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LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

Sl'XJOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

OLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Vol. IV.

:— Vol. II.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Author,

ICIENCES, COR. I9TH &. RACE STS.

1888.

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

HORACE BINDER, PRINTER, 607 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

FAMILY HELICWM Vol. II.

Genus HELIX, Linn.

Group VII, HELICELLA.

Section II, XEROPHILA.
(Continued from Vol. Ill, p. 169.)

Subsection V. CANDIDULA, Kobelt. 1871.

Conoidally depressed, periphery rounded. H. CANDIDULA, Stu-
der. European, Asiatic.

It is Helicopsis, Fitz. in part.

Subsection VI. LEMNISCIA, Lowe. 1854.

Subimperforate, trochoidal or globosely conoidal, periphery cari-
nate; whorls 6-7, planate; peristome acute, reflected and thick-
ened towards the axis. H. MICHAUDI, Desh. Madeira, H. MONI-
LIFERA, Webb and Berth. Canary Is.

Monilearia, Mousson, 1872, is a synonym.

Subsection VII. XEROLEUCA, Kobelt. 1877.

Sublenticular, granosely striate, periphery laciniately carinated,
umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, bordered by a carina. H. TURCICA,
Chemn. Northern Africa.

Subsection VIII. TURRICULA, Beck. 1837.

Conical, umbilicated or perforate, costulate-striate, cretaceous
white, often fasciate, periphery angulated or carinated; peristome
labiate within. H. PYRAMID ATA, Drap. Mediterranean Region.

Obelus, Hartmann, Irus, Ads., Trocliula, Morch, and Crenea,
Albers (in part), are synonyms.

Subsection IX. COCHLICELLA, Risso. 1826.

Bulimiform, narrowly perforate, whitish, fasciate, periphery sub-
angulate ; peristome simple, acute, margins converging. H. ACUTA,
Miiller. Mediterranean Region.

Elisma, Leach, is a synonym.

3

4 HELIX.

Section III. OCHTHEPHILA, Beck. 1837.

Small, perforate or narrowly umbilicated, depressed, rounded or
disk-like, periphery with extremities approaching or continuous.

Madeira, Azores.

Subsection I. OCHTHEPHILA (sensu stricto).

Usually scaly, granular or ribbed, last whorl keeled, periphery
keeled or continuous. H. ECHINULATA, Lowe.

Hystricella, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym.

Subsection II. GEOMITRA, Swainson. 1840.

Shell mamilliform. H. THIARELLA, Webb, et Berth.
Coronaria, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym.

Subsection III. HETEROSTOMA, Hartniann. 1844.
Shell planorbiform. H. OBTECTA, Lowe.
Spirorbula, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym.

Subsection IV. IRUS, Lowe. 1854.
Shell trochiform. H. ABJECTA, Lowe.
Placentula, Pfr. 1855, is a synonym.

Subsection V. PLACENTULA, Lowe. 1854.

Shell depressed orbicular. H. MADEREXSIS, Wood.

Section IV. ACTINELLA, Lowe. 1854.

Narrowly umbilicated to scarcely perforate.

Depressed globose, last whorl keeled, not descending in front,
aperture oblique, often with a fold-like swelling. H. COMPACTA,
Lowe- Madeira.

Rimula and Caseolus (in part), Lowe and Lyrula, Wollaston, are
synonyms.

Section V. TECTULA, Lowe. 1854.

Umbilicated or perforate, depressed pyramidal, solid, roughly
sculptured, last whorl keeled, with a swollen inner lip.

H. LYELLIANA, Lowe. Crenea, DePaiva (in part), is a synonyn.

Section VI. CRASPEDARIA, Lowe. 1854.

Widely umbilicated, pitted, the last whorl plicate at the suture,
spirally sculptured on the periphery and around the umbilicus,
descending in front to a nearly horizontal aperture, with continuous
expanded periphery. H. DELPHINULA, Lowe.

HELIX. 5

Section VII. DISCULA, Lowe. 1854.

Pyramidal, umbilicated, rather solid, roughly granularly sculp-
tured, somewhat babylonic, periphery obtusely keeled. H. CHEIR-

ANTHICOLA, Lowe.

Obelus, Hartmann, Turritella, Woll., and Crenea, Lowe (in part),
are synonyms.

Section VIII. CALLINA, Lowe. 1854.

Covered perforate, striate, and granular, periphery sharply keeled,
keel vanishing behind the aperture. H. ROTULA, Lowe.

Section IX. ACUSTA, Albers. 1860.

Shell globose, thin, umbilicated, last whorl large, swollen, rounded,
peristome simple, sharp. H. SIEBOLDIANA, Pfr.

Japan.

The group is Chinese and Japanese in distribution. It is Ar-
mandia, Ancey, in part ; other species of that group being H. Da-
vidi, H. Moupiniana and H. plicatilis, which I have described
under Macrochlamys, Vol. II, 103.

Subsection V. CANDIDULA, Kobelt. 1871.

H. PROTEA, Ziegler. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, often maculately banded ; whorls
5-6, convex, the last large ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within.

Diam. 11 mill.

Ins. Corfu.

It is H. obvia, Jan, H. campestris, Ziegler and H. pustulata,
Muhlf.

H. APICINA, Lam. PL 1, figs. 3-5.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat flattened above, more
convex beneath, striated, whitish, the apex variegated with corneous,
suture deep ; whorls 4-4?, convex, the last dilated in front ; peris-
tome subsimple, acute. Diam. 7 mill.

Southern Europe, Azores, Tangiers.

H. cenisia, Charp., H. lauta, Reeve, and H. hispidula, Risso, are
synonyms.

H. Cupani, Calcara, is probably a juvenile.

6 HELIX.

Var. RAMBURI, Mabille.

Somewhat larger, whitish, obsoletely fasciate with brown, irregu-
larly costate-striate ; whorls 5-5 £, more slowly increasing, apex
more elevated ; umbilicus narrower. Diam. 9-10 mill.

France, Crimea.
H. SUBAPICINA, Mousson. PL 1, figs. 6, 7.

Narrowly perforate, thinly, sharply striate, greyish white, with
light corneous striae, bands or maculations, suture slightly impressed ;
whorls 4?, convex, the last not descending in front, rounded below ;
peristome acute, not labiate. Diam. 5 mill.

Mogador, Morocco.
H. OBRUTA, Morelet. PI. 1, figs. 8, 9.

Narrowly perforate, angulated, obsoletely striate, chalky, cor-
neous strigate and marbled with white, with reddish spiral lines,
suture impressed; whorls 5£, a little convex, the last angulated
above, rounded below ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Sta. Maria, Azores ; subfossil.

H. REBOUDIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 10-14.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, chalky, greyish white, flamed
with fulvous, with irregular whitish costulations ; whorls 6, slightly
convex, rapidly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl di-
lated, rounded, convex below, descending in front ; peristome acute,
slightly labiate within, margins approximating. Diam. 10 mill.

Algiers.

Replaces in N. Africa the H. candidula of Europe.

H. LALLEMANTIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 15-17.

Perforate, thin, a little translucent, whitish, with brownish cor-
neous interrupted zones above, forming irregular maculations, and
5-7 continuous narrow bands below, lightly costulate, suture linear;
whorls 6, scarcely convex above, rapidly increasing, the last sud-
denly, slightly deflected in front, periphery obtusely angulated ;
peristome acute, rosy-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Algiers.
H. GERYVILLENSIS, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 18-20.

Perforate, fragile, whitish, often with three or four corneous zones,
obliquely costulate; whorls 6, slightly convex, suture impressed,
last whorl large, the periphery obsoletely angulated, not deflected
in front ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within, margins approxi-
mating. Diam. 9 mill.

A Igiers.

HELIX. 7

H. BARGESIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 21-23.

Moderately umbilicated, striate, irregularly interruptedly banded,
or with a white band; whorls 6J-7, slowly increasing, the last
rounded, not deflected in front ; peristome white, acute, or slightly
internally thickened. Diam. 14 mill.

Syria.
H. STRIATA, Miiller. PL 1, figs. 24, 25.

Moderately umbilicated, closely, rather sharply costulate, a little
shining, white, sometimes fasciate and radiate with brown, base
white-banded, apex corneous ; whorls 4?-5, slightly convex, rather
rapidly increasing, the last wider, rounded, scarcely descending in
front ; peristome acute, very thinly labiate within. Diam. 9'5 mill.

Middle Europe.

H. costulata, Ziegler, and H. Narbonensis, Requien, are synonyms.

Var. NILSSONIANA, Beck.

Apex depressed, whorls more convex, bands obsolete, sometimes
wanting. Diam. 8'5 mill.

Sweden.
H. BARDOENSIS, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 26-28.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, chalky, rugosely striate, whitish,
sometimes bilineate with black, or with seven interrupted, faint
black bands, lineated towards the aperture ; whorls 6, slightly con-
vex, slowly increasing, the last rounded, scarcely descending at the
aperture ; peristome simple, acute, deeply labiate within.

Diam. 10 mill.

Tunis.
H. PROFUGA, Schmidt. PL 1, figs. 29, 30, 34, 35.

Moderately umbilicated, closely, regularly costulate-striate, whitish,
often with interrupted chestnut bands, apex corneous; whorls 5-5-1,
convex, the last obsoletely angulated, not descending in front;
peristome acute, brown lipped within. Diam. 12 mill.

Mediterranean Countries.

It is H. striata, Drap., If. caperata, Pfr., H. fastiolata, Moq.
Tand., H. fimbriata and H. Apennina, Chiereg.

Var. ATTICA, Bottger.

With a broad continuous band. Diam. 8-10 mill.

Greece.
Var. VARIEGATA, Mouss.

More conical, the whorls less convex, strise less distinct, white,
with spots and rays.

Epirus.

8 HELIX.

H. PARABLETA, Bottger. PI. 1, figs. 31-33.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, smooth, white, with a
superior chestnut band, and an interrupted one within it, base with
a broad band, and several narrow ones within it ; whorls 5, very
slowly increasing, with deep suture, closely irregularly striated, last
whorl with more or less distinctly angulated periphery, base con-
vex ; peristome simple, labiate within, margins approaching.

Diam. 6 mill.

Nachitschewan, alluvion of the Araxes.

H. BOLLENENSIS, Locard. PI. 1, figs. 36-38.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, smooth, opaque, strongly,
irregularly, somewhat undulately striate, greyish white, usually uni-
colored, sometimes with interrupted pale brown bands, often scarcely
visible ; whorls 6, very convex, the last well rounded, a little dilated
towards the aperture ; peristome simple, white-lipped within.

Diam. 13-15 mill.

Southern France.

Locard has indicated varieties depressa, minor and fascwlata.

H. LAURACINA, Fagot. PI. 2, figs. 55-57.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, thick, subopaque,
with strong undulating striae, close, irregular, sometimes not con-
tinuous, stronger above, yellowish or yellowish white, usually with-
out bands, sometimes with faint, subcontinuous chestnut bands,
varying in number ; whorls 4i-5, slightly convex, slowly increas-
ing, suture deep, last whorl a little flattened above at the aperture ;
peristome acute, with a yellowish or chestnut interior callus.

Diam. 11-14 mill.

Southern France.

H. PERROUDIANA, Locard. PI. 2, figs. 58-60.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, thick, chalky, subopaque, with
rather close, undulated striae, weaker below, yellowish white or
greyish, usually without bands, sometimes with faint chestnut
bands on the middle and below, varying in number, nearly obsolete
towards the umbilicus ; whorls 4 £-5, convex, with deep suture, last
whorl a little inflated at the aperture, somewhat depressed above
and below ; peristome acute, with a thick interior callus.

Diam. 10-12 mill.

Southern France.

HELIX. 9

H. TRICASTINORUM, Florence. PI. 2, figs. 61-63.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, cretaceous, subopaque,
with close, undulating striae, equally strong below, yellowish white
to reddish yellow, without or with chestnut bands varying in num-
ber, thin, not continuous, faint, especially towards the umbilicus ;
whorls 4 2 -5, with moderate suture, increase at first slow, but rapid
in the last whorl; peristome acute, with a slight whitish or rosy in-
terior thickening. Diam. 12 mill.

Southern France.
H. FEDTSCHENKOI, Mart. PI. 2, figs. 64-66.

Widely umbilicated, slightly striate, whitish, spire scarcely ele-
vated; whorls 4f, convex, with rather deep suture, last whorl
rounded, slightly descending in front ; peristome acute.

Diam. 15 mill.

Kulikalan, Turkestan; alt. 9500 ft.

H. MERIDIONALIS, Parr. PI. 1, figs. 39, 40.

Differs from H. profuga, Schm., in its flatter form, stronger stride
and wide umbilicus.

Dalmatia, Corfu.

Is H. striata, var. of Rossmassler.

H. SUBSTRIATA, Clessin. PI. 1, figs. 41-43.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striulate, shining, milk-
white, unicolored or banded with chestnut ; whorls 5, slowly, regu-
larly increasing, convex, with deep suture, last whorl rounded, not
descending in front ; peristome acute. Diam. 11 mill.

Crimea.
H. SUBCOSTULATA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 67-69.

Perforate, chalky, Avhitish, the earlier whorls obscurely maculated
with corneous, irregularly strongly costulate, suture impressed ;
whorls 6, convex, the last bluntly angulated, slightly descending at
the aperture ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 5-6 mill.

Algiers.

H. AGRIOICA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 70-72.

Narrowly umbilicated, chalky, whitish, with a few translucent
corneous maculations above and below, distantly costulate above,
sculpture weaker on the base, suture impressed ; whorls 6, the last
bluntly angulated, suddenly deflected at the aperture; peristome
acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 7 mill.

Algiers.

10 HELIX.

H. ACUTISTRIA, Bottger. PI. 2, figs. 73-75.

Moderately umbilicated, white, unicolored, or with a single
chestnut band above and five interrupted narrow bands below ;
whorls 5, rapidly increasing, with deep suture, convex, closely
covered with thread-like stria3, last whorl scarcely descending, ob-
tusely angulated, angle vanishing towards the aperture ; peristome
simple, acute, remotely white-lipped within. Diam. 9-10 mill.

Tiflis, Transcaucasia.

This species has been recently referred to H. crenimqrgo (Vol.
Ill, p. 252), as a var. obtusior.

H. CANDIDULA, Studer. PL 1, figs. 44-48.

Narrowly umbilicated, minutely striate, whitish, unicolored or
variously banded with brown ; whorls 4^-5, slightly convex, the
last scarcely deflected in front ; peristome acute, internally thick-
ened. Diam. 9 mill.

Middle Europe.

The synonyms are H. unifasciata, Poir., H. bidentata, Drap., H.
striata, Var. Drap., H. graphica, H. rugellosa, and H. striatula,
Hartm., H. azona, H. unizona and H. radiolata, Andrz., H.jslegans,
Fleming.

Var. ALPICOLA, Stabile.

Small, cretaceous, globosely depressed, rather thin, with narrow,
pale, interrupted bands, evanescent, aperture more rounded.

Diam. 6'5 mill.

Var. THYMORUM, Alt.

Turbinately depressed, obtuse, more or less striate, porcellanous
or yellowish, with a chestnut band above, and sometimes with in-
ferior lines; last whorl flattened above, obtusely angulated, con-
vex below ; peristome white-lipped within.

Var. GRATIOSA, Ziegler.

Shell much larger.

H. strigatula, Hartm., and H. adnumerata,, Parr., are synonyms.
Var. SPIRILLA, Westerl.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, costu late - striate, yellowish,
usually with a superior chestnut band; whorls 42-5, the last di-
lated, planate above, obtusely angulated, base convex; aperture
angulated above and below, widely 2-3 labiate within, columella
short, forming an angle with the basal lip. Diam. 4'6 mill.

(Southern France, Sicily.

HELIX. 11

Var. VORTEX, Westerl.

Globosely convex, densely costulate ; whorls 5, slowly increasing,
convex, the last scarcely larger; aperture rounded lunar.

Diam. 5-5'5 mill.

Southern France.
Var. ALBOCINCTELLA, Colb.

Shell brownish, the fasciations confluent, with a median white
line.

Belgium.
Var. NAMURCENSIS, Colb.

Shell whitish with a band of chestnut dots on the periphery, ap-
pearing again above the suture, and two additional spiral series,
very faint, on the base.

Belgium.
Var. LUNULATA, Kryn.

Striolate, angulated above, white, sometimes with chestnut bands
and lines, spire a little more elevated, umbilicus narrower ; whorls
6, rounded ; peristome patulous, lipped within.

Odessa.
Var. MELLJE, Pini.

Small, somewhat depressed, more rugose, with wide bands above
or below.

H. RUGOSIUSCULA, Mich. PL 2, figs. 76, 77.

Moderately umbilicated, closely, elegantly costulate-striate, grey-
ish, apex corneous ; whorls 5, a little flattened above, the last
scarcely angulated, convex below ; peristome acute, strongly lipped
within. Diam. 6 mill.

Taragon, Central Pyrenees.

H. PALADILHI, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 78-80.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat closely unequally costu-
late, whitish, with a single interrupted brown band above the peri-
phery, apex light corneous ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly in-
creasing, the last scarcely descending in front, barely angulated,
convex below ; peristome acute, scarcely labiate within.

Diam. 8 mill.

Montpellier, France.
H. CYPARISSIAS, Parr. PI. 1, fig. 49.

Moderately umbilicated, closely costulate-striate, white, punctate
or irregularly maculated and subfasciate with chestnut, apex cor-

12 HELIX.

neons ; whorls 5, convex, the last narrow, not descending in front ;
peristome acute, thinly labiate with chestnut. Diam. 6 mill.

Ins. Cyprus.
H. ARROUXI, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 81, 82.

Umbilicated, depressed, fragile, subpellucid, thinly striulate, ful-
vous chestnut maculated with white, with a shining, blackish apex ;
whorls 5£, a little convex, suture well impressed, last whorl ob-
scurely subangulated, base convex. Diam. 6 mill.

Berytus, Syria.

Following Pfeiffer, I included this species in Patula (Vol. Ill,
21), but it is evidently more closely related to the present group.

H. IMPROBATA, Mousson. PI. 1, figs. 50-52.

Widely umbilicated, unequally, strongly striate, white, greyish or
with punctate corneous lines ; whorls 5, flattened above, rounded
below, the earlier and middle ones distinctly filosely carinated, the
last with the angle evanescent, irregularly deflected ; peristome
acute, labiate within. Diam. 13 mill.

Around Jerusalem.
H. CONSPURCATA, Drap. PI. 1, figs. 53, 54.

Narrowly umbilicated, costulate, hairy, horny ash color, minutely
variegated ; whorls 4-5, depressed ; peristome acute. Diam. 6 mill.

Southern Europe, Algiers, Teneriffe.

It is H. radiolata, Jan, and H. Sardiniensis, Porro. H. Aetncea,
Benoit is a juvenile of this species.

Var. ILLUVIOSA, Nevill.

" An apparently constant form, differing conspicuously in the
character of the epidermis, and slightly in those of the shell itself."
No other description given.

Mentone, France.
Var. PSARA, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 89-91.

Rather widely umbilicated, subopaque, dull, strongly irregularly
striate, earlier whorls brownish, with white maculations, last whorl
uniform brownish corneous ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last
rounded, scarcely, slowly descending in front; peristome simple,
acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Algiers.
H. LETOURNEUXIANA, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 92-94.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subopaque, ash color with
chestnut maculations disposed in an interrupted spiral zone, costu-

HELIX. 13

late striate ; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last
with angulated periphery, not descending in front, convex below ;
peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Algiers.
H. EUSTRICTA, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 84, 85.

Moderately umbilicated, whitish, with corneous maculations above,
disposed as in a serpent's skin, below all white, or with three usually
interrupted narrow corneous bands, closely striate above, more
strongly so below ; whorls 5, the last subcarinate, scarcely, slowly
descending in front, base convex, somewhat inflated round the um-
bilicus ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 5 mill.

•Algiers.
H. LOCHEANA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 95-97.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, slightly pellucid, striulate,
and when living clothed with very short, rigid hairs, greyish white,
with ashy brown flames at the suture or on the base, or more usually
several bands, flamed with whitish ; whorls 5, convex, the earlier
ones carinate in young individuals, the last large, rounded, usually
with a whitish peripheral band, not descending at the aperture;
peristome simple, acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 5 mill.

Algiers.
H. MORICOLA, Paladilhe. PL 2, fig. 83.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, with short, somewhat
recurved hairs, and slightly flexuous regular striae, brownish, spotted
with greyish white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, with well-impressed
suture, last whorl obtusely angulated on the periphery, base convex,
with white spots formed of concentric lines ; peristome acute.

Diam. 4 mill.

Dep. Herault, France.

Smaller, with narrower umbilicus, deeper suture and rounder
aperture than H. conspurcata.

H. INTERSECTA, Mich. PL 2, figs. 86-88.

Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate-striate, opaque, whitish
gray or dark brown, rarely unicolored, usually interruptedly banded,
maculated, or punctate with fulvous or chestnut color; whorls 5-6,
slowly increasing, the last obsoletely angulated, shortly descending
in front; peristome simple, chestnut- or white-lipped within.

Diam. 8 mill.

So. France, N. Spain.

H. ignota, Mabille is a synonym.

14 HELIX.

H. JAYLEI, Paladilhe.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, regularly rugosely
costulate, somewhat chalky, whitish straw-color, apex somewhat
rosy; whorls 5£, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large,
a little descending in front; aperture suboblique, rounded-lunar,
peristome simple, acute, labiate within, margins approaching.

Diam. 12 mill.

Tangiers.
Var. RUSTICULA, Palad.

Umbilicus narrower, spire more elevated, apex smaller, black-
ish, costulations stronger, more irregular, whorls more convex
above, more rapidly increasing. Diam. 14 mill.

Tangiers.

Paladilhe, after pointing 'out the differences between this form,
which he describes as a species, and H. Jaylei, thinks it not improba-
ble that they will prove identical. Kobelt reduces rusticula to the
rank of a variety. I am unable to figure the species because my
copy of the work containing the description is incomplete, in want-
ing the plate referred to in the text.
H. SUBMERIDIONALIS, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 98-100.

Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, with five interrupted chestnut
zones, strongly striate; whorls 6, scarcely convex above, rapidly
increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending in front; peristome
acute, brown-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Algiers.

This specific name was originated for an assemblage of species
now recognized as distinct, and is better limited to the Algerian
form figured by its author, as typical; perhaps should be suppressed
altogether.

H. CAPERATA, Mtg. PI. 3, figs. 1, 3-5, 12, 13.

Moderately umbilicated, closely striate, whitish or yellowish
with brownish or corneous bands, maculations or interrupted striga-
tions; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not
deflected, base more convex, peristome white-lipped, acute.

Diam. 8-11 mill.

Western Europe.

It is H. striata, Drap. (in part), H. crenulata, Dillw., H. fasciolata,
Drouet, H. inter secta of numerous authors.
Var. BARCINENSIS, Bourg. Figs. 3-5.

Narrowly umbilicated, irregularly plicate-striate, ashy white or
light brownish, fasciated and maculated with chestnut, smoother

HELIX. 15

below; whorls 5£, convex, the last slightly deflected in front,
periphery subangulated ; peristome acute, white-lipped within, mar-
gins approximating. Diam. 10'5 mill.

Miranda, Spain.
The synonyms are H. Mirandce and H. Iberica, Rambur.

Var. DINIENSIS,. Rambur. Figs. 12, 13.

Moderately umbilicated, very thinly, regularly striate-costulate,
whitish or ash colored, with brown lines and bands; whorls 5J,
slowly increasing, the last subdeflected in front, base more convex ;
peristome thin, white-lipped within, margins approximating.

Diam. 12 mill.

Southern France.
H. LANGLOISIANA, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 6-8.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, crispately rugulose above, striate
below, white, unicolored or with subconfluent bands and strigations
above, apex light corneous; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
wider, scarcely descending in front, periphery subangulated ; peris-
tome acute, widely white-lipped within, margins approaching.

Diam. 10'5 mill.

Syria.

It is H. caperata, Var. Kobelt's Catalogue.

H. ARMILLATA, Lowe. PL 3, figs. 9-11.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, costulate, obsoletely spirally striate,
brownish corneous, marbled and subfasciate with whitish, suture
impressed; whorls 5, subplanate, the last not deflected in front,
carinated above, base convex, subcompressed round the umbilicus ;
peristome simple, acute, margins distinct. Diam. 7-8 mill.

Madeira, Azores.

The synonyms are H. striata, Lowe, H. conspurcata, Mouss., H.
Lowei, Pot. et Mich.

H. MOLINTE, Hidalgo. PI. 3, figs. 14-16.

Perviously umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat shining, striulate,
brownish above, with white scattered spots, banded below, some-
times all browrn, with small white spots, or corneous, with translucent
brown bands and irregular maculations; whorls 5-5J, a little convex,
slowly increasing, the last scarcely deflected in front, periphery
obsoletely angulated ; peristome acute, white, labiate within, margins
approaching. Diam. 10 mill.

Columbret Is. between Spain and the Balearic Is.

16 HELIX.

H. MADRITENSIS, Rambur. PL 3, figs. 17, 18.

Perforate whitish or ash colored, with two maculated brown
bands above, often obsolete, thinly and regularly closely costulate ;
whorls 5, the last subinflated, a little deflected in front, base sub-
turgid, suture conspicuous, periphery carinated ; peristome simple,
acute, widely labiate within, margins joined by a thin white callus.

Diam. 9 mill.

Madrid, Spain.

H. PENCHINATI, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 19-21.

Perviously umbilicated, striate, corneous chestnut color flamed
with white above, whitish, dark banded below, suture impressed;
whorls 5 J, a little .convex, slowly increasing, the last carinated, the
carina vanishing towards the aperture, suddenly descending, base
convex ; peristome simple, acute, slightly thickened within, margins
approximating, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 6'5 mill.

Barcelona, Spain.

H. CODIA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 22-24.

Narrowly umbilicated, subpellucid, elegantly costate, yellowish
corneous with interrupted chestnut lineolations, apex corneous;
whorls 6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, suture scarcely
impressed, last whorl rounded, abruptly descending at the aperture;
peristome acute, white margined within. Diam. 12 mill.

Portugal.

H. intersecta, Morelet is a synonym.

Ancey has indicated a var. RUFA.

H. SEMIPICTA, Hidalgo. PL 3, fig. 2.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, subopaque, a little shining, mi-
nutely striated above, smooth below, light yellowish white, with
pellucid maculations above, profusely variegated and banded at the
periphery with brownish corneous, suture rather deep; whorls 5-5£,
a little convex, regularly increasing, the last convex, slightly des-
cending in front, base subdepressed ; peristome acute, sublabiate
within. Diam, 9'5 mill.

Alcarez, Spain.
H. GIGAXII, Charp. PL 3, figs. 25-27.

Arcuately rimate, solid, closely striated, opaque, whitish or flesh
color, unicolored or marbled and interruptedly banded with chestnut,
apex corneous; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last wider, not

HELIX. 17

descending in front, base convex ; peristome simple, acute, remotely
labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 9'5-12*5 mill.

France, Belgium, England.
H. MEDA, Porro. PL 3, fig. 44.

Scarcely rimate, globose above, somewhat flattened below, costu-
late-striate, whitish or brownish, with narrow interrupted chestnut
bands, sometimes unicolored; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
angulated on the periphery, not descending in front, base subplane,
striate ; peristome acute, with flesh colored callus within.

Diam. 10-12 mill.

Sicily, Sardinia, Malta.

H. subclausa, Rossm., and H. Calypso and Turatii, Parr, are
synonyms.

Unfigured Species of Subsection Candidula.

H. HYP^EANA, H. DEFERIANA, and H. DANIELI, Bourg.

France.

H. CARCUSIANA, H. HERIPENSIS, H. THUILLIERI and H. LOROG-
LOSSICOLA, H. ARGA, H. ILICETORUM, H. BELLOQUADRICA, Mabille.

France.

H. HICETORUM, Locard. = H. ILICITORUM, Mabille.
H. FLORENTINE, Ponsonby. Tangier s.

H. ANTONIANA, Rochebrune. St. Antoine, Cape Verd Is.

H. DUMEVAGA, Morelet. Morocco.

H. ClTHARISTENSIS, H. REQIUENI, H. MARSIANA, H. VlCIANICA,

Bourg. France.

H. PSAROPSIS, H. IDANICA, H. GAROGELIANA, H. ELIMBERRISIANA,

H. ARELATENSIS, Locard. France.

H. YCAUNICA, H. PHILOMIPHILA, H. LUGDUNIACA, LE MESLEI,

Mabille. France.

H. DlENSIS, H. PSILORITANA, H. SUBVARIEGATA, H. FREYTAGI,

Maltzan. Isle of Crete.

H. COMMEATA, and H. MESOPOTAMICA, Mousson, and Var. GHAE-

SIANA, of the latter species. Mesopotamia.

H. ORDUNENSIS, Kobelt. Orduna, Biscay, Spain.

H. DEANA, and H. PLEURESTHA, Tassy. France.

H. NILSSONIANA, Beck, (H. ericetorum, Nilss.). Sweden.

H. FUREDENSIS, H. BAKONYCA, H. PLATTENICA, Servain.

Hungary.
H. ARNUSIACA, Fagot, (H. profuga, Var. Etrusca, Issel). N. Italy.

18

HELIX.

H. APRUTIANA, Fagot. Abruzzi, Italy.

H. VISANICA, H. CARPENSORACTENSIS, H. FOLIORUM, Fagot.

France.

H. PRINOHILA, H. SOLACIACA, Mabille. France.

H. ROBINIANA H. PAULI, H. PHILORA, H. RUIDA. Bourg.

France.

H. BRINOPHILA, Locard. = H. PRINOHILA, Mabille.
H. RHYTEPHORA, Carp. Egypt.

H. KOTSCHYI, Pfr. Persia.

H. AURIGERANA, H. ALA VAN A, H. UssATENSis, Fagot. France.
H. LUNULATA, Krynicki. Odessa.

H. FLORENTINE, Fagot. Florence, Italy.

H. TRINGA, Fagot. (H. profuga, Var. tringa, West.)

Ins. Lido, Venice.

H. GRADISCANENSIS, Fagot. Istria.

H. POUZONENSIS, H. RENEI, H. CROUZILIANA, H. MARGIERIANA,

H. SlTICULOSA, H. SCRUPELLINA, Fagot.

France.

H. MONISTROLENSIS, H. JoussEAUMEi, Fagot. France.

H. IRIANA, Pol. Piedmont.

H. HONORATI, H. SUBINTERSECTA, H. PlCTONUM, H. LlROUXIAXA,

Bourg.

H. IDIOPHYA, Florence.
H. CALLISTHA, Berenguier.
H. VESTITA, Rambur.
H. STRFCKI Maltzan.
H. ROMANA, H. COLOSSEANA, Fagot.
H. FIESOLENSIS, Fagot.
H. EUMJEUS, Lowe.
H. BRUNDUSIANA, Fagot.
H. LESINIACA, Fagot.
H. SAMNITUM, and Var. PUGNAX, Westerl.
H. ANDALUSICA, Kobelt.

France.
France.
France.

So. France, Spain, Corsica.
Portugal.
Rome.

Fiesole, near Florence.
Mogador, Morocco.
Brindisi, Italy.
Ins. Lesina, Dalmatia.
Samnium, Italy.
Spain, Portugal.
France.

H. HERBARUM, H. XENELicA, Servain.

H. GESOCRIBATENSIS, H. SCRUPEA, H. LIEURAXEXSTS, H. GRO-

BONI, H. COUTAGNEI, H. NOMEPHILA, H. TOLOSANA, H. VERANYI,

H. VALCOURTIANA, H. MAURINIANA, H. ACENTROMPHALA, H.
JI:ANBERNATI, H. ACOSMIA, H. FRAYSSIANA, H. MOQUERONI,

H. EREMA, H. MICROPHANA, H. TARASCONENSIS, H. RUIDA, Bourg.

France.

HELIX. 19

H. LAURAGUAISIANA, Locard. France.

H. EUCALLA, H. IS^EA, H. IRANA, HAGENMULLER. Tunis.

H. AMICULA, H. AMPHIBOLA, H. ANASIA, H. GONIOGYRA, H.

SAHARICA, H. ISCHUROSTOMA, H. TERRICOLA, H. GALEOMMA,

H. BRYARyEA, H.AGGARICA, H. MALASPIN^E, H. DlJVEYRIERIANA,
H. AGRIOICA, H. SPECIALIS, H. MAURITANICA, H. TARIA, H.

KRIZENSIS, Bourg. Tunis.

H. TREMATA, H. INCOLUMIS, H. LECOUFFEI, H. ISTERA, H. MEHE-
DIANA, H. CRISIA, H. BRADYB^ENA, H. ^EGLIA, H. ARGODERMA,

H. EUCOR^EA, H. AMBLOXA, H. CONCHOLEUCA, Letoum. et Bourg.

Tunis.

H. MESSAPIA, Blanc. Tunis.

H. HERBATICA, Fagot. Tunis.

H. MENDRANOI, H. CANOVASIANA. H. SoLANOI, H. ALLUVIONUM,

Servair,. Tnnis.

Besides the above, which are mostly species as understood by the
"new school" conchologists — that is merely local variations, an
additional large number of names are quoted in Letourneux and
Bourguignats "Prodr. Mai. Tunisie" as European relations of Tunisian
forms. These are mostly undescribed, and therefore need not be
reproduced here.

Subsection VI, LEMNISCIA, Lowe. 1854.
H. TUMULORUM, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 3, figs. 28, 29.

Subcovered perforate, closely, distinctly striate, white with inter-
rupted brown bands ; whorls 6-7, scarcely convex, the last not de-
scending, periphery sharply angulated, base flatly convex; peristome
simple, acute. Diam. 12 mill.

Canary Is.
H. PHALERATA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 3, figs. 31-33.

Perforate, distinctly costulate-striate, whitish or yellowish white,
with an interrupted band and a series of maculations of chestnut
above ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last obsoletely subangulated,
not descending in front ; peristome acute, sublabiate within.

Diam. 8'5 mill.

Canary Is.

It is H. Roseti, Webb and Berth, not Mich., and H. Nivariensis,
Shuttl.
H. PERSIMILIS, Shuttl. PI. 33, fig. 70.

Subcovered perforate, thin, plicately striate, corneous, with two
interrupted chestnut bands, maculated with white, one above, the

20 HELIX.

other below the periphery ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not
descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome sim-
ple, acute. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe and Palma.

H. prceposita, Mousson is a synonym.

Var. DEVIA, Mousson.

Somewhat larger, depressed conical, subcarinate, marbled with
grey and corneous above, with two bands of brown and white spots.

H. OLEACEA, Shuttl. PI. 4, figs. 34-36.

Subcovered perforate, thin, fragile, a little shining, striate, yel-
lowish brown, with a series of chestnut maculations near the suture
and another on the middle of the base ; whorls 5-5 1 , scarcely con-
vex above, the last not descending, with a peripheral carina vanish-
ing in front ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Palma, Canaries.

H. deusta, Lowe is a synonym.

H. WOOWARDII, Tarnier. PI. 4, figs. 37-39.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, dull, lightly plicately striate,
uniform whitish- or yellowish-corneous, without bands, the plicae a
little paler; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending
in front, periphery angulated, the keel visible some distance up the
spire, base a little more convex ; peristome acute, scarcely expanded,
not labiate. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe.
H. C^EMENTITIA, Shuttl. PI. 4, figs. 40-42.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, dull, plicately costulate, ash colored,
marbled with corneous, with a single peripheral interrupted band
of chestnut and white spots ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, scarcely
convex, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated,
carina vanishing towards the aperture; aperture banded with chest-
nut, peristome acute, thickened within, the margins joined by a
white callus. Diam. 11/5 mill.

Canary Is.

H. MONILIFERA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 4, figs. 43, 44.

Subcovered perforate, somewhat solid, strongly striate, whitish
with one superior and two inferior bands of chestnut maculations ;
whorls 5-5*, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending, periphery

HELIX. 21

rounded ; peristome acute, strongly labiate within, margins distant,
with a slight connecting callus. Diam. 6*7 mill.

Canary Is.
It is H. Laneerottensis of Orb. Moll. Canaries, text but not figures.

H. MICHAUDI, Desh. PI. 4, figs. 45, 46.

iSubcovered perforate, rugosely striate, shining, brownish white,
with three continuous chestnut bands; whorls 7, slightly convex,
the last not descending, periphery rounded, base scarcely more con-
vex than above ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 10-12 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeiran Is.

H. bicolor, Lowe is synonym.

H. LEMNISCATA, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 4, figs. 47-49.

Covered perforate, obliquely distinctly striate, brownish white or
yellowish, banded with chestnut or chocolate, bands sometimes
interrupted; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not descending in
front, periphery obtusely angulated, base flattened convex, peristome
acute, slightly chestnut-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill.

Grand Canary Isl.
H. ATOMATA, Menke. PI. 4, figs. 50-52.

Evidently a young shell, — possibly of H. tumulorum, Webb and
Berth.

Hob. unknown.

Unfigured Species.

H. UMBICULA, Shuttl. Canary Is.

H. Rosetti, and H. phalerata of Pfr. (not Webb and Berth.), are
synonyms.
H. WATSONIANA, Wollaston. Grand Canary, and Teneriffe Is.

Subsection VII, XEROLEUCA, Kobelt. 1877.
H. TUNETANA, Pfr. PI. 4, figs. 53, 54.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, opaque, roughly granular, yellow-
ish brown , whorls 4, plane above, exserted and compressly carinated,
the last not descending, base somewhat convex, angulated round the
umbilicus; peristome subsimple, the base thickened and reflected.

Diam. 18 mill.

Tunis.
H. TETRAGONA, Morelet. PL 4, figs. 55-57.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, striated, greyish ; whorls 4£,
flattened above, suture margined, periphery acutely carinated, base

22 HELIX.

compressly inflated, with a thread-like carina round the perspective
umbilicus ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 15 mill.

Algeria.
H. TURCICA, Chemn. PL 4, figs. 58-60.

Widely umbilicated, rugosely, vermicularly striated, crenulately
carinated, greyish white; whorls 5£, rapidly increasing, with sub-
crenulated suture, umbilicus perspective, bounded by a crenulated
carina. Diam. 24 mill.

Morocco.

It is H. eratera, Schum.

H. MOGADOBENSIS, Bourg. PI. 4, figs. 61-63.

Widely umbilicated, solid, cretaceous, opaque, yellowish white,
vermicularly striate; whorls five, all slightly carinate, peripheral
carina compressed, crenulated, last whorl a little descending in
front, umbilicus bordered by a thread-like carina.

Diam. 17 mill.

Mogador, Morocco.

H. MOGRABOA, Morelet.- PI. 4, fig. 64.

Moderately umbilicated, vermicularly striate, cretaceous, solid,
grayish white ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, crenulately carinated at
the suture, peripheral carina compressed, tubercularly crenulated,
base turgid, the umbilical region defined by an angle.

Diam. 17 mill.

Morocco, Algeria.

H. DEGENERANS, MOUSSOD. PI. 4, figS. 65, 66.

Widely umbilicated, cretaceous, vermicularly striated; whorls
5s , slightly convex above, crenulately carinated, umbilicus with
a thread-like carina ; peristome acute.

Diam. 16 mill.

Morocco.

H. CONOPSIS, Morelet. PI. 4, figs. 67, 68; PI. 5, figs. 11-13.

Moderately umbilicated, granularly rugose, particularly below,
grayish white, cretaceous; whorls 6, scarcely convex, periphery
with a thread-like carina, base convex, umbilical region angulated.

Diam 12 mill.

Morocco,

Unfigured Species of Xeroleuca.

H. DAROLI, Letourn. Algeria.

H. DJARICA, Bourg. Algeria.

HELIX. 23

H. LIBYCA, Ponsonby. Libya, N. Africa.

H. BERENICE, Kobelt. Libya, N. Africa. .

Subsection VIII, TURRICULA, Beck. 1837.

H. DEROGATA, Rossm. PI. 4, figs. 73-76.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, minutely striate, shining,
whitish, with narrow chestnut bands above and below the periphery,
and narrow ones on the base; whorls nearly 5fc, scarcely convex,
the last depressed, rounded, not descending in front, base more
convex ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill.

Murcia, Spain.

H. subrogata, var. ft. is a synonym.

Var. ANGULATA, Kossm. Fig. 76.

Usually maculosely variegated above, costulations stronger, periph-
ery angulated.

H. Mureica, Guirao is a synonym.

H. HIPPONENSIS, Morelet. PI. 4, fig. 77.

Narrowly perforate, thin, costulate-striate, whitish, with continu-
ous or interrupted chestnut bands ; whorls 6£, convex, the last an-
gulated at the periphery, not descending in front ; peristome acute,
slightly margined within. Diam. 10 mill.

Algeria.
H. WARNIERIANA, Bourg. PL 4, figs. 78-80.

Perforate, moderately solid, chalky, somewhat pellucid, malleated
by obscure striae, yellowish white, irregularly variegated with sub-
translucid corneous maculations; whorls 6£, scarcely convex, the
last slightly descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, angle
evanescent towards the aperture ; peristome acute, remotely white-
lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Tunis.

H. PYRAMIDATA, Drap. PI. 5, fig. 83-86, 99, 100, 3; PL 4, figs. 81, 82.

Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, white, unicolored or banded and
variegated with chestnut, spire obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, the last
not descending in front, a little flattened on the base; peristome
acute, labiate within. Diam. 11 mill.

Mediterranean Region.

H. agnata, H. arenaria, H. littoralis, H. sabulosa, and H. specta,-
bilis, Zglr., are synonyms.

24 HELIX.

Var. NOVA, Paulucci. Figs. 86-88.

Shell much more depressed, periphery sometimes obsoletely angu-
lated, unicolored or variegated.

Calabria.
Var. GRATIOSA, Paulucci. Undescribed.

Var. DEPRESSA, Bourg. Fig. 3.

More depressed than the type, but not so flat as the Var. nova,
scarcely obsoletely angulated, umbilicus somewhat larger.

Calabria, Algiers.
Var. NuMimcA, Moquin-Tandon. PL 4, figs. 81, 82.

Depressed conical, last whorl with angulated periphery, convex
on the base, umbilicus wider than the type.

Algiers.
Var. TARENTINA, Pfr. Figs. 99, 100.

Very narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate, light brownish,
sometimes variegated and subfasciate with whitish and brownish ;
whorls 6, the last subangulated, not descending, base subplanate ;
peristome remotely labiate. Diam. 10 mill.

Naples.
H. THIESSE.E, Mousson. PI. 5, figs. 89-92.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, striate, whitish, often vari-
ously banded and maculated with chestnut; whorls 5£, slightly
convex, slowly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl a little
descending in front, the periphery subangulated ; peristome simple,
scarcely expanded, strongly, remotely labiate within.

Diam. 10 mill.

Eubcea, Greece.
H. CHALCIDICA, Blanc. PI. 5, figs. 93-95.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, whitish, unicolored, or with a
superior and a basal band of chestnut maculations ; whorls 5J,
moderately convex, with well impressed suture, last whorl descend-
ing in front, base convex ; peristome acute, strongly labiate within.

Diam. 13 mill.

Greece.
H. DAVIDIANA, Bourg. PI. 5, figs. 4-6.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, not shining, whitish, sub-
maculated above, subzonate below, strongly, irregularly costate;
whorls 5J, convex, regularly increasing, subcarinated, the periphery
obtusely angulated, the last whorl descending in front ; peristome
simple, slightly thickened within. Diam. 9 mill.

Jerusalem.

HELIX. 25

H. SERRULATA, Beck. PL 5, figs. 1, 2.

Very narrowly perforate, corrugately tuberculate-striate, whitish
more or less banded with chestnut, especially on the base ; whorls
6, slightly convex, subcarinate, the last with angulated, tuberculated
peripheral angle ; peristome acute, internally labiate.

Diam. 12 mill.

Egypt.

H. crenulata, Olivier, is a synonym.

H. PTYCHODIA, Bourg. PI. 5, figs. 7, 8.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subtuberculate above and
crispately ribbed, yellowish white ; whorls 6, scarcely convex,
slightly carinate at the suture, the last whorl with angulated peri-
phery, the angle evanescent near the aperture, base convex, lesa
strongly striate; peristome acute, slightly thickened within.

Diam. 15 mill.

Egypt

Is possibly a synonym or a variety of the preceding species.

H. PHILAMMIA, Bourg. PI. 5, figs. 9, 10.

Narrowly perforate, opaque, chalky, rugosely, subtubercularly
costate above, less roughly so below, whitish, faintly banded on the
base ; whorls 6£, tubercularly carinated at the suture and on the
periphery, last whorl suddenly deflected in front, base convex;
peristome acute, thickened within. Diam. 13 mill.

Egypt, Syria.

One of a series of species whose differences may be only varietal.

H. TUBERCULOSA, Conrad. PL 5, figs. 16, 17.

Narrowly perforate, opaque, cretaceous, corrugately striated, and
tubercularly bicarinated, irregularly rugose below, yellowish white;
whorls 6, flattened, periphery strongly tubercularly carinated, base
a little convex ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within.

Diam. 12-13 mill.

Palestine.

If. Despreauxii, Bourg., is a synonym.

H. DESPREAUXII, d'Orb. PL 5, figs. 18, 19.

Perforate, rugosely tuberculate, calcareous, whitish, carinate ;
whorls 5, somewhat exserted, tubercularly bicarinated, the lower
carina more prominent ; aperture brownish, peristome simple, acute,
margins approaching, connected by a callus. Diam. 8 mill.

Canary Is.

26 HELIX.

H. Preauxii, Hartm., is a synonym.
Var. IMMODICA, Mousson.

Thicker, more elevated, nodules less numerous but stronger;
peristome obtuse, thickened, continuous, subsolute.

Grand Canary Isl. (subfossil).

H. MODERATA, Mousson. PI. 5, figs. 20, 21.

Minutely, varying to rather narrowly umbilicated, nodulously
rugose and bicarinated, greyish white, suture serrately margined
above; whorls 5, subexserted, the last strongly carinated on the
periphery, descending at the aperture, base slightly convex, radi-
ately nodulous; peristome acute, sublabiate, margins converging
but not continuous. Diam. 10 mill.

Is. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canaries.

Described as a variety of H. Despreauxii, which it very probably
is, although both Pfeiffer and Wollaston consider it distinct.

H. MIRANDA, Lowe. PI. 5, figs. 22-25.

Narrowly umbilicated, rugose, with distant oblique corrugated
ribs, smoother on the base, more regularly plicate, whitish, with an
interrupted basal chestnut band ; whorls 5, obsoletely bicarinated,
periphery of last whorl crenulately carinated, the suture crenulated ;
peristome simple, acute. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

H. nodoso-striata, Mousson (figs. 24, 25), is apparently a not fully
grown specimen of this species.

H. HESPERIDUM, Morelet. PL 5, figs. 14, 15 ; PI. 6, figs. 53, 54.

Very narrowly perforate, slightly shining, greyish, the rugosities
lighter colored, base unifasciate, obliquely rugose, somewhat tuber-
culate; whorls 6, carin ate, peripheral carina tuberculate; aperture
brownish, peristome thin, simple. Diam. 8*5 mill.

Near Moaador, Morocco.
H. INOPS, Mousson. PI. 5, figs. 26, 27.

Minutely perforate, arcuately subcostulate-striate, slightly shin-
ing, white, suture impressed, simple; whorls 5i, a little convex, the
last not descending, periphery obtusely carinated ; peristome acute,
margins not approaching. Diam. 8 mill.

Grand Canary Isl.
H. CYCLODON, Webb and Berthelot. PL 6, figs. 34, 35.

Scarcely perforate, rugosely striated, brownish white, suture den-
tate ; whorls 7, flattened, dentately carinated, with a series of tu-

HELIX. 27

bercles above the peripheral carina, base slightly convex ; peristome
simple, acute. Diam. 7*5 mill.

Canary Is.

Has been referred, as a synonym, to the next species, but its dif-
ferential characters are obvious.

H. PUMILIO, Chemn. PI. 6, figs. 49, 50.

Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, muricately rugose ; whorls 7, all
acutely carinated, last whorl bicarinated, the peripheral carina ser-
rated, base rugosely striate. Diam. 10 mill.

Near Mogador, Morocco.

H. TROCHOIDES, Poiret. PL 5, figs. 28-31 ; PL 6, figs. 36-39.

Perforate, substriate, whitish, unicolored or chestnut banded ;
whorls 5-6, slightly convex, with thread-like carina, base a little
convex ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 6'67 mill.

Mediterranean Countries.

It is H. conica, Drap., H. Algira, Chier., H. solarium, Risso.

Var. SULCULATA, Jan. Figs. 30, 31.

Carina obsolete, costulate-striate, usually maculated with chestnut,
whorls scarcely convex.

Sicily, Malta, Italy, etc.

H. rugosiuscula, Mich., and H. rugosa, Arad., are synonyms.

Var. PUMILIO, Pfr.

Umbilicus wider, costulate-striate, carina crenulated.
Var. PYRAMIDELLA, Jan.

Trochiform, umbilicated, striate, obtusely carinated, white, with
diaphanous corneous maculations.

Northern Italy.
Var. TURRIT ELLA, Parr. Figs. 36, 37.

Perforate, striate, with a brown band above the carina and usually
another on the base, suture distinctly thread-margined ; whorls 6£,

convex, the last with subacute thread-like carina.

Dalmatia.
Var. REMISSA, Parr.

Shell smaller, whorls 6, with oblong maculations and brown strise

above. Diam. 4 mill.

Ins. Lesina.
Var. VERTICILLATA, Parr. Figs. 38, 39.

Perforate, conical, closely plicate, white, suture margined ; whorls
6, slightly convex, peripheral carina defined by a sulcus.

Diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Rhodes-, Italy.

28 HELIX.

Var. VIDUA, Westerl.

Whorls 7, all rounded, without carina, suture very deep.
Diam. 8 mill.

Spezzia.
A single specimen, perhaps a monstrosity.

H. SYRENSIS, Pfr. PL 5, figs. 32, 33.

Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate, whitish marbled with
brown ; whorls 5, exserted, carinated, flattened, base slightly convex;
peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Syra.
H. SCHOMBRII, Scacchi. PI. 6, figs. 40-42.

Deeply umbilicated, obliquely costulate-striate, whitish, some-
times chestnut banded ; whorls 6, slightly convex, with thread-like,
crenulated carina, suture somewhat margined, base convex ; peris-
tome acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 8 mill.

Malta.

H. calcarata, Benoit, is a synonym.

H. CUCULLUS, Mart. PL 6, figs. 43-45.

Moderately umbilicated, plicately striate, greyish white, with sub-
sutural maculations and obsoletely banded with chestnut, suture
moderately impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rounded,
scarcely descending in front, base flatly convex ; peristome acute,
white-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Malta.

H. IDALI.E, Bourg. PL 6, figs. 46, 47.

Narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, whitish, or light greyish, ir-
regularly serrulately costulate ; whorls 6, very convex, obsoletely
subangulated, with deep suture, last whorl scarcely descending in
front ; peristome simple, acute, labiate within at the base.

Alt, 7, diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Cyprus.

H. LIEBETRUTI, Albers. PL 6, fig. 48.

Perforate, somewhat solid, subarcuately costate, opaque, creta-
ceous, whitish, suture deep; whorls 5J, very convex, scalariformly
exserted, the last not descending, crenately carinated below the
middle, with a slight sulcus above the carina, base flatly convex ;
peristome acute, brown-lipped within. Diam. 5'3 mill. ; alt. 6 mill.

Ins. Cyprus.

HELIX. 29

H. NEWKA, Dohrn. PL 6, figs. -51, 52.

Perforate, very closely costulate, yellowish grey, maculated and
zoned with chestnut, suture distinct ; whorls 62-?, bicarinated, ca-
rinse obtuse, divided by a sulcus, base convex ; peristome acute
above, slightly reflected below. Alt. 11, diam. 9*5 mill.

Balearic Is.

H. APICULUS, Rossm. PL 6, figs. 55, 56.

Narrowly perforate, closely costulate-striate, white, marbled and
flamed with brown ; whorls 6, carinated, flattened, earina minutely
serrulate, base subplane, striate ; peristome acute, labiate within.

Diam. 9 mill.

Ins. Lampedusa, Calabria.

H. Cumice, Calcara, is a synonym.

H. TERRESTRIS, Pennant. PL 6, figs. 57-62.

Very narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, white or corneous
brown, sometimes unifasciate or maculated, strongly obliquely costu-
late ; whorls 6-7, flattened, all crenulately carinated, base flatly
convex; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9—13 mill.

Mediterranean Region.

It is H. elegans, Gmel., H. crenulata, Mull ?, H. trochulus, Hartm.

Var. SCITULA, Jan. Figs. 60-62.

More depressed, greyish brown, without bands.

H. trochilus, Poir., H. depressa, Beck, and var. perdepressa, West,
are synonyms.

There are also varieties canaliculata, Rigacci, ferruginea, Rigacci,
and cornea, Dupuy.

H. ELATA, Faure-Biguet. PL 6, figs. 63-66.

Narrowly perforate, obliquely closely costulate, whitish ; whorls
9, flattened, exserted, crenulately carinated, base flattened convex ;
peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam. 7, alt. 9 mill.

Sicily, Capri.
Var. DILATATA, Benoit. Figs. 65, 66.

More depressed, concavely conical, base dilated.

Diam. 9-10'5 mill., alt. 7-9 mill.

H. CARONI, Desh. PL 6, figs. 67, 68.

Narrowly perforate, obliquely closely plicate, yellowish, macu-
lated with chestnut; whorls 10—11, flat, exserted, serrately cari-

30 HELIX.

nated, the last not descending in front, base flattened ; peristome
acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 8, alt. 11 mill.

Sicily.

It is H. turrita, Rossm., H. pyramis, Phil., and H. elata, Can-
traine.

H. SEQUENTINA, Benoit. PL 6, figs. 69, 70.

Narrowly perforate, costulate, whitish ; whorls 9-10, carinated,
not exserted, flat, the last not descending in front ; peristome acute,
remotely labiate within, basal margin slightly reflected.

Diam. 7, alt. 8*5 mill.

Sicily.

H. TROCHLEA, Pfr. PL 6, figs. 71, 72.

Perforate, obliquely costulate-striate, whitish, sometimes macu-
lated with chestnut, or banded on the base; whorls 8, exserted,
acutely crenulately carinated, flattened, base a little convex, more
closely and finely striated ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within.

Diam. 7'67, alt. 8 mill.

A Igeria.

Unfigured Species of Turricula.

H. EUGONIOSTOMA, H. CHTHAMALOLENA, H. SYROSINA, Bourg.

Ins. Syra.

H. SIMIARUM, Kobelt. Gibraltar.

H. LICODIENSIS, Cafici. Sidly.

H. SULLIOTTII, Pollonera. Piedmont

H. BERTINI, Bourg. France.

H. ARCENTOPHILA, Mabille. France.

H. MELOLONTHA, Shuttlew. Canary Is.

H. KELIBIANA, H. NEWKOPSIS, H. EUPYRAMIS, H. ZITOUMICA, H.

MADANA, H. GALACTINA, H. VENERIANA, H. SPAELLA, H.

SPAELLINA, Letourn. and Bourg. Tunis.

H. TISEMSINICA, H. OAPUANA, H. DYRRACHIENSIS, H. ANOMBRA,

H. MACTANICA, Bourg. Tunis.

The two following Chinese species appear to be at least equally
related to Bulimus, as suggested by Ancey (Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 113,

1885).

HELIX. 31

H. BULIMINOIDES> Heude. Vol. Ill, PI. 52, figs. 18, 19.

Covered perforate, obsoletely striulate, shining, brownish white ;
whorls 7-9, slightly convex, slowly and regularly enlarging, suture
superficial, last whorl obtusely carinated, not descending in front,
convex below ; peristome a little thickened and reflected.

Length, 10-13 mill.

Nanking, China.

H. PSEUDOBULIMINUS, Heude. Vol. Ill, PI. 52, figs. 16, 17.

Perforate, strongly spirally striate, greyish white, shining ; whorls
9, convex, suture margined, last whorl angulated and channeled
below the angle, base convex ; peristome acute, slightly expanded.

Length, 12 mill.

China.

Subsection IX. COCHLICELLA, Risso. 1826.

H. CONTERMINA, Shuttl. PI. 6, figs. 73, 74.

Perforate, rather thin, closely costulate-striate, light grey, fasci-
ate or punctate with chestnut ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last
rounded ; peristome acute, labiate within.

Diam. 8, alt. 9 mill.

Corsica.

H. psammoica, Morelet, is a synonym.

H. DUPLICATA, Mousson. PI. 6, figs. 75, 76.

Perforate, somewhat solid, calcareous, strongly obliquely striate,
slightly shining, white ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rounded,
the base convex, with a central filiform spiral ridge, on the two sides
of which the strise are differently directed ; peristome acute, not
labiate within, subincised below. Diam. 8*2 mill.

Mogador, Morocco.
H. VATONIANA, Bourg. PL 6, figs. 81, 82.

Narrowly perforate, rather thin, chalky, whitish, with subopaque,
variously disposed flames, strongly, closely costulate-striate ; whorls
") J , convex, slowly increasing, scarcely descending in front ; peris-
tome acute, labiate within. Diam. 8 mill.

Algeria.
H. CONOIDEA, Drap. PL 6, figs. 77, 78.

Perforate, striulate, a little shining, white, variously banded with
chestnut ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the upper ones carinated ;
peristome acute, simple, margins converging.

Diam. 6'5, alt. 9'5 mill.

Mediterranean Region.

32 HELIX.

It is H. fibula, Wood, H. turbida, Kiister, and If. solitaria, Pfr.,
but not of Poiret — the latter being a scalariform monstrosity of H.
candidula, according to Moquin-Tandon.

H. PRINGI, Pfr. PI. 6, figs. 79, 80.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, irregularly striate and punctate,
whitish, cretaceous, usually with a basal chestnut band, sometimes
marbled with corneous ; whorls 7, somewhat convex, periphery ob-
soletely angulated ; peristome simple, margins approaching.

Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill.

Portugal.
H. VENTRICOSA, Drap. PL 6, figs. 83-85.

Very narrowly perforate, plicately striate, variously strigate and
banded with corneous or chestnut ; whorls 7, somewhat flattened ;
peristome acute. Alt. 9, diam. 5'5 mill.

Mediterranean Region, Canaries, Azores, Bermuda (introd.).

It is H. ventrosa, Fer., H. acuta, Webb, H. bulimoides, Moquin-
Tandon, H. carinula, Gmel?, H. cretacea, Chemn., H. agnata,
Ziegler, H. barbara, Linn., teste Bourg.

H. ACUTA, Miiller. PL 6, figs. 86-88.

Very minutely perforate, irregularly striate, whitish, variously
banded and strigate with chestnut ; whorls 9-10, at first carinated,
subsequent ones rounded ; peristome acute, simple.

Alt. 15, diam. 5'5 mill.

Mediterranean Region, Great Britain, etc.

The synonyms are H. barbara, Linn., teste WesterL, H. fasciata,
Pennant, H. bifaseiata, Pultney, H. meridionalis, Risso, H. ventri-
cosa, Turton, H. litoralis, Brum., H. articulata, Lam., H. aeutula,
ZiegL, var. maritima, Desm., H. turritella, Andrz., H. variabilis,
Hartm., H. Maroccana, Beck.

H. BELLUCCIANA, Bourg. Unfigured. Tunis.

H. BULIMINUS, Heude. Vol. Ill, PL 52, fig. 20.

Rimately perforate, irregularly striated, chestnut color ; whorls 8,
slightly convex, with impressed suture, slowly increasing, the last
rounded; peristome simple, callous within. Length, 16 mill.

Setcliouan, China.

This and the following would be at least equally well placed in
Bulimus.

IIKL1X. 33

H. TAIV AMIGA, Moll. Vol. Ill, PL 52, fig. 21.

Subperforate, thin, minutely, obliquely, rugulosely striate, a little
shining, fulvous; whorls 10, slightly convex, the last rounded;
peristome simple. Length, 10 mill.

China.

Bid. incertus, Pfr., is a synonym.

Section III. OCHTHEPHILA, Beck. 1837.
Subsection I. OCHTHEPHILA (sensu stricto).

H. ECHINULATA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 89.

Perforate, granular scaly, brownish, with twro chestnut bands on
the base ; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last acutely carinate, descend-
ing in front, base somewhat flattened, concave next the carina;
peristome acute, continuous, slightly expanded. Diam. 5*6 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeira.

It Is H. bicariuata, var. of Paiva.

H. BICARINATA, Sowb. PL 7, fig. 90.

Perforate, roughly granulated, brownish ; whorls 5, .bicarinate,
the last suddenly deflected in front, base scarcely convex ; peris-
tome acute, slightly expanded, circular, continuous.

Diam. 5'3 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeira.

H. duplicate, Lowe, is a synonym.

H. TURRICULA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 91.

Scarcely perforate, minutely, closely granulated, brownish, uni-
colored or obsoletely banded below ; whorls 8-82, bicarinate, the
ca rinse subequal, divided by a sulcus, suture distinct, last whorl
scarcely deflected in front, base a little convex; peristome continu-
ous, scarcely solute, thin, acute, shortly reflected at the base.

Alt. 9, diam. 7 mill.

Ilheo de Cima, near Porto Sancto, Madeira.

H. OXYTROPIS, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 92.

Narrowly perforate, roughly granular, chestnut color, with yel-
lowish base, suture linear ; whorls 6, flattened, the last acutely an-
gulated, deflected in front, base scarcely convex, sulcate next the
periphery ; peristome continuous, solute, simple, subexpanded.
Diam. 9 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeira.
3

34 HELIX.

H. ECHINODERMA and H. LEACOCKIANA, Wollaston. Unfigured.

Pto. Saneto.
H. ALBEBTISII, Brazier. Unfigured. New Guinea.

Subsection II. GEOMITRA, Swains. 1840.

H. CORONATA, Desh. PL 7, fig. 93.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, fulvous white, suture deep, mar-
gined ; whorls 5, angulated above, obliquely ribbed above, last
whorl carinated, suddenly deflected and narrowed in front, base
convex, undulately costulate'; aperture subhorizontal, nearly tri-
angular, peristome solute, continuous, a little expanded, right mar-
gin with an acute internal tooth. Diam. 6*5 mill.

Ins. Madeira.

H. juliformis, Lowe, is a synonym.

H. DELPHINULOIDES, Lowe. PL 7, figs. 94-96.

Widely umbilicated, solid, minutely foveately rugose, opaque,
greyish, suture deep, margined; whorls 6, subangular, strongly
plicately subclathrate towards the suture, with several distant spiral
lirse above, the last whorl deeply deflected in front, subsolute ; aper-
ture nearly horizontal, rounded, with simple, expanded peristome.

Diam. 17*5 mill.

Madeira.
H. CORONULA, Lowe. PL 7, figs. 97-99.

Moderately umbilicated, dirty white or brownish, spire coronate,
suture impressed ; whorls 5-5 £, carinate, radiately tuberculate and
foveolate above, the last sub-bicarinate on the periphery, deflected
in front, base regularly decussated ; aperture rounded, constricted,
crenulated, peristome continuous, subsinuately expanded.

Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Deserta major, near Madeira.

H. MONIZIANA, Paiva. PL 7, figs. 100-2.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, obsoletely radiately
tuberculately plicate, greyish white, suture margined; whorls 5,
scarcely angular, with two spiral threads, limiting the radiating
plica?, periphery acutely carinated, last whorl shortly deflected,
constricted and solute at the aperture, base granularly lirate ; aper-
ture diagonal, scarcely crenulated within, peristome continuous,
simple, scarcely expanded, white. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira,

It is H. coronula, Lowe, in part (recent).

HELIX. 35

H. TIARELLA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 7, fig. 3.

Very narrowly uinbilicated, variegated with white and chestnut,
bicarinate, tubercularly plicate at the suture, apex corneous;
whorls 6}, the last anteriorly deflected, base closely, concentrically
granularly sulcate ; aperture subhorizontal, circular, peristome ex-
panded, continuous, solute. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.

H. GRABHAMI, Wollaston. Unfigured. Ins. Deserta Grande.

Subsection III. HETEROSTOMA, Hartmann. 1844.

H. LATENS, Lowe. PI. 7, fig. 4.

Narrowly umbilicated, very thin, rugulose and velvety, olivaceous
corneous under a blackish integument, suture impressed ; whorls 3,
flattened, rapidly increasing, the last not deflected in front, peri-
phery ciliately carinated, base convex ; peristome simple, margins
approximating. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.

Wollaston asserts that this species is never pilose ; yet Pfeiffer so
describes it.

H. OBTECTA, Lowe. PI. 7, fig. 19.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, eroded scrobiculate,
subgranular. dirty white ; whorls 5, convex, the first immersed, the
others turgid, the last angulated above, deflected in front ; aperture
subcircular, peristome continuous, scarcely expanded, subthickened
within. Diam. 10 mill.

Is. Porto Sancto, and Ilheo de Baxo, Madeira.

H. PAUPERCULA, Lowe. PI. 7, fig. 5.

Widely umbilicated, very minutely granulated, greyish, with
brown dots, flattened above, convex below ; whorls 3i-4, the last
angulated above, angularly constricted at the aperture ; peristome
sub-duplicate, brownish, usually toothed within the right margin.

Diam. 5 mill.

Madeira, Porto Saneto.

H. semiteeta, Hartm., and H. traehelodes, Menke, are synonyms.

Subsection IV. IRUS, Lowe. 1854.

H. SQUALIDA, Lowe. PI. 7, fig. 10.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, rugulosely substriate, opaque, dirty
white, suture moderate ; whorls 5, flatly convex, the last shortly

36 HELIX.

descending in front, base convex, periphery obtusely angular ; peris-
tome a little expanded, subreflected at the base, thickened within,
margins approaching. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.

H. DEPAUPERATA, LoWC. PI. 7, fig. 6.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, rugose, very minutely granu-
lar, yellowish white ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded, deflected
in front, turgid around the umbilicus ; peristome continuous, not
solute, labiate within. Diam. 7'75-9<25 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.
H. LATINEA, Paiva. PI. 7, figs. 7-9.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat thick, dirty white, closely ru-
gosely striate, obsoletely granular, suture impressed; whorls 53,
convex, the last rounded-inflated, deflected in front ; peristome con-
tinuous, not solute, callous within. Diam. 10 mill.

Porto Sancto (subfossil).
H. LACINIOSA, Lowe. PI. 7, figs. 11-13.

Narrowly umbilicated, rudely striated, membranously, triangu-
larly scaly, chestnut color, variegated with whitish ; whorls 5,
turgid, the last deflected in front, base somewhat convex, whitish,
fasciated with chestnut ; aperture diagonal, peristome subsimple,
continuous, basal margin reflected. Diam. 10 mill.

Is. Deserta Borealis, and Deserta Grande, Madeiran Archipelago.

H. EUTROPIS, Shuttlew. PL 7, figs. 16-18.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, obliquely costulate, greyish
green, suture crenulate, widely carinately margined; whorls 5|,
scarcely convex above, periphery with an acute thread-like carina,
base inflated , peristome a little expanded, scarcely callous, margins
approximating. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Fuerteventura, Canaries.

H. MULTIGRANOSA, Mousson. PL 7, figs. 14, 15.

Narrowly umbilicated, granularly striate, whitish corneous, uni-
colored ; whorls 5, slightly convex, subcarinate, the last obtusely
angulated, a little descending in front ; aperture white, peristome
somewhat obtuse, subexpanded, thin-lipped within, the extremities
joined by a thick callus. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries (subfossil?).

H. IRUS, Lowe. (Unfigured). Mogador, Morocco.

HELIX. 37

Subsection V. PLACENTULA, Lowe. 1854.

H. COMPAR, Lowe. PI. 7, fig. 20.

Kather narrowly umbilicated, solid, strongly, arcuately costate
with white, with an obsolete band above, and a more distinct band
on the base, suture deep ; whorls 6-6 J, convexly flattened, the last
deflected and shortly solute in front, periphery carinated, b'ase more
convex ; peristome \vhite, continuous, a little expanded.

Diam. 8 mill.

Madeira, and Deserta Australis.

H. TJENIATA, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 7, figs. 21-23.

Widely umbilicated, striate, ashy, with a superior chestnut band ;
whorls 7, margined above the suture, periphery carinated ; peris-
tome free, a little thickened. Diam. 8 mill.

Madeira.

Not Canarian, as given by Webb and Berthelot, Pfeiffer, etc.

H. MADERENSIS, Wood. PL 8, fig. 24.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish corneous, base
with a chestnut band, costulate-striate above, base striulate, smooth-
ish ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the periphery carinated, subgranu-
lar and suddenly deflected in front ; peristome simple, subcontinu-
ous. Diam. 6 mill.

Madeira.

It is H. eydostoma, Menke.

H. LEPTOSTICTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 25.

Rimately perforate, rather thin, rugulosely striate and slightly
granular, diaphanous, corneous, obsoletely banded, suture im-
pressed; whorls 5-1, slightly convex, the last obsoletely angulated,
descending in front, base hardly more convex ; peristome simple,
nearly continuous. Diam. 6'6 mill.

Madeira.

H. MICROMPHALA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 26.

Rimately subperforate, somewhat solid, striulate and minutely
granular, not shining, brownish, obsoletely darker banded ; whorls
6, scarcely convex, the last dilated and shortly deflected in front,
periphery subaugulated, base more convex and smoother ; peristome
simple, margins approximating. Diam. 8 mill.

Deserta Islands, near Madeira.

38 HELIX.

H. DEALBATA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 27.

Kimately perforate, solid, rugulosely striate and very minutely
granular above, greyish white, apex corneous; whorls 53—63,
scarcely convex, the last more or less distinctly cariiiate, with a
corneous line beloAV it, deflected in front, base a little convex, shin-
ing ; aperture fulvous blue, peristome continuous, fulvous.

Diam. 8'5-10'5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Var. B. Shell smooth, shining. Ins. Ilheo de Baxo.

H. FICTILIS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 28.

Arcuately rimate, subperforate, somewhat solid, obliquely striate
above, cinnamon color, sometimes with a single chestnut band ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last dilated and deflected in front,
periphery obsoletely angulated, base more convex ; peristome simple,
continuous, shortly adnate. Diam. 7'5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Section IV, ACTINELLA, Lowe. 1854.
H. LENTIGINOSA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 29.

Moderately uinbilicated, rather thin,, rugulosely striate, with
very short scales or hairs, not shining, chestnut color, maculated
with lighter shade, suture impressed; whorls 4-41, slightly convex,
the last obtusely carinated, subdescending in front, base convex;
peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 5*6 mill.

Ins. Madeira.
H. ARCTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 30.

Punctiformly perforate, closely, distinctly costulate, light corneous,
marbled with Avhite, maculated and obsoletely banded with chestnut;
whorls 5J, rather flattened, periphery carinated, base more convex,
suddenly, shortly deflected in front: aperture with a white entering
tooth, peristome white, expanded, callous within, almost continuous.

Diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Madeira.
H. STELLARIS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 31.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, striate, shortly scaly hirsute,
corneous brown, suture impressed ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the
last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated, base convex;
peristome sublabiate within, margins approximating, slightly ex-
panding.

Diam. 4'5 mill.

Ins. Madeira.

Is H. lentiginosa, /5. of Albers.

HELIX. 39

[Caseolus, Lowe.]

II. si'ii.KuuLA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 32.

Very minutely perforate or imperforate, rather solid, substriate,
sparsely granulate, a little shiuina', smooth towards the apex, suture
impressed ; whorls 5-7, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last
suddenly deflected in front and a little contracted, periphery obso-
letely angulated, base flattened ; peristome subsimple, scarcely ex-
panded, callous within at the base. Diam. 4*5-7 mill.

Porto Sancto \ fossil in Madeira.

H. subcallifera, Lowe is a synomym.

H. CONSORS, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 33.

Subperforate, costulately granular above, smooth, striulate and
shining below, variegated with white and chestnut, base paler;
whorls 6, flatly convex, the last suddenly deflected in front, periph-
ery obsoletely angulated; aperture white, peristome simple, with
distant margins, Diam. 9 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

H. CALCULUS, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 34.

Subperforate, solid, striulate, finely, closely granular throughout,
yellowish ash color or chalky white, obsoletely double banded with
chestnut, suture impressed; whorls 5-2—6, somewhat convex, the last
deflected in front, periphery bluntly augulated; peristome acute,
subcontinuous, slightly expanded. Diam. 7-8 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

It is H. compacta, fi, of Albers.

H. COMPACTA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 35.

Perforate, somewhat solid, costate-striate and granular above,
striulate, smooth and shining below, variegated with Avhite and
corneous, with an obsolete brown band below; whorls 6, slightly
convex, the last obsoletely angulated, scarcely descending in front;
peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 6 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

H. innominata, Gray is a synonym.

H. ABJECTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 36.

Perforate, solid, minutely granular, rugosely striate above, grey-
ish, beloAv with an obsolete chestnut band, spire elate; whorls 6 £-7,
the last subcarinated, suddenly deflected in front, base a little con-

40 HELIX.

vex ; aperture brownish, peristome simple, continuous, white, shortly
expanded. Diam. 6'6 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.
H. candisata, Menke is a synonym.

[Rimula, Lowe.]

H. ARRIDENS, Lowe.. PI. 8, fig. 46.

Perforate, thin light corneous, rugosely striate, hispid; whorls 5,
planulate, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated,
base convex ; peristome acute, margins distant. Diam. 6 mill.

Madeira.
H. FAUSTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 47.

Covered perforate, thin, rugosely striate, very shortly pilose,
chestnut color, marbled with yellow, suture impressed; whorls 5,
scarcely convex, the last carinate, deflected in front, base tumid;
aperture with a deep parietal dentiform callus, base tumid ; peristome
acute, sinuously callous within the base. Diam. 6 mill.

Madeira.

Wollaston has indicated a var. ft, robusta.

H. OBSERATA, Lowe. PI. 8, figs. 37-39.

Imperforate, rather thin, obliquely striulate, a little shining,
sparsely hispid, brownish, variegated with lighter color, suture
scarcely impressed; whorls 5, flattened, slowly increasing, the last
acutely carinated, shortly descending and crispate in front, base
convex, paler, with a brown band; lip simple, margins remote,
thickened and subsinuate within at the base, dilated over the umbil-
ical region. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.

Wollaston gives a var. BIPARTITA.

H. ACTINOPHORA, Lowe. PI, 8, figs. 42, 43.

Perforate, thin, rugosely striate, epidermis radiately laciniated,
brownish; whorls 5, flattened, the last carinated, shortly descending
in front, base convex ; peristome simple, sublabiate within, margins
remote. Diam. 9 mill.

Madeira ; 3500 ft. alt.

Wollaston has indicated a var. DESCENDENS.
[Lyrula, Wallaston.]

H. USURPANS, Furtado. PI. 8, fig. 48.

i Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, very closely, obliquely,

undulately striated, with rare spiral strise above, regularly decussated

HELIX. 41

below, not shining, maculated and tessellated with white and chest-
nut, suture well impressed; whorls 5, convex, regularly increasing,
the last with carinated periphery, shortly deflected in front, base
convex; peristome simple, acute, shortly reflected below, margins
approaching. Diam. 62-62 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote.

Described by Lowe as H. torrefacta, a name preoccupied by C. B.
Adams; therefore changed by Wollaston to H. Loweana, preoccu-
pied by Ferussac ; finally by Furtado, as above.

H. CALVA, Lowe. PI. 8, figs, 40, 41.

Covered perforate, rather thin, diaphanous, costulate-striate above,
smooth below, horny white, narrowly, obsoletely, doubly banded
with chestnut; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last scarcely descend-
ing iii front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome thin, sub-
expanded, white lipped within. Diam. 8*5 mill.

Madeira.
H. GALEATA, Paiva. PL 8, fig. 49.

Covered perforate, somewhat solid, obliquely costulate-striate
and brownish corneous above, corneous white, smooth and shining
below, with two obsolete brown bands, suture impressed; whorls 8,
slightly convex, the last angulated, descending anteriorly, paler
towards the aperture ; peristome simple, white-lipped within, basally
somewhat reflected, margins remote. Diam. 9 mill.

/ Madeira.

It is H. calva, var. galeata, Lowe.

H. VESPERTINA, Morelet. PL 9, figs. 65-67.

Perforate, thin, smooth, brownish corneous, with an obscure light
band below the carina, closely, lightly striate; whorls 5-5 i, moder-
ately convex, slowly increasing, the last not deflected; peristome
simple, margins remote, connected by a callus. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Terceira, Azores.

Unfigured Species.

H. CAPSELLA, Lowe. Madeira.

H. SPIRORBIS, Lowe. . Madeira and Deserta Australia.

H. COMMIXTA, Lowe. Porto Sancto.

Section V. TECTULA, Lowe. 1854.
H. LYELLIANA, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 83.

Kimately perforate, solid, striulate, opaque, brownish above, mar-
bled with white, with a narrow chestnut band, suture plane,

42 HELIX.

margined; whorls 8, flat, acutely carinated, the last subgibbous and
shortly deflected in front, base convex, yellowish, with two (or rarely
one) Avide chestnut bands; peristome subsimple, thickened below.

Diam. 16 mill.

Ins. Deserta Grande, near Madeira.

It is H. Bulverii, var. ,5, of Albers.

H. ALBBRSI, Lowe. PI. 9, figs. 84-86.

Narrowly umbilicated, slightly granular, corneous, with chestnut
bands, suture obsolete ; whorls 8, narrow, slowly increasing, the last
a little descending in front, periphery acutely carinated, base convex.

Diam. 14-16 mill.

Porto Sancto.

Smaller and paler colored than the next species, with less cylin-
drical umbilicus and less prominent carina, spire more rectilinear.

This is H. Buherii, var. /3, of Pfeiffer.

H. BULVERII, Wood. PL 9, fig. 88.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, minutely striate, and very
minutely granulated, fulvous, marbled and banded with chestnut,
suture obsolete; whorls 8, flat, narrow, slowly increasing, the last
acutely carinated, flatly convex below; peristome simple, thickened
on the base. Diam. 17 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

H. rota, Pot. et Mich., H. Bulveriana, Lowe, and H. variegata,
Menke are synonyms.

H. TECTIFOEMIS, Sowb. PI. 9, figs. 89, 90.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, calcareous, slightly striate
above, closely granular beneath; whorls 7, planate, slowly increasing,
the last acutely carinated, carina wide, deflected downwards; aper-
ture trapezoidal, peristome acute, simple above, deflected at base.

Diam. 16 mill.

Ins. Baxo, near Porto Saneto.
Var. LUDOVICI, Albers. Fig. 90.

Somewhat larger, spire a little more dome-shaped, carina not so
acute.

Semifossil, (extinct?).

H. ARGONAUTULA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 9, figs. 91-93.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, closely costulate, ash colored
with a single band above and another below, tessellated with white

HELIX. 43

and chestnut at the suture and carina; whorls -U, scalar, crenately
carinated, base smoother and more convex; peristome acute.

Diam. 8-9 mill.

Ins. Gran Canaria; Morocco.

