Icon. Fusus, f. 7 135

355. Siphonalia maxima, Tryon 135

356. 357. Siphonalia dilatata, Quoy. Reeve, f. 49 a, c 135

358. Siphonalia dilatata, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 34, f. 15 135

359. Siphonalia adusta (=. dilatata). Kobelt, t. 44, f. 4 135

360. Siphonalia Tasmaniensis, Ad. aud Ang. Kobelt, t. 43, f. x, 3 135

Plate 55.

361. Siphonalia fuscozonata, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 2, f. 8, 1865 134

302. ' Siphonalia modificata, Reeve. Kobelt, t. 42, f. 2 134

363. Siphonalia spadicea, Reeve. Kobelt, t. 42, f. 8 134

364-369. Siphonalia Cassidariceformis, Reeve. Lischke, Jap. Conch.,

t. 4, f. 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 '. 135

370 Siphonalia signum, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 6 136

371. Siphonalia fusoides, Reeve. Bucc , f. 9.'. 136

372. Siphonalia fusoides, Reeve. Kobelt, t. 23, f. 6 136

373. Siphonalia trochulus, Reeve. Buce., f 7b 136

374. Siphonalia hinnulus, Ad. and Reeve. Kobelt, t. 42, f. 6 136

375. Siphonalia calcarius, Dunker 137

Plate 56.

376. Siphonalia nodosa, Martyn. Voy. Astrol., t. 31, f. 5 136

377. Siphonalia nodosa, Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 5.. 136

378. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) alternata, Phil. Reeve, Fusus, f . 6 137

379. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) Fontainei, Orb. (= alternata). Voy.

Amer. Merid., t. 63, f. 2 137

380. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) sulcata, Lam. Kobelt., t. 44, f. 1 138

381. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) buxea, Reeve. Fusus, f. 18.... 138

382. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) Zealandica, Quoy (= Mandarina, Duclos).

Kiener, Fusus, t. 14, f. 1 138

583. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) Reeveana, Petit. Kobelt, t. 35, f. 2 138

384. Siphonalia (Austrofusus) cinnamomea, Reeve. Fusus, f. 16 138

2% REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 57.

FIGURES. P.\<;K.

385. Siphonalia Mandarina, Duclos. Reeve, f. 8 138

386. Siphonalia Fisheriana, Petit (= buxea, Reeve.). Jour. Conch..

2d ser., i, t. 2, f. 4 138

387. Fulgur carica, Gmel. Kiener, Pyrula, t. 3, f. 1 139

388. Fulgur aruanum, Linn. (= cariea, var. eliceans). Chemn., Man. i,

180 139

389. Fulgur candelabrum, Lam. (== carica, var. eliceans, monst.).

Kiener, t. 8, f. 1 139

390. Fulgur Kieneri, Phil. (= carica, var. eliceans). Kiener, t. 9, f. 2. 139

391. 392. Fulgur perversus, Linn. Kiener, Pyrula. t. 9, f. 1 ; t. 8, f. 2. 141

393. Fulgur coarctatus, Sowb. (= perversus). Petit, Jour. Conch, iii,

t. 7, f. 3 142

394. Sycotypus canaliculatus, L. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., x, 202 143

395. Sycotypus spirata, Lam. (== canaliculatus). Kiener, Pyrula, t. 10,

f. 1 , 143

396. Sycotypus spirata, Lam. (= pyrum, Dillw ), Kiener, Pyrula, 1. 10,

f. 2... .. 143

Plate 58.

397. Fusus hemifusus, Kobelt (== colus, var.). Conch. Cab., t. 59, f. 5.. r,7

398. Purpura baccata, Hombr. and Jacq. (= Siphonalia nodosa, Mart.).

Ast. and Zel., t. 22, f. 9 136

399. Melongena squamosa, Brod. Sowb., Conch. 111., Murex, f. 27 Ill

400. Fulgur carica, Gmel. Egg-Capsules. Am. Marine Conch., t. 5. f. 30. 130

401. Sycotypus canaliculatus, L. Egg-Capsules. Am. Marine Conch.,

t. 5, f. 27 143

402. Sycotypus pyruloides, Say (= pyrum, Dillw.). Am. Conch., t. 10.. 143

403. Sycotypus spirata, Lam. (= pyrum, Dillw.). Reeve. Pyrula, f. 27. 143

404. Taphon clavella, Reeve (= striatus, Gray). Icon., Pyrula, f. 10... J43

405. Streptosiphon porphyrostoma, Ad. and Reeve. Reeve, Fasciolaria,

f. 11 a 143

406. Streptosiphon recurva, A. Ad. (= porphyrostoma). Zool. Proc.,

t. 28, f. 4, 1854 143

407. Tudicla Cumingii, Jonas. Reeve, Fusus, f. 67 b 144

408. Tudicla Couderti, Petit (= Cumingii). Jour, de Conch., iv, t. 2, f. 8. 144

409. Tudicla spirillus, Linn. Reeve, Pyrula, f. 29 b 144

410. Tudicla inermis, Sowb. Zool. Proc., 601, 1878 144

411. Tudicla armigera, A. Ad. Specimen 144

412. Lcevibuccinum prorsum, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, t. 20, f. 17. 104

Plate 59.

1,2. Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn. Kiener, Monog., t. 1 74

3. Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn. Dunker, Novit., t. 11, f. 5 74

4. Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn. Kiener, Monog., t. 2 74

5. Fasciolaria distans, Lam. (= tulipa, var.). Reeve, f. 10 a 74

6. Fasciolaria lugubris, Reeve. Icon., f . 2 a 75

7. Fasciolaria badia, Krauss (= lugubris). Sudafr. Moll., t. 6, f. 12... 75

8. Fasciolaria filamentosa, Lam. Reeve, f. 4 a 75

9. Fasciolaria filamentosa, Lam. Kiener, t. 8, f. 1 75

10. Easciolaria filamentosa, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrolabe, t. 35, f. 2 75

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 291

Plate 60.

FIGURES. PAGE.

11. Fasciolaria princeps, Sowb. Kiener, t. 12 75

12. Fasciolaria ferruginea, Lam. (= filamentosa). Kiener, t. 9, f. 2 75

13. Fasciolaria inermis, Jonas (= filamentosa, var.). Phil., Abbild. iii,

t, 3, f.3 75

14. Fasciolaria gigantea, Kiener. Reeve, f. 12 75

15. 16. Fasciolaria papillosa, Sowb. •(= gigantea). Reeve, t. 1, f. 1 ;

t. 7, f. 1 75

17. Fasciolaria Reevei, Jonas (= princeps, Sowb.). Phil., Abbild. iii,

t. 3, f.'2 75

Plate 61.

18. Fasciolaria fusiformis, Val. Reeve, Icon., f. 8 b 76

19. Fasciolaria fusiformis, Val. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 22, f. 1 76

20. Fasciolaria aurantiaca, Lam. Kiister, t. 29, f. 2 76

21. Fasciolaria purpurea, Jonas (= aurantiaca). Kiister, t. 29, f. 4 76

22. Fasciolaria crocata, Phil. Abbild. iii, t. 1, f. 3 76

23. Fasciolaria crocata, Phil. Kiister, t. 30, f. 1 76

24. Fasciolaria Audouinii, Jonas (= trapezium, var,). Phil., Abbild. iii,

t. 3, f. 1 77

25. Fasciolaria Audouinii, Jonas (= trapezium, var.). Dunker, Novit.,

t, 32, f. 3 77

20. Fasciolaria trapezium, Linn. Kiener, Monog., t. 6 77

Plate 62.

