LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS MANUAL. OF )NCHOLOGY; ' STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. ('oNSKKVATMK OK Till'. foN< IK.l.oiiH \L Si;.Tl')N <>F T! 1 K ArAhKMY OK XATTUAL Sr]KN( Ks ol I'llIl.AJ.KI.l'IlIA. VOL. VIII. XATK IDJ; C^ALYITIM:!!)^:, TruiMTKUJixE, VE C.ECID.K, EL'UMID.E, Tl'lMU ).\ I L1J I ).K PYHAMIDEUJlhE. PHILADELPHIA: Published by tlic Author, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COH. IOTH a RACF STS. 1880. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS \V.M. 1'. (\n.it.\HK, 7:M ^ 7:«i S.ANSOM ST., Pn i I.ADKI.IMIIA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. FAMILY NATIGID7E. Shell subglobular, spiral, or paucispiral, with or without epidermis, the margin of the aperture entire. Operculum absent, or present and paucispiral or concentric, corneous or calcareous. Animal with voluminous foot, often incapable of entirely withdrawing into its shell; eyes at the base of the tentacles, often subcutaneous ; shell often partially or entirely covered by the mantle. Dentition 3'1 '3. The Naticidre have been monographed by Reeve, Conch. Iconica : Natica, 143 sp., 1855. Sigaretus, 26 sp., 1864. Yanikoro, 24 sp., 1875. Philippi, in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 1852 : Natica, 190 species. Weinkauff, in Kiister : Sigaretus, 3t species, 1883. Sowerby, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum : Sigaretus, 28 sp., 1882. Yanikoro, 24 sp., 1884. Natica, 144 sp., 1883. Recluz, in Chenu's Illustrations Conchyliologiques, etc. The present work admits about 225 recent species belonging to the family ; many of those recognized by previous mono- graphers being considered synonyms : besides these there are many unfigured and undetermined forms. Subfamily I. Naticinde. Shell turbinate, subglobose or auriform, the spire usuall}' short; aperture entire, without canal or sinus, the outer lip sharp, not reflected or margined, the columellar lip callous, more or less reflected over the umbilicus. Operculum calcareous or corneous, paucispiral (PI. 1, figs. 12-14). 4 NATICIDJ3. Animal with small tentacles, which are lanceolate, wide apart, connected by a veil; eyes absent, or placed under the skin, behind the tentacles ; foot much produced in front, where it is furnished with a fold (propodium) covering the head and anterior margin of the shell ; operculigerous lobe very ample, partially enveloping the shell ; mantle enclosed. Jaws corneous, waved or tessellated, subtrigonal (PL 1, fig. 3). Central tooth of the radula trapezoidal, generally tricuspidate, lateral teeth with a central large and smaller cusps, inner marginals simple or bifid, outer marginals simple (PL 1, figs. 4-6). The animals of Naticidae, characterized by the cephalic disk forming the propodium, are completely retractile within the shell in the typical Natica, but not retractile in Sigaretus and Mamilla. In some species of Neverita, the posterior margin of the propodium forms on the left side a sort of fleshy siphon ; the operculigerous lobe, which encircles the shell sometimes has a sinus on the right side, probably for the introduction of water into the branchial cavity. The Natica (PL 7, fig. 43) is an active animal, carnivorous and very predaceous, living in sandy places, where it hides under the surface and burrows for bivalves. These it pierces with its tongue, boring a round hole, generally near the beaks, where the shell of the victim is thinnest. The eyes, hidden by the propodium, and subcutaneous, are generally not perceptible, but can be distinguished in the group Amaura. The Nidus (PL 7, figs. 44, 45) is unlike that of any other mollusk in form and composition, being built up largely of the sand of the sea-bottom, agglutinated into a strap, forming part of a circle, and provided on one side with a constriction or rim ; the walls contain the eggs, arranged in quincunx order. Subfamily II. Lamellar iinse. Shell thin, sigaretiform, more or less internal, generally pauci- spiral, sometimes reduced to a non-spiral auriform lamina; spire short, few-whorled, lateral ; aperture oval, entire, large. No operculum. The animal (PL 1, figs. 18, 19) has not the cephalic disk of Natica. The mantle gradually grows over the shell until the latter becomes, in some of the genera, completely internal ; eyes NATICIDjE. 0 on prominences at the base of the tentacles. Dentition, PI. 1, fig. 9. The Lamellariime are carnivorous, living upon Hydrozoa, Alcyonaria and compound Ascidise. The eggs are deposited in the midst of colonies of the latter. The first embryonic shell is nantiloid, with spiral ridges ; the second is more simple, resembling a Carinaria; these shells are united at their margins by a thin membrane. The pelagic larval forms have received the names of Brownia, Echinospira, Calcarella and JasoniUa. See Manual, ii, t. 8, f. 103-105 ; Structural and Syst. Conch., i, 130, t. 20, f. 51. Subfamil}7 III. Vanikoridas. Shell external, white, with sometimes a velvet}' epidermis, usually striated, costate or decussated ; nmbilicated, without a trace of callus. Operculum thin, corneous, non-spiral. Animal with a long snout, tentacles flattened, much dilated in the middle, narrow above ; e}-es sessile at their external base ; mantle margin simple ; foot profoundly bipartite, a narrow, truncated, elongated propodium and a larger, rounded or sub- ({iiadrangular, operculigerous metapodium ; a large epipodial veil on each side of the foot ; branchia a single row of triangular leaflets, partly free. Jaws flattened; radnla short and wide, having, according to Gray, two series of teeth (?). Synopsis of Genera. I. Naticinse. Genus NATICA, Adanson, 1757. Shell oval globular, porcellanous, solid, generally smooth, covered by a fine epidermis, which is transparent, and generally not very persistent ; umbilicated, or umbilicus more or less filled with callus ; aperture semilunar, vertical, the outer lip simple. Operculum large, semilunar, paucispiral, corneous or calcareous. Animal with large cephalic lobe, truncated in front, subquad- r angular. Subgenus NATICA (sensu stricto). Shell smooth, solid, brightly colored in bands, spots, stripes, etc. Operculum calcareous (PI. 1, figs. 12, 13). N. canrena, Linn. 0 NATICID^E. The species are numerous ; mostly inhabitants of warm seas, in all quarters of the globe. The genus first appeared in the Jurassic formation. The fossil forms are remarkable for the persistence of their colors. Nacca^ Risso, is a synonym. Section STIGMAULAX, Morch, 1852. Whorls cancellated or grooved. N. cancellata, Lam. Subgenus NEVERITA, Risso, 1826. Shell large, depressed orbicular, spire conical or flattened ; umbilicus open, or partly filled by a tongue-shaped callous process (funiculum) of the columella. Operculum corneous. Dentition, PI. 1, fig. 6. N. duplicata, Say. The shell of Neverita is usually larger sized, sombre colored, and not so solid as that of Natica. The group inhabits mostly temperate waters. Section NEVERITA (typical). Umbilicus partly filled by a tongue-shaped callous process of the columella. Section LUNATIA, Gray, 1847. Shell subglobose, large, umbilicus open, without funiculum. Almost insensibty connects with Neverita. Operculum, PI. 1, fig. 14. N. heros, Say. Section PAYREAUDAUTIA, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dolll'us, 1883. Umbilicus furnished with two funicular plications ; shell small, variegated. N. intricata^ Donovan. Appears to connect with the typical group which it resembles in coloration, but distinguished by its umbilicus and operculum. Section MAMMA, Klein, 1753. Shell oval or- suboval, solid, smooth, usually unicolored, white or yellowish ; aperture semilunar, inner lip oblique, callous, the callus extending into and more or less completely filling the umbilicus. N. uber, Val. Polinices, Montf., 1810, Mamillaria, Swains., 1840, Naticina, Guilding, 1834, and Naticella, Guilding, 1840, are synonyms. Section CEPATIA, Gray, 1840. Shell rotelliform ; umbilicus closed by a large callosity, a pliciform lamella on the upper part of the columellar lip. Fossil only. N. cepacea, Lam. Eocene. NATICID.E. 7 Velainia, Munier-Chalmas, 1884, is a synonym. Section MAMILLA, Schum., 1817. Shell oval conic, rather thin, the whorls oblique, rapidly enlarging ; white or fasciated with brown ; mouth oblong, inner lip narrow, reflected, usually brown or blackish ; umbilicus not funiculated. N. maura. Lam. The synonyms are Naticaria, Swainson, 1840, and Ruma (Chemn.), H. and A. Adams, 1853. Subgenus AMPULLINA, ~Lsun. fide Defrancc, 1821. Umbilicus without funiculum, sometimes open, sometimes closed by a callosity ; columellar margin usually convex, the umbilical region limited by a spiral ridge. Globularia, Swainson, is a synonym. Only one living species belongs in this group ; the rest are tertiary fossils. Section AMPULLINA (sensu stricto). Spire short, aperture large. N. sigaretina, Lam. Eocene, Paris (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 66). Ampullinopsis, Conrad, may perhaps be placed here. Globu- laria, Swains., is also a synonym. Section AMAURELLTNA, Bayle, 1885. Spire scalariform, elongated, sharp ; umbilicus with a narrow false funiculum. N. spirata, Lam. Section MEGATYLOTUS, Fischer, 1885. Callosity of the umbilical region very large, limited by a semicircular groove, distant from the columella. N. crassatina, Lam. Lower Miocene. Section CERNINA, Gray, 1840. Subglobose, polished, bright colored; aperture large; umbili- cal region entirely covered by a convex callosity, not limited by a groove ; columellar margin convex. N.fluciuata, Sowb., the sole living species of this subgenus. Anomphala, Jonas, is a synonym. Subgenus EUSPIRA, Agassiz, 1837. Spire more or less elevated, suture canaliculated ; whorls few, angulated or carinated ; umbilical fissure little marked or hidden. N. canaliculate, Morris and Lye., Oolite, England. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 84). 8 NATICID^E. Subgenus A MAURA, Moller, 1842. Shell oval, smooth, thin, imperforate, covered by an epidermis ; aperture oblong, columella short, simple. Animal with small, compact foot, the right lobe profoundly sinuated ; eyes subcutaneous, but visible. A boreal group, commencing with Jurassic fossils, and con- taining a few living species. N. Candida, Moller. Section ACRYBTA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Shell globular, spire very short; columellar margin incurved, columella twisted ; lip fragile. N. flava, Gould. Bulbus, Brown, 1839, is a synonym. Section AMAUROPSIS, Morch, 1857. Suture canaliculated. N. canaliculata, Gould. Section PSEUDAMAURA, Fischer, 1885. Shell more solid, longitudinally ribbed. N. bulbiformis, Sowb., fossil. Section PTYCHOSTOMA, Laube, 1866. Shell imperforate, oval; spire large, elevated, sharp ; aperture oval, angular posteriorly ; columella straight ; the margin arcu- ated ; lip sinuated near the suture ; growth lines sinuous. N. Pleurotomoides, Wissman. Triassic. ? Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. Shell small, imperforate, white, shining, apex submamillary, aperture acuminately ovate ; lip arcuate', simple, a little thickened. It is very doubtful where in the system these little shells should be placed. The t}rpe species was originally described as a Macrocheilus, but it was subsequently said to have greater affinities with Amaura. Subgenus NATICOPSIS, M'Coy. Shell imperforate ; inner lip very thick, spreading. Operculum shelly. N. Phillipsii, M'Coy. Carboniferous, Gt. Brit. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 67). Neritomopsis, Waagen, 1880, is a synonym. Section ISONEMA, Meek. 7. humilis. Meek. Devonian, Ohio (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 71). Section TRACHYDOMIA, Meek and Worthen, 1866. Surface covered by small regularly disposed tubercles. N. nodosa, M. and W. Carboniferous, Illinois. NATICID^E. 9 Subgenus GYRO DBS, Conrad, 1860. Shell depressed globose ; aperture generally angular or nar- rowly rounded below ; inner lip thin ; umbilicus wide, docp, without callosity, bounded by a revolving carina which is some- times crenate, with occasionally a second small revolving ridge within ; whorls shouldered above, the angle generally wrinkled or crenate. Cretaceous, United States, India. N. alveata, Conr. (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 70). Subgenus TYCIIONIA, de Koninck, 1881. Shell somewhat depressed, globose, smooth; spire short, obtuse, suture linear ; last whorl very large, depressed at the base; aperture semilunar ; lip thin; colnmella thickened by a callosity which is limited by a shallow oblique groove ; no umbilicus. N. Omaliana, de Koninck. Carboniferous, Belgium. y Subgenus PLATYOSTOMA, Conrad. Shell subglobose ; spire short ; aperture very large, suborbicu- lar, dilated ; labrum joining the body-whorl at right-angles to the axis of the shell. P. Niagarensis, Hall. Niagara group, New York (S. and S. Conch , t. Ixiv, f. 74). Section STROPHOSTYLUS, Hall. Shell subglobose, spire small, body-whorl large, ventricose ; outer lip thin, sometimes slightly expanded ; columella twisted or spirally grooved within, not reflected; umbilicus none. P. subobtusa, Hall. Lower Helderberg, N. York (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 75). Differs in its twisted or grooved columella. Section ORIOSTOMA, Munier-Chalmas, 1876. Umbilicus moderate, circumscribed by a carina ; whorls some- times partially free. P. Barrandei, Mun.-Chalm. Devonian. The relations of this group with Natica are somewhat obscure, as are also those of the typical form with those designated here as sections. As in many other cases with the older fossil forms we can only be guided by rather remote general resemblances. Tylostoma, Sharpe, is considered a member of the group by 10 NATICID^E. some conchologists ; I have placed it in Tornatellidse (See Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, 357). Genus RUMELLA, Bourguignat, 1885. Shell small, obliquely oval, polished, spire short, of few whorls ; last whorl with a large umbilical depression, limited by a basal angle, and covered by a strong rounded callus ; lip simple. Opcr- culum unknown. Lake Tanganika, Central Africa. The species are said to resemble the group Mamilla in minia- ture; their position cannot be positively ascertained until we become acquainted with the animal and operculum. Genus SIGARJETUS, Lamarck, 1799. Shell depressed ear-shaped, with minute spire and very large aperture, externally with revolving striae; color usually white, sometimes invested with a thin corneous epidermis. Operculum minute, horny, paucispiral (PL 1, fig. 15). Animal with large mantle partly or entirely covering the shell — into which it is not able to withdraw entirely. Dentition. Central tooth of the radula shorter than the lateral cusps (PI. 1, fig. 7). Sigaretus inhabits warm seas, on muddy sand-flats ; it is slug- gish and very timid, moving slowly; when crawling they con- stantly explore the surrounding surface with the produced fore- lobe of the foot, which is also used in burrowing. Living species are rather numerous; fossil, it commences in the Cretaceous. Catinus (Klein, 1753), H. and A. Adams; Lupia, Conrad ; Stomatia, Hill ; Cryptostoma, Blainv., 1818, and Eaynevallia, Ponzi, are synonyms. Section SIGARETUS (sensu stricto). Shell depressed orbicular, convex above, mouth rounded ; umbilicus none or covered by a reflection of the inner lip ; spire short, oblique. Section EUNATICINA, Fischer. 1885. Shell umbilicated, oval oblong, thin, ventricose ; spire sharp ; inner lip straight, thin anteriorly, with a median callus. S. papilla, Gin el. It is Naticina, Gray, 1840 (not Guilding, 1834). Lacunaria, N ATIC1V1E. 1 1 Conrad, was referred here by me in Structural and Syst. Conch.; its species having been described as Naticse ; it is now placed in Lacunidse. Section AMPLOSTOMA, Stoliczka, 1868. Subovate, thin, spire short; whorls few, the last large, ventri- cose, produced in front, widely excavated at base ; aperture elongatel}* ovate, subangulated, pillar lip smooth, outer lip dilated and expanded at the margin ; surface nearly smooth. S. auriformis, Stol., Cretaceous, So. India (S. & S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 85). The characters are exceedingly close to those of the last section. Lysis, Gabb., 1864, which I consider a member of the subfamily Purpurinfe, of Muricida*, has been referred to this neighborhood by Dr. Fischer. Subfamily II. Lamellar Unas. Genus LAMELLARIA, Montagu, 1815. Shell internal, ear-shaped, thin, pellucid ; spire lateral, very small; aperture large, patulous, both lips regularly arcuated; axis imperforate. No operculum. Animal much larger than the shell, which is entirely concealed beneath the dorsal shield ; shield thick, verrucose, notched in front; foot elongated, truncated in front, acuminated behind; eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles. Dentition I'M, the central tooth subtrigonal, with the free margin denticulated and base incurved ; laterals large, the summit lanceolate, the margins denticulate, no marginals (PL 1, fig. 9). There are a few living species, and two species in the Miocene. Interesting particulars of the habits of Lamellaria will be found in Structural and Systematic Concholog}-, ii, 209. The synonymy includes Marsenia, Leach, 1847 ; Coriocella, Blainv-., 1824; Chelinotus, Swains.. 1840; CryptoceUa, H. A: A. Adams, 1853; Ermsea, Gray, 1857; Cryptothyra, Menke, 1830. Coriocella and Gryptocella have been considered subgenera, but have no important characters ; the former was founded upon an individual accidentally deprived of its shell. The fry, also, have received several generic names (p. 5). 12 NATICnXffi. Subgenus MARSENINA, Gray, 1850. Shell auriform, similar to Lamellaria. Animal (PL 1, fig. 20) with shield only partially covering the shell, open in the middle, the anterior margin deeply incised a little to the left of the middle, and again incised at the middle of the right margin. Dentition, PL 1, fig. 10. Boreal Seas. L. prodita, Loven. Colobocephalux, Sars, is a synonym. Genus ONCIDIOPSIS (Beck), Bergh, 1853. Shell internal, membranous, flexible, slipper-shaped, nut spiral, oblong, obtuse at the extremities. Animal (PL 1, fig. 21) completely enveloping the shell ; dorsal shield verrucose, thick, margin entire ; foot elongated, lanceo- late, exceeding the shield at either extremity ; tentacles cylin- drical, with eyes at their exterior bases. Dentition as in Velutina (PL 1, fig. 11). Boreal Seas. 0. glacialis, Sars. ? Genus CALEDONIELLA, Souverbie, 1869. Shell heliciform, imperforate, oval, orbicular, thin, invested by a thin epidermis which extends beyond the lip ; spire much depressed, sublateral ; whorls few, rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique, rather large, the extremities of the simple lip united by a callus extending widely upon the whorl. Animal unknown. C. Montrouzieri, Souverb. New Caledonia. Genus VELUTINA, Fleming, 1822. Shell thin, mostly external, calcareous, auriform, paucispiral, invested *by a velvety epidermis ; spire lateral, suture well im- pressed ; aperture large, rounded, the lip thin, the columellar lip a little reflected. No operculum. Animal with large oblong foot; margin of mantle developed, and more or less reflected over the edge of the shell ; head broad ; tentacles subulate, blunt, far apart, with eyes on prom- inences at their outer bases. Dentition, 2-1-1-1-2, the central tooth subquadrangular, multi- cuspid, the central cusps ve^r long and sharp ; lateral teeth multicuspid, marginals narrow, with a few obsolete denticles on the margin (PL 1, fig. 8). NATTCTD^E. 13 The Velutinas resemble the pulmoniferous genus Otina, but are strictty marine. Sometimes they are met with far out at sea, but usually live among stones near low-tide. Boreal. V. Isevigata, Pennant. ? Catinella, Stache, is a synonym. Section LIMNERIA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Spire more elevated, peristome not continuous, columella subcanaliculate. F. undata, Brown. Morvillia, Gray, 1857, is a synonym. Section YELUTELLA, Gray, 1847. Shell in most part covered by the mantle, very thin, flexible, with short spire ; peristome continuous, thickened. F. Jlexilis, Montg. Section LEPTONOTIS, Conrad, 1866. Margin of the aperture remarkably expanded, surpassing the spire. F. expansa, Whitfield. Eocene. Alabama. The shell is minute, and may be embryonic. SCLEVOGYRA, Whitfield, 1877. Struc. and Syst. Conch., iii, 350. LYOSOMA, White, 1883. Struc. and Syst. Conch., iii, 350. These two fossil groups, of doubtful relationships, may possibly be members of the Naticidae. Subfamily III. Vanikoridse. Genus VANIKORO, Quoy and Gaimard, 1832. Shell subglobose, external, white, with a velvety epidermis, surface striate, costate or decussate, umbilicated, without a trace of callus in the umbilicus ; spire not produced; aperture semi- lunar, outer lip simple. Animal described in the subfamily. Operculum thin, corneous, with apical nucleus, not spiral (PI. 1, figs. 16, 17). A few species are found about corals in warm seas ; fossil, commences with secondary strata. About equally well-known under the later and perhaps more acceptable name of Narica, Recluz, 1841. Leucotis, Swainson, 1840, and Merria, Gray, 1842, are also synonyms. Section YANIKOROPSIS, Meek, 1876. Shell subglobose. thick, body-whorl large, spire low ; imper- 14 NATICA. forate ; outer lip simple, beveled, inner lip closely folded upon and adhering to the columella and bod}T-whorl, very little thickened, smooth ; surface with distinct revolving lines and furrows, developing on the body-whorl strong oblique grooves parallel to the growth lines. F. Tuomeyana, Meek and Worthen. Creta- ceous ; Upper Missouri River (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 87). Section NATICODON, Ryckholt. Shell like Vanikoro, but inner lip usually thickened, and always provided with some kind of a tooth , columella either slightly hollowed out or solid ; surface smooth, or ornamented with various spiral or transverse striae. F. spirata, Sowb. Carboniferous, Europe (S. and S. Conch., t. Ixiv, f. 76). This group forms a connecting-link between Vanikoro and Neri- topsis ; the former having the columellar lip smooth, the latter insinuated in the middle, or provided with two strong teeth, while Naticodon has only one tooth ; as regards the thickness of the shell, this transition seems equally to hold good. Section NATIRIA, de Koninck, 1881. Shell globose, spire short, suture profound, axis perforated ; surface longitudinally plicate, with intermediate parallel stria1, and slight spiral striee ; columellar margin slightly thickened ; aperture nearly circular, peristome continuous. Carboniferous- Trias. F. lirata, Phillips. Subfamily Naticinse-. • Genus NATICA, Adanson, 1757. Subgenus NATICA (sensu stricto). N. MTLLEPUNCTATA, Lam. PI. 2, figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. Yellowish white, closely painted with small light chestnut spots, umbilical region and interior of aperture light brown ; umbilicus with a central entering ridge. Length, l'5-2 inches. Mediterranean Sea. Linnaeus classed this among the varieties of his N. canrena. It is a variable species in its color markings, thus acquiring several synonyms. Among those of the typical .color-variety are N.punctata, Karsten, and N. stercus-muscarum, Gmel. (juvenile). Monterosato has named a var. minor. NATICA. 15 Yar. MACULATA, Desh. PI. 2, fig. 24. The spots larger, less sharply defined, often interruptedly con- fluent, with three interrupted bands of larger spots or macula- tions. Appears to connect closely with the type form, but has been separated as a distinct species of late years by several concholo- gists on account of differences in the lingual dentition. I retain the name by which the species is well known instead of the prior one of N. hebraea, Martyn — which has scarcely obtained currency. Other synonyms are N. trifasciata (Recluz), Adams ; N. aspersa, Menke ; N. cruentata, Payr. Monterosato has named as color-varieties, fusca, immaculata, and rarimaculata. The latter appears to me to connect with the next species. Var. SANGUINOLENTA, Brusina. PI. 2, fig. 25. The punctations coalescing into undulating longitudinal flam- mules. X. FULMINEA, Gmelin. PL 2, figs 26, 27. Shell solid, somewhat tumid and plicately striated next the suture ; umbilicated, but the umbilicus partly covered by an overgrowing callous deposit on the upper part of the columellar lip, which finally becomes A^ery thick ; whitish, with longitudinal undulating or zigzag chestnut markings, sometimes partly broken up into spots ; often peppered with minute spots between the larger markings ; occasionally the zigzag lines break up into three revolving series. Length, 1-1'75 inches. West Coast of Africa. The synonymy includes N. cruentata and N. arachnoidea, Gmel.; ? N. pardalis, Phil.; N. Ufasciata (Recluz), Reeve; N. punctata, Swainson ; N. Senegalensis, Recluz (fig. 28) has been placed here by Reeve and Sowerby ; the figure has the markings of fulminea, but appears to possess a more conical spire; it is probably distinct. N. ADANSONI, Phil. PL 2, fig. 30. Small, solid, yellowish maculated and spotted with chestnut, upper and lower portions of body-whorl free from spots, or 10 NATICA. nearly so ; umbilicus completely filled by the callus of the inner lip. Length, 15 mill. W. Africa. The shell figured by Reeve under this name (fig. 29) is M. distinct species = N.fanel, Adanson. N. FULGURANS, Recluz. PL 7, fig. 29 ; PL 2, fig. 28; PL 7, fig. 29. Yellowish white, with purplish brown angulately flexuous streaks, often running together ; aperture white ; umbilicus partly filled by a rather large, convex, rounded central callus. Length, 25 mill. Senegal. Diifers from N. Adansoni in the partly excavated umbilicus, from N. fulminea in its more conical spire, and less tumid shoulder of the body-whorl. N. Senegalensis, Recluz (fig. 28) appears to be a synonym. N. BOURGUIGNATI, Recluz. PL 2, fig. 31. Somewhat thick, with well-impressed suture ; umbilicus small, contracted above by the lip callus and with an entering line • white-flamed longitudinally or punctate with dark chestnut. Length, 14-15 mill. Madagascar. Reeve unites this with the preceding species ; if so, it is .1 strongly marked minor variety. N. ZEBRA, Lam. PL 2, fig. 32. Whitish, densely longitudinally painted with narrow, sharply zigzag chestnut streaks. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. N. PELLTS-TIGRINA, Chemn. PL 2, fig. 33. Whitish, densely spotted with purplish chestnut, a little plicate at the suture. Diam. 22 mill. Australia. N. variolaria, Recluz, is a synonym. N. MACULOSA, Lam. PL 3, fig. 35. Spire more elevated than in the last species, umbilicus nar- rower, maculations obsolete towards the base of the body-whorl and sometimes near the suture also. Diam. 18 mill. i,, Jajxtn, Philippines^ Java, el P. NATICA. 17 It is very doubtful whether this is really distinct from the preceding species. N. Javanica, Lam., is a synonym. N. FANEL, Adanson. PI. 2, fig. 29. Widely umbilicated, with a re-entering callous central ridge, the umbilicus bounded by a sharp angle ; whorls flattened next the suture ; punctate with chestnut, some of the punctations con- fluent into maculations, which are either irregular or form two or three interrupted revolving series. Senegal. Reeve changed the above barbarous specific name to Adan- soni already used by Philippi. I cannot consent to re-baptize the species ; better a bad than an unstable name. N. LYNX, Phil. PL 2, fig. 34. Rather thick, smooth, whitish, with light chestnut spots, umbilicus very narrow, nearly filled by the fimiculate callus. Height 6-66, diam. 5*33 mill. Mangalore, India. Closely resembles the preceding species in form and coloring; distinguished by its much smaller size and narrow umbilicus. N. IMPERFORATA, Gray. PL 3, fig. 36 ; PL 7, figs. 27, 28. Solid, with a heavy white callus quite closing the umbilicus, whorls a little constricted below the suture, where they are shortly chestnut-flamed, everywhere else densely minutely punc- tate with chestnut, with obsolete light revolving bands. Diam. 1 inch. Gape of Good Hope, West Africa (Marrat). N. genuaims, Reeve (figs. 27, 28), is a younger and more per- fect state of this species, with the narrow pale bands more distinct and bearing dark spots or sagittate markings. N. FLORIDA, Reeve. PL 3, fig. 37. Umbilicated, umbilicus brown stained, with a central entering ridge ; whitish, with close chestnut punctations and two faint light purplish bands, sometimes obsolete. Length, 22 mill. Hob. unknown. N. PULICARIS, Phil. PL 3, figs. 38, 39. Shell umbilicated, smooth, polished, a little flattened beneath the suture ; columella callous above ; whitish, closely sprinkled 2 18 NATTCA. with fine orange dots, with large oblique blotches on the upper part of the body-whorl (appearing also on the spire), and narrow revolving bands of the same color on the middle and lower part. Length, 20 mill. Hob. unknown. The above is the description of N. tincturata^ Reeve, which, in the Index to the " Iconica," is said to be a synonym of the smaller, obscurely figured N. pulicaris. N. CINCTA, Ilecluz. PL 3, fig. 40. Shell white covered by numerous chestnut punctations, with four narrow white bands spotted with brown. Length, It mill. Malabar. I am not acquainted with this species — which appears to me to be nearly related to the preceding. It is omitted from the monographs of Philippi, Reeve and Soworby. N. VIOLACEA, Sowb. PI. 3, fig. 41. Thick, smooth, polished ; white, tessellated with obliquely square orange-brown spots, arranged in revolving series, some- times promiscuously interrupted or broken up into hieroglyphic markings; columella with a heavy violet-colored callous deposit, covering the upper portion of the umbilicus. Height, 1 inch. Philippines, Viti Islands. This is N. rhodostoma, Phil. N. FABELLA, Jousseaume. PL 3, fig. 42. Ovately conoidal, solid ; yellowish with minute chestnut dots and a sutural series of maculations ; aperture white within, bifasciate with chestnut maculations, the margin minutety chest- nut dotted ; umbilicus narrow, largely covered by the thick brownish columellar callus. Length, 13 mill. Jlab. unknown. Appears to be very closely related to N. lynx, Phil. N. TECTA, Adanson. PL 3, fig. 43. Ovately conoidal, solid, smooth, shining; yellowish, with short longitudinal chestnut lines at the suture, the rest of the surface minutely punctate with chestnut ; umbilicus covered by the white columellar callus. Height, 18 mill. Guinea,. NATICA. 19 N. SAGRAIANA, d'Orb. PL 3, figs. 44-46. Whitish, with light chestnut, narrow zigzag lines, interrupted by a white band on the periphery ; columellar callus chestnut or violaceous, nearly covering the umbilicus. Length, 5-7*5 inches. West Indies, Madeira, W. Africa, Mediterranean Sea. N.fulminea, Risso, name preoccupied by Gmelin for another species; ? N. flammulata, Requien ; N. pulchella, Pfeiffer (fig. 46) ; N. nivea, Anton ; N. Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams; N.fdosa, Phil. (fig. 45), described as lineolata, preoccupied by Desha3res for a fossil species, are synonyms. N. VENUSTULA, Phil. PI. 3, figs. 47-49. Shell shining, white with sparse chestnut lineations, somewhat zigzag, interrupted by a white band at the suture and a broader one on the periphery ; columellar callus white, filling the umbili- cus except a narrow chink. Length, 8 mill. Habitat unknown. The lines are not so close as in the last species, the sutural area is without them, the callus is uncolored and more nearly fills the umbilicus ; still, I doubt its distinctness. N. Bayani, Jouss. (fig. 49), is apparently a synonym. N. TRAILLII, Reeve. PL 3, fig. 50. Rather solid, somewhat depressed globose, umbilicus large, partly filled lay the brownish columellar callus ; whitish, painted throughout with waved oblique dark chestnut lines. Length, 12 mill. Malacca. More depressed than N. Sagraiana, the lineations wider apart, not interrupted by any peripheral band, etc. N. MOZAICA, Sowb. PL 3, figs. 51, 52. Ovate, whitish with four series of ovate, obliquely quadrate chestnut markings ; columellar callus wide, white, covering the umbilicus. Length, 15 mill. Hob. unknown. The form and callus remind one of the smaller species of Neritina. 20 NATICA. N. CIIINENSIS, Lara. PL. 3, figs. 53, 54. Umbilicus wide, nearly filled by a wide central entering white callus, leaving a semicircular groove terminating in a narrow deep perforation above ; white, with obliquely subquadrate chocolate-colored spots, arranged in four or usually five revolving series, the second and fourth series often conspicuously larger'. Length, 1 inch. China, Singapore, Philippines, Viti Islands. This is jV. onca, Bolten, of Adams' Genera, and N. Aimei, Joiisseaume (fig. 54). N. FORSKALII, Chemn. PI. 3, fig. 55. Openly perspectively umbilicated, plicately striate next the suture ; white, longitudinally strigate with chestnut, the striga- tions interrupted, forming two narrow white bands, base 1111- colored. Length, 1-1 '5 inches. Mauritius. Has been considered by some conchologists a var. of N. rufa, Born, but the latter is unicolored, interrupted by bands and at the base, and the umbilicus has a distinct entering ridgo. N. MAHEENSIS, Dufo. PI. 3, fig. 56. Strongty plicately wrinkled next the suture ; umbilicus half filled with a strong white central entering callus; whitish, with two broad bands of oblique chestnut blotches. Length, 28 mill. Seychelles Is. N. RAYNOLDIANA, Eecluz. PL 3, fig. 51. Rather thick, smooth, umbilicus partly covered on the upper part by the white columellar callus ; orange-fulvous, sometimes unicolored, more frequently more or less covered by chocolate reticulations, often with an irregular band-like interruption on the periphery. Length, 1 inch. Ceylon, Singapore, Viti Is. Sowerby's figure is of a shape not characteristic of this species, the spire being too elevated. N. CANRENA, Linn. PL 4, figs. 58-61. LTmbilicus largely filled with a white entering callus, leaving a semicircular rimation ; chestnut-brown, with yellowish brown revolving zones, and longitudinal xigzng brown streaks, becom- NATICA. 21 ing darker and much more prominent upon the pale bands, base white. West Indies, Central America, Florida. The young of this species has been described under the name of N. proxima, C. B. Ad. (fig. 59). N. lemniscata, Phil, (fig. 60), and N. affinis, Busch (fig. 61), appear to me to be merely }'oung, faded-out examples of this species, although the first has been identified somewhat doubtfully with a West African shell (Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., iii, 244). Another synonym is N. pennata, Schroter. N. ALA-PAPILIONIS (Cliemii. in part), Auct. PI. 4, figs. 62-61. Slightly flattened at the suture, umbilicus large, with a central entering callous ridge; fleshy fawn-colored, with three or four subequidistant narrow white zones filleted with chocolate, the interspaces of the first and second and of the third and fourth zones usually darker colored. Length, 25-35 mill. China, Philippines, Australia, Seychelles, Zanzibar, Guaymas and Cape St. Lucas, W. Coast of Mexico. The above remarkable distribution is fully confirmed by speci- mens before me. The West Coast shells are known under the name of N. zonaria, Lam., but Carpenter acknowledges their identity. N. crenata, Recluz (fig. 63), N. articulata, Phil. (fig. (54), and N. tseniata, Menke, are S}*nonyms. Var. BRODERIPIANA, Recluz. Figs. 65-67. Whorls longitudinally plicately .grooved ; orange-fawn color, with three white bands articulated with chestnut. West Columbia, Mazatlan. X. Taslei, Reel. (fig. 66), and N. iostoma, Menke (fig. 67), are synonyms of this variety. The latter has been differently identified, with N. marochiensis, Gmel., but Philippi's figure of the original t}'pe sets this question at rest. X. PICTA, Recluz. PI. 4, figs. 68, 69. Umbilicated, the umbilicus mostly filled by a white entering callus, smooth; orange fawn-colored, white at the suture and base, covered with longitudinal short zigzag chestnut lines, and two or three subequidistant narrow or broader white bands sagittately marked with chestnut ; the spaces between these 22 NAT1CA. bands sometimes plain orange-fawn, or Indistinctly or less dis- tinetly marked with the zigzag lines. Length, 1 inch. Philippines, So. Australia, N. Caledonia. N. elegans and N. euzona, Recluz, and N. decora, Phil., are synonyms. N. ZELANDICA, Quoy. PI. 4, fig. 70. Smooth, umbilicus with a central white entering callus ; yel- lowish fawn-colored, with five white bands painted with chestnut- colored arrow-headed markings, and a similarly colored wider sutural band. Length, 22 mill. New Zealand. N. CATENATA, Philippi. PL 4, figs. 71-73. Wrinkled-plicate around the suture, umbilicus large, with a central entering callus, below which it is wide but shallow, whorls more obliquely flattened than in the preceding species, brown fawn-color, white around the base, with three prominent narrow white bands painted with sagittate chestnut markings; an indis- tinct additional band often appearing between the second and third; interior violaceous white. Length, 18 mill. Panama to Cape St. Lucas, L. Gal. Allied to N.Zelandica on the one side and to N.marochiensis on the other. Reeve and Sowerby have confounded it with the latter and made it a Mediterranean species ; Reeve's figure 92 a, however, represents the species correctly. N. depressa, Gray, = N. Grayi, Phil. (fig. 73), is a synonym. Gray's name was preoccupied by Sowerby for a fossil species. N. MAROCHIENSIS. Gmelin. PL 5, figs. 74-96 ; PL 7, fig. 36 ; PL 8, fig. 49. Slightly plicate at the suture, umbilicus largely filled by an entering white callus ; color variable, grayish, yellowish gray, yellowish brown, or reddish brown, with about four bands of arrow-head markings, often running together or more or less obscured. Length, -75-1-5 inches. W. Africa, W. Indies, Panama to Mazatlan, Society and Philippine Islands, Australia, etc. An exceedingly variable species, with very extended distribu- tion. It is not the N. marochiensis , of Lamarck, which is Mediterranean, where the present species does not occur. It is NATICA. 23 equally well known as N. maroccana, Chemn. The typical condition of the species is represented by figs. 74, 75. This form inhabits W. Africa, West Indies, Panama, Pol}Tnesia, etc. N. Cayennensis (fig. 80), N. sagittifera (fig. 36), and N. Sou- leyetiana (fig. 81), of Recluz, N. undulata, Pease MS., and probably N. Manceli, Jouss. (fig. 82), and N. undata, Phil. (fig. 88), are synonyms. Very probably N. Gualteriana, Petit (PL 8, fig. 49), belongs here ; it resembles N. tessellata, Phil., quoted, below. Yar. LUBIDA, Phil. Figs. 76, 77, 79, 83, 84. Yellowish green or whitish, the bands obscure, with faint chestnut lines crossing them instead of the sagittate markings, suture plicate. N. tessellata (fig. 79) and N. hebraea, Phil., include specimens with the color lines more distinctly marked. Occurs mainly in Central Polynesia, Sandwich Islands, etc., but also in West Indies and W. Africa. N.plicatula, Nuttall MS., is a synonym, but the figure given by Reeve does not represent it, but more probably N. sordida, Phil. N. Maheensis, Dufo, which I have described on p. 20, may possibly be a large aberrant form of this variety. N. limacina (fig. 83) and N. Marchei (fig. 84), Jouss., belong here. Vtir. LIVIDA, Pfeiiier. Figs. 85-87, 89-92. Plicate at the suture ; whitish or yellowish white, often with a broad band of ash-color or brown, almost covering the body- whorl, sometimes indistinctly doubly banded ; interior of aper- ture more or less tinted with chestnut or chocolate, the columellar callus chocolate-colored. West Indies to Brazil. Closety allied to the preceding variety, but distinguished by its colored callus ; it is also usually smaller. N. nifilabris, Reeve (fig. 86), N. lacernula. Orb. (fig. 87), N. Jamaicensis, (fig. 89), N. gracilis, Sowb. (fig. 90), and N. nigrescens, C. B. Ad., are synonyms. N. Menkeana, Phil. (figs. 91, 92), is referred here by Morch ; it can scarcely be determined with confidence. Tar, UNIFASCIATA, Lam. Fig. 93. Yellowish brown, chocolate or olivaceous, whitish towards the 24 NAT1CA. base, with a more or less distinct narrow yellowish white band on the upper part of the whorls ; interior chocolate tinged, callus white. Panama, etc. Large sized like the Var. Chemnitzii, into which it passes. N. mustelina, Swains., may be a water-worn specimen of this variety ; it has not been recognized as a species. Var. CHEMNITZII, Pfr. Figs. 94-96. Grayish blue or grayish yellow, with four or live rather indis- tinct bands of sagittate markings either light chocolate or whitish, often connected by lightning-like whitish longitudinal streaks ; interior dark chocolate, banded. Large sized. Panama to Mazatlan and W. Africa. N. Pritchardi, Forbes (fig. 94), is a synonym of this variety, as is also possibly N. Cernica, Jouss. (fig. 96), from Mauritius. N. INSECTA, Jousseaume. PI. 6, figs. 98, 99. Shell thick, solid ; whitish, with a central yellow band, and a few longitudinal flexuous chestnut stripes above and below it ; umbilicus with a slight central entering callus. Length, 8 mill. Hab. unknown. Possibly a variety of the preceding species. N. LINEOZONA, Jousseaume. PI. 5, fig. 97; PI. f>, figs. 100, 1. Umbilicus open, with a small entering callus ; white, with four equidistant spiral chestnut lines, and longitudinal chestnut flammules extending from the suture to the second revolving line, interrupted between the second and third, and again extending from third to fourth. Length, 9 mill. New Caledonia. N. Gaidei, Souverbie (fig. 100), and N. notata, Sowb. (fig. 1), are synonyms. N. LOCELLUS, Reeve. PI. 6, fig. 2, enlarged. Livid flesh-tinged, fulvous brown, .obscurely filleted and stained ; columella thinly callous ; umbilicus partly filled. Habitat unknown. Is possibly a variety of N. marochiensis, Gmel. N. ASELLUS, Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 3, 4, considerably enlarged. Whorls faintly plicately striated at the suture, columella NATICA. 25 covered by a broad callosity ; whitish, with two broad chocolate bands and a row of spots between them. Australia. X. DILLWYNI, Payr. PL 6, figs. 5, 8 ; PI. 5, fig. 78. Yellowish or fawn-white, with white bands bearing obscure arrow-head markings of light chestnut ; umbilical region whitish, partly filled by a callus. Mediterranean Sea. The original figure (fig. 8) represents an obscurely colored state of this species. N. avellana, Phil. (fig. 78) is a nut-brown variety, the bands obsolete. The late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys considered N. proximo, C. B. Ad., a synonym. X. AREOLATA, Recluz. PI. 6, fig. 23. Shell rather thin, polished ; yellowish brown, with lighter zigzag markings ; umbilicus with a large white entering callus. Length, 15 mill. Australia, Philippines, Moluccas, Viti Is. X. ABBBEVIATA, Sowb. PI. 6, figS. 6, 7. Livid, bifasciately maculated, white-banded and slightly wrinkled at the suture ; umbilicus closed by the callus ; aperture chestnut Avithin. Length, 12 mill. ? Mediterranean Sea. Possibly a form of one of the well-known European species ; only known to me by Sowerby's figures. X. MARMORATA, H. Adams. PI. 6, fig. 9. Whitish, marbled with chestnut and somewhat fiammulate at the suture, a lighter marbled band on the periphery ; umbilicus partly reduced by the superior callus; columellar callus and interior tinged with chestnut. Length, 16 mill. Canary Islands, Mediterranean. It is N. Pretoi, Hidalgo. X. VITTATA, Gmelin. PL 6, figs. 10-12. Yellowish brown, vittate with chestnut, or laciniated ; umbili- cus with a central entering ridge. Length, 20 mill. Morocco, Algiers, So. Coast of Spain. N. textilis, Reeve (fig. 12), and N. intricatoides, Hidalgo, are synonyms. 26 NATICA. N. FORATA, Reeve. PL 6, fig. 22. Shell depressed globose, resembling a Turbo ; umbilicus large, with flattened walls forming an angle with the base of the shell, and with a central thread-like entering-ridge ; aperture semicir- cular, the inner lip straight and mostly detached, bounding the umbilicus ; yellowish white, reticulated and spotted in revolving series with orange-brown. Length, 15 mill. Cape of Good Hope. N. LTMPIDA, E. A. Smith. PL 6, fig. 24. Rather thin, semitransparent, whitish, gloss3r, opaque white at the suture ; umbilicus rather narrow, without any internal ridge. Length, 8 mill. Torres Straits, Australia. No operculnm obtained. Is probably a young shell, and cer- tainly possesses no characters to entitle it to description as a new species. N. ANTONI, Phil. PL 6, fig. 25. Smooth, plicatulate at the suture ; olivaceous brown, with two spiral series of brown dots, whitish towards the base ; umbilicus entirely filled with callus. Length, 14 mill. Loo Choo Islands (Phil.); Mouth of Macusi Riv., E.Africa (Smith). Mr. Smith remarks that a young specimen had a pale band between the two series of dots — which become obsolete in the adult. N. COLLIEI, Recluz. PL 7, figs. 34, 30-33. Obsoletely plicate at the suture ; yellowish, with oblique, squarish chestnut markings in four spiral series, the two middle series sometimes confluent ; umbilicus with a central rounded entering callus. Length, 19 mill. Australia, Japan. N. concinna, Dunker (figs. 30, 31) and N. bicincta, Schrenck (figs. 32, 33) are only color-varieties of this species. N. RUBROMACULATA, Smith. PL 7, fig. 35. With a band of chestnut-colored maculations above, and another near the base, the spots connected by longitudinal flexuous lines ; margin of aperture maculate within ; umbilicus narrow, with entering callus. Length, 17 mill. Whydali, W. Africa. NATICA. 27 X. VARIABILIS, Kecluz. PL 7, fig. 57. Smooth, shining, rather solid ; yellowish white, covered with a fine network of chestnut color, with a row of maculations near the base, and an opaque white band overlaid with the reticula- tions at the suture ; columellar callus tinged with deep chestnut, and nearly filling the umbilicus. Length, 22 mill. Hab. unknown (Reeve); W. Africa (Marrat). Seems to be nearly related to N. imperforata, Gray. X. PAVIMENTUM, Rccluz. PL 7, figs. 38, 39. Yellowish white, with orange-brown flexuous markings or spots, interrupted on the periphery by a broad light-bluish band, on the middle of which is a spiral series of orange-brown squarish spots ; columella filled with callus. Length, 10 mill. Philippines, Amboina. N. Cailliaudi, Recluz (fig. 39) is a mere variety of this species. X. PYGM.EA, Phil. PL 7, fig. 40. Whitish, covered by small chestnut-colored punctations, with three obscure bands; umbilicus narrow, open. Length, 10 mill. Cape of Good Hope. X. DILECTA, Gould. PL 7, fig. 41. Covered with a russet-colored epidermis, under which the shell is ivory-white, reticulated with a very minute network of rusty brown or fawn-color, leaving occasional white patches, and with a series of chestnut-colored blotches, revolving on all the whorls, near the suture; callus tinged with chestnut-brown, nearly filling: the umbilicus. Length, 16 mill. ? Mouth of the Rio Negro, Patagonia. X. ADAMSIANA, Dunker. PL 8, fig. 46. Olivaceous brown, with two lighter bauds covered with longi- tudinal flexuous chestnut markings; umbilicus with central entering callus ; suture slightly plicate ; interior of aperture chestnut colored with two pale bands. Length, 23 mill. Japan. X. MOQUINIANA, Recluz. PL 8, figs. 47, 48. Rather thin ; yellowish brown, with three series of chestnut maculations, running together in adult specimens, with connect- 28 NATICA. ing longitudinal stripes ; callus slight, partly covering the umbil- icus from above. Length, 16 mill. Hob. unknown, M, Recluz is of opinion that the operculum will prove to be corneous. N. LIMBATA, d'Orb. PL 8, fig. 50. Thin, smooth, reddish or light purplish, white around the base, and white lined at the suture; umbilicus narrow. Length, 16 mill. Bay of San Bias and Mouth of Rio Negro, Patagonia. I am not acquainted with either this or the following species. N. ISABELLEANA, d'Orb. PL 8, fig. 51. Reddish brown, smooth, thin ; umbilicus narrow. Length, 13 mill. Maldonado, Uruguay. Philippi remarks that the specimen figured and described by d'Orbigny is probably worn and has lost some of its markings, as he had seen a Brazilian shell, with four bands, and longitu- dinal flames which might well be referred to this species. N. COLLARTA, Lam. PL 8, figs. 54, 52, 53, 49. Whitish, with irregular, interrupted chestnut streaks, not extending to the base, slightly flattened at the suture, and milk- white, bearing fewer, larger sagittate chestnut markings ; umbili- cus with somewhat inferior entering callus ; interior tinged with chestnut. Length, 1-1-25 inches. W. Africa. N. labrella, Lam.; N. Gambiae, Recluz (fig. 53), an old thick- ened example ; and N. obstructa, Menke (fig. 49 bis) a faded specimen, are synonyms. One of the figures of labrella given by Philippi in Kiister (fig. 52) also represents an individual denuded of color markings. N. ELEN.E, Recluz. PL 8, figs. 55, 56. Depressed, inflated, spire small, suture well impressed, closely plicately ridged above and below between the growth grooves, the middle of the body-whorl with incised growth lines only ; umbilicus very large, with an inferior entering callus ; whitish, NATICA. 29 densely lineated with chestnut, the markings dislocated in three spiral series. Length, 1-1*5 inches. Panama. Closely allied to the next species in general pattern of coloring only. N. Haneti, Recluz (fig. 56), and JV. excavata. Carp., are synonyms. N. LINEATA, Lam. PL 8, fig. 57. Shell smooth, rather largely umbilicated, with inferior entering callus ; white, flexuously lineated with chestnut, except at the base. Length, 1-2 inches. Singapore, Philippines. N. BURTASENSTS, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 58. Whorls somewhat slanting above, convex below, smooth, polished ; bluish white ; with longitudinal flexuous chestnut li neat ions ; deeply umbilicated ; columella with a broadly re- flected deep red columellar callosity. Length, 18 mill. Isle of Burias, Philippines. N. GRACTLIS, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 59. Whorls more convex and spire more produced than in pre- ceding species ; whitish, with crowded oblique longitudinal linea- tions ; umbilicus reniform, with a median entering callus. Length, 10 mill. Philippines. N. VITELLUS, Linn. PI. 8, fig. 60. Whorls slightly plicate at the suture ; orange-brown, obscurely lighter banded, with an upper and a lower series of large white or yellowish spots ; umbilicus deep, partly circumscribed by a superior callus. Length, 1-25-1*75 inches. Philippines, Singapore. N. ZONALIS, Recluz. PL 8, fig. 61. Shell covered by a very thin brownish epidermis, beneath which it is whitish, with two bands of longitudinal, sometimes confluent chestnut lines ; umbilicus with inferior entering callus. Length, 17 mill. Viti Islands. N. RUFA, Born. PL 9, figs. 62, 63. Excavately umbilicated, with central entering callus, and overhanging superior callus ; upper and middle portion of 30 NATICA. whorls chestnut-color, with a narrow white sutural band, a white peripheral band, and the lower part of the body-whorl also white. Length, 1*5 inches. Hong Kong, Singapore, Mauritius. It is N.fasciata, Martyn, N. leucozonias, Grael. Var. SPADICEA, Gmelin. Fig. G3. The coloring lighter and more diffused, often varying in intensity in obsolete bands and spiral lines, the sutural white band wider. Yar. FORSKALI, Chemn. On p. 20 I have treated this as a distinct species ; it has been regarded by some conchologists as a variet}r of N. rufa in which the coloring is interrupted by the growth-lines causing it to form longitudinal oblique stripes instead of being diffused over the entire surface. It is very possible that it has been correctly placed here. N. HELVACEA, Lam. PI. 9, fig. 64. Whorls somewhat slanting above, then more convex ; umbili- cus deep, contracted above by the callus ; a diffused white band at the suture, then a broad diluted chestnut band extending to below the periphery, base white ; on the chestnut space, at the periphery is a narrow white band, above it generally another, obsolete. Length, 1-5 inches. Singapore. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species, which it decidedly resembles in coloration, differing mainly in the sloping conical form, and narrower umbilicus with the entering callus barely indicated. It is usually called N.. globosa, Chemn., but this is only a portion of the descriptive phrase used by that author to designate the species. It is N. spadicea, var. ft, of Dillw., and N. pallens, Phil. N. CLAUSA, Brod. and Sowb. PL 9, figs. 65, 67-69, 73. Shell globose, whitish or yellowish white, spire often tinged livid, umbilicus entirely covered and closed by a callus. Length, 1*25-2 inches. Arctic Seas — circumboreal, N. Japan, Alaska, Melville Isl, Greenland to Massachusetts, Arctic Europe, Off Coast of Portugal (nearly 1000 fms.). NATICA. 31 The late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys identified this with N. affinis, Grael. Mr. Verrill in reviewing Dr. Jeffrey's paper (Am. Jour. Sci., 3 ser., v, 472), dissents from this consolidation, because Nerita affinis, Gmel., is described as having a nacreous interior, as inhabiting New Zealand, and is placed in the umbilicated section of the genus. An inspection of the S}~st. Nat. of Gmelin shows that in the last particular only is Verrill correct, no silvery interior is mentioned, the habitat is said to be northern seas and a reference is made to the Zool. Danica, prodr. of Miiller. Still, the uncertainty of an unfigured species, insuf- ficiently described, and the fact that it is, whether correctly or not, placed among umbilicated species, forbid the use of the name a-ffmin for the species. The synonyms are N. consolidates, Couth, (fig. 67), a southern and smaller form, occurring as far southward as Massachusetts ; N. septentrionalis, Beck (fig. 69), Greenland; probably N. russa, Gould, Arctic Ocean ; N. operculata, Jeffreys (fig. 73), Japan. N. occlusa, S. Wood, a Crag fossil of England, has been referred to this species ; I think it distinct, as the spire is much more elevated and the whorls more convex. Var. VITTATA, Jeffreys. Spire more elevated, body-whorl with two purplish bands, one of them showing on the penultimate whorl. Greenland. This will perhaps prove distinct ; I should think it, from the description, more nearly allied to the fossil N. occlusa. Var. IANTHOSTOMA, Desh. Fig. 68; PL 19, fig. 89. Yellowish brown, irregularly white zoned, apex blackish; interior purplish. Length, 2 inches. Kamtscliatka, Northern Japan. N. IMPERVIA, Phil. PI. 9, fig. 60. Oval, with spire very short, rather solid, white, umbilicus completely filled with callus. Length, 10 mill. Straits of Magellan. N. PUSILLA, Say. PI. 21, fig. 6. Cinereous, or yellowish white, with sometimes one or two obsolete bands ; columella callous nearly closing the umbilicus, 32 NATICA. and only leaving an arcuated linear opening; operculum cal- careous. Length, 6 mill. Southern Coast of the United Stales; Buzzard's Bay, 3 to 8 fms. (Stimpson). This is not N. pusilla of Reeve's " Iconica." Section STIGMAULAX, Morch, 1852. N. SULCATA, Born. PI. 9, fig. 75. Largely umbilicated, partly filled by an inferior entering callus ; cancellated by revolving and longitudinal close grooves, often pitted at their crossings ; white, sometimes banded and mottled with fulvous orange. Length, 20 mill. West Indict. The revolving grooves are sometimes very faint, in other specimens as strong as the longitudinal ones. Other names for the species are N. cancellata, Gmelin, N. rugosa, Chemn., N. costata, Menke. N. SEMISULCATA, Gray. PI. 9, fig. 14. Deeply and rather widely umbilicated, umbilicus bounded by an angle, suture excavated, whorls slantingly flattened above ; polished white, encircled superiorly by five or six linear grooves. Length, 14 mill. West Indies. Is possibly a Mamma. I do not know the operculum. Subgenus NEVERITA, Kisso, 1820. Section NEVERITA (typical). N. AMPLA, Phil. PL 10, figs. 81-83, 85, 86 ; PL 11, figs. 91-93 ; PL 12, fig. 6. Depressed globose, indistinctly spirally engraved, a little depressed below the suture ; umbilicus very wide, spirally striate, and usually two- or three-ridged, umbilical callus transversely deeply grooved in the middle, reflected over the upper portion of the umbilicus, rather small ; color light flesh or yellowish brown, earlier whorls often livid, interior and callus light choco- late. Length, 2-2'5 inches. Indian Ocean, China, Japan, Australia, Mauritius. The numerous species here united have received from Sowerby NATICA. 33 and others the name of N. didyma, Bolten (fig. 81), an author scarcely quotable ; N. vesicalis, Phil. (fig. 92), has also been used in this connection; but N. ampla has priority of position, although published at the same time as N. vesicalis. Other synonyms are: N. robusta, Dkr., N. Lamarckiana (fig. 86), N. Chemnitzii (fig. 82), JV. Petiveriana (fig. 91), and N. intermedia of Recluz ; N. problematica, Reeve (fig. 93) ; N. papyracea, Busch (fig. 85) ; N. bicolor, Schrenck, not Phil. ; N. incisa, Dkr., and perhaps N. glaucina, Lam., not Linn. X. BICOLOR, Phil. PL 11, fig. 94. Depressed orbicular, smooth, yellowish brown above, whitish beneath ; umbilicus spirally striate, and few ridged, callus small, bipartite, chocolate-color ; aperture dark chocolate above, whitish inferiorly. Length, 28 mill. Chinese Sea, Japan. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. X. INCBI, Phil. PI. 10, figs. 81-90 ; PL 11, fig. 95. Yellowish-, brownish-, or livid-white, chocolate, etc. ; depressed orbicular ; umbilicus entirely filled with a button-like callus, the rounded margin of which is sometimes deeply grooved ; aperture white, or tinged with chocolate. Length, 1-1 '25 inches. Southern Coast of Australia. The synonyms are N. Baconi (fig. 95), and N. fibula (fig. 89) of Reeve, and N. clavata, Sowb. (fig. 90). X. JOSEPHINE, Risso. PL 10, fig. 84; PL il, fig. 96. Depressed globose, widely umbilicated, but the umbilicus mostly filled by the flattened callus ; glaucous or yellowish brown above, usually lighter or whitish beneath, aperture chocolate- colored, white inferiorly. Length, 1 inch. Southern Europe. It is N. glaucina of Reeve and other authors (fig. 96), not of Linnaeus or Lamarck ; N. olla, Desh. ; N. Pliilippiana, Recluz (fig. 84) ; N. albumen, Scacchi, etc. X. DUPLICATA, Say. PL 12, figs. 3-5 ; PL 13, fig. 10. More or less conically globose, obsoletely spirally engraved, and obliquely longitudinally striated, often with a slightly 34 NATICA. depressed area beneath the suture ; umbilicus wide, spirally striate, nearly filled by a wide, somewhat overhanging callus, which is often rugose or obsoletely pitted ; gray, yellowish brown, livid, etc., callus and interior of aperture chocolate. Length, 3 inches. New England to Florida, Gulf Shores of the United Stales, etc. The species figured by Reeve under this name is Lunatia heros, Say ; Sowerb}^ has also confounded the two species. N. Delessertiana, Recluz, combines the typical form with that described by Gould as N. fossata (fig. 4). The latter is scarcely entitled to even varietal rank ; it is distinguished by the umbili- cus being more decidedly striate and bounded by an acute ridge, but these features common, perhaps predominant in Florida specimens, seem to shade away with the more northern distribu- tion. N. Gampeachiensis, Recluz (fig. 10), and N. Texasiana, Phil. (fig. 5), are synonyms. The bowl-shaped sandy nidimental ribbon is a common and very curious sea-shore object ; it is very clitferent in form and structure from the capsules of other gastro- pod genera. N. RECLUZIANA, Desh. PL 12, fig. 1. Shell solid, conically globose, columella strongly callous from the superior function of the outer lip, nearly filling the umbilicus ; fawn-color, or yellowish brown, lighter or whitish below, interior chocolate, callus usually white. Length, 3 inches. California, N. W. Coast of Mc.i'ico. The figure is more than usually conical, the general form being somewhat more conical than in N. duplicata. N. GLAUCA, Humboldt. PL 11, figs. 97, 98. Shell very much depressed, rugosely striate, concavely exca- vated beneath, the umbilicus partly overhung by a thin, tongue- like callus; whitish, or yellowish, broadly chestnut banded above, callus and interior chestnut-color. L. 1-25, diam. 2-25 inches. Acapulco to Panama. It is N. Bonplandi, Yal. and N. patula, Sowb. The latter name should perhaps have priority were it not preoccupied for a fossil species. NATICA. 35 *** N. LARVATA, Canefri. PL 23, fig. 64. Smooth, very minutely decussately striate, subplicate at the suture ; bluish white, with two indistinct chestnut bands ; umbil- icus entirely filled by a heavy white columellar callus ; aperture chestnut-colored. Length, 18 mill. Hob. unknown. The operculum has not been observed, and the systematic position of the species is uncertain. " Section LUNATIA, Gray, 1841. N. LEWISII, Gould. PL 13, figs. 11, 12 ; PL 9, fig. 70. Conical globose, obsoletely spirally striate, yellowish white or brownish white ; whorls obliquely sloping above with, in old specimens, an obtuse angle on the shoulder, defined by a slight concave constriction above and below it ; interior chocolate- white ; umbilicus narrow and deep, with a tongue-shaped, chocolate- tinged callus extended partly over it from above. Length, 3-5 inches. California Oregon, etc., Japan. The largest species of the genus. Small specimens are regu- larly rounded on the upper portion of the wrhorls ; it is only with advancing age that the constriction gradually becomes more apparent. The species is generally known as N. herculea, Mid- dendorff, but that name was published two years subsequently. N. Reiniana, Dunker (fig. 12), a Japanese species, is surely a synonym ; and N. algida, Gould (fig. 70) is the young. N. HEROS, Say. PL 13, figs. 13, 1(5 ; PL 14, figs. 19, 20. Yellowish, or brownish white, with obsolete waved minute spiral striae, interior flesh-color, columella only slightly callously thickened, flesh-color, scarcely contracting the narrow, deep umbilicus. Length, 3-4-5 inches. Maine to New Jersey. N. heros is a northern species, gradually replaced southwards by N. duplicata. The latter has been confounded with it by British authors. Like N. duplicata, it preys extensively on other mollusks ; on the Xew Jerse}r coast Mactra solidissima is its usual victim, being grasped in the voluminous foot of the 36 NATICA. Natica, whilst the tongue bores a circular hole through the shell near its beak. The egg-case, like that of N. duplicata, is a com- mon sea-shore object. N. triseriata, Say (fig. 16) is a color-variety of the young of this species ; it has three spiral series of oblique, short chestnut streaks, under an olive-gray epidermis. In this state the species resembles some of the typical Naticas in coloration. As the shell grows larger the markings become more obscure, so that it is rare to find a specimen an inch in diameter in which any trace of them remains. In other young specimens there are never any markings at any stage of growth. N. ampullaria, Lam., referred by authors to several species, really appears to belong to this ; but there seems to be no good reason for reviving it at this late day. N. pomum, Phil. (fig. 20) appears to be a sj'nonym ; its locality is unknown. N. PAPYRACEA, Sowb. PL 13, fig. 14. Shell thin, globose, yellowish white, obscurel}- two-banded, umbilicus narrow, interior of aperture and columella flesh-color. Length, 1*4 inches. Hob. unknown. Said to resemble the European Helix pomum. It is probably the young of one of the preceding species — perhaps of N. Lewisii. N. LEVICULA, Verrill. PI. 13, fig. 17. Shell thin and light, globose, with deeply impressed sutures, columellar lip nearly vertical, very slightly callously expanded above, so as to encroach somewhat on the narrow umbilicus. Length, 40 mill. Maine, Massachusetts ; deep water. Much thinner, with more rounded whorls and different colu- mella than N. heros. It is very rare, and has only been obtained during recent years by dredging. N. GLOBOSA, Jeffreys. PI. 14, fig. 34. Globular, thin and fragile, semitransparent, glossy, whitish, suture rather deep, umbilicus narrow. Length, 2*5 mill. Morocco and Cape Verd Is. (Talisman Exped., 1192-1980 fms.). I introduce this little species here, because of its remarkably suggestive resemblance to the preceding one, of which it may possibly be the young. NAT1CA. 37 X. PATAGONICA, Phil. PI. 14, fig. 24 ; PL 21, fig. 12. Shell globose, solid, smooth, white, suture profound, umbilicus narrow. Length, 1'4 inches. Straits of Magellan. N. globosa, King (unfigured), from the same locality, appears to agree in description, except that it is said to be thin. Per- haps X. Magellanica, Phil. (fig. 12), may also be referred here. X. ATROCYANEA, Phil. PL 14, fig. 21. Ovately globose, rather thin, bluish or bluish-white, with a white band at the suture, and white also at the base ; umbilicus narrow ; interior and columclla chocolate-colored. Length, 1*5 inches. Straits of Magellan. X. FORTUNEI, Reeve. PL 14, figs. 22, 23 ; PL 9, fig. 72 ; PL 21, fig. 9, Conically globose, with elevated spire and well-marked suture, umbilicus narrow, slightly contracted by callus above ; yellowish white to brownish, interior tinged with chocolate. Length, 42 mill. China. Reeve's example was a young one (fig. 22), and resembles Xatica tennis, Philippi (not Recluz), so closely (fig. 9), that I am inclined to consider that shell also identical ; although it is said to be as thin as paper, whilst Fortunei is of medium thick- ness. The name tenuis was used at an earlier date by Recluz. Perhaps N. gilva, Phil. (fig. 72), is identical ; if so, the name will take precedence. X. PALLIDA, Brod. and Sowb. PL 14, figs. 27, 20, 28 ; PL 13, fig. 15; PL 9, figs. 76-78. Ovately globose, narrowly umbilicated, smooth, dirty white under a yellowish brown thin epidermis. Length, 28 mill Arctic Seas — circumboreal ; Maine, Massachusetts. N. borealis, Gray (fig. 76) ; N. alba, Loven ; N.pusilla, Gould, Forbes and Hanley (not Say) (fig. 78) ; N. Grcenlandica, Beck (fig. 35) ; N. lactea, Loven ; N. fo/Z&osa, Reeve, (fig. 77), probably N. Beverlii, Leach ; N. Gouldii, Phil. (fig. 15) ; N. suturalis, Gray (fig. 28); N. livida, Laskey ; N. caurina, Gould (fig. 26), are synonyms. 38 NATICA. N. SORDIDA, Phil. PI. 12, figs. 99, 100. Solid, striate longitudinally, reddish brown or orange-brown, or yellowish white, white at the base ; umbilicus narrow, open, spirally striate, usually reddish brown as well as the callus ; interior of aperture whitish or tinged with brown. Length, I/I inches. England to Mediterranean, rare. With this must be united N. Brocchiana, Phil., N. fusca, of Weinkauff, not Blainville — the latter being a somewhat doubtful spetfies, N. Inevida, Laskey, and N. plicatula, Reeve (fig. 100). N. COMPACTA, Jeffreys. PI. 14, fig. 31. Globular, thick, opaque, somewhat glossy, with a few micro- scopical spiral striae ; light yellowish brown ; suture wide, slightly channeled ; inner lip thickened, closing the umbilicus, but not by a pad. Length, 9 mill. Atlantic, 0. (" Porcupine " and " Lightning " Expeditions). The young have the umbilicus open. N. SUBPLICATA, Jeffreys. PI. 14, fig. 32. Globular, rather thick, opaque, glossy, slightly wrinkled — striate at the suture ; ivory -white ; suture rather deep ; umbilicus narrow. Length, 10 mill. Bay of Biscay, Off Cape Verd Is. (370-1192 fms.). N. ANGULATA, Jeffreys. PI. 14, fig. :}:}. This is an embryo only, and should not have been described. Length, 1-25 mill. Atlantic, Mediterranean (" Porcupine " Exped.). N. TENUIS, Recluz. PL 14, fig. 25. Thin, dirty white, smooth, spire elevated, suture well impressed, columellar callus thin, reducing the umbilicus to a rimate open- ing. Length, 1 inch. Valparaiso. N. JMMACULATA, Totteu. PI. 12, fig. 7. Conically ovate, the extremities rather pointed, milk-white, under a thin greenish yellow epidermis ; umbilicus narrow ; inner lip with white callus. Length, 8 mill. New England, Nova Scotia, etc., to Greenland. With this I unite N. nana, Moller, a species described from Greenland. NATICA. 39 N. PISIFORMIS, Recluz. PI. 12, fig. 8. Narrowly umbilicated, white, columella with a white callus above ; rather solid, whorls somewhat flattened above. Length, 5-6 mill. Valparaiso, Chili. I know nothing of this species. N. NUCULA, Reeve. PL 12, fig. 9 ; PL 9, fig. 80. Subglobose, body-whorl obliquely flattened or subconstricted around the middle ; columella with a broad, button-like callosity completely covering the umbilicus; dull yellowish white, livid at the apex. New Ireland. The figure is said to be "considerably magnified," but no dimensions are given. X. OHTUSA, Jeffreys. PL 9, fig. 79. Conically globose, rather thick, opaque and glossy, whitish, inner lip callous, completely covering the umbilicus. Length, 7 '5 mill. N. Atlantic Ocean. Closely resembling N. immacidata, Totten in form, but dis- tinguished by its closed umbilicus. X. SOLUTA, Gould. PL 9, fig. 71. Shell small, thin, globular, whorls slightly tabulated above, suture channeled ; umbilicus deep, narrow, columella somewhat callous above ; color whitish. Length, 13 mill. ? Southern Coast of South America. The locality is very doubtful. It does not appear to differ much from N.pallida, Brod. and Sowb., and P. P. Carpenter is probably correct in referring it to that species. N. MONTAGUI, Forbes. PL 14, fig. 30. Yellowish or rufous white, smooth, suture narrowly channeled, umbilicus moderate, with a nearly obsolete entering callus. Length, 10 mill. Iceland, England, Norway. It is N. rufa, Montagu ; N. helicina, Saguenza (in part); N. albula, Marshall, and N. squalida and N. rutila of Macgillivray. 40 NATICA. N. NOTABILIS, Jeffreys. PL 13, fig. 18. Somewhat pointed at the extremities, thick, smooth, opaque, rather glossy ; yellowish white, with three equidistant bands on the body-whorl, composed of oblique, close, reddish brown streaks ; umbilicus contracted by a thick but small chestnut- blotched pad, so as to form a concentric groove.' Length, 10 mill. Ojf Say res, Portugal. Like N. triseriata in coloring, but the whorls are not so ventricose, spire more pointed, and umbilicus different; it differs also from N. niacilenta in shape, consistency, color and umbilicus. N. MACILENTA, Phil. PI. 6, figS. 11-19. Shell conic-ovate, smooth, spire rather elevated, openly um- bilicated ; yellowish white, four-banded with oblique chestnut streaks, columellar callus' chestnut-tinged. Length, 12-15 mill. Mediterranean, Atlantic Coast of Spain and N. Africa. N.pulchella, Risso, is probably the same species, and N. Rizzae, Phil. (fig. 19), is a slight color-variety. It is very doubtful whether this species is distinct from N. Guillemini, Payr., differing only in its smaller size and more oval shape. N. GUTLLEMINT, Payr. PL 6, figs. 16, 14, 26. Narrowly umbilicated, conicalLy globose ; purplish white, marbled or obscurely five-banded with chestnut blotches, which are more distinct and irregular around the suture, columellar callus tinged with chestnut. Length, 18-22 mill. Southern Europe, Atlantic and Mediterranean. N. marmorata, Risso, and N. maroccana, Salis, are synonyms. See remarks under preceding species. N. Franciscana, Recluz (fig. 26), is a variety. N. ALDERI, Forbes. PL 6, figs. 13, 15. Obliquely rounded above, subglobose ; whitish, usually with five bands of chestnut-colored markings, the three lower ones sagittate ; umbilicus open, narrow, the columellar callus chestnut- tinted, slightly impinging above. Length, 12-15 mill. Northern Europe to Mediterranean Sea. This is N. nitida, Forbes and Hanley (fig. 15), not Donovan, NATICA. 41 N. marochiensis, Phil., not Chemnitz ; perhaps N. glaucina, Linn., in part, A7, macilenta, Reeve (fig. 13), not Phil., and N. lactea, Marshall, N. intermedia, Phil., N. Poliana, Chiaje, etc. N. CATENA, DaCosta. PL 7, figs. 42-45. Shell yellowish brown, with a single band of very short flexu- ous chestnut markings or spots at the suture ; umbilicus open, rather narrow, partly restricted above ~hy the callus. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Europe. Better known under the later name of N. monilifera, Lam. ; but it is doubtful whether this species has been properly identi- fied ; it is certainly the N. monilifera of most authors. The animal is yellowish or drab, with a purplish tinge on the upper part, and faintly lineated with brown. The fry are globular, orange-colored and umbilicated ; they assume the purplish brown markings after they are excluded from the leathery band (fig. 44). According to Bouchard-Chan tereaux the sexual coition lasts many hours. The spawn-envelope consists of a great number of rounded cells, each containing from 12 to 15 fry, which emerge in succession at an interval of two or three clays after at least two months of foetal life. The eggs are laid usually in March and April, and the young are produced in May or June. " When just taken, in vigor, and immersed in sea-water, it is scarcely possible to contemplate a more beautiful and interesting object, with its shell rising as a globular pyramid from its immense circular disk, elegantly marked with fine dark lines on clear drab ground." — CLARK. It is N. canrena, Maton and Rackett, N. castanea, Lam., N. Nicolii, Forbes, N. helicina, Brocchi, N. glaucina, Fleming and Pennant. N. ampullaria, Lam., has been referred to this species, but the figure of it given by Delessert is more like N. heros, Say. The brown variety called castanea by Lamarck, has since been rechristened Var. Leckenbyi, Marshall. N. LARGILLIERTI, Recluz. PI. 14, fig. 29. Yellowish brown, rather smooth, inflated, umbilicus narrow, reduced to a mere slit by the reflected callus. Length, 32-45 mill. Newfoundland. 42 NATICA. Believed to have been obtained from the stomach of codfish. If the original figure is correct, this species appears to have escaped all other collectors. Section PAYRAUDEAUTIA, Bucq., Dautz. & Dollf., 1883. N. INTRICATA, Donovan. PL 6, figs. 20, 21. Largely excavated umbilicated, with two funicular ridges ; purple-white, with five or six white bands bearing angular or sagittate chestnut markings, interior chocolate-tinged. Length, 15-22 mill. Azores j Southern Europe, Mediterranean Sea. N. fasciata, Risso, N. grisea, Requien, N. Valenciennesii, Payr., are synonyms. Section MAMMA, Klein, 1753. N. DEIODOSA, Reeve. PL 15, fig. 36. Depressed ovate, spire minute, body-whorl flattened beneath, the umbilicus filled by a heavy white callus ; whorls smooth, striate, pale straw-color. Length, 1%75 inches. Australia. Differs in form and umbilicus from N. aurantia, Lam. N. AURANTIA, Lam. PI. 15, figs. 39-41, 37. Thick, ponderous, body-whorl comically sloping above and a little constricted in old specimens ; orange-brown; callus heavy, ivory-white, in adults usually entirely filling the umbilicus. Length, 2 inches. Singapore, Moluccas, Philippines, Australia, N. Caledonia. Yar. MITTREI, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 37), is a specimen in which the umbilicus is not entirely filled by callus ; A', cifrina, Phil. (fig. 41), appears to be a similar form. Var. STRAMINEA, Recluz. Fig. 40. Color straw-yellow, varying to yellowish white. N. POWTSIANA, Recluz. PI. 15, fig. 42 ; PL 19, fig. 92 ; PL 20, figs. 99, 100. Openly obliquely umbilicated, columellar lip with a heavy white callus overhanging a central broad entering funiculum ; whitish or yellowish white, usually overlaid on the body-whorl, NATICA. 43 except near the suture and at the base with orange-brown, the latter sometimes evanescent in places, or obscurely banded. Length, 1-75-2-25 inches. China, Moluccas. X. Cumingiana, Recluz (fig. 99), and ? X. poZfc'ttm, Reclaz, and N. Draparnaudi, Recluz (fig. 100), are synonyms. N. eff'usa, Swains, (fig. 92), is probably a pale-colored variety. X. RAVIDA, Souleyet. PL 15, fig. 38. Deeply perspective!}- umbilicated, globose, very solid, body- whorl slightly obliquely flattened above ; white, covered with a thin, rough, horny j'ellowish epidermis, columellar callus very strong, white. Length, 28 mill. Payta, Peru (Souleyet) ; St. Elena, W. Columbia (Cuming). X. ORIENTALIS, Gmelin. PL 20, figs. 1, 2. Widely globose, plicate at the deep suture; umbilicus broad, with a white central entering callus, aperture produced below ; orange-brown, vaiying to yellowish white. Length, 1-5-1-75 inches. Singapore. It is JNr. eburnea, Desh., X. subfulva, Chemn. X. MAMILLAHIS, Lam. PL 18, fig. 74. Conic ovate, deeply umbilicated, with a broad entering callus, flesh-brown or orange-brown, base and columellar callus white. Length, 2 inches. West Indies, Caribbean coasts of Central and South America, Baliia, Brazil. It is ^T. brunnea, Linck,and -N. Balnensis, Recluz. N. pallium of the latter author (p. 42), which I have made a doubtful syno- nym of N. Pou'lisiana, may belong here ; it closely resembles the present species, but the locality differs widety. X. OTIS, Brod. and Sowb. PL 17, figs. 72, 70, 71; PL 19, fig. 91; PL 12, fig. 2. Conic ovate, yellowish white or light mouse-color, with a yel- lowish or orange band at the suture; umbilicus open, chestnut- brown, together with the central entering callus ; interior of aperture chestnut-color. Length, 1-1-75 inches. Gallapagos Is. to Cape St. Lucas, L. Cal. 44 NATICA. N. Gallapagosa (fig. 71); N. perspicua (fig. 91); -V. Salango- ensis (fig. 70) of Recluz, and V&r.fusca, Carpenter (fig. 2), are synonyms. N. BIFASCTATA, Gray. PI. 18, fig. 75. Light fawn-brown, white next the suture and around the um- bilicus, with two narrow white bands ; umbilicus narrow, chestnut- brown, partly covered above with the brown-tinged columellar callus; interior light flesh- or chocolate-brown, showing the bands. Length, 1'25-1*75 inches. Acapulco, Guaymaa, Gape St. Lucas, L. Calif. N. SUFFUSA, Reeve. PI. 19, fig. 87. Conic ovate, solid, smooth, transparent white, here and there opaque, tinged with violet towards the apex ; columellar callosity violet, nearty covering the umbilicus. Length, 12 mill. New Ireland. Is probably a variety only of N. mamilla ; but I have not seen the species. N. CONICA, Lam. PL 18, figs. 76, 77. Elongated conical-ovate, a little compressed and whitish or orange-tinted at the suture ; balance gf shell fulvous ash-color, fading to white at the base ; columellar callus heavy, almost filling the umbilicus — which, with the callus, is more or less tinged with chestnut-color. Length, r25-l*75 inches. So. Australia. N. ustulata, Sowb. (fig. 77) appears to be only a slight variety. N. PYRAMIS, Keeve. PI. 17, fig. 68. Solid, conical ovate, whitish or yellowish-white ; columellar callus thick, white, partl}r covering the narrow umbilicus. Length, 28 mill. Australia. I think this will prove to be an uncolored form of the pre- ceding species. N. PLUMBEA, Lam. PL 18, figs. 78, 79 ; PL 19, fig. 88. Conically ovate, rather solid, growth striae ruguse at the suture ; leaden gray, lighter or orange-banded at the suture ; umbilicus NATICA. 45 moderate and, with the columellar callus tinted with orange- brown; interior chestnut-colored. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Australia, New Zealand. The form is less conical, the color deeper, the umbilicus more open than in N. conica. N. microstoma, Quoy (fig. 79), is probably a synonym, and N. sordida, Swainson, certainly is. I figure a form called by Gray N. sordida, var. globosa (fig. 88). N. LEUCOPEUEA, Reeve. PI. 18, figs. 82, 80. Differs from N.plumbea only in its more globose form, and more open umbilicus ; coloring similar. Length, 1-25 inches. Australia. Probably only a variety of N. plumbea. N. Strangei, Reeve (fig. 80), appears to be identical. N. MELASTOMA, Swainson. PL 18, fig. 81 ; PI. 19, fig. 90 ; PI. 21, fig. 8. Obliquely ovate, slightly concave at the suture ; olivaceous, with a whitish sutural space bearing an indistinct darker band ; umbilicus widely excavated, and filled up with a heavy chestnut- colored callus; interior chocolate brown. Length, 1 '25 inches. Australia. Partakes of the characters of Neverita, and appears to be somewhat closely related to N. Incei, Reeve, belonging to that group. N. sanguinolenta, Desh. (fig. '8), is a synonym. N. DUNKERI, Phil. PL 21, fig. 7. Rather solid, smooth, yellowish gray, light-banded at the suture, and with indistinct darker bands on the last whorl ; umbilical region defined by an angle, umbilicus completely filled by the white columellar callus. Length, 17 mill. Habitat unknown. This species is placed here because Philippi compares it with N. melastoma ; I cannot see any resemblance between the two. N. Dunkeri has not been recognized by subsequent authors. N. SOLIDA, Blainv. PL 20, fig. 98. Thick, smooth, fulvous or chestnut-brown, with a rather broad lighter band at the suture, and another below the periphery ; 46 NATICA. columellar callus chocolate-colored, broadly reflected, nearly covering the similarly colored narrow umbilicus. Length, 30 mill. Singapore, Philippines. The synonyms are N. lupinus, Desh.; N. melanostoma, var. of Gmelin, and N. cinnamomea, Menke. N. INTEMERATA, Phil. PL 18, fig. 83 ; PI. 19, fig. 93. White, deeply mnbilicated with a central obtuse entering callus. Length, 1'5 inches. Mazatlan. N. alabaster, Reeve (fig. 93), is identical. Carpenter thinks it a variety of N. uber, Val.; this is not unlikely, but if so, it estab- lishes a range of variation in form, umbilicus and callus, which may reduce the white Mammas to a single species. N. CANDIDISSIMA, Le Guillou. PI. 16, fig. 49 ; PL 19, fig. 95. Globosely neritoid, very solid, whorls polished, ivory-white; callus broad, slightly entering the rather wide umbilicus. Length, 33 mill. Moluccas, North Australia. Is N. Jukesii, Reeve (fig. 95) == N. candidissima, Recluz. N. PIIYTELEPHAS, Reeve. PL 19, fig. 97. Globosely ovate, with sharp spire and linear suture ; white, under a very thin horny white epidermis showing indistinct revolving lines ; umbilicus compressed, with a slight central entering callus, the columellar callus above often obsoletely divided by spiral depressions. Length, 1-25 inches. Australia. Perhaps not distinct from N. candidissima. N. UNIMACULATA, Reeve. PL 19, fig. 96. Pyriform ovate, compressly umbilicated ; white, under a very thin horny white epidermis ; columellar callus white, with a central projection entering the umbilicus, and chestnut-spotted on the face. Length, 1-25-1 "5 inches. Panama, Mazatlan. N". ZOOLOGICA, Jousseaume. PL 20, fig. 3. Somewhat inflated, solid, white ; angulated around the widely open umbilicus ; columellar callus rather narrow, chestnut tinged below. Length, 57 mill. Hab. unknown. NATICA. 47 Related by its coloring with the preceding species, from which it differs in form and in its much wider umbilicus. N. CASTA, Phil. PI. 17, fig. 63. Whorls obliquely flattened above, angulated around the rather wide umbilicus ; columellar callus moderate, entering the um- bilicus ; white. Length, 1-5 inches. Hab. unknown. Distinguished from the other species of the group by the wide umbilicus and sloping form of the body-whorl. N. ALBUMEN, Linn. PI. 20, fig. 5. Obliquely depressed, orange-brown ; umbilicus very wide, bordered b}r an angle, white, with a strong central entering callus. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Singapore, Moluccas, Philippines. X. COLUMNARIS, Rccluz. PI. 20, fig, 4. Widely globose, pure white, polished, base strongly angulated around the very large umbilicus, which bears a slight spiral ridge and is more or less filled by a strong, broad central enter- ing callus. Length, 1/5-2 inches. Philippines, Mauritius. It is N. pes-elephantis, Chemn., and probably N. funiculata, Reel. N. DUBIA, Recluz. PL 1C, fig. 50 ; PL 17, fig. 67 ; PL 18, fig. 73 ; PL 19, fig. 94. Thick, with small spire and but slightly marked suture; white under a slight yellowish white epidermis ; umbilicus narrow, bounded by an almost cord-like angle, in the adult nearly filled by an entering callus, at which place the columellar lip often is cut into one or two mamillary callous deposits. Length, 1-25-1-75 inches. Chili, Peru. N. Atacamensis, Phil. (fig. 94), N. amiculata, Phil. (fig. 73), and N. rapulum, Reeve (fig. 67), are S3'nonyms. N. CORA, d'Orb. PL 19, fig. 86 ; PL 16, fig. 58 ; PL 19, fig. 84. Shell thick, conical ovate, body-whorl obliquely flattened above ; umbilicus narrow and deep, bounded by a ridge, partly 48 NATICA. contracted by the broad, thick callus ; white, under a thin yellowish white epidermis. Length, 18 mill. W. Coast of South America. A species of no marked character ; perhaps not distinct from N. uber, Val. N. elongata, Troschel (fig. 84) appears to be identical. N. UBER, Val. PL IT, figs. 61, 66. Shell white, polished, under an extremely deciduous thin epidermis, columella densely enameled, usually covering the upper part of the narrow, deep umbilicus. Length, 1-1*5 inches. Peru, Panama, Mazatlan. Carpenter wrote of this shell : " The extreme forms of this species are so dissimilar as to have warranted their separation. An examination of some hundreds of specimens, however, shows that there is no consistency in the types. The shell is either thin or heavy ; snbglobular or very transverse ; with the umbilicus quite open, or reduced by the callosity to a mere chink ; the callus varying greatly in shape and intensity. The callosity projects considerably beyond the aperture, leaving a sutural groove. Umbilicus more or less slightly spiral." Carpenter includes N. uberina of Adams' Genera, N. ovum, Menke, and N. rapulum, Reeve ; also, somewhat doubtfully, N. alabaster, Reeve — which I have described separately. To this list is to be added N. virginea, Recluz (fig. 66), and possibly several of the species from western South America — dubia, Recluz, cora, d'Orb., etc. Finally, I can distinguish forms of N. uber from the Polynesian and East Indian N. mamilla in no way except by habitat. N. PINAMENSIS, Recluz. PL 17, fig. 60. Compressed on the sides into a quadrangularly ovate form ; white, under a deciduous horn-colored epidermis ; umbilicus narrow, nearly filled by the columellar callus. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Panama. The peculiar form described above appears to be characteristic of the species. NAT 1C A. 49 N. LACTEA, Guilcling. PL 16, figs. 54-57, 59, 52 ; PI. 15, fig. 45 ; PL 17, fig. 62; PL 19, fig. 85. Ovate, body-whorl a little slopingly flattened above, white, usually clothed with a thin yellowish epidermis ; umbilicus moderate, partly filled with an entering callus which is often in distinguish ably joined to the callus above. Length, 1 inch. West Indies, Canary Islands, Brazil, Cape Horn. The form appears to be moderately constant, and the epidermis is more persistent than in the other species ; otherwise than in the latter particular it is undistinguishable from N. uber, of the Pacific Coast of X. America. The synonymy includes N. Caribaea, Phil. (fig. 56) ; N. nitida, Donovan ; N. uberina, d'Orb. (fig. 57) ; N. Pfeifferi, Phil. (fig. 45) = N. pes-elephantis, Pfr., not Chemn. ; N. porcellana, d'Orb. (fig. 55), from the Canary Islands; N. puella, Phil. (fig. 85), an elongated variety, very like the N. corn,, of West Coast of So. America ; N. puerilis, Gould (fig. 59), from the same region as N. porcellana and N. Philippiana, Xyst (fig. 62) = N. acuta, Phil., preoccupied. Yar. OCHROSTOMA, Recluz. Fig. 52. Aperture and columellar callus light ochraceous. N. MAMILLA, Linn. PL 16, figs. 46, 48; PL 15, fig. 43; PL 17, figs. 65, 69. Conically ovate, smooth, white, shining, body-whorl slopingly flattened above ; columellar callus very thick, entirely covering the umbilicus. Length, 1 '5-2*5 inches. East Indies, Philippines, N. Caledonia, Central Polynesia, etc. The synonymy includes N. pyriformis (fig. 48) and N. inter- media, of Recluz ; N. virginea (fig. 69), and N. vestalis (fig. 43) of Philippi, and N. alveata, Troschel (fig. 65), said to have been collected on the Peruvian coast. X. ALBULA, Recluz. PL 16, fig. 47. Depressly globose, subventricose, whorls somewhat squarely convex, polished, obsoletely grooved-striated, white ; columella densely callous, filling the umbilicus. Length, 2 inches. Philippines. Perhaps only a variety of N. mamilla, Linn. 4 50 NATICA. N. FLEMINGIANA, Recluz. PI. 16, figs. 51, 53 ; PL 15, fig. 44. Conically ovate, white, with a dense callosity almost covering the umbilicus. Length, 1-1*5 inches. China, Philippines, Australia, Viti Islands, etc. Only distinguished from N. mamilla by its umbilicus, and probably a form of that species. N. Vavaosi, Le Guillou (fig. 44), and N. galactites, Phil. (fig. 53), are synonyms. N. GLABELLA, Reeve. PI. 21, figs. 10, 11. Narrowly deeply umbilicated, subfusiformly oblong, rather s*olid ; columella with a broadly reflected callosity above ; trans- parent white, flesh-tinged, callosit}^ flesh-colored. Length, 13 mill. Hob. unknown. Reeve figures this as a reversed species, but does not so describe it; Sowerby's figure is dextral. Section MAMILLA, Schum., 1817. N. MELANOSTOMA, Gmel. PI. 21, figs. 13-18 ; PI. 22, fig. 21. Smooth, polished, with obsolete engraved spiral lines; llcsli- white, obscurely banded with light flesh-brown, columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored. Length, l'5-2 inches. East Indies, Philippines, Western Polynesia, Mauritius, Madagascar. The above diagnosis will define the species in a restricted sense ; the variations of form and coloring are numerous, and it would be easy to include most of the other species as varieties at the most. N. opaca, Recluz is a synonym. Yar. ZANZEBARTCA, Recluz. Fig. 15. Shell a little more quadrangular in shape than the type, the striae more strongly impressed, the brown bands broken up into series of irregular longitudinal markings. Yar. MELANOSTOMOIDES, Quoy. Figs. 16, 21. Founded on thin, young specimens, with the bands broken up into chestnut spots, frequently becoming obsolete. Washed-out specimens of this form are N. Sebse, Souleyet (fig. 16). Very probably the unfigured N. bicincta, Recluz, is also an example of this variety. * NATICA. 51 Var. FIBROSA, Souleyct. Fig. It. The spiral bands distinct. Var. SUCCINEOIDES, Reeve. Fig. 18. Shell white, without markings, columelhi and umbilicus chocolate-colored. N. SIMMS, Dcsh. PI 21, figs. 19, 20. Flesh-white, marbled with fawn-colored or light olivaceous rather obscure markings, with three or four revolving series of short irregular chestnut streaks and spots ; umbilicus and colu- niella chocolate-colored. Length, 1-2 inches. Philippines, New Zealand, Viti Islands. Embraces N. simioides, Recluz, of Reeve, and probably N. Samarensis, Recluz — both of them unfigured. N. Bernardii, Recluz (fig. 20), appears to be a slight color- variety. Its habitat is " ? Gulf of Mexico," doubtless an error. X. FJLOSA, Sowb. PI. 22, fig. 22. Shell decussated by rather rugose growth-lines, and very close fine waved revolving striae ; whitish, obscurely wide-banded with faded chestnut, columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored. Length, 1*5 inches. Australia. Very like N. melanostoma in form and coloring, but has not the polished surface of the latter species, and is immediately recognized by the very close thread-like revolving striae. N. PRIAMUS, Recluz. PI. 22, fig. 23. Thin, inflated, polished, pale chestnut- or fawn-color, with two spiral series of small chestnut spots ; callus thin, but filling the umbilicus, chocolate-colored. Length, T5 inches. Moluccas. X. MAURA, Brng. PI. 22, fig. 24. Polished, chestnut- to chocolate-colored, obliquely strigate with darker color ; columella and umbilicus chocolate-colored ; aper- ture brownish white. Length, 1*5-2 inches. Philippines. E. MACROSTOMA, Phil. PI. 22, fig. 25. Globosely swollen, polished; white, here and there strigate with chestnut, and with two bands of chestnut spots and streaks. Length, 1*5 inches. Habitat unknown. 52 NATICA. N. UMBILICATA, Quoy. PL 22, fig. 26. Shell thin, inflated, largely, obliquely, excavately urn bi Heated, obscurely decussately striated ; subtranspurent white with zigzag longitudinal light chestnut markings, often interrupted to make spiral series. Length, '75 inch. So. Australia. N. globosa, Tenison-Woods is a synonym. N. MACROTREMA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 22, fig. 27. Smooth, thin, very largely excavately umbilicated ; greenish white. Length, 1 inch. Borneo. Perhaps a faded condition of the preceding species. Subgenus AMPULLINA, Lam., Defrance, 1821. N. FLUCTUATA, Sowb. PL 22, fig. 28. Obliquely globose, rather thin, polished ; light fawn-color, obscurely darker banded, overlaid with zigzag white streaks ; columella white, densely callous, bordered with chestnut, com- pletely overlaying the umbilicus; interior whitish, interruptedly banded with light chestnut. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Philippines. It is N. imperforata, Jay. . Subgenus AMAURA, Moller, 1842. N. CANDIDA, Moller. PL 22, fig. 29. Thin, imperforate, bulimiform, with considerably elevated spire ; white, under a thin epidermis. Length, 12 mill. Greenland. Section ACRYBIA, H. & A. Adams, 1853. N. FLAVA, Gould. PL 22, fig. 30. Shell thin, subglobose ; aperture large, columella sinuous, a little dilated above, umbilicus none ; white, under a thin straw- colored epidermis. Length, 1 inch. Maine, Newfoundland, northwards ; Finmark, Nova Zembla. N, aperta, Loven, and N. Smithii^ Brown, are identical. NATICA. 53 Section AMAUROPSIS, Morch, 1851. X. HELICOIDES, Johnson. PL 22, fig. 31. Thin, with channeled suture ; umbilicus a narrow line ; chalk}r white, covered with a light yellowish brown epidermis. Length, 1-1*5 inches. Newfoundland, Arctic Oeean, Norway, Siberia. It is N. canaliculata, Gould, N.fragilis, Leach, N. cornea, Moller, and perhaps N. Islandica, Gmelin. N. PURPUREA, Dall. PI. 22, fig. 32. Suture channeled, umbilicus a mere chink or closed, inner lip with a thin callus ; whorls 4, inflated, with fine revolving grooves ; purplish brown, under a yellowish epidermis. Length, 1 inch. Alaska. Differs from the preceding species in sculpture and color, and is usually more globose. N. GLOBULUS, Angas. PL 22, fig. 33. Rimate, rather thin, shining; orange horn-color, much paler on the last whorl towards the aperture ; two narrow concentric raised keels on the subapical whorl ; nearly smooth, a few microscopical spiral stride here and there crossing the growth- lines ; columella slightly thickened and expanded over the um- bilicus. Length, 5 mill. Holdfast Bay, So. Australia. The pertinence of this species to Amauropsis is very ques- tionable. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Ad., 1867. The species, three in number, are unfigured : N. Japonica, N. glabrata and N. semistriata, A. Ad. Japan. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. X. RUSSA (Arctic Ocean) and N. SEVERA (Japan), of Gould. N. PHILIPPINENSIS (Philippines), N. ATRYPA ( W. of Gape York, S. W. of Papua), X. PSEUSTES (Fiji Islands), X. SUTURALIS (Kerguelen IsL), X. RAD i AT A (Bermuda), X. AMPHIALA (E. N. E.from N. Zealand), X. LEPTALEA ( West Indies). X. XANTHA 54 RUMELLA. (near Kerguelen 7s/.), N. PRASINA (Kerguelen 7s/.), N. FAR- TILIS (Kerguelen 7s/.), N. APORA (Off Arm Islands), N. AM- PHIALA (= N. VITREA, Hutton, N. Zealand), all of Watson. N. AUSTRALIS and N. VITREA, Hutton. New Zealand. N. PARVULA, Tapparone-Canefri. Paj$ua. N. NUCAHIVENSIS, Jarclin. Marquesas. N. GRISEA, N. SCULPTA and N. PERSCALPTA, Martens. Kerguelen's Isl. N. MALABARICA (Malabar), N. TOURNEFORTI (Seychelles), N. PUNCTICULATA and N". ALEXANDRIA (Hab.?), of Recluz, N. UNDATA and N. PUTAMEN, Meuschen (Adams' Genera). y. ALBA, Potiez et Mich. Hob. ? .N. STRIATA, Anton. Hab. ? N. FRINGILLA, Dall. West Indies. N. APERTA, Sowb. Hab. ? N. PARVULA (Borneo), and N. SANDALINA (Sandalwood Say), of Le Gnillou. N. AFFINIS, Graelin. Northern Seas. N. QUADRIFASCIATA, Gray. Hab. ? N. RHODOCHEILA (New Caledonia), and N. MORCHI (Australia) of Ads. and Reeve. N. OBTURATA, Phil. Magellan's Strait. N. SEMIPELLUCIDA, N. FABA, N. CAFFRA, X. OBLIQUATA, Marrat. W. Coast of Africa. N. SERTATA and N. SAGITTATA, Menke. Australia. N. NANA, N.GLOBOSA, N. TASMANiCA, Tenisoii-Woods. Tasmania. N. BEDDOMEI, Johnston (N. POLITA, Tenison- Woods in part). Tasmania. N. SUBCOSTATA, Tenisoii-Woods. Australia. Genus RUMELLA, Bourguignat, 1885. According to Bourguignat, the Naticidas are added to the remarkable assemblage of marine forms inhabiting Lake Tanga- nika in Central Africa. No figures of the shells have been published, nor are the animal and operculnm known. Two species have been described — R. GIRAUDI and R. MILNE-EDWARDSIANA, Bourg. L. Tanganika. SIGARETUS. 55 Genus SIGARETUS, Lam., It 99. Typical Species. S. CONCAVUS, Lamarck. PL 23, figs. 36, 37 ; PL 22, fig. 34. Fawn-colored, with thin white columellar callus reflected over the umbilicus ; interior chestnut-brown. Diam. 1*5-2 inches. Peru, Chili . San Pedro, California. I have before me a specimen collected living at the latter locality by Mrs. A. E. Bush. The synonyms are S. maximus, Phil. ; S. cymba, Menke ; S. Grayi, Desh ; S. neritoides, Recluz, non Linn. ; ? S. latifasciatus, Reeve, not Ads. and Reeve ; S. haliotoideus, Reeve, not Linn (fig. 34). According to Dunker, this species occurs also on the West Coast of Africa. S. NERITOIDEUS, Linn. PL 22, figs. 35, 38-40. Less globose than the preceding species, and showing less of the body-whorl below. Diam. 1*25-1 '75 inches. East Indies. S. latifasciatus, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 38) ; S. Javanicus, Gray (fig. 39) ; S. insculptus, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 40), and S. Leachii, Phil., are synonyms. S. JAPONICUS, Lischke. PL 23, figs. 44-46. Convex, spire somewhat prominent, solid, with slight spiral striae, scarcely undulated, the interstices alternating broader and narrower, whitish. Diam. 21 mill. Japan. Differs a little in form from the preceding species, of which it may be only a variety, or even a synonym. S. L^EVIGATUS, Lam. PI. 24, figs. 47-51. Convex, thin, translucent white, sometimes obsoletely fasciate with chestnut, very finely undulately striate, almost smooth. Diam. 1-5 inches. Indian Ocean, Java, Australia. The synonyms are S. Australis, Hanley (fig. 50), S. zonalis, Quoy (fig. 57). S. CUVIERIANUS, Recluz. PL 24, figs. 55, 56. Depressed ovate, spire small, rather prominent, spirally corded throughout; white, spire flesh-colored. Diam. 28 mill. Philippines, 5G SIGARETUS. S. EXIMIUS, Reeve. PI. 24, figs. 52-54. Convex, thin, oblique, opaque white, whorls densely spirally corded. Diam. 15-20 mill. Malacca, Australia. S. argenteus, Reeve (fig. 54), from Australia, appears to be identical. S. MARTINIANUS, Phil. PL 23, figs. 41-43. Convexly curved, rather solid, whorls slightly concavel}' impressed round the suture, spirally wave-striated, growth-lines somewhat rugose; chestnut-brown, vary ing in intensity and some- times obsoletely banded, under a thin yellowish brown epidermis? becoming whitish on the base, interior chestnut-tinted. Diam. 1'5 inches. West Indies. This is S. zonatus, d'Orb., S. m.aculatus, S. Fetiti, S. Listeri, and very probably S. unifasciatus (fig. 43), of Recluz. S. MACULATUS, Say. PI. 24. figs. 5t, 58. Globosely depressed, finely spirally striated ; yellowish white, yellowish chestnut at the suture, and bearing on the body-whorl two spiral series of spots or maculations. Diam. 1*25 inches. Florida. In the young shell, as described and figured by Say (fig. 58) the maculations are more distinct and regular than in the adult. The species is still a rare one in collections ; it may eventually prove to be only a variety of the preceding one. S. BIFASCIATUS, Recluz PL 24, figs. 59, GO. Flatly depressed, finely undulately waved-striated ; whitish under a yellowish epidermis, with two interrupted bands or series of maculations of chestnut-brown color. Diam., 17*5 mill. Guinea, W. Africa. S. Menkeanus, Dunker, is a synonym. Distinguished at once from the foregoing species by its dorsal flattening. S. SINUATUS, Recluz. PL 24, figs. 62, 63. Auriform, convex, thin, pellucid, white, undulately striate. Diam., 29 mill. Red Sea. SIGARETUS. 57 S. PERSPECTIVE, Say. PL 24, figs. 61, 64. More or less flatly convex, white under a light yellowish epi- dermis, dorsally covered with slightly waved spiral striae, base flattened. Diam., 1'5 inches. New Jersey (rare), North Carolina to West Indies. Say has compared his species with S. Leachii, Blainv., and several authors have identified it with that species ; but the latter is really indeterminable, and has accordingly been variously interpreted. The synonymy easily includes the following: S. depressus, Phil., a West Indian species ; S. Antillarum, Recluz, perhaps S. halioitoideus of Lamarck and some other authors (not Linnaeus), and Cryptostoma Carolinum of Cuvier. The prob- lematical S. LeacMi, Blainv., may possibly be here referred. S. DEBILTS, Gould. PL 24, fig. 65. Flatly convex, spirall}- striate above, smooth below, a little depressed round the suture ; white, more or less stained with rusty yellow. Diam., 28 mill. Lower California. I cannot detect any difference in the shell between this species and S. perspectivus. S. PHTLIPPII, Weinkauff. PL 24, figs. 66-68. Shell small, white, spirally slightly lindulately striate. Diam., 18 mill. Mediterranean. This is S. haliotoideus, Philippi, not Linnaeus, and bears several additional names in its fossil condition, if these fossil forms really are the same species. Some authors have identified the Linnaean S. haliotoideus as this species, but it is indeterminable. It would be difficult to point out any good distinctive characters between this and the preceding and following species. S. INCISUS, Reeve. PL 24, fig. 69 ; PL 25, figs. 70-72. Dorsally flatly depressed, strongly spirally striated, striae slightly undulated ; white. Diam., 1-1*5 inches. Straits of Malacca, Japan. Differs from S. perspectivus in locality only ; a comparison of the characters of the voluminous soft-parts of these animals will be necessary in order to definitely decide upon the validity of 58 StGARETUS. the species. S. undulatus, Lischke (figs. 70-72) appears to me to be very similar. S. DELESSERTI, Recluz. PL 25, figs. 73, 74. Plano-convex, thin, pellucid, yellowish chestnut, somewhat zoned, interior chestnut-colored. Diam., 32 mill. Philippines. Dr. Weinkauff refers to this species a shell with a well-defined chestnut-band (fig. 74); he thinks it scarcely distinguishable from S. laevigatus, Lam. S. PLANULATUS, Recluz. PI. 25, figs. 75-77. Much flattened on the dorsal side, white, under a veiy thin yellowish epidermis, smooth, or with obsolete or very slight spiral striae. Diam., 1 '25-1 '5 inches. Zanzibar, Philippines, Australia. Distinguished by its smooth flattened surface. It is S. plan '/x, Phil., S. Gualterianus, Recluz, S. lacteus, Recluz (fig. 77), S. Indica, Gray. Section EUNATICINA, Fischer, 1885. S. PAPILLA, Gmelin. PI. 25, figs. 78, 79, 87, 88. Whitish, under a yellowish epidermis, moderately umbilicatcd, spirally engraved. Length, 33 mill. Tranquebar, Moluccas, Japan, Philippines. It is S. costulatus, Quoy and Gaimard, S. acuminatns, Ad. and Reeve. The following appear to me to be only varieties : S. coarctatus, Reeve (fig. 79), S. nitidus, Reeve (fig. 87), S. acumin- atus, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 88). S. TUMESCENS, Reeve. PI. 25, fig. 82. Rather thin, ventricose, body-whorl not slopingly flattened. Length, 1 inch. IIab. unknown. Probably only a variety of the preceding species. S. OBLONGUS, Reeve. PI. 25, fig. 83. Resembles S. papilla in form, but the sculpture instead of incised linear grooves, consists of numerous raised threads. Length, 30 mill. Ifab. unknown, Yery doubtfully distinct from S. papilla. SIGARETUS. 59 S. PELLUCIDUS, Reeve. PL 25, fig. 84. Rather solid, deeply umbilicated, transparent white, spirally linearly incised, grooves stronger next the. suture. Length, 12 mill. Malacca. S. MAMILLABIS, Linn. PI. 25, figs. 85, 86. Umbilicated, rather thick, white, spirally remotely sulcate, suture channeled. Length, 1 inch. Seychelles, Madagascar ? S. LINNEANUS, Recluz. PL 25, figs. 89, 90. Umbilicated, thin, white, narrowly regularly spirally grooved, pellucid. Length, 22 mill. • Sunda Islands, Philippines. S. Lamarckianus, Recluz (fig. 90), and probably S. cancellatus, Swains, (not described), are synonyms. S. FIBULA, Reeve. PL 25, fig. 91. Rather solid, umbilicated, white, whorls slopingly flattened above, then gibbose, smooth, or obliquely minutely striate. Length, 14 mill. Singapore. Probably an immature shell, perhaps of mamillari*. S. PICTUS, Reeve. PL 25, fig. 92. Rather thin, deeply umbilicated, smooth, shining, white, with obscure revolving bands of short, longitudinal chestnut mark- ings. Length, 1 inch. Adelaide, So. Australia. Un figured and Undetermined Species. S. SOUVERBIEI, Folin. This is merely an embryonic shell, 3'5 mill, diameter. It is useless to reproduce the figure. S. CAROLINUS, Dufo. Seychelles Is. S. HELTCOIDES, Guillou. Amboina. S. AUSTRALIS, D unker. Australia. S. LUCIDUS, Gould. North China. S. FILTCATUS, Mighels. Zanzibar. 60 LAMELLARIA. Subfamily IT. Lamellariidse. Genus LAMELLARIA, Montagu, 1815. The monographic and anatomical study of this group of shells, by Bergh (Mem. Acad. Copenhagen, v, ser. iii, 1853), may be consulted with advantage by the student. L. LATENS, Miiller. PL 26, figs. 93-95, 98. Shell thin, white, semipellucid, smooth, shining. Length, 12 mill. Norway, Great Britain. The animal has a depressed mantle, a little convex over the shell , rather smooth, sparsely spotted with brown , densely radiately striate below. Sigaretus Stromii, Sars, is a synonym, and I think that L, tentaculata (Montagu), Forbes, and Hanley (fig. 98), also belongs here, as well as L. stomatella, Risso. L. PERSPICUA, Linn. PL 26, figs. 96, 97, 99. Shell haliotiform, polished, outer lip somewhat contracted above. Length, 16 mill. Europe. Animal lemon-colored with oval clear specks or else tessellated with milk-white, or reddish brown with irregular yellow dots ; mantle with large tubercles, each surrounded by a border of flake- white, and having a small dark central speck. Yar. LATA. Fig. 99. Shell smaller, broader, more compressed, but not flattened nor contracted in front. This variet}^ says Dr. Jeffreys, may possibly equal the preceding species. The male and female differ somewhat, and have been separated as distinct species. The synonymy includes also L. ampul! ace.a, Maravigna ; L. haliotoidea, Miiller, etc. (not Linn.) ; L. Morelli, Chiaje ; L. Kindelmaniana, Mich. ; L. producta, Leach ; L.com- planata, Leach ; L. convexa, Bouchard ; L. Audouini, Cantr. ; L. zonifera, Bergh (fig. 99) ; L. neritoidea, L. Adansonii, and L.flava, Chiaje. For a description of the habits of this mollusk see " Structural and Systematic Conchology," ii, 208. LAMELLARIA. 61 L. PELLUCIDA, Verrill. PI. 26, fig. 100. Shell ovate, with oblique spire, delicate, transparent, smooth ; aperture broad, ovate, not showing the interior of the spire except from an endwise view. Length, 12-16 mill. Martha's Vineyard, Mass.; off Delaware Bay, 86-208 fms. Animal yellowish brown, mottled with darker, broad elliptical, swollen, without tubercles on the back. Var. GOULDII, Verrill. Shell a little shorter, broader, with the spire lower, the apex less elevated, and suture less impressed ; last whorl more ventri- cose, and the outer lip and aperture more broadly rounded. Mantle shorter, broader and higher, with more or less numerous low verrucas on the dorsal surface ; pale yellow or yellowish white, more or less blotched or speckled with brown, flake-white and yellow. Prof. Yen-ill thinks that part of the differences in the soft parts arise from contraction in alcohol ; some specimens are intermediate. L. TENUIS, Jeffreys. PI. 26, figs. 1, 2. Thin, fragile, semitransparent, glossy, white, microscopically spirally striate, base with a small but distinct umbilicus. Length, 2'5 mill. St. 16, Atlantic 0. (Porcupine Expedition). This 3'oung shell is scarcely a Lamellaria ; at least, I know of no other species having an umbilicus. L. ANTARCTICA, Couthouy. PI. 26, figs. 3,4. Shell not observed. Animal with back reticulated on an orange-brown surface, the reticulating lines bordered with white dots, and the intervals covered with larger ones of bright yellow; under side of mantle rose-color, narrowly margined with dark red ; foot lemon-color, paler towards the middle. Length, 1'6 inches. Orange Harbor, Patagonia. L. PR^TENUIS, Couthouy. PI. 26, fig. 5. Back of animal greenish ochraceous, longitudinally wrinkled, with a short cinereous pubescence ; under side of mantle and foot light brownish yellow. Length, 1'25 inches. Shell not observed. Orange Harbor, Patagonia. 62 LAMELLARIA. L. PATAGONICA, Smith. PI. 26, figs, 6-8. Shell large, very fragile, transparent hyaline, with a slight milky cloudiness, showing very fine growth-striae ; whorls 3J, suture deep. Diam., 1 inch. Mantle dirty yellow, with lines and blotches of light vandyke brown, the under surface around the foot marked with light-colored striae. Patagonia. Is possibly identical with L. Antarctica, Couth. Section CHELYNOTUS, Swains. L. TONGANA, Quoy and Gaimard. PL 26, fig. 11 ; PI. 27, figs. 14-16, 18. Shell shining white, pellucid, margin brown. Length, 28 mill. Animal with a thick mantle, tuberculate, the tubercles large, subhexagonal, black, anteriorly produced and bifid ; foot narrow, brownish. Length, 85 mill. Tonga Tabou. This and several following species belong to a section charac- terized by the produced anterior portion of the mantle and narrower foot. Very probably L. Berghi is a synonym of the present species, or of the next one ; Coriocella nigra of Blain- ville (fig. 16) is also perhaps identical, but cannot be made out with certainty. L. Cuvieri, Bergh (fig. 18), appears to be an individual contracted in alcohol. L. MAURITIANA, Bergh. PL 27, fig. 17. Shell elevated, yellowish white, pellucid, smooth, with distinct incremental striae. Length, 1 inch. Mauritius. L. BERGHI, Desh. PL 26, figs. 9, 10. White, pellucid, striate ; open below, showing the whorls. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. In the specimens before me the margin of the aperture is narrowly tinted with brown. L. ISABELLINA, Bergh. PL 26, fig. 19. Undescribed. The figure represents an oval, flat, white- margined species, the back light purplish with white spots. Length, 10 mill. ? Philippines. Shell not figured. LAMELLAETA. 63 L. GEMMA, Bergh. PL 26, fig. 20. Undescribed. Violaceous, covered with small white specks, the middle of the back, and a few, mostly marginal, spots red- dish. Length, 21 mill. ? Philippines. Shell not figured. L. STEARNSII, Pall. PI. 26, figs. 12, 13. White, suborbicular, depressed, whorls three, columella sharp, thin, widely arcuated, showing the apex from below; spire hardly elevated, suture distinct; aperture very effuse, rounded ; exterior marked by growth-lines, crossed by microscopic revolv- ing stride. Length, 6*5-8 mill. Monterey, Gal. Mr. Dall described a var. orbiculata, which proves to be only sexually distinct ; the differences being such as mark the sexes in the British species. L. DIEGOENSIS, Dall. PL 26, figs. 21, 22. Malleate, polished, white, translucent, orbicular, with deep suture, volutions to apex visible from below. Length, 16 mill. S. Diego, Gal. Less calcareous, and more globosely elevated than the pre- ceding form, as well as larger, and malleated, with no trace of spiral striae. L. SEMPERI, Bergh. PL 26, fig. 23. Undescribed. From the figure it appears to be black, with strong warty reticulations on the back, and anterior, and pos- terior wrinkled processes on either side. Shell not figured. Length, 3 inches. ? Philippines. Unfigured Species of Lamellaria. L. (CORIOCELLA) PUNCTATA, Stimpson. Japan. L. (CORIOCELLA) TUBEROSA, Stimpson. China. L SPIROLINEATA, Monterosato. Mediterranean Sea. L. KLECIACHI, Brusina. Mediterranean Sea. L. RANGII, Bergh. West Indies. L. INDICA, Leach (L. OPHIONE, Gray). S. Australia, New Zealand. L. TRANSLUCIDA, Blainv. Hob. unknown. 64 ONCIDIOPSIS. Subgenus MARSENINA, Gray, 1850. L. RHOMBICA, Dall. PI. 26, figs. 24, 25. Pure white, subrhomboidal, moderately elevated, whorls 3 ; columella thickened, stout, with a groove behind the callus ; whorl appressed against and slightly flattened below the suture ; spire very small, not elevated ; aperture subquadrate, outer lip very much produced above and below, suture deep ; surface smooth. Length, 12 mill. Monterey, Cal. Animal bluish translucent, white, the mantle only partially covering the shell. Untigured. L. GLABRA, Couthouy. PL 26, figs. 26-28. Thin, pellucid, white, smooth and shining, whorls two, the first a mere nucleus, the aperture oval, very large. Length, 12 mill. New England to Greenland, Norway. It is L. halioloidea, Gould, not Linn.; L. micrompliala, Bergh, (figs. 27, 28). L. GRCENLANDICA, Holier. PL 26, figs. 29, 30. Obliquely elevated, whorls 2, the last very large, whitish, shining. Length, 8 mill. Greenland, Norway. L. PRODITA, Loven. PL 27, figs. 31, 32. More obliquely elevated than the preceding species, with deeper suture, but perhaps only a variety of it. Maine to Greenland. L. AMPLA, Verrill. PL 27, figs. 33, 34. Inflated, subglobular, the spire not elevated. Eastport, Maine. Genus ONCIDIOPSIS (Beck), Bergh, 1853. 0. GLACIALIS, Sars. PL 26, figs. 35, 36. Shell thin, hyaline, slipper-shaped, flexible. Length, 16 mill. Animal with a long, narrow foot ; the mantle subverrucose, ash- colored, maculated with brown. Norway, NATICIDvE. PLATE 1. PLATE 2. ATICID^E. PLATE 3. 56 57 NATICID^E. PLATE 4. NATICID^E. PLATE 5. 95 89 NATICIDJE. PLATE 6. NATICID^E. PLATE 7. * NATICID^E. PLATE 8. PLATE 9. NATICID^E. PLATE 10. 88 NATICID^E. PLATE 11. NATICID^E. NATICID^E. PLATE 13. f NATICIDJE. PLATE 14. 32 35 31 34- NATICID^E. PLATE 15. NATICID^E. PLATE 16. NATICIDJE. PLATE 17. 68 66 \ $ I 62 69 67 72 NATICID^E. PLATE 18. 76 ' 80 82 73 NATICID^E. fl& PLATE 19. I 96 NATICIIXE. PLATE 2O. CALEDONIELLA, VELUT1NA. O. GRCENLANDICA, Bergh. PL 27, figs. 37, 38. Shell thin, flexible, subcorneous, with coarse irregular growth- lines. Animal with verrucose mantle, color not described. Greenland. Possibly = the foregoing species. 0. CARNEA, Kroyer. PL 27, fig. 39. Shell more elongated than in the preceding species, with a short wing-like production on the left side. Animal with high, rounded mantle, verrucose. Greenland. 0. recondita, Kroyer, is the juvenile of this species. ? Genus CALEDONIELLA, Souverbie, 1869. The animal has not been observed ; it is therefore somewhat doubtful whether the genus really belongs in the Naticidae. C. MONTROUZIERI, Souverb. PL 27, fig. 40. Imperforate, heliciform, depressed, thin, fragile, fiiiety striate, the striae somewhat pliciform at the suture, translucent, white, under a very thin shining yellowish epidermis ; whorls 3 to 3^, suture narrowly channeled and margined ; extremities of the lip joined by a parietal callus. Diam., 7 mill. New Caledonia. Genus VELUTINA, Fleming, 1822. Y. L^VIGATA, Pennant. PL 27, figs. 41-44, 48, 59. Shell thin, translucent, whitish, or usually light pink, with nujnerous fine revolving stria? crossing the minute growth-lines ; epidermis thin, transparent horn-color, somewhat tufted on the revolving striae ; whorls 3J, suture deeply impressed. Length, 16 mill. Northern United States to Greenland, Northern Europe, Kamtschatka. Often credited to Linnaeus, but his Helix Isevigata may be regarded as a lost species. It is Bulla velutina, Miiller, V. halio- loidea, Fab. ; V. capuloidea, Blainv. ; V. striata, Macgill ; V. rupi- cola, Conr.; V. Mulleri, Desh. (figs. 44, 48), the latter a large 5 66 VELUTINA. variety from Kamtschatka. F. solida, ^artens (fig. 59), is founded on a large, pink specimen, denuded of epidermis. The animal is said to discharge a very copious, tenaceous clear white slime, which is frothy, and perhaps serves the Yelutina for concealment. Y. LANIGERA, Moller. PI. 28, figs. 51, 52. Very thin and fragile, smoothish, incremental striae slight ; epidermis yellowish brown, shortly, densely pubescent. Length, 13 mill. Greenland, Finmark. V. PROLONG AT A, Cpr. Pink, under a smooth, thin, yellowish epidermis, the growth- lines crossed by very fine slight spiral impressed striae ; whorls 3j, the last very large, suture deeply impressed ; aperture long oval, junction of columellar and outer lip somewhat angulated. Length, 10 mill. Vancouver's Isl. Unfigured. My specimen is in too imperfect a condition for illustration. Section LIMNERIA, H. & A. Adams, 1883. Y. ZONATA, Gould. PI. 28, figs. 53, 54. Thin, with sharp minute growth-striae ; whitish, with several faint chestnut-colored revolving zones, under a yery thin smoothish epidermis ; whorls less than three, spire minute, suture deeply impressed ; columella flattened, with shallow channel behind. Length, 11 mill. New England, northwards ; » Arctic Seas of both continents. An arctic specimen measuring 21 mill, has been called var. grandis by Mr. E. A. Smith. Sars has described a var. expansa (fig. 53). It is F. canaliculata, Beck. Sometimes the zones are absent. F. zonata has sometimes been placed erroneously in the pulmoniferous genus Otina, the shell of which, although much smaller, resembles it. VANIKORO. 