Mousson has described a Morocco representative as Var. typica
and given the Canary shell the title Var. Canariensis ; whereas if
there be any difference between them the Canary form as originally
described should be regarded as typical.

H. PULVERULENTA, Lowe. PI. 9, figs. 94-96.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, granularly striate, brown-
ish ash color, with one or two tessellated, interrupted bauds; whorls
5, scalar, slightly convex, with simple suture, last whorl acutely,
comprcssly carinated ; peristome simple, margins subapproximating.

Diam. 6-7'5 mill.

Ins. Gran Canaria.

It is H. argonautula, in part, of Orb.

H. GRANOSTRIATA, Mousson. PL 9, figs. 97-99.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, thinly costulate-striate,
spirally sulcate, the reticulations forming elongated granules, greyish
white, sometimes interruptedly bifasciate with chestnut, suture
plane, subcarinate above; whorls 5, flat above, compressed carinate,
carina minutely irregularly crenulated, last whorl scarcely descend-
ing in front, a little more convex and granularly striate - below,
shortly impressed at the carina ; aperture white, peristome a little
expanded, widely labiate within, margins approaching.

Diam. 10 mill.

Ins. Fuerteventura and L'anzarote.

H. MULTIPUNCTATA, Mousson. PI. 9, figs. 100, 1.

Narrowly umbilicated, with engraved striae and spiral lines,
decussating into long, minute granules, maculated or marbled with
whitish gray and white; whorls 4, somewhat convex, the last not
descending, periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome
simple, obtuse, a little expanded, margins joined by a slight callus.

Diam. 4'2 mill.

Ins. Fuerteventura, (subfossil).

H. MORATA, Mousson. Unfigured. Ins. Fuerteventura (subfossil).

44 HELIX.

Section VI. CRASPEDARIA, Lowe. 1854.

H. DELPHINULA, Lowe. PL 33, figs. 63, 64.

Rather widely, crenately umbilicated, widely carinated, spirally
costellate and decussately cancellate below, reticulated by oblique
and spiral lines above; yellowish white, chalky, whorls 7-8, sub-
planate, each fimbriately carinated; peristome augulated, a little
expanded, subcontinuous. Diam. 18-23 mill.

Madeira, semifossil.

Section VII. DISCULA, Lowe. 1854.

H. TETRICA, Paiva. PI. 8, figs. 51-53.

Widely umbilicated, solid, roughly granular, whitish, broadly
banded with, or totally dark chocolate color above; whorls 7,
slightly convex, suture distinct, the last whorl carinated, a little
depressed in front; peristome simple. Diam. 13-15 mill.

Ins. Deserta Australis, near Madeira.

H. POLYMORPHA, Lowe. PI. 8, figs. 56-64, 50^44, 45, 54, 55; PI.

9, figs. 68, 71-82,89..

Widely umbilicated, striate, more or less roughened by close
granulations, marbled with brown and white above, dirty white
below, with a brown band ; whorls 7-8, planulate, the last acutely
carinated, subgibbous and suddenly deflected in front, base slightly
convex, smoother; peristome simple, margins approximating, joined
by a callus. Diam. 9-12 mill.

Madeira, Porto Sancto.

It is H. elegantula, Jan, H. saceharata, Lowe, H. twniata, Reeve

Var. SALEBROSA, Lowe. fig. 50.

Spire a little elevated, scabrous, suture plane, base convex, umbil-
icus rather small.

Madeira, and Deserta Is.
Var. POROMPHALA, Lowe. Fig. 62.

Scabrous, whorls slightly convex, umbilicus punctiforrn in the
middle, becoming shortly rimate.

Ins. Deserta Australis.
Var PITT^E, Paiva. Figs. 60, 61.

Perforate, subglobose, rugose, closely granular; whorls 62, the
last obtusely angulated, base turgid; peristome thick, whitish, sub-
reflected. Diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Deserta Australis.

HELIX. 45

Var. ALLENIANA, Paiva. Figs. 44, 45.

'Lenticular, with acute keel, white below with a narrow chestnut
band around the umbilicus and a broader one (sometimes two)
towards the keel, above mottled with white and chestnut.

Madeira.
Var. LINCTA, Lowe. Figs. 54, 55.

Shortly pyramidal, granular above, smoothish below, umbilicus
subpatulous, keel obtuse, colors as in preceding variety.

Madeira.
Var. ARENICOLA, Lowe. Figs. 63, 64.

Much smaller, somewhat thinner, and paler in color than the
preceding variety.

Madeira.
It is H. lincta, var. /?, cinerea, Lowe.

Var. BARBOS^E, Paiva. Fig. 68.

Conical, acutely keeled, striate above, granular all over, darkly
clouded above with dark brown and chestnut, with a livid tinge,
below with irregular brownish markings next the periphery, the
middle pale.

Porto Sancto.
Var. PULVINATA, Lowe. Figs. 71, 72.

Finely granular, whorls all a little exserted showing a sutural
carina besides the peripheral one.

Porto Sancto.
Var. PAPILIO, Lowe. Figs. 73-76.

Whitish, substrigated or tessellated with chestnut, granular, base
smooth, umbilicus minute, margins of peristome scarcely approach-
ing.

Ilheo de JBaxo, near Porto Sancto.

It is var calcigena, Lowe, and H. testudinalis, var. minor, Paiva.

Var. DISCINA, Lowe. Figs. 77-79.

Depressed, minutely reticulately granular, marbled with chestnut
above, banded below ; whorls subplanate, umbilicus large, spiral.

Porto Suncto.

Var. GOMESIANA, Paiva. Fig. 87.

Smaller than the preceding variety, more thickly granulated,
keel not quite so sharp, more convex, darker above and less varie-
gated, base more opaque, sides of umbilicus more abrupt.

Porto Sancto.

46 HELIX.

Var. ATTRITA, Lowe. Figs. 80-82.

Abruptly umbilicated, distinctly striated and minutely granulated,
light corneous, densely marbled with chestnut above, base bifasciate;
whorls 7, flattened, the last deflected in front, periphery obtusely
angular, base much inflated round the umbilicus. Diam. 10 mill.

Porto Sancto.
H. TABELLATA, Lowe. PI. 9, fig. 69.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, minutely rugose and granulated
above, marbled with chestnut and white, spire subplane, suture
impressed; whorls 5. flattened, slowly increasing, the last acutely
carinated above, scarcely descending in front, base convex, smooth-
ish, lighter color with a chestnut band ; peristome simple, margins
approaching. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Madeira.
H. TESTUDINALIS, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 70.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, striulate and slightly
granular, diaphanous, corneous with opaque white strigations and
two chestnut bands; whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last carinated,
tumid and deflected in front, base convex; peristome simple, margins
approaching and joined by a callus. Diam. 19 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.
It is H. Bulveriana, var. of Reeve.

H. CHE1RANTHICOLA, Lowe. PL 9, figS. 2, 3.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, rugosely striate and scaly
granose, whitish, with a wide chestnut band at the suture, and a less
distinct one on the base, suture impressed ; whorls 8, convex, tumid,
with angulated periphery, the last deflected in front; peristome
acute, simple, margins approaching, joined by a callus:

Diam. 9'5 mill.

Ins. Porto /Sancto, and Baxo.
Var. MUSTELINA, Lowe. Fig. 3.

Smaller, more uniformly and roughly granulated, whorls flatter,
without keel, only obsoletely banded.

Connected with the type by intermediate forms according to
Wollaston.

Section VIII, CALLINA, Lowe. 1854.
H. ROTULA, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 4.

Covered perforate, striate and granulate, granules oblong, a little
shining, fulvous, marbled with yellow, with narrow chestnut bands,

HELIX. 47

suture linear; whorls 8, flattened, the last acutely angulated, base
scarcely more convex, rounded in front, subgibbous, ochre color,
suddenly deflected; peristome Avhite, with an interior callus, basally
subreflected, margins joined by a parietal callus.
Diam. 12 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Section IX. ACUSTA, Albers. 1860.

H. SKLSKII, Gerstfeldt. PI. 10, figs. 5-7.

Very narrowly perforate, almost covered, thin, transparent,
closely striate, a little shining, yellowish, three-banded with chest-
nut; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last ventricose, scarcely
deflected in front; peristome acute. Diam. 20 mill.

Amur River, E. Siberia.

H. CINCTO-INFLATA, Mousson. PI. 10, fig. 8.

Perforate, thin, pellucid, not shining, irregularly striate, decuss-
ated by minute lines, light brownish, with a dorsal narrow chestnut
band, suture scarcely impressed ; whorls 5 J, rapidly increasing,
somewhat convex, the last inflated, and subgranular on the base ;
peristome acute, thin. Diam. 32 mill.

Amur River, E. Siberia.

H. LAETA, Gould. PI. 10, figs. 13, 14.

Thin, shining, striate, with very thin spiral lines, greenish cor-
neous, with a brown band on the periphery and another near the
suture; whorls 5, ventricose; peristome acute, a little expanded,
reflected at the umbilicus. Diam. 31 mill.

Hakodadij Japan.

H. SlEBOLDTIANA, Pfr. PL 10, fig. 9.

Scarcely perforate, thin, pellucid, striulate and very obsoletely
subdecussated, corneous ; whorls 51, somewhat convex, the last ventri-
cose; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 18 mill.

Japan, Formosa.

Is possibly a variety of H. ravida, Bens.

H. OSCITANS, Martens. PL 10, figs. 10-12.

Rimately perforate, slightly striulate, granular hairy, yellowish
brown, suture impressed; whorls 4?, convex, the last a little des-
cending, rounded; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 18 mill.

Japan.

48 HELIX.

H. RAVIDA, Benson. PL 10, fig. 15.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, slightly rugosely plicate, with obsolete
spiral lines, light olivaceous brown or yellowish brown ; whorls 6,
convex, the last inflated, slightly descending in front; peristome
simple, acute, columellar margin dilated and reflected.

Diam. 33 mill.

Middle and Northern China.

H. helvacea, Phil, is a synonym.

Var. LINEOLATA, MollendorfF.

More conical, decussated, corneous yellow, aperture yellowish
roseate. Diam. 23 mill., Alt. 26 mill.

Near PeTcin and Kalgan, China.

Mr. E. A. Smith, in a paper on Loo Choo Shells (Proc. Zool. Soc.
317, 1887) remarks: H. despecta, Gray, (Manual, iii, 211), H. ravida,
Benson, H. Redfieldi, H. Sieboldtiana, Pfr. and H. assimilis, A. Ad.,
are all very much alike and might well be considered varieties of
one and the same species. In the series of eighteen specimens from
Loo Choo I find considerable differences in form, some being much
higher and more globose than others. One example is of a peculiar
purplish brown color, and another is remarkable in having a thick-
ening or limbus within the lip.

H. BURTINII, Desh. Fig. 16.

Smaller than H. ravida, with imperforate axis, columella thin,
cylindrical, not dilated at the base. Diam. 23 mill.

China.

This may be only a phase of H. ravida, as suspected by some
conchologists, but I think its distinctive characters sufficient.

H. PHRAGMITIUM, Heude. PI. 10, fig. 20.

Perforation covered or nearly covered, shell thin, fragile, pellucid,
lightly cancellated, greenish or brownish; whorls 6, convex, the
last rapidly increasing; peristome simple, acute, thin, columellar
margin dilated, reflected. Diam. 23 mill.

Blue River, China.

This form has been referred to H. Burtinii Desh., but is more
depressed and differs in the umbilicus.

H. ASSIMILIS, H. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 22.

Openly umbilicated, thin, irregularly striated and very closely,
slightly decussated, subpellucid, shining, light fulvous; whorls 5 i

HELIX. 49

the last ventricose; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin
arcuate, dilated, a little reflected. Diam. 22 mill.

Takow, Formosa.
H. RAVIDULA, Heude. PL 10, fig. 17.

Umbilicus nearly covered, shell thin, fragile, obsoletely striate-
cancellate, amber colored, suture impressed; whorls 5'J, convex, the
last inflated, slightly descending; peristome simple, acute, columellar
margin dilated and reflected over the umbilicus. Diam. 19 mill.

Tatsien, China, near the frontier of Thibet.

The shell differs but little from H. ravida, but the animal,
according to Heude is entirely different, bluish with a white stripe
on the middle of the neck.

H. BEDFIELDI, Pfr. PL 10, figs. 18, 19, 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, irregularly, flexuously striate, and
very obsoletely decussated, diaphanous, shining, fulvous corneous;
whorls 5}t convex, the last inflated, not descending in front; peris-
tome simple, acute, margins remote, columella dilated half-covering
the umbilicus. Diam. 17 mill.

Shanghai, China.

H. Frilleyi, Crosse and Debeaux (fig. 21), and H. Huberiana,
Heude (fig. 1 9) are synonyms. H. Burtinii, Desh. is also possibly
identical ; although I have treated it as distinct.

H. MILIACEA, Martens PL 10, figs. 23, 24.

Subcovered perforate, very slightly striulate, a little shining,
whitish ?, suture well impressed ; whorls 6, the last inflated, not
descending in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin
slightly thickened and reflected. Diam. 6 mill.

Ins. Amboina.

It is If. milium, Martens, preoccupied by Morse.

H. SARELII, Martens. PL 10, figs. 25-27.

With nearly covered umbilicus, striulate, corneous; whorls scarcely
4, rapidly enlarging, the last nearly equally convex above and
below, deflected in front ; peristome acute, a little thickened within,
columellar margin rather widely deflected. Diam. 11*5 mill.

Prov. Szetschuen, China.

H. Nora, H. Adams, is a synonym.

4

50 HELIX.

***

H. KRAUSSI, Pfr. PL 10, fig. 30.

Moderately umbilicated, closely striate, brownish corneous, suture
well impressed; whorls 4J; rapidly increasing, the last wide, sub-
depressed, deflected in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar
margin dilated, reflected. Diam. 29 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

Var. ft. Smaller, thin. Diam. 21 mill.

H. MARCESCENS, Cox. PL 10, figs. 28, 29.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, a little shining, slightly
rugosely striate, and faintly granular, yellowish corneous., with a
narrow chestnut sutural band ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last
wide; peristome acute, the columellar margin dilated and strongly
reflected above. Diam. 16 mill.

Clarence River, N. S. Wales, Australia.

H. PHYSETA, Ancey. Unfigured. Thibet.

Group VIII, PLECTOTKOPIS.

Shell flattened, rather thin, sculpture usually rough, riblike or
granular, sometimes with shaggy epidermis, peristome simple, or a
little expanded, thickened within, umbilicus wide.

A group composed of somewhat incongruous elements, charac-
teristic mainly of the Chinese and Japanese provinces. The
connection with Camsena or Hadra is so close, through some of the
species that the separation is rather arbitrary than natural.

Section I. PLECTOTROPIS, Albers. 1860.

Shell flat, somewhat lenticular, thin, widely umbilicated, periphery
carinate, and shaggy, peristome simple, a little thickened within.
Eastern Asiatic. H. MACKENSII, Ads. and Reeve.

TJiea, Albers, is a synonym.

Subsection PSEUDIBERUS, Ancey. 1887.

More coarsely sculptured, peristome thicker and whitish.
H. PLECTOTROPIS, Mart. China, Turkestan.

HELIX. 51

Section II. AEGISTA, Albers. 1850.

Shell depressed, widely umbilicated, thin, uniform corneous,
roughly sculptured, periphery rounded, or obtusely angulated,
peristome slightly expanded, a little thickened within.
Eastern Asiatic. H. OCULUS, Pfr.

Section III, TRACHIA, Albers. 1860.

Shell small, depressed, moderately or rather widely umbilicated,
thin with granular sculpture, last whorl deflected and constricted
in front, periphery rounded, peristome a little expanded, thickened
within, its margins approaching and connected by a thin parietal
callus. Indo-Pacific. H. ASPERELLA, Pfr.

Subsection ANGASELLA, Adams. 1863.

Shell small, depressed, widely umbilicated, with strong, rib-like
sculpture, periphery rounded, margins of peristome approaching.
H. CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr. Australian.

Ancey has changed the name to Pleuroxia, on the ground that
Angasella is preoccupied in marine shells, but Crosse's Angasiella
in Nudibranchiata bears date 1864.

Section I. PLECTOTROPIS, Albers. 1860.

H. HORIOMPHALA, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 31-33.

Widely umbilicated, thin, slightly but closely decussated by
oblique striae and concentric lines, suture linear; light corneous,
diaphanous, scarcely shining; whorls 65, the last not descending in
front, acutely carinated, base more convex, the umbilicus bounded
by an angle ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 25 mill.

Japan.

H. CATHCART^E, Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 44.

Widely, excavately umbilicated, arcuately rugosely striated,
reddish corneous; whorls 6, flattened above, thinly margined at the
suture, periphery compressly carinated, convex below; periphery
acute. Diam. 27 mill.

Typinsan Isl. China Sea.

52 HELIX.

H. ELEGANTISSIMA, Pfr. PI. 11, fig. 45.

Widely umbilicated, thin, distantly subplicate above, diaphanous,
scarcely shining, yellowish, suture denticulately margined, scarcely
impressed ; whorls 6i, the last not descending in front, with a ciliate,
denticulate, acute carina; peristome white, simple, a little expanded,
columella short, subvertical. Diam. 24 mill.

Loo Choo and Typiman Is.

Closely related to, perhaps a mere variety of the preceding species.
It is H. pretiosa, Albers.

H. HOWARD:, Angas. PI. 12, figs. 96-98.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely irregularly striate,
and slightly, very minutely granular, yellowish corneous, with two
indistinct chestnut bands; whorls 4£, slightly convex, the last a
little descending in front, base: more convex, without bands, periph-
ery acutely carinated ; peristome white, chestnut color at the junction
with the body, slightly expanded. Diam. 22 mill.

450 miles N. of Adelaide, Australia.

H. MACKENSII, Adams and Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 34.

Widely umbilicated, thin, closely arcuately striate above, epider-
mis hairy on the peripheral carina, brownish corneous; whorls (>.],
scarcely convex above, slowly increasing, the last shortly deflected
in front, periphery acutely carinated, base slightly striate, turgid
around the umbilicus; peristome thin, somewhat expanded above,
shortly reflected below. Diam. 30 mill.

Ins. Typinsan, China Sea.

H. GERLACHI, Mollendorff. PI. 11, figs. 35-37.

Widely umbilicated, subobliquely interruptedly striulate, very
slightly spirally lineolate, brownish, suture superficial; whorls 6,
flattened, the last with hairy carina, slightly descending in front,
convex below and angular round the umbilicus; peristome simple,
a little reflected below. Diam. 19-21 mill.

Canton, China.
Var. GRANULOSO-STRIATA, Mart.

Pale. Diam. 21 mill.

Var. ABRUPTA, Mart.

Smaller, striae interrupted, brownish. Diam. 19 mill.

Var. HUNANCOLA, Gredler. Undescribed.

HELIX. 53

H. LACINIOSULA, Heude. PL 11, figs. 38-40.

Widely, umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, fulvous corneous, plicately,
laciniately striate, hairy, especially at the suture and carina; whorls
6, slowly increasing, periphery acutely cariuate ; peristome white,
slightly expanded. Diani. 30 mill.

Ouyuan and Tonglieou, China.

Described a? H. laciniosa, preoccupied by Lowe.

H. TRICHOTROPIS, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 41-43, 46-48.

Widely umbilicated, thin, striulate, very minutely, slightly
decussated by impressed spiral lines, diaphanous, light corneous or
brownish; whorls 62, flattened, the last with acute, ciliated periph-
ery, base more convex; peristome simple, a little expanded above,
reflected below. Diana. 17 mill.

Shanghai, China*
Var. LACINIATA, Heude. Figs. 46-48.

Shell more depressed above, the carina more obtuse, umbilicus
rather wider.

H. MKLLEA, Pfr. PL 11, fig. 58.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, slightly, very minutely
granular, somewhat shining, light fulvous; whorls 5, somewhat
flattened above, the last scarcely descending in front, periphery
carinated, base somewhat turgid; peristome white, narrowly expan-
ded above, subreflected and internally thickened at the base.

Diam. 22 mill.

Ins. Formosa.
H. EMMA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 59-61.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely, irregularly, rugosely
striate, obsoletely spirally lirate above, not shining, variegated with
flesh-color and white, suture linear ; whorls 4, rather flattened above,
the last acutely carinated, scarcely descending, base convex; peris-
tome thin, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 18 mill.

Lao Mts., Cambodia.

H. TAPEINA, Benson. PL 12, figs. 71, 72, 77.

Widely umbilicated, slightly gran ularly striate, not shining, light
brownish, suture thread-like; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, slowly
enlarging, the last descending in front, base convex, augulate around
the umbilicus ; peristome simple, white, dextrally a little expanded.

Diam. 15*5 mill.

Bengal, Java, China.

54 HELIX.

Var. ROTATORIA, Busch. Fig. 77.

Suture less distinct, periphery acutely keeled ; peristome a little
thickened, less rounded, white.

Var. BHAMOENSIS, Nevill.

Last whorl slightly angular, not distinctly keeled, aperture
smaller, less produced, columellar margin slightly oblique, angular
at base, shell smoother.

Nevill remarks that this variety connects H. tapeina almost
insensibly with H. catostoma, Blf. and its varieties.

H. HUPENSIS, Gredler. PI. 13, fig. 48.

Widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, carinate, suture mar^
gined; whorls 6J, flattened, brownish above, whtish-rayed below,
last whorl not descending in front, base convex, subangulated
around the umbilicus : peristome white, shortly reflected.

Diam. 20 mill.

Patong, Ost-Hupe Mts., China.

H. HUTTONI, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 56, 53-55.

Rather widely umbilicated, subdiaphanous, with scabrous epider-
mis, light corneous; whorls 61, slightly convex, the last very slightly
descending in front, periphery angulated; peristome simple, acute.

Diam. 10 mill.

Himalaya Mts., India; Java, etc.

If. orbieula, Hutton (not Orb.) is a synonym.

Var. SAVADIENSIS, Nevill.

Spire more elevated, shell thicker, umbilicus narrower.
Diam. 12'5 mill.

Var. WINTERIANA, Pfr. Figs. 53-55.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, light corneous, somewhat shining,,
periphery obsoletely or distinctly angulated; whorls 5^, the last
slightly descending in front. Diam. 12 mill.

Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Timor, Siam*

H. INTUMESCENS, Mart. PL 11, figs. 64-66.

Moderately umbilicated, striated, a little shining, light brownish,
peripheral carina whitish; whorls 5-6, slightly convex, the last
somewhat deflected in front, carinated, the carina evanescent towarda-
the aperture, base obtusely angulated around the umbilicus; peris-
tome shortly expanded, white, columellar margin subvertical.

Diam. 8-14 mill.

Java.

HELIX. 55

H. SHANGHAIENSIS, Pfr. PI. 11, fig. 57.

Moderately umbi Heated, thick, obliquely submembranously striate,
somewhat shining, brownish corneous; whorls 7, slightly convex,
slowly enlarging, the last not descending, periphery carinated, base
convex, granular and subhispid ; peristome simple, subreflected at
the base. Diam. 13 mill.

Shanghai, China.
H. CILTOSA, Pfr. PL 12, fig. 82.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, striulate and very shortly hairy,
diaphanous, brownish ; whorls nearly 6, slightly convex, slowly
increasing, the last with a ciliated carina ; base somewhat inflated,
convex; peristome simple, shortly expanded. Diam. 10 mill.

China, Japan.
H. BARBOSELLA, Hcude. PL 12, figs. 9-12.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, brownish, with shaggy epidermis,
suture superficial ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, last whorl with an-
gulated periphery, scarcely deflected at the aperture ; peristome
thin, a little expanded. Diam. 11 mill.

Shanghai and Great Lake, China.

H. LEPIDOSTOLA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 89-91.

Rather widely umbilicated, brownish, obliquely lamellarly pli-
cate ; whorls 6-6 i, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending
in front, obsoletely angulated and fasciate on the periphery, base
convex ; peristome a little thickened, expanded. Diam. 15 mill.

Prov. Houpe. China.
Var. TROCHOSPIRA, Moll.

Smaller^ spire more elevated, whorls 7, periphery distinctly an-
gulated. Diam. 11 '5 mill.

Prov. Hubei, China.
H. PIIAYREI, Theob. PL 12, fig. 78.

Widely umbilicated, obliquely costulate-striate above, stride finer
below, suture impressed ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last a little
descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base convex ;
peristome simple, slightly expanded, margins approximating.

Diam. 15 mill.

Ava.
H. ANCYLOCHILA, Crosse. PL 12, fig. 67.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat thin, subdiaphanous, irregu-
larly obliquely striate, light yellowish olivaceous, suture impressed ;
whorls 4*, flattened above, the last descending in front, subacutely

56 HELIX.

carinated, inflated and scarcely striate below ; peristome simple, ex-
panded, white, margins distant. Diam. 16'5 mill.

Hob. unknown.
H. CONELLA, A. Ad. PL 12, rigs. 79-81.

Moderately umbilicated, yellowish corneous, thin, obliquely costu-
late, epidermis in oblique interrupted lines ; whorls 6, flattened, the
last with acutely carinated periphery, base convex ; peristome acute,

expanded. Diam. 10 mill.

Tabu-Sima, Japan.

H. SUMATRANA, Martens. PI. 12, figs 68-70.

Widely umbilicated, striulate, somewhat shining, greyish brown ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, periphery carinated, base convex; obso-
letely angulate round the umbilicus ; peristome simple, white, ex-
panded below. Diam. 13 mill.

Sumatra.
Var. MOUSSONIANA, Mart.

Very widely umbilicated, closely arcuately striate, shining, light
brownish, peripheral carina distinct; peristome white, shortly ex-
panded. Diam. 12 mill.

Eastern Java.
H. SQUAMULOSA, Mousson. . PL 12, figs. 74-76.

Widely umbilicated, closely arcuately striated, epidermis brown-
ish, scaly, laciniated, in lines parallel with the striae; whorls 6, sub-
plane, deflected in front, periphery carinated, base slightly convex,
with distinct umbilical angle ; peristome white, shortly expanded.

Diam. 12 mill.

Ins. Madura, near Java.
H. PUBEROSULA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 86-88.

Widely umbilicated, fragile, epidermis reddish brown, with mi-
nute granose scales, suture subimpressed ; whorls 8, narrow, slowly
increasing, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome thin, a little
reflected. Diam. 10 mill.

Distr. Talifou, China.

Described by Heude as If. pulverulenta, preoccupied by Lowe.

H. ATKINSONI, Theobald. PL 12, figs. 83-85.

Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, lightly decussated by ob-
scure spiral lines, dirty white (perhaps corneous in fresh specimens),
semitranslucent, suture impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the
last sinuately depressed above at the aperture ; peristome slightly
thickened, simple, callously thickened on the base. Diam. 13 mill.

Moulmein.

HELIX. 57

H. PERPLANATA, Kevill. PL 13, figs. 49-51.

Shell widely umbilicated, flattened on the top, convex below,
periphery distinctly carinated ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, striate
above, smooth below. Diam. 16 mill.

Upper Burmah.

No diagnosis has been published ; the above particulars are
gleaned from some remarks upon the species published by its author.

H. AKOWTONGENSIS, Theobald. PL 12, fig. 73.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, light corneous, densely granular,
with a thin sub-bristly epidermis ; whorls 5, flattened, the last
shortly deflected in front, acutely carinated, base tumid around the
umbilicus ; peristome thin, margins approaching, a little expanded
above, reflected at the base. Diam. 15 mill.

Akowtong, Province of Pegu.

My figure (from Conch. Indica), which corresponds with the
description, and considerably resembles the preceding species, is
said, nevertheless, not to represent it. No other figure has been
published.

H. GABATA, Gould. PL 14, figs. 82, 83.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, slightly striate, some-
what shining, whitish corneous, carina chestnut banded ; whorls 4i
somewhat flattened above, the last shortly descending in front, peri-
phery carinated, base tumid around the umbilicus ; peristome white,
expanded and a little reflected. Diam. 23 mill.

Tavoy, Burmah.

H. Merguiensis, Phil. (fig. 83), is a synonym.

H. SMITHII, Bock. PL 11, figs. 62, 63.

Moderately umbilicated, semitransparent, striated by fine growth
lines, greyish white under a light horn-colored epidermis ; whorls 4,
flattened,, the last slightly descending at the mouth, with a strongly
marked obtuse keel, defined by a groove above, convex below, ob-
tusely angular around the umbilicus ; peristome thin, expanded.

Diam' 21 mill.

Paio, Sumatra.
H. RADULELLA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 92-95.

Widely umbilicated, epidermis reddish brown, covered by wart-
like scales, with a light peripheral zone, suture impressed ; whorls
6, the periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome acute, scarcely re-
flected. Diam. 13 mill.

Talifou, China.

58 HELIX.

With columellar plication.

H. OONIOCHILA, Pfr. PI. 11, %s. 51, 52.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, lightly striulate and
granular, subdiaphanous, pale corneous; whorls 6 J, narrow, slightly
convex, the last not descending, acutely carinated, base more con-
vex ; peristome sublabiate, sulcate exteriorly, columella transversely
uni plicate. Diam. 13 mill.

Siam.
H. PTYCHOSTYLA, Mart. PI. 33, figs. 65-67.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, striate, brownish ; whorls
6J, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely carinated,
base convex ; peristome white, expanded, columellar margin al-
most perpendicular, transversely uniplicate. Diam. 14 mill.

Siam.
H. STYLOPTYCTA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 49, 50.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, closely striulate, diaphanous,
greyish corneous ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last obsoletely
angulated, not descending in front ; peristome white-lipped, margins
approaching, joined by a callus, expanded above and below, colum-
ella transversely plicate. Diam. 9 mill.

Siam.

A var. DEPRESSIOR has been indicated. This species is the H.
ptychostyla of Pfr., not Martens ; but is perhaps only a variety of
Martens' species.

Subsection PSEUDIBERUS, Ancey. 1887.

H. PLECTOTROPIS, Martens. PI. 12, figs. 3-5.

Moderately umbilicated, strongly, distantly, obliquely ribbed,
whitish; whorls 5£, flattened above, carinate, carina crenulated,
angulating the last whorl, slightly descending at the aperture, base
a little convex ; peristome expanded, margins approaching, con-
nected by a thin callus. Diam. 19 mill.

Mts. Thianschan, Central Asia.
H. SCEPASMA, Pfr. PI. 13, fig. 33.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, opaque, white, rugulosely striate,
suture subimpressed ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, slowly increasing,
the last a little descending in front, periphery acutely carinated>
base turgid around the umbilicus; peristome subthickened, angu-
larly reflected. Diam. 20 mill.

Hob. unknown.

HELIX. 59

H. ARANE^TELA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 99-1.

Rather widely umbilicated, thin, yellowish brown, strongly cos-
tate, sparsely scaly, suture impressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing ;
peristome acute, scarcely expanded. Diam. 9 mill.

Tchenkeou, China.

H. MATAIENSIS, Nevill. PI. 12, figs. 6-8.

Moderately umbilicated, costulate above, less strongly below,
white, irregularly mottled with pale corneous, suture well impressed ;
whorls 5j, the last only carinated ; peristome simple, expanded.

Diam. 13'5 mill.

Mataian, E. Turkestan.

H. TECTUM-SINENSE, Mart. PI. 12, fig. 2.

Perforate, with strong, curved, somewhat distant ribs above,
sometimes branching, below the ribs are closer, anastomosing;
whorls 62, undulately carinated, last whorl a little descending in
front; peristome thickened, expanded. Diam. 16'5-21 mill.

Prov. Shantung, China.

H. ZENONIS, Gredler. (Unfigured.) . Tsinanfu, China.

Unfigured Species of Plectotropis.

H. TROCHULA, H. SCABRICULA, H. SETOCiNCTA, A. Adams. Japan.
H. MICROTROCHUS, H. APPLANATA, Moll. China.

H. SQUAMULIFERA, Moll. Ins. Bongao, near Borneo.

H. OSBECKII, Phil. Loo Choo Is.

H. REPANDA, Pfr. Cambodia.

H. CASEUS, Pfr. Siam.

H. PILISPARSA, Martens. Celebes.

Section II. AEGISTA, Albers. 1850.

H. OCULUS, Pfr. PI. 13, fig. 13.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely rugosely plicate above,
brownish, suture impressed; whorls 8, somewhat convex, the last
shortly descending in front, periphery subangular, white banded,
base convex, striate ; lip thin, subangulately reflected.

Diam. 25 mill.

Ins. Typinsan and Meikoshima, China Sea*

H. Typinsana, Ads. and Reeve, is a synonym.

60 HELIX.

H. CHINENSIS, Phil. PL 13, fig. 14.

Widely umbilicated, shining, subpellucid, striated, light fulvous
above, whitish beneath, epidermis thin, very fugacious ; whorls 8,
convex, slowly increasing ; peristome white, sublabiate, shortly re-
flected. Diam. 25 mill.

Near Nankin, China.

H. VERMES, Keeve. PL 13, fig. 15.

Very widely umbilicated, solid, closely rugosely striate, shining
fulvous horny, with a white peripheral line, whorls 8, slowly in-
creasing, flattened, the last scarcely deflected in front, periphery
subangulated ; peristome thin, whitish, reflected. Diam. 32 mill.

China.

Has been considered a variety of H. Chinensis, but differs con-
siderably from that species, in its more depressed form, wider um-
bilicus, etc.

H. PSEUDO-CHINENSIS, Mollendortf. PL 13, figs. 16-18.

Widely umbilicated, thin, closely obliquely striate, subpellucid,
somewhat shining, rosy horn color; whorls 8, slowly increasing,
slightly convex, suture impressed, last whorl a little deflected in
front ; peristome reddish, widely reflected. Diam. 27 mill.

Did. Hochan, China.
• This is H. Chinensis, Heude, not Phil.

H. HERPESTES, Heude. PL 13, figs. 22-24.

Widely umbilicated, brownish corneous, with an obscure whitish
corneous band, epidermis brownish or whitish, closely obliquely
striate ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, the last obsoletely angulated 5
peristome white, narrowly reflected. Diam. 22 mill.

Tchenkeou, China.
H. FURTIVA, Heude. PL 13, figs. 19-21.

Moderately umbilicated, corneous, striate, suture slightly im-
pressed ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last narrow, with obsoletely
angulated periphery ; peristome white, expanded. Diam. 19 mill.

Prov. Kouetcheou, China.

H. AUBRYANA, Heude. PL 13, figs. 45-47.

Widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, brownish white,
suture impressed ; whorls 7, slightly convex above, periphery ob-
tusely angulated, deflected in front, more convex on the base ; peris-
tome thin, white, reflected. Diam. 21 mill.

Prov. Kouetcheou, China.

HELIX. 61

H. ACCRESCENS, Heude. PL 13, figs. 26-28.

Widely umbi Heated, thin, pellucid corneous, with a whitish peri-
pheral band; whorls 7, narrow, slightly convex, slowly increasing,
the last obtusely angulated, peristome white, narrowly reflected.

Diam. 16 mill.

Outchang, China.

Heude thinks this may prove a minor variety of H. vermes.

H. OLDHAMI, Benson. PL 13, fig. 25.

Widely umbilicated, thin, irregularly obliquely flexuously striate,
corneous (?), suture impressed; whorls 6!, slowly increasing, sub-
planulate, the last whorl shortly and rapidly descending in front,
obtusely angulated above, base convex, angular around the umbili-
cus ; peristome a little expanded, margins approaching.

Diam. 13 mill.

Burmah.
H. FRIEDELIANA, Martens. PL 13, figs. 29-31.

Widely umbilicated, slightly obliquely striate, olivaceous brown ;
whorls ">'., scarcely convex, the last subangulated, deflected in front,
base convexly flattened ; peristome white, slightly thickened, ex-
panded, margins approaching. Diam. 18 mill.

Nagasaki, Japan.
H. CIRCULUS, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 32.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, rugulosely striate, somewhat shin-
ing, white; whorls 5-1, convex, the last obsoletely angulated, not
descending; peristome thickened within, shortly expanded, margins
approaching. Diam. 19 mill.

Loo Choo Is.
H. ALPIIONSI, Desh. PL 13, figs. 34, 35.

Widely umbilicated, thin, fragile, corneous, brownish, yellowish-
white, obliquely lineated and irregularly punctate, subplicate and
spirally substriate above, smooth below ; whorls 7, narrow, the last
a little deflected in front, obtusely angulated above; peristome
sinuous, reflected, columellar lip wide, with tooth-like thickening.

Diam. 9 mill.

Prov. Moupin, Eastern Thibet.

H. PLATYOMPHALA, Mollendorff. PL 13, fig. 44.

Very widely umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, corneous, closely ob-
liquely striated, suture well impressed; whorls 7, subconvex, the
last obsoletely angulated above, with a whitish zone, and very

62 HELIX.

shortly deflected in front, umbilicus bounded by a distinct angle ;
peristome thickened, white, reflected. Diam. 17*5 mill.

Prov. Guangdung, China.

H. SUBCHINENSIS, Nevill. PL 33, figs. 68, 69.

Widely urnbilicated, subpellucid, obliquely striulate, shining,
chestnut color, with a narrow white band ; whorls 7, slightly con-
vex, the last scarcely descending in front, subangulate on the peri-
phery ; peristome thickened, whitish, narrowly reflected.

Diam. 17 mill.

Formosa.
H. GOTTSCHEI, Mollendorff. PI. 13, figs. 38-40.

Widely umbilicated, lightly obliquely striate and membranously
costulate, microscopically spirally lineate, brownish corneous ; whorls
6-1-7, slightly convex, the last obtusely angulated, and very shortly
deflected in front ; peristome thin, shortly expanded, subreflected.

Diam. 11 mill.

Soul, Corea.
H. INITIALIS, Heude. PL 13, figs. 41-43.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous or brownish, very mi-
nutely obliquely striate ; whorls about 6, narrow, slightly convex,
the last with obtuse, white-banded peripheral angle, scarcely de-
flected at the aperture, convex below; peristome white, sinuous,
somewhat thickened, reflected. Diam. 12 mill.

Prov. Nganhoue, China.
H. CATOSTOMA, Blanf. PL 13, figs. 36, 37.

Widely umbilicated, thin, striate, corneous ; whorls 7, convex,
slowly increasing, the last rounded, abruptly descending in front,
subconstricted behind the aperture, subcompressed around the um-
bilicus ; peristome sinuous, reflected, with a superior internal pro-
jection, and basal, subdentiform thickenings. Diam. 16 mill.

Ponsee, Yunnan, Naga Hills, India.

Differs from the other species in its indistinctly trilobed aperture-

Unfigured Species.
H. HUPEANA and H. KUANTUNGENSIS, Gredler. China.

Section III. TRACHIA, Albers. 1860.

H. ASPERELLA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 58.

Moderately umbilicated, roughened by minute granules, dirty
white, variously banded with chestnut; whorls 4, the last with

HELIX. 63

rounded periphery, a little descending in front, base convex ; peris-
tome expanded, margins approximating. Diam. 14 mill.

Var. minor. Diam. 7 mill.

Eastern India.

It is H. granifera, Benson, Ms.

H. PROXIMA, Fer. PL 14, fig. 72.

Moderately umbilicated, lightly striate, shining, white, base
brownish, lineated with brown ; whorls 5J, the last rounded, de-
flected in front ; aperture brownish, peristome expanded, reflected
below, margins joined by a callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Eastern India.

H. PENANGENSIS, Stoliczka. PL 14, figs. 52-54.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous, epidermis yellowish
brown, closely, shortly pilose, suture deep, subchanneled ; whorls
4i, convex, the last a little descending at the aperture, base ob-
tusely angulated round the umbilicus ; peristome light violaceous,
expanded, narrowly reflected. Diam. 16 mill.

Penang.
H. PROPINQUA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 55-57.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, striulate, whitish or light
brownish, with a superior narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4—5, the
last rounded, anteriorly deflected ; peristome white, sublabiate, ex-
panded. Diam. 16-19 mill.

Near Bombay, India.
H. HELFERI, Benson. PL 14, figs. 59, 60.

Narrowly, perspectively umbilicated, foveolate and obliquely
striulate, epidermis sparsely hispid, brownish, with a narrow su-
perior chestnut band, suture impressed, submargined ; whorls 4£,
slightly convex, the last descending in front, obsoletely angulated
above the periphery, a little compressed around the suddenly ex-
cavated umbilicus ; peristome expanded, margins approximating,
joined by a thin callus. Diam. 12 mill.

Andaman Is.

H. RUGINOSA, Fe>. PL 14, figs. 65-67.

Moderately umbilicated, whitish, obliquely plicate; whorls 4,
flattened above, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery sub-
angulated, base inflated ; peristome thin, white, shortly expanded,
reflected below. Diam. 13 mill.

Bengal.

64 HELIX.

Var. CRASSICOSTATA, Benson. Fig. 67.

Spire subplane, plications stronger, periphery crenulately cari-
nated.

H. FOOTEI, Stoliczka. PL 14, fig. 84.

Moderately umbilicated, granose, plicate ; whorls 4-4J, whitish,
graclately increasing, the last carinated on the periphery, base con-
vex, subangulated around the umbilicus; aperture almost hori-
zontally deflected, the margin reflected, almost free.

Diam. 13'3 mill.

JBelgaom, Western India.

Allied to the var. crassicostata of H. ruginosa, but is more orbicu-
lar, with smoother and thinner, but well-marked keel, and has an
angle defining the umbilicus.

H. DELIBRATA, Benson. PL 14, figs. 75-77.

Moderately umbilicated, striate, epidermis corneous, deciduous,
whorls 4, convex, the last deflected in front ; peristorne nearly con-
tinuous, white, thickened, reflected. Diam. 22 mill.

Bengal ; Tavoy, Burmah.

H. procumbens, Gould, is a synonym.

Var. FASCIATA, Godwin Austen. Fig. 76.

Somewhat smaller, with deeper suture, variously narrowly chest-
nut banded.

Var. KHASIENSIS, Nevill. Fig. 77.

Spire more elevated, umbilicus narrower, aperture more con-
tracted, usually unicolored, sometimes with a single chestnut band.

H. TANQUEREYI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 14, figs. 73, 74.

Rather widely umbilicated, obsoletely striate, thin, pellucid, light
corneous ; whorls 4-J, slightly convex, the last descending in front,
carinated above the middle, convex below and angulated around
the umbilicus ; peristome expanded, reflected, margins closely ap-
proaching. Diam. 12-14'5 mill.

Fuyen-Moth, Cochin China.

H. FALLACIOSA, Fer. PL 14, figs. 68, 69.

Rather widely umbilicated, striate, whitish, unicolored or vari-
ously chestnut banded, suture deep ; whorls 4J, the last suddenly
descending in front ; aperture subhorizontal, peristome expanded
above, reflected below. Diam, 11-18 mill.

Eastern India, Ceylon.

HELICID>E.

PLATK 1

29 30

HELICID/E.

PLATE 2

H ELIGIBLE.

PLATE 3

25

26 27

31

32 ' 33

HELICID^E.

PLATE 4

34

42 37

50 51

53

61

63

«

65

73

HELICID>E.

PLATE 5

83

;"*%

3*

85

87

88

86

89 90 91 3£

93 100

10

93

94- 95

e

30 31

88

2-5

HELICID^E.

PLATE 6

4-0

4-3 44 45

3Q

48

46

35

50

A

53 54 55 56

57

53

60 61 62

65 66

71

67

A

68

4

69 70

75 76

81

82

73 74 -^F ^9 ^r" 77

86 87 88

83 84 85 79 80

HELICID^E.

PLATE 7

PLATE 8

2 a

32

30

31

35

58 59

62

63

64-

HELJCID>e.

PLATE 9

66

67

'

74-

76

77

78

34'

PLATE 1O

10

11 12

y

^

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16

13

14-

1

20

15

25 26 27

^*

30

23 24-

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21 28

29

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PLATE 11

HELICJD^E.

PL^ATE 12

HELICIDvE.

PLATE 13

PLATE 14

53

59 60

55

56

57

58

HELICID^G.

PLATE 15

13

PLATE 16

31

HELIX. 65

H. NILAGHERICA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 70, 71:

Very widely umbilicated, striate, corneous white, with a superior
chestnut baud; whorls 5£, slowly increasing, the last abruptly de-
flected in front, aperture small, subhorizontal, peristome nearly
continuous, white, sublabiate, reflected. Diam. 14'5 mill.

Nilgheri Mts., Eastern India.

H. CYCLOSTOMATA, Guillou. PL 14, figs. 63, 64.

Widely umbilicated, pellucid, linearly papillary, light olivaceous,
with chestnut lines ; whorls 4, convex, with deep suture, peristome
nearly continuous, externally constricted, thin, reflected.

Diam. 7-8 mill.

Warrior Isl. Torres Strait, N. Australia.

Is possibly a synonym of H. Tuckeri, below.

H. CONTRACTA, Hutton. PL 14, figs. 61, 62.

Widely umbilicated, obliquely striulate, smooth, a little shining,
whitish, with a superior chestnut band, suture impressed ; whorls 4,
the last subangulated above, descending in front, convex below;
peristome expanded above, reflected below, margins approaching.

Diam. 13 mill.

Malva, India.
H. TUCKERI, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 79.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obliquely striate, shortly,
sparsely hairy, brownish corneous, obsoletely narrowly brown ban-
ded ; peristome whitish, shortly reflected, externally constricted.

Diam. 7 mill.

Charles Hardy's Isl. Pacific Ocean.

H. strangulata, Hombr. and Jacq. is a synonym, and H. cyclos-
omata, above described, is possibly another.

H. ALBICOSTIS, Pfr. Unfigured. Ahmednuggur, India.

H. SORDIDA, Pfr. Unfigured. Near Pondicherry, E. India.

Subsection ANGASELLA, Adams, 1863.

H. CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 85, 86.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, with thread-like cur-
ved riblets, whitish ; whorls 4-4?, scarcely convex above, slightly
descending in front, base more convex; aperture shining; peristome
thickened, white, shortly expanded, margins converging.

Diam. 18 mill.

5 So. Australia,.

66 HELIX.

H. PHILLIPSIANA, Angas. PL 14, figs. 87-89.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely plicate-striate, and
lightly granular, brownish white ; whorls 4i, convex, the last round-
ed, descending in front, subconstricted behind the aperture ; peris-
tome almost continuous, expanded and slightly reflected, margins
joined by a thick callus. Diam. 13 mill.

Arroivie, So. Australia.

H. EYREI, Ad. and Angas. PL 14, figs. 90, 91.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely striate, very minutely
granular, light brown, paler below ; whorls 5, a little convex, the
last rounded and somewhat descending in front; peristome flesh
colored, thickened, slightly expanded, margins approaching.

Diam. 17 mill.

Shores of Lake Eyre, Central Australia.

H. DELESSERTIANA, Guillou. PL 14, figs. 92, 93, 78.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, obliquely costulate-striate, hyaline
brownish white, suture subchanneled ; whorls 5?', convex; peristome
reflected above. Diam. 16*5 mill.

Warrior Isl. Torres Straits, Australia; New Zealand.

H. TaranaJci, Gray (fig. 78) and H. Torresiana, Hombr. et Jacq.
are synonyms.

H. SUBSECTA, Tate. PL 14, figs. 80, 81.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, somewhat rugosely plicate, and
closely longitudinally striate, greyish white, epidermis ? ; whorls 5,
the last rounded at the periphery, much depressed in front; peristome
thin, acute, reflected, nearly continuous. Diam. 15 mill.

Port Wakefield, So. Australia.

Unfigured Species.

H. ENDEAVORENSIS, Brazier. Endeavor River, N. Australia.

H. DRYANDERENSIS, Cox. Port Denison, Queensland, Austral in.

HELIX. 67

Group IX, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.

Shell of moderate size, globosely turbinate or depressed, usually
with one or three (rarely with two) bands, last whorl declining in
front, peristome reflected, thickened, margins approaching.

Section I, LYSINOE. Adams, 1855.

Moderately or narrowly umbilicated, smoothish, epidermis some-
times shortly hairy, globosely turbinate, periphery sometimes sub-
angulate, last whorl descending in front, peristome reflected, margins
approaching, impinging on the umbilicus below. West Coast of
North America. H. FIDELIS, Gray.

Aglaja, Albers, 1860, is a synonym.

Subsection I, HELMINTHOGLYPTA, Ancey, 1887.

Surface vermiculately rugose, H. ARROSA, Gould.
Subsection II, ODONTURA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.

Subglohose, with narrow umbilicus, granular epidermis in fresh
individuals shortly hairy. Southern Mexico, Guatemala. H. GHIES-
BREGHTII, Nyst.

Subsection III, LEPTARIONTA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.

Smoothish, small, thin, whorls about 4*, last whorl descending in
front, with a single brown band, periphery rounded,* peristome
shortly reflected, umbilicus narrow. Mexico. H. FLAVESCENS,
Wiegm.

Subsection IV, PRATICOLA, Strebel, 1880.

Orbicular, small, last whorl constricted behind the aperture, peris-
tome shortly reflected, lipped within. Texas, Eastern Mexico. H.
BERLANDIERIANA, Mor.

This group is Hygromia (Risso) in part, of American authors.

Subsection V, MICRARIONTA, Ancey.

Shell thick, small, depressed, peristome shortly reflected, thickened
within. Islands of So. California. H. FACTA, Newc.

More depressed, and geographically separated from Praticola,
but very close to it.

Subsection VI, PCECILOSTOLA, Ancey, 1887.

Imperforate, rather thin, globosely depressed, whorls few, the last
large, peristome thickened, white, thinly reflected. Andes Regions
of So. America. H. FARRISI, Pfr.

68 HELIX.

Subsection .VII, EPIPHRAGMOPHORA, Doring, 1875.

Depressed, smooth, moderately umbilicated, peristome scarcely
expanded, strongly labiate within, extremities approaching. Aper-
ture closed in winter by a chalky epiphragm. So. America. H.
HIERONYMI, Doring.

Subsection VIII, EURYCAMPTA, Albers, 1860.

Moderately large, narrowly umbilicated, roughly ribbed, usually
brownish, with a single band, turbinate, whorls slopingly flattened
above, more convex below, peristome reflected, extremities approach-
ing, without callus connection. West Indian (mostly Cuban).
H. BONPLANDII, Lam.

Section II, CAMPYL^A, Beck, 1837.

Shell moderately umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, planospiral,
more or less solid, glabrous or hirsute ; whorls 41-6, the last deflected
near the aperture ; aperture oval or sub-circular, peristome expanded
reflected, more or less -thickened, its extremities approaching and
joined by a parietal callus, columellar lip dilated, reflected, very
rarely touching the umbilicus.

European ; mostly Mediterranean countries.

Subsection I. XEROCAMPYL^EA, Kobelt, 1871.

Depressed, very narrowly umbilicated ; peristome acute, very
thinly labiate within, margins approaching.

This group connects with Xerophila, and is therefore not typical
although Pfeiffer gives it first place under Campylcea.

H. CARASCALENSIS, Fe"r.

Subsection II. FRUTICOCAMPYL^EA, Kobelt. 1871.

Small, flat or flatly bullet shaped species, inhabiting Circassia and
Armenia.

H. KAVERGIENSIS, Fer. Caucasus.
Subsection III. EUCAMPYL^EA, Pfr. 1881.

Typical group of Campylsea. Southern Europe.

H. CINGULATA, Studer.

Cingulifera, Held., 1837, Corneola, Held. 1837 and Chilostoma,
Moquin-Tandon, 1855, are synonyms.

Subsection IV. TACHEOCAMPYL^EA, PfeifFer. 1877.
A Corsican group including large, banded species.

H. RASPAILII, Payr. Corsica.

HELIX. 69

Subsection V. PSEUDOCAMPYL^EA, Hesse. 1884.

A Grecian group, including species with sub-continuous peristome.

H. PELLTTA, F4r. Grecian Archipelago.
Subsection VI. ELONA, H. and A. Adams, 1855.

Shell planorboid, spire involute, apex immersed, H. QUIMPERIANA,
Fer. Sterna, Albers. 1850 (non Linn.), is a synonym.

Subsection VII. CHILOTREMA, Leach. 1820.

Lenticular, strongly carinated, aperture basal, sub-horizontal,
transversely oval, the reflected lip continuous, angular.

H. LAPICIDA, Linn.

Helicogona, Risso. 1826, Latomus, Fitz. 1833, Lenticula, Held.
1837, and Vortex, Moquin-Tandon. 1855, are synonyms.
Section III. ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.

Shell perforate, rather thin, turbinately globose ; whorls 6, convex,
peristome lipped, columellar lip dilated near the umbilicus.

H. ARBUSTORUM, Linn.

Europe, California. Different as are these habitats the mollusks
and shells appear to be intimately related : they are geographically
isolated, the whole of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains
possessing no representative of the group.

Section IV. EURYSTOMA, Albers, 1850.

Narrowly umbilicated, globosely depressed, calcareous ; whorls 5,
the last deflected near the aperture, convex below ; peristome widely
lipped, its extremities approximating, joined by a callus. H. VIT-
TATA, Mull. Ceylon.

Eyrystoma, Morch. 1852, is a synonym.

Group IX, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.

Section I. LYSINOE, Adams, 1855.
H. FIDELIS, Gray. PI. 15, figs. 94-96.

Moderately umbilicated, rugosely striated with impressed spiral
lines, light yellowish or brownish above, lower surface dark chestnut,
sometimes uniformly black, with a peripheral chestnut band ; whorls
7, rounded ; periphery thickened, simple above, reflected below.
Diam. 34 mill.

Northern California, Oregon, Washington Terr.
H. Nuttalliana, Lea is a synonym.

70 HELIX.

H. INFUMATA, Gould. PL 15, fig. 97.

Moderately umbilicated, with minute rasp-like elevations, running
obliquely to the growth-striae and in the fresh state bearing very
short soft hairs, smoky brown above, blackish, shining and minutely
granulated on the base; whorls 6*, flatly convex, the periphery
acutely angulated ; peristome somewhat reddish, simple above, re-
flected at the base. Diam. 37 mill.

Northern California, near the coast.

Young specimens are sometimes banded. The animal is black,
with bright red tubercles.

H. HILLEBRANDI, Newcomb. PL 15, fig. 98.

Moderately umbilicated, finely striated, granular, and hirsute in
fresh specimens, yellowish horn color with a chestnut band bordered
with white on either margin ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last with
carinated periphery, slightly descending in front; peristome white,
subreflected, extremities approaching. Diam. 1 in.

Sierra Nevada region, California.

H. AYRESIANA, Newcomb. PL 15, fig. 99.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, with rough oblique incremental
striae, deeply cut by impressed revolving lines, yellowish white, with
a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 7, convex, the last de-
scending in front, subglobose ; peristome simple. Diam. 22 mill.

Sta. Cruz, S. Miguel and Sta. Rosa Islands of California.

Erroneously described as from Northern Oregon.

H. MORMONUM, Pfr. PL 15, fig. 1.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, with curved incremental
striae, light chestnut color, with a chestnut band edged with white on
either side ; whorls 6, convex, slowly enlarging ; aperture very ob-
lique, peristome thickened, white, a little expanded, extremities
slightly converging. Diam. 29 mill.

Between Sierra Nevada and Coast Range, California,

Not a coast or Oregonian species, as at first supposed.

H. CIRCUMCARINATA, Stearns. PL 15, figs. 2-4.

Rather widely umbilicated, finely granulated, with irregular ribs
intermingled with the growth striae, yellowish white, sometimes with
a superior double band, the upper striae being whitish, the lower
chestnut color; whorls 6-6 J, the last with a compressed, fimbriated

HELIX. 71

keel, which also forms a sutural margin above ; peristome moderately
thickened, subreflected, the extremities connected by a thin parietal
callus. Diam. 22-25 mill.

Columbia, Toulumne Co., California.

Described as a variety of If. Mormonum, Pfr. I regard it as dis-
tinct.

H. TRASKII, Newcomb. PL 15, fig. 5.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, dark horn colored,
with a superior narrow chestnut band, edged on both sides with
white, delicately obliquely striate, with microscopic crowded spiral
lines ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the last some-
what plane above ; peristome thickened, white. Diam. 21 mill.

Coast region of Southern California.

H. CARPENTERI, Newcomb. PI. 15, figs. 6-8.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, striate, crossed by microscopic
spiral lines, whitish, with a narrow, superior chestnut band ; whorls
"> j, convex, the last descending in front ; peristome a little expanded,
the extremities approaching. Diam. 23 mill.

Cinaloa, Mexico, Lower California, Southern California.

H. Remondi, Tryon is a synonym. The species is closely allied
to, perhaps a synonym of H. Traskii, Newrcomb.

H. DUPETITHOUARSI, Desliayes. PL 15, fig. 9.

Moderately umbilicated, polished, smooth, subpitted or substriate,
dark chestnut below, lighter above, with a chestnut, white bordered
band, or sometimes two; whorls 7-8, convex, the last inflated; ap-
erture white and banded within, peristome simple, reflected below.

Diam. 30 mill.

Monterey, California.

H. Oregonensis, Lea is a synonym.

H. SEQUOICOLA, Cooper. PL 15, fig. 10.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thick, with somewhat rugose
growth striae, often decussated by coarse incised lines, upper whorls
with crowded granulations, and probably hirsute in fresh specimens,
light chestnut color, paler below, with a narrow superior chestnut
band, bordered with white on either margin ; peristome white, thick-
ened, extremities approaching. Diam. 23-27 mill.

Near Sta. Cruz, California.

A coast species, allied to H. Mormonum but distinguished by its
sculpture.

72 HELIX.

H. KUFOCINCTA, Newcomb. PL 15, fig. 11.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, scarcely marked by growth
lines, and occasional revolving lines, horn color, with a narrow, white-
margined chestnut band ; whorls 5-6, flatly convex above, the last
descending in front, convex on the base ; peristome white, thickened,
reflected below. Diam. 17 mill.

Catalina Island, California.

H. KOWELLII, Newcomb. PL 15, figs. 12, 13.

Moderately umbilicated, smooth, very slightly obliquely striulate,
and very minutely punctulate, somewhat shining, whitish, with a
single narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4?, somewhat convex, the last
descending in front and swollen, base subplanate ; aperture widely
circular, peristome white, expanded, extremities approaching and
joined by a callus. Diam. 20 mill.

Lower California.

H. Lohrii, Gabb, (fig. 13) is a synonym.

H. SERIATISETA, Rochebrune. Unfigured. Cochin China.

Referred to by its author to this group, of which it can scarcely
be a member.

Subsection I, HELMIXTHOGLYPTA, Ancey, 1887.
H. ARROSA, Gould. PL 16, fig. 17.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely malleated and
minutely granulated, reddish olive, or yellowish, with a superior,
narrow, dark chestnut band ; whorls 7, convex, the last a little de-
scending in front ; aperture bluish, with pellucid band ; peristome
flesh colored, shortly expanded, the base reflected.

Diam. 34-40 mill.

Coast of California from Sta. Cruz to Mendocino Co.

Dr. Cooper has named two varieties Holderiana and Stiversiana ;
the varietal characters appear to be unimportant. Mr. Binney also
mentions an albino specimen. H. ceruginosa, Gould (not Pfr.) is a
synonym.

H. TOWNSENDIANA, Lea. PL 15, figs. 14-16.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, yellowish ahd brownish horn color
intermixed, with faintly impressed, minute longitudinal striae and
coarse oblique, malleated wrinkles ; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last

HELIX. 73

well-rounded, descending in front ; peristome white a little expanded
at the top, becoming reflected on the base. Diam. 29 mill.

Oregon, Mountains of Idaho and Montana.

H. pedestris and H. ruida of Gould are synonyms. H. ptycho-
phora, Brown, was formerly considered a small variety of this species;
it is now referred to Mesodon (Vol. Ill, p. 154).

H. EXARATA, Pfr. PL 16, fig. 18.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely malleated, yel-
lowish brown, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 7, con-
vex, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome slightly white-
lipped, expanded. Diam. 30 mill.

Coast region of California, from S. Francisco to Sta. Cruz.

H. NICKLINIANA, Lea. PI. 16, figs. 19, 20.

Minutely umbilicated, rather thin, with light growth-lines, faintly
indented and granulated in quincunx order, pale horn colored or
ash-yellow, with a superior chestnut narrow band, paler on its mar-
gins ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last ventricose, the periphery
sometimes obsoletely angulated, base tumid ; peristome white, slightly
reflected above, more so below. Diam. 28 mill.

California to Santa Cruz to Mendocino Co.

H. nemorivaga and H. arboretorum, Val. are synonyms. H. ana-
choreta, Binney (fig. 20) was founded on a less globose form of this
species, without revolving band. In his latest monograph Mr, W. G.
Binney considers H. Nickliniana a variety of H. Calif or niensis, Lea,
a decision with which I by no means agree. I do not think H. Cal-
iforniensis belongs to this group at all.

H. RAMENTOSA, Gould. PI. 16, fig. 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely striated and gran-
ulated, yellowish brown with a superior narrow chestnut band ;
whorls 5?, somewhat convex, the last broad, rounded or very obso-
letely angulated, not declining in front ; peristome white, thickened,
somewhat expanded, reflected at the base. Diam. 20 to 30 mill.

Napa Co. to Sta. Clara Co., California.

The synonyms are H. reticulata, Pfr. and H. Bridgesii, Newcomb.
The latter name being preoccupied, I formerly suggested instead of
it H. Parkeri. Mr. Binney considers H. ramentosa a variety of H.
Calif orniensis, Lea.

74 HELIX.

H. DIABLOENSIS, Cooper. PI. 16, fig. 25.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, roughened with incremental wrinkles
and with regular malleations arranged in spiral series, reddish horn
color, with a narrow, superior chestnut band, white-margined on
either side ; whorls 6, convex, the last not descending, somewhat
compressed on the side ; peristome thickened, white, almost simple.

Diam. 22 mill.

Mt. Diablo near S. Francisco, and in Colusa and Napa Go's. Cal.

A species of the Coast Range. Mr. Binney makes this also a va-
riety of H. Calif orniensis, Lea.

H. INTERCLSA, W. G. Binney. PI. 16, figs. 26, 33, 27.

Imperforate, thick, growth lines numerous and distinct, crossed
by close, regular spiral lines, so deeply impressed that the surface is
divided into minute raised parallelograms, greyish yellow, with an
obsolete band ; whorls 5, slightly rounded, the last descending in
front ; aperture very oblique, horse-shoe shaped, peristome dirty
white, thickened, spread at the umbilicus, which it covers, often with
a basal tooth-like process near the columella ; margins of peristome
connected by a parietal callus. Diam. 22 mill.

S. Clemente and Sta. Cruz Is., Cal.

The above is the adult condition : a lighter type but connected
with it is the form described by Dr. Nevcomb as If. crebristriata
(fig. 33). In an apparently semi -fossil condition the thickening of the
shell is carried still further than in recent specimens.

Var. REDIMITA, W. G. Binney. Fig. 27.

Imperforate, thin, wrinkled, covered with minute crowded gran-
ulations ; whorls 6, rounded, the last descending in front, reddish
brown, with a chestnut band ; periphery simple, light-chestnut col-
ored, thickened, extremities approaching. Diam. 21 mill.

S. Clemente Is., CaL

It is H. Nickliniana, A. Binney in part.

H. TUDICULATA, Binney. PI. 16, figs 28-30.

Imperforate, or subumbilicated, olivaceous brown, with a chestnut,
white-margined band, visible above the suture on the spire, obliquely
striate and malleately punctate; whorls 5 £, slightly convex, body
whorl large, tumidly expanding in front ; peristome whitish, thin,
expanded, slightly reflected below. Diam. 33 mill.

Coast and Sierra Nevada region of California.

HELIX. 75

Var. CYPREOPHILA, Newcomb. Fig. 30.

Shell thinner, scarcely malleated, umbilicus narrowly open.

Copperopolis and San Diego, Cal.
i
Subsection II, ODONTURA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.

H. GHIESBREGHTI, Nyst. PI. 16, fig. 31.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, pilose when fresh, chestnut color,
with yellowish bands on the upper part of the shell, the intervening
surface sometimes darker chestnut or nearly black ; whorls 5£, some-
what convex, the last large, rounded, slightly descending in front ;
lip white, expanded, shortly reflected, margins approaching.

Diam. 50-65 mill.

Chiapa, Mexico ; Vera faz, Guatemala.

There is some variation in the ground color, and number and dis-
position of the bands : in one variety the shell is yellowish with a
narrow chestnut band above, and another and wider one below the
periphery.

H. EXIMIA, Pfr. PI. 16, fig. 32.

Scarcely umbilicated, obliquely rugose and very closely granular,
corneous olivaceous, with five or six dark brown bands ; whorls 4£,
somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, descending
in front, compressly inflated round the brownish umbilical region ;
peristome simple, whitish, narrowly reflected, dilated over the um-
bilicus, which it nearly closes. Diam. 37-41 mill.

Guatemala, Honduras.

Subsection III, LEPTARIONTA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.
H. FLAVESCENS, Wiegiii. PI. 19, figs. 76, 77.

Perforate, thin, smooth, opaque, light yellowish, variegated with
pellucid strigatious and spiral lines and a chestnut band, suture sub-
plicate ; whorls 4£, scarcely convex, the last descending and subcon-
•stricted in front ; lip white, shortly expanded, columellar margin
nearly closing the umbilicus. Diam. 12 mill.

Near Papantla, Mexico.

H. BICINCTA, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 78.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, glabrous, pellucid, light greyish yel-
low, with two narrow spiral bands, the upper one chestnut color, the
lower one milk white, suture white-margined ; whorls 4J, somewhat

76 HELIX.

flattened, the last with a black band surrounding the peristome ;
peristome patulous, acute, subreflected. Diam. 20 mill.

Oajaca, Mexico.

H. VERRILLI, Ancey. Unliyured. Duranyo, JV. W. Mexico.

Subsection IV, PRATICOLA, Strebel, 1>-

H. OCAMPI, Strebel. PL 19, figs. 79, 80.

Perforate, rather solid, slightly translucent, dull yellowish horn
color, or reddish brown with yellowish suture, finely irregularly
striate, with microscopic spiral lines; whorls 5 *, somewhat convex,
the last inflated, descending in front, constricted behind the aperture ;
peristome shortly reflected, white. Diam. 12 mill.

Mir ad or, Mexico.

H. ampla, Pfr. an unfigured species is possibly identical : if so, it
should take priority.

H. BERLAXDIERIAXA, Moric. PL 19, figs. 81-83.

Xarrowly umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat translucent, sub-
opaline, scarcely striate, light ashy white or yellowish white, or
greenish yellow, sometimes with a single chestnut band, suture deep r
whorls 4 5-0, rather convex, the last scarcely descending in front,
rounded, base subinflated, constricted behind the aperture ; peristome
white, labiate within, reflected. Diam. 12 mill.

Prov. Tamaulipas, Mexico, Texas, Arkansas*

H. pachyloma, Menke and H. viryinalis, Pfr. are synonyms.

H. GRISEOLA, Pfr. PL 19, figs. 84-86.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, subtranslucent, a little shining, ob-
liquely striate, greyish, with a light fulvous, white-margined band,
suture impressed ; whorls 4— 4-j, scarcely convex, not descending in
front, base subinflated ; aperture showing the exterior band, peris-
tome simple, slightly reflected, white, margins distant.

Diam. 9'5 mill.

Near Vera Cruz, Mexico, Texas, Nicaragua.

Vai\ p. More elevated, light corneous, with a single white margined
band. Diam. 10 mill.

The synonymy includes H. cicercula, Fer., H. splendidula, Anton*
and H. albozonata, and H. albocincta, Binney.

HELIX. 77

H. LEUCORHAPHE, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 87.

Narrowly umbilicated, very lightly striulate, diaphanous, yellow-
ish corneous, with a narrow chalky band at the impressed suture ;
whorls 6, a little flattened, the last more convex, not descending,
base subplanate ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 10 mill.

Island of HaytL

H. TRYPANOMPHALA, Pfr. Unfigured. Sierra Maestra, Mexico.

H. SALVIXI, Tristram. Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Subsection V, MICRARIONTA, Ancey.

H. GABBII, Newcomb. PI. 19, fig. 88.

Umbilicus almost covered, shell thin, light corneous, with a nar-
row brown band ; whorls 5, convex, with well impressed suture, last
whorl descending in front ; lip white, reflected, not callous.

Diam. 10 mill.

San Clemente Isl, S. California.

Var. FACTA, Kewcomb. PI. 19, fig. 89.

Almost covered rimate, solid, compact, glabrous, whitish, with a
chestnut band ; whorls 5-5?, slightly convex, the last descending in
front ; suture moderately impressed ; peristome yellowish, thick, re-
flected. Diam. 10'5 mill.

Ins. Sta. Barbara and San Nicolas, S. California.

Subsection VI, PCECILOSTOLA, Ancey, 1887.

[The name of this section is preoccupied. Ed.]
H. FARRISI, Pfr. PI. 18, figs. 69, 70.

Imperforate, rather thin, spirally striate and reticulated with im-
pressed pits, fulvous, with four brown bands, and maculated with
yellowish strigations ; whorls about 4£,. rapidly increasing, the last
ventricose, deflected in front ; peristome white lipped, the margin

expanded. Diam. 35 mill.

Mountains of Peru.

H. TSCHUDIANA, Phil. PL 17, figs. 41-43.

Umbilicus covered, rather solid, striulate, and decussated by very
thin spiral lines, fulvous, with a single, narrow chestnut band ; whorls
4i, the last deflected in front; peristome thickened, white, widely
reflected, parietal wall with a thin callus. Diam. 29 mill.

Huancavelica, Peru.

78 HELIX.

H. CLAUSOMPHALOS, Deville and Hupe. PI. 18, figs. 67, 68.

Imperforate, depressed, whitish to chestnut color, with a single,,
narrow chestnut band visible on the spire-whorls, last whorl wide,
deflected anteriorly, periphery obtusely subangulated ; peristome
thick, reflected, expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 29 mill.

Huancavelica, Andes of Peru.

H. ALSOPHILA, Philippi. PL 17, figs. 48-50.

Imperforate, somewhat solid, striulate, slightly transversely mal-
leated, shining, fulvous brown, with a chestnut band, light bordered
below ; peristome white, thickened, expanded. Diam. 30 mill.

Mts. of Sta. Ana, Peru.

H. ESTELLA, Orb. PL 18, fig. 71.

Imperforate or perforate, thin, diaphanous, irregularly submal-
leately reticulated, striated or nearly smooth, yellowish brown or
whitish, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 4, convex,
the last deflected in front; peristome reflected, white, columellar
margin dilated and appressed above. Diam. 23-38 mill.

Valle grande, Bolivia.

Var. TUCUMANENSIS, Doring.

Costulate-striate, nearly imperforate, submalleately reticulated in
front, convex below and lighter colored ; whorls 4J.

Diam. 32-34 mill.

Sierra de Tucuman.

Subsection VII, EPIFHRAGMOPHOEA, Doring, 1875.

H. GUYANA, Strobel.- PL 19, figs. 73-75.

Narrowly umbilicated, lenticular, carinated, rather thin, obliquely
plicate, suture subm argined ; whorls 4, flattened, rapidly increasing,
the last not descending, periphery acutely crenately carinated, base
convex, arcuately plicate ; aperture brownish, shining, peristome
simple, basally shortly reflected, columellar margin dilated above.

Diam. 14'5 mill.

Prov. Mendoza, Buenos Ayres*

H. HIERONYMI, Doring.

Widely umbilicated, subcalcareous, a little shining, usually with
a light chestnut band, depressed, slightly convex, suture deep ; whorls
4£-5, convex, the last slightly descending in front ; peristome sub-

HELIX. 7&

simple, acute, expanded, slightly white-lipped within, margins ap-
proximating. Diam. 18-20 mill., alt. 8 mill.

Catamarca, Argentine Republic.

This species was figured in Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. 148, PL 6, fig. 4
1878, but in the copy to which I have access this plate is missing, so
that I am unable to figure it.

H. HIGGINSI, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 34.

Umbilicated, rather solid, striated and malleated, olivaceous brown,
with a single chestnut band, suture impressed ; whorls 41, slightly
convex, the last descending in front, with convex base ; peristome
white, shortly reflected, the columellar margin impinging on the
umbilicus. Diam. 32 mill.

Huamachuco, Peru.

This is H. Farrisi, Higgins, not Pfeiffer.

H. JASPIDEA, Pfr. PL 17, figs. 35-37.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely costulate-striate, cor-
neous white, flamed and sub-banded with light corneous, suture
smooth, margined; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, regularly increas-
ing, the last descending in front, periphery angulated, base convex ;
aperture white banded, peristome whitish, margins approximating,
simple above, reflected at the base. Diam. 31 mill.

Prov. Patas, Peru.

H. COSTARICENSIS, Koth. PL 17, figs. 38-40.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, smoothly striated and spirally
subsulciited, purplish flesh color, with four narrow bands; whorls
4-}, obliquely flattened above, the last more convex near the suture,
obtusely angulated at the periphery, the angle whitish, dark mar-
gined, base whitish, umbilicus chestnut colored; peristome expanded
and slightly reflected. Diam. 30 mill.

Costa Rica^

H. HUANUCENSIS, Phil. PL 17, figs. 44-46.

Moderately umbilicated, smooth, striulate, yellowish, usually one
or two banded with chestnut above; whorls 5, planulate, the last
deflected in front, periphery with a rounded carina; peristome
slightly thickened, expanded above, reflected below, extremities
joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Huanuco viejo, Peru.

80 HELIX.

H. SARGI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 17, figs. 51-53.

Rather widely umbilicated, moderately thick, subobliquely, obso-
letely striulate, chestnut brown, without band, suture somewhat
deeply impressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last descending in
front, periphery obtusely angulated, base flattened, paler, olivaceous
brown ; aperture and periphery white, the latter reflected, margins
approaching. Diam. 27*5 mill.

Tamaja, Guatemala.
H. DILTJTA, Pfr. PL 17-, fig. 47.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, yellowish corneous, with
three brown bands, the upper and lower ones wider and paler;
whorls 4, somewhat flattened ; periphery simple, flesh-color columellar
margin expanded. Diam. 22 mill.

Cuzco, Peru.

H. TRIGRAMMEPHORA, Orb. PL 18, fig. 54.

Moderately umbilicated, striulate, shining, yellowish white, with
three narrow chestnut bands; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
descending in front; aperture rounded-lunar, peristome white, ex-
panded above, reflected below. Diam. 25 mill.

Valle grande, Bolivia.

H. PELLIS-COLUBRI, Phil. PL 19, fig. 72.

Widely umbilicated, striulate, slightly malleated below; yellowish
white, with a single chestnut band; whorls 5i, slightly convex, last
whorl subcylindrical, a little descending in front; peristome thick-
ened, white, widely reflected. Diam. 35 mill.

Otusco, Peru.

H. SEMICLAUSA, Martens. PL 18, figs. 65, 66.

Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, and slightly, minutely granular,
reddish brown, with a single brown band ; whorls 4, rapidly increas-
ing, last whorl scarcely descending in front; peristome reflected,
flesh color, columellar margin a little dilated, nearly covering the
umbilicus. Diam. 37 mill.

Rodersberg, Brazil.

H. CLAROMPHALOS, Deville et Hupe. PL 18, figs. 55, 56.

Rather widely umbilicated, ashy fulvous, unicolored or with one
two or three superior brown bands ; lip thickened, reflected.

Diam. 30 mill.

Near Cuzco, Peru.

HELIX. 81

Var. MESOMPHALOS, Morelet.

Smaller, more depressed, umbilicus wider, last whorl subangulated.
H. YOCOTULANA, Dormg.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, depressed, smoothish and
a little shining, minutely striate, chalky white or yellowish, with a
single chestnut band ; spire flattened, scarcely elevated, suture deep ;
whorls 4K a little depressed, earlier ones whitish or yellowish brown,
the last somewhat descending in front, pellucid chalky below; aper-
ture rounded lunate, peristome expanded-reflected, lipped, thickened,
dilated and shortly subangularly reflected on the columellar margin.

Diam. 20-22 mill., alt. 9-10 mill.

Yocotula, Argentine Republic.

In our copy of the "Boletin" containing the above description
the figure referred to is missing.

H. AUDOUIXI, d'Orb. PI. 18, fig. 64.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, rugosely subreticula-
ted, brownish violaceous, variegated with whitish lines, and with
three dark bands; whorls 6, the last depressed, descending in front;
peristome white, thickened, widely expanded, the margins approach-
ing, and joined by a parietal callus. Diain. 59 mill.

Bolivia.
Var. ORESIGENA, d'Orb.

Shell smaller, with a slightly more elevated spire.
Diam. 37 mill.

H. PATASENSIS, Pfr. PI. 18, figs. 61-63.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, striulate and minutely pitted,
fulvous, with a single, narrow, superior chestnut band; whorls 5£,
slightly convex, the last depressed rounded, deflected in front; peris-
tome whitish, the margins approaching, shortly expanded above, re-
flected below. Diam. 36 mill.

Andes Mts., Prov. of Patas, Peru.

Var. minor, has the chestnut band pale-margined.

H. MACASI, Higgins. PI. 18, figs. 57, 58.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, lightly, obliquely plicate-striate,
and very minutely concentrically striulate, whitish, with three
chestnut bands; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last deflected in
front, base convex ; peristome reflected, the margins approaching,

joined by a thin callus. Diam. 35 mill.

Macas, Equador.

6

82 HELIX.

H. TRENQUELLEONIS, Grat. PL 18, fig. 59.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subpellucid, slightly shining,
obsoletely opaquely plicate above, decussated by spiral striae, smooth
below, olivaceous brown, with a single, superior, chestnut band;
whorls 4J, rather flat, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, deflected
in front, base a little more convex ; peristome shortly expanded, red-
lipped within, margins approaching, joined by a thin callus.

Diam. 26 mill.

Cordova, Argentine Republic.

Unfigured Species.

H. HIDALGONIS, Doring. Argentine Republic.

H. MONOGRAPHA, Burmeister. Argentine Republic.

Both the above species have been figured, but the figures are want-
ing in the Philadelphia Academy's copies of the works which should
contain them.
H. GUEINZII, Pfr. Moyobamba, Peru.

Subsection VIII, EURYCAMPTA, Albers, 1860.

H. BONPLANDI, Lam. PI. 19, fig. 95.

Narrowly umbilicated, chestnut color, obsoletely doubly banded
with chocolate, subdecussated by very thm incremental and spiral
stride; whorls 4J-5, somewhat convex; aperture brownish violaceous,
peristome simple, right margin patulous, the basal somewhat thick-
ened, the columellar reflected. Diam. 29-35 mill.

Cuba.
H. SUPERTEXTA, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 94.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, subdecussated by incremen-
tal striae and impressed concentric lines, brownish fulvous, with a
median chestnut band, suture deep, crenulated, epidermis radiately
hydrophanous; wrhorls 5, convex; aperture brownish, peristome white,
expanded above, thickened and reflected below. Diam. 24 mill.

Near Matanzas, Cuba.

Like H. Bonplandi, but smaller with more convex whorls, more
slowly increasing, with different epidermis.

H. ARCTISTRIA, Pfr. PI 19, figs. 96, 97.

Very narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, closely, obliquely costu-
late-striate, light brownish, with two dark bands, and numerous

HELIX. 83

white epidermal bands; whorls 4$, rather convex, the last depressly
rounded, strongly descending in front; peristome fleshy white, mar-
gins converging, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 28 mill.