27. Fasciolaria Lischkeana, Dunker (= trapezium, var.). Novit., t. 14. 77

28. Fasciolaria ponderosa, Jonas (== trapezium, var.). Kiister, t. 13 b. 77

29. Fasciolaria purpurea. Jonas, var. (=Heynemanni, Dunker). Novit.,

t. 32, f. 2 77

30. Fasciolaria Antonii, Recluz (= coronata, Lam.). Guerin's Mag.,

t. 92, 1844 77

31. Fasciolaria salmo, Wood. Reeve, f. 7 a 78

•12. • Fasciolaria granosa, Br. (= salmo, var.). Reeve, f. 6 78

Plate 63.

33. Fasciolaria Persica, Reeve (= aurantiaca). Reeve, f. 15 76

34. Fasciolaria coronata, Lam. Kiener, Monog., t. 9, f. 1 77

35. Fasciolaria Valenciennesi, Kiener (= salmo). Monog., t. 4, f. 1 — 78

36. Fasciolaria lignaria, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 13 b 78

37. Fasciolaria Tarentina, Lam. (== lignaria). Kiener, t. 8, f. 2 78

38. Fasciolaria rufa, Reeve. Icon. Fusus, f. 58 78

Plate 64.

39. Peristernia picta, Reeve. Turbinella, f. 19 , 79

40. Peristernia JRelcheri, Reeve, f. 22 79

41. Peristernia Australiensis, Reeve, f. 56 b 79

42. Peristernia Philberti, Recluz. Reeve, f. 63 a 79

43. Peristernia Loebbeckei, Kobelt. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 25, f. 4 79

44. 45. Peristernia nassatula, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 45 a, b 80

46. Peristernia nassatula, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 35, f. 17 80

47. Peristernia Deshayesii, Kobelt (i= nassatula). Kiister, t. 26, f. 4... 80

48. Peristernia spinosa, Martyn. Reeve, f. 43 80

49. Peristernia spinosa, Martyn. Voy. Astr. and Zel., t. 25, f. 28 ft 80

298 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. PAGE.

50. Peristernia iostoma, Nutt. (= spinosa). Kiister, t. 9, f. 1 80

51. Peristernia Forskalii, Tapp. (= nassatula, var.). Kiister, t. 26, f. 6.. 80

52. Peristernia subnassatula, Souverb. (= nassatula). Jour. Conch.,

t. 1, f. 2. 1872 80

53. Peristernia pulchella, Reeve. Icon., f. 55 b 81

54. 55. Peristernia pulchella, Reeve. Kiister, t, 26, f. 10, 12 81

50. Peristernia sutoris, Kobelt (:-= pulchella, var.). Kiister, t. 25, f. 10. 81

57. Peristernia Mariei, Crosse (— pulchella, var.). Jour. Conch., t. 8,

f. 2, 1869 80

58. Peristernia microstoma, Kobelt (— nassatula, var.) Kiister, t. 20,

f. 8 80

50. Peristernia bucciniformis (— Wagneri), Kiener. Purpura, t. 8, f. 19.. 80

00. Peristernia tigrina, Hombr. (— Wagneri). Voy. Astr. and Zel.,

t. 25, f.30 80

01. Peristernia crenulata, Reeve ( — Wagneri). Reeve, f. 24 80

62. Peristernia Wagneri, Anton. Kiister, t. 5, f. 9 80

Plate 65.

03. Peristernia incarnata, Desh. Reeve, f. 55 81

64. Peristernia pulchra, Reeve (= incarnata). Icon. Ricinula, f. 20 b... 81

65. Peristernia elegans, Bunker (= incarnata, var.). Specimen 81

66. Peristernia gemmata, Rouss. (= incarnata, var. elegans). Voy.

Astr. and Zel., t. 35, f. 23 8.1

67. Peristernia Carolinne, Kiener, t. 18, f. 1 , 82

68. Peristernia Carolina, Kiener. Kiister, t. 9 a, f. 9 82

69. Peristernia lauta, Reeve (= incarnata, var. elegans). Icon., f. 73... 81

70. Peristernia lauta, Reeve (— incarnata). Kiister, t. 9 a, f. 13 81

71. Peristernia lirata, Pease (= gemmata, var.). Reeve, f. 61 b 82

72. Peristernia gemmata. Reeve. Icon., f. 5 82

73. Peristernia granata, Koch. Phil., Abbild. Fusus, t. 2, f. 6 83

74. Peristernia gemmata, Reeve. Bunker, Novit., t. 42, f. 6 82

75. Peristernia chlorostoma, Sowb. Kiister, t. 25, f. 2 s:i

76. Peristernia Newcombii, A. Ad. (-— chlorostoma). Kiister, t. 22, f. 6.'. 83

77. Peristernia crocea, Gray (-..— chlorostoma). Reeve, f. 66 83

78. Peristernia scabrosa, Reeve (— chlorostoma). Icon., f. 60 83

79. Peristernia scabrosa, var. gracilior (= chlorostoma). Kiister, t. 23,

f. 4 83

80. Peristernia crenulata, Kiener (— chlorostoma). Monog., t. 9, f. 2.. 83

81. Peristernia solida, Reeve (= chlorostoma). Icon. Bucc., f. 81 83

82. Peristernia Wagneri, Anton., var. Samoensis, Kobelt (= chloros-

toma). Kiister, t. 26, f. 14 -. 83

83. Peristernia bella, Reeve (i= Carolina)). Icon. Ricinula, f. 15 82

84. Peristernia stigmataria, A. Ad. (— chlorostoma) Kiister, t. 9 a,

f. 11 83

85. Peristernia ustulata, Reeve. Icon., f. 62 84

86. Peristernia ustulata, Reeve. Kiister, t. 22, f. 4 84

87. Peristernia Caledonica, Petit (•_--= ustulata). Jour. Conch., ii, t. 10,

f. 6 84

88. Peristernia iricolor, Hombr. (— ustulata). Voy. Astrol. Zel., t. 25,

f. 25 84

89. Peristernia infracincta, Kobelt (= ustulata). Kiister, t. 22, f. 16... 84

90. Peristernia Marquesana. A. Ad. (= ustulata). Kiister, t. 22, f. 17.. 84

91. Peristernia decorata, A. Ad. (= chlorostoma). Kiister, t. 25, f. 12.. 83

92. • Peristernia clathrata, Val. Kiener, t. 18, f. 4 82

REFERENCE TO PLATES. '2'.W

Plate 66.

PAGK.

',).">. Peristernia maculata, Reeve. Turbinella, f. 70 b 84

94. Peristernia maculata, Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astr. Zel., t. 25, f. 32.. 84

')•">. Peristernia nana, Reeve. Icon, f. 67 84

'.Hi. Peristernia bicolor, Kobelt. Kiister, t. 18, f. 8 84

97. Peristernia despecta, A. Ad. Kiister, t. 25, f. 6 85

08. Peristernia Zealandica, A. Ad. (--•— despecta). Kiister, t. 25, f. 14... 85

99. Peristernia squamosa, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 23, f. 16.., 85

100. Peristernia Rollandi, Bern. Crosse, Jour. Conch. ,3 ser., i,t. 1, f. 5... 85

101. Peristernia nassoides, Reeve. Icon., f. 71 85

102. Peristernia scabra, Souv. Jour. Conch., xviii, t. 14, f. 3 85

103. Peristernia Noumeensis, Crosse. Jour. Conch., xix, t. 6, f. 1 86

104. Peristernia fuscozonata, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 2, f. 8, 1865 86

105. Peristernia granulosa, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 23, f. 18 — 86

106. Latirus polygonus, Gmel. Reeve, Turbinella, f. 1 b 88

107. 108. Latirus polygonus, Grnel. Kiister, t. 17, f. 4, 1 88

Plate 67.