67 Section YELUTELLA, Gray, 1847. V. PLICATILIS, Miiller. PI. 28, figs. 55-57. Nearly membranous, translucent, with obscure spiral striae and irregular growth-lines ; 37ellowish or yellowish brown ; whorls 2^, ventricose in fresh, but compressed (from collapse) in dried specimens, suture deep; epidermis tough, but readily separated into slight fibrous plaits. Length, *5 inch. The animal is bright orange color, sometimes speckled with yellow. Northern Europe, Greenland. Is Bulla flexilis, Montagu. V. coriacea, Pallas, may be only a large variety. Y. CORIACEA, Pallas. PL 27, figs. 49, 50. Membranaceous, corneous, subpellucid, rugosely striate ; whorls 2-|, the last very large, expanded. Kurile Islands. Y. CRYPTOSPIRA, Middendorff. PL 27, figs. 45-47. Shell narrower, more elongated than V. ldevigata,ihe columellar Up forming an angle with the outer lip below ; coriaceous, or with a very slight calcareous deposit. Length, 10 mill. Ochotsk Sea, Alaska, etc. Undetermined and Unfigured Species. Y. BERNARDI, Martens (PL 28, fig. 58). Nab. unknown. Y. PUSIO, A. Ad. Straits of Corea. Y. SIGARETIFORMIS, Potiez. (A young Natica ?) Australia. Y. SITKENSIS, A. Ad. Sitka. Y. STYLIFERA, Fleming = Sty lifer Turtoni. Y. MARGARITACEA, Duclos. Australia. Subfamily III. YANIKORIN^E. Genus YANIKORO, Quoy and Gaimard, 1832. Y. CANCELLATA, Lam. PL 29, figs. 60, 61. Broadly patulate, rather thick, cancellated with oblique rather lamellar ribs and thin spiral ridges ; epidermis yellowish brown. Diam. 1 inch. Isl. of Vanilcoro, 68 VANIKORO. V. Quoyi, Recluz, is a synonym. Many of the following " species " are probably only slight and unstable modifications of this form. Y. GrUERiNiANA, Recluz. PI. 29, fig. 62. Ribs stronger than in the preceding species, the spiral ridges seen in their interstices ; umbilicus much wider. Diam. 15 mill. Philippines. Y. RUGATA, A. Ad. PI. 29, fig. 63. Spire elevated, whorls rather strongly plaited, the deep inter- stices spirally ridged, umbilicus moderate. Diam. 10 mill. Hob. unknown. Y. CIDARIS, Recluz. PI. 29, fig. 64. Rather thin, clathrate with nearly equal longitudinal and spiral sculpture, umbilicus narrow, almost closed. Diam. 22 mill. Philippines. Ribs not so strong as in V. cancellata, spire somewhat more elevated. Y. LTGATA, Recluz. PI. 29, figs. 65-72. Rather thin, longitudinal sculpture low oblique folds, becom- ing obsolete, spiral sculpture thread-like ; umbilicus moderate. Diam. 1 inch. Philippines, Paumotus. A little more elevated than F. cidaris, with larger umbilicus. F. Petitiana (fig. 66), F. helicoides (fig. 68), and F. plicata, Recluz (fig. 67), appear to me to be very slight modifications of the type form, principally in the oblique ribtets being somewhat more or less prominent; whilst in F. Deshayesiana (fig. 69), F. Blainmlliana (fig. 71), and F. Spuleyetiana (fig. 70), of Re- cluz the growth sculpture is obsolete or faint. Of this form F. delicata, Pease (fig. 72), appears to me to be the young; it comes from the Paumotus. Y. CLATHRATA, Recluz. PI. 29, figs. 73-77, 83. Rather thick, cancellating sculpture subequal, umbilicus mod- erate. Diam. 10 mill. Hob. Polynesia, Australia, I. Bourbon. Nothing but the smaller size appears to distinguish this from forms of the last species. N. granulosa, Recluz (fig. 74); F. semiplicata, Pease (fig. 75); F. Gumingiana, Reel. (fig. 76), and VANIKORO. . 69 V. disparilis, Desh. (fig. 83), are synonyms. N. Sigaretiformis, Potiez, has been considered synonymous ; it is really unrecog- nizable. I add as a synonym V. granifera, Pease (fig. 77), from Ins. Jarvis. The granular appearance of the original figure (copied by me) is an exaggeration, and does not agree with the types before me. Y. SULCATA, d'Orb. PL 29, figs. 78, 79. Revolving riblets most prominent, but rendered somewhat granular by the crossing of the growth sculpture ; umbilicus moderate. Diam. 9 mill. West Indies. Only distinguished from forms of the last species by locality. I figure a very young shell, in which the spiral ribs are much more prominent than they remain in the later whorls. V. anomala, Adams (unfigured), is probabty the same. Y. STRIATA, d'Orb. PI. 29, figs. 80, 81. Rather thin, with fine spiral raised lines ; umbilicus moderate. Diam. 8 mill. Cuba. Probably only a variety of F. sulcata. V. lamellosa, d'Orb (fig. 81), is probably the young of this species, and F. oxychone and F. Vitrinseformis, Morch (un- figured), synonyms. Y. ROSEA, Recluz. PI. 29, fig. 82. Cancellated, pink; umbilicus widely open. Diam. 5 mill. Is evidently a juvenile shell. Moluccas. Y. ELATA, Sowb. PL 29, fig. 84. Elevated, thin, very finely decussated, umbilicus narrow. Diam. 9, alt. 10 mill. China Sea. Y. ACUTA, Recluz. PL 29, figs. 85, 86. Thin, white, subpellucid, very delicately sculptured, the spiral lines the most prominent ; spire acute, umbilicus wide, aperture somewhat obliquely produced. Diam. 7-10 mill. Lord Hood?* Is., Cape Natal, Moluccas. The above rather incongruous localities are given by Recluz ; Morch adds West Indies in considering the species a synonym 70 VANIKORO. of V. lamellosa, d'Orb. I do not think it adult. V. imbricata, Pease (fig. 86), appears to be a younger state of the same species. N. RECLUZIANA, Ad. and Angas. PI. 29, fig. 87. Elevated, acuminated, spire cancellated, last whorl almost smooth, umbilical channel moderate, long. Diam. 9, alt. 10'5 mill. N. So. Wales. V. SOLIDA, Sowb. PI. 29, fig. 88. Solid, globose, upper whorls cancellated, rounded, last whorl finely spirally and concentrically striated, columella tortuous, umbilical channel long and narrow. Diam. 9, alt. 11 mill. Hab. unknown. Y. SEMTSOLUTA, Sowb. PI. 29, fig. 89. Sculptured spirally with beaded ribs and concentrically with thin striae, canal elongated, rather broad. Diam. 6, alt. 10 mill. East Indies. The lips are so produced as scarcely to touch the body-whorl. Y. ORBIGNYANA, Recluz. PI. 29, figs. 90-92. Shell deeply and broadly cancellated with strong distant spiral ribs and concentric ridges ; umbilicus narrow, deep. Diam. 4 mill. Habitat unknown. Is V. Quoyi, Adams, not Recluz, and V. Gaimardi, Adams (fig. 91), V. tricarinata, Recluz (fig. 92), and V. Gumingiana of Reeve and Sowerby, not Recluz. Y. DISTANS, Recluz. PI. 29, fig. 93. With distant longitudinal lamellae, and closer spiral striae in the interstices ; umbilicus broad, semilunar. Alt. 6 mill. Philippines. Y. FOVEOLATA, Montr. PL 29, fig. 95. Strongly ribbed, crossed by thinner but prominent spiral sculpture ; umbilicus very narrow. L. 5 mill., diam. 4 mill. New Caledonia' Y. CUVIERIANA, Recluz. PL 29, fig. 94. Rather patulous, thin, very finely decussatety sculptured, last whorl obliquely flattened, umbilicus broad. Diam. 10 mill. Hab. unknown. VANIKORO. 7 1 Unfigured or Undetermined Species. Y. TUBEROSISSIMA, Montagu. Y. GLABRISSIMA, BrOWQ = GLABERRINA, ReduZ. The above two species erroneously introduced into the British catalogues are probably young West Indian shells, but indeter- minable ; the latter probably a Neritina. Y. MAURITIUS, Kecluz. A mere embryo. Mauritius. V: OVOIDEA, Gould. = Isapis. Y. MONTROUZIERI, Souverb. New Caledonia. Y. APERTA, Carp. (Diam. 7*5 mill.) Gape St. Lucas, L. Gal Appendix to Natica. The following species are described, but not figured, by Roche- brune, in Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 102-104, 1884-5. The last is from Cape Horn, the others from Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. N. LEBRUNI, N. COUTEAUDI, N. OMOIA, N. SECUNDA, N. PATENT. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. NATICID^. Abbreviata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 100, f. 157, 158, 25 Acrybia, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll.,i, 207, 1853, 8, 52 Acuminata (Naticina)), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, 54, t. 13, f. 8. = S. papilla, Gmelin. Acuminatus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, p. 54, pi. xiii, f. 8. = S. papilla, Gmelin, . . .58 Acuta (Yanikoro), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 47, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 61, 1845, . . . 69 Acuta (Natica), Phil. Arch. f. Natg., 1845, i, p. 65. = N. Philippiana, Nyst. Bull. Ac. Roy. Bruxelles, xii, pt. 2, p. 153, 49 Adansoni (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, 155, . 15 Adamsiana (Natica), Dkr. Mai. Blatter, vi, 231, 1860, . 27 Adansoni (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 83. = N. fanel, Adanson. Adansonii (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., t. 47, f. 3, 4. = L. perspicua, Linn. ....... 60 Adspersa (Natica), Menke. Synops., 40. = N. maculata, Desh. . . . . . . .15 Affinis (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3675, . . 31, 54 Affmis (Natica), Phil. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1843, p. 117, Abbild., i, 13, f. 2, 3. = N. canrena, Linn. Aimei (Natica), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 181, 1884, t. 4, f. 10. = N. Chinensis, Lam 20 Alabaster (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 33. = N. intemerata. Phil. Reeve. Corrections, . . 46, 48 Ala-papilionis (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, p. 257, fgs. 1868 to 1871, 21 Alba (Natica), Loven. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1843, p. 118. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Alba (Natica), Potiez et Mich. Gall, des Moll., i, p. 289, . 54 Albula (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, xvi, 393. = Yar. N. Montagui, Forbes, 39 Albula (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., ii, p. 194, 1851, 49 (72) INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 73 I'ANK. Albumen (Natica), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1252, . . 47 Albumen (Natica), Scaechi. Cat., p. 17. = 1ST. Josephinae, Risso, 33 Alderi (Natica), Forbes. Malacol. Monens., p. 34, . . 40 Alexandrine (Natica), Recluz. Sowb., Thes. Index, . . 54 Algida (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, 73, 1848. = N. Lewisii, Gould, . . . . ' . .35 Alveata (Natica), Troschel. Arch. f. Natg., 1852, p. 159, t. v, f. 3. = N. mam ilia, Linn 49 Amaura, Holler. Index Moll. Groenl., 7, 1842, . 8, 52 Amaurella, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1867, . . . 8, 53 Amaurellina, Bayle. 1885, 7 Amauropsis, Morch. Rink's Greenland, 1857, . 8, 53 Americana (Natica), Recluz. Sowb., Thes. Index. ?=N. Alderi, Forbes. Amiculata (Mamma), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, 155. = N. dubia, Recluz, ........ 47 Amphiala (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc.,xv, 261, 1881. = N. vitrea, Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll., 21, 1873, . . 54 Ampla (Neverita), Phil. Menke, Zeitschr., 1848, 156, 32, 33 Ampla (Marsenina), Yerrill. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 374, 1880, . 64 Amplostoma, Stoliczka. Pal. India, ii, 312, 1868, . . 11 Ampullacea (Vitrina), Maravigna. = Lamellaria perspicua, Linn .60 Ampullina, Lamarck, teste Defrance. Diet. Sc. Nat., xx, 446, 1821, 7, 41, 52 Ampullinopsis, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, 20, 1866, = Ampullina, Lam. ........ 7 Ampullaria (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., xviii, p. 633. ? = N. heros, Say, . . . . • . . . .36 Andouini (Lamellaria), Cantr. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Brux., xiii, 1840. = L. perspicua, Linn 60 Angulata (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 32, 1885, . . 38 Anomala (Narica), C. B. Adams. Contrib. Conch., 109. ? = Y. sulcata, d'Orb. Anomphala, Jonas (? inedit.). Herrmanns Ind. Gen. Malac., i, 61, 1846. = Cernina, Gray, 7 Antarcticus (Sigaretus), Couthouy MSS. Gould, Wilkes Exped., p. 216, f. 259. = Lamellaria. . . .61, 62 Antillarum (Sigaretus), Reel. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 185. = S. perspectivus, Say, 57 Antoni (Natica), Phil. Zeit. f. Malakz., 1851, p. 48 ; E. A. Smith, Zool. Proc., 720, 1877, .26 Aperta (Natica), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., pt. 39, p. 84, 1883, 54 Aperta (Lunatia), Loven. Oefv. Kong. Yet. Akad. Forhand. = N. flava, Gld 52 74 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'AI.K. Aperta (Yanikoro), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. H., xiii, 476, 1864, 71 Apora (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 265, . . 54 Arachnoidea (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3674. = Natica fulminea, Gmelin, ...... 15 Areolata (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, 206, . 25 Argenteus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. v, f. 25, 1864 56 Articulata (Natica), Phil. Kiister's Conch. Cab., 119. = N. ala papilionis, Chemn. ...... 21 Asellus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 136, 1855, . . 24 Atacamensis (Natica), Philippi. Reise durch Atacama., p. 186, pi. vii, f. 20, 1860. = N. dubia, Recluz, ... 47 Atrocyanea (Lunatia), Phil. Arch. f. Nat., 1845, p. 64, . 37 Atrypa (Natica), Watson.. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 254, 53. Aurantia (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 632, .... ... .42 Australis (Sigaretus), Hanley. Young Conchologist's Book of Species, frontispiece. = S. laevigatus, Lam. . . 55 Australis (Lunatia), Hutton. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 23. Proc. N. Zeal. Inst., x, 295, ...... 54 Australis (Sigaretus), Dkr. Malak. Blatter, xviii, 151, 1871, 59 Avellana (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 75, t. 11, f. 14. =N. Dillwyni, Payr, 25 Baconi (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 37, 1855. = N. Incei, Phil. . . . .33 Bahiensis (Ruma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 399, 1850. = N. mamillaris, Lam. . . . . . . .43 Bayani (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. de Zool., 1874, p. 20, pi. ii, f. 5-6. = N. venustula, Phil. . . 19 Beddomei (Natica), Johnston. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 221, 1884, 54 Berghi (Lamellaria), Desh. Moll, de Reunion, p. 77, pi. 9, f. 18-20, 62 Bernard! (Yelutina), Martens. Archiv Naturg. 149, 1858, 67 Bernardii (Ruma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., ii, 197, pi. 5, f. 1., 1851. == N. Simise, Desh., var 51 Beverlii (Natica), Leach. Thorns. Ann. Philos., 1819. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . .37 Bicincta (Ruma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 395, 1850. 1= N. melanostoina, Gmel., var. . . . . .50 Bicincta (Natica), Schrenck. Bull. Ak. Imp. St. Ptrsbg., t. v, p. 513. = N. Colliei, Recluz 26 Bicolor (Natica), Schrenck. Nordjap. Moll., 378 (not Phil.). = N. ampla, Phil. . . 33 Bicolor (Neverita), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malac., v, 1848, p. 156, 33 Bifasciata (Natica), Gray. Graft', Cuv. An. Kingd., pi. 1, f. 2, 44 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 75 PAOK. Bifasciata (Natica), Recluz. Reeve, Icon. Sp., 62. = N. fulminea, Gmel. . , . . 15 Bifasciatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 190, pi. 6, f. 3-4, 56 Blainvilleana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 141, 1843; Guerin's Mag., 53, 1845. = V. ligata, Recluz, . . 68 Bonplandi (Natica), Yal. Obs., p. 264, t. 37, f. 3. = N. glauca, Humboldt, ....... 34 Borealis (Natica), Gray. Zool., Beechey's Yoy., 136. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. 37 Bourguignati (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iii, 170, pi. vii, f. 8, 1852, 16 Brocchiana (Natica), Phil. Kiister's Conch. Cab., t. 8, f. 2,1852. = N. sordida, Phil 38 Broderipiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 205. = N. ala-papilionis, var. . . . , . .21 Brownia, d'Orbigny. Sagra's Cuba, 1841. = Lamellaria, Montg. Brunnea (Natica), Linck. Rost., 1807, p. 140. = N. mamillaris, Lara. » . . . . . .43 Bulbosa (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 119, 1855. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Bulbus, Brown. Proc. Geol. Soc., iii, 119, 1839. = Acrybia, Ads 8 Buriasensis (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 212, 29 Caffra (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 204, . 54 Cailiaudi (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 392, pi. 13, f. 9. = N. pavimentum, Recluz, var., . . . . 27 Calcarella, Souleyet. Jour, de Conch., i. 246, 1850. = Brownia, d'Orb. Caledoniella, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 421, 1869, . .12 Caledoniella, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 1869, 421; 1870,71, 65 Canrena (Natica), Linn. Mus. Ulr., p. 674, . . 5, 20 Canrena (Natica \ var., Dillwyn. Desc. Cat. = N. Chinensis, Lam. Canrena (Nerita), Mat. and Rack, p. 223, No. 1. = Natica catena, Da Costa. Campeachiensis (Natica), Recluz. MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., 1, 1855. = N. duplicate, Say, 34 Canaliculata (Natica), Gould. Sillim. Jour., xxxviii, 197. = N. Helicoides, Johnston, 8, 53 Canaliculata (Yelutina), Beck. = Y. zonata, Gould, . 66 Cancellata (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3670. = N. sulcata, Born 32 76 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PA( J E. Cancellata (Narica), Lam. An. sans Vert., t. vi, 2e part, p. 208, ' ... 67 Cancellata (Naticaria). Swains. Treatise on Malac., p. 346, f. 107. = Sigaretus Linneanus, Recluz, . . . .59 Candida (Amaura), Moll. Grcenl. Moll., p. 7, . . 8, 52 Candidissima (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 87. = N. Jukesii, Reeve, ....... 46 Candidissima (Natica), Le Guillou. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1842, p. 105, 46 Capuloidea (Velutina), Blainv. Malac., p. 469, pi. 42, f. 4. = V. laevigata, Pennant, ....... 65 Caribgea (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1851, p. 234. = N. lactea. Guild .49 Carnea (Onchidiopsis), Kroyer. Amtl. Ber., 115, 1847, . 65 Carolinum (Cryptostoma), Cuvier. Regn. anim., Edit. 2, iii, 91. ? = Sigaretus perspectivus, Say. Carolinus (Sigaretus), Dufo. Ann. Sc. Nat., Oct., 1840, p. 201, 59 Casta (Mamma), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 117, t. 17, f. 1, 1852, . . 47 Castanea (Natica), Lam. An. sans Vert. (edit. Deshayes), viii, 643. = Natica catena, Da Costa, . . *. 41 Catena (Nerita), Da Costa. Brit. Conch., 83, t. 5, f. 7, . 41 Catenata (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 233, . 22 Catinella, Stache. Jahrb. Geol. Reichs., xxvii, 313, 1877. ? = Velutina, Fleming, 13 Catinus (Klein?), H. and A. Adams, i, 212, 1853. = Sigaretus, Lam. . . . . . . . .10 Caurina (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 239, 1847. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . . 37 Cayennensis (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1850, i, p. 383, pi. xiv, f. 6. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. . . 23 Cepatia, Gray. Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840, . . 6 Cernica (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. de Zool., 1874, p. 19, pi. ii, f. 13, 14. ? = N. marochiensis, var. Chemnitzii, . . . .24 Cernina, Gray. Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840, .... 7 Chelinotus, Swainson. Malacol., 234, 355, 1840. = Lamellaria, Montg. . . . . . . .11 Chemnitzii (Natica), Pfr. Registr., p. 8. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. var. . ... 24 Chemnitzii (Natica), Recluz, MSS. Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 7, 1855. = N. ampla, Phil. Chinensis (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 644, . . 20 Cidaris (Vanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 137, 1843; Rev. Zool., 5, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 20, 1845, . . . . fi8 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 77 I1 \i . !•'. Cincta (Natica^, Recluz. Jour, de Conch. ,i, p. 384, pi. xiv, f. 7, 1850, . . 18 Cinnamomea (Natica), Synopsis, 47, 1830. = N. solida, Blainv 46 Citrina (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 49, 1851. ? = N. aurantia, Lam. ....... 42 Clathrata (Yanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 42, 1845, . 68 Clausa (Natica), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 360, 30 Clavata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 167, 1883. == N. Incei, Phil . .33 Coarctatus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon , xv, pi. iv, f. 17, 1864. = S. papilla, Gmel. var. . . . .58 Collaria (Natica). Lam. An. s. Vert., viii, p. 638, . . 28 Colliei. (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 206, . 26 Colobocephalus, M. Sars. Nyt. Mag. Natur., 168, 1870. ? = Marsenina, . . . . . . . . .12 Colpodaspis, M. Sars. Nyt. Mag.v Natur., xvii, 186. = Lamellaria. Columnaris (Natica), Recluz. Petit. Jour, de Conch., i,394, 1850, 47 Compacta (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 33, 1885, . . 38 Complanata (Lamellaria), Leach. = L. perspicua, Linn. . 60 Concavus (Sigaretus), Lam. Anim. sans Vert , vol. 9, p. 10, 55 Concinna (Natica;, Dkr. Mai. Blatt., vi, 1860, p. 232 ; Moll. Japon., p. 14, pi. ii, f. 21. = N. colliei, Reel. . . .26 Conica (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 632, 44 Consolidata (Natica), Couth. Bos. Jour., v. 2, pi. 3. f. 14. = N. clausa, Brod. and Sowb 31 Convexa (Lamellaria), Bouchard. Cat. Moll. Boulonn, 149. = L. perspicu.-i, Linn. ....... 60 Cora (Natica), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Mer., pi. 78, f. 10, 11, 47, 49 Coriacea (Velutina), Pallas. Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop., ii, 237, 1788,. 67 Coriocella, Blainville. Diet. Sc. Nat., xxxii, 259, 1824. = Lamellaria, Montg. . . . . . . 11, 62 Cornea (Natica), Moll. Ind. Moll. Groenl., p. 7. = N. helicoides, Johnston, ...... 53 Costata (Natica), Menke. Malst. Cat., 1828, p. 12. = N. sulcata, Born 32 Costulata (Natica), Quoy and Gaim, Voy. Astrl., p. 235, pi. 66, f. 20, 21. = Sigaretus papilla, Gmel. . . .58 Couteaudi (Natica), Mab*. et Rochbr. Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 102, 1854-5, . . .... 71 Crenata (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 320, pi. 7, f. 4, 5. = N. ala-papilionis, Chemn. . . .21 Crosseana (Natica), Kleciach. Weinkaun0, Conch. Mittelm., ii, 257. = Fossarus. 78 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Cruentata (Natica), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3673. = N. fulminea, Gmel. . . , . . 15 Cruentata (Natica), Payr. Moll. Corse, 118. = N. maculata, Desh. ....... 15 Cumingiana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 139, 1843; Guerin's Mag., 27, 1845. = Y. clathrata, Recluz. . . 68 Cumingiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 210. = N. Powisiana, Recluz 43 Cuvieri (Lamellaria), Bergh. Mem. Acad. Copenh., 344, 1853. = L. Tongana, Quoy, 62 Cuveriana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 63, 1845, . 70 Cuverianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. 111. Conch. Sig., p. 18, pi. iii, f. 2, A to L, 55 Cymba (Sigaretus), Menke. Syn. Meth. Moll., p. 88. = S. concavus, Lam. ....... 55 Cymba (Sigaretus), var., Dunk. Guinea inf., 32, t. 5, f. 20-22. "= S. concavus, Lam. Cryptocella, H. and A. Adams, 1853. = Lamellaria, Montg. . . . . . . .11 Cryptospira (Yelutina), Middend. Malac. Rossica, ii, 100 a ; Siberian Yoy., p. 216, pi. xxv, f. 8-10, .... 67 Cryptothyra, Menke. Synops. edit., ii, 87, 1830. = Lamellaria, Montg. . . . . . . .11 Cryptostoma, Blainville. Bull. Soc. Philotn., No. 120, 1818. = Sigaretus, Lara. . . . . . . . .10 Debilis (Sigaretus), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 375, 1852, . 57 Decora (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Natica, 118. = N. picta, Recluz 22 Deiodosa (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 35, 1855, . . 42 Delesserti (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 3, f. 8, 58 Delessertiana (Natica), Recluz. Chenu, Illust. Conch., iii, t. 4, f. 5, 6. — N. duplicata, Say, 34 Delicata (Narica), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 282, 1807. = Y. ligata, Recluz. . 68 Depressa (Natica), Gray. Zool., Beechey's Yoy., p. 136, pi. 36, f. 2, 1839. = N. Grayi, Phil 22 Depressa (Lamellaria), Ball. MSS., 1866. = L. Stearnsii, Dall. Depressus (Sigaretus), Phil. Neuer oder wenig gekannte Conchl., bd. 1, p. 2, t. 1, f. 3. = S. perspectivus, Say, . 57 Deshayesiana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 138, 1843; Rev. Zool., 7, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 48, 1845. = Y. ligata, Recluz 68 Didyma (Neverita), Bolten. Phil., Chenu, 111. Conch., pi. 3, f. 4. = Natica ampla, Phil 33 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 79 PAGE. Diegoensis (Lamellaria), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 538, t. 24, f. 1-3, 1885, 63 Dilecta(Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,iii, 73, 1848, 27 Dillwyni (Natica), Payr. Moll. Corse, pi. v, f. 28, . . 25 Disparilis (Vanikoro), Desh. Moll. Reunion, 77, t. 9, f. 15, 17, 1863. = Y. clathrata, Recluz 69 Distans (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 140, 1843 ; Rev. Zool., 7, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 45, 1845, . . . .70 Draparnaudi (Natica), Recluz. Petit Jour. Con., ii, p. 198, pi. 5, f. 11, 1851. = N. Powisiana, Recluz. . . .43 Dubia (Xatica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 209, 47, 48 Dunkeri (Xatica), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Mnlakz., 1851, 44, . 45 Duplicata (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 247, ... 6, 33 Eburnea (Natica), Desb. Lam., An. sans Yert., viii, 646. = N. orientalis, Gmel 43 Echinospira, Krohn. Archiv Naturg., xix, 1853. = Brownia, d'Orb. Effusa (Natica), Swains. Zool. 111., pi. 104. = ? N. Powisiana, Recluz. . . ... 43 Elata (Yanikoro), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 23, 1875, 69 Elegans (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 381, pi. 14, f. 4. = N. picta, Recluz 22 Elena? (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 205, . 28 Elongata (Natica), Troschel. Arch. f. Nat. g., 1852, p. 158, pi. v, f. 2. = N. cora, d'Orb 48 Ermaea, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1857. = Lamellaria, Montg.. 1 1 Eunaticina, 'Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 768, 1885, . 10, 58 Euspira (Agassiz, 1837), Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Ool., i, 1850, .... . 7 Euzona (Natica , Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 204 ; . Jour, de Conch., ii, p. 381, pi. xiv, f. 3, 1850. = N. picta, Recluz, 22 Excavata (Natica), Carpt. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 165. = N. Elenae, Reel 29 Eximius (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. v, f. 22, 1864, 56 Expansa (Moro. zonata, var.), Sars. Moll. Norv.. 147, 1878, 66 Fava (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 205, . . 54 Fabella (Natica), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 183, t. 4, f. 11,1884, . .18 Fanel (Natica), Adanson. Coq. de Senegal, pi. 13, f. 3, 16, 17 Fartilis (Natica), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 264, . 54 Fasciata (Natica), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 110. = N. rufa, Born, 30 80 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Fasciata (Necca). Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826. = Natica Dillwynii, Payr. Fibrosa (Ruma), Soul. Yoy. Bonite, p. 581, pi. 35, fs. 8-10. = Natica melanostoma, Gmel., Yar. . . . . .51 Fibula (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic. sp. 130, 1855. = N. Incei, Phil., juv 33 Fibula (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. v, f. 26, 1864, 59 Filicatus (Sigaretus), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 22, 1845, 59 Filosa (Natica), Phil. Neueo Conch., ii, t. ii, f. 4, p. 8. = N. Sagraiana, d'Orb 19 Filosa (Natica), Sowb. MSS. Reev., Conch. Ic., 72, 1855, . 51 Flammulata (Natica), Requien. Cat. Moll. Corse. ?= N. Sagraiana, d'Orb 19 Flava (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., v, t. 77, f. 10. = L. perspicua, Linn. ....... 60 Flava (Natica), Gould. Silliman's Jour., xxxviii, p. 196, 8, 52 Flemingiana (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 209, 50 Flexilis (Bulla), Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. = Yelutina plicatilis, Miiller, 13, 67 Florida (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 64, 1855, . . .17 Fluctuata (Natica), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. xii, . 7, 53 Forata (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 129, 1855, . 26 Forskalii (Natica), Cheran. Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 197, f. 1901,1902, 20 Fortune! (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 123, 1855; Jour. de Conch., 1863, p. 262, pi. ix, f. 5, 37 Fossata (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 263, 1847, = N. duplicata, Say, ........ 34 Foveolata (Narica), Montr. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., vi, 138, 1866, . ........ 70 Fragilis (Natica), Leach. = N. helicoides, Johnst. . . 53 Franciscana (Natioa), Recluz MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., sp. 127, 1855. = N. Guillemini, Payr .40 Fringilla (Natica), Ball. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 93, 54 Fulgurans (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 206, 16 Fulminea (Natica). Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826. = N. Sagraiana, d'Orb 19 Fulminea (Natica), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3672, . .15 Funiculata (Mamma), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 400, 1850; ii, 201, 1851. = N. columnaris, Recluz, . . 47 Fusca (Natica), Weink. Medit. Conch., ii, 251. = N. sordida, Phil, 38 Fusca (Natica), Carpenter. Rept. Brit. Assoc., 523, 624, 1863. = N. otis, Brod. and Sowb 44 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 81 PAGK. Fusca (Natica), de Blainville. Faune Fran9«, t. 14, f. 1, 1 a. = N. maculata, Desh. Fuscata (Natica), Humph. Cat., 21, 1797. = N. mamillaris, Lam. Gaidei (Natica), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 1874, 196, pi. vii, f. 7 ; 1875, 292, pi. xiii, f. 8. = N. lineozona, Jouss. 24 Gaimardi (Yanikoro), A. Ad. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1875. = Y. Orbigniana, Recluz, . 70 Galactites (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 47, 1851. = N. Flemingiana, Recluz, ...... 50 Gallapagosa (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 213. = N. otis, Brod. and Sowb 44 Gambise (Natica), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 207, = N. collaria, Lam. ........ 28 Gemma (Marsenia), Bgh. Semper's Reisen im Arch. Phil., Bd. ii, t. xli, f. 7, . . ' .-63 Genuanus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 121, 1855; Marrat, Quar. Jour. Conch., i, 243. = N. imperforata, Gray, . . . . . . .17 Geraudi (Rtimella), Bourg. Notice Prodr. Tanganika, 90, 1885, 54 Gilva (Natica), Phil. Menke's Zeitsch., 48, 1851. ? = N. Fortunei, Reeve, 37 Glabella (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 124, 1855, . . 50 Glaberrima (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 136, 1843. ==N. Neritina . . .71 Glabra (Lamellaria), Couthouy. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, 90, pi. 3, f. 16, 1838, 64 Glabrata (Amaurella), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 311, 1867, . 53 Glabrissima (Yanikoro), Brown. Wern. Mem., ii, 532, t. 24, f. 12. = Y. glaberrima, Recluz, . . . . 71 Glacialis(Onchidiopsis),M. Sars. Sars, Faun. Moll. Norv. 153, 64 Glauca (Natica), Humboldt. Desh., An. s. Yert., viii, p. 651, 34 Glaucina (Natica), Reeve, etc., not Linn, nor Lamarck. = N. Josephinse, Risso, . 33 Glaucina (Natica), Lam. (non Linn.). = N. ampla, Phil. . 33 Glaucina (Natica), Linn. Faun. Suecc., edit., 533. ? = N. Alder i, Forbes 41 Globosa( Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 33, 1885, . . 36 Globosa (Lunatia), King. Zool. Jour., v, p. 344. = N. Patagonica, Phil 37 Globosa (Natica), Chemn. Conch. Cat., v, p. 267, pi. 188, f. 1896, 1897. = N. helvacea, Lam 30 Globosa (Ruma), T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1875, 149. = R. umbilicata, Quoy. Petterd, Jour, of Conch., ii, 353, 52, 54 6 82 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PACtfi Globulus (Amauropsis), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 416, pi. xl, f. 5, 53 Globularia, Swainson, Malacol., 345, 1840. = Ampullina, Lam 7 Gouldii (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeit., 1845, 77. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Gouldii (Lamellaria pellucida, var.), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., v, 518, 61 Gracilis (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 387, pi. xiv, f. 11, 1850, 29 Gracilis (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 102, f. 156. = N. marochiensis, var. livida, 23 Granifera (Narica), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 78, 1869. = Y. clathrata, Recluz, . . . . . . .69 Granulosa (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 140, 1843; Rev. Zool., 6, 1844 ; Guerin's Mag., 32, 1845. = Y. clathrata, Recluz, ....... 68 Grayi (Sigaretus), Desh. Lam. Anim. sans Yert., ix, p. 12. = S. concavus, Lam. ....... 55 Grayi (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 74. = N. catenata, Phil. ........ 22 Grisea (Natica), Martens. Sitzber. Gesellschaft, Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1878, 24, 54 Grisea (Natica), Requien. Coq. de Corse, 61. = N. intricata, Donov 42 Groenlandica (Lamellaria), Moller. Index, Moll. Groenl. p. 10, 1842, 64 Grcenlandica (Natica), Beck. Moll. Ind. Mol. Groenl., p. 7. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb 37 Grdnlandica (Onchidiopsis), Bergh. Mem. Acad. Copenh., 346, 1853, 65 Gualteriana (Natica), Petit. Jour. Conch., i, p. 396, 1850. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel. 23 Gualterianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Mart. Conch., i, pi. 16, f. 152. = S. planulatus, Recluz, . . . . .58 Gueriniana (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 139, 1843; Rev. Zool., 7, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 43, 1845, . . .68 Guillemini (Natica), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, pi. v, fs. 25-26, 40 Gyrodes, Conrad. Jour. Phila. Acad., iv, 289, 1860, , . 9 Haliotoidea (Helix), Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 240. = Lamellaria perspicua, Linn. 60 Haliotoidea (Yelutina), 0. F. Fabr. Fauna Groenl., 390, 1780. = Y. laevigata, Pennant. 65 Haliotideus (Sigaretus), Phil. En. Moll. Sic., i, p. 165, ii, p. 142. = S. Philippii, Weink ; Kiister, p. 23, . . 57 ILiliotoidcus (Sigaretns), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 775, . 57 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 83 PAGE. Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon. = S. concavus, Lam., 55 Haliotoideus (Sigaretus), Gould. Invert. Mass., 1st Edit., 244. = Lamellaria glabra, Couth 64 Haneti (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Concb., i, 1850, 389, pi. 13, f. 6, 7. = N. Elense, Recluz, , . 29 Hebrsea (Natica), Philippi. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 73, t. 11, f. 10. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, . . . .23 Hebrsea (Natica), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 109, 1769-1784. = N. maculata, Desh. ....... 15 Helicina (Nerita), Brocchi. Conch, foss. subap., ii, 297, t. 1, f. 10. = Natica catena, Da Costa, 41 Helicina (Natica), Seguenza. Notizie, succincte intorno, p. 17, 22 part. = N. Montagui, Forbes, . . . .39 Helicoides (Natica), Johnston. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Ber- wick on Tweed, 1835, ....... 53 Helicoides (Vanikoro), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 105, 1842. = N. ligata, Recluz, . 68 Helicoideus (Sigaretus), Guillou. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1842, p. 105, 59 Helvacea (Natica), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., No. 14, . . 30 Herculea (Natica), Middend. Malac. Rossica, ii, p. 96, 1849. = N. Lewisii, Gould, ....... 35 Heros (Natica), Say. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., ii, p. 248. 6, 34, 35 Imbricata (Vanikoro), Pease. Zool. Proc., 435, 1860. ? = Acuta, Recluz, 70 Immaculata (Natica), Totten. Silliman Jour., xxviii, p. 351, f. 6, . . ' . . . , . . . 38, 39 Imperforata (Natica), Jay. Cat. 2d Ed., p. 87, pi. iv, f. 10. = N. fluctuata, Sowb. Jay., 3d Edit., 117, ... 52 Imperforata (Natica), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 135, pi. 37,f.l, . . 17, 27 Impervia (Natica), Phil. Arch. f. Nat., 1845, p. 65, . . 31 Incei (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 233, . . 33 Incisa (Natica), Dkr. Kiister, Conch. Cab., p. 81, pi. 12, f. 8. = N. ampla, Phil ... 33 Incisus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. iii, f. 11, vol. xv, 1864, ... 57 Indica (Lamellaria), Leach. Angas, Zool. Proc., 199, 1867, 63 Indica (Sigaretus), Gray. Spicilegia, Zool., No. 5. = S. planulatus, Recluz, ....... 58 Insculptus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, pi. xiii, f. 10. = S. neritoideus, Linn 55 Insecta (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. de Zool., 1874, 24, t. ii, f. 1,2, 24 84 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'AI.K. Intemerata (Natica), Phil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 233, 46 Intermedia (Neverita), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., in, Natica, t. 2, f. 3. = N. mamilla, Linn 49 Intermedia (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. SiciL, i, 163, t. 9, f. 11, 1836. = N. Alderi, Forbes 41 Intermedia (Natica), Recluz (non Phil.). Reeve, Icon., sp. 21. = N. ampla, Phil 33 Intricata (Natica), Donovan. British Shells, v, pi. 167, 6, 42 Intricatoides (Natica), Hidalgo. Moll Esp., t. 20 6, f. 12, 13 ; t. 20 c, f. 10, 11. = N. vittata, Gmelin, . . .25 lostoma (Natica), Mke. Zeitschr., 1847', p. 178. = N. ala-papilionis, var. Broderipiana, . . . .21 Isabellina (Marsenia), Bgh. Semper's Yoy. Phil. Bd. ii, pi. xli, f. 8, . ; 62 Isabelleana (Natica), d'Orb. Yoy. Am. Mer. pi. 76, fs. 12-13, 28 Islandica (Natica), Gmelin. = N. Helicoides, Johnston, . 53 Isonema, Meek and Worthen. Phila. Proc., 251, 1865, . 8 Jamaicensis (Natica), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 111. = N. marochiensis, Gmel. var. livida, . . . .23 Jamaicensis (Natica), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., iii, 1850. = N. Sagraiana, Orb. . . . . . . .19 Janthostoma (Natica), Desh. Guer. Mag. de Zool., 1841, pi. 45 = N. clausa, Br. et Sowb. var. Japonica(Amaurella),A.Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 407, 1860, 53 Japonicus (Sigaretus), Lischke. Malakl. Blatter, xix, 104, 55 Jasonilla, Macdonald. Ann. Nat. Hist., xvi, 206, 1855. = Brownia, d'Orb. Javanica (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., v, 8, p. 644. = N. maculosa, Lam. . . . . . . .17 Javanicus (Sigaretus), Gray. Griffith's Cuv. Anim. Kingd., pi. 41,f.l. = S. neritoides, Linn. . . . . .55 Josephines (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, f. 43, . . . . . 33 Jukesii (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 84, 1855. = N. candidissima, Le Guillou, ..... 46 Kleciachi (Lamellaria), Brusina. Contr. Fauna. Moll. Dalm., p. 35, 63 Kindelanina (Lamellaria), Mich. Bui. Soc. Nat. Hist. Bord., t. 2, p. 119, 1828. = L. perspicua, Liinn. . . 60 Labrella (Natica), Lam. An. sans Vert., v, S, p. 644. = N. collaria, Lam. ........ 28 Lacernula (Natica), d'Orb. Cuba, 1842, 2, p. 35, t. 17, f. 23-25. = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. livida, . . 23 Lactea (Natica), Guild. Linn. Trans., t. vi, p. 29, . .49 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 85 Lactea (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. X. -H., 1815, xvi, 393. = var. X. Alderi, Forbes, 41 Lactea (Xatica), Loven. Phil., Abb and Beschr. Xat., p. 16, t. 1, f. 13. = X. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. . . .37 Lactea (Sigaretus), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1851, p. 186, pi. 6, f. 1-2. = S. planulatus, Recluz. . . 58 Lacuna (Xatica), Montg. = Lacuna puteolus, Turton. Lacunaria, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, p. 12, 1866. = Lacunidae, ......... 6 Laevida (Xatica), Laskey. = X. sordida, Phil. . . .38 Lajvigata (Velutina), Pennant. But. Zool., iv, 140, 1877, . 65 Laevigatus (Sigaretus), Lam. An. s. vert., vi, 2d part, p. 208, . . ... .55 Lamarckiana (Xatica), Recluz. MSS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., 6, 1855. = X. ampla, Phil 33 Lamarkianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., 7, t. 1, f. 5 (not t. 3, f. 2 == Delesserti). = S. Linneanus, Recluz, .......... 59 Lamarckianus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., pi. 3, f. 2. = S. Cuvierianus, Recluz. Chenu, p. 18. Lamellaria, Montagu (pars). Trans. Linn. Soc., xi, 1815, 11, 60 Lamellosa (Yanikoro), d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 32-34. ?= Y. striata, d'Orb 69, 70 Lanigera (Yelutina), M oiler. Moll. Groenlandiae, p. 10, 1842, 66 Largillierti (Xatica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1852, p. 408, pi. xii,f. 1, 41 Larina, A. Adams. = Paludinidae. Larvata (Xeverita), Tapp. Can. Yoy. Magenta, 34, t. 1, f. v, 35 Latens (Lamellaria), Mull. Prodr. Zool. Dan., 242, . . 60 Latifasciatus (Sigaretus), Reeve (noil Ad. and R.). Couch. Icon., sp. 9. ? = S. concavus, Lam. . . . .55 Latifasciatus (Sigaretus), Ad. and Reeve. Moll. Yoy. Samar., p. 55, pi. 13, f. 11. = S. neritoides, Linn. . . 55 Leachii (Sigaretus), Phil. Abb. Conch., pi. l,f. 3. = S. neritoideus, Linn. ....... 55 Leachii (Sigaretus), De Blainville. Man. de Mai., t. 42, f. 3, 57 Lebruni (Xatica), Mabille et Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 102, 1884-5, . . ... 71 Leckenbyi (Natica), Marshall. Ann. Mag. X. H., xvi, 393, 1875. = var. X. catena, Da Costa, . . . . .41 Lemniscata (Xatica), Phil. Kiister, Xatica, 122, t. 17, f. 9. = N. canrena, Linn., juv., ...... 21 Leptalea (Xatica), Watson. Jour. Jjinn. Soc., xv, 261, . 53 Leptonotis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 76, 18G6, . . 13 Leucophaea (Xatica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 51, 1855, . 45 Leucotis, Swainson. Malacol., 346, 1840. = Xarica, Reel. 13 86 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAQJE. Leucozonias (Nerita), Gen. Syst. Nat., 3672. = Natica rufa, Born. ....... 30 Levicula (Lunatia), Yerrill. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., Hi, p. 371, 3fi Lewisii (Natica), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 239, 1847, ...... .... 35 Li^ata (Yanikoro), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 138, 1843; Rev. Zool., 5, 1844; Guerin's Mag., 22, 1845, .... 68 Limacina (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1874, i, p. 14, pi. 2, f. 7-8. = N. marochiensis, var. lurida, . . .23 Limbata (Natica), d'Orb. Yoy. Am. Mer., pi. 57, f. 7-9, . 28 Limneria, H. and A. Adams, i, 200, 1853, . . . 13, 66 Limpida (Natica), E. A. Smith. Zool. Alert, 57, t. 5, f. L, 1884, * ... 26 Lineata (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 640, 29 Linneanus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, 111. Conch., iii, pi. l,f. 4, 59 Lineolata (Natica), Phil. Menke, Zeit. f. Mai., 1844, p. 107. = N. filosa, Phil. Lineozona (Natica), Jouss. Mag. de Zool., 22, t. 11, f. 3, 4, 1874, . . 24 Listeri (Sigaretus), Recluz. Chenu, Conch. 111., pi. 2, f. 2. = S. Martinianus, var. ? Reeve, . . . . .56 Litterata (Ruma), Souleyet. Adams, Genera, i, 210. = N. melanostoma, Gm., var. melanostomoides. Livida (Natica), Pfr. Archiv fur Naturg., vi, 1840, p. 254, . 23 Livida (Lunatia), Lask. = N. pallida, Brod. and Sowb. 37 Locellus (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 134, 1855, . . 24 Lucidus (Sigaretus), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., viii, p. 14, 59 Lunatia, Gray. Zool. Proc., 149, 1847, . . . 6,35 Lupia, Conrad. Smn. Eocene Check List, 15, 1866. = Sigaretus, Lam. .....'... 10 Lupinus (Natica), Desh. An. sans Yert., v, 8, p. 648. == N. solida, Blainv 46 Lurida (Natica), Phil. Kiist., Conch. Cab., 79. = N. marochiensis, Gm., var. ...... 23 Lynx (Natica), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 46, 1851, . ... 17 Lysis, Gabb. Palseont. Calif., i, 138, 11 Macilenta (Natica), Phil.. Abb. und Besch. Conch., ii, pi. 24, f. 14, .40 Macilenta (Natica), Reeve (non Phil.). Conch. Icon., f. 133, 1855. = N. Alderi, Forbes, .... .41 Macrotrema (Ruma), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, p. 54, pi. xiii, f. 9, .52 Macrostoma (Natica), Phil. Kuster, Natica, 55, 1852, . . 51 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 87 r.\<; K. Maculata (Natica), Desh. Anim. s. Yert., viii, p. 645. = N. millepunctata, Lam., Yar. 15 Maculatus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Monogr., t. 2, f. 1-2. = S. Martinianus, Phil .56 Maculatus (Sigaretus), Say. Am. Conch., pi. 25, p. 176, . 56 Maculosa (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, p. 641, 16 Magellanica (Natica), Phil. Yoy. Astral, et Zelee, v. 64. ? = N. Patagonica, Phil 37 Maheensis (Natica), Dufo. Am. Sc. Nat., 1840, p. 193, . 20 Malabarica (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, p. 393, 1850, . . 54 Mamilla (Natica), Linn. Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 1252, . . 49 Mamilla, Schumacher. Essai nouv. gen. 190, 1817, . 7, 50 Mamillaria, Swains. Malacol., 345, 1840. = Mamma, Klein, 6 Mamillaris (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1246, 59 Mamillaris (Natica), Lam. An. s. Yert. Desh., ed. viii, p. 628 ; Morch. Mai. Blatt., 24, p. 59. = N. fuscata, Humph. ....... 43 Mamma, Klein (Ostrac, 1753). H. and A. Adams, Genera i, 210, 1853. = Polinices, Montf. Manceli (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1874, 15, t. ii, f. 11, 12. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel. . . 23 Marchei (Natica), Jousseaume. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 17, t. ii, f. 9, 10. = X. marochiensis, var. lurida, . 23 Margaritacea (Natica), Duclos. Potiez et Mich., Gal. des Moll., i, 292 . . 67 Marmorata (Natica), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,iv, 147, 1826. = N. Guillemini, Payr 40 Marmorata (Natica), H. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 274, pi. xix, f. 8, 25 Maroccana (Nerita), Salis. Reisen Neap., 379, 1793. = N. Guillemini, Payr 40 Marbccana (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 270, . . 23 Marochiensis (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 256. = N. Alderi, Forbes, 41 Marochiensis (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3673, No. 15, 22 Marsenia, Leach. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., xx, 1847. = Lamellaria, Montg 11 Marsenina, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 76, 1850, . 12, 64 Martinianus (Sigaretus), Phil. Abbild. und Besch. Conch., i, p. 144; Morch., Mai. Blatter, xxiv, pi. 25. . . . 56 Maura (Natica), Brug. Enc. Mesh., pi. 453, f. 4 a, 6, . . 51 Mauritise (Yanikoro), Recluz. Guerin's Mag., 19, 1845, . 71 Mauritiana (Lamellaria), Bergh. Marseniaderne, p. 103, pi. 5,6, f. 2, 62 88 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Maximus (Sigaretus), Phil. Neuer Conch., t. 1, f. 1. = S. concavus, Lam. ....... 55 Megatilotus, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., 766, 1885, . . 7 Melanostoma (Nerita), var., Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3674. = Natica solida, Blainv. ....... 46 Melanostoma (Natica), Gmelin. Syst. Nat.,xiii ed., p. 3674, 50 Melanostoma (Natica), var. 6, Lam. An. sans Vert. = N. maura, Brug. Melanostomoides (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr. ii, p. 229, pi. f)6, f. 4-8. = N. melanostoma, Gmel., var. 50 Melastoma (Natica), Swains. Zool. Illust., ii, t. 79, . . 45 Menkeana (Natica), Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 15, f. 8. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. livida, . . . .23 Menkeanus (Sigaretus), Dkr. Moll. Guineensia, p. 33. = S. bifasciatus, Recluz, 56 Merria, Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., 137, 1842. = Narica, Recluz, ........ 13 Micromphala (Marsenia), Bgh. Vid. Meddel. Nat. For., p. 121,1857. = M. glabra, Couth 64 Microstoma (Natica), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr., ii, 232, t. 66, f. 9. = N. plumbea, Lam 45 Millepunctata (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, 199, . . 14 Milne-Edwardsia (Rumella). Bourg. Notice Prodr. Tanga- nika, 91, 1885, 54 Mittrei (Natica), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. and Zel., v. 65. = N. aurantia, Lam. ...... 42 Moerchi (Amauropsis), Ad. and Ang. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 423, . . 54 Monilifera (Natica), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. Ed.), viii, 638. = N. catena, Da Costa, 41 Montagui (Natica), Forbes. Malac. MonensiSj p. 32, . . 39 Montrouzieri (Caledoniella), Souverb. Jour, de Conch., 1869,421; 1870, 71, 12, 65 Montrouzieri (Vanikoro), Souverb. Jour, de Conch., 136, 1879, . 71 Moquiniana (Natica), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 154, t. v, f. 9, 10, 27 Morelli (Lamellaria), Chiaje. Mem., v, t. 62, f. 1-4. = L. perspicua, Linn. ....... 60 Morvillia, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., 45, 1857. = Limneria, Ads 13 Mozaica (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 107, f. 133, 134, 19 Mulleri (Velutina), Desh. Mag. de Zool., Moll., pi. 28, = V. laevigata, Pennant, ....... 65 Mustelina (Natica), Swains. Zool. 111., pi. 79. ? = N. marochiensis, Gmel., var. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 89 Nacca, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 148, 182G. = Natica, Adanson, ........ 6 Nana (Natica), T.-Woods. Pro. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1875, 149 ; 32, 1877, 54 Nana (Lunatia), Moll. Groenl. Moll., p. 7. = N. immaculata, Totten, ...... 38 Narica, Reclnz. in d'Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, ii, 39, 1841, . 13 Natica, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Seneg., 172. 1757, . . 5, 14 Naticaria, Swainson. Man. Malacol., 346,- 1840. = Mamilla, Sclmm. ........ 7 Naticaria, H. and A. Adams (not Swainson), Genera i, 208, .1853. Naticella (pars), Minister. Beitr. z. Petref., iv, 1841. = Natiria, de Koninck. Naticella, Guilding. Swainson, Maiacol., 345, 1840. = Mamma, Klein, 6 Naticina, Guilding. Trans. Linn. Soc., xvii, 31, 1834. = Mamma, Klein. Naticina, Gray (not Guilding, 1834). Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Eunaticina, Fischer, . . . . . . .10 Naticodon, Ryckholt. Mel. Paleont., 1852, ... 14 Naticopsis, M'Coy. Garb. Foss. Ireland, 33, 1844, . . 8 Natiria, de Koninck, 1881, .14 Neritoidea (Lamellaria\ Cliiaje. Mem., iii, 215, 226, 1828. = L. perspicua, Linn. ....... 60 Neritoideus (Sigaretus), Recluz. Monogr. Chenu 111. Conch., t. 1, f. 7 ; t. 2, f. 2, 3. = S. coneavus, Lam. . . .55 Neritoideus (Sigaretus), Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th Ed., p. 1250, 55 Neritomopsis, Waagen, 1880. = Naticopsis, M'Coy, . 8 Neverita, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 149, 1826, 6, 32 Nicolii (Natica), Forbes. = N. catena, . . . .41 Nigra (Lamellaria), Blainville. Manuel de Malac., p. 466, pi. 42, f. 1. ? = L. Mauritian a, Bergh. Nigrescens (Natica), Ad. Coutr. Conch., p. 112. — N. marochiensis, var. livida, . . . . .23 Nitida (Natica), Donovan. Brit. Shells, iv, pi. 144. = N. lactea, Guild 49 Nitida (Natica), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., iii, 330, = N. Alderi, Forbes, ....... 40 Nitidus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pi. iv, f. 20, 1864. = S. papilla, Gmel., var. ....... 58 Nivea (Natica », Anton. Yerzeichniss, p. 30, No. 1174. = N. Sagraiana, Orb. . . . . . . .19 Notabilis (Natica), Jeffreys. Zool. Proc., 31, 1885, . . 40 Notata (Natica), Sowb. Thes. Conch , sp. 44, f. 168. = N. lineozona, Jouss 24 90 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'ACJK. Nucahivensis (Natica), Jardin. Mem. de Cherbourg, vi, p. 193, 54 Nucula (Natica), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 140, 1855, . 39 Obliquata (Natica), Marrat. Quart. Jour. Conch., i, 243, . 54 Oblongus (Sigaretus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pi. iv, f. 21,1...' 125 Capulacmaea, M. Sars, 105, 132 Capulus, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 54, 1810, . .105,131 Caribbeense (Crucibulum Cumingii, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . . 118 C.irinaria (Patella), Bonanni. = Calyptraea Sinensis, Linn. 120 Cassida (Patella-), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., 1032, 1815. ? = Hipponyx australis, Quoy, 136 Catillina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 744, 1867 102 Cemoria, Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 258, 1S26. = Mitrularia, Schum 108 Cepacea (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 27, fig. 4, 1835. = Tectum-sinense (Calyptraea), Gray, . . 137 Cerithicola (Crepidula), C. B. Ad.. Panama Shells, 225. = C. anyx, Sowb 129 Cernua (Patella), Gm. Syst. Nat., p. 3715, No. 120. = Hipponyx subrufus, Lam. . . . . . .134 Chamaeformis (Amalthea), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 1881-2, p. 29 ; Nouv. Archives Mas., 2d ser., iv, 273. = H. antiqnatus, Linn 134 Chiliensis (Crepidula), Lesson. Yoy. Coq., ii, 394, . . 130 142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PA OK. Chinensis (Galerus), Chenu. Man., f. 2350-2351. = C. Calyptrseiformis, Lam 123 Chinensis (Calyptrsea), Guild. Swains. Treatise, 233, f. 42, 1840. = C. Candeana, d'Orb. . 121 Chinensis (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1257. = C. sinensis, Linn. Chinensis (Noicia), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 740, . 130 Chlorina (Calyptrsea). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,ii, 1G1, 1846. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. .... 138 Cicatricosa (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 3, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . . . 138 Cinerea (Calyptraea), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var 118 Clypeola, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 735, 1867. = Infundibnlum, Montf. 103 Clypeolum (Trochita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 14, 1859. = Magellanica (Clypeolum), . . . .121 Cochlolepas, Klein. Ostrac., 119, 1753. = Hipponyx, Defrance, 108 Comma-notata (Calyptrsea), Sowb. Tank. Cat., app. 7, No. 821,1825. = C. Calyptraeiformis, Lam. . . 122 Commodum (Pilidium), Midd. Siberische Reise., ii, 214, 1851. = Capulus radiatus, Sars, . . . . 132 Com plan ata, var. (Crepidula), Krauss Sudafr. Moll., 09. = hepatica (Crepidula), Desh. 128 Compresso-conicum (Crucibulum spinosum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. .118 Concamerata (Lepas), Martini. Conch., i, 152. = C. radians, Lam. ........ 121 Concameratum (Crucibulum), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 23,1859. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var 117 Conica (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, t. 28, f. 6, 120 Conica (Amalthea), Schum. Essai nouv. gen., 181, t. 21, f. 4, 1817, 136 Contorta (Crepidula), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, f. 15,16. = monoxyla (Crepidula), Lesson, . . . 128 Contorta (Crepidula), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 35, 1851. = C. onyx, Sowb. Contortus (Galerus), Cpr. Proc. Cal. Soc., iii, 215, . 121 Convexa (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 227, .125 Cornea (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 27, f. 5. = M. equestris, Linn., var. ...... 138 Cornucopias (Hipponyx), Button. Cat. Moll. N. Zeal.; Jour, de Conch., xxvi, 30. = H. australis, Quoy and Gaim. 136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143 PAGE. Corrugata (Calyptraea). Broil. Trans. Zool. Soc , i, pi. 27, fig. 2, 1835, "..... .... 138 Corrugata (Trochita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 9, 1859. = Calyptnea radians, Lam 122 Corruoatum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856,204. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . .lit Costata (Crucibulum), Morch. Mai. Blatt., vii, 70. = C. scutellatum, Gray, ....... 117 Costata (Calyptnea, var.}, Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 100. == Mitrularia equestris, Linn 137 Costata (Crepidula), Desh., Lain. Anim. sans vt., vii, 644. = C. aculeata, Gmel .129 Costellata (Calyptnea), Phil. Archiv. fiir Xaturg., 1845,62. = C. radians, Lam. . . . . . . . .121 Costellatus (llipponyx), var., Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., 4, 1856. == H. subrufus. Lam 134 Costulata (Crepidula), Dkr. Menke, Zeitsch., 100, 1851, . 131 Cranioides (llipponyx), Carp. Ann. Mag. X. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 1864 135 Crepidula, Lamarck. Proclr., 1799 103,123 Crepidula (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1257. = unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam 130 Crepipatella, Lesson. Illust. Zool., t. 42, 1830. = Crepidula, Lam 104 Crucibulum, Sebum. Essai nouv. syst., 182, 1817, .102,117 Crvpta, Humphrey. Mus. Callon, 17(J7. = Crepidula, Lam . 104, 129 Crystallinus (Hipponyx), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,ii, 161, 1846, 136 Cumingii (Crucibulum imbricatum), var., Carp. Zool. Proc., 167, 1856. = C. scutellatum, Gray. . . .117 Cuvieri (Calyptrsea), Desh. Regne Animal, pi. 48, f. 4. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. .... 118 Cyathella (Calyptrsea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 29, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . ... 138 Cythersea (Pileopsis), Lesson. Vov. Coq., ii, pt. i, 387, 1830, " 133 Danieli (Hipponyx), Crosse. Rev. Zool., 81, 161, 1858; Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 205 ; 3 ser., ii, 22, . . . 136 Decipiens (Calyptrsea), Ph. Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1845, 61, 121 Dentatum (Crucibulum), Menke. Zeitsch., 1847. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, .... 117 Depressa (Crepidula), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 26. = C. clilatata, Lam 127 144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAOB. Depressa (Calyptrsea), Ad. and Reeve (not of Lamarck). Moll. Voy. Samarang, 70, pi. xi, f. 2 a, b. Mitrularia Adamsii, Rve 137 Depressa (Crepidula), Say. Jour. Pliilad. Acad., ii, 225. = C. forniciita, Say, 124 Depressus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 1801, 138. = C. radiatus, Sars 132 Deshayesii (Crepidula), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, 29, 1867. = C. unguiformis, Lam. . . . . . . .130 Diaphana (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 23, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. . . . . .138 Diaphorostoma, Fischer. Man. de Conch, 756, 1885. = Platyostoma, Com*. . . . . . . .107 Dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Vert, Edit. Desh. vii, 644, 127 Dilatatus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Dec., 1860, 422. = C. radiatus, Sars 132 Dillwynii (Calyptraea), Gray. 1825, Brit. Mus., Cat. xxvii, 48. = M. equestris, Linn. . .... 