Ensenada de Corrientes, Cuba.
H. POEYI, Petit. PI. 19, fig. 93.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, closely costulately striate, epidermis
deciduous sub velvety; whorls 5, rather flattened, the last carinated,
deflected in front; peristome simple, expanded .above, reflected
below, columellar margin dilated, short subvertical.

Diam. 26 mill.

Cuba.

If. staminea, Menke, and H. velutinata, Beck are synonyms.

H. BRYANTI, Pfr. PL 19, figs. 91, 92.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, closely obliquely costulate,
light corneous ; whorls 4 J, somewhat flat, the last more convex, with
an interrupted chestnut line at the subacute carina, shortly reflected
in front; peristome thin, labiate within, a little expanded above,
reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 14*6 mill.

Water Key, Ragged Isl., Bahamas.

H. DESIDENS, Kang. PI. 18, fig. 60.

Moderately umbilicated, striate, thin, brownish, without bands;
whorls 4:>, flattened above, periphery obtusely angulated, base con-
vex ; peristome a little expanded above, scarcely reflected below.

Diam. 16 mill.

Ins. Martinique*

Section II, CAMPYL^EA, Beck, 1837.
Subsection I, XEROCAMPYLJEA, Kobelt, 1871.

H. ZELEBORI, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 69-72.

Very narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, lightly, subarcuately
striate, whitish, unicolored or with two chestnut spiral lines, apex
corneous; whorls 5 £, moderately convex, regurlarly increasing, the
last scarcely descending in front; aperture light flesh colored, peri-
stome simple, very thinly labiate, margins approaching.

Diam. 14'5 mill.

Servia, Bosnia.

Has the characters in part of both XerophUa, and Campy leva;
hence forms the passage between the two groups.

84 HELIX.

H. DRAGORICHI, Zelebor. PI. 45, figs. 22-24.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, striate, a little shining, white, apex
corneous, suture smooth; whorls 5i, slightly convex, the last dilated
in front, scarcely descending, aperture oblique, wide, peristome
simple, white-lipped, margins approaching, columellar margin dila-
ted above. Diam. 16 mill.

Samsum, Asia Minor.

A var. minor has more elevated spire, and a very light yellowish
band. Diam. 14 mill.

H. NUBIGENA, Charp. PI. 45, fig. 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, whitish, sometimes becoming yellow,
ish or rosy at the aperture; whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly
increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending in front; peristome
acute, Avhite-lipped within, margins approaching. Diam. 11 mill.

Bareges, Pyrenees.

Unfigured Species.

H. CAROSINA, H. BORTAXA, H. OXTOI, H. ACARIA, H. TwARTKOI,

H. NACTARA, Servain. Bosnia.

H. ADARELLA, Bourg. Croatia.

Subsection II, FRUTICOCAMPYL^A, Kobelt, 1871.

H. NARZANENSIS, Krynicki. PI. 20, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obsoletely transversely,
and still more faintly longitudinally striated, whitish, unicolored, or
with two band? ; whorls 6, rounded ; peristome reflected, margined
within, the extremities remote. Diam. 8 mill.

Caucasus, Georgia.

H. hortensis, Menetr. and H. Ossetinensis, Bayer are synonyms.

Var. /5, SOLIDIOR. Fig. 19.

Larger, heavier, bifasicate. Diam. 22 mill.

Var. 6. PERLINEATA.

More depressed, with a single superior band and minute decur-
rent lines.

Var. SUANETICA, Bottger. PI. 20, figs. 20-22.

Strongly striated, coarsely granular, spiral striae very faint, with
two distinct chestnut bands and brownish base.

Diam. H'5-16'5 mill.

HELIX. 85

Var. MACROMPHALA, Bottger. PI. 20, fig. 23, 24.

Umbilicus wider, surface obsoletely, very minutely granular and
spirally undulately lineolate, light chestnut color with a white band,
here and there strigated with chestnut. Diam. 15'5-19 mill.

Var. CYCLOTHYRA, Bottger. PI. 20, figs. 33, 34.

Larger, usually more depressed, umbilicus much wider, margins
of aperture approaching more closely. Diam. 19-22 mill.

Var. APPELINSI, Mousson. PI. 20, fig. 25.

More widely umbilicated, irregularly but strongly crispate-striate,
intermingled with elongated granulations, dull, light corneous, with
a pale dorsal band ; whorls 6, flattened, the last descending slightly
in front, periphery sometimes subangulated ; peristome a little ex-
panded, slightly but widely labiate within, margins converging,

Diam. 15-19 mill.

H. RAVERGIENSIS, Fer. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, slightly pellucid, obliquely
striate, yellowish gray, with white bands at the suture and periphery ;
whorls 6, obliquely planulate, suture superficial ; peristome patulous,
with a white lip within. Diam. 7 mill.

Caucasus, Georgia.

It is H. Ccvucasica, Pfr., and H. limbata, Kryn.

Var. PERSICA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 15, 16.

More conically depressed, thicker, with thread-like strise, here and
there rib-like, violet corneous, radiately strigate with white, bands
narrower and fainter. Diam. 17'5 mill.

Astrabad, Northern Persia.

Var. TRANSCAUCASICA, Bayer. PI. 20, figs. 31, 32.

Differs from the type in the smaller more depressed, less striate
shell; umbilicus narrower; corneous. Diam. 15, alt. 12 mill.

Southern Caucasus.
H. PRATENSIS, Pfr. PI. 20, figs. 26-30.

Moderately umbilicated, rugosely striate, whitish, with two chest-
nut bands, or without bands, and the last whorl becoming brownish
flesh color ; whorls 6, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome
expanded, remotely white lipped within, margins approaching.

Diam. 17 mill.

Riv. Tortoom, Asiatic Russia.

H. Bayerii, Parr, is a synonym.

86 HELIX.

Var. DELABRIS, Mousson. PL 21, figs. 46, 47.

Perforate, rather thin, chalky, irregularly striulate and slightly
and very minutely granular, white, doubly banded with brown, apex
corneous, suture scarcely impressed: whorls 5?, somewhat convex*
the last slightly descending in front ; base plano-convex ; aperture
white, with translucent band, peristome acute, expanded, not labiate
within, margins approximating. Diam. 15 mill.

Transcaucasia.

Var. JOANNIS, Mortillet, PI. 20, figs. 41, 42.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, distinctly striate, sub-
rugose, whitish or fulvous gray, sparsely pellucid-dotted and with
two dark chestnut bands ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last descend-
ing in front; peristome scarcely expanded above, white-lipped
within, the margins converging and joined by a thin callus.

Diam. 17-25 mill.

Erzeroum, Armenia.

H. Dumonti, Mortillet is a synonym.

H. PONTICA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 35-40.

Narrowly umbilicated, slightly shining, distinctly spirally lineo-
late, scarcely granular, white unicolored, or with two chestnut bands
or the upper or lower one absent. Diam. 18-21 mill.

North efSuekum, Caucasus.

H. EICHWALDI, Pfr. PL 21, figs. 48, 49.

Rather widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, shining, whitish, with
horny dots and doubly 'banded ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last
deflected in front ; peristome expanded, prominently, remotely white-
lipped within, margins acute, almost continuous. Diam. 18 mill.

Caucasus.

Var. DAGHESTAXA, Parr. PL 21, figs. 50, 51.

Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, shining, corneous, radiately
strigate with white, with a median white band, suture linear ; whorls
6, a little convex, the last deflected at the aperture ; peristome acute,
slightly expanded, white-lipped, margins approximating.

Diam. 16 mill.

Daghestan, Caucasus.

H. ARMENIACA, Pfr. PL 21, figs. 52-54.

Moderately umbilicated, plicately striate, variegated with corneous
and ashy white ; whorls 6, depressed, the last angulated, shortly de-

HELIX. 87

fleeted in front ; peristome simple above, shortly reflected below,
remotely white-lipped within, margins approaching.

Diam. 11 mill.

Armenia, Caucasus.

H. Ziegleri, var. Airumia, Siemaschko is a synonym.

H. PH^OL^EMA, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 18-20.

Narrowly perforate, globose-conic, very solid, bluish-white, with
brown apex and occasional radiating streaks : spire elevated, apex
minute, acute ; whorls 6i, slowly increasing, rugose-striate, sparsely
and lightly marked with spiral lines, the last whorl subangulate in
front of the aperture, deflexed anteriorly, rounded below ; aperture
small, round-lunate, oblique, castaneous within; peristome expanded,
labiate with white, the eKtremities converging slightly, columella
dilated, reflexed. Diam. 14 mill, alt. 11*5 mill.

ML Schach-Dagh, Oriental Caucasus.

Unfigured Species.

H. MENETRIESII, Kalenicz, Caucasus.
H. ALPINA and H. NIVALIS, Menetr. are synonyms.

H. DICHROZONA, Martens. Ko Kand.

H. NYMPH.ZEA, Dubois. Transcaucasia.

Subsection III, EUCAMPYLJEA, Pfr. 1881.
I, Group of H. pouzolzij Desh.

H. POUZOLZI, Desh. PI. 22, fig. 75.

Widely unibilicated, striate, spirally lineated above, olivaceous
brown, with three chestnut bands, the middle one narrowest ; whorls
6, somewhat flattened, the last deflected in front ; peristome thick-
ened and reflected, whitish or flesh color. Diam. 40-48 mill.

Dalmatia, Albania.

The synonyms are H. Savignyana, Ehrenb., H. Varronis, Cantr.,
H. Brenoensis, and H. Macarana, Miihlf., H. Dalmatina, Parr, and
the following color varieties : var. trifasciata, Bielz (typical), var.
bifasciata, Brus., var. unifasciata, Pfr., var, obscura, Bielz (more or
less dark chestnut with scarcely distinct bands), var. imicolor, Pfr.
(no bands).

88 HELIX.

Var. MONTEXEGRINA, Zglr. PL 22, fig. 7G.

Small, olive green, distinctly dark banded, peristome but slightly
thickened. Diam. 30 mill.

Var. BOSNIENSIS, Kobelt. PI. 22, fig. 77.

Smaller, spire a little elevated, whorls planulate above, with three
distinct, subequal bands. Diam. 31 mill.

Bosnia.

H. Ragnsana, Per. and H. trizona, Reeve are synonyms.

H. SERBICA, Mollend. PI. 21, figs. 66-68.

Moderately umbilicated, striulate, and slightly spirally lineate
above, olivaceous brown, with three chestnut brown bands, the mid-
dle one narrower, the outer ones diluted on the exterior sides, suture
deep ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last slightly descending in
front ; peristome simple, acute, margins distant, columellar lip a
little expanded, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 27 mill.

Servia.
Var. UNITJENIATA, Bottger.

Ferrugineus, with a supra-median black band ; aperture rosy
white or purplish within. Diam. 29 mill.

Montenegro.

H. PAUCICI, Mollend. PL 21, figs. 69-71.

Widely umbilicated, striulate, and spirally lineate above, oliva-
ceous brown, with three chestnut brown bands ; whorls 6?, rounded,
flattened below, the last whorl slowly descending at the aperture ;
peristome simple above, angulately subreflected and a little dilated
below. Diam. 30 mill.

Servia.

Flatter, with wider umbilicus than the preceeding species, and
flattened base.

H. STESOMPHALA, Menke. PL 21, figs. 63-65.

Narrowly umbilicated, lightly striate, yellowish, with three chest-
nut bands, the outer one wider and diluted ; whorls 5?, somewhat
convex, the last inflated, scarcely descending in front ; peristome a
little reflected, white-lipped within, margins distant, columellar mar-
gin dilated and reflected, partly covering the umbilicus.

Diam. 31 mill.

Croatia.

HELIX. 89

II, Group of H. planospira, Lam.

H. HIRTA, Menke. PL 23, figs. 10-12.

Umbilicated, spire plane, thin, slightly striate and punctate-gran-
ular, hairy, pellucid, somewhat shining, yellowish corneous, with a
chestnut band ; whorls 4£, somewhat flattened, the last scarcely de-
scending ; peristome reflected, flexuous, white-lipped.

Diam. 21 mill.

Illyria, Croatia.

H. deplana, Zglr., is a synonym.

H. LEFEBORIANA, Fer. PI. 25, figs. 56-58.

Umbilicated, spire plane, thin, hairy, ashy corneous, with a sin-
gle chestnut band ; whorls 5, flattened, the last deflected in front ;
peristome acute, reflected, white-lipped, margins approaching.

Diam. 29 mill.

Illyria, Carniola.

H. Feburiana, Rossm., H. deplana, Miihlf., and A. hirsute, Brura.
are synonyms.

H. HAZAYAXA, Clessin. PI. 45, figs. 35-37.

Large, widely umbilicated, much depressed, rather solid, finely
striate, beset with long shaggy crooked hairs, corneous, with a pale
brown band above, succeeded by a clear zone, and below this a third
band of brown ; whorls flat, 5 2 in number, slowly increasing, sep-
arated by a deeply impressed suture, the last double the width of
antepenultimate, shortly deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, wide-
ly lunar, slightly wider than high ; peristome sharp, expanded ;
columella extended. Diam. 22 mill.

Northern Hungaria.

H. SADLERIANA, Ziegler. PL 22, figs. 78, 79.

Widely umbilicated, slightly striate and closely punctate-granular,
thin, pellucid, shining, with short, close, regularly disposed hairs,
light yellowish corneous, with a chestnut, white-margined band;
whorls 5*, flattened, the last subdeflected in front; peristome a little
deflected, subthickened, whitish, margins distant.

Diam. 30-38 mill.

Croatia, Carinola.

H. PLANOSPIRA, Lam. PL 22, figs. 80, 82.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, striulate, greenish corneous, with
a superior chestnut white margined band, spire obtuse, slightly ele-

90 HELIX.

vated ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last slowly descending in front ;
peristome white-lipped, dextrally slightly expanded, basally shortly
reflected, columellar margin dilated, margins remote.

Diam. 22-26 mill.

Southern France, Northern Italy.

H. adelozona, Parr.

Var. KOBELTIANA, Clessin. PL 48, fig. 90.

Larger than type, whorls elevated, thick, the last whorl double
as broad as penultimate, aperture wide, transversely ovate, um-
bilicus wide, partially covered by reflection of columellar lip.

Carinthia (Karnthen.)

Var. UMBILICARIS, Brumati. PI. 22, fig. 85.

Much depressed, widely umbilicate, exhibiting all the whorls to
apex ; last whorl and aperture decidedly widened, base of peristome
flattened.

Northern Italy.

H. Hispanica, Linn, and H. zonata, C. Pfr.

Var. ILLYRICA, Stabile. PI. 22, fig. 86.

More or less subglobose depressed, glabrous, pale corneous colored,
with an evanescent fascia.

Illyria.
Var. PADANA, Stabile. PI. 22, figs. 83, 84.

Small, subglobose depressed, spire convex, last whorl rounded,
aperture less horizontal than in the type, and more rounded:
Diam. 25-27 mill.

Northern Italy.

Var. ULLEPITSCHEI, Westerl. PL 48, fig. 91.

Depressed solid, aperture transversely oval, columellar margin
.immersed in umbilicus. Diam. 32, alt. 16 mill.

Southern Austria.
Var. STABILLEI, Paulucci. Not figured.

Var. SETULOSA, Briganti. PL 22, fig. 92.

Opaque, rather thin, rich brown ; sharply rugulose, with black
hairs arranged in oblique series, a dark supra-peripheral band,
bounded on either side with whitish, whorls 4£-5, the last slightly
descending, gibbous at the base ; aperture rotund-lunar, slightly ob-
lique, brown within, labiate. Diam. 26, alt. 13 mill.

Central Italy.

H. setipila, Zglr.

HELIX. 91

Var. PUBESCENS, Tiberi. PI. 22, figs. 88, 89.

Very similar to the last variety ; sparsely pilose, pale reddish
brown, whorls 5, the last rounded, slightly descending anteriorly,
base convex, umbilicus moderate, peristome brown-labiate, colum-
ellar margin subreflexed. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill.

Abruzzen.

Var. CASERTANA, Paulucci. PI. 22, fig. 87.

Sparsely hirsute, rather dark colored; peristome rather widely
reflected, milky white or yellowish, spotted everywhere with violet
to the point of its insertion ; last whorl rounded below.

Diam. 23i-26 mill, alt. 13-14 mill.

Caserta Vecchia.

Var. CALVA, Kobelt.

Distinguished from the type by the lack of hairs or hair scars.

Central Italy.
H. depilata, Orsini, Mss. ; H. planospira, var. depilata, Paul.

Var. CALABRICA, Paulucci. PL 22, fig. 90.

Translucent ; totally destitute of hairs, but with slight traces upon
the embryonic whorls, depressed globose, umbilicus narrow, the
columellar margin reflected over it ; aperture rotund-ovate, last
whorl much dilated below. Diam. 25-28 mill.

Calabria.

Var. NEAPOLITAN, Paulucci. PI. 23, figs. 93, 94.

In form like the type ; minutely granulate and sparsely hirsute,
rather opaque, umbilicus rather large, last whorl more depressed
and more descending anteriorly ; peristome yellowish, mottled with
darker color. Diam. 19-24 mill.

Castellamare.

Var. CASSINENSIS, Paulucci. PI. 23, fig. 97.

In form like typical planospira ; last whorl more rounded ; hairy ;
•clear horn colored ; aperture rounded, peristome subreflexed at the
base. Diam. 20-24 mill.

Mk. Cassino.

Var. EUGANEA, Stabile.

Smaller and thinner than varv. padana, to which it is similar in
form ; shining. Padua,

92 HELIX.

Var. ALIFAENSIS, Paul. PI. 23, fig. 95.

Large, thin, fragile, opaque, sparsely and shortly pilose; last
whorl inflated ; aperture wide, rounded. Diam. 29, alt. 16 mill.

Terra di Lavoro, Italy.
H. ZONATA, Studer. PI. 28, figs. 34-36.

Umbilicated, olivaceous, with a chestnut band, subpellucid ; whorls
5£, somewhat convex, the last descending in front ; peristome sim-
ple, reflected below ; expanded above, margins nearly joining.

Diam. 21 mill.

Xii'itzerland, Northern Italy.

H. fcetens, Stud., is a synonym.

Var. MODESTA, Moquin-Tandon.
Lacks the band of the typical form.
H. flavo-virens, Dum. et Mort. is a synonym.

H. CONFUSA, Benoit. PI. 23, figs. 98-100.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, striulate, granular above,
chestnut corneous, with a chestnut, white or yellowish margined
band ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last slowly descending in front ;
peristome thick, flexuous, reflected, white-lipped, callous below.

Diam. 25-33 mill.

N/V /'///.

Mdme. Paulucci makes this a variety of H. planospir'i.

H. MACROSTOMA, Muhlf. PI. 23, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.

Openly umbilicated, opaque, very minutely granular above, yel-
lowish, with a chestnut band ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
descending in front ; peristome widely reflected, white-lipped, mar-
gins approaching. Diam. 29 mill.

Sicily.

It is H. planospira, Phil., H. pervia and H. didyma, Muhlf., H.
siculina and H. cryptozona (figs. 5, 6), Ziegler ; the last a smaller,
thinner, diaphanous form.

Var. BENEDICTA, Kobelt. PI. 23, figs. 3, 4.

Perfectly plane above, last whorl abruptly descending in front
lurid fulvous, with long hairs arranged in quincunx order.

H. Lefeburiana, Phil., and H. trichophora, Bourg., H. setipila,
Benoit (not Ziegler) are synonyms.

Var. ERETA, Paulucci.

Shell oval, last whorl much widened toward the aperture.

Palermo.

HELIX. 93

II. - • K/'.NATA. Mousson. PL 29, figs. 37-39.

Umbilicated, dark corneous, with a dark band, pale-margined
below, striate, with very minute granulations, obsoletely hairy ;
whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last without hairs, a little descend-
ing in front ; aperture grayish, showing the exterior band, peristome
subthickened, whitish, shortly reflected, margins somewhat approach-
ing. Diam. 23 mill.

Cephalonia and Ep'r».<.

Var. DI-TAXS, Blanc. PL 29, figs. 40, 41.

More distinctly striate and granular, whitish zone conspicuous,
umbilicus narrower, suture whitish margined.

I*. Corfu.

H. rafTETO, C. Pfr. PL 25, figs. 59-62.

Widely umbilicated, corneous brown, with a chestnut band mar-
gined with white below, translucent, substriate ; whorls 5 2, flattened,
the last deflected in front ; peristome simple, expanded, right margin
reflected, extremities approaching. Diam. 21-27 mill.

J/fe. Switzerland and Southern An--'

The synonymy includes H. cornea, Voith, H. euzona, Menke,
H. iii'irf/iii'ita, Miihlf., H. achatina, Pot. et. Mich., H. cingulina,
I» -li., var. Dufftii, Kobelt (subfossil).

Var. ACHATES, Ziegler. PL 25, figs. 59, 60.

Rather smaller than type ; whorls more elevated, the peripheral
white band broader, the dark band conspicuous ; keel scarcely indi-
cated. Diam. 19 mill.

of Southern Bavaria, North Tyrol, etc.

t'ar. I.-HTHYOMMA. Held. PL 25, fig. 63.
Depressed finely striate, shining, thin, translucent, corneous, with
rufous band, bordered with white below; whorls 02, flattened, the
widened, descending anteriorly, convex below ; sutures deep ;
aperture very oblique, compressed ovate, peristome labiate, white,
- not converging, reflected on basal margin. Umbilicus wide
and deep. Diam. 22 mill.

Bavarian Alp.*.

94 HELIX.

Var. CISALPIXA, Stabile. PI. 26, fig. 64.

Large, thin, sub pellucid, umbilicus narrow, last whorl convex be-
low ; narrow brown band not bordered with white. Diam. 27 mill.

Southern Alps.

H. vittafa, Jan. and H. sebinensis, Kobelt are synonyms.

Var. ADAMI, Kobelt. PL 26, fig. 65.

Umbilicus more widely perspective than in var. cisalpina, last
whorl flattened below ; conspicuously banded. Diam. 32 mill.

Southern Alps.
H. Calabriensis, Jan. is a synonym.

Var. RHAETICA, Mouss. PI. 26, fig. 66.

Shell larger and more solid than in the type ; whorls less cari-
naled, flattened below ; with a very distinct castaneous band.

Diam. 27 mill.

Mountain valleys of the Rhine and Inn.

Var. DEBETT.E, Adami. PL 45, fig, 25.

Small depressed, solid. Diam. 18, alt. 6-8 mill.

Southern Tyrol.
H. ARGENTELLEI, Kobelt. PL 26, figs. 67, 68.

Moderately umbilicated, striulate, olivaceous brown, with a chest-
nut, white margined band ; whorls 5, the last subangulate, descend-
ing in front ; peristome a little reflected, the margins approaching,
columellar lip dilated above, partly covering the umbilicus.

Diam. 18-26 mill.

Taygetus, Greece.
H. KOLLARI, Zelebor. PL 24, figs. 19-21.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, striulate and sparsely pilose,
especially at the periphery (the hairs leaving pits), corneous, with
a white margined chestnut band; whorls 5?, scarcely convex, the
last depressed, descending in front, base light-colored about the um-
bilicus ; peristome white, sublabiate, shortly expanded, reflected be-
low, extremities closely approaching. Diam. 17'5-23 mill.

Servia.

H. PYRENAICA, Drap. PL 23, figs. 13-15.

Narrowly umbilicated, flattened above, thin, pellucid, olivaceous
corneous ; whorls 5, rather flattened, the last not descending ; peri-
stome acute, reflected, white-lipped. Diam. 19 mill.

Pyrenees.

HELIX. 95

Var. COMPLAXATA, Bourg. PL 23, fig. 16.

Shell thin, suture profound, peristome horizontal, not arcuate at
base.

Pyrenees.

H. xanthelea, Bourg. is a synonym.

H. FAUSTINA, Ziegler. PI. 29, figs. 46, 47.

Narrowly umbilicated, smooth, shining, yellowish above, with a
chestnut band, brownish below ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
not deflected in front ; peristome white-lipped, angularly reflected,
margins somewhat converging. Diam. 18 mill.

Galicia, Volhynia, Silesia.

H. selemine, Muhlf., H. Volhyniensis, Andrz., and H. cornea*
Fitz., are synonyms.

Var. CITRINULA, Ziegler.
Smaller, yellowish, without band.
Var. SATIVA, Ziegler.

Orange chestnut color.
Var. ASSOCIATA, Ziegler. PL 29, figs. 48-50.

Spire flatter, umbilicus wider, last whorl profoundly deflected in
front, aperture oblique.

Transylvania and Bucovina*

H. Javnaensis, Parr, is a synonym.

Var. CHARPENTIERI, Scholtz.

Umbilicated, depressed, lightly and irregularly striate, corneous
brown above, with an ill-defined reddish brown band, yellowish brown
below, shining.

Siletia.

H. MOLLEXDORFFI, Kobelt. PL 29, figs. 42-45.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, striate, corneous brown,
with a single chestnut band, with regular, sparse, long hairs ; whorlfl
5£, regularly increasing, slightly convex, the last suddenly descend-
ing in front ; peristome reflected, white-lipped, margins subcontin-
uous.

Diam. 14-18 mill.

Bosnia, Servia.

Has the form of H. faustma, but differs in the aperture and nar-
rower umbilicus, and is pilose.

96 HELIX.

H. ROSSMASSLEEI. Pfr. PL 29, figs. 51-53.

Very narrowly umbilicated, thin, yellowish above, with a single
chestnut band, brownish below ; whorls 4?, slightly convex ; peri-
stome acute, thin, reflected, margins distant. Diam. 12 mill.

L '' / rpath ia n Mo u n i<i in s.

Smaller than H. faustina, with narrower umbilicus and the peri-
stome not thickened. H. advena, Rossm. is a synonym.

H. SCLEROTRICHA, Bourg. PI. 23, figs. 7-9.

Very narrowly umbilicated, slightly convex above, more so below,
not shining, thin, a little pellucid, corneous chestnut color, lighter
around the umbilicus, with two lighter zones, last whorl strongly
striate, with erect rigid hairs in quincunx order, apex obtuse, mal-
leate; whorls 6, rather rapidly increasing, the last compressed
rounded, slowly descending in front ; peristonie whitish, slightly
thickened, reflected, margins remote, joined by a thin callus.

Diam. 32 mill.

Kabylia, N. Africa.

It is H. schlcerotricha, Bourg. (err. evid.).

H. PIXDICA. Bottger. PL 45. figs. 26. 27.

Xarrowly umbilicated, depressed, thin, subopaque, reddish cor-
neous, with a brown supraperipheral fascia, bounded below by a
light tract, spire convexo-conic, depressed, whorls over 5, regularly
increasing, slightly convex, striulate and somewhat granulate, with
short, deciduous sparse hairs, last whorl subaugulate, descending in
front ; aperture very oblique, oval, peristorne brown, expanded,
dilated and reflexed at columella. Diam. 24, alt. 13 mill.

Karawa.

A more depressed form than H. subzonata, with wider aperture
and less distinctly pilose. Distinguished from Kobelt's H. Argen-
tellei by the much narrower umbilicus, etc.

H. COMEPHOKA, Bourg. PL 24, figs. 22-24.

Umbilicated, thin, subdiaphanous, fulvous, corneous, with a supe-
rior light chestnut baud; with erect rigid hairs ; whorls 5, somewhat
flattened, the last descending in front ; peristome acute, simple
above, reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 27 mill.

Morea.

H. setipila. Bourg. is a synonym.

HELIX. 97

H. BANATICA, Partsch. PI. 22, figs. 72-74.

Openly umbilicated, very minutely decussated, opaque, olivaceous
In-own, with a chestnut band; whorls 5*, somewhat flattened, the
last not descending in front, carinated, carina vanishing towards the
aperture ; peristome acute, white-lipped, outer margin expanded,
columellar margin dilated and reflected. Diam. 30 mill.

Transylvania.

It is If. prcetexta, Ziegl.

H. THAYACA, Bourg. PL 21, figs. 60-62.

Imperforate, opaque, solid, olivaceous brown, elegantly striulate,
spire roof-like ; whorls 6, regularly slowly increasing, flattened and
carinate, the carina following the suture, becoming evanescent in the
last whorl, which descends at the aperture ; peristome obtuse, labiate,
slightly patulous, columellar lip convex, callous, covering the umbil-
icus, margins joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 27 mill.

Prov. Constantine, Algeria.

L ~n figured Species.

H. BRENSKEI, Bottger. Corinth.

H. CONEMEXOSI, Bottger. Sontameri, Greece.

Ill, Group of H. setosa, Zglr.

H. SETOSA, Ziegler. PL 31, figs. 94, 95.

Widely umbilicated, slightly striate and subgranular, thin, pellu-
cid, shining, with rather long dense, irregularly disposed hairs, yel-
lowish corneous, three banded with chestnut ; whorls 5 J, somewhat
convex, the last deflected in front ; peristome continuous, solute,
widely reflected, sublabiate, the basal margin subdentate.

Diam. 30 mill.

Istria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Albania.

H. setosula, Briganti is a synonym.

Vur. PILOSA, Stentz.

Whitish-yellow, without bands.
Var. IMBERBIS, Brusina.

Flatter, a little rugose, yhining, without hairs.

Var. denudata, Zeleb. is a synonym.

Var. LITORALIS, Brus.

More rugose and opaque, hairs shorter, bands lighter.

98 HELIX.

H. WALTERI, Bottger. PL 45, figs. 28, 29.

A form intermediate between H. insolita and H. Hoffmani. From
the former it is distinguished by the thicker, more expanded lip,
wider band and microscopic short hairs. From H. Hoffmani the
the number of hairs at once separate it, that species having 9 to 12
hairs to a square mill., whilst the Walteri shows 25-30 in the same
space. Diam. 25-28, alt. 15-17 mill.

Sutomore, Alps.

H. NICOLAI, Kleciach. PI. 30, figs. 76-78.

Openly umbilicatad, somewhat solid but subtranslucent, obliquely
rugose, ribbed-striate, not hairy, grayish yellow, with three fulvous
bands ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last rather
narrow, deflected in front ; peristome continuous, widely reflected,
labiate within, basal margin subdentate. Diam. 26 mill.

Dalmatia.

H. recorder a, Parr, is a synonym.

H. BRUSINJE, Stossich. PI. 30, figs. 82-84.

Widely umbilicated, flattened above, lightly striate and granular,
thin, subpellucid, with very dense short hairs, somewhat regularly
disposed, yellowish white, with three chestnut bands, the middle one
narrowest; whorls 5£, the last deflected in front ; peristome contin-
uous, solute, widely reflected, columellar margin unidentate.

Diam. 32 mill.

Mts. Biokovo, Dalmatia.

H. INSOLITA, Ziegler. PI. 24, figs. 35, 36.

Openly umbilicated, striate, slightly granular, thin, pellucid,
shining, not hairy, light yellowish, three-banded with chestnut, outer
bands interrupted or fading; whorls o£, convex, the last deflected
in front; peristome reflected, somewhat thickened, margins sub-
continuous, columellar margin dilated, tuberculated below.

Diam. 29-32 mill.

Dalmatia, Albania.

It is H. subcostalis, Parr.

Var. DENUDATA, Eossm. PL 24, figs, 37, 38.

Turbinately depressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last sud-
denly deflected in front ; peristome continuous, solute.

HELIX. 99

H. PR.ETEXTA, Parr. PI. 25, figs. 42-44.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely subrugosely stri-
ate, light fulvous, with three chestnut bands, the third below the
periphery ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last depressly rounded,
descending in front, subconstricted on the base behind the mouth ;
aperture trifasciate, peristome sublabiate, expanded above, shortly
reflected below and obsoletely dentate, margins approaching, scarcely
connected by a thin callus. Diam. 27 mill.

Dalmatia.

It is H. insolita var. rugata, Kutsch., and H. insolita var. costu-
lata, Bielz.

H. HOFFMANNI, Partsch. PI. 24, figs. 32-34.

Narrowly or subcovered perforate, very slightly striate and punc-
tate granular, thin, subpellucid, shining, with very short and dense
irregular hairs, yellowish, one rarely obsoletely three-banded; whorls
5£, convex, the last deflected in front ; peristome widely reflected,
sublabiate, margins subcontinuous, with a basal callus.

Diam. 35 mill.

Dalmatia.
H. monozona, Zglr. is a synonym.

H. KLECIACHI, Parr. PI. 30, figs. 79-81.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, very closely, minutely gran-
ular, with somewhat close, short, erect hairs, light fulvous, with three
subequal chestnut bands, whereof two are above the periphery ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last depressly rounded, abruptly de-
flected in front, constricted at the aperture below ; peristome white-
lipped, expanded, reflected below, tuberculate within, columellar
margin expanded, half covering the umbilicus, margins joined by a.

sinuous callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Dalmatia*

If. lucescens, Kutsch. is a synonym.

H. NARENTANA, Kleciach. PL 24, figs. 39-41.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, striulate, yellow-
ish corneous, with three narrow chestnut bands, the middle one
most distinct ; whorls 5, rounded, the last one dilated, inflated below,
suddenly deflected at the aperture; peristome slightly reflected,
margins approaching and joined by a callus, columellar margin
edentulous, dilated above, covering half of the umbilicus.

Diam. 24-29 mill.

Mts. of Narenta, near Ragusa.

100 HELIX.

H. SETIGERA, Ziegler. PI. 30, tigs.

Narrowly imibilicated, lightly striate and punctate-granular,
thin, pellucid, shining, with rather lon«:. dense, erect hairs, irregu-
larly disposed, yellowish, with three pale bands, the middle one
most distinct ; whorls 5, convex, the last deflected in front, peristome
slightly reflected, continuous, but not solute, columellar margin
subdentate. Diam. 20-26 mill.

Datmatia, Croatia.
' It is H. setose^ var., Rossmiissler.

H. CRIXITA. Sandri. PL 3' _ ~

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly rugose, slightly punctate
granular, with a few regularly disposed, recurved hairs, brownish
corneous with three light chestnut bands: whorls 5* flattened, the
last deflected in front : peri- rinuous, solute, widely reflected,

labiate, columellar margin subdentate. Diam. 28 mill.

latia.

IV, Group of H. alpina, Faure-Biguet.

H. ALFIXA, Faure-Biguet. PL 2*. figs. 11-13.

Widely umbilicated. striate, with fine, undulating spiral lines,
yellowish, the deciduous epidermis variegated with brown : whorls
:i vex. the last with obsoletely augulated periphery; peristome
simple, white-lipped, shortly reflected below. Diam. 19 mill.

?yrw.

Var. PHALERATA. Ziegler. PL 2*. figs. 24-27.
With a single band. Diam. 20 mill.
H. Thessolonicti, Mouss, is a synonym.

Var. FOXTEXILLH, Michaud.

Widely umbilicated. pellucid, marbled with whitish and corneous,
periphery carinated. E

Westerlund. who considers this a distinct species, has a variety

H. HERMESIAXA. Pini. PI. . _~ --100.

Moderately umbilicated, solid. shinin_ - and with slight

spiral lines, ashy white or light rosy, usually with a single median,
narrow, chestnut band; whorls 5f. rounded convex, slowly increas-
ing, the last dilated, subinflated, suddenly deflected in front, suture

HELIX. 101

deep; aperture vinous brown, with band, peristome white-lipped,
margins remote, expanded above but scarcely reflected, basal and
columellar margins more reflected. Diam. 25 mill.

Mt. Presolano, N. Italy.

Var. LIGURICA, Kobelt. PL 27, fig. 4.

Smaller, last whorl less dilated, aperture rounded.
Diam. 20 mill.

H. FRIGIDA, Jan. PI. 24, figs. 25-27.

Openly moderately umbilicated, planospiral, solid, ashy white;
whorls 5, convex,, the last scarcely descending in front, subcom-
pressed around the umbilicus ; aperture brownish, peristome white-
lipped, margins distant. Diam. 21 mill.

A Ips of Northern Italy.

Var. IXSUBRICA, Crist, et Jan. PI. 27, fig. 28, PI. 23, fig. 17.
Smaller, single banded. Diam. 18 mill.
H. Bertelliana, and H. frigidissima, Adami, (fig. 17) are synonyms.

H. NICATIS, Costa. PL 23, fig. 18.

Kather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, subarcuately striate,
a little shining, whitish, with obsolete corneous maculations, spire
subplane, suture impressed ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last
with a light chestnut band above the middle, scarcely descending
in front, base more convex ; aperture brownish flesh color, peristome
simple, reflected basally, margins joining. Diam. 20 mill,

Mt. Nicatis, Naples.

H. CHAMAELEON, Parr. PL 28, figs. 28-30.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, obliquely striate, with
impressed spiral lines above, closer at the periphery, brownish,
dotted with white, with a chestnut, white-margined periphery band,
marbled with chestnut and white below, whorls 5, barely convex
above, the last more convex below, scarcely descending in front ;
peristome labiate, margins converging, shortly expanded above,
subflexuous, basally reflected. Diam. 19 mill.

Near Malborghet, Carinthia.

Kobelt considers this possibly a variety of H. jyhalerata.

H. OLYMPICA, Roth. PL 28, figs. 19-21.

Umbilicated, striate, whitish, with a single narrow chestnut band,
epidermis deciduous ; whorls 5, rounded, the last descending at the

102 HELIX.

aperture; peristome simple, margins approximating, and joined by
a thin callus. Diam. 22 mill.

ML Olympus, Greece.
Var. OSSICA, Bottger. PL 28, fig. 22.

Smaller than type, umbilicus narrower; solid, obscure olive-brown,
brown band margined with yellow above, spire depressed conic,
whorls 5£. Diam. 21-24 mm.

ML Ossa, Thessaly.
Var. MAGNESIA, Bottger. PI. 28. fig. 23.

Large, umbilicus small for size of shell; form depressed conic;
fascia widely margined above and below with whitish.

Diam. 33-36 mill.

ML Ossa, Thessaly.
H. GASPARIN^:, Charp. PL 21, figs. 57, 58.

Uinbilicated, solid, striate, bluish white, with a chestnut, white
margined median band; whorls 5, rounded, the last scarcely des-
cending at the aperture; peristome simple, acute, margins approxi-
mating, joined by a very thin callus, basal margin slightly reflected.

Diam. 23 mill.

Mt. Olympus, Greece.
Var. SUBDEFLEXA, Bottger. PL 21, fig. 59.

Shell much more depressed than type, solid, yellowish-corneous,
last whorl descending at aperture.

Near Entrance of Vale of Tcmpe.

H. CHORISTOCHILA, Bottger. PL 45, figs. 30-32.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, solid, shining corneous brown,
paler around the umbilicus ; with a narrow supraperipheral brown
band, which is margined above by a very narrow, below by a broad
white tract; spire slightly convex, whorls over 4, regularly increasing
densely irregularly striate, not granulose nor pilose, the last de-
scending somewhat at aperture, peristome slightly expanded, labiate,
upper and lower margins well rounded, distant.

Diam. 17'5 alt 9'3 mill.

Karaiva.

Allied to the preceding, but smaller, with narrower umbilicus, etc.

H. LANGI, Parr. PL 21, figs. 55, 56.

Widely umbilicated, slightly striate, whitish, with three narrow
chestnut bands ; whorls 5, a little depressed, slowly increasing, suture

HELIX. 103

moderately impressed; peristome reflected, margins joining, colu-
mella extended. Diam. 25 mill.

Mt'. Parnassus, Greece.

H. PHOC^A, Roth. PL 20, figs. 43-45.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly striated, gray-
ish white, with three superior bands of chestnut, one of them some-
times obsolete, apex corneous; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last
subdepressed, suddenly deflected in front ; aperture almost horizon-
tal, brownish within ; peristome scarcely labiate, simple above, shortly
reflected below, margins approximating. Diam. 21-22 mill.

Mt. Parnassus, Greece.

Var. ORXATA, Parr.

Larger, distinctly trifasciate. Diam. 25 mill.

•

Var. IXORNATA, Kobelt.

Smaller, the bands obsolete. Diam. 18 mill.

H. SCHMIDTII, Ziegler. PL 28, figs. 8-10.

Moderately umbilicated, slightly convex, solid, rugosely striate,
brownish, variegated with yellowish or whitish; whorls 5-5 i, the
last scarcely deflected in front ; aperture brownish ; peristome white-
lipped, scarcely expanded above, shortly reflected below, margins
joining. Diam. 24 mill.

Alps of Carniola.

Var. HESSEI, Kimakowicz. PL 35, fig. 11.

Strongly and irregularly striate, with weak spiral lines; dirty
yellowish brown, with light strigations, and a scarcely indicated
dark brown band ; whorls less depressed than H. Schmidti and shell
smaller. Diam. 19 mill.

Transylvania.

H. CARASCALENSIS, Fe"r. PL 19, figs. 1, 2.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, yellowish, variegated and subfas-
ciolate with corneous; whorls 5£, slightly convex; peristome patulous,
acute, slightly labiate, columellar margin widely reflected.

Pyrenees.

H. VELASCOI, Hidalgo. PL 19, figs. 3-7.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly striate, opaque white,
strigate with brownish corneous; whorls 51, convex, the last de-

104 HELIX.

scending in front, subdilated, peristome simple, white, scarcely labiate,
basal margin shortly and the columella margin rather widely reflect-
ed. Diam. 15'5 mill.

Spain.

A variety is fulvous corneous, strigate with whitish, with a single
peripheral band.

Un figured Species.

H. NANSOUTIANA, Bourg. Pyrenees.
H. CARASCALOPSIS and H. RENEI, Fagot. Haute Garonne.

H. NEPH^ECA, Fagot. France.

H. MILLIERI, Bourg. Alps.

H. NICOLISIANA, Adami. Italy.

H. GALLICA, Bourg. France.

V, Group of H. eingulata, Studer.

H. CINGULELLA, Ziegler. PI. 30, figs. 71, 72 (central fig.)

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat shining, striate, dirty
white, radiated with bluish black, with a brown band above the
periphery; whorls 5, depressed, the last obsoletely angulated above^
shortly descending anteriorly; peristome subsimple, thin, a little
expanded, the margins approximating. Diam. 16 mill.

Alps of Volhynia.
H. zincjuletta of Ads. Genera, and H. fortunata, Parr, are synonyms.

H. PRESSLII, Schmidt. PI. 27, figs. 91, 92.

Widely umbilicated, striated, ashy flesh-color, variegated with
brown above and dilutely, faintly three banded; whorls 5, rather
flattened, the last deflected in front; peristome reflected, sublabiate,
margins joining. Diam. 27 mill.

Mts. Carniola, Northern Italy.

It is H. insubrica, Desh, and var. intermedia Paul.

Var. NISORIA, Rossm. PI. 27, figs. 93-95.

Middle band distinct, the others lost in the wide maculations.

H. CINGULATA, Studer. PI. 26, figs. 73, 74.

Umbilicated, grayish flesh color, with a single chestnut band;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last deflected in front; peristome

HELIX. 105

simple, acute, sublabiate within, expanded above, reflected below,
columellar margin dilated; extremities approximating.

Diam. 26 mill.

Illyria, Tyrol, Northern Italy.

It is H. striatula, Fabr. H. subflava, Fer.

Var. AXAUNIENSIB, Betta. PL 26, figs. 75, 76.

Much smaller, pellucid, brown band darker. Diam. 25 mill.

Southern Tyrol.
Var. athesina, Paul, is a synonym.

Var. COLUBRINA, Jan. PI. 26, figs. 77, 78.

Sprinkled with brown, with a pale band. Diam. 26 mill.

Tyrol
Var. BALDENS^, Villa. PL 26, figs. 79, 80.

Large, umbilicus wider, margins of peristome joining.

Diam. 29 mill. Southern Tyrol

Var. LUGANENSIS, Schinz.

Flesh colored with brown band; aperture oblique oval, basal
margin of peristome subrectilinear, horizontal, columellar margin
dilated. Diam. 24 mill.

Lugano.
Var. CARRAREXSIS, Porro. PL 26, fig. 81-83.

Depressed subglobose, whorls inflated, umbilicus narrow;, -sub-
cylindrical, three banded, aperture nearly orbicular.

Diam. 24 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. FEIGIDESCENS, del Prete. PL 28, figs. 14, 16. ,

Orbicular, subdepressed, inornate or unifasciate, whorls 6 to 7,

regularly increasing, aperture pale brown, umbilicus wide.
Diam. 26 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. APUAXA, Issel.

Orbicular depressed, striate, widely umbilicus, wide aperture

oblique, rotund-oblong. Diam. 26, alt 14 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. APPELII, Kobelt. PL 27, figs. 88-90.

Suborbicular, depressed, umbilicus very wide, perspective, band
wide, reddish brown, aperture rounded. Diam. 30 mill.

Paulucci considers this form a variety of H. frigida.

Apuanian Alps.

106 HELIX.

Var. NUBILA, Ziegler. PL 27, figs. 1-3.

Aperture dilated, suboblique, base subplanate, color as in var.
colubrina. Diam. 27 mill.

Var. LUCEXSIS, Paulucci.

Intermediate between H. cingulata and var. apuana. It is colored
like the former, but more elevated with less inflated last whorl, and
wider aperture and umbilicus. The whorls are less convex than in
var. apuana, the sutures deeper, and the aperture larger.

Diam. 23, alt 15 mill. Lucca.

Var. AFFINIS, Paulucci. PL 27, fig. 97.

Similar to H. cingulata, but with more whorls, the last more
swollen and descending above. It is more delicate and translucent
than H. Preslii, with wider umbilicus and less enlarged last whorl.

Diam. 25, alt 12 mill.

Central Italy.

Var. ANCON^E, Gentil. PL 28, figs. 5-7.

• Differs from H. Preslii in the constantly more depressed form,
wider umbilicus, smooth whorls, which are regularly increasing.
It is more depressed than H. cingulata, with a greater number of
whorls, which increase more slowly.

Casentino.
Var, PINII, Ad ami.

Subdepressed, reddish corneous, subpellucid, striulate.

Diam. 18-26, alt 8-11 mill. Verona.

Var. IXCERTA, Adami.

Subdepressed, striate, last whorl subcornpressed, yellowish within,
perspectively umbilicated. Diam. 24-29, alt 9-12 mill.
Var. CINGULINA, De Betta.

Widely umbiiicated, thick, irregularly striate, greyish brown,
with a brown band bordered by white ; aperture subrotund, very
oblique, margins converging; whorls 5£, subplanulate, sensibly in-
creasing.

Klamm.
Var. BIZONA, Rossm.

Small, milky white, with a wide clear brown band under the
normal one, aperture more rounded, not so oblique as in the type,
margins of peristome more distinct, Diam. 23 mill.

South Tyrol.

HELIX. 107

Var. KOBELTIANA, Paulucci. PL 27, fig. 84.

Similar somewhat to H. cingulata above ; below with wider um-
bilicus more circular aperture, last whorl more deflexed above, with
chestnut band bordered with white; base greenish chestnut; swollen.

Diam. 25, alt 13 mill.

Apuanian Alps.
Var. MONTANA, Paulucci. PL 27, figs. 85, 87.

Identical in color to H. carrarensis, but differs in the more
regularly increasing whorls, the last much narrower, flatter above,
umbilicus larger, aperture smaller, less rounded, more oval, base less
swollen, last whorl not so high as in H. carrarensis.

Diam. 24, alt 11 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. AGNATA, Paulucci. PL 27, fig. 96.

Differs from var. affinis in the higher spire, narrower umbilicus
and more solid shell. The chestnut band is sometimes lacking
leaving a wide white zone encircling the periphery.

Diam. 23, alt 12 mill.

»

Var. UNICOLOR, Clessin.

Usually small, concolored, bandless; mouth wide, peristome
narrowly reflected. Diam. 24 mill.

Southern Tyrol.

Var. ROSSMAESSLERI, Clessin.

Small, dark with peripheral clear zone and the bands one above,
the other below, lost in maculatious. Diam. 25 mill.

Southern Tyrol.

H. GOBANZI, Frauenfeld. PL 26, figs. 69-72.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, closely, acuately costate, whitish,
brown banded, the band sometimes obsolete, ribs white, apex black-
ish ciorneous, suture deep ; whorls about 5, slightly convex, the last
depressed, periphery obsoletely angulated, descending in front, base
scarcely more convex ; aperture flesh color, peristome thinly labiate,
acute, expanded above, reflected below, margins approximating. -

Diam. 21-25 mill.

Tyrol

H. TIGRINA, Jan. PL 28, figs. 32, 33.

Widely umbilicated, somewhat flattened above, slightly striate,
convex below, variegated with brown and white; whorls 5, flattened,

108 HELIX.

the last suddenly deflected in front, periphery carinate; peristome
sublabiate, simple above, reflected below, margins joining.
Diam. 23 mill.

Lombardy.

H. TRIZONA, Ziegler. PL 25, figs. 45-47,

Umbilicated, yellowish white, three-banded with chestnut; whorls
5-5 £, somewhat flattened, the last descending in front, peristome
subsimple, expanded above, reflected below, columellar margin
dilated, extremities joining. Diam. 80 mill.

Servia, Roumelia*

It is H. tricincta, Miihlf., H. zonata, Fer. var.

Var. RUMELICA, Ziegler. PI. 25, figs. 48, 49.
Smaller, with narrower whorls. Diam. 22 mill.
If. rhodopea and H. Sanderiana, Friv. are synonyms.

Var. IXFLATA, Bielz. PL 25, fig. 50.

Inflated, thin, with narrower umbilicus than the type.

Var. FRAUENFELDI, Zelebor. PL 25, fig. 51.
Whitish, with hyaline bands.

Var. BALCANICA, Friv. PL 25, figs. 52, 53.

Yellowish green, upper and lower bands grown together here and
there uniting with the median zone.

Balkan.
Var. EXIGUA. PL 25, figs. 54, 55.

Differs only in its much smaller size from the preceding.

Vai\ DOBRUDSCH^E.

Darker than type, with wide umbilicus, and depressed whorls;
margins of peristome less approaching, Lower band wide

Diam. 27, alt. 13 mill.

Roumania.

Unfigured Species.

H. AMATHIA, Bourg. j^^

H. SIGELA, H. PERFECTA, H. COMPSOPLEURA, Bourg. Italy.

H. HEMOXICA, Thiesse. Greece.

HELIX. 109

VI, Group of H. intermedia, Fer.
H. GLACIALIS, Thomas. PL 30, figs. 73-75.

Moderately umbilicated; yellowish, variegated, singly banded
with chestnut, plicate-striate above, lightly spirally lineate; whorls
5, somewhat convex, the last scarcely deflected, slightly angulate ;
peristome white-lipped, upper margin scarcely expanded, basal
margin shortly reflected. Diam. 13 mill.

Mis. Tyrol and Northern Italy.
H. AEMULA, Rossm. PL 30, fig. 72.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, striate, very slightly, thinly
decussated, opaque, white, with a narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4 £,
subplane, the last deflected in front ; peristome thin, expanded,
scarcely sublabiate, margins joining. Diam. 12 mill.

Tyrol, Northern Italy.

It is H. Martinatiana, De Betta, H. Ambrosi, Strob., H. cingulina,
Bas.

H. INTERMEDIA, Fer. PL 29, figs. 64-66.

Openly umbilicated, striate, yellowish white, unicolored, or three
banded with chestnut, outer bands interrupted; whorls 5, flattened,
the last deflected in front; aperture subhorizontal, peristome reflected,
margins nearly continuous. Diam. 16 mill.

It is H. catenulata, Miihlf. and H. cornea, Brum., H. tetrazona,
Jan, referred here as a variety by Pfeiffer, is an Iberus.

H. PICJENA, Tiberi. PL 33, figs. 71-72.

Umbilicate, depressed, obliquely striate, light corneous, with four
subcontinuous bands of pale rufous, spire depressed, apex rufous,
glabrous, whorls 5, separated by deep sutures, the last compressed,
subangulate at periphery, deflexed anteriorly, subplanulate below;
aperture very oblique, subovate, peristome sublabiate with brown ;
basal margin briefly reflected, columella dilated.

Diam. 20, alt 7J mill.

Mi. Pizzo di Sivo.

H. ZIEGLEEI, Schmidt. PL 29. figs. 67-69.

Widely umbilicated, greyish white, interruptedly three-banded,
plicately ribbed above; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last sud-
denly deflected in front; peristome labiate, margins nearly continuous,
expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 20 mill.

Alps, Cam tola.

It is H. strigata, var., Cantraiue.

110 HELIX.

H. CANTABRICA, Hidalgo. PL 20, fig. 8-10.

Widely umbilicated, thin, scarcely shining, very minutely, irregu-
larly rugosely striate, with very minute, slight impressed punctatioiis,
the juvenile with very short hairs, corneous pellucid, opaquely
striate and punctate with whitish or yellowish; whorls 5, slightly
convex, slowly increasing, periphery obtusely angulated, last whorl
subdilated and descending in front, more convex below; aperture
brownish corneous, peristome simple, acute, white-lipped within,
margins approximating. Diam. 13 mill.

Caldas de Oviedo, Asturia, Spain.

H. SHAUFUSSI, Kobelt. PI. 20, figs. 11, 12.

Umbilicate, orbicular depressed, solid, shining, lightly striate,
whitish, irregularly radiate with corneous, spire slightly elevated,
whorls 5, the last rapidly increasing, subangulate, descending at
anterior; aperture rotund-lunate, peristome strongly labiate with
white, margins converging, the basal slightly dilated.

Diam. 14 mill.

. Liebanathal in the Cantabrican Mts.

H. ZONELLA, Pfr. PI. 48, figs. 92, 93.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely rugosely
striate, light brownish, with a median whitish zone, usually chestnut-
margined; whorls 5i, slightly convex, the last rounded, scarcely
descending in front; peristome simple, margins converging, acute,
simple above, shortly reflected below. Diam. 15 mill.

White Mts., Isl of Crete.

Unfigured Species.

H. TRUTATIANA, Fagot. Pyrenees.

H. CHIOPHILA, Bourg. Franc^

»
VIII, Group of H. cornea, Drap.

H. CORNEA, Drap. PI. 29, figs. 54, 55.

Umbilicated, striulate, whitish corneous above, with a single pale
band, light brownish below; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
suddenly deflected in front; peristome labiate within, angularly
jcted, margins approximating. Diam. 17 mill.

France, Pyrenees.

HELIX. HI

Var. CASTANEA, Rossm. PI. 29, figs. 56-58.

Chestnut color, without the band. H. squamatina, Fer., is a
synonym.

H. DESMOULINSI, Farines. PI. 29, figs. 59, 60.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, lightly arcuately striate, not
shining, greenish corneous; whorls 5-5 £, slightly convex, moderately
increasing, the last subcarinated, tumid and suddenly deflected in
front, base convex, more shining, peristome white, acute, continuous,
superior margin labiate within, inferior margin angulately reflected.

Diam. 16 mill.

Eastern Pyrenees.

It is H. Moulinsii, Pot. et Mich., H. cornea, var. cyclostoma,
Rossm., H. acrosticha, Fischer and H. Mollerati, Morelet.

H. MIDDENDOKFFI, Gerstfeldt. PI. 29, figs. 61, 63.

Openly, almost perspectively umbilicated, more or less depressed
thin and transparent, closely, distinctly striate, a little shining,
yellowish or yellowish white, with a single chestnut band ; whorls
6 £—7, slightly convex, suture moderately impressed; peristome simple,
a little reflected, sublabiate within. Diam. 24 mill.

Amur River.

H. CCERULANS, Miihlf. PI. 31, figs. 14-17.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, irregularly rugose, solid, opaque,
shining, bluish, brown in the aperture ; whorls 5, convex, the last
deflected in front; peristome simple, margins subcontinuous, the
basal margin labiate, subreflected. Diam. 20 mill.

Croatia.

H. lacticina, Rossm. is a synonym. Brusina enumerates Var.
Hyllica, Bras., larger, a little elevated, rugosely striated ; Var. de-
pressa, Zel., moderate size, depressed, smooth; Var. rugata, Kucik.
and Sandri, elevated, rugose, with a single band ; Var. Balcovicana,
Brus., depressed, smooth, brownish, sub-banded; Var. Zrmanice, Brus,
small, depressed, smooth, sub-banded.

Unfigured Species.

H. SQUAMMATIXA, Serres. France.

H. CROMBEZI, Milliere. France.,

112 HELIX.

Subsection IV, TACHEOCAMPYLJEA, Pfr. 1877.

H. RASPAILII, Payr. PI. 31, figs. 9, 10.

Covered perforate, brownish yellow, with three chestnut bands,
striate, somewhat solid; whorls 4*, flattened, the last subdeflected
in front; peristome labiate, expanded above, reflected below.

Diam. 35 mill. Corsica.

Var. PILOSA, Kobelt. PI. 31, figs. 11.

Epidermis strong, thickly beset with short hairs. Corsica.

H. BROCARDIANA, Dutailly. PL 31, figs. 12, 13.

Imperforate, depressed, sub-roof-like above, convex below, thin,
translucent, shining, elegantly striulate, more distinct at the suture,
brownish olive color, with three chestnut bands above; whorls 5,
slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last large, almost rounded,
slightly descending in front, inflated around the umbilical callus;
peristome yellowish chestnut color, thickened, slightly expanded,
margins approaching, connected by a callus, columellar margin
widely reflected, appressed upon the umbilicus Diam. 30 mill.

Mt. Pigno, near Bastia, Corsica.

H. INSULARIS, Crosse and Debeaux. PL 32, figs. 20, 21.

Imperforate, very thinly, obliquely striulate, thin, a little shining,
translucent, greenish white, with occasional light olivaceous longi-
tudinal lines, suture impressed; whorls 4-4?, planulate, the last
rounded, suddenly deflected in front, base more convex ; peristome
white, shortly reflected, margins converging. Diam. 27 mill.

Near Cenestinum, Corsica.

H. REVELIERI, Debeaux, PL 32, figs. 22, 24.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, shining, scarcely convex above,
plano-convex below, rugularly spirally striate, brownish yellow or
brownish green, with three chestnut bands ; whorls 4-5, with deep
suture; peristome simple, labiate, margins converging, joined by a
thin callus. Diam. 28 mill.

Mt. Renoso, Corsica.

H. Cyrniaca, and H. omphalophora, Dutailly, H. planospira, Payr,
and H. Raspaili, var. umbilicaris, Moq. Tand. are synonyms.

H. CAROTII, Paulucci. PL 33, figs. 73, 75.

Umbilicus nearly covered, shell solid, opaque, slightly striulate,
olivaceous, three narrow chestnut bands; whorls 4-4 2-, somewhat
convex, the last whorl rapidly increasing, suture distinct, descending

HELIX. 113

in front and somewhat inflated ; peristome scarcely reflected, col-
nmellar margin dilated, thickened, extremities joined by a callus.
Diam. 29 mill.

Ins. Sardinia.

Yar. VIPERINA, Maltzan. PI. 45, tig. '>3.

Irregularly marked above with yellow maculations. Dorgnli.

Var. SPECTRUM, Maltzan. PL 45, fig. 34.

Unicolored, green, and of light texture, resembling in color the
unicolored var. H. hortensis.

Var. LAMARMORJE, Maltzan.

A more conoidal, elevated form than the type, somewhat smaller.

H. GENNARII, Paulucci. PI. 34, tigs. 77, 78.

Imperforate, conoid globose, lightly striate, subopaque olive color-
ed with a narrow castaneous baifd, bounded above and below by
pale brown zones; spire conoidal, apex very large, sutures distinctly
impressed, white margined; whorls 4J, regularly increasing, the last
much inflated, deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, ovate-
rotund, lunate bluish within, peristome thin, slightly reflected.

Diam. 32, alt 24 mill.

Ins. Sardinia.

H. MELONII, Maltzan. PL 34, figs. 79, 80.

Depressed globose, covered perforate, spire- obtuse, conoid apex
very obtuse, irregularly striate, trifasciate with brown on an oli-
vaceous ground, suture distinct, white margined, whorls 4, convex,
the last inflated, rounded, at aperture suddenly descending, aperture
very oblique, rotund ovate, margins converging, columella reflexed
and thickened. Diam. 25-29 mill.

Ins. Sardinia.

H. BKENSKEI, Bottger. PL 34, figs. 81, 82.

Moderately umbilicated, depressed conic, solid, reddish-corneous,
with a supramedian brown band, apparently lying under the epider-
mis ; distinctly striate above, with numerous fine short brown hairs,
about 16 to 25 standing upon a square mill.; whorls over 6, convex,
with deep sutures; the last dilated, descending anteriorly; aperture
oblique, lunate, peristome impinging slightly upon umbilicus.

Diam. 29 mill. Messena.

8

114 HELIX.

Unfigured Species.
H. ROMAGNOLII, Dutailly. Corsica.

H. ACROPACHIA, H. LENELARIA, H. MONEREBIA and H. OUSTEREA,

Mabille. Corsica.

Subsection V, PSEUDOCAMPYL.EA, Hesse, 1884.

H. CYCLOLABRIS, Desh. PI. 30, figs. 91, 92.

Moderately, perspectively umbilicated, rather thin, subgranular,
and rarely pilose, light corneous, with a brown, pale margined band
whorls nearly five, somewhat convex, the last rounded, suddenly de-.
fleeted in front; peristome slightly labiate, white, continuous, almost
solute, expanded above, reflected below. Diain. 22 mill.

Greece.

Var. HYMETTI, Mousson. PI. 31, figs. 96, 97.
Shell larger, last whorl more transversely dilated, aperture larger,
peristome solute. Diam. 27 mill.

Var. ARCADICA, Parr. PI. 30, fig. 93.
Shell inflated, darker colored.

Var. HELDREICHI, Shuttl. Pi. 31, figs. 98, 99.
Very small with circular mouth and thickly pilose.
Diam. 15 mill. Athens.

Var. EUBCEA, Parr. PI. 31, fig. 100.
Spire more planate, peristome continuous, but not solute.
Diam. 23 mill. j& Delphi, Greece.

Var. SPH^RIOSTOMA, Bourg. PL 31, figs. 1-5.

Perviously umbilicated, depressed, striulate, diaphanous, whitish
yellow, with two or three chestnut bands; whorls 5 J, a little convex,
the last suddenly deflected in front. ^

Thessaly.
H. lysistoma, Shuttlw. (figs. 1, 2.) is a synonym.

H. GRELLOISI, Bourg. PI. 31, figs. 6-8.

Perviously umbilicated, depressed, fragile, diaphanous, very ele-
gantly radiately striulate, whitish corneous; whorls 6, the last obsole-
ely angulated; descending in front; peristome white, thickened
within, a little reflected, margins approximating. Diam. 16 mill.

Grecian Archipelago.

HELIX. 115

H. NOVERCA, Frivaldszky. PI. 32, figs. 37, 38.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, diaphanous, obliquely ru-
gosely striate, fulvous, with a narrow chestnut band above and a
white one upon the periphery, suture white margined ; whorls 5£,
scarcely convex, the last one shortly deflected in front, periphery
very obsoletely angulated ; peristome white-lipped within, margins
somewhat approaching, expanded above, reflected below.

Diam. 14' 5 mill.

Ins. Crete.

H. PELLITA,. Ferussac. PL 32, figs. 28, 29.

Perforate, fulvous with a white, usually chestnut-margined band,
costulate-striate, with rigid, erect hairs; whorls 5, somewhat convex,
the last deflected in front ; peristome acute, white-lipped within, mar-
gins approximating, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 15 mill.

Morca, Syra, Isl. of Rhodes.

Yar. KREGLINGERI, Zeleb. PL 32, fig. 32.

A little larger, whorls rounded, spire more elate.

Var. GRAPHICOTERA, Bourg. PL 32, figs. 30, 31.

Sharply obliquely sculptured, elegantly minutely decussated,
whitish brown, with a white, fulvous margined band; whorls 6J,
somewhat convex ; the last suddenly deflected in front.

Ins. Milos.

H. NAXIANA, Ferussac. PL 32, figs. 33, 34.

Narrowly umbilicated, obliquely striate, 'brownish, strigate with
whitish, and with a white, chestnut-margined band, spire subelate ;
whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last deflected and subconstricted
in front; peristome white-lipped within, reflected, margins approxi-
mating. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Naxos, Crete.

A variety has a white surface, with three chestnut bands.

Var. WESTERLUNDI, Blanc. PL 32, figs. 35, 36.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, pellucid, obliquely densely
rugosely striate, slightly granular, light fulvous or brownish corne-
ous, with a whitish peripheral band and a narrower chestnut band
above it, sometimes with a less distinct inferior band, and a third at

116 HELIX.

the suture ; whorls 6, suture irregularly white margined, last whorl
deflected in front; periphery expanded, margins approaching, uni-
ted by a callus. Diam. 22-23 mill.

Ins. Crete.
It is H. sanctorum, Blanc, Mss.

H. LECTA, Ferussac. PI. 32, fig. 39.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, obliquely closely costate-plicate,
white, unicolored, or with three narrow chestnut bands; whorls 5,
flattened, the base convex, deflected in front; peristome white-lipped
within, shortly expanded, the approximating margins joined by a
callus. Diam. 17 mill.

Ins. Theodora, near Crete'

H. SUBLECTA, Maltzan. PI. 32, figs. 40-42.

Narrowly umbilicated, globose depressed, regularly obliquely
costulate striate, solid, white, encircled by 3 brown bands; spire
slightly elevated, whorls o£, slowly increasing, the last rounded, sub-
inflated, descending anteriorly; aperture rotund lunar, peristome
acute, labiate, margins converging, reflected below, partially cover-
ing the umbilicus. Diam. 18, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Crete.

H. ZONELLA, Spratt. Unfigured. Greece.

Subsection VI, ELONA, H. and A. Adams, 1855.

H. QUIMPERIANA, FSrussac. PL 32, figs. 25-27.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, thin, diaphanous, olivaceous corne-
ous, with irregular yellowish radiating strigations, spire slightly
concave; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated; peristome acute, reflect-
ed, white-lipped within, margins distant. Diam. 26 mill.

Brittany, Spain.
H. Corisopitensis, Desh., and H. Kermorvani, Coll., are synonyms.

Subsection VII, CHILOTREMA, Leach, 1820.
H. LAPICIDA, Linn. PI. 31, figs. 18, 19.

Openly umbilicated, very minutely granulated, yellow corneous,
maculated with brown; whorls 5, flatly convex, the last suddenly

HELIX. 117

deflected in front, periphery acutely carinated ; aperture horizontal,
peristome continuous, solute, sublabiate, columellar margin reflected.
Diam. 17-20 mill.

Middle and Northern Europe, Maddi-u.

H. qffinis, Gmel., H. acuta, Da Costa, H. rhenana, Hartm., H. expla-
nata, Schranck, H. Lecoquii, Paton, If. mamillata, Risso, and per-
haps H. albella, Linn. (= juv.), are synonyms.

Unfigured Species.
H. ANDORRICA, Bourg. Pyrenees.

Section III, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.
A. European Species.

H. ARBUSTORUM, Linn. PI. 32, figs. 43, 44.

Subcoverecl perforate, rather thin, shining, very minutely spirally
striate, longitudinally subrugosely striate, striae stronger at the
suture, brown, spotted with straw color, usually with a chestnut
band ; whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely deflected in front ; peristome
white-lipped, upper margin expanded, basal margin reflected.

Diam. 24 mill.

Middle and Western Europe.

H. Gothica, Linn, and H. unifasciata, Da Costa are synonyms;
H. turgidula, Wood is a scalariform monstrosity. Extends from the
valleys to an elevation of 8600 feet.

Var. PICE4, Ziegler. PI. 32, fig. 45.

Very thin, papyraceous, olive or chestnut, unicolored, or with a
band, rugosely plicate. Diam. 20 mill.

H. Wittmanni, Zawadsky is a synonym.

Var. JETSCHINI, Kobelt. PI. 33, fig. 51.

Nearly unicolored, very rarely here and there spotted with yellow,
thin, translucent.

Var. DORI^E, Paulucci.

Deep uniform olivaceous green, without spots, sometimes with a

faint band.

Mt. Barone, Piedmont.

118 HELIX.

9

Var. XATARTII, Far. PI. 32, figs. 49, 50.

Solid, greenish yellow, brownish below, umbilicus moderate, sub-
obsolete. Diam. 18 mill.

H. Canigonensis, Boube is a synonym.

Var. CAMPRODUNICA, Kobelt. PL 33, fig. 76.

Solid, depressed, small distinctly costulate-striate, yellowish brown,
with a few yellowish maculations, and a superior brown band, last
whorl scarcely descending or dilated, lip almost reflected, with white
callus within the margin, columellar margin almost covering the
umbilicus. Diam. 17 mill.

Spanish Pyrenees.
Var. RUDIS, Megerle. PL 32, fig. 46.

Smaller, ^umbilicated, globosely depressed, spire somewhat flat-
tened, maculated with yellow in transverse lines, epidermis rugosely
plicate. Diam. 21 mill.

Alps of Tyrol; Scandinavia.

Var. REPELLINI, Charp.

Depressed, thin, pellucid, pale colored. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Italy.
Var. ALPESTRIS, Ziegler. PL 32, figs. 47, 48.

Smaller, solid, yellowish, single banded. Diam. 10 mill.

H. subalpina, Hartm. Ms. is a synonym.

Var. CONOIDEA, West.

Large, conical, subperforate, subcos.tulate, with a single, rather
broad band. Diam. 23-24, alt. 25-26 mill.

Var. CALCAREA, Hogb.

^ Thick, chalky, solid, dark chestnut color, with yellowish macula-
tions, dark purple in the aperture. Diam. 22-25 mill.
Var. EXCELSA, Clessin.

Very large, thick, normally colored. Diam. 30 mill.

Roumania.
H. AETHIOPS, Bielz. PL 33, figs. 52, 53.

Perforate, very thin, irregularly plicately striate, shining, blackish-
or brownish-olivaceous; whorls 4£, somewhat convex, the last not
descending in front; peristomfi slightly white-lipped, a little expand-
ed, margins scarcely converging. Diam. 18 mill.

High mountains in Transylvania.

HELIX. 119

H. STYRIACA, Frauenfeld. PI. 33, figs. 54, 55.

Moderately umbilicated, with rather rough incremental striae, and
slight spiral lines, sometimes obsolete, dark corneous brown, here
and there darker, with radiating strigatious and maculations of
light yellowish, with a superior dark brown spiral band, whorls 5£,
aperture large, white-lipped, a little inclined above, dilated below.

Diam. 25'5, alt, 12'5 mill.

Styria.

Probably a flattened, umbilicated variety of H. ar bustorum.

Unfigured Species.

H. THAMNIVAGA, Mabille. Plombieres.

H. THEMITA. Mabille. , Hungary.

H. FAGOTI, Bourg. France.
B. California Species.

H. STEARNSIANA, Gabb. PL 33, fig. 56.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, with fine oblique incremental stria?,
sometimes crossed by slight revolving lines ; whitish, with crowded
ash-colored spots, grouped below into revolving series, and a supe-
rior brown band ; whorls 5, rather convex ; aperture obliquely semi-
circular, peristome simple, acute, columellar margin expanded.

Diam. 22 mill.

Lower California, and at San. Diego, Cal.

H. KELLETTI, Forbes. PI. 33, fig. 57.

Narrowly umbilicated, or imperforate (in adults) thin, granulated,
obliquely striated, with slight impressed spiral lines, fulvous, with
brownish blotches and a superior band ; whorls 6, rather convex,
the last with a white peripheral band, and basally inflated ; aperture
reddish and banded within, peristome thin, scarcely reflected.

Diam. 22 mill.

San Diego, and Catalina 1st., California.

H. CALIFORNIENSIS, Lea. PL 33, fig. 58.

Subperforate, subglobular, thin and transparent, shining, delicately
indented and granulated, faintly, regularly striated, yellowish horn
color, minutely pale spotted, with a superior chestnut, light margined
band ; whorls 5, convexly rounded, base ventricose ; peristome thick-
ened within, slightly expanded, columellar margin nearly covering

the umbilicus. Diam. 19 mill.

Monterey, California.

120 HELIX.

The above is a rare species, more nearly allied than the others to
the European H. arbustorum. Dr. J. G. Cooper, and following him
Mr. W. G. Binney refer to Californiensis as varieties, H. Xicklin-
iana, H. ramentosa, H. reticulata. H. Diabloensis, etc., all of which
appear to me to belong to an entirely different group, and I have so
treated them (see pp. 73, 74.). H. vincta, Val. (figured but not de-
scribed) is a synonym.

Section IV, EURYSTOMA, Albers, 1850.

H. VITTATA, Miiller. PI. 33, figs. 59, 60, 62.

Perforate, striated, shining, whitish, variously banded with brown
and yellow, apex black ; whorls 5, somewhat planulate, the last with
convex base, descending in front ; aperture dark brown, peristome
labiate, expanded, margins joining by a callus, columellar dilated,
partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 28 mill.

Ceylon, Malabar, CoromandeL

H. zonula, Wood (fig. 62) is a synonym.

Var. SPINOLJE, Villa. PI. 33, fig. 61.

Smaller, white, imicolored, apex bluish brown. Diam. 22 mill.

CONTINUATION OF TRYON'S MONOGRAPH OF THE
HELICID.E, BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Group X, PENTAT^ENIA, A. Schmidt.

Shell globose or somewhat depressed, of moderate or large size,
imperforate or moderately umbilicate, usually with five revolving
bands; animal provided with a dart; jaw moderately arched, and.
except in Allognathus, with strong separated ribs, usually few in
number, and grouped on .its median portion ; the central teeth have
a strong middle cusp ; the side cusps are usually obsolete ; the lat-
erals are similar, but asymmetrical ; the marginal teeth have several
short cusps.

I follow Kobelt in grouping the following subgenera under the
general head of Pentatsenia. The number of bands in nearly every
species of the group is normally five, but frequently is less, through
coalescence or absence of bands. This pentatreniate character will
separate the group from the preceding, Arionta, which has one or
three bands, and from Ehagada Xerophila, etc., which have numerous
bands. The group is European in distribution, and comprises the
largest and most characteristic helices of that region.

HELIX. 121

Section I, T ACHE A Leach, 1820.

Imperforate, globose-conic or depressed, smooth and shining,
highly colored, banded with a contrasting shade, last whorl vmtri-
cose, slightly deflected at aperture; peristome expanded, labiate,
columellar lip callous, gibbous. Conspicuous garden-snails of Europe,
introduced by commerce into America, Australia, etc. type, H.
is L.

Section II, EREMIXA, Pfeiffer, 1855.

Depressed globose, flattened above, convex below, rudely striate,
cretaceous, solid, white, or marked with dull reddish. Deserts of
Egypt and Syria. Type, H. desertorum Forsk.

Section III, MACULARIA Albers, 1850.

Imperforate, globose or depressed, whorls 4 or 5, the last usually
strongly deflexed at aperture; peristome expanded, callous within,
the columellar margin dilated and appressed, callous and sometimes
dentate within. Large species, characteristic of southern Europe,
especially Spain, and northern Africa. Type, H. vermiculata Mull.

Section IV, ALLOGNATHUS Pilsbry, 1888.

Imperforate, globose thin, whorls rapidly increasing, the last
large, convex below ; aperture rotund-lunate, rounded below ; peri-
stome slightly expanded; jaw arcuate, smooth, without median pro-
jection, striae or ribs. Type H. grateloupi Graells. Ins. Majorca.

Section V, HEMICYCLA Swainson, 1840.

Shell covered perforate, globosely depressed, rugosely sculptured,
malleated; aperture very oblique, lunate-oval, peristome reflected,
thickened within, upper and lower margins sub-parallel, the latter
often toothed. Type, H. plicaria Lam. Shells resembling both
Macularia and Leptaxis; distribution, Canary and Cape Verd Is.

Section VI, PLEBICULA Lowe, 1852.

Umbilicate or imperforate, subglobose, striate, hispid, granulate,
aperture rounded, peristome simple, margins approaching, subreflex-
ed on columellar margins. Type, H. punctulata Sowb.

Madeira Is.

Section VIL LEPTAXIS Lowe, 1852.

Thin, umbilicate or imperforate, globose or depressed, striate or
wrinkled, periphery sometimes keeled, base inflated; columella

122 HELIX.

entering, more or less dilated, peristome slightly expanded, extremi-
ties converging; dark brown, unicolored, or obscurely banded, Azores,
Madeira Is. etc. Type, H. undata, Lowe.

Section VIII, IBERUS, Montfort, 1810.

Narrowly umbilicate or imperforate, globose, or depressed, periph-
ery sometimes sharply keeled, whitish, obsoletely fasciate, more or
less rugose, whorls 4-5, the last anteriorly descending ; aperture very
oblique, peristome expanded, labiate, reflexed at columellar margin.
Type, H. muralis, Mull. Characteristic of middle and southern
Italy and Sicily, but found throughout southern Europe.

Section IX, POMATIA Beck, 1837.

Large, globose, striate, rather thin, imperforate or narrowly per-
forate, unicolored or five banded, whorls convex, rapidly increasing,
last large, ventricose, descending anteriorly; aperture lunate-orbicu-
lar, peristome expanded or sharp, callous within, columellar margin
reflected. Type JT. pomatia L. Distribution, Europe, Western
Asia and Northern Africa. Introduced by commerce into America
etc.

Section I, TACHEA Leach, 1820.

This group comprises the most abundant and conspicuous European
snails. Several species have been introduced by commerce into
distant countries.

The shells are bright colored and banded, the color pattern very
variable.

Cepaea Held, 1837, and Archelix Albers 1850 are synonyms.
^ The jaw in Tachea (PI. 35, fig. 15,) is stout, arched, with strong
ribs, few in number, denticulating either margin. The dentition is
characterized by the obsolecence of side cusps to the central and
adjacent lateral teeth ; marginal teeth with several cusps.

H. NEMORALIS, Linn. PI. 34, figs. 94-96, PI. 35, fig. 97.

Imperforate, subglobose conic, irregularly striate, yellow, with five
sharply defined deep brown bands, sometimes coalescent, or unicolored
white, pink, yellow or bright corneous; whorls 5, the last slightly
descending in front; aperture rotund-lunar, peristome expanded,

HELIX. 123

labiate, dark brown, its extremities connected by a callus of the
same color; columella straight, flattened, callous within.

Diam. 20-25 mill.

Western, Middle, and Northern Europe.

The synonymy includes H. cincta, H. quinquefasciata, Shepp., H.
etrusca, Ziegl, H. imperfecta and If. olivacea, Risso, H. turturum,
Stew.

In the arrangement of bands this form, like all species of Tachea,
is interminably varied.

Var. CONOIDEA, Clessin.

Spire conoid, elevated. Diam. 22, alt 18 mill. . Bavaria.

Var. ERJAVECI, Kobelt. PI. 35, fig. 98.

Broadly two banded, the bands broken into streaks in the direc-
tion of the striae. Gorz.

«

Var. LUCIFUGA, Ziegl.

Large, solid, thick shelled. Diam. 30 mill. Italy.

Synonyms : var. appennina, Stab., H. genuensis, Porro.