109. Latirus tessellatus, Kobelt (= polygonus, var.). Reeve, f. 1 c 88

110. Latirus Barclayi, Reeve (= polygonus, var.). Icon., f. 20 88

111-113. Latirus polygonus, Gmel. Eyd. Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, t. 44,

f. 13-15 :.... 88

114. Latirus candelabrum, Reeve (= polygonus, var.). Icon., f. 9 88

115. Latirus amplustris, Martyn. Kiener, t. 20, f. 2 „ 88

116. Latirus amplustris, Martyn. Gould, Wilkes' Exp. Moll., f. 289 88

117. Latirus gibbulus, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 36 88

118. Latirus cariniferus, Lam. Reeve, f. 14 88

119. Latirus cariniferus, Lam. Kiener, Monog., t. 13, f. 1 88

120. Latirus ceratus, Gray. Kiener, t, 16, f. 1 88

121. Latirus recurvirostris, Schub., Wag. Reeve, f. 10 89

122. Latirus attenuatus, Reeve (= infundibulum). Icon., f. 69 89

J2o. Latirus lyratus, Reeve. Icon., f. 13 90

Plate 68.

124. Latirus Maderensis, Watson. Zool. Proc., t. 36, f. 30, 1873 89

1.25. Latirus trochlearis, Kobelt (= Maderensis). Kiister, t. 19, f. 1... 89

120. Latirus filosus, Lam. (= gibbulus, Gmel.). Kiener, Fusus, t. 21, f. 1.. 88

127. Latirus infundibulum, Gmel. Kiener, t, 14, f. 1 89

128. Latirus filosus, Schub., Wagn. Reeve, f. 64 89

129. Latirus modestus, Anton. Phil., Abbild. i., Fusus, t. 1, f. 11 90

130. Latirus spadiceus, Reeve (— modestus). Icon., f. 44 90

131. Latirus Amalirc, Kobelt. . Kiister, t. 19, f. 4 89

132. Latirus lanceolatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 12 90

133. Latirus lancea, Gmel. Reeve, Fusus, f. 52 a 90

134. Latirus aculeiformis, Sowb. (= lancea). Genera, Fusus, f. 2 90

135. Latirus ligula, Kiener (= lancea). Fusus, t. 9, f. 2 90

136. Latirus Pcetelianus, Kobelt. Kiister, t. 18, f. 2 91

137. Latirus Thersites, Reeve, Icon., f. 21 1U

138. Latirus castaneus, Reeve. Icon., f. 26 91

139. Latirus acuminatus, Kiener. Monog., t. 15, f. 2 91

140. Latirus acuminatus, Kiener. Reeve, f. 47 91

141. Latirus gracilis, Reeve. Icon., f. 53 91

142. Latirus concentricus, Reeve (= modestus). Icon., f. 2 90

143. Peristernia gibba, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii., t. 23, f. 17 t 86

144. Latirus attenuatus, Reeve (== infundibulum). Icon., f. 69 * 89

145. Latirus lyratus, Reeve. Icon., f. 13 , 90

oOO REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 69.

FIGURES. l'A(.;K.

146. Latirus aureocinetus, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. '24, f. 2, 1875 91

147. Latirus Cayohuesonicus, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 4, 1378 92

148. Latirus nodatus, Martyn. Reeve, Icon,, f. 27 92

149. Latirus varicosus, Reeve. Icon., f. 6 92

150. Latirus rhodostoma, Dunker. Moll. Japon., t. 1, f. 21 92

151. Latirus filamentosus, Koch. Kiister, t. 9, f. 8 92

152. Latirus contemptus, A. Ad. Kiister, t. 27, f. 7 92

153. Latirus fallax, Kobelt. Kiister, t. 19, f. 2 9:5

154. Latirus brevicaudatus, Reeve Icon., f. 50 92

155. Latirus Brazieri, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. 4, 1877 9:J

156. Latirus violaceus, Reeve. Icon., f. 59 9:;

157. 158, Latirus sanguittuus, Reeve. Icon., f. 58 a, b : 93

159. Latirus craticulatus, Linn. Reeve, f. 7 93

160. Latirus turritus, Gmelin. Reeve, f. 57 93

161. Latirus lineatus, Lam. (= turritus). Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 35, f. 14. 93

162. Latirus prismaticus, Martyn. Reeve, f. 25 93

163. Latirus prismaticus, Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 2 93

164. Latirus fastigium, Reeve. Icon., f. 72 91

Plate 70.

165. Leucozonia cingulifera, Lam. Reeve, f. 17 94

166. Leucozonia angularis. Reeve (= cingulifera). Icon., f. 49 94

167. 168. Leucozonia angularis, Reeve (= cingulifera). Kiister, t. 19,

f. 10, 12 94

169. Leucozonia Knorri, Desh. (= cingulifera). Reeve, Icon., f. 52 94

170. Leucozonia Braziliensis, d'Orb. (= cingulifera). Voy. Amer. t. 77,

f. 17 94

171. 172. Leucozonia Braziliensis, d'Orb. (= cingulifera). Voy. Bonite,

t. 44, f. 16, 17 94

173. Leucozonia rudis, Reeve (= cingulifera). Icon., f. 51 94

174. Leucozonia dubia, Petit (= triserialis). Jour. Conch., iv, t. 2, f. 9. 95

175. Leucozonia triserialis, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 39 95

176. Leucozonia triserialis, Lam. Kiister, t. 9 a, f. 3 95

177. Leucozonia Hidalgoi, Crosse (= triserialis). Jour. Conch., t. 14,

f. 1, 1865 95

178. Leucozonia ocellata, Gmelin. Kiener, t. 21, f. 4 95

179. Leucozonia ocellata, Gmelin. Reeve, Icon., f. 38 b 95

180. Leucozonia cingulata, Lam. Kiister, t. 7, f. 8 96

181. Leucozonia subrostrata, Gray. Kiister, t. 24, f. 2 96

182. Leucozonia agrestis, Anton (= subrostrata). Kiister, t. 16, f. 3... 96

183. Leucozonia leucozonalis, Lam. Reeve, f. 48 96

184. Leucozonia leucozonalis, Lam. Kiener, t. 21, f. 3 96

185. Leucozonia smaragdula, Linn. Reeve, f. 18 9(5

186. Leucozonia smaragdula, Linn. Quoy, Astrol., t. 35, f. 21... ; 9(5

187. Leucozonia multangula, Phil., Abbild. iii, Fusus, t. 5, f. 6 95

Plate 71.

188. Pisania pusio, Linn. Kiister, Bucc. t. 11, f. 8 145

189. Pisania articulata, Lam. (== pusio). Kiener, Fusus, t. 26, f. 2 145

190. Pisania picta, Reeve (= ignea, Gmel.). Icon. Bucc., f. 74 145

191. Pisania flammulata (= ignea) Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 30, f. 29 145

192. Pisania flammulata (= ignea), Hombr. et Jacq. Astrol. et Zel.,

t. 22, f. 1 145

IIKF.KUENM-K TO PLATES. 301

FIGURES. PAGE.