137 Dispar (Pileopsis), Michelotti. Foss. Mioc. It. Sept., 136, t. 5, f. 1, 2. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. . . .131 Dispotaea, Say. Jour. Pliilad. Acad., iv, 131, 1824. = Crucibulum, Sebum. Dormitoria (Calyptraea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 5, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . .137 Dorsata (Calyptraea), Brod, Trans. Zool. Soc., i, t. 28, f. 10, 1835, 127, 129 Echinus (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 203, t. 29, f. 1. = Crep. aculeata, Ginel 112, 129 Effodiens (Hipponyx), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 5, 137 Elegans (Capulus), Tapp.-Can. Museo Civico Genoa, ix, 286, 133 Equestris (Mitrularia), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit , xii, 1257, . 137 Ergaea, H. and A. Adams. Genera i, 370, 1854. = Siphopatella, Lesson, 104 Excavata (Crypta), Brod. Pro. Zool. Soc., 46, 1834. = C. adunca, Sowb 129 Excisa (Crepidula), Phil. Menke, Zeitsch., 24, 1849, . 131 Exogyroceras, Meek and Worthen, 1868, .... 107 Expfanata (Crepidula), Gould. Cal. and Mex. Shells, 4, t. 14, f. 7. ? = C. Lessonii, Brod 115,126 Extinctorium (Calyptraea), Lam. Anim. sans Vt., vii, 622. 118 Extinctorium (Crucibulum), Sowb. (non Lam.). Gen., f. 3. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . . 117 Exuviata (Crypta), Nutt. MS. Gray, Zool. Proc., 738, 1867. = C. Lessonii, Brod. 115, 126 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145 PAGE. Faetigiata (Calyptrsea), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 161. = C. mamillaris, Brod 121 Ferruo-ineum (Crucibulum), Reeve. Conch. Icon.,xi, sp. 5. 1858. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray,. . . .118 Fibtilata (Calyptni*a), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 11, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 138 Fimbriata (Crepidula), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 11, 1859. = Lessoni (Crepidula), Brod. ...... 126 Fissurata (Crepidula), Sowb. Tlies. Conch., sp. 10, 1883. = C. adunca, Sowb 129 Foliacea (Caliptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, t. 28, f. 9, 1835. ? = Crep. dorsata, Brod 127, 129 Foliaceus (Hipponyx), Menke. Zeit., 1851, 30 (non Quoy. and G.). = H. serratus, Carp. . . . . -134 Foliaceus (Hipponyx), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 72, f. 41-45. - = H. antiquatus, Linn. . . . . . . 134 Fornicata (Crepidula), Phillippi. Moll. Sicil., i, 119, 1836. = C. Moulinsii, Mich 113,126 Fornicata (Patella), Linn. 'Syst. Nat. 1257, . . .124 Fusca (Trochita), Carp. Thes. Conch. Index. = Calyptnea mamillaris, Brod. ..... 121 Fusco-punctata (Crepidula excavata, var.), Murch. Mai. Bla'tt., vii, 74. = C. adunca, Sowb. . . . .129 Galericulus, Seele}r. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Scr. iii, vii, 292, 1861, ' 105 Galeropsis, Conrad (not Hupe), ...... 103 Galerus, Humphrey, 1707. = Calyptrrea, Lam. Garnotia, Gray. Zool. Proc., 739/1867, . . 104,129 Garnotii (Pileopsis), Payraudeau. Cat. 94, pi. 8, figs. 3, 4. = Gadinia, .133 Gemmacea (Calyptnva), var. Valenciennes. Voy. Venus., xv. = scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . .117 Gibbosa (Crepidula), Def. Diet. Nat. Sci.,xi, 397, No. 2. = C. fornicala, Linn 124 Gibbosa (Crepidula), Desli. Ann. sans Vert, Edit, ii, vii, 647. = C. Moulinsii, Mich. 126 Glauca (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 125 Goreensis (Crepidula), Desh. Lam. Anim. sans Vt., vii, 645, 131 Grandis (Crepidula), Midd. Malaco. Rossica, 101. = C. dilatata, Lam 128 Granulatus (Capulus), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 176, 1853, t. 20, f. 3, . 136 Grayanus (Hipponyx), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 115, 1853, . 135 10 146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PA as. Haliotidea, Swains. Malac., 354, 1840. = Sigapatella, Lesson, ....... 103 Harttia, Walcott. Bull. tJ. S. Geol. Survey, No. 10, 18, 1884, 109 Helicoidea (Trochita), Sowb. Thes. Conch., xxxix, sp. 19, 1*83, 122 Hepatica (Crepidula), Desh. Enc. Meth, ii, 26, No. 7. ? = C. onyx, Sowb 128 Hipponiciformis (Calyptrsea), Reeve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 26, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn 138 Hipponyx, Defrance. Bullvdes Sc., 9, 1819, . . 108, 134 Hispida (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, xxvii, f. 10, 1835. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray, var. . . 112, 118 Holurthii (Crepidula), Parry. Thes. Conch. Index, . .131 Hungaricus (Capulus), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1259, . 131 Hystrix (Calyptnea), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 39, 1834. = Crep. aculeata, Gmel.« 112, 113, 129 lanacus, Morch. Yoldi Cat., i, 146, 1852, . . . 104, 130 Igoceras, Hall, 1859, . ...... 107 Imbricata (Hipponyx), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nut. Hist., ii, 161, .... . .136 Imbricatnm (Crucibulurn), Brod. Zool. Jour., i, t. 27, f. 7. == scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . . Ill, 117 Immersa (Crepidula), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc. ,57, 1865. = C. rugosa, Nutt 128 Immersa (Crepidula), Ad. and Reeve. Sowerlty, Thes. Conch. = C. porcellana, Linn. Incurva (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3715. = C. intortus, Lam. Incurva (Crypta), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 40. = C. adunca, Sowb ... 129 Incurvata (Crepidula), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv, 370. = Incurva (Crypta), Brod. Infundibulum, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 166, 1810, . . 103 Intermedia (Calyptrsea), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 463, t. 59, f. 4-6, 122 Intortus (Capulus), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vi, pt. 2, 18, 1822, 131 Intusconcamerata (Lepas), Martini. Conch. Cab. = Calypt. radians, Lam. Italica (Crepidula), Defr. Diet. Sc. Nat., xi, 397. = unguiformis (Crepidula), Lam. ..... 130 Japonicus (Capulus), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 138, 1861, . ' . 133 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 147 PAGE. Krebsia, Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 97, 1877. = Hipponyx, Defrance, . . . . . . .108 Krebsii (Filiscus), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 100, 1877. = Williamia, Monts. (Siphonariidae), . . . .132 Lactucacea (Calyptrjva), Rochebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, . . 139 Laevigata (Calyptraea), Chenu. Man., f. 2337. = C. extinctorium, Lara. . . . . . . .119 Laevigata (Calyptraea), Lam. Aniin. sans vt., vii, 623. = C. Sinensis (Calyptraea), Linn 120 Lamarckii (Calyptraea), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 186, 1847. = C. mamillaris, Brod. ....... 121 Lamarckii (Calyptraea), Desh. Lamarck, Anim. sans vt., vii, 627, 1836. = C. Calyptneiformis (Trochita), Lam. Lamellosa (Crepidula), (Crypta), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., 297, 1862, 131 Lamellosa (Trochita), A. Ad. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., sp. 16,1883. == Cal. Candianum, Orb 121 Lateralis (Trochita), Sowb. Thes. Conch., xxxix, sp. 9, 1883, 122 Layardii (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 28, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 137 Lentiginosa (Crepidula), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 18, 1883, 125 Lessonii (Crepidula), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. ,i, 204, t. 29, f. 5, 18JJ5, ... ... . 126, 128 Li be rat us (Capulus), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 284, pi. 24, f. 2, 1867. == C. intortus. Lam. . . . . .132 Lichen (Caiyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, f. 4, 1835. = C. mamillaris, Brod 121 Lignaria (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, f. 8, 1835. = Scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . .118 Lineolata (Crepidula), Desh. p]nc. Meth., ii, No. 4. Lingulata (Crepidula), Gould. Otia. Conch. = C. dorsata, Brod 127, 131 Lirata (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 30, 1859. = C. onyx, Sowb 129 Lithedaplius, Owen. Zool. Proc., 147, 1842. = Mitrularia, Schum. 108 Lividum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 25, 1859. = C. extinctorium, Lam. . . . . . . .119 Longirostris (Lithedaplius), Owen. - Mitrularia equestris, Linn 137 Lorica (Calyptraea), Brod. Brit. Mus. Cat., xxvii; Gray (Orb., So. Am.), p. 47. = mamillaris (Calyptraea), Brod. 121 Lyroscapha, Conrad. = Crepidula, Lam 104 148 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Maculata (Catyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, 4. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . , .118 Maculata (Trochita), Quoy. Yoy. de 1'Astr., iii, 422, pi. 72, f. 6, 9, 1834. = C. Calyptmeii'ormis, Lam. . . .123 Maculosa (Crypta), Conr. Proc. Pliilad. Acad., 26, 1846. = Crep. fornicata, Linn. . . . . . . .124 Magellanica (Clypeolum), Gray. Zool. Proc., 735, 1867. = C. mamillaris, Brod 121 Mamillaris (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi xxviii, 5, 1835, .... . .120 Mamma (Calyptraea), Siemaschko. Bulletin des Natur. de Moscou, 1847, 122. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . . .120 Mammula (Dispotoea), Rocbebrune. Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, 119 Marginalis (Crypta), Brod. Zool. Trans., i, 205, t. 29, f. 9, 1835. = C. onyx, Sowb 129 Martiniana (Calyptnea),Rve. Conch. Icon.,xi, sp. 13, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn., var. ..... 138 Metoptoma, Phillips. Geol. Yorksh., ii, 223, 1836, . .106 Militaris (Pileopsis), Linn. Mantissa, 552. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn., juv. . . . . . 131 Militaris (Patella), Wood. Ind. Test., 1825. ?= Capulus intortus, Lam. . . . . . .132 Minor (Hipponyx), Garrett. Cal. Proc., vol. i, 103, . . 137 Minuta (Crepidula), Mid'd. Malacp. Rossica, 101. = C. dilatata, Lam 128 Mitella, Leach. = Calyptrrea, Lam. Mitrella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 740, 1867. = Mitrularia, Sehum. 108 Mitrula (Patella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3708. » ;= Hipponyx antiquatus, Linn. . . . . .134 Mitrularia, Schum. Essai nouv. Syst., 183, 1817, . 108, 137 Monoxyla (Calyptrsea), Lesson. Yoy. Coq., ii, pt. i, 391, 1830 • ... 128 Morbidum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi,sp. 24, 1859. = C. extinctorium, Lam. . . . . . . .119 Moulinsii (Crepidula), Mich. Bull. Soc. Linn. Brod., iii, 265. = Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 680, 1882, 126 Muricata (Patella), Costa, Cat., 124. = C. Sinensis (Calyptnea), Linn. . . . . .120 Nautarum (Crypta), Humph. Cat., 9, Morch, Mai. Blatt. xxiv, 103, 1877. = C. fornicata, Linn 124 Nautiloides (Crepidula), Lesson MSS. 111. de Zool., pi. 42. = C.dilatata (Crepidula), Lam. = C. fornicata, Linn. 124, 127 Navicella (Crepidula), Less. Yoy. Coq., ii, pt. i, 388, . 130 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149 PAGE. Navicelloides (Crepidula), Nutt Jay's Cat. of Shells, No. 3035. ? = C. Lessonii, Brod 116, 126 Navicula (Crypta), Dkr. MSS. Morch, Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 105,1877. ? = C. convexa, Say 125 Neleta, Gray. Zool. Proc., 743, 1867. = Crucibulum, Schum. ....... 102 Neptunii (Calyptrsea), Dill. Descrip. Cat, 1017, 1885. = C. equestris, Linn. .137 Neritoides (Crepidula), Recluz. Jour. de. Conch., 205, pi. 6, f. 16, 19, 1851. = Latia, Ibid., iii, 260, 1852, . . 130 Xivea (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 234, 1852, 1 15, 126 Nobilis (Amathina), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 312, 1867. Novae-Zelandise (Calyptraea), Lesson. Voy. Coq., ii, 395, 1830. == C. Calyptrseitbrmis, Lam 122 Noicia, Gray. Zool. Proc, 740, 1867. = Siphopatella, Lesson. ...... 104, 130 Nuramaria (Crepidula), Gould. Bost. Proc. Otia. Conch. 15. = C. dilatata, Lam 128 Occidentals (Trochita), Gray. Fig. Moll. An., 1 850, iv, p. 84. = Calyptraea Candiana. d'Orb. . . .• . . .121 Onyx (Crepidula), Sowb. Gen, of Shells, No. 23, f. 2,. . 128 Ori'entalis (Hipponyx). Duf'o. Ann. Sci. Nat, 1840, 207. - H. australis, Quoy, 136 Ornata (Protomedt-a), Costa^ p. 74, t. xi, f. 6 a, 6, c, Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., 4th Ser., xii, 251. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. . . . . . .131 Orthonychia, Hall. Geol. N. Y., iv, 171, 1843, . . .107 Osculans (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat, 1852. = Scutellina. Ossea fCalyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 19, 185S. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .138 Paleacea (Pileopsis), Menke. Synopsis, p. 89, . . . 133 Pallida (Crepidula), Brod. Trans, Zool. iSoc.,i, 204, pi. 29, f. 3, 1835. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 Panamensis (Ilipponyx), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 218. _ Antiquatns (Hipponyx), Linn 134 Papyracea (Calyptraea), A. Ad. MS. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 6, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . 138 Parvulus (Galerus). Dkr. Jahrb. Mai. Ges., 1875, p. 244, . 121 Patagonica (Crepidula), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 464, pi. 58, 1, 2, 3. ? = C. fornicata, Linn .124 Patula (Crepidula), Desh. Encyc. Meth., ii, 27. == C. dilatata, Lam 127 150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAQB. Pectinatum (Crucibulum), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, 168. = C. scutellatum, Gray, lit Pellucida (Calyptrsea), Rve. Trochita, f. 2, 1859, . . 120 Perforans (Calyptraea), Val. Toy. Venus, t. 24, f. 9, 1846. = Crepidula Lessonii, Brod. ..... 115, 126 Peruviana (Calyptrsea), Desh. Encyc. Meth., ii, HO, 1830. = Radians (Trochita), Lam .121 Peruviana (Crepidula), Lam. Anim. sans Vert. edit. Desh., vii, 644. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 Phlyctiphera (Trochita), Rochebrune; Bull. Soc. Philom., 179, 1882-3, 122 Pileolus (Calyptrea), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. mer., 463, t. 78, f. 5, 6, .... . . 122 Pileopsis (Calyptraea), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, figs. 19, 20. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . 138 Pileopsis, Lam. Extr. d'un Cours., 1812. = Capulus, Montfort, . . . . - . .105 Pileus (Trochita), Lam. Deless. Icon., t. 34, f. 2. = Calyptraea radians, Lam. Pilidium, Midd. (not Forbes). Beitr. Mai. Ross., ii, 1849. = Capulacmaaa, Sars, . . . . . . .105 Piliscus, Loven. Ofv. K. vet. Ak., 1859. = Capulacmaea, M. Sars. . . . . . . .105 Pilosus (Pileopsis), Desh. Guerin's Mag. de Zool., pi. 9, 1831. = H. barbatus, Sowb. . . ... 135 Plana (Calyptraea), Ad. and Reeve*. Voy. Samarang, pi. xi, f. 3. ="C. Walshii, Hermannson, . . . .130 Plana (Crepidula), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 226. = C. unguiformis, Lam ' . . 130 Planata (Crucibulum imbricatum, var.), Mb'rch. Mai. Blatt., vii, 76. = C. scutellatum, Gray, . . • .117 Planatum (Crucibulum), Schum. Essai nov. syst. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. . . . . . .118 Planatus (Hipponyx), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 298, 1857, . . 137 Platyceras, Conrad. Rep. Geol. N. Y., 1840, . . .106 Poculina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 742, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum. ..... .108 Poculum (Trochita), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 1, 1859. = Calypt. mamillaris, Brod 121 Polii (Calyptraaa), Scacchi. Cat. = C. Sinensis. Linn. . 120 Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1257. . 126 Porosa (Catyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 20, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .138 PrsBrupta (Crepidula), Conrad. U. S. Expl. Exped., x, 727, 19, 9, 9 a. == C. dilatata, Lam 127 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 151 Peziza (Calyptraea), Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 10. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray, var. . . . . .118 Princeps (Crypta), Conrad. Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, 82. = C. dilatata, Lam 127 Probus (Piliscus), Loven, 1851. = Capulus radiatus, Sars. ...... 132 Profunda (Crepidula), Hutton. Cat. Tert. Moll. N. Zeal., 14,1873. = C. monoxyla, Lesson, 128 Proscenula, Perry. Conch., 1^11. = Crepidula, Lam. . 104 Protea (Crepidula), d'Orb. (in part). Vo}r. de 1'Amer. Mer., 465; Voy. Cuba, ii, 192. = C. fornicata, Linn. . 114, 124 Protea (Crepidula), d'Orb. (in part). Voy. Cuba, 11, 192, t. 24, f. 30, 31 ; Toy. Amer. Merid., 465. = C. unguiformis, Lam. Quinquina (Calyptraea), Lesson. Voy. de la Coq., 397, No. 157, 1830, . ' . 118 Radians (Trochita), Lam. Anira. sans Vert., vii, 11, . . 121 Radiata (Calyptraea), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 17, No. 3, 1830, 121 Radiatum (Crucibulum), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, f. 6, 1835, Ill, 118 Radiatum (Pilidium), Sars. Reise Lofoten, 64, 1850. Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xix, 321, 1877, . . 132 Radiatus (Hipponyx), Quoy et Gaimard. Vo}r. Uranie, 454, t. 69, f. 1-5, .'.... . 135 Radiatus (Hipponyx), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 5, 1835. = H. Grayanus, Menke. . . . . . . .135 Radiola (Calyptraea), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 173, 1830, . 121 Radiosa (Calyptraea), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 160. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn 138 Reclucta (Pileopsis), (Brocchia), Desh. Cat. Moll. He Reunion, page 51, 18«3, .106 Regularis (Trochita), C. B. Ad. Panam. Shells, 224. = Mamillaris (Trochita), Brod 121 Riisei (Crepidula), Dkr. Menke, Z Jtsch., 189, 1852. = C. fornicata, Linn. . . . . . . .124 Roissyi (Calyptraea), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., Oct. 1841, f. 206. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . .137 Rostrata (Crepidula), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 235. = C. adunca, Sowb. ........ Ii9 Rostriformis (Crepidula), Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 160. = C. adunca, Sowb. . . . 129 Rudis (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc.,'i, 196. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, . . . . .117 Rugul'osa (Crepidula), Dunker. Menke, Zeitsch., 108, 1846, 130 152 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Kugulosa (Amalthea), Danker. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 151, 1871, 137 Rugulosa (Calyptraea), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xviii, 150, 1871, 139 Rugosa (Crepidula), Nutt. Jay's Cat. of Shells, 41 ; Zool. Proc., 1856. = C. onyx, Sowb 128 Rugosura (Crucibulum), Tar., Lesson. Guer. Mag., pi. ii. = Scutellatum (Crucibulum), Gray, . . . . 117 Sacchari-meta (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 15, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn., var 138 Sagittifer (Oapultis), Gould. Wilkes' Exp., 383, 1852, . 132 Sandalium, Schum. Essai nouv. syst., 183, 1817. = Crepidula, Lam. ........ 104 Scabies (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 16, 1858. = Mitrularia tectum-sinense, Lam 139 Scabies (Crepidula), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 18, 1859. = C. Walshii, Herm 130 Scutellata (Patella), Gray in Wood. Ind., Test. Supp., pi. viii, 4, 127 Scutum (Calyptrsea), Lesson. Yoy. Coq., ii, pt. 1395, 1830, 122 Scutulum (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 30, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. . . . . . .137 Sella (Calyptraea), Mke. Synopsis, 89, .... 121 Serrata (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, f. 1. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, . . . .117 Serratus (Hipponyx), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 21)6, . . . 134 Shreevei (Capulus), Conrad. A. J. C., v, 105, pi. 13, f. 3, . 133 Sigapatella, Lesson. Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1830, . . 103, 122 Sinensis (Calyptraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1257, . 119 Sinuosa (Crepidula), Turton. Zool. Jour., ii, 364, t. 13, f. 5, = C. unguiformis, Lam 130 Siphopatella, Lesson. Zool. Voy. Coquille, 1830, . 104, 130 Sitchana (Crepidula), Midd. Mai. Rossica, pt. ii, 100, t. 11, f. 3-5. ? = C. onyx, Sowb .129 Solida (Crepidula), Hinds. Yoy. Sulphur., 53, pi. 16, f. 7, 8. = C. adunca, Sowb 129 Solida (Trochita), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 10, 1859. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Sordida (Calyptrsea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. i, pi. xxviii, 2. = C. radians, Lam. . . . . . . . .121 Spectrum (Crucibulum), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 13, 1859. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var., .... 118 Spinifera (Mitrella), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, 741, . 121 Spinosa (Calyptrsea), Sowb. Gen. of Shells, f. 4, 7. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . .110, 111, 118 Spinulosa (Trochita), Chemn. = C. sinensis (Trochita), Linn. . . . . 120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 153 PAGE. Spirata (Calyptraea), Nardo. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . . 120 Spirata (Calyptraea), Forbes. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, 271. = C. radians, Lam 121 Spiricella, Rang. Bull. Soc. Linn., Brod., ii, 226, 1883, . 106 Spirocrypta, Gabb. Pal. Catif. i, 137, 1864, . . .104 Squama (Crypta), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 205, 1839. = Crepidula Lessonii, Brod 110,126 Squama (Calyptnta), Desh. Enc. Meth., ii, 176, No. 17. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . . . . . . .120 Stella (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 24, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. ...... 137 Striata (Calyptraea), Brod. (not of Say). Trans. Geol. Soc., i, pi. xxviii,-6. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray. var. Striata (Calyptraea), Brod. (not S:iy). Zool. Proc., 38, 1834. = C. scutellatum, Gra}7, var. . . . . . .118 Striatum (Crucibulum), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 216,1826, 118 Strigata (Crepidula), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. 28. f. 12. = C. dorsata, Brod 127,129 Strigillata (Crepidula), Dkr. Mi-nke Zeit., iii, 1853, . .131 Striolata (Crepidula), Menke. Zeit. fiir Malac., 1851, 35. = C. Lessonii, Brod 110, 126 Stultorum ( Calyptnea), Rve. Conch. Icon.,xi, sp. 12, 1858. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. ...... 138 Subreflexa (Calyptraea), Carp. Zool. Proc., 233, 1855, . 120 Subrufus (Hipponyx), Lam. Auim. sans Vert., vi, p .18, . 134 Subspirata (Crepidula), Blainv. Malac., pi. 48, bis. f. 7, . 130 Succinea (Calyptraea), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. merid. = C. Sinensis, Linn. . . . . . . . .120 Suturalis ( Hipponyx), Q.uoy. Voy. de TAstr., iii, 440, pi. 72, figs. 39, 40. =*H. australis, Quoy, 136 Tectum-sinense (Calyptrsea), Lain. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 624, . 139 Tegulieia (Crypt.v, Rochebruue. Bull. Soc. Philom., 180, 1882-3, \ 131 Tenue (Propilidium), Jeff. MSS. Monts. Bull. Soc. Mol. Ital., vi, C)6. = Siphonariidju, ...... 132 Tennis (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxvii, . f. 9. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . . .118 Tennis (Trochita), Gray. P. Z. S., 1867,735 ; Hutton, Jour. de Conch., xxvi, 30. = C. scutum, Lesson, . . .122 Tennis (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, 199, t. 27, f. 9. = Cruc. scutellatum, Gray, var. Thyca, H. and A. Adams. Genera I, 372, 1854, . . 106, 133 Ticaonicus (Tlipponyx), Sowb. Thes., 370, . . .137 154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Tongana (Calyptrsea), Quoy. Toy. de 1'Astr., iii, pi. 72, figs. 17, 18. = Mitrularia equestris, Linn. .... 138 Tomcntosa (Trochita), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 71. = Calyptraeformis (Trochita), Lam. . . . .123 Tortilis (Calyptraea), Rve. Conch. Icon., xi, sp. 2, 1858. = C. equestris, Linn. var. . . . . . .138 Trelania, Gray. Zool. Proc., 744, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum. . . . . . . .102 Trelania, Gray. Zool. Proc., 742, 1867. = Crucibulum, Schum 108 Triearinata (Amathinn), Linn. Syst. Nat, Edit, xii, 1259, = A. tricostata, Gmelin, ....... 133 Tricostata (Ainathina), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., Edit, xiii, 3698, 133 Trigona (Amathina), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, 251, . 133 Trigonalis (Calyptrsea), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang., 70, pi. ix, 7 a, 6. = Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray, var. . 118 Trigonus (Hipponyx), Gm. Syst. Nat., 3714, ? = H subrufus, Lam. . . . . . . .134 Trochatella, Lesson. Voy. Coquille, 1830. = Infundibulum, Montf. 103 Trochella, Gray. Zool. Proc., 735, 1807. = Sigapatella, Lesson, 103 Trochiformis (Patella), Gmel. Syst. Nat. = Cal. radians, Lam. . . . . . . .121 Trochilina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 741, 1867. = Mitrularia, Schum 108 Trochoides (Patella), Dillwyn. Cat., ii, 1018. = Calypt. radians, Lam. . . . . . . .121 Trochita, Schum. Essai nouv. syst., 184, 1817. = Infundibulum, Montf. . . . . . .103 Tuberculatus (Hipponyx), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 4, 1856, 134 Tubifera (Calyptrsea), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1807, p. 748. = Mitrularia equestris, var. aculeata, . . . 138 Tubifera (Catyptraea), Lesson. Voy. Coquille,ii, pt. 1, 391, 1830. = (Crucibulum), scutellatum, , Gray, var. . 112, 118 Tubiferum (Crucibulum), Say. Gray, in Zool. Proc., 746, 1867. = C. scutellatum, Gray, var. lumens (Hipponyx), Carpenter. Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., xv, 180, 1865 135 Tylacus, Conrad. = Crepidula, Lam. . . . 104 Tryblidium, Lindstrom. 1880. = Metoptoma, Phillips, . 106 Uncata (Crepidula), Menke. Zeitschrift fiir Malac , 1847, 184. = C. adunca, Sowb . 129 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 155 PAGK. Ungarica (Pileopsis), Lam. Anim. s. Vt.,vii, 609. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. . . . . . .131 Ungaricoides (Pileopsis), cTOrb. Toy. Amer. Merid., 457, pi. 78, fig. 4, .131 Unguis (Calyptraea), Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc., i, pi. xxviii, f. 3. = C. mamillaris, Brod. Unguis (Patella), Sowb. Min. Conch., 88, t. 139, f. 7, 8. = Capulus Hungaricus, Linn. ...... 131 Un"S/-' 85 100 98 CALYPTR^EID^E. b m 21 18 ID 19 CALYPTR^EIDvE. PL- ATE 37 m 30 CALYPTR^EID^E. PLATE 38 PLATE 39 CALYPTRvEIDJE. CALYPTR^EIDvE. PLATE 41 PLATE 42 CALYPTR^EID^E. PLATE 43 b9 A1*1 . i : f j •' * .-Wfe* 1 > XENOPHORID^E PLATE 44 , XENOPHORIDvE ji.^' . PLATE 45 m i I TURRITELLID^E. About a hundred species are known, inhabiting all seas, but principally tropical and subtropical. The fossils number about four hundred species ; the genus commenced in the trias. The genus Proto, Defrance, 1824, is probaj% founded on a young Turritella : Proto of authors (Protoma, Baird) is different. Section I. TURRITELLA (restricted). Whorls rounded, spiral!}7 striate, unicolored, aperture rounded. Section II. HAUSTATOR, Montfort, 1810. Whorls flattened, mouth subquadrangular, outer lip sinuous ; usually undulatingly strigate with chestnut-color. Section III. TORCULA, Gray, 1847. Shell turriculated, usually white or horn-colored with faint strigations of chestnut-color ; whorls subangular, with a median excavation ; aperture subquadrangular, the outer lip with a slight median sinus. Section IY. ZARTA, Gray, 1841. Shell turriculated, without color markings ; whorls carinated ; aperture subquadrangular, outer lip simple. Section Y. TURRITELLOPSIS, Sars, 1878. Shell like Turritella, the whorls of the spire grooved across ; aperture oval. The radula is without marginal teeth. Inhabits boreal seas. Tachyrhynchus, Morch., 1868, separated from Mesalia by a slight difference in the operculum, is a synonym. I do not adopt it instead of Turritellopsis because the real dif- ferences of radula, size and habitat are not mentioned. Subgenus MESALIA, Gray, 1842. Shell turritelliform, the last whorl rounded; aperture oval, slightly produced in front into a rudimentary channel, lip sharp, arcuated, slightly sinuous behind, columella flattened, a little twisted at the base. Operculum with fewer whorls than in Tur- ritella, the nucleus central. Lateral and marginal teeth of the radula with smooth edges. West Africa ; fossil in the Eocene. 13 194 TtTRRlTELLID.£. Subgenus ARCOTIA, Stoliczka, 1868. Turreted, elongated, spirally striate, the incremental lines straight, not curved ; columella excavated, aperture angulatety rounded, subeffuse anteriorly. Jurassic and Cretaceous of India. T. INDICA, Stol. (S. and S. Conch., t. 67, f. 64). Subgenus LITHOTROCHUS, Conrad. Shell having the appearance of an elongated Trochus ; spire obtuse, the whorls numerous, transversely grooved, last whorl carinated, smaller than the spire; there is a thickened sutural band, with very numerous growth-striae ; aperture subtetragonal, entire. Lias of Chili. T. HUMBOLDTII, Buch (S. and S. Conch, t. 67, f. 66). Genus PROTOMA, Baird, 1870. Shell turreted, with flattened whorls, aperture oval, narrowly channeled and excised in front, with a basal swelling and a fascicle around the excision, lip sinuous behind. Operculum circular, corneous, multispiral. A single recent species is known, from West Africa. This is the genus Proto, of authors, not Defrance, represented in the Miocene of Europe. ? Genus GLAUCOXIA, Geibel, 1852. Shell turriculated, conical, sometimes pupiform, the whorls less numerous than in Turritella, and crossed by costulations ; outer lip notched or sinuated by an impressed furrow which winds round the last whorl ; aperture rounded, continuous ; colu- mella usually distinctly umbilicated. There are about 30 creta- ceous species, Europe, India and America. Omphalia, Zekeli, 1852 (not Omphalius, Phil.), and Gassiope, Coquand, 1866, are synonyms. Usually considered a member of this family, but is remarkably allied to Melanatria. tfURRITELLA. 195 Genus MATHILDA, Semper, 1865. Shell turriculated, rather solid, apex heterostrophe, abruptly turned from left to right ; whorls in the typical species trans- versely cingulated and reticulated, longitudinally striated ; aper- ture entire, subrotund, base sometimes subeffuse ; lip acute, columella smooth. Operculum corneous, rather solid, multi- spiral, the external face concave, nucleus central. Animal with very long thread-like, divergent tentacles, with rather large e^yes on prominences upon their exterior side, about a quarter of their length from the base ; foot large, cut out in front, obtuse behind ; operculigerous lobe having a row of cilia in constant movement. Seas of Europe, China, Australia, Strait of Magellan. There are about thirt^y tertiary and a few secondary species. " Mathilda," writes Dr. Fischer, " has the shell of Turritella, with the heterostrophe embryonic whorls of Pyramidella ; the exterior form of the animal, the position of the eyes, and the structure of the operculum, relate it to the former." On the other hand, Monterosato finds in it affinities with Solarium, and Jeffreys places it in the Pyramidellidre. The radula is. unfortu- nately unknown. Subgenus GEQANIA, Jeffreys, 1884. Shell small, conic, reticulated, imperforate, the nucleus glob- ular and twisted, not spiral and not sinistral. G. PINGUIS, Jeffr. Coast of Portugal (abyssal). Differs from Mathilda in its short spire and non- heterostrophe apex. Genus TURRITELLA, Lam., 1799. Section TURRITELLA (typical). T. TEREBRA, Linn. PL 59, figs. 32, 33. Whorls convex, each with about 6 revolving ridges and inter- mediate close strias, suture deep ; yellowish brown to chestnut- color. Length, 5-8 inches. Singapore, Java, Philippines. T. Archimedis, Dillw}7n, is a synonym, and T. spectrum, Reeve (tig. 33), is at most a variety, developing more numerous ridges. 196 TURRITELLA. T. BACILLUM, Kiener. PI. 59, figs. 34, 35 ; PI. GO, fig. 42. Whorls somewhat flattened in the middle, but with deep suture, with about 6 revolving ridges and fine intermediate striae ; light yellowish ash to chestnut-color, the ridges on the larger whorls often marked -by darker lines. Length, 4-5 inches. Ceylon, China. This is possibly only a variety of T. terebra, the essential differ- ence being that its whorls are somewhat flattened in the middle. T. cerea, Reeve (fig. 35) is a synonym. In the darker colored specimens, called T. crocea, by Kiener (fig. 42), there is often a more or less defined lighter colored sutural band. T. UNGULTNA, Linn. PL 60, fig. 43. Whorls about fifteen, convex, rather smooth, with about ten low ridge-like striae, the interstices superficially striulate ; chest- rut-color, becoming dark chocolate towards the aperture. Length, 3 inches. T.fuscata, Lam., is a synonym. West Africa. T. NIVEA, Gray. PL 60, fig. 44. Whorls about 20, convex, a little slopingly flattened around the upper part, encircled by seven to ten low ridges and inter- mediate striae. Length, 3 '5 inches. East Coast of Africa. I have some doubt about the correctness of the locality assigned for this species, and think it very probable that it will prove to be a colorless variety of T. ungulina. Jn one of the specimens before me the spire is chestnut-tinted. T. COMMUNIS, Risso. PL 60, figs. 45, 46. Whorls about 15, convex or somewhat flattened, the last some- times with an obtuse angle below, with spiral slight ridges and intermediate striae, often several of the ridges stronger ; yellow- ish brown to rusty chestnut color, often variegated in irregular longitudinal stripes, interior of aperture usually purplish tinged. Length, 2 inches. Europe, The nomenclature of this species is somewhat involved. It is TIRRITELLA. 197 T. terebra of Linn. Faun. Suec., but not of the Systema, and some conchologists prefer this name ; it is more frequent^ known, however, as T. cornea, Lam., although its identification is not beyond question. Other synonyms are T. ungulina, Loven, etc. (not Linn.), T. Linnsei, Deshayes, and T. imbricosoluta, Gregorio, the latter described as a variety. T. CAPENSIS, Krauss. PI. 60, fig. 47. Whorls about 15, rounded, brownish, white-clouded, with irregular obtuse revolving lines and deep suture, base a little angulated, aperture light brownish. Length, 28 mill. Cape of Good Hope. T. TRIPLICATA, Studer. PI. 60, figs. 48-50. Whorls 15, with deep suture, spirally striated, three-ribbed, ribs flattened, the middle one the largest, the upper one smallest, duplicate, and sometimes obsolete towards the apex ; whitish, variegated and flamed with chestnut, sometimes all chestnut. Length, 1-1*5 inches. Mediterranean Sea; West Africa ; Canary 7s., Coast of Spain. Includes T. incrassata, Sowb., T. tricarinata, Brocchi. Var. TURBONA, Monts. Fig. 50. Shell larger, bicarinate. Near Civita Vecchia. T. FASCIALIS, Menke. PI. 59, figs. 36, 37. Very slender; whorls about 18, convex, four-ridged, suture deeply impressed ; yellowish, chestnut banded at the suture. Length, 1 inch. Japan, China Sea. Menke described his species without locality; the shell which Reeve has figured for it is said, on the authority of Cuming, to have been dredged in " Bay of Montija, Central America (in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms)." That this habitat is an error can scarcely be doubted ; not only has the locality failed to yield additional specimens, but Mr. A. Adams has recognized in the figure a Japanese species of which the unfigured T. gracillima, Gould, of Japan, likewise, is a synonym. My type specimens of the latter confirm this. T. bicolor, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 37), is another synonym. 198 TURR1TELLA. T. CINGULIFERA, Sowb. PL 59, figs. 38-41. Slender, with about twelve whorls, contracted beneath the deep suture, then rounded, with a number of thin, elevated spiral strise ; whitish to yellowish brown, chestnut banded next the suture, sometimes with undulating transverse chestnut lines or a central chestnut band made up of two or three close parallel lines on the last whorl. Length, '75 inch. Australia. The t}rpe is lighter colored than usual ; T. fragilis, Kiener (fig. 39), better represents the ordinary appearance of the species, whilst T< fusco-cincta Petit (fig. 40) is a variety with different development of the ridging, and T. parva, Angas (fig. 41), is a juvenile. Section HAUSTATOR, Montfort, 1810. T. GONIOSTOMA, Yal. PL 60, figs. 51, 52 ; PL 61, figs. 53-57. Whorls 18 to 20, flattened in the middle, with fine spiral striae, . and sometimes a few more prominent ridges ; when the latter are present they usually define the flattened area above and below, with occasionally some intermediate ridges upon the area, and a number of stronger ridges on the base of the body- whorl; ridges sometimes irregularly nodulous; first whorls of the spire unicarinate in the middle; whitish, thickly marbled, speckled and irregularly strigate with chestnut or chocolate- color. Length, 4-6 inches. Payta, Peru to Mazatlan. The synonyms include T. Broderipiana, d'Orb. (fig. 53), and T. Californica, Brod. (teste d'Orb.) ; T. marmorata, Kiener (fig. 54); T. lentiginosa, Reeve (fig. 55) ; T. punctata, Kiener (fig. 56), and T. Banksii, Reeve (fig. 57), a juvenile. This list com- prises shells nearly smooth, and those with strong revolving ridges, also both slim and stout specimens, and shows a varia- bility which, if common to other species of the genus, would largely reduce their number. The specimens before me fully suffice to make out the synonymy as I have given it. T. VARIEGATA, Linn. PL 01, fig. 58 : PL 62, figs. 63, 64. Whorls 15 or 16, the first few carinated in the middle, the rest flattened, swollen above the suture, with four or five distant TURRITELLA. 199 obsoletely granulated ridges, and intermediate fine striae ; whitish, boldly longitudinally clouded and strigated with chocolate-color. Length, 2'5-4 inches. West Indies. The difference between this and the preceding species is mainly locality, yet the clouded painting is usually of a bolder pattern. The T. goniostoma and all its varieties might be united with this without injury to science. This is T. lerebra, Donovan; T. marmorata, Chemn., perhaps T. meta, Reeve (fig. 63), and T. imbricata, Linn., figured by Reeve as var. elongata (fig. 64). T. TIGRINA, Kiener. PI. 62, figs. 65, 66. Whorls 18-20, rather narrow, flatly sloping, swollen below and obtusely angulated, encircled by eight to ten riblets and inter- vening close striae, suture deep ; whitish, longitudinally irregu- larly strigate with dark chestnut or chocolate-color. Length, 3-4*5 inches. Panama to Mazatlan. The more scalariform whorls and more definite obliquely longitudinal painting distinguish this from the preceding species ; the upper whorls, also, have no central carina. T. Cumingii, Reeve (fig. 66), is a synonym. T. ROSEA, Quoy. PI. 62, figs. 67, 68 ; PI. 61, fig. 59. Whorls about 15, flat, the last sharply angled around the base, the angle defined by a rib, above which is another rib ; encircled by rather close, raised striae, finer on the base; yel- lowish, marbled with chestnut, the raised striae usually darker chestnut. Length, 2-2'5 inches. New Zealand. T. lineolata, Kiener (fig. 68), is described from a light colored or faded specimen. The coloring of none of the specimens before me justifies Quoy's specific name. I think that T. Han- leyana. Reeve (fig. 59), will prove to be a young specimen of this species. T. SANGUINEA, Reeve. PI. 62, fig. 61). Whorls 18-20, slopingly convex to an angle above the deep suture, spirally grooved, witli wider, flat-topped ridges; whitish variegated on the ridges with transverse oblong chestnut-colored markings. Length, 2-3 inches. Gulf of California. 200 TURRITELLA. T. DECLIVIS, Ad. and Reeve. PL 62, fig. 70. Whorls about 18, flatly slanting to an angle above the suture, nearly smooth, very finely undulately striated, plicate in the middle, towards the apex ; yellowish white, stained with livid brown, the earlier whorls spotted with brown in a row beneath the suture. Length, 2 inches. China Sea. T. SINUATA, Reeve. PI. 61, fig. GO. Whorls 14, flattened, finely spirally ridged and striated, lip deeply sinuous ; light fulvous, with a red-dotted white zone beneath the suture. Length, -65 inch. Hab. unknown. T. CINGULATA, Sowb. PI. 62, fig. 71. Whorls about 17, convexly flattened, spirally strongly three- ribbed, often with alternate smaller riblets, ribs usually gran- osely crenulated, suture deep ; whitish, the ribs very dark chocolate or nearly black, aperture numerously chocolate banded. T. tricarinata, King, is a synonym. Chili. T. COLUMNARTS, Kiener. PL 63, fig. 76. Whorls about 30, narrow, the earlier ones showing two approximate keels in the middle, the rest rather flattened and about ten-ridged, the ridges obsoletely granulated, with inter- mediate fine striae, suture excavated ; yellowish white, with light chestnut-colored waved longitudinal streaks. Length, 4 inches. Ceylon. T. LEUCOSTOMA, Yal. PL 62, fig. 72. Whorls about 20, very narrow, contracted around the exca- vated suture, flattened, spirally about 6-ridged, the ridges narrow, rather distant, granose, the interstices very finely striated ; whitish, faintly longitudinally clouded with light chestnut, ridges chestnut-spotted. Length, 3 inches. West Coast of Central America. T. COOPERI, Carp. PL 61, fig. 61. Whorls about 17, slopingly flattened, excavated at the suture, two-ridged and finely striated spirally, the last whorl doubly ridged below, with a single ridge above ; yellowish, longitu- dinally flamed with chestnut or chocolate. Length, T75 inches. Southern California. TURRITEI.LA. 201 T. RTJBESCENS, Reeve. PI. 61, fig. 62. Acuminately turreted ; whorls 13, spirally closely ridged and striated, the first few whorls keeled in the middle, keel quickly vanishing; light red. Length, -65 inch. Bay of Montija, West Columbia. All the whorls are somewhat prominent in the middle, occupied by the keel in the first few whorls. The above is Reeve's description of a young shell which does not appear to possess any special characteristics ; it will possibly prove identical with one of the larger species from the same region. T. FLAMMULATA, Kiciier. PI. 62, fig. 73. Whorls 18, the earlier ones two-ridged, the rest convex, seven- ribbed, the middle ribs broader; fulvous white, stained with rose, clotted and clouded with chestnut, base rose color. Length, 2 75 inches. West Africa. T. TORULOSA, Kiener. PL 62, fig. 74. Whorls 15, flatly convex, the earlier ones two-ridged, after- wards becoming four-ridged, ridges obsoletely granulated, two lower ones alwa3Ts the most prominent, interstices closely spirally striate ; light yellowish white dotted and longitudinally flamed with light chestnut. Length, 3 inches. ? Bed Sea. Is possibly a mere variety of the following species. T. TRISULCATA, Lam. PL 63, fig. 75. Whorls about 18, conspicuously three-ribbed, the intermediate grooves hollowed, striated ; whitish, violaceous towards the apex, sparsely longitudinally flamed with chestnut. Length, 2-5 inches. Red Sea. T. RADULA, Kiener. PL 63, fig. 77. Whorls about 22, doubly ridged above and below, the wide intermediate space concave, striated, ridges, except the lowest, rather obsoletely granose, last whorl sometimes lamellated ; light brownish, spotted, strigated and flamed with chestnut. Length, 2'75 inches. Bay of Guayaquil. 202 TURRITELLA. T. NODULOSA, King. PI. 63, figs. 78-80. Whorls 14 or 15, nodulously lidged, a central ridge usually stronger, making an angulation, concave and striate in the mid- dle; light yellowish brown, longitudinally chestnut-flamed be- tween the nodules Length, 2 inches. Gulf of Dulce, Central America. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. T. papillosa, Kiener (fig. 80), is a synonym. T. AQUILA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 63, fig. 81. Whorls 14-15, concavely sloping around the upper part, then somewhat obscurely broadly two-ribbed, conspicuously engraved throughout with grooved striae, last whorl neatly ridged and striated beneath ; swarthy brown, obliquely spotted and streaked with reddish chestnut. Length, 1-6 inches. Nagasaki Bay, Japan. " The painting of this species has rather a dotted appearance from its being everywhere cut through by the striate grooves." — REEVE. C. BICINGULATA, Lam. PI. 63, fig. 82. Whorls about 18, each bearing two strong, rounded, nodulous ribs, separated by a narrow, concave groove, which is closely striated, base concentrically ridged ; yellowish or purplish white, thickly covered witli purple-chestnut longitudinal flames, aperture maculated purplish. Length, 2'5-3 inches. Cape Verd Is. It is T. biangulata, Blsiinv. T. MACULATA, Reeve. PL 63, fig. 83. Differs from the preceding species in the keels of the earlier whorls being comparatively obsolete, the base of the shell more concave, and marked by numerous colored linear striae, which are continued over the whole shell. There is none of the bold blotchy painting which distinguishes T. bicingulata, but the upper margin of the whorls has a row of irregular chestnut spots immediately beneath the suture. Length, 2*75 inches. China Sea. TURRITELLA. 203 T. KNYSNAENSIS, Krauss. PI. 63, fig. 84. Whorls 17, convex, with profound suture, with two approxi- mate central keels (three on last whorl), and narrower spiral lines ; whitish marbled and longitudinally strigate with chestnut. Length, 1 inch. Cape of Good Hope. T. ANNULATA, Kieiier. PI. 63, fig. 85. Whorls 20, sloping above, then two-keeled with a narrow intervening sulcus, closely striate, the stria3 above and below the keels stronger than in the sulcus; yellowish white, obscurely longitudinally flamed with light chestnut. Length, 2'75 inches West Africa. T. GUNNII, Reeve. PL 63, figs. 86, 87. Whorls 18, flattened, irregular^ inconspicuously ridged and striated, suture excavated ; whitish, with chestnut-colored waved flames, aperture light purplish. Length, 2 inches. Tasmania, Australia. Yar. TASMAXICA, Reeve. Fig. SI. Whorls 15, rather flattened, ridged at the lower edge, encir- cled with two ridges and intermediate striae above, interstices very closely decussated with minute oblique raised striae. T. INCISA, Reeve. PI. 63, fig. 88. Whorls 12, flatly convex, concavely angled at the base, spi- rally very closely marked with engraved striae ; ash-brown. Length, -75 inch. Sydney. Australia. T. INFRACONSTRICTA, Smith. PI. 63, fig. 89. Whorls about 20, convexly flattened, with excavated suture, finely lirated and two-ridged ; brownish white, minutely dotted with chocolate-color on the line. Length, 2 inches. Andaman Is. T. HASTULA, Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 03. Whorls 22-23, slender, flatly convex, concentrically plicately wrrinkled, last whorl swollen at the base, with the wrinkles obsolete, all the whorls spirally impressly striated, the inter- mediate ridges being obsoletely granulated ; ash-white, arcuately streaked and variegated with purple-brown. Length, 2*25 inches. Hab. unknown. 204 TURRITELLA. T. VITTULATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 63, figs. 00, 91. Whorls 12, flatly convex, with deep suture, spirally sharply six-ridged and striated, the interstices showing oblique longitu- dinal striae, ridges thin, the two lower ones more prominent; yellowish white to light brown, irregularly interruptedly stained with chestnut. Length, '75 inch. China Sea. T. canaliculata, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 91), is a bleached speci- men of this species. T. MULTILIRATA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 91. Shell delicate, translucent, whorls contracted round the upper part, gently slanting below, channeled round the lower part, spi- rally many-ridged, ridges very finely granulated ; pellucid, white. Length, 1 inch. China Sea. Although described as white, the original figure is decidedly colored a light violaceous brown. T. FASTIGIATA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 63, fig. 92. Whorls 18-20, narrow, convex, contracted above, slanting, then rounded, very finely ridged and striated, two-keeled towards the apex ; variegated with pale violet and white, and oblique brown- ish streaks, ridges dotted or articulated with light brown. Length, 1'75 inches. China Sea. T. CONGELATA, Ad. and Reeve. PL>64, fig. 94. Whorls 16, convexly flattened, smooth, obscurely three-ridged, ridges narrow, distant ; translucent white. Length, *75 inch. China Sea. T. PAGODA, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 95. Whorls 14-15, slantingly flattened, spirally sharply ridged, conspicuously encircled with a single sharp rib below, paired on the body-whorl, first few whorls two-ribbed; whitish, obscurely flamed with light fulvous. Length, -8 inch. New Zealand. T. CANDIDA, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 96. Whorls 18, spirally ridged, at first two-keeled around the upper part, concave in the middle, then with a single keel, two last- whorls four-keeled, suture excavated ; white, without markings. Length, 2 inches. Hab. unknown. TURRITELLA, 205 T. DECIPIENS, Monts. PI. G4, fig. 3. Whorls about 10, convexly flattened, the suture slightly marked, with crowded revolving lines, the earlier whorls carinate in the middle, afterwards becoming indistinct, the middle line a little more prominent than the others, base concave, defined by a sharp angle ; light yellowish brown to chestnut-brown, with fine flexuous chestnut stripes and spots. Length, 1 inch. Gabes, Tunis. It is T, subangulata, Auct., not Brocchi. T. ALBA, H. Adams. PI. 64, fig. 4. Turreted, thin, white; whorls 12, carinated in the middle, the last whorl bicarinate, with a broad intervening flattened space, a little concave, everywhere spirally striate. Length, 14 mill. Bed Sea. Apparent!}' a young shell. Section TORCULA, Gray, 1847. T. EXOLETA, Linn. PL 64, figs. 98-1. Whorls 16 or It, rudely ridged above and below, the broad intermediate space concavely excavated, and sometimes crossed by thin lamellae, lower rib of body-whorl double ; margin of the aperture sinuated in the middle ; yellowish white, obscurely longitudinally flamed with light chestnut, more conspicuous on the ridges. Length, 2-2*5 inches. West Indies. The longitudinal septae are frequently wanting. It is T. tor- cularis, Born, and T. obsoleta, Gmel. I regard T. cochlea, Reeve (fig. 100), as a specimen accidentally less closely coiled than usual, so that the paired lower ribs are exhibited on several of the whorls. T. excavata, Sowb. (fig. 1), said to come from Agulhas Bank, So. Africa, is also a synonym. T. MONILTFERA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 5. Whorls 15, stout, with upper and lower moderate ridges and a slightty concave wide middle space, lower carina doubled in the body-whorl; pinkish white, upper ridge with chestnut spots. Length, 1-25 inches. e China Sea. 206 T. CLATHRATA, Kiener. PI. 64, figs. 2, 16. Whorls 18, narrow, flattened, smooth, strongly two-keeled, with intermediate sulcus, and sloping concave surface to the suture above ; fulvous, obscurely marked with spots or stripes of chestnut, keels paler. Length T75 inches. Australia. With this species I unite T. constricta, Reeve (fig. 16). T. CONCAVA, Martens. PI. 64, fig. 6. Whorls about 10, alabaster white, obliquely striulate, the first two whorls smooth, the rest bicarinate, the carinae indistinct, the lower one at the suture, base concave, margin of aperture deeply sinuated. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. T. CARINIFERA, Lam. PL 64, fig. 7. Whorls 15, stout, turreted, slanting on the upper part, then encircled by two stout carinre, with an intermediate shallow sulcus, everywhere finely, undulately, spirally striate ; white, sometimes with a violaceous tint. Length, 3'75 inches. ? Cape of Good Hope. T. GEMMATA, Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 8. Whorls about 15, with two granulated approximate ridges next the suture, and a single plain ridge at the base, concave in the middle; white, faintly stained here and there with light orange brown. Length,! '5 inches. Hab. unknown. T. HOOKERI, Reeve. PL 64, fig. 9. Whorls 15, rather thin, with two sharp, remote keels and slightly concave interval, lower keel doubled on the body whorl ; translucent white. Length, 22 mill. Hab. unknown. T. ACUTA, Tenison-Woods. PL 64, fig. 10. Whorls 12, narrow, flat, the earlier ones smooth, then encircled by a couple of slight ridges, and smaller elevated lines, the sur- face between the ridges slightly concave ; yellowish white, obscurely marked with chestnut. Length, 28 mill. Tasmania. Figured from a specimen. TURRtTELLA. 207 Section ZARIA, Gray, 1847. T. DUPLICATA, Linn. PL 65, figs. 20-22. Whorls about 16, stout, ponderous, the first few with several subequal keels, afterwards first one keel and then a pair of them are developed more strongly, whilst the others become faint or obsolete, everywhere closely spirally striate ; fulvous cream color, becoming light chestnut towards the apex. Length, 5-6 inches. Indian Ocean. T.replicata and T. acutangula, Linn. (fig. 21), are synonyms. In the latter the second prominent keel is not developed. Var. ATTENUATA, Reeve. Fig. 22. Reeve attempts to distinguish this from T. acutangula by the want of the single prominent keel, but the variations between these forms are infinite, so that attenuata can barely stand as a variety. T. acutangula, Desh., not Linn., is a variety. T. FERRUGINEA, Reeve. PI. 64, fig. 11. Whorls 16, convex, finely spirally ridged, first whorls two- keeled, keels gradually fading, the lower whorls becoming obtusely subangulated below the middle; whitish, longitudinally undulately strigate with chestnut. Length, 3*75 inches. Hab. unknown. T. AUSTRALIS, Lam. PL 65, fig. 23. Whorls about 12, with deep suture, encircled by a prominent central nodulous carina, and a less prominent subnodulous one below the suture, spirally striate ; yellowish brown, brown banded on the base. Length, 1 inch. Australia, Tasmania. T. granulifera, Woods, is a synonym. Section TuRRiTELLorsis, Sars, 1878. T. ACICULA, Stimpson. PL 64, fig. 12. Small, turreted, subulate, thin, white ; whorls 10, verj7 convex, longitudinally striate and spirally ribbed; aperture rounded, effuse anteriorly, peristome acute. Length, 5 mill. Cape Cod, northwards ; Norway to Sitka. Distinguished from the young of T. erosa by its much more convex whorls and prominent ribs. T. tenuisculpta , Carp., is a synonym. 208 TuRRIfELLA. T. EROSA, Couth. PL 64, figs. 13, 14. Whorls 9-11, rather flat, sloping towards the suture, with from three to live narrow revolving grooves, apex generally eroded; yellowish brown. Length, 12'5 mill. Massachusetts to Greenland, Alaska. T. polaris, Beck, and T. Eschrichtii, Midd. (fig. 14), are syn- on3rms. In the Arctic regions the species attains double the above dimensions. T. RETICULATA, Mighels and Adams. PL 64, figs. 15, 19; PL 65, figs. 24-26. More slender than the preceding form ; whorls 11-12, rounded, with three to five spiral striae, and longitudinal folds ; yellowish brown. Length, 17 mill. Maine to Greenland, Alaska. T. costulata, Mighels and Adams (fig. 24), M. lactea, Mdller (fig. 25), T. lacteola, Carp., and T. erosa, var. costata, Aurivil- lius-(fig. 26), are synonyms. The latter author appears to con- sider the present species identical with T. erosa: as Arctic shells are very variable, this may be the case ; yet I can readily distinguish the two species among the numerous specimens before me. Yar. DECLIVIS, Aurivillius. Fig. 19. Shell without sculpture, Length, 27'5 mill. Unfigured, Undetermined and Spurious Species. T. RUNCINATA, T. ACCISA, T. CARLOTT^E, T. CORDISMEI, T. LAMEL- LOSA, Watson. S. E. Australia. T. ADMIRABILIS, Watson. Admiralty Islands. T. DELICIOSA, Watson. N. Australia. T. AUSTRINA, Watson. Kerguelen Isl. T. PHILIPPENSIS, Watson. Pt. Philip, Australia. T. AREOLATA, Stimpson. =Turbonilla. T. PUSILLA, Jeffreys. Not a Turritella. T. YUCATANUM, Dall. Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. T. FULMINATA, T. viTTATA, Button. New Zealand. T. SOPHI^E, Brazier ( T. incisa, Woods, not Reeve). Pt. Jackson, Australia. T. AURBOCINCTA, Martens. Friendly Islands. TURRITELLA. 209 T. SUBSQUAMOSA, D linker. Bass Strait, Australia. T. DURA, Morch. Realejo, Centr. Am. T. GRANOSA, Quoy. Not a Turritella. T. CERITHIUM, Quoy. = Cerithium. T. YIRQINIANA, Lam. (?) Virginia. T. TRICINGULATA, Anton., T. NIVEA, Anton. No locality. T. SPINA, Crosse and Fischer. Australia. T. TUNCTICULATA, Sowb. Agulhas Bank, So. Africa. T. IMPRESSA, Say, T. BISUTURALIS, Say. =0dostomia. T. NEBULOSA, Kiener. Not a Turritella. T. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. T. CONCAVA, Say, T. ALTERNATA, Say. =Terebra. T. ^QUALIS, Say. =Turbonilla. T. TRICINCTA, Hutton. Described as a tertiary fossil, but is also living. T. symmetrica, Hutton and T. rosea, Mantell (not Quoy), are synonyms. N. Zealand. Subgenus MESALTA, Gray, 1842. T. BREVIALIS, Lam. PL 65, figs. 2T-29. Whorls 15, convex, five-ridged, the upper one often forming a sutural margin, lower ones frequently faint, interstices finely closely striated ; aperture a little effuse below ; white, ash-color or brownish olivaceous, aperture often violaceous. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Northern and Western Africa. The synonymy includes T. mesal, Deshayes ; T. sulcata, Gray ; T. suturalis, Forbes. T. VARIA, Kiener. PL 65, figs. 30, 31. Whorls 12, convex, about five-ridged ; yellowish white to violet ash-color, interior brownish. Length, 1 inch. West Africa, Cuba. T. Garibaea, d'Orb. (fig. 31), from the latter locality, appears to be identical ; it remains to ascertain whether this species is really distinct, or only a small variety of T. brevialis. T. MELANOIDES, Reeve. PL 65, fig. 32. Whorls 10, slightly concave at the upper part, obliquely longi- tudinally plicately ribbed, decussated with numerous spiral striae 14 210 MATHILDA. and distant ridges, suture impressed ; whitish, sparsely dotted with chestnut. Length, 1-65 inches. Hob. unknown. T. OPALINA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 65, fig. 33. Whorls 12, rounded, stout, a little constricted above to a sutural fasciole, smooth, very minutely striate ; yellowish white, with light chestnut curved longitudinal stripes. Length, 1 inch. China Sea. Unfigured Species of Mesalia. T. PLICATA, A. Ad. Teneriffe. T. DECUSSATA, A. Ad. Philippines. T. FREYTAGI, Maltzan. W. Africa. Genus PROTOMA, Baird, 1870. P. KNOCKERI, Baird. PI. 65, figs. 34, 35. Elongate subulate, transversely, narrowly closely sulcate ; whorls 16, flattened, with well-impressed suture, base of shell with a spiral fasciole ending in a deep incision of the base of the aperture; white or brown. Length, 2*5 inches. Whydah, W. Coast of Africa. Genus MATHILDA, Semper, 1865. M. ELEGANTISSIMA, Costa. PL 65, fig. 36 ; PI. 64, figs. 17,18. Whorls 9, turreted, with rounded spiral ribs more or less granulated by longitudinal lines, suture narrowly channeled ; brownish. Diam. 11 mill. Mediterranean. M. cochlseformis (fig. 36), M. granolirata (fig. 17), and M. retusa (fig. 18), Costa, and M.funicalata, Tiberi, are synonyms. M. ELEGANTULA, Angas. PI. 65, fig. 37. Whorls 14, thin, translucent, nearly flat, whitish, each with three rounded spiral ribs, the one next the suture smallest, between the ribs finely longitudinally striate, striae raised and very thin, base of last whorl smooth and flattened ; nuclear whorl sinistral. Length, 11 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. MATHILDA. 