Varieties albolabiata and roseolabiata are sufficiently described by
their names. Var. libellula, Risso is diaphanous, green, peristome
reddish violet. Var. creticola. Morch, is a large heavy form of 30
mill, diam., from Sweden. Var. porrecta, Westerlund from Sweden,
in which the suture does not descend at aperture; etc., etc.

H. HORTENSIS, Miiller. PI. 35, figs. 99, 1.

Similar in form to H. nemoralis; somewhat smaller ; peristome
white, its ends connected by a light white callus on parietal wall J
bands five, subject to the same mutations as those of H. nemoralis.

Northern and Central Europe, Westward to Pyrenees; introduced
into Eastern U. S. and Canada.

H. ludovidana d'Aumont, and H. subglobosa, Binn. are synonyms.
Var. TROCHOIDEA, Clessin. Diam. 19, alt 17 mill.
Var. PERFORATA, Westerlund.

Yellow, five fasciate, deeply perforate. Gotland.

Var. ARENICOLA, Macq.

Thin pellucid, pale yellow, white banded. Scotland.

124 HELIX.

Var. HYBRIDA, Poir. PL 35, fig. 100.

Peristome and parietal callus pale reddish.

H. sauveuri, Colb. is synonymous.

The hortensis is considered by many conchologists to be a variety
of H. nemoralis, with which the Var. hybrida connects it.

H. VINDOBOXEXSIS, C. Pfr. PI. 34, figs. 89-93.

Imperforate, globose conic, heavily striate, whitish or yellowish r
with five unbroken deep brown bands, the upper two usually nar-
row ; whorls 5, the last large, convex, descending anteriorly ; aperture
widely rotund-lunar, peristo'me brown, expanded, labiate, appressed
and flattened below, bearing on columella a white tipped callus.

Diam. 20-25 mill.

Central and Eastern Europe; Caucasus.

The synonymy includes H. austriaca, MujJiL, mutabilis Hartm.
arvensia, Kryn., and subaustriaca, Bourg.

The bauds are sometimes coalescent, but are usually more stable
than in other species of Tachea.

Var. EXPALLESCENS, Ziegl. PL 34, fig. 90, 91.
Bands obsolete, pale brown or wanting.

Var. MINOR, Rossin. PL 34, fig. 93.

Small, globose ; altitude nearly equal to diameter.

H. ATROLABIATA, KrvnickL PL 34, fig. 83.

Large, depressed globose, imperforate, solid, rudely and irregular-
ly striate, somewhat malleate ; epidermis thin, yellowish, with one
to three deep, brown revolving bauds ; spire conic, apex obtuse, whorls
5 to 6, the last rounded, descending anteriorly ; aperture widely lu-
nar, peristome deep brown, widely reflected and labiate, appressed
at umbilical region, margins joined by a dark callus, columellar
margin flattened, wide, thickened near the middle. Diam. 40 mill.

Caucasus,

H. calligem, and var. repanda, Dubois, and var. decussata, Bottg.
are synonyms.

Var. STAUROPOLITANA, A. Schmidt. PL 34, fig. 86.

More elevated, with more oblique aperture; roughly malleate,,
and conspicuously fasciate. Diam. 35, alt. 21-25 mill.

HELIX. 125

Var. LENKORANEA, Mousson. PL 34, fig. 85.

Small, depressed globose, columellar scarcely dentate, fascia sub-
interrupted ; sculpture rough.

Southern Shore, Caspian Sea.

Var. PALLASI, Dubois. PL 34, fig. 84.

Radiating streaks of brown ; no bands.

Imeretia.

Var. NEMORALOIDES, Mart. PL 34, fig. 87.

Small, globose, weakly striate, one or two fasciate.

Diam. 30 mill. Georyia.

H. SYLVATICA, Drap. PL 35, figs. 4-7, 15.

Imperforate, depressed globose, yellowish white, striate, five fas-
ciate, the bands much interrupted, broken into maculations, whorls
5, last slightly descending ; aperture oblique, widely lunate, peri-
stoine expanded, labiate, light brown, slightly thickened on columel-
lar margin, and expanded over the umbilicus.

France, Switzerland.

The median bands are less maculated than those above and below.
Synonyms are H. signata var. a, Fer., and H. mutabilis, Hartni.

Var. MONTANA, Studer. PL 35, fig. 2.

More conic ; whorls more convex, with a dentiform callus on col-
umellar margin of peristome.

Switzerland.

Var. EXIMIA, Dup.

Larger, bands confluent. Diam. 24 mill.

Dauph iny.

Var. ALPICOLA, Fer.

Smaller, more convex and inflated ; heavily striate, deeply colored.

Var. RHENANA, Kobelt. PL 35, fig. 9.

White, maculated bands of pale brown ; no continuous bands.

Upper Rhine Valley.

H. COQUANDI, Morelet. PL 35, figs. 12-14.

Imperforate, globose depressed, slightly convex below; finely
striate, yellowish brown or rosy, variously fasciate, whorls 5£, the
last deflexed anteriorly, aperture oval, peristome labiate, expanded,
slightly reflexed below, columellar margin dilated, rose colored,
covering umbilical region. Diam. 34 mill.

Morocco, Southern Spain.

126 HELIX.

H. AIMOPHILA, Bourgnignat. PI. 34, fig. 88.

Globose, subperforate, solid, chalky white, irregularly striate,
apex obtuse, sutures impressed, aperture oblong lunate, peristome
simple, acute, columella reflexed, almost covering umbilicus.

Diam. 25, alt. 23 mill.

Asia Minor.

Var. TCHIHATCHEFFI, Kobelt. PI. 35, fig. 17.

Umbilicus wider ; conspicuously five fasciate.

Biledschik.

Var. AIMOPHILOPSIS, Villeserre, Unfyured Asia Minor.

It is similar to aimophila, but imperforate.
H. GIBBOSULA, Desh. PI. 35, fig. 3.

Globose, irregularly striate, white, with three unequal bands,
spire short, conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, narrow, convex, the last large,
convex, imperforate ; base gibbous ; aperture small, semilunar, lip
slightly thickened, wide below. Diam. 17, alt. 16 mill.

Habitat unknown.

I know nothing of the real position of this species or of the next.
It may be identical with some of the preceding, or possibly belong-
ing to a wholly different group.

H. FILOSA, Desh. PL 35, fig. 18.

Imperforate, subglobose, smooth, yellowish, encircled by narrow
dark bands, which are continued upon the peristome ; spire short,
apex obtuse, reddish ; whorls 5, slightly convex ; aperture rotund
semilunar, peristome labiate, dilated, white with purplish spots.

Diam. 30, alt. 25 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Like vindobonensis, but in that species the bands are not contin-
ued to the margin of lip.

H. LITTUREA, Pfr. PI. 35, fig. 16.

Imperforate, turbinate, semiglobose, solid, striate, minutely ru-
gose, malleate, shining, pinkish, with revolving series of reddish
markings ; spire depressed turbinate, apex somewhat acute, whorls
5, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending, with rounded periph-
ery, encircled by chestnut tessellated bands ; base convex ; aperture
rotund lunar, peristome simple, right margin expanded, columellar
subcallous. Diam. 23, alt. 15 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Perhaps is a form of H. sylvatica.

HELIX. 127

Section II, EREMINA, Pfr. 1855.

Desert snails of North-east Africa and Syria, with essentially the
same structure as Tachea, but, like all desert forms, thick, heavy
and calcareous. The jaw is slightly arcuate, with a few strong ribs
on its central portion. Teeth, as is usual in the Pentatsenia, lacking
side cusps ; central cusp long as the base. Erinna, Morch 1865
and Eremophila, Kobelt 1871, are synonyms.

H. DESERTORUM, Forskal. PI. 35, figs. 19-23 ; PL 46, fig. 63.

Subcovered umbilicate, rather thick, subglobose, depressed above,
tumid below, irregularly striate, chalky white unicolored, or with
zones or radiating streaks of reddish brown ; whorls 4J, the last
large, scarcely descending anteriorly, aperture widely lunate, sub-
angular below ; peristome simple, obtuse or somewhat expanded, di-
lated partially over umbilicus. Diam. 30 mill.

Egypt, Syria, Palestine.

H. maculosa, Born, H. rhodia, Chem., H. irregularis and If. ni-
cceensis, Fer., H. arabica, Roth., H. forskalii, Ehr., H. psammitus,
and H. gemmellarii, Arad. and Mag. are synonyms.

Var. HASSELQUISTI, Ehrenb. PI. 36, fig. 24.

White, inflated, irregularly rugose, striate, aperture dark within.
Var. HEMPRICHTII, Ehrenb. PI. 36, fig. 25.

More inflated, mouth rounder, peristome expanded and much
thickened, double, continued beyond the expansion ; columella with
a shining white callus. The form called H. chilembia by Bourgui-
gnat represents the extreme development of this variety.

H. DILLWYNIANA, Pfr. PI. 36, figs. 29-30.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, irregularly rugose, and lightly mal-
leate, chalky, shining, spire nearly flat, apex prominent, brown;
whorls 4£, the last rounded, shortly deflexed in front, base inflated,
umbilicus narrow ; aperture very oblique, wide lunate, white within;
peristome acute, thickened within, reflexed at base.

Diam. 31, alt. 14 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Said by Kobelt to be an abnormal H. desertorum.

H. DESERTELLA, Jickeli. PI. 36, figs. 26-28.

Covered perforate, depressed globose, solid, lightly striate, white,
unicolored or trifasciate, maculate above; spire depressed conic,
whorls 4J, inflated, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, descend! m

128 HELIX.

in front, aperture oblique, rounded lunar, peristome recurved, labiate,
margin* converging. Diam. 22, alt. 16 mill.

Abyssinia.

H. DUROI, Hidalgo. PL 45, figs. 38-40.

Imperforate or umbilicate, depressed globose, solid, somewhat shin-
ing, rugulose malleate, longitudinally striate, white with four rufous
bands, spire obtuse, slightly convex, or depressed, whorls 5, scarcely
convex, regularly increasing, the last twice as wide as penultimate)
smoother below, strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture transverse,
white, shining ; peristome widely reflexed, labiate, arcuate above,
subhorizontal below with a more or less developed wide callus, adnate
to body. Diam. 35, alt. 19 mill.

Morocco.

Has much the appearance of Macularia, but said by Kobelt to be
an Eremina.

Section III, MACULARIA, Albers, 1850.

A group of large species, characteristic of Southern Europe and
Northern Africa, They are related on one hand to Tachea, through
such species as H. splendida, and on the other to the insular groups
Hemicycla and Leptaxis. The Italian subgenus Iberus is also con-
nected by nearly intermediate forms with the depressed Macularia?.
The central teeth lack lateral cusps ; and the jaw, as in Tachea etc.,
is moderately arched, and bears a few strong, separated ribs.

Otala, Moq-Tand. 1855 is a synonym.

H. VERMICULATA, Miiller. PI. 37, figs. 54-57.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, yellowish or dirty white, with five
brown bands, the upper one, or sometimes all broken into irregular
maculations ; surface sculptured with numerous minute vermiform
white anastomosing wrinkles ; whorls 5, the last descending ante-
riorly; aperture very oblique, broadly lunate; peristome white,
labiate and widely reflected, thickened on columellar margin.

Diam. 30-35 mill.

Southern Europe, Northern Africa.

A common species, variable in color somewhat. It is Hartmann's
H. lactea, H. muraloides, Chier. and H. thalassina, Porro.
Var. SAIIARICA, Kobelt. PL 37, fig. 59.
A small, thick shelled form.

Southern Algiers.

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4-7

HELIX.

Var. LINUSO Calcara. PL 37, fig. 58.

Smaller than type, with more globose and thicker shell and larger
aperture.

Ins. Innosa, near Malta.
H. Hnuisiana Benoit is the same.

Var. SUBANGULATA Issel.

Shell smaller, more solid, aperture subangalate. Malta.

Letourneux and Bourguignat describe but do not figure vars.
minuta and pelagosana from Tunis.

H. PUNICA Morelet. PL 40, figs. 6-9.

Imperforate, globosely depressed, transversely dilated, lightly
striate, with decussating revolving striae, white, with four subequal
brown bands ; spire conoid, whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly in-
creasing, the last rounded, deflexed at aperture ; aperture very ob-
lique, truncate-oblong, showing the bands within ; peristome narrowly
reflected, slightly labiate, widened on columella, brownish.

Diam. 31, alt. 20 mill.

Constantine, Algiers.
H. CONSTANTINO Forbes. PL 37, figs. 60-62.

Imperforate, subglobose, striatulate, shining, whitish, five-banded,
bands brown, sometimes obselete, whorls 5, convex, the last deflected
anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunate, peristome expanded, sublabiate,
columella margin with a heavy subdentate callus. Diam. 27 mill.

North Africa.

H. cirtce Terver is a synonym.

Var. FLEURATI Bourg. PL 37, fig. 66.

Substance of shell calcareous ; form more globular ; whorls less

rapidly increasing.

Tunis.
H. BOGHARIENSIS Debeaux. PL 39, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, more or less depressed globose, typically thin shelled,
but sometimes rather heavy, with fine incremental stria?, coarser at
sutures, and sparse, short, broken impressed transverse lines, some-
what malleate, dirty white or yellowish, with five (sometimes four)
bands, showing through the shell ; whorls 5, the last inflated and
greatly descending at aperture ; aperture oblique, wide, with a thin
broadly reflected peristome, slightly labiate within ; fauces white.

Diam. 36 mill.

Boghar and Boulchrari, Algiers.

Very near to H. comtantince.
9

130 HELIX.

H. PARETIANA Issel. PI. 45, fig. 41.

Shell large, imperforate, subglobose, ventricose, irregularly striate,
with lightly impressed spiral lines, white, with reddish bands;
Avhorls 5, convex, the last inflated, deflexed anteriorly ; sutures im-
pressed, aperture very widely lunar, peristome narrowly reflected,
appressed and dilated at base ; throat reddish.

Diam. 41, alt. 32 mijl. Monaco, (fossil.)

H. moncecensis Kamber is a synonym. Perhaps this species be-
longs in Tachea.

H. LACTEA Miiller. PI. 39, figs. 89-96.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, obliquely striate, with fine
revolving lines, dirty white, variously fasciate with rufous, rarely
unicolored by absence or coalescence of bands; spire slightly eleva-
ted, apex obtuse; whorls 4£-5, slightly convex, rather rapidly in-
creasing, the last wide, rounded, profoundly deflected anteriorly;
aperture very oblique, truncate-oval, deep brown or black and
shining within, peristome expanded, obtuse, dark colored, margins
subparallel, connected by a black callus which covers the umbilical
tract; columella with a heavy callus within, subdentate.

Diam. 25-40 mill.

Spain, Canary Is. North Africa ; Introduced into Cuba, Buenos
Ayres, and other Spanish colonies.

H. irrorata Say, H. fauci-nigra Chem, H. punctatissima Jeniss,
H. flattersiana Ancey, H. tagina Servain and perhaps H. hispanica
Mich, are synonymous. H. axia Bourg. is a small unfigured form,
and with H. Jacquementana Bourg. from the Canary Is., likewise
unfigured, may be placed here.

Var. BATHYLJSMA Bourg.

Whorls smaller, the last inflated; mouth short and rounded;
outer lip more strongly reflected than in the following varieties.

Balearic Is.

Var. ALYBENSIS Kobelt. PL 39, fig. 97.

A small solid form, with fine sculpture and distinct bands; whorls
five; aperture intensely black. Diam. 30 mill.

Gibraltar.
Var. TAGINA Servain.

Similar to H. alybensis but usually flatter, with more swollen
outer whorl. Spain.

HELIX. 131

H. GIBBOSO-BASALIS Wollaston. Unfigured.

Similar to H. lactea, but smaller, nearly concolored, dark brown,
without white points or flecks; spire obtuse; whorls 4£, not much
deflexed at aperture; basal margin of peristome with a distinct
tooth. Diam.. 24 mill.

Northern part of Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.
H. ATAVORUM Mabille. PL 40, fig. 11.

Imperforate, subgiobose, solid, thick, destitute of cuticle, roughly
obliquely malleate, and costulately striate, grayish brown, obscurely
five-fasciate ; spire conoidal, prominent ; apex minute, obtuse, slightly
striate, shining ; whorls 6, slightly convex, very rapidly increasing,
the last large, globose, subangulate in front of the aperture, becoming
rotund-turgid, and somewhat descending at termination of whorl;
aperture oblique, rotund lunate, peristome thick, narrowly reflected,
ap pressed at base, regularly curved, terminations distant, connected
by a thin callus ; base thickened inside with a subtriangular denti-
form callus. Diam. 31 mill. Grand Canary Id. (fossil.)

H. AHMARINA (Bourg.) Mabille. PI. 40, fig. 13.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, thick, shining, not transpa-
rent, with undulating interrupted spiral lines and incremental striae;
color greyish, strewn with white dots and flecks, and encircled with
four dark bands ; spire conic, slightly elevated, acute at the corneous
or pinkish apex ; whorls over 5, the last large, rounded, abruptly
descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, oval-elongate, .maroon
colored inside. Diam. 29-34 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. PUNCTATA Miiller. PL 39, figs. 99-100.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, with minute revolving lines
and incremental striae, color dirty white, four or five banded with
brown or rufous, bands generally indistinct, clouded, or coalescent,
rarely wanting, strewn with white points and flecks ; spire depressed
conic ; whorls 5, slightly convex, more or less rapidly increasing,
the last large, inflated, decidedly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture ob-
lique, widely semioval, blackish or brown within ; peristome broadly
expanded, reflexed, appressed and thickened within at base, black,
the extremities approaching, connected by a dark callus.

Diam. 30-45 mill.

Spain ; Northern Africa ; Canary and Balearic Is; introduced
into Cuba and other Spanish colonies.

132 . HELIX.

The synonymy includes H. lactea Fe"r. and some other authorsr
H. canariensis Villa, If. punctatissima Jen., H. bredeana, If. engas-
tora, H. stomatodea, H. bandotiana, H. calendyma Bourguignat.

Differs from H. lactea in having a thinner, smoother shell, bands
more disposed to be coalescent and clouded, and basal callus not so
decidedly dentate within.

Var. APALOLENA Bourguignat. PL 64, figs. 4, 5.

Differs from the typical form in its more depressed outline, thinner,
smoother shell ; whorls more rapidly increasing in width, and con-
sequently aperture more elongated transversely.

Mediterranean littoral region of Spain and France ; Balearic Is.

H. BLEICHERI Paladilhe. PI. 39, fig. 98.

Imperforate, depressed globose, spire depressed conic, thick, with
fine, curved, irregular incremental striae, crossed by broken revolv-
ing lines, as in the preceding forms, and with vermiform transversely
elongated minute wrinkles, and quadri-fasciata, when young some-
what angulate around periphery ; fauces and coliimella margin deep
castaneous ; aperture very dark within, rotund-lunar, very oblique,
more regularly oval than in H. punctata ; peristome narrowly re-
flexed, its ends converging, connected by a thin castaneous callus.

Morocco.

Probably a variety of H. lactea Miiller.

H. TINGITANA Paladilhe. PI. 64, -figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, opaque, shining, with fine wrink-
les, undulating revolving lines, and regular incremental striaB ;
whorls 4-5, encircled by four or five yellowish-purple unbroken
bands, the upper ones usually confluent ; spire depressed-conoidal,
upper whorls rather flattened, rapidly increasing, abruptly deflected
at aperture ; aperture large, truncate-oval ; peristome regularly
curved above, straighter below, ends slightly converging, connected
by a light callus ; outer lip broadly expanded, light colored ; throat
and thickened columellar callus deep brown. Diain. 29 mill.

Between Tanger and Melcnes.

Specimens before me are decidedly larger than above indicated.

H. LUCASII Deshayes. PL 40, figs. 14, 15.

Imperforate, orbicularly depressed, smooth, white, writh five broad
dark brown bands ; spire short ; apex brown and white, obtuse,
whorls somewhat flattened, the last convex and descending anteriorly •

HELIX. 133

aperture very broadly semilunar, oblique, nearly black within;
peristome expanded, obtuse, black, the ends converging and con-
nected by a black callus ; a dentate callus on columella.

Diam. 35, alt. 18-20 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

It is H. lactea var. of Rossm., and H. hispanica Mich. It is
flatter than H. lactea, with less oblique aperture. The bands are
usually continuous and distinct.

H. GHAZOUANA Debeaux. PI. 46, figs. 47, 48.

Covered umbilicate, depressed globose, solid, very finely striate,
under the lens finely spirally striate, white, encircled by five deep
chestnut zones, which are interrupted throughout by vermicular
white flecks and spots, behind the aperture and between the bands
covered with numerous netted anastomosing lines ; spire depressed
conoid, apex small, slightly prominent ; suture simple, linear ; whorls
5, regularly, rapidly increasing, the first a little flattened, last rather
inflated, rounded, below subplane, anteriorly deeply deflexed ; aper-
ture very oblique, ovate rotund, distinctly lunate, deep blackish
brown within ; peristome acute, upper and outer margins expanded,
deep brown, edged with fuscous, margins subcon verging, joined by
a thin callus, the basal margin thickened, at first straight, then
sharply tuberculate, before the tubercle lightly excavated, and join-
ing the outer lip with a slight angle. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Near Nemours, Algiers.

This form differs from H. lucasi in the lesser size, more solid
shell, and white-punctate bands.

H. HIEROGLYPHICULA Michaud. PL 40, figs. 17-19.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, shining, white, with brown flecks
and four or five deep brown bands, the upper often interrupted ;
revolving lines and incremental stria? very minute ; spire dome-
shaped, depressed ; whorls 5, flattened; apex smooth, obtuse ; body
whorl swollen, turgid below on its last half, abruptly deflexed in
front ; aperture very oblique, small, oblong, peristome slightly ex-
panded, white, labiate, with a broad prominently dentate callus at
base; margins connected by a light callus; fauces and columolla

-deep castaneous. Diam. 24 mill.

Oran, Algit rt.

A " var. " integrivittis, with bands not interrupted, has been de-
scribed by Ancey. (PL 40, fig. 16.)
H. oraniea Bourg. is a synonym.

134 HELIX.

H. ALABASTRITES Michaud. PI. 40, figs. 20-22.

Imperforate, depressed globose, lightly striate, shining, white,
sometimes with five pale bands ; spire convex, obtuse ; whorls 5r
flattened, the last compressed, obsoletely angulate, profoundly de-
flexed anteriorly; aperture subhorizontal, truncate-ovate; peristome
labiate, slightly expanded, extremities converging, connected by a
light callus, columella with a thick callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

N. soluta Mich, is a synonym.

A forma minor has been noted by Ancey, diam. 20 mill. Easily
recognized by the great obliquity of mouth, solid texture and sub-
angulate whorls.

H. ATLASICA Mousson. PL 37, figs. 69-71.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, lightly striate and decussate,
smooth, shining, white, greyish or brownish, with five bands, the
three upper usually more or less confluent, and variegated with
patches of white; spire slightly convex, summit not prominent;
sutures linear ; whorls 4-5, the last large ; aperture oblique, trans-
versely ovate ; peristome acute, expanded, labiate with white ; ends
not converging, connected by a light callus; columella thickened
within. Diam. 22 mill.

Atlas Range of Western Morocco^

H. ALCYONE Kobelt. PL 40, figs. 23-25.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, somewhat thick, smoothish, shining,
finely striate, whitish, with four conspicuous corneous-brown bands,
broken into cloudy maculations, with intermediate corneous patches ;
whorls 5, regularly coiled, the last widened at aperture, slightly
tumid below ; aperture very oblique, transversely ovate ; peristome
and columella white, fauces reddish ; columella straight.

Diam. 28; alt. 16 mill. Southern Morocco.

H. JUILLETI Terver. PL 41, figs. 26, 27.

Imperforate, . subglobose-conoidal, rather solid, shining, lightly
irregularly striate, and with very minute spiral lines, slightly mal-
leate, white, with irregular corneous maculations, especially above ;
banded with four or five reddish brown zones; whorls 6, regularly
increasing, upper ones someAvhat flattened, the last a little dilated,,
profoundly deflexed anteriorly ; base convex ; aperture very oblique.

HKLIX. 135

lunate-oval, brown inside; peristome white, margins connected by a
light callus; columella wide, gibbous, callous. Diam. 32 mill.

Mascara and Saida, Algiers.
Synonyms are H. chottica Ancey, and H, saidana Debeaux.

H. BAILLONI Debeaux. PI. 46, figs. 51-53.

Covered perforate, orbicularly depressed, solid, shining, striulatc.
here and there lightly malleate, and under the lens seen to be encir-
cled with fine lines, white, with four rufous bands, the second and
third wide; spire slightly convex, apex large, obtuse, suture distinct,
linear; whorls 4?, regularly increasing, convex, the last slightly
dilated transversely, rather flattened below, excavated at umbilicus,
deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture small, ovate, oblique, lunate,
with white translucent band inside ; peristome simple, slightly thick-
ened, the ends converging, joined by a thin subdilated callus, basal
margin concave, dilated at its insertion, lightly callous and subden-
tate. Diam. 24, alt. 13 mill.

Province of Oran, between Tint and Mograr, near the boundary of
Morocco.

The large apex and small number of whorls at once separate this
form from H. juilleti, and other allied species.

H. DENANSI Kobelt. PI. 46, figs. 61, 62.

Covered umbilicate, depressed conoid, convex below, rather thin
and solid, somewhat shining, irregularly striatulate, the striae espe-
cially distinct below the sutures; under a strong lens showing fine
spiral lines ; ground-color white, bands five, brown, and under the
sutures a series of radiating maculations; spire conoid, apex obtuse;
whorls 5 £, slowly and regularly increasing, the last decidedly widened
toward the aperture, suddenly, rather deeply deflected anteriorly,
but not so deeply as in other species of the group; aperture diagonal,
ovate-rotund, brown within; peristome acute, outer margin expand-
ed, ends scarcely converging, joined by a thin callus; basal margin
at first straight, then truncate-tuberculate, uniting with the outer
lip with a slight angle. Diam. 23, alt. 14-} mill.

"This small form of the Juilleti group was communicated to me
some time ago by Mr. Albert Denans of Marseilles, without informa-
tion regarding the exact locality from whence it came. I cannot
identify it with any of the Pechaud-Bourguignat species." (Kobelt?)
H. BEGUIRANA Debeaux. PL 41, figs. 28, 29.

Umbilicate, depressed globose, transversely ovate, solid, shining,
striate, at sutures costulate, with spiral impressed lines, malleate,

136 HELIX.

white, with five bands, often confluent or irregularly broken ; whorls
52-6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last dilated, inflated
on base, anteriorly deflexed; aperture ovate-lunar, oblique, bright
chestnut within ; peristome white, slightly labiate, margins distant,
subparallel; columella contracted, with a callous thickening.

Diam. 31 mill. Beguira, near Mascara, Algiers.

Probably a form of H. juilleti as Kobelt at first considered it.

H. WAGNERI Rossmaessler. PI. 41, figs. 30, 31.

Similar to H. juilleti, but distinguished by the much more de-
pressed form and thinner shell. From H. begiurana it is separated
by the larger mouth, which is not contracted as in that species.

Boghar and Mascara, Algiers.

H. CHARIEIA Pechaud. PI. 46, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, depressed conoid, below convex, rather solid and
shining, irregularly striulate, encircled with impressed interrupted
lines, and marked with longer or shorter cicatrices ["narbenlinien"]
which cross the sculpture obliquely, especially near the aperture ;
color milky-white, with a narrow castaneous band at the periphery;
above this band covered with narrow interrupted little bands and
numerous white points, giving the color effect of coffee with milk ;
spire flattened conic, with blunt apex ; suture linear, becoming im-
pressed toward the aperture; whorls 6, the last slightly dilated,
base convex, lightly impressed at place of umbilicus, abruptly
arcuately deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, semi-ovate,
lunate, castaneous within ; peristome obtuse, thickened, white, mar-
gins sub-converging, joined by a light callus, upper margin straight,
outer slightly reflexed, basal straightened, with a* more or less dis-
tinct denticle. Diam. 30-31, alt. 15-17 mill.

Mts. of Daya, at the source of the Sig, Or an, Algiers.

Allied to H. wagneri, but differing both in shell and dentition.
According to Kobelt from whom I have taken the above description,
the central teeth are somewhat asymmetrical in this species — a very
unusual character in the present group.

H. JOURDANIANA Bourguignat. PI. 41, figs. 32, 33.

Imperforate, globose, solid, shining, lightly striate, obscurely mal-
leate, white, with four corneous brown bands, broken by irregular
whitish patches ; spire convex, conoidal ; sutures moderately im-
pressed ; apex smooth ; whorls 5£, the first flattened, regularly in-
creasing, the last well rounded, abruptly descending anteriorly ;

HELIX. 1M7

aperture subhorizontal, oblong-ovate, deep brown inside ; peristome
expanded, obtuse, its edge white, and its margins slightly converging,
connected by a brown callus ; basal margin thickened, subdentate.
Diam. 32 mill.

Mazagran and Mostaghanem, Algiers.

H. ARICHENSIS Debeaux. PL 41, figs. 34, 35.

Depressed globose, slightly dilated transversely, solid, irregularly
rugosely striate, and marked with short impressed transverse lines ;
chalky white, obscurely four banded ; whorls 6, slightly convex,
gently increasing ; sutures distinct ; last whorl subinflated, strongly
deflexed anteriorly, subexcavated around the umbilical area ; aper-
ture very oblique nearly horizontal, chestnut colored within, margins
converging ; peristome expanded, subreflexed, ad n ate at base ; colu-
mella with a heavy callus.

El Arich, District of Muluja, Algiers.

Var. CRASSIDENS Debeaux. PL 41, fig. 36.

More globose than the type, with the columellar plication strongly
developed.

H. LOBETHANA Debeaux. PL 46, figs. 49, 50.

Covered umbilicate, depressed trochoidal, solid, rudely irregularly
striatulate, more or less malleate toward the aperture, white with
four pale brown sharply defined bands, apex smooth, obtuse ; suture
impressed; whorls 5£, regularly and rapidly increasing, the last
rounded, convex below, dilated, deeply deflected anteriorly ; aperture
very oblique, wide ovate; peristome acute, somewhat thickened in-
side; margins not approaching, and connected by a thin brownish
callus ; columella margin with a sharp truncate pliciform callus.

Diam. 33, alt. 21 mill.

Separated from H. arichensis by the convex not excavated umbil-
ical tract, but probably not specifically' distinct.

•
H. ZAFFARINA Terver. PL 41, fig. 37.

Imperforate, conoid, depressed-globose, solid, chalky white, d<
brown within the aperture, irregularly striate and malleate, wit!
impressed short transverse marks, most developed behind the I
expanded lip; whorls 5, nucleus large, smooth, upper ones flatt(
the last widened at the aperture and abruptly deflexed; apei

138 HELIX.

very oblique, transversely truncate-oval, peristome white, sublabiate,
the ends converging and connected by a light callus, the columella
with a heavy dentiform callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Zaffarine Is., and adjacent mainland.

Var. ZELLERI Kobelt. PL 41, fig. 38.

Smaller, more globose, with four interrupted brown bands, mac-
ulated in the interspaces ; aperture smaller and less intensely colored
than in the typical H. zaffarina. Diam. 27 mill.

Mascara, Algiers.

H. doubletti Bourg. is a synonym.

H. ANOTERODON Pechaud. PI. 46, figs. 43, 44.

Covered umbilicate, conoid-globose, solid, chalky, white, irreg-
ularly rudely striate, with subtle spiral impressed lines, body-whorl
distinctly malleate ; spire conoid-convex, apex small, white, suture
above linear, becoming impressed ; whorls 6, convex, regularly in-
creasing, the last tumid, slightly dilated, suddenly deeply deflexed
at aperture ; aperture very oblique, lunate, semiovate, deep brown
within, upper and lower margins parallel, scarcely converging at
extremities, the upper at first rather straight, then becoming patulous,
outer margin dilated, reflexed, white, with a white dentiform incurved
strong lamella, basal margin castaneous on its upper part, declivous,
with an abruptly truncated strong, somewhat transversely placed
tooth on its anterior edge ; parietal wall and throat deep brown.

Diam. 30 £, alt. 22 mill.

Environs of Leila Marnia, on the Morocco boundary.

I follow Kobelt's identification of this form. It has the appear-
ance of H. tigri and other forms of that group ; but Kobelt says :
" Es ist eine Helix zaffarina mit einem Gaumenzahn. Zur Gruppe
der saharischen Zweizahner mochte ich sie nicht reclmen."

H. DUPOTETIANA Terver. PI. 41, fig. 39.

Imperforate, subglobose, white, irregularly striate and malleate,
with four or five brown bands, often coalescent or wanting ; whorls
5, the upper ones planulate, last two convex, the last strongly de-
flected at the very oblique, broadly lunate aperture ; peristome
brownish, reflexed, sublabiate, columellar margin brown, thickened,
with a decided tooth ; fauces deep brown. Diam. 30-35 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

Perhaps not specifically distinct from H. zaffarina Terver.

HELIX. 139

H. BREVIERI Pechaud. PI. 41, figs. 40, 41.

Large, thick, depressed conoid-globose, rough sculptured, with
coarse lines of increment, and on the upper whorls and near the
sutures with fine spiral stride ; last whorl mulleate, vermiculate with
white anastomosing wrinkles; with four broad and faint, hands on a
yellowish-white ground ; or unicolored chalky white ; whorls over
6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last inflated, dilated
and abruptly descending at the oblique, ovate-truncate aperture ;
peristome white, expanded, declivous at base, with a more or less
developed truncate dentiform callus ; aperture larger than that of
H. dupotetiana, castaneous within. Diam. 40 mill.

Neinour, Algiers.

Kobelt's H. dupotetiana var. rugosa, and H. dupotetiana var. aspera
Gassies are synonyms. H. subbrevieri Bourg. may also be placed
here.

H. XANTHODON Anton. PI. 41, figs. 42, 43.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, white, solid, spire convex ;
whorls 5, slowly increasing ; aperture rounded, very oblique, dark
brown inside, small ; peristome reflexed, white ; columella margin
with a heavy dentate callus. Diam. 22 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

Aperture smaller and whorls less rapidly increasing than in H.
dupotetiana, to which it is very closely allied. A variety figured
by Kobelt is larger, last whorl more inflated and malleate. The
species is also nearly allied to H. arabica.

H. ARABICA Terver. PI. 42, figs. 47, 48.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, shining, with three or four
brown bands, interrupted with white, sometimes unicolored, white;
spire convex; apex smooth, obtuse; whorls 5, rapidly increasing,
the last rounded, inflated below, descending at the very oblique,
oblong-lunate aperture; peristome white, thickened, expanded, colu-
mellar margin callously thickened, dentate and brown like 1
interior of the aperture. Diam. 28 mill.

Province of Oran and Adjacent Ittond*.

This is not the H. arabica of Roth, which=JT. desertorum Forsfc
H. abrolena Bourg., proposed because the name arabica was suppos
to be preoccupied, is said by Ancey to be more globose, with mo
convex and more rapidly increasing whorls, and thicker s
typical arabica. It is figured on PI. 42, figs. 44-4(5.

140 HELIX.

H. ODOPACHA Bourguignat. PI. 42, figs. 49-52.

Imperforate, depressed globose, ventricose, shining, slightly sul
pellucid, white, striate and malleate ; apex smooth, 'obtuse ; spii
convex ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last rounded, abrupt!
deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, narrow, subtriangular-oblon^
pale brown inside ; peristorae white, thickened, patulous ; columelh
margin thickened, bearing a heavy brownish callus, terminating i
a thick tubercle ; margins connected by a light callus.

Diam. 24 mill. Oran, Algier

A variety is figured by Kobelt with four narrow brown band
The species is very closely allied to H. arabica.

H. BONDUELLIANA Bourguignat. PL 37, figs. 67, 68.

Imperforate, ventricose, solid, bright, chalky, lightly striate an
obscurely malleate, bluish-white, obscurely unifasciate; spire conve:
apex small, obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5£, regularly and rapidly i:
creasing, the last descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, luna
ovate, white within ; peristome sublabiate, expanded ; columel
margin with a white callus. Diam. 28 mill.

Oran, Algier

H. asteia Bourg. is more deflected at aperture and has dark<
mouth, with the columella callus slightly more developed. Said
be from Madrid, Spain, but referred to H. bonduelliana, by Hidalg
who considers it an African species. (PL 42, fig. 53.)

H. SENILIS Morelet. PL 42, figs. 54, 55.

Imperforate, globose depressed, dilated transversely, thick ; whor
5 2, planulate, the last dilated and deflexed anteriorly, fourbandec
aperture truncate-oval, subhorizontal ; peristome very thick, reflexe
margins connected by a callus ; columella dentate. Diam. 25 miJ

Between Constantine and Setif, Algier

H. EMBIA Bourguignat. PL 42, figs. 56-57.

Covered perforate, depressed subglobose, solid, chalky whit
striatulate and malleate, spire convex, apex smooth, obtuse ; whor
5 to. 6, the upper ones flattened, the last two convex ; suture mo<
erately impressed ; last whorl rounded, tumid below, at the apertu]
suddenly descending; aperture oblique, irregularly lunate, dec
chestnut within, with a tooth on the base, and opposite it a slig]
prominence inside the outer lip ; peristome broadly expanded, la
iate, margins connected by a white callus, Diam. 23, alt. 15 mill

Island of Habibas, off Algier

HELIX. 141

In addition to Bourguignat's figures of this form, I give those of
Kobelt, (PL 61 figs.13-15.) According to the latter author, the species
is not found upon the island of Rachgoun, but at Nemours. There
is also some difference between the two authors as to the concholog-
ical characters of the species, Kobelt's form, being less striate above,
and measuring 26 mill, in diam., 17 in alt.

H. PSEUDOEMBIA Debeaux. PL 42, figs. 58, 59.

Subglobose, imperforate, solid, chalky, white, with irregular in-
cremental striae and short transverse impressed lines ; whorls 5,
slightly convex ; suture moderately impressed ; last whorl inflated,,
depressed around the umbilical area, strongly deflexed in front;
aperture oblique, lunate, bright chestnut colored inside and on col-
umella ; peristome acute, the margins converging, joined by a light
callus ; peristome widely reflexed, albolabiate, obsoletely dentately
thickened inside the outer lip ; columella subexcavated, with a dis-
tinct white, truncate, dentiform fold.

Diam. 32, alt. 21 mill.

Leila Marnia, Morocco, between Nemours and Tleincen.

Allied, according to Kobelt, to H. zaffarina. Its relation to H.
embia seems quite as close, and with that species it forms the transi-
tion to " die Gruppe der Doppel-Z'dhner" as Kobelt calls the follow-
ing species. Most of these are probably merely local races ; for like
many of the northern African shells the characters upon which the
species are founded, such as texture, development of mouth parts,
etc., are endlessly variable ; every locality, with its slightly differing
soil and climate producing a new and correspondingly differing race
of mollusk.
H. BURINI Bourguignat. PL 42, figs. 60-62.

Imperforate, convexo-globose, shining, elegantly striate, white,
with four brown bands; spire conoid, apex obtuse; whorls 5-6,
slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last rounded,
anteriorly descending; aperture very oblique, lunate-oblong, wli it <>
within; peristome expanded, labiate, with a long basal tooth and a
lamelliform denticle within the outer lip. Diam. 27 mill.

Southern Or an, Algiers.

Teeth not much more developed than in H. pseudoembia.

H. TIGRI Gervais. PL 42, figs. 63-65.

Imperforate, orbicularly depressed, solid, shining; convex
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last profoundly deflexed anteriorly,

142 HELIX.

rounded, and banded with brown ; sutures linear, slightly impressed;
aperture very oblique, transversely ovate, dark brown within; peri-
stome reflexed, white, bearing a strong basal tooth ; outer lip with a
strong denticle. Diam. 25 mill.

Southern Oran, Algiers.

The tubercles are strong, and situated so near to each other as to
leave but a narrow space between them.

The synonyms are H. tigriana Bourg. and If. maresi Crosse. H.
stereodonta Bourg. (PI. 43, figs. 68, 69) H. dicallistodon Bourg. (PI.
42, figs. 66, 67,) and H. surrodonta Bourg. (PL 43, figs. 70, 71,) seem
to be too closely allied to the If. tigri to warrant separation as dis-
tinct species.

H. DASTAGUI Bourguignat. PL 43, fig. 72.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, striate, white, with four brown
zones ; spire slightly convex ; whorls 5 to 6, rather rapidly increas-
ing, the last descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, oblong-lunate,
white within, with a lamelliform denticle within the outer lip and
a heavy tubercle at the base ; peristome expanded, slightly labiate.

Diam. 27 mill. Southern Oran, Algiers.

Specimens occur in which the umbilicus is not wholly covered.

H. SUBJOBAEANA Kobelt. PL 46, figs. 54-56.

Shell depressed-globose, covered umbilicate, irregularly rudely
striate, solid, unicolored grayish white ; spire slightly elevated, short
conoid, apex smooth, white; whorls 5, subconvex, with distinctly
impressed sutures, slowly increasing, the last a little widened, not
angulate, rather flat below, anteriorly subcontracted and suddenly,
deeply deflected; aperture very oblique, small, semiovate, com-
pressed, and still more contracted by two strong teeth, margins of
peristome joined and apparently continuous by a thick parietal
callus, outer margin with two teeth, the outer lamelliform, the inner
tubercular ; inside of aperture in fresh specimens brownish.

Diam. 23i alt. 13 J mill.

Chott el Tigri, on the boundary of Morocco.

A curious form, closely allied to the following.

H. JOBAEANA Crosse. PL 46, figs. 57-59.

Imperforate, subglobose, obtusely angulate, smooth, slightly
striate, shining, solid ; sutures linear, becoming impressed ; whorls
5, the last obtusely angulate, base convex, deeply, suddenly, deflexed
anteriorly ; aperture small, very oblique, ovate, contracted, peristome

HELIX. M:;

continued over the parietal wall by a strong callus, much thickened
in adult specimens, outer margin provided with two teeth.

Constantine, Algiers (fossil.)
The most bizarre of the "Gruppe der Doppelzahner."

***
H. CODRINGTONI Gray. PL 38, figs. 72-75.

Imperforate, subdepressed, solid, coarsely and irregularly striate,
decussated with fine spiral lines, white, irregularly marbled and
streaked with brown, the markings usually arranged into four or
five broken bands ; spire depressed conoidal, apex smooth; whorls
5, somewhat convex, the last descending anteriorly; aperture large,
very oblique,truncate-oval, peristome slightly expanded bearing a
truncate dentiform callus at base ; parietal wall with a light callus

Diam. 45 mill.

Greece and Adjacent Islands.

H. ferussaci Christ, et Jan, and H. spiriplana Desh. are synonyms.
Bourguignat has described as species H. eucineta, H. euchromia, and
H. eupcecilia; they are not even entitled to varietal rank. H.
pseudoparnassia Mousson is also a synonym.

Var. PARNASSIA Roth. PI. 38. figs. 74, 75.

. Globose conic, with obtuse apex ; last whorl not widened toward
aperture, strongly and abruptly deflected anteriorly; aperture round-
oval, slightly thickened at base, distinctly toothed ; extremities of
peristome approaching; no parietal callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Parnassus.

Var. OET^E Kobelt.

A form with the depressed and widened body-whorl of typical
H. codringtoni, but not larger than var. parnassia. Diam. 36 mill.

Mi. Ho (the ancient Oeta.)

Scarcely distinct from the type.
Var. AETOLICA Boettger.

Smaller than the type generally openly rimate; quadrifasciate,
the upper bandusually obsolete; spire short, exactly conical; whorls
greatly depressed. Diam. 33-34, alt. 18-20 mill.

Veluchi Mb., Aetolia.

A white unicolored form is also figured (fig. 73.) The species is
like all Maeularw, variable in color pattern and size; and m th
Grecian peninsula occupies the place of H. alonensis m the

144 HELIX.

Like that species, too, the codringtoni seems to be an esteemed
delicacy of the cuisine ; for Roth relates that in the markets of
Athens quantities of them are exposed for sale during the Lenten
season.

H. CRASSA Pfeiffer. PI. 38, fig. 76-77.

Subcovered umbilicate, depressed, thick, ponderous, rugosely
striate, with revolving lines, and five or fewer interrupted brown
bands, sometimes wanting; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse;
whorls 4-5, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last depressed,
subplanulate below, deflected in front, compressed around the um-
bilicus; aperture very oblique, ovate-truncate, peristome widely
expanded, labiate with white, its margins subparallel, extremities
connected by a light callus. Diam. 42 mill. Corfu.

H. INTUSPLICATA Pfeiffer. PI. 43, figs. 73-75.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, rudely obliquely striate, and with
fine revolving lines, bluish-white; spire slightly convex, apex obtuse;
whorls 5, the last flattened, anteriorly deflected, more convex below;
aperture very oblique, irregularly oval, reddish within; peristome
briefly expanded, margins converging; base with an internal trans-
verse callous plication. Diam. 31 mill.

Mt. Chelmos, in Arcadia.

A rare species.

H. MASSYLJSA Morelet. PI. 38, figs. 86-88.

Imperforate, globose depressed, somewhat solid, with irregular
incremental striae decussated by revolving lines ; color yellow-
ish white, concolored, or encircled by five reddish brown bands;
spire conoid, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last widened
and descending at aperture, inflated below ; aperture oblique, some-
what subquadrate, as long as wide ; peristome narrowly expanded,
white ; columella dilated, callous. Diam. 40 mill.

Algiers, Province of Constantine and southward.

A var. concolor is described by Bourguignat.

Var. ZENATIA Kobelt.

Last whorl less expanded ; mouth shorter, and columellar callus
less extended.

Wed Zenati, Algiers.

HELIX. 145

H. PR^DISPOSITA Mousson. PI. 39, figs. 4, 5.

Imperforate, depressed, transversely striate, with decussating lines,
whitish, with four bands, the upper narrow, the second wide, inter-
rupted with white ; spire depressed conic, with large obtuse nucleus ;
whorls 4 to 5, rapidly increasing, slightly convex, the last dilate. 1,
strongly deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, transversal v
ovate ; peristome narrowly expanded, margins approaching, con-
nected by a light callus ; basal margin subhorizontal, wide, adnate.

Diam. 29 mill.

Reraya Valley, Morocco (subf ossify.

H. RERAYANA Mousson. PL 37, figs. 63-65.

Imperforate, depressed, irregularly obliquely striate and with
transverse short irregular wrinkles; color dirty white, with flam-
mules and flecks of brownish, indistinctly two to five banded; spire
slightly convex, apex smooth ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the
last widened toward the aperture and abruptly descending ; aperture
very oblique, transversely oblong; peristome slightly expanded,
acute, slightly thickened 'within, Diam. 37-41 mill.

Reraya Valley, Morocco.

H. MOUSSONIANA Wollaston. PL 43, fig. 76.

Large, imperforate, globose-depressed, subinflated, rather thin,
strongly striate, not granulate nor malleate, lacking epidermis ;
spire rapidly increasing, apex smooth, obtuse ; sutures irregularly
impressed ; whorls nearly 5, the last deflexed suddenly at aperture,
convex and turgid below; aperture oblique, transverse, perfectly
elliptical ; peristome narrowly reflected, adnate below, its ends joined
by a callus ; columella excavated. Diam. 37 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries (f ossify.

It is H. adonis Mousson, not Angas. It is closely allied to the
following species and to H. alonensis.
H. EFFERATA Mousson. PL 43, fig, 77.

Globosely depressed, subsolid, striate and with obtuse undulating
rugose inalleations, not granulate; whorls 4J, less convex ami di-
lated than in H. moussoniana, obtusely angulate. Diam. 31 null.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries (fossil)

The pattern of sculpture,— obscure undulations obliquely crossing
the strise — is characteristic.

Both this and the preceding species may prove 1

Hemicycla.
10

146 HELIX.

H. ALONENSIS Ferussac. PI. 43, fig. 78-82.

Covered perforate, depressed globose, somewhat solid, yellowish
white, variegated with streaks and marblings of light brown, or five
fasciate; irregularly striate, decussated with fine revolving lines;
whorls 4-5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, tumid,
deflexed anteriorly ; aperture large, rotund lunar, oblique ; peri-
stome narrowly reflexed, appressed at base, the ends converging,
joined by a very light callus. Diam. 30. mill.

Southern Spain ; Balearic Is.
An abundant and extremely variable species.

Var. CARTHAGINIENSIS Rossm. PI. 44, fig. 86-89.

Similar in general characters and sculpture to H. alonensis, but
smaller, more depressed, aperture more oval on account of the
greater deflection of the last whorl ; usually conspicuously five-
fasciate ; lip well expanded.

Diam. 24 mill.

Sierra da Cartagena, Spain.

Differs from H. campesina in being imperforate, with less devel-
oped peristome, which is reflected and adnate to the base of the*" shell.
The genitalia offer some points of difference, according to Ross-
msessler ; but until we have descriptions or figures of those of the
allied forms we can scarcely make use of this character.

Var. CAMPESINA Ezquerra. PI. 43, figs. 83-85.

With the markings and sculpture of H. alonensis this variety ex-
hibits a much more oblique nearly perfectly oval mouth, broadly
expanded and reflexed peristome, scarcely or not at all appressed to
base, its extremities converging and connected by a decided callus ;
umbilicus wide or sometimes nearly covered by the reflection of the
lip. Diam. 40 mill.

Spain, provinces Marcia and Valentia.

Rossmsessler's var. lorcana is synonymous.

A mountain form.
Var. LOXANA Rossmsessler. PI. 44, figs. 90-93.

Imperforate, depressed globose, usually five-fasciate, the upper
bands interrupted ; aperture very oblique, rounded lunar; peristome
expanded, margins converging, dilated over the umbilical area.

Diam. 28 mill.

Granada.

A mountain form.

HELIX. 147

H. ALCARAZANA Guirao. PI. 44, figs. 97-100.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, obliquely striate, obsolctrly
decussated by spiral lines, yellowish white, with five brown bands,
the upper ones broken into irregular maeulations; spire shortly
conic, obtuse ; whorls 4-5, rapidly increasing, the last somewhat de-
scending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar, peristome rose-
colored, labiate, margins slightly converging, reflexed and a ppn •.-<•<!
At the columella.

Diam. 20 mill.

Sierra de Segura, Province of A!<-<tr<r;. Sfmin.

It is perhaps H. serpentina of Graells.

H. GUIRAOANA Rossmassler. PL 44, figs. 94-96.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, striate, whitish, five fasciate, the
upper bands interrupted; spire slightly convex, whorls 4-o, rapidly
increasing, the last subinflated, and abruptly descending anteriorly;
aperture rotund lunar; peristome rose colored, slightly reflexed at
the base. Diam. 23-28, alt. 10-12 mill.

Var ANGUSTATA Rossmassler.

Smaller; umbilicus narrower. Granada.

H. MARMORATA Ferussac. PI. 44, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, globose depressed, white, five-fasciate, the upper
bands regularly interrupted with white, the lower less so; above
marbled with corneous; whorls 5, a little convex, the last wide
and descending anteriorly ; aperture widely rotund lunar, peristome
rose-colored, narrowly reflexed, appressed at base, extremities ap-
proaching. Diam. 20 mill. Gibraltar; Granada.

H. exornata Parr is synonymous.

Size and color-pattern rather variable, but always marbled above
with brown, white and corneous.
Var VIOLACEA Rossmassler. PL fig.

Small; last whorl strongly deflexed, deep colored, violet-lipped.

Granada.

It is H.balearica var. violacea andwr.pulchella of Rossmassler's
Iconography, and H. partschii Bourg., according to Kobelt.
H. SPLENDIDA Drapernaud. PL 44, figs. 4-9.

Imperforate, globose depressed, white or corneous, with five deep
brown bands, the upper ones usually interrupted or confluent; in-
cremental strise very faint; whorls 4-4 J, slightly convex, rapidly

148 HELIX.

increasing, the last deflexed anteriorly; aperture rotund-lunar,
oblique, white lipped; peristome narrowly expanded, reflexed, ad-
nate at base and over the umbilicus. Diam. 15-20 mill.

Spain and Southern France.

Peristome and aperture sometimes rose tinted within. A lovely
species, connecting the smaller Macularice with Tachea, and as far
as shell characters go, intermediate between these groups.

Var. COSSONI Letourneux.

More depressed; spire moderately convex ; whorls 4, more rapidly
increasing, the last large ; aperture less oblique than in the type.

Diam. 19 mill. Herault, France.

H. BALEARICA Ziegler. PL 36, figs. 49, 50.

Imperforate, depressed, brownish white above variegated with
deep brown, white, and corneous marblings; with five bands, all
interrupted ; whorls 5 rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique, rotund-
lunar, peristome narrowly reflected brownish, labiate, appressed at
base. Diam. 30 mill. Balearic Is.; Spain.

The synonymy includes H. hispanica Partsch., (pi. 36, figs. 51-53)
and H. speciosa Zieg.

Var. COMPANYONI Aleron. PL 36, figs. 47, 48.

Smaller than the type, more fragile and more delicately sculp-
tured; peristome and columella white. Diam. 15-20 mill.

Balearic Is.; Catalonia.

It is H. haspanica var. pyrenaica Rossm.

H. MINORICENSIS Mittre. PL 38, figs. 78-81.

Imperforate, depressed, lightly striate, white with five brown
bands, more or less interrupted with white, the intervening spaces
maculated with corneous; spire slightly elevated, apex corneous,
smooth, obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last wide, descend-
ing anteriorly; aperture oblique, rotund lunar, showing the bands
within ; peristome expanded, adnate at base. Diam. 13-18 mill.

Minorca, Balearic Is.

H. BEAUMIERI Mousson. PL 44, figs. 12-14.

Imperforate, globose depressed, thin, slightly striate, and with
light spiral lines, evanescent at the base ; whitish with five rufous
interrupted bands, the upper two usually confluent, those on base
narrow; spire, obtuse, convex, not conic; whorls 4J, the last large,
strongly and abruptly descending at aperture, subinflated, rotund

HELIX. 140

and tumid at base; aperture very oblique, transversely round-ovate;
peristome expanded, subreflexed, thickened within, the mnririns
considerably converging, joined by a callus. Diain. 24 mill.

Morocco.

H. RAYMONDI Moquin. PL 44, figs. 10, 11.

Imperforate, globose depressed, subsolid, yellowish white, with
five subequal faint bands ; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse ;
whorls 4J, the last strongly deflected anteriorly; aperture very
oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome labiate, margins converging and
joined by callus, expanded, and adnate at base. Diam. 20 mill.

Province of Or an, Algiers.

Morelet's H. desfontanea is a synonym.

H. VERMICULOSA Morelet. PL 44, figs. 15-17.

Subperforate, turbinate, globose, solid, densely sculptured with
undulating, anastomosing wrinkles, lustreless, dirty yellowish grey,
more or less distinctly fasciate with wide irregular brown or yellow-
ish bands, five in number ; spire somewhat turreted, apex dark col-
ored ; whorls over 4, convex, the last inflated, descending, aperture
circular, porcelain white within, very oblique ; peristome narrowly
expanded, margins approaching ; columellar margin reflexed.
Diam. 25, alt. 22 mill.

Hir, Province of Sus, Morocco.

Comparable to Pomatia mazzulii in aspect, but probably more
nearly related to the present group.

Unfigured species of Macularia.

H. omphalophora Dut. Corsica.

H. aecouria Let. et. Bourg. Tunis.

H. nitefacta, toukriana, maltarica, seignetti of Bourguignat. Algiers.
H. catharolena, simocheila, canta, chorista, tiranoi, lucent umensis,
pelopica, and engastora, Bourg. Spain.

H. sevillensis Servain, Sei'Mc.

Section IV. ALLOGNATHUS Pilsbry, 1888.
The only member of the group Pentatcenia, as far as known, in
which the jaw is wholly devoid of the strong ribs characteristic of
that division. The type and only species, H. grateloupi has been
classed by some authors in Leptaxis, by others in Ifewfam. From
both groups it differs in characters of shell and animal.

150 HELIX.

H. GRATELOUPI Graells, 1846. PI. 48, figs. 94, 95.

Imperforate, depressed globular, rather thin, shining, whitish-
corneous, or suffused with light brown, with five distinct narrow
chestnut-brown bands, frequently interrupted, or broken into nearly
separate maculations, very lightly obliquely striate ; whorls 4, con-
vex, very rapidly increasing, the last rotund, gently descending
anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunar, very oblique, its margins con-
verging, joined by a transparent parietal callus; peristome thin,
acute, slightly expanded, regularly arcuate, columellar margin con-
cave, adnate to the rather inflated base, and slightly tinged with
brown. Diam. 21, alt. 16 mill.

Majorca, Balearic Is.

H. tessellata Fer. and H. graellsiana Pfr. are synonyms.

Section V, HEMICYCLA Swainson, 1840.

This group of large Helices is intermediate in conchological
characters between Macularia and Leptaxis, and rather closely allied
to both. In distribution it is restricted to the Canary Archipelago,
no species being found outside the limits of that group ; and it is
the most prominent form of Helix in the mollusk fauna of those
islands, occupying them to the exclusion of Iberus, Leptaxis and
(almost) of Macularia. Several species very similar to recent forms
are found fossil in central European miocene deposits, associated
with Macularia, Clausilia, Melanopsis, etc.

There is a similarity between some species of Hemicycla (such as
H. malleata) and certain West Indian forms of Dentellaria, (H.
obesa, H. dentiens) ; this resemblance is more likely to be due to con-
vergence of type, caused by similar environments than to any close
relation or connection between these specialized forms ; and the same
may be safely said of the superficial likeness which the African Macu-
laria jobaeana^ bears to the West Indian Dentellaria formosa, etc.

The species of Hemicyela are very numerous, and frequently sep-
arated by characters so slight as to render it very likely that the
number of species boncK would be considerably reduced by a critical
study of the intermediate forms and the variations produced by
peculiarities of station, hypsometical distribution, etc. Such a study
however, we are not likely to have as long as the great majority of
land-shell specialists pursue the intensely analytical methods now in
vogue.

HELIX. ir,i

In the treatment of the species I have generally followed .Jul»->
Mabille, whose paper, " Mat eriaiix pour une fauna malacologique des
iles Canaries," is the most recent and complete publication on the
subject. A number of descriptions have been taken from Mousson,
and from Wollaston.

H. PLICARIA Lamarck, 1816. PL 49, figs. 51, 52.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, corneous brown, lighter
below, unicolorecl, or with very obscure darker bands above, about
three in number, and sometimes a fourth just below the periphery;
obliquely costate with elevated separated coarse ribs; frequently
split or slightly interrupted upon the periphery, and which are
crenulated by very numerous dense fine spiral impressed lines, which
scarcely or not at all cut the surface between the ribs ; whorls 4,
moderately convex, regularly increasing, the apex nearly smooth,
large, obtuse, first two whorls much smoother than balance of shell,
body-whorl obtusely sub angular at its beginning, becoming rounded
and rather tumid and gibbous below as it approaches its termination,
abruptly, deeply deflexed and deeply constricted behind the aper-
ture ; aperture very oblique, contracted, small, irregularly oval ;
peristome white, very broadly, flatly expanded, its terminations some-
what converging, joined by a thin callus ; basal margin thickened
within by a slightly tortuous lamellar denticle, appressed over the
umbilical region, which is but slightly or not at all indented.

Diam. 22, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. plicatula Lam., H. orbiculata Wood, H. planorbula Gray are
synonymous. Some authors have included several allied forms under
the name plicaria, but attention to the above diagnosis will enable
any one to separate them. The sculpture of the ribs is very charac-
teristic.

H. BENTHENCOURTIANA Shuttleworth, 1853. PI. 50, figs. 60, 61.

In form and appearance similar to H. plicaria, but distinguished
by the thin shell, narrow (often subobsolete) bands, regularly spaced
incremental costee, which are less developed than in plicaria, and
without the secondary sculpture of incised lines shown by that spe-
cies ; the interspaces between costa? are finely striate ; the young

shell is pilose.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

152 HELIX.

H. SARCOSTOMA Webb et Berthelot, 1832. PL 49, figs. 49, 50.

Imperforate, globosely depressed, solid, flesh-tinted or yellowish ^
with four dark frequently interrupted bands, sometimes obsolescent,
the whole, surface, including apex, covered by an extremely minute
dense granulation, rather obscurely irregularly obliquely striate,
sometimes with inconspicuous vermiform anastomosing reticulating
wrinkles upon the last whorl, upon which are short white marks in
the direction of the whorls ; apex rather obtuse ; sutures well-marked ;
whorls 5, the outer rapidly increasing and wide, rounded, tumid,
especially below, deeply descending to the aperture ; not constricted ; *
aperture very oblique, rotund-lunate; peristome very widely expanded
and flattened, pale fleshy-white colored, very regularly arched, its
margins converging and joined by a thin callus, appressed over the
umbilical tract, and very slightly thickened within, scarcely sub-
dentate. Diam. 30, alt. 20 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote, Fnertaventura and Grand Canary.

Specimens of 25 mill. diam. or less are frequent. I see nothing
more than varietal characters in the following form, but admit it
provisionally at this time.

H. THAUMALEA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, figs. 87, 88.

Shell subglobose, solid, somewhat opaque, striate, all over very
finely granulate and superficially obscurely crispato-malleate,
smoother below, ruddy writh scattered white spots and four or five
brown or blackish bands more or less intense and interrupted ; spire
convexo-depressed, apex reddish, obtuse, shining, rugose-punctate;
whorls 5, the last most rapidly increasing, separated by impressed
sutures ; body-whorl very large, rounded-tumid, inflated below,
slightly descending and deflexed at aperture ; aperture very oblique,
lunate, suboblong-ovate, the ends subapproximating, joined by a
callus ; peristome thick, dilated, reflexed, wrhitish, tinted with yellow,
strongly thickened Within, columellar margin contorted, shining,
appressed, with an elongate lamellose tooth.

Diam. 31-33, alt. 14-16 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, Canaries.

Shell thicker than H. sarcostoma ; spire more depressed ; the um-
bilical callus is very heavy and livid white in color.

H. PAETELIANA Shuttleworth, 1859. PL 50, fig. 80.

Imperforate, depressed conoid-globose, thin, striulate, and slightly
granulate, shining, fulvous olivaceous, ornamented with five deep

HELIX. 155

brown bands ; spire conic, rather obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
the last inflated, deflexed anteriorly; aperture large, oblique,
rounded lunate, submargaritaceous within ; peristome thin, labiate
with flesh-color, margins converging, the right briefly reflexed, the
columellar dilated, adnate. Diam. 24, alt. 15 mill.

Ins. Fuertaventura, Canaries-

A very rare species, which Wollastou believes to be the same as a
large variety of H. poucket. It is probably, however, distinct. My
description is a translation of Pfeiffer's.

H. CHERSA Mabille, 1882. PL 49, figs. 32, 33.

Imperforate, depressed orbicular, solid, opaque, scarcely shining.
grayish rufescent, with equidistant laminar costulse, the interstices
rugose or minutely granulate, sometimes with a brown line around
the periphery ; spire depressed conic, apex large obtuse, rugulose ;
whorls 4-5, the upper slowly, the remainder very rapidly increasing,,
separated by a linear suture, becoming impressed at outer whorl ;
body-whorl large, carinate, compresso-inflated toward the aperture,,
convex below, briefly, suddenly descending ; aperture lunate, elon-
gate-ovate, margins approximating, peristome livid, broadly and
flatly expanded, acute, subreflexed, thickened within, outer margin
regularly curved, the columella substraightened, with a long sub-
denticle within, and appressed at the insertion.

Diam. 23, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries

Intermediate between plicaria and bentheneourtiana ; differing
from the first in the more depressed shell, with smoother costse, the
intervals transversely wrinkled and presenting traces of hairs, the
the thicker shell, dilated last whorl, and form of the aperture; from
the second, the thick shell, depressed-angulate form, and different
sculpture separate it.
H. BATHYCOMA Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 98, 99.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, rather thick, opaque, scarcely
shining, brown, with four deeper colored bands, costulate-striate,
young densely squamosely pilose, adults asperate with squamose
granulations; spire convex, apex rugose, obtuse, purplish; whorl,
4*-5, convexo-depressed, regularly, rapidly increasing, s,-p:iratrd by
impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, rounded, anteriorly constricted,
rapidly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, wide, irregular oblong-
lunate, margins subapproximating ; peristome acute, deeply labiate
within, purplish flesh-colored, broadly reflexed, outer margin arcuate,

154 HELIX.

joining the basal at a more or less conspicuous angle, basal margin
straightened thick, adnate, appressed at its insertion, and with a
lamina within. Diam. 22-23, alt. 10J-11 mill.

Environs of Telde, Ins. Grand Canary.

H. EUCALYPTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 37.

Shell subglobose depressed, imperforate, scarcely shining, corneous
yellowish or reddish, costulate striate, asperate with minute gran-
ules, five-fasciate, the upper bands maculate; spire conic, apex
obtuse, more or less deeply purpled-tinted, rugose; whorls 5-5 2,
regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-
ivhorl large, compressed at the suture, rounded at periphery, grad-
ually descending at aperture, subconstricted behind the peristome ;
aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-elongate ; peristome a little thickened,
expanded, in very old specimens very greatly thickened, and broadly
reflexed, margins subdistaut, the outer regularly curved, joining
with an angle the straight basal margin, which is callous, adnate,
and bears a slightly thick lamina within, in old individuals much
thickened. Diam. 22-24, alt. 12-14 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. SABINIAXA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 3, 4.

Half-covered umbilicate, depressed orbicular-convex, striate,
scarcely shining, asperate with granules deposited in series, rufous,
five-fasciate, and lineolate with white at the suture, below greenish,
.shining, apex red, granulose, crispate, shining; whorls 5£, regularly
increasing, suture distinct, body-whorl large, obscurely rounded-
subangulate at its origin, becoming rounded, a little shortly descend-
ing and subconstricted behind the peristome ; aperture oblique,
lunate, ovate-rounded ; peristome acute, slightly thickened, reflexed,
margins distant, joined by a thin callus, the outer slightly excavated,
the columellar concave, appressed, callously reflexed at the insertion
half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. ZELOTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 30.

Imperforate, depressed orbiculate-convex, slightly thickened,
solid, opaque, destitute of cuticle or lustre, dull rufous, costulate
striate, with granules, especially conspicuous on the last w7horl, and
deposited in series ; spire depressed mamillate, apex large, rugose or
nearly smooth : whorls 4 £-5, regularly increasing, suture slightly
impressed; body-whorl large, a little tumid and angulate at its

HELIX. 1 55

origin, becoming rotund compressed, below obliquely c<mipn»rd. a
little descending at aperture; aperture oblique, lunate, small, ovate
or ovate-triangular; peristome subtbickened, reflexed, acute, basal
margin armed with a thin lamina. Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill.

Jnx. ftnnul Cumin/.

This species, found only in a fossil state, is separated from its
allies by the lesser development of the last whorl, the large, obtuse
apex, smaller aperture, thin peristome, and decided compression of
the base.

H. EPHEDROPHILA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 21, 22.

Imperforate, depressed-convex, thick, solid, opaque, scarcely shin-
ing, distinctly costulate-striate, obscurely submalleate, under the
lens minutely granulate ; spire convex, apex minute, punctate, obtuse,
shining, reddish; whorls 5— 5£, regularly, rapidly increasing, sutures
linear but distinct; body-whorl large, compressed-rotund, descending
briefly and suddenly at the aperture, slightly constricted, not gib-
bous; aperture small, oblique, lunate, ohlong-subrhomboidal, mar-
gins subcon verging, joined by a thin livid callus; peristome thickened,
reflexed, outer margin subnodulous, excavated, curved, appearing
sinuous, basal margin lengthily appressed, callous, with an internal
dentiform, short, tortuous lamina, columella short, tortuous, ap-
pressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.
H. THEMERA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 38.

Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, solid, a little shining, and
ornamented, under a yellowish, transparent, very evanescent cuticle,
with stria3 and irregular malleations, especially upon the last whorl;
color brown, five fasciate; spire small, convex, apex subacute, ob-
scurely rugose, purplish; whorls 5-5 J, rapidly increasing, separated
by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, compressed-rounded, a little
dilated and strongly descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunate,
oblong-subquadrate, margins .subapproximating; peristome thick-
ened, labiate within, reflexed, outer margin sinuately arcuate, basal
margin straightened, thickened, armed with a long denticle, lengthily
adnate on the base, appressed at the insertion over the umbilicus.

Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill.

Barranca Angostura, Ins. Grand Canary.

H. RIPROCHI Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 7, 8.

Imperforate, slightly convex-orbiculate, striate, decussate, espe-
cially around the suture of last whorl, finely, regularly marked

156 HELIX.

with white vermicular malleations, punctate, everywhere minutely
granulate, with five interrupted violaceous bands ; spire subpromi-
nent, apex obtuse, shining, punctulate-rugose, purplish ; whorls 4r
very rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures; body-whorl
large, compressed rotund, subconstricted, rapidly descending ; aper-
ture oblique, lunate, long ovate, slightly narrowed, margins sub-
parallel, not approximating, much thickened, labiate within, convo-
lutely reflexed, rosy tinted, outer margin sinuous, basal margin
straightened, lengthily adnate, planulate, with a strong lamina
within, and a heavy appressed callus at the insertion.

Diam. 25-28,' alt. 11-13 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary*

The cuticle is very thin, corneous, usually yellowish, sometimes
very bright, and exfoliates with great facility. The shell has some
resemblance to H. consobrina.

H. JANTHINA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, somewhat thickened, a
little shining, reddish, under a very evanescent, thin, yellowish
cuticle, paler beneath, ornamented with five brown bands, (the
second and third ordinarily coalescent), more or less interrupted
with yellowr spots, costulate-striate, all over malleate and under the
lens minutely granulate; spire conic, apex obtuse, rugose-punctulate,
bright, purplish ; whorls 5, convex, regularly, very rapidly increas-
ing, separated by subirnpressed sutures ; body-whorl large, rotund-
tumid, obscurely subconstricted at aperture, slightly gibbous, regu-
larly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, wide oblong-ovate,
fauces bluish-white, margins subdistant ; peristome thickened, re-
flexed, rose-tinted, outer margin sinuately incurved, basal substraight-
ened, with a broad appressed callus at the insertion, and a strong,
elevated, dentiform lamina, columella short, obliquely tortuous.

Diam. 24-26, alt. 11-12 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary*

Allied to the preceding species.

H. GRAVIDA Mousson, 1872.

Imperforate, solid, conic-globose-depressed, striate, rudely mal-
leate, destitute of cuticle and color; spire widely conoid, apex smallr
smooth; suture closely subimpressed ; whorls 5, first sensibly increas-
ing, flattened, the last somewhat descending, subinflated around the
suture, rounded, declivous above, subturgid below; aperture very

HELIX. ].->7

oblique, transverse lunate-oval; peristome obtuse, very thick, eon\v\-
reflexed, sublabiate within, margins subremote, joined by a rather
thick callus, the upper and lower subparallel, the basal thickened,
with a long dentiform callus inside, widely expanded, appressed und
callous at insertion. Diam. 33, alt. 24 mill. (Mousson.)

///>. Fuertaventura, Canaries.

A rare sub-fossil species, said to be somewhat intermediate between
the lactea and sarcostoma types.

H. BATHYCAMPA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, figs. 84, 85.

Imperforate, subglobose, rather thick, somewhat 'shin ing, rudely
striate, and under a lens minutely granulate, yellowish rufous or
purplish, with five bands often interrupted with yellowish macula-
tions; apex obtuse, rugose, purplish; whorls 5, very rapidly increas-
ing, separated by impressed sutures, the last large, tumid-rounded,
convex below and above, slightly compressed at the suture, slightly
constricted at the aperture, and strongly, suddenly deflexed anterior-
ly ; aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-rounded, the ends approximating ;
peristome thickened, broadly reflected and flattened, rufous, col u-
niella margin subreflexed, with a dentiform lamella.

Diam. 29, alt. 18 mill. Fuertaventura, Canaries.

The shell is thinner than in H. sarcostoma, and the sculpture
different.

H. SUBGRAVIDA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 86.

Imperforate, solid, thick, subglobose-depressed, entirely covered
with minute points and scarcely apparent costulations ; spire conic,
apex minute, obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, irregularly increas-
ing, suture narrowly impressed ; body-whorl large, angled in front
of the aperture, but becoming swollen and rounded, anteriorly briefly
deflexed ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly ovate ; peristome
widely reflexed, slightly thickened within, the ends subconverging,
joined by a conspicuous callus; columellar margin nearly straight,
provided with an elongated tooth, widely expanded over the umbil-
ical tract. Diam. 30, alt. 17 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Compare H. gravida Mouss.

H. BARCKERIANA Mabille, 1883. PL 40, fig. 10.

Imperforate, depressed, thick, solid, scarcely shining, destitute of
color and epidermis, but with three or four obscure rufous bands,

158 HELIX.

striate and coarsely crispate-malleate ; spire convex, subprominentr
apex minute, stibrugose; whorls 5-5 J, first planato-con vex, rapidly
and regularly increasing, last very rapidly increasing ; suture im-
pressed especially at last whorl ; body whorl large, rounded, below
slightly flattened, toward aperture slightly dilated, briefly descend-
ing, subconstricted at the peristome ; aperture oblique, lunate,
oblong ; peristome obtuse, reflexed ; ends not converging, connected
by a slightly heavy callus, basal margin nearly straight, callous,,
with a long internal tooth.

Quatenary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete*
Allied to the preceding.

H. CACOPISTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6.

Imperforate, depressed conic, subthickene:!, without epidermis,
yellowish ruddy, with five white-dotted rufous bands ; apex minute,
obtuse, granulate, concolored ; whorls 5-5 £, scarcely convex, sub-
irregularly increasing, separated by distinct sutures ; the last large/
slightly angular, subplanulate below, briefly deflexed at aperture ;
aperture lunate-oblique, ovate-elongate ; peristome subthickened
within, widely expanded, subfragile, acute, ends converging, con-
nected by a thin callus ; basal margin slightly incurved, with a
long appressed callus ; columella short, tortuous, with a strong um-
bilical callus, and a lamelliform, elevated, straight tooth.

Diam. 26, alt. 12 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.

H. CATEUCTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 82.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, thick, destitute of cuticle, shin-
ing, yellowish, with four rufous spiral bands, maculated with white;
spire conic, apex minute, nearly smooth, concolored; whorls 6, first
plano-convex, last very rapidly increasing, separated by distinct
sutures; body-whorl large, rounded, subflattened below; aperture
oblique, oblong-lunate, peristome thickened, reflexed, its ends sub-
approximating, joined by a thin callus; columellar margin nearly
straight, widely adnate, subexcavated, with a lamellose denticle.

Diam. 35, alt. 18* mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.

Whorls of the spire flatter than in H. subgravida, the last not
angular and more dilated.

m:ux.

H. JUSTINI Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 79.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, solid, striate, destitute of cut id. and
color, not malleate nor granulate, spire conic, moderately clcv;ii«l.
apex minute, obtuse, whorls 5, sub-depressed, a little rounded, the
first three regularly, rapidly, the last very rapidly increasing; suture
very distinct: body-whorl large, annulate, anteriorly obliquely
roundly subcompressed, much constricted and abruptly descending
at the aperture, convex-inflated below; aperture lunate, oblique,,
irregularly transverse-oval; peristome thickened, obtuse, dentate,
margins joined by a thick callus, outer margin sinuous, bidditate,
columellar nearly straight, oblique, widely expanded over and
wholly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the light-house of Aiiaf/n.

H. poirieri Mabille, is a synonym.

Intermediate between H. pouchet and H. bidentalis. The teeth
of the outer lip are stronger than in H. bidentalis more oblique in
direction, and obstructing the aperture more; basal margin is less
oblique, thicker, etc. The shell is neither malleate, like H. bidentalis
nor granulate, as in H. pouchet.

H. HELYGAIA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 68.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, solid, destitute of color or cuticle,
coarsely striate, and in well preserved examples with fine microscopic
decurrent lines ; spire widely convex, apex obtuse ; whorls 4 }, a
little convex, rapidly (especially the outer) increasing, separated by
impressed sutures ; body- whorl large, turgid, visibly angulate, com-
pressed before the aperture, suddenly descending and constricted at
the aperture ; aperture oblique, lunate, small, somewhat subquadrate,
peristome thickened, subdentate in the middle, margins subcon verg-
ing, joined by a subthickened callus ; columellar margin longly
appressed, excavated, adnate and callous at its insertion, uniting
with the sinuous outer lip with a decided angle.

Diam. 25-28, alt. 14 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe near Anaga.

Allied to H. pouchet, but differing in the more regularly increas-
ing whorls, less prominent spire, thick peristome, and more devel-
oped process on the outer lip.

H. CACOPLASTA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 75.

Imperforate, subdepressed-globulose, thick, opaque, destitute of col-
or and cuticle, obtusely angular at the periphery, not malleate nor

160 HELIX.

granulate, irregularly striate ; spire convexo-conic, slightly promi-
nent, apex obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5^, convexly rounded, regularly,
rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl
large, compressed-rotund in front of the aperture, becoming rotund-
tumid, somewhat constricted behind the aperture, turgid below,
briefly, rapidly descending ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate, wide
oblong-subrotund, margins subdistant, joined by a callus ; peristome
thick, scarcely reflected, labiate within, exterior margin sinuous,
•columellar adnate, obliquely thickened, with an appressed callus
and slightly excavated at the insertion of the callus.

Diam. 30, alt. 18 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga.

May be distinguished by its very depressed form and rounded
Avhorls, the body-whorl slightly angular at its origin, and the small,
regular aperture.

H. CALLIPONA Mabille, 1882. *P1. 52, fig. 68.

Imperforate, conoid-subglobose, opaque, destitute of cuticle and
<?olor, densely costulate-striate ; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth ;
whorls 6, convexly sloping, regularly, very rapidly increasing,
separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, carinate, more
or less compressed-rotund, below convex, at the aperture deflexed,
subconstricted ; aperture oblique, rather small, lunate, oblong-rotund,
margins subdistant, joined by a thin callus, peristome thick, labiate,
€onvolutely reflexed, margins well-curved, the columellar oblique,
adnate, with a wide appressed callus at the insertion.

Diam. 28-30, alt. 16-17 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga.

Compared with H. cacoplasta this species is less depressed, more
globulose, whorls more rounded, less sloping, striation stronger, less
regular, aperture rounder, peristome thicker.

H. PERRIERI Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 77.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, thick, opaque, destitute of color and
cuticle, subacutely carinated, appearing under a strong lens finely
decussated, costulately striate ; spire conic, slightly elevated, apex
obtuse, punctulate ; whorls o£, convexly sloping, rapidly increasing,
especially the outer ones, separated by linear sutures ; body- whorl
large, angulate, becoming compresso-dilated, below convex turgid,
constricted at aperture, and suddenly deflected ; aperture subhori-
zontal, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins distant, joined by a thick

HELIX. 161

callus ; peristome thick, bilabiate, reflexed, columellar margin
adnate, thickened, appressed at the insertion of the callus.

Diam. 30, alt. 14* mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Annr/n.

Allied to verneaui and cacoplasta. The peculiar compressed form
of the body-whorl is very characteristic.