193. Pisania Tritonoides, Reeve (= ignea, var.). Bucc., f. 77.. 145

194. Pisania lacertina, Gld. (= ignea, var.). Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i,

t. 0, f. 2 145

HI"). Pisania fasciculata, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 76 146

196. Pisania Kossmanni, Pagenstecher. Kossmann's Reise, f. 27 146

197. Pisania Montrouzieri, Crosse (= fasciculata, var.). Jour, de Conch.,

3d ser., ii, t. 10, f. 7 146

H>8. Pisania strigata, Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iv, t. 11, f. 6 146

199. Pisania Hermannseni, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 7, 1854 146

200. Pisania gracilis, Koch. Philippi, Abbild. ii, Fusus, t. 2, f. 3 147

201. Pisania reticulata, A. Adams. Specimen 147

202. Pisania marmorata, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 95 147

203. Pisania Billeheusti, Petit (= marmorata, var.). Jour, de Conch.,

iv, t, 8, f. 5 147

204. Pisania cinis, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 84 147

205. Pisania Pazi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., iii, t. 14, f. 1 148

206. Pisania maculosa, Lam. Reeve, Bucc., f. 85 148

207. 208. Pisania maculosa, Lam. Kiister, Bucc., t. 4, f. 3, 4 148

109. Pisania JEthiops, Phil. (= maculosa). Abbild. ii, Bucc., t. 1. f. 14. 148
210 Pisania Janeirense, Phil. Abbild. iii. Bucc., t. 1, f. 16 448

211. Pisania cingulata, Reeve. Bucc., f. 75 148

212. Pisania cingulata, Reeve. Specimen 148

213. Pisania cingilla, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 101 149

214. Pi.<ania guttata, Busch. Philippi, Abbild. i, Fusus, t. 1, f. 6 149

215. Pisania glirina, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus., t. 12, f. 9 149

210. Pisania discolor, Kiener (= glirina). Kiister, Bucc., t. 11, f. 6 149

— . Pisania discolor, Kiener (= glirina). Reeve, Bucc., f. 99 149

217. Pisania Solomonensis, Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, t. 30, f. 4 149

Plate 72.

218. Euthria lignaria, Lam. (== cornea, Linn'.). Kiener, Fusus, t. 22,

f. 1 149

219. Euthria Hgnaria, Lam. (== cornea, Linn.). Kiener, Fusus, f. 5 149

220. Euthria Aracanensis, Angas. Zool. Proc., 182, t. 20, f. 1, 1873.... 150

221. Euthria plumbea, Phil. Abbild. i, Fusus, t. 1, f. 3 150

222. Euthria rufa, Hombr. et Jacq. (== plumbea). Voy. Astr. et Zel.

t. 25 f. 1 150

22:]. Euthria fevrea, Reeve (== plumbea, var.). Icon. Bucc., f. 102 150

224. Euthria Magellanica, Phil. (== plumbea). Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1,

f. 15 150

225. Euthria viridula, Bunker (= plumbea). Lischke, Jap. Conch.,

t. 5, f. 5 150

226. Euthria Patagonica, Phil. (== plumbea). Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1,

f. 11 150

227. Euthria Simoniana, Petit. Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 7, f. 7, 1862 150

228. Euthria Antarctica, Reeve. Buccinum, f. 30 150

229. Euthria lineata, Martyn. Reeve, Icon. Fusus, f. 31 151

2:50. Euthria lineata, Martyn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 34, f. 6 151

231. Euthria Littorinoides, Reeve (= lineata, var). Bucc., f. 94 151

232. Euthria dira, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 92 151

33. Euthria incisa, Gould (= dira). Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 283 151

2;>4. Euthria bicincta, Hutton. Specimen 152

235. Euthria vittata, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 34, f. 19 152

236. Euthria trilineata, Reeve (= vittata). Icon. Buccinum, f. 98 152

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

"2-17. Euthvia i'uscata, Brug. Kiener, Bucc., t. 8, f. 24 , 152

238. Metula clathrata, Ad. and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, t, 11, f. 12. 152

239. Metula mitrella, Ad. and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, f. U> 152

240. Metula metula, Hinds (= Hindsii, H. and A. Ad.). Voy. Sulphur,

t, 16, f. 14 ; 15:]

241. Metula Cumingii, A. Adams. Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 2, 185:] 15:;

Plate 73.

242. Cantharus spiralis, Gray. Reeve, Bucc., f. 1-'] 154

243. Cantharus Prevostii, Val. (= spiralis). Voy. Venus, t. 0, f. H 154

244. Cantharus Tranquebaricus, Gmel. Reeve, Icon. Bucc.; f. 17.. 154

245. Cantharus melanostoma, Sowb. Reeve, Icon. Bucc., f. 15 154

246. Cantharus erythrostoma, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 14 155

247-249. Cantharus proteus, Reeve (= fumosus, Dillw.). Icon. Bucc.,

f. 51 a, b, c 155

250. Cantharus undosus, Quoy (= fumosus). Astr., t. 30, f. 1 155

251. Cantharus rubiginosus, Reeve (= fumosus, var.). Icon. Bucc., f. 47. 155

252. Cantharus subrubiginosis, E. A. Smith (= fumosus, var.). Zool.

Proc., t. 20, f. 40, 1879 155

253. Cantharus biliratus, Reeve (= fumosus, var.). Icon., f. 71.... 155

254. Cantharus nigricostatus, Reeve (== fumosus, var.). Icon., f. 73... 155

255. Cantharus Desmoulinsii, Montrouzier (= fumosus, var.). Jour.

de Conch., 3d ser., iv, t. 10, f. 3 155

256. Cantharus cariniferus, Kiister. Buccinum, t. 12, f. 9 155

257. Cantharus limbatus, Phil. Abbild. ii, Fusus, t. 1, f. 9 • 15G

258. Cantharus extensus, Dunker. Phil., Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 11 155

259. Cantharus Bolivianus, Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, t. 41, f. 23. 150

260. Cantharus Capensis, Phil. Abbild. i, Fusus, t. 1, f. 7 156

261. Cantharus rubens, Kiister. Bucc., t. 6, f. 8 156

262. Cantharus ligneus (= Cecillii, Phil.), Reeve. Bucc., f. 57 157

263. Cantharus balteatus (= Cecillii, Phil.), Reeve. Bucc., f. 59 157

264. Cantharus Menkeanus, Dunker. Moll., Japon., t, 1, f. 7 157

265. Cantharus fusulus, Brocchi. Conch, foss. subapp., ii, t. 8, f. 9 157

266. Cantharus Orbignyi, Payr. Reeve, Bucc., f. 44 158

267. Cantharus assimilis, Reeve (= Orbignyi, var.). Icon., Bucc., f. 90.... 158

268. Cantharus violaceus, Desh. Expl. Sci. MorSe, t. 19, f. 19 158

269. Cantharus Australia, Pease. Specimen.... 161

Plate 74.

270. Cantharus leucozona, Phil. Bull. Mai. Ital., ii, t. 4, f. 3 158

271. Cantharus Scacchianus, Phil. (= pictus, Scacchi). Kiister, Buc-

cinum, t. 15, f. 17 158

272. Cantharus homoleuca, Kiister. Buccinum, t. 15, f. 15 158

273. Cantharus perlatus, Kiister. Buccinum, t. 12, f. 6 , 158

274. Cantharus lanceolatus, Koch. Phil., Abbild. ii, Fusus, t, 3, f, 9... 160

275. Cantharus gracilis, Reeve. Icon., f. 96 160

276. Cantharus crocatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 97 , 160

277-278. Cantharus obliquicostatus, Reeve. Icon., f. 91 a, b 101

279. Cantharus unicolor, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 13, f. 2, 1867 162

280. Cantharus undosus, Linn. Reeve, Bucc.. f. 55 162

281. 282. Cantharus cinctus, Quoy (= undosus). Voy. Astrol., t. -30,

f. 5, 7 162

283. Cantharus gemmatus, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 4'J 162

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303

FIGURES. PAGE.