211 M. QUADRiciNCTA, Brocchi. PL 65, fig. 38. Whorls carinated, turreted, convex, encircled by four narrow crenulated spiral ridges, the interstices longitudinally striate. Mediterranean. Described from an Italian tertiary fossil. Eglisia Macandrese, H. Adams, is a synonym. M. SINENSIS, Fischer. PL 65, fig. 19. Whorls 11, elongated turreted, rather thick, embryonal ones smooth, the others turriculate, subcarinate, cancellate, with deep suture, traversed by four spiral ribs, the interstices longitudi- nally costate ; yellowish. Length, 6 mill. Isle of Chusan, China Sea. Unfigured Species. M. TROCHLEA, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I. M. MAGELLANICA, Fischer. Sts. Magellan. M. CORONATA, Monts. Mediterranean. Subgenus GEGANIA, Jeffreys, 1884. M. PINGUIS, Jeffreys. Unfigured. Coast of Portugal. FAMILY CMGID&. Shell tubular, with a spiral plane nucleus which is caducous or persistent, then becoming cylindrical, curved, terminating in a simple, circular aperture, the posterior portion of the tube usually divided by one or more septa (PL 66, figs. 47-51). Operculum horny, multispiral, margin sometimes firabriated. There are usually three stages of growth in the shell of Cyecum : first, the spiral or nuclear, soon lost by truncation, the end of the remaining tube closed by a septum ; second, the adolescent stage, a curved tube, also lost subsequently ; and, third, the adult tube, of similar curved shape, and again closed behind by a septum (PL 66, fig. '39). In Strebloceras the three stages of growth are persistent and the septa consequently absent. Animal with a long flat rostrum ; tentacles cylindrical, with sessile eyes at their outer base ; mantle thick, fleshy, circular, closely embracing the neck ; a single branchial plume ; foot short, narrow, truncated in front, attenuated and obtuse behind. Dentition 2-1-2 ? These minute mollusks have some points of resemblance with the Vermetidae, but are alwa}rs free and the foot is without the anterior tentacular projections which distinguish that family. The animal is not at all shy, and crawls with considerable vivacity. The Caecidae, on account of their minuteness, have been neg- lected by collectors and students. No complete illustrated monograph of the family exists. P. P. Carpenter was the first naturalist to study them, and we are indebted to him for some of the subdivisions of the family at present recognized, as well as for others which must be relegated to the synonymy. Unfor- tunately the obvious distinctions of sculpture, often so charac- teristic of species and higher groups, have not the s}rstematic importance here which Carpenter supposed them to have ; the Marquis de Folin, the latest monographer of the group, having shown that the same species will sometimes vary from a smooth to a ribbed surface. For this reason, and also because most of the species have not been figured, our knowledge of them (212) 213 remains very incomplete and unsatisfactory. About two hun- dred nominal species have been described, and they appear to inhabit temperate and warm seas, throughout the world, but are absent in cold waters. Some tertiary species have been discovered. Two of the principal works in which the Marquis de Folin has described new species, namely, u Les Fonds de la Mer," and "Annales Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire," xi, are unfortunately inac- cessible to me. The former publication is particularly import- ant for its illustrations. The Librarian of the Philadelphia Academy has made several unsuccessful attempts to secure this work through the Academy's agents in Europe, and I am reluc- tantly compelled to do without it ; my monograph is therefore necessarily very imperfect. On the other hand, I am able to give illustrations of a number of species of Carpenter and C. B. Adams hitherto unfigured. Genus CAECUM, Fleming, 1817. This is the only genus; the diagnosis consequently corres- ponds with that of the family. Odontina, Zborzewsky, 1834; Odcmtidium, Phil., 1836; Cornuoides, Brown, 1827; Brochus, Brown, 1829; Cdecalium, Macgillivray ; Corniculina, Minister ; Dentaliopsis, Clarke; Brochina, Gray, 1857, are synonyms. Costa has described the spiral portion only of the tube of a Caecum, probably Caecum trachea, under the name of Spiro- lidium Mediterraneum ; but he included a second species in his genus, which appears to be a Parastrophia. The septum of the various species has a prominence upon the external face, which is directed backwards and presents consid- erable variation in form. Subgenus C^CUM, sensu stricto. Shell commencing with two or three whorls, planorboid (PL 66, figs. 41, 42), which are subsequently lost by truncation, and the posterior extremity of the adult curved tube closed by a diaphragm. Brochina, Gray, was founded on a single specimen, insuffi- ciently characterized by its convex opercnlum. 214 Carpenter established the sections Elephanlulum, Anellum and Fartulum, but De Folin rejects these, because they are not in harmony with all the forms included in them and are insuffi- cient to meet the present demands of science ; he proposes instead : — Section I. LEVIA. Shells smooth. Section II. ANNULATA. Shells annulated. Section III. COSTULATA. Shells ribbed longitudinally. Section IV. QUADRILATA. Shells cancellated. Section Y. ARMATA. Shells spinose. Subgenus MEIOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. Young shell loosely spiral, not in one plane (PI. 66, fig. 43); the adult truncate behind, something like a cow's-horn, some- what inflated, smooth, aperture oblique ; operculum externally concave, Most of the species occur on the east coast of America between Florida and Rio de la Plata. Subgenus STREBLOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. Shell not decollated and without septa, the permanent spiral nucleus lying in a plane obliquely perpendicular to the adult tube (PI. 66, figs. 44, 45). Mostly fossil. Subgenus WATSONIA, de Folin, 1879. Nucleus caducous, tube scarcely curved, conical, aperture round, very oblique, encircled by a strong rib. Subgenus PARASTROPHIA, de Folin. 1869. Shell tubular, with a scarcely spiral and entirely posterior pointed nucleus, the embryonic shell only having disappeared, anterior part of tube inflated (PI. 66, f. 46). Moreletia, de Folin, 1868 (not Gray, 1855), and Spirolidium Costa (in part), are synonyms. The feature of this group is the persistence of the second or adolescent stage of growth, in the adult typical Caecum always lost by truncation. The posterior end is septate, but pointed. O&CUM. 215 Genus CAECUM, Fleming, 1817. Section I. Levia. C. L^VE, C. B. Ad. PL 66, fig. 52. Shell rather obese, short, smooth, shining, subdiaphanous, tinged with brown, slightly contracted in front, the aperture oblique ; operculum concave. Length, '07 inch. Panama to Mazatlan. Folin has described vars. subornatum and cylindrica. The figure is from a specimen identified by P. P. Carpenter. C. FARCTMEN, Cpr. PI. 66, fig. 53. Like C. Ixve, but whitish, aperture less contracted, more slen- der, septum submucronate ; operculum with a spiral marginal rib. Length, *064 inch. Mazatlan. C. VITREUM, Cpr. PL 66, fig. 54. Subelongate, vitreous, shining, a little tumid towards the oblique aperture, septum prominent, mucronate. Length, -073--107 inch. Teneriffe ; Mediterranean Sea. G. Sardinianum,¥o\in, and (7.<5^a&ri/7n,McAndrew,aresynonyms. Var. CLARKTI, Carp. PL 66, fig. 55. Shell smaller, straighter, septum ungulate, apex more obtuse. Teneriffe. C. DEXTROVERSUM, Carp. PL 66, fig. 56. Narrow, rather elongated, thin, septum tumid, submamillated, operculum concave. Length, *092 inch. Mazatlan. The specimen figured is a junior. Yar. ANTILLARUM, Carp. A single young specimen was found in W. Indian sponge, not presenting any characters by which it can be separated from C. dextroversum. Why should it be designated by a varietal name ? C. GLABRUM, Mont. PL 66, fig. 57. Shell narrow, thin, smooth, subdiaphanous, aperture not con- tracted, nor tumid, white, septum without appendage. Length, -68 inch. Atlantic Coast of Europe. The operculum is externally convex, constituting it the type of Gray's group Brochina. The synonyms include Dentalium minutum, Linn. ; Brochus laevis, Brown ; Cornuoides minor, Brown (juvenile); Odontidium levissimum, Cantr. ; Brochus arcuatus, Brown ; Vermiculum incur vatum, Mont. 216 CAECUM. C. AURICULATUM, cle Folin. PL 66, fig. 58. Shell thin, hyaline, cylindrical, a little curved, white, septum with rounded projection, mouth encircled by a rib. Length, '075 inch. Mediterranean Sea. This is C. drier eghinianum, Brusina, and perhaps Odontidium glabrum, Cantr. C. GLABRIFORMTS, Carp. Like C. glabrum, but the septum more tumidly mamillate, nearly hemispherical. Length, '073 inch. Mazatlan ; San Diego, Gal. The shell is said not to differ from C. glabrum. C. ACHIRONA, de Folin. PI. 66, fig. 59. Rather solid, yellowish, shining, transversely very minutely striated, towards the aperture a little inflated and whitish, aper- ture a little oblique, subcontracted below, septum large, mamil- lated, subungulate. Operculum slightly convex, doubly margined. Length, *1 inch. Bahia, Brazil. C. SOMERI, de Folin. PI. 66, fig. 60. Elongated, conical, smooth, whitish, almost opaque, aperture not contracted nor oblique, septum projecting, mamillate at the apex. Length, *095 inch. Pernambuco, Brazil. Unfigured Species, and those of which the Figures are inaccessible to me. C. CORNEUM, Dkr. Brazil. C. ORCUTTI, Dall. San Diego, California. C. DECURTATA, Monts. Sicily. C. PARVULUM, C. MTNUTUM, C. IMPERFECTUM. C. VALIDUM, C. COM- PLANATUM, C. MASSILTENSE, C. MODESTUM, C. CARMENENSE (I. Carmen), C. CUCCINA (Vera Cruz), C. ORIENTALS (7. Rhodes), C. VERACRUZ ANUM (Mexico), C. STRIGOSUM (Rio. Janeiro), C. BIMAMILLATUM (La Guayra), C.CIRCUMVOLUTUM (Aspinwall), C. SUBFLAVUM (Cape York, Australia), C. suc- CINEUM (Cape York, Australia), all of de Folin. C.coRRUGATULUM,C.REVERSUM,and C. TERES, Carpenter. Mazatlan. C. SUBQUADRATUM, Carp. Port Elizabeth. C. BIMARGINATUM, Carp. Singapore. C. ARMORICUM, Folin. Gulf of Gascony. C. INCOMPTA, Monterosato ( C. glabrum, Brusina). Mediterranean. OECUM. 217 Section II. Annulata. C. SUBIMPRESSUM, Carp. PI. 66, fig. 61. Rather solid, the annulations rounded, with subimpressed interstices, septum mucronate, mucro small, obtuse, dorsal; operculum concave. Length, '115 inches. Mazatlan to Cape St. Lucas, L. C. C. FLORIDANUM, Stimpson. PI. 66, fig. 62. Arcuate, solid, white, shining, with about 32 acute, elevated annulations and much wider interstices, aperture a little oblique, not contracted, septum obtusely mucronate, mucro dorsal. Florida. C. PULCHELLUM, Stimpson. PI. 66, fig. 63. Somewhat solid, light brownish, adolescent stage graceful, with distant few annulations, adult with about 25 rounded annu- lations and more or less equal interstices, septum mamillate ; operculum concave, with about 8 whorls. Length, '1 inch. New Bedford, Mass. C. FIRMATUM, C. B. Ad. PI. 67, fig. 66. Stout, young shell smooth, adult with 23-33 annulations, the earlier ones more acute, then becoming subquadrate, interstices also subquadrate, narrow, septum subangulate, the projection short. Length, •! inch. Panama, Mazatlan, Todas Santos Bay, L. C. With this are to be united, according to Carpenter, G. ebur- neum, C. diminutum (jun.), C. pygmseum and C. monstrosum (both adolescent), of C. B. Adams. C. QUADRATUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 67. Short, solid, with 12-20 quadrate annulations, and deep quad- rate interstices, aperture subcontracted, septum mucronate, the mucro small, narrow, subdextral. Length, -072 inch. Mazatlan. Var. COMPACTUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 68. Annulations large, planate, interstices small or evanescent. C. ELEGANTISSIMUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 69. Diaphanous, vitreous, shining, white, aperture slightly .con- tracted and oblique, young shell smooth, adolescent and adult with 14 to 18 distant acute lirae, the interstices very elegantly arcuate ; septum submucronate and subungulate, the small apex obtuse. Length, 1 inch. Teneriffe. 218 (LECUM. Var. SEARLES-WOODII, Carp. Rings closer (about 24 in the young shell), scarcely sharp and often obsolete, growth scarcely tapering, very slender, septum ungulate, turned somewhat to the right. C. UNDATUM, Carp. PI. 67, fig. 70. Short, obese, young shell smooth, adult with 10-15 acute annulations and undulating concave interstices, contracted at each extremity, septum ungulate, with prominent, acute, elon- gate apex; operculum concave, with about 15 whorls. * Panama to Mazatlan. The adolescent stage is 'C. paruum, C. B. Ad. Folin has described Yars. contraria and cornea. C. RYSSOTITUM, Folin. PI. 66, fig. 64. White, very shining, transversely obsoletely annulated, be- coming more distinct on the concave side near the aperture, aperture oblique, much contracted above, septum submamillate, submucronate. Operculum ? Length, *09 inch. Went Indies, Venezuela, Brazil. C. PARADOXUM, Folin. PI. 67, fig. 78. Shell arcuate, subtranslucent, yellowish white, grayish or corneous, smooth, with three prominent distant rounded annu- lations near the apex, and wider interspaces, septum large, with bead-like projection. Length, -066 inch. Pearl Islands, Panama. C. SUBANNULATUM. de Folin. PL 67, fig. 72. Hyaline, slightly arcuated, very finely numerously annulated, the septum convex, hardly projecting, aperture encircled b}T a prominent rib. Length, '066 inch. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. C. CREBRICINCTUM, Carp. PL 67, fig. 71. Rather large, solid, reddish brown, with darker longitudinal rays, often obsolete, with about 80 close, rounded, low annula- tions, without interstices ; septum subungulate, submucronate. Length, -14 inch. Monterey, San Diego and Sf.a. Barbara, Cal. 219 C. CALIFORNICUM, Dall. PL 66, fig. 65. Small, rather narrow, whitish or brownish, with 34-38, close acute annulations, and subconcave interstices, septum subungu- late, apex obtuse, not elevated. Length, '09 inch. San Diego and Catalina Isl, California. This is C. Cooperi of Carpenter, not Sanderson Smith. C. TRACHEA, Montagu. PL 67, fig. 77. Solid, brownish corneous, young shell smooth, adult with 40-50 close annulations, the interstices small, very minutely longitudinally striulate, septum subangulate, submucronate, apex somewhat to the right, obtuse, more or less elevated ; operculum scarcely concave, with spiral elevated lines and about 15 whorls. Length, *128 inch. England to Mediterranean Sea. It is Dentalium imperforatam, Mont.; Greseis rugulosa, Can- traine ; Brochus trachiformis, and striatus, Brown ; Gornuoides major, Brown; Odontidium rugulosum, Phil, (in part); C.obsole- tum, Carp, (unfigured), is described as a variety. C. MAGNUM, Stearns. PL 67, fig. 83. Very finely, closely annularly striate, septum with sharp narrow ungulate apex, yellowish brown. Length, *2 inch. San Diego, Gal. On the label of this specimen it is said to = G. glabriformis, Carp. The latter is described as a much smaller species, one- third the length of the present, smooth, with hemispherical mucro. Undetermined Species, including those of which the figures are inaccessible to me. C. ELONGATUM, C. CLATHRATUM, Carpenter. Mazatlan. C. GRACILE, Carp. Japan. C. REGULARE, Carp. West Indies, Singapore. C. GURGULIO, Carp. West Indies. C. GRACILE, Gould (name used by Carpenter). China Sea. C. MICROCYCLOS and C. ATTENUATUM (Cape York, Australia)', C. TORQUATUM and C. LTNEICINCTUM ( West Indies)-, C. ELEGANS and Vars. RUBELLA and FLEXUOSA, C. SUPERBUM, C. OCCULTUM, C. STRANGULATUM and Var. ACUTA, C. VENUSTUM, C. ERUCA- TUM, C. T^lNIATUM, C. AGONIATUM, C. BIPARTITUM, C. IMPAR- TITUM and Var. BICOLOR, C. SEMICINCTUM and Var. SUBACUTA, and C. EXILE (Tongatabou), all of de Folin. 220 CAECUM. Section III. Costulata. C. CLAVA, de Folin. PL 67, fig. 86. Shining, with subacutely rounded longitudinal costulations, becoming stronger towards the aperture, and evanescent annular striae, inflated towards the aperture, aperture contracted, nar- rowly margined, septum mucronate, prominent, apex obtuse. Length, '08 inch. Guadeloupe , W. I. C. BREVE, de Folin. PL 67, fig. 88. Very short, cylindrical, slightly bent, subpellucid, white, with fine longitudinal line, and equal interspaces and a few annular striae towards the aperture, aperture encircled 03^ a tumid rib, not contracted ; septum mamillate, subungulate, with dextral apex. Length, *05 inch. Jamaica. Undetermined Species. C. SUBSPIRALE, ABNORMALE, TNSCULPTUM, OBTUSUM, Carpenter. Mazatlan. C. PLICATUM, Carpenter, W. Indies. C. POLLTCARE, Carpenter. Teneriffe. C. LAQUEATUM, C. B. Ad. Panama. C. SEMITRACHEA, Brusina. Mediterranean. C. CRYSTALLINUM (Honolulu), C. STRIATUM, C. MIRABfLE, Folin. Section IV. Quadrilata. C. ANNULATUM, Brown. PL 67, fig. 76. Elongated, solid, with 20-30 rounded annulations, larger and more distant towards the mouth, and rather close longitudinal lirse, septum with a dextral finger-like mucro. Young shell with more acute annulations, the longitudinal sculpture obsolete. Length, '122 inch. Europe, West Indies, Aden. The more characteristic name of reticulatum was given to the adolescent form by Brown. It is Orthocera trachea of Fleming. C. INSTGNE, Folin. PL 67, fig. 87. Elongated, subdiaphanous, shining, brownish, with wide flatly rounded annulations and narrow interstices, longitudinally striate OXCUM. 221 over the ann illations ; aperture oblique, margined by a rib; septum mucronate, mucro dextral, sharp pointed. Length, '125 inch. Jamaica. C. CORONATUM, Folin. PI. 67, fig. 80. Yellowish gray, with wide, flatly rounded ann illations and minute interstices, decussated by prominent, distant rounded longitudinal costae, with rather wide interstices, aperture bordered by a tubercular rib; septum mucronate, mucro dextral, sharp pointed. Length, '08 inch. Jamaica. C. IRREGULARE, Folin. PI. 67, fig. 82. Yellowish or grayish, with wide flattened annulations, becom- ing higher and more convex towards the aperture, interstices narrow, and longitudinally striate ; septum mucronate, the mucro dextral, finger-like. Length, -16 inch. Bahia, Brazil. C. PHRONIUM, Folin. PI. 67, fig. 79. Shell well-curved, with numerous rounded annulations, and narrow interstices, decussated by longitudinal distant narrow sulci; mucro spinose. Length, -13 inch. Haiti. C. COOPERT, Smith. PI. 67, figs. 84, 85. Shell with about 24, somewhat rounded longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous annulations, which are less marked towards the middle, white ; septum mucronate, with the apex inclining to the left, when looking at the back of the shell ; operculum con- cave. Length, -13 inch. New England, Long Island Sound. Because of C. CoopeH, Carpenter, Dr. Cooper changed the name of this species to C. Smithii and Prof. Verrill to C. costa- tum, but as Smith's species was published before Carpenter's, both these names fall into the synonymy. It is a pity that such a little shell should be burthcned with such a large synonymy — and for which there is no excuse. The desire to rush into print is so overmastering that no one is deterred by such a slight obstacle as being unable to refer to the literature of his subject. The figure given by Yen-ill represents the adolescent stage of sculpture, with less numerous ribs (fig. 85). 222 Undetermined Species. C. LTRATOCINCTUM and C. HEPTAGONUM, Carp. Mazatlan. Of the latter species Folin lias described vars. hexagonum and octogonum. C. IMBRICATUM, Carp. West Indies. C. INFIMUM (Aspinwall), C. MIRIFICUM, C. UNCINATUM, Folin. Section V. Armata. C. SPINOSUM, Folin. (Description and figure inaccessible to me). Undetermined Species of Caecum. I am unable to refer the following species to their appropriate sections : — C. TRIORNATUM, C. ABBREVIATUM, C. 1NSTRUCTUM, C. CONTRACTUM, C. VESTITUM, of de Folin. C. FASCIATUM, and var. INTAMINATA, de Folin. Mediterranean. C. SYRIACUM, de Folin. Tripoli, in Syria. C. VITREUM, and var. SUBORNATA, C. INCLINATUM, C. MARGINATUM, de Folin. Cape Verde Is. C. VICINUM, C. CRASSUM, C. SENEGAMBiANUM, Folin. W. Africa. C. FORMULOSUM, and vars. DECUSSATUM, MARMORATUM and SUL- CATUM, de Folin. Bahamas. C. SEPIMENTUM, de Folin. Sandwich Is. C. SEPIMENTUM, var. ARCUATUM, de Folin. Tahiti. C. INFLATUM, C. VARIEGATUM, and var. MINIMA, de Folin. Hong Kong. C. CHINENSE, de Folin. China, Australia. Subgenus MEIOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. C. NITIDUM, Stimpson. PI. 67, fig. 73. Shell smooth, shining, whitish or light brown, inflated in the middle, contracted towards the aperture, aperture oblique, sep- tum submucronate, the mucro convexly rounded ; operculum concave, 5-whorled. Length, -088 mill. Florida, West Indies. Carpenter describes a species under the name of nitidum, Bean MS., which appears to be identical. CAECUM. 223 C. CORNUCOPIA, Carpenter. PI. 67, fig. 75. Like the preceding, but smaller and less inflated, being sub- cylindrical ; mucro very acute. Length, '064--09 inch. West Indies, in sponge of commerce. C. CORNUBOVIS, Carpenter. PI. 67, fig. 74. Shell like the preceding, but the septum subangulate, with narrow, submucronate apex; operculum about 12-whorled, with an exterior strong spiral lamina. Length, '067-'082 inch. West Indies, Unfigured Species. C. SUBINFLEXUM (Bahamas), C. FJSCHERI and C. IMIKLIS ( Vera Cruz and Carmen), C. CUBITATUM, C. TENERUM, C. Coxi, C. UNDULOSUM, C. CROSSEI, C. DESHAYESIT, C. MORELETI, C. BITUMIDUM, C. CARPENTERI and C. TUMIDISSIMUM, all of de . Folin. Subgenus STREBLOCERAS, Carpenter, 1858. C. SUBANNULATUM, de Folin. Honolulu. This is the only recent species of the group, and it is unfigured. Subgenus WATSONIA, de Folin, 1879. C. ELEGANS, de Folin. Cape York, Australia. The only species, and unfigured. Subgenus PARASTROPHIA, de Folin, 1869. C. FOLINI, Bucq. Dautz. et Dollf. PI. 67, fig. 81. Shell elongated, rather narrow, thin, subopaque, white ; nucleus smooth, oblique, afterwards finely annulated, the annu- lations microscopically decussated. Length, '085 inch. Mediterranean. Spirolidium Mediterraneum, Costa, is identified with this species by Monterosato. Undetermined Species. C. ASTURIANA, de Folin. Atlantic Coast of Spain. C. CHALLENGERI, de Folin. Cape York, Australia. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. XENOPHORID.E, VERMETIDJE, TURRITELLID.E, PAGE. Abbreviatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Abnormale (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 316; Zool. Proc., 420, 1858, .220 Accisa (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc , p. 220, 1880, 208 Achirona (Brochina), de Folin. Jour, de Conch., p. 57, 1867, 216 Acicula (Mesalia), Stirnp. Shells of N. Eng , p. 35, t. 1, f. 5, 1851 ; Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 118, . . .207 Aculeata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 162, 1861, . . . .184 Acuta (Turritella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, p. 143, 1875, .... . 206 Acuta (Caecum strangulatum, var.), de Folin. Les Me"lea- grin., p. 44. 1867, . . .219 Acutangula (Turritella), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 259. = T. attenuata, Rve, 207 Acutanoula (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit. X, 766. = T. duplicata, Linn. . . .... 207 Adamsii (Siphonium?) Morch. Gray, Figs, of Moll., t. 88, f. 1, . 185 Adansonii (Vermetus), Daudin. Recueil, i>. 35, 1800, . 169 Admirabilis (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., p. 227, 1880, .208 ^Equalis (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., v, p. 208, 1826, 209 Afrum (Siphonium), Gm. Syst. Nat., p 3745, No. 23, . 183 Agathirses, Montf. Conch. Syst., i, 398, 1808. = s. g. of Siliquaria, Brug 169, 189 Agglomerata (Thylaeodes colubrinn, var.), Morch. Zool. ^Proc,p. 72, 1862, ... . . 180 Agglutinans (Trochus), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 14. — Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. . . . .161 Agoniatum ( Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 42, 1867, 219 Alba (Turritella), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 9, 1872, . . 205 Albina (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Monts. II. Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 61, 1 172 (224) INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 225 PACK. Albidus (Yermetus), Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 307, 1857, . 178 Albina (Thylacodes coluhrina, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 72, 1862, .180 Aletes (Thylacodes polyphragma, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 66, 1862, 179 Aletes (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 63, 1862, 17C> Aletes (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 55, 1862, 176 Aletes, Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 301, 1857. = S. G. of Yermetus, Adanson, . . 165, 174 Alternata (Turritella), Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 243. = Terebra, 209 Ammonitiformis (Spiroglyphus), De Serres. Ann. Sc. Nat., iv, 1855, 240, . . . . . . . . .177 Ammonitiformis (Stoa), M. de Serres. Ann. des Sci., 1. c. p., 242. = Siphonium lituella, Morch, .... 183 Ampla (.Thylacodes polyphragma, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 67, 1862, .179 Ampliata (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 56, 1862, .... 176 Ampliata (Vermiculus Inmbricalis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 172, 1861, . ..... 186 Anatilax (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163. 1861, 184 Anellum, Carp. Mazat. Cat., 319, 1857; Zool. Proc., 423, 1858, ... 214 Anellum (Yermetus), Mj'rch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 359, . 173 Anguillrtj (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 410, 191 Anguina (Siliquaria), Blainv. Man., t. 1, f. 11. = Tenagodus Cutningii, Morch. Anguina (Siliquaria), Sowb. Genera. = Tenagodus obtusus, Schum. ...... 189 An^uinus (Tenagodus), Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr., 701, Xo. 431, 1758, . 190 Angulatus (Yermetus), Rouss. Chenu. Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. 2. = Y. centiquadrus, Yalenc. . . . . .175 Angulifera (Bivonia), Monts. Enum. e Sin., p. 29 ; 111. Nat. Sicil.,iv, 61, ...... . 178 Annularium (Yermetus), Yaillant. Nouv. Arch, du Mus., 190,1871. = S. annulatus, Daudin, ... 178 Annulata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Yiv., p. 20, t. 13, f. 1, 203, 214, 217 Annulatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827, 220 15 226 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Annulatus (Thylacodes oryzata var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 78, 1862, Panama, . . . . . , ..183 Annulatus (Serpulus), Lam. Hist., v, p. 364, No. 10, 1818. = Spiroglyphus glomeratus, Daudin, var. tubulosa, Morch, 1 78 Annulatus (Spiroglyphus), Daudin. Recueil do Mem., p. 50, 1800, . ......... 178 Annulus (Yermetus), Rousseau. Chenn, Illus. Conch., t. 1, f. 8, - . • .183 Anticalyptnea, Quenstedt, 1884. = Autodetus, Lindst., . 158 Antillarum (Caecum dextroversum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc , 433, 1858, 215 Antiquarius (Trochus), Meusch. Gev., p. 453, 1787. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Aquila (Turritella), Ad. and Rve. Yoy. Samarang, . .202 Arborea(Lemintinaselecta, var.),Monts. II. Nat. Sicil. iv,63, 183 Archimedis (Turritella), Dillw. Desc. Cat., ii, 871, = Terebra, Linn 195 Arcotia, Stoliczka, 194 Arcuatum (Caecum sepimentum, var.), de Folin. Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 84, Tahiti, . ... . .222 Arcuatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = 0. glabrum, Mont 215 Arenaria (Septaria), Lam., vi, p. 32. = Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi, 179 Arenarius (Yermetus), Daudin, p. 35, 1800. = Th}dacodes Masier, Desh 180 Arenarius (Yermetus), " Lamck." Qnoy, Toy. de 1'Astr., p. 289, pi. 67, f. 8-10. = Cladopoda grandis, Gray, . 182 Areolata (Turritella), Stimpson. Shells N. Eng., 35, 1851. = Turbinella, . . .208 Armoricum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 148, t. 23, f. 4, 5, 1869. = Brochina incompta, Mont. . 216 Asperella (Yermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 347,1861, . . .171 Asperula (Yermetus reuisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 347,1861, ' . . . .171 Asturiana (Parastrophia), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 218, t. 29, f. 7, .223 Attenuata (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 4, 1849. = T. duplicata, Linn., var. ...... 207 Attenuatum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 809, 1879, 219 Atra (Yermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111., t. 5, f. 5, . 180 Aureocincta (Turritella), Martens. Sitz., Berlin, p. 107, 1882, 208 Auriculatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . .216 Australis (Xenophora), Souv. Journ. de Conch., xviii, 423, 1870, 160 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 227 PAGE. Australis (Siliquaria), Quoy. Voy. Astrolabe, . . . 189 Austrina (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 224, 1880, 208 Australis (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. vert., ix, 258, . . 207 Autodetus, Lindstrom, 1884, 158 Bacillum (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 5, t. 4, f. 1, 196 Badia (Vermetus varians, var.), Morcli. Zool. Proc., 340, 1861, . .170 Badia (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 76, 1862 ' 181 Balani-Tintinnabuli, Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 359, 1861, 175 Banksii (Turritella), Gray. MSS. Brit. Mus., Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 15, 1849. = T. goniostoma, Val. . . .198 Bernard!! (Tenagodus), Morch. Journ. de Conch., 1860, p. 368, 190 Biangulata (Turritella), De Blainv. = T. bicingulata, Lam. 202 Biangularis (Vermetus maximus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 168, 1861, 184 Bicarinata (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, . ... 187 Bicarinatus (Vermetus), Sowb. Man., f. 4. = Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw. . . . . .184 Bicarinatus (Vermetus), Desh. Anim. s. vert., ix, 67, 1843, = V. lumbricalis, Linn. Bicingulata (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. vert., ix, 256, . 202 Bicolor (Caecum impartitum, var.), de Folin. Les Melea- grin., p. 41,1867, 219 Bicolor (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 47, == T. fascialis, Menke, 1848, .197 Bif'unicularis (Siponium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1861, 185 Bimamillatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 6, 7 ; Jour. Linn. Soc., x, 26 1. Laguayra, . . . 216 Bimarginatura (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 431, 1858, . 216 Bipartitum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . .219 Bispinosum (Stephopoma), Morch. Mai. Bliitt., p. 78, No. 72,1860. = S. pennatum, Morch, . . .185 Bisuturalis (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 256. = Odostomia, 209 Bitumidum (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, 223 Bivonia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 62, 90, 1842 ; Mrs. Gray's Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 82, 1850, . . . 164, 166, 176 Bivonia, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 156 (not 1842). = Spiroglyphus, Daudin. 228 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAG«. Brasiliensis (Vermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 5,f. 5, 180 Breve (Caecum), cle Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 53, 1867, . 220 Brevialis (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. vert., ix, p. 256, . 209 Bridgesii (Vcrmetuscentiquadrus var.), Morch. Zool, Proc., p. 363, 1861, 175 Brochina, Gray. Guide Moll , p. 101, 1857. = Caecum, Elem. . 213, 215 Brochus, Brown. Recent Conch. Great Britain, iii, 1827. = Ciecum, Fleming, ....... 213 Broderipiana (Turritella), d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 388. = T. goniostoma, Val. . . . . . . .198 Burtinella, Morch. Zool. Proc., 147, 1861, . . . . 167 Caecalium, Macgillivray. = Caecum, Fleming, . . . 213 Cnecum, Fleming. Encycl. Edinb., t. 7, p. 67, 1817, . 213, 215 Calculifera (Phorus), Kve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 162, 1842, . 159 Californica (Turritella), Brod. Orb., Voy. Amer., 388. = T. goniostoma, Val. . . . . .198 Californicum (Caecum), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 541, . 219 Campulotus, Guett. Mem. iii, p. 94, 1774. = Vermetus, Adanson. Canaliculata (Turritella), Ad. and Rve. Voy. Samarang, p. 49, 1848. = T. vitulata, Ad. and Reeve, . . .204 Candida (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 38, 1849, . 204 Candidissima (Vermetus varians, d'Orb , var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 340, 1861, . 170 Capensis (Turritella), Krauss. Siidafrik. Moll., p. 106, t. 6, f. 8, . . . 197 Caperata (Xenophora), Phil, (not Petit). Zeits. fur Malak., 1851, 159 Caperata (Xenophora), Petit (not Phil.). Journ. de Conch., v, 249, pi. x, f. 3-5, 1856. = X. Senegalensis, Fischer, .161 Caribaea (Xenophora), Petit. Journ. de Conch., v, 248, pi. x, f. 1, 2, 1856, 162 Caribaea (Mesalia), d'Orb. Cuba., ii, No. 190, t. 10, f. 21. = T. varia, Kiener, var 209 Carinata(Siphoniurnsubgranosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 165, 1861, 184 Carinatus (Vermetus), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de PAstr., p. 298, t. 67, f. 25, 26, 172 Carinifera (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 258, . 206 Cariniferum (Siphonium), Gray. Dieff. New Zeal., p. 242, 1843, . . , .184 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 229 PAGE. Carlottae (Turritella), Watson. Linn. Soc. Journ., xv, p. 222, 1880, .... 208 Carmenense (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 216 Carpenter! (Vermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 339, 1851, . .170 Carpenter! (Yermetus Adansonii, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 337, 1861, 170 Carpenter! (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, 1869 .223 Castanea (Vermiculus pellnciclus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 179, 1861, 188 Cavelieri (Xenophora), Rochbr. Bull. Soc. Philorn., 178, 1883, . 161 Cellularia, Schmidt. Moll. Cat. Mus. Gotha, p. 70, 1833. = Thylacodes, Gtiett. Centiquadrus (Aletes), var. imbricatus. Carp. Cat., p. 302. = Siphonium megamastum, var. centiquadra, Morch, . 173 Centiquadrus (Yermetus), Yal. Yoy. Venus, t. 11, f . 1 a ; Jour, de Conch. ,2, v, 37, . ..... 174 Cerea (Xenophora), Rve. Conch. Icon. (Phorus), fig. 9, 1843, .160 Cerea (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 25, 1849. = T. bacillum, Kiener, . . . . . . .196 Cereus (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 316, f. 7, 1856 172 Cerithium (Turritella), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., t. 55, f. 27, 28. = Cerithium, 209 Challenger! (Parastrophia), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 806, 1879, . . . 223 Chiereghiniana (Brochina), Brusina. Journ. de Conch., p. 248, 1869. = B. auriculatum, de Folin, .... 216 Chinense (Caecum), de Folin. Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 80, t. 9, f. 3,4, .222 Cinerea (Yermicnlus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 164,1861. = Y. spiratus, var. radicula, .... 187 Cingulata (Turritella), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 13, . 200 Cingulitera (Turritella), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 14, . 198 Cinnamomina (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861, 188 Circumvolutum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 3 ; Jour. Linn. Soc., x, i62, 216 Cladopoda, Gray. Fig. of Moll., p. 83, 1850. = S. G. of Thylacodes, Guett 166 Clarkii (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 432, 1858. = C. vitreum, Carp., var. . . . . . . .215 Clathrata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Yiv.,p. 38, 1. 14, f. 1, 206 230 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Clathratula (Turritella), Wood. Crag Moll., 1848. = T. erosa, Couth. Clathratura (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 322 ; Zool. Proc., 428, 1858, . . . • . . . ' . . .219 Clava (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 54, 1867, . 220 Clisospira, Billings. Paleoz. Fossils, 1865, . . . .158 Cochlea (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 29, 1849. = T. exoleta, Linn 205 Cochleaeformis (Mathilda), Brugnone. Misc. Malac., p. 5, f. 1, 1873, . 210 Cochlidium (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 314, f. 2, 1856, 173 Colubrina (Serpula),Bolten. Verz., p. 50, No. 884, 1798. = Vermetus atra, Rouss. . . . . . . .180 Columnaris (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq.Viv., p. 10, t. 7, f. 1 , 200 Communis (Turritella), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 106, . ' . 19G Compacta (Bivonia), Carp. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, p. 427, 1864, . . . . . .177 Compactum (Caecum quadratum, var.), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 428, 1858, ... 217 Complanatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin.,p. 41 ,1867, 216 Concava (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., v, p. 207,1826, 209 Concava (Turritella), Martens. Mobius Mauritius, p. 283, 1880, 206 Conchyliophorus (Trochus), Born. Index Mus. Cses, 333, 161 Congelata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 47, 1848, ..... ... 204 Conicus (Vermetus), Dillwyn, ii, p. 1078, 1815, . .170 Conifer (var. of Siliquaria Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 404, 1860, 190 Constricta (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., pi. x, sp. 16, 1849, . .206 Constrictor (Bivonia), Mo'rch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 63, 1*62, 177 Contortula (Vermetus contortus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 345, 1861, 171 Contortuplicatus (Vermetus), var. b. Scacchi, Cat. p. 18. = Dofania gregaria, Monts 176 Contortus (Vermetus), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 305, No. 355, 1857, 171-173 Contracturn (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Contraria (Caecum undatum, var.), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, 1869, . . ... 218 Contrarius (Spiroglyphus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 329, 1861. = S. spiruliformis, de Serres. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 231 PAGE. Cooperi (Turritella), Carp. Calif. Proc., iii, p. 216, . . 200 Cooperi (Caecum), Smith. Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, vii, p. 154, 1862, ix, 393, f. 3, 221 Cooperi (Caecum), Carp, (not Smith, 1862), Supp. Brit. Assoc. Rep., p. 655, 1864; Proc. Cal. Acad., iii, 216, 1866. = C. Californicum, Dall 219 Coralliophila (Bivoma Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1862, 177 Corallophora (Astraea), Bolt. Cat. p. 56. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Cordismei (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 224, .1880, 208 Cornea (Yermiculus lumbricalis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 172,1861, . 186 Cornea (Turritella), Lam. Kiener, Iconog. t. 13, f. 3. = T. communis, Risso. ....... 197 Cornea (Caecum undatum, var.),de Folin. Les Meleagrin.,p. 41, 1867, . . . . ' . . . . . .218 Corneum (Caecum), Dkr. Jalirb. Mai. Gesell., ii, p. 244, 216 Corniculina, Minister, Beitr., Geogn. Tirols, 118, 119, 1841. = Caecum, Fleming, ........ 213 Cornubovis (Meioceras), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 439, 1858, . 223 Cornucopia? (Meioceras^, Carp Zool. Proc., p. 439, 1858, 223 Cornuoides, Brown. Recent. Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = Caecum, Fleming, 213 Coronata, Monts. Poche Note Conch. Medit., 12, 1875, . 211 Coronatum (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 50, 1867, . 221 Corrodens (Vermetus contortus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 346,1861, 171 Corrodens (Spiroglyphus), d'Orb. Cuba, p. 235, t. 18, f. 1, 3. — S. annulatus, Daudin, var. . . . . . .178 Corrugatus (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 163, 1842, . 159 CoiTiigulatum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 327; Zool. Proc., 433,1858, 216 Costae (Tenagodus), Cantr. Bull. Acad. Brux., 1836, p. 31. = Siliquaria anguina, Linn. ...... 189 Costre (Siliquaria), Cantr. Bull. Acad. Brux., 21, 1836; Morch. Zool. Proc., 413, 1860, 191 Costale (Siphonium), Lam. Hist., v, p. 366, No. 23, 1818. = S. subgranosum, Morch. ...... 184 Costalis (Serpula), Lam. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 10, f. 11, 178 Costalis ( Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 3, f. 1. = Vermiculus tortuosus, Solander, ..... 186 Costata (Turritella erosa, var.), Aurivillius. Yega Exped., p. 322, 1885. = T. reticulata, Migh. and Ad. . . 208 232 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Costata (Yermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 341, 1861, 170 Costatum (Caecum), Yerrill. Am. Journ. Sci., 3d Ser., iii, p. 283, t. 6, f. 6, 1872. = C. Cooperi, Smith, . . .221 Costulata (Turritella), Mighels and Adams. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 50, 1842. = T. reticulata, M. and A. 208-214 Coxi (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . . . .223 Crassa (Yermiculus pellucid us, var.\ Morch. Zool. Proe., p. 178, 1861, .... ... 188 Crassum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Crebricinctum (Caecum), Carp. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, p. 215, . ... 218 Crispa (Xenophora), Martens. Jahrb. der Dcutsch. Mai. Ges.,p. 238, pi. ix,f. 1, 1876. = = X. Senegalensis, Fischer, 161 Crispa (Xenophora), Konig. Bronn, Italiens Tertiiir- Gebilde, 62, 1831, 160 Cristata (Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1861, . . 185 Cristatus (Vermetus),Biondi. Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia 1859, p. 120, f 5. = Y. glomeratus, Bivona, . . .178 Crocea (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Yiv., p. 24, t. 11, f. 2. = T. bacillum, Kiener, 196 Crossei (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, 223 Crustans (Spiroglyphus glomeratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 333, 1861, . . . . • . . . .178 Cryptobia, Deshayes. Jour, de Conch., xi, 396, 1863, . 169, 191 Crystallina (Yermetus balani-tintinnabuli, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 359, 1861, 175 Crystallinum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 812, 1879, .... .'220 Cubitatum (Meioceras), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 223 Cuccina (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 216 Cumingii (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 13, 1849, = T. tigrina Kiener, .... . 199 Cumingii (Siliquaria), Morch. .Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 403, . . 190 Cuvieri (Lementina), Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe. Mer., iv, p. 114, t. 2, f. 16, 18, 1826 183 Cylindrella (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 410, 1860. Cylindrica (Caecum leve var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 39, 1867, . 215 Da Costae (Spiroglyphus), Morch. Humph, and Da Costa, Conch., xi, f. 15,' 185 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 233 PAOB. Decipiens (Turritella), Monts. Enum. e Sinon., p. 29, . 205 Declivis (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, 200 Declivis (Turritella erosa. var.). Aurivilliiis. Vega Exped , p. 324. = T. reticulata, Mighels, var 208 Decurtata (Broehina), Monts. II Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 23, 1884, 216 Decussata (Mesalia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 279, 1851, . 210 Decussatum (Caecum formulosum, var.), de Folin. Funds de la Mer, viii, p. 124, 222 Decussatus (Vermetus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3745, Xo. 21, 17«lx 181 Decussatus (Vermetus), Lain. Anim. s. Yert , v, p. 363, No. 7 (non Gmel.) = Y. conicus, Dillwyn, var. gordialis. Deliciosa (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 226, 1880, 208 Dendropoma, Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, p. 153. = Sect, of Siphonium. Dentaliopsis, Clarke MS. Gray. Zool. Proc., 203, 1847. = Crecum, Fleming, ....... 213 Dentifera (Vermetus), Quoy. Voy. de 1'Astr., p. 291, t. 67, f. 27,28. = Thylacodes lono-ifilis, Morch, . . .182 Dentifera (Spiroplyphua annulatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 331, 1861, . 178 Dentiferus (Yermetus), Sovvb. Gen., f. 6. = Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw. ..... 184 Dentiferus (Thylacodes), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., v, 367, . 179 Deshayesi (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . . 223 Dextroversum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 328, 215 Diaphana (Vermiculus lumbricalis, var), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 171, 1861, 186 Digitata (Xenophora), Martens. Sitz-Berich. Berlin, 135, 1878, .... 161 Dilatata (Yermetus octosectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 351, 1861, , 172 Diminutum (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 161, 310. = C. firmatum, C. B. Ad. . . ... . .217 Dimorphus (Yermiculus), Morch. Proc Zool. Soc., p. 176, 1861, 187 Discifer (Yermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 180, 1861, 188 Disculus (Spiroglyphus Spirnliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 329, 1861, 177 Dofania, Morch. J. de C., 2d, iv, 34, 1860. = Thylacodes and Bivonia, in part, . . , .166 234 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Dunkeri (var. of Tenagodus polygonus, Blv.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 403, 1860, . 190 Pnplicata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit, xii, 1239, . 207 Dura (Turritella), Moroh. Mal.'Blatt., vii, 78, . . . 209 Ebenea (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349,1801, 171 EburiK'iim (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 161, 311. = C. firmatum, C. B. Ad 217 Eburneus (Vermetus), live. Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 152, f. 2. = Vermiculus pellucidus, Brod. and Sowb., var. . .188 Echinata (Serpula), Gmel. Syst. Nat. = Siliquaria anguina, Linn. Effusus (Vermetus), Yal. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. 4, 4 a. = V. centiquadrus, Val 175, 188 Eglisia, Gray. Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Scalariidae. Electrina (Vermetus varians, d'Orb., var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 340, 1861, 170 Elegans (Watsonia), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 808, 1879, . 223 Eleu'ans (Cladopoda), Quoy and Gaim. L. c. p. 293, pi. 07, f. 11-12, 1833, 182 Elegans (Ciecum),de Folin. Les Melt'agrin,p. 45, 1807, 219, 323 Elegantissima (Mathilda), Costa. Microd. Medit., . . 210 Elegantissimum (Caecum), Cpr. Me Andrew's Rep. Moll., N. E. Atl. Brit. Assoc., p. 149, 1856 ; Zool. Proc., 429, 1858, 217 Elegantula (Mathilda), An gas. Zool. Proc., p. 15, 1871, . 210 Elephantulura, Carp. Zool. Proc., p 419, 1858. = Caecum, Flem. Elongata Turritella variegata, var.), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 19, 1849 199 Elongatum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 319; Zool. Proc.. 424, 1858, 219 Encausticus (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 408, I860, . 189 Endoptygma, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad. for 1876, 302, 1877," 157 Erosa (Turritella), Couth. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., ii, t. 3, f. 1, 208 Eruca (Vermetus^, Lamarck. Anim. sans vert., 2d edit., v, p. 634, 177 Eruca (Vermetus), Lam. Anim. sans vert.,-ed. 2, v, p 634. = Serpulorbis inopertus, Riippel, . . . . .182 Erucatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Melengrin., p. 42, 1867, 219 Eruciformis (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862, p. 70, . . 183 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 235 PAGE. Erythraeensis (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 329, 1861, 177 Erytlirosclera (Thylacodes ernciformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 70, I860, 183 Eschrichtii (Turritella), Midd. Malac. Rossioa, t. xi, f. 1,2. = T. erosa, Couth 208 Eutrochus, Whitfield. 1882, 158 Excavata (Turritella), Sovvb. Zool. Proc., p. 252, 1870. = T. exoleta, Linn 205 Exile (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 811, 1879, . .219 Exoleta (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, x, No. 561 ; Edit, xii, No. 644, . ... . £05 Expansa (Bivonia triquctra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc. p. 56, 1862, ... 176 Exserta (Bivonia), Dull. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 39, 1881, .177 Exuta (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 162, 1842, . 161 Farcimen (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Maznt. Shells, p. 326, . 215 Fartulum, Carp. Mazat. Cat., 425, 1858. = Caecum, Fleming. Fascialis (Turritella)', Menke. Synopsis, p. 83, 1828, . . 197, Fasciatum (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 66, t. 1, f. 2, 3, ... .... 222 Fascicularis (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 56, 1862 ' 176 Fastigiata (Turritella), Ad. and live. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, . . 204 Favosa (Yermetus contortus, var.), Morch, Zool. Proc., p. 345, 1861, .171 Ferruginea (var of Tenagodus australis,Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 407, 1860. = S. Reentzii, Morch/. . . .189 Ferruginea (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 32, 1849, . 207 Filaris (Vermetus vermicella, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 357, 1861, 173 Firmatum (Caecum), C. B Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 161, 311, . ^17 Fischeri (Meioceras), de Folin. Fonds de Mer, 18, f. 3, 4, 223 Fissurata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163. 1861, 184 Flammulata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq.Viv.,p. 7,t. 5,f. 1, 201 Flavescens ( Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 314, f. 3, 1856, .174 Flexuosa (Caecum elegans, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., ^ p. 45, 1867, . . . . 219 Flo rid an urn (Caecum), Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, 217 236 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Flos-lactis (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 62, 1862, .... m Folini (Parastrophia), B. D. D. Moll. Mar. Roussillon, p. 283, t. f. 5, 1884, . ...... 223 Formulosum (Caecum), do Folin. Fonds do la Mer, viii, p. 124, 222 Fragilis (Turritella), Kiener. Iconog., 34, t. 8, f. 3. = T. cingulifera, Sowb 198 Freytagi (Mesalia), von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., May, 1884, p. 68, 210 Fulgurata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 61, 1862, 177 Fulminata (Turritella), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 29, 1873, .... . 208 Funiculata (Mathilda), Tiberi. A nidus and Benoit. Moll. Sicil.,313. '= M. elegantissimn, Costa, . . . .210 Fuscata (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, 255. = T. ungulina, Linn. . . . . . . .196 Fuscata (Serpula), Humplir. Wood., Suppl., t. 8, f. 3, 1 828. = Vermetus atra, Rouss, . . . . . . .180 Fusco-cincta (Turritella}, Petit. Jour, de Concli., p. 368, t. 11, f. 3, 1853. = T. cingulifera. Sowb. . . .198 I Gsederopi (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 163, 1861, 185 Geo-ania, Jeffreys. 1884 •. . .195 Geinmata (Turritella), Rve. Concli. Icon., sp. 28, 1849, . 200 Gigas (Sipboniura), A. and G. Cbenn, 111. Conch., t. 5, f. 6, 6 a, . 184 Gigas (Serpuloides), Gray. Figs, of Moll , i, t. 58, f. 6, 1850. = V. polypbragrna, Sassi, . . . . . .179 Gigas (Siliquaria), Lesson. Voy. de la Coq..,ii, pt. i, p. 409, 191 Glabra (Tenagodus), Risso. Hist., iv, p. 1 15, . . .191 Glabriformis (Brocbina), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 437, 1858, . 216 Glabrum (Dentalium), Montagu. Test. Brit., ii, p. 497, 1803, ' 215 Glabrum (Caecum), Brusina (not Mont.). = Brocbina incompta, Monts. . . . . , .216 Glabrum (Odontidium), Cantraine, ..... 216 Glabrum (Ceecum), McAndr. Geogr. Distr. Test., 1854. = C. vitreum, Carp 215 Glauconia, Giebel, 1852, ... .194 Glomerata (Spiroglyphus annulatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 331, 1861, .... . 178 Glomerata (Serpula), Linn. Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1266. = Vermetus subcancellatus, Bivon. . . . . .173 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 237 Gloraerata ( Yermicnlaria), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 60, in part. = Thylacodes decussatns, Gra., var. tennis, Morch. Glomeratns (Y^ermetns) Bivona. Xuovi Genera, 12, . .178 Glorneratns (Yermetns), Daudin. Rec. 35. = Y. vermicella, Lam. . . . . . . .173 Glomeratns (Yerrnetus), Ronss. Chenu, IIlus. Conch., t. 2, f. 2. = Y. reniseetns (Carp.), Morch. Goniostoma (Tnrritella), Val. Yoy. Humboldt et Bon- pland, ii, p. 275, 198 Gordialis (Vermetus renisectns, var.), M'irch. Zool. Proc., p. 346, 1861, 171 Gordialis (Yermetns conicns, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 342, 1861 170 Goreensis (Yermetns), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3745, . . 177 Graeile (Csecnm), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 429, 1858, . .219 Gracile (Caecum). Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat Hist, vii, 407, 219 Gracillima (Ttirritella), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 386, 1861 ; A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., 107, 1875. = T. fascialis, Menke, . . . . . .197 Grandis (Cladopoda), Gray. Fig. of Moll., iv, p. 83, pi. 56, f. 9, 182 Granifera (Bivonia Qnovi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 61, 1862, : . 177 Granosa (Tnrritella), Quoy. Yoy. del'Astr.,iii,t. 55, f. 29,30, 209 Granolirata (Mathilda), Brugnone, Misc. Malac., p. 6, f. 2, 1873. = M. elegantissima, 0. G. Costa, . . . .210 Grannlata (Yermicnlaria ), Gravenh. Tergestina, p. 65, Xo. 5, 1831. = Bivonia triquetra, Bivon., var. pinnicola, . 176 Grannlifera (Tnrritella), Tenison- Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 143, 1875. = T. Anstralis, Lam. . . 207 Gregaria (Dofania), Monts. En. e Sin., p. 28 ; II. Xat. Sicil., iv, 62, . 177 Gunnii (Tnrritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 45, 1849, . 203 Gnrgnlio (Ctecnm), Carp. Zool. Proc., p 426,1858, . . 219 Gymnogastra (Yermetns ccrens, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 351,1861, . . 172 Halipluebus, Fischer. Kiener. Trochidae, 450, 1880, . .157 Hanleyana (Tnrritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 36, 1849. = T. rosea, Quoy 199 Hastula (Tnrritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 31, 1849, . 203 Hatina, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 62, 90, 1842; 62, 1844, . 167 Hanstator, Mtf. Conch. Syst., ii, 182, 1810, . . 193, 198 Helvacea (Xenophora), Ph. Zeit. fiir Malak., 1851, . .162 Heptagonum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 319 ; Zool. Proc., 422, 1858, 222 238 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Heteropsammarium (Cryptobia), Dcsh. Moll. Reunion, p. 68, 1863, . . . 191 Hexagonum (Caecum heptagonum, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 46,1807, . . . ' . . .222 Hookeri (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 61, 1848, . 206 Imbricata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc , p. 163, 1831, . . 184 Imbricata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, No. 640. = T. variegata, var. elongata, Linn. . . . .199 Imbricatum (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc.. p. 422, 1858, 185, 222 Imbricatus (Thylacodes), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., p. 240, No. 59, I860, • ... 180 Imbricosoluta (Turritella communis, var.), De Greg. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,x, p. 118 197 Imiklis (Meioceras), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 189, t. 26, f. 5, 6, . 223 Immersa (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861. 177 Impartitum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 41, 1867, 219 Imperfectum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleaorin,, p. 40, 1867, 216 Imperforatum (Dentalium), Montagu. Brit. Shells, 496. = C. trachea, Mont. .219 Impressa (Turritella), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 244. = Odostomia 209 Incisa (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 65, 1849, . . 203 Incisa (Turritella), Tenison-Woods (non Rve.). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, p. 262, 1877. = T. Sophias, Bra/. Incisns (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 408, 1860. . = T. Senegalensis, Recluz, 188 Inclinatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 142, t. 22, f. 1,2, 1869, . . . . . . .222 Incompta (Brochina), Monts. II Nat. Sicil., iv, p. 23, 1884, 216 Incurvatum (Yermiculum), Mont. Test. Br., p. 518, — C. glabrum, Mont . .215 Indentata (Vermetus contortus, var.), Carp. Morch. Mai. Blatt., 77, 1860, ... . .171 Indentata (Vermetus renisectus var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349, 1861, 171 Indica (Xenophora), Grael. Syst. Nat., 3575, . . 161 Indicus (Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. 2 a. = Vermiculus lumbricalis, Linn. var. teres, Morch, . . 186 Infimum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 2, . 222 Inflatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 121, t. 15, f. 5, 6, 1869, 222 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 239 PAGB. Infraconstricta (Turritella), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., p. 817, 1878, . . 203 Infundibulum (Serpula), Chenu. Illus. Conch., t. 10, f. 12, . 