H. VERNEAUI Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 70.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, solid, opaque, destitute of color
and cuticle, obliquely, arcuately plicato-striate ; spire conic, sub-
prominent, apex obtuse, substriate ; whorls 5-6, subrounded, rapidly
increasing, especially the last, separated by simple narrowly im-
pressed sutures ; body-whorl large, angulate, compressed above,
turgid toward the aperture (carina evanescent) and slightly con-
stricted, slightly inflated below, suddenly and shortly deflected ;
aperture somewhat, oblique, wide lunate-ovate; peristome thick,
subbilabiate, acutely reflexed, margins subapproximating, the outer
curved, the columellar well curved, adnate, appressed at the insertion
of the callus. Diam. 28-30, alt. 14-15 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the lighthouse of An<.<,<t.

H. IDRYTA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 80.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, destitute of color and cuticle, opaque,
striate, and with indistinct decurrent strise, obscurely subgranulose,
spire conic, apex minute, obtuse, punctate ; whorls 5, slightly de-
pressed, regularly and rapidly increasing; suture impressed, especially
at last whorl ; body- whorl large, angulate, laterally compressed be-
fore the aperture, abruptly descending and constricted at the peri-
stome, convexo-inflated below; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly
ovate; peristome double, reflexed, margins converging, the outer
sinuous tuberculate, angulate, the columella thick, broadly appressed,
expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 19-25, alt. 12;>-13 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near Anaga.

Distinguished from its congeners by the nearly effaced stride and
slight granulation, the development of the linguaform duplication
on the outer lip, the marked angulation of the body- whorl, and the
wide, excavated columellar margin, smooth and rounded inside.
H. HEDONICA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 83.

Imperforate, depressed-conic-subglobose, solid, destitute of cuticle
and color, costulate-striate and irregularly minutely roalleate, spir
cenvexo-conic, apex obtuse, rugose-punctate; whorls 5, slightly con-
11

162 HELIX.

vex, irregularly, the last very rapidly, increasing, separated by
impressed sutures; last whorl large, angular, laterally compressed,
obliquely turgid before, below flattened turgid, suddenly deflexed
and constricted at the aperture; aperture slightly oblique, lunate,
oblong-subquadrate, margins subconverging, joined by a thin callus;
peristome obtuse, subreflexed, thickened, the columellar margin
nearly straight, excavated inside, adnate at the insertion of the
callus, outer margin regularly curved.

Diam. 24-27, alt. 12-14 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Tenerijfe, near Anaga.

Differs from H. helygaia in the very pronounced gibbosity of the
last whorl, the smallness of the aperture, thinner peristome, and less
convex whorls of the spire.

H. GALDARICA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 26.

Imperforate, depressed-convex, rather thick and solid, costulate-
striate, under a lens very finely granulate, destitute of luster and
cuticle, above reddish brown, with more or less intense zones which
are covered with white points; spire conic, apex obtuse, mamillate,
rugose-striate, whorls 5£, rather convex, regularly, rapidly increas-
ing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, flatly rounded,
obtusely angled at periphery, descending, subdilated, and deeply
constricted at the aperture, subplanulate below; aperture oblique,
widely ovate-elongate, lunate, peristome subthickened within, white,
very widely expanded, subreflexed, fragile, acute, the margins sub-
approximating, joined by a rather thick callus, the basal margin
substraightened, with a prominent thick contorted tooth within.

Diam. 33, alt. 16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary.

Spire more elevated and prominent, suture more marked, sculp-
ture of last whorl more regular than in H. agaetana.

H. LEDRUI Mabille, 1885. PL 40, fig. 12.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, destitute of epider-
mis, ornamented with four bands of reddish brown, frequently
interrupted, and striate, especially at the sutures, lightly granulate
and a little decussated; spire convex; apex minute, smooth, shining;
whorls 5%, slightly convex, irregularly increasing, suture well im-
pressed; last whorl very large, angular, but deprived of the angle
toward the aperture, and suddenly deflected, somewhat constricted ;
aperture lunate, subhorizontal, irregular oblong; peristome widely
reflected, upper and lower margins subparallel, not converging,

HELIX. 163

Connected by a thin callus, basal margin straight, thickened within,
with a long tooth, a little tuberculate. Diam. 27, alt. 15 mill.

(Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.
The more salient characters are the solidity, the serrate striation
and the obscure malleation. The granulation is visible only under
.a lens.

H. ETHELEMA Mabille, 1882. PL 49, fig. 31.

Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, thick, scarcely shining, yellow-
ish, tinged slightly with red, irregularly striate, and densely, finely,
granulate, with five indistinct narrow, somewhat interrupted brown
bands; spire subconvex, apex obtuse, shining, granulose; whorls 5,
the outer very rapidly increasing, the first two subplanulate, separat-
ed *by distinct, sometimes crenulated sutures; aperture oblique,
lunate, oblong-ovate, margins subparallel, somewhat approximating,
joined by a white punctulate callus; peristome thick, broadly rather
flatly reflexed, columellar margin adnate, with a long tooth inside,
an appressed callus at the insertion and an obtuse angle at junction
with outer lip. Diam. 27, alt. 13 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

Allied somewhat with H. gomerensis; but with more elevated
spire, last whorl more angular, peristome much thickened and
dilated.

H. AGAETANA Mabille, 1883. PL 46, figs. 64, 65.

Imperforate, subdepressed-globqse, rather thick, solid, opaque,
greyish rufous, with three or four interrupted bands, color and
cuticle frequently deciduous, densely costulate-striate, and crispate-
malleate, above (under the lens) very minutely pustulose, below
flatte*ned-turgid ; whorls 6, a little convex, regularly and rapidly
increasing, separated by distinct sutures ; body-whorl large, convexly
rounded, more or less angulate at the periphery, deeply deflexed at
the aperture, and strongly constricted at peristome ; aperture oblique,
lunate, irregularly subtriangular-ovate, peristome slightly thickened,
widely, flatly expanded, somewhat reflexed, thin, subfragile, dull
reddish or yellowish, margins converging, subapproximating, joined
by a conspicuous lamina, the outer subsinuous, basal somewhat
straight, adnate, with a prominent elongate, generally white lamelli-
form tooth. Diam. 28-30, alt. 14-16 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.

Allied to H. galdarica, but with the peristome of H. sarcostoma.

164 HELIX.

H. SAULCYI d'Orbigny, 1839. PL 49, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, globose-conic-depressed, rather solid, greyish, or
purplish without lustre, encircled by five bands of deep brown, the
supraperipheral and following bands generally confluent, the whole
surface covered with a fine netting or malleation formed by anas-
tomosing oblique wrinkles of white or light grey color, and a
secondary sculpture of microscopic granulations; apex and first 1£
whorls dark brown, smooth, shining; suture linear, becoming im-
pressed near the aperture; whorls 4£, gradually increasing, the last
somewhat widened toward the aperture, with an indication of an
angle at its origin, gibbous below, abruptly and rather deeply de-
flexed anteriorly, and subconstricted behind the peristome; aperture
very oblique, oblong-lunate; peristome expanded, pinkish, arched
above and below, the ends converging, joined by a scarcely visible
yellowish parietal callus ; basal margin appressed over the umbilical
tract, obviously dentately thickened within.

Diam. 25, alt. 16 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

There is considerable variation in sculpture, the malleations being
sometimes arranged in more or less regular oblique series.

Var. TEMPERATA Mousson, 1872. PI. 49, figs. 47, 48.

Shell larger than H. saulcyi, spire less elevated, body-\vhorl more
angular, sculpture less coarse, columellar tooth smaller, peristome
more developed, thicker. Diam. 24, alt. 17 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

This form is closely allied to H. saulcyi, and is considered by
Wollaston to be merely a variety of that species.

H. BAIA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, fig. 76.

Shell globose-depressed, imperforate or subperforate, somewhat
thickened, very solid, destitute of color or cuticle, coarsely malleate,
the malleations disposed in oblique series, strongly striate, the striae
interrupted; spire elevated, convex, apex minute, smooth, con color-
ed; whorls 5J-6, convexo-depressed, subregularly, the outer very
rapidly, increasing; sutures impressed; last whorl large, rounded,
inflated, very suddenly and briefly descending anteriorly, subcon-
stricted at the aperture, inflato-convex below; aperture oblique,
rotund-lunate, peristome thickened reflexed, acute, margins not con-
verging, joined by a well-marked callus, the basal margin sub-
straightened, adnate, with a lamellose tooth writhin.

Diam. 28-34, alt. 183-21 J mill.

Ins. Grand Canary; fossil.

HELIX. 165

This species presents the following differences from H. temperata;
the shell is smaller, more globose, whorls higher, st nation more
marked, the sculpture is clearer, and accompanied with granules,
etc., etc. It is larger than H. saulcyi, more regularly sculptured,
whorls less rapidly increasing, and aperture rounder.

H. EMBRITHA Mabille, 1882. Unfyured.

Iniperforate, conic-depressed, thick, subopaque, without cuticle or
color, rudely crispato-malleate, spire convex, prominent, apex smooth,
shining, obtuse ; whorls 5-6, first convex-sloping, the last compressed
rounded, regularly rapidly increasing, separated by impressed
sutures ; body-whorl large, angular in front of the aperture, becom-
ing round, deflexed anteriorly, constricted at the aperture, swollen
below ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong, margins sub-distant, sub-
parallel, joined by a callus; peristome thickened within, widely
reflexed, shining, subrevolute ; columellar margin adnate, strongly
thickened, appressed over umbilicus, nearly straight, armed with an
obtuse lamina. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz, Ins. Grand Canary.

Most nearly allied to H. saulcyi, but may be distinguished by the
thicker shell, larger size, irregular malleation and the entire absence
of granulations ; from H. temperata the more depressed form and
more prominent spire separate it.

H. CBYPSIDOMA Mabille, 1882. PL 47., fig. 71.

Imperforate, subdepressed, orbiculate, solid, thick, opaque, covered
with sharp malleations ; spire slightly convex, apex obtuse, shining,
rugulose ; whorls 5-5 i, slightly convex, inner regularly, the outer
very rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl
large, angular at its origin, becoming turgid-rounded, subconstricted
and briefly deflected s£ the aperture, slightly tumid below ; aperture
lunate, oblique ovate-oblong, margins acute, the columella adnate,
appressed, provided with a dentiform lamina.

Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz, Grand Canary.

More depressed, thicker, with less prominent spire than H. saul-
cyi, and peristome more developed.
H. STULTA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, fig. 69.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, thick, solid, opaque, destiti
of color and cuticle, coarsely reticulato-malleate ; spire conic, ape:
obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5-5 i, first convex, regularly, the last rapidly

166 HELIX.

increasing ; suture impressed ; body-whorl large, turgid, inflated,,
rounded at periphery, descending and subconstricted at aperture';:
aperture slightly oblique, lunate, transverse oblongo-subquadrate,
margins subremote, joined by a shining calcareous lamina ; peristome
patulous, broadly reflexed, acute, thickened within, external margin
sinuous, columellar margin with an adnate callus, appressed at its
insertion, with a strong elongated tooth inside.
Diam. 35, alt. 18 mill.

Fossil at Puerto-da-Luz, Grand Canary Is.

H. CARTA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 89.

Shell subglobose-conic-depressed, thick, opaque, striate and rudely
malleate; spire conic, prominent, apex obtuse, smooth; whorls 5,
convex, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures,,
the last large, rounded, slightly dilated and turgid anteriorly, convex
below; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins subdistant;
peristome acute, reflexed, thickened within, outer margin sinuous,,
columella thickened, expanded and appressed over the umbilicus,,
within strongly lamellose-dentate. Diam. 29-31, alt. 16-18 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary, fossil in quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz.

Compared with H. temperata the size of H. carta is larger, the last
whorl less globular, the body-whorl obviously angular in front, and
it lacks granulation.

H. RETRODENS Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, figs. 68, 69.

Imperforate, globose-convex, scarcely angled, strongly striate, in
part elongate malleate, shining, nearly destitute of cuticle, very pale
brownish-olive, white below, with three indistinct bands, interrupted
with streaks of white ; spire obtuse, subconoidal, apex rather large,,
obtuse, granulose-rugose ; sutures subimpressed ; whorls 4£, slightly
convex, the last rapidly, deeply deflexed anteriorly, gibbously in-
flated and constricted behind the aperture; aperture contracted,,
very oblique, white, subcircularly trigonal; peristome thickened,
white, acute, broadly, flatly reflexed, the margins subcon verging,,
joined by a thick callus, the basal with a heavy callus at the inser-
tion, and a recurved pliciforrn tooth. Diam. 17, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries^

Related, according to Mabille, to H. paeteliana, differing in it&
small size, angulation of last whorl, the excavation of the umbilical
tract, the strong strise, white spots, and the small aperture.

HELIX. 107

H. POUCHET Ferussac, 1821. PI. 49, figs. 53, 54; pi. 61, fig. 16; }•!.
52, figs. 69-71.

Shell imperforate, depressed subglobose, not shining, rather strong
and solid, unicolored brown, or with faint dark bands, the first.
narrow, subsutural, second and third above the periphery, generally
confluent, fourth immediately below the periphery; spire low conic.
apex obtuse; sutures impressed; whorls 4J, regularly increasing,
the last scarcely wider than the antepenultimate, but near the aper-
ture somewhat dilated, then strongly constricted and deeply deflexrd;
first whorl not striate, very minutely granulate, nearly smooth; the
following more or less coarsely obliquely irregularly striate, the
strife and intervening spaces generally marked with extremely mi-
nute spiral impressed lines, and the whole surface irregularly gran-
ular, especially below; the body-whorl at its beginning is angular
and rather compressed ; its last third is rounded, inflated, and gib-
bous below; aperture very oblique, rounded trigonal, white within;
peristome reflexed, much thickened, its margins converging, the upper
angularly arched, outer margin bearing an obtuse small dentiform
callus, generally inconspicuous, upon its face, lower margin straight-
ened, with a rather heavy sub truncate callus within, forming an angle
at junction with outer lip. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Teneri/e, Canaries.

H. adansoni Webb et Berth, and H. poucheti Mabille are syn-
onyms.
H. DESCULPTA Mousson, 1872.

Imperforate, conic or depressed-subglobose, with smooth (not in-
cised nor granulate) costulose stria?, destitute of color or cuticle;
spire convex, wide-conic, aperture obtuse, suture impressed, simple;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last not abruptly descending, a little
inflated and constricted, well rounded, not angulate, somewhat in-
flated below; aperture very oblique, small, coarctate, transversely
obtusely triangular; peristome thickened, broadly reflexed. margins
not approaching, joined by a callus, the basal subelongate, flatly
expanded and adnate at the insertion, joining the outer lip at an

angle. Diam. 21, alt. 16 mill.

Lis. Fuertaventura, Canaries.

A subfossil form, said to be intermediate between H. pouehet and
If. plicaria.
H. MODESTA Ferussac, 1819. PL 50, figs. 62-64.

Imperforate, solid, depressed, dark olivaceous or brown above,
shading into light yellow on the base, frequently with obscure i

168 HELIX.

defined darker bands, four or five in number; spire depressed convex-
conic, apex rather obtuse, obsoletely granulate; whorls 4£, coarsely
obliquely, irregularly striate, the last rudely, obviously malleate, at
its origin angulate, its last third rounded, inflated, widened in the
immediate vicinity of the aperture, then constricted, gibbous below,
deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, rounded trigonal;
peristome broadly reflected, pinkish gray, labiate with darker, its
ends converging and joined by a scarcely perceptible callus; upper
margin well arched, subangular in the middle ; lower margin straight,
adnate, with a thick white lamella within, and joining the outer lip
at an angle. Diam. 19, alt. 12 mill.

Lis. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. paivana Lowe is a synonym.

May be separated from H. pouchet and other allies by the rude
malleation, and the lack of spiral impressed lines.

H. IDIOTRYPA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 12, 13.

Imperforate, convex, depressed subglobose, solid, opaque, scarcely
shining, uniform whitish green, irregularly malleate and rugose,
plicate-striate ; spire convex, apex rugose, obtuse, decorticated,
uuicolored ; whorls 5, first 3 flat, slowly increasing, the remainder a
little convex, rapidly widening, separated by linear suture, impressed
on last whorl ; body-whorl large, subacutely angled, becoming
turgidly rounded toward the aperture, obliquely subdilated, scarcely
constricted, abruptly descending, flattened and shining belowr ;
aperture oblique, lunate, subquadrate-oval ; peristome a little
thickened, white-labiate within, acute, flatly expanded, margins
subcouverging, the columellar straightened, excavated, adnate.

Diam. 20, alt. 9£ mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. MALLEATA Ferussac, 1821. PL 49, figs. 42, 44.

Imperforate, globosely-depressed, somewhat dilated transversely,
strong and solid, olivaceous brown, base lighter, generally with five
dark spiral bands, the second and third coalescent, the lower one
narrow and faint ; spire somewhat conic, obtuse ; suture moderately
marked ; whorls 4 j, regularly increasing, the first one or two reddish,
apparently nearly smooth, but finely granulate under the lens, the
balance irregularly obliquely striate, microscopically granulate,
rather finely and very regularly malleate; body-whorl angular at
its origin, but rounded and with very gibbous base on its ln.<t third,

IIKLIX. 169

very abruptly de flexed at aperture, and Amoved behind the pori-
stome; aperture irregularly triangular-trilobate, the ]>eri>ioine white,
at the upper angle produced downward into a lobe or tooth, the
outer lip with a similar but narrower tooth, colmnellar margin
substraightened, thickened within, adnate to the gibbous base.

Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canu, •!>.<.

Lamarck published this species as-fiT. bidentalis before the descrip-
tion ofmalleata was published. But since the species is universally
known by the latter name it is scarcely advisable to change.

A well known and easily recognized species, quite variable in the
development of the peristorne and in size; extreme specimens mca>-
ure: Diam. 24, alt. 16 mill., and forma minima, diam. 12 mill.

Var. NIVARI^E Wollaston.

Larger than the type ; body-whorl not keeled, less deflected
anteriorly ; aperture more triangular, peristome more thickened,
more reflexed, margins less converging, the basal more straightened,
the upper margin with the teeth nearly obsolete.

Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe.

H. GLASIANA Shuttleworth, 1852. PI. 49, figs. 40, 41.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, above grayish yellow, more
or less streaked and suffused with the dark coffee color of the bands,
which are five in number, the upper ones generally interrupted,
often broken into oblique streaks, the peripheral and lower bands
wider, usually continuous, base dull yellow; spire conic-convex, apex
obtuse; suture well marked; whorls 4-4|, the first minutely granu-
late, the following densely granulate, irregularly obliquely striate,
the strise mostly broken into coarse granules, below the periphery
almost smooth ; body-whorl not angular, well rounded, the last third
very gibbous below, widened toward the aperture, somewhat deflexed,
lightly constricted; aperture oblique trigonal,, subtrilobate ; peri-
stome much thickened, narrowly reflected, bearing on the upper
outer margin an obtuse tubercular tooth, base adnate, wide, with a
a callous lamella within. Diam. 18-22, alt. 14-16 mill.

///>. Grand Canary,

H. pellis-lacerti Reeve (fig. 40.) and H. malleata var. b. Pfr., an;
synonyms.

170 HELIX.

H. GLYCEIA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 78.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, thick, irregularly striate some-
times obscurely granulate; spire obtuse conic, apex mamillated
smooth; whorls 5, depresso-convex, sensibly increasing, separated
by linear sutures, the last large, angulate-rotund, abruptly, shortly
deflexed and obliquely dilated at the aperture, turgid below; aper-
ture oblique, lunate, irregularly subquadrate ; peristome thick,
revolute, thickened within and without, margins not approaching,
joined by a thin callus, outer margin angularly curved, middle
tuberculate, the columellar margin longly appressed, thick, callous
at its insertion, and provided with a long lamellose tooth inside.

Diam. 26-30, alt. 15£ mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the lighthouse of Anaga.

H. EMPEDA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, fig. 81.

Imperforate, opaque, striate-costulate; spire conic, apex mamillate,
obtuse, punctulate; whorls 5, convexly sloping, regularly, rapidly
increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body- whorl large, ro-
tund-inflated, obscurely angular at the periphery, at aperture com-
presso-declivous, slightly constricted, rapidly descending, turgid
below; aperture very oblique, lunate, irregularly rounded; margins
distant, peristome thick, somewhat reflexed, labiate within, external
margin obliquely subdentate in the middle, angularly curved, base
arcuate, slightly excavated, feebly dentate ; columella short, cover-
ing the umbilicus with a strong callus. Diam. 25, alt. 16 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Grand, Canary.

Allied to H. glasiana and H. fritschi; from the former its greater
size, the elevation of its conical spire, and the thicker, more oblique
peristome distinguish it ; from the latter, the curved base (straight
in H. fritschi), and different armature of same, separate the present
species.

H. FRITSCHI Mousson, 1872. PL 50, fig. 91.

Imperforate, globose or subdepressed globose, densely minutely
costulate-striate, the costulse subundulating, subgranulate, base
smoother; grayish green, paler beneath, with four violet-brown,
bands and scattered elongated small white spots; spire obtusely
convex, apex flattened, corneous, rapidly increasing, minutely
granulate-rugose; suture lightly impressed, subirregular ; whorls 4,
the last large, rounded, rapidly descending, slightly subinflated and
subconstricted, below somewhat tumid ; aperture oblique, rounded-

HELIX. 171

triangular, showing the bands within ; peristome a litUe thickened,
shortly subreflexed, sublabiate within, margins not approximating.
the upper arcuately descending, sometimes with a small tubercle,,
the basal, rather flattened, subcallous, straight within, expanded
and appressed at the insertion. Diam. 17-24 mill, alt. 13-18 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

The peristome usually bears traces of the teeth which are BO
prominent in the preceding forms. From them, the globose, thin
shell at once separate it.

H. CONSOBRINA Ferussac, 1819. PI. 50, figs. 87, 88.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, yellowish brown, with five dark
brown bands, the upper ones generally interrupted with light flam-
mules ; spire depressed conic, sutures slightly impressed ; whorls 4 ' ,
upper ones scarcely convex, the first shining, light brown, micro-
scopically granulate, as is the whole shell usually ; last whorl wi<l<\
becoming wider toward the aperture, finely reticulate-malleate,
irregularly striate, smoother below, not angulate, the last third
gibbous below, above descending rather abruptly to the aperture,
scarcely contracted behind the peristome ; lip more or less widely
reflected, its face thickened, rounded, white or pinkish, microscop-
ically granulate, the margins converging, joined by a thin or moder-
ate callus; upper margin arched, outer margin with an obtuse
subobsolete tooth-like callus upon its face, lower margin broad,
flattened, bearing inside a dentiform callus.

Diam. 19-23, alt. 11-14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

I am not satisfied with the synonymy of the consobrina group ; for
I believe that several of the following forms are merely varieties of
that species. It is impossible however, to work the species out with
the meagre material before me.

A var. vetmta Mouss., is more depressed, suture less impressed,
last whorl subangulate, and aperture smaller than the type.

H. EVERGASTA Mabille, 1882. PI. 48, figs. 100, 101.

Imperforate, subglobose-conic, solid, sub-shining yellowish rufous,
with four conspicuous brown bands, irregularly costulate-striate and
with very dense decurrent lines, visible only under a lens, giviu
the shell a peculiar granulose appearance; spire conic, prominent,
apex minute, obtuse, concolored, rugose; whorls 5, slightly convex
regularly increasing, separated by subimpressed sutures, accompai

172 HELIX.

by a very narrow white zone, and perceptibly crenulated ; body-
whorl large, rounded-sloping, subangulate, gently descending at the
aperture and very strongly constricted ; aperture very oblique,
irregularly lunate-oval, peristome not reflexed, broadly, flatly ex-
panded, white within, yellowish without, margins approximating,
joined by a white callus, the columellar a little straightened, denticu-
late, adnate at the appressed umbilical callus.

Diam. 23£-25, alt. 14-15 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

A very distinct form, remarkable for the regularly conic spire,
brilliant peristome, and incised decurrent lines.

H. CACOPERA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 34.

Imperforate, thick, opaque, irregularly striate, dull purplish, very
irregularly malleate, especially upon the last whorl, under a lens
very finely granulate, the upper whorls smooth ; spire depressed-
conic, little elevated, apex punctulate, shining, obtuse, concolored ;
whorls 5, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-
whorl large, angulose-rotund, flattened and impressed in the centre
beneath, toward the aperture regularly descending, subconstricted
and slightly gibbous ; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely trian-
gular ; peristome flatly expanded, not reflected, the margins subdis-
tant, columellar margin straightened, thick, white, excavated,
lengthily adnate, briefly appressed at insertion, joining the broadly
arcuate outer lip at an angle. Diam. 21, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

Differs from H. consobrina in the more compact coiling of the
whorls, the last one simply rounded, not inflated; the peristome
is slightly thickened, flat, angular at the junction of the columellar
and outer margins, not reflexed and callous as in H. consobrina.

H. BATHYCLERA Mabille, 1885. PL 49, figs. 23-25.

Imperforate, convex-depressed, solid, opaque, slightly shining,
rudely striate, obscurely malleate, yellow reddish, with five sub-
evanescent blackish bands, interrupted with yellow; spire convex,
apex shining, purplish, punctulate ; whorls 5, regularly, rapidly in-
creasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, inflated
above, concave below, subdilato-compressed toward aperture, sud-
denly shortly deflexed and a little constricted behind the peristome;
aperture lunate, oblique, irregularly triangular-ovate; peristome

HELIX. 17$

thick, reflexed, margins converging, the basal appressed, obscurely
subdentate, with a adnate callus.

Bufadero, Ins. Teneri/e, Canaries.

This species is more depressed than the H. consobrina, the last
whorl is without trace of angulation, is not gibbous toward the
aperture nor sensibly constricted, but is more deflected; the striation
is stronger, and the surface is not granulate.

H. THANASIMA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 74.

Imperforate, conic-depressed-globose, striate, irregularly malleate,.
minutely granulate ; spire convex-conic, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls
4-5, the upper rapidly, the following very rapidly increasing, separa-
ted by subimpressed sutures; body-whorl large, distinctly carinated
at the periphery, toward the aperture gibbously dilated, narrowly,
superficially constricted behind the peristome, obliquely dilated
beneath; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely subquadrate; peri-
stome thickened, revolute, obtuse, margins subapproximating, joined
by a callus; the outer margin markedly sinuous, tuberculate in the
middle, basal margin concave, excavated, adnate and impressed at
insertion. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Quaternary deposit at Anaga, Teneriffe.

H. EPHOKA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 72.

Imperforate, subglobose-turbinate, thick, solid, opaque, costulate-
striate, all over minutely malleate-punctulate ; spire moderately
prominent, apex obtuse, smooth; whorls 5, regularly, rapidly increas-
ing, separated by impressed suture; the last large, angulate, toward
the aperture compressed-rotund, constricted; aperture oblique, lunate,
subovate-triangular; peristome thick, reflexed, margins approximat-
ing, the outer sinuously subdentate, the columellar arcuate, appressed >
closing the umbilicus with a- moderate callus.

Diam. 19i, alt. 11 mill.

Quaternary deposit at Anaga, Teneriffe.

Intermediate between consobrina and invernicata.

H. CARDIOBOLA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 73.

Imperforate, depressed-subconic, destitute of cuticle and color,
thick, indistinctly striate, stria) now and then punctate; spire de-
pressed-conic, apex obtuse, minute ; whorls 5, subdepressed, rapidly
increasing, especially the last, separated by impressed sutures;
body-whorl large, from above appearing dilated near the aperture,
below inflated ; aperture oblique, subovate, peristome thick, slightly

174 HELIX.

reflexed, labiate, margins subremote, the outer bidentate, columellar
subexcavated, longly adnate, covering the umbilicus by a wide
expansion. Diam. 22-23, alt. 12 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Tenerijfe, at the lighthouse of Anaga.
The slightly dilated last whorl, not constricted, well developed
peristome and irregularly triangular small aperture separate this
form from its allies.

H. GUAMARTEMES Grasset, 1857. PL 50, figs. 81-83.

" Imperforate, subglobose, reticulato-malleate, color very variable,
yellowish or brown, sometimes with five deep brown subinterrupted
bands ; whorls 4£, slightly convex, the last anteriorly deflected ;
aperture ovate-lunar; peristome reflexed, submargined. shining,
thick, flesh-tinted. Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill." (Grasset.')

2ns. Grand Canary.

H. manriquiana Lowe, and H. guartemes Martens are synonyms.

Specimens of this form before me are thinner and of lighter text-
ure than H. consobrina. They are frequently unicolored ; and the
peristome is not (generally) so heavy ; its upper margin is highly
.arched, subangular ; and the whole shell is finely granulose, as in
the allied species.

H. INVERNICATA Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, fig. 86.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, striatulate, irregularly mal-
leate, obsoletely microscopically granulate, very bright, brownish
yellow, with four or five brown bands, streaked and maculated with
yellow; spire obtusely convex, regular ; apex minute, brownish purple,
smooth; sutures simple, subimpressed, whorls 4$, rather rapidly in-
creasing, slightly convex, the last large, descending, rounded, inflated,
slightly constricted, below lighter colored, and slightly impressed in
the center ; aperture oblique, subample, transversely irregularly oval ;
peristome acute, moderately reflexed, thickened within, margins
subconverging, the upper subsinuately incurved, basal margin
slightly curved, nearly straight, thickened, at the insertion, adnate.

Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

The original description is translated above. Of this species
Wollaston says: "I cannot feel absolutely satisfied that it is more
in reality than a smaller and ungranulated race of the consobrina,
in which the transverse lines of growth are a trifle less evident and
the malleations a little more so, and in which the surface is altogether

HELIX. 175

more glossy and shining, and the color of a more uniform ochreo-
olivaceous brown speckled with small irregular angulated blotch^
and fragmentary reticulations of yellow. It is generally smaller
than the H. consobrina.

H. MAUGEANA Shuttleworth, 1852. PL 50, fig. 94; PI. 48, figs.
14-16.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, in young shells very thin and
transparent, in adults solid, yellowish brown or brownish yellow,
not shining, lightly striate and irregularly reticulate-malleate, under
the lens densely finely granulate, four or five fasciate, the band:-
sometimes interrupted, the second and third frequently coalescent;
spire conic, apex minute, purplish, shining, minutely rugose ; suture
distinct; whorls 4 £-5, the last rapidly increasing, large, rounded
tumid, toward the aperture somewhat gibbous, slightly constricted ;
base rather convex, slightly impressed in the centre ; aperture
oblique, lunate, oblong-oval, margins subparallel, subapproxi mating;
peristome slightly thickened, reflexed, violet tinted, basal margin
adnate, thickened within, whitish. Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill.

Environs of Saint Croix, Ins. Teneri/e, Canaries.

It is H. gaudryi of Reeve, and, in part, of Pfeiffer. There has
been some doubt as to the precise form described by Shuttleworth,
and the confusion is increased by the fact that he assigns no habitat
nearer than " Canaries " in his description. I have accepted
Mabille's identification.

The species is quite variable in the development of the bands, and
the intensity of the color.

H. DISTENSA Mousson, 1872. PL 50, figs. 89, 90.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striate, obsoletely mal-
leate, not granulose, rather shining, reddish brown or yellowish,
unicolored or with five brown bands interrupted with white; spire
very obtuse, convex, subirregular, apex minute smooth, flattened ;
suture impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the inner gradually,
outer rapidly increasing; body-whorl well rounded, not gibbous nor
constricted, base convex, subinflated, in the centre impressed; aper-
ture oblique, transversely elongate-oval and angulose, showing the
bands within; peristome acute, narrowly expanded, not reflexed,
within labiate with white, broadly margined with white without,
margins not converging, subparallel, the basal margin slightly

176 HELIX.

arcuate, within straightened, flattened, adnate, thin, subexcavated
and impressed at the insertion. Diam. 16 £, alt. 11? mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

Of this little-known form Mabille says : A species intermediate
between If. guamartemes and H. perraudieri. It is much more
globular than the latter; its whorls, particularly the last are inflated ;
the ornamentation consists of a nearly effaced malleation, with traces-
of granulation visible only under a strong lens.

H. HEDYBIA Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 9-11.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, striatulate, under a lens
punctulate or irregularly malleate-crispate, not shining, rosaceous;
spire globose-convex, apex obtuse, smooth, unicolored; whorls 5,
convex, rapidly increasing, especially the last ; suture impressed ;
body-whorl rounded, abruptly descending, toward the aperture
angularly dilated, not gibbous; aperture oblique, transversely ovate,
margins subcon verging; peristome acute, white, thickened within,
columellar margin subconcave, planulate, adnate, joining the outer
lip with an obtuse angle. Diam. 18-20, alt. 92-10 mill.

Canaries.

Spire more elevated than in the H. distensa, more acute, not
mamillated, last whorl more obviously angled, more descending,
etc. From H. perraudieri the large size, globular form, solidity and
different sculpture will separate it.

H. PERRAUDIEREI Grasset, 1857. PI. 50, figs. 70-72.

" Imperforate, globose-depressed, regularly and minutely malleate,
yellowish, apex blackish ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the penultimate
angulate, the last descending; aperture subangulate-lunar, peri-
stome reflexed, thick, white margined within and without, columellar
margin callous, subexcavated at the base. Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill."

(Grasset.) Ins. Bierro, Canaries.

The body- whorl is subangular at its origin. The peristome is
generally yellow more or less pronounced.

H. HIERROENSIS Grasset, 1857. PI. 50, figs. 57-59.

" Imperforate, subglobose, striate, minutely granulate, below yel-
lowish green, above with four very faint brown bands ; whorls 5, a
little convex, the last anteriorly descending ; aperture wide lunar ;
peristome reflexed ; thickened, white, columellar margin callous.

Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill." (Grasset.')

Ins. Hierro. Canaries.

H. valverdensis Lowe is a synonym.

HELIX. 177

" It is much smaller than H. gomerensis and rather more globose
in contour ; but in color and sculpture it has much in common with
that species. It is however, more opaque above (the minute sand-
like granules with which it is closely beset being perceptibly coarser
and more defined) ; and its color is of a dull olivaceous coffee-brown,
rather than of a reddish castaneous." ( Wollaston.)

H. INDIFFERENS Mousson, 1872. Unfyured.

Im perforate, depressed globose, striate, in part obliquely undulate-
rugulose, irregularly grauulose, destitute of color; spire obtuse sub-
conic, regular, apex obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, moderately
increasing, convex, the last not dilated, well rounded, rapidly a
little descending, subgibbous and subcoustricted, below convex,
turgid in the center; aperture very oblique, regularly wide-oval,
not angulate ; peristome briefly expanded and reflexed, the margins
not converging, joined by a callus, upper and lower equally curved,
the latter with a rounded subthickened callus at its insertion, adnate
to base, with a minute tubercle on the columella.

Diam. 21, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Hierro, Canaries.

An unfigured fossil species, described from a single specimen, and
said to be intermediate between H. hierroensis and H. guamartemes.

H. GUADRYI d'Orbigny, 1839. PI. 50, figs. 75, 76.

Imperforate, thick, convex orbicular, spire slightly elevated, apex
reddish, last whorl rounded, angular at its origin, abruptly descend-
ing and slightly gibbous at its termination, and strongly constricted
behind the peristome, more or less irregularly striate, malleate and
covered with a very fine granulation, visible only under a lens;
bands five, slightly interrupted; aperture oval, peristome thick,
callus, reflexed, labiate; basal margin callous, with a lamella inside,
covering the umbilicus with a well developed callus.

Diam. 22, alt. 15 mill.

Ins. Gomera (d'Orbigny); Grand Canary.

Two varieties are described by Mabille: Var evergeta, differing
from the type in the very depressed dull shell, and less thickened
peristome, and var. gaudryopsis remarkable for its small size, solid
-shell, and more marked angulation. A small form is figured (pi.
50, figs. 77, 78) of which Pfeiffer says, "evidentur diversa species!"
but which may be identical with the second of Mabille's varieties.
12

178 HELIX.

H. GRANOMALLEATA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured.

"Imperforate, depressed globose, rather thin, obliquely plicate-
malleate, the folds very irregular, subconfluent, and minutely very
densely granulate with sand-like grains; above opaque, base smoother
and shining in the center, grayish yellow, with four or five castane-
ous bands, the subsutural more or less interrupted or indented
around its anterior margin, either one or two below the periphery,
and a broader band (perhaps compo.sed of two) immediately above
it; spire obtuse; suture simple, impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex,
the last large, inflated, obsoletely carinated at its origin, anteriorly
deeply deflected ; aperture large, lunate-oval; peristome acute but
little expanded and reflexed, superior and basal margins subequally
arcuate, simple, not dentate within, the terminations distant, but sub-
converging, joined by a callus.

Diam. 25 mill." ( Wollaston.)

Los Souces and Barranco de Herradura, Ins. Palma, Canaries.

H. VERMIPLICATA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured.

Partly covered umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, rather thin, very
densely and coarsely vermiculate-plicate, the folds very irregular,
submalleate-confluent, and very minutely granulate, subopaque,
grayish white, with four or five obsolete cloudy bands, one or two
below, one or two immediately above the periphery, and one just
below the suture; spire obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, the last
large, inflated, but with a minute carina, descending anteriorly;
aperture lunate-rounded, terminations of the peristome remote.

Diam. 19 mill.

"Llanos" af the JBanda, West side of Ins. Palma, Canaries.

Described from immature examples. Wollaston says: "I feel
almost confident that the character of 'semiobtecta perforata' will
be found to hold good during all periods of growth ; and such being
the case, its affinities, which at first sight are not readily apparent
will perhaps be ascertained to lie amongst the forms around the
H. planorbella, though, at the same time, the species has evidently
something in common with the (equally Palman) H. granomalleata.
Not to mention this peculiarity of the umbilicus, the present species
is smaller than H. granomalleata, and it is also rather more depress-
ed both above and below, and it has a fine thread-like though minute
keel which is traceable even down to the very aperture. It is not
much malleated, — its sculpture consisting mainly (apart from the
excessively minute sand-like granules) of extremely irregular and

HELTX. 179

densely-packed, coarse, subconfl uent oblique ridges, or subundulating
vermiform folds; and in color it would seem to be of a dingy oliva-
ceous-white, suffused with a darker tint in consequence of the four or
five obsolete bands which are indistinctly indicated."

Mabille considers this form a variety or monstrosity of H. planor-
bella.

H. AMBLASMODON Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 17, 18.

Imperforate, depressed-orbicular-convex, thick, solid, scarcely
shining, yellowish fulvous, with four dark black-spotted bands,
irregularly costtilate-striate, here and there, especially below, with
decurrent lines, under the lens all over finely granulate ; whorls 5,
very rapidly increasing, separated by rather deep suture ; body-
whorl large, compressed-rotund, rapidly descending and slightly
gibbous at aperture, scarcely gibbous at aperture, scarcely constric-
ted ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly oblong, peristome thick,
reflexed, acute, violaceous, margins subapproximating, joined by a
very thin violet callus, basal margin straightened, lengthily adnate,
with a strong impressed umbilical callus, tortuous columella, and a
white, saliant, tortuous lamina inside. Diam. 26, alt. 13 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

Resembles Macularia balearica somewhat in the maculated bands.

H. ZORGIA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, figs. 27-29.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-orbicular-subglobose, slightly trans-
parent, yellowish, with four brown bands, interrupted with yellow,
irregularly costulate-striate, under the lens finely granulate and
very superficially malleate; spire depressed-convex, apex minute,
rugose, rufous ; whorls 5-5?, rapidly increasing, separated by linear,
obscurely margined sutures ; body-whorl slightly angled at its origin,
becoming rotund, a little turgid at the aperture, lightly constricted,
subabruptly, rapidly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-
rhomboid, margins subapproximating; peristome violet-tinted,
subthickened, reflexed, obtuse, basal margin straightened, adnate,
with a prominent white lamina inside, and a wide impressed callus
over the umbilical tract. Diam. 24, alt. 12? mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

The more prominent characters are the very solid shell, yellow
ground color, with wide, frequently interrupted, reddish-brown
bands, the thick violet colored peristome, and strong basal tooth.

180 HELIX.

H. PLANORBELLA Lamarck, 1822. PL 61, figs 5, 6.

Umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, costulately striate, the costee
arcuate, acute, smooth, thinner on the base, pale yellowish corneous,
trifasciate with gray, the first band subsutural, the second double,
just above, the third just below the periphery; spire slightly convex,
regular, apex flattened ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 4 J, slightly
convex, subtumid near the suture, the last abruptly briefly de-
scending, obtusely angulate, constricted at the aperture, convex,
subinflated below, whitish in the umbilicus; aperture very oblique,
circularly-oval; peristome subacute, slightly reflexed, thickened
with white within, the margins much converging, joined by a thin
callus, the right margin arcuate, basal much thickened, appressed
in the middle outside, sub-straight within, columellar margin wide
and flatly callously reflexed. Diam. 20, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe and Gomera, Canaries.

H. drigata var. ft, Fer., and H. villiersii d'Orb. (pi. 64, figs. 6-8)
and of Reeve ? (pi. 61, fig. 12,) are synonyms.

"According to Mousson, H. planorbella presents two totally dis-
tinct forms, — one of them peculiar to Gomera, with the costre simple
or ungranulated, which he believes to correspond with the Lam-
arckian type, and the other, which is more depressed and keeled,
and has the ridges distinctly sculptured, to Teneriffe. This latter
phasis, figured by Pfeifler as the normal state of the H. planorbella,
Mousson treats as a Var. incisogranulata (pi. 61, fig. 7-10), and de-
fines it thus: 'umbilicus slightly narrower; plicae less numerous,
minutely granulate by transverse incised lines; basal margin less
adnate, less thickened, distinctly convex within.' " ( Wollaston.)

I have followed Mousson's identification of this species, and as I
have no specimens, have taken my description from his. Mabille,
however, whose work on Hemicycla is more exhaustive than any
other, and who is par excellence, analytical in his methods, considers
the "var. incisogranulata" the true planorbella.

His note on this point, (under H. quadricincta, Nouv. Arch, du
Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 1885, p. 24,) is as follows: "Dans le planorbella,
lesstries costulees sont incisees exactement comme celles du plicaria;
le caractere que signale M. Mousson n'est reel qu'autant que Ton a
en vue une variete de cette espece a cotes lisses, variete qui nous
semble assez rare, et pourrait peut-etre, lorsqu'elle aura ete suffisam-
ment etudiee, constitutuer une espece distincte" I am unable to de-
cide upon the identity of a species upon which specialists on this
fauna hold such diverse opinions.

HELIX. 181

H. INUTILIS Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, figs. 3, 74.

Umbilicate, convex-orbicular depressed, strongly obliquely costate,
the ribs cut into granules by incised lines, interstices striate, pall-
brownish, unicolored, lighter below; spire obtuse conic, apexstriatu-
late, suture impressed, not margined; whorls 4s, subconvex, scarcely
turgid near the sutures the last abruptly descending, transversely
inflated and strongly constricted, with an evanescent angle, rounded
below; aperture very oblique, rounded-oval, white; peristorne acute,
broadly flatly reflexed, sublabiate within, the margins scarcely
separated, joined by a thin callus, the basal straightened in the
middle, not adnate, sub-duplicate within. Diani. 17, alt. 9 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Resembles If. plicaria in sculpture and aperture, but with an
umbilicus like H. planorbella.

H. PLUTONIA Lowe, 1861. PL 61, figs. 1, 2.

Partly covered umbilicate, subglobose-depressed, solid, above
striate and with oblique series of granules (like hair scars and rather
sparce), brownish, periphery obtusely angular, in the young acutely
carinated, subciliate, below nearly smooth, whitish; spire slightly
elevated, apex minute, very finely granulate-rugose; suture carinato-
marginate, impressed at the last whorl; whorls 6, the upper flattened,
the last somewhat descending, slightly convex below the suture,
moderately convex below; aperture oblique, lunate-oval, submargari-
taceus-white within ; peristome slightly thickened, white, its margins
remote, subconverging, parietal callus slight or absent, the upper
narrowly, the basal strongly reflected, dilated near its insertion, half
covering the umbilicus. Diam. 25, alt. 12-13 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, Canaries.

H. SEMITECTA Mousson, 1872. PL 61, figs. 98, 99.

Partly covered perforate, convex orbicular-depressed, strongly
irregularly striate and granulate, shining, whitish, with four brown
bands, three above, one below the periphery, interrupted by angular
white maculations, nearly destitute of cuticle ; spire depressed-conic,
apex flattened, finely rugose-granulate; suture subimpressed, sub-
irregular; whorls 5, slightly convex above, the last somewhat
depressed, not angulate, briefly descending anteriorly, slightly gib-
bous and constricted, base not granulate in the middle, rounded
toward the umbilicus, which is one-ninth of the diameter; aperture
very oblique, small, rounded oval; peristome obtuse, a little ex-

182 HELIX.

panded and reflexed, its margins subcon verging, equally curved,
the lower appressed in the middle, not impressed at the insertion,
callous, half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

A species allied to If. planorbella, but without trace of angle on
the body-whorl. It has been found only in a fossil state.

H. PAIVANA Morelet, 1864. Unfiyured.

Umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, obliquely granulate-striate,
yellowish or greyish brown, with four interrupted bands; suture
impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last carinate above, de-
flexed anteriorly, turgid below; aperture very oblique, transversely
oval, expanded slightly within, columellar margin dilated ; umbilicus
half covered. Diam. 24, alt. 11 mill. (Morelet.')

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

This is not the paivana of Lowe (1861) which=:JJ. modesta Fer.
On account of this preoccupation, Mabille proposes the name
paivanopsis for this species.

"The H. paivana is a rather depressed but obtuse shell there be-
ing no indications of a regular keel; its spire is only slightly raised,
but somewhat blunt and dome-shaped ; and its umbilicus is partially
visible, it being only half closed-over (or perhaps rather more) by
the reflexed peristome. It is somewhat thin in substance, tumid
beneath, and of a yellowish brown hue, paler below but ornamented
with four narrow and regularly interrupted darker bands, which
give a somewhat freckled appearance to the whole upper side; and
the surface is beset with coarse tubercles (which become obsolete
toward the nucleus, and gradually disappear on the umbilical area),
— caused by the breaking-up of the densely-packed oblique lines of
growth." ( Wollaston.)

H. QUADRICINCTA Morelet, 1864. PI. 53, figs. 24-26.

Umbilicate, depressed, lenticular, acutely carinate, costulate or
plicate striate, yellowish corneous, with four castaneous bands, one
peripheral, another below, the balance upon the upper surface;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last anteriorly deflexed, base subturgid,
aperture very oblique, transverse oval ; peristome thickened, white,
outer margin expanded, columella dilated, appressed, subdentate;
umbilicus small, pervious, half covered. Diam. 19, alt. 8 mill.
(Morelet.}

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

HELIX. 183

The very depressed, lenticular form, convex base, conspicuous
but not compressed nor filiform carina, and smooth, regular cost a -
tions, readily separate this species from its allies.

H. SAPONACEA Lowe, 1861. PI. 50, figs. 65-67.

Covered perforate, orbiculate-depressed, solid, striate and densely
minutely granulate, shining, above yellowish corneous, narrowly
trifasciate with brown, smoother and paler below, umbilical tract
whitish, spire slightly convex, apex minute granulate, suture lightly
impressed; whorls 4i, rather slowly increasing, the last depressed,
obsoletely angulate at periphery, constricted and abruptly falling
anteriorly, somewhat convex below; aperture very oblique, sub-
quadrate-hmar, livid within; peristome heavily white-labiate, margins
subparallel, remote, hardly converging, basal margin straightened,
widely reflexed and adnate, covering the umilicus.

Diam. 17-18, alt. 8-9 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. PSATHYRA Lowe, 1861. PL 50, fig. 79.

Imperforate, depressed,, thin, fragile, obliquely striate, brown or
corneous-greenish, with four or five ill-defined brownish bands; spire
slightly elevated, apex obtuse, suture impressed, submarginate ;
whorls 5, rather flattened, regularly increasing, the embryonic
minutely granulate, the last with fine irregular incremental strise-
.and faint malleations, periphery obsoletely angulate, anteriorly sub-
inflated and profoundly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, subdeltoid-
oval ; peristome thin, fragile, broadly expanded, the margins sub-
-converging, basal reflexed, rather straightened, dilated at the inser-
tion, and broadly adnate above the axial region.

Diam. 22-24, alt. 12-14 mill.

I)is. Grand Canary.

H. THESPESIA Mabille, 1882, PI. 48, figs. 19, 20.

Imperforate, depressed-suborbiculate, thin, a little shining, under
a lens broadly costulate-striate and irregularly crispate-malleate,
corneous-reddish or greenish; spire subdepressed, apex subacute,
-obscurely punctulate, reddish; whorls 4£-5, slightly convex, sub-
regularly, rapidly increasing, suture impressed, obscurely albo-
inarginate; body-whorl at its origin angulate-rounded, becoming
rotund, slightly descending, a little inflated beneath; aperture
oblique, lunate, transversely oblong-ovate, margins subdistant ; peri-
stome acute, briefly reflexed, thickened with white within, margins

184 HELIX.

subparallel, the columellar lengthily adnate, broadly expandedr
covering the umbilicus with a white callus.
Diam. 18-19, alt. 10 mill.

Canary Is.

Allied to H. saponacea, but distinguished by the less depressed
form, more elevated spire, more rapid increase of the whorls, les&
developed peristome, etc.

H. BITUMIXOSA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 96, 97.

Depressed, subglobose,thin, subfragile, slightly shining, irregularly
costulate-striate, especially on the last whorl, and superficially
malleate, all over, under a lens minutely punctulate, intensely black,
the apex reddish ; spire a little convex, apex minute, rugose granu-
late; whorls 5-6, regularly increasing, separated by a slightly
impressed suture, the last large, convex-rounded, obscurely angled
at the periphery, toward the aperture gibbous, briefly descending,
slightly constricted behind the peristome; aperture wide oblong-
ovate, oblique, lunate, fauces violaceous, margins subcon verging;
peristome thin, vivid violaceous, labiate, outer margin well arched,,
columellar subconcave, with a slightly prominent white lamina.

Diam. 23-25, alt. 13, 14 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. MERITA Mousson, 1872. Unfigured.

Imperforate, convex-orbiculate, rather distinctly moderately
striate and obscurely rugulose, irregularly granulate, shining, yellow-
ish-white, trifasciate with brown; spire obtuse, depressed conic,,
apex flattened, very finely rugulose; suture subimpressed, not
marginate; whorls 4J-5, the upper flattened, rapidly increasing,,
carinate, the last abruptly descending, subturgid at sutures, convex
below,subangulate,the angle disappearing on the last portion, which
is subgibbous and constricted ; aperture oblique, transversely sub-
quadrate-rounded, corneous; peristome obtuse, briefly expanded,
margins distant, scarcely converging, joined by a callus, the basal
straightened, elongate-subdentate in the middle, appressed and
adnate. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries*

Form more conic, and at the same time more depressed than its
allies. Only found fossil.

HELIX. 185,

H. HARMONICA Moussoii, 1872. PI. 61, fig. 11.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, rather solid, widely costulatc-
striate, very minutely and indistinctly elongate-granulate, yellowish
whitish, deeper colored above, bifasciate with pale brown In-low;
spire obtuse, somewhat convex, nucleus flattened, minutely tiraiui-
late, corneous; suture slightly impressed narrowly margined with
white; whorls 4s-5, the last depressed rotund, a little descending,
subinflated below; aperture very oblique, showing the bands within,,
lunate wide-oval; peristome obtuse, white, shortly reflexed, the
margins a little converging, the basal less curved than the upper,
appressed to the base. Diam, 22, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Hierro, Canaries*

H. GOMERENSIS Morelet, 1864. PI. 61, figs. 3, 4.

Covered perforate, depressed, thin, subtranslucent, corneous brown,,
with three dark bands, one near the suture, one above, the other
below the periphery; spire depressed conic, obtuse; suture well
marked ; whorls 4, apex planulate, nearly smooth, whorls gradually
increasing except the last, which widens very rapidly, especially
toward the aperture; sculpture of very minute granules all over,,
and fine irregular oblique striae; body-whorl angular at its origin,
becoming rounded and somewhat tumid below toward the aperture,
gradually descending anteriorly; aperture very oblique, large, trans-
versely oval, slightly lunate; peristome thin, acute, its margins
converging, the upper and lower equally arched, columella scarcely
thickened within, rounded, reflexed and adnate on base, with a
white callus over the indented umbilical region.

Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

H. THORYNA Mabille, 1882. PI. 46, figs. 66, 67.

Imperforate, convexo-depressed, subfragile, thin, subopaque, not
shining, greenish tinged with rufous, with three faint bands of the
same color; spire convex, apex yellowish, obtuse, punctulate, whorls
5, flatly sloping, subregularly increasing, suture distinct, body- whorl
large, subacutely carinated, rounded toward the aperture, the carina
evanescent, and a little gibbous, very slightly constricted; aperture
oblique, lunate, oblong-rotund; peristome stibthickened within, acute,,
expanded, the margins converging, outer margin sinuous, well curved »

186 HELIX.

•columellar somewhat thickened, appressed, concave, very decidedly
callous at its insertion. Diam. 21-23, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe Canaries.

Smaller, thinner, more fragile than H. hedeia, aperture shorter,
larger, peristome thinner.

H. HEDEIA Mabille, 1882. PI. 49, figs. 35, 36.

Shell imperforate, wide depressed-subglobose, opaque, thick, not
lustrous, rufous brown, with one to three faint brown bands, striate,
the striae granulose; spire subdepressed convex, apex obtuse, large,
smooth; whorls 5, subregularly increasing, the first flattened, balance
convex, separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, rounded,
•with a salient line at the periphery, compressed at the suture,
obliquely turgid before the aperture slightly constricted, abruptly
descending; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely subobloug; peri-
stome thick, labiate within, well expanded, external margin arcuate,
-concave, appressed, with a long lamelliform scarcely salient tooth
inside, strongly callous at its insertion. Diam. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, in forests at the feet of trees.

H. BERKELEII Lowe, 1861. PI. 53, figs. 22, 23.

Closed perforate, depressed, sublenticular, acutely carinated, rather
thin, obliquely irregularly rugose-striate, and asperate with large,
irregular tubercles, last whorl rough, cinnamon colored, the granules
light-colored, writh two superior and one inferior brown band ; spire
slightly or scarcely elevated, apex minutely granulate ; suture im-
pressed; whorls 4-4i, the last rather flattened, abruptly deflexed
anteriorly, base somewhat flattened, lightly granulate; aperture
nearly horizontal, lunate-oval, shining and granulated within ; peri-
stome thin, white or brownish, the margins subparallel, slightly
converging, the upper widely expanded, basal broadly reflexed,
dilated and adnate over the umbilical tract.

Diam. 19-20, alt. 7 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. berkeleyi of Wollaston and of Mabille is the same.

The affinities of this rare species are with H. quadricincta Morelet,
•etc., not with Iberus, with which it has been grouped by authors, a
.subgenus which is not represented in the Canary archipelago.

H. DIGNA Mousson, 1872. PL 62, fig. 38.

Covered perforate, robust, depressed-conic, arcuately widely
plicate-costulate, very minutely asperate, destitute of cuticle and

HELIX. 187

<color ; spire depressed -conic, regular, apex obtuse, white, suture not
impressed, closely submarginate above; whorls 4J, sub-rapidly
increasing, the upper slightly convex, smooth, the following plane,
plicate, the last large, abruptly descending, subdilated, slightly
convex, encircled by a scarcely undulating carina, more convex
below, subinflated, smoother; aperture very oblique, angulate-ovate ;
peristome subacute, slightly labiate within, the margins converging,
the basal deeply arcuate, briefly reflexed, columellar very short,
broadly expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 33, alt. 19 mill.

Ins. Goinera, Canaries.

This fossil form has no near allies. It has been placed by various
authors in Leptaxis, Lampadia and Iberus. Mabille, however,
groups it with H. euticula, a form bearing even more resemblance
to Lampadia. (— Mitra Albers.)

Section VI. PLEBECULA Lowe, 1852.

This section is confined to the Madeira Is. Its more prominent
•characters are the globose form and profound sutures. Helicomela
Lowe, 1854, is a synonym.

H. PUNCTULATA Sowerby, 1824. PL 51, figs. 1-4, 98, 99.

Nearly covered perforate, globose, rather thin, chestnut colored,
with a light corneous peripheral band, base corneous ; with rather
coarse incremental wrinkles, the whole surface covered with minute
setigerous granules, base smoother ; spire conic, slightly turreted ;
sutures impressed ; \vhorls 5, the apical nearly plane, rugose, convex,
the last inflated, rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly;
aperture slightly oblique, narrow-lunar; peristome scarcely thick-
ened; columella white, dilated and partly appressed over the
umbilical chink. Diam. 15, alt. 13 mill.

Madeira Group, Ins. Porto Sancto and Southern Deserta.

The reddish brown color is sometimes suffused over the entire
surface of the shell. Specimens nearly white are also found. The
thinner more elevated form found on the little island of Southern
Deserta (or Bugio) has received the name of var. avellana Lowe.

H. BOWDICHIANA Ferussac, 1819. PI. 50, fig. 97.

Large, globose, covered subimperforate, solid, destitute of cuticle
and color ; the whole surface irregularly wrinkled, base smoother,
above finely granulate ; whorls 5, separated by profound sutures,

188 HELIX.

the last descending ; aperture small, narrow-lunar ; peristome
slightly expanded and thickened. Diam. 23, alt. 23 mill.

Quaternary of Madeira.

H. vargasiana Pfr. is a synonym.

Peristome more thickened than in H. punctulata, and form more
globose. These characters, together with the larger size and much
heavier texture seem sufficient cause for the specific separation of
the two forms.

H. NITIDIUSCULA Sowerby, 1824. PI. 51, figs. 33-35, 19.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed globose, rather thin, yellowish
corneous or whitish, with three rich brown bands above: finely,
irregularly wrinkled and minutely granulate, smoother below; spire
low-conic, subacute; suture deeply impressed; whorls 5, convex,
the last rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly; aperture
oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome simple, its ends converging, joined
by a light callus, columellar margin subreflexed, white, slightly im-
pinging upon the umbilicus. Diam. 13, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Madeira and Porto Sancto*

H. vulgata Lowe, is synonymous.

Var. GIRAMICA Lowe. PI. 51, fig. 35.

Slightly larger than the type, with the two upper bands confluent,,
or the whole surface uniform dark brown.

H. anaglyptica Reeve (fig. 19), is a synonym.

H. CANICALENSIS Lowe, 1852. PL 52, figs. 72-74.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed conic, destitute of cuticle or color,
rather thickened, with fine, irregular incremental wrinkles, and
somewhat, though very minutely, rugose ; spire elevated, conic, the
apex subacute; suture profound; whorls 5, convex, the inner gradu-
ally, the last rapidly increasing, descending anteriorly; aperture
small, contracted above, oblique ; peristome scarcely thickened, the
terminations converging, the columellar margin about half conver-
ing the umbilicus. Diam. 11-12, alt. 10 mill.

Quaternary of Canical, Madeira.

Allied to the preceding, but more conical, with smaller umbilicus
and aperture; found only subfossil.

H. LURIDA Lowe, 1851. PI. 51, figs. 25-27.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, rather thin, brownish, with
(usually two) subobsolete spiral bands of dark brown, light mere-

HELIX. 180

imental stride and very minutely, densely Lrramilate ; spire low-conic ;
suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the inner gradually, the last
rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly; aperture slightly
oblique, wide lunar ; peristome scarcely thickened, rather abi uptly
shortly deflected above, ends approaching; columellar margin
briefly reflexed, white, impinging upon the umbilicus.

Diam. 9, alt. 6]- mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

More depressed than any of the preceding forms.

H. HARTUNGI Albers, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 20-22.

Umbilicate, subdepressed, striatulate, slightly shining, white,
spire subelevated, apex minute, corneous; suture smooth, whorls
5?, slightly convex, the last wide, rotund, sensibly descending
anteriorly ; umbilicus narrow, pervious, equalling \ the entire diam-
eter; aperture oblique, depressed rotund ; peristome labiate within,
the margins converging, joined by a thin callus, the upper straight,
basal subreflexed, the columellar dilated. Diam. 10, alt. 5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

I have not seen this species. It is evidently nearly allied to the
preceding, but differs (perhaps) in the sculpture. My description
is from Pfeiffer.

Section VII. LEPTAXIS Lowe, 1852.

Leptaxis inhabits the more outlying Atlantic islands, Madeira,
the Azores and the Cape Verdes. There is considerable diversity
of form among the species ; and this has caused a part of them to
be considered as belonging to Hemicycla, (a group restricted to the
Canary Is.) and the remainder to be divided into several subsections,
three of which I retain for convenience in identifying specimens.

Katostoma Lowe, 1864, and Cryptaxis Lowe, 1864, with Lampadia
Lowe, 1854, ( = Mitra Albers, 1850) are synonyms.

***

Leptaxis s. sir. Axis imperforate ; columella entering, or ex-
panded at origin ; whorls not acutely carinated nor widening with
great rapidity.

A. Species with rounded periphery.

(Species of the Madeira Islands.)
H. UNDATA Lowe, 1831. PL 51, figs. 11, 12; pi. 52, fig. 75.

Imperforate, depressed turbinate, rather thin, uniform dark brown
scarcely striate, but all over densely and very coarsely wrinkled,

190 HELIX.

the wrinkles more or less irregular, wavy, shining, more obliquely
descending than the lines of growth ; spire conic, more or less de-
pressed, apex nearly smooth; suture well impressed; whorls 5 i>
convex, the inner gradually, the last rapidly widening, deeply de-
flexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, regular rounded-lunarr
wide; peristome slightly subexpanded and labiate, margins con-
verging, the columella entering, briefly expanded and appressed
over the umbilical tract. Diam. 24-30, alt. 16-20 mill.

Madeira.

H. corrugata (Soland. MSS.) Lowe, H. groviana Fer., and H~
scabra Wood are synonyms.

H. VULCANICA Lowe, 1852. PI. 50, figs. 95, 96; pi. 52, fig. 76.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, thin, greenish yellow, with two (sub-
sutural and supra-peripheral) dark brown bands frequently interrup-
ted by the lighter color; obliquely sculptured with coarse irregular
wrinkles, base much smother; whorls 5, the inner gradually, the
last rapidly widening, convex, apex slightly rugose; body whorl
rather flattened, descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, regular
rounded lunar; peristome slightly expanded and labiate, its ends
converging, the columellar margin directly entering, slightly ex-
panded. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Northern and Central Desertas, Madeira Is*

This species and the next are separated from H. undata by their
variegated coloration and the much less coarse currugation of the
surface, which, however, as in the undata is as obvious inside as
outside, on account of the thin shell.

H. LEONINA Lowe, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 23, 24; pi. 52, fig. 77.

Like H. vulcanica, but more globose and turbinate, the base
more convex, mouth rounder, coloration deeper, the bands scarcely
or not interrupted. Diam. 26-30, alt. 18-20 mill.

Southern and Central Desertas, Madeira Is.

Scarcely distinct from the last species.

H. NIVOSA Sowerby, 1824. PL 51, fig. 18; pi. 52, figs. 78-80.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, yellowish-brown, generally with
broad dark spiral bands, and a narrow light peripheral fascia, the
whole surface sculptured with rather coarse oblique whitish wrinkles,
and an excessively minute granulation ; spire conic, subacute ;
suture well-marked ; whorls 5, the last rapidly widening, full and
well-rounded toward its termination, and deeply descending ; aper-

HELIX. 191

ture very oblique, rounded oval ; peristome simple, the terminations
converging, the upper extended into a white callus, columellar
dilated, straightened inside, pinkish. Diam. 15, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.
H. phlebophora Lowe and H. exalbida Wood are synonyms.

Var. CRATICULATA Lowe.

Smaller than the type, and darker, with very coarse corrugations..

There is also a depressed form (/?. planata Lowe) in which the
body whorl is frequently carinate at its origin.

H. PSAMMOPHORA Lowe, 1852. PL 51, fig. 32.

Imperforate, turbinate-conic, destitute of cuticle or color, elegantly
sculptured with irregular incremental wrinkles cut into rounded
granules by fine and very numerous spiral impressed lines; last
whorl very deeply detiexed anteriorly ; aperture small, very oblique,
rounded oval. Diam. 12, alt. 10 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Porto Sancto.

Allied to the preceding, but distinguished from that and all other
forms by the peculiar sculpture. The revolving lines are not suf-
ficiently shown in the figure.

H. EBUBESCENS Lowe, 1831. PI. 52, figs. 81-83.

Imperforate, globose, elevated or depressed, rather thin, whitisk
corneous, with oblique streaks of clear corneous, and usually spiral
bands or series of blotches of rich dark brown; sculptured with
incremental wrinkles and oblique anastomosing currugations; spire
conic, elevated or depressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
convex below, indented at the center and descending anteriorly;
aperture oval or rounded truncate, very oblique; peristome expanded,
labiate with white; columella inserted nearly vertically, simple;.
umbilical tract covered by a white callus.

Diam. 14, alt. 10-14 mill. Madeira Is.; St. Miguel, Azores^

H. simia Fer., (pi. 51, fig. 28) is synonymous.

This species may be known under all its forms by the simple,,
thin deeply entering columella.

"The H. erubescens passes through an almost infinite number of.
changes both in outline and hue, as regards the latter scarcely two
specimens being precisely alike. Sometimes the volutions are
elegantly banded, at others some of the fascise are obsolete, and at
others the latter are more or less broken up into tessellated frag-
ments; while many individuals are concolorous, being entirely
devoid of markings. The ground-color varies chiefly from a pale

192 HELIX.

pinkish-brown and yellowish-white into a dusty yellowish-gray ; and
there is generally (though by no means always) a rosy tinge about
the peristome." (Wollaston.) The St. Miguel specimens were
probably introduced.

Yar. HYAENA Lowe.

Large, coarsely sculptured, pale yellowish brown, the bands much
broken. Diam. 20 mill.

Southern Deserta, Madeira Is.

The other varieties recognized by Wollaston, porto-sandi and
advenoides are scarcely distinct enough for names. The former may
be the same as H. simia Fer.

H. FURVA Lowe, 1831. PI. 51, figs. 15-17.

Imperforate, depressed globose, thin, yellowish, with a peripheral
interrupted dark brown band, roughened by incremental stride and
irregular reticulations or malleations, whorls 5, but slightly convex,
separated by scarcely indenting sutures, gradually increasing, the
body-whorl angular at its origin, becoming rounded, with tumid
base, and descending anteriorly ; aperture round-lunar, oblique ;
peristome simple; columella entering deeply and nearly directly.

Diam. 17-22, alt. 12 \ mill. Madeira.

Aperture less oblique and less deflected above than in H. erubes-
•cens, body-whorl angular at its origin, and coloration different.

(Species of the Cape Verde Islands.)

H. ADVENA Webb et Berthelot, 1833. PI. 50, figs. 92, 93-; pi. 52,

figs. 84, 85.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, shining corneous with
(about) five dark brown bands the upper ones wider, frequently
coalescent, and interrupted by oblique light streaks densely irregu-
larly sculptured with oblique striae, and with almost obsolete spiral
impressed lines; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing the
apex obtuse, dark, smooth; body-whorl gently and slightly descend-
ing anteriorly ; aperture rounded lunar, oblique ; peristome slightly
•expanded, its ends converging, the columella arched, and dilated
and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 16, alt. 11 mill.

St. Antao and St. Vincente, Cape Verde Is.

This species has been confounded by some authors with H. erubes-
cens, but is most readily separated by attention to the sculpture and
the character of the columella, which has a wholly different in-
sertion from that species. The spiral sculpture is shared with the
following species ; but in advena is so obscure as to be easily over-
looked. The species never has so warm a color as H. erubescens.

HELICID>E.

PLATE 33

HELICID>e.

PLATE 34

PLATE 3 5

HELICID./E.

PLATE 36

PLATE 37

HELICID^E.

PLATE 38

HELICID>E.

PLATE 39

HELICID^E.

PLATE 4O

17

PL-ATE 41

HELICID^E.

PLATE 42

'

PLATE 43

70

PLATE 44

IIKLIX. [93

II. SKRT.V Albei-s, 1 xr,4. IM. f><), figs. ,S4, *:>.

Similar to the preceding, but less strongly striate. and with much
more variegated coloration ; the brown bun. Is arc narrow, vrrv ir-
regular, much interrupted by patches and articulations of cream
color. Diam. 16, alt. 11 mill. .s>. Xicn/nx. CHJH- !'/•/•///• />.

11. F<H;OI;NSIS Dohrn, 1869. UnfignmL

"Covered umbilicate, subglobose, striatulate, shining, conieoii.-
yellow, with four brow^n bands, the first and second with central
line of white ; spire obtuse, conic; suture impressed ; whorls ">, con-
vex, the last rounded, descending anteriorly; aperture diagonal,
lunate-rotund ; peristome white, slightly expanded, margins converg-
ing, connected by a thin callus, columella rdlexcd over umbilicus,
thickened. Diam. 17, alt. 14 mill."

Fogo and Brava, Cape Verde Is,

The following quotation from Wollaston may aid in the identifi-
cation, of the present species, which I have never seen.

" In its rather globose outline, dull hue, and uninterrupted bands,
this Helix has somewhat the prima faseie aspect of the i ncverthclo-
totally dissimilar) Porto-Sanctan H. pundulata Sow.; though in
reality it belongs to an altogether different group. It is indeed
closely allied to the H. visgeriana, as is evident, not merely from
its general plan of coloring and from its umbilicus not being com-
pletely closed over, but likewise from the presence of the minute
spiral lines which (under a high magnifying power) are everywhere
visible on its surface. ' Specifically however, it is quite distinct,— it
being not only larger and more globose, and of a uniformly duller
tint, but, likewise with the minute spiral lines (which look more like
indistinct subundulating scratches) more irregular and obscure, and
with the oblique transverse costte well-nigh obsolete, and (such as
they are) concolorous with the rest of the surface, the entire shell
appearing comparatively smooth and unsculptured. Its umbilicus
too, is a little less closed over, and its .suture is very deeply im-
pressed."

H. VISCJKKIANA Dohrn, 1867. PL 66, fig. 80c.

Covered perforate or nearly so, globose depressed, shining, corne-
ous, with four or five narrow dark brown bands of which two are
below the periphery, and which are frequently interrupted by r
ular strong oblique whitish stria-; revolving impressed line* m
chiehV in the interstices of the stride; whorls 3-], slightly convex.

13

194 HELIX.

rapidly increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending anteriorly ;
aperture rounded lunar, oblique ; columella well curved, expanded
over the umbilicus. Diam. 12-15, alt. 8-10 mill.

St. lago, Cape Verdes.

The present species differs from all the preceding in possessing
stronger spiral as well as incremental strise.
H. MYRISTICA Shuttleworth, 1852. PL 52, figs. 61-63.

Imperforate, depressed globose, shining, thin, brownish corneous
with four narrow brown bands, which are frequently interrupted
with light streaks and spots; sculpture as in H. visgeriana, com-
posed of incremental striae and very numerous delicately impressed
spiral lines ; aperture rounded, the columella straighter than in H.
visgeriana; peristome thin, narrowly expanded, its columellar ter-
mination expanded and appressed over the umbilicus.

Diam. 18, alt. 13 mill. St. lago. Cape Verdes.

This species has not before been figured. I am not sure of the
relation it bears to If. fogoensis, (see above), but from the other
larger species of the Cape Verde group, advena and serta, the much
greater development of the spiral sculpture and the more globose
form will separate it.

I am inclined to refer to this species as a variety, a form figured
on pi. 52, fig. 64. It is different in coloration, lacking the narrow
articulated brown bands of the type. Probably this is the H. arnn-
joi (or arangoi) Dohrn, a form never described or figured, and re-
ferred by Pfeiffer to H. advena. My figure indicates that it is cari-
nated; this is not the case.

H. BOLLEI Albers, 1854. PL 51, figs. 53, 54.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, thin, shining, subtranslucent,
brownish, corneous, finely obliquely striafre and covered with an ex-
cessively minute granulation; spire low, sutures scarcely impressed ;
whorls 4i, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last caririated at
origin, the carina nearly disappearing toward the aperture, the base
convex and slightly indented in the centre, above descending a lit-
tle anteriorly; aperture oval lunar, oblique;, peristome labiate with
white, its columellar termination deeply entering, the axis covered
by white callus. Diam. 11-13, alt. 7-8 mill.

St. Vincente and St. Nicholas, Cape Verdes.

Separated from all the preceding Cape Verdes species by the
sculpture. The fragile texture and keel stretched around the pe-
riphery are also peculiar.

HELIX. Hi;,

H. LEPTOSTYLA Dohni, 1869. PI. 66, fig. 80l>.

This species has the form, sculpture and aperture of the preceding :
but is thicker, larger, and has a tendency to be brown handed, Un-
hands broad, faint, and minutely flecked with white. The periph-
eral keel is more obsolete, and indeed scarcely apparent save in
front of the aperture. The body-whorl is somewhat more deflexed
anteriorly. Diam. 13-15, alt. 10-12 mill.

St. Antao, Cape Verde Is.

H. milleri Dohrii mss. is a synonym.

H. PRIMJEVA Morelet, 1873. Unfigured.

Perforate, depressed turbinate, corrugated with large oblique folds;
spire conoidal ; whorls 4, convex, the last inflated, rounded, not de-
flexed ; suture impressed ; aperture ovate-lunar.

Diam. 18, alt. 11 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Sal, Cape Verdes-

The peristome was imperfect on the specimens from which More-
let's original diagnosis (above translated) was drawn. He com-
pares the species to H. nndata of Madeira.

H. ATLANTIDEA Morelet, 1873. Unfigured.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, densely and regularly costulate-
striate; spire convex, smooth toward the aperture; whorls 3£,
slightly convex, separated by impressed sutures, rapidly increasing,
the last dilated, obtusely angulate, not deflexed; aperture ovate-
lunar, ends of the peristome joined by a callus, the upper margin
straight, the columellar callous, dilated, appressed.

Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Sal, Cape Verdes.

Somewhat similar to H. chrysomela, but a little more depressed,
and with one and one-half whorls less than that species. The
peripheral angle, which is quite pronounced at the origin of the
body-whorl, is gradually lost on approaching the aperture.

H. SUBROSEOTINCTA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, scarcely subcarinate, a little -Inn-
ing, whitish, sometimes subfuscous, or very obsoletely almost sub-
roseous, obsoletely and irregularly, (especially at the suture) streaked
or smeared with sublacteous, the young subpellucid ; whorl-
slightly convex, the last slightly descending anteriorly ; peristome

196 HELIX.

acute, distinctly rosy, margins separated ; columella substraight,
oblique, forming a slight angle at its junction with the basal lip.
Diam. 10-12, alt. 8 mill. Ins. Brant. Cape Verdes,

" The H. subroseotincta in its small size and totally ungranulated
surface has more in common with the H. bollei than it has with the
leptostyla. Nevertheless, it is thicker, whiter and more calcareous :
its peristome has nearly always a faint rosy tinge (indeed the entire
shell is often suffused with a faint rosy brown) ; its volutions, the
basal one of which is not quite so perceptibly keeled, are a trifle
more tumid, and the suture consequently somewhat more impressed ;
its columella is just appreciably straighter, forming somewhat of an
angle at its junction with the lower lip ; and its entire surface has a
tendency to be irregularly blotched, or freckled, with very obscure
paler, frequently confluent patches." (Wollaston.)

(Species of the Azores Islands)

H. AZOKICA Albere, 1852. PL 51, figs. 5-8.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, very thin, transparent, faint gold-
en, speckled with dots and short oblique marks of opaque whitish
buff, and generally with traces of brownish faciation about the per-
iphery, very delicately striate ; spire short ; suture moderately im-
pressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last glo-
bose, convex, gently deflected anteriorly ; base slightly indented at
center; aperture rotund-lunar, as long as wide, oblique ; peristome
slightly thickened with white, ends remote ; columella thin, deeply,
vertically entering, well curved. Diam. 11-13, alt. 7-8 mill.

Sta. Maria and Xan Miguel, Azores.

H. CALDEIRARUM Morelet et Drouet, 1857. PI. 51, figs. 39-41.

Differs from azorica in being of thicker texture, more decidedly
striate, with more depressed body-whorl, and more conical spire.
The surface is nearly free from opaque white markings ; the whorls
number nearly 6, and the increase in width is very gradual ; the
aperture is broader than long, the peristome labiate with white, the
the collumella much more oblique than in H. azorica; the ba-
rather flattened, and decidedly indented in the center.

Diam. 11, alt. 7 mill.

\San Miguel, Azores.
H. NIPHAS Pfeiffer, 1857. Unfigured.

Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, plicate-striate, white ; spire con-
vex-conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 5£, slightly convex, gradually in-

IIKUX. 1!»7

creasing- the last not descending; base slightly convex; aperture
oblique, lunar, peristoinc straight, mar-ins remote, tin- right >hnrt,
simple, the basal sensibly thickened toward its insertion, and briefly
ascending. Diam. 11, alt. S mill.

Wit/Ha/, A

None but the original specimens (communicated to Pfeifler \t\- Mr.
Cuming) are known. It seems to be near II. <-itI<l,>n'<innn in form,
but differs from all Lcjitu.ri* of the Azores in the solid texture.
Pfeiffer's, description is translated above.

H. TERCKIHAXA Morelet, 1857. PL 51, figs. 36-",*.

Imperforate, depressed-Conoid, slightly solid, densely, rather rude-
ly striate, and covered with an excessively minute granulation, cor-
neous brown, variegated with maculations and streaks of opaque
pale yellowish ; whorls C>, somewhat convex, with well marked su-
tures, slowly widening, the last obtusely angnlate; hase somewhat
flattened, indented in the center, anteriorly briefly descending : aper-
ture oblique, ovate-lunar, peristomc straight, margined within, slight-
ly expanded, livid; outer margin acute, columellar callous^ flatten-
ed, entering. Diam. 12, alt. 7 mill.

7//x. Ti-i'fi-ii-n. A

Allied to II. cnMeir'D'inn, but less diaphanous, more coarsely and
roughly striate, and the columellar margin, toward its insertion, is
broader, owing to the larger umbilical perforation covered by its
expansion.
H. DROUETIASA Morelet, 1860. PL 51, figs. 29-31.

Imperforate, globose-conic, somewhat solid, rtigose-striate. yellow-
ish, variegated with corneous radiations and a blackish interrupted
peripheral fascia ; spire conic, apex rather acute; tfhoris 6, slightly
convex, the last briefly descending; aperture ovate-lunar, marbled
with white within; peristome obtuse, labiate, the wperiot margin
scarcely expanded, the columellar flattened, entering.

Diam. 13, alt. 9 mill.

./;/*. Fayal, .1

In this form the corneous surface is almost covered by the opaque

yellowish-white markin-s (which in /f. ^on'monly speckle the. hell,
the spire is conic, as in H. caldeirarum, and the shape ol
which is indented in the center, is very similar to that Bpe<
aperture is broader than long, and the peristome l.vid m col
variegated appearance reminds one of //. erubescent; and
sion is inrreased by a very slight malleation.

198 HELIX.

H. EXORNATA Deshayes. PI. 51, figs. 13, 14.

Subglobose, somewhat depressed, smooth, pale yellow, with white
zones, ornamented with two black undulate-angular zones at the
periphery ; spire short, obtuse, convex ; whorls 4, slightly convex,
wide, rapidly increasing, the last large, convex, slightly depressed
below, imperforate, obliquely deflexed at the aperture; aperture
large, oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome white or yellow, thickened
within, reflexed, the base marked with a wide rosy spot.

Diain. 14, alt. 10 mill.

Habit< it unknown.

This form is known only by the description of Deshayes which is
translated above, and the original figures, copied on my plate. I
follow Pfeiffer in referring it to Leptaxis; but of course any subgen-
eric reference, without more information than we possess regarding
it, is little better than guess-work.

(B. Species with carinate periphery.)

H. CHRYSOMELA Pfr., 1848. PL 51, figs. 50-52.

Imperforate, depressed, destitute of cuticle, chalky white, with
wrinkles of increment, rugose, malleated ; whorls 5, flattened, grad-
ually increasing, the last angled at its origin, becoming almost round-
ed, very briefly but abruptly descending anteriorly ; aperture very
oblique, slightly contracted, truncate-oval, the upper and lower mar-
gins subparallel, peristome reddish orange colored ; columellar mar-
gin very obliquely descending, broad, straight within.

Diam. 10, alt. 6 mill.

(Jimrtemary of Porto Sancto.

H. cenostoma Lowe is a synonym.

Var. FLUCTUOSA Lowe, 1852. PI. 52, fig. 86; PL 51, figs. 9, 10.

This form differs from H. chrysomela in being larger, more acute-
ly (-urinated, and with whorls less rounded above. The peristome is
white, and is less thickened internally on the columellar margin than
in the type. Diam. 14 mill.

H. VETUSTA Morelet et Drouet, 1857. PL 66, fig. 80a.

Imperforate, conic, rather solid, cretaceous white, (or rarely varie-
gated with corneous) with two reddish brown bands, usually inter-
rupted or subobsolete, obliquely striate, and with a tendency to be
still more obliquely, finely undulate; whorls 6-6i>, carinate in the
middle, slowly widening, flattened above, the last a trifle more con-

HKUX. 1H!I

vex above, acutely carinated, briefly deflexed anteriorly; base some-
what convex, not indented in the center; aperture verv oblique,
slightly broader than long, truncate oval ; peristome labiate inside,
pink-tinted, its terminations not converging; coluinellar marir'ni
thickened, somewhat flattened, appressed ; parietal wall covered by
a pinkish callus. Diam. 15-19, alt. 11-12 mill.

(Jiiarternary of Sin. J/W/V

This species seems to most nearly allied to the //. <-hrii*<>inela of
Porto Sancto, but may be readily seperated by its sculpture, 1
size, conical spire and acute peripheral carina.

H. WOLLASTONI Lowe, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 59-60.

Imperforate, depressed conic, rather solid, carinate, dark yell. .\\i-li
or olivaceous-brown, with, usually, two spiral darker bands ; oblitjue-
ly plicate-stii ite, and covered with a minute granulation ; spire usu-
ally depressed, the apical whorl smooth ; whorls f>, nearly planulate
the last 2 rapidly widening; body-whorl acutely carinated, deeply
descending anteriorly; base convex, not indented at the center:
aperture transversely oval, angular at the extremities, very oblique;
peristome a little expanded, usually pinkish, nearly continuous over
the parietal wall; columella somewhat dilated, flattened, entering.

Diam. 22, alt. 11 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Probably more nearly allied to H. nivosa than to the species with
which on account of its carinate periphery, it is here associated.

Yar. FORENSIC Wollaston.

A smaller form than the type, in which the aperture is rounded
at the outer margin, scarcely modified by the peripheral keel; the
parietal wall is traversed by a very heavy callus which joins the lips;
and the inner two or three whorls of the spire usually are prominent,
as if mamillated. Diam. 17, alt. 9 \ mill.

Described as a species by Mr. Wollaston, but the specimens before
me are too similar to wollastoni to be separated.

***

2. PseiidocampylcBaPfr. Axis umbilicate ; aperture oval, the lips

expanded, converging.

H. roRTOSANCTANA Sowerby, 1824. PL 52, figs. 87-89.

Umbilicate, depressed, rather strong, corneous yellow, with three
brown bands, the upper two generally broad, often coalesce., t ;
face marked with rather strong, irregular incremental wrinkles, aJ

200 HELIX.

over minutely punctate ; whorls 5£, convex, the inner smoother,
gradually, the outer more rapidly widening ; body-whorl depressed,
rounded at the periphery, flattened above, deeply deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture very oblique, perfectly oval ; peristome expanded, brownish,
continued as a heavy callus over the parietal wall, its basal portion
subreflexed, partially concealing the umbilicus.
Diam. 23-30, alt /1 3-1 5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

H. LOWEI Ferussac, 1835. PI. 52, fig. 90.

Differs from the preceding (of which it may be a variety) in the
much larger size, the less obviously punctate surface, less oblique
aperture and narrower revolving bands, of which there are but two,
and these very slender. Diam. 45-55 mill.

Porto Sancto.

This largest of the Atlantic species is quite abundant in the quar-
ternary deposits of Porto Sancto, but according to Wollaston, only
a single specimen has been found alive. It seems to be replaced in
the living fauna by the very similar but much smaller H. portos<mc-
tana.

3. Lampadia Lowe. Imperforate ; vitrhm-shaped, the whorls
thin, carinate, and very rapidly increasing ; aperture very large.
Mitra alb., preoc., is a synonym.

H. WEBBIAXA Lowe, 1831. PI. 51, figs. 55, 50.

Imperforate, depressed, carinated, very thin, uniform olivaceous
brown, lighter below, with oblique irregular incremental stria? and a
rather coarse granulation which is confined for the most part to the
central portion of the whorl, above and below the carina, and to the
neighborhood of the aperture, and which, although usually quite
obvious to the naked eye is frequently subobsolete ; whorls 3, very
rapidly widening, scarcely convex above, the last convex below,
bearing a compressed carina at the middle, and slightly descending
anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, oval, slightly angled at the place
of the carina; peristome expanded, thin, its extremities not connect-
ed, columellar margin thin, entering, slightly refiexed and appress-
ed at the axis. Diam. 19, alt. 10 mill.

Porto /Sancto, Madeiras-

Vitrina bocagei Paiva (pi. 51, figs. 57, 58 J is a young shell of this
species.

HELIX. L)(ll

H. MKMBRAXACKA LoWC, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 4-"), 4<i.

Imperforate, depressed globose, excessively thin, flexible, pellueid,
yellowish or greenish corneous, usually more or less variegated with
opaque whitish Hecks and reticulations, which Hinu-tini.-s form a
stripe at the central keel ; whorls 4, rapidly increa.-in- ; spin- low,
obtuse; body-whorl acutely cariuated at the middle. th<- carina In-
coming obsolete toward the aperture ; not deflected anteriorly : apcr-
ture large, broad oval lunar, oblique; peristome simple, thin, ends
scarcely converging; columella simple, arcuate.

Diam. 10, alt. 6 mill.

Madeira.

The excessively thin, easily indented substance of thi> specie- will
distinguish it from any of its allies. The last whorl is not so acutr-
ly carinated as in H. webbi«>i«.

H. CUTICULA Shuttleworth. PI. r,i , figs. 47-41).

Jmperforate, depressed-conic, very thin and fragile, with a silky
lustre, light green, costulate-striate; spire low, conic, apex prom-
inent; suture impressed; whorls .*>, rapidly increasing, convex below
the sutures and on base, but concave above and below the prominent
peripheral carina; body-whorl large, depressed, carinattd to the
aperture, not deflected anteriorly, indented at the axis; apertun-
transversely oval, angulate at position of carina ; peri-tome acntr.
membranous; columella deeply, vertically entering.

Diam. 7, alt. 4] mill.

Teneri/e and Palm«. C<ni<

Section VIII. IHKKUS Moiittbrt, 1810.

Helices of the section Ibern* are very numerous both in species
and individuals in central and southern Italy, and in Sicily: and
curiously enough, there have been a few trans-Mediterranean spe-
cies discovered in recent years. There is great lattitude of opinion
concerning the synonymy of the group, arising from the fact that
transition forms between many of the "species" render any hard-
and-fast lines of demarkation between them wholly arbitrary ; an. I
the subject lias been still further complicated by a number of di tig-
noses of "new species," without figures, each of which admits of be-
ing applied to several forms.

The Sicilian species form a perfect series of gradation- between
the carinate flattened forms and the globose elevated ones. They

202 HELIX.

differ from most of the peninsular species in being marked with
minute spiral impressed lines. The Italian species are generally
more depressed, and more deeply colored.

Montfort's type of Iberus is not H. muralis as I stated on p. 122
(following Albers and v. Martens) but H. gualteriana of Spain.
There may be two subsections recognized : Iberus, s. sir. and Levan-
tina Kobelt, the latter comprising the large forms of Asia Minor.

The synonymy includes Murella Pfr., and, in part, Crenea Albers.
Pfeiffer and other authors have included, also, a number of Canary
Island species, which in this work are placed in Hemicycla.

IBERUS, s. str.

***

A. Iberus of depressed and carinated, or rounded globose form,
the base convex, imperforate. Sicilian, African and Spanish species.

H. GUALTERIANA Linn., 1767. PL 53, figs. 6-8.

Covered perforate, carinate, flattened above, convex below, solid,
reddish or brownish white, dull, decussated with oblique and spiral
coarse rough sculpture; spire flat or slightly elevated, the apical
whorl smoother; whorls 4, rather rapidly widening, with an acute
compressed carina; body-whorl very convex below, turgid at the
center, more or less deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture angulate-
ovate, transverse, oblique, wider than long; peristome expanded,
reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 40, alt. 17 mill.
Provinces Cadix, Aimer ia, Granada, Murcia, Spain.

H. obversa Born is synonymous.

Yar. LAURENTII Bourguignat. PI. 53, figs. 9-13.

Differs from the type in the smaller size, elevated spire, less dis-
tinct keel, less rude sculpture and smaller aperture.

Sierra Elvira, at Granada.

H. SULTANA Morelet, 1880. PI. 63. figs. 40-42.

Covered perforate, rather thin, wide conoidal, depressed, micro-
scopically granulate and obliquely sculptured, near the keel marked
with a few spiral lines, dirty white, lusterless, spire obtuse, apex
corneous; whorls 4£, exserted, nearly flat, the last turgid below,
briefly and suddenly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, subtrapezoidal,
acutely angled; peristome thin, the margins approaching, the upper

HEMX. •_•(>:;

straight, lower dilated, reflexed, more or less concealing the p< -rfbra-
tion. Diam, 28, alt. 13 mill.

J//x. <>f TrrtiHtn. ^forocco.

H. subscabriuscula Bourg., published before su/tmm, but with nei-
ther description or figure, is a synonym.

H. LEACHII Ferussac, 1821. PI. 63, figs. 26-28.

Nearly covered perforate, carinate, convex-lenticular, sculptured
above and below with numerous pliciform costae, which are parallel
with the aperture, pale grayish yellow or whitish, opaque; whorls
4, scarcely convex, the last with a keel which becomes obtuse toward
the aperture, very convex below, suddenly deflexed anteriorly; aper-
ture very oblique, transversely subovate; peristorne dilated, expanded,
white, the upper and lower margins subequally curved, converging,
joined by a distinct shining wide callus, (v. Martens.)

Diam. 17-19, alt. 10-12 mill.

T'irJmna Mts. Tripoli.

H. tripolitana Wood is synonymous.

H. SCABRIUSCULA Deshayes, 1830. PI. 53, figs. 19-21, 14-16.

Covered perforate or nearly so, depressed, earinated, low-conic
above, convex below7, solid, whitish unicolored or with several spiral
cordons of reddish blotches, more or less strongly obliquely striate,
and covered with a microscopic granulation; whorls 4-4 >, moderately
increasing, flattened on the upper surface, with a compressed exserted
median keel; body-whorl gibbous below, rather suddenly and deeply
detiexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, transversely oval, acutely
angled at the termination of the carina; peristome expanded, termi-
nations sub-converging, the basal margin frequently subdentate,
appressed over the umbilical perforation. Diam. "24, alt. in mill.

Western Sirl/i/.

H. erycina Jan. is synonymous.

Var. SELINUNTINA Philippi. PL 62, figs. 28-30.

Differs from the type in the interrupted reddish bands; carina
not exserted, striae simple.

Var. SEGESTANA Philippi. PI. 53, figs. 1-5, 17, 18.

Umbilicus generally slightly open ; sculpture consisting of eleva-
ted anastomosing wrinkles; keel crenulated.

204 HELIX.

Var. PACINIANA Plnlippi. PI. 55, figs. 36-38.

Rather thin, coarsely sculptured with white anastomosing wrinkles;
columella concave, not callous; keel becoming obtuse or obsolete
toward the aperture. Diam. 16 mill.

H. vieta Rossm. (pi. 62, figs. 32-34.) is synonymous.

There is SL forma major, measuring 20 mill. diam. (pi. 55, fig. 34,
35). This form may be distinct from scabriiiscula; the specimens
before me have a more distinct aspect than the other varieties.

Var. EXPLANATA Bcnoit, PI. 62, fig. 31.

Half-covered perforate; spire planate ; whorls above subconcave,
exserted at the carina, the last very turgid beneath.

Var. DEMISSA Benoit.

Small, sub perforate, striate, spire subplane, whorls a trifle exserted
at carina.

Var. DREPANENSIS Huet. PL 62, figs. 20, 27.

Small, elate-turrited, whorls scalariform, acutely keeled, sculpture
of coarse white wrinkles on a livid ground.

Var. scalariformis Ben. is a synonym.

H. SARDONIA Martens, 1884. (~,(ji(/nred.

Perforate, carinate, depressed, rUgose-striate, whitish, maculate
with brown above, with a single interrupted band below: spire
slightly prominent; whorls 4, above flattened, with a more or less
exserted carina, the last rather convex below, distinctly descending
anteriorly; aperture very oblique, axe-shaped ; peristome white, mar-
gins approximating, the upper expanded, the basal reflexed, concave.
arcuate, partly covering the perforation. ( Mart'

Diam. 21, alt, 10-i mill.

Dorga/i S<n'duiiu.

Very similar to the Sicilian //. *cabrhi*cul<i Desh. and H. zegestana
Phil.; but the rib-strire are finer and more regular, the columellar
margin more strongly concave. In the intensity of the brown mark-
ings, which generally are above arranged into two interrupted bands,
the covering of the umbilicus by the pevistome (.'-^), the exsertion
of the keel of each succeeding whorl, and the absolute size, there is
great variation among various 'specimens. (Martens.)

The above descriptions and comments, translated from v. Martens,
contain all the information published regarding this species, which
is, apparently, quite distinct.

Var. I>OU<;AUKXSIS Malt/an.

Differs from the type in the hi.irher spin-, thickened, decidedly
reflexed peristome, its terminations joined bv a distinct callus.

Diam. 20, alt, KM mill.

II. (iiiomiAxxi Philippi, 18:5(1. IM. ~>4, figs. 7, s.

Covered perforate, orbieulate-depressed, cnriimte, subtly striatc.
white, with three or four spiral series of brown blotches; whorl-
subplanulate, the last subdeflexed anteriorly; aperture lunar axe-
shaped, dark banded within; peristome simple, the upper niai-in
subexpanded, the basal appressed, subdilated and rnldish at the
columella. (Pfcif'r*. Diam. 21 alt. <)] mill.

Piilfi-nio, Sicily.

Benoit considers this a form of H. serpent I mi, a very probable
supposition.

H. MUKALIS Miiller, 1773. PI. (52, figs. 35-37.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, whitish, with spiral
bunds of blotches or large patches and irregular striiraiioiis of dark
brown, the base light; surface marked with coarse oblique, wavy
irregular wrinkles, obsolete below, and a secondary microscopic
sculpture of delicate undulating growth-lines, decimated by line
spiral impressed lines; spire low-conic, obtuse; whorls 4-4^ tin-
inner rather flattened, apex smooth, the body-whorl wide, well-
rounded, sometimes obtusely subangular at its origin, convex below.
indented around the axis, anteriorly suddenly, rather deeply de-
scending; aperture very oblique, dark within, oval-truncate; peri-
stome white, expanded, margins subapproach ing, the basal somewhat
straightened within, appressed at the axis. Diam. 18, alt, 10 mill.
Sicily; Italy; southern France and Spain; Balearic Is.

The following are synonyms: H. orgonensis Philbert, (pi. 60, figs.
71-73.) H. abromia Bourg., H. abraea Bourg.

Var. RUGOSA Ziegl. PI. 62, figs. 42, 4:5.

Very rudely sculptured above, the wrinkles white on a dark
ffround; body- whorl often more or less keeled at its origin.

O J fj. .»

Sicily.

Var. COSTULATA Benoit. PI. 62, figs. 40, 41.

Depressed; sculptured with strong ribs; peripheral keel extending
to the aperture.

206 HELIX.

Var. CRISPATA Benoit. PL 60, figs. 68-70.

Strongly sculptured with radiating ribs, which extend to the axis
below; periphery not keeled. Marsala, Sicily.

Var. ALUTACEA Paul. PI. 62, figs. 44-48.

Shell smooth, leather-colored. Calabria.

Var. INSULARIS Benoit.

Depressed; below interruptedly unifasciate with rufous, above or-
namented with series of zigzag radiating strigations ; axis marked
with a brown spot; radiating sculpture subobsolete.

Maretimo.

Var. UNDULATA Michaud. PI. 62, figs. 38, 39.

Whitish, with radiating undulating or zigzag brown strigations
above, and one or more cordons of square or arrow-shaped blotches
below the periphery.

Provence; Italy; Sicily.

H. serpentina var. communls Benoit is synonymous.

H. TIBERIANA Benoit, 1859. PL 64, figs. 21, 22.

Covered perforate, pyramidal or slightly depressed, costulate-
rugose, the costulse becoming evanescent on the base, scarcely shining,
rather solid, bluish white, sometimes a little maculate or interrupt-
edly fasciate with brown; spire exserted, apex obtuse; whorls 5,
subplanulate, carinate, the carina upon the spire lying in the suture;
last whorl becoming rounded toward the aperture, profoundly and
abruptly descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ovate-lunate, peri-
stome white, the margins converging, the upper expanded, the basal
reflexed, base callous, sometimes subdentate, dilated at the insertion,
appressed, covering the umbilicus, axis with a brown spot; fauces
brown. Diam. 21, alt. 12-13 mill.

Scupedda, near Calatafimini, north coast of Sicily.

Separated from its allies by the straight, conical spire; the surface
generally exhibits the same microscopic granulation that is found
in H. scabriuscula, muralis, etc.

H. GLOBULARIS Ziegler, 1838. PL 38, figs. 82, 83.

Imperforate, depressed-conic-globose, solid, finely striate; whorls
4j, slightly convex, the last rounded, descending anteriorly; aper-
ture oblique, oval-lunar; peristome expanded, the margins converg-
ing, the basal margin callous, flattened, appressed for half its length

to the turgid base, brown spotted and covering the umbilicus at it.
insertion. Diam. 14-19, alt. 9-13 mill. Sicily; Tarn.t,,.

H. frivaldskyi Calcara is synonymous.

"Helix globularis forms a natural transition between muroKt and
platychela; it is generally more elevated and globular than the
muralis, and has the peristome more expanded, whilst in the /,/,////-
chela it is reflexed. The main difference from W///V///N lie, in the
aperture, of which the basal margin appears more extended. eallnu>.
provided with a fold or even a tooth,— which is very rarely the case
with muralis'' (Kobelt.)

The species is variable in form, size and color, and sometimes very
difficult to separate from H. muralis.

Var. CONSPICUA Benoit. PL 38, figs. 84, 85.

Large, globose, marked with four maculose interrupted bands.

Palermo.
Var. COSSURENSIS Benoit.

Small, spire less elevated, ornamented with close wide macula-
tions. Pant t' I lu r in.

Var. UNDULATA Kobelt. PI. 62, figs. 49, oO. Palermo.

Var. ACHATINA Benoit.

Whitish, without bands or maculations. Palermo.

Var. TARENTINA Kobelt. PL 62, figs. 51, 52.

Whorls more planulate than in the type, and base of the aperture
not dentate. '/'"/•' ///'».

H. MELITENSIS Ferussac. PL 54, figs. 24-26.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, more or less conoidal, solid, whit-
ish, or obscurely strigate or subfasciate with light brown, marked
with rather irregular oblique growth-lines and microscopic rather
distant spiral engraved lines, which are frequently subobsolete, and
usually wanting on the base; spire more or less depressed-conic, apex
obtuse; whorls 4-4o, slightly convex, the upper ones obtusely su)>-
angulate, the body- whorl convex, abruptly and deeply deflexed
anteriorly; aperture truncate-oval, very oblique, rather small, dark-
colored within; peristome expanded, white, the upper and lower
margins subparallel, not converging, the basal callous and sub-
straightened, sometimes subdentate within, with a brown spot at it>
insertion. Diam. 19-21, alt. 12-15 mill.

Malta.

208 HELIX.

This form is allied to H. globuloris, and especially to H. platychela,
but may be separated by several characters from both of these Sicilian
species. The peristome is not so broadly expanded as in platychela,
nor is it so decidedly dentate as is usual in that species; and there
is not so obvious a flattening- of the upper whorls as in the more
depressed forms (which are nearest to melitensis) of platychela.

Var. CAitVANM-: Pilsbry. PL 62, fig. 54-56.

Spire elevated, conoidal; aperture small and very oblique; colora-
tion usually of zigzag brown strigations sometimes broken into
obscure bands above, and a narrow cordon of blotches below the per-
iphery.

Malta.

H. PROVINCIALIS Benoit, 1842. PL 64, fig. 19, 20; pi. 60, figs. 74,

75.

Imperforate, depressed, slightly shining, solid, white, unicolored
or marked with four cordons of pale brown spots, irregularly
obliquely striate, and with microscopic spiral incised lines above,
less striate below; spire low conoid, blunt, but the apical whorl
.slightly projecting, corneous; whorls 4J-5, the upper ones somewhat
flattened, the body-whorl depressed, (more so than in either the
several preceding or following species) sub-angulate at its origin,
abruptly and deeply descending at the aperture, generally a little
indented around the axis below; aperture small, very oblique, trun-
cate-oval, slightly darkened and often fasciate within ; peristome
expanded, outer and basal margins reflected, terminations not con-
verging, baso-columellar portion appressed, callous and straightened
'within, but not at all dentate. Diain. 17-19, alt. 12-14 mill.

Sicily.

H. saracetia Benoit mss. is the same.

The small oblique aperture, not dentate below (not even so much
as is shown in figs. 74, 75 of pi. 60) but callous, and the depressed
body-whorl will enable one to distinguish this species. There is
usually a faint brown spot at the insertion of the columella.

H. RAGUS^E Kobelt, 1884. PL 68, fig. 17-19.

Imperforate, depressed trochoidal, the base inflated, solid, slightly
shining, irregularly striate, under the lens showing spiral impressed
lines, grayish white, with obscure traces of bands of maculfttions;
whorls 5, the first 14 smooth, convex, the apex a little exserted, sub-
mamillate, the following planulate, distinctly carinate in young

HELIX.

specimens, slowly increasing, with moderately impressed suture;
body-whorl subinflated, angulated at the periphery, the an-le In-
coming evanescent toward the aperture, base siih-ibh,,usly inflat.-d.
anteriorly deeply descending; aperture oblique, transverse lunat.-
oval; peristome white, thickened, broadly expanded all around, and
reflexd, ethe margins subconverging, not connected, tlie basal margin
callous, distinctly plicate-dentate, with a brown spot at the insertion
of the columella. (KobelL) Diam. 22-1, alt. 14 mill.

Western Sicily.

Allied to H. provincialis, but with much more broadly reflected
peristome than that species.

H. PLATYCHELA Menke, 1830. PI. 54, figs. 1-6.

Imperforate, globose, or somewhat depressed, solid, whitish, some-
times unicolored, usually with four rather narrow bands composed
of (generally faint) brown spots, rarely subcontinuous; lightly,
rather irregularly obliquely marked with growth-lines, and with
.spiral microscopic incised lines; spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse:
whorls 5-5 2, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the sutures moder-
ately impressed ; body-whorl subglobose or somewhat depressed,
generally well rounded, deeply deflexed anteriorly, convex below ;
aperture rounded oval, very oblique, slightly darkened and usually
showing bands within ; peristome broadly expanded, outer margin
reflected, basal margin reflexed, adnate to the body toward the axis,
broad, flattened, with a truncated lamella or tooth within.

Diam. 24-26, alt. 16-2-°,.

Sicily.

H. prcetexta Jan is a synonym.

An exceedingly variable form, easily distinguished typically by
the broad peristome and elevated form. There are however depress-
ed varieties wThich approach globularis, etc. A small form measures
diam. 15, alt. 12 mill.

Yur. ROSALIA Benoit. PL 62, fig. 53.

Usually larger than the type, whorls of the spire planulate, eari-
mite, the last rounded ; base more convex ; peristome less broadly
expanded and reflexed. Diam. 26, alt. 19 mill.

Palermo-

Yar. IPARIA Benoit, PL 64, figs. 23, 24.

Depressed ; whorls of the spire planulate ; body-whorl more or

less keeled.

I'ttfermo.

14

210 HELIX.

H. ASCHER.E Kobelt, 1880. PL 62, figs. 57-60.

Subdepressed-turbinate, rather thin, at ri at u late, imperforate, whit-
ish, rarely unicolored, or with four girdles of small rufous-brown
spots; whorls 5*>, regularly increasing, the upper ones slightly con-
vex, penultimate and last whorl convex, with impressed suture;
body-\vhorl subdilated, inflated below toward the aperture, anterior-
ly strongly and abruptly deflexecl, and sail-constricted behind the
aperture ; aperture very oblique, lunate-rotund ; peristome reflexed,
strongly albolabiate ; fauces brownish, showing .the bands ; margins
converging, the basal arcuate, sometimes callous, dilated and wholly
covering the umbilicus, brown-spotted at the insertion. (Kobelt.)

Diam. 22 i, alt. 16 mill.

Trapani, Sicily.

"The upper whorls are quite flat, like those of platychela; and it
would appear as though young examples were keeled ; the suture is
not at all impressed. The penultimate whorl first begins to be more
convex, and the suture deeper ; the last whorl is somewhat widened,
rounded at the periphery, the base tumid as it approaches the mouth,
very deeply deflexed, and somewhat constricted." (Kobelt.)

Very closely allied to some forms of H. platychela.

H. RID IONS Martens, 1884. Unfigured.

Covered perforate, subglobose-depressed, white, marked with four
dark brown bands, the upper interrupted, striatulate below the sut-
ure, shining, whorls 4?. the first convex, grayish-brown, unicolored,
the following subangulate, body-whorl rounded, convex below,
deeply descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, wide-ovate •
peristome white, rather broadly reflexed, the margins approx-
imating, arcuate above and below, the columellar margin dilated and
appressed. Diam. 17, alt. 11 mill. ; aperture, diam. and alt. 9 mill.

(Martens.)

Dorgali, Sardinia.

"Some specimens exhibit a small umbilical fissure, but in the
greater number this is closed by the expansion of the columellar
margin. A very minute spiral striation is visible upon the upper
surface of most specimens, with a lens of moderate power."

" This species is comparable to the Sicilian H. globularis Ziegl.,
and the more flattened forms of H. platychela Mke. By the broad-
er aperture, more strongly concave columellar lip, without trace of
a tooth, it may be distinguished from these." (Martens.)

The following variations are described :

HELIX. •_>!!

Var. SI'LI;NI>I<;NS Maltzan.

Differs from the type in the distinctly conoidal shell, last whorl
subcompressed, trifasciate, aperture narrower.

Diam. 17, alt. 11 mill. Donjuli. Sardinia,

Var. MINOR Maltzan.

Shell much smaller. Diam. 14-}, alt. 9 2 mill.

Dor gali, Sardinia.

H. PLATYCHELOIDES Kobelt, 1881. PL 54, figs. 9-12.

Covered umbilicate, conoid, spire exserted, striatnlatc, scarcely
shining, solid, white or encircled by five castaneous hands; whorU
5, somewhat convex, separated by linear, distinct sutures, regularly
increasing, the last inflated, anteriorly abruptly deeply deflexed ;
aperture very oblique, irregularly ovate, slightly lunate; peristome
labiate with white, the margins considerably converging and joined
by a distinct callus, upper margin expanded, outer and basal re-
flexed, basal margin wide, distinctly expanded above the umbilicus,
armed with a straightened callus or subdentiform fold within.

Diam. 24, alt. 17 mill.

Mts. of Beni Hosemar, Morocco.

This species sustains the same relation to H. sicanoides that the
Sicilian platy chela bears to sicana. It differs from platychela (to
which many examples are very similar in outline) in the constant
presence of an umbilicus, the less reflected peristome and the }>ecu-
liar apex. (Kobelt.)

H. BOETTGERI Kobelt, 1881. PL 54, figs. 27-29.

Covered rimate, depressed conoid, solid, striatulate, microscopic-
ally granulate, but not so distinctly spirally striate as H. tetuanensis,
whitish, or yellowish-green, variously painted with hands and tlam-
mules of brownish ; whorls 5, the first two formini: a projecting
apex, the following less convex, the last somewhat inflated, deeply
deflexed anteriorly ; suture linear, impressed; aperture very oblique,
transverse-oval, the peristome acute, thin, strongly labiate with
white, the margins converging, and joined by a thin callus, the
upper expanded, outer slightly and basal distinctly reflexed over
the rimate umbilicus, bearing inside a straight or dentiform callus.

Diam. 20-21, alt. 13£ mill.

Mts. Beni Hosemar, near Tetmni. M<

212 HELIX.

This form, which inhabits the more western mountains, is in gen-
eral shape scarcely to be distinguished from many forms of the Sicil-
ian H. globularis, but may be readily recognized by the sculpture
and the columellar lip, which is not appressed. To the H. tetuan-
ensis it holds about the same relation as globularis to platycheln.

(Kobelt.)

H. GYROSTOMA FerussMC, 1821. PI. 54, figs. 20, 21.

Covered perforate, globose, lightly obliquely striatulate, whitish -
gray (bleached ?) with numerous small opaque white flecks, and
larger, more translucent grayish markings ; this gray is above form-
ed into flammules somewhat, and below into two narrow bands;
and upon these translucent tracts the white flecks are principally
distributed ; whorls 4*, the first relatively large, the second and third
flatter, appearing decidedly carinated in the suture, the last inflated,
well rounded, very strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very ob-
lique, comparatively small, circular, the terminations of the peristome
joined by a thick shining white callus, its margins briefly expanded,
white. (Martens.') Diam. 19£, alt. 12£ mill.

Tripoli.

In the early part of the century this Helix was found in Tripoli,
and communicated by Dr. Leach to Ferussac ; and again in 1879 a
single example was taken by Dr. Erwin von Barry, in the first
range of the Tarhuna Mountains.

PI. 50, figs. 55, 56 are copied from the original figures of Ferussac.

H. SCHERZKRI Zelebor, 1868. PL 60, figs. 86-88.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striatulate, whitish,
with sparsely scattered corneous points or also with five continuous
brown bands ; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse ; whorls 4|,
slightly convex, the last inflated, anteriorly profoundly deflexed ;
aperture very oblique, subcircular, peristome albolabiate, the mar-
gins approximating, joined by a callus, briefly reflexed, the columel-
lar obsoletely unidentate within, dilated and appressed above the
axial region. (Pfeiffer.) Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill.

Gibraltar.

This species is distinguished from the preceding and the following
species, to which it stands nearest, by the entirely closed umbilicus.
The columellar reflection is however perfectly sharply defined, and
distinctly visible. From the H. marmorata, with which it lives, it
may be separated always by the white lip. (Kobelt.)

HMMX. i'l:»,

H. TETUANENSIS Kobelt, 1881. PL r,4, h>. 30-:.

Covered perforate, globose conoidal, beautifully undulately gran-
ulate under the lens by the decussation of distinct in<-ivmrntal
striaB and very fine spiral impressed lines; rather thin, lustn •]« — .
unicolored dirty yellow or with brown bands, sometimes coalesreut ;
whorls 5, well rounded, separated by impressed sutures, the first
forming a projecting apex, the last inflated and briefly, deeply de-
flexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, lunate-rounded ; pi-ristome
acute, labiate with white, the margins converging, and joined by a
callus, upper margin a little expanded, outer and basal nun
reflexed, columellar lip expanded over the perforation, and hearing
a strong dentiform fold inside. Diam. 20, alt. \1\ mill.

Mts. Beni Hosemar, at Tetuan, Mor-

Closely allied to H. bbttgeri.
H. SICANOIDKS Kobelt, 1881. PL 54, figs. 17-1 '.».

Very slightly but always sensibly rimate, globose-subconoid, apex
exserted, rather thin but solid, unicolored whitish or yellowish, or
•with brown or blackish bands of various widths, striatulate ; whorls
•"). -eparated by distinct linear suture, the upper ones flattened, the
following more convex ; body-whorl inflated, abruptly descending
at aperture; aperture very oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome labiate
with white, slightly reflexed on the base, margin^ converging, joined
by a light callus ; columella with a strong callus, sometimes denti-
form below. Diam. 21, alt. 16$ mill. (Kobelt)

J77x. Beni Hosemar, near Tct»<m. M

Very nearly allied to the Sicilian H. sicana, aajTB Kobelt, but
constantly separated from that species, after an examination of iev-
eral hundred examples of each, by the umbilical rimation, of which
*/Vv//i« never has any indication, by the peculiar apex, and the less
reflected peristome.
H. SICANA Ferussac. PL o4, figs. 13-16.

Imperforate, globular or bullet-shaped, thin but rather ,..lid,
whitish, unicolored or with three or four narrow brown Of OOTIK
subcontinuous bands, delicately opaquely striate. tin- Mirtace de<
sated by numerons fine incised spiral lines, base Dearly smooth
spire more or less elevated conic, obtuse; rotOTC linear, but
impressed and distinct; whorls .V-Vl, those of the spire somew
flattened, gradually increasing; body-whorl gtoboie, rounded, v;
convex below, somewhat constricted behin.l the aperture, r
deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture small, rotund-lunar, v,-ry 0

214 HELIX.

lique ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed, its margins converging,
the columellar with a short callus plate inside, frequently truncate
or subdentate at base. Diam. 21, alt. 18-21 mill.

Near Palermo, Sicily.

H. soluta (Ziegl.) Phil, is a synonym.

Although quite variable, this species need be confounded with no
other Sicilian shell. The imperforate base, strong spiral sculpture,
small aperture and narrow peristome, as well as the globular form
will distinguish it.

* * *

B. The following group of Iberus contains shells with rounded
periphery, generally rather smooth surface, and depressed form, the
base usually indented at the center or perforate. They are charac-
teristic of peninsular Italy and the Continent, rather than of Sicily.

H. NICIENSIS Ferussac. PL 64, figs. 14-18.

Covered perforate, depressed, slightly shining, thin but rather
solid, whitish, encircled by four or five spiral series of brown or
corneous spots, sometimes coalescent into irregular blotches above ;
surface striatulate, and with sparse interrupted spiral lines above ;
spire low conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, the first forming a slightly salient,
apex, the following a little flattened, the last rapidly widening, de-
pressed, rounded at periphery, slightly indented in the center of the
base, rather deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunate,
oblique, lilac colored within ; peristome labiate with the same color,
slightly expanded, the margins subapproaching ; basal margin flat-
tened, with a callus lamina within. Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill.

Central France ; Italy.

H. nicceensis of Risso and of Rossmsessler is the same.

H. SERPENTINA Ferussac. PL 60, figs. 59-65.

Covered perforate, depressed, rather solid, opaque, somewhat shin-
ing, lightly obliquely striatulate, whitish or yellow tinged, painted
in innumerable patterns with deep chestnut, the markings generally
more or less formed into narrow spiral interrupted zones, of which
three (one subsutural, indistinct) are above, two (the outer more
distinct) below the periphery ; or radiately maculate and strigate
above, sometimes with the whole ground-color deep chestnut, upon
which are zigzag white vermiculations and strigations ; spire de-
pressed conoid, the apex subplanulate, corneous; whorls 4 -2-5, the
inner gradually, the outer rapidly widening ; body-whorl depressed,

HELIX. 2K)

rounded at periphery, subflattened below, and indented in tin- cen-
ter, anteriorly slightly deflexed ; aperture broadly srmioval, oblique.
whitish within, not showing the bands prominently : periMome nar-
rowly expanded, .slightly albolftbiate, its tipper and lower margin.-
subparallel, not converging ; columellar margin rellrxed, appro* ••«!
over the axis, dark colored, especially toward the uinhilical callu- :
parietal wall chestnut colored. Diara. 18, alt. 10 mill.

Southern France ; Italy; Curxirn ; tin wl in in.

An excessively mutable form, which has been divided by authors
into numerous species and varieties, the chief objection to whu-h is
the extreme difficulty of distinguishing them, even with the aid of
good figures.

The Marchesa Paulucci has made a critical study of the group
(Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., viii) and, except in considering //o.<y^V////x.
carce, etc., subspecies instead of species, I have not departed from her
arrangement of the forms.

Var. ISILENSIS (Villa) Mabille. PI. 63, figs. 29-.°, 1.

A pallid depressed form which is considered bv the Marchesi
Paulucci to be a variety or local race of the If. serp'-iifimt, the prin-
cipal character of which is the total want of color. There are al>o
individuals with dark dots or spots. Diam. 20-21, alt, 10-11 mill.

Corsica.

Var. JASPIDKA Moq.-Tand. PI. 61, figs. 20-21'.

Larger, bands not distinct above, marbled ; colors bright

Cornea,

Var. ISAR^E Paulucci. PL 61, figs. 23-25.

Shell more rugose than the type, the interrupted zon^ paler ; no
umbilical or parietal macula; columellar margin brown-punctate.

Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill.

Subspecies HOSPITANS Bonelli. PL 54, figs. 22, 23.

A form differing in its rather larger more globose form from tin-
typical serperima. '< The coloration varies from a whit ^ g
all covered with dots of dark or pale brown disposed in aen
interrupted zones, to a milk-white, without trace of markn,
spot which ornaments the base at the insertion of the oolumel
however, always remains constant, but even this is subject
mutation as well in the intensity of its color as in the •
the form, the modifications are still more obvious; tor. wh.l,

216 HELIX.

type is rather globulose, the last whorl comparatively inflated, there
occur with it forms almost angulate, and others actually carinated."

(Mme. Paulucci.)

Sardinia.

The synonymy includes, according to Mme. Paulucci, H. mag-
nettii Cantraine (non magnettii Mabille) and H. carce Kobelt (non
carcje Cantraine).

The following form is described by the Marchesa Paulucci as a
variety of H. hospitans, which is considered by her a species distinct
from H. serpentina, although connected with the latter by transition
forms.

Var. ALABASTRIXA Paulucci. PI. 61, figs. 17-19.

" Differs from the type by the more globose, more solid shell ; the
last whorl less dilated ; the brown umbilical and parietal maculation
wanting ; columellar margin thick, alabastrine ; aperture small."

Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill.

Another form inhabiting Cape St. Elias, has been called by Mme
Paulucci mutation (or variety) porphydica. Its differential char-
acters are found in the entire absence or great reduction of the spot
at the insertion of the columella, and the coloration of the surface*
which consists of small crowded maculations, which frequently have
a tendency toward violaceous, instead of brown.

Subspecies CAR.E Cantraine. PI. 64, figs. 9, 10.

Imperforate, orbiculate-convex, somewhat depressed, smooth, shin-
ing, yellowish marbled and vermicula'te with dirty white, ornament-
ed with five brown interrupted zones ; spire prominent but subplane ;
aperture ovate-lunate, white, as wide as high ; peristome reflexed ;
umbilical callosity bordered yellowish. Corsica; Sard! //in.

H. halmyris Mabille is synonymous.

Var. ADJACIENSIS Paulucci. PL 64, figs. 11-13.

Smaller, more globose, spire elevated, umbilical tract with a brown
spot, columellar and parietal margins brown.

Diam. 21, alt. lo-j mill.

Subspecies CENESTINENSIS Crosse et Debeaux. PL 60, figs. 94, !)•">.
Imperforate, turbinate-depressed, somewhat solid, slightly shin-
ing, scarcely striate, whitish, encircled by spiral rather wide regular
deep chestnut zones, variegated with white ; spire subdepressed,
apex obtuse, smooth, pale violet; suture impressed; whorls 4 a,

HELIX. 1>]7

slightly convex, the last slightly descending, below bifasriatc; aper-
ture oblique, wide lunar, livid whitish within; pcrist.mir labial. •,
the margins distant, nearly sub-parallel, the columella (and umbili-
cal tract) deep brown, subdilated basal and outer margins whitish.
(Crosse et Debeaux.) Diam. 19, alt. 11 mill.

Corsica.

May be distinguished from its allies by the regular disposition,
width and deep color of the bands.

Var. SUBURBANA Paulucci.

More convex, conic and solid, and more striate ; the last whorl
less globose ; aperture broader and shortened.

Diam. 19£, alt. 13 mill. Sassari, Sardinia.

H. OBERNDOERFERI Kobelt, 1882. PI. 60, figs. 96, 97.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, rather solid, densely sub-costate-
striatulate, whitish gray, with five interrupted bands or series of
maculations of chestnut, which are more distinct and continuous
toward the aperture, and marked from the upper to the lowest band
with clear corneous zigzags and flecks, as in H. serpentina; base
whitish, unmarked, or at most with a few streaks; whorls 5, convex,
the apex obtuse, regularly increasing, suture linear, moderately im-
pressed; body-whorl scarcely dilated, subinflated, convex below,
and impressed in the umbilical region, deeply deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture ovate-rotund, deeply lunate, the margins distant, the upper
slightly expanded, outer a little reflexed, the basal thickened, sub-
dentate, scarcely dilated. (Kobelt.) Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill,

Palma, in Mallorca, Balearic /-.

Lacks the spot at the insertion of the columella, which is so char-
acteristic of H. serpentina.

H. PUDIOSA Paulucci, 1882. PL 63, figs. 32-34.

Imperforate, orbiculate, depressed convex, opaque, rtriatalate,
slightly malleate, white, ornamented with five interrupted brown
zones ; spire subprominent, apex obtuse, smooth, corneous ; whorls
4i scarcely convex, (the first slowly, last rapidly increasing), sep-
arated by an impressed suture; the last subcompressed, convex be-
low, anteriorly toward the aperture abruptly deflexed, not dilat.-d :
aperture oblique, ovate-oblong, whitish; peristome lightly lal.iatr
within, the margins converging, approximating. (Pnulucci.}

Diam. 16, alt. 9* mill.

Sassari, Sardinia.

218 HELIX.

H. VILLICA Paulucci, 1882. PI. 63, figs. 51-53.

Somewhat umbilicated, orbiculate, depressed-convex, opaque, ru-
gose-striate, whitish, ornamented with four interrupted zones, formed
of brown maculations, spire subprominent, apex minute, mamillate,
violaceous ; whorls 41-5, slightly convex, (the inner regularly, last
rapidly increasing) separated by impressed sutures ; the last whorl
subcompressed, subinflated below7, anteriorly at the aperture sudden-
ly deflexed, not dilated ; aperture oblique, subcircular, the margins
approaching ; peristome thin, reflexed ; columellar margin dilated,
partly closing the umbilical perforation. (Pauhicci.)

Diam. 19, alt. 11 mill. Sardinia.

H. TETRAZONA Jan. PI. 64, figs. 25-27.

Depressed, umbilicate, transversely striate, whitish, with four
brown zones ; aperture lunate-rotund ; peristome subreflexed, sub-
margined. (Christ et Jan.) Diam. 18, alt. 9 mill.

Abruzvi.

If. intermedia var. p, Pfr. is a synonym.

H. STRIGATA Miiller, 1773. PL 66, figs. 92a, 92b.

Umbilicate, depressed, white, with four chestnut bands, the upper
three interrupted, narrow ; upper surface striate, whorls 41, rather
flattened, the last deflexed anteriorly ; aperture rounded oval, ob-
lique ; peristoaie reflexed, sublabiate, white, the margins converging.

Diam. 19, alt. 8* mill.

Central Italy.

Var. UMBRICA Charp. PL 64, figs. 30,31.

Moderately umbilicate ; periphery subangulate ; surface strongly
costate.

Umbria.

Var. SURRENTINA (A. Schmidt) Martens. PL 65, figs. 50, 51
Shell almost covered perforate, subdepressed, very subtly striate,

slightly pinkish white, with four pale chestnut interrupted bands;

whorls 41, slightly convex, the last descending, aperture very oblique,

oval ; peristome reflexed, patulous, sublabiate, pinkish brown, the

margins approximating, the basal arcuate ; with a brown umbilical

spot, (Martens.) Diam. 16, alt. 7 mill.

Naples.
In part H. carseolana of authors. It is not according to Mme.

Paulucci, the surrentina of Kobelt, (Icon, v, t. 123, f. 1172, 1173)

which is var. fuscolabiata Rossm.

HELIX. •_>]<,

Var. FUSCOLABIATA Rossm. PI. 64, figs. 32-34.

Somewhat larger than the type, sometimes bandless, usually with
the lower band absent, the others so interrupted that tin- .-hell ap-
pears above to be radiately streaked with white and brown : aperture
and peristome clear brown. Sorrento; O////-/; /V</,,,,,.

Var. POSIDONIENSIS Tiberi. PI. 60, figs. 66, 67.

Large, decidedly widened, especially the last whorl ; depressed
and sharply sculptured. PcBsfnm.

Var. SICULA Benoit.

Sharply costulate above; aperture more rounded, iusn>-Iahiatr.

Sicily.
Var. APULA Blanc. PI. 64, figs. 28,29.

Sculpture more distinct ; aperture more rounded, less oblique.

Tarn a (<>.
Var. POLITA Paulucci.

This pretty variety is distinguished by its relatively almost smooth
shell, as well as by the row of little spots scattered along the suture,
a character which is completely absent in all the typical individual.-.
I have received this variety from Engineer Molteni, of F«liLrn<>
(Umbria), mingled with a number of H. ftrigata. It appears quite
common. (Ptriilucci.')

H. CARSO LIANA Ferussac. PI. 65, figs. 42-44.

Almost closed perforate, globose sub-depressed, thick, opaque
white, with three narrow interrupted chestnut hands, spire slightly
prominent, composed of 5 whorls, flattened and narrow, the last wide.
very convex, with a very narrow umbilical perforation ; surface ir-
regularly striate, the stria? more prominent at the suture. U-cnmini:
obsolescent below : aperture small, very oblique, oval, a little wider
than high; peristome thickened within, narrowly retlexed. culmnel-
lar margin oblique, dilated at the insertion. (Fer. et Desk.)

Diam. 18 i, alt. 8.] mill.

It is H. carseolana Auct. and H. marrm-iim Til)., ( pi. <>6, figs. 84-

86.)

Centra/ //<////.

Mine. Paulucci (Materiaux, etc., p. 34) says : "The type -of this
species, as it is represented in the work of Ferussac correspond.- exact-
ly with Mt. Maiella specimens which I have received from Dr. Tilu-ri
under the name of H. marrucina (PL 66, figs. 84-86). It is a shell
with the umbilicus wholly closed, with pale bands, so interrupted as

220 HELIX.

to be reduced to elongated points, widely separated from one another
A variety usually smaller, more depressed, and consequently with
wider aperture, and having a faint brown spot at the insertion oj
the columella, has been described by Dr. Westerhmd under the
name of H. recondita. I have had the types of the species fron
Mr. Westerlund ; they are identical with mine. It seems to me im-
possible to separate H. recondita specifically.'

"A second variety, more like the type in general form, and ap
proaching H. recondita in the columellar spot, has been named b)

me var. CONTAMINATA this variety frequently ha:

the umbilicus partly open ; the coloration is like that of the type
but with the maculations or points more intense. It has below f
more or less interrupted chestnut band."

" The third variety, which I have called UZIELLIANA (pi. 60, figs
76-80) is relatively very depressed, the columellar margin dark, th(
umbilicus decidedly open. It is the form which authors have look
ed upon as the type of the species, and called H. carseolana"

Var. PERSIANII Tiberi. PI. 65, figs. 39-41.

Large, umbilicate, spire flatter, columellar margin rufous-maculat*
Diam. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Var. UNIARMATA Paulucci. PI. 65, figs. 35, 36.

Differs from th,e typical carsoliana of Ferussac by the somewha
larger shell, somewhat compressed below, the umbilicus nearly clos
ed ; aperture widened, the margins subparallel, the lower strongly
callous or dentate, with a brown spot at its insertion.

Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill.

Var. MILETTIANA Paulucci. PL 65, figs. 37, 38.

Differs from the type in the much larger conic shell, the last whor
wider, much inflated ; columella callous, widely brown-maculate
peristome brown. Diam. 22, alt. 15 mill.

Mt. Milrtto
H. NEBRODENSIS Pirajno. PL 60, figs. 83-85, 89-91.

Covered perforate or umbilicate, depressed-globose solid, opaque
shining, white, encircled by two to four, usually three deep chestnin
bands, the lower two subcontinuous, sometimes unicolored white, verj
lightly irregularly obliquely striate and with numerous microscopic
spiral impressed lines, especially obvious near the aperture, spire lo\\
depressed conic, apex corneous, blunt, the first whorl convex, the
following lightly convex, but with a flattened appearance ; whorl-

HELIX. L>.j]

41-5, the last rather wide, convex, its la>ithir<! rather inilated 1,,-loNv,
abruptly deflexed anteriorly ; apecture oval, wide, obliqu^ yellowish

flesh-color within, showing the hands; periatome expanded, white,

thickened somewhat within, the upper and lower margins suhparal-
lel, somewhat converging, the upper straightened, the hasal mar-in
rather straight, more or less thickened, sometimes even snhdmtair
within, and appressed to the hase for a short distance, the expanded
columellar margin partially covering the umbilicus, at its insertion
slightly brown-tinged.

Diam. 25, alt. 18 mill; diarn. 26, alt. 16 mill.

Madonian Mis. Northern >S'»V////.

A forma minor (pi. 60, figs. 89-91) measures: diam. 20, alt. 1:;
mill.

A more flattened form from Castelbuono is figured by Kobelt i pi.
65, figs. 52-56.)

The spiral sculpture will separate this form from the preceding
peninsular species.

H. EUGENIA Pfeiffer, 1853. PI. 65, figs. 48, 49.

Partly or wholly covered perforate, subdepressed globose-conic,
opaque, solid, cretaceous, shining, white, with fine incremental stria1
and microscopic decussating spiral lines, sometimes subobsolete ;
spire depressed conic, apex corneous, prominent, but blunt; suture
lightly impressed, linear; whorls 4i, the apical convex, the follow-
ing flattened, moderately increasing; body-whorl subangular at the
periphery, suddenly deflexed above; aperture rounded oval, very
oblique, yellowish flesh-color inside ; peristome obtuse, its ends con-
verging, the baso-columellar margin reflexed and appressed, thick-
ened within, expanded over or partly over the umbilicus, and with a
brown spot at its union with the parietal wall. Diam. 14, alt. 9 mill.

Ficuzza, near Palei'mo, Sicily.

H. vigenia Parr, (in sched.) and H. calypso Benoit are identical.
First discovered by Benoit, but the name of Pfeiffer has priority.

Var. HUETIANA Benoit. PL 65, figs. 45-47.

Double the size of H. eugenia, more depressed, and usually slight-
ly malleate ; aperture dark within ; carina often obsolete on last
whorl. Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill.

Monte St.

H. hueti Pfr. is synonymous.

222 HELIX.

H. MARIANNE Kobelt, 1880. PI. 60, figs. 92, 93 ; pi. 65, figs. r>7,

58.

Of this species, which was at first identified with the long-lost H.
circgimornata of Ferussac. Dr. Kobelt says : My examples show three
bands of square reddish brown markings, which have their longer
dimension in the direction of the incremental strise ; the middle ones
are much wider than the two outer, and often formed by the co-
alescence of the second and third. The arrangement of the markings
is remarkably regular, as the figure of Ferussac indicates. The
sculpture is like that of H. carseolana and also the form of the whorls,
except that these are more raised, and no angulation is visible. The
aperture more widely rounded, and relatively shorter than in the
typical carseolana; the terminations of the peristome are much less
approaching, and the basal margin is less thickened by the callus.
The peristome, too, is of a rather bright reddish-brown color, and
only its very edge is white. {Icon. L u. suss. iv. Moll. Eur., etc.,
v.,p.77.~)

Separated from If. surrentina by the greater elevation, and the
inflated whorls, which are shouldered at the suture ; from H. carse-
olana by the closed umbilicus and the brown peristome. Its home
is eastward from the Appeimines, in that Apulian outlier of the Ap-
pennines known as the Murgie. (Kobelt in Icon, etc., vii, p. 9.)

This is the H. circumornata of Kobelt, (1877), not of Ferussac.

Var. PEUCETANA Kobelt. PL 65, figs. 59, 60.

Nearly unicolored yellowish-brown above, the whitish ground-col-
or of the type wholly lost ; markings wholly coalescent, except for a
dark subsutural zone and the second and third bands visible behind
the aperture ; fourth band sharply defined.

H. CIRCUMORNATA Ferussac. PI. 60, figs. 81, 82.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, glabrous, white, encircled by a sin-
gle central fascia, and three series of orange-brown spots ; whorls
four, planulate, the last inflated ; aperture lunate-elliptical, brown
within ; peristome subreflexed. (Fcr. et Desk., Hist., i, p. 122.)

Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill.

The original figures of Ferussac are copied on my plate. The
species has not been satisfactorily identified with any of the Italian
Iberus. Dr. von Martens has described and figured specimens of
an Iberus similar to H. inarianncB as this species; but the correct-
ness of his identification is extremely doubtful. See Conch. MittheiL,
i, p. 19.

HKLIX. 223

H. SIGN ATA Ferussac. PL 65, figs. 61 -«;.">.

Covered perforate, subdepressed globose, white, ornamented with
(usually) three interrupted chestnut hands; suhstriate ; \\\\<>r\-
little flattened, the last descending; aperture very oblique, lunatt -
rotund ; peristome patulous, brown, albolabiate, the margin.- >ul><-i.n-
verging, the columellar callous, with a l)ro\vn spot at its insertion.

Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. (Pfeiffer.)

Monti- ( 'atrino.

H.ficuum Miihlf. (and H. circunntrimfu Mart.?) an- synonym-.

H. ARGENTAROL.E Pdulucci, 1886. PI. 67, figs. 4-6.

Perforate or partly covered perforate, rather thin, subtranslinvnt.
densely striate and malleate, whitish flesh-color, ornamented with a
wide, (sometimes interrupted) brown band below, and three /.on.
varying intensity and width, composed of flecks of the same ruli.r
above; globosely depressed, spire convex, slightly elevated, apex mi-
nute, acute; whorls 5, the inner regularly, last rapidly innva-ini:,
separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl wide, rotund, inflated
below, abruptly greatly deflexed and descending anteriorly; aper-
ture wide, ovate; peristome thin, briefly reflexed, the columellar
margin expanded, partly covering the umbilicus, brown-maculate.

Diam. 25 i alt. 15 mill. (Paulucd.}

Promontory of Argentaro, It<i/y.

A very distinct species.

H. FORSYTHI Paulucci, 1886. PL 65, figs. 66-68.

Subcovered perforate, conico-depressed, solid, opaque, regularly
densely striate bluish white, with three to four interrupted chestnut
bands; apex acute, smooth ; whorls 5, declivous, slowly inrivasini:.
the last large, inflated below, deflexed at the aperture; aperture ob-
lique, subcircular, pale chestnut within, the margins approximating,
the basal arcuate, brown-maculate at the insertion, the peristome
somewhat reflexed. Diam. 18, alt. 11 mill. (Paulucci.')

Promontory of Arg< >n1<irn.

H.forsythi is somewhat intermediate between turrentina and rtrir
</«ta var. fascolabiata. From surrentina the bluish-white color, le*.
rounded, more sloping form, the body-whorl more swollen below
rougher sculpture, different color pattern, and especially the more
circular aperture distinguish it. From fusco /< ibi<it>: it w separated
by the more sloping form, narrower hist whorl, rounder, more oblique
aperture and notably diverse sculpture.

224 HELIX.

Var. ORTA Paulucci, PI. 65, figs. 69, 70.

Larger, conic-globose ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last especially
inflated. Diam. 21, alt. 14 mill.

H. SAXETANA Paulucci, 1886. PI 66, figs. 75-77.

Subcovered perforate, subglobose-depressed, solid, shining, coarsely
and irregularly striate, flesh-colored, with four interrupted chestnut
bands ; apex minute, corneous, smooth ; whorls 5 J, slightly convex,
the inner regularly, the last rapidly widening, much inflated below
strongly descending anteriorly, separated by impressed sutures ;
aperture nearly circular ; peristome reflexed, pinkish brown subr
labiate, margins approximating, the upper straight, the lower deep-
ly arcuate, with a chestnut umbilical spot. Diam. 20, alt. 13 mill.

Promontory of Argentaro, Italy.

A small form, diam. 15, alt. 9, and a smaller, diam. 12, alt. 8
mill., are also noted by Mme. Paulucci.

This species is most nearly allied to If. mariannce. It has one-
half of a whorl "less than the latter species, is more depressed, the
last whorl is smaller and more inflated below, the mouth more cir-
cular, and the superior margin of the peristome is straight. From
H. carsoliana, var. milettiana which is also allied, the number of
whorls (lesser by one), the less elevated form, flatter whorls, larger,
rounder aperture etc., will separate saxetana.

Unfigured and unidentified species of Iberus.
H. THERESA (" Benoit") Martens, 1861.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, obliquely rugose, whitish, with
four interrupted yellowish brown bands; whorls 4j ; slightly con-
vex, the last descending ; aperture very oblique, ovate-rotund ;
peristome patulo-reflexed, sublabiate, the margins moderately con-
verging, columellar arcuate ; no umbilical spot, (von Martens.)

Diam. 18, alt. 8 mill.

Sicily.

May be a synonym of H. strigata. There is an H. teresce Benoit,
1845, but it is the same as H. flavida Ziegl. It is not unlikely that
some confusion of specimens caused von Martens to describe the
above Iberus as "H. theresa} Benoit."

H. UMBRICA (Charpentier) Mabille, 1868.

Moderately umbilicated, orbiculate-depressed, above con vex -
mamillate, whitish lutescent, a little shining, opaque, solid, orna-
mented with lamelliform costa? ; spire subdepressed-subconvex, apex

HELIX.

obtuse, yellowish corneous, smooth ; whorls 4-5, the first n-ularlv.
last rapidly increasing, subconvex-depflBMed, separated by nmd.-
ly impressed sutures; body-whorl large, depressed, ohsrmvly csri-
nated at the periphery, gently descendin.ir and suddenly deflexed ;
aperture oblique, lunate, ovate, the margins approximating; prri-
stome somewhat acute, a little expanded, white, sublabiate within,
reflexed at the umbilicus, the columellar margin apprised, slightly
thickened. Diam. 17, alt. 8 mill. (Mabille.)

Monte. <li Soinnin, I'nibria.
May be a synonym of If. atriguhi Fer.

H. TIBERII (Parr. ) Martens, 1860.

Covered perforate, conic-depressed, obliquely rugose-striate, de-
cussated by microscopic spiral striae, bands four, interrupted, tin-
upper three confluent, marbled ; aperture very oblique, transversely
oval, brown within; peristome white, sublabiate, superior margin
straight, columellar margin straightened, callus, subdentate. a|>-

pressed. Diam. 21, alt. 10 mill. (Martens.)

Sicily.
I can learn nothing of the species.

H. HUELOWI Maltzan, 1886.

Entirely covered, or very slightly rimate, depressed, nearly lentic-
ular, acutely carinated, solid, irregularly rugose, under a lens show-
ing very subtle spiral lines, grayish white, quadrifasciate with brown
maculations ; whorls 5, the apical slightly convex, smooth, the fol-
lowing planulate, with a margined carina at the suture ; body-whorl
convex above and below, with a submedian prominently compressed
carina, anteriorly abruptly, deeply deflexed; aperture very oblique,
annulate-ovate, somewhat lunate, the margins converging, but scarce-
ly connected, the upper at first subinflexed, then patulous, the low-
er reflexed, with a white shining callus, distinctly tubercnlate in the
middle within, a brown spot at its insertion.

I )iam. 22-}, alt. 12 mill. (Maltznn. >

Cape San Vito, Smly.

Differs from H. scabrinscula in the median carina, and the re-
flexed, strongly dentate basal margin.

H. ROLLEI Maltzan, 1886.

Depressed, rather solid, rather smooth, under a leu im-ularly
striatulate, shining, whitish, ornamented with brown ,t rural >«
above, which tend to form three bands, and with an mterrupte
15

226 HELIX.

brown band or series of spots below; whorls 4£, a little convex, reg-
ularly increasing, separated by regularly, moderately impressed
suture ; body-whorl slightly dilated, subplane above, convex below,
briefly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ovate-rotund, slightly
lunate ; peristome a little reflexedy labiate within, the margins ap-
proximating, connected by a very thin brownish callus, the basal
margin at the insertion dilated, closing the umbilicus, in adults,
with a brownish callus. Diam. 20, alt. 10 mill. (Maltzan.)

Maretimo.
All the information given by Maltzan appears above.

H. CIOFALOI Cafici, 1885.

This Sicilian species was described by Cafici in II ^atnruli^n
Siciliano, 1885, p. 151. It is not figured, but is compared with H.
abrcea (Bourg.) Mabille, — a form which has not been, probably can-
not be, identified with certainty. Under these circumstances, and
in view of the extreme difficulty of distinguishing the species of
Iberus, even when figured, H. ciofaloi had better be left in obscurity
until its claims to specific distinction are made more patent.
H. SILVESTRII Cafici, is the name given to the form figured by
Kobelt (Iconographie, figs. 1848-1850) as a depressed variety of IT.
nebrodensis. Figs. 53-56 of my plate 65 are copies of these fig-
ures of Kobelt. See //. Nat. SiciL, 1885, p. 152. Cafici gives n<>
diagnosis.
H. SUBSTRIGATA (Bourg.) Mabille, 1868. Sic /'///.

Another unfigured Silician Iberus, probably a synonym of H.
strigata.

H. ABROMTA (Bourg.) Mabille. Lombardy.

H. AB^EA (Bourg.) Mabille. Lombardy.

Have been identified by Kobelt with H. muralis.

LEVANTINA, Kobelt, 1871.

H. SPIRIPLANA Olivier, (1801 ?) PI. 55, fio-s. 45, 46; pi. 66, hVs.
71, 72.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, dull above, brownish white lightei
below, with five indistinct light brown girdles composed of elongated
or arrow-shaped blotches; strongly, obliquely striate above, the base
smoother; spire very low conic, obtuse; whorls 4], rather rapidly
widening, the apical convex, smooth, save for a microscopic granula-
tion which is more or less visible all over the shell, the following

HKI.IX.

whorls Hat, carinatcd, tin? carina fitting into the sutuiv; hot whorl
convex, rounded at the periphery, Indented around the umbilicus,
rather abruptly deflexed anteriorly; aperture oval, very oblique;
peristome expanded, white, sublabiate, the mai-iio arena;
converging, joined by a white parietal callus; basal mar-in ivflexrd,
not adnate, partially concealing the umbilicus.
Diain. 36, alt, 19 mill.

Crete', lUnxl,*; /Wrx/ /'//*•.

The tyi)ical form is the small island variety of Crete. Tin- la re-
form found about Jerusalem has been called var. hierosofi/m"

Var. C^ESAREANA Parreyss. PL 61, figs. 100, lOOa, lonb.

This form may be distinguished by the usually complete! v d.^-d
umbilicus, the keel on the body whorl distinct, at lca-t at its ..ri-in.

Var. MAi/rxrANA Parreyss. PL 55, figs. 53, 54.

Subcovered umbilicate, subdepressed, solid, obliquely arcuately
rather roughly striate, opaque, whitish, marked with interrupted
brown bands; spire subconoidal, apex obtuse; whorls 4 to 4J, the
inner ones carinated, the last depressed, subangulated, (the angle
becoming evanescent toward the last), anteriorly deflexed, the ha>e
not inflated ; aperture very oblique, suboval, dull flesh-colored
within; peristome white, the margins joined by a light callus, the
right margin expanded, columellar broadly reflexed, almost entirely
covering the umbilicus. Diam. 28, alt. 13£ mill. (Pfeiffer.)

I!h odes.

If. ecesareana var. nana Mouss. is synonymous.

Var. MASAD.E Tristram, 1865. Unfigured.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, whitish, transversely regularly and
deeply striate above and below; ornamented with evanescent In-own
white-interrupted zones ; whorls 5, the upper carinated, plane, pro-
duced at the sutures, the last deeply deflexed; aperture oblique,
rounded; peristome reflexed, expanded, frequently concealing -the
umbilicus.

Diam. 30, alt. 14 mill. Diam. of aperture 13, alt. 11 mill.

Sebbeh (formerly Masada) Palestine, and the most barren and
sterile mountains from there to Jebel Usdum, the salt-mountain.
The deep and regular striation of this shell at once distinguish.- it
from H. spiriplana, for a small variety of which (such a- that which
Conrad has described under the mune //. /ithophaga) it mi-ht other-
wise be mistaken. (Tristram.')

228 HELIX.

Var. LITHOPHAGA Conrad, 1852.

Depressed convex, moderately thin; volutions 5, 'those of the
spire flattened ; suture margined by a carinated line ; base convex ;
umbilicus rather large, but more than half covered by the lip, which
is widely reflected ; color whitish varied with pale-brown irregular
angular spots in series of revolving lines, four on the large whorl ; base1
without colored markings. (Conrad.*) Diam. 32, alt. 18 mill.

Wady en-Nar, below Deir Mar Saba.

Remarkable for its habit of penetrating limestone rocks.

The species seems to me to be a synonym of IT. spiripl«u«.

Var. MEDIA Mousson, 1874. Unfigured.

Carina evanescent ; elegantly marked with zigzag white lines.
Diam. 32-35 mill.

Basin of Haleb.

H. GUTTATA Olivier, (1801 ?) PI. 55, figs. 51, 52 ; pi. 66, fig. 73,

74.

Imperforate or covered perforate depressed globose, solid, opaque,
rather dull, fleshy whitish, with from two to four spiral girdles of very
obscure brownish spots ; obliquely striate, rather coarsely above?
smoother below; spire slightly convex, obtuse at summit, apex
rather large, smoother and more shining than the following whorls,
which are almost plane, and until the last, with linear sutures ;
whorls 5, the last more rapidly increasing without trace of keel, even
at its origin, deeply deflected anteriorly, scarcely indented in the
center below ; aperture transversely truncate-oval, very oblique,
showing livid bands within; peristome in every part reflected, white,
the basal margin straightened, callous, subdentate, expanded and
almost or completely covering the umbilicus at the insertion, the
terminations somewhat converging, and joined by a shining white
callus. Diam. 38, alt. 22. mill.

Mesopotamia.

The italicised passages in the above description will enable one
to separate this species from all of the preceding forms.

Kobelt gives as the measurements of this form: diam. 28-38, alt.
15-20 mill.

H. DSCHULFENSIS (Dubois) Bourg., 1857. PL 55, figs. 42-44; pi.

66, figs. 81-83.

Covered umbilicate, or imperforate, more or less depressed, solid,
but thin and rather translucent, colored like If. guttata, irregularly

HELIX. >•_>,,

striate, whorls but little elevated, but convex; apei flat, minutely
rugose; whorls 4 or slightly more, much more rapidly increasing
and more convex than in typical guttata, the \-A>\ quite rounded, and
very rapidly widening; aperture very oblique, more circular than
in guttata, its margins converging, but not joined 1,\ a callus ; pn-i-
stome expanded, not thickened within, white; its columellar mar-in
arcuate, slightly thickened, expanded over the umbilicus.
Diam. 30, alt. 17 mill.

.!/•/.

Described as H. dschulfensii. H. dj-n/jcti*ix Mouss. i> tin- same.
There are in this species, as in H. guttata, fine impressed spiral lines
below the suture; these are, however, sometimes almost obsolete.
The figures on pi. 55, (copied from v. Martens), are broader and
more depressed than the specimens I have seen which are better rep-
resented by the figures on pi. 66.

H. MAZENDEKAXKNSIS Nevill. PI. 63, figs. 4.'->-4~).

Umbilicate, depressed, thin but strong, finely, reirularlv striate'
excessively minutely granulate, but not spirally striate; spire de-
pressed conoid, writh large smooth blunt apex ; suture distinct ; whorl*
about 4, regularly increasing, rounded, the last widened, . tron-ly
striate above, smooth below, and indented around the umbilicus, sud-
denly and deeply deflected anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, ovate ;
peristome simple, sharp, thickened with white, the end- conver-ini:-.
joined by a thin translucent callus ; coloration extraordinarily hand-
some for the group Levantina, consisting of a yellowish white ground-
color, darker above, upon which revolve five chestnut bands; the
fourth and fifth are most intense in color, sharply defined, but here
and there with paler spots; the first and third are less intensely col-
ored, narrow and interrupted; the bands are visible within the aper-
ture, Diam. :>•">, alt. 18 mill.

1'i-m-inrr "J -I/' :"//'/'/•>///.

This brilliantly colored species is related to H. dtchulfensis, per-
haps is only a variety of that form. The description and li-uiv- are
from Kobelt.

H. MICIIONIANA Bourguignat, 1864. PI. 55, fig. ">().

Imperforate, depressed, solid, subtranslucent, coarsely striate, cov-
ered with a yellowish corneous, very deciduous cuticle, encircled by
two irregularly interrupted chestnut colored Bones; spire com
apex very obtuse, corneous, smooth, quite mamillate ; whorls 5, eon-

230 HELIX.

vex, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures, the last large
rounded, deeply descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, slightly
lunate, wide transverse-oblong ; peristome thickened with white, ex-
panded, the columellar margin nearly straight, but a little curved,
broadly reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus, the margins con-
verging, approximating, united by a strong callus.

Diam. 35, alt. 21 mill. (Bourguignat.)

Mts. of Northern Mesopotamia and Kurdistan.

H. Kurdistana var baschkirci Pfr. is synonymous.

Kobelt considers this form a thin-shelled local variety of H. gut-
taia. It differs from H. dschulfensis in the greater number of whorls.

H. KURDISTANA Parreyss, 1861. PI. 55, figs. 39-41.

More or less covered umbilicate, subturbinate-depressed solid, ir-
regularly arcuately striate, and marked with minute impressed spiral
lines, bluish ashen colored, with obsolete spiral brown bands; spire
a little elevated, the apex wide, obtuse ; sutures subnmrgined with
white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last wide, subdepressed, deflex-
ed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, lunate-rotund, fleshy-brown
within, shining ; peristome labiate with white, broadly expanded,
concentrically striate without, the margins converging, joined by a
callus, columellar margin declivous, dilated over the umbilicus.

Diam. 44, alt. 24 mill. (Pfei/er.)

Kurdistan,

Of this rare form Kobelt says : " It is the largest form of the If.
guttata series, and recalls in many respects, as Pieiffer truly remarks,
a certain variety of H. codringtoni. From micJtoniaiia and dschul-
fensis, to which it stands nearer than to the type, it is distinguished
by the larger size, and especially by the spiral lines ; other essential
differences I do not find. "

H. ESCHERIANA Mousson, 1864. PI. 55, figs. 47-4!>.

Umbilicate, subdepressed, rather thin, strongly arcuately striate,
with a whitish-yellow deciduous epidermis, and encircled by four
narrow brownish bands, interrupted by arrow-shaped white markings,
(one below, one peripheral, the rest above); spire rather depressed,
regularly increasing, apex purplish corneous ; sutures subimpressed ;
whorls 5, the inner more convex than the following, the last subdi-
lated, suddenly strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique,
nearly horizontal, broad-oval nearly circular ; peristome shining,
white, broadly expanded and reflexed, not appressed, slightly labiate

IIKLIX. -j:;i

within, the terminations connected by a nearly free, .-ometimes ad-
nate, parietal callus. Diani. 2!)-82 alt. 14-10 mill.

Mesopotamia.

Bears much the same relation to //. (/utfnla that M</<-n/<iri<i ODII-
peslna does to alonensis.

H. BELLARDII Mousson. PI. 66, figs. 87-89.

Covered umbilicate, globosely depressed, rather solid, and smooth,
scarcely striate, brownish gray or whitish, with five brown b:mds in-
terrupted with white zigzag markings; whorls 4-], the upper \\ell
rounded, sutures subim pressed, the last deeply deflexed anteriorly,
subterete ; aperture oblique, rotund; peristome broadly expanded,
flattened, white lipped, its margins converging, joined by a thick
callus, columellar margin half covering the umbilicus.

Diam. 88, alt. 20 mill. (.'\fousxo)i).

Between, JV/Vo.vm <ui<l ( 'rrino, Ins.

H. GHILANICA Mousson, 1876. PL 67, figs. 2, 3.

Openly umbilicate, very depressed, rather thin, striatulatc, nearly
smooth, whitish, with four series of pale brown maculationB; spire
scarcely elevated, apex plane, pale corneous; suture sranvly im-
pressed; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the first slightly convex, tin-
following 1-1 plane, carinate and marginate at the sutures, the last
wider, more descending, rounded, not angulate, at the periphery.
the base flattened-convex ; aperture very oblique, large, tran.~vei-.-ly
oval; peristome white, broadly expanded, acute without, slightly
labiate within, the margins briefly separated, joined by a thin callous
lamina ; basal margin broadly reflexed, more or Lett impin-in- upon
the umbilicus, but not closing it. Diam. 27, alt. 1 2 mill. < Motil
Province of Ghilan, Persia, on the Sonthrrn shore of the Cblpicm.

Allied to H. dsclmlfensis. The depressed form, wide umbilicus,
and sharp keel shown by the second and half of the third whorl, wdl
<listinguish this form.

H. CERATOMMA Pfeifter, 1855. PI. 66, figs. 9(Mi-.>.

Imperforate, depressed, rather solid, finely obliquely -trial,- and
under a lens, decussated with spiral lines, Witl, :. sUky OBter, blutal
white, obscurely fasciate witli brown ; spire .li-jl.tly elevated, :.,.•:
corneous, obtuse; whorls 4, sensibly increasing, rather convex, ,1
last depressed-rotund, deeply deflexed anteriorly, Bubptone
aperture nearly horizontal,' rounded lunar; peristome i

232 HELIX.

margins subconverging, the right scarcely expanded, basal plane,
broadly reflexed, much dilated over the umbilical region.

Diam. 28, alt. 13 mill. (Pfeiffer).

Caucasus.

The original figures of this little-known form are given.

H. ;EGOPINOIDES von Maltziin, 1884. Unfigured.

Open umbilicate, depressed or depressed trochiform, solid, irregu-
larly striatulate, and under a strong lens minutely granulate ; spire
depressed ; whorls 5, first two smooth, the following plane, very dis-
tinctly carinated, regularly increasing, the penultimate and last
whorls somewhat convex, obtusely angulated, the angle almost eva-
nescent toward the aperture ; body- whorl subterete, descending ante-
riorly ; aperture very oblique, ovate rounded, in adults scarcely lu-
nate, with thickened, subduplicate peristome ; the margins continued
by a thick heavy callus, in young specimens aperture distinctly lu-
nate, peristome acute, thin, labiate with white a distance within the
aperture, margins converging, joined by a thin porcellanous callus ;
greenish yellowish brown, sutimil cnriim white.

Diam. 25-5, alt, 12-13-] mill.

( '<ipe Sidero, Ins. Crete.

This species, one of the rarest of the European fauna, has the spire
of H. spiriplana, and evidently belongs to this group. From below
it has the appearance of an Aegopina. Very few living examples
were found, (v. Maltzan).

Section IX. POMATFA Beck, 1837.

This section, like the preceding groups of Pentatasnia, is wholly
Palsearctic in distribution, and is especially characteristic of south-
western Europe and the adjacent portions of Asia. I have no hesi-
tation in separating from the section the Australasian and American
species which Pfeiffer groups here ; as I believe that their resem-
blance to the European types is merely superficial.

The arrangement of species here adopted is substantially that of
Kobelt's Catalogue.

The large, globular form separates Pomatia from the allied subgen-
era; it is subject to but slight modification in the various specie-,
which are all, indeed, in general appearance very similar.

The species of Pomatia frequently exhibit sinistral monstrosities,
and scalariform or partially uncoiled specimens are also not infre-
quently found. Artificial monstrosities have been produced by in-
serting the young Pomatia into the aperture of an empty shell, such

IIKLIX.

mLimnasa stagnate; as the growth of the Helix proceeds, a normal
globose variegated body-whorl is added to the artificial spin-, an.)
becomes solidly attached to it.

That snails have more intelligence than is n-nally ascribed t.»
them is shown by the following interesting paragraph- on the In-
stinct of orientation in Helix aspersa by F. d'A. IMKTADM :

"In a house which I inhabited at St. Michael's one of the Azores,
there was a veranda with a flight of steps leading to a littl-
er garden. Above this was a second veranda supported by u stone
column, which rested on the wall of the lower veranda. At tin-
foot of the column had been set a flower-pot with a young banana
bearing two or three leaves.

"One morning I noticed a snail (Helix tispersa} lodged between
the pot and the column, as if waiting for night t<» attack the plant.
A leaf had already been gnawed; and to stop further depredation-
I threw the snail into the court. It was not much the worse for tin-
fall, as it chanced to light upon a small manure-heap. Next morn-
ing I was surprised to find the snail in precisely the same position
as before, between the pot and column. I knew it by its si/e and
color, as well as by a curious covering of spiders' webs which it
bore. It was evident that the snail possessed a remarkable sense
of direction, which enabled it after a violent shock, to make it-
way back over a distance of at least six metres in a very short
time. In order to get at the bottom of the matter, I threw the snail
back to the heap and watched the result, which was as follow :

"June 10, 1884— At about 9 A. M. the snail was resting, completely
retracted within its shell, on the rail of the stair-case, having travelled
nearly 4 metres. In the evening it resumed its march, but so
slowly that by 10 o'clock it had only reached the top of the rail.
where it stopped again, having traversed a metre in two hours.
Twenty minutes after midnight it began to travel along the balus-
trade of the veranda, taking at first a very undecided course, hut as
soon as it reached the edge of the balustrade makiiiir -traight for
the banana. Halfway it was turned aside by some fish-scales, which
no doubt indicated that the surface was contaminated: but it 80011
regained its previous direction. Near the column it fell in with a
grooved washing-board, which it seemed to remember; for it reared
its head and tentacles towards it, while still two centimetre- olK
far two metres had been traversed in twenty minute-,
now advanced resolutely from the board to the flower pot. as if o?cr

234 HELIX.

known ground (the board had lain in the same place for several
days). I watched its movements by a lamp set far off so as to give
only a faint light ; but when it reached the pot the animal became
shaded by weeds which grew there, and I found it necessary to
bring the lamp near in order to observe the movements of the
snail's lips and tentacles. It climbed the pot rapidly, mending its
pace as it got nearer; then it examined the rim with care, and at
hist crawled over the mould. For a quarter of an hour it wandered
among the weeds in the pot licking them frequently. When I saw
it explore the soil with its lips and larger tentacles, while the re-
productive orifice seemed to open from time to time, I thought that
it was seeking a convenient spot to lay its eggs. At last it came up
to the banana, mounted it, and began to gnaw the leaf previously
attacked, exactly where it had left off before. I was standing a
little wray off to avoid disturbing the snail, but could readily detect
the peculiar odor of the gnawed leaf. Very likely the snail could
perceive, even in an uninjured leaf, that scent which only became
apparent to me when the leaf was bruised or cut, and this may
have helped to guide its course. Scent alone, will not, however, ex-
plain all the movements of the animal. At. 2 p. M. I left it feeding.

"June 11. — At 10 A. M. very little of the leaf had been devoured.
The snail was comfortably established, as before, between the col-
umn and the pot.

"After this I noticed the snail wandering over a vine which trailed
about the column and upper veranda. Finding that it was disposed
to escape to the next garden, I opened it on June 17th, to see whether
it was ready to lay eggs. There was not a single egg in the oviduct.

"These observations seems to show that a land-snail may possess
tin instinct which enables it to choose its abode and return to it at
pleasure. AVe have he, re the same love of home and topograph-
ical knowledge which have been observed, and noted with wonder,
in the limpet."

***

Three subsections may be distinguished:

POMATIA, s. sir., of which Helix pomatia may be taken as the typo.

CRYPTOMPHALUS Moq.-Tand., 1855. Imperforate ; last whorl de-
scending at aperture ; peristome in every part expanded. Type H.
aspersa.

CANTAHKI-S Risso, 1826. Imperforate, thin, globular, the spire
.short, aperture large, peristome and columellar arcuate, thin, sim-
ple. Lucena Hartm., Tapada Gray and Canthareus Agassiz are
synonyms.

Pomatia and (''untarens have calcareous, and Oryptomphalus mem-
branous epiphragm.

ii i.i- 1\.
Oryptomphalua Moq-Tand.,

II. A8PEB8A Miiller, 1773. PL 58, figs. 31-38.

I m perforate, globose or globose-conic, rather strong and
yellowish or russet, with five bands, varying from light chestnut !..
nearly black, more or less interrupted by irregular «,r /.i^/aur lon-i-
tudinal light streaks, the second and third bauds generally continent.
sometimes all confluent or all absent; obliquely coarsely sub-mate,
all over finely malleate ; whorls 4, very rapidly increasing, tin- apex
blunt, apical whorl shining, smooth ; body-whorl very lar-v. Lr|Mj,
deeply deflexed at the aperture; aperture quite oblique, oval-tru&
livid within, and prominently fasciate ; peristoine well expanded all
around, white, the margins converging, basal and columellar mar-
irins reflexed, adnate over the very narrow round perforation of tin-
axis ; columellar insertion vertical. Diain. 25-40, alt. %Jn 4<) mill.

Southern and W'rxfcrn Europe; England; Syria; Xnrthmi Afri-
ca ; Introduced into Canariex, Azores and Madeira I*.: !>'
An/entine; Chi/i; Guiana; Cape of Good Hope ; Mauritius:
Xnr South Wale*; New Zealand ; Haiti : Cnh.i ; \,,rtli America
at (.'Iiai-Ic*ton, N. C., New Orleans, La., Los Angela. Sta. l><irbara
ami X<ui .1 <>---f\ rW/., Nova Scotia, etc.

The following are synonyms ; H. grisea L., variegata < 1m., linrt* n-
818 Penn., leucorwn 1'ult., secunda Costa,, jlmnmni*;* Lang, adspersa
lieck and xjmmosa Lowe.

A species of very wide distribution, and great variation in color
and form. The principal color mutations are figured the iignn-s
:\-2. :J4 and :>(> representing the more usual pattern^

11. MAZZULLII Jan. PI. 59, figs. 54-57.

Imperforate; similar in form to H. asperia, but more conoid,

elongated and slender in the spire ; the apical whorl shining, smooth,
the following very sharply crispate-striate ; aperture rounded,
broad than that of aspersa, the lip narrowly expanded, thin, acute,
adnate at the axis; color yellowish russet, plain, or Bve f
with deep brown, the bands narrow, subcontiljUOUB, secc

third often confluent. I Ham. M, alt. 35 mill.

Sidly.

The following- are synonyms: H. crispata Costa (non 1'
mgis (Mke.) Cantraine, rugosa Miihlf. (teste Beck ), H.<»**

This Sicilian modification of the aspersa stock in subject to ,
va.-iat.ion in sculpture and form. In the typical notrottl t

236 HELIX.

eter and altitude are about equal, and the sculpture is very .sharp ;
but forms also occur with less rough surface and traces of the mal-
leation of ff. aspersa. Bourguignat has called the banded form var.
zonata ; and has given the name of H. quincaycensis to the very narrow
elevated form shown in my fig. 57. An Algierian form of H. asp* r*n.
is intermediate between If. mazzullii and H. aspersa in form and
sculpture.

H. SUBPLICATA Sowerby, 1825. PL 67, fig. 99,

Imperforate, globose-conic, thin and rather fragile (fossil exam-
amples heavier) yellowish brown, the upper two whorls deep dull
reddish brown ; upper whorls densely minutely granulate; the last
I? coarsely corrugated in the direction of the growth lines ; spire
conic, very obtuse, the first H whorls disproportionately large: sut-
ure deeply impressed; whorls 3-], the last large, globose, gently de-
flexed anteriorly; aperture oval, oblique, its margins converging
and joined by a slight (or in fossil examples very heavy) parietal
callus; peristome slightly thickened, scarcely expanded, reflexed
and adnate over the axis. Diam. 32, alt. 32 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto, Madeiras.

A curious form, very distinct from ail others in the large, clumsy
apex, granulate surface, etc.

* ^ *

Pomatia Beck, s. str., 1837.
H. POMATIA Linn., 1758. PI. 58, figs. 39-41.

Perforate or umbilicate, globular, strong, opaque, yellowish brown
or whitish, indistinctly marked with four darker /ones of variable
width; coarsely, irregularly obliquely striatc. decussated with mi-
croscopic impressed lines; spire short, conoid, apex blunt, apical
whorl smooth, shining ; sutures well impressed ; whorls 4^, convex,
the last very large, globose, rapidly widening, indented around the
umbilicus, scarcely deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, oval-
lunate; peristome slightly expanded, somewhat thickened, the col-
umellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus; parietal wall, interior
of aperture and columella white or light flesh color.

Diam. 45, alt. 45 mill.

Middle and Northern Europe.

The synonymy includes the following names : H. an\
Leach, pomaria Mull., scalaris Mull., *phi.t:i-iili* Hartm.,
Studer, mutata Hartm. and inflata Hartm.

ii KI. ix. l>:;;

Var. GKSNF.KI Ilartiniinn. PI. (>x, h>. ] ] .

Elevated, thick-shelled, with hands or nniroloivd. Swit* /•/«»////.
H. pyrgia "Bourn1. is synonymoii>.

Var. i;i STICA Hartmann.

Covered umbilicate, globular, inflated, strongly, irregularly striatc.
whorls o, rapidly increasing; sutures deep; mouth oval, pmstumr
somewhat thickened, reddish or violaceous brown; color yellowish
or reddish brown, with brown bands. Diain. 44, alt. 4'J mill.

Switzerland, Xoiifhrr,, Hum, •',,,. >t<-.

Si -a reel y distinct from the type.

Var. PULSKYANA Hazay, PI. 68. fig. 15.

Elevated, perforate, rough-sculptured, aperture brown lipped.

Islands of the Danube; Bud<>}t>*f.
Var. SABULOSA Hazay. PI. 68, figs. 8, 10

Small, globose, variable in coloration. Diam. 33, alt. •'>."> mill.

Var. HAJNALDIANA Ha/ay. PI. 68, fig. 9.

Thin; whorls strongly convex; aperture circular, the peristome

all around reflexed and white ; no traces of bands. //////'/<//•/'/.

This is var. haytialdiana of Kobelt's Jconographie.

Var. COMPACTA Ha/ay.

Large, globose very thick and strong-shelled ; yellowish or whit-
ish l)rown with four broad dark brown bands; whorls .">£, aperture
higher than broad, the peristome strongly thickened, columellar
margin scarcely half covering the umbilicus, flesh -colo red ; interior

reddish-violet. Diam. 55, alt. 55 mill.

Ifnngaria.

Var. SOLITARIA Hazay.

Depressed globose, covered unibilicate, more depressed than the
type, and broader than high ; bands four, very narrow ; whorls 4.

' Diam. 38, alt. 34* mill.

. Hungary.

H. ensarcosoma Servain is synonymous.

Var. PICEATA Gredler.

A form which is said to have the appearance of the Italian //.
lucorum or of^i cross between pomatla and cincto ; frequently deep

238 HELIX.

blackish brown, imicolored ; the umbilicus covered ; with fine
radiating more or less distinct striation.

Southern Tyrol.
Var. brunnea Porro is synonymous.

Var. LEDNTCENSIS Brancsik.

Globose, very thick shelled ; peristome very thick, reddish violet or
flesh-colored ; columellar lip broadly reflected, the umbilicus almost
wide open; whorls 4-4-7, regularly increasing; ground color in
young examples yellowish-brown, with slightly marked bands, old
specimens lighter colored with very faint bands or without them,
but with several reddish or yellowish brown streaks, in the direction
of growth-lines, and touched with reddish around the aperture.

Alt. 38-40 mill.

Lednicz, Hunr/arln.
Var. THESSALICA Boettger.

Differs from the type by the umbilicus, which is twice as wide,
subinfundibuliform ; the more fragile shell ; bands 4-5, narrower,
more or less distinct, maculated ; shell large, globose, the last whorl
wider ; aperture distinctly higher than wide.

Diana. 47^-52, alt. 46-52 mill.

Thessaly.
Var. LAGARiNyE Adami.

This is a form of colossal dimensions and uniform dark fulvous
color. Diam. 45-58, alt. 55-70 mill.

Mts. of Lagarina Valley, up to 1 300 meters alt.

Var. PSEUDOLIGATA Paulucci. Not recognizably described.

Middle Italy.
Var. RADIATA Ulicny.

Large, covered perforate, subconic, pale fulvous, without bands,
but with radiating brown strigations ; rather thin ; aperture oval,
white within. Diam. 47, alt. 43 mill.

Brunn.

According to Clessen, this is the same as var. rustica Hartmann.

H. BUCHII Dubois, 1876. PL 57, figs. 20, 21.

Covered or nearly closed perforate, conic globose, rather thin,
rugose, very pale fulvous, ornamented with five bands ; spire conoid,
obtuse ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last ven-
tricose, subdescending anteriorly ; aperture oblique* large, lunate-

HIM. ix. -_>:;«»

oval, white within and fasciate ; peristome white, the mar/m-
mote, the right margin sulnimple, the eoluinellar dilated. <ul»-
straightened. Diam. 50, alt. 45 mill. (Kobelt. )

OaMCOHH "ii'' i'

It is the If. abichiana Bayer, in coll.

This form is according to Kohdt, always to l.e diMm-nislied from
H. pomatia by the relatively lesser altitude and nmsiderahl.- widen-
ing of the last whorl ; the spiral sculpture is lc>> di>tim-t ; the mouth
is broader than in H. pomatiu, and the columella !»•>> perpendicular
and more straightened.

H. LUCORUM Miiller 1773. PL 67, fig. 93.

Nearly covered perforate, depressed globose, solid, opaque white
with (originally) five deep chestnut bands, th" >ee<>nd and third al-
most always coalescent, and frequently all above the periphery and
all below coalescent, with a narrow white peripheral /one, the lii>t
band however usually separate and very narrow; marked longitudi-
nally with occasional oblique brown streaks, more inten-e mi tin-
bands showing the positions of the former peristomes ; light ly ohli<jue-
ly striate, and sometimes showing very ill defined spiral line> ; spirt-
conic, apex obtuse, unicolored, sutures moderately impressed ; whori>
5, somewhat convex, gradually increasing ; body-whorl larire, indent-
ed around the center below, gently deflexed anteriorly: aperture
oblique, rather small, lunate, colored same as the outside , peristome
slightly thickened, brown, the extreme edge whitish, upper and low-
er margins subparallel, not converging, joined by a thin brown
callus, upper and outer margins simple, basal more thickened and je-
flexed, columellar margin reflexed, nearly covering the umbilicus and
slightly straightened within, short. Diam. 40-50, alt. 30-45 mill.
Central Italy ; Balkan Peninsula ; Asia Minor.

It is H. mutata of Lamarck.
Var. CASTANEA Olivier. PL 59, fig. 58.

Presents the following points of difference from //. fcittwum:
the spire is more elevated and conic, body-whorl more depres
whorls less rapidly widening; aperture smaller, more ohliMue, outer
lip more flaring, base with a light colored very heavy straight <

lus within ; bands coalescent into two.

Constantinople,

H. mahometana Bourg. is a synonym.

Quite distinct and easily recognized by the conic torn,, s
aperture and callous columella.

240 HELIX.

Var. EUPHRATICA Martens. PL 67, fig. 97.

Thick, heavy ; bands sharply defined on a white ground ; growth
striae sparse ; peristome with a thin reddish-brown callus, coluraellar
margin clear brown ; umbilicus wholly closed.

Diam. 50, alt. 44 mill. (Kobelt.)

Mesopotamia.

Fig. 97, pi. 67, is a copy of Kobelt's figure ; fig. 39, pi. 63 is
said by Boettger to represent this form, but it seems to partake
fully as much of the characters of var. castanea.

Var. RUMELICA Mousson. PL 67, fig. 94.

Allied, by the preponderance of the spire and the smallness of the
aperture, to H. onixiomicra, which is, indeed only a further develop-
ment of this form. It resembles, also perhaps, the var. rumelica as
characterized by Mousson, but the umbilicus is remarkably widely
open, exhibiting the second whorl within. The color is very intense ;
the umbilical tract flecked with brown, the fifth band, usually the
most prominently defined, is broken into spots. (Kobelt.)

Rumelia.

The above description applies to the shell identified by Kobelt
with the var. rumelica. I am unable to say how correctly it repre-
sents Mousson's form.

Var. ELONGATA Bourguignat. PL 67, fig. 96.

More elongated than any other variety ; aperture short and very
oblique ; distinctly spirally striate beneath the suture.

Central Italy.

I follow Kobelt's identification here, as in the preceding variety.

Var. STRAMINEA Briganti.

Larger than the type, more elevated, the last whorl very large and
globose. Diam. 45-50, alt. 45-53 mill.

Central Italy.

Var. elongata is scarcely distinct from this form.

Yar. ONIXIOMICRA Bourguignat. PL 59, figs. 52, 53.

Conic, globose, narrowly perforate or covered ; whorls 6-7, regu-
larly gradually and more slowly increasing than in the typical lu-
corum; aperture small, oblique.

Diam. 42, alt. 38 mill.

Balkan Peninsula.

Compare var. rumelica.

MKI.IX. 241

Yar. TAURICA (Krynicki) Mousson. PI. ($7, fig. !»5.

The example here figured was sent me by Mou»on as his type of
taurica. It differs from radn>*>i 7^\. (which usuallv is considered \\
synonym of tauricci), very materially; shows only .-(nite indistinct
traces of longitudinal streaks, but instead of them two very .-harplv
outlined broad reddish brown bands. The columella is notably
callus, with distinct lip, and the margins of the lip are joined b\ a
thin white callus; the columella also is white, with a brown spot at
its insertion. (Kobelt. )
II. RADIOSA Ziegler. PL 57, fig. 'J!».

im perforate or subimperforate, globose; color-pattern a combina-
tion of spiral bands and oblique streaks of chestnut on white ground
the bands diffuse and coalescent into two on the body-whorl, the
longitudinal streaks predominating; upper whorls showing two or
three narrow bands, the inner two whorls unicolored, corneous ;
body-whorl globose, indented around the axis.

Alt, 45, diam. 42 mill.

< oncasus.

Differs from H. lucorum in the preponderance of the longitudinal
streaks over the revolving bands; there is a narrow white zone,
more or less distinct, encircling the periphery ; the columellar lip
is partly white, partly flesh-color; the parietal callus is very thin.
white.
II. SCHLAKFUI Mousson. PL 68, fig. 12.

Covered perforate, globose, solid, yellowish or soiled white, with
five spiral brown bands, generally not sharply defined, the second
and third usually coalescent, the upper and lower band.- usually
narrower, rudely irregularly coarsely obliquely striate and with fi
irregular impressed spiral striae; spire conoidal, apex very obi
smooth, shining, rather large, sutures slightly irregular, wel
pressed; whorls 4i, con vex, rapidly widening, especially t
body-whorl globose, a trifle indented around the ax.s, Borne*
descending anteriorly; aperture rotund-lunate, oblique, bw
white with brown hands within ; peristome very regularly arc
the columella arched, outer and basal margins simple, coll
margin dilated, reflexed and adnate over the axis, deepb

lor. Diam. 51, alt. 50 mill. //,.

The narrower aperture, adnate columellar lip ,-ompletelv dosbg
the perforation, and of a dark brown color, will separate t

242 HELIX.

from H. pomatia, with which it has some superficial likeness. The
parietal wall has a very thin brown callus.

Var. PR.ESTANS Blanc. Unfigured. Janhia.

H. SECERNENDA Rossmaessler, 1847. PI. 57, fig. 24.

Imperforate, globose, solid, whitish, with five rather narrow dis-
tinct, generally well-defined, chestnut revolving bands, the second
and third sometimes subcoalescent, irregularly coarsely obliquely
striate, and lightly decussated by revolving lines ; spire conic, apex
blunt, shining, smooth; suture well impressed; whorls 4—4-5, mod-
erately convex, rapidly increasing, especially the last, which is glo-
bose, very slightly impressed around the axis, and slightly descending
anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ample, brownish gray, overlaid with
white within and showing the bands, rounded-lunate; peristome thick-
ened, brown with light edge, margins not approaching, outer and
basal margins subexpanded, the columellar dilated and adnate over
the axis, subvertical, rather straightened, dull brown, especially at
the insertion, and whitish ; parietal callus thin, light brownish.

Diam. 43, alt. 43 mill.

Dalmatia.

This is H. llgata var. Beck, H. ligata of Rossmaessler's Iconogra-
phie.

This form differs from the last in the generally narrower more
distinct bands; more thickened peristome, much less impressed sut-
ures, and lighter colored columella. It is larger than H. llgata, has
the columellar lip more completely appressed and colored, not white,
as in the lighter form.

H. LIGATA Miiller, 1773. PI. 56, fig. 5.

Nearly covered perforate, globose-conic, subsolid, yellowish or soil-
ed white, with five well-defined deep chestnut bands, which are gener-
ally narrower than their interspaces and usually separate; irregularly
obliquely coarsely striate, and decussated with fine spiral impressed
lines; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth, unicolored corneous; .sut-
ures moderately impressed; whorls 4-], somewhat convex, rapidly
widening, especially the last, and slightly descending anteriorly, :i
little indented around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, rotund-
lunate, whitish, but showing the bands within ; peristome white, its
margins but slightly approaching, simple, the columellar margin

HKLIX. •_>];)

white, reflexed, dilated over the umbilicus, which is usually reduced
to a narrow fissure or almost wholly covered. Diam. :;•_>. alt. :;:; mill.

The synonymy includes H. decussate Parr., mrli.^ophaga Costa,

varians Ziegler.

Var. GUSSONKANA Shuttleworth.

Nearly covered perforate, conico-globose, solid, distinctly, minute-
ly reticulate, brownish white, ornamented with live IM-OWII hands;
spire elevated, conoidal ; whorls 5, convex, the last scarce! v doreml-
ing; coluniella arcuate; aperture rounded-lunar, shining within;
peristome subsimple, the right margin a trifle expanded, colmnellar
dilated, reflexed, white or flesh colored. Diam. -'>4, alt. 30 mill.
(Pfeiff&r.) Aronml A'<////'.-\

I am unable to distinguish this variety from the typical form.

Var. CALABRICA Kobelt. PL 67, fig. 1.

Shell marked with five narrow rufous bands; coluniella and
parietal wall rufous; umbilicus closed; spiral lines subobsolete.

Diam. 34, alt. 32 mill.

Calabria.
Var. POMATELLA Tiberi. PI. 56, figs. 2, 3.

Small, very distinctly four banded. Southern Italy.

Var. PR^ETUTIA Tiberi. *

Subriimt3, depressed globose, strongly striate, solid, whitish with
three broad pale fulvous bands. Diam. 39, alt. 37 mill.

Near Naples.

Var. CAMPANA Tiberi. PI. 56, fig. 1.
Imperforate, elevated globose, glabrous, obsoletely striate, BX-

banded. Diam. 26, alt. 25 mill.

Near Naples.

Var. DELPRETIANA Paulucci.

Elevated, conic, white, with five very distinctly defined deep hn.wn
bands : surface rather smooth ; umbilicus almost closed.

Diam. 25, alt. 28 mill.

. 1 hruzzi.

Var. TRUENTINA Mascarini. Unfigured.

An intermediate form between ligata, lucorum and pamat
equally related to all that Kobelt declares it to be a mere matte
taste to which of these species it be referred.

244 HELIX.

Var. PSEUDOPOMATIA Blanc.

A form from Monte Cor no which exhibits a curious combination
of the characters of ligata and pomatia.

Var. ALBESCENS Jan. PI. 56, fig. 4.

Differs from ligata by the pale coloration, bands obsolete.

Italy.

H. AMBIGUA (Parreyss) Mousson, 1861. PL 69, fig. 30.

Imperforate, globose solid, nearly lusterless, brownish white,
with five encircling rather narrow pale brown bands, the second
and third generally confluent rather irregularly obliquely striate
and very obsoletely spirally striate; spire conic, apex obtuse, white
or corneous, smooth; suture well impressed, slightly crenulated,
whorls 4o, rapidly increasing, especially the last; body-whorl large,
globose, sensibly descending anteriorly, slightly indented at the
axis; aperture oval-lunate, oblique, livid white and obscurely show-
ing the bands within; peristome slightly thickened, labiate with a
well-defined dark brown band within, upper and lower margins sub-
parallel, scarcely converging, outer margin obtuse, not expanded,
columellar margin expanded, dilated and adnate over the axis, deep
chestnut colored, subvertical ; parietal wall covered with a thin deep
castaneous callus.

Diam. 36, alt, 37 mill.

Corfu ; Cephalonia.

H. cyrtolena Bourg. is synonymous.

A specimen from Corfu, received from CoNEMENOS, is figured.

Var. THIESSEANA Kobelt. PI 69, fig. 31.

More globose than the type ; shining, ruddy-brown, banded with
darker, the bands scarcely visible within ; interior of lip, columella
and parietal wall deep castaneous, almost black.

Diam. 41, alt. 38 mill.

Chalkis, Eubcea.

A beautiful deeply colored variety. I have received it from
Achaia from Mr. N. Conemenos.

H. ANCTOSTOMA Martens, 1871. PL 57, fig. 27.

Imperforate, globose-conic, spire subturrited, solid, heavy, irregu-
larly striate, whitish gray, with two broad bands of brownish gray ;
whorls 5s, deeply convex, slowly increasing, the last not dilated,
slightly descending at aperture ; aperture slightly lunate, small,

HELIX. i>4.~>

rounded, the peristome thickened, subreflexed, brown, the colnim-llar
margin albo-dentate, terminations approximating, joined by a con-
spicuous chestnut-brown callus. Diam. 35, alt. 36 mill. (Kobelt.)

Asia Minor and 8//rin.
Separated from all related forms by the smallness of the aperture.

H. CINCTA Miiller 1773. PL 57, fig. 26; pi. 69, fig. 28.

Imperforate, globose or globose-conic, solid, grayish or yellowish
white with five brown bands, the upper three generally coalescent,
coarsely obliquely striate, subdectissated by obsolescent spiral im-
pressed lines; spire more or less depressed conic, apex slightly obtuse,
white or corneous, unicolored, smooth ; sutures well impressed ; whorls
5, rather rapidly increasing, moderately convex, the last large,
globose, somewhat indented at the axis and a little descending
anteriorly; aperture lunate-rotund, slightly oblique, livid white and
showing the bands within ; peristome obtuse, labiate with dull brown,
basal margin slightly expanded, columellar margin brown, straight-
ened and callous inside, reflected and adnateover the axis; parietal
wall with a brown callus.

Diam. 37, alt. 32; diam. 32, alt. 38 mill.

Northern Italy. Istri'i.

H. lemnescata Brumati and //. grisea Auct. are synonymous.

Var. POLLiNir Da Campo.

Similar to the type, but pure white in color.

Dalmatia.

An albino form. Part of the specimens before me have a more
opaque white peripheral fascia, in the place of the light central band
of the normal ciiicta. The peristome is sometimes edged with brown.

H. ASEMNIS Bourguignat, 1860. PL 69, fig. 27.

Imperforate, solid, cretaceous, white or encircled by two or three
obscure brown zones, coarsely striate; whorls 5, somewhat convex,
rapidly increasing; the last large, dilated ; aperture white, lunate-
rotund, slightly oblique; peristome simple, acute, white, columellar
margin reflexed, appressed, margins somewhat approximating, joined
by a thin white callus. Diam. 40, alt. 40 mill. (Bourpuigmit.)

ML Taurus, Anatolica.

H. solida (Zieg.) Albers, is said to be synonymous.

The above description and figure are taken from the original ones
of Bourguignat, and correspond exactly with specimens before me
from the original locality. The shell is quite solid, opaque white,

246 HELIX.

very pale, even when banded. The bands appear subtranslucent
from within. The columellar lip is expanded only in the immediate
vicinity of the umbilicus, and is closely appressed over it, differing
in this respect wholly from H. ligata, with which Bourguignat com-
pares it. From H. cincta and its white variety pollinii, the differently
formed, less expanded basal lip and columella will separate it.
Kobelt has identified wTith this species a form of very different ap-
pearance; so different that I am inclined to believe it specifically
distinct. His description (translated) and copies of his figures (pi.
56, figs. 6, 13) are here given:

Shell imperforate, globose, whitish, encircled with two or three
zones, rugose-striate, slightly shining; whorls 5, somewhat convex,
rapidly increasing, the last large, dilated, gently descending at the
aperture; aperture lunate-rotund, white within, slightly oblique;
peristome simple, thick, albolabiate within, the columellar margin
reflexed, appressed, dilated over the umbilical region, joined to the
upper lip by a thin callus. Diam, 42, alt. 42 mill. {Kobelt).

Mountains of Asia Minor and Syria.

H. MELANOSTOMA Draperiiand. PI. 56, figs. 7, 9.

Imperforate, globular, opaque, somewhat shining, brownish or
fleshy white, unicolored, or with the upper part of the body-whorl
slightly darker, the darker portion distinctly defined, coarsely
obliquely striate, and with obsolesent spiral impressed lines; spire
conic, very short, the apex minute, obtuse, corneous; sutures linear,
but impressed; whorls 4, slightly convex, the inner gradually, the
last very rapidly widening, globose, scarcely indented at the axis,
gently descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, rotund-lunate, flesh-
colored within, its margins scarcely approaching; peristome simple,
obtuse, thickened, labiate within with deep brown ; columellar mar-
gin deep chestnut colored, reflexed and appressed over the umbilical
tract, and joining the upper margin by a conspicuous black or deep
chestnut callus. Diam. 26, alt. 26 mill.

Southern France; N. Africa; Balearic Is.

Easily recognized by the compact, globose form and blackish
aperture. The largest specimen I have seen (from the Balearic Is.)
measures 35 mill, diam., but Bourgingnat gives for an Algierian
example these measurements: diam. 42, alt. 50 mill. !

Var. VITTATA Rossmaessler. PI. 56, fig. 1.0.

Conspicuously fasciate. Egypt.

HELIX. 247

Var. CANDIDA Rossmaessler. PL 56, fig. 8.

Differs from the typical form in being more elevated, chalky
white, very strongly, coarsely striate. Egypt.

It is H. ritgosa Anton.

Vur. NrcrLA Parreyss.

Imperforate, subglobose, solid, densely and sharply striatc, slightly
decussated under a lens, white, ornamented with brown bands some-
times obsolete; spire convex-conoid, obtuse; whorls 4-4], moderately
convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, regularly descending;
aperture somewhat diagonal, lunate-rotund, shining within; peri-
stome brown, the margins joined by a deep brown entering callus;
right margin obtuse, basal slightly reflexed, subappressed.

Diam. 25, alt. 20 mill. (Pfeiffer}.

Alexandria, Egypt.

It is H.figulina var. of Mousson.

H. FIGULINA Parreyss, 1839. PI. 57, fig. 30; pi. 69, fig. 26.

Imperforate, globose-conoid, opaque, rather solid, white or flesh-
rolor, five-fasciate with chestnut, the three upper bands generally
very narrow, second and third often confluent, sometimes the bands
are pale in color or entirely absent; densely obliquely striate, and
with spiral impressed lines which are scarcely visible, or more often
almost completely obsolete; spire conic, apex obtuse, corneous, shin-
ing; suture well impressed ; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly widen-
ing, the last subindented at the axis, and slightly descending anter-
iorly ; aperture rotund-lunar, oblique, colored the same within as
the outside, shining; peristome very regularly arcuate, simple,
narrowly labiate within with white, its ends not converging; outer
and basal margins simple, columellar margin white, arcuate, vertical,
reflexed and adnate over the umbilical tract ; parietal wall covered
by a very thin whitish callus. Diam. 22-27, alt. 20-30 mill.

Dalmatia; Greece; Asia Minor.

Figure 30 represents the paler form 'from Dalmatia. Specimens
almost wholly devoid of bands I have seen.

Var. POMACELLA Parreyss, 1860. PL 57, figs. 22, 23.

Differs from the type in the more globose form, rounded aperture
and more strongly reflected peristome.

Bosphorus.

248 HELIX.

H. PACHYA Bourguignat. 1860. PL 67, fig. 98.

Imperforate, globose, thick, ponderous, whitish or flesh-colored,
zoned with chestnut, the zones frequently confluent above and below
the periphery ; obliquely striate, whorls of spire decussated conspic-
uously by spiral lines; spire conic, apex smooth, obtuse; whorls ~>,
somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the last ventricose, obliquely
plicate-striate, thick, very slightly descending anteriorly, slightly
indented at the axis ; aperture rotund-lunate, livid whitish or brown-
ish, sometimes showing the bands within ; peristome obtuse, the ends
not converging, much thickened, not reflexed; columellar margin
reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus ; parietal wall with a thick
callus. Diam. 33, alt. 37 ; diam. 32, alt. 35 mill.

Syria ; Pa lest in P.

Distinguished typically by the heavy, thick shell, coarsely plicate
body-whorl, and decussate spire.

Var. TEXTA Mousson. PI. 56, figs. 11, 12.
Larger than the type, and rather thinner.
Diam. 46, alt. 45 mill: diam. 44, alt. 50 mill.

Palestine.

H. PATHETICA (Parreyss) Albers, 1860. PL 63, figs. 49, 50.

Nearly imperforate, depressed globose, thin, translucent, distinctly
striate, white or yellowish-white, with five brown (according to Al-
bers, citron yellow) bands, of which the lower are the more conspic-
uous ; spire depressed, with blunt, rather large apex ; whorls 4, sep-
arated by an impressed, rather irregular suture ; body-whorl large,
transversely widened, somewhat inflated, rapidly and rather strongly
deflected anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ovate, shining and white
within, and showing the bands ; peristome simple, sharp, straight,
labiate with, white within ; columella rather straight, scarcely ex-
panded, reflected and appressed. Diam. 28, alt. 24 mill. (Kobclt).

Differs from H. obtusalis in the white peristome.

The form above described and figured differs from the species as
defined by Albers in being distinctly, instead of " snbtilissime" stri-
ate, and in its greater altitude. The measurements given by Albers
are : diam. 29, alt. 18 mill.

H. SOCIA Rossmaessler, 1853. Unfigured.

Subumbilicate, depressed-globose, rather thin, obliquely striate,
pale fulvous, ornamented with broad interrupted deep chestnut bands ;

HELIX. 241>

whorls 5-1, slightly convex, sensibly increasing, the last rotund, at
the periphery white-zoned, scarcely descending anteriorly, base ra-
diately marked with brown ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar; prri-
stome subsimple, the upper margin almost straight, lower briefly re-
flexed, much dilated and almost adnate at the umbilicus.

Diam. 43, alt. 26 mill. (Rossmaessler).

Constantinople.

I know the species only by Eossmaessler's description, above trans-
lated. He mentions a var. /?. which is larger, and partly covered
by a deciduous yellowish cuticle.

H. PHILIBINENSIS (Frivaldszky) Kossm., 1839. PI. 67, fig. 100.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather thin, plicate-striate, under
a lens decussated with spiral lines, white, with three narrow brown
bands above, and two separated, wide ones below ; spire slightly
elevated, obtuse ; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last inflated ante-
riorly descending, aperture oblique, lunate-rotund, within concolored ;
peristome simple, white, right margin deeply arcuate, columellar
margin declivous, dilated, appressed. Diam. 24, alt. 16 mill.

(Pfeiffer).

Rumelia ; Macedonia.

This is H. Philibensis (Friv.) Pfr. (?). Rossmaessler says : " Der
name soil wahrscheinlich Philippinensis heisen"

Pfeiffer's description is given above. He gives as synonym " H.
Philibensis Friv. in sched. ! Nee H. PhiUbinensis Parr., ROMIH."

The figure represents Rossmaessler's form.

H. NILOTICA Bourguignat, 1863. PL 68, fig. 16.

Covered ini perforate, large, globose-conic, coarsely striate, almost
costulate at the sutures, pale whitish brown, and obscurely zoned
with whitish; spire elevated conic, apex smooth, obtuse; whorls •").',
slightly convex, rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ,
the last large, rotund, slightly descending at the aperture; aperture
slightly oblique, lunate-rotund ; peristome simple, slightly thicken-
ed, obtuse; columellar margin nearly straight, expanded, widely
reflected, margins joined by a thin parietal callus.

Diam. 38, alt. 42 mill. (Bourguignat).

Damiette, Egypt.

H. VULGARIS (Parreyss) Kossm., 1839. PL 57, fig. 19 ; pi. 59, ti.trs.

45, 46.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather thin, obliquely striate, de-
cussated by spiral impressed lines ; yellowish, with four or five deep

250 HELIX.

chestnut bands, which become purplish when slightly weathered ;
spire conic, obtuse, apex very large ; whorls 4, the last large, globose,
descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunate, peristome
subsimple, the coluniellar margin chestnut colored, expanded and
appressed. Diam. 27, alt. 27 mill.

Southern Russia; Crimea; Rumelia.

The synonymy is rather involved : It includes H. obtusata (Ziegl.)
Rossm., 1838. (preoc), H. obtusalis Mousson et auct., H. obtusata
(Ziegl.) Albers, 1860 (?). The first formal diagnosis published was
that of Albers, in 1860; It is not certain, however, that lie describ-
ed the real obtusata (Ziegl.) Rossm., because bib diagnosis does not
mention the large apex, which is the most prominent character of
the species. Rossmaessler simply figured, without descriptions, the
obtnsata of Zeigler and vulgaris of Parreyss.

Var. BICINCTA Dubois. PI. 69, fig. 29.

Differs from the type in the more solid shell, two-banded, one
band subsutural, the other surrounding the umbilical tract; col-
umella callous, somewhat straightened ; peristome thickened.

Diam. 35, alt. 30 mill.

Western Caucasus.
H. LUTESCENS Zieglcr, 1837. PL 59, fig. 49 ; pi. 68, fig. 20, 21.

Imperforate or subimperforate, globose-conic, rather light thin
and translucent, shining, light brownish or yellowish corneous, uni-
colored, or frequently encircled by pale brown bands, one to five in
number; surface rather smooth, obliquely striate, and densely de-
cussate with numerous close slightly impressed spiral lines ; spire
conic, obtuse, the apical whorl polished ; sutures well inpressed ;
whorls 4, convex, the last large, globose, decidedly indented around
the axis, very gently subdescending anteriorly; aperture oblique,
rotund; slightly lunate, white within, the margins slightly converg-
ing ; peristome obtuse, labiate within with white, outer and basal
margins subexpanded, regularly arcuate, coluniellar margin sub-
vertical, arched, scarcely perceptibly straightened, expanded and
adnate above the umbilical tract, sometimes completely closing the
perforation, sometimes leaving a considerable fissure ; parietal wall
coated with a very light whitish callus.

Diam. 31, alt. 33 mill; diam. 30, alt. 35 mill,

Between the Carpathian and Balkan Mts.; Transylvania ; Rou-
iii <t nia.

H. cinerasceus Andrz. (teste Kryn.) is a synonym.

HELIX. 251

An attractive species, which may be distinguished from the pre-
ceding by the small apex. The pallid coloration, light, decussated
shell, sometimes partly denuded of the very thin cuticle, are the
more prominent characters.

The peristome is very narrowly expanded except at its insertion
in all the specimens I have seen ; but a form figured by Kobelt (pi.
(5S. fig. 21,) shows a considerable departure from the type in this
respect.
H. NORDMANNI Parrevss, 1859. PI. 57, figs. 16-18.

Covered or nearly covered perforate, depressed-globose, rather
solid, shining, yellowish white or greenish yellow, encircled by five
rather narrow deep brown hands, the second band narrowest ; finely
obliquely striate ; spire depressed conic, excentric, apex polished,
blunt ; suture well impressed; whorls 4-4 -i, convex, regularly and
moderately increasing, the last rapidly widening, very wide at the
aperture, decidedly indented at the umbilical region, descending an-
teriorly ; aperture oblique, slightly contracted, whitish, banded with
dark within; peristome white or flesh-tinted, slightly thickened
within, margins converging slightly, joined by a thin whitish callus,
outer lip simple, columellar margin strongly arcuate, with a triangu-
lar dilation -over the rather wide umbilicus, almost concealing it.

Diain. 25-28, alt. 28-26 mill.

Armenia ; Imeretia.

May be known by the depressed form, rapid widening of the last
whorl toward the aperture, and the umbilicus, which is quite wide
for a Pomatin.

II. KADDHT Hoettger. Unfigured.

A species grouping with obtusaUs,nordmanni, christophi, maltzani;
most allied to H. obtwtati* [If. rulgaris] but larger, bright white,
five fasciate; spire more conic, whorls more convex, separated by
deeper sutures ; aperture more oblique, larger ; peristome more ex-
panded, rosaceous, not brown, the basal margin broad, plane, reflex-
Id. Diain. 8*, alt. 34 mill.

The large apex and coloration are like obtusalis, but the convex
whorls, conic spire and rosy peritreme, which is reflexed and widen-
ed below, will serve to separate the species.

Tafysch, or Northern Persia.

H. CHRISTOPHI Boettger, 1881. PI. 63, figs. 46-48.

Covered perforate, depressed globular, rather solid, rugose-stria te,
grayish white, variously fasciate with five brown bands; spire short

252 HELIX.

conic, apex obtuse, nucleus very large ; whorls 4J, regularly increas-
ing, sutures regularly impressed, somewhat crenulated ; last whorl
inflated, anteriorly descending; aperture lunate-oval ; peristome
labiate with white within, columellar and basal margins thickened,
columellar margin callous, subdentate ; parietal wall with a light
callus. Diam. 32-34, alt, 26-28 mill. (Kobelt\

Adsclwria.

Allied to vulgaris by the large obtuse apex, to nordmanni by the
form, coloration, etc.

H. PRASINATA Roth, 1855. PL 56, figs. 14, 15.

Irnperforate, turbinate-globose, striate, thin, greenish, with a de-
ciduous epidermis, very obsoletely and narrowly fasciate ; spire short,
acute ; whorls 4-1, the upper subplane, last ample globular ; aper-
ture slightly oblique, lunate-oval, livid within, sometimes pearly;
peristome simple, the margins joined by a callus, right margin
straight, acute, the columella scarcely arcuate, thickened, adnate.
(Roth). Diam. 30, alt. 31 mill.

Jerusalem.

Differs from the following species in the stronger striation, the
last whorl flattened above, giving the shell a conic form ; the aper-
ture is smaller, the columellar callus much more developed ; the
coloration is greenish, with slight traces of' bands, especially upon
the upper whorls ; the aperture is brownish-yellow within, without
trace of bands.

H. CAVATA Mousson/ PI. 69, figs. 32,33.

Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, whitish, with light chestnut
bands which are more or less suffused over the whole surface, marked
in an oblique direction (at right angles to the rather coarse irregular
stria3 of increment,) with short, narrow clear-grayish murks, densely
but obsoletely spirally striate (under a lens) ; spire conoid, apex
obtuse smooth ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 4, moderately
convex, the last rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly ;
aperture oval-lunate, slightly oblique, brownish white within ; peri-
stome simple, ends scarcely converging, columellar margin slightlv
straightened, expanded, reflexed and closely adnate only in the
immediate vicinity of the umbilicus, white ; parietal callus very
slight, white. Diam. 30, alt. 30 mill.

The above description is drawn from a specimen corresponding
with the type figured by Kobelt. The oblique clear-grayish marks

253

will separate the species from the preceding and following forms,
which seem to be its nearest allies. The description iriveii by
Pfeifler here follows :

H. cavata Monsson, (pi. 57, fig. 28.) Imperforate, ovate-gh.lx.x-,
rather solid, striatulate, dull white, with weak grayish hands; spire
conoidal, obtuse; whorls 4, slightly convex, the first minute, last
elongate-inflated; aperture large, oblique, lunate-oval, grayish within;
peristome straight, the right margin sublabiate within, columollar
margin thickened, slightly arcuate, arcuately reflexed, broadly
adnate. Diam. 3], alt, 26 mill. (Pfeiffer.}

H. EN(iADi)i;Nsis Bourguignat, 1852. PI. 57, fig. 25.

Imperforate, turbinate-globose, striate, brownish-white, with five
brown bands (the second and third confluent); whorls 4, slightly
convex, the first smooth, brown, the last very large, inflated, equalling
,; the entire altitude ; columella oblique, whitish ; aperture oval,
much higher than wide, peristome simple, acute ; columellar margin
dilated, reflexed, appressed. Alt. 35, Diam. 32 mill. ; aperture,
Diam. 18, alt. 28 mill. (Bourguigiuit.)

Dead Sea, in arid situations ; Jerusalem.

H. PYCNIA Bourguignat, 1860. PL 59, figs. 47, 48.

Imperforate, ventricose-globose, thick, cretaceous, whitish, irregu-
larly striate; whorls 4* , convex, rapidly increasing, penultimate and
last large, globose ; body-whorl slightly descending at the aperture;
aperture lunate, nearly rotund; peristome white, thickened, not
reflexed, acute; columella thickened, the margins joined by a thick
white callus. Diam. -33, alt. 32 mill. (Bourguignat.)

Environs of Nazareth.

H. (IODETIANA Kobelt, 1878. PL 69, figs. 24,25.

Imperforate, turbinate-globose, inflated, rather thin, but strong,
coarsely striate, especially at the sutures; decussated by fine spiral
lines, shining, dark grayish }ellow, with indistinct broad chestnut
brown bands, which usually leave only a narrow space between, or
are entirely confluent, leaving only clear subsutural and circnm-
umbilical tracts ; spire short conoid, with conspicuous large blunt
apex; suture deeply impressed, distinctly crenulated; whorls scarcely
4, the upper slightly convex, the last inflated, at first gradually,
then more strongly deflected anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunate-
Hrcular, the peristome simple, the margins scarcely converging,

254 HELIX.

outer and basal margins well rounded, columella straighter, thick-
ened, joined with the superior margin by a thin callus; aperture
within deep brown, in banded examples showing the zones, and
more or less distinctly white edged.

Diam. 43, alt. 37 mill.; Diam. 36, alt. 32 mill. (Kobelt.)

Amorgos and Santorin, Grecian Archipelago.

H. latecava Mousson, inss. is synonymous.

The Amorgos form is large, unicolored, indistinctly sculptured on
the last whorl; the specimens from Santorin are smaller, with
indications of bands, higher spire, sharper sculpture, smaller aper-
ture, and the basal margin distinctly reflected.

H. MALTZANI Kobelt, 1883. PI. 59, figs. 50, 51.

Narrowly rimate-perforate, turbinate-globose, rather solid, rugose
or costulately striate, decussated by microscopic fine spiral lines,
grayish yellow, ornamented with five more or less distinct chestnut
bands; spire short conoidal, apex large, obtuse, smooth ; suture im-
pressed, crenulated, whitish-margined ; whorls 4 J, slightly convex,
the last inflated, descending anteriorly ; aperture rotund-lunate,
slightly oblique ; peristome simple, slightly thickened, distinctly
labiate, the margins scarcely converging, parietal callus none or
very thin ; columellar, basal and outer margins regularly arcuate,
the columellar, at its insertion above the perforation, arcuately
reflexed ; fauces brown, sometimes with translucent bands.

Diam. 37-41. alt. 36-40 mill. (Kobelt.)

Near Smyrna.

Distinguished from H. godetiana by the distinct umbilical fissure,
sharper striation, etc.

**#

Cantareus Risso, 1826.
H. APERTA Born, 1780. PL 58, figs. 42-44.

Imperforate globular, thin, shining, brown, olive, or greenish
irregularly, sometimes quite coarsely, striate ; spire very short, apex
minute, smooth ; sutures well impressed ; whorls 3-3o, very rapidly
widening, the last globular, slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture
over f the entire altitude, ovate-lunate, oblique, whitish within, outer,
basal and columellar margins regularly arcuate, thin, very narrowly
siibexpanded, the parietal wall and umbilical tract covered by a
very delicate whitish callus. Diam. 18-26, alt. 20-30 mill.

Southern Europe; Algiers.

HELIX.

The synonyms are H. terrestris Forsk., neritoides Chemn., naticoi-
des Drap., karalitana Prunn (teste Villa ).

A common species, easily recognized by its bubble-like form and
large aperture; the epiphragm is calcareous, white, very convex,
as if inflated from within (as, indeed, it is), and situated at the edge
of the aperture; the animal is deep black in color, the central region
of the foot below lighter.

H. TRISTIS Pfeiffer, 1845. PL 68, fig. 13,14.

I m perforate, globose-conic, thin and light, olivaceous yellow, tivc-
fasciate with dark chestnut, densely obliquely striate and finely
decussated by spiral impressed lines, especially above ; spire short,
conoid, apex rather large and very obtuse ; sutures well impressed ;
whorls 4, slightly convex, the first rather large, the last large, inflated,
indented at the axis, a little deflected anteriorly ; aperture oval-
lunate ; peristome simple, very slightly thickened, outer, basal and
columellar margins regularly arcuate, the latter narrowly reflexed
and adnate over the umbilical perforation.

Diam. 20, alt. 18-22 mill.

Corsica.

H. ceratina Shutt. is synoi^rnoiis.

Connects H. aperta with the typical group of Pornatia.

H. AGGERIVAGA Mabille, (Guide Nat. 1880, No. 3.) Unfigured.

Corsica.

The description of this species, said to be intermediate between
aperta and aspersa, is not accessible to me.

***

The following species are unknown to me ; and are probably, for
for the greater part, spurious. The manner of species-splitting
indulged in by the "nouvelle ecole" conchologists is shown in the
following remarks of M. Bourguignat, prefatory to his Description
de quelques especes italo-pomatiennes de la serie des H. ligata et
lucorum, in Miscellanees Halo malacologiqaes. He says: "Je connais
162 especes d'Helix du groupe des Pomatia. Sur les 162 especes, jVn
possede 151. Onze seulement manquent a ma collection." etc., etc.
And then follows a classification of the group into "deux grand <>«
sections and nineteen series of species. Compare Kobelt, Cat. cur.
Binnenconch., who admits but thirty-three species!

The following names are from "Misce/t<in<'es Italo-malacologiques"
J. R. Bourguignat, 1883.

•J.")(> HELIX.

H. JAUBERTI Bourg. Syria.

H. EDROEA Bourg. . Syri-a.

H. YLEOBIA Bourg. (— lucorum Miill.) Tricarico.

H. VIRAGO Bourg. (=lucorum Miill.) Italy.

H. RYPARA Bourg. „ Northern Italy.

H. NIGROZONATA Bourg. Northern Italy.

H. ATROCINCTA Bourg. Northern Italy.

The following are from "Species Noviss. Moll, in Eur. Syst. detected'
etc., J. R. Bourguignat, 1876.

H. SCHAHBULAKENSIS Bourg. Armenia.

H. STRAMIMFORMIS Bourg. Italy.

H. EQUITUM Bourg. Rhodes.

H. LUYNESIANA Bourg. Syria.

H. DICHROMOLENA Bourg. Italy

H. INTERAMNENSIS Bourg. Italy.

H. GIULIJB Bourg. Malta.

H. MELANONIXIA Bourg. Mascara, Algiers.

The following names are from Arnould Locard's "Cat. gen. des
Moll. Viv. de France," 1882.

H. KOR^EG^SLIA Bourg.

Provence, Italy, Corsica, Asia Minor, Greece, etc.
H. PROM^CA Bourg. France, Tyrol, etc.

H. PACHYPLEURA Bourg. Grasse, France.

H. UTICENSIS Letourneux et Bourguignat, Prod. Mai. Tunisie, 1887,
(rrr melanostoma). Tunis.

APPENDIX.

RHAQADA.

On account of the position assigned this group by Pfeiffer, with
Tachea, Eremina, etc., the species were illustrated on pi. 36 of this
volume. Further study has convinced me that they group with an
entirely different stock : and I shall therefore treat of them in a fu-
ture volume of the MANUAL.

XEROLEUCA.
P. 22, after H. mogadorensis Bourg., should follow.

H. CYCLOSTREMOIDES Sowerby, 1888. PI. 68, figs. 22, 23.

Widely, perspectively umbilicate, depressed, soiled white, curruga-
ted ; spire concavo-depressed ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, first two
smooth, brownish, the following concave, margined with an elevatec]

IIKUX. l>f)7

serrulate carina; body- whorl acutely tricarina, the median carina
largest; aperture hexagonal: peristome acute, triangulate.

Diam. 11. alt. (> mill. (Sowerby).

M'tul, between Morocco and Muzagan.

The affinities of this apparently valid species are indicated by the
position I have assigned it.

COCHLICELLA, p. 31.

11. oi'msiTv Mousson, 1887. PL 67, fig. 7.

Perforate, short elongate-conic, unequally striate, shining, pale
corneous; spire regular, conic, summit minute, obtuse; suture lin-
ear, somewhat impressed; whorls 71, slowly increasing, moderaldv
convex, the last rounded, equalling 3 the entire altitude, a trifle
compressed at the axis ; aperture suBoblique, {25° from the axis)
broad lunate oval ; peristome straight, obtuse (?); margins remote,
joined by an indistinct lamina, the outer and basal nearly equally
arcuate; coluiuella straight, subincrassated, obvious, half covering
the perforation, deeply inserted. Diam. 4^, alt. 8 mill. (Mousson).
Upingtonia, south of Ondonga, 8. E. Africa.

Based upon a single individual, and placed by Mousson with con-
siderable hesitation in this genus. It has the appearance of a young
Euliminuq.

ACUSTA, p. 47.

II. VA(ioiNA (iredler, 1888.

Half-covered perforate, trochoid. spire obtuse-conic, (the apex
broken on the specimens before me) corneous-whitish, solid, plicate-
striuto, transversely strigate with whitish, rufo-fasciate, somewhat
shining; whorls 5 (?), rapidly increasing, convex, the last incon-
spicuously subangulated at its origin, slightly deflexed, anteriorly,
but little convex below, trifasciate, the first band obsolescent, paler,
the second above, and the third below the periphery, wide, rufous-
chestnut, interrupted with elevated whitish strigations ; aperture oval,
small, the parietal wall not deeply intruding, sinuously recurved in
the middle, peristome sharp, slightly expanded, and slightly sub-
labiate within ; columellar margin short, the junction with basal
margin somewhat angular, reflexed half over the perforation.

Diam. 17, alt. 19 mill. (Chedler.)

District of Patong, or Shi-*h'nt-ln>, N. Jr. 1 1 "}><'.
17

258 HELIX.

The name ARMANDIA has been proposed by Ancey (21. Nat. Sicil.,
1888. p. 4) for H. davidi Desh. H. nora H. Ad. etc. The consideration
of this and other recently proposed subgenera of this group will be
deferred until the last volume of this series (VI) treating of the
Helices.

PLECTOTROPIS, p. 51.

Dr. von Mollendorff has instituted for a number of northern and
middle China shells, included principally in Plectotropis in this work,
the group CATHAICA. The first species enumerated, H. pyrrhozona
Phil., may be considered the type. The group will be further con-
sidered in the last volume treating of the Helices in this series.

*

Additional species.

H. suBCONELiuY Mollendorff, 1888.

Moderately umbilicate, conoid-depressed, thin, subtly urcuately
striate, decussated with very fine spiral lines; and with m^mbrana-
ceous interrupted deciduous costulse ; corneous brown ; whorls 6,
slightly convex, spire subregularly conoid, last whorl acutely cari-
nated at the periphery, base slightly inflated, obtusely angulated
around the umbilicus, very briefly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture
oblique, lunate-trapezoidal ; peristome above scarcely expanded,
basal margin sinuous, a little reflexed, at the columella reflexed and
slightly dilated. Diam. maj. 12, min. 10-j, alt. G\ mill.

(Mollendorff.} Lien-dson, Southern China.

H. LOFOUANA Mlldff., 1888.

Somewhat widely umbilicate, depressed, rather solid, arcuately
striatulate, decussated with fine but distinct spiral lines, with mem-
branaceous deciduous interrupted costulse sometimes elongately
ciliose at the periphery ; silky, corneous yellow ; spire convex-con-
oid ; whorls 6-1, a little convex, the last with an exserted subcremi-
lated carina at the periphery, convex below, obtusely angular around
the umbilicus, briefly descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, axe-
shaped ; peristome above lightly expanded, basal and columella mar-
gins labiate, a little reflexed. Diam. maj. 14J, min. 13, alt. 8 mill.
(Mollendorff).

Lo-fou-Shan Mts., China.

IIKLIX. 1>59

AEGISTA, p. 59.

H. VIRILIS Gredler, 1888.

Moderately umbilicate, globose-trochoidal, apex slightly obtuse,
slightly and irregularly obliquely striatulate, thin, pellucid, shining,
vitreous like agate, violet-white, unifasciate with brown or whitish;
whorls 7, gently increasing all the way to the base, slightly convex,
the last obtusely angulated, descending anteriorly as far as the in-
ferior band, slightly flattened, ornamented with two castaneous bands,
one thin situated upon the angle, the other inferior, fading out to-
ward the umbilicus, the two separated by a milky peripheral band
of double the width; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar; peristome a
little expanded, very briefly reflexed, the columellar margin dilated
above the umbilicus, which it does not conceal, reflexed.

Diam. 14-15, alt. 9-9* mill. (Gredler}.

Patong, China.

Var. SUBFUSCA Gredler.

Corneous-brown or reddish-brown, with a broad white peripheral
band ; spire more depressed ; umbilicus wider and striation stronger
than in the type. The breadth of the umbilicus is quite variable.

H. LAURENTII Gredler, 1888.

Moderately umbilicated, convexo-globose, unequally striatulate,
thin and pellucid, shining, corneous, concolored ; whorls 4^, rapid-
ly increasing, convex, the last large, anteriorly not descending ;
suture impressed ; aperture large, subrotund, slightly oblique ; per-
istome a little expanded, not reflexed, scarcely thickened.

Diam. 11, alt. 6 mill.

Hupe, Chi int.

H. HUPEANA Gredler, 1886. PI. 66, figs. 78-80.

Dextral, orbicular-discoidal, spire depressed, convex ; thin pellucid,
widely umbilicate, densely but unequally striate, somewhat shining,
corneous; whorls 6-6*, a little convex, sensibly increasing, the last
descending slightly or not at all, angulate above the periphery, the
angle sometimes whitish, base cylindrical; aperture rotund-lunar,
oblique ; peristome broadly expanded all around, reflexed, acute,
thickly labiate, margins converging, rarely joined by a thin parietal
callus. Diam. 13-17, alt. 5-6 mill. (Gredler}.

Patong, Western Hupe, China.

HELIX.

LYSINOE.
I*. 75, subsection Odontura, after H. eximia Pfr. insert

H. HUMBOLDTIANA Valenciennes, 1841. PL 69, figs. 34-36.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed-globose, rather thin but solid,
opaque, with a very thin yellowish-brown cuticle, encircled by three
dark chestnut bands, which are narrower than their interspaces, two
above, one below the periphery, more or less interrupted by longitu-
dinal irregular whitish streaks ; rudely, irregularly striate, com-
pletely covered by a dense fine granulation ; spire low conoid, ex-
centric, with blunt apex and smooth polished first whorl ; sutures
well impressed ; whorls 41, well rounded, rapidly increasing, espe-
cially the last, which at the aperture is double the width of the
penultimate ; body-whorl large, depressed-inflated, deeply indented
around the umbilicus, descending anteriorly; aperture rotund or
oval, lunate, quite oblique, pinkish-white and showing the bands
within ; peristome obtuse, slightly labiate, regularly arcuate, its ter-
minations converging, outer and basal margins subexpanded, colu-
mellar margin at its insertion triangularly expanded, adnate above
the umbilicus, which it narrows and conceals more or less, joined to
the superior margin by a light white callus. Diam. 33, alt. 28 mill.

Central Mexico.

H. badiocincta Wiegm., mss., teste Pfeiffer, is synonymous.

A beautiful species formerly classed in Pomatia, but doubtless be-
longing in Odontura. It is quite variable in proportions, a large
specimen before me measuring: diam. maj. 40, min. 28, alt. 34 mill.

In this large form the shell is transversely expanded, the whorls
obliquely flattened above, giving the spire a conoid shape, and the
aperture is transversely oval. The thin cuticle exfoliates very
readily.

Var. BUFFONIANA Pfeiffer, 1845. PI. 69, fig. 37.

More coarsely obliquely striate, thinner, less distinctly granulate,
darker in color, the bands indistinct, reduced to two, last whorl
more inflated, peristome less expanded. Diam. 37, alt. 35 mill.

It is H. kumboldtiana Desh., nee Val., H. matronula Wiegm.
mss., teste Martens.

CAMPYL^EA.
P. 117, subsection C hilotrema , insert under H. lapicida L.

HELIX. '2(;i

Var. MEDALPEDENSIS Clessin, 1879.

Smaller, with flat spire, the whorls more convex below than in tho
type.

Province of Medalped, Sweden.
In lat. 62 ° N., the most northern point reached by the species.

EREMINA.

P. 127, after H. DKSKKTORUM dele PI. 46, fig. 63.
After var. HEMPRICHTII, instead of PL 36, fig. 25, read PL 35, fig.
19.

In the text I considered H. chilembia Bourg. a form of var. ln-in-
prichti, on account of a series which seem to connect the extreme
forms. It may be better to admit the form as a distinct variety.

Var. EHRENBERGI Roth, 1839. PL 36, fig. 25.

Inflated, cretaceous, the peristome expanded, thickened, produced
and duplicated beyond the expansion.

Var. chilembia Bourg. is a synonym.

H. DUROI Hidalgo p. 128.,'

Var. MINOR Kobelt, 1888. PL 46, fig. 63.

Smaller than the type, legs transversely dilated.

Diam. 27, alt. 17 mill.

Rio dj Oro, Western border of the Sahara.

MACULARIA, p. 140.
After H. EMBIA, add. PL 61, figs. 13-15.

NOTE. The first three numbers of the present volume, each com-
prising 64 pp. text and accompanying plates, were issued upon the
following dates: 1, March 16; 2, July 1 ; 3, October 1.

INDEX TO THE GENERA Etc.

CONTAINED IN VOLUME IV.

The index to the species of Helix will be published on the com-
pletion of the monograph.

Actinella, 4, 38.
Acusta, 5, 47, 257.
Aegista, 51, 59, 259.
Aglaia, 67.

Allognathus, 121, 149.
Angasella, 51, 65.
Archelix=Tachea, 122.
Arionta, 67, 69, 117.
Armandia, 5, 258.
Callina, 5, 46.
Campytea, 68, 83, 260.
Candidula, 3, 5.
Cantareus, 234, 254.
Canthareus— Cantareiis, 234.
Caseolus=Actinella, 4, 39.
Cepsea=Tachea, 122.
Chilotrema, 69, 116, 260.
Cochlicella, 3, 31, 257.
Coronaria=Geomitra, 4.
Craspedaria, 4, 44.
Crenea— Discula, 5.
Crenea=Iberus, 202.
Crenea— Tectula, 4.
Crenea— Turricula, 3.
Cryptaxis— Leptaxis, 189.
Cryptomphalus, 234, 235.
Discula, 5, 44.
Elisrna=Cochlicella, 3.
Elona, 116.

Epiphragmophora, 68, 78.
Eremina, 121, 127, 261.
Eremophila— Eremina, 127.
Erinna=Eremina, 127.
Eucampylsea, 68, 87.
Eurycampta, 68, 82.
Eurystoma, 69, 120.
Eyrystoma— Eurystoma, 69.
Fruticocampylsea, 68, 84.

Geomitra, 4, 35.
Helicella, 3.

Helicomela=Plebecula, 187.
Helicopsis— Candidula, 3.
Helminthoglypta, 67, 72.
Hemicycla, 121, 150.
Heterostoma, 4, 35.
Hygromia—Praticola, 67.
Hystricella— Ochthephila, 4.
Iberus, 122, 201.
Irus, 4, 35.
Ims=Tumcula, 3.
Katostoma=Leptaxis, 189.
Lampadia, 189, 200.
Lemniscia, 3, 19.
Leptarionta, 67, 75.
Leptaxis, 121, 189.
Levaiitina, 202, 226.
Lucena^^Cantareus, 234.
Lyrula— Actinella, 4, 40.
Lysinoe, 67, 69, 2(50.
M'acularia, 121, 128, 261.
Micrarionta, 67, 77.
Mi tra= Lampadia, 200.
Monilaria,= Lemniscia, 3.
Murella=Iberu8, 202.
Obelus— Discula, 5.
Obelus=Turricula, 3.
Ochthephila, 4, 33.
OdoDtura, 67, 75, 260.
Otala=Macularia, 128.
Pentat^enia, 120.
Placentula, 4, 37.
Placentula=:^Irus, 4.
Plebecula, 121, 187.
Plectotropis, 50, 51, 258.
Pleuroxia=Angasella, 51.
Poecilostola, 67, 77.
(262)

INDEX TO GENERA. 263

Pomatia, 122, 232, 236. Tapada^Cantareus, 234.

Praticola, 67, 76. Tectula, 4, 41.

Pseudiberus, 50. Thea=Plectotropis, 50.

Pseudocampyliea, 69, 114. Tradiia, 51, 62.

Rhagada, 256. Trocluila==T urricula, 3.

Bimula=ActineUa, 4, 40. Ttirricula, 3, 23.

Spirorbula^Heterostoma, 4. Turritella^Discula, 5, 46.

Tachea, 121, 122. XerOcampylsea, 68, 83.

Tacheocampylrea, 68, 112. Xeroleuca, 3, 21, 256.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

HELICID^E, Vol. IV.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE. !JA(iE.

1 2. Candidula protea Zieg. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. •">.

21, ..... . . . ->

3, 4, 5. Candidula apicina Lam. Ibid, i, f. •)-)2, . . 5
6, 7. Candidula subapicina Mouss. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i,

t. 4, f. 2, . ... . . . . .6

8, 9. Candidula obruta Morel. Moll. Acores, t, 5, f. 13, . 6
10, 11. Candidula reboudiana Bourg. Mai. Algerie, i, t.

21, f. 28, 29, .... ... 6

12-14. Candidula reboudiana Bour. Ibid, i, t. 21, f. 19-21, 6
15-17. Candidula lallemantiana Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 21, f. 31-

35 . . . . . . 6

18-20. Candidula geryvillensis Bourg. Ibid, i, t, 21, f. 1-5, <>
21-23. Candidula bargesiana Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1457, 7
24, 25. Candidula costulata Zgl. (= striata Mull.) Ibid, i, f.

353, .7

26—28. Candidula bardoensis Bourg. Mai. Reg. Tunis, f. 19-

21, 7

29, 30. Candidula striata Drap. (= profuga Schm.) Rossm.

Icon, i, f. 354, b, ....... 7

31-33. Candidula parableta Boettger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell,

viii, t. 8, f. 15, .8

34, 35. Candidula striata Drap. (— profuga Sc-h in.') Rossm.

Icon. f. 354, d, . . . . . . .7

36-38. Candidula bolleuensis Locard. Monoa:. Hel. Boll. f.

1-3, 8

39, 40. Candidula striata Rossm. (— meridionals.) Rossm.

Icon, i, f. 354, e, 9

41-43. Candidula substriata Clessin. Mai. Bliitt, X. !•?. vi, t.

2, f. 6, 9

44—48. Candidula candidula Htuder. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 350,

a, b, . 10

49. Candidula cypavissias Parr. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1151, 11
50-52. Candidula improbata Mouss. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1556, 12
53, 54. Candidula conspumita Drap. . Ibid, i, f. 351, . . 12

PLATE 2.

55-57. Candidula lauracina Fagot. Lo^ird. Monosr. Hel.

Boll. f. 4-6, \ .8

58-60. Candidula perroudiana Locard. Ibid. f. 7-9, . . 8
61-63. Candidula tricastinorum Florence. Ibid. f. 10-12, . 9

(264)

KEFERENCE TO PLATES. 1>|}.~)

FIGURE. PA<;K.

64-66. Candidula fedtschenkoi Mart. Fedfldbenko'g Reifte t

1, f. 9, . . . 9

67-69. Candidula subcostulata, Bourg. Mai. Alg. i, t. 20, f.

22-25, -9

70-72. Candidula agrioica Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 22, f. 1-."), . 9
73-75. Candidula acutistria Bottg. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. vii,

t. 5, f. 2-4, 10

76, 77. Candidula rugosiuscula. Michaud. Coinpl. t. 15, f.

13,14, 11

78-80. Candidula paladilhi Bourg. Moll, litig. ii, t. 30, f. 2-

5, 11

81, 82. Candidula arrouxi Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 7, f. 4, 5, . 12

83. Candidula moricola Palad. Ann. Sci. Nat. t. 21, f. 3,

1875, 18

84, 85. Candidula eustricta Bourg. Moll. Algerie. i, t. 20, f.

28-30, 13

86-88. Candidula intersecta Mich. Dupuy, Moll. France, t.

13, f. 1, .... . 13

PLATE 3.

89-91. Candidula psara Bourg. Mai. Algerie, i, t. 20, f. 9-

13, " . . . .12

92-94. Candidula letourneuxiana Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 20, f.

33-38, 12

95-97. Candidula locheana Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 19, f. 25-28, . 13

98-100. Candidula submeridionalis Bourg. Rossm. Icon, vi,

f. 1559, 1560, 14

1. Candidula caperata Mtg. Ibid, iii, f. 831, . . .14

2. Candidula semipicta Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f.

5,1871, ...... .16

• >-5. Candidula caperata (— Barcinensis Bourg.) Rossm.

Icon, iii, f. 830, . . 14

6-8. Candidula langloisiana Bourg. Mem. Ace. Torino, xxiii,

t. l,f. 17-19, l«r>

9-11. Candidula armillata Lowe. Moll. Acores, t. 3, f. 7. . 15
12, 13. Candidula diniensis Ramb. Jour, de Conch, t. 9, f.

2, 1869, 15

14-16. Candidula molinse Hidalgo. Ibid. t. 2, f. 5, 1883, . lf>
17, 18. Candidula madritensis Ramb. Ibid. t. 9, f. 4, 1869, 16
19-21. Candidula penchinati Bourg. Moll, litig. ii, t. 42, f.

9-11 .16

22-24. Candidula codia Bourg. Amen. Conch, ii, t. 17, f.

10-12, ........ .16

25-27. Candidula gigaxii Charp. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t.

128, f. 23-28, .16

28, 29. Lemniscia tuniulorum W. et B. Orb. Canaries, t. 1,

f. 29,31,

30. Candidula meda Porro. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 927, . 17

266 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

31-33. Lemniscia Rosetti W. et B. Orb. Canaries, t. 1, f.

32-34, . . .19

PLATE 4.

34-36. Lemniscia oleacea Shutt. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 120, f.

4.V47, .20

37-39. Lemniscia woodwardii Tarnier. Ibid, iv, t. 120, f.

48-50, . .20

40-42. Lemniscia csementitia Shutt. Ibid, iv, t. 120, f. 42-

44, .... 20

43, 44. Lemniscia monilifera W. et B. Orb. Voy. Canar.

t. 1, f. 21, 22, 20

45, 46. Lemniscia michaudi Desh. Kiister, Helix, i, t. 38, f.

28,29,

47-49. Lemniscia lemniscata W. et B. Ibid, i, 38, f. 24-26,
50-52. Lemniscia atornata Mke. Ibid, ii, t. 123, f. 19-21, .
53, 54. Xeroleuca tunetana Pfr. Mai. Reg. Tunis, f. 26, 27,
55-57. Xeroleuca tetragona Morel. Mai. Algerie. i, t. 31, f.

1-3, . 21

58-60. Xeroleuca .urcica Chemn. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1016, 22
61-63. Xeroleuca tmogadorensis Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1018, .

64. Xeroleuca mograbina Morel. Ibid, iv, f. 1019,

65, 66. Xeroleuca degenerans Mouss. Ibid, iv, f. 1020, 1021,
67, 68. Xeroleuca conopsis Morel. Ibid, vii, f. 1980, .
69-72. Campyhea zelebori Pfr. Ibid, vi, f. 1562, 1563,
73-75. Turricula derogata Rossm. Rossm. Icon, iii, f. 833,

76. Turricula derogata var. angulata Rossm. Ibid, iii, f. 834,

77. Turricula hipponensis Morel. Ibid, vi, f. 1551,

78-80. Turricula warnieriana Bour^. Moll. Reg- Tunis t'.

15-18, 23

*1, 82. Turricula mmiidica Moq-Tand. Rosssni. Icon, v, f.

1471, 24

PLATE 5.

83-85. Turricula- pyramidata Drap. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 349, 23
86-88. Turricula pyramidata var. nova Paul. Fauna Ca-

labr. t, 6, f. 7; t. 7, f. 1, 24

89-92. Turricula thiessse Mouss. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. vii, t.

6, f. 10-12, 24

93-95. Turricula chalcidica Blanc. Ibid, viii, t. 6, f. 13-15, 24

99, 100. Turricula tarentina Pfr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1469, 24
1, 2. Turricula serrulata Beck. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t.

23, f. 5, 6, . . . 25

3. Turricula pyramidata, var. depressa Bourg. Faune Ca-

labr. t. 6, f. 6, b, .24

4-6. Turricula davidiana Bourg. Moll, litig. t. 10, f. 8-10, 24

7, 8. Turricula ptychodia Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1467, 25

9, 10. Turricula philammia Bourg. Ibid, v, f. 1466. . . 25

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 267

Fir.URE. PAGE.

11-13. Xeroleuca conopsis Morel. Jour, de Conch, t. 3, f. 1,

1880, 22

14, 15. Turricula hesperidum Morel. Ibid. t. 3, f. 2, 1880, . 26

16, 17. Turricula tuberculosa Con. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 14(>5, 25
18, 19. Turricula despreauxi Orb. Kiister. Helix, i, t. 23, f.

20, 21, . . . . . . . . . . 25

20, 21. Turricula moderata Mouss. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 122,

f. 5, 6, . . . 20

22, 23. Turrieujamirandfle Lowe. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 7, 8, . 26

24, 25. Turricula nodosostriata. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 20, 21, . 26

2(i, 27. Turricula inops Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 1, 2, . 26

28, 20. Turricula conicu Dr. (— trochoides Poir.) Rossm.

Icon, i, f. 347, .... ... 27

30, 31. Turricula conica var. sulculata Jan. Ibid, i, f. 348, . 27

32, 33. Turricula syrensis. Kiister, Helix i, t. 23, f. 22, 23, 28

PLATE 6.

34, 35. Turricula cyclodon W. et B. Orb. Voy. Canar. t. 2,

f. 1, 3, . .' . . 26

36, 37. Turricula turritella Parr. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 117, f.

22, 24 27

38, 39. Turricula verticillata Parr. Ibid, iv, t. 117, f. 21, . 27
40-42. Turricula schombrii Scac. Kiister, Helix, ii, t, 119,

f. 11-13 28

43-45. Turricula cuctillus Mart. Conch. Mittheil. i, t. 5, f.

1-3, 28

4(1, 47. Turricula idalise Bourg. Rossm. Iconog. v, f. 1468, 28

48. Turricula liebtruti Albers. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1245, 28

49, 50. Turricula pumilio Chemn. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1464, . 27
51, 52. Turricula newka Dohrn. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. f. 273,

274, .29

53. 54. Turricula hosperidum Morel. Rossm. Icon, vii, f.

1981 .-26

55, 56. Turricula cumise Calc. (== apiculus Rossm.) Benoit,

111. Conch. Sicil. t. 5, f. 6, .... .29

57-59. Turricula ele^ans Gm. (= terrestris Penn.) Rossm.

Icon, i, f. 345,

60-62. Turricula terrestris var. scitula Jan. Ibid, i, f. 346, 29
«'»:>, 64. Turricula caroni (= elata Faure-Big.) Ibid, i, f.

344,

65, 66. Turricula caroni var. dilatata Ben. Benoit, 111.

Conch. Sicil. t. 5, f. 16,
<J7, 68. Turricula turrita (^= caroni Desh.). Rossm. Icon, i,

f. 343, . . . . .

69, 70. Turricula sequentina Ben. Ibid, v, f. 1475,
71, 72. Turricula trochlea Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1470,
73, 74. Cochlicella contermina Shutt. Ibid, v, f. 1462, . 31

268 REFERENCE To PLATES.

FIGURK. PAGE.

75, 76. Cochlicella duplicate Mouss. Jahrh. Mai. Gesell. i, t,

4. f. 3 31

77, 78. Cochlicella conoidea Drap. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 376, . 31

79, 80. Cochlicella pringi Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1463, . . . 32
81, 82. Cochlicella vatoniana Bourir. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 37,

f. 14, 15 ~ .31

83-85. Cochlicella ventricosa Drap. Rossm. Iconog. i,f. 377, 32

86-88. Cochlicella acuta Mull. Ibid, i, f. 378, . . . 32

PLATE 7.

89. Ochthephila echinulata Lowe. Albers, Mai. Mader. t. 9,

f. 6,

90. Ochthephila bioarinata Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 908,

91. Ochthephila turricula Lowe. Ibid. f. 8(>7,

92. Ochthephila oxytropis Lowe. Ibid. f. 868,

93. Geomitra coronata Dean. Il)id. f. 902, .

94-96. Geomitra delphinuloides Lowe. Paiva, Moll. Mader.

t. 1, f. 1,

97-99. Geomitra coronula Lowe. Ibid. t. 2, f. 2, .
100-2. Geomitra moni/iana Paiva. ibid. t. 2, f. 1,

3. Geomitra thiarella W. et 1>. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. -S!)4,

4. Heterostoma latens Lowe. Ibid. i'. Jio3, ....

5. Heterostoma paupercula Lowe. Ibid. f. 894, .

6. Heterostoma depauperata Lowe. Ibid. f. 8(>!),

7-9. Heterostoma latinea Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 2,
f. ;>, ...

10. Heterostoma squalida Lowe. Eleeve. Couch. Icon. f. 1489,

11-13. Heterostoma laeiniosa Lowe. Allx'rs. AFoll. Ma<ler. t.
8, f. 17-19,

14, 15. Heterostoma imiltiirranosa Mouss. Pfr. Tv'ovit. Conch.
iv, t. 122, f. 25,27,

16-18. Heterpstoiaa eutropis Shutt. Ibid. t. 122, f. 2*-:',o, .

19. Heterostoma obteeta Lowe. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 878, .

20. Placentula cdtapar Lowe. Ibid. f. 12 (i),

21-23. Pla.-entula taMiiata W. et B. Orb. Yoy. Canar. t. :>,
f. 18-20,

PLAT-K 8.

24. Placentula maderensis Wood. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 871,

25. Placentula leptosticta Lowe. Ibid f. «(>.">,

26. Placentula micromphala Lowe. Ibid. f. s»»7. .

27. Placentula dealbata Lowe. Ibid. f. .si)2.

28. Placentula fictilis Lowe. Ibid. t. 866

29. Actinella lenti^inosa Lowe. Ibid. f. 896,

30. Actinella ar.-ta Lowe. Ibid f. 1)0"), . . ...

31. Actinella stellaris Lowe. Ibid. K 911, ....

32. Aetinella subeallifera ( spluorula Lowe.) Ibid. f. 1494,

33. Actinella eonsors Lowe. Ibid. f. SJIO

REFERENCE '!'< > I'l.ATKs. 21)!)

FK;UKI'. I-AC.K.

:>4. Aclinella compacta, ,* ( calculus.) All>cr>, Mader t

10, f. '20, ......

:;5. Actinella compacta Lowe. Ibid, t. 10, f. 1(5, .

36. Actinclhi abjecta Lowe. Reeve, Conch. Icon. i'. .S72,

:>7-'V)>(.). Aetinella ohserata Lowe. Albcrs. Mndcr. t. 10, f. 12-

14, .... 40

40, 41. Actinella calva Lowe. Ibid. 1. 11, f. 1, 2. . . 41
42, 43. Actinella actiuophora, Lowe. Ibid. t. 11, f. (5, 7, . 40
44, 45. Tectula alleniana Lowe, Jour, de Conch, t. 11, t.

10, 1<S<)(>, 42

46. Actinella aridens Lowe. Reeve,' Conch. Icon. £ 912, . 40

47. Actinella fausta Lowe. Ibid. f. 864 40

4<H. Actinella torrefacta ( userpans Furtado. ) Xovit. < 'ouch.

iv, t, 120, f. 2X, . . . . . . . .40

41). Actinella galeata Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 1, f. 2. 41
50. Discula polyinorpha, var. salebrosa, Albers. M;idcr. t.

5, f. 16, . 44

51-53. Discula tetrica Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 1. f. 7, 44

54, 55. Discula Lin eta Lowe. Albers, Mader. t. 5, f. 21, . 45

5I)-51). Discula polymorpha Lowe. Ibid. t. 5, f. 7, 8, 10, 9, . 44

HO, 61. Discula pitta Paiva. Paiva, Moll. Mader. t. 1, f. 3. 44
<>2. Discula polymorpha var. poromphala. Albers, Mader. t.

5, f. 19, ... . ... 44

• >'). 64. Discula aronieola Lowe. Ibid. t. 5, f. 24, 25, . . 45

PLATE 9.

<i5-()7. Actinella vespertina Morel. Moll. Acores, t. 3, f. 3, . 41
6K. Discula polymorpha var. barbozse. Jour, de Conch, t. 11,

f. 8, 1866, 45

6!). Discula tabellata Lowe. Conch. Icon. f. 1258, . 46

70. Discula bulweriana var. ( testudinalis Lowe). Ibid. f.

848, .46

71, 72. Discula pulvinata Lowe. Albers, Mader. t. 5, f. 14,

15, . . 45

73-76. Discula polymorpha var. papilio Lowe. Ibid. t. 6, f.

7-10, . .45

77-79. Discula polymorpha var. discina Lowe. Ibid. t. 6, f.

1-3, 45

80-82. Discula attrita Lowe. Ibid. t. 6, f. 12, 14, 15, . 46

>>•'>. Tectula lyelliana Lowe. Keeve, Conch. Icon. f. 880, . 41
84-86. Tectula bulweri var. b. Pfr. < Albersi). Albers,

Mader. t. 4, f. 16-18. ... .42

87. Discula gome/Jana Paiva. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 6,

1866, 45

•s*. Twjtula bulwerii Wood. Conch. Icon. f. 849,

«!). rFectula tectiformis Sowb. Ibid. f. 860, . . .42

1M). Tectula ludovici Alb. Ibid. f. 1196, .... 42

270 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FICUKK. PAGE.

91-93. Tectula argonautula W. et B. Moll. Canaries, t. 2, f.

18-18, 42

94-96. Tectula argonautula Orb. (= pulverulenta Lowe).

Ibid. t. 2, f. 13-15, . . . . . . .43

97-99. Tectula granostrmta Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 122,

f. 13-15, 43

100, 1. Tectula multiptinctata Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 10,

17, 43

2. Discula cheiranthicola Lowe. Conch. Icon. f. #75, . 46

3. Discula mustelina Lowe. Ibid. f. 1493, , . . 46

4. Callina rotula Lowe. Ibid. f. 858 46

PLATE 10.

5-7. Acusta selskii Gerst. Schrenck Amurl. Moll. t. 26, f.

8-10, ..... .47

8. Acusta cincto-inflata Mouss. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 3,

1887, 47

9. Acusta sieboldiana Pfr. Kiister, Helix i, t. 31, f. 1, . 47
10-12. Acusta oscitans Mart. Conch. Mittheil ii, t. 33, f. 1-

3, 47

13, 14. Acusta lajta Old. Novit. Conch, v, t. 143, f. 17, 18, 47

15. Acusta ravida Bens. Reeve, Iconica. Helix f. 398, . 4<S

16. Acusta burtinii Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Bull. t. 3, f. 1-

3, . ........ 4*

17. Acusta ravidula Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, iii, t. 20,

f. 12, 49

18. Acusta redfieldi Pfr. Reeve, Icon. Helix, f. 688, . . 49

19. Acusta Imberiana Heude (— redfieldi Pfr.) Hist. Nat.

Emp. Chin, ii, t. 17, f. 1, . . . ' . . . 49

20. Acusta phragraitium Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 14, f. 5, . . 48

21. Acusta frilleyi C. et D. (:= redfieldi Pfr.) Jour, de

Conch. 3 ser. iv, t. 12, f. 3, . . . . . .49

22. Acusta assimilis A. Ad., Zool. Proc. t. 33, f. 1, 1866, . 4*

23. 24. Acusta miliacea Mart. Preuss. Exped. t, 12, f. 15, . 49
25-27. Acusta sarelli Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii, t. 32, f. 4-6. 49
28, 29. Acusta raarcescens Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Sh. t. 4,

f. 5 ; t. 18, f. 6, 50

30. Acusta Kraussi Pfr. Reeve, Icon. Helix, f. 1391, . . 50

PLATE 11.

31-33. Plectotropis horiomphala Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t. 3, f.

5-7, . . .51

34. Plectotropis mackensii Ads. and Rve. Moll. Voy. Sama-

_ran«r, t. 15, f. 6 . 52

35-37. Plectotropis gerlachi Mlldff. Conch. Mittheil, i, t. S,

f. 2, 5, 7, f>2

38-40. Plectotropis laciniosula Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.

Pt. iii, t. 29, f. 9, . . r>.S

REFERENCE TO PLATES. '27 1

FIGURE. PACK.

41-43. Plectotropis trichotropis Pfr. Conch. Mitt heii, t. 18 f.

13-15, . . .53

44. Plectotropis cathcartise Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 1427, . 51

45. Plectotropis elegaiitissimii Pfr. Ibid. f. 42S, . . ;,;>
46-48. Plectotropis laciniata Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.

ii, t. 14, f. 10, .I.",

49, 50. Plectotropis ptychostyla Mart. Jour.de Conch. 3d Ser.

ii, t. 6, f. 2, . ' . " 58

51, 52. Plectotropis goniochila Pfr. Ibid. 3d Ser. ii, t. 6, f. 1, ~>*
53-55. Plectotropis winteriana Pfr. Martens, Preuss. Expcd.

t. 13, f. 11, -VI

58. Plectotropis huttoni Pfr. Reeve, Helix, f. 786, . . 54

57. Plectotropis shanghaiensis Pfr. Ibid. f. 1027, . . 55

58. Plectotropis mellea Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 46, f. 4, 1865, . 53
59-61. Plectotropis emnia Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 55, f. 4-7. .">:}
62, 63. Plectotropis smithii Beck. Zool, Proc. t. 55, f. 3, 1881, 57
64-66. Plectotropis intumescens Mart. Martens, Preuss. ex-

ped. t. 13, f. 10. . . 54

PLATE 12.

67. Plectotropis ancylocheila Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f.

I, 1870, - ")")

68-70. Plectotropis su matron a Mart. Martens, Preuss. Exped.

t. 13, f. 13, .... . -"><;

71. Plectotropis tapeina Bens. Reeve, Helix, f. 750, . . ">:>

72. Plectotropis tapeina Var. Conch. Indica, t. 15, f. 10, . 54

73. Plectotropis akowtongensis Theob. Ibid. t. 15, f. 4, . 57

74. 76. Plectotropis squamulosa Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv,

t. 117, f. 13-15, ... .56

77. Plectotropis rotatoria Busch. Conch. Ind. t. 15, f. 5, . 54
7.8. Plectotropis phayrei Theob. Ibid. t. 15, f. 1, . .56

79-81. Plectotropis conella A. Ad. Martens' Conch. Mit-

theil. t. 18, f. 8, 9, 11, .... .56

82. Plectotropis ciliosa Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 43, f. 8, 1859, . 55
83-85. Plectotropis atkinsoni Theob. Conch. Indica. t. 15,

f. 9; t. 84, f. 2, 3, ... . "><'•

86-88. Plectotropis puberulosa Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp.

Chin, iii, t. 29, f. 16, .... • :><;

SIMM. Plectotropis lepidostola Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 16, f. 10, 55
1)2-95. Plectotropis radulella Heude. Ibid, iii, t. 29, f. 17, . 51
1)6-98. Plectotropis howardi Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 2. f. 9,

1869, • f)-

99-1. Plectotropis aranesetela Pleude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin.

iii, t. 29, f. 14, ...
2. Plectotropis tectum-sinense Mart, Novit. Conch, iv, t.

134, f. 5, • ')5)

3-5. Plectotropis plectotropis Mart. Reise Turkest. t. 1, f.

II, ....

'11 '1 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGK.

6-8. Plectotropis mataiensis Nevill. Yarkland Exp. f. 7-

9, f>9

9-12. Plectotropis barboeella Heude. Hist. Nat, Emp.

Chin, ii, t. 16, f. 3, ... . . 55

PLATE 13.

13. Aegista typinsana (— oculus Pfr.) Reeve, Helix, f. 421, 59

14. Aegista chinensis Phil. Ibid. f. 427 60

15. Aegista vermis Rve. Ibid. f. 424, 60

16-18. Aegista chinensis Heude. (== pseudochinensis Mart.)

Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 15, f. 4,
19-21. Aegista furtiva Heude. Ibid, iii, t. 27, f. 13, .
22-24. Aegista herpestes Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 15, f. 14, .
25. Aegista oldhami Bens. Conch. Ind. t. 15, f. 7,
26-28. Aegista accrescens Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii,

t. 15, f. 2,

29-31. Aegista friedeliami Mart. Preus.s. Exped. t. 14, f. 10,

32. Aegista circulus Pfr. Reeve, Iconica f. 440, b,

33. Plectotropis scepasma Pfr. Ibid. f. 1296,

34. 35. Aegista alphonsi Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. ix, Bull.,

t. 2, f. 22, 23, 61

36, 37. Aegista catostoma Blanf. Conch. hid. t. 56, f. 2, 3, 62
38-40. Aegista gottschei Mlldff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 2, f.

3, 1887, . 62

41-43. Aegista initialis Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t.

15, f. 3, 62

44. Aegista platyomphala Mlldff. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 11,

f. 19, 1885, 61

45-47. Aegista aubryana Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii,

t. 20, f. 19, . " 60

48. Plectotropis hupensis Gredler. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t. 6,

f. 1, 1885, . . ' . 54

49-51. Plectotropis perplanata Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc.

Beng. t. 5, f. 21, 1881, .17

PLATE 14.

52-54. Trachia Peuangensis Strl. Jour. Asiat, Soc. Beng.

xlii, t. 3, f. 1, 03

55-57. Trachia propenqua Pfr. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 107, f.

15-17,

58. Trachia asperella Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 752,

">!>, 60. Trachia helferi Bens. Conch. Ind. t. 29, f. 8, 9,

61, 62. Trachia contracta Hutton. Ibid. t. 55, f. 8, 9,

63, 64. Trachia cyclostomata Guill. Cox, Monog. Austr. L.

Shells, t, 10," f. 12, Go

Kf), 66. Trachia ruginosa Fer. Conch. Ind. t. 85, f. 2, 3, . 63

67. Trachia crassicostata Bens. Ibid. t. 50, f. 10, . . (U

68, 69. Trachia fallaciosa Fer. Ibid. t. 85, f. 8, 9, . . 64

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 273

FIGURE. PACK.

70, 71. Trachia nilaghirica Pfr. Ibid. t. 55, f, 6, 7, . (|f>

72. Trachia proximn For. ihid. t. 28, f. 5, . . .' 63

73, 74. Trachia tanquereyi Crosse et Fischer. Jour, de Conch 64

t. 14, f. 2, 18(>3, 64

75. Trachia delibrata Bens. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 10, . .' 64

76. Trachia delibrata var. i'asciata. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng

t. 1, f. 1, 1875, .64

77. Trachia delibrata var. khasiaca. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 9, 64

78. Angasella taranakii Gray. Reeve, Icon. f. 443, . . i;r>

79. Trachia tuckeri Pfr. Ibid. f. 633, 65

80. 81. Angasella subsecta Tate. Trans, Phil. Soc. Adelaide,

t. 5, f. 2, 1879, 66

82. Plectotropis gabata Old. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 4, . . 57

83. Plectotropis merguiensis Phil. (— gabata Gld.) Ibid. t.

14, f. 7, f>7

84. Trachia Footei Stol. Ibid. t. 149, f. 10, . . . . 64

85. 86. Angasella cyrtopleura Pfr. Jour, de conch, t. 10, f.

10, f. 1, 1862, . . , 65

87-89. Angasella philippsiana Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 20, f. 4,

1873, 66

90, 91. Angasella eyrei Ad. et Angas. Ibid. t. 47, f. 11, 12,

1876, 66

92, 93. Angasella delessertiana Guill. Cox. Monog. Austr.

L. Sh. t. 5, f. 8, .66

PLATE 15.

94-96. Lysinoe fidelis Gray. Tryon Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 8 ;

Binney, t. 18, 69

97. Lysinoe infumata Gld. Tryon. Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 6, .70

98. Lysinoe hillebrandi Newc. Ibid. t. 5, f. 7, . . . 70

99. Lysinoe ayresiana Newc. Ibid. t. 11, f. 28, . . . 70
1. Lvsinoe mormonum Pfr. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, t. 79, f.

21, ..... .... 70

2-4. Lysinoe circumcarinata Stearns. Binney, Manual, 141,

£121, 70

5. Lysinoe traskii Newc. Tryon, Terr. Moll, t, 5, f. 16, . 71

6, 7. Lysinoe carpenteri Newc. Binney, Manual, 144, f, 123, 71

8. Lysiuoe remondi Tryon, (— Carpenteri Newc.). Tryon,

Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. ] 8, . .... 71

9. Lysinoe dupetithouarsi Desh. Ibid. t. 5, f. 17, . . 71

10. Lysinoe sequoicola Cooper. Ibid. t. 11, f. 27, . .71

11. Lysinoe rufocincta Newc. Ibid. t. 6, f. 20, . . .72

12. Lysinoe rowelli Newc. Ibid. t. 11, f. 30, ... 72

13. Lysinoe Lohrii Gabb. (== Rowellii Newc.). Am. Jour.

Conch, iii, t, 16, f. 2, 72

14-16. Lysinoe townsendiana Lea. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii,

t. 19, . . - , -72

18

274 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

PLATE 16.

17. Lysinoe arrosa Old. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 10, . 72

18. Lysinoe exarata Pfr. Ibid. t. 5, f. 11, . . . .72

19. Lysinoe nickliniana Lea. Ibid. t. 5, f. 12, . .72

20. Lysinoe anachoreta Binn. Binney, Manual, p. 132, f.

106, * 72

21. Lysinoe ramentosa Old. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 15, . 72

22. Lysinoe bridgesii Kewc. (ramentosa). Ibid. t. 11, f. 29, . 73

23. 24. Lysinoe reticulata Pfr. (•= ramentosa). Novit. Conch.

i, t. 34, f. 4-7. . . 73

25. Lysinoe diabloensis Cooper. Binney, Manual, p. 135, f.

112, . . .74

26. Lysinoe intercisa W. G. B. Tryon, Terr. Moll, t, 6, f. 4, 74

27. Lysinoe redimita W. G. B. Ibid. t. 6, f. 7, . . .74

28. 29. Lysinoe tudiculata Binn. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t.

16, " ' . . .74

30. Lysinoe cypreophila Newc. Binney, Manual, p. 140, f.

119, . . 75

31. Lysinbe ghiesbreghti Nyst. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t.

10, f. 9,

32. Lysinoe eximia Pfr. Ibid. t. 11, f. 3, ....

33. Lysinoe crebristriata (== intercisa). Tryon, Terr. Moll.

t. 6, f. 2, . . .74

PLATE 17.

34. Lysinoe farrisi Higgins (== Higginsi Pfr.). Zool. Proc.

t. 14, f. 5, 1868, _. 79

35-37. Lysinoe jaspidea Pfr. Xovit. Conch, ii, t. 41, f. 5-7, 7!>

38-40. Lysinoe costaricensis Roth. Ibid, i, t. 21, f. 15-17, . 79

41-43. Lysinoe tschudiana Phil. Ibid, iii, t. 79, f. 1-3, . 77

44-46. Lysinoe huanucensis Phil. Ibid. iii,t. 79, f. 13-15, . 7'.'

47. Lysinoe diluta Pfr. Reeve, Iconica. f. 594, . ... 80
48-50. Lysinoe alsophila Phil. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 79, f. 4-

6, 78

51-53. Lysinoe sargi C. et F. Jour, de Conch, t. 9, f. 2,

1873, 80

PLATE 18.

54. Lysinoe trigrammetophora Orb. Reeve, Helix, f. 577, . 80

55, 56. Lysinoe claromphalos D. et H. Guerin's Mag. Zool.

t. 14, f. 1, 1850, 80

57, 58. Lysinoe macasi Higgins. Zool. Proc. t. 56, f. 6,

1872, 81

59. Lysinoe trenquelleonis Grat. Conch. Icon. f. 1189,

60. Lysinoe desidens Rang. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 69, k. f. 7, *•"
61-63. Lysinoe patasensis Pfr. ^ovit. Conch, ii, t. 41, f. 8-

10, ... .... .81

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 275

FIGURE. PA(;K.

64. Lysinoe audouini Orb. Reeve, Icon. f. 540, . . .81

65, 66. Lysinoe semiclausa Mart. Novit, Conch, iii, t. 88, f.

10, 11, . . 80

67, 68. Lysinoe clausomphalos D. et H. Guerin's Mag. Zool.

t. 14, f. 2, 80

69, 70. Lysinoe farrisi Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 41, f. 1, 2, . 77

71. Lysinoe estella Orb. Reeve, Helix, f. 578, . . .78

PLATE 19.

72. Lysinoe pellis-colubri Phil. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 79, f. 10, 80
73-75. Lysiuoe cuyana Strobel. Ibid, iii, t. 79, f. 16-18, . 78
76, 77. Lysinoe flavesceus Wiegm. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii,

t. lf2, f. 14, 15 75

78. Lysinoe bicincta Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 10, f.

7, 75

79, 80. Lysinoe ocampi Strebel. Strebel, Mex. L. Couch.

PL iv, t. 11, f. 2, 5, 76

-81-83. Lvsinoe berlandieriana Moric. Binney, Terr. Moll.

iii, t. 49, f. 1, 76

84-86. Lysinoe albizonata Binn. (= griseola Pfr.) Ibid, iii,

t. 49, f. 2, . 76

-87. Lysinoe leucoraphe Pfr. Reeve, Icon. f. 330, . . 77

88. Lysinoe gabbi Newc. Tr/on, Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 19, . 77

89. Lysinoe facta Newc. Ibid. t. 11, f. 32, . . . .77

90. Lysinoe cicercula Fer. (— griseola Pfr.) Fer. Hist. Moll.

iv, t. 107, f. 10, . 76

91. 92. Lysinoe bryanti Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 57, f. 4, 6, 83

93. Lysinoe poeyi Petit. Reeve, Helix, f. 267, ... 83

94. Lysinoe supertexta Pfr. Ibid. f. 264, . .82

95. Lysinoe bonplandi Lam. Ibid. f. 259, . . . .82

96. 97. Lvsinoe arctistria Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 67, f. 9,

10, . . . ; .. ...... • • • 82

1, 2. Lysinoe carascalensis Fer. Ibid, ii, f. 570, . .103

3, 4. Lysinoe velascoi Hidalgo. Ibid, iv, f. 1096, . . 103
5-7. Lysinoe velascoi Hidalgo. Ibid. f. 1097, . . 103

PLATE 20.

8-10. Campylsea cantabrica Hidalgo. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f.

1098, * 110

11, 12. CampyUea shaufussi Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1099, . . 110
13, 14. Campykea ravergiensis Fer. Ibid, v, f. 1220, . . 85
15, 16. Campylsea ravergiensis var. persica Bottg. Ibid. N.

S. i, f. 49, . . . . . - . / • 85

17, 18. Campy hen narzanensis Kryn. Ibid, v, f. 1230, . -s I

19. Campylsea narzanensis var. solidior. Ibid, v, f. 1225, . 84
20-22. Campylsea narzanensis var. suanetica. Jahrb. Mai.

Gesell. t, 6, f. 4, 1883, 84

276 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

23 24. Campylsea narzanensis var. macromphala. Ibid, t,

6, f. 3, 1883, 85

25. Campylsea appelinsi Mouss. Jour, de Conch, t, 2, f. 3, 1876, 85

26, 27. Carnpylsea pratensis Pfr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1224 . 85
28, 29. Campylsea pratensis var. depressa. Ibid, v, f. 1226, 85

30. Campylsea pratensis var. solidior. Ibid, v, f. 1227, . 85

31, 32. Campylsea transcaucasica Bayer. Ibid, v, f. 1223, . 85
33, 34. Campylsea cyclothyra Bottg. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. t.

6, f. 2, 1883,

35-37. Campylsea pontica Bottg. Ibid. t. 4, f. 3-5, 1883, .
38-40. Campy kea pontica Bottg. Ibid. t. 6, f. 6, 1883,
41, 42. Campykea joannis Mort. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f. 992,
43, 44. Campylsea phocsea Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 994,

45. Campylsea phocsea Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 995, . .

PLATE 21.

46, 47. Campylsea delabris Mouss. Rossm. Iconog. v, f. 1229, 86
48, 49. Campylsea eichvvaldi Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1216, . .86
50, 51. Campylsea eichwaldi, var. daghestana Parr. Ibid, v,

f. 1217, . . . . ' . . . . ; 86
52-54. Campylsea armeniaca Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. 1. 17,

f. 23-25, 86

55, 56. Campylsea langi Parr. Rossm. Iconog. iv, f. 993, . 102
57, 58. Campylsea gasparinse Charp. Ibid, iv, f. 989, . .102
59. Campylsea gasparinse var. subdeflexa Bottg. Jahrb. Mai.

Gesell. t. 4, f. 12, 1885, 102

60-62. Campylsea thayaca Bourg. Moll, litig. ii, t. 38, f. 15-

18, 97

63-65. Campy Isea stenomphala Mke. Rossm. Iconog. ii, f.

458, 88

66-68. Campy hea serbica Mlldff. Ibid, iv, f. 982, . . 88

69-71. Campylsea paucini Mlldff. ' Ibid, iv, f. 983, . . 88

t PLATE 22.

72-74. Campylsea banatica Partsch. Rossm. Iconog. ii, f. 457, 97

75. Campylsea pouzolzi Desh. Ibid, i, f. 215, . . .87

76. Campylsea pouzolzi var. montenegrina. Ibid, ii, f. 459,

77. Campylsea pouzolzi var. bosniensis. Ibid, iv, f. 985, .

78. 79. Campylsea sadleriana Ziegl. Ibid, ii, f. 502, . .
0-82. Campylsea planospira Lam. Ibid, iv, f. 1059, . .

83, 84. Campylsea planospira var. padana Stab. Ibid, iv, f.
1055,

85. Campylsea planospira var. umbilicaris Brum. Ibid, iv, f.

1057,

86. Campylsea planospira var. illyrica Stab. Ibid, iv, f. 1056,

87. Campylsea planospira var. casertana Paul. Faune Mai.

Calab. t. 3, f. 3, .

REFERENCE TO PL AT IX L>77

88, 89. Campylsea planospira var. pubescens Tib. Ibid, t :;

f. 1, 2, ....... .91

90. Campylsea planospira var. calabrica Paul. Ibid. t. 4, f. 4, !M

91. Campy hen, planospira var. sutipila Ztrlr. Uossm. Icono---

iv,f. 985, . . . . . . . . . <><)

92. Campylaea planospira var. setiplla Brig. Ibid, iv, f. 1060, 90

PLATI; l!3.

93. 94. Oanipyhea ])lanospira var. neapolitana Paul. Faune

Mai. Calab. t. 5, f. 1, 3, ...... !)1

95. Campylsea planospira var. alifaensis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai.

Ital. vii, t. 2, bis. f. 3, ....... 92

90. Campylsea planoepira var. calabrica Paul. Ftmnu Mai.

Calab. t, 4, f. 3, ........ 91

97. Campylsea planospira var. casseinensis Paul. Ibid. t. 5,

f. 4, .......... 91

98-100 Campykea confusa Ben. Rossm. Iconoi? iv, f. 1064, 92

1, 2. Carapylsea macrostoma Miililf. Ibid, i, f. 216, . 92

3, 4. Campylm benedicta Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1062, . . 92
5, 0. Campylsea macrostoma var. crvptozona Zglr. Ibid, i,

f. 217," ....'.. . 92

7-!). Campylsea sclerotricba Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1061, . 96

10-12. Campykea hirta Mke. Ibid, ii, f. 599, . 89

13-15. Campylsea pyrenaica Drap. Ibid, i, f. 218, . . 94

16. Campylsea pyrenaica var. complanata Bourg. Guerin's

^lug. t. 13," f. 2, 1863, ..... . 95

17. Campylsea frigida var. frigidissima. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.

vii, t. 2, f. 8, ........ 101

18. Campyla3a nicatis Costa. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. xii, t. 2,

f. 1, ...... .101

PLATE 24.

19-21. Campylaja kollari Zel. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1054, . 94
22-24. Campylsea comepbora Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1003, . 96
25-27. Campylsea frigida Jan. Ibid, i, f. 157, . . . 101
28. Carapylsea insubrica Cr. et. Jan. Ibid, ii, f. 512, . . 101
29-31. Campylsea nicolisiana. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xi, f. 4, 6,
32-34. Campykea hoffmani Partsch. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 224,
35, 36. Campylaea insolita Ziegl. Ibid, ii, f. 506,
37, 38. Campylsea denudata Rossm. Ibid, i, f. 223,
39-41. Campylsea narentina Kleciach. Ibid, vi, f. 1566,

PLATE 25.

42-44. Campylaja praetexta Parr. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1066 99
45-47. Campylsea trizona Zgl. Ibid, i, f. 87,
48, 49. Campylsea trizona var. rumelica Zgl. Ibid, ii, f. 504 1

50. Campylsea trizona var. inflata Bielz. Ibid, iv, f. 996, 1

51. Campy l«a frauenfeldi Zel. Ibid, iv, f. 1001, . 108

278 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

Campyh
59 60. Campylsea foetens C. Pfr. var. achates Ziegl. Ibid, ii,

f. 600, ' 93

61, 62. Campytea foetens Moq.-Tand. Moll. France, t. 11, f.

16,17,

63. Campytea foetens var. ichthyomma Held. Excursions

Fauna f. 77, . . . . . . . .93

PLATE 26.

64. Campytea foetens var. cisalpina Stab. Rossm. Iconog. iv,

f. 1051, ... 94

65. Campytea foetens var. adami Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1052, . 94

66. Campytea foetens var. rhaetica Mouss. Ibid, iv, f. 1050, 94

67. 68. Campytea argentillei Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1053, . 94
69-72. Campylsea gobanzi Frauenf. Ibid, iv, f. 1078-1079, 107

73. Campylsea cingulata Stud. Ibid, i, f. 135, . . . 104

74. Campy tea cingulata Stud. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, f. 1, 104

75. 76. Campylsea cingulata var. athesina Paul. Rossm. Icon.

i, f. 88, 105

77, 78. Campytea colubrina Jan. Ibid, i, f. 370, . 105

79, 80. Campytea cingulata var. baldensis Villa. Ibid, ii, f.

603, 604, ... 105

81-83. Campytea cingulata var. carraraensis Porro. Ibid, iv,

f. 1071, 105

PLATE 27.

84. Campylsea cingulata var. kobeltiana Paul. Bull. Soc.

Mai. Ital. vii, t. 1, f. 4, 107

85-87. Campytea cingulata var. montana Paul. Ibid, vii, t.

1, f. 5, . ^ 107

88-90. Campytea cingulata var. appeli Kob. Rossm. Icon.

iv, f. 1070, . . . 105

91, 92. Campylsea presslii Schmidt. Ibid, i, f. 255, . . 104
93-95. Campytea presslii var. nisoria Rossm. Ibid, ii, f. 509, 104

96. Campytea cingulata var. agnata Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai.

Ital. vii, t, 2, f. 3, 107

97. Campytea cingulata var. affinis Paul. Ibid, vii, t. 2, f. 1, 106
98-100. Campytea hermesiana Pini. Rossm. Icon. iv,f. 1080, 100

1-3. Campy tea cingulata var. nubila Zglr. Ibid, iv, f. 1073, 106
4. Campytea hermesiana var. ligurica Kob. Ibid. iv,f. 1081, 101

PLATE 28.

5-7. Campytea cingulata var. anconae Gentil. Bull. Soc.

Mai. Ital. i, t. 3, f. 9-11, 106

8-10. Campytea schmidti Zglr. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 156, . 103
11-13. Campytea alpina Faune-Big. Ibid, i, f. 158, . . 100

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 279

FIOURK. PAGE.

14-16. Campylaea frigidesceris Delprete. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.

v, t. 1, f. 7-9, 105

17, 18. Campylaea fontenilli Mich, Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 510, 100

19, 21. Campykea olympica Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 990, . . 101
"2'2. Campykea ol ympica var. ossica Bottg. Jtilirb. Mai. Gesell.

t. 4, f. 10, 1885, ... .... 102

23. Campylsea olympica var. magnesise Bottg. Ibid. t. 4, £8,

1686, " 102

24-27. Campylsea phalerata Zglr. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 598 ; i,

159, . . . . 100

28-31. Campylaea var, chamaeleon Parr. Ibid, iv, f. 991, . 101
32, 33. Campylsea tigriria Jan. Ibid, i, f. 226, . . .107

34-36. Campylaea zonata Studer. Ibid, i, f. 91, . . . 92

PLATE 29.

37-39. Campylsea subzonata Mouss. Novit. Conch, iii, 1. 107,

f. 12-14, . 93

40, 41. Campylsea var. distans Blanc. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i,

f. 105, ' 93

42-45. Campylsea rnollendorffi Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1094, 1095, 95
46, 47. Campylsea faustina Ziegl. Ibid. i. f. 93, . . .95
48-50. Campylaea associata Zglr. Ibid, i, f. 374, . . 95

5 1-53. Campylsea ad vena Rossm (=Rossmsessleri Pfr.). Ibid.

ii, f. 687, 96

54, 55. Campylsea cornea Drap. Ibid, i, f. 96, . .110

50-58. Campylsea var. castanea. Ibid, i, f. 219,
59, 60. Campylsea desmonlinsi Farines. Ibid, ii, f. 511, . Ill
61-63. Campylsea middendorffi Gerstf. Mem. Sav. etc. Acad.

St. Petersb. ix, f. 29. . . . . .111

64-66. Campylsea intermedia Fer. Rossm. Iconog, i, f. 155, 109
67-69. Campylsea Ziegleri Schmidt. Ibid, i, f. 154, . . 109

PLATE 30.

71, 72. Campylsea cingulella Zglr. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 373, . 104

72. Campylsea aemula Rossm. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1220, 109
73-75. Campylsea glacialis Thomas. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 507, 109
76-78. Campylsea nicolai Kleciach. Ibid. N. S. i, f. Ill, . 98
79-81. Campylsea Kleciachi Parr. Ibid, iv, f. 1065, . . 99
82-84. Campylaea Brusinse Stoss. Ibid, iv, f. 1131, . . 98
85-87. Campylsea crinita Sandri. Ibid, iv, f. 1068, . . 100
88-90. Campyliea setigera Zglr. Ibid, iv, f. 1069, . . 100
91, 92. Campylsea cyclolabris. Ibid, iv, f. 1085, .

93. Campylsea cyclolabris var. arcadica. Ibid, iv, f. 1086,

PLATE 31.

94, 95. Campykea setosa Zglr. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 221, . 97
96, 97. Campylsea cyclolabris var. hymetti Mouss. Ibid.

iv,f. 1083, 114

280 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

98, 99. Campvlsea cyclolabris var. heldreichi Shutt. Ibid.

iv, f. 1087, . .114

100. CampylsBa cyclolabris var. euboea Parr. Jahrb. Mai.

Gesell. vii, tf. 6, f. 8, . . 114

1, 2. Campyhea cyclolabris vav. lysis-toma Shutt. Bossm.

Icon, iv, f. 1084, . . / . . . .114

3-5. Campylsea cyclolabris var. sphaeriostoma Bourg. Amen.

Mai. if, t, 5,f. !-'>, 114

6-8. Campylsea grelloisi Bourg. Ibid, ii, t. 5,-f. 10-12, . 114
9, 10. Campylaea raspailli Payr. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 505, . 112

11. Campylaea raspailli var. pilosa Kob. Ibid, vii, f. 1982, 112

12, 13. Camplysea brocardiana Dut. Ibid, iv, f. 986, . . 112
14-17. Camplysea cserulescens. Ibid, ii, f. 607, 608.

18, 19. Campylsea lapk'ida Linn. Ibid, i, f. 11, . . . 116

PLATE 32.

20, 21. Campylsea insularis C. et D. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f.

3, 1869, 112

22-24. Campylsea revelieri Deb. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 987, . 112
25-27. Campyliea quimperiana Fer. Ibid, i, f. 220, . .116
28, 29. Campyliea pellita Fer. Ibid, iv, f. 1090, . . .115
30, 31. Campylaea pellita var. graphicotera Bounr. Ibid, iv,

f. 1091, . . .115

32. Campylsea pellita var. kreglingeri Zel. Ibid. iv. f. 1092, 115

33. Campylsea naxiana Fer. Fer. Hist, Moll, iii, t. 69, f. 1, 115

34. Campylsea naxiana Var. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 91*5, . 115

35. 36. Campylsea westerlundi Blanc. Rossm. Icon. X. S. i,

f. 55, 115

37, 38. Campylaea noverca Friv. Ibid, iv, f. 108!), . .115
39. Campylaea lecta Fer. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 69, f. 2, . 116
40-42. Campylsea lecta Fer. (= sublecta Maltz.) Kossm.

Icon, iv, f. 1093, 116

43, 44. Arionta arbustorum L. Ibid. i,f. 297, a, c, . . 117

45. Arionta arbustorum var. picea Zglr. Ibid, i, f. 297, d, . 117

46. Arionta arbustorum var. rudis Meg. Ibid . f. 297, e, .118

47. Ariouta arbustorum var. alpestris Zglr. Ibid. X. S. i, f.

109, . . . 118

48. Arionta arbustorum var. alpestris Zglr. Ibid. O. S. i, f.

109, . . . . . . . . . .118

49. 50, Arionta arbustorum var. xatartii Far. Ibid. X. S. i,

f. 108, 118

PLATE 33.

51. Arionta arbustorum var. jetschini Kob. Rossm. Icon. X.

S. i, f. 106, 117

52, 53. Arionta sethiops Bielz. Ibid. XT. S. i, f. 107, b, .118
54, 55. Ariouta styriaca Frauenf. Ibid, iv, f. 988, . .118

i: TO I'LATKS. 281

FIGURE. RAGE.

50. Arionta Btearnsiana Gabh. Am. Jour. Condi, iii, t. 10, i'.

1, 119

57. Arionta kelietti Forbes. Tryon's Terr. Moll, t. (I, f. 1 , . 119

58. Arionta californiensis Lea. Binney, Ten-. Moll. t. (i, i'.

2, .,...:.... IP.)

59. 60. Eurystoma vittata Miill. Kilstor, Helix, i, t. 58, f.

15, 16, 120

01. Eurystoma vittata var. spinola Villa. Ibid, i, t. 58, f. 17, 120

02. Eurystoma vittata var. /onula Wood. Ibid, i, t. 5s, f. IS, 120
63, 64. Craspedaria delphinula Lowe. Albers. Mai. Mad. t.

17, f. 1,2,; 44

65-67. Plectotropis ptychostyla Mart. Preuss. Exped. Moll.

1. 13, f. 12, /'•,.;•"-. r^

68, 69. Aou'ista subchinensis Xevill. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xi,

t. 7, f. 8, . . .62

70. Aegista persimilis Shuttl. Conch. Icon. f. 901,

71, 72. Campylaea picsena Tiberi. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. xiii,

t. 2, f. 4, . >; 109

73-75. Campyltoa carotii Paulucci. Rossmassler, Iconog. N.

. S. iii, f. 374, 8S:J, . . . 112

70. Arionta xatartii var. camprodimica Kob. Ibid. N. S. i,

f. 108, 118

PLATE 34.

77, 78. Campylrea gennarii Paul. Rossm. Iconog. N. S. iii,

f.371, . . . . . . . . .113

79, 80. Campylam melonii Maltz. Ibid. N. S. iii, f. 381, . 113

81, 82. Campykea brenskei Bottg. Ibid. N. S. iii, f. 384, . 113

83. Tachea atrolabiata Kryn. Rossmasler Icon, iv, f. 979, . 124

84. Tachea atrolabiata var. pallasii Dubois. Ibid. f. 972, . 125

85. Tachea atrolabiata var. lenkoranea Mouss. Ibid. f. 971, 125

86. Tachea atrolabiata var. stauropolitana Schm. Ibid, iii,

f. 895, .... ... . 124

87. Tachea atrolabiata var. nemoraloides Mart. Novitates

Conch, t. ii, f. 14, . . . .

88. Tachea aimophila Bourg. Amen. Malac. ii, t. 17, f. 15, 126
89-93. Tachea austriaca (== vindobonensis C. Pfr.) Rossra.

Icon, ii, f. 495, .... . -124

94, 95. Tachea nemoralis L. Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 989, . 122

96. Tachea nemoralis L. Forbes & Hanley, t. 115, f. 1, . 122

PLATE 35.

97. Tadiea nemoralis L. Forbes & Hanley, t. 115, f. 4, ;< . 122

98. Tachea nemoralis var. erjaveci Kob. Rossm. Icon, vii, t.

195, f. 1900a, . '. • • 123

99. Tachea hortensis Mull. Ibid, i, f. 6, . . . . 123
100. Tachea hortensis var. hybrida Poir. Ibid. f. 299, .

282 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE..

1. Tachea hortensis scalariform monstrosity. Ibid. f. 300, . 125

2. Tachea montana. Gaster. Fauna Schweitz, t. 81, . . 125

3. Tachea gibbosula Desh. Fer and Desh. Hist. Moll, iv, t.

107, f. 2, 126

4-7. Tachea sylvatica Drap. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 496, . .125

8. Tachea sylvatica var. eximia Dup. Ibid, vii, f. 1964, . 12")

9. Tachea sylvatica var. rhenana Kob. Ibid, vii, f. 1965, . 125

10. Tachea sylvatica var. alpicola Fer. Moq-Tand. t. 13, f.

13, .. ....... 125

11. Campylsea hessei. Moll. Fauna. O-Ungarns etc. fig. 76, 103
12-14. Tachea coquandi Morel. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1961-19(53, 125

15. Tachea sylvatica Drap. (Jan.) Moq.-Tand. t. xiii, f. 10, 125

16. Tachea litturea Pfr. Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 1131, . . 126

17. Tachea tchihatcheffi Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. F. i, t. 15, f.

110, 126

18. Tachea filosa Desh. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 29a, f. 23, . 126
19-22. Eremina desertorum Forsk. vars. Rossm. Icon, iv, t.

96, f. 1010 and 1007, . 127

PLATE 36.

23. Eremina desertorum Forsk. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 32a. f.

9, .... 127

24. Eremina desertorum var. hasselquisti Ehrenb. Rossm. . 261

Icon.iv, t. 96, f. 1003, 261

25. Eremina ehrenbergi, v. chilembia, Bourg. Rev. et Mag.

Zool. 1864, pi. 77, f. 6, 261

26-28. Eremina desertella Jickeli. Moll. N. O. Africa's, t. 4,

f. 26, . 127

29-30. Eremina dillwyniana Pfr. Kiister, Con. Cab. Helix.

ii, t. 140, f. 13, 14, 127

31-32. Rhagada solorensis Mart. Preuss. Exped. Ostas. . 256

33. Rhagada leptogramme Pfr. Reeve, Helix, f. 437, . 256

34. Rhadaga tescorum Bens. Ibid. f. 1154, . . .256
35-36. Rhadaga richardsonii Smith. Voy. Erebus and Ter-
ror, Zool. t. iv, f. 14, 256

37, 38. Rhagada colona v. Martens. Monatsb. K. P. Ak.

Wiss. 1877, t. 1, f. 4, 5, 256

39. Rhagada reinga Gray. Kiister, Con. Cab. Helix, ii, t.

73, f. 8, LW

40. Rhagada dringi Pfr. Reeve, Con. Icon. f. 769, . . 256
41-43. Rhadaga bordaensis Angas. PI. L. 8. 1877, t. xl, . 256

44. Rhagada silveri Angas. Ibid. 1868, p. 257, f. 1, . .256

45, 46. Rhadaga kooringensis Angas. Ibid. 1877, p. 34, f.

1,2,,-.. • 256

47, 48. Macularia campanyonii Aleron. Moq-Tand. Moll.

France, t. 12, f. f9, 20, . . . . . . 148

49, 50. Macularia balearica Zglr. Rossm. Icon, iii, t. 63, f.

796, 797, .148

51-53. Macularia hispanica. Ibid, ii, t, 33, f. 460, . 148

REFEKENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PACK

PLATE 37.

54-56. Macularia vermiculata Miill. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon, t

19, f. 197-199 128

58. Macularia vermiculata var. linage Calc. Rossm. Icon, iv,

f. 1138, .; !•_>!)

57. Macularia vermiculata var. Ibid. N. F. iii, f. 385, . 12*

59. Macularia vermiculata var. saharica Kob. Ibid. f. 343, . 128
60-62. Macularia constantinae Forbes. Ibid. f. 329, 331,

333, . .129

63-65. Macularia rcrayana Mouss. Ibid, iv, f. 978, . . 145

66. Macularia fleurati Bourg. Ibid. N. F. iii, f. 338, . . 129

67, 68. Macularia bomluelliana Bourg. Rev. et. Mag. Zoo'l.

1863, t. 7, f. 1, 3, 140

69-71. Macularia atlasica Mouss. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1121, 134

PLATE 38.

72. 75. Macularia codringtonii Gray. Rossm. Icon, iv, f.

1811, 1825, 143

73. Macularia codringtonii var. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 63, . . 143

74. Macularia codringtonii var. parnassia Roth. Ibid, iii, f.

896, 143

76-77. Macularia crassa Pfr. Ibid. vi. f. 1819, 1820, . . 144
78. Macularia minoricensis Mittre. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon, ii, t.

4:>>,f. 506, . ^ . . . . . - . .148
79-81. Macularia minoricensis Mittre. Ibid, i, t. 30, f. 29,

30, 33, 148

82, 83. Iberus globularis. Rossm. ii, fig. 442, . ._ . 206
84, 85. Iberus globularis var. conspicua Ben. Test, del Sicilia,

t. 2, f.ll, . . . 207

86-88. Macularia massvlaea Morel. Rossm. N. Folge.iii, f. 312,

314, . " . . . .144

PLATE 39.

89, 90, 91, 92. Macularia lactea Miill. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon.

t. 28, f. 309, 130

90-92. Macularia lactea Miill. Ibid. t. 38, f. 444, 443, 440, 130
93-94. Macularia lactea Miill. Ibid. t. 28, f. 316, 317, . 130

95, 96. Macularia lactea Miill. Ibid. t. 10, f. 95, 99, . . 130

97. Macularia lactea var. alybensis Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. F.

i, f. 67, 130

98. Macularia bleicberi Palad. Ibid. f. 70, . . . . 132
99-100. Macularia punctata Miill. Hidalgo Cat. Icon. t. 11,

f. 102, t. 44, f. 519, .... .131

1-3. Macularia boghariensis Deb. Rossm. N. Folge, iii, t. 64,

f. 323, 327, . . . . . • . . . 129
4, 5. Macularia prsedisposita Mouss. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. i,

t. 4, f. 6, 14'>

284 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

PLATE 40.

6 7. Mucularia punica Morel, Rossin. X. F. iii, t. 63, f. 318,

320, 129

8, 9. Macularia punica Morel. Jour, de Conch. 18-31, t, 9, f.

3, 4, . . . ... . . . . 129

10. Hemicycla barckeriana Mabille. Xouv. Arch. Mus. 1885,

t. is,'f. 22, 157

11. Macularia atavoruni Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 15, . . 131

12. Hemicycla ledrui Mabille. Ibid, t, 18, f. 15, . . . 162

13. Macularia ahmarina Mabille. Ibid, t, 16. f. 16, . . 131

14. 15. Macularia lucasii Desh. Rossm. i, f. 549, 550, . . 132
16. Macularia hieroglyph icula var. inteirri vittis Ancey. Ibid.

ii, f. 556, . .133

17-19. Macularia hieroglyphieula Mich. Ibid. f. 555, . 133

20-22. Macularia alabastrites Mich. Ibid. f. 557, 559, . 134

23-25. Macularia alcyone Kobelt. Ibid. X. F. i. f. 103, . 134

PLATE 41.

26, 27. Macularia juilletti Terver. Rossm. Icon. X. F. iii, f.

390, 393, • 134

28, 29. Macularia beguirana Debeaux. Ibid. f. 388, . . 135
30, 31. Macularia wagneri Rossm. Ibid. f. 389, . . . 136
32, 33. Macularia jourdaniana Bourg. Ibid. vol. iv, f. 379, 136
34, 35. Macularia arichensis Debeaux. Ibid. X. F. iii, f. 394, 136

36. Macularia arichensis v. crassidens Deb. Rossm. Icon. X.

F. iii, f. 395, 137

37. Macularia zaffarina Terver. Ibid. X. F. i, f. 1)3, . . 137

38. Macularia zaffarina v. zelleri Kob. Ibid. f. 96, . . 138

39. Macularia dupotetiana Terver. Ibid. f. 90, . . .138

40. 41. Macularia brevieri Pechaud. Ibid. X. F. iii, f. 397,

398, 139

42, 43. Macularia xanthodon Anton. Ibid. vol. iv, f. 1129, . 139

PLATE 42.

44-46. Macularia abrolena Bourir. Mai. de 1'Algerie i. t. 14,

f. 1, 8, 9, ; . . 139

47, 48. Macularia arabica Terver. Rossm. Icon, iv, t. 114, f.

1130, 139

49-51. Macularia odopacha Bourg. Ibid. X. F. i, f. 97, . 140

52. Marularia odopacha Bourg. Mai. de PAlgerie, i, t. 14, f.

17, . . , 140

53. Macularia asteia Bourg. Moll. X'ouv. Litio-. etc., t. 3, f.

6, . . . ' ' . . . . ° . . .140

54. 55. Macularia senilis Morel. Jour, de Conch. 1851, t. 9,

f. 5, 6, .140

06, 57. Macularia embia Bourg. Mai. de 1'Algerie i, t. 15, f.

1, 2, . . 141

REFKRKNCI; TO PLATES.

F1GURK. 1'ACF.

58, 59. Macularia pseudoembia Deb. Kossm. Icon. N. F. iii,

f. 396, l-ll

60. Macularia burioi Bpurg. Ibid. f. .">!M)a, . . .1-11

61, 62. Macularia burini Bourg. Moll. Nouv. Litig. etc., t.

l,f. 10, 12, . . 141

63-G5. Miicularia tigri Gerv. Ibid. t. 1, f. 4, (>, s, . .141
(5(), 67. Macularia tigri var. dicallistodon Bourg. Rossin.

Icon. N. F. iii, f. 402, 1-1:2

PLATE 43.

68, 69. Macularia tigri var. stereodonta Bonrg. Rossm. Icon.

N. F. iii, f. 400a, 1 4'J

70, 71. Macularia tigri var. surrodonta Bonrg. Ibid. f. 401

a, 142

72. Macularia dastagui Bourg. Nouv. Litig. etc., i, t. 2, f. 3, 142
73-75. Macularia intusplicata Pfr. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1119, 144

76. Macularia moussoniana Woll. Fauna Mai. Canaries, t.

vi, f. 1, 145

77. Macularia efferata Mouss. Ibid. t. iv, f. 2, . . 145
78-80, 82. Macularia alonensis Fer. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon.

Moll. Terr. Esp. etc., t. 37, f. 428, 431, 432, 4:J.°>, . 146

81. Macularia alonensis Fer. Ibid. t. 8, f. 74, . .146

83-85. Macularia campesina Ezq. Ibid. t. 7, f. 66-68, . 146

PLATE 44.

86-89. Macularia carthaginiensis Rossm. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon.

Mol. Terr. Esp. etc., t. 9, f. 80-82, 85, . . . 146

90-92. Macularia loxana Rossm. Cat. Icon. Moll. Terr. Esp.

etc. t. 44, f. 515, 517, 146

93. 'Macularia loxana Rossm. Ibid. t. 34, f. 394, . . 146

94-96. Macularia guiraoana Rossm. Ibid. t. 6, f. 54, 55, 58, 147
97-100. Macularia alcarazana Guirao. Ibid. figs. 210, 212,

474, 475, • 147

1-3. Macularia marmorata Fer. Ibid. t. 44, f. 5.12-514, . 147
4-!». Macularia splendida Drap. Ibid. t. 21, f. . 147

10 11. Macularia raymondi Moq. Jour, de Conch. 1851, t.

9, f.7, 8,

12-14. Macularia beaumieri Mouss. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1124, 148
15-17. Macularia verrniculosa Morel. Jour, de Conch. 1880, t.

2,f.5, . . . :

PLATE 45.

18-20. Campylsea phseolsema Bottg. . • 87

21. Campy Isea nubigena Charp. Jour, de Conch. 1853, t. 3,

f. 7, «... - 84

22-24. Campylsea dragorichi Zelebor. Novit Conch, in, t,

108, f. 25-27,

286 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

25. Campylsea debettee Adami. Moll. Fauna, O-Ungarns,

etc. %. 59, 94

26, 27. Campylsea pindica Bottg. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. 1886,

t. 2, f. 3, 96

28, 29. Campylsea waiter! Bottg 98

30-32. Campylsea choristochila Bottg. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell.

1886, t. 2, f. 5, ... . 102

33. Campylsea caroti, var. viperina Maltz. Rossm. Icon. X.

Folge, iii, fig. 375, . . . . • . . .113

34. Campylsea caroti, var. spectrum Maltz. Ibid. fig. 376, . 113
35-37. Campylaea hazayana Clessin. Moll. Fauna. O-Ungarns

etc fis:. 65, ......... 89

38-40. Eremina duroi Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch. 1886, PI. 8,

figs. 1, 1, 2, . . . -.-..•: • - -128
41. Tachea paretiana Issel. Bourg. Moll, litig etc. . . 130

PLATE 46.

43, 44. Macularia anoterodon Pechaud. Rossm. Icon. X. F.

iii, f. 466, 138

45, 46. Macularia charieia Pechaud. Ibid. f. 475, 476, . 136
47, 48. Macularia ghazouana Deb. Ibid. f. 478, . . . 133
49, 50. Macularia lobethana Deb. Ibid. f. 468, . . .137
51-53. Macularia bailloni Deb. Ibid. f. 474, . . .135
,54-56. Macularia subjobaeana Kobelt. Ibid. f. 472, . . 142
57-59. Macularia jobaena Crosse. Ibid. f. 473, . . . 142
61, 62. Macularia denansi Kob. Rossm. Icon. X. F. iii, f.

477, 135

63a. Eremina duroi var. minor Kob. Ibid. f. 463, . . 261
64, 65. Hemicycla agsetana Mabille. Xouv. Arch. Mus. t,

17, f. 3, 163

66, 67. Hemicycla thoryna Mabille. Ibid. t. 17, f. 15, . 185

PLATE 47.

68. Hemicycla helygaia Mabille. Xouv. Arch, du Mus. 2d.

Ser.vii, t. 18, f. 17, 159

69. Hemicycla stulta Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 3, . . . 165

70. Hemicycla verneaui Mabille. Ibid. t. 19, f. 2, . .161

71. Hemicycla crypsidoma Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 14, . . 165

72. Hemicycla ephora Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 19, . . 173

73. Hemicycla cardiobola Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 21. . . 173

74. Hemicycla thanasima Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 5, . . 17o

75. Hemicycla cacoplasta Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 13, . . 159
7(1 Hemicycla baia Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 6, . . .164

77. Hemicycla perrieri Mabille. Ibid. 1. 18, f. 1, . . 160

78. Hemicycla glyceia Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 18, . . 170

79. Hemicycla justini Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 4, . . .159
£0. Hemicycla ulryta Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 9, . . 161

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 287

81. Hemicycla empeda Mabille. Ibid, t 18, f. 7, . .170

82. Hemicycla cateucta Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 3, . . 158

83. Hemicycla hedonica Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 10, . ]i;i

84. 85. Hemicycla bathycampa Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 1, . }~>7

86. Hemicycla subgravida Mabille. Ibid. t. 18, f. 16, . . 1f»7

87, 88. Hemicycla thaumalea Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 3, . 1.VJ

89. Hemicycla carta Mabille. Jbid. t. 18, f. 20, . 166

PLATE 48.

90. Campylasa planpspira var. kobeltiana Clessin. . . 90
1)1. Campylsea planospira var. ullepitschei Westrld. . . 90

92, 93. Campyhea zonella Pfr. 110

94 95. Allognathus graellsiana (= grateloupi). Hidalgo,

Cat. Icon. t. 4, f. 34, 35, '. 150

96, 97. Hemicycla bituminosa Mabille. Nouv. Arch du

Mus. 2d Ser. vii, t. 18, f. 17, 184

98, 99. Hemicycla bathycoma Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus.,

vii, t. 16, f. 9, 153

100, 101. Hemicycla evergasta Mabille. Ibid. t. 17, f. 1, . 171

1, .2. Hemicycla janthina Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 10, . 156

3, 4. Hemicycla sabiniana Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 5, . Io4

5, 6. Hemicycla cacopista Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 1, . 158

7, 8. Hemicycla riprochi Mabille. Ibid. t. 17, f. 2, . . 155

9-11. Hemicycla hedybia Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 8, . . 176

12, 13. Hemicycla idiotrypa Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 15, . 168

14-16. Hemicycla maugeana Shutt. Ibid. t. 17, f. 6, . .175

17, 18. Hemicycla amblasmodon Mabille. Ibid. 1. 15, f. 2, . 179

19, 20. Hemicycla thespesia Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 4, . 183

21, 22. Hemicycla ephedrophila Mabille. Ibid. 1. 15, f. 18, . 155

PLATE 49.

23-25. Hemicycla bathyclera Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus.,

vii, t. 15, f. 10, 172

26. Hemicycla galdarica Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 17, . . Ktf
•27-2U. Hemicycla zorgia Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 12, . . 179

30. Hemicycla zelota Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 9, . . . 154

31. Hemicycla ethelema Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 14, . . 163

32. 33. Hemicycla. chersa Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 13,

34. Hemicycla cacopera Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 14, . . 172

35, 36. Hemicycla hedyia Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 2, . . 186

37. Hemicycla eucalypta Mabille. Ibid. t. 16, f. 13, . . 154

38. Hemicycla themera Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 11, . 155

39. Hemicycla psathirella Mabille. Ibid. t. 15, f. 12,

40. Hemicycla pellis-lacerti (= glasiana). Reeve. Con. Icon.

f. 841,

41. Hemicycla glasiana Shutt. Kiister, Helix, ii, t. 61, f. 10, 169
42-44. Hemicycla malleata Fer. Fer. et Desh.. Moll, iii, t,

48, f. 4,

288 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

45, 46. Hemicycla saulcyi d'Orb. Kiister, Helix ii, t. 70, f.

7, 8, ...*.. .... 164

47, 48. Hemicycla -temperate Mouss. Pfr. Novitates Conch.

iv, t, 124, f. 5, 6, 164

49, 50. Hemicycla sarcostoma W. et B. Kiister, Helix ii, t.

70, f. 5, 6, . . . 152

51, 52. Hemicycla plicaria Lam. Ibid. t. 71, f. 13, 14, . 151
53, 54. Hemicycla adansoni (= pouchet Fer). Ibid. t. 70, f.

11, 12, . . ... 167

PLATE 50,

55, 56. Iberus gyrostoma Fer. Fer., Hist, iii, t. 32, f. 5, 6, . 212
57-59. Hemicycla hierroensis Grasset. Jour, de Conch 1857

t. 12, f. 1, 176

60, 61. Hemicycla bethencourtiana Shutt. Xovit. Conch iv,

t. 124, f. 3, 4, 157

62-64. Hemicycla modesta Fer. Fer., Hist, iii, t. 42, f. . 167
65-67. Hemicycla saponacea Lowe. Xovit. Conch iv, t. 124,

f. 9-11, 183

68, 69. Hemicycla retrodens Mouss. Ibid. t. 123, f. 14, 15, 166
70-72. Hemicycla perraudieri Grasset. Jour, de Conch., 1857

t. 12, f. 2, 2a, . . . . ' . . . .176
73, 74. Hemicycla inutilis Mouss. Xovit. Conch, iv, t. 124,

f. 1, 2, .......... 181

75. 76. Hemicycla gaudryi d'Orb. Ibid. t. 124, f. 16, 17, . 177
77, 78. Hemicycla gaudryi d'Orb. var. Ibid. t. 124, f. 18, 19. 177

79. Hemicycla psathyra Lowe. Ibid. t. 124, f. 8, . . 183

80. Hemicycla pateliana Shutt. Ibid. t. 124, f. 7, . .152
81-83. Hemicycla guamartemes Grasset. Jour, de Conch.

1857, t. 13, f. 3, 174

84, 85. Leptaxis serta Albers. Xovit. Conch i, 1. 12, f. 8-10, 193

86. Hemicycla invernicata Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 124, f. 13, . 174

87, 88. Hemicycla consobrina Fer. Ibid. t. 124, f. 14, 15, .171
89, 90. Hemicycla distensa Mouss. Ibid. t. 124, f. 20, 21, . 175

91. Hemicycla fritschi Mouss. Ibid. t. 124, f. 12, . . 170

92, 93. Leptaxis ad vena W. et. B. Kiister Conch Cab. t. 70,

f. 13, 14, 192

94. Hemicycla maugeana Shutt. Ibid. t. 71, f. 15, . . 175

95. Leptaxis vulcanica Lowe. Ibid. t. 154, f. 13, . . 190

96. Leptaxis vulcanica Lowe. Reeve, Con. Icon., f. 843, . 190

97. Plebecula bowditchiana Fer. Fer., Hist., iii, t. 28B, f. 5, 187

PLATE 51.

98. 99. Plebecula punctulata Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ed.

2, t. 123, f. 5, 6, 187

1, 2. Plebecula punctulata Sowb. Fer. Hist, iii, t, 28B, f.

3, 4, . 187

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 289

FIGURE. PAGE

3, 4. Plebecula punctulata Sowb. Kiister, Conch Cab. ed.

2, t. 93, f. 15, 16, 187

5-8. Leptaxis azorica Alb. Mon. Hist. Nat. Azores, t. 2, f. 2, 196
9, 10. Leptaxis fluctuosa Lowe. Albers, Mai. Maderensis

t. 17, f. 13, 14, . 198

11, 12. Leptaxis undata Lowe. Fer., Hist, iii, t. 46A, f. 1, 189
13, 14. Leptaxis exornata Desh. Ibid. t. 17A, f. 9, 10, . 198
15-17. Leptaxis furva Lowe. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ed 2 t

29, f. 20-22, 192

18. Leptaxis nivosa Sowb. Ibid. t. 7, f. 8, . . . .190
11). Plebecula anaglyptica(= nitidiuscula). Reeve, Con. Icon.,

f. 883, ...... . 188

20-22. Plebecula hartungi Alb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, t.

159, f. 35-37, 189

23, 24. Leptaxis leonina Lowe. Ibid. t. 72, f. 6, 7, . . 190
25-27. Plebecula lurida Lowe. Ibid. t. 155, f. 31-33, . 188

28. Leptaxis simia Fer (= erubescens). Fer., Hist., iii, t. 28B,

f. 2, . . . . 191

29-31. Leptaxis drouetiana Mor. Mor., Hist. Nat. Azores, t.

2, f. 5, .... .... 197

32. Leptaxis psammophora Lowe. Mai. Maderensis, t. 17, f.

15, 191

33-35. Plebecula nitidiuscula Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ed.

2, t. 94, f. 5-8, 188

36-38. Leptaxis terceirana Mor. Mor. Hist. Nat. Azores, t.

2, f. 4, 197

39-41. Leptaxis caldierarum Mor. et Dr. Ibid. t. 2, f. 3, . 196
42—14. Irus eutropis Shutt. Novit. Conch, iv, 1. 122, f. 28-30, 38
45, 46. Leptaxis membranacea Lowe. Kiister, t. 161, f. 14,

15, . . .201

47-49. Leptaxis cuticula Shutt. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 123, f.

4-6, 201

50-52. Leptaxis chrysomela Pfr. Kiister, t. 113, f. 6-8, . 198
53, 54. Leptaxis bollei Alb: Novit. Conch., i, t. 12, f. 5, 7, 194
55, 56. Leptaxis webbiana Lowe. Kiister, t. 52, f. 5, 6, . 200
57, 58. Leptaxis bocagei (— webbiana). Jour, de Conch.

1866, t. 11, f. 4, . 200

59, 60. Leptaxis wollastoni Lowe. Kiister, t. 152, f. 15, 16, 199

PLATE 52.

61-63. Leptaxis myristica Shutt. Specimen,

64. Leptaxis myristica var. arangoi Dohrn. Specimen, . 194

68. Hemicycla callipona Mabille. Nouv. Arch, du Mus., 2nd.

Ser. vii, t. 18, f. 8, 160

69-71. Hemicycla pouchet Fer. Specimen, . 167

72-74. Plebecula canicalensis Lowe. Specimen, .

75. Leptaxis undata Lowe. Specimen, .... 189

76. Leptaxis vulcanica Lowe. Specimen,

19

290 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

77. Leptaxis leonina Lowe. Specimen, . . . .190
78-80. Leptaxis nivosa Sowb. Specimen, . . . .190
81-83. Leptaxis erubescens Lowe. Specimens, . . . 191
84, 85. Leptaxis ad vena W. et B. Specimen, . . .192
86. Leptaxis fluctuosa Lowe. Specimen, .... 198

87-89. Leptaxis portosanctana Sowb 199

90. Leptaxis lowei Fer. Specimen, 200

PLATE 53.

1-4. Iberus segestana Phil. Kossm. Icon, vii, £ 1865, 1868, 203
5. Iberus segestana Phil. Ibid. 1867, .... 203

6-8. Iberus gualteriana L. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 5, f. 48,

51, 52 202

9, 10. Iberus laurenti Bourg. Kossm. Icon. N. F. i, f. 98, . 202
11-13. Iberus laurenti Bourg. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 33, f. 375-

378, 202

14-21. Iberus scabriuscula Desh. Rossm. Icon., vii, 1. 185, f.

1858-1862, 203

17, 18. Iberus segestana Phil. Ibid. f. 1852, . . .203
22, 23. Hemicycla berkeleii Lowe. Xovit. Conch., iv, 1. 123,

f. 7, 8, .186

24-26. Hemicycla quadricincta Mor. Ibid, ii, t. 72, f. 13-15, 182

PLATE 54.

1-3. Iberus platychela Mke. Rossm. ii, f. 443-445, . . 209

4-6. Iberus platychela var. Ibid, i, f. 1112, 1119, 1118, . 209

7, 8. Iberus grohmanni Phil. Ibid, ii, f. 448, . . . 205

9-12. Iberus platycheloides Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 57, . 211

13-16. Iberus sicana Fer. Ibid, ii, f. 446, 447, 594, 596, . 213

17-19. Iberus sicanoides Kob. Ibid. X. F. i, f. 56, . . 213

20, 21. Iberus gyrostoma Fer. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 61, . . 212

22, 23. Iberus hospitans Bon. Ibid, i, f. 240, 241, . . 215

24-26. Iberus melitensis Fer. Ibid, iv, f. 1118, . . . 207

27-29. Iberus bottgeri Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 59, . . 211

30-33. Iberus tetuanensis Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 58, . . 213

PLATE 55.

34, 35. Iberus paciniana Phil. var. Rossm. Icon., v, f. 1186, 204
36-38. Iberus paciniana Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 128,

f. 8-10, 204

39-41. Levantina kurdistana Parr. Rossm. Icon., v, et X. F.

i, f. 65, 1169, .230

42-44. Levantina dschulfensis Dub. Vorderas. Conch., t. iii,

f. 17, 18, 228

45, 46. Levantina spiriplana Ol. Rossm. Icon., ii, f. 682, 682a, 226
47-49. Levantina escheriana Mouss. Vorderas. Conch., t. iii,

f. 19, .. . 230

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 291

FIOURK. pAGE.

50. Levantina michoniana Bourg. Rossm., Icon., v, f. 1167, 229

51, 52. Levantina guttataOl. Vorderas. Conch., t. ii, f. 15, 16, 228

53, 54. Levantina malziana Parr. Rossm., Icon., v, f. 1166, 227

PLATE 56.

1. Pomatia ligata var. campana, Tib. ..... 243

2, 3. Pomatia ligata var. pomatella Tib. Rossm. Icon, iv, f.

1040, 1041, 243

4. Pomatia ligata var. albescens Jan. Ibid, ii, f. 585. . 244

5. Pomatia ligata Mull. Ibid, i, f. 290, . . . .242

6. 13. Pomatia asemnis (Bourg.) Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1032, . 246

7. Pomatia melanostoma Drap. Ibid, iv, f. 1036, . . 246

8. Pomatia melanostoma var. Candida. Ibid, ii, f. 579, . 247

9. Pomatia melanostoma Dr. Ibid, ii, f. 576, . . . 246

10. Pomatia melanostoma var. vittata. Ibid, ii, f. 577, . 246

11, 12. Pomatia pachya var. texta. Ibid, iv, f. 1030, 1031, . 248
14, 15. Pomatia prasinata Roth. Ibid, iv, f. 1045, . . 252

PLATE 57.

16-18. Pomatia nordmanni Parr. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1047,

1048 .251

19. Pomatia obtusata (= vulgaris.) Ibid, i, f. 288. . . 249

20, 21. Pomatia buchii Dub. Ibid. iv. f. 1028, 1029, . . 238
22, 24. Pomatia pomacella Parr. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 5, f. 3,

4, . 247

24. Pomatia secernenda Rossm. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 289, . 242

25. Pomatia engaddensis Bourg. Ibid, iv, f. 1044, . . 253

26. Pomatia cincta Mull. Ibid, i, f. 287, . . . .245

27. Pomatia anctostoma Mart. Ibid, iv, f. 1034, . . . 244

28. Pomatia cavata Mouss. Ibid, iv, f. 1054, . . .252

29. Pomatia radiosa Zgl. Ibid, ii, f. 556, . . . .241

30. Pomatia figulina Parr. Ibid, ii, f. 580, . . . .247

PLATE 58.

31-35, 37, 38. Pomatia aspersa Mull. Rossm. Icon. N. F.

iii, f. 351, etc • ... 235

36. Pomatia aspersa Mull. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 1, f. 3, . 235
39-41. Pomatia pomatia L. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 21, f. 1, 7,

4, . .236

42-44. 'Pomatia aperta Born. Rossm. Icon. N. F. iii, f. 370,

366, 368, 254

PLATE 59.

45, 46. Pomatia vulgaris Parr. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 7, f. 6. 7, 249
47, 48. Pomatia pycnia Bourg. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 6, f. 7, 9, 253

49. Pomatia lutescens Zgl. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 292,

50, 51. Pomatia malzani Kob. Ibid. N. F. i, f. 100, . . 254

292 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

52, 53. Pomatia onixiomicra Bourg. Rev. Zool. 1860, t. 3, f.

2, 3, 240

54, 55. Pomatia mazzullii Jan. Amen. Mai. ii, t. 22, f. 3, . 2:>.">

57. Pomatia mazzullii var. quincayensis. Ibid. t. 22, f. 6, . 235
56. Pomatia mazzullii var. Rossm. Icon, i, f. 298, . . 235

58. Pomatia mahometana (= castanea.) Rev. Zool. 1860, t.

4, f. 5, . 239

PLATE 60.

59-65. Iberus serpentina Fer. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1178-1181, 214
66, 67. Iberus posidoniensis. Ibid. f. 117 J, . . . .219
68-70. Iberus muralis var. crispata Ben. Ibid. f. 1182, 1183, 206
71-73. Iberus orgonensis Phil. (= muralis.) Dupuy, Moll.

France, t. 5, f. 1, . . . . . " . .205

74, 75. Iberus. provincialis Ben. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1187, . 208
76-80. Iberus carsoliana var. uzzielliana Paul. Ibid. f.

1174-1176, 220

81. 82. Iberus circumornata Fer. Fer. Hist, iii, t. 41, f. 2, . 222
83-85. Iberus nebrodensis Pir. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1114,

1115, 220

86-88. Iberus scherzeri Zel. Ibid. K F. i, f. 60, . . . 212
89-91. Iberus nebrodensis Pir. Ibid, iv, f. 1117, . . .220
92, 93. Iberus mariann^e Kob. Ibid, v, f. 1177, . . .222
94, 95. Iberus cenestinensis C. et D, Jour, de Conch. 1869,

t. 5, f. 7, 216

96, 97. Iberus oberndorfferi Kob. Rossm. Icon. N. F. i, f.

62, 217

PLATE 61.

98, 99. Hemicycla semitecta Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123,

f. 16, 17, 181

100, lOOa, lOOb. Levantina caesareana Parr. Rossm. Icon.

v, f. 1164, 1165, 227

1, 2. Hemicycla plutonia Lowe. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123,

f. 12, 13, ... 181

3, 4. Hemicycla gomerensis Morel. Ibid. t. 123, f. 9, 10, . 185
5, 6. Hemicycla planorbella Lam. Ibid. t. 123, f. 18, 19, . 180
7, 8, 9, 10. Hemicycla planorbella v. incisogranulata. Ibid.

ii, t. 72, f. 8, 9, 11 12, 180

11. Hemicycla harmonica Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 123, f. 11, .185

12. Hemicycla villiersii Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 838, . . 180
13-14. Macularia embia Bourg. Rossm. Icon. N. S. iii, f.

467, 140

16. Hemicycla pouchet Fer. Fer. Hist, iii, t. 42, f. 3, . . 167
17-19. Iberus hospitans var, alabastrina Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai.

Ital. viii, t. 6, f. 1, 216

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 293

FIGURE. PAGE.

20-22. Iberus serpentina var. jaspidea Moq.-Tand. Ibid. t. 4,

f. 4, 5, . . . . . . . . . . 215

23-25. Iberus serpentina var. isane Paul. Ibid. t. 4, f. 7, . 215

PLATE 62.

26-27. Iberus scabriuscula var. drepanensis. 111. Sicil. t. 4, f.

32, ..... . . . . .204

28-30. Iberus scabriuscula var. selinuntina Phil. Ibid. t. 8,

f. 11, 203

31, 31. Iberus scabriuscula var. explanata Ben. Specimens. 204
32-34. Iberus vieta (— paciniana.) Rossm. Icon, i, t. 17, f.

232, 204

35-37. Iberus muralis Miill. Ibid. f. 230, . . . .205
38-39. Iberus muralis var. undulata Mich. 111. Sicil. t. 2, f. 8, 206
40, 41. Iberus muralis var. costulata Ben. Rossm. Icon, v, f.

1182, 205

42, 43. Iberus muralis var. rugosa Zgl. Ibid, i, f. 231 a, . 205
44-46. Iberus muralis var. alutacea Paul. Faun. Mai. Calabria,

t, 7, f. 2, 2a, 2b 206

47, 48. Iberus muralis var. alutacea Paul. Ibid. f. 3b, 4, . 206
49, 50. Iberus globularis var. undulata Kob. Rossm. Icon, v,

f. 1184, 207

51, 52. Iberus globularis var. tarentina Kob. Ibid. t. 1190, 207
53. Iberus platychela var. rosalhe Ben. Ibid. iv. f. 1108, . 209
54-56. Iberus melitensis var. caruanse Pils. Specimen. . 208

57-60. Iberus ascherse Kob. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1854, 1856,

1857 210

PLATE 63.

:26-28. Iberus leachi Fer. Conch. Mittheil; i, t. 5, f. 11, 13, 203
29-31. Iberus serpentina var. isilensis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai.

Ital. viii, t. 4, f. 6, 215

32-34. Iberus pudiosa Paul. Ibid. t. 3, f. 6, . . . 217

35-37. Iberus villica Paul. Ibid. t. 3, f. 3, . . 218

38. Hemicycla digna Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123, f. 3, . 186

39. Pomatia lucorum var. euphratica. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell,

xiii, t. 3, f. 6, 240

40-42. Iberus sultana Mor. Jour, de Conch. 1880, t. 2, f. 4, 202
43-45. Levantiua mazenderanensis Nev. Rossm. Icon. N. F.

i, f. 102, 229

46-48. Pomatia christophi Bottg. Ibid. f. 66, ... 251
49, 50. Pomatia pathetica Parr. Ibid, v, f. 1479,

PLATE 64.

4, 5. Macularia apalolena Bourg. ..... 132

6-8. Hemicycla villiersii d'Orb. Hist. Nat. lies. Canaries, t.

3, f. 12-14, 180

9, 10. Iberus carse Cantraine. Mai. Medit. t. 5, f. 7, 7a, . 216

294 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.-

11-13. Iberus carse var. adjaciensis Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.

viii, t. 6, f. 3, 216

14, 15. Iberus niciensis Fer. Moq.-Tand. Moll. France, 1. 12,

f. 6, 7, 214

16-18. Iberus niciensis Fer. Kossm. Icon., ii, f. 601, 602, . 214
19, 20. Iberus provincialis Ben. 111. Sicil., t. 2, f. 14, . 208

21, 22. Iberus tiberiana Ben. Kossm. v, f. 1185, . . 206

23, 24. Iberus platychela, var. iparia Ben. 111. Sicil. t. 2, f. 13, 209
25-27. Iberus tetrazona Jan. Kossm. ii, f. 508, . . . 218
28, 29. Iberus strigata var. apula Blanc. Ibid, vii, f. 1835, . 219
30, 31. Iberus strigata var. umbrica Charp. Ibid, v, f. 1170, 218
32-34. Iberus strigata var. fuscolabiata Rossm. Ibid. f. 1172,

1173, . 219

PLATE 65.

35, 36. Iberus carsoliana, var. uniarmata Paul. Bull. Soc.

Mai. Ital. vii, t. 3, f. 3, 220

37, 38. Iberus carsoliana, var. milettiana Paul. Ibid. t. 3 f. 2, 220
39-41. Iberus carsoliana, var. persianii Tib. Bull. Soc. Mai.

Belg. xiii, t. 2, f. 6, 220

42-44. Iberus carsoliana, Fer. Fer., Hist./t. 41, f. 1, . 219

45-47. Iberus huetiana Ben. Rossm. Icon., 1189, 1852, . 221
48, 49. Iberus eugenia Pfr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1188, . . 221
50, 51. Iberus strigata var. surrentina. Ku'ster, t. 113, f. 11,

12, 218

52, 56. Iberus nebrodensis Pir. Rossm. Icon, vii, f. 1848,

1849, 1851, 221

57, 58. Iberus mariannse Kobelt. Ibid. f. 1832, . . . 222:
59, 60. Iberns mariannse var. peucetana. Ibid. f. 1834, . 222
61-65. Iberus signata Fer. Ibid. f. 686, 1845/1846, 1847, . 223
66-68. Iberus forsythi Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xii, t. 2, f.

1, 223

69, 70. Iberus forsythi var. orta Paul. Ibid. t. 2, f. 2, . 223

PLATE 66.

71, 72. Levantina spiriplana Oliv. Specimen. . . . 226
73, 74. Levantina guttata Oliv. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1160, . 228
75-77. Iberus saxetana Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xii, t. 2,

f. 3, 224

78-80. Aegista hupeana Gredlr. Ann. K. K. Naturhist,

Hofmus. Wien. ii, t. 11, f. 4-6, 259

80a. Leptaxis vetusta Mor. Hist. Nat. Acores, t, 5, f. 12, .198
80b. Leptaxis leptostyla Dohrn. Specimen. . . .195

80c. Leptaxis visgeriana Dohrn. Specimen. . . . 193

81-83. Levantina dschulfensis Dub. Bourg. Amen. Mai. ii,

t. 12, f. 7-9, 228

84-86. Iberus carsoliana v. marrucina. Bull. Soc. Mai. Belg.

xiii, t. 2, f. 5, 219

87, 88. Levantina bellardi Mouss. Rossm. v, f. 1168, . . 231.

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 295

Fir.l'RK. PAGE.

89. Levantina bellardii var. occlusa. Bourg. Moll. Litig.

etc. i, t. 15, f. 5, 231

90-92. Levantina ceratomma Pfr. Novit. Conch, i t 12 f

1,3,4, ; ' . 2:u

92a, 92b. Iberus strigata Miill, Rossm. Icon., vii, f. 1837, . 218

PLATE 67.

93. Pomatia lucorum Miill. Rossm. i, f. 291, . . .239
1)4. Pomatia lucorum var. rumelica Mouse. Ibid. f. 1026, . 24<)

96. Pomatia lucorum var. elongata Bourg. Ibid. 1027, . 240
95. Pomatia lucorum var. taurica Kryn. Ibid. f. 1481, . 241

97. Pomatia lucorum var. euphratica Mart. Ibid. f. 1023, . 240

98. Pomatia puchya Bourg. Amen. Mai. ii, t. 21, f. 8, 6, . 248

99. Pomatia subplicata Sowb. Specimen. .... "2-t(\
100. Pomatia philibinensis Rossm. Rossm. ii, f. 581, . . 249

1. Pomatia ligata var. calabrica Kob. Ibid, iv, f. 1037, . 243

2. Levantina ghilanica Mouss. Ibid, v, f. 1384, . . 231

3. Levantina ghilanica Mouss. Jour, de Conch. 1876, t. 2, f.

4, 231

4-6. Iberus argentarolse Paul. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xii, t.

1, f. 5, 5a, 5b, 223

7. Cochlicella opposita Mouss. Jour, de Conch. 1887, t. 12,

f. 2, . . . 257

PLATE 68.

8. Pomatia pomatia L. var. sabulosa Hazay. Rossm, Icon.

vi, f. 1971, 237

9. Pomatia pomatia var. hajnaldiana Haz. Ibid. f. 1975, . 237

10. Pomatia pomatia var. sabulosa Hazay. Ibid. f. 1972, . 237

11. Pomatia pomatia var. gesneri Hartm. Ibid., v, f. 1478, 237

12. Pomatia schltiffli Mouss. Ibid., v, f. 1477, . . .241

13. 14. Pomatia tristis Pfr. Ibid., iv, f. 1049, . . . 255

15. Pomata pomatia var. pulskyana Hazay. Ibid., vi, f. 1969, 237

16. Pomatia nilotica Bourg. Moll, litig., etc. i, t. 2, f. 10, . 249
17-19. Iberus ragusse Kob. Rossm. Icon., N. F. i, f. 115, . 208
20, 21. Pomatia lutescens Zgl. Ibid., v, f. 1486, . . 250
22, 23. Xeroleuca cyclostremoides Sowerby. P. Z. S., 1888,

t. 11, f. 14, 256

PLATE 69.

24, 25. Pomatia godetiana Kobelt. Rossm. Icon., vii, f. 1807,

1808, . . . 253

26. Pomatia figulina Parr. Specimen, . . . .247

27. Pomatia asemnis Bourg. Amenites Mai. i, t. 24, f. 4, . 245

28. Pomatia cincta Miill. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 584, . 245

29. Pomatia vulgaris var. biciuata Dub. Ibid, v, f. 1485, . 250

30. Pomatia ambigua Parr. Specimen. .... 244
•31. Pomatia ambigua var. thiesseaua Kob. Rossm. Icon., vii,

f. 1805, 244

296 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

32, 33. Pomatia cavata Mouss. Ibid, v, f. 1488. . . . 252
34, 35. Lysinoe humboldtiana Val. Moll. Mex. et 1'Am.

Cent. t. 11, f. 1, la 260

36. Lysinoe humboldtiana Val. Specimen, . . . 260

37. Lysinoe humboldtiana var. buffoniana Pfr. Moll. Mex. et

1'Am. Cent. t. 11, f. 2, . . . . . 260

HELICID^E.

PLATE 45

HELJCID>e.

PLATE 46

PLATE 47

PLATE 48

22

HELICID^E.

PLATK 49

HELICID^E.

PLATE 5O

PLATE 51

PLATE 52

85

HELICID>E.

PLATE 53

PLATE 54

33

HELICID^E.

PLATE 55

PLATE 56

PLATE 57

HELICIDvE.

PLATE 58

PL-ATE 59

PLATE 6O

HELICID^E.

PLATE 61

15

HELICID^E.

PLATE 62

HELICID^E.

PL^LTE 63

HELICID^E.

PLATE 64

HELICID>e.

PLATE 65

70

PLATE 66

HELICID>E.

PLATE 67

HELICID^E

PLATE 68

HELJCID^E.

PLATE 69

31

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