284. Cantharus cancellaria, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., t. 1, f. 12, 1846.. 162

285. Cantharus Floridanus, Petit (= cancellaria). Jour, de Conch., 2

ser., i, t. 2, f. 5 162

286. Cantharus tincta, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., t. 1, f. 9, 1846 163

287. Cantharus Coromandelianus, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 62 16g

288. Cantharus ringens, Reeve (= Coromandelianus). Icon., f. 45 16$

280. Cantharus pastinaca, Reeve (= Coromandelianus). Icon., f. 89... 16g

200. Cantharus lautus, Reeve (= Coromandelianus). Icon., f. 63 b 16g

201, 202. Cantharus Tissoti, Petit. Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 7, f. 4 a, b... 164

203. Cantharus sanguinolentus, Duclos. Mag. de Zool., t. 22, f. 1, 1833.. 164

204. Cantharus hsemastoma, Gray (— sanguinolentus). Icon,, f. 46 164

205. Cantharus Janellii, Val. (= sanguinolentus). Voy. Venus, t. 6, f. 1.. 164
296. Cantharus elegans, Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 25, f. 2 164

207. Cantharus insignis, Reeve (== elegans). Icon., f 58 164

208. .Cantharus variegatus, Gray. Reeve, Icon. Bucc., f. 48 165

200. Cantharus viveratum (= variegatus), Kiener. Bucc., t. 10, f. 35.. 165

300. Cantharus distortus, Gray. Reeve, Bucc.. f. 86 165

301. Cantharus Inca, d'Orb. Voy. Amer., t, 78, f. 3 164

302. Cantharus Haneti, Petit. Jour, de Conch., v, t. 2, f. 7 163

303. Cantharus buxeus, Brod. Sowb., Conch. 111. Murex, f. 28 167

304. Cantharus Gualtierianus, Kiener. Bucc., t. 19, f. 70 167

305. Cantharus distortus, Gray. Kiener, Bucc., t. 18, f. 65 165

Plate 75.

306. Buccinum undatum, L. Embryo, showing mouth and digestive

cavity. Lubbock, Rept. Brit. Assoc., 142, f. 1, 1860 173

307. Buccinum undatum, L. Embryo, in act of swallowing an egg.

Lubbock, f. 2 173

308-311. Buccinum undulatum, L. Female and male. Morse; Bost.

Proc., xviii, 286 173

312. Buccinum undatum, L. Ova-capsules. Woodward's Manual, f. 83.. 173

313. Buccinum undatum, Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., t. LL, f. 5.. 173

314. Buccinum undatum. var. cocrulea. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 24, f. 3... 173

315. Buccinum undatum, var. pelagica. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 24, f. 4... 173

316. Buccinum undatum, var. littoralis. Se-rs, Moll. Norv , t. 13, f. 12... 173

317. Buccinum undatum, var. Schantarica, Middendorff. Reise, ii, t.

10, f. 4 173

318. Buccinum undatum (undulatum), Gould. Invert. Mass., Binney's

edit., f. 634 173

319. Buccinum undatum, var. striatum, Pennant. Brit. Zool., iv, t. 74,

f. 01 173

320. Buccinum undatum, monst. acuminatum, Br. Reeve, Bucc., f. 4.. 173

321. Buccinum undatum, monst. sinistrorsum, Kiister. Bucc., t. 2, f. 2.. 173

Plate 76.

322. Buccinum Labradorense ( ----- B. undatum, var. undulatum), Reeve.

Icon., f. 5 , 173

323. Buccinum parvulum, Verkruzen (-- undatum). Sars, Moll. Norv.,

t. 24, f. 5 173

324. Buccinum fragile, Verkruzen (= undatum). Sars, t. 24, f. 6 173

325. Buccinum conoideum, Sars ( =- undatum). Moll. Norv., t. 24, f. 7.. 173

326. Buccinum Totteni, Stimpson. Specimen 183

:!27. Buccinum tenue, Gray (elatior). Middend., Mai. Ross., t. 6, f. 6.. 184
32S. Buccinum striatum, Sowb. Mem. Wernerian Soc., viii, t. 1, f. 9... 185

304 REFERENCE TO PLATE*.

r
FIGURES. PAGE.

329. Buccinum Ocliotense, Midd. (= striatum). Reise ii, t. 10, f. 2.... 183

330. Buccinum Donovani, Gray. Gould, Invert. Mass., 2d edit.,f. 636.. 187

331. Buccinum Groenlandicum, Chemn. (-— cyaneum, Brug). Sars, Moll.

Norv., t. 25, f. 1 188

332. Buccinum Groenlandicum, var. patula (-.— cyaneum), Sars, t. 25, f. 2.. 1

333. Buccinum hydrophanum, Hancock (= cyaneum). Sars, t. 24, f. 8.. 188

334. Buccinum hydrophanum, Hancock. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, xviii,

t. 5, f. 7, 1846 188

335. Buccinum sericatum, Hancock (= cyaneum). Ibid., t. 5, f. 6 188

336. Buccinum tenebrosum, Hancock (= cyaneum). Ibid., t. 5, f. 1... 188

337. 338. Buccinum tenebrosum, Hancock (= cyaneum). Sars, Moll.

Norv., 1. 13, f.9ab » 188

339, Buccinum pulchellum, Sars (= cyaneum, var.). Moll. Norv.,

t. 24, f. 9 18«

340, 341, 342. Buecinum Finmarkianum, Verkr. (= cyaneum). Sars,

Moll. Norv., t. 13, f. 10; t. 25, f. 3, 4 188

343,344. Buccinum Humphreysianum, Bennett. Sars, Ibid., t. 25, f. 7, 8. 192

345. Buccinum glaciale, Linn. Kiener, Bucc., t. 2, f. 4 185

Plate 77.

346. Buccinura Humphreysianum, Bennett. Sars, Moll. Norv., t. 25, f. 8. 192

347. Buccinum fusiforme, Kiener (= Humphreysianum). Bucc., t. 5,

f. 12 192

348. Buccinum ciliatum, Gould (= Humphreysianum). Invert. Mass.,

f. 635 192

349. Buccinum striatum, Phil. (= Humphreysianum). Moll. Sicil., ii,

t. 27, f. 1 192

350. 351. Buccinum tumidulum, Sars (== Humphreysianum). Moll.

Norv., t. 25, f. 5, 6 192

352. Buccinum ovum, Midd. (= Humphreysianum). Mai. Ross., ii,

t. 6, f. 1 192

353. Buccinum Belcheri, Reeve. Last Arctic Voy., t, 32, f. 7 a 193

354. Buccinum Escalse, Phil. Atacama, f. 28 194

355. Buccinopsis ovoides, Midd. (=; Dalei). Sib., Reise, t. 8, f. 7 196

356. Buccinopsis eburnea, Sars (= Dalei, var.). Moll. Norv., t. 13, f. 13. 196

357. 358. Neobuccinum Eatoni, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 168, t. 9,

f. 1, 1 a 201

359, 360. Yolutharpa ampullacea, Midd. Sib., Reise, t, 8, f. -°, ; 1. 17, f. 2. 200

Plate 78.

361. Buccinum undatum, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 3 173

362, 363. Buccinum undatum, Linn. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

t, 109, f. 3, 5 173

364. Buccinum undatum, var. Zetlandicum. Forbes and Hanley, Brit.

Moll., t. 109, f. 4 173

365. Buccinum imperiale (= B. undatum, L., monstr.), Reeve. Iconica,

fig. 8 173

366. Buccinum pyramidale, Reeve (= undatum). Icon., f. 104 !.... 173

367. Buccinum glaciale, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 18 185

368. Buccinum angulosum, Gray (= glaciale). Beechey's Voy., t. 36,

f. 6 185

369. Buccinum rutilum, Morch (= glaciale). Dunker, Novit., t. 1, f. 5.. 185

370. Buccinum Rombergi, Dunker (= glaciale). Novit,, t. 2, f. 5 186

371. Buccinum Morchianum, Dunker (= glaciale). Novit., t. 2, f. 1 — 185

REFERENCE TO PLATES. .'JOn

«

PAGK.