178 Incrassata (Turritella), Sowb. Min. Conch. Great Brit., i, p. Ill, t. 51, f. 6, 1812. = T. triplicata, Studer, . .197 Inopertus (Serpulus), Riippell. Atlas Africa, t. 11, f. 3, . 182 Insculptnm (Ctecnm), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan shells, p. 315, Zool. Proc., 420, 1858, 220 Insigne (Caecum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 52, 1867, 220 Instructum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Intaminata (Crecum fasciatum, var.), Monts. Nat. Sicii., iv, 24, . 222 Intermedia (Thylacodes decussatns, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 75, 1862, 181 Intestina (Serpula), Salis-Marschlius. Reise, p. 358, 1793, = Thylacodes poly phragma, Sassi, 179 Intestiniforme (Dentalium), Linn, 1759. Hanley, Ms. of Mus. Ulric., 49. = Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi, . .179 Intortus (Yermetus), Weinkaulf (non Lamarck). Conch. Medit., 328. = V. subcancellatus, Bivona, . . .173 lonica (Bivonia), Danillo and Sandri. Elengo, ii, 65, . 177 Irregulare (Cfficum), de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 47, 1867, 221 Irregularis (Vermetus), d'Orb. Cuba, p. 235. = Vermetus varians, d'Orb, var. irregularis, Morch, . 170 Irregularis (Yermetus), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 17, f. 16, but scarcely desc. = Spiroglyphus annulatus, Daud, var. . 178 Japonica (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860 190 Juvenilis (Yermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 348, 1861, . . . 170 Knocked (Protoma), Baird. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1870, . 210 Knorri (Yermetus), Desh. An. s. Yert., ix, 68, 1843. = Yermiculus spiratus, Phil. var. bicarinata, Morch, . 187 Knysnaensis (Turritella), Krauss. Sudafrik. Moll., p. 106, t. 6, f. 9, 1848, .203 Lacquearis (Yermiculus pellucid us, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861. Lactea (Mesalia), Mo'ller. Index Moll. Gnjenlandire, p. 9. = T. reticulata, Migh. and Adams, 208 Lactea (Siliquaria), Lam. Hist., v, p. 338, No. 5, 1818, . 191 Lacteola (Mesalia), Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Brit. As., p. 655, 1864. = T. reticulata, Migh. and Adams, . . . 208 Lseve (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311, . 215 240 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Laeve-lirata (var. of Tenagodus Oumiftgii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860, ........ 190 Laevigata (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), M. = S. G. Thylacodes, Guett, ...... 167 Lemniscata ( Spiroglyphus spiruliformis, var. ), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861, ..... .177 Lentiginosa (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1849. = T. goniostoma, Val ........ 198 Leucostoma (Turritella), Val. Voy. Humboldt et Bon- pland, ii, p. 275, . . . ..... 200 Leucozonias (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 155, 1861, . ..... ... 185 Levissimum (Odontidium), Cantr. Bull. Brux., ix, p. 2, 1842. = C. glabrum, Mont ....... 215 Liratocinctum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 317; Zool. Proc., 421, 1858, ... . 222 Ligar (Turritella), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 261. = T. fiammulata, Kien. Lilacina (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1862, ....... . .176 Lilacinus (Vermetus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 352, 1861, .......... 172, 177 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 241 PAGE. Limacella (Th}rlacodes Riisei, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 69, 1862, .... . . .183 Lineata (var. of Tenagoclus incisus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 408, 1860, . . , . . . . . . .189 Lineicinctum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 808, 1879,- 219 Lineolata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 25, t. 5, f. 2. = T. rosea, Quoy, . . . . . . .199 Lineolata (Vermicularia), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 57, No. 3. = Thylacodes polyphragma, Sassi, var. Aletes, Morch. NLinnei (Turritella), Desh. = T. communis, Risso, . .197 Lispe (Vermetus), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., 2d Edit., ix, 65. = V. ver micella, Lam. . . . . . . .173 Longifilis (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 79,1862, 181 Lithophorus (Trochus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, pi. 172, f. 1688-1690. = Xenophora conch3Tliophorus, Born. Lithotrochus, Conrad, . . . . . . . .194 Lituella (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 154,1861, 183 Lituina (Vermiculus dimorphus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861, . . -. 187 Lumbricalis (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860 190 Lumbricalis (Vermetus), Gould. Report Mass., p. 287. = Vermiculus. spiratus, Phil., var. radicula, Stimp. . 187 Lumbricalis (Vermiculus), d'Orb. Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 234. = V. spiratus, Phil., var. bicarinata, Morch, . . . 187 Lumbricalis (Serpula), B. Gm. S}rst. Nat., p. 3742. = Vermetus conicus, Dillw. . . . . . .170 Lumbricalis (Vermetus), Lam. Hist. An. sans Vert., vi, pt. 2, 225. = V. Adansonii, Daudin, var. Lumbricalis (Vermetus), Roissy (non Linn.). Hist. Moll., v, p. 399, t. 56, f. 1. = V. Adansonii, Daudin, . .169 Lumbricalis (Vermiculus), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, 787, 1758, 186 Lumbricella (Thylacodes eruciformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 70, 1862, 183 Luridum (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 164, 1861, 184 Lyngbyanua (Vermetus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 83, 1862; Mall. Blatt., xviii, 128, 185 Macandrese (Eglisia), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 753, 1865. = Turritella quadricarinata, Brocchi. Macrophragma (Vermetus), Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 309, No. 359, 1857, ....... . 173 Macrophragma, Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 308, 1757. = S. G. of Vermetus, Adans., 1 60, 173 Macrophragma (Petaloconchus), Carp. Mazat. Cat., p. 309, f. 1, .173 10 242 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PACK. Maculata (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 33, 1849, . 202 Magellanica (Mathilda), Fischer. Man. de Conch., p. 172, 1881, . . . 211 Magnum (Caecum), Stearns, ... ... 219 Major (Bivonia sutilis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 58, 1862, 177 Major (Cornuoides), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = C. trachea, Mont., young, . . . .219 Margaritarum (Yermetus), Val. Voy. Venus, t. 11, f. 2 (larger fig.), . . 181 Margaritarum (Siphonium), Val. Voy. Venus, pi. 11, f. 2. — Thylacodes squamigerus, Carp., var. pennuta, Morch., . 184 Marginatum (Csecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, 143, t. 22, f. 3, 4, 1869, . . 222 Marmorata (Turritella), Kiener. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 23, t. 8, f. 4. = T. goniostoma, Val 198 Marmorata (Turritella), Ch., iv, p. 259, f. 1422. = T. variegata, Linn. . . . . . . .199 Marmoratum (Csecum formulosum, var.), de Folin. Fonds de -la Mer, viii, p. 124, 222 Masier (Vermetus), Desh. Anim. s. Vert., ix, 65, 1843, . 180 Massiliense (Ca3cum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 216 Mathilda, Semper. Jour, de Conch., xiii, 330, 1865, . 195, 210 Maxima (Vermetus centiquadrus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 362, 1861, . . . . . . . .175 Maximum (Siphonium), Sowb. Tank. Cat., p. 23, 1825, .184 Maximus (Ouustus), Humphr. Cat., p. 28. = Xenophora conchyliophorus, Born. Meandrina (Xenophora), Fischer. Mas. DemidolT, p. 213- 214,1807. — X. conchyliophorus, Born, . . .161 Mediterranea (Xenophora), Tiberi. Jour, de Conch., xi, p. 157, pi. vi, f. 1, 1863. = X. crispa, Konig, . . .160 Mediterraneum (Spirolidium), Costa. Microdoride Medi- terr., p. 66, t. xi, f. 4, 1861. ? = C. Folini, B. D. D. 213, 223 Megacentro (Siphonium maximum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc.. p, 168, 1861, . . 184 Megamastum (Siphonium), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 153, 1861, 185 Meioceras, Carpenter. Zool. Proc., p. 438, 1858. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214, 222 Melanioides (Mesalia), live. Conch. Icon., sp. 3, 1849, . 209 Melanosclera (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, . ...... 187 Melanostomus (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 99, 1865, .183 Mesal (Turritella), Desh. Anim. s. vert., ix, p. 261. = T. brevialis, Lam. 209 Mesalia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, . . . 193, 209 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 243 PA^E. Meta (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 34, 1849. = T. variegata, Linn., var 199 Michaudii (Thylacodes), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2, f. 5, 181 Michelini (Cryptobia), Desh. Moll. He Reunion, pp. 65-67, 1863, , 191 Microcyclos (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 811, 1879, 219 Minima (Caecum variegatum, var.), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 120, t. 15, . . . . . . 222 Minor (Cornuoides), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = C. glabrum, young, 215 Minor (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Monts. II Xat. Sicil.,iv, p. 61, . . ... 172 Minutum (Dentalium), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed.xii, p. 1264. = C. glabrum, Mont. . . . . . . .215 Minutum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p 40, 1807, . 216 Mirabile (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 45, 1867, . 220 Mirificum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 47, 1867, . 222 Mobii (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1865, p. 98, . 191 Modesta (Siliquaria), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 39. Modestum (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . . 216 Monile (Vermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 339, 1861, ... . .170 Monilifera (Vermetus renisectus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 349,1861, 171 Monilifera (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, .205 Monstrosum (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311. = C. firmatum, C. B. Ad . .217 Moreleti (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, . . . . . ... 223 Moreletia, de Folin. In les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 120. = Parastrophia, de Folin. Morchia, Mayer. Jour, de Conch., viii, 309, Aug. 1860 (non A. Adams, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Apr., 1860). = Burtinella, Morch. Muhlenpfoidti (Thylacodes Riisei, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 69, 1862, ' .183 Multilirata (var. of Tenagodus Australis, Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 406, 1860, . . 189 Multilirata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 47, 1848, 204 Muricata (Siliquaria), Born. Test. Caes. Vindobon, 446. = S. anguina, Linn. ........ 190 Mutabile (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, 1869. 244 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PACK. Natalensis (Thylacodes), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 70, 1862, 183 Nebulosa(Turritella),Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv.,p. 33, 1. 14, f. 2, 209 Nebulosum (Siphonium)', Dillw. II, p. 1076, No. 19, . . 184 Nerinaeoides (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 316, f. 6, 1856, 171 Nidificans (Vermiculus tortuosus,var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 1'70, 1861, ... 186 Nigricans (Vermetus lumbricalis, var.), Dall. Proc. Nat. Mus., vi, p. 334. = Y. varians, d'Orb. Nitidura Caecum), Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 112, 222 Nitidum (Meioceras), Bean. Carpenter, Zool. Proc., 438, 1858, . . . . . . . . . .222 Nivea (Turritella), Anton. Yerzeich. der Conch., p. 61, . 209 Nivea (Turritella), Gray, MSS. Brit. Mus. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.,sp. 44, 1849, . . 196 Nodoso-rugosus (Yermetus), Lischkc. Mai. Blatt., xvi, p. 106, .180 Nodulosa (Turritella), King. Zool. Journ., v,p,347,No. 56, 202 Novae-Hollandiae (Yermetus), Rousseau-. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 1, f. 4 a. = Thylacodes sulcatus, Lam. . . .179 Novae-Zelandiae (Yermetus), Gray. Fig. of Moll., ii, p. 28, t. 56, f. 6. = Cladopoda Zelandica, Q. and G. . .182 Obsoletum (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 426, 1858. = C. trachea, var. . . . . . . . .219 Obsoletus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3612. = T. Exoleta, Linn. .... ... 205 Obtusum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 317 ; Zool. Proc., 421, 1858, 220 Obtusus (Tenagodus), Schum. Essai, p. 262, 1817, . . 189 Occlusa (Yermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc , 339, 1861, ... 170 Occlusa (Yermetus subcancellatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 356, 1861 173 Occultum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin, p. 44, 1867, 219 Ochrea (Serpula), Gmelin. Syst. Nat, 3744. ?== Yermetus atra, Rouss. 180 Octagonum (Caecum heptagonum, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 46, 1867, . . 222 Octosectus (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 317, f. 8, 1856, 171 Odontina, Zborzewski. = Caecum, Fleming, 1834, . .213 Odontidium, Phil. = Caecum, Fleming, 1836, . . . 213 Opalina (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, 210 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 245 Operculatus (Serpulorbis\ Gray. Zool. Proc., 156, 1847. = V. inopertus, Riippell, 182 Onustus, Humphrey. Mus. Calonn., 1197 ; H. and A. Adams, Genera, 1,362, 1854, 157,162 Onustus (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 160. 1842. = X. conch yliophorus, Born 161 Oi-cutti (Caecum), Dfcll. Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., viii,541, 1885, 216 Orientals (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, vi, vii, p. 107, t. 11, f. 5, 6, 216 Oryzata (Thylacodes), Morch. Pro. Zool. Soc, p. 78, 1862, 183 Oxygona (Thylacodes grandes, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 81, 1862, 182 Pachylasma (Yermetus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 354, 1861, . 175 Pagoda (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 60, 1848, . 204 Pallidulus (Phorus), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 162, 1842, . 160 Panamensis (Vermetus), Rouss. Ohenu, Illus. Conch., t. 5, f. la, 6. = Y. centiquadrus, Val., var. . . . 175 Panamensis (Serpula), Chenu. 111. Conch., t. 10, f. 5. = V. pellucidus, var. crassa, 188 Panamensis (Serpula), Chenu. Illus. Conch., t. 10, f. 5. =Vermiculus pellucidus, Brod. & Sowb., var. crassa, Morch. Panormitanus (Vermetus), De Greg. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., x, p. 119, 1884, ... 177 Papillosa (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1862, 177 Papillosa (Turritella), Kien. Coq. Viv., t. 14, f. 3. = T. nodulosa, King, 202 Papillosa (Siliquaria), Rees, Encyc. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2, f. 16, . 191 Paradoxum (Caecum), de Folin. Jour, de Conch., p. 48, 1867, 218 Parastrophia, de Folin. In les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 174, 1869; Jour, de Conch., 203, 1877. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214,223 Parva (Torcula), Angas. Zool. Proc., p. 174, t. 26, f. 17, 1877. — T. cinguififera, Sowb. Parvum (Caecum), C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 163, 311. = C. undatum, Cpr 218 Parvulum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 40, 1867, 216 Pellucidus (Vermiculus), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 369, ........ .187 Penicillus, Grew. Mus. regal., p. 132 (non Rondelet). = Yermicularia, Lam. Pennata (Thylacodes squamigerus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 76. 1862, . . . . . . . .181 246 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. FAOE. Permatum (Stephopoma), Morch. Jour, de Conch., p. 43, 1860, 185 Perforans (Stoa), M. de Serres. Ann. des Sci., v, p. 241, t. 8, f. 3-6, 1855. = Siphonium politura, Daudin, . . 184 Perlata (Yermetus varians, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 341, 1861, . .170 Peronii (Vermetns), Rouss. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 4, f. 6. = Y. centiquadrns, Yal., var 175 Personata (Yermetus conicus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 341,1861, 170 Petaloconchus, Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1843, t. 9, p. 229. = S. G, of Yermetus, Adanson, . . . 165,172 Petrsea (Bivonia), Monterosato. II Nat. Siciliano, iv, p. 61. = B. glomerata, Bivona. Philippinensis (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 75, 1862, . . ... 181 Philippensis (Turritella), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., p. 223, 1880, 208 Phorus, De Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 158, 1810. = Xenophora, Fischer, 157 Pkronimum (Caecum), de Folio. Jour, de Conch., p. 44, 1867, .221 Picea (Yermetus renisectus, var.), Morck. Zool. Proc., p. 349, 1861, 171 Picta (Yermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morck. Zool. Proc., p. 178, 1861, 188 Pictum (Siphonium), Morck. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 161, . 185 Pinguis (Gegania), Jeffreys. 211, 1861. Pinnicola (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 55, 1862. Planorbis (Spiroglyphus\ Dkr. Mai. Blatt., vi, p. 240, 1860, 178 Planorboides (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1862, . . 177 Planorboides (Yermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 177, 1861, 188 Planorboides (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 163, 1861. Platyomphala (var. of Tenagodus Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 405, 1860, 190 Platypus (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 157, 1861, 185 Plicaria (Serpula), Lam. Anim. sans Yert., Y, p. 619, No. 5, 185 Plicata (Mesalia), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 123, 1855, . .210 Plicaturn (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 421, 1858, . . 2^0 Polaris (Turritella), Beck. Moller, Tnd. Moll. Groenl., 1842. = T. erosa, Couth. 208 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 247 PAOB. Pollicare (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 432, 1858, . . 220 Politus (Spiroglyphus), Daudin. Recueil, p. 49, 1801, .184 Pol}Tgonus (Tenagodus), Blainv. Diet., xlix, p. 213, 1827. = S. anguina, Linn. ........ 190 Polyphragma (Vermetus), Sassi. Jour. Ligur. Sc., v, 482, 1827, 175, 179 Ponderosus (Tenagodus), Morck. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 409, 188 Porites (Thylacodes), Ronss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 2, f. 3, a, 6, c. ' (Not figs. d,e), 181 Porites (Vermetns), Rousseau (in part). Chenu, 111. Conch., t. f. 3, d, e. — V. decussatus, Gmel., var. Isevigata. Pntlonga (Siphonium maximum, var.), Morch. • Zool. Proc., p. 169, 1861, 184 Proboscis (Vermetus conicus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 343, 1861, 170 Protensa (Serpula), Dillw. II, p. 1085, No. 38, (not Gniel.). = Thylacodes Rumphii, Gmel. . . ... . . 183 Protensus (Thylacodes), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3744, No. 20, 183 Proto, Defrance. Diet. sc. Nat. pi., 1825 ; xliii, 410, 1826. = Turritella, Lam. Protoma, Baird. Zool. Proc., p. 59, 1870, . . .194,210 Pseudophorus, Meek. = Xenophora, Fischer, . . . 157 Pulchellum (Caecum), Stimp. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, ..... 217 Punctata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 62, 1862, 177 Punctata (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 19, t. 11, f. 3. = T. goniostoma, Val 1 98 Puncticulata (Turritella), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 253, 1870, 209 Pusilla (Turritella), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii, p. 184, 1856, .208 Pygmaeum (Caecum^, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 163, 311. =.C. firmatum, C. B. Ad. . .... 217 Pyxipoma, Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 409. = S. G. of Siliquaria, Brug 168, 191 Quadricarinata (Mathilda), Brocchi. Conch. Foss. subap., 375, 1814, 211 Quadrangularis (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, . . . . . . . 187 Quadrangulus (Vermiculus), Phil. Mke. Zeitsch, p. 17, No. 77,1848. =V. spiratus, Phil., var. quadrangularis, Morch, 187 Quadratnm (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 322, Zool. Proo., 428,1858 217 Quoyi (Bivonia), H. and A. Ad. Gen., p. 359, t. 39, f. 3 a, . 176 248 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Radicula (Vermiculus), Stimp. Shells of N. England, p. 38, = V. spiratns, Phil., var. . . . . . . .187 Radula (Turritella), Kien. Icon Coq. Viv., p. 13, t. 2, f. 1, 201 Ramosa, (Lemcntina selecta, var.), Monts. II Nat. Siciliano, iv, p. 63, 183 Rastrum (Vermiculus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 180, 1861, 188 Reentzii (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 98, 1865. . 189 Regulare (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 428. 1858, . ' . 219 Regularis (Serpula), Chenu. 111. Conch., t. 10, f. 14. = V; planorboides, Morch, ...... 188 Renisectus (Petaloconchus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 315, f. 5, 1856. = Vermetus Adansonii, Daudin, var. Carpen- ter, Morch, . • 170 Renisectus (Vermetus), Carp. Var. Zool. Proc., 315, 1856, Morch. Zool. Proc., 346, 1861, 170,171 Repens, (Vermetus contortus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 344,1861, . .171 Repens, (Thylacod'es dentiferus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 68, 1862. Replicata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. edit., xii, 1239. = T. duplicata, Linn, 207 Reticulata (Turritella), Migh. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 50, t. 4, f. 19, 1843, . . .208 Reticulatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit. 1827. = Caecum annulatum, Brown, .... 220 Retifera (Vermetus conicus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 343, 1861, .... ... .170 Retusa (Mathilda), Brugnone. Misc. Malac., p. 6, f. 3, = M. elegantissima, Costa, 210 Reversum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazat. Shells, p. 329, . 216 Riisei (Thylacodes), Morch. Zool. Proc., 69, 1862, . .183 Robusta (Xenophora), Verrill. Am. Journ. Sci., xlix, 226, 1870, . .161 Rosea (var. of Tenagodus incisus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 409, 1860, 188 Rosea (var. of Siltquaria anguina), Linn. Monterosato, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,v, 224 189 Rosea (Turritella \ Quoy. Voy. del'Astr.,iii,t. 55, f. 24-26, 199 Rosea (Turritella), Mantell (not Quoy). Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc., vi, t. 28, f. 16. = T. tricincta, Button, . . .209 Rosens (Stephopoma), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. cle 1'Astr., p. 300, t. (17, f. 20-24, 185 Rousssei (Vermetus;, Vaillant. Nouv. Archiv. du Museum, 1871, p. 197, .... . . 175 Rubella (Caecum elegans, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 45, 1867, . ' . . . . / . 219 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 249 PAGE. Ruber (Tenagodus), Schum. Essai, p. 2G2, 1817. = T. anguina, Linn. . . . . . . . .190 Rubescens (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 63, 1849, . 201 Rudis (var. of Tenagodas Cumingii), Morch. Zool. Proc., 404, 1860, .-.--. . . .190 Rugoso (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 1(53,1861, . .184 Rugoso-squamosa (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 60, 1862, 177 Rugulosa (Creseis), Cantraine, p. 32. = Caecum trachea, Mont. . . . . . . .219 Rugulosa (Vermiculus lumbricalis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 173, 1861, 186 Rugulosum (Odontidiuui), Phil. Moll. Sic., i, p. 102, t. 6, f. 20. = Caecum trachea, Mont. . . . . .219 Rumphii (Thylacodes), Blainv., 1828, 183 Runcinata (Turritella), Watson. Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 217, 208 Rupestris (Serpula), Risso. Eur. Mer., p. 204, No. 25. = Bivonia triquetra, Bivon, var. pinnicola, . . .176 Ryssotitum (Caecum), de Folin. Jour, de Conch., p. 46, 1867, 218 Sangninea (Turritella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 27, 1849. = T. goniostoma, Val 199 Sardinianum (Ca3cum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 231, t. 19, f. 11, 12, 1869. = C. vitreum, Carp. . . . 215 Scaber (Thylacodes), Gravenh. Tergest., p. 55, No. 2, 1831. Hab. unknown, . . . . . . . . .183 Scalariformis (var. of Tenagodus Australis, Quoy),. Morch. Zool. Proc., 406, 1860, 189 Scahiris QTermiculas spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, ISfil • 187 Scandens ( Siphonium maximum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 167,1861 184 Scaphitella (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 160, 1861. Scaphitoides (Siphonium textum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc , p. 159,1861, .185 Scaphitoides (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 327, 1861, 177 Scnlopendrina ( Yermetus subcancellatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 35(5, 1861, .... ... 173 Searles-Woodii (Caecum), Cpr.-McAndr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl. ? = C. elegantissimum, Carp., var. .... 218 Selecta (Lemintina), Monts. Enum. e Sin., p. 281, 1878.; 11 Nat. Sicil., iv, 63, 183 Semicinctum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 42, 1867, 219 250 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Semi-surrectus (Vermetus), Bivon. Nouv. Gen., p. 10, t. 2, f. 3, 1832, 176 Semitrachea (Caecum), Brus. MS. Monts Na,t. Sicil., iv, 24, 220 Senegalensis (Siliquaria), Recluz. Morch., Zool. Proc.. 408, 18KO, . 188 Senegalensis (Xenophora), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., xxi, 123, 1873, . 1GO Senegambianum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, W. Africa, 222 Senticosum (Stephopoma), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc.,p. 150, 1861, . ' 185 Sepimentum (Caacum), de Folin. Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 84, pi. 6,f. 7, . . . . . . . . 222 Sequenzianus (Vermetus), Aradas and Benoit. Conch. Sicil., p. 151, 1870, . .... 176 Serpulina (Bivonia triquetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 56, 1862, 176 Serpuloides, Gray. Fig. of Moll., iv, p. 83, 1850. = Thylacodes, Guett. . 166 Serpulorbis, Sassi. Journ. Ligur. Genes, T, 482, 1827. = Thylacodes, Guett, 164, 166 Serpulus, Montf. Conch. Syst, p, 22, 1810. = Thylacodes, Guett, 166 Serrata (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 162, 1861, 184 Siliquaria, Brugniere. Encyc. Meth., i, p. xv, 1789, . 168, 188 Siliquarius, Montf. Conch. S37st., ii, 38, 1810. = S. G. of Siliquaria, Brug. Sinensis (Mathilda), Fischer. Jonrn. de Conch., p. 304, t. 9, f. 3, 1867, . . .211 Sinensis (Xenophora), Ph. Funfter Jahresber. des Ver. Natur. Kassel, 8, 1841. = Onustus calculifera, Rve. . 159 Sinuata (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 62, 1849, . 200 Sipho (Vermetus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 4, f. 3, upper; Morch, Zool. Proc., 364, 1861. = V. Roussaei, Vaillant. - Sipho (Vermetus), Lam. Anim. s. vert., v, 367, 175, 180, 183 Sipho (Vermetus), " Lam." Blainv., Diet. Sci., 1828. = Thylacodes Masier, Desh. . . . . . .180 Siphonata (Vermetus centiquadrus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 363, 1861 175 Siphonium, Gray. Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, 82, . .164,183 Siphonium, " Browne." Morch, Jour, de Conch., vii, 353. = Siphonium, Grajr. . . . . . . . .167 Smithii (Caecum), Cooper. Proc. A. N. S., 154, 1872. = Caecum Cooperi, Smith, ...... 221 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 251 Smithia, von Maltzan. Nachrichts. der Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., p. 97, July, 1883, . .192 Solarinus (Vermiculus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 171, 1861, . . . . ' 188 Solarioides (Xenophora), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 8, 1843, . 159 Solaris (Xenophora), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1229, . 162 Solaris (Trochus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 127. = X. Indica/Gmelin. Solidissima (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis,var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861, . . ... 177 Soluta (Vermetus subcancellatus, var.), Monts. II Nat. Siciliano, p. 61, .... .... 172 Soraeri (Brochina,) de Folin. Journ. de Conch., p. 56, 1867, 216 Sophise (Turritclla), Braz. Proc. Linn. Sinn. Soc. N. S. W., viii,p. 227, 1883, 208 Spectrum (Turritella), Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 40, 1849. = T. terebra, Linn., var. . . . . . . .195 Spina (Turritella), Crosse and Fisch. Journ. de Conch., p. 347, 1864 .209 Spinosa (Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 159, 1861, . .... 185 Spinosum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, ii, p. 84, t. 3, f. 1, . . 222 Spiralis (Tenagodus),Risso. Hist., p. 115, No. 277, 1826, .191 Spiralis (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var. ), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 328, 1861, 177 Spiratus (Vermiculus), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg.,244, 1835, 187 Spiroglyphus, Daudin. Recueil, p. 39, 1800, 164, 166, 170, 177 Spirorbis (Serpula) /9, Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3740. = Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, De Serres, var. immersa, Morch. Spirorbis (Bivonia triqnetra, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 55, 1862, 176 Spirorbis (Spiroglyphus), Sowb. Man., f. 8, . . . 178 Spiruliformis (Spiroglyphus , De Serres. Ann. des Sci., iv, p. 241, t. 8c,f. 1, 1855, '. .... 177 Squamata (Siliquaria), Blainv. Diet, des Sci. Nat., t. 49, f. 213. = S. anguina, Linn .190 Squamigerus (Vermetus), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 226, 1865, 181 Squamosa (Turritella), Borson. = T. qnadricarinata. Squamulosa i Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 157, 1861, 185 Stephopoma, Moerch. Journ.de Conch., 1860, p. 42, 164, 167,185 Stramonitffi (Spiroglyphus), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 330, 1861, 178 252 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAQB. Strangulatum (Caecum"), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 44, 1867, .219 Strebloceras, Carpenter. Zool. Proc., p. 440, 1858. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214, 223 Stoa, M. de Serres. Annales des Sciences Nat., iv, p. 238, 1855. = Siphonium, Gray, and Spiroglyphus, Dauclin,166, 167 Striatum ^Caecum), Folin. Fonds der la Mer, i, 49, 170, t. 5, f. 3, 220 Striatus (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., 1827. = Caecum trachea, Mont 219 Strigata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc. p. 60, 1862, ... .177 Strigosum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 5, Journ. Linn. Soc., x, 261, ....... 215 Suave (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds cle la Mer, viii, 1869. Subacuta (Caecum semicinctum, var.), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 42,1867, . . .219 Subangulata (Turritella), Monts. (not Brocc.) = T. decipiens, Monts. . . . . . . . 205 Subannulatuin (Strebloceras), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 807, 1879, .... 223 Subannulatum (Brochina), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 230, t. 39, f. 9, 10, 1869, 218 Subcancellatus (Vermetus), Bivon. Cat. 12, . . . 172 Subcrenatum (Siphonium), Lam. Anim. S. Vert., v,p. 370, 1818, . 185 Subdecussata (Siphonium subcrenatum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 158, 1861, 185 Subflavum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 810, 1879, . 216 Subgranosa (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 180, 1861, . . .188 Subgranosum (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 165, 1861, .184 Subimpressum (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 320, Zool. Proc., 424, 1858, ... . 217 Subinflexum (Meioceras). de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, p. 165, t. 23, f. 8, . .223 Subornata (Caecum vitrea, var.), de Folin. Fonds dela Mer, viii, p. 142, 1869, 222 Subornatum (Caecum laeve, var.), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 1869, 215 Subquadratum (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., p. 433, 1858, 216 Subspirale (Caecum), Carp. Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 315, Zool. Proc., 419, 18f>8 . .220 Subsquamosa (Turritella), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xviii, p. 152, . 209 Succineum (Caecum), de Folin. Zool. Proc., p. 810, 1879, . 216 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 253 PAGE. Sulcata (Caecum) formulosum, var., de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 1H4, 1869, . . 222 Sulcata (Siliquaria), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847. = Tenagodus aiigiiinus, Linn. ...... 190 Sulcatus (Thvlacodes), Lam. Anim. S. Yert., v, p. 367, No. 22, 1818, 180 Sulcatus (Mesalia), Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1842. = M. brevialis, Lam. ........ 209 Sutilis (Bivonia), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 58, 1862, . 177 Superbum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 44, 1867, 219 Suturalis (Mesalia), Forbes. Rep. J2g. Inv., p. 189, 1843. = T. brevialis, Lam 173,209 Suturalis (Yermetus subcancellatus, var), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 356, 1861, ... .... 172 Symmetrica (Turritella), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll. X. Zeal., p. 30. = T. tricincta, Hutton, . . 209 Syriacum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 114, t. 11, f. 7,8,1869, .222 Tteniata (var. of Tenagodus Australia, Quoy), Morch. Zool. Proc., 406, 1860, 189 Tamiatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 43, 1867, 219 Tachyrhynchus, Morch. Am. Jour. Conch , iv, 46, 1868. = Turritellopsis, Sars 193 Tahitensis (Tenagodus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 410, 1860, .191 Tasmanica (Turritella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 140, 1876, . . . . . . . .209 Tasmanica (Turritella). Rve. Conch. Icon., sp. 42, 1849, . 203 Tenagodus, Guett. Mem., 1774, p. 128. = Siliquaria, Brug. Tenerum (Meioceras), de Folin. Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, .... ... 223 Tennis (Thylacodes decussatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 85, 1862, 181 Tenuis (Vermetus cereus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 352, 1861, 172 Tenuisculpta (Turritella), Cpr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., hi, p. 216, 1865. = T. acicula, Stimp 207 Terebra (Turritella). Don. Brit. Shells, t. 22, f. 2, dext. = T. variegata, Linn 199 Terebra (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1239, . 195 Terebra (Turritella), Linn. Fauna Succica, 2171. = T. commimis, Risso 197 Tereduln (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 155,1861, 185 Teres (Caecum), Carp. Zool. Proc., 434, 1858, . . .216 254 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Teres (Ycrraiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 175, 1861. Teres (Vermiculus him brie alia, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 173, 1861, . ... . 186, 187 Tetranemia, Morch. Jour, de Conch., 1858, p. 353. = S. G. of Thylacodes, Guett 166 Tex turn (Siphonium), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 159, 1861, 185 Thylacodes, Guettard. Mem., iii, 143, 152, 1774, . .179 Thylacodes, Morch. Jour, de Conch., p. 48, i860. = Sect, of Vermetus, Adans 1G4 Tigrina (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Yiv., p. 29, t. 4, f. 2, 199 Tigrina (Vermiculus pcllucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 179, 1861, . . . . . . ... .188 Torcula, Gray. Zool. Proc., 155, 1847, . . . .193 Torcularis (Turbo), Born. Mas., 358, t. 13, f. 8. = Turritella exolota. Linn 205 Torquatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, t. 8, f. 2,3; Jour. Linn. Soc., x, 262 219 Tortuosus (Vermiculus), Solander. Portland Catal.,p. 184, No. 3939 186 Torulosa (Turritella), Kien. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 18, t. 6, f. 3, 201 Tostus (Tenagodus), Morch. Proc Zool. Soc., p. 405, 1860, 190 Trachea (Dentalium), Montagu. Test. Brit., ii, p. 497, t. 14, f. 10, . . . 219 Trachea (Orthocera), Flem. Hist. Brit. An., p. 237, 1828. = Caecum annulatum. Brown, ...... 220 Trachiformis (Brochus), Brown. Recent Conch. Great Brit., p. 124, t. 50, f. 10, 1827. = Caecum trachea, Mont., 219 Tricarinata (Turritella), Brocchi. = T. triplicata. Studer., 197 Tricarinata (Turritella), King. Zool. Jour., v, 346. = T. cingulata, Sowb . . 200 Tricincta (Turritella), Button. Cat. Tert. Moll. N. Zeal., 13, 1873, 209 Tricingulata (Turritella), Anton. Verzeich. der Conch. ,p. 61 , 209 Tiicostata ((Xenophora), Fischer. Mus. Demidoff, p. 213- 214,1807. = X. conchyliophorus, Born. . . . 161 Tricuspe (Stephopoma), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 150, 1861, . . .185 Triornatum (Caecum \ de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Triplicata (Turritella), Studer. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 190, 1836, . . .197 Triqueter (Yermetus), var. C. Bivona, Nouv. genre do Moll., p. 11, 1832. = Dofania gregaria, Monts. Triquetra (Vermetus), Morch. Zool. Proc., 165, 1861. = V. subgnmosus, Morch, var. . . . . .184 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 255 PAGE. Triquetra (Bivonia), Bivona. Nuov. Gen., 11, 1832, . . 176 Triquetra ^Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 61, 1862, ... 176 Triquetra (Bivonia sutilis, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., 58, 1862, ... 177 Trisuleata (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 256, , 201 Trochicola (Spiroglyphua annulatus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 332, 1861, .... ... 178 Trochiformis (Xenophora), Born. Index Mus. Cses., 355. = X. conchy liophor us, Born. ...... 161 TYochlea (Mathilda), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxii, 165, 1875, . 211 Trochlearis (Tenagod us), Morch. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 408, 189 Tubulosa (Spiroglyplms gloraeratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 334, 1861, 178 Tubulostium. Stoliczka. Pal. Ind., 237, 1868, . . .167 Tuo-uri urn, Fischer. Kiener's Trochidae, 450, 1880, . 157, 161 Tulipa (Vermetus centiquadrus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 363,1861, . 175 Tumidissimum (Meioceras), de Folin. Annales Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869 223 Turboides (Siphonium nebulosum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 162,1861 184 Turboides (Serpula), Chieregh. Venez., 1847. = Siphonium gaederopi, Morch. Turboides (Siphonium pictum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 161,1861, . 185 Turbona (Turritella), Monts. Ann. del Mus. de Geneva, ix, p.. 420, 1877, . 197 Turonius (Thylacodes), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 4, f. 44, .183 Turritella, Lamarck. Prodr., 74, 1799, . 192,193,195 Turritella (Vermetus), Rouss. Chenu, Illus. Conch., t. 14, f- 3, . . . . . . . . . . .188 Turritellopsis, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Nouv., 186, 1878, -. 193 Tulaxodes, Guett. Mem. iii, pp. 143-152, 1774. = Thylacodes, Guett. Uncinatum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 47, 1867, 222 Undatum (Caecum), Carp. Rep., t. 9, f. 1.; Zool. Proc., 430, 1858, . 213 Undulosum (Meioceras), de Folin. Annales Soc. Linn., Maine et Loire, xi, 1869, 223 Unguiculata (Siphonium textum, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 160,1861, 185 256 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAOB. Ungulina (Vermiculus spiratus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 174, 1861, . . . 187 Ungulina (Turritella), Loven. Ind. Moll. Skand, 153. = T. comraunis, Risso, . . . . . . .197 Ungulina (Turritel'a), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th Edit., p. 1240, 19G Unicostalis (Vermiculus tortuosus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 170, 1861, . 186 Validum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 40, 1867, . 216 Taria (Turritella), Kien. Spec. Nr., 34, t. 2, f. 3, . . 209 Varians (Vermetus),d'0rb. Voy. Amer. Mer. pi. 54, f. 7-10, 170 Variegata (Bivonia Quoyi, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 62/1862 177 Tariegata (Turritella), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12 ed.. p. 1240, . 198 Variegatum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, viii, p. 120, 1869, t. 15, f. 3, 4, 222 Venustum (Caecum), de Folin. Les Meleagrin., p. 43, 1867, 219 Veracruzanum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . 216 Yermetus, Gray. Gould, Adams, Stimpson, Carpenter (non Adanson). = Vermiculariu. Lam. ..... 165 Vermetus, Ad;mson. Hist. Sen., 161, 1757, . .165,169 Yermicella (Yermetus), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v, 3C5, 1818, 173 Vermicularia, Lam. Prodr., 1799; Syst., 1801, . . 168, 186 Vermiculus, Lister. Hist. Conch., t. 548, 1688, . . .164 = Vermiculus, Lam. . . . . . . .164 Yermium (Tubulus), Petiv. Gazophyl. Amb., t. 21, f. 18. = Thylacodes Rumphii, Blainv 183 Yestitum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . 222 Yicinum (Caecum), de Folin. Fonds de la Mer, . . . 222 Yiolaceo-t'usca (Thylacodes colubrina, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 72, 1862, . . . 180 Yirginiana (Turritella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., iii, p. 259, . 220 Vitreum (Caecum), Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 142, . . 222 Yitreum (Caecum), Carp. McAndr., Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl , Br. Assoc., 1856, . . 215 Yittata (Turritella), Hutton. Cat. Marine Moll N. Zeal., p. 29, 1873, . . . 208 Yittulata (Turritella), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 48, 1848, ... 204 Yolubilis (Vermiculus pellucidus, var.), Morch. Zool. Proc., p. 178, 1861 . .188 Yolvox (Serpula), Dillw., p. 1079, No. 26. = Tenagodus anguinus, Linn. . . . . .190 Vortex (Spiroglyphus Spiruliformis, var.), Mcirch. Zool. Proc., p. 327, 1861, 177 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 257 PAGE. Yulcanica (Xenophora), Fischer. Mus. Demidoff, p. 213- 214, 1807. = X. conchyliophorus, Born. . . .161 Wagneri (Xenophora), Ph. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 345. = X. Indicus, Gmelin 162 Watsonia, Folin. Zool. Proc., 807, 1879. = S. G. of Caecum, Flem 214, 223 Weldii (Tenagodus), Tenison- Woods. Proc. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, p. 144, 191 Woodwardi (Yermetus renisectus, var.), Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 316, 1856, 171 Xenophora, Fischer. Museum Demidoff, iii, p. 213, 1807, 157,159 Yucatecanum (Turritella), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 93, . .... 208 Zaria, Gray. Zool. Proc., 155, 1847, .... 193, 207 Zelandica (Cladopoda, Yermetus), Q. and G. Yoy. de 1'Astr., p. 293, t. 67, f. 16-17, 182 17 FAMILY EULIMID^. Animal with slender, subulate tentacles and eyes sessile at their outer bases, proboscis retractile, invaginate, when extended very long, mouth without jaw or radula ; foot elongated, pro- duced in front, mantle with anterior rudimentary siphonal fold. Shell small, generally elongated, subulate or turriculated, shining, polished, with spire usually curved or distorted; aper- ture oval, pyriform, entire, with simple lip, the columellar margin more or less thickened. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, some- times absent. This family, together with the Turbinellidae and Pyramidellidse which follow it in the present volume of monographs, constitutes the division Gymnoglossa of Gray, including proboscidit'erous mollusks having no radula ; the Solariidne and Cancellariidge, also originally included therein, have radulae and are otherwise related more closely to different groups. But little is known of the animals of these little shells ; it is not certain, but probable that the sexes are separated. They creep with the foot much in advance of the head, which is usu- ally concealed within the aperture of the shell, the tentacles only protruding. They are more or less parasitic on sea-urchins, holothurians, etc. The small size of the shells, absence of color in most of the groups, and of sculpture, make the discrimination of species somewhat difficult. The Eulimidse have been monographed by Arthur Adams, Thes. Conchyliorum, ii, 793-805. G. B. Sowerby, Reeve's Con- chologia Iconica, xv, 78 species, 1866. Synopsis of Genera. Genus EULIMA, Risso, 1826. Shell imperforate, subulate, many-whorled, polished, porcel- lanous, spire usually curved or twisted to one side, bearing on one side only, a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths, apex acute ; aperture oval, entire, pointed above, rounded below, the lip simple, a little (258) 259 thickened, columellar margin reflected. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, the nucleus near the inner lip. Animal with subulate tentacles, approaching at the base, e}^es large, nearly sessile, foot truncated in front, mentum bilobed, opercular lobe winged on each side, branchial plume single. Over fifty species have been described, from tropical and temperate seas. The genus appeared earty in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the Tertiary period. The foot of Eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water. The parasitism of several species has been observed. E. distorta lives in the interior of Holothuria intestinalis upon the coast of Norway; several species have been captured in the intestines of Holothurians at the Philippine Islands, and one of them insinuates itself so deepty in the integu- ments of the Holothuria that only the summit of its spire remains exposed ; at New Caledonia they have been observed attached to Asterise. The synonyms are Pasithea, Lea (in part), 1833, and Balds, Leach, 1847. Monterosato has proposed two sections Vitreolina and Acicularia, for some of the Mediterranean species. The first contains the small vitreous species without internal varices, with curved spire and slightly obtuse apex ; the second has the apex acute, the shell white, the internal varices occasional. Subgenus SUBULARIA, Monterosato, 1884. Shell subulately turriculated ; whorls a little flattened on the side, smooth, polished, often ornamented with spiral colored bands, a succession of slight varices on each side of the spire, not always apparent ; aperture oblong, narrow, entire ; inner lip thickened, a little sinuous in the middle, outer lip sharp, flexuous. I reluctant!}' use the above name in preference to the better known one of Leiostraca, H. and A. Adams, 1853, on account of Liostracus, Albers, 1850. Section HALIELLA, Monterosato, 1878. Animal blind. Subgenus BACULA, H. and A. Adams, 1863. Differs from Eulima in having spiral striae, and the columella twisted back so as to form an acute angle at the base of the aperture. Arcuella, Nevill, 1874, is a synonym. 260 Subgenus APICALTA, A. Adams, 1862. Shell solid, spire twisted with decidedly mucronated apex, aperture oblong. Subgenus MUCRONALIA, A. Adams, 1862. Shell subulate, straight, often colored, pupoidal, with mu- cronate apex ; aperture oval-oblong. The distinction between this group and Apicalia is a very slight one. Subgenus SELMA, A. Adams, 1864. Shell oblong-ovate, subdiaphanous ; spire short ; last whorl large ; aperture elongately ovate ; columella arcuate, obliquely subplicate. Subgenus STYLIFERINA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell oval-conic, diaphanous, thin, smooth ; whorls numerous ; apex mucronate, nucleus sinistral ; aperture subquadrangular. Parasitic on Asteria and Ophiura. Subgenus LAMBERTIA, Souverbie, 1869. Shell pu pi form, white, very smooth, polished ; spire mucro- nate, cylindrical, the summit mamillated ; whorls few ; aperture semilunar, peristome continuous ; the outer lip sharp, the inner lip a little reflected at the base, columella slightly twisted. Operculum unknown. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. Shell small, oval, imperforate, white*, shining, summit mamil- lated ; lip and columella thick. Resembles Macrocheilus in miniature, and is, perhaps, more nearly related to Stylifer. Subgenus EULIMOPSIS, Brugnone, 1880. A fossil group ; the base concentrically striate, whorls scarcely convex, suture distinct, aperture subrhomboidal, lip sinuous, columella twisted, base subchanneled. E. CARMEL.E, Brugn. Pliocene, Sicily. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 84.) Subgenus IOPSIS, Gabb., 1873. Shell very small, smooth, polished, spire elevated, suture nearly obsolete, columella slightly twisted, forming an imperfect EULIMID^E. 261 basal channel. E. FUSIFORMIS, Gabb. Tertiary, West Indies. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 86.) Genus SCALENOSTOMA, Desh., 1863. Im perforate, turriculated, surface not enameled, suture mar- gined ; whorls numerous, the last with carinated periphery ; aperture subtrigonal, entire, a little arcuated, columella simple, rectilinear, forming an angle at its junction with the lip, lip obliquely, deeply notched near the suture. Isle of Bourbon. Subgenus SUBEULIMA, Souverbie, 1875. Shell much twisted, not enameled, whorls margined at the suture and with a series of varices on the right side, as in Eulima,\&st whorl with carinated periphery, but the lip without superior sinus. New Caledonia. Genus NISO, Risso, 1826. Shell deeply umbilicated, turriculated, many whorled, polished, apex acute ; wrhorls slightly convex, the last with angulated periphery, aperture angulated above and below. Operculum as in Eulima. China, Philippines, W. America. Bonellia, Desh., 1838, and Janella, Grat., 1838, are S3Tnon}Tms. Section VOLUSIA, A. Adams, 18G1. Shell longitudinally ribbed. Section PAL^ONISO, Gemmellaro, 1878. Shell thicker, more dilated at the base, more pupoidal in form, lip with a slight posterior sinus. Secondary. N. pupoides, Gemm. Lias. Genus HOPLOPTERON, Fischer, 1876. Shell very small, imperforate, elongate-turreted, shining, with obtuse summit ; suture linear ; whorls continuous, the earlier ones smooth, rather flattened, the others bearing on each side a long, triangular, wing-like varix ; aperture rounded oval, entire, lip simple, sharp. China. The minuteness of this shell and its bizarre appearance suggest that it is embryonic. It is only T15 mill. long. 262 EULIMHXE. Genus STYLIFER, Broderip, 1832. Imperforate, hyaline, thin, ovoid or elongated, smooth, pol- ished ; whorls numerous, apex very sharp, sometimes bent, nucleus sinistral, last whorl globular; aperture suboval, inner lip smooth, arcuated, outer lip slightly sinuous, thin, simple. No operculum. Body ciliated ; tentacles slender, subulate, with eyes sessile at their outer bases ; mantle reflected upon and more or less sur- rounding the shell, forming a siphonal lobe on the right side ; foot linguiform, narrow, tubular in front, where it extends much beyond the head, attenuated behind, with a median groove below ; verge sharp, elongated, resembling a tentacle. About twenty species are known from warm seas. Stylina, Fleming, 1828 (Gray), is a synonym. Stylifer is commensal or parasitic in its habits, occurring on Echinoderms ; some are found in the teguments of Asteriae, others on the upper face of the shells of Echini, between the spines, and generally near the anal opening ; S. Orbignyanus lodges itself in a spine of Cidaris, which becomes deformed in growth, forming an interior cell containing a pair of Sty lifers and some young ones, the cell having a small mouth on either side ; other species are obtained from Holothurians, Comatulae, etc. The species mentioned above, inhabiting the spines of Cidaris, appears to be viviparous, but S. Turtoni, on the contrary, is oviparous. Those which live upon the external surface of their host are probably commensal rather than truly parasitic. How does the S. Orbignyanus obtain nourishment? Subgenus CYTHNIA, Carpenter, 1864. Imbedded in star fishes like Stylifer •, from which it is distin- guished by its normal nuclear whorls, and thin concentric oper- culum. W. Coast of N. America. Subgenus PLICIFER, H. Adams, 1868. Imperforate, ovately subulate, not shining ; spire styliform, nucleus sinistral, columella plicate ; lip flexuous, sinuate behind, aperture entire in front. Found on coral, at Ceylon ; the shell resembles Leptoconchus in texture. 263 [Genus ENTOCONCHA, J. Miiller, 1852. Shell obovate, smooth ; spire short, very obtuse, apex not elevated, whorls rapidly increasing ; aperture transverse, semi- lunar, angulated above, rounded below, width almost equaling the height, margins disunited, the columellar margin straight. Operculum non-spiral. — E. MIRABILIS, Miiller. Found parasitic in Sinapta digitata, one of the Holothuriidae, at Trieste. A larval mollusk, sometimes referred to the present group, but now placed, doubtfully, with the Nudibranchiata]. Genus EUCHRYSALIS, Laube, 1866. Small, thin, pupoid, attenuated at its extremities; whorls numerous, short, smooth, suture shallow ; aperture long, narrow, the lip sharp and thin, columella terminated by an indication of a siphon. Silurian — Cretaceous; Europe, India. Subgenus MITCHELLTA, de Koninck, 1877. Shell elongated, cylindrical-conic, many whorled ; aperture long, extremely narrow, sinuous, attenuated at its extremities, rostrated and prolonged but not canaliculated in front ; peris- tome continuous, the lips subparallel, outer lip reflected ; surface spirally striated. Devonian, Australia. The type is sinistral. Genus MACROCHEILUS, Phillips, 1841. Shell thick, imperforate, ventricose, aperture effuse below, outer lip thin, columella callous, slightly tortuous and plicate in front. Devonian — Carboniferous. M. SCHLOTHEIMII, d'Arch. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 91). The synonym}' includes Polyphemopsis, Portlock ; Plectostylus, Conrad ; Macrochilina and Duncania, Bayle, 1879. Subgenus PASITHEA, Lea (Restricted), 1833. , Spire short, last whorl ventricose. Rather more slender and cylindrical than the typical Macrocheilus. M. CLAIBORNENSIS, Lea. Eocene ; Alabama. Genus BOURGUETIA, Desh., 1871. Shell large, turreted ; spire long, pointed ; whorls convex, spi- rally striated or grooved, last whorl large ; mouth oval, angular behind, widened and rounded below. B. STRiATA,Sowb., Jurassic. 264 EULIMID.E. Genus LOXONEMA, Phillips, 1841. Shell elongated, many-whorled ; aperture simple, attenuated above, effused below, with a sigmoidal edge to the outer lip ; spire interiorly septate. Like many other palaeozoic genera, the bad condition of many of the species and the variation in form and sculpture render it difficult to place it properly in a systematic work ; some of the species might go into Turbonillidae, others appear closely allied to Chemnitzia, and might even be synonymous with it. Michelia, Romer, and Holopella, Sandberger (in part), are synonyms. L. COSTATUM, Sandb. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 97). Genus STROBEUS, de Koninck, 1881. Shell small, smooth, spire sharp, of 5-7 convex whorls ; mouth long-oval, outer lip sharp, inner lip callous, with an anterior fold. Dist. 3 sp. Carboniferous, Belgium. Genus ORTHONEMA, Meek and Worthen, 1861. Shell elongate, many-whorled, with revolving carinse, crossed by nearly straight growth-lines ; aperture angular above, slightly effuse below, lip simple, nearly straight; axis imperforate. Devonian and Carboniferous, United States. Allied to Loxonema, but has distinct revolving carinae, and wants the sigmoid outer lip of that genus. Genus RIGAUXIA, Cossmann, 1885. Shell narrowly elongated, nearly cylindrical, spirally striate; aperture rounded in front, lip a little sinuous above, inner lip thickened behind and separated from the columella in front by a groove. Fossil, Bathonian. Genus CL1MACINA, Gemmellaro, 1878. Shell imperforate, many-whorled, elongated, very finely longi- tudinally striated ; aperture oval, rounded in front, lip simple. C. CATHERINE, Gemm. Lias. Genus SUBULITES, Conrad, 1842. Shell fusiform, spire 'produced ; volutions convex, the last large ; columella bent and truncated at the base, where it is separated from the outer lip by a notch as in Achatina ; outer EULLMID^E. 265 lip very slightly notched near the upper end ; surface of shell smooth. Palaeozoic4, United States. Buhmella,of Hall (not Pfeiffer) ; 5aZw0rpfca,Whitfield,1882, and Polyphemopsis, Portlock (in part), are synonyms. Genus FUSISPIRA, Hall, 1872. This Silurian group, which I have placed in Buccinidae, may possibly belong here. F. VENTRICOSA, Hall (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, 141 , t. 51, f. 50). Genus CHEMNITZIA, d'Orb., 1850. Shell comparatively large, elongate conical ; spire many- whorled, the last rather large, somewhat produced below ; aper- ture ovate, somewhat effuse at base, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp, sinuous at or above the middle, columella smooth, imperforate ; surface longitudinally striate or costate, sometimes decussated, rarely nodular. Secondary and Tertiary. C. CON- DENSATA, Desh. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., ii, t. 68, f. 96). The recent shells known as Chemnitzia,and which were origi- nally included by d'Orbigny in his diagnosis of 1839, are referred to Turbonilla, Risso ; they are smaller, ribbed, and do not possess the broad posterior lip-sinus of the fossil group. Section CHEMNITZIA (restricted). Shell lengthened, with cross ribs ; mouth oval, rounded or angular in front; spire straight or slightly curved, somewhat callous ; outer lip sharp. Section RHABDOCONCHA, Gemellaro, 1878. Whorls striate or ribbed longitudinally, sometimes punctate or tuberculate. Section PSEUDOMELANIA, Pictet et Campiche, 1862. Shell elongated, thick; whorls smooth, with fine curved growth- lines ; mouth rounded or angular in front ; spire straight or slightly curved. Section OONIA, Gemellaro, 1878. Shell egg-shaped, smooth, with growth-lines ; last whorl large ; mouth oval, rounded in front; spire slightly curved. Section MICROSCHIZA, Gemellaro, 1878. Shell usually with cross ribs; narrowly perforate; whorls 266 EULIMA. sharp, mostly scalar! form ; mouth oval, rounded in front ; inner lip and spire callously thickened. Section BAYANIA, Munies-Chalmas, 1877. Shell elongated, spire sharp, earlier whorls reticulated, the last generally smooth, or feebly sculptured, basal lip subsinuous. About twenty Eocene and Miocene species. Genus EULIMA, Risso, 1826. Section EULIMA (sensu stricto). E. GRANDIS, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 89. Solid, opaque; whorls 15, rather flat, with lateral continuous varices, last whorl angulated on the periphery. Length, 40 mill. Island of Burias, Philippines. E. MARTINII, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 90. Whorls numerous, flattened, with varices obliquely impressed, obliquely continuous to the apex, last whorl rather angular on the periphery. Length, 35 mill. China Sea; Singapore. Reeve gives St. Helena as locality, which requires confirmation. E. CANDIDA, Marrat. PL 68, figs. 91, 92. Whorls numerous, short, somewhat rounded, the varices im- pressed forming a continuous oblique line not reaching the apex. Length, 44 mill. Formosa. A stouter species than the preceding, with shorter whorls, not angulated on the periphery ; the varix-line does not extend to the apex. E. MAJOR, Sowb. PL 68, figs. 93, 94. Spire more or less curved to the right, often with a sutural band, very highly polished, white, sometimes blotched or clouded with chestnut or bluish chocolate, varix-line impressed, contin- uous. Length, 37 mill. Tahiti, Sandwich Is., Mauritius. E. arcuata, Sowb. (fig. 94), is a much curved specimen ; inter- mediate degrees of curvature are before me. Phasianella inflexa, Blainv., is possibly this species. EUL1MA. 267 E. FLEXUOSA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 95. Whorls 15, flattened, with a semitransparent sutural line, the last whorl rounded, aperture broadly oval, outer lip flexuously produced in the middle. Length, 31 mill. Hab.? Very close to the preceding species, but the aperture is more rounded, and the spire is slightly curved to the left above. E. PICTA, Sowb. PL 68, fig. 98. Solid, pyramidal; whorls 11, slightly convex, those near the apex white, the last very obtusely angular, painted above the angle with an obscure interrupted rose-colored band. Length, 1 inch. Habitat unknown E. CUMINGII, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 96. Whorls 13, a little rounded, spire nearly straight, varices irregular, impressed, here and there not apparent. Length, 35 mill. Sandwich, Lord Hood's and Viti Inlands. E. TEINOSTOMA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 97. Spire straight; whorls 12, rather flat, with an impressed line beneath the suture, somewhat pellucid, last whorl rounded, aperture narrow. Length, 1 inch. Viti Is. on coral reefs. Too close to the preceding species ; appears to be narrower. E. LACTEA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 99. Opaque, solid, nearly straight; whorls rather flat, the last subangulate on the periphery, varices impressed, continuous. Length, 28 mill. Philippines. E. BREVIS, Sowb. PL 68, figs. 1. 2. Short; whorls convex, spire acuminated, the apex a little turned to the left, hyaline, whitish or pale fawn color. Length, 9-19 mill. Pacific Ocean, on shells of the Pearl Oyster; Isle Annaa. I am unable to separate E. labiosa, Sowb. (fig. 2), from this species. 268 EUL1MA. E. PORCELLANA, A. Ad. PI. 68, figs. 100, 15. White, opaque, solid, long, narrowly subcylindrical, apex slightly curved ; whorls flat, the periphery snbangulated, varices irregular, conspicuous. Length, 1 inch. Hab. unknown. E. ACUTA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 3. Subulate, white, opaque, nearly straight ; whorls flat, body- whorl long, not angulated, aperture oblong, rather turned back- wards in front, outer lip thin, not much curved. Length, 1 inch. Isl. of Luzon, Philippines. Figured in Conch. Icon, as acuta, Sowb., but that is a much smaller species, from W. Coast of Central America, and referred to Leiostraca, by Carpenter. E. SOLIDA, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 5, 4. Solid, subulate, curved, distorted, white, suture margined, last whorl swollen, somewhat produced obliquely, spire at- tenuated. Length, 10 mill. Paumotus, Viti 7k, Sandwich Is. E. inflexa, Pease (fig. 4) is a synonym. E. PUSILLA, Sowb. PI. 68, figs. 6, 7. Solid, subcylindrical, acuminated, narrow, white; whorls rather flat, the last oblong, aperture narrow. Length, 10 mill. Viti Is., tit. Helena? I have from two respectable sources Sty lifer acicula, Gould, under this name, and as that species has the same outline, it is difficult to decide which is the proper identification of pusilla. In making my selection, as above, I am compelled to make E. exilis, Pease (fig. 7), a synonym. E. VENUSTA, Pease. PI. 68, fig. 8. Rather solid, vitreous, ashy white, elongate, subulate, very narrow, spire very slightly twisted; whorls 9-10, flatly convex, distinctly margined at the suture. Length, 6 mill. Tahiti. Occurs associated with Stylifer acicula, Gld., but is smaller, more solid and slender, the spire more curved. EULIMA. 269 E. RETRORSA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 9. Solid, white, tinged with pale fawn color above, narrow, the apex recurved ; whorls flat, rather straight, aperture small, oval- oblong, outer lip thickened, nearly straight. Length, 11 mill. Tahiti. Differs from E. pusilla only in the slightly recurved apex. E. AUGUR, Angas. PL 68, fig. 10. Rather narrow, white, opaque, solid, apex very slightly curved to the left ; whorls 10, rather flattened, suture margined, periphery rounded. Length, 12 mill. St. Vincent's Gulf, So. Australia. E. PROXIMA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 11. Solid, white, opaque, arched backwards; whorls 11, flat, the last obscurely angular, suture faintly margined. Length, 15 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. E. ARTICULATA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 12. Acuminately pyramidal, white, articulated and marbled with chestnut ; whorls rather rounded, varices somewhat prominent ; outer lip thickened. Length, 23 mill. Australia. Scarcely looks like an Eulima, but the varices indicate its position here. E. TENISON, Tryon. PL 68, fig. 16. Obtusely turreted, slightly curved, translucid, whitish ; whorls 7, flattened above, penultimate rounded, last subinflated, aperture pyriform, the outer lip thin, produced, inner lip reflected. Length, 3 mill. Tasmania. The name is substituted for E. micans, Tenison-Woods, pre- occupied by Carpenter. E. CONOIDALIS, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 17. Shell pyramidal, rather broad below, solid, white, opaque; whorls flat, periphery angulated, varices irregular. Length, 16 mill. Sandwich Is. (Sowerby); Singapore (S. Archer!) 270 EULIMA. E. POLYGYRA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 18. Pyramidal, straight, narrow, angular at the base, white, opaque ; whorls numerous, short, flat, aperture obliquel}' diamond shaped, small, produced at base. Length, 10 mill. Isl. Mindanao, Philippines. E. CONICA, Sowb. PL 68, fig. 19. Small, white, solid, pyramidal, rather straight; whorls short, flat, the last angulated, apex sharp, suture distinct, aperture obliquely subquadrangular, outer lip thick, columella rather tor- tuous. Length, 5 mill. Hob. unknown. Differs from the preceding species in the lower part of the aperture being acuminated ; it is also more solid, and the whorls are not quite so short. E. MODICELLA, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 20. White, semipellucid ; whorls 11, flattened, varices continuous, last whorl slightly angulated in the middle ; aperture oval, outer lip anterior^ produced. Length, 6 mill. Isl. Zebu, Philippines. Appears to be too closely allied to E. retrorsa, Sowb. E. OPACA, Sowb. PL 68, fig. 13. Rather straight, subulate, white, opaque, solid ; whorls a little convex, the last oval; aperture ovate, outer lip thick, nearly straight. Length, 12 mill. Sandwich Islands (Sowerby). Somewhat stouter than E. pusilla, Sowb. E. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Ad. PL 68, fig. 14. Shell rather short and stout, nearly straight, white, subpellu- cid ; whorls 10, scarcely convex, the last rounded ; aperture small, rather rounded, laterally produced, outer lip thin, pro- duced below the middle. Length, 9 mill. /. Capul, Philippines (Ginning!); Singapore (S. Archer!) E. CUSPIDATA, Reeve. PL 68, fig. 22. Subulate, subventricose, spire straight, apex acuminated ; whorls a little convex, the last oval, varices inconspicuous. Length, 12 mill. Isl. Zebu, Philippines. EULIMA. 271 E. TORTUOSA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 68, fig. 23. Shell solid, white, narrow, tortuous in the middle and at the apex; whorls rather flat, obliquely varicose, aperture small, oval. Length, 20 mill. China Sea. E. SOLIDULA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 68, lig. 21. Abbreviately turreted (apex lost), somewhat solid, tortuous, varicose; whorls 9-10, convex ; aperture small ; white. Length, 9 mill. China Sea. E. NITIDULA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 24. Shell white, opaque, rather ventricose, straight ; whorls 10-11, somewhat convex, the last not angulate ; aperture oval, outer lip slightly curved inwards above. Length, 9 mill. Singapore. Mistaking this name for nitida, which is preoccupied, Sowerby changed it to E. Adamsi. E. SUBANGULATA, Sowb. PI. 68, fig. 27. Pyramidal, thin, banded here and there with pale yellowish brown blotches ; whorls flat, the last slightly angulated. Length, 20 mill. Indian Ocean. Closely allied to E. hastata, Sowb., from west coast of Central America, but narrower. E. ACUFORMIS, Nevill. PI, 68, fig. 28. Very narrowly elongated, sharp pointed, flexuous, solid, white ; whorls IT, cylindrical, varices obliquely continuous, last whorl rounded. Length, 10 mill. Andaman Islands. E. ROBUSTA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 25. Pyramidally subulate, flexuous, apex recurved ; whorls a little convex, the last large, oblique, rounded at the base, suture mar- gined; aperture ovate, produced, inner lip thickened above, outer lip arcuate ; white, semiopaque. Length, 4'5 mill, Japan. Figured from an author's specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia AcademjT. 272 EULIMA. E. MUNDULA, A. Ad. PI. 68, fig. 26. Subulate, twisted, spire laterally curved; whorls 9, a little convex, the last large, oblique at base ; aperture ovate, produced ; inner lip thickened, outer lip arcuate, scarcely inflexed ; white, subopaque. Length, 3 mill. Japan. Figured from an author's type. E. MICANS, Carp. PI. 69, figs. 29, 30. Straight, white, semipellucid, shining; whorls flattened, the last oblong oval ; aperture narrowly oval, outer lip somewhat straight and scarcely thickened. Length, 9 mill. San Diego, Gal. I think that E. Elodia, Folin (fig. 30), from pearl oysters, West Coast of Central America, is synoitymous. The figure is greatly magnified. E. GRACILLIMA, Sowb. PL 69, fig. 31. Very narrow, tortuous, solid, opaque, shining ; whorls numer- ous, the last oblong, aperture narrow, laterally produced, outer lip rather thick, straight. Length, 12 mill. Guatemala. E. PARVA, Sowb. PI. 69, figs. 32, 33. Very minute, white, rather pellucid, arched in the middle; apex distorted, last whorl ovate, aperture oval. Length, 3 mill. Mazatlan. E. adamantina, Folin (fig. 33), from Meleagrinse, West Coast of Central America, is a species only 2;5 mill, long and of similar form ; it is very probably identical. E. SUBROSTRATA, Sowb. PI. 69, fig. 34. Small, white, narrow, tapering, near the apex arched and attenuated ; whorls few, the last oblong and slightly angular ; aperture oblong, acuminated beneath, columella rather straight, outer lip thin. Length, 5'5 mill. Hob. unknown. E. GIBBA, Folin. PI. 69, fig. 35. Yentricose, spire acuminating and much curved, the apex somewhat obtuse, cr3Tstalline, very shining ; whorls 9, somewhat convex, the last large, tumidly inflated. Length, 3 mill. W. Coast of Gentr. America, on Meleagrina. EULIMA. 273 E. OPALINA, Folin. PL 69, fig. 31. Bather pyramidal, straight, opaque, opaline, streaked with chestnut, spire subacute ; whorls 10, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last obtusely angulated in the middle, base contracted, aperture subquadrangularly oblique. Length, 3*5 mill. W. Coast Central America, on Meleagrina. E. PROCA, Folin. PL 69, fig. 38. Elongate acuminate, whitish, blotched and triangularly clouded with flesh-color, especially below the sutural band ; whorls 10-11, somewhat rounded, body-whorl rather long. Length, 3'3 mill. W. Coast Central America, on Meleagrina. E. HASTATA, Sowb. PL 69, fig. 39. Rather straight, pyramidal ; whorls somewhat flattened, the last with angulated periphery ; rosy, brownish above the middle. Length, 22 mill. St. Elena , W. Coast of Central America. E. OLEACEA, Kurtz and Stimpson. PL 69, fig. 36. Subulate, solid, straight or but slightly curved ; whorls 12, flattened, closely coiled, suture inconspicuous ; white, the spire- whorls marked in a banded manner with pale brown. Length, 6-25 mill. New England — North Carolina. Animal white, hyaline, its eyes visible through the shell. E. CONOIDEA, Kurtz and Stimpson. PL 69, fig. 40. Conic lanceolate, white, with 13 flat whorls, the last subangu- Lite, aperture rhomboidal. Length, 9 mill. North Carolina to Florida. Figured from a specimen which is believed to be correctly identified. E. JAMAICENSIS, C. B. Ad. PL 69, fig. 41. Whorls about 10, a little convex, spire nearly straight, suture well marked, body-whorl long, rounded, aperture rather narrow. Length, 6 mill. West Indies. E. SUBCARINATA, cl'Orb. PL 69, fig. 44. Pyramidal ; whorls 8, flat, last one obtusely carinated, suture narrowly margined. Length, 3'5 mill. West Indies. 18 274 EULIMA. E. IOTA, C. B. Ad. PI. 69, fig. 42. Yery small, conical, white ; whorls few, flat, the last wide and angulated on the periphery ; apex acuminated and a little curved ; aperture subrhomboidal ; outer lip sharp; columella perpendicu- lar. Length, 2 mill. Jamaica. Evidently a young shell. E. INTERMEDIA, Cantraine. PI. 69, fig. 43. Rather solid, very smooth, semipellucid, white tinged with light chestnut, narrow ; whorls 13, flattened ; spire subulate ; apex acute ; body-whorl long, a little tumid, about one-third the length of the shell; aperture narrow. Length, 7 '5 mill. Norway to Mediterranean, Canary Is., N. England to Florida. Is E. nitida^ Phil, (not Lamarck.) E. POLITA, Linn. PL 69, figs. 45, 46. Pyramidal, acuminated, straight, or a little curved, solid, opaque, very shining, white, more or less tinged with fawn or flesh color; whorls about 10, a little convex, nearly flat, narrow, last whorl obsoletely angulated ; aperture small, rather narrow. Length, 17 mill. Europe. It is Melania Bosci, Payr. ; E. anglica, Sowb. ; E. elegantissima and E. glaberrima, Risso ; Melania Gervillei, Collard ; Turbo j Donovan. Var. INFLEXA, Monts. Spire slightly curved. Var BREVIS, Requien. Fig. 46. Shorter, more conical, periphery obtusely angulated. ? E. Petitiana, Brusina and E. minor, Monts., are synonyms. E. INCURVA, Renieri. PI. 69, figs. 48, 47, 51. Thin, diaphanous; spire aciculate, composed of 10 nearly flat whorls ; flexuous, body-whorl long, attenuated below. Length, 2-8 mill. Europe. The following are synonyms : E. distorta, Phil., et auct., non Defrance (which is a fossil of the Paris basin, and a different EULTMA. . 275 species), E. Philippii,Weirik. (not Rayn. and Ponzi), E. curvata, Chiereg., E. sinuosa, Scacchi. Yar. GRACILTS, Forbes and Hanby. Fig. 47. Larger and scarce^ curved. England. Monterosato has added vars., ore-rotundato, ore-angusto, devi- ans and exilis, the latter subsequently made a species under the name of antiflexa (fig. 51). The figure, which is cited with doubt by Monterosato, is from Sars, and purports to represent E. distorta. E. CURVA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, figs. 49, 50. Spire elevated, composed of 8 or 9 strongly curved, slightly convex whorls, suture superficial ; hyaline white, translucent. Length, 3'4 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Yar. ELONGATA, B. D. and D. Fig. 50. More elongated, the last whorls narrower. E. COMPACTILIS, Monts. PI. 69, fig. 52. Slender, rather thick, semitransparent, whitish ; whorls 7, the last one half the total length, suture inconspicuous, aperture narrow. Length, 3*75 mill. Bay of Biscay to Azores, Mediterranean. It is E. obtusa, Jeffreys (figured). E. STALIOI, Brusina. PL 69, fig. 53. Slightly curved ; whorls 9, flattened, compact, apex rather obtuse, body-whorl rounded, aperture small, oblique. Length, 4 mill. Dalmatia to Madeira. E. Petitiana, Brusina, which I have made a synonym of E. polita, var. brevis, is referred to this species by Jeffreys. E. ABBREVIATA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 56. Conical, thin, semitransparent, glossy, minutely striate, ivory white, three apical whorls light brown, apex rather blunt ; whorls 7, a little convex, the last long, rounded ; outer lip straight. Length, 3'75 mill. Atlantic Ocean (Porcupine Exped.). 276 EULIMA. E. PYRIFORMIS, Brugnone. PL 69, fig. 54. Pyriform ; whorls 9, slightly convex, apex rather acute, body- whorl obtusely subangulated, large, outer lip nearly straight, white, apical whorls sometimes brown-tinted. Length, 6 mill. Bay of Biscay to West Coast of Africa, Mediterranean. Some specimens are more or less curved. Described as a fossil. According to Dr. Jeffreys E. chaunax and perhaps E. hians of Watson are synonyms. The characters are the swollen shape of the last whorl, the remarkably flexuous character of the outer lip, and acuminated apex. Var. BIZONATA, with two narrow chestnut bands, one below the suture the other at the periphery, both showing on the spire- whorls. E. FUSCO-APICATA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 55. Slender, thin, transparent, very glossy, microscopically striate, periphery sometimes slightly keeled, vitreous, the apical whorls chestnut brown; whorls 9-11, narrow, rather convex, outer lip remarkably flexuous. Length, 5 mill. Bay of Biscay to Cape Verd Is. E. JEFFREYSII, Tryon. PI. 69, fig. 59. Very slender, thick, transparent, very glossy, periphery more or less distinctly keeled, apex obtuse, glassy white; whorls 8, compact and flattened, the last about two-fifths the total length ; mouth rather small. Length, 5 mill. Bay of Biscay to W. Coast of Africa, Azores. Described by Jeffreys as E. solida, a name preoccupied by Sowerby. E. SUBUMBILICATA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 57. Short conical, solid, apex obtuse, nearly opaque, white, periphery obtusely angular ; whorls 5, compressed and somewhat rounded, the last two-thirds the total length ; umbilicus shallow, with a small perforation behind the pillar. Length, 1-25 mill. Atlantic Ocean. Probably a young shell. E. MINUTA, Jeffreys. PL 69, fig. 60. Club-shaped, thin, semitransparent and glossy, whitish, per- iphery rounded, apex blunt; whorls 5-6, the last about half the EULIMA. 277 total length ; mouth oval, pointed above, outer lip somewhat thickened. Length, 2 mill. Strait of Messina ; Morocco. E. GLABRA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 61. Awl-shaped, solid, semitransparent, polished, whitish, tinged with brownish yellow, apex blunt, periphery rounded ; whorls 8, flatly convex, the last half the total length. Length, 3'75 mill. W. Coast of Africa. E. ACUTALTS, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 62. Thin, semitransparent, periphery keeled, white, apex sharp; whorls slightly convex ; aperture a little pointed below. Length, 1'25 mill. Mediterranean. E. PERMINIMA, Jeffreys. PI. 69, fig. 63. Slender, rather solid, semitransparent, white, slightly tinged with yellowish brown on the body-whorl, apex bluntly pointed ; whorls 6-7, compressed and compact. Length, T25 mill. Zetland, Mediterranean. E. GENTILOMIANA, Issel. PL 69, fig. 64. Subulate, very slightly curved, white; whorls 11, flattened, suture margined, peripher}7 rounded, apex acute. Length, 4 mill. Red Sea. E. PAIVENSIS, Watson. PL 69, fig. 58. Solid, whorls 7-8 ; a little rounded, suture slightly margined ; transparent white, obsoletely stained with rust color, forming indistinct bands. Length, 4 mill. Madeira. E. DENTIENS, D unker. PL 70, fig. 1. Thick, white, very shining ; whorls 6-7, a little convex, the last half the total length ; lip thickened, dilated, obsoletely minutely tridentate within, at the base. Length, 8 mill. Viti Islands. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. E. AFFINIS, E. CONICA, E. GRACiLis, E. ARCUATA, C. B. Adams. Jamaica. E. NUTANS, E. EBURNEA, Muhlfeldt. West Indies. E. BREVIUSCULA. D unker. Brazil. 278 EULIMA. E. COMPACTA, E. THEESITES, Carpenter. California. E. FUSCOSTRIQATA, Carpenter. Cape St. Lucas, L. California. E. BERYLLINA, E. NANA, E.ciONELLA, Monterosato. Mediterranean. E. MICROSTOMA, Brusina. Mediterranean. E. CARNEOLA, Gould. Japan. E. ACICULATA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. E. CHYD.EA, E. CYL1NDRATA, E. GOMPHUS, E. HYALINA. E. PSILA, E. FASCIATA, E. CHASCANON, Watson. West Indies. E. EPHAMILLA, E. oxyLATA (Philippines), E. ACANTHYLLIS (Sand- wich Islands), E. ACERRIMA (Cape York, Australia), E. SA- RissA(Per?mw£mco),E.LATiPES ( Torres Straits), E. FAMELICA (Azores), E. CHYTA (Ascension Island), E. CAMPYLA (Cape York, Australia), E. FALLAX (Viti Is.),}&. AMELIA (between Marion and Prince Edward Is.), E. HEBES (Pernambuco), E. DISSIMILTS (Port Jackson, Australia), ''ft. EURYCHAD A. (Cape York. Australia), all of Watson (Challenger Exped. Shells). E. ANGULATA, E. ACICULARIS, E. CHRYSALL1DA, E. CLAVULA, E. CURVATA, E. DENTALTOPSIS, E. DEBILIS, E. EBURNEA, E. FLEXA, E. GTBBOSULA, E. INDEFLEXA, E. ODONTOIDEA, E. PINGUICULA, E. PANDATA, E. RECLINATA, E. SUBULA, E. SCITULA, E. SEMI- TORTA, E. STENOSTOMA, E. STYLATA, E. VALIDA, all of A. Adams. Japan. E. PETTERDI, E. LEGRANDI, Beddome. Tasmania. E. MARGINATA, E. APHELES, E. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania. ' E. CHATHAMENSIS, Hutton. = Eissoa variegata, Angas. E. NITENS, E. AMABILIS, Brazier. Torres Sts., N. Australia. E. AURANTIA, E. VITREA, Petterd. Tasmania. E. INCERTA, E. DUBIA, Anton. Hob. unknown E. BIPARTITA, Moroh. Sonsonate, Central Ama. E. GUILDINGII, A. Ad. West Indies. E. ACLIS, A. Ad. . Singapore. E. INCERTA, d'Orb. Cuba. Subgenus SUBULARIA, Monts., 1884. E. VARIANS, Sowb. PI. TO, figs. 65-67. Narrow, thin, pale fawn color, broadly brown banded, or with two narrow bands, or entirely brown. Length, 10-12 mill. Xipixapi, Central America. EULIMA. 279 E. RUTILA, Carpenter. PI. 70, fig. 68. Thin, glassys narrow, apex attenuated ; whorls 10, irregularly banded and blotched with pale red. Length, 7 mill. California. E. ELEGANTISSIMA, Folin. PI. 70, fig. 69. Pellucid, very shining ; whitish, with two pale chestnut, nar- row, distant bands and oblique chestnut strigations ; whorls 10, rather convex ; lip brown tinted. Length, 5 mill. W. Coast of Central Ama. E. BIVITTATA, H. and A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 70. Attenuated, pale with two linear approximate chestnut bands in the middle, showing on the spire whorls. Length, 10 mill. Sooloo Sea. Described by Adams and Reeve as E. bilineata, preoccupied by Alder. E. SUBULATA, Donovan. PL 70, fig. 71. Narrow, rather thin, semitransparent, j-ellowish white, with three pairs of narrow chestnut bands on the body-whorl, and two pairs on the spire whorls, sometimes each pair coalescing into a single wider band. Length, 12-16 mill. England to Mediterranean. It is Strombiformis glaber, Dacosta ; E. fasciata, Renieri ; E. trifasciata, Adams ; E. flavocincta, Megerle ; E. Cambes^e- desiij Payr.; E. Donovani, Forbes ; E. lineata, Sowb. Yar. PALLIDULA, Jeffreys. Bands of a paler color, and more or less interrupted. E. BILINEATA, Alder. PI. 70, figs. 72-74. Like the preceding species, but usually smaller ; with a single pair of bands in the middle, and sometimes an obscure band just below the suture ; upper whorls with a pair or occasionally a single band ; some specimens have a tawny streak or blotch at the base. Length, 8 mill. Norway to Mediterranean Sea. Scarcely more than a variety of E. subulata. E. BIFASCIATA, d'Orb. PL 70, fig. 75. Acicular, spire sharp pointed; whorls about 12, white, with two distant narrow chestnut bands, visible on the spire. Length, 6 mill. Cuba. 280 EULIMA. E. FULVOCINCTA, C. B. Adams. PI. 70, fig. 76. Whorls few, subventricose ; whitish, with two interrupted chestnut bands. Length, 4 mill. Jamaica. E. VINCTA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 77. Subfusiform, thin, pale, with two narrow chestnut lines on the middle ; whorls a little convex, apex sharp pointed. Length, 4 mill. Japan. The species figured as E. vincta in the Conch. Icon, has no authority appended, but as the description corresponds, I sup- pose it to be this species. E. SAMOENSIS, Crosse. PL 70, fig. 78. Highly polished, pellucid white, with obscure, interrupted chestnut lineate maculations, and occasional chestnut-tinted varices ; whorls 10-11, somewhat flattened, margin of aperture chestnut. Length, 9 mill. S a moan Is. This may be a highly colored state of E. acicula, Gould. E. UNILINEATA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 70, fig. 79. Thin, white, with a single narrow peripheral chestnut line, appearing on the spire. Length, 12 mill. Sooloo Sea. E. METCALFEI, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 83. Whorls very few, the last large, oval, subpellucid, white, orna- mented with an interrupted chestnut band, and undulating oblique lines. Length, 11 mill. Sandwich Is. (W. II. Pease). E. RECTA, C. B. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 81. Semipellucid, white, with a very pale rosy tinge; whorls few, straight, the last oval, ventricose. Length, 10 mill. Panama. E. ACUTA, Sowb. PI. 70, fig. 82. Elongate, subcylindrical, dull white; whorls 12, rather flat- tened ; aperture narrow. Length, 8 mill. Bay of Montija, W. Coast of Central Am. The apex is rather obtuse than acute. EULIMA. 281 E. NIVEA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 84. White, semipellucid ; whorls a little convex, suture margined, columella subtortuous and thin. Length, 7 mill. Japan. E. PURA, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 85. White, pellucid ; whorls numerous, short, straight, suture mar- gined ; aperture narrow, columella rather tortuous. Length, 7*5 mill. Japan. Narrower than the preceding species. E. PAUXILLUS, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 80. White, pellucid ; whorls short, rather flattened, suture margined, aperture short, columella tortuous. Length, 6 mill. Japan. Judging by the figures, this species ought to be united to the preceding. E. clara,A. Ad. (unfigured) is made a synonym by Sowerby. E. MARINE, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 87. Whitish, opaque, subcylindrical ; whorls short, rather straight, suture distinct, apex obtuse, columella long, rather straight. Length, 10 mill. Japan. E. MANZONIANA, Issel. PL 70, fig. 88. Subulate, smooth, very shining, white, apex acute ; whorls 8, planulate, the last attenuated at the base; aperture small, narrow. Length, 2*5 mill. Gulf of Suez, Red Sea. E ACUTISSIMA, Sowerby. PI. 70, figs. 89, 90. Pellucid, white, very thin, acuminated; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last large ; aperture narrow, columella long, rather straight. Length, 9 mill. Sydney, Australia. I consider E. Lesbia, Angas (fig. 90), a synonym. E. PEASEI, Tryon. PI. 70, fig. 91. Small, white, pellucid, short, somewhat arched and depressed in the middle ; whorls few, suture margined ; aperture expanded below. Length, 4-5 mill. Sandwich Islands. Appears from the figure to be more like a true Eulima. 282 EULIMA. Described by Pease as E. distorta, a name preoccupied by Defrance. E. ACICULA, Gould. PI. 70, figs. 92-95. Transparent white, blotched and obsoletely margined at the suture with pale fawn color, highly polished ; whorls short, rather straight, numerous. Length, 8-9 mill. Fiji and Sandwich Is. Described as a Stylifer, and may possibly belong to that genus. The synonyms are E. aciculata, Sowb. (fig. 93), E. pyramidal, Sowb. (fig. 94), and E. vitrea, A. Ad. (fig. 95). E. ATTENUATA, Sowb. PL TO, fig. 97. Elongated, subcylindrical, narrow, semipellucid, white, faintly banded at the suture; whorls 13, flat, the last oblong, apex mucronate ; aperture narrow, outer lip produced in the middle, subemarginated beneath, columella oblique. Length, 13 mill. Viti Is. Probably only a large form of the preceding species. E. HEMPHILLII, Dall. PL 70, fig. 96. Slender, subulate, brilliantly polished ; whorls 9-10, flattened, suture inconspicuous ; dark chocolate brown to blackish, with a lighter stripe at the suture. Length, 3 mill. Cedar Keys, Fla. A beautiful little species, remarkably colored. Section HALIELLA, Monts., 1878. E. STENOSTOMA, Jeffreys. PL 70 fig. 80. Thin, white, semipellucid ; whorls very slightly convex, the last subangulated in the middle, aperture narrow, columella long, vertical. Length, 6-5 mill. Norway — Mediterranean. Unfigured Species of Leiostraca. E. CLAVELLA, E. NIXA, E. NITIDA, E. LANCEATA, E. LEACHII, E. LABIATA, E. TURGIDULA, E. TANTILLA, E. LEPIDA, E. SPICULUM, E. ARIEL, E. TITANIA, E. OBERON, E. CONSTANTIA, E. CASTA, E, LENTIGINOSA, E. HASTATA, E. SUBULINA, E. MlRANDA, E. EULIMA. 283 METULINA, E. PISTILLUM, E. CRYSTALLINA, E. PUSILLA, E. PYGM^EA, E. PUSIO, E. EXIGUA, E. NANA, E. PUMILA, E- PICTURATA, E. CONSPURCATA, E. BIZONA, E. CIRCUMCINCTA, E. BIFASCIALTS, E. T^ENIATA, E. BALTEATA, E. GRACILENTA, E. CINCTELLA, E. CINGENDA, E. INTERRUPTA, E. TANTILLA, E. CRASSULA, E. INQUINATA, E. SC1TULA, E. SPRETA, E. HUM1L1S, all of A. Adams. Japan. E. MONTROUZIERI, Souverbie. N. Caledonia. E. JEFFREYSIANA, Brusina. Adriatic Sea. E. OXYCHINA, Folin. (Desc. and Fig. not accessible to me.) West Indies. Subgenus BACULA, H. and A. Adams, 1863. E. MIRIFICA, Nevill. PI. 70. fig. 98. White, shining; whorls 15, very narrow,, tortuous, closely, minutely, spirally striated ; columella bent backwards below ; aperture striate within. Length, 8 mill. Ceylon. E. STRIATA, H. and A. Adams (unfigured). China Sea. Subgenus APICALTA, A. Adams, 1862. The distinctions between Apicalia and Mncronalia are slight. The type species of the present group is unfortunately unfigured, and the two additional species appear to me rather to belong to Mucronalia, the spire being straight. E. HOLDSWORTHT, A. Ad. PI. TO, fig. 99. Thin, polished, ashy white, light brownish towards the apex, suture distinct, with a subpellucid, narrow margin; whorls 10, convex, apex styliform. Length, 6 mill. Ceylon. E. GUNTHERT, Angas. PI. 70, fig. 100. Thin, subpellucid, shining, horn colored; whorls 7, narrowly shouldered below the suture, the last large, inflated, scarcely angulated at the periphery, apical whorls wanting. Length, 14 mill. New South Wales. E. GIBBA, A. Ad. (unfigured). Japan. 284 EULIMA. Subgenus MUCRONALTA, A. Ad., 1862. E. GRACILIS, Pease. PI. 70, fig. 4. Solid, polished, shining, white; whorls 7, convex, with deep suture. Length, 4 mill. Tahiti. Resembles somewhat in form Apicalia Guntheri, Angas. E. NITIDULA, Pease. PL 70, fig. 2. Solid, shining ; whorls well rounded, stained with brown, apex white, mucronate, aperture small, columella short, rather twisted. Length, 4 mill. Sandwich Is. E. SUBPELLUCIDA, Pease. PL 70, fig. 3. Short, ventricose, thin, lower part of body-whorl semitrans- parent; whorls few, spire straight, suture narrowly margined, last whorl obscurely angulated on the periphery, varices few, indistinct. Length, 20 mill. Tahiti. In this species the columella is somewhat drawn back below, making the aperture a little oblique; the tenuity of the body- whorl below the angle is the most distinguishing feature. E. MUCRONATA, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 5. Cylindrical, pellucid, narrow, with seven flat whorls and three additional apical ones which are suddenly contracted, mucronate, suture margined, aperture narrow, columella oblique, slightly tortuous. Length, 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. E. SANDWICHENSIS, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 21. Yentricose, thin, white, opaque ; whorls few, convex, the last * rounded, opaque below. Length, 16 mill. Sandwich Islands. E. OBESULA, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 6. Yentricose, rather transparent, tinged with pale rose-color ; whorls few, convex, rapidly increasing. Length, 9 mill. Ins. Boholj Philippines. E. ROSEA, Pease. PL 70, fig. 7. Conical, solid, rosy-brown ; whorls 7, rounded ; aperture rather round. Length, 5 mill. Sandwich Is. More conical in shape than E. nitidula. EULIMA. 285 E. FULVESCENS, A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 11. Small, hyaline, light brown, ventiicose ; whorls few, rounded ; apex mucronate; aperture a little laterally produced. Length, 4-5 mill. Ins. Labuan. E. CALEDONICA, Morelet. PI. 70, fig. 10. Shining, smooth, polished, rather solid, whitish, more or less stained with light fawn-color ; whorls 7-8, slightly convex, a little curved, suture submargined, apex sharply nmcronate. Length, 6 mill. New Caledonia, Viti Is. E. obesula is larger, with more rounded ivhorls ; E. rosea and E. fulvescens have more convex whorls and the spire is straight. E. SURVENTRICOSA, Sowb. PL 70, fig. 13. White, 'short, rather solid, oval ; whorls few, inflated ; aperture oval, short, outer lip thin. Length, 6'5 mill. Hab. unknown. E. MINDOROENSIS, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 70, fig. 8. Whitish, thin, short, ventricose ; whorls few, inflated, the last large, oval, aperture rather oval, columella slightly tortuous. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. It has been extensively distributed from the Yiti Islands under the name of E. brevicula, Dunker. I do not know whether this name has been published. E. BICINCTA, E. EXILIS, E. LACTEA, E. SUBULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. Subgenus SELMA, A. Ad., 1864. E. SUCCINIOLA, A. Ad. Elongately oval, thin, rimate, subdiaphanous, corneous, tinged with chestnut-color, spire short ; whorls 3J, scarcely convex, the last large ; aperture oblong ; inner lip chestnut-stained, with a spiral, chestnut-colored plica, outer lip simple. Japan. This, the only species, is unfigurecl. No dimensions are given. 286 EULIMA. Subgenus STYLIFERINA, A. Adams, 1860. Adams writes concerning this group : — The genus Entoconcha of J. Miiller, which is parasitic on Sinapta, also has " the columellar margin straight;" but the form is described as being very different from Styliferina^ there being almost no spire, and the aperture being transverse and semilunar. I have never seen a specimen of Entoconcha, which is also said to be operculate. My shells were, unfortunately, in the case of both the species, dredged dead, though perfect. I examined dozens of the blue Asterinse that came up with them, but found no parasite, nor was I more fortunate with Spatangi or Clypeasteres. In describing E. callosa, Mr. Adams places the group in Litio- pidse ; Dr. Fischer and myself have continued to regard it as a member of the present family. E. ORTHOCHILA, E. GONOCHiLA, A. Adams (unfigured). Japan. E. CALLOSA, A. Adams (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. E. TURRITA, Carpenter (unfigured). California. Subgenus LAMBERTIA, Souverbie, 180 9. E. MONTROUZIERI, Souverbie. Pi. 70, fig. 15. Pupiform, thin, very smooth, polished, translucent, white, with very numerous milk-white lineolations ; whorls 5, convex, rapidly enlarging, apex short, styliform, mamillary. Length, 10 mill. New Caledonia. Described from a single specimen. Subgenus AMAURELLA, A. Adams, 1867. E. JAPONICA, A. Adams. PI. 70, fig. 16. Rather solid, globose, short, spire produced, attenuated, acuminated, last whorl globose, aperture rather short, acuminated below, columella tortuous, rather solid. Length, 6*5 mill. Japan. E. GLABRATA, A. Ad. PL 70, fig. 12. Small, white, polished, spire with few whorls, the last one elongated, columella rather straight. Length, 11 mill. Japan. NISO. 287 E. SEMISTRIATA,- A. Ad. PI. 70, fig. 17. White, partially very finely spirally striated; whorls 4, the last ovate, oblong. Length, 12 mill. Japan. Subgenus SCALENOSTOMA, Desh., 18G3. E. CARINATA, Desh. PI. 70, fig. 14. White ; whorls 11, the earlier ones a little convex, subsequently planulate, the periphery carinate, base convex. Length, 13 mill. Isle of Bourbon. E. APICULATA, Souverbie. PI. 70, fig. 18. White, translucent; whorls 13, rather convex, the last only showing a strong peripheral carina. Length, 7*5 mill. New Caledonia. E, RANGII, Folin. PI. 70, fig. 20. Yellowish; whorls 12, smooth, peripher}- carinate. Length, 2'7 mill. Panama. E. DESHAYESII, A. Ad. (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. Subgenus SUBEULIMA, Souverb., 1875. E. LAMBERTI, Souverb. PI. 70, fig. 19. Shell much curved, consisting of twelve whorls, with carinated periphery, the upper whorls with fine spiral striae, soiled white. Length, 19 mill. New Caledonia. On the right side are varices as in the curved species of Eulima; in fact this appears to be simply a Scalenostoma with curved spire. Genus NISO, Risso, 1826. N. SPLENDIDULA, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 24. Solid, smooth, whitish purple, interruptedly brown-banded on the periphery, above and below the suture, and surrounding the umbilicus ; whorls numerous, suture and varices impressed and edged with brown. Length, 1'5 inches. S. Elena^ W. Co. of Central America. 288 NISO. N. MARMORATA, Sowb. PL 71, fig. 21. Solid, whitish tessellately marbled with chestnut; whorls rather convex, the last rounded. Length, 23 mill. Philippine Islands. N. INTERRUPTA, Sowb. PI. 71, figs. 22, 23. Whitish, shining, with linear chestnut truncated spots at the varices, sometimes obsolete ; whorls numerous, the last with angular periphery. Length, 19 mill. West Coast of Central America (Cuming). Dunker includes it in his Japanese list (Moll. Mar. Jap., 89). N. BRUNNEA, Sowb. PL 71, fig. 25. Solid, chocolate brown ; whorls convex, the last slightly angu- lar on the periphery, and paler on the angle, umbilicus small. Length, 17 mill. Isl. of Hanan, China Sea. N. GONIOSTOMA, A. Ad PL 71, fig. 26. Solid, pale fawn-color, with a wide light chestnut-colored band; whorls numerous, short. Length, 20 mill. Isl. of Burias, Philippines. N. TEREBELLUM, Chemn. PL 71, fig. 27. Solid, fawn-color, paler at the suture and around the umbilicus ; whorls numerous, short, a little convex, umbilicus surrounded by a keel. Length, 23 mill. Nicobar. N. CANDIDULA, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 28. Solid, white ; whorls short, rather convex, umbilicus moderate, columella arched. Length, 23 mill. Philippines. N. SANDWICHENSIS, Sowb. PL 71, fig. 29. White, solid, last whorl broad, angular ; umbilicus small, round, aperture acute below. Length, 8 mill. Sandwich Islands. N. JEGLEES, Bush. PL 71, fig. 39. Thin, semitransparent, smooth, shining; whorls 12, suture indistinctly defined by a dark chestnut line ; above and below this there is an indefinite band of yellowish white, becoming gradually yellowish, light brownish or purple-brown towards the middle of the whorls, periphery angulated, umbilicus margined 289 by a chestnut line, margin of aperture also chestnut-colored, at irregular intervals the whorls are somewhat obliquely crossed by chestnut lines. Length, 7'5 mill. Cape Hatter as, North Carolina. N. TRILINEATA, Morch (unfigured). Guinea. N. OBTUSA, Anton (unfigured). Hob. unknown. Section VOLUSIA, A. Ad., 1861. N. IMBRICATA Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 31. Whitish, longitudinally striated and lineated with red ; whorls concave above the periphery — which is subangular. Length, 19 mill. St. Elena, W. Coast of Central America. Genus HOPLOPTEROX, Fischer, 1876. H. TERQUEMI, Fischer. PI. 71, figs. 33-35. Minute, thin, white, translucent, shining ; whorls 7, the first four smooth, minutely flexuously striated, the others developing a long wing on either side. Length, 1*15 mill. China Sea. A section of this singular shell shows it to be similar to Eulima as to its interior. The figures represent different stages of growth. Genus STYLIFER, Brod., 1832. S. STIMPSONIT, Verrill. PI. 71, fig. 37. White, swollen, spire short, rapidly enlarging ; whorls 4-5, the last very large, smooth, a slightly impressed revolving line just below the suture. Length, 3'75 mill. George"1** Bank, Block Island, off Coast of New Jersey, on Echini. S. TURTONI, Brod. PL 71, figs. 32, 36. Subglobose, spire small, acuminated, produced ; whorls angular above, the last very large ; outer lip very sinuous. Length, 4-5 mill. Northern Europe to Canary Is., on Echini. This species is found near the anal opening of its host, and Dr. Jeffreys was therefore of opinion that it derived its nourish- 19 290 STYLIFER. ment from the excrement of the urchin, and that its suctorial proboscis, and the absence of a radula or jaw supports this view. It is Phasianella stylifera, Turton, S. astericola, Brown, and S. globosuSj Johnston. S. ASTERICOLA, Brod. PI. 71, fig. 38. Ovate globose, spire short, acuminated ; whorls few, the apical ones minute, lip sinuousty produced above. Length, 10*5 mill. Galapagos IsL, on Asterias helianthus. S. Broderipii, Adams, is a synonym. S. OVOIDEUS, H. and A. Adams. PI. 71, fig. 39. Subglobose, spire moderately produced ; whorls convex, the apical ones very minute; aperture pyriform, outer lip slightly compressed above, sinuously produced. Length, 11 mill. Borneo, on an Asterias. This is S. astericola, Ad. and Reeve, not Brod., but I really can see no valid differences between this and the two preceding species. S. ORBIGNYANUS, Hupe. PL 71, fig. 40. Short, ovate, inflated, pellucid, very shining, yellowish white ; whorls 7, well-rounded, with deep suture. Length, 6 mill. Australia. Found imbedded in the deformed spire of Cidaris imperialis. S. DUBIA, Baird. PI. 71, fig. 41. Shell globose, spire produced, pyramidal, acuminated, apical ; whorls attenuated. Length, 6'5 mill. New Caledonia. S. MITTREI, Petit. PI. 71, fig. 42. Very smooth, pellucid, yellowish white ; whorls 7-8, rounded, suture profound. Length, 11-5 mill. Indian Seas (Mittre.), Polynesia (Pease). I have received from Mr. Pease, under his MS. name of Muqro- nalia tumida, a shell which I refer to this species. S. EBURNEUS, Desh. PL 71, fig. 43. Ivor37-white, very shining, polished; whorls 9, the first two cylindrical, the others very convex, with deep linear sutures. Length, 10 mill. Isle of Bourbon. STYLIFER. 291 S. APICULATUS, Souverbie. PI. 71, fig. 44. Thin, very shining, translucent, subh3Taline white, apex milky : whorls 10, very convex, with deep sutures, the five superior ones slowly increasing, the others rapidly, thinly subobliquely striu- late. Length, 11'5 mill. New Caledonia. S. BRAZIERI, Angas. PL 71, fig. 47. Smooth, pellucid, white, polished; whorls 6, flattened just below the suture, which is finely, callously margined, apex styliform. Length, 4 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. S. CUMINGIANUS, Adams. PI. 71, figs. 48, 46. Spire acuminated, apex styliform ; whorls numerous, the last inflated ; aperture short, the columella rather straight. Length, 12 mill. Hab. unknown. S. PYRAMTDALIS, Reeve (fig. 46), figured but not described, and no locality given, appears to be very similar. Deshayes ascribes to it a shell from the Isle of Bourbon. S. SUBULATUS, Brod. & Sowb. PI. 71, figs. 49, 50. Whorls 9-10, the superior ones st\'liform, afterwards rounded, suture linear, lightly impressed. Length, 15*5 mill. West Indies. S. bulbiformis, Sowb. (fig. 50), is probably a synonym. S. SPECIOSUS, H. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 57. Hyaline, spire attenuated and styliform above and somewhat twisted, lower whorls inflated, somewhat straight-sided ; aperture short, columella rather straight. Length, 16 mill. Mauritius. S. BARRONT, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 51. White, shining, semipellucid, apex mucronate ; whorls 7, con- stricted, angulated above, longitudinally obliquely striated. Length, 6'5 mill. Hab. unknown. Found on a tropical asterias ; evidently deformed. S. EXARATUS, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 52. White, shining, semipellucid ; whorls a little convex, trans- versely sulcate, longitudinally lightly striate, suture impressed, 292 STYLIFEK. apex mucronate; aperture subeffuse at base, the lip sinuous, the margin thickened and expanded. Length, 19 mill. Philippines. S. CORALLINUS, Chemn. PI. 71, fig. 45. White, subulate, very smooth, thin, pellucid ; whorls about 12. Length, 16 mill. West Indies. S. SUBANQULATUS, A. Ad. PI. 71, fig. 53. White, shining, seinipellucid, apex mucronate, twisted ; whorls numerous, a little convex, with transverse elevated lines, the last with subangulate periphery. Length, 18 mill. West Indies. Morch describes a var. abbreviata. S. THOMASIJE, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 58. Attenuated and suddenly contracted towards the apex, last whorl obtusely angular; aperture obliquely subquadrate,colum- ella rather straight, acuminated below. Length, 21 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. S. ATTENUATUS, Sowb. PI. 71, fig. 55. Yery narrow; whorls numerous, the last one subangular on the periphery, apex a little twisted. Length, 16 mill. St. Thomas, W. I. S. PAULUCCIJE, Fischer. PI. 71, fig. 54. White, smooth, shining, semipellucid ; whorls 11-12, the em- bryonal ones laterally deflexed, the others subrotund, suture lightly impressed. Length, 10 mill. Red Sea. S. DEFORMIS, Pease. PI. 71, fig. 56. Thin, smooth, shining, pellucid, white, indistinctly longitudi- nally striated; whorls 6-10, convex, suture narrowly margined, last whorl swollen. Length, 12 mill. Paumotus. Pease writes : " scarcely two specimens agree in shape," a lesson to the species makers. S. FASTIGIATUS, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 59. Slightly perforated, spire acuminated, apex attenuated and obliquely bent; whorls numerous, rather convex, the last large, round, aperture narrow. Length, 19 mill. Hob. unknown. STYLIFER. 293 S. SOLIDUS, A. Ad. PL 71, fig. 60. Subulate, rather solid, opaque ; whorls numerous, the apical small, tortuous ; aperture rather short, acuminated below. Length, 12'5 mill. Hab. unknown. S. TASMANICUS, Tenison-Woods. PI. 71, fig. 61. Milky-white, pellucid, smooth, shining; whorls 7, convex, suture impressed. Length, 4 mill. Tasmania. Figured from a specimen. Is it not rather an Eulima? Un figured Species. S. CURTA, Yerrill. Off Martha's Vineyard, 410 fms. S. BRYCHINA, Watson. So. Atlantic. S. COMATULICOLA, Graff. Mediterranean. S. LODDER^E and S. ROBUSTUS, Petterd. Tasmania. S. ROBUSTUS, Pease. • Sandwich Is. Subgenus CYTHNIA, Carp., 1864. S. ASTERTAPHILA, Carp, (unfigured). Cape St. Lucas, L. Gal. S. TUMENS, Carp, (unfigured). Mazatlan. S. ALBIDA, Carp. Southern California. Subgenus PLICIFER, H. Adams, 1868. • S NEVJLLI, H. Adams. PL 71, fig. 62. Thin, semiopaque, whitish, suture distinct; whorls 6J, styli- form at the apex, the rest irregularly flexuosely striate and spirally lirate ; columella callous, spirally plicate ; lip profoundly sinuated behind. Length, 3'5 mill. Ceylon. FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDM. Shell turriculated, composed of nuraerous whorls, with long spire, the apex heterostrophe ; aperture entire, the outer lip generally sharp, the columella with one or several plications. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus, the columellar margin sinuated. Animal with flattened, ear-shaped tentacles channeled outside towards their extremity, connate at the base; eyes sessile, immersed at the icner sides of the base ; proboscis long, retrac- tile, coming from an orifice situated immediately below the base of the tentacles ; veil distinct, elongated, entire or divided in front reaching to the anterior margin of the foot ; foot truncated or sinused in front, extending far beyond the head, attenuated behind. Probably carnivorous, but the lingual teeth are want- ing, or rudimentary. No zoological characters of importance separate this family from the Turbonillidse ; the distinction is mainly one of conve- nience, the present group containing those shells, usually larger, having two or more columellar plications (only one in Syrnola), the Turbonillidse being composed of minute shells having a single small plication, or without any. The heterostrophe and turned-over summit of the spire is one of the most remarkable features of the shell, a character found in few o'ther families of mollusks. In the animal the presence of a mentum or veil is also a curious feature. It is developed below the mouth, and may be derived from the conjunction of buccal tentacles, or perhaps represents the propodium, as in Natica. The genus Pyramidella and its subgroups contain all the living species of the family, and a few fossils, cretaceous and tertiary ; the other genera are exclusively fossil. " The Pyramidellidse present subjects of much interest to the students of extinct mollusca ; numerous forms, bearing all the aspect of being mem- bers of this family occur. . . . Many of them are gigantic compared with existing species, and the group, as a whole, may (294) PYRAMIDELLID.E. 295 be regarded rather as appertaining to past ages than the present epoch." — FOBBES. Pyramidella and Obeliscus have been monographed by : Kiener, Coquilles vivantes, 6 species. Arthur Adams in Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, 53 species. Reeve, Conch. Icon., xv, 45 species, 1862. Synopsis of Genera. Genus PYRAMIDELLA, Lam., 1799. Shell turriculated, of many whorls, longitudinally ribbed or smooth ; aperture semioval, entire, rounded in front, the columella straight, with anterior strong plications, outer lip sharp, often plicate within. Inhabits tropical seas. Fossil, cretaceous and tertiary. Subgenus PYRAMIDELLA (sensu stricto). Shell smooth — typically with perforated axis. P. DOLABRATA, Linnaeus. Obeliscus (Humphrey, 1797), Morch, 1852, is a synonym. Section LONCH^EUS, Morch, 1874. Shell imperforate, last whorl with a median sulcus. P. PUNCTATA, Chemn. Section TRIPTYCHUS, Morch, 1874. Shell subulate, spirally paucilirate, aperture lirate within, sub- sinuated in front, columella triplicate. P. NIVEA, Morch. Section AMOURA, de Folin, 1873. Shell subcylindrical, elongated, with feeble longitudinal ribs and two spiral cords ; last whorl concentrically striated at the base ; columella biplicate. P. ANGULIFERA, Folin. Section TIBERIA, Jeffreys, 1875. Shell very small, umbilicatcd, columella biplicate. P. NITIDULA, A. Ad. Subgenus OTO PLEURA, Fischer, 1885. Shell oval, turriculated, pupiform, with longitudinal ribs; aperture oval, siibchanneled at the base of the columella ; coin- 29G PYRAMIDELLID^E. mella with several plications, lip thickened, often expanded. P. AURIS-CATI, Chemn. This is the restricted Pyramidella of H. and A. Adams and most of their successors ; the smooth shells which Lamarck designated by that name, being generally known as Obeliscus. The erroneous application of these names has become so well- established that I confess I follow Dr. Fisher with some reluc- tance in his correction of the errors. Subgenus SYRNOLA, A. Adams, 18G9. Shell small, subulate, polished ; whorls flattened, suture well marked ; columelia with a single plication, outer lip simple. The Syrnolae are small, slender Pyramidellids, with a single columellar plait. P. GRACILLINA, A. Ad. Section AGATHA, A. Ad., 1860. Shell oval acuminated ; spiral plication very strong. P. AUS- TRALIS, Angas. Section AMATHIS, A. Adams, 1861. Aperture dilated, rounded in front, acute behind. Possibly- synonymous with Agatha. P. VJRGO, A. Ad. Section OSCILLA, A. Adams, 1867. Shell solid, ovate or pyramidally turreted, imperforate; whorls strongly spirally lirate ; aperture oval or subquadrate, with a strong, transverse, median parietal plication. P. ANNULATA, A. Ad. Section ORINA, A. Adams, 1870. Shell conoidal, profoundly umbilicated ; whorls flattened, smooth ; aperture subquadrangular, with a single columellar fold. 0. PINGUICULA, A. Ad. Section ELUSA, A. Adams, 1861. Shell subulate, tnrreted ; whorls longitudinally plicate ; aper- ture ovate, columelia with a single plait, outer lip lirate within. P. SUBULATA, P. TERES, A. Ad. The above groups are all founded on Japanese species, mostly unfigured ; the characters appear to be unimportant. PYRAMIDELLIDjE. 297 Subgenus CHRYSALLIDA, Carpenter, 1857. Shell small, pupiform, generally cancellated; peristome con- tinuous, edge of lip simple, columella profoundly but distinctly plaited ; operculum (in the typical species) radiately corrugated. West Coast of America, Japan, West Indies. P. COMMUNIS, C. B. Ad. This group might be equally well placed in Odostomia. Section MORMULA, A. Ad., 1863. Subulately turreted, rissoid, solid, thick, longitudinally plicate ; aperture large, columella spirally tortuous, lip thickened within, margin acute. P. RTSSOINA, P. ACLTS, A. Ad. Lancea, Pease, 1867, is a synonym. Section STYLOPTYGMA, A. Ad., 1860. Shell pupiform, subpellucid ; whorls a little convex, with transverse grooves; aperture Bubquad rang alar, lip dilated, colu- mella obliquely plicate above. P. STYLINA, A. Adams. Subgenus ACT^EOPYRAMIS, Fischer, 1885. Shell elongate, imperforate, subconical ; whorls numerous, with spiral striae, sometimes cancellated; aperture oval-elongated, rounded in front ; columella with a strong spiral fold. P. STRIATA, Gray. The name is substituted for Monoptygma, Gray, 1840, preoc- cupied by Lea, 1833. These shells recall the genus Actaeon by their form and sculpture, and may possibly include some of the small groups Myonia, Kleinella and Leucotina of A. Adams, now arranged with that genus. Section MUMIOLA, A. Adams, 1863. Shell thin, elongate or ovate; whorls convex, cancellate or granulose; aperture ovate, the lip-margin regularly arcuate. P. SPIRATA, A. Adams. Philippines. Section CARELTOPSIS. Morch, 1874. Shell turriculated, having the form of Garelia Cumingii. P. STYLTFORMIS, Morch. West Indies. 298 I»YRAMIDELLTD^E. Genus SYRNOLOPSIS, E. A. Smith, 1880. Shell subulate, smooth, imperforate ; aperture broadly sinuated at the base, outer lip sinuous, slightly thickened, furnished far within with one or two prominent lirae, columella with a distinct plait. Operculum unknown. S. LACUSTRIS, Smith. Lake Tanga- nyika, E. Africa (fresh water). The systematic position of this group is very uncertain : being lacustrine, Dr. Fischer has included it with doubt in the Hydro- biinse, but the characters of the shell (the apex is eroded) ap- pear to me to be closer to the present family. * * * Genus XERIXJ2A, Defrance, 1825. , Shell elongated, many-whorled, nearly cylindrical; aperture channeled and produced in front, with plications within the outer lip and on the columella. About 150 species, Jurassic and Creta- ceous. N. TRINODOSA, d'Orb., Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 10; N. TRACHEA, Desh., Ibid. t. 68, f. 13. Section NERIN^EA (sensu stricto). Folds simple, two or three on the columella, one or two within the outer lip ; axis solid or perforated. Section NERINELLA, Sharpe, 1850. Columella solid, folds simple, one on the outer lip, and one or none on the columella. Section TROCHALIA, Sharpe, 1850. Columella perforated, with one fold, outer wall simple, or thickened, or with one simple fold. Section PTYGMATTS, Sharpe, 1850. Columella solid or perforated, usually with three folds ; outer wall with one to three folds, some of them complicated in form. Subgenus HALLOYSIA, Briart and Cornet, 1878. Shell elongated, turriculated ; whorls numerous, axis widely umbilicated ; aperture rounded or subquadrangular, columella biplicate. N. BiPLiCATA, Br. et Corn. Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 68, f. 14. L. Eocene of Mons, Belgium. PYR AMI BELLA. 299 Subgenus CRYPTOPLOCUS, Pictet and Campiche, 1854. Shell like Nerinsea, but without columellar or labral plaits; there is one plication on the posterior face of the aperture (as in some Cerithiums) ; aperture rounded in front, without channel ; axis umbilicatecl or imperforate ; 7 species, Jurassic and Cre- taceous. Europe. N. MONILIFERA, d'Orb. Subgenus APTYXIS, Zittel, 1873. Shell turreted, nearly cylindrical, imperforate; whorls numer- ous, not embracing; aperture lengthened subquadrangular, without plications, the columella with a fold-like thickening. The synonyms are Paclujstylus, Gemmellaro, 1878, and Aptyxi- ella, Fischer, 1885. The latter name was given because of Aptyxis, Troschel, 1868 — which, however, is a synon}Tm. A. SEXCOSTATA, d'Orb. Jurassic. ? Genus SOLENISCUS, Meek and Worthen, 1860. Shell fusiform, smooth, body -whorl contracted below into a distinct canal, columella with a single oblique plait. S. TYPICUS, Meek. Carboniferous, Illinois. Genus PTRAM1DELLA, Lam., 1799. Typical Group. P. VENTRICOSA, Guerin. PI. 72, figs. 63-65. Slightly striated longitudinally, the last whorl ventricose ; yellowish white with irregular light chestnut undulating longi- tudinal stripes, more or less intensified into revolving bands ; columella triplicate. Length, 1-25 inches. Viti Islands, Vanikoro, Singapore. Besides the type, I figure a white variet}^. P. scitula, A. Ad. (fig. 65), is only a younger state of this species. P. CINCTA, Reeve. PL 72, fig. 66. Smooth, white, with a broad central chestnut zone, appearing on the spire whorls; columella triplicate, perforation narrow. Length, 20 mill. Philippines. 300 PYRAMIDELLA. P. FASTIGIUM, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 67. White, polished, narrowly umbilicated, last whorl large, obso- letely angulated on the periphery ; columella triplicate, outer lip strongly plicate within. Length, 18 mill. Isl. of Bohol, Philippines. P. PERFORATA, A. Ad. PI. 72,' fig. 68. Widely and deeply umbilicated, white, polished, with a spiral pale chestnut band ; whorls flattened, the last large, subangulate on the periphery. Length, 16 mill. St. John's, W. I. P. BALTEATA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 69. Umbilicated, white, shining, with a chestnut band, the whorls flattened, the last one subangulated on the periphery, columella biplicate. Length, 6*5 mill. Isl. Mindanao, Philippines. P. PUSTLLA, A. Ad. PL 72, fig. 70. White, perforate, apex obtuse ; whorls rather flattened, suture deep, last whorl subangulate ; columella biplicate. Length, 4'5 mill. Luzon, Philippines. P. DOLABRATA, Linn. PI. 72, figs. 71-74. Umbilicated, smooth, white, with three or four narrow chest- nut spiral lines on the body, and two on the spire-whorls ; outer lip often lirate within. Length, 1-1-4 inches. West Indies. Strombus columella, Meusch., is a synonym. Yar. SUBDOLABRATUS, Morch. Shell thin, shortly conical, last whorl inflated, lip without ridges. Runs into the type form. Wed Indies. Var. TEREBELLUM, Mull. Fig. 73. Whorls somewhat less convex, bands a little wider and choco- late colored. Sandwich Islands, Viti Is., Mauritius, Red Sea. Usually known under the name of the next variety, with which it is probably synonymous. Var. TEREBELLOIDES, A. Ad. Fig. 74. More slender than the last variety, columella with two instead of three plicae ; whorls with two or three slim chestnut lines. Length, 1 inch. Polynesia. PYRAMIDELLA. 301 P. PULCHELLA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 75. Shell polished, 3fellowish white, with a sutural chocolate band, appearing on the periphery of the last whorl ; columella with two plications. Red Sea, Japan. Described as having a single plication on the columella, which would place it in Syrnola, but a second plica is more or less developed. Section LONCILEUS, Morch, 1874. P. ACUS, Gmel. PL 72, figs. 76-78. Polished, white, with dark chestnut or chocolate spots, usually arranged in three revolving series on the spire whorls and five series on the bod}"; columella three-plaited, the upper plait largest, lip sometimes lirate within. Length, 1-25-2 in. Polynesia, Mauritius, Red Sea. It is P. punctata (Chemn.), Morch ; P. guttata, Link, and P. maculosa, Lam. The peripheral groove becomes in this, as in most of the other species of the section, either obsolete or indicated by a slight angle. P. SULCATA, A. Ad. PI. 72, figs. 79-83. White, nebulously longitudinally strigate with pale orange- chestnut, frequently breaking up into revolving series of dots ; aperture channeled at the aperture, columella three-plicate. Length, 1-1*5 in. Sandwich Is., Philippines, Australia, Mauritius, Red Sea. Adams has used for this species a MS. name given it by Nuttall ; P. tessellata, A. Ad. (fig. 80), is founded on a 3rounger slimmer individual ; P. monilix, A. Ad. (fig. 81), represents a faded specimen of the same form and age, and P. teres, A. Ad. (fig. 82), is from a still younger, faded specimen. All these forms, and the intermediates, are represented in the series before me. I am inclined to place here also, P. Pratii, Bernardi (fig. 83), a specimen from unknown locality, having the characters of coloration and basal sinus of P. sulcata, but with a deeper per- ipheral groove and angle than usual. P. TURRITA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 84, 85. Fulvous, obsoletely maculated with a deeper tint ; whorls 302 PYRAMIDELLA. flattened, suture deep, crenulated, frequently whitish, last whorl with a distinct median sulcus, aperture produced in front. Length, 22 mill. North Australia, New Caledonia. The shell which is figured in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum as P. gracilis, Brocchi (fig. 85), appears to be very similar to this species ; the true P. gracilis is a Turbonilla and = T. lactea, Linn. Issel identifies a Red Sea species with the figure of gracilis in Kiener, but recognizes the distinction of that figure from Brocchi's species, and calls it P. Kieneri. P. CHEMNITZIANA, A. Ad. PI. 72, fig. 86. Narrowly elongated, white ; whorls numerous, rather flattened, with angle at the suture, and on periphery of last whorl, aperture small, columella two-plaited. Length, 9 mill. Viti Is. P. GARRETTII, Tryon. PI. 72, fig. 87. Whorls flattened, yellowish, with chestnut colored nebulous longitudinal strigations, suture channeled, last whorl with a per- ipheral sulcus ; columella three-plicate, the upper fold very strong, lower ones approximate and more oblique. Length, 15 mill. Viti Islands (Garrett). P. CONICA, C. B. Adams. PI. 72, figs. 88, 89.' Whorls flattened, with deep channeled suture, which is some- times slightly crenulated, periphery also channeled ; fulvous, faintly banded with darker color ; aperture produced below, columella triplicate. Length, 13-15 mill. Florida, Panama, Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Cal. Described from Panama; P. uarieguta, Carp., from Cape St. Lucas, etc., also answers to the description perfectly. I have received the same species from Sarasota Bay, Fla., under the erroneous name of P. tessellata, Ads. It was dredged there in two fms. water by Mr. Henry Hemphill. P. Jiastata, A. Ad. (fig 89), from St. Elena, W. Columbia, is another synonym; it is included by Morch in his West Indian catalogue as a synonym of P. Candida, Meuschen. V P. CANALICULATA, Sowb. PL 73, fig. 90. Whorls flattened, yellowish, banded and spotted with chestnut, with fine longitudinal white raised strigations, appearing like low FYRAM1DELLA. 303 rounded riblets, with occasional darker macnlations, especially on the base, suture and periphery channeled ; aperture channeled at the base, columella straight, three plaited. Length, 15 mill. Sandwich Islands. P. ACHATES, Gould. PI. 73, fig. 91. Shell pupiforin, with obtuse apex and elongated aperture ; light fulvous, with pale chestnut maculations in revolving series ; suture and periphery channeled ; columella triplicate. Length, 12 mill. W. Coast of Mexico. P. clavuluSj A. Ad., is a synonym. P. JUCUNDA, Angas. PI. 73, fig. 92. Smooth, shining, white, with two chestnut bands on each whorl, three on the body-whorl, suture impressed; "columella with a prominent twisted Ibid encircling the pillar." Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. According to the description this would be a Syrnola, but the figure shows two columellar folds. , P. PAUMOTEXSIS, Tryon. PI. 73, fig. 93. Shell thin, smooth, hyaline, white, upper whorls suddenly taper- ing to an acute apex, base slighty produced; whorls 9, convex, suture margined ; columella slightly callous, with two oblique plaits, the lower one most conspicuous, the upper smaller and deep-seated. Length, 10 mill. Paumotus and Society Islands. The form of the spire and position of the plicae indicate for this species a distinct section of the genus. It much resembles Agatha Australis, Angas, in the lower plication. Described as P. hyalina, Garrett ; I have changed the name on account of P. hyalina, Dunker. Unfigured Species of Pyramidella and Lonchxus. P. VITREA, A. Ad. (Described as a Syrnola, but afterwards made an Obeliscus = Pyramidella). Japan. P. TRIFASCTATA and P. EBURNEA, A. Ad. Japan. P. SOLIDA, Sowerby. Tranquebar. P. TASMANICA, Petterd. Tasmania. 304 PYRAMIDELLA. P. ROSEA, Huttou. New Zealand. P. MINUTA, Phil. Red Sea. P. SUTURALTS, Maltzan. Ins. Goree, W. Africa. P. FLORIDANUS, Morch. West Indies. P. BICOLOR, Menke. California. Section TRIPTYCHUS, Morch, 1874. P. NIVEA, Morch. PL 73, fig. 1. White, slender; whorls flattened, each with three spiral ribs, the two upper ones nodulous, body-whorl with two plain ribs below the nodulous ones, and three revolving ridges below the periphery, forming columellar folds ; aperture produced below. Length, 8'5 mill. Key West,Fla.; West Indies. P. vincta, Dall, is a synonym. The shell is scarcely a Pyra- midella — the sculpture and plications are different. Section AMOURA, de Folin, 1873. P. ANGULIFERA, de Folin. (Description inaccessible to me.) Section TJBERIA, Jeffreys, 1875. P. NITIDULA, A. Adams. PL 73, fig. 96. Deeply umbilicated, small, white, often banded, smooth ; whorls few, rather flat, suture impressed, columella two-plaited. Length, 4 mill. Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Cape Verd Is., West Indies. These localities are all abundantly confirmed. Dr. Jeffreys writes : " 1 have carefully compared my i Porcupine ' and Medi- terranean specimens with those from Japan and Corea, which I received from the late Mr. Arthur Adams and my friend Capt. St. John, and I cannot detect the slightest difference between any of them in shape, colored band, umbilicus or dentition of the pillar" (Zool. Proc., 364, 1884). Dr. Jeffreys considers the following synonymous : P. MINUSCULA, Monts.; P. MEDITERRANEA, Monts. ; P. SUBFAR- CINATA and P. TitfCTA, Watson; P. L^EVIUSCULA, Jeffreys (not S. Wood); P. EXILIS (var.), Jeffreys. PYRAMIDELLA. 305 Subgenus OTOPLEURA, Fischer, 1885. P. AURIS-CATI, Chemn. PL 73, fig. 95. Smooth, white, longitudinally ribbed, ribs ending in nodules at the sutures, with spiral rows of chestnut spots, interstices of the ribs spirally striated. Length, '75-1 inch. Philippines, Mauritius. The synonyms are P. spiralis, Wood, P. plicata, Lam. P. NODICINCTA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 100. White, with spiral rows of chestnut spots ; whorls angulated above, with longitudinal ribs produced into nodules at the angles ; lower part of body-whorl pitted, forming a sort of network be- tween the pits. Length, *75-l inch. Philippines. I think this will prove to be a variety of the foregoing species. P. MITRALIS, A. Ad. PI. 73, figs. 94, 97, 2, 3. Whitish, clouded and indistinctly banded with pale brown; whorls rather convex, longitudinall}' ribbed, slightly angulated at the suture, interstices spirally striated. Length, 15-18 mill. Philippines, Taheiti ; Mauritius, Red Sea. P. PROPINQUA, A. Ad. (fig. 97), P. VARIEGATA, A. Ad. (fig. 3), and P. MAGNiFiCA, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 2), appear to be syno- nyms. P. GLANS, Reeve. PL 73, fig. 98. White, with a narrow chocolate band above and below the suture, the lower half of the body-whorl chocolate colored, longi- tudinally closely ribbed, the interstices spirally striated. Length, 12 mill. Philippines. Possibly only a variety of the foregoing species. P. NITIDA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 99. Oral, shining, white, sometimes marbled with pale chestnut; longitudinally flatly ribbed, interstices pitted. Length, 7 '5 mill. Philippines, Viti Is. P. CORRUGATA, Lam. PL 73, fig. 4. White, with small sparse 3*ellow spots near the suture, longi- tudinally plicate, the interstices spirally striated; columella three-plaited. Length, 23 mill. Isle of France (Coll. Lamarck). A doubtful species ; looks like a fossil. 20 306 PYRAMIDELLA. Subgenus SYRNOLA, A. Adams, I860. P. ELEGANS, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 7. Subperforate, longitudinally and spirally striate, apex very acute ; fulvous, with a chestnut line on the periphery and suture; suture channeled ; whorls flat, periphery obtusely angulated. Length, 9 mill. Singapore. P. BRUNNEA, A. Ad. PL 73, figs. 9, 8. Solid, narrow, yellowish brown; whorls 15, flatly convex, aperture ribbed within. Length, 15 mill. Japan. This species is figured twice in the Conch. Iconica, first under the above name, and again as P. fulva, Sowb. (fig. 8), with brunnea, A. Ad., as a synonym ; Mr. Sowerby being under the impression that his figures represent different species, and that Mr. Adams had described them both as brunnea, whereas the latter only described brunnea once. P. ATTENUATA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 5. Slender, whitish, shining, finely spirally striated ; whorls flat- tened, suture profound. Length, 1T5 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. P. ADAMSI, Tryon. PI. 73, fig. C. Subulate, polished, smooth, orange-brown ; whorls numerous, flatly convex, suture deep; lip lirate within. Length, 10'5 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. For Obeliscus aclis, A. Ad. Preoccupied by himself in section Mormula. P. ACTCULATA, A. Ad. PI. 73, figs. 10, 11. Slender, fulvous white ; whorls numerous, convex, flattened in the middle, longitudinally substriate, suture deep. Length, 12'5 mill. Ins. Cagayan, Philippines (Cuming); Viti Is. (Garrett). Described as an Obeliscus, and afterw.ards placed in Syrnola. Sowerby, who includes both in his Pyramidella, apparently supposes them to be distinct species, and changes the name of the one to P. denticulata (fig. 11). If his much enlarged figure is accurate, this is probably a distinct species. PYRAMIDELLA. 307 P. CROCATA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 12. Solid, smooth, yellowish brown; whorls rather flat, suture impressed, periphery rounded. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. GRACILLIMA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 13. Slender, yellowish white ; whorls flat, the last obtusely angular at the periphery. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. CINCTELLA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 14. Smooth, white, with a chestnut line at the periphery and above the suture; whorls 9, sloping^, flatly convex. Length, 10 mill. Japan. P. STRIATULA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 15. Whitish, subpellucid ; whorls 8, slopingly convex, spirally striated ; aperture lirate within. Length, 6 mill. Viti Is. P. ORNATA, Gould. PI. 73, fig. 16. Narrowly cylindrical? smooth ; yellowish white, with a chest- nut line on the periphery and above the suture ; whorls numerous, convex. Length, 6 mill. Coral Sea. According to Sowerby S. columnella, A. Ad. (unfigured), is a S}7nonym. P. CYLINDRELLA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 17. Narrowly subcylindrical, whitish, with a chestnut line on the periphery, appearing above the suture on the spire ; whorls numerous, rather flat, a little swollen near the impressed suture. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. PUPINA, A. Ad. PI. 73, fig. 19. Smooth, white, with a spiral chestnut peripheral line, showing above the suture ; whorls 9, flatly convex, suture impressed ; aperture a little expanded in front. Length, 5 mill. Japan. A little wider than P. cylindrella. P. MODICA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 20. Xarrowly cylindrical, obtuse, white with pale bands and a chestnut line above the suture ; whorls 9, flattened, suture impressed. Length, 4 mill. Japan. Appears to be more narrow than P. cylindrella. 308 PYRAMIDELLA. P. SEROTINA, A. Ad. . PL 73, fig. 21. Narrowly subcylindrical, white, with a chestnut line above the suture and on thex periphery ; whorls 7, the last long, suture well-impressed ; plication far back. Length 3'5 mill. Japan. P. MINUTA, H. Adams. PL 73, fig. 22. Subulate, tumid in the middle, rather solid, polished ; whitish, with a chestnut line above the suture and at the periphery ; suture impressed; whorls 10, flattened; columellar plication conspicuous, transverse. Length, 4 mill. Orotava, Tenerijfe. Appears precisely like P. serotina, except that the plica is stronger. P. SUBULINA, A. Ad. PL 73, fig. 23. Tapering, pointed, smooth, whitish with a chestnut line above the suture and at the periphery ; whorls numerous, slopingly, flatly convex. Length, 4 mill. Japan. P. SMITHII, Try on. PL 73, fig. 18. Narrowly elongated, polished, white ; whorls 11, plano-convex, with a diaphanous band below the suture; columella with a small plait. Length, 6*5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. Described by Mr. E. A. Smith as S. gracillima, preoccupied by A. Adams. P. TINCTA, Angas. PL 73, fig. 24. Rather solid, smooth, shining, whitish, irregularly banded and marked with brown; whorls 10^, flatly convex, suture deep; columellar plait rather prominent. Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. P. SOLIDULA, Dkr. PI, 73, fig. 26. Rather solid, yellowish white ; whorls 7, somewhat flattened ; lip lirate within, columella short with a strong plica. Length, 5 mill. Japan. Yar. FASCIATA, Jickeli. Upper whorls with a single chestnut line, two lines on the penultimate and three on the body whorl. Red Sea. PYRAMIDELLA. 309 P. HYALINA, Dkr. PL 73, fig. 25. Whitish, hyaline, smooth, polished ; whorls somewhat convex, suture deep; lip quadrilirate within, columella uniplicate and sinuate above. Length, 5'5 mill. Japan. Unfigured and Undetermined Syrnolx. P. BUXEA, Gould. Japan. P. BIFASCIATA, Woods. Tasmania. P. BIZONALIS, P. D^EDALA, P. LA£TEA, P. MERA, P. PISTILLUM, P. TERETIUSCULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. SUBULA, Gould. China Sea. P. LUCIDA, A. Ad, Eed Sea. P. TENUISCULPTA, Lischke (figure inaccessible to me). Japan. Section AGATHA, A. Ad., 1860. P. AUSTRALIS, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 27. Acuminately ovate, rather thin, opaque, whitish ; whorls 8, slightly convex, suture a little channeled ; columella with a strong spiral plait. Length, 8 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Section AMATHIS, A. Ad., 1861. P. VIRGO, A. Adams (unfigured). Korea Strait; 46 fms. The following species are added by Mr. Adams, all of them unfigured and from Japan : P. PRODUCTA (Odostomia) and P. PELLUCIDA, P. EBURNEA and P. CONCINNA, described as Menestho. Section OSCILLA, A. Ad., 1867. P. ANNULATA, A. Adams. PI. 74, fig. 28. Whitish 4 whorls numerous, flattened, spirally ribbed, the interstices longitudinally striated ; columella with a single posterior plication, lip subcrenulated, interior lirate. Length, 5 mill. Philippines; Singapore; Japan. 310 PYRAMIDELLA. P. LIGATA, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 29. Rather thin, rosy-white, spiral ribs prominent; whorls 6; outer lip simple, columella with a small transverse plait. Length, 2 mill. Botany Bay, Australia. Unfigured Species. P. L1RATA, P. SULCATA, P. CINGULATA, P. C1RCINATA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. ZIZIPHINA, P. EXARATA, Carp. Mdzatlan. Section ORINA, A. Ad., 1870. P. piNGuicuLA, A. Ad. (unfigured). Gulf of Suez. P. PYRAMIDALIS (Syrnola), A. Ad. (unfigured). Japan. Section ELUSA, A. Ad., 1861. P. SUBULATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 30. Umbilicated, apex mucronate, smooth, pellucid, whitish, some- what shining; whorls plano-convex, strongly longitudinally costate, interstices punctate; columella uni plicate in the middle, aperture produced and subchanneled below. Length, 9'5 mill. Philippines; Japan; Bed Sea. P. GRACILIS, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 31. Whitish, shining, with a chestnut line above the suture, and on the periphery of the last whorl; whorls flattened, distantly longitudinally costate, interstices smooth. Length, 9 mill. Philippines; Japan; Bed Sea. P. RUPPELLT, Jickeli. PL 74, fig. 32. Subrimate, rather solid, white, a little shining, longitudinally elegantly plicate, lightly impressly spirally striate ; whorls 11, planulate, scarcely submargined above ; lip slightly sinuate above, columella callously thickened. Length, 12 mill. Bed Sea. P. METULA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 33. Whitish, apex a little obtuse; whorls 10, planulate, closely regularly longitudinally ribbed, the interstices spirally striate ; lip and columella thickened, the latter with a median plica. Length, 13 mill. Philippines. PYRAMIDELLA. 311 P. KREBSII, Morch. PL 75, fig. 13. Yellowish or brownish, shining, closely costate, and spirally punctate in the interspaces, the costse becoming broader at the suture, and evanescent on the last whorl, suture with a wide ash- colored band; aperture Clausiliform, constricted above, inner lip thick, the columellar plication oblique, wide. St. Thomas, W. I. Yar. PINGUIS, Morch. Shell more solid, with more strongly marked costse. P. ELEGANS, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 14. Thin, white, longitudinally costate ; whorls 9, subscalariform, angularly convex and spirally striate below, suture crenate, columella uniplicate. Length, 3-5 mill. Cuba. Unfigured Species of Section Elusa. P. CASTANEA, P. BADIA, P. STRIGULATA, P. CINNAMOMEA, P. TERES, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. ERYTIIROSCLERA, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I. Subgenus CHRYSALLIDA, Carp., 1857. All the typical species, with one exception, occur on the west coast of Mexico, Panama, and in the seas of Japan ; they have been described by Carpenter, C. B. Adams and Arthur Adams, and none of them are figured. C. TELESCOPIUM, C. REIGENI, C. ANGUSTA, C. CREBRISTRIATA, C. EFFUSA, C. FASCIATA, C. INDENTATA, C. OVULUM, all of Carpenter. Mazatlan, etc. C. PUMILA, Carpenter. California. C. MARGINATA, C. COMMUNIS, C. PAUPERCULA, C. B. Adams. Panama. C. CURTINA, Gould. So. Carolina. C. FILOCINCTA, C. ERUCELLA, C. RUFOLTNEATA, C. GALBULA, C. METULA, C. PLICATA, C. GEMMA, C. COSTELLATA, C. MUN- DULA, C. TENUICULA, C. INCONSPICUA, C. TEREBRA, C. NANA, C. MUMTA, C. MUNDA, C. ALVEATA, C. CONSOBRINA, C. CON- SIMILIS, C. PUPULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. 312 PYRAMIDELLA. Section MORMULA, A. Adams, 1863. P. ACLTS, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 34. White, shining; whorls 8, somewhat flattened, longitudinally plicate, the interstices smooth ; lip dilated, columella somewhat thickened. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. ELONGATA, Pease. PI. 74, fig. 35. Longitudinally closely ribbed, spirally striate ; whorls 14, convex, with a simple varix on each whorl, suture well impressed ; columella twisted below, lip widely varicose on its outer edge, strongly lirate within. Length, 19 mill. Paumotus (Pease); Viti Is. (Garrett). P. GRANDIS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 74, fig. 36. Longitudinally costate, the last whorl smooth below, white. Length, 15 mill. Eastern Seas. P. VARTCOSA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 35 a. Light-brownish, with pale chestnut bands ; whorls flattened, varicose, closely longitudinally costate, crossed by spiral lirae, the interstices with spiral raised lines. Length, 1 inch. Eastern Seas. P. CORNELLIANA, Newcomb. PL 74, fig. 37. Solid, white, shining, lightly longitudinally costate, and spirally striate ; whorls 8, rounded, the 4th and 7tk with an obscure varix ; lip thickened, indistinctly bilabiate. Length, 10 mill. Honolulu, Sandwich Is. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. P. AMBIGUA, Gould. = Rissoina. P. EGREGIA, A. Adams. Philippines. P. MACANDR^EA, A. Adams. Gulf of Suez. P. RISSOINA, A. Adams. Japan. Section STYLOPTYGMA, A. Ad., 1860. P. TYPICA, Tryon. PI. 74, fig. 38. White, shining, subpellucid, spirally striate ; whorls flattened, the last with a central sulcus, apex suddenly acuminated ; colu- mella posterior^7 uniplicate. Length, 8 mill. Ins. Bohol, Philippines. The name is substituted for P. stylina, A. Ad., preoccupied. PYRAMIDELLA. 313 P. AURANTIACA, Angas. PI. 74, fig. 40. Rather thin, shining, fulvous orange, with a pale hand at the suture, darker on the lower whorls, fading into white towards the apex ; whorls 8, finely transversely striated ; lip-fold very small, rudimentar}T. Length, 6 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Un figured Species. P. CLAUSILIFORMIS, Carpenter. Mazatlan. P. PUPIFORME, P. SUBULTFORME, P. CEREUM, P. GIBBUM, P. LAR- VULA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. LENDIX, A. Adams. Japan, Gulf of Suez. P. NIVEA, A. Adams. Gulf of Suez. Subgenus ACT.EOPYRAMIS, Fischer, 1885. P. STRIATA, Gray. PI. 14, fig. 39. Solid, olivaceous, deeply, distantly, spirally sulcate ; aperture white. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. P. FULVA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 42. Slender, solid, fulvous, spirally sulcate; whorls flattened, suture deep ; aperture brown. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. P. GRANULATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 43. White, solid ; whorls rather flat, gradate, longitudinally cor- rugately plicate, spirally, deeply, distantly grooved ; columellar fold prominent. Length, 6 mill. Philippines. P. LAUTA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 44. Thin, somewhat pellucid, whitish ; whorls flattened, longitudi- nally striated, spirally, distantly grooved. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. AM(ENA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 41. Thin, rather pellucid, white, substriated longitudinally, spirally distantly sulcated, interstices elegantly punctate. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. 314 PYRAMIDELLA. P. CASTA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 45. White, thin, semipellucid ; whorls rather convex, spirally rather closely grooved, interstices beautifully striated ; c>jlumella oblique, somewhat tortuous. Length, 11 mill. China Sea. P. SPECIOSA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 46. White, thin, semipellucid; whorls 8, rather convex, with elevated spiral ridges, the interstices longitudinally striated ; columella nearly straight, with an oblique faint plication. Length, 9 mill. Philippines. P. STYLINA, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 47. White, subpellucid, middle whorls somewhat enlarged, a little flattened, thinly spirally striated, substriated longitudinally. Length, 8'5 mill. Philippines. P. SUTURALIS, A. Ad. PI. 74, fig. 48. Subumbilicated, white, shining, subdiaphanous ; whorls 7, flattened, suture channeled, spirally sulcate, last whorl subsolute, with wrhite articulated bands ; columellar plication evanescent. Length, 8 mill. Philippines. P. CONCINNA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 50. v Grayish white; whorls 6, rather flattened, spirally grooved, interstices microscopically crenulated ; columellar plait oblique, somewhat obsolete, lip lirate within. Length, 9 mill. * Moreton Bay, Australia. P. PURA, A. Ad. PL 74, fig. 49. Rather solid, white ; whorls somewhat convex, spirally grooved, intermediate line smooth, grooves longitudinally striated. Length, 9 mill. New Zealand. P. PUNCTURATA, E. A. Smith. PL 78, fig. 52 a. Subpellucid, brownish white ; whorls 4, spirally punctatc- sulcate ; columella obliquely twisted. Length, 5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. Unjlgured Species. P. EXIMIUM, Lischke (figure inaccessible to me). Japan. P. CLATHRATULA, Morch. St. Thomas, W. I. SYRNOLOPSIS. 315 P. (XELATA, P. SULCIFERA, P. PUNCTIGERA, P. METULA, P. VITTATA, all of A. Adams. Japan. P. TENELLA, A. Adams. Philippines. P. PUNCTICULATA, P. siNUATA, Gould. China Seas. P. ACUMINATA, Gould. Japan. Section MUMIOLA, A. Ad., 1863. P. SPIRATA, A. Ad. PI. 74, figs. 52-54. White, under a yellowish or brownish epidermis, longitudi- nally plicate, transversely grooved, suture channeled; whorls 8, gradate ; columella with an oblique fold. Length, 7 mill. Philippines. P. CINCTA, Carpenter. PI. 74, fig. 51. White; whorls somewhat rounded, with deep suture, spirally costate, decussated by longitudinal riblets, most apparent near the suture. Length, 3 mill. Southern California. Figured from a specimen. Unfigured Species. P. TESSELLATA. P. RETicosA, A. Adams. Japan. P. OVATA, P. ROTUNDATA, P. OBLONGA, P. NODOSA, all of Carpenter. Mazatlan. Section CARELIOPSIS, Morch, 1874. P. STYLIFORMIS, Morch. (Unfigured.) West Indies. Genus SYRXOLOPSIS, E. A. Smith, 1880. S. LACUSTRIS, Smith. PI. 74, figs. 55, 56. Smooth, glossy, imperforate, yellowish horn-color, banded with white beneath the suture ; whorls 12, flattened, finely striated by flexuous growth-lines, sometimes showing traces of spiral stria? ; columella strongly plaited above ; outer lip with one or two lamellae, far within. Lake Tanganyika, E. Africa. Bourguignat, who describes (but without figures) several new species, divides them into two groups, the first having two 3l6 SYRNOLOPSIS. lamellae, the second a single one. In consequence of this divi- sion, the above species is placed among those having two lamellie, and the figure of it given by Mr. Crosse (fig. 56) is made a new species under the name of S. Grandidieri, because of having only one lamella. I do not believe the distinction wilt hold good, as these plicae are either developed or entirely absent in the same species in Pyramidellidse. Unfigured Species. S. HAMYANA, S. ANCEYANA, S. GIRAUDT, S. MINUTA, all of Bourguignat. Lake Tanganyika. FAMILY TURBONILLID^E. Shell minute, white, slender, elongated, many-whorled, usually longitudinally or spirally sculptured ; columella without plica- tions or with a single small fold ; apex sinistral. Animal as in Pyramidellida?. Operculum corneous, pauci- spiral. The species are very small, and mostly more slender than in Pyramidellidae ; they are numerous, and have been separated into a number of inferior groups, which are, for the most part, poorly defined — so that their classification is difficult and uncer- tain. As most of these groups are founded on European species, I have not, as a rule, included any extra-limital forms, preferring for my purposes a geographical division of the species. Hitherto the species have neither been monographed nor catalogued. Synopsis of Genera. Genus TURBOXILLA, Risso, 1826. Shell slender, elongated, many whorled, generally costulate, apex sinistral, columella vertical, not plicate. Operculum horny, subspiral,the columellar margin entire, face with a spiral groove. Animal with wide tentacles, mentum elongated, flattened, usually bilobed in front; foot large, anteriorly auriculated. Comprises a great number of small, graceful, usually white shells ; distribution universal. Fossil, tertiary. The synonyms are Chemnitzia, d'Orb., 1839, not 1850; Pyrgiscus, Philippi, 1841 ; Orthostelis, Aradas. Section TRAGULA, Monts., 1884. Sculpture fenestrate ; spire elevated, acute, apex twisted; whorls scalariform ; columella without fold or tooth. T. FENESTRATA, Forbes. Section TRABECULA, Monts., 1884. Whorls rounded, longitudinally lamellose ; aperture semicir- cular, with an exterior rib ; no apparent spiral sculpture ; apex (317) 318 TURBONILLTD^E. retrorse ; columella without fold or tooth. T. JEFFREYSIANA, Seguenza. Section PYRGISCULUS, Monts., 1884. Whorls scalariform, lamellarly ribbed, peculiarly spirally sculptured ; aperture tetragonal, no columellar tooth. T. SCA- LARIS, Phil. Section PYRGOLIDIUM, Monts., 1884. Rather stout, with one or more intercostal nodes in the centre of each whorl ; no columellar fold; apex inclined to the right. T. ROSEA, Monts. Section PYRGOSTELTS, Monts., 1884. With longitudinal ribs, crossed by spiral striae, forming pit- tings ; color fulvous or banded ; columella with a re-entering fold. T. RUFA, Phil. Section PYRGOSTYLUS, Monts., 1884. Shell varicose, the columella dentate. T. STRIATULA, Linn. Subgenus DUNKERIA, Carpenter, 1851. Whorls rounded, cancellated. T. PAUCILTRATA, Carp. Section CINGULINA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell turriculated, subulate; whorls numerous, spirally ribbed, the interstices striate, aperture oblong, entire in front, columella straight, simple, lip sharp, arcuate. C. CIRCINATA, A. Ad. ; Salassia, de Folin, 1870, is a synonym. Genus LIA, de Folin, 1872. Shell oval conic, spire whorls decussated, lip undulated by the spiral sculpture — which appears on the colamella, simulating two plications. L. DECORATA, Folin. A doubtful group, possibly described from a young specimen. Genus MURCHISON1ELLA, Morch, 1875. Shell small, elongate, thin, pellucid, many-whorled, the apex heterostrophe ; lip profoundly sinuous; whorls subangular on the periphery, and having two spiral lines which define a sort TURBONILLID^l. 319 of sinus-band. M. SPECTRUM, Morch. West Indies. A fossil form from the Parisian eocene is referred to the genus. Genus YANESIA, A. Adams, 1861. Shell melaniform, decussated by longitudinal and spiral ridges, subperforate, thin ; whorls very little rounded ; aperture oval, rounded in front, entire, lip sharp. Y. TRTFASCIATA, A. Ad. China. Resembles a Melania. but is a true marine shell ; the character of the apex and the animal are unknown, and the classification is provisional. Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes, 1846. Shell elongated, turriculate, solid, smooth, polished; whorls numerous, apex sinistral ; aperture subquadrangular, lip not continuous, columella straight, without plications. Animal with short tentacles ; mentum lobed in front ; anterior extremity of foot truncated. Section BAUDONIA, Bay an, 1873. Shell aciculate, very long; whorls numerous, convex; aper- ture small, subquadrangular, columella a little sinuous. Recent and fossil. E. GRACILIS, Desh. Eocene of Paris basin. The synonyms are Aciculina, Desh., 1862; Rapliium, Bayan, 1873; Aniso.cycla, Monts., 1880. This section may well be merged in the typical group. Section OCEANIDA, Folin, 1870. Shell conical, elongated. E. GRADUATA, Folin. West Indies. I know nothing of this section. Section LIOSTOMTA, 0. Sars, 1878. Shell relatively shorter, resembling Odostomia, subperforate ; aperture oval. L. CLAVULA, Loven. Section MICROBELISCUS, Sandberger, 1874. Shell cylindrically subulate ; whorls but slightly convex ; aperture rounded oval, columella arcuate. E. INASPECTA, Fuchs. L. Pliocene, Hungary. Section STYLOPSIS, A. Adams, 1860. Shell subulate, opaque, smooth, not polished ; whorls flattened, 320 TURBONILLID^;. suture well-impressed ; aperture subquadrangular, columella straight, simple, lip subangular in front. E. TYPICA, A. Adams. Corea. Subgenus MENESTIIO, Moller, 1842. Shell turriculated, with spiral striae, or decussated ; aperture oval. M. ALBULA, Fabr. Boreal Seas. Pyramis, of Couthouy, 1839 (non Schumacker, 1817), is a synonym. Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming, 1828. Shell small, perforate, oval, conoidal or turriculated ; colu- mella with a feeble, oblique, more or less marked tooth ; aper- ture oval or subrhornboidal, peristome not continuous. Oper- culum horny, lamellar, subimbricated, with a median spiral groove, inner margin indented. Animal elongated, the head large and robust, bearing two conical tentacles, with e3res at their bases, foot depressed, trun- cated in front; mentum anteriorly bilobed. Very minute, usually smooth shells, having the habit of Rissoae, and, like them, sometimes found in bracfkish water. The species are numerous, of universal distribution, from low- water to 40 fathoms. Fossil, eocene. 0. PLICATA, Montagu. Europe. The synonyms are Odontostoma, Turton, 1829 ; Odontostomia, Jeffreys, 1837. The sections will only be used for the division of the Euro- pean species on which they were founded ; those of other localities will be described simply as Odostomire. Section ODOSTOMIA, sensu stricto. Whorls smooth; lip not grooved within, columellar tooth well marked. 0. PLICATA, Mont. Braclujslomia, Monts., 1884, is a synon3*m. Section MEGASTOMIA, Monts., 1884. Shell smooth ; aperture large, lip finely grooved within. 0. CONSPICUA, Alder. Section ONDINA, Folin, 1870. Shell oval, thin; whorls smooth or spirally striated, colu- mellar tooth obsolete. 0. OBLIQUA, Alder. TURBONILLHXE. 321 Generally known as Auriculina, Gray, 1847, a name pre- occupied by Grateloup, 1838. Section DOLIELLA, Monts., 1880. Shell Doliiform, smooth, apex immersed; peristome con- tinuous ; columellar tooth feeble. 0. NITENS, Jeffreys. Section AURISTOMTA, Monts., 1884. Shell smooth, aperture large, auriculate. 0. ERJAVECIANA, Brusina. Section EVA LEA, A. Adams, 1860. Shell ventricose, spiralty ornamented ; columella plicate. 0. ELEGANS, A. Adams. Odetta, Folin, 1870, is a synonym. Section POLYSPIRELLA, Carpenter, 1861. Whorls with spiral ribs, the interstices thinly clathrate, colu- mella scarcely folded. 0. TRACHEALIS, Gould. Section PYRGULINA, A. Adams, 1863. Conoidal, longitudinally ribbed, crossed by spiral striae, colu- mella feebly plicate. 0. DECUSSATA, Montagu. The S3'nonyms are Parthenia, Lowe (in part) ; Ncemia, Folin, 1870 ; Parthenina, Buc., Dautz. et Dollf., 1883. Section ODOSTOMIELLA, Buc., Dautz., Dollf., 1883. Shell pupoidal, longitudinally ribbed ; columella plicate. 0. DOLIOLUM, Phil. Section ELODIA, Folin, 1870. Shell conical, longitudinally ribbed ; columella plicate. 0. HOR- TENSI^E, Nansouty. Section SPIROCLIMAX, Mb'rch, 1874. Shell subcylindrical ; whorls scalariform ; aperture somewhat ear-shaped, lip sigmoid ; columella scarcely plicate. 0. SCALARIS, Mo'rch. Section MIRALDA, A. Ad., 1863. Solid, ovate or elongated; whorls flat, plicate posteriorly, spirally lirate anteriorly ; lip subangulate behind, margin crenate. 0. DIADEMA, A. Ad. Several Japanese species. 322 TURBONILLA. Genus TURBONILLA, Kisso, 1826. I. European and West African Species. Typical. T. LACTEA, Linn. PL 74, fig. 57 ; PI. 75, fig. 77. White, rather solid, opaque, glossy, strongly longitudinally ribbed, ribs terminating below the periphery of the last whorl ; whorls 12, moderately enlarging, slightly convex; columella usually without fold. Length, 8-5 mill. Europe. It is T. elegantissima, Macg. ; T. acuta, Donovan ; T. alba, Penn. ; T. plicatula, Risso ; T. turritella, Scacchi, and T. gra- cilis, Desh. Yar. CAMPANELL^S, Phil. Fig. 77. Whorls more flattened, costue more oblique. Sicily. T. elegantissima, var. similis, Monts., is a sj'iionym. T. SINUOSA, Jeffreys. PL 75, fig. 84. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy, closely longitudinally flexuousty ribbed, ribs fading out at the periphery of last whorl, white ; whorls 8, flattened ; columellar tooth slight but distinct. Length, 4-3 mill. Mediterranean, W. Coast of Africa. T. ACUTICOSTATA, Jeffreys. PL 75, fig. 85. Rather thick, opaque, glossy, with longitudinal ribs and wider interspaces, ribs terminated at the periphery of the last whorl by a spiral, thread-like line; whorls 9, rather convex; columella without tooth. Length. 3 mill. Mediterranean Sea. T. MAGNIFICA, Seguenza. PL 75, fig. 96. White or pinkish white, often beautifully iridescent ; whorls 11-12, somewhat flattened, rounded at the impressed suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs curved, low and rounded ; columella not dentate. Length, 12 mill. New England, Azores, Bay of Biscay. First described as a Sicilian tertiary fossil, but found living by the " Travaillieur " and " Talisman " expeditions. Mr. Yer- TURBONILLA. 323 rill described it as T. formosa, which being preoccupied by Dr. Jeffreys, he subsequently changed to T. Bushiana. T. PUSILLA, Philippi. PL '75, fig. 79. Whorls 9, flattened, with about 16 oblique ribs, spirally striate. Length, 3 mill. Sicily, Vigo Bay. T. GRADATA, Monts. PI. 75, fig. 82. Rather solid, cylindrical ; whorls 9, longitudinally ribbed, with wider interspaces; aperture subquadrangular. Length, 4'6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Described as a variety of T. lactea, Linn. Jeffreys considers it a variety of T. pusilla, Phil. T. limitum, Folin, is said to be a synonym.' T. INNOVATA, Monts. PI. 75, fig. 76. Differs from T. pusilla, Phil., in its larger size, straighter ribs and absence of spiral sculpture. Jeffreys described it in his British Conchology under the name of T. pusilla, but subse- quently doubted its identity with that species, and Monterosato separated it as above. Length, 6'8 mill. England to Mediterranean Sea. T. DELICATA, Monts. PI. 75, fig. 81. More slender than T. lactea, white, shining; whorls 10, flat- tened, closely longitudinally plicate, interstices smooth. Length, 3 mill. Ireland to Mediterranean. The name is substituted for T. gracilis, Phil., non Brocchi. T. MICANS, Monts. PI. 75, fig 83. Thin, semitransparent, very glossy ; whorls 7, flattened, with from 18-20 long, sharp, curved longitudinal ribs and equal, smooth interstices. Length, 3 mill. Gulf of Marseilles ; off West Coast of Africa. This is T. attenuata, Jeffreys, not Odostomia (Eulimtlla) at- tenuata, Monts. T. FULGIDULA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, figs. 86, 87. Rather solid, subcylindrical, nearly transparent, lustrous ; whorls 7, flattened, ribs 15 or 16, narrower than the interspaces, 324 TTJRBONILLA. both crossed by numerous microscopic spiral striae, ribs fading out at the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 2 mill. Atlantic Ocean. T. COMPRESSA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, fig. 88. Cylindrical, a little compressed in the middle of each whorl, thick, semitransparent, glossy ; whorls 11, with about 25 longi- tudinal ribs and subequal interspaces ; color white, a young specimen having a broad, obscure chestnut-colored band. Length, 6*25 mill. Mediterranean, Azores, Cape Verd Is. T. PAUCISTRIATA, Jeffreys. PL 75, fig. 90. Rather thick, semitransparent, lustrous ; whorls 9, flatly con- vex, with about 20 straight, slight, irregular longitudinal ribs, fading out on the body-whorl. Length, 6-8 mill. Mediterranean ; W. Coast of Africa ; Culebra, Danish West Indies. Dr. Jeffreys was somewhat doubtful of the distinctness of this shell from T. compressa. T. SEMICOSTATA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, fig. 89. Rather thick, semitransparent, glossy ; whorls 9, flattened in the middle, with a few slight longitudinal ribs, sometimes cover- ing the upper whorls only, but in most disposed irregularly over the shell ; in one specimen the whole surface is microscopically spirally striated. Length, 3'75 mill. Cape Breton, Gulf of Gascony. T. MACANDRE^E, H. Adams. PL 74, fig. 59. Solid, whitish or light fulvous ; whorls 16, slopingly flattened, with numerous rounded ribs, fading at the periphery, and equal smooth interspaces. Length, 18-24 mill. Vigo. Described by Mr. Adams as T. speciosa, preoccupied. T. OBLIQUATA, Phil. PL 75, fig. 80. Hyaline; whorls 9, convex, with about 14 oblique small ribs and much wider, smooth interspaces. Length, 3 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Unfigured Species. T. ACUTISSIMA, Monts. Mediterranean. T. ROSEA, T. MULLERI, T. SENEGALENSis, Maltzan. In s. Goree, W. Africa. TURBONILLA. 325 Section TRAGULA, Monts., 1884. T. FENESTRATA, Forbes. PI. 74, figs. 58, 60, 61. Rather solid, almost opaque, gloss3r ; whorls 8-9, shelving, with about twenty longitudinal ribs, crossed by fine spiral lines, ribs terminating at the periphery where there are two strong spiral ridges, appearing on the spire-whorls, white or yellowish white. Length, 3'75 mill. Europe. It is T. Weinkauffi, Dunker (fig. 61). T. JEFFREYSIANA, Seguenza (unfigured). Mediterranean. It is T. clathrata, var. Jeffreysiana, Monts. Section PYRGISCULUS, Monts., 1884. T. SOALARIS, Phil. PL 75, fig. 78 ; PL 74, fig. 65. Shell moderate^ solid, opaque, rather glossy; whorls 9, nar- rowly shouldered, pale yellowish or cream-color, with frequently two or three faint tawny bands on the last whorl ; longitudinally ribbed, with wider interspaces, not reaching the base of the body- whoii, interspaces spirally striate, the striae often arranged in pairs. Length, 6'25 mill. Europe. T. RUFESCENS, Forbes. PL 74, figs. 62-64. Whorls convex, flexuously ribbed, with subequal, spirally striate interspaces; yellowish brown, with two or three chestnut bands. Length, 6'25 mill. Europe. Dr. Jeffreys considered this a variety of T. scalar is ^ Phil. He also places here T. indistincta, Fleming. T. FORMOSA, Jeffreys. PL 74, fig. 66. Narrowly elongated ; whorls 13, narrowly shouldered, making a channeled suture, with straight longitudinal ribs and somewhat wider interspaces, which are spirally costulate, a peripheral ridge terminates the longitudinal ribs on the body-whorl. Length, 8 mill. ? Shellness, Kent, England. Dr. Jeffreys suspects that this shell is exotic. 326 TURBONILLA. T. INDISTINCTA, Montagu. PI. 74, figs. 73, 74. Whorls 8, rounded, with deep suture, white, flexuously costate, with fine spiral stria) in the interstices. Length, 4 mill. Europe, Canary Is. The synonyms are T. areolata, Rayneval ; T. Julide, de Folin ; T. nanodea, Monts. ; T. curvicostata, S. Wood ; fiissoa -BaUise, Thompson ; T. speciosa, Bean. Section PYRGOLIDIUM, Monts., 1884. T. ROSEA, Monts. Shell rosy ; whorls flattened with straight narrow ribs, becoming evanescent at the periphery of the last whorl, interspaces much wider, with two spiral series of nodules. Length, 6 mill. Mediterranean Sea. It is T. intemodulosa of Monterosato, not Searles Wood. T. CALAMELT, Jousseaume (unfigured). Algiers. Closely allied to, and perhaps = T. rosea. Section PYRGOSTELIS, Monts., 1884. T. RUFA, Phil. PI. 74, figs. 68-70 ; PI. 75, fig. 91. Moderately solid, opaque, glossy, with 20-30 longitudinal, narrow and shallow ribs, evanescent at the periphery, the inter- stices crossed and base encircled by rather broad impressed lines ; pale fawn-colored or tawn}r, frequently with a narrow chestnut band above the periphery. Length, 8'75 mill. Europe. T. crenata, Lowe ; T. scalarioides, Kisso ; T. simillimus, Mont. Dr. Jeffreys (Zool. Proc., 356, 1884) thought T. inter- rupta, Totten, identical and that it ought to be adopted, being a prior name ; he also thought T. 7?aM6imt, Yerrill and Smith, the same. Yar. FULVOCINCTA, Thompson. Figs. 69-70. Shell thinner, more slender, base narrower, whorls not so much compressed, band always present and more conspicuous. Var. DENSECOSTATA, Phil. Fig. 91. Whorls 9, very slightly convex, with numerous smooth, straight longitudinal ribs, wider than the interstices. Mediterranean Sea. Yar. exigua, Monts., is a synonym. TURBONILLA. 327 T. COSTIFERA, E. A. Smith. PL 75, fig. 92. Light fulvous ; whorls 8, rather flattened, longitudinally cos- tate, the interstices finely spirally striate, with a diaphanous band below the suture; colurnella uniplicate. Length, 5'5 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. T. SPECTABILIS, Monts. (unfigured). Mediterranean. T. CLATHRATA, Jeffreys. PI. 74, figs. 71, 72. Shell solid, opaque, shining; whorls 7, convex, with about 20 strong flexuous longitudinal ribs, extending to the base of the body-whorl, with equal interstices, which are crossed by^two strong spiral interrupted riblets (three on the last whorl) ; color whitish or pale reddish brown ; columella without tooth. Length, 4 mill. Great Britain. T. SIGMOIDEA, Monts. PI. 75, figs. 93, 94. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 8, flattened, with about 25 very flexuous oblique ribs, the wider interstices spirally striate. Length, 3'75 mill. Algiers, Palermo. T. FLEXUOSA, Jeffreys. PI. 75, fig. 95. Rather thin, semitransparent, glossy; whorls 5, flattened, with 15-20 sharp, flexuous longitudinal ribs, abrupt or sub- nodose at the suture, almost disappearing at the periphery where they are crossed by a few spiral striae. Length, 2'5 mill. Mediterranean Sea. Section PYRGOSTYLUS, Monts., 1884. T. STRIATULA, Linn. PI. 74, fig. 75. Shell tilin, pale brown, with three darker bands, closely longi- tudinally ribbed, with much narrower interspaces, both crossed by distant spiral stria?, of which there are four on the spire- whorls ; whorls (normal) 9, rounded, with well impressed suture. Length, 9 mill. Mediterranean. The synonyms include T. striolata, Weink. ; T. varicosa, Forbes ; T. potamoides, Cantraine ; T. pallida, Phil. T. CANDIDA, T. RUGOSA, Folin. Wo>t Africa. The work in which these are described and figured is not accessible. 328 TUEBONILLA. II. Species of East Coast of the United States and West Indies. T. EMERTONI, Yen-ill. PL 75, fig. 6. White, lustrous; whorls 11, not very oblique, broadly rounded, a little flattened on the sides, suture strongly im- pressed ; surface with slight, rather indistinct and irregular longitudinal furrows, which are often absent. Length, 4'8 mill. Martha's Vineyard. Smaller than T. nivea, Stirap., with a larger nucleus and less distinctly ribbed. T. NIVEA, Stimpson. PI. 75, fig. 11. White, shining; whorls 11, flattened, longitudinally straightly ribbed ; the interstices smooth, nucleus small, prominently upturned. Length, 7 mill. Maine, nortJi wards. T. RATHBUNT, Verrill and Smith. PI. 75, fig. 5. White; whorls 12, rather convex, suture impressed; whorls rather flattened, crossed by about 30, smooth, even, longitudinal ribs, intervals as wide, showing eight or ten spiral stria;. Length, 13 mill. New England, deep water. Dr. Jeffreys considered this to = T. rufa, Phil., of Europe. T. ELEGANS, Verrill. PL 75, fig. 8. Light }Tellowish ; whorls 10 or more, well-rounded, not dis- tinctly flattened, with rather deep suture ; surface lustrous, with numerous rounded longitudinal ribs, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out below the middle of the last whorl, and with numerous revolving grooves, interrupted by the costaa, but continuous on the lower part of the body-whorl ; sometimes there is a darker band on the middle of the last whorls and the revolving striae are darker. Narragansett Bay, Vineyard Sound, Long Island Sound. T. AEEOLAT A, Verrill. PL 75, fig. 9. Whorls 8 or 10, moderate^ convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, crossed by about 25 longitudinal ribs, the interstices with rather conspicuous impressed spiral lines, dividing them TURBONILLA. 329 into pretty regular, small, squarish pits; body-whorl subangu- lated below the middle, the base only marked by fine spiral striae. Length, 4 mill. Long Inland Sound, Vineyard Sound. T. COSTULATA, Verrill. PI. 75, fig. JO. Translucent, glossy white, faintly banded with pale brown ; whorls 6 or more (besides a large apical whorl), flattened, but slightly convex, with about 20 longitudinal ribs and narrower, deep interspaces, the latter crossed by close microscopic revolving striae, which are continued below the subangulated periphery, the costre vanishing; bands two on the body, one on the spire- whorls. Length, 4 mill. Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound. T. INTERRUPTA, Totteil. PI. 75, fig. 7. Whorls* 10, almost flat, crossed by 20 to 30 obtuse ribs, the interstices with about 14 subequal revolving lines arranged in pairs, often confounded in one ; ribs obsolete below, where the revolving lines are uninterrupted ; the whorls are slightly shouldered, making the suture distinct ; whitish brown or amber- colored. Length, 6'25 mill. Mass, to N. Carolina. Very probably identical with T. rufa, Phil., of Europe, over which it has priority of publication. T. TEXTILTS, Kurtz. PI. 75, fig. 12. Whorls 6 or 7, shouldered, with close, prominent, smooth, longitudinal ribs, the interspaces crossed by impressed revolving lines ; white, waxy or chalky. Length, 3 mill. So. Carolina. Un figured Species. T. SPIRATA, Kurtz and Stimpson. No. Carolina. T. EQUALIS, Say. Vineyard Sound; Southern Coast. T. STRICTA, T. GRANDIS, Yerrill. Long Island Sound. T. PERLEPIDA, Verrill. Chesapeake Bay. T. VIRIDARIA, and vars. VIRGA and PUNICEA, Dull. Cedar Keys, Fla. 330 TURBONILLA. T. ORNATA, d'Orb. PI. 76, fig. 15. Thin, white, closely longitudinally ribbed and spirally striate; whorls 10, slightly convex, suture deep, crenulated. Length, 6 mill. Cuba. According to Morch, Ghemnitzia latior, C. B. Ad., is a synonym. T. MODESTA, d'Orb. PI. 76, fig. 17. Thin, white, longitudinally ribbed, ribs terminating at a spiral ridge below the periphery of the body-whorl, base smooth, suture deep; whorls G, moderately convex. Length, 2 mill. Cuba. T. PULCHELLA, d'Orb. PI. 76, fig. 18. Thin, white, longitudinally costate, the costje terminating ori the body-whorl at a spiral ridge, below which the surface is smooth; whorls 12, moderately convex. Length, 7-8 'mill. West Indies. Morch considers T. levis, C. B. Ad. (unfigured\ a probable variety. T. PUSILLA, C. B. Ad. PI. 76, fig. 19. White, with about 12 strong longitudinal ribs terminating about the periphery of the last whorl ; whorls 10-11, besides the nucleus, moderately convex, with well impressed suture. Length, 3*3 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. TURRTS, d'Orb. PI. 76, fig. 20. Thin, white, longitudinally costate, terminating in a peripheral line, below which the base is spirally striate; whorls 14, suture impressed. Length, 7 mill. St. Thomas, W. I.; Rio, Brazil T. SUBSTRIATA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. 21. White, wax-colored next the suture; whorls 8, flattened, with 22 to 24 longitudinal ribs, and very numerous, scarcely per- ceptible spiral striae in the interspaces and on the lower part of the body-whorl ; on the middle of the whorls is a spiral series of shallow, intercostal pits, suture distinct. Length, 2'75 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. Morch remarks : " If d'Orbigny possibly has overlooked the TUEBONILLA. 331 minute spiral stria?, this species is perhaps the same as the preceding." T. AMERICANA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 16. Thin, white, coarsely longitudinally costate, with intercostal spiral striaj ; whorls 9, convex, with a small deep-seated colu- mellar plication. Length, 3 mill. Rio Janeiro, Brazil to San Bias, Patagonia. The figure does not show the plication, which must be small and obscure. T. PUNCTA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. ±1. White; whorls 10-11, besides the nucleus, scarcely convex, with distinct suture ; white, with about 26-30 rather prominent longitudinal ribs, not produced below the periphery of the last whorl, and numerous crowded intercostal striae, one of which , stria; a little above the middle of the whorls and another along the suture are wide and deep, resembling spiral series of punctures. Length, 5-5 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. SUBULATA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. 23. White, or pale brownish white, with two spiral bands of pale wax-color, and a third on the lower part of the body-whorl; whorls 10, rather convex, with well impressed suture, with 28-30 slender prominent longitudinal ribs, not quite obsolete below the periphery, and very fine spiral stria3 between the costae and anteriorly, the one next the suture larger. Length, 4'25 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas. T. FLAVOCINCTA, C. B. Adams. PL 76, fig. 24. White, with a broad yellowish brown sutural band; whorls 8-9, besides the nucleus, slightly convex below the middle, a little shouldered, with distinct suture ; with about 28 rgunded, slender ribs, becoming obsolete anteriorly, and very minute spiral striae intercostal and anterior. Length, 3'5 mill. Jamaica, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe. T. FASCIATA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 25. Thin, white, with a broad chestnut subcentral band; whorls 9, gradate, with deep suture; longitudinally costate, the ribs 332 TURBONILLA. terminating at the periphery, with intercostal spiral strife con- tinued and becoming stronger on the base. Length, 3 mill. Rio Janerio, Brazil ; San Bias, Patagonia. T PUPOIDES, d'Orb. PI. 76, fig. 26. Shell strong, white or yellowish brown ; whorls 8, flat, with strong, subcontinuous costa?, suture margined, base spirally striate. Length, 3 mill. Cuba, St. Thomas. Differs from the preceding species by its margined suture, stronger and more distant ribs and spiral striae only anteriorly. T. RIISET, Morch. PL 76, fig. 27. Thick, orange colored, with two darker bands, one above the suture, the other median ; with about 40 costre, and very finely spirally striate ; columella with an indistinct plication. Length, 3*5 mill. St. Thomas. Figured from the type. T. DUBIA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 28. Thin, whitish or fulvous with a white band, whorls 10, longitudinally undulately plicate, the wider interstices spirally striate, base without costae but the spiral sculpture stronger. Length, 4 mill. West Indies, Rio Janeiro. Un figured Species. T. RETICULATA, T. MULTICOSTATA, T. OBEL1SCUS, T. EXILIS, of C. B. Adams. Jamaica. T. TURRITELLA, Pfr. Cuba. III. Species of the Pacific Coast of America. T. CORA, d'Orb. PL 76, fig. 29. Strong, whitish ; whorls 8, flattened, with well impressed suture, strongly, longitudinally costate to the base, interstices wider spirally impressed striate, three of the striae (four on the body-whorl) more conspicuous. Length, 5 mill. Near Payta, Peru. TURBONILLA. 333 T. FESTIVA, Folin. PL 76, fig. 30. Whitish, suhdiaphanous, with a few, very distant longitudinal costa?, extending to the base, the very much wider interspaces spirally striate ; whorls 7, suture profound. Length, 2'5 mill. Panama. T. TENUICULA, Gould. PL 76, fig. 3 i. Rather solid, shining, wax-}rellow, a little dusky below the suture; whorls 10, flat, slightly shouldered above, with about 20 straight, longitudinal ribs, the summits of which are cut by numerous fine revolving striae, deeper in the interstices, which extend over the base of the shell, the ribs terminating about the periphery ; revolving striae showing through the aperture. Length, 7'5 mill. Southern California. T. SUBCUSPIDATA, Carp. PI. 76, fig. 33. Differs from the preceding in being more distantly ribbed, with broader interspaces, closer and deeper spiral sculpture, the tops of the ribs elegantly muricated with projecting, curved lines between ; the suture more deeply impressed. Length, 6 mill. S. Diego, Gal. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding species. T. TORQUATA, Gould. PL 76, fig. 34, 32. Solid, white ; whorls 8, a little convex, with about 16 oblique, flexuous longitudinal ribs, not extending to the base, periphery subangulate, no spiral sculpture, base smooth. Length, 5 mill. Sta. Barbara, Gal. T. Vancouver ensis, Baird, is a synonj'm. Yar. STYLINA, Carp. (fig. 32), is a narrower form than the type ; T. gracillima, Gabb, is a synonym of it ; T. Gabbiana, Cooper, another. Unfigured Species. T. LORDI, E. A. Smith. Vancouver's Island. T. VIRGO, T. CREBRIFILATA, T. CCELATA, T. AURANTIA, T. CHOCO- LATA, T. TRIDENTATA, all of Carpenter. California. T. TENU1LIRATA, T. MURICATA, T. G1BBOSA, T. PROLONGATA, T. C.B.ADAMSI, T. GRACILLIMA, T. FLAVESCENS, T. TEREBRALIS, T. TJNIFASCIATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan. 334 TtRUONlLLA. T. GRACILTOR, T. PANAMENSIS, T. SIMILIS, T. STRIOSA, T. TURRITA, T. ACUMINATA, C. B. Adams. Panama. T. ACULEUS, T. AFFINIS (T. undata, Carp., a syn.), C. B. Adams. Panama and Mazatlan. T. CINCTELLA, T. CRATICULATA, T. SUBULA, Morch. W. Co. Centr. Am. IV. Polynesian and Australian Species. T. HOFMANI, Angas. PI. 76, figs. 41, 42. Rather thin, white, shining ; whorls 13, slightly convex, lon- gitudinally broadly ribbed, interstices narrow, smooth, ribs abruptly ceasing at the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia; Tasmania. Described as T. nitida, Angas, a name preoccupied by A. Adams. T. Marise, Tenison-Woods (fig. 42), from Tasmania, appears to be identical. T. FESTIVA, Angas. PL 76, fig. 45. Semipellucid, white, with a narrow chestnut band on the middle of the whorls, two bands on the body-whorl ; whorls 8, rather convex, finely longitudinally plicate, the interstices microscopically spirally striate, suture deep, last whorl smooth at the base. Length, 4 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. T. FUSCA, A. Ads. PI. 76, figs. 46, 47. - Whorls 8, very narrow, rounded, with deeply impressed suture ; yellowish or brownish, with a central darker band, two bands on the body-whorl, closely longitudinally plicate, the ribs becoming obsolete towards the base. Length, 6 mill. Australia, Tasmania, Japan. In the darker-colored specimens the bands are obscure ; in the lighter-colored, they are distinct (— T. bifasciata, A. Adams (fig. 47). The form is narrower, more cylindrical, longer than T. f estiva, but may be only a variety of it. T. MACLEAYANA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 76, fig. 44. Narrowly cylindrical, thin, translucent, white ; whorls 12, flatly convex, with deep suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs ter- minating at the periphery, interstices and base smooth. Length, 9 mill. Tasmania. TURBONILLA. . 335 T. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 76, fig. 40. Solid, white; whorls 8, convex, suture impressed, with strong, somewhat oblique rounded ribs, terminating at the periphery, the narrower intercostal spaces and base smooth. Length, 7 mill. Kin