372. Buccinum carinatum, Dunker (= glaciale). Novit., t. 2, f. 8 185

373. Buccinum Groenlandicum, Hancock (= glaciale, var.). Reeve,

f. 118 185

374. Buccinum tubulosum, Reeve (= Donovani, Gray). Icon., f. 105.. 187

375. Buccinum hydrophanum, Hancock (~: cyaneum, Brug.). Reeve,

f. 103 188

Plate 79;

376. Buccinum effusum, Reeve. Icon., f. 05 183

377. Buccinum Baeri, Middend. (= cyaneum, var.). Kuster, t. 8, f. 4.. 188

378. Buccinum tenebrosum, Hancock (= cyaneum). Reeve, f. 26 188

379. Buccinum Mo'rchianuin, Fischer (== cyaneum). Jour, de Conch.,

vii, t. 10, f. 2b 188

350. Buccinum Donovani, Reeve (== cyaneum, var. terne-novie). Icon.,

f. 2 188

351. Buccinum ciliatum, Fabr. Reeve, f. 29 191

382. Buccinum tenebrosum, Midd. (= ciliafcum). Mai. Ross., ii, t. 3, f. 8. 191

383. Buccinum Ilumphreysianum, Bennett. Forbes and Hanley, Brit.

Moll., t, 110, f. 1 192

384. Buccinum Zealandicum, Reeve. Icon., f. 28 183

385. Buccinum ventricosum, Kiener (= Humphreysianum). Iconog.,

t. 3, f. 7 192

386. Buccinum cyaneum, Brug. Reeve, f. 69 .... 188

387. Buccinopsis Dalei, Sowb. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t.

109, f. 2 196

388. Buccinopsis ovum, Turton (= Dalei). Reeve, Icon., f. 25 196

389. . Volulharpa Perryi, Jay. Japan Exped., ii, t. 5, f. 14 200

390. Volutharpa Deshayesiana, Fischer (= ampullacea, Midd.). Jour.

de Conch., 2 ser., i, t, :•}, f. 9 200

391. Chlanidota vestita, Martens. Conch. Mittheil, t. 9, f. 3 a 201

Plate 80.

:;'.»•_'. Cominella porcatu, (jjncl. Reeve, Icon. Bucc., f. 22 202

393. Cominella ligata, Lam. (— porcata). Kiener, Bucc., t. 5, f. 15 202

394. Cominella Anglicana, Mart (= porcata). Reeve, Bucc., f. 23 202

31)5. Cominella pubescens, Kiister (= tigrina). Conch. Cab. Bucc., 1. 13,

f. 8 202

396. Cominella trigina, Gmel. (= porcata, var.). Kiener, Bucc., t. 10,

f. 32 202

397. Cominella limbosa, Lam. Reeve, Icon. Bucc , f. 35..... 202

398. Cominella limbosa, Lam. Kiener, Purpura, t. 40, f. 95 202

399. Cominella robusta, Kuster ( ; porcata). Conch. Cab. Bucc., t. 14,'

f. 13 202

400. Cominella lagenaria, Lam. (= limbosa) . Kiister, Bucc., t. 14, f. 16. 202

401. Cominella papyracea, Brug. Reeve, Icon. Bucc., f. 24 202

402. Cominella intincta, Reeve (--.~ papyracea). Icon., f. 32 202

403. Cominella lagenaria, Lam. (~ limbosa). Reeve, Icon., f. 33 202

404. Cominella biserialis, Kuster (= porcata). Bucc., t. 14, f. 12........ 202

405. 406. Cominella Zeyheri, Krauss. Kiister, Bucc., t. 15, f. 7, 8 203

407. Cominella lineolata, Dunker (= Dunkeri, Kiister). Phil., Abbild.

i, Fusus, t. 1, f. 10 203

408, 409. Cominella Dunkeri, Kuster. Conch. Cab. Bucc., 1. 15, f. 10, 11. 203

410-412. Cominella violacea, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 30, f. 32-34 203

413. Cominella Delalandi, Kiener. Icon. Bucc., t. 5, f. 14 203

39

306 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

•

FIGURES. . PAGE.

414. Cominella testudinea, Mart. Reeve, Bucc., f. GO 203

415. Cominella cataracta, Chemn. (= testudinea, Mart.). Kiister, t. 3,

f. 15 203

416. Cominella lineolata, Lam. Kiener, Bucc., t. 8, f. 25 204

417. Cominella lineolata, Lam. (var. virgata). Reeve, f. 36 204

418. Cominella Quoyi, Kiener. Iconog. Bucc., t. 5, f. 13 204

419. Cominella Quoyi (= lineolata), Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 107 204

420. Cominella alveolata, Kiener (= lineolata). Reeve, Bucc., f. 37 204

Plate 81.

421. Comiuella maculata, Martyn. Reeve, Icon. Bucc.. f. 10 204

422. Cominella testudinea, Lam. (= maculata). Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t.

30, f. 12 204

423. Cominella maculosa, Mart. (= maculata, Juv.j. Univ. Conch., t. 8. 204

424. Cominella Woldemarii, Kiener (? = maculata, Juv.). Purpura,

t. 39, f. 91 204

425. Cominella lineolata, Lam. (var. virgata). Quoy. Voy. Astrol.,

t. 30, f. 15 204

426. Cominella obscura, Reeve (= lineolata, var. virgata). Conch.

Icon., f. 68 204

427. Cominella plurianrmlata, Reeve (= lineolata. var. virgata). Conch.

Icon., f. 38 204

428. Cominella lineare, Reeve (= lineolata, var. virgata). Conch.

Icon., f. 110 .- 204

429. Cominella lactea, Reeve (= lineolata, var. virgata). Conch. Icon.

f. 117 204

430. 431. Cominella costata, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 30, f. 17, 20 205

432. Cominella Angasi, Crosse (•= costata). Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., iv,

t. 11, f. 5 205

433. Cominella Adelaidensis, Crosse (== costata). Jour, de Conch., 3d

ser., iv, t. 11, f. 6 205

434. Cominella eburnea, Reeve (= costata). Conch. Icon. Bucc., f. 93.. 205

435. Cominella acutinodosa, Reeve. Bucc., f. 21 200

436. Cominella glandiforme, Reeve (:•- acutinodosa). Icon., f. 10'.) 200

437. Cominella Zealandica, Hombr. (— - acutinodosa). Voy. Ast. et

Zel., t. 21, f. 5 , 200

438. Cominella funerea, Gld. (= costata). Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 320. 205

439. Cominella lurida, Phil. (= acutinodosa). Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1.

f. 10 200

440. Cominella filicea, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, t. 3, f. 15 200

441. Cominella citrina, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 70 206

442. Cominella Nassoides, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 12 200

443. Cominella nodicincta, Martens. Mittheil. i, t. 9. f. 4 a 206

445, 446. Clea nigricans, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon. Hemisinus, f. 25 b, c.. 208

447. Clea Helena, Meder. Reeve, Icon. Hemisinus, f. 24 b 208

448. Clea Theminckiana, Petit (— Helena). Jour, de Conch., iv, t. 7,

f. 11 208

449. Clea tenuicostata, Brot. Jour, de Conch., t. 12, f. 5, 1876 208

450: Clea Bandoniana, Mabille et Le Mesle. Jour, de Conch., t. 7, f. 1,

1866 208

451. Clea Cambojiensis, Reeve. Jour, de Conch., t. 7, f. 2, 1866 209

452. Clea Cambojiensis, Reeve. Icon. Melania, f. 468 209

453. Clea scalarina, Desh. Archiv du Mus., x, t. 8, f. 18 209

454. Clea Jullieni, Desh, Ibid., f. 23.... 209

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 307

FIGURES. • PAGE.

455. Clea bizonata, Desh. ( :-.-. Jullieni). Ibid., f. 25 209

456. Clea Broti, Desh. h= Jullieni var.). Ibid., f. 27 : 209

457. 458. Clea fusiformis, Desh. Ibid., f. 21 ; t. 7, f. 31 209

459. Clea Bocourti, Brot, Jour, de Conch., t. 12, f. 6, 1876 209

Plate 82.

460. Eburna papillaris, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 215, f. 7 211

461. 462. Eburna Zeylanica, Brug. Thes. Conch., t. 215, f. 5, 6 211

463. Eburna Japonica, Sowb. Ibid., t. 215, f. 11 211

464. Eburna Borneensis, Sowb. Ibid., t. 291, f. 14 212

465. Eburna lutosa, Lam. Ibid., t. 215, f. 10 211

466. 467. Eburna canaliculata, Schum. (= spirata, Lam.). Ibid., t. 215,

f. 2, 3 212

468. Eburna canaliculata, Schum. (= spirata, Lam)., Voy. Bonite,

t. 41, f. 28 212

469. Eburna chrysostoma, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 291, f. 15 212

470. Eburna semipicta, Sowb. Ibid., f. 13 213

471. Eburna perforata, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 21, f. 2, 1870 213

472. Eburna ambulacrum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 215, f. 8 213

473. Eburna Molliana, Chemn. (— Valentiniana, Swains.). Ibid., t.

215, f. 1 213

474. Eburna Australis, Sowb. Ibid., t. 216, f. 8 , 213

475. Eburna Formosse, Sowb. Ibid., t. 291, f. 18 211

476. Eburna areolata, Lam. Sowb. Ibid., t. 215, f. 4 212

477. Macron Kellettii, A. Ad. Sowb.,, Thes. Conch., t. 216, f. 12 214

478. Macron livida, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., t. 216, f. 6 214

Plate 83.

479-482. Phos senticosus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., iii, t. 221, f. 8-11. 215

483. Phos senticosus, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 31, f. 1 215

484. Phos muricatulus, Gld. (-_— senticosus). Thes. Conch., t. 221, f. 12. 215

485. Phos angulatus, Sowb. (= senticosus). Ibid., f. 7 215

486. Phos soalaroides, Ad. (= senticosus). Ibid., f. 13 215

487. Phos filosus, A. Ad. (= senticosus). Sowb-,, Thes. Conch., t. 221,

f. 15 215

488. Phos ligatus, A. Ad. (= senticosus). Ibid., f. 16 215

489. Phos plicatus, A. Ad. (= senticosus). Ibid., t. 222, f. 23 215

490. Phos rufocinctus, A. Ad. (= senticosus). Ibid., t. 221, f. 14 215

491. Phos cancellatus, A. Ad. (== Adamsi). Ibid., t. 222, f. 39 216

492. 493. Phostextilis, A. Ad. (=. senticosus). Ibid., f. 48, 49 215

494, 495. Phos pallidus, Powis. Ibid., t. 222, f. 19, 21 218

496. Phos notatus, Sowb. (= pallidus). Ibid., t. 221, f. 17 218

497. Phos Cyllenoides, A. Ad. Ibid., t. 222, f. 34 216

498. Phos cancellatus, Quoy (= textum). Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 31 217

499. Phos Isevigatus, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., t. 221, f. 6 217

500. Phos Blainvillei, Desh. (= textum). Ibid., t. 222, f. 42 217

501. Phos pyrostoma, Reeve (= textum). Conch. Syst., t. 268, f. 1 217

502. Phos virgatus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 10, f. 12 217

503. 504. Phos varians, Sowb. (= textum). Thes. Conch., t. 222, f.

26, 27 217

505. Phos spinicostatus, A. Ad. (= textum). Ibid., f. 45 217

506. Phos nodicostatus, A. Ad. (= senticosus). Ibid., f. 47 215

507. Phos cyanostoma, A. Ad. (== textum). Ibid., f. 46 217

308 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. PAGE.

508, 509. Phos roseatus, Hinds. Ibid., t. 221, f. 2, 3 217

510. Phos Borneensi*, Sowb. (== roseatus). Ibid., t. 222, f. 22 217

511. Phos varicosus, Gould (= roseatus). Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 360. 217

512. Phos unicinctus, Say (= Guadeloupcnsis). Am. Conch., t. 57, f. 1. 219

513. Phos Terebra, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 222, f. 29 21 7

514. Phos retecosus, Hinds. Ibid., f. 36.'. 218

515. Phos gracilis, Sowb. Ibid., f. 33 218

516. Phos articulatus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 10, f. 8 218

517. Phos turritus/A. Ad. (— articulatus). Sowb., Thes., t. 222, f. 37.. 218

518. Phos gaudens, Hinds. Ibid., f. 31 218

519. Phos Cumingii, Reeve (= gaudens). Elem. Conch., t. 3, f. 16 218

520. Phos Guadeloupensis, Petit. Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 2, f. 3 219

521. Phos crassus, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 10, f. 1 218

522. -Phos Morrisii, Dkr. (=plicatus). Phil., Abbild. hi. Bucc., t. 2, f. 5. 216

523. Phos plicosus, Dkr. Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll., t. 6, f. 19 216

524. Phos speciosus, A. Ad. (= plicosus). Reeve, Nassa, f. 16 b 216

515. Eburna areolata, Lam. Ad. and Rve., Voy. Samarang, t. 8, f. 2... 212

575. Phos fasciatus, A. Ad. (= senticosus). Thes. Conch., t. 221, f. 4.. 215

Plate 84.

526. Eburna canaliculata, Schm. (== spirata, Lam.). Quoy, Voy. Astrol.

t. 31, f. 12. (See Anatomy of the Prosobranchinates, vol. ii of
this Manual, PI. 3.) 212

527. Phos gaudens, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 10, f. 6 218

528. Phos Cumingii, Reeve (== gaudens). Sowb. Thes., t. 222, f. 38 218

529. Phos Veraguensis, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 10, f. 14 219

530. Phos Veraguensis, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., t. 222, f. 41 219

531. Phos. Antillarum, Petit (= Veraguensis). Jour, de Conch., iv,

t. 8,f. 9 219

532. Phos Grateloupiana, Petit (== Veraguensis). Jour, de Conch., iv,

t. 8, f. 4 219

533. PhosBeaui, Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., i, t, 12, f. 8 219

534. Phos Candei, d'Orb. (= Veraguensis). Moll. Cuba, t. 21, f. 23 219

535. Nassaria nivea, Reeve. Icon. Triton, f. 75 221

536. Nassaria alba, Mart. f= nivea). H. and Adams' Genera, iii, t. 13,

1. 1 : 221

537. Nassaria carduus, Reeve (= nivea). Triton, f. 95 "2'2l

538. Nassaria multlplicata, Sowb. (= nivea). Thes. Conch., iii, t. 220,

f. 7 221

539. Nassaria acuminata, Reeve. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 76, f. 7 221

540. Nassaria acuminata, Reeve. Triton, f. 54 b 221

541. Nassaria bitubercularis, A. Ad. (= acuminata). Zool. Proc., t. 10,

f. 6, 1850 .' 221

542. Nassaria suturalis, A. Ad. (= acuminata). Kiister, t. 77, f. 11, 1850. 221

543. Nassaria recurva, A. Ad. (= acuminata). Kiister, t. 17, f. 14 221

544. Nassaria varicifera, A. Ad. (= acuminata). Thes. Conch., iii,

t. 220, f. 3 1 221

545. Nassaria nodicostata, A. Ad. (== acuminata). Thes. Conch., t. 220,

f. 13 221

546. Nassaria Sinensis, Sowb. (= acuminata). Ibid., f. 9 221

547. Nassaria fusiformis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t, 220, f. 11 222

548. Nassaria turrita, Sowb. (= acuminata). Ibid., f. 19 221

549. Nassaria Nassoides, Gray. Reeve, Icon. Triton, f. 96 222

550. Nassaria Nassoides, Gray. Sowb. Thes. Conch., t, 220, f. 4 222

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 309

FIGURES. PAGE.

551. Nassaria magnifica, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch., ii, t. 4. f. 11... 222

562. Nassaria magnifica, Lischke. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 76, f. 3 222

553. Nassaria egregia, Reeve. Icon. Triton, f. 78 222

554. Nassaria clathrata, Reeve. Icon. Murex, f. 185 222

555-557. Cyllene lyrata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., iii, t. 217, f. 2-4.. 223

558. Cyllene lyrata, Lam. Jour, de Conch., xxiii, t. 15, f. 5 a 223

559. Cyllene sulcata, A. Ad. (== lyrata). Thes. Conch., t. 217, f. 11 223

560. Cyllene unimaculata, A. Ad. (_ lyrata). Thes. Conch., f. 31 223

501. Cyllene lugubris, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 9....: 224

502. Cyllene fuscata, A. Ad. (= lugubris). Ibid., f. 17 224

563. Cyllene pallida, A. Ad. (= lugubris). Ibid., f. 22 224

564. Cyllene Oweni, Gray. Ibid., f. 20 224

565. Cyllene orientalis, A. Ad. (= Oweni). Ibid., f. 13 224

566. Cyllene Senegalensis, Petit (= Oweni). Jour, de Conch., iv, t. 5,

f 5 224

567. Cyllene pulchella, Ad. and Reeve. Thes. Conch., t. 217. f. 25 224

568. Cyllene Grayi, Reeve (=. pulchella). Ibid., f. 6 224

569. Cyllene glabrata, Ad. (= pulchella.). Ibid., f. 15 224

570. Cyllene striata, A. Ad. (= pulchella). Ibid., f. 26 224

571. Cyllene Guillaini, Petit ( = pulchella). Jour. deConch., i, t. 7, f. 4. 224

572. Cyllene concinna, Solander. Thes. Conch., t. 217, f. 30 224

573,574. Cyllene plumbea, Sowb. Ibid., f. 23,28 224

Plate 85.

576. Epidromus Bednalli, Brazier. Specimen 225

577. Mazzalina pyrula, Conrad. Specimen 225

578. Latirus Nagasakiensis, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 1880 225

579. Jania angulosa, Brocchi. Bellardi, Mem. Turin, xxvii, t. 11, f. 5. 226

580. Mitrofusus orditus, Bellardi et Michel. Ibid., t. 11, f. 1 226

581. Anura inflata, Brocchi. Ibid., t. 11, f. 8 226

582. Genea Bonellii, Gene. Ibid., t. 11, f. 1 226

583. Mayeria acutissima, Bellardi. Ibid., t. 10, f. 7 a. 226

584. Fusus acuticostatus, Sby. (= coelatus, Rve.). Thes. Conch., f. 30. 228

585. Fusus vulpicolor, Sowb. Thes., f. 73 228

586. Fusus Percyanus, Sowb. (= polygonoides, Lam.). Thes., f. 77 227

587. Fusus caudatus, Sowb. Thes., f. 167 229

588. Fusus laevigatus, Sowb. (= Australis, Quoy). Thes., f. 157 227

589. Fusus depictus, Sowb. Thes. f. 86 228

590. Fusus delectus, A. Ad. (= distans, Lam.). Thes., f. 36 227

591. Fusus Sandvichensis, Sowb. (= spectrum, Ad. and Rve.). Thes.,

f. 25 227

592. Fusus graciliformis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 62 228

593. Fusus spiralis, A. Ad. (spectrum, Ad. and Rve.). Thes., f. 37 227

Plate 86.

594. Fusus rudicostatus, Sowb. (= Australis, Quoy). Thes., f. 19 227

595. Fusus nodicinctus, A. Ad. (= Australis, Quoy). Thes., f. 35 228

596. Fusus biangulatus, Desh. (= polygonoides, Lam.). Thes., f. 159.. 228

597. Fusus subquadratus, Sowb. Thes., f. 28 '. 228

598. Fusus excavatus, Sowb. Thes., f. 168 229

599. Fusus albinus, A. Ad. (= ustulatus, Rve. ?). Thes., f. 72 220

600. Fusus Reeveanus, Sowb. Thes., f. 82 228

310 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. PAGE.

601. Fusus assimilis, A. Ad (= turricula, Kr., var ?). Thes., f. 78 228

602. Fusus articulatus, Sowb. (= Australis, Quoy). Thes., f. 66 228

603. Fusus robustior, Sowb. Thes , f. 63 228

604. Fusus rubrolineatus, Sowb. Thes., f. 68 228

605. Fusus fusconodosus, Sowb. Thes., f. 169 229

600. Fusus Isetus, Sowb. Thes., f. 166 220

007. Fusus tessellatus, Sowb. Thes., f. 165 229

608. Fusus tenuistriatus, Sowb. Thes., f. 140 229

Plate 87.

609. Melongena anceps, A. Ad. (= pallida, B. and S.). Sowb., Thes.

Fusus, f. 131 229

610. Sipho Danielsseni, Friele. Norw. Polar Exped., t. 3, f. 2 132

611. Neptunea incisa, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Fusus, f. 112 230

612. Sipho rectiplicatus, Sowb. (= Kroyeri, Holier). Ibid., f. 101 132

613. Sipho virgatus, Friele, t. 1, f. 22 132

614. Neptunea tseniata, Sowb. (= despecta, var.). Thes. Fusus, f. 119. 230

615. Neptunea borealis, Sowb. (= despecta, var.). Ibid., f. 110 230

616. Neptunea tornata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Fusus, f. 118 230

617. Buccinum Groenlandicum, var. acutum (= cyaneum), Friele, t. 3,

f. 17 188

618. Siphonalia fuscolineata, Pease. Zool. Proc., t. 51, f. 3, 1860 136

619. 620. Buccinum nivale, Friele, t. 3, f. 24, 25 a 195

621. Neptunea Ossiani, Friele, t. 1. f. 1 133

622. Sipho solidulus, Sowb. (= Stimpsoni, Mb'rch, var.). Sowb., Fusus,

f. 97 132

623. Fusus crenulatus, Sowb. (= Siphonalia ?). Fusus, f. 17 228

624. Fusus obesus, Sowb. (= Sipho). Thes., f. 92 132

625. Sipho Dalli, Friele, t. 2, f. 18 133

626. Sipho undulata, Friele, t, 2. f. 33 133

627. Buccinum sulcatum, Friele, t. 3, f. 18 195

628. Sipho Hanseni, Friele, t. 1, f. 20 132

PERISTERNIINJ3.

PLATE 64.

57

PBRfSTBRNIINuB.

PLATE 65.

PERISTERNIIN.E.

PLATE 66.

100

108

PERFSTERNIINyE.

PLATE 67.

117

121

PERfSTERNIIN.fl

PLATE 68.

PERISTBRNI1NJ3.

PLATE 69.

161

PERfSTERNIIN.E.

PLATE 70.

PISANIN^.

PLATE 71,

196

216

PISANIN^E.

PLATE 72.

238

237

240

PISANIN.E.

PLATE 73.

254

PLATE 74.

30S

BUCCININ^E.

PLATE 75.

BUCCININ.E.

PLATE 76.

B0CCININJB.

PLATE 77.

359

357

358

1

BUCCININ.E.

PLATE 78.

BUCCININJK

PLATE 79.

387

BUCCIXIN^E.

PLATE 80.

BUCCININJE.

PLATE 81.

EBUKNIN-E.

PLATE 82.

PHOTINJ3.

PLATE 83.

ill

PHOTIN.E.

PLATE 84.

FUSINJE.

PLATE 85.

588

FUSING.

PLATE 86

605

NEPTUNIN^E.

PLATE 87.

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE

RETURN TO the circulation desk of any
University of California Library

or to the

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station
University of California
Richmond, CA 94804-4698

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

• 2-month loans may be renewed by calling
(510)642-6753

• 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing
books to NRLF

• Renewals and recharges may be made 4
days prior to due date.

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

APR 10 1997

JUN 1 3 2000

12,000(11/95)

N9 551354

QLU03
Txyon, G*W. 175

Manual of conchology, ser»l

v.3

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS