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Melvill, James Cosmo

Marine mollusca of Madras

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^ //^W^/-- /^^V^t^/a-^^t^ld^'PUBLI CATION 24,

©wens ' X^Iteoe \ ■ -^^

MUSEUM HANDBOOKS.

tV^, i4

Ithe marine mollusca of madras,

marine shells
from lively island, falklands,

AND OTHER TAPERS.

price ®ne SbilUiHi

T H E MA N C 1 1 E S'J E R M U S I- U M
OWENS COLLEGE.

MUSEUM HANDBOOKS.

rill'.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS

AM) riri-:
IMMEDIATE NEIOHBOURHOOD.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF

MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVEFY ISLAND,

FA LK LANDS :
AND OTHER PAPERS.

JAMES COSMO MELVILE, M.A., F.L.S.,

AND

ROBERT STANDEN.

MANCHESTER : J. E. CORNISH.
189S.

DEC 20 1966

\^ 'f*Miv Of TO*"

115438*

PRE FAC E

The present Handbook is the result of the study by Messrs.
J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen, of collections of Marine
Mollusca given to the Museum by different Friends and Collectors.
The shells from Madras were obtained by Professor J- R- Henderson :
those from the Falkland Islands by Miss Cobb and Mrs. Blake ;
whilst a number were contributed by Professor D'Arcy Thompson.

They have been reprinted from the ninth volume of the ' Journal
of Conchology,' in the hope that they may prove useful to those who
study the collections of mollusca in the Manchester Museum. The
original pagination has been retained throughout.

William E. Hoyle,

Keeper of the Musewir.

CONTENTS

The Marine Mollusca of Madras and the Immediate
Neighbourhood.

Notes on a Collection of Marine Shells from Lively
Island, Falklands, with List of Species.

On Latirus armatus Ad.

Note on Terebra eximia Dh.

Note on Cyprtea rashleighana.

30

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS AND THE
IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Bv J. COSMO MKLNILL ani. k. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, Oct. 13th, 1897.)

A FEW years ago Professor J. R Henderson, of the Christian College,
Madras, handed over the mollusca obtained during two or three
dredging expeditions, in the neighbourhood of that city, to the Man-
chester Museum for investigation.

Want of time and p'-essure of other matters have, till now, prevented
our accomplishing this, but we now have the pleasure of detailing the
results of our examination of this very interesting collection.

As might be expected, the fauna is typically Indian, a few species
showing considerable extension of range southwards, which have
been till now mainly considered inhabitants of the North Indian
Ocean or the Arabian Sea.

So far as we can make out, but few collections of marine shells from
Madras have been formed, still fewer catalogued. That published of
the contents of the Madras Museum embraces specimens from other
localities as well, so that we believe the present is the first endeavour
to collate such a list.

There is a large assemblage of dredged material in the British
Museum, mainly collected by Mr. Edgar Thurston, Superintendent of
the Madras Museum, but this has not yet been investigated.

These facts render the accompanying enumeration of greater in
terest than a mere list of names usually possesses.

We have thought it worth while to add to each species a note re-
garding its geographical distribution, and, we may remark, it is
astonishing to find how very widely distributed many species are, c^i.r,
Strombiis floridiis, S. gibber ulus, Nerita polita, etc. 'I'he majority of
the mollusca named come from Madras and its immediately neigh-
bouring shores, but a few were dredged in the Pamban Passage, between
Port Lome, S.E. India, and Rameswaram Island, N.W. Ceylon.

We take this opportunity of expressing our acknowledgements to
Prof. Henderson for the opportunity of examining such rich and well-
collected material, and we are also much indebted to Mr. Edgar A.
Smith, F.Z.S., for having personally aided us in the comparison and
differentiation of some obscure species ; and, whilst we have left, as
still doubtful, several of these, we have ventured to describe seven
as new in the present paper.

The total number now catalogued comes just short of 400 species,
and is therefore slightly in excess of those enumerated, three years
ago, as natives of Bombay by Mr. Alexander Abercrombie and one of

31 MEI.VII.I. AND STANDF.N : MARINE MOI.I.USCA OF MADRAS.

the present authors,'^' We should be inclined to estimate the probable
total of both Madras and Bombay marine moUusca, severally, as about
the same, say, 700 species or so. Both localities possess many
points in common.

An asterisk (*) is appended to all those forms which are included in
the Bombay catalogue just alluded to.

(I). DHSCKIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

Cerithium carnaticum n. sp. (Plate I., fig. i).

C. tista attenuaio-fusifonni, solida, sordidc ocJiracea, ititerdum
castafieo-variegata ; anfractibus novem, incequaliier varicosts, ad suturas
superficialiter canaliculatis, lotigUudinaliier irregulariier cos/at is ; costis
rudihus, undiiiue transversim nidi-liratis ; jioidura costarum lirar-
uviijtie scT/e gemmulatis ; apertura ovata, labro extiis effuse, paulliim
incrassato ; canali brevi. Long. 13, hit. 5 ;//w., sp. mnj.

It is curious that this Cerithium has not been described ere this,
for unnamed examples exist in the British Museum. Its affinities
would appear centred near C. adenense Sow. (which, however, is
much larger) and its allies.

It is a rudely-sculptured species, solid, nine-whorled, attenuate, so
impressed at the sutures as to appear channelled ; the unequal varices
and the irregular longitudinal ribs are crossed by thick lir?e, and at
the junction of these shining papillae occur. Mouth ovate, outer lip
effuse, a little thickened, canal short.

Colina selecta n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 2).

C. testa fusifor»ii,cylifidiica, attenuata, solidiiiscula, ciitereo-hru7inea ;
anfractibus utidecim, apud suturas paulliim impressis, uiidique transversim
arete sulculosis ; sulcis inipresso-punctatis ; ultitno a?i/rattu producto ;
apertura rotunda., labro exteriore effuso, incrassato, intus casfaneo-
lineato. Long. 15, lat. 4 fnm.

Allied to C. pinguis A. Ad., the typical form of which is from the
Cape, while varieties occur in various tropical regions, e.g., Lifu and
the Paumotu Is. Our species resembles more C. tceniatum Sow., but
is not so pupiform in shape, nor is it noduled transversely. After exa-
mination of all forms of C. pijiguis and allies, we have come to the
conclusion that this is distinct from any. It is an elegant shell, and of
marked peculiarity in appearance.

Rissoina (Morchiella) thaumasia n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 3).

R. testa fusi/ormi, versus apicem attenuata, solida, ochraceo-alba ;
anfractibus novem, turritis, apud suturas pauliuni canaliculatis, septem
superioribus profundi- decussatis ; costis longitudinalibus prominentibus,
interstitiis quasi-punctatis ; anfractu penultinio et ultimo distinct} trans-
versim acutiliratis ; costis loni^itudinalibus fere evanidis ; apertura
obliqua ; labro exteriore multum incrassata. Long. 5, lat. i" 50 ;/////.

1 Mem. Manchester SoCi ^^''^ 4; vjl. 7, p. 17-51, 1893.

JOURNAL Ol- ( nN( IIOI.OC.V, vol. 9, NO. I, JAN., 1S98. 32

A beautifully sculptured Rissoina, allied, of course, to A', antoni
Schwag., 7?. spirafa Sow., etc., but differing from all in the decussate
and strongly longitudinally ribbed sculpture of the seven upper, and in
the acutely carinate transverse lirai of the two last whorls. The mouth
is oblique, outer lip extremely thickened. There is one specimen in
this collection and three, precisely similar, unnamed in the British
Museum, also from Madras (coll. Thurston). Uavfiaa-io^, wonderful.

Syrnola maderaspatana n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 4).

S. testa fusiformi^ versus apiceni multum (ittenuatn, perlcevi ; anfrac-
tibns qualuordecitn, apicali induso, vitieo, pellucido, catetis ad suturas
canaliculatis, paUidissi,nc ochraceo-vinctis, apud suturas utriiujuc pellu-
cide albo-ligatis ; ultimo anfractu ad peiiphcriam sub Icnte ochracea
linea succincto ; apertura oblouga ; labro recto, fnargincm apud coluin-
ellarem pauHum reflexo, ufiiplicato. Long. 10, lat. 2 '50 ;//;/;.

An interesting shell, which at first gave difficulty as to precise loca-
tion. Had no plait been present, we should have deemed it a
Eulimella ; it is nearer in facies to an Obeliscus than a Syrnola, but its
distinct columellar plait places it in the latter genus. At first we
compared it with Obeliscus turritus Ad., but the mouth processes are
altogether different. The apex is in very perfect condition, and shows
a translucent bulbosity.

Turbonilla coromandelica n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 5).

T. testa pergracili, multum attenuata, albida, pellucida, delicatula ;
apice heterostropho vitreo ; anfractibus quindccim, ventricosulis, un-
dique longitudinaliter arete recticostatis ; ifiterstitiis hevibus, nitidis ;
apertura trapezoid e ; labro extus tenui, simplice, coluinellarem apud
marginem paullu/n reflexo. Long. 7, lat. 1-50 mm.

Many examples of an exceedingly graceful, attenuate, shining-white
Turbonilla, which does not correspond with any example in the
British Museum collections, nor have we seen it described or figured
in any monograph. It does not approach any species nearly that we
are cognizant of, the whorls being fifteen in number, delicate, pellucid,
ventricosely tumid, shining, closely longitudinally straightly ribbed,
the interstices being quite smooth, mouth unequally scjuare, outer lip
thin, simple, and slightly reflexed at the columellar margin.

Cadulus anguidens n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 6).

C. testa paullum arcuata, apud apicem attenuata, pellucidc albida ;
apertura romndo-ovata, margine obliquo : apatura posteriore paivo,
rot undo, simplici, teuui. Long 8, diam. oris i, apicalis 0-50 mm.

A graceful attenuate slightly arcuate Cadulus, gradually increasing
in diameter till the oblique aperture is reached. The shell is sub-
pellucid, white, quite smooth, posterior or apical orifice mmute,
simple, round, thin, the mouth being roundly-ovate, with very oblique
margin. Two specimens, differing from any in the National collection.

\^ MKI.VII.t. AND STANKI-N ; MARINK MOLLUSCA OI MAHKAS.

Sanguinolaria hendersoni n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 7).

S. testa tenui, fere Levi, si//>>iitida, obscure concentrice inceqnaliier
striata ; ra/vis fostiee et antice />au/lu/um hiiilcis : inar^:^ine posiico
suhtrapezoide, paullitm producto ; antico prolon^i^ato, totundato, ven trail
recti usculo .• dorsali Ic niter utrinqiie declivi ; umbonibiis Ixvibus^ toseis,
catera sitperficie pallidt rosea. Lo/i<^. 23, lat. 35 ;/////.

A beautiful addition to a circumscribed genus. To no known
species does it nearly assimilate, save in colour, coming perhaps
nearest to the West Indian S. satiguinolejtta Gm., which, however,
is far more produced and gaping posteriorly. The type, from Mr.
Henderson's collection, is of the dimensions given above, but three
other specimens, smaller but quite perfect (long. 20, lat. 32 mm.)
exist in J. C. Melvill's collection, which were obtainel at a sale at
Stevens' auction rooms, in Dec, 1866, without label of locality. We
have much pleasure in naming this species after its discoverer.

(II.) GENERAb CATALOGUE.

We have carefully compared the following list with that' compiled
by Mr. Edgar Thurston, C.M.Z.S., Superintendent of the Madras
Government Museum, when investigating the Zoology of Ramesvaram
Island, and the Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon, and find 106 species in
common. Probably the very few of Mr. J. R. Henderson's MoUusca
collected at Pamban, were obtained about the same time as Mr
Thurston's; the majority gathered 250 miles further north show on
the whole a great dissimilarity.

Mr. Thurston's catalogue enumerates about 425 Marine Mollusca,
inclusive of a few brackish water or fluviatile forms, such as
Tyinpanofonos, Potainides, and AfelaniiB, from Pamban and Tuticorin,
which we have not mentioned though ihev occurred in Mr.
Henderson's gatherings. Like ourselves, he has not attempted
differentiation of the Chitonida^. Our two species, both small and
insignificant, are probably new, for as Mr. E. R. Sykes informs us, no
Chitonidae are yet recorded from Madras.

Among>t Mr. Thurston's more interesting records we note Conns
/orii^uriojiis Kien., which has lately occurred on the Malabar Coast
(i'ownsend), C. peplum Chemn., from Muttuwartu ; Mitra zelmensis
Rv., from the same place, this being one of the finest of the genus,
also J/, acupicta Rv., Cypnea lentiginosaV.. (also found along the whole
\\. Coast of Hindustan) Pterocera scorpio L., Ovnhim formosum Ad.
Rv., and others. We should hoi)e that many of these will ultimately
be found to reach the vicinity of Madras.

That portion of Mr. Thurston's preface which gives a glimpse of
the appearance of the Madras coasts, is interesting, and well worth

I Bull. Mus. Matiras, Xo. 3, 1895.

jOURNAt, OK C(iN( llul.ocv, \(.|,. 9, s... 2, \IKII. |S()S.

U

quoting here. He says (/.r., p. 79): — " A casual ubscivci walking
along the sandy, surf-beaten beach at Madras, will probably fmd
nothing to attract his attention excepting a number of coarse shells
destined for the manufacture of chunam (lime), an occasional
flattened jelly-fish, and swift-footed crabs (Ocypoda), which on the
approach of man, scamper away, and disappear like rabbits into their
burrows. But if the same observer walks along the shore at Pamban,
he cannot help noticing that it is strewn with briAcn fr.igmenls of
dead coral, among which branches of madrepore are most conspicuous ;
and sponges washed on shore by a recent tide, or dried up above
water mark. And if he trusts himself upon the slimy blocks of coral
which are exposed at low tide, and turns them over so as to dis])lay
their under-surface, he will find there a wealth of marine life, crabs,
boring anemones, annelides, shell-fish, trepangs, (beches-de-mer), and
bright-coloured encrusting sponges. And the Madras beach may,
allowing for differences of species, be taken as fairly representative
of the coast of the Presidency, with the exception of the coral-fringed
shores of the islands which skirt the coast of the (kilf of Manaar."

Class GASTROPODA.
Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.
Family BULLID.E.
Bulla ampulla L. — Rather small specimens. Philii)i)ines.

Family RINGICULID^.
Ringicula propinquans Hinds*— Five or si.\, quite normal.

Philippines.

Order PROSOBRANXIIIATA.

lAMii.Y TEREBKID.'E.

Terebra (Euterebra) eximia Dh.— Exclusive of the new species,
this is the most interesting shell in the collection It is the second
known specimen only, the type^ in Mus. Deshayes being opially
finely marked but smaller, ours measuring 48 mm. The sculjjture
is peculiar and very beautiful.

Terebra (Euterebra; marmorata Dh. (PI. 1., fig. 8).— Many
typical examples. Australia.

Terebra ( Euterebra i similis E. Sm. — Described- from a
unique individual, this being bleached. The two before us from
Madras, and one from Karachi (Townsend coll.), were dredged living,
are pale ochraceous yellow to fawn colour, and exhibit the character-
istic sculpture. The locality having been hitherto unknown makes
the discovery of these specimens of unusual interest.

1 Keeve, Concli. Icon , Plalc xxi., lig. 106.

2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vol. 11, T873, p. 265.

35 MKl \ III. AND STAM>F.N : MARINE MOI.T.USCA or MADRAS.

Terebra (Subula) crenulata L.— Several. A widely dis-
tributed species extending from the Indian Ocean to Central
Polynesia.

Terebra (Subula) dimidiata L. — Common It is also found at
Singapore, Philippines, and Central Polynesia.

Terebra (Subula) duplicata Lm.— In all stages of growth. A
very common Indian Ocean form. Zanzibar, Madagascar, Moluccas,
Singapore. China, to Fiji Islands.

Terebra (Abretia) cerithina Lm. — A few typical specimens.
Also occurs from Philippines to Society Islands.

Terebra (Abretia) tenera Hinds. ^"— One only, but perfect and
a match for Bombay and Ceylonese specimens, with which we have
compared it. Ceylon and Straits of Malacca.

Terebra (Hastula) aciculina Rv. — Three specimens. The
smaller size, colour, longer [)lications, and broad base distinguish this
species from T. cinerea Born, with which it is often confounded. It
occurs at Singapore, Manila, Marquesas, and Sandwich Islands.

Terebra (Hastula) strigilata L. — Also from Polynesia and
Sandwich Islands.

Terebra (Myurella) cingulifera Lm. — Typical. Also recorded
from Philippines, New Ireland, Lifu, Fiji, and China.

Terebra (Myurella) monilis Quoy. — Several. According to
Tryon this is but a synonym of T. straviinea Gray. Philippines,
China.

Terebra (Myurella) myuros Lm. — Two examples of this well
known species, which also occurs at Moluccas, Lifu, and New Ireland.

Terebra (Myurella) persica E. Sm. — Very beautiful, being
highly chased and shining, though much grooved and latticed. A
remarkable extension of its range as hitherto recognised. Persian
Gulf

Terebra (Myurella) cf. turrita I^kr. — An interesting litde form,
which may be distinct, but there is only one specimen, so it is hard to
come to a satisfactory conclusion on the subject.

Terebra (Myurella) undulata Gr. — Also recorded from Philip-
pines and Fiji.

Family CONID.K

Conus mutabilis Clumn.* — Red Sea, St. Domingo, China.

Conus (Coronaxis) hebraeus L. — Widely distributed. East
Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius, Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia to I'iji.

Conus (Coronaxis) pusillus Chemn. — A pretty little shell,
whicli Tr)on places as a variety of C. ccylonensis Hwoss, Red Sea,

jnURNM. Ol.- CONCHOI.OOY, VOI.. 9, sn. 2, AIKII, 1S9S. 36

Ceylon, West Africa, Mauritius, Australi.i, \.\v Calcdoiiiii, Sandwidi
Islands, Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas.

Conus (Coronaxis) vermiculatus l.m. ( C. fubnrus I, var.)
Conus (Nubecula) gubernator Hwass. - A well known
species, occurring also at Ceylon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Philip-
pines, New Caledonia, and Seychelles Islands.

Conus (Dendroconus betulinus L— Two examples. This
species also occurs in East Africa, Isle of Bourbon, Java, Ceylon,
China, and Philippines.

Conus (Dendroconus) figulinus L.- Also from Amboyna,
Java, Ceylon, New Caledonia, i.ifu, and Philippines.

Conus (Dendroconus) ponderosus Beck. (=6^ qucidnus
Hwass var. ? ) — Our specimens are old and heavy, without the
revolving lines which characterise C. quercinus ; Tryon places them
together, but we have always considered them distinct. Red Sea,
East Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius, Philippines, Eiji, and Sandwich
Islands.

Conus (Leptoconus ) amadis Martini. — Small specimens.
Ceylon, Java, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

Conus (Leptoconus) generalis E. Of ordinary character.
Also recorded from Ceylon, Red Sea, Isle of Bourbon, East Africa,
East Indies, Philippines, Lifu, and New Caledonia.

Conus (Rhizoconus) capitaneus E. — Quite typical. Philip-
pines, Ceylon, Australia, Lifu, Polynesia, Mauritius.

Conus (Rhizoconus) lineatus Chemn.— A well known species,
with a wide distribution. Red Sea, East Africa, Ceylon, PhiHpi)ines,
Australia, Lifu.

Conus (Rhizoconus) lithoglyphus Meuschen. — Also from
Ceylon, Philippines, and Lifu.

Conus (Rhizoconus) magus L.— Typical. Madagascar, Borneo,
Lifu, Philippines.

Conus (Rhizoconus) mustelinus Hwass.— Mauritius, Ceylon.

Conus (Rhizoconus) punctatus Sow. — Small specimens.
Guinea, Ceylon, Moluccas, West Indies.

Conus (Rhizoconus) senator L. — Tryon considers this a
synonym of C. planorhis Born, stating that the description in the
' Systema Nature ' shows the identification of C. senator to be wrong,
and Hanley was unable to find it in the Linnean Collection. Mauri-
tius, Ceylon, New Caledonia, Philippines.

Conus (Rhizoconus) vexillum Gm. — Also recorded from
Mauritius, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, Lifu, and Samoan Islands.

37 MKIVIII AMI SIANOKN: M AKINK MOI.l.USCA OK MAHKAs.

Conus i^Lithoconus) virgO I..— Typical. Red Sea, East Africa,
Cc\I(iii, riiilippiiK-^. New Ciilfdonia, Polynesia.

Conus (Chelyconus) adansoni Lm. — According toTryon, this
is but a variety of C. meditcrraneus Hwass, "Shell more cylindrical."
It occurs likewise at Senegal.

Conus (Cylinder) omaria Ilwass. — Typical. Red Sea, Ceylon,
Philippines, Australia, Polynesia.

Conus (Hermes) nussatella L. — Small, typically marked
specimen.s. Red Sea, East Africa, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, North
Aiistr.ilia, Eifu, Polynesia.

Pleurotoma amicta E. Sm.* — Also common at Bombay.
Described originally from the Sandwich Islands.

Pleurotoma (Surcula) tornata Dillw. — Generally known as
P. jiivana \.. ; but that author's description is of a ribbed shell, better
known as J\ nodi/era Lm., which this is not. One example, and that
a fine albino. Also from Java and East Indies.

Pleurotom.a (Turris) marmorata Lm. — Five, in good condi-
tion. Red Sea, Malacca, Japan, Australia, Polynesia.

Pleurotoma (Turris) variegata Kien. — Two, well marked.
Indian Ocean, Japan, Philippines.

Pleurotoma (Gemmula) ceylonica E. Sm. — Characteristic,
but imperfect at the mouth.

Pleurotoma (Gemmula) multiseriata E. Sm.— Two shells,
both in fine condition, and better than tlie type. There is consider-
able resemblance between this and one or two of the Eocene species
from Barton. Ceylon, Persian Gulf, China Sea.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) crenularis Lm. — Four, all typical.
Bombay, Tranquebar, Singapore, Australia.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) major Gr. — Three specimens of a very
distinct species, the habitat of which has, apparently, hitherto been
unknown.

Pleurotoma (Driliia) nodifera Pease. — Many, all typical and
fine. Recorded from the Sandwich Islands.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) regia Beck. — Similar to Lifu examples.
Also recorded from .\mboina and Moluccas.

Pleurotoma (Drillia; tayloriana Rv.— This, and P. major Gr.,
are perhaps only forms of P. cre/iiilnris, but are very distinct, and
always recognizable. Bombay, Trancjuebar, Singapore, Australia.

Pleurotoma (Clavus) echinata Lm. — Fine, quite typical.
West Coast of Africa.

(OUUNAr. OI' CONHtlor.OCV, vol.. 9, so. 2, AI'KII., KSyS. j,S

Mangilia horneana E. Sm.— We suspect this little Pleurotumid
has a wide range, as it occurs at IJombay, though not ratalf)gucd in
the last list of the moUuscan fauna of that rc<;ion, and Karachi also
(Townsend). It has some superficial resemblance to our M. /liiiurodcs
from Lifu,' but is quite distinct.

Mangilia (Cythara cithara A. (;d.— One tyjjical e.xamplc.
Fiji (Gould J, Paumotu Islands (Peace), Lifu (Hadfieldj.

Mangilia (Cythara) fusiformis Rv.— One example only, but
that in superior condition ; ochraceous brown, oblitiuely longitudin-
ally ribbed, and transveisely Urate, the interstices being much minutely
and exquisitely longitudinally striate. I'hilippines.

Clathurella nexa Rv. — Identical with Pombay specimens.

Samoa, Lifu, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

Family CANCELl.ARllD.l .

Cancellaria (Merica) melanostoma Sow.— One, very perfect.

A rare form. China, japan, Philip[)incs.

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) articularis Sow, (=6". scalata
Sow.). Red Sea, Ceylon, Maurilius, Moluccas, New Caledonia.

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) crenifera Sow. — Not (juitc
typical. Also occurs at llic Philii)pinrs.

Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) scalarina Lm.* -Perfect, but
smaller than the ordinary foini, from which they also differ in being
more deeply coloured, and darker at the aperture. ^Lauritius.

Kamii.v OI.IVID.K.

Oliva (Strephona) gibbosa Lm.— Common. Ceylon, West
Africa.

Oliva (Strephona) ispidula L- In the usual variety. Philip-
pines, Fiji and Loyalty Islands.

Oliva (Strephona) maura Lm.— Present only as var. scpnl-
chralis Lm.

Oliva (Strephona) tricolor Lm.— We consider this species
distinct from O. e/cxcr/zs, with which it is associated by Tryon.

Agaronia nebulosa Lm.*— In all stages of growth. Ceylon,
West Africa.

AnciUa ( Ancillaria^ ampla Gm.-Some pretty specimens. Red
Sea, Ceylon, Mauritius, Philippines.

AnciUa (Ancillaria) crassa Sow.— One poor example. Red Sea.

1 /. Couc/i., vol. S, p. 281, pi. ix., fig. 16, 1896.

39 \II,I\III AM' slAM'lN: MAKISr. Mul.l.USCA ol MVhKAS.

Kamii.v IIARPID.E.

Harpa conoidalis T.m.* Three: one typical, two juvenile,
ai>|)H)a( liini^ tlie var. striatiila. It is hard to distinguish where //.
conoidalis begins and //. aitiadarii Lni. ends. Ceylon, I'hiliitpines,
Mauritius.

Harpa minor Runiidi. — One, full grown. Indian Ocean, .South
Africa, Madaga.scar, Fiji and Loyalty Islands.

I'AM 1 i.v MARGINELUD.E.

Marginella (Volutella) angustata Sow. — Very large, the
markings more or less covered by callosities ; the ordinary form
likewise occurring. Ceylon, Australia.

Marginella cf- shoplandi Melv. — Three, which though dead,
much resemble a new species from Karachi and the Persian (julf.'
When in perfect condition it is transparent and exceedingly polished
and shining.

Marginella (Cryptospira) quinqueplicata Lm. — Beautiful
specimens. Bay of Bengal, Sumatra, Malacca.

Marginella Gibberula) monilis \.. — Two specimens. Senegal,
Red Sea, Island of Socotra.

Family rOJ.UT/D.E.
Voluta (Aulica) vespertilio L. — Small ordinary specimens.
Philippines, Moluccas.

I'A.Mii.v M/TA'//).E.
Mitra episcopalis P. — Several, adult and young. Ceylon,
Philippines, Polynesia.

Mitra (Scabricula) crenifera Pm. — An ovate variety, prettily
marked. Mauritius, Manila, Red Sea, Indian Ocean.

Mitra Cancilla; interlirata Rv. — Four, typical. Placed by
'I'ryon as a synonym oi M. JhiiiiDwa (^aoy, but sufficiently distinct, in
our opinion. China, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia, Sandwich Is.

Mitra (Mitreola) litterata Lm. — A few small specimens of
ordinary fuini. Ked Sea, Java, ALauritius, South Africa, Philippines,
Loyalty Islands.

Mitra (Costellaria) crebrilirata Sow. Eight, showing some
variation in si/e, and varying in colour fiom ochraceous to leaden grey.
Indian Ocean, |a|)an, Philippines, Polynesia.

I A Mil V EASCIOl.ARlin.E.
Fusus longicauda Hory.- !\ common i'",ast Indian species, at
une linic confused with J\ coli/i Lm. (!eylon.

1 Mtiiu/icstcr Miinoirs, vol. 41, no 7, p. 8, 1897.

lOlKWI CV ((1\(||ii|0,;v. voi. 0, NO. 2, AI'KII, I SoS.

•1'>

FUSUS forceps IVny. riiis shell whkh is more nsually ki...\vii
as F. tiirricula Kicn., is smaller than /'.■ lon-icauda Iluiy. an.'l lil.l.cd
on the body whorl, the interstices being darker. China.

Fasciolaria filamentosa l.m. -A prettily-coloured small variety.
Red Sea, Ceylon, Philippines, Australia, Loyalty Islands, Central
Polynesia.

Latirus (Peristernia) pulchellus Rv.~ Two, small, but highly
coloured, the pale pink mouth being characteristic. 'I'he columella
of this Peristernia does not possess folds, at all events, externally, thus
separating it from others of the genus. Zanzibar, New Caledonia.

Family TURBINELLID.E.

Cynodonta turbinella L. ( = C. corni<^era Lm.). 'i'he spines
are unusually well developed. Red Sea, Moluccas, l'hilipi)ines,
Mauritius, Central Polynesia.

Pyrella spirillus L. — Four, one in very young state, showing a
very bulbous apex. Trancjuebar.

Ficula ficus I>. {=^F. Icevigalus Rv.).— Many, all the ordinary
form. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore.

Ficula reticulata Lm. — Typical examples. Sooloo Archi-
pelago, Indian Ocean, I\ast Indies, Japan.

Rapella (Melongena) paradisiaca Rv.— Showing some varia-
tion. Ceylon, Red Sea, Mozambique, Natal.

Rapella (Melongena) pugilina Porn. — Quite young, but
unmistakeable. Indian Ocean.

Hemifusus lacteus Rv. — Two of this rare form. Philippines.

Family BUCCINID.E.

Cyllene fuscata A. Ad.* — Also from Malacca and Singapore.
According to Tryon this is a synonym of C. li/gubris Ad. Rv.

Pisania spiralis Cir.* — Several. Mauritius.

Tritonidea tranquebarica Gm. — Several specimens.

Tritonidea undosa L. — Fine, with operculum. Malacca, Aus-
tralia, Philippines, Fiji, Paumotus, and Loyalty Islands.

Engina armillata Rv.— A very fine shell, in a beautiful state of
preservation. Philippines, Arakan.

Engina pulchra Rv.— One, of the pale white wreathed variety.
Panama, (ialapagos, and Loyalty Islands.

Nassaria SUturalis A. Ad.* (=iV: acuminata Rv.).— Five: this
Nassaria seems generally, but sparsely, distributed from Karachi
through Bombay and Ratnagiri to the Laccadives and Ceylon, and
now found in Madras. China Sea, Indian Ocean.

p Mi;i\Ill AMI VIAM'KN: M\KINi: MOIIISCA Oy MADRAS.

Latrunculus' spiratus Im.*— Several, one operculated. Cey-
lon, Philippines.

Latrunculus zeylanica T'lug. - Several, of ordinary form

Ceylon.

Fa Mil V X.ISS/D.i:.

Nassa (Arcularia) callosa A. .\d. — ^'ery finely grown, showing
the white callosity at the mouth. l'hilip])ines, Indian Ocean, Lifu.

Nassa (Arcularia) labecula A. .\d. {—N.Jofinsi \)V.). — This
may be only a variety of the preceding species, from which it is dis-
tinguished principally by form and sculpture. Port Jackson, Australia.

Nassa (Arcularia) leptospira A. Ad. — Quite typical. Philip-
l)ines (('umini;), lapan, A'-ccnsion i.sland (Pease).

Nassa (Alectryon) monile Kien. — A very handsome variety.
Philil)piiK's, .\uslralia, Centrnl Polynesia, Lifu (Hadfield).

Nassa (Alectryon) mucronata A. \d.{=N'.motiik Kien. var.*)
— \'ery fine, in better condition than our Bombay examples. Loyalty
Islands, Australia, Phili{)pines.

Nassa (Alectryon) scalaris A. .\d. — Our specimens possess
some of the characters of A^. i/ionilc and N. papulosa. Philippines
(("uming).

Nassa (Niotha) splendidula Dkr.— Only one of this choice
shell, which appears almost typical. A brightly banded and highly
sculptured N^assa, in shape like a small N. ^ligmaria. Philippines,
Malacca, Lifu, Polynesia.

Nassa (Niotha) stigmaria A. Ad. — The typical form, which
comes near N. relicosa A. Ad., iV. caiidens Hinds, and N. cremata
Hinds, all high-class Nasscc, with elaborate sculpture. Varieties of
this species occur throughout the Indian .Seas, and are especially
frequent in the .\ndaman Isles. Philippines, Malacca.

Nassa (Hima) plebecula A. Od. — One, undoubtedly this
species, which 'J'ryon unites \\\\\\ N. panpera A. dd. Japan, .\us-
tmlia, Lifu (Hadfield).

Nassa CHima) Stolata Cm. — Many, \arying in size and form.
.Some are elongate, others ventricose and more robust, shewing
the same form that occurs so plentifully on the western and southern
shores of India. More generally known by the now superseded name
oritaia Kien.

Nassa (Zeuxis) canaliculata Lm. — Many, very handsome,
well developed, and rii'h in colour, varying from orange-brown to
grey. Philippines, Polynesia.

I It is with regret that the familiar name Ehurna Lm. can no longer be used, having
lieen employed twice by that author — firstly, as a synonym of Ancilla I.m. in 'Soi, and siilise-
qUL-ntly (1822) applied to the old Uiiccinuin spiratum L. and its allies.

JOURNAL OK CONCUOI.OC.V, VOL. 9, NO. 2, APRIL, 1S98. 42

BuUia (Dorsanum) belangeri Kicn.* Many very fine living

e.xaniples. Aiakan, Ceylon.

Bullia (Dorsanum) cumingiana Dkr.— Two, Lvidently of this
species, the habitat of which is unrecorded.

Bullia (Dorsanum) livida Rv.— Two, line examples.

Bullia (Dorsanum) vittata L.— Many, some albino, fine living
shells. Ceylon, Zanzibar.

Family COLUMBELL.ID.-K.

Columbella (Mitrella) euterpe iMelv.*— Many examples, agree-
ing precisely with the original description, the types having been
unfortunately mislaid.

Columbella (Mitrella) flavilinea Melv.*— Three specimens.

Columbella (Nitidella) ala-perdicis Rv. ( -C hevh^aia L. var.)

Two, in young condition. West Indies.

Columbella (Anachis) terpsichore Leathes.* -Found both in
the Eastern and \\'estern Hemisphere. One specimen, but large and
in fine condition. West Indies.

Columbella (Pygmaea) flavida Lm. — Synonymous with CJluvu
Brug. Indian Ocean, Japan, Mauritius, Seychelles, New Caledonia,
Polynesia.

Columbella (Pygmaea) versicolor Sow.— A variable species,
of wide distribution, and with — according to Tryon — -a long array of
synonyms. The oldest name for this species is C. scripta Lm., but
Linnaeus had previously used this name for a well-known Mediter-
ranean species. Indian Ocean, Japan, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia.

Family MURICIDyE.

Murex brevispina Lm.— Quite typical. Red Sea, Indian Ocean,
South Africa, North Australia.

Murex tribulus L.*— Several. Owing to the shortness of the
spines, and the variable tran.sverse nodulosities on the last whorls,
we should consider our specimens as coming under the var. or sub-
species M. tenuispina Lm. W'e cannot see our way to allow true
specific rank to this ancient species.

Murex (Haustellum) haustellum L.— One only, but fine
Ceylon, Indian Seas, Red Sea, China, Mauritius, Philippines.

Murex (Chicoreus) microphyllus Lm.— Large, and in fine
condition. Ceylon, Indian Ocean.

Murex (Ocinebra) contractus Rv. — Exactly corresponding
with Bombay examples. New Caledonia, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

Murex (Phyllonotus) anguliferus Lm. — In all stages of
growth. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Seychelles, Isle of Reunion.

43 Mia.Vll.I. AMJ SIANDEN : MAUINE MOl.I.USCA OK MAIikAS.

Rapana bezoar I-. One specimen, of the typical ribbed form,
in line c(jndilion. C'liina, Japan, rhilii)pine.s.

Rapana bulbosa Soland. Many, very fine, and in all stages of
i,M()\vlh, with opercula. China, Japan, Philippines.

Purpura rudolphi I.m. — Hardly typical, and somewhat juvenile,
but strongly filktted and well marked. Philippines.

Purpura tissoti Petit.* — Identical with Bombay examples.
The late Mr. Tryon's remarks as to this species' prove that he did
not know it, and that Mr. Swift, whom he (juotes, was also
misled into considering it a van of the West Indian Cantharits coro-
maiideliamis Lm.

Purpura (Stramonitaj bufo Lm.* — Many specimens in every
stage of growth, with opercula, and showing some variety. Philippines.

Purpura (Polytropa) sacellum Chemn.* — Also common at
Bombay. Many, both young and mature.

Purpura (Cronia) amygdala Kien. — Typical ; the close ribs
thickly covered over with small arched scales. Australia.

Sistrum iostoma Rv. — (^)uite typical. The habitat of this
species is hitlierto unrecorded.

Sistrum konkanense Melv.* — Described as a Ricinula, but
Sis/rum has priority. The range of this species, it is interesting to
observe, is being gradually extended both north to Karachi, and
south to Ceylon, and eastward. The example before us is hardly
typical, being not so elongate as the Bombay shells.

Sistrum margariticolum Brod. — Several of a shell which has
not been fully understood by students till recently, but which, in our
oi)inion, is a good species. Mauritius, Loyalty Islands, Australia.

Sistrum tuberculatum IMainv.* — Common and very variable.
The animal is described by Gould in the "MoUusca" of the Wilkes'
Expedition as being deep grass-green, with the mantle, locomotive
disc, and tentacles light sea-green, finely dotted with white. Japan,
Philippines, to Sandwich Islands.

Sistrum undatum Chemn. — Several typical examples. Tranque-
bar, Natal, China, Japan, Australia, Polynesia to Paumotu Islands.

Family TRITONID.E.

Aquillus chemnitzi Cr. {^A. ira/iquebaricus Lm.) — Some small
specimens. Panama, West Coast of .Africa, West Indies. We consider
Aquillus has precedence of other names proposed for this genus, and
is not too like Aquila in ornithology to be discarded in consequence
of such similarity ; doubtless the derivation was from 'aqua,' water.

I Man. Conch., vol. -i, p. 164, under Cantfiarus.

.tOl'KNAI. OK CONCIIOLOCV, VOL. 9, No. 2. AIKII, 1S98. 44

Aquillus (Lotorium) lotorium L. A common Ccyloncsc
species. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, CL-ntral Polynesia.

Aquillus (Simpulum) aquatilis Kv.* One, c.\ce.;dingly fine

and well marked. Loyalty Islands.

Aquillus (Lotorium) retusus Lm.— Some typical specimens.
Indian Ocean, Mauritius.

Aquillus (Lotorium) tripus Chemn.— Small, well-marked speci-
mens. Indian Ocean, China.

Distortrix cancellinus Roissy.— One specimen. Ceylon, China,
Philippines, St. Thomas and other West Indian Islands, Monte
Christi and Xipixapi, West Columbia.

Gyrineum' crumena Lm.— Many examples, oi ordinary form.
Ceylon, Philippmes.

Gyrineum ( Bursa ) margaritula Dh. — Typical examples.
Indian Ocean.

Gyrineum (Bursa) spinosa Lm.*— A large number of speci-
mens, in all stages of growth, with opercula. Red Sea, Indian Ocean,
Philippines, Mauritius.

Gyrineum (Lampas) affinis Brod. — Several, quite typical.
Philippines, Loyalty Islands, Samoa, West Indies.

Gyrineum (Apollon) tuberculata Brod.* — Medium sized
specimens. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, China, Malacca, Manila, Tahiti.

Family CASSIDID^.

Cassis (Semicassis) canaliculata Lm. — Several examples.
Ceylon, Philippines.

Cassis (Semicassis) sulcosa Brug — Not quite typical ; our
examples agreeing very well with C. laidulata Gm., which Tryon con-
siders a variety only. Mediterranean, Portugal, West Coast of Africa,
West Indies, Brazil, West Coast of North America from Panama to
Guaymas.

Cassis (Phalium) areola L.— Two good specimens. Indian
Ocean, Malacca, Philippines, New South Wales.

Famiia' DOLIWAi.

Dolium chinense Dillw. {—D. variegatum Lm. var.)— China,
North Australia.

Dolium costatum Mke. — Of ordinary form. East Indies,
Philippines, Mauritius.

Dolium fasciatum Brug.— One only, with unusually fine varix.
Philippines, China, Japan.

I The well-known name Ranclla Lm. (1812) is superseded by Gyrhuum Link (1807) and
Bufo Moiufort (1810).

45 Mi;i.\ ll.I. AND SIANUKN : MAkINK MOl.I.lSCA (IF MAlikAS.

Doliiim fimbriatum Sow. (=Z>. costatum Mke. var.)— Several
small specimens. Senegal, Manila, Japan.

Doiium perdix L. — One specimen of this widely-distributed
species. Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Lifu, Polynesia, West Africa,
West Indies, Brazil.

I'AMiLY CYFR.EID.K.

Simnia sowerbyana Weink. — One, in fine condition, of pale-
flesh colour, transversely indistinctly banded with white. This is
Oviilit spelta Sow. & Rv., not I.m. South Seas.

Cypraea (Aricia) annulus 1-*

Cypraea (Aricia) arabica L.*

Cypraea (Aricia) caput-serpentis 1-

Cypraea (Aricia) moneta L.*

Cypraea (Aricia) reticulata Martyn. — A medium sized form of
var. intermedia Gr.

Cypraea (Luponia) errones L.

Cypraea (Luponia) lynx L.

Cypraea (Luponia) ocellata L.*

Cypraea (Luponia) pallida Cir.* — Extremely fine.

Cypraea (Luponia) vitellus L. — With few exceptions, all the
above common species are of the most ordinary character, and call
for no special comment ; they arc of the usual types met with on
the Indian coasts. Nearly all are widely distributed over the whole
Indo-Pacific region.

Erato pellucida Rv.* — A widely-distributed species of Erato;
we have seen it from the shores of Beluchistan, also Karachi, Bom-
bay, and Ratnagiri.

Fa m 1 1. y S TROMBID.E.

Strombus lentiginosus L. — Typical. Philippines, Zanzibar,
New Caledonia to Fiji.

Strombus (Canarium) urceus L. — Two good specimens, with
dark orange-coloured mouth. Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia.

Strombus (Canarium) gibberulus L.* — Normally-marked
examples of this widely-distributed species. Zanzibar, Natal, Red
Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines, Lifu, New Guinea, Fiji
and Paumotu Islands.

Strombus (Gallinula) marginatus L.— Several pretty speci-
mens. I'ormosa, China, Philippines.

Strombus (Gallinula) Isabella Lm.— Three, shewing we think
l)eculianties specific from S. canarium L., with which this shell has
been united by some authors. The mouth is wider, and the oute

JOURNAI, OK CONCIIOI.OCY, VOL 9, NO 2, AlKll, 1S98. 46

lip more effuse and angular, and not so incrassate ; colour a pale
unicolorous isabellinc yellow, which no doulit suggested to Lamarck
the trivial name.

Strombus (Conomurex) luhuanus I..— Three, quite typical.

Australia, New (iuinea, l'hilip])ines, Loyalty and Fiji Islands.

Pterocera (Harpago) chiragra L. — Only in young state.
Indian Ocean, Phili])[)ines, Loyalty Islands, Polynesia.

Rostellaria curvirostris Lm. — Several, mostly in a young state.
Red Sea, Moluccas.

V.\ M I i.Y CViVvV 7 HllD/E.

Cerithium carnaticum M. & S., vide a?ifea, p. 31.

Cerithium cf. corallinum Defr.— Three examples, which we con-
sider very near to, if not identical with, this species.

Cerithium litteratum Born. — Several specimens. West IndicF,
Florida.

Cerithium morus Lm. — A well-known, variable, and widely-
distributed species. Madagascar, Red Sea, Philij^pines, Australia,
Loyalty and Fiji Islands.

Cerithium nodulosum Drug.— One fine specimen. Singapore,
Moluccas, Philippines, Lifu (Hadfield).

Cerithium vulgatum Brug.— Some typical examples. There are
few shells with such an enormous synonymy of varietal names as
this species, although it does not vary more than is usual in the
genus. Tryon figures a number of these so-called varieties, but does
not recognise their claim to separation from the type. Southern
Europe, West Africa, Cape of Good Hope.

Cerithium yerburyi E. Sm.— Allied to C. warns L. but more
attenuate. Originally described from Aden, but no doubt it will be
found all along the Indian Coasts.

CoHna macrostoma Hinds.— A very interesting form, of which
only one occurred in Prof. Henderson's dredgings. Straits of
Malacca, Borneo.

Colina selecta M. & S., vide aiitea, p. 31.

Pyrazus palustris L.— Two, of typical form. India, Java,

Australia, Loyalty Islands.

Family PLANAXID/E.
Planaxis nigra Quoy.-Six,ofaplain-coloured,smooth,unpolished

shell New Ireland, Fiji and Sandwich Islands, South Africa.

Planaxis sulcatus L.* - Eighteen, all well grown and
unusually large. Indian Ocean, Sandwich Islands, Australia, I hilip-
pines, Mauritius, South Africa.

47 MEl.VII.I. AM) STANUEN : MAKINK MOLLUSCA Or MADRAS.

Famh.y TURIUTELUD^.
Turritella triplicata Stud. — Three, of normal coloration. Medi-
terranean, West Atrica, Canary Islands, Coast of Spain.
Turritella (Haustator) columnaris Kien.— One, in poor

condiuon. Ceylon.

Turritella (Zaria) duplicata L.* — Many, including some perfect
and large albino varities ; also var. |i. altetiuatn Rv. is present in all
stages of growth. Indian Ocean generally.

Family LITTOKINIDyE.

Littorina scabra L. — Plentiful, of typical form. Including its
varieties, this species stretches nearly round the world, e.xtending from
West Africa around to Arabia, but has not yet been found in the
Mediterranean Sea. Indian Ocean, China, Fiji, Sandwich, and
Philippine Islands, Mazatlan, Florida, Ceylon, Japan, West Coast of
Africa, West Indies, Polynesia.

Family SOLARIIDM.

Solarium delectabile Melv. * — Described in 1893 from
Bombay specimens collected by Mr. Abercrombie. Our Madras
specimen is unmistakable, though not in prime condition. This dis-
covery extends the range of this very beautiful little So/ariutn, which
will probably be found before long distributed around the Indian
coasts.

Solarium modestum Phil. — Two pretty specimens. This may,
perhaps, be a variety of S. per spec fivufti, from which it differs in the
colouring only. Society Islands, China.

Solarium perspectivum F. — One specimen is more conical
than usual, li o.\so occurs m statu J uvenilt. Amboyna, Indian and
Pacific Oceans, China, to Australia,

Solarium pictum Phil. — One, rather worn. New Guinea.

Fa m 1 1 . V RISSOIIDyE.

Rissoina (Phosinella) deshayesi Schwartz.— With some little
difhdep.ce we name our solitary large clathrate Rissoina as above.
Singapore (in Mus. Brit, unnamed), Philippines.

Rissoina ( Phosinella ) sp. — To some extent agreeing with
Lifu examples of R. t/uasillus M. & S., but coarser in texture. We
also have the same form from Thursday Island, sent in shell sand,
collected by Mr. Arnold Henn.

Rissoina (Morchiella) thaumasia M. & S., vide antea, p. 31.

Fenella cerithina Phil*. — Two, rather worn. A small, prettily
decussated species. Mauritius, Island of Rodriguez, Red Sea,
Persian Gulf, Japan.

lOURNAI. Ol- (ONC ItOinc.Y, VOL. 9, Nd. 2, AlKII , lSr)8. 48

Iravadia trochlearis A. (;d.* -Many, in excellent < ondition,
Evidently abundant throughout the Indian Ocean. We have many
specimens from Bombay, and have seen it from Ceylon, Karachi, and
Persian Gulf Japan, Hong Kong.

Family CAPUUDyli.

Amathina tricostata Gm.— Very perfect, though not large. Only
one example. I\ast Indies, Japan.

Crucibulum (Dispotaea) extinctorium Lm. (=C. scutellatum
Gr. var.)— Three, fine. West Indies, Ceylon, West Coast of America
from Chili to Mazatlan.

Crepidula (Crypta) scabies Rv. — Many specimens, in good
condition. Ceylon, Singapore, China Sea, Japan.

Crepidula (Ergaea) walshi Herm. (=C. plana Ad. Rv. var).—
Many good and characteristic examples. Abundant also at Bombay.
Japan, Singapore, China, Ceylon.

Calyptraea diaphana Rv. (z=zMitridaria eguestris L. var). — Many
examples. Tryon has " interpreted this species in accordance with
general usage, the Linntiean species being indeterminable," He gives
a long synonymic list of forms representing such variety in shape and
sculpture, that it is not surprising that they were described as distinct
species by the older school of conchologists. China Sea, l'hilii)pines,
Indian Ocean, Prince's Island, West Africa, West Indies, AVest Coast
of Central America, Galapagos Islands.

Calyptraea fibulata Rv. (=.Mitnilaria equesiris L. var.) — Several
good examples. Philippines, AVest Indies.

Family XENOPHORID^E.

Xenophora Solaris L. — One beautiful example. Malacca,

Singapore.

Family LAMELLARIID/E.

Lamellaria perspicua L.— Neither we nor Mr. Edgar Smith
can discover any means of differentiating the ^Madras form from that
found in English waters.

Family NATICIDyE.

Natica lineata Lm.*— Medium-sized specimens, of typical form.
Singapore, Philippines.

Natica marochiensis Lm. (=yV: maroccana Chemn.)— The
many examples in this collection of a small cinereous shell, quite
plain, and concentrically wrinkled in a characteristic manner round
the sutures, we cannot exactly identify, but presume it is one of
the many forms of Lamarck's protean species. West Africa, West
Indies, Panama to Mazatlan, Society and Philippine Islands, Lifu,

Australia,

{To be continued).

75

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF MADRAS AND THE
IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

I'.v I. COSMO MELVILL am. R. STANDKN.

(Read before tlie Society, Ocl. I3tli, 1897).

{Continued from page 4S).

Natica pulicaria Phil*.— One small individual, exactly agreeing
in niaiking with a large specimen so named in J- C Melvill's collec-
tion. Habitat, hitherto unknown.

Natica (Neverita)chemnitzi Recluz {■=^N'. ampla ?h\\. xax.). —
Three typical exami)les. Indian Ocean, China, Japan, Australia,
Mauritius.

Natica 'Polinices) columnaris Recluz. — Several small speci-
mens. Philippines, Mauritius.

Natica (Polinices) mamilla L. — The numerous specimens we
have are medium-sized, and typic al. East Indies, Lifu, Central Poly-
nesia, Philipi)ines.

Natica (Ruma) zanzibarica Recluz {=iy. melanostoina Gm.
van).* — Our specimens are a little more quadrangular than the type
of N. melatwstoma. East Indies, Mauritius, Madagascar, Philippines,
Western Polynesia.

Sigaretus javanicus Or. — Some good examples. East Indies.

Sigaretus neritoides L.— Several examples of this common East
Indian Sii^tin'tiis, in a very good state of preservation. Some confusion
attends the limitation of the various forms of this genus, and Tryon
considers .S". javanicus and S. fieritoides identical.^ We can hardly
agree with him.

Sigaretus (Catinus) planulatus Em.* — Several ; easily dis-
tinguished by its smooth, flattened surface. Australia, Philippines,
Zanzibar.

Family lANTHINIDAl.

lanthina globosa Sw. — A beautiful and perfect example, pale
violet in colour.

Family SCAI.ARIID^.

Scalaria (Scala) tenuicostata Sow.— Quite perfect and very
beautiful, the ribs being very closely set. Japan.

Scaliola bella .A. Ad. — One, seemingly identical with this
Japanese species. Our example is only eight whorled, however, as
against nine. It may very likely be an undescribed form, of which
more material is wanted before deciding.

Aclis eoa Melvill.* — One, agreeing with the tyjje from Bombay.

I Man. Moll., vol. 8, p. 55.

JOURNAL OK CONCMOl.Or.V, VOL. 9, NO. 3, J,„.V. 1898. 7O

Family EULIMID.K.

Apicalia holdsworthi H. Ad.-Seven specimens of this interest-
ing Stylifer. Ceylon.

Fa M I L Y /' } -RA MIDEr. I. IP. -/•;.

Obeliscus pulchellus .A. \d* Japan, Loyalty Islands

(Hadfield).

Obeliscus terebelhim A. Ad.— Very perfect. Antilles.

Syrnola maderaspatana M. iS: S., vide anfea, p. 32.

Pyrgulina interstriata Sow.— A few, in i)oor condition,
seemingly identical with Bombay and Upolu examples in I. c!
Melvill's collection.

Pyrgulina kreffti Angas.— One, of what may be this Australian

t'orm.

Turbonilla Candida (Ad.)— One fine shell, in all respects
agreeing with examples dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend in the Arabian
Sea (Karachi, etc.)

Turbonilla coromandelica M. & S., vide an tea, p. 12.

Cingulina spina Cr. Fisch.— Many examples of an elegant
species.

Family NERITID.-E.

Nerita crassilabrum E. Sm.— Several. Red Sea, Indian Ocean,

Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

Nerita gemmulata Rv. — Three specimens, agreeing well with
description and examples in British Museum. Habitat hitherto
unknown.

Nerita haustrum Rv.— .\ black Nerite, finely transversely sulcate.
Tryon considers this synonymous with N. yoldi Recl.^ — which, like
some other West Indian species is subject to an erosion which
excavates the white |)ortions, leaving the black in relief. Red Sea,
Indian Ocean, Hong Kong.

Nerita histrio L. — Some handsome, well-grown individuals in
very fine condition. Australia, Mauritius, East Africa, East Indies,
Philippines, Polynesia.

Nerita polita L.* — A number of examples, showing the usual
variation in colour so notable in this common but beautiful species.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Mauritius, Loyalty Islands,
Polynesia.

Nerita (Thelicostyla) albicilla L.*— Several of this widely-
distributed species. Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines, Loyalty
and Fiji Islands, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, &c.

Nerita (Peloronta) plicata L.~-Some typical specimens.
Formosa, Indian Ocean, Polynesia, Loyalty and Sandwich Islands.

77 MKI.VII.I. ANI1 STANOKN : MAKINK MOI.I.fSrA Ol" MADRAS.

Neritina mertoniana Reel.— Many specimens. This is pro-
bably, as considered by Tryon, a variety of 7\^. uahinensis Less., which
closely mimics the common West Indian N. virginea, L., and is equally
variable in its markings. Indian Ocean to Philiiipines and Polynesia.

Family TURBINID^.

Phasianella (Orthomesus) variegata Lm.— We give the above
name to two examples of a small, smooth, closely interruptedly white-
lined Phasianella, with some little doubt, the exact variety not being
found in the Mus. Brit., but it seems near P. fiiTOsa, P. leutiginosa^
and other quasi species now aggregated by Pilsbry under the above
name.-

Turbo (Senectus) radiatus Gm.— Many, in all stages. Red
Sea to Madagascar, eastward to New Caledonia, Nicobar, Philippine,
and Loyalty Islands.

Family TROCHID.E.

Polydonta maculata L. van — Several specimens of this protean
species, differing from the type in some respects. Philippines, Singa-
pore, Fiji Islands, Indian Ocean, Kingsmill Island.

Polydonta veneta Rv. — .\ few examples of a species allied to P.
radiata (im. but without teeth on the columella. Moluccas (Rv.).

Polydonta (Carinidea) radiata Gm.*— Many, in all stages ot
growth. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore, Madagascar, Ceylon.

Umbonium vestiarium L.* — A large number of specimens,
apparently not so variable or light in colour as examples from the
Western shores of India. The var. rosea, however, is present, and
the variety with slaty black umbilical callosity. Indian Ocean,
Ceylon to Java, Philippines, Singapore, New Irealand.

Gibbula nuclea Phil— Typical specimens. New Caledonian
Archipelago, Jaj)an, Fiji Islands (Garrett).

Minolia biangulosa A. Ad. — An abundant South Indian
Minolia, the whorls being excessively angulate. We have lately seen
dredged from Ceylonese waters by Capt. Tindall, of the s.s. " Patrick
Stewart," over a hundred, showing no variation whatever. Siam.

Minolia variabilis A. Ad. — Also extremely abundant, and, as its
name would imply, variable. Persian Gulf

Calliostoma interruptum Wd. — We have identified this by
Reeve's llgure and description, not having seen any named individuals.
It is an elegant little trochiform shell, i)retlily longitudinally banded,
and articulately fiUetted at the periphery. Habitat hitherto unknown.

3 Trj'on, Man. Conch, vol. lo, p. 179.

lOI'KNAI. Ol- lOMIIOI.OC.V, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JUl.V, 189S 78

Calliostoma tranquebaricum Chemn.— Many, all Urn-, and
exhibiting little variation in marking, none in sculpture. Tranquebar,
Pondicherry, Vizagapalam.

Euchelus atratus Gm.— Darker in colour than those in the
British Museum. Nicobar, Fiji, and I'hilippine Islands, Vanikoro,
Moluccas, Sorong, Singapore.

Euchelus tricingulatus A. Ad.— Several of a pretty fawn-
coloured shell. Malacca, Singapore.

Euchelus foveolatus A. Ad.— One or two specimens of a very
distinct little shell, with coarsely latticed sculpture. Philippines,
Lord Hood's Island, Paumotu, and Fiji Islands.

Euchelus horridus Phil.* — Rather small and poor, exani|)lcs
of an abundant Eastern shell. Bombay, Mediterranean.

Euchelus indicus A. Ad.* — Large and well marked, and in
good quantity. Bombay.

Euchelus proximus A. Ad.* — Only one, but fine. Tryon
considers this a form of Trochus osper Gm., though, tyjMcally, this
is more elevated, with smaller and more numerous spirals. Indian
Ocean.

Euchelus scaber P. Fisch. — Three typical .specimens. Indian
Ocean, Singapore (Archer).

Euchelus tricarinatus Lm. {=E. quadrkarinafus Chemn.
var.)* — Several ; Indian Ocean.

Family DELPHINULIDJIi.
Liotia varicosa Rv.— Occurs also at the Philippines and Loyalty
Islands (Hadfield).

F AM 1 1 ,Y C 5 rz OSTREMA TID/E.
Cyclostrema pulchellum Dkr.— Identical with Japanese ex-
amples. Singapore, Australia.

Family HALIOTIDAL.
Haliotis (Teinotis) asinina L.— Several. China, Japan, Australia,

East Indies.

Haliotis glabra Chemn.— Several ; a smooth species, readily
distinguished by its oval form and the green arrow-shaped blotches
on the surface. Philippines, Australia.

Haliotis varia L.— Three examples; a well-named species, of
wide distribution. Philippines and Australia to China, Mozambique,
Red Sea, Mauritius, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Archipelago.

Family FISSURELLID.K.

Fissurella bombayana So^v.*-Two ; quite typical.
Fissurella (Glyphis) lima Sow. - Quite typical. Bombay,
Arakan.

79 MKI.VU.I, AND STANDF.N : MARINE MOI.LUSCA OF MAURAS,

Fissurella (Glyphis) ruppelli Sow. — Some characteristic ex-
amples. Mauritius, Red Sea, Cape of Good Hope.

Emarginula costulata I)h. — One Madras example, and three
from Homhay (Aherciomhie) hitherto unnamed in J. C Melvill's
rollectinn, with some slight doubt wr refer as above. Id. of Reunion.

Subemarginula (Clypidina) notata L.* — Very prettily marked
with slutcy indigo concentric lines and dashes. Tryon remarks that
the habitat, West Indies, given by Adams is doubtful, and that it
belongs rather to an East Indian type, an opinion borne out by this
record of ours from Madras, as well as a former one from Bombay.

Scutus I'f. corrugatus Rv. — Only small forms. Japan.

Famu.v ACMyEIDjE.
Acmaea saccharina L. — Some fairly typical specimens.
.\mboyna to Japan ; l*iji Islands.

Fam I i.v pa TELLJDA^.
Helcioniscus variegatus Rv. {=H. rota Gm. van). — Many
specimens, agreeing with Tryon's definition. Suez and Mozambique
(Rv.) ; Id. of Reunion ; Madagascar (Dall).

Class POLYPLACOPHORA.
Family CHITONID.E.
Ischnochiton sp. — Two small species which have not yet been
worked out, but both are probably new to science. We shall hope to
.say more about them in a subsequent paper.

Class SCAPHOPODA.

Family DENTALIIDAi.
Dentalium octogonum Dh. — Several specimens.
Antalis fissura Lm. — One perfect example of this rare species.
Cadulus anguidens M. & S., vide an feu, p. 32.

Class PELECYPODA.

Order TETRABRANCHIATA.

Family OSTREID.E.

Ostrea denselamellosa Lischke. — Two characteristic examples,

agreeing with Japanese specimens in the British Museum, and [. C.

Melvill's collection.

Family AA'OI\/IIDAl.

Anomia humphreysiana Rv. — Only one valve, but charac-
teristic.

Family LIMID.-E.

Lima squamosa Lm. — Several, approaching the typical Red
Sea form. Red Sea, Mediterranean.

JOURNAl. Ol- CONCllOl.OCV, Vol.. 9, No. 3, jIlV, 1S98. 80

Lima (Mantellum) angulata Sow.— Several, resembling ex-
actly specimens in the British Museum from Tanama. Hay of
Caraccas.

Famuv pectin id.]..

Amussium japonicum (".m.— Quite typical. A series of adult
and young. China, Japan.

Amussium pleuronectes L.— Typical examples, in all sUigcs
of growth. China.

Pecten asper Sow. — This is one of the most interesting of the
recent Pectinidai. 'J'he markings are peculiar, as is the sculpture,
and well represented in plate i. of Reeve's Conch, Icon. New
Guinea (Hinds).

Pecten crassicostatus Sow. — Several typical examples. Japan.

Pecten cristularis Ad. & Rv.— Some pretty specimens. Distri-
buted throughout the Indian Ocean.

Pecten singaporinus Sow.* — Only one, a finely-coloured but
small specimen.

Pecten sinensis Sow. — Several examples, in various stages.
China.

Pecten squamatus Gm. — Typical examples of this inequilateral
Philippine Island species.

Pecten tranquebaricus Lm. — Small but perfect, and highly
characteristic, shewing the peculiar acute auricles, and of a pale
ochraceous colour. Coasts of Tranquebar.

Pecten (Chlamys) limatulus Rv. — Three specimens of this
delicate and elaborately-sculptured species. Mauritius.

Family AVICULID^E.

Avicula argentea Rv.— A smooth, dark olive shell. Also re-
ported from the coasts of Guinea.

Avicula formosa Rv. —Through a lens, this shell, much
encrusted as it is with nullipores, etc., is seen to be most delicately
concentrically lirate.

Avicula iridescens Rv.— Two specimens. Moluccas.

Avicula scabriuscula Rv.— Two ; characteristic. Australia.

Margaritifera anomoides Rv.— Many ; a decided species,
semitransparent, white, rayed with pale green in a manner very
unusual in this genus. Philippines.

Margaritifera margaritifera L.— Medium and juvenile ex-
amples of this abundant tro[)ical species.

Margaritifera praetexta Rv.— Many ; of a peculiar livid fawn
colour, the pale oblong blotches with which the shell is rayed are
curiously wrinkled across with opaque-white lines. Philippines.

Si MKl \ ll.l. AMI STAM)I;N : MAKINK .MoLI.USCA Ol- MADRAS.

Margaritifera squamulosa Lm.— Young examples, which are
prohal)!)- juvenile loniis of J/. Jlabcllum Rv. ; if so, the Lamarckiaii
name, havini; priority, must stand. They are beautifully concentrically
squamate, the squamae long and very fragile. Tiger Bay.

Margaritifera tegulata Rv.— Very delicate and beautiful
Roundish, thin, and thrice or four times longitudinally radiate. We
also have the young form, pale green, and very oblitiue*, with the
charartfristic radiate lines. Also from Moreton Bay.

Margaritifera vexillum Rv.— Many, of a prettily zig-zag marked
Avirula, but all in ((uite young condition. Ceylon.

Perna femoralis Lm.— Several, quite typical. Philippines.

Perna isognomon L. — A few of this common East Indian form.
Philippines.

Pinna attenuata Rv. — Two specimens ; typical. INIoluccas.

FA>nLY MYTILWAi.

Mytilus viridis T.. — Small, but well coloured.

Modiolus metcalfei Hani. — A delicate species, very perfect in
condition. Philippines.

Modiolus ramosus Hani. — Two specimens. Celebes.

Lithophagus stramineus Dk. — Two. West Indies.

Lithophagus teres Phil. — Three small sized specimens. A shell
of simple form and sculpture. Mazatlan.

Modiolaria ccenobita Vaill.— An interesting form, described by
\aillant from the Gulf of Suez.

Family ARCID.-E.

Area imbricata Poll. — Very similar to the European A. tetra-
gona L. Aden (Lirit. Mus.), Mediterranean, East Indies.

Area inaequivalvis Brug.* — Many, in all stages. Indian Ocean,
Persian Gulf.

Barbatia fusca Brug. — A quantity of this common Philippine
species.

Barbatia lima Rv. — Two or three only. Philippines.

Barbatia (Acar) pusilia Sow. — A neat squarrosc shell, identical
with Tasmanian speeuuens received by the British Museum from Mr.
J. H. Ponsonby.

Barbatia (Venusta) lactea L.*— Of very wide distribution,
being a common British and European species. Also from Bombay
and Arakan in the Blanford collection (Mus. Brit.). Mediterranean.

Scapharca clathrata Rv. — Several. Philippines (^Cuming),
Aden (I'.nt. Mus.).

Scapharca rhombea Born.* — A solid handsome shell. China,
Ceylon.

lOfKNAL OK CONCiroi.OC.V, \ Ol.. (), No. J, Jliv, 189S. 82

Parallelipipedum tortuosum L.— Three spccimc-ns of iliis

extraordinary shell. Sin<;ai)()rc, Malacca.

Cucullaea concamerata ( "hemn.— Two, vcrv fmc Iiuhan Ocean

(Paetel).

Pectunculus taylori Angas.— Two odd valves, hoth (luiie
distinctive and full grown. Ihc geographical dislril>ution includes
Ceylon.

Famu.v NUCULID.K.

Nucula mitralis Hinds. — A glossy and very ohliciue small species.

Also from Malacca.

Nuculana CUSpidata A. Gd.— Many beautiful examples, abso-
lutely identical with a solitary specimen, in the British Museum, with
no locality. Gould's types came from North America, and it is strange
to have it reported from Madras.

Family CARDITID.E.

Cardita canaliculata Rv.— One example only, and that in

juvenile condition. Those in the British Museum are from the

Philippines.

Family TRIDACNIDyE.

Tridacna gigas L, — One small specimen in a worn condition.

Philippines.

Family CARDIID.K.

Cardium (Acanthocardia) asiaticum Chemn. — Several, in
various stages. China, Nicobar Islands.

Cardium (Trachycardium) rugosum Lm. {=C. flavum \..).
Several. Madagascar, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) latum Born.*— Some characteristic
examples. Philippines (Cuming).

Cardium (Bucardium) coronatum Spengl.— Typical specimens.
China.

Cardium (Bucardium) fimbriatum Wood.— Many examples.

China.

Cardissa (Lunulicardia) subretusum Sow.— Several. 'Fhese
are a small form of what Paetel and others consider a variety of

C. retusuin L. Red Sea.

Family VENERIDM.
Meretrix casta Chemn.— A plain, heavily moulded, white
porcelain Meretrix, with olive-ochraceous epidermis. A common

Indian shell.

Meretrix castanea Lm. {=M. morphina Lm. var.)— Several

specimens. Singapore, Philippines.

Callista umbonella Lm.— Many specimens of this variable shell
Brazil (Cuming), Red Sea.

S? Mil \ II I. AMI SIANKKN : MARINK Mol.l.USCA OV MAItKAS.

Crista divaricata Clicmn.*Many specimens. Mozambique
(Haiik-y). Red Sea, Philippines (Cuming).

Crista gibbia Lm. — One of our examples is unusually obese and
large. Philippines, Red Sea.

Crista pectinata L. — Many, in all stages of growth. Indian
Ocean, Philip[)ines, Red Sea.

Circe personata Dh. — A delicate example of this somewhat
common Iiulian species.

Sunetta meroe L. (=.S". //VA? Schum.).— Two; a pretty species,
and extremely variable in colour. Philippines.

Sunetta seminuda Rv. — One beautiful specimen, pale flesh
coloured, with epidermis. Moluccas (Cuming).

Dosinia modesta Rv. — A few typical specimens. Spain (Paetel).

Dosinia radiata Rv. {-^Artemis ivnphidesmoides Rv.). — Three or
four, but only one exhibiting the characteristic rayed marking, so
conspicuous in the figure in Conch. Icon. (pi. vii., fig. 37). The
geographical distribution would appear to be wide, extending from the
mouth of the R. Gambia, W. Africa, eastwards.

Dosinia salebrosa Romer. — A pure white shell, very delicately
concentrically ribbed. Specimens in British Museum from Ceylon.

Chione graphica Lm. {=^Cytherea petechialis \a\\. van). — Also
reported from Sumatra and Japan.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) gibbosula Dh. — A few examples,
in good condition.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) layardi Sow.*— Not, perhaps,
quite typical. Found all round the coasts of India, Persian Gulf, and
extending to the Andaman Islands. A very abundant Indian shell,
occurring in every collection we have received from that country.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) puerpera L. — Two ; very large
and fine, and well marked, rhilippine.s.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) scabra Hani.— A minute, but
elegantly chased C/iio/ic, of which there are some dozen examples in
the collection. Philippines, New Holland.

Anaitis calophylla Hani. — Two small butcharacteristic specimens.

Tapes (Textrix) malabarica Chemn. — Typical. Moluccas.

Tapes (Textrix) sulcosa Phil. — Remarkably fine, with the
purple rays, and grey spots very distinct. Australia.

Tapes (Textrix) textrix Chemn.* — Some rather small speci-
mens of ordinar)- character.

Tapes (Hemitapes) pinguis Chemn.* — A common Indian
form. In the Romerian arrangement adopted in some museums this
species is known as Chione pinguis. Ceylon, Tranquebar.

.tOtJRNAt. OK rONCHOLOCY, VOL. 0, N... J, JULY, I89S. 84

Irus macrophylla Dh- Quite youn^, no mature examples. A
beautiful species, uuich lighter, more rounded, and having the lamina;
more produced than our British K irus; it also differs in being
foliated and cancellated. Philippines.

Family PETRICOl.ID^K.
Petricola lithophaga Retr.— Indistinguishable from European

specimens.

Family DONACIDAi.

Donax (Hecuba) scortum L.*- Several, in various stages of
growth. Cape of Good Hope.

Donax (Latona) abbreviatus Lm.*— Many example.s. Philip-
pines.

Donax (Latona) cuneatus L.— Four specimen.s. Ceylon.

Family PSAMMOBIIDM.
Gad anomala Dh. — One small but perfect example ; also

reported from Australia and New Holland.

Sanguinolaria hendersoni M. & S., vide aittea, p. 33.'

Family SOLENID^^l.
Siliqua radiata L. — Very beautiful and well-coloured examples.
Sumatra.

Fam I i.y MESODESMA TID.^..
Mesodesma (Paphia) trigona Dh. — Large examples. Habitat

hitherto unknown.

Family MACTRID^.

Mactra attenuata Dh. — Several ; somewhat attenuated pos-
teriorly, and of a peculiar dark livid ash-violet, within and without.
Habitat hitherto unrecorded.

Mactra fasciata Lm. — Several; agreeing with Reeve's descrip-
tion.

Mactra spengleri Born {=M. Icevis Chemn. var.). — Our speci-
mens are rather young, but agree with the description and figure in
Reeve.

Schizodesma spengleri L. — Several typical examples.

Family MYID.E.

Corbula modesta Hinds*.— Five, all young, but agreeing with

Bontb-^i^' specimens received from Mr. Abercrombie. Philippines.

Corbula sulcata L:;;. -7'hree young but recognisable specmiens

Senegal.

Family PHOLADID/E.

Martesia striata L.— A drift species, its distribution therefore

extending over the tropics. The "Challenger" specimens in the

British Museum came from the Arafura Sea.

I The clescriplion of this species was published on the cover of the Journal on Jan. ist., 1898.— hd

8|; MRLVILL AM) STANDEN : MARINK MOl.I.USCA OK MADRAS.

lAMII.Y I.UCINID^E.

Lucina pisum Phil.— About eight examples of a highly chased
and ribbed small shell, very rotund, evidently of wide distribution, as
it has been dredged both at Port Essington, Australia, and Singapore.'

Lucina (Cyclas) semperiana Issel. — A minute Lucina, with
some extraneous resemblance to the last (Z. pisum). Like many of
the genus, it is of wide distribution, being reported from Mazatlan
(Paetel), and Gulf of Suez (Mus. Brit.)

Tellina (Tellinella^ deltoidalis Lm. — Some very fine examples,
quite ty[)ical in form. Australia, New Zealand.

Tellina (Tellinella) rostrata L. — Few, rather poor. Philippines.

Tellina (Tellinella) undulata Hani. — Young examples only,
but (luitc characteristic. AVest Columbia.

Tellina (Arcopagia) savignyi A. Ad. — Karachi (Townsend),
and probably all round the Indian coasts. Red Sea (Paetel).

Tellina (Tellinula) valtonis Hani. — Very thin and delicate,
white, exhibiting a wonderfully beautiful iridescence.

Tellina (Tellinides) opalina Sow. — One specimen, agreeing
with figure in Conch. Icon. Moluccas.

Family CLAVAGELLID.-E.
Brechites vaginifera Lm. — One, somewhat worn and broken,
. but evidently this well known Red Sea species.

♦•••♦-

I Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. xi., fig. 66.

^7

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF

MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND, FALKLANDS,

WITH LIST OF SPECIES.

By J. COS.MO MELVILL and R. STANDEN.

(I'late I., figs. 9-13; Plate II.).

fRead before the Society, Feb. gth, 1898).

Amongst the many recent additions to the collections of MoUusca
in the Manchester Museum, a series of marine shells collected by Miss
Cobb, at Shallow Bay, Lively Island, Falklands, is of particular
interest. A few other species have also been added to Miss Cobb's
collection, through the kindness of Mrs. Blake and Prof. D'Arcy
Thompson. References to the molluscan fauna of this part of the
world are somewhat meagre and scattered, so that the cataloguing of
an authentic and characteristic collection like the present is not
only an important local record, but also helps towards a better
knowledge of the geographical distribution of certain species.

The archipelago of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), forms a part
of the " Magellanic Province " of Woodward,^ which also includes the
coasts of Tierra del Fuego, and the mainland of South America from
Port Melo, on the east coast, to Concepcion, on the west. They are
situated in Lat. 51° 30° S., and cover a space of 120 by 60
geographical miles, or little more than half the size of Ireland. They
are a treeless expanse of moorland and bog, and bare and barren
rock, and their wild and rugged shores are washed by tempestuous
seas, swarming with mollusca and other forms of marine life, which
find ample shelter and sustenance amongst the dense masses of
"kelp" — a giant seaweed {Macrocvstis pyrifera) growing in profusion
on every tidal rock, and forming a barrier to the terrible breakers of
the western ocean, which no mass of rock not thus protected could
long withstand. Woodward assigns 45 species of mollusca to the
" province " in general, but gives only the following as being known
from the Falklands : —

Scalaria hrevis
Margarita Dialvina
Fissurella radiosa
Patella barbara
P. zebrina
P. deaiirata
Scissurella conica

Trochita pileolus
Astarte longirostris
Cyamium antarcticuin
Modiolarca trapeujia
Cardita thouarsii
Venus exalbida
Lyonsia inalvinensis

He further remarks that " eleven of these have not been met with
elsewhere."

I Manual of Concbology, 1880, p. S2.

98 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOCY, VOL. 9, NO. 4, OClOnKR, 1898.

Dr. I'aul Fischer' enumerates 8i species as inhabitants of the
" Province magellanique," and to Woodward's list of Falkland shells
he adds — Eufluia antantka, Trochus heniatus, Fissiirella pida,
Puncturella conica, P. falklandica and Modiolarca pusilla.

The 'Challenger' expedition collected i8 species at the Falklands.
Of these, Calyptrcea pileus, Phot inn la cceriilescens, Trophon liratus,
and possibly two unidentified species of Calyptraa and Lamellaria
included in the list, are not represented in the Cobb collection. The
* Challenger ' specimens were mostly obtained from the " kelp " in
from 5 to 12 fathoms. Miss Cobb's shells were all collected on the
l)each, but in the majority of cases are in very good condition, and
show but slight signs of sea-wear. To several of the shells of Mytihis
and Patella some most beautiful specimens of Microporella ciliata,
Cribrilina labiosa, C. monoceros, Miicronella tricuspis, Cellepora tiara,
C. pundulata and other Bryozoa are attached. We are indebted for
these identifications to Miss E. M. Pratt, by whom they have been
carefully studied, in connection with another collection of zoological
specimens received by the Museum from Mrs Blake, of Hill Cove,
Falklands.^ Included in Mrs. Blake's collection are also a number of
specimens of Trophon muriciforfnis, Euthria fuscata, Photinula
violacea and Fissiirella mexicana, with the animals preserved in spirit,
together with several Brachiopods, of which two species, viz. : —
Tcrebratella magellanica and T. dorsata, likewise occur in the Cobb
collection.

LLST OF SPECIES.

Siphonaria lessoni Blainv. — Several typical examples. Recorded
also from Chili (I'actel).

Lachesis euthrioides sp. n. (PI. I., fig. 9).

Z. testa fusiformi, teniii, Icete castaneo-brun nea, anfradibus septeiit,
quorum duobus albatis, apicalibus, ccetcris apud suturas impressis,
tuiuidulis, longitudinaliter crassicostulatis, costis ad junduras costu-
larum spiralium nodulosis, tiodulis Levibus, nitidissimis ; apertura ardo-
rotunda, labro convexo, tenui, canali brevi, curta, i/iargine coluinellari
paiillum excavate. Long. 8, lat. 3 tnm.

Fusoid superficially, this little cancellated shell is undoubtedly a
Lachesis. It is of a bright chestnut brown, somewhat shining, fusi-
form, seven-whorled, two whorls apical and white, the rest impressed
at the sutures, tumid, longitudinally thickly costate, and transversely
filo-costulate, shining, noduled at the points of junction. The aper-
ture is ovate-rotund, outer lip thin, canal short, columellar margin
slightly excavate. Three specimens.

I Manuel dt Conchyliologie, 1887, p. i;.'.

a For list of these forms with notes, see Manchester Memoirs, vol. 42, 1898.

MELVILI, AND STANDEN : MARINE SMELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. 99

The genus Lachesis Risso, as restricted, now embraces about thir-
teen species, inclusive of a new species (Z. bicolor Melv.) from the
Arabian Sea.^ They are mostly extra-tropical, indeed, the type L.
viitmna Montagu is a well known inhabitant of our southern British
coasts. Besides this, three are Mediterranean, one Japanese, one
from the Island of St. Paul, one (Z. sulcata Hutton) from New Zea-
land, and another (Z. vieridionalis E. Sm.) from the Strait of
Magellan. This is a curious species, the longitudinal ribs being
quite obsolete on the lower half of the body-whorl ; while, at the
periphery, there is one series of revolving tubercles, and the size is
only 4 mm.

Voluta (Cymbiola) ancilla Soland. — One very large dead speci-
men. Gould gives a capital figure of the animal, but, like Sowerby
and Kiener, describes this species as V. magellanica {non Lm.). It is
V. gracilis Wood. D'Orbigny records it from Strait of Magellan,
and Paetel from coasts of Patagonia.

V. (C.) becki Brod. — Two; one quite juvenile (PI. I., fig. ii);
the other a full-grown specimen, measuring a little over nine inches in
length, with, presumably, about an inch of apex missing. It is
yellowish chestnut in colour, with longitudinally undulated streaks.
In the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences there is a specimen
measuring 14 inches in length (Tryon). Hitherto the precise habitat
of this large species appears to have been unknown, though generally
assigned to Patagonia. Its occurrence in this collection is, therefore,
of particular interest.

V. (C.) magellanica Lm. — One small specimen. Patagonia
(Paetel).

Euthria antarctica Rv. — Two, quite typical.

E. fuscata Brug. — This species was described originally by
Bruguiere as a Buccimtm^ and recorded as occurring abundantly on the
coast of Peru. In Mrs. Blake's collection there are many examples,
in all stages, while in the Cobb collection there are but two, both
typical.

E. plumbea Phil. — One rather young example of what appears to
be this species, which occurs from Cape Horn to Chili, also Japan.
Its synonyms are Fusus riifus Homb. & Jacq., Buccinum inagellatiictim
Phil., B. patagonicmn Phil., and, probably, Euthria ferrea Rv., and
E. viridula Dkr.

Trophon albolabratus E. Sm. — One, quite typical, and in good
condition. Although Tryon unites this with the very variable
T. geversianus Pallas, he seems to have been somewhat hasty in his
decision, for he admits that he has never seen the species, which Mr.

I Manchester Mejnoi7-s, vol. 42, no. 4, p. 14, pi. i, fig. 17, 1898,

100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOI.Or.Y, VOL. 0, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1898.

E. A. Smith (Jcscril)cd from Kcrguclcn. It is a much more solid shell
than T. geTcrsiatii/s, ;ind narrower, with fewer and less regular spirals;
the suture is not so deeply impressed ; the lip is thicker, and the
mouth less obli(iue, whilst the canal is much shorter. Specimens
were dredged by the ' Challenger ' Expedition in three stations off
Royal Sound, Kerguelen, from volcanic mud, in 25 to 60 fathoms
(Watson).

T. buccineus Clray. — One specimen, in perfect condition, which
exactly matches the excellent figure copied by Tryon. No description
or locality is given, but the shell is allied to T. pltimbeus A. Gd., and
is a light chocolate-brown colour, deeper within the aperture.

T. cretaceus Rv. — One rather large example, in the usual worn
condition. Recorded from the coast of Chili.

T. geversianus Pall. (PI. I., fig. 10, PI. II.). — Six examples of
this beautiful species. One is a particularly handsome specimen,
snowy white, with well developed broad frill-like lamellns, and in
excellent condition. It indeed so far surpasses in size and beauty
the types figured in Reeve's "Conchologia Iconica'' and elsewhere,
that it has been thought worth while to figure two aspects of this
shell. This particular specimen is in J. C. Melvill's collection. Two
others almost equal it in size, but are not so perfect in condition.
The rest are juvenile. With the collection there is a string of egg-
capsules of this species. They are of a yellowish colour, spoon-
shaped, closely set together, and in size average 2ox 12 mm. In
each capsule there are a quantity of embryos, measuring 25 mm. in
length; the contents of two capsules were carefully counted and
found to contain, respectively, 74 and 112 baby shells. One of these
is figured (PI. I., fig. 10). The species is extremely variable, and
occurs from Magellan's Strait to Chili. The synonymy is exten-
sive and includes, amongst others, Buccinum fimbriatuin Martyn,
Mutex tnogellanicus Gm., M. folia tus Schum., AT. peruvianus Enc.
Meth., M. lamcllosHs Dillw., and AI. patagonicus D'Orb.

T. laciniatus Martyn. — One, not quite adult, but otherwise very
perfect. The absence of the characteristic latticed sculpture in the
interstices between the lamelL-e readily distinguish this from T. gever-
sianus. It is recorded from Magellan's Strait by Tryon, and from
the Chonos Archipelago by Reeve. Tryon unites this species and
7! antarcticus Phil., and expresses some doubt as to whether these
South American forms really belong to the genus Trophon.

T. muriciformis King. — Five very beautiful and perfect ex-
amples. An ovately fusiform, cinereous species, with tumid, cancel-
lated whorls ; dark chestnut aperture, and crenulated lip, which
amply differentiates it from T. geversia?n<s, with which Tryon is

MELVII.I. AND STANOEN : MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. lOI

inclined to group it. There are also two specimens in Mrs. Blake's
collection. Recorded from Strait of Magellan.

Monoceros calcar Martyn.— One example of this extremely vari-
able shell, of the form with exserted spire to which Lamarck gave the
name of M. imbricatus. The species occurs from Cape Horn to Chili,
where it attains its maximum heaviness of shell. Between this massive
form (J/, crassilabruiii Lam.) and the type there ranges a long series
of transitional forms, the more marked of which have severally been
named M. striatum Lm., M. glabrahim Lm., M. globulus Sow., M.
costatum Sow., M. citriniwi Sow., and M. acinni/iatum Sow.

Crepidula dilatata Lm. — A good series. One specimen is the
form described as C. pallida by Broderip ; the rest are fairly typical.
The type is a large, rugose, inflated form, having the apex much
curved to the side of the shell, and the inner margin usually deeply
stained, or radiately lineated with chestnut. It has many synonyms,
e.g., C. depressa Dh., C. peruviana Lm., C. patula Dh., C. arenata
Brod., C. adolphei Less., C. grandis Midd., C. priticeps Conr, C.
mu»i?naria A. Gd., etc. It is generally distributed all along the
western coast of America, from Patagonia to Alaska, and also Kam-
chatka.

Calyptrea (Trochita) radians Lm. — Three specimens, all of
them identical with C. coirugata Rv. Other synonyms are C. peru-
viana Dh., C. concainerata Martini, C. costellaria Phil., C. trochiformis
Gm., C. trochoides Dillw., C. araucaua Less., C. sordida Brod., and
C. spirata Forb. It is recorded from Chili and Peru, also from the
Island of Inagua, Bahamas (Tryon).

Natica impervia Phil. — Two typical specimens. In this species
the callus completely fills the umbilicus. Magellan's Strait (Tryon).

N. magellanica Phil. — Three. Tryon appears to think this may
be a form of N. patagouica Phil., from Strait of Magellan.

Scalaria (Opalia) magellanica Phil. — Two typical specimens.
Also sent by Mrs. Blake.

Photinula expansa Sow.— Three specimens, all of the typical
light olive colour, with green and iridescent interior. It also occurs
at Kerguelen Island, Strait of Magellan, and South Georgia. The
principal synonyms are Margarita expansa Sow., Trochus expansus
Phil., Fhotina expansa A. Ad., Margarita hilli Forbes, etc.

P. taeniata Wood. — Several typical examples of this, the largest
and most striking species in the small group of Margarita-\^&
shells found only in Antarctic America, for which H. & A. Adams
instituted the genus Photinula. It is imperforate, with a brilliantly
nacreous interior, and easily recognizable by the spiral pink bands
and lines on a shining white ground. The synonymy is extensive,

102 JOl'RNAI. OF C0NCH01.0GY, Vni,. 9, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1 898.

and includes Margarita tutiiala Sow., Trochus bicolor Less., T.
lineatiis Phil, {non da Costa), T. hombroni P. Fisch., T. purpuratus
Forbes, Photina cxrulea, A. Ad., etc. It occurs also in Magellan's
Strait (Tryon).

P. violacea King. — Seven specimens. A more conical shell than
P. cxpiUisj, with a smaller aperture, and of a purplisli-pink colour.
Its synonyms are Margarita persica A. (id., M. violacea King, M.
magdlanica H. J., Trochus violaceus Phil., and probably Margarita
viagellanica A. Gd., but Tryon is inclined to doubt the identity of
Gould's species with P. violacea. Recorded from Strait of Magellan
and Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.

Fissurella darwini Rv. — One dead, but characteristic example
of a form which appears to occupy an intermediate position between
F. picta Gm. and F. ?naxima Sow. It is more conical than the latter,
and less elevated than the former, and is sculptured with numerous
radiating ribs, which are low and uneven, but scarcely to be called
granose. The inside is white, with a blueish-black border. Recorded
from Strait of Magellan (Tryon).

F. picta Gm. — Two full grown and typical examples of this hand-
some shell. Its recorded habitats are Strait of Magellan (U'Avila),
Chili and Valparaiso (D'Orbigny).

F. polygona Sow. — Several typical specimens of this most beauti-
ful shell, which is distinguished by its scabrous strise and chain-like
ribs, usually rayed with purple. The inside is white, and the margin
spotted. None of the shells in this collection are quite as large as
the one figured by Sowerby, and one specimen is without colour,
though in the finest possible condition.

F. mexicana Sow. — Four specimens. Tryon considers that the
locality given by Sowerby and Reeve ("Real Llejos, Mexico") needs
confirmation, and hints that it may be Sowerby's F. orietis ; but the
shells now before us are well distinguished from that species by the
finely decussated, close-set radiating grooves, and white-bordered
orifice.

Puncturella (Cemoria) falklandica A. Ad. — One typical
example. Dall is doubtful whether this is separable from the British
P. fioachina, from which, however, it differs somewhat in its shorter
fissure and septum, more distant and equal ribs, and less posterior
apex. Recorded from west coast of Patagonia, in 449 faths. (Tryon).
Patella aenea Martyn. — A large and representative series of all the
principal varietal types acknowledged by Tryon in (</), typical P. eenea ;
{/>), var. deaurata Gm. ; (<:), var. magellanica Gm. The type is a
very solid shell, elevated, with strong radiating ribs, brownish ash-
coloured exteriorly, with a lustrous bronze-tinted interior, and seal-

MELVILL AND STANDEN : MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY LSLAND. IO3

loped margin. P. gmidichandi Blainv. is a synonym. The var.
deaurata is chiefly distinguished from the type by the thin, oblong,
depressed shell, showing dark-brown radiating stripes interiorly, and
the apex curving forward. Patella cymluilaiia Del., P. fcrriigmea
Sow., P. delesserti Phil, P. varicosa Rv., and N'acella strigatella
Roch. & Mab., are also synonyms. Tryon also considers that P.
polaris Marts. & Pfr. is merely a form of P. deaurata, and that
P. varicosa Rv. is identical with \Voods' & Gmelin's P. flanimea.
Var. magellanica Gm. is of a rounder form than typical P. <riiea, and
has a more central, erect, and elevated apex. Variations of this form
have been described by Reeve, under the names of P. atramentosa,
P. venosa, and P. chiloensis, whilst Rochbr. & Mab. coin many species
from it. Both typical P. cenea and the vars. deaurata and magell-
anica have hitherto only been recorded from Strait of Magellan.

Acmaea textilis A. Gd. — Six specimens. This species seems to
possess good and distinctive specific characteristics, although in-
cluded by Tryon in the synonymy of A. persona Eschz., an exces-
sively variable species, which ranges from Sitka to Turtle Bay, Lower
California.

Scurria SCurra (Less.). — A very fine example of this has been
added to the collection through the kindness of Prof D'Arcy Thomp-
son. It was collected by Mr. J. Cooper, in 1893, and is of the
somewhat depressed terraced form figured by Tryon. ^ The range of
this species is given by Tryon as extending from 12° to 41° S. Lat.,
west coast of South America. Its synonyms are Patella scurra Less.,
Acmcea scurra D'Orb., Lottia pallida Sow., Lottia conica A. Gd., and
Acmcea cymhula Hupe.

Nacella cymbularia Lm. — Three specimens, of a pale horn
colour, with silvery iridescent interior. Tryon restricts Nacella to
one species : N. mytilina Helbl., which lives upon the great seaweeds
of the Tierra del Fuego shores, and he includes N. cymbularia
amongst its numerous synonyms.

Chiton (Plaxiphora) setiger King. — One typical example of
this well-known South American species.

Lima falklandica A. Ad. — One perfect specimen, together with
odd valves of a very delicate shell with some affinity to Z. loscombi
Sow.

Pecten (Pallium) corneus Sow. — Valves only. The typical
form. Recorded from Strait of Magellan.

P. rufiradiatus Rv. — Many valves, distinctively representative of
the species. It is recorded from Strait of Magellan by Reeve, and
is a characteristic form of the type of Pecten peculiar to that locality ;

I Man. Conch., vol. 13, pi. 39, figs. 26-27.

I04 JOURNAL OK CONCHOI.OOY, VOl,. 9, NO. 4, OCTOMER, 1898.

l)Ut it differs from the more orl)icular P. patagonicus King, in the
camparativdy greater lieight of the shell, crenulatcd ribs, and un-
equal cars.

Mytilus bifurcatus C>)nr.— A peculiar looking shell, about 25
mm. in length, strongly grooved, triangularly ovate, very gibbous,
and of a dark indigo blue-black colour. Reeve does not give any
locality, but it is recorded from California by Paetel.

M. magellanicus Chemn. — Three young and two adult examples
of this fine pear-shaped shell. It is blue-black in colour, with waved
crenated ribs. The larger shells l)ear beautiful growths of Bryozoa, etc.

M. ungulatus L. — With the exception of size, there seems little
to separate this from our My/i/us editlis. It seems to run through the
same gradations of form, including typical var. gallo-provincialis Lm.
Recorded from Chili (Cuming). Paetel makes M. ungulatus synony-
mous with M. latus Lm. from New Zealand, but this can scarcely
be correct.

Modiolarca pusilla A. Gd. — One typical example. Recorded
from Kerguelen (Fischer).

M. trapezina Lm. — Nine specimens, in various stages of growth,
of a very elegant shell, varying in colour from bright orange to pur-
plish yellow or rich sienna-brown. Recorded from Strait of Magellan
(Paetel) ; Kerguelen and Auckland (Fischer).

Cyamium falklandicum sp. n. (PI. I., fig. 12).

C. testa iiiediocri, a:quivalvi, iucequilaterali^ ohhmgo-rhonihoidali,
tenui, albida; valvis sub lente undique concent rice striatis, striis rudibus,
posticuin apud inaiginem rw^oso-la/uinatis, umbouibus promiuulis,
contiguis ; valvis dorsaliter post ice leniter declivibus, prolongatis, antice
rotundatis, ligamento corneo, exter?io, valva7n apud rectum dente car-
dinali viagno, bifido, apud sinistram duobus minoribus; superficic interna
alba, parum nitente, linea palliali indisfincta, paullum sinuosa. Alt. 7,
lat. 12, diam. 4 mm.

This interesting addition to a very circumscribed genus has been
confused with C. antarcticum Phil., by Gwyn Jeffreys.^ This latter,
however, is quite distinct, and correctly-named e.xamples exist in
the British Museum, where also is this species without a name.
It is smallish in size, equivalve, very inequilateral, rhomboidal,
thin, white, the valves concentrically striate, and towards the pos-
terior margin wrinkled-laminate ; the ligament is horny and ex-
ternal, the posterior dorsal margin gradually sloping, prolonged,
anteriorly rounded, the cardinal tooth in the right valve is large and
bifid, in the left there are two smaller teeth ; within the surface is

I I5rit. Conch., vol. z, p. 257.

MELVILL AND STANPEN : MARINE SHELLS FROM LIVELY ISLAND. I05

white, scarcely shining, the palHal Hne to some extent sinuous, but
not very distinct.

Chione (Omphaloclathrum) exalbida Chemn. — Three ex-
amples, varying in growth and development. A massive, flat, oblong
shell, with raised concentric striae. Occurs in Straits of Magellan.

Cryptodon falklandica E. Sm. — A shell with some affinity to
Axtnus Jlexuosus Mont.

Saxicava antarctica Phil.— A stout coarse shell, found burrow-
ing in the roots of the large seaweed. Recorded from coasts of
Chili (Paetel).

Thracia antarctica sp. n. (PI. I., figs. 13, 13a).

T. testa defonni, fere ceguivalvi, sordide alba, tefiui; valvis ambabus
concenirice riidistriatis, convexis, titrimqiie hiulcis, anticc rotundatis,
postice tmncatis, bntntieo-sordescentibus, rudilamellosis; umbonibus in
uno specimiiie promitiulis, incunns, co?itiguis, in altera fere immersis ;
margine dorsali postice paullum excavato, antice leniter declivi, veutrali
fere recto; dente caidinali magtw, cochleari ; S2{perficie interna alba,
paiilliini prisinatica, linea palliali obscura, siniiosa. Lat. 15, alt. 11,
diani. 6 mm.

To some extent resembling T. distorta Phil, from North Europe,
or T. cuneolus Rv., this very interesting little form differs from both
in decidedly less rotundity of outline ; it is, indeed, a far more typical
eu-Thracia, though to some extent liable to the SaxicavaASVo. deformity
so often present in our North European Th. distorta.

It is of a dirty white, posteriorly stained with brown, and truncate,
anteriorly rounded, the umbones contiguous and prominent in one
specimen, while in another they are almost immersed ; the dorsal
margin is posteriorly slightly excavate, anteriorly gently sloping, the
ventral margin almost straight. The surface is concentrically rudely
striated, the valves convex, almost equal. Interior surface slightly
nacreous, whitish, pallial line obscure, sinuous.

Only one Thracia (T. similis Conr.), of quite a distinct group, has,
till now, been reported from South American shores.

♦ •»'♦

«>5

ON LATIRUS ARMATUS Ad.
JlY J. COSMO MELVILL.

(Read before the Society, March 9th, i

Miss Edith C. Wilson has presented a small collection of marine
mollusca, gathered by herself in the Canary Isles, to the Manchester
Museum, Owens College. The majority of the shells call for no
special remark, but amongst them is one dead though perfect and well-
developed specimen of Latirus armaiiis Ad., entirely free from any
nullipore or other extraneous marine growth, and consequently in a
perfect condition, so far as the shell is concerned, for investigation.

It is a great pity we know so little about the animal. The only
item of information vouchsafed us, so far as I can find, is that it is of
a red colour. That, of course, is a distinctive attribute of all Latiri
proper, but we cannot help hoping that full anatomical details of this
much discussed and variable form may be forthcoming at no distant
date. In the meantime the following is the history oi Latirus armatus
Ad. In 1838 Dr. Gray described a form as Turbinella spinosa, which
is in all probability this species. The name T. spinosa Martyn being
already in use, reduced Gray's name to a synonym, and in 1854^ Mr.
A. Adams described from the Cumingian cabinets eleven Latiri, with-
out figures or information as to size and in exceedingly bald and bare
phraseology. Amongst these we find : — "Latirus armatus A. Adams.
Z. testa ovato-fiisifonni, ujnbilicata, spira apertura breviore, fu/va, epi-
dermide fusca obtecta; anfractibus longitudinaliter plicatis, lira promin-
enti tratisversa {muricata ad plicas) iti medio aiifractuum ornatis,
ultima liris mi?iutis instnicto ; apertura ovali, caiiali recto, aperto, colu7ii-
ella obsolete plicata, plicis guinque, labro intus suUato, margitie crenato.

Bab. : California (Mus. Cuming).
This is an ovately fusiform shell, with a muricated transverse ridge

in the middle of the whorls, which are covered with a brown

epidermis."

Ten other Latiri were described at the same time.

The one example of the Cumingian collection was in 1866 trans-
ferred to the British Museum, and lay neglected and unobserved for
some years till in 1873 the Rev. R. Boog Watson received from
Madeira an extraordinary shell with large umbilicus and consequent
pseudo-distortion of mouth and canal which, acting on advice
tendered him by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., and Dr. Paul Fischer,
he raised to the rank of a new generic type, under the name Chascax
maderensis Watson.'- His description is minute to a nicety and exact

1 Proc. Zool. Sac., 1854, p. 314.

2 /'roc. Zool Soc, 1873, p. 361.

JOURVAI. OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 9, K'O. 4, OCTOl'.ER, 1898. II6

in every particular. There is only room to transcribe the first open-
ing sentences : —

'■'■Chascax gen. nov. Watson. Shell spindle-shaped, strongly umbili-
cated, longitudinally ribbed and spirally ridged, but without varices.
Epidermis horny. Mouth edge angulated. Outer and inner lip quite
smooth. Canal long, narrow, and deep, bent a little to the left, but not
at all reversed in front. Operculum strong, horny; nucleus terminal,
internally strengthened by a broad ridge all along the right margin."

In 1886, the "Report on the Gasteropoda collected by H.M.S.
'Challenger'" was published, and the Rev. R. Boog Watson names
as Latirus armatus Ad. the single specimen dredged on this expedi-
tion at Station 7 P. Lat. 28° 35' N., Long. 16° 5' W., off Teneriffe, on
volcanic sand, loth February, 1873.^ If we refer to his preliminary
paper- on the same subject, we find the shell named Fasciolaria
maderensis n. sp., and referred to the Turlufiella carinifera auct., non
Lm. Mr. Watson also expresses a doubt whether his Chascax made-
rensis, referred to above, may not be a very aberrant variety. These
remarks he repeats almost in extenso in the revised account,^ and I
think an examination of the Chascax in the British Museuni will
prove that his doubt was well founded. Indeed the Chascax made-
rensis is to the typical L. armatus exactly as the widely umbilicated
form of Latirus undatus or L. infundibulum is to the less developed
shells. It is the tendency of typical Latiri to form shells with this
(no doubt more or less monstrous) characteristic. The umbilicus is
deep seated, and in Miss Wilson's specimen, which is intermediate
between the abnormal Chascax and the moderate scarcely umbili-
cate L. armatus Ad.,'* the narrowness is remarkable.

The specimen before us is of pale buff colour, decorticated, heavy,
seven whorled, upper whorl angulated in the middle, the upper por-
tion sloping to the suture, the lower straight ; the median angulation
is sharply noduled, the lower whorl sloping from the suture for about
one-fifth of its surface, then transversely angulated and conspicuously
sharply noduled ; below this a median portion runs nearly straight.
Longitudinally, once very lightly transversely lirate, followed by two
stronger spiral-raised somewhat noduled ribs. Towards the base are
two more light spiral costse, the aperture is ovate, narrowed peculiarly,
as if distorted by the umbilical extension, towards the canal ; the
outer hp is five or six times grooved ; columellar plaits almost if not
quite obsolete ; umbilicus narrow, but pronounced and deep ; oper-
culum not present.

1 ' Challenger ' 'Gasteropoda, p. 243.

2 /. Linn. Soc, vol. 16, p. 336, 1883.

3 Op. cit., p. 244.

4 Compare ' Challenger' Gasteropoda, pi. 13, fig. i.

tI7 MKI.Vti.I. : ON lATIRl'S ARMAILS AD.

Tlic true Lalirus cnriui/erus Lni. from the Pacific is ciuite distinct.
In tliis tlie shell slopes away immediately below the very prominent
median spiral angulation at the last whorl. Indeed the abundant
/. polygonus will remind one more of the typical Z. annatiis, but the
whole texture being so different, no one could for an instant sup-
pose that they were identical.

California, given by Adams as the habitat of the Cumingian type,
must be erroneous. I see no reason for altering the secjuence of this
S[)ecies in the catalogue of Latirus and Periiternia, with Z. distinctits,
L. cariniferus, and Z. po/ygonus as nearest allies.

-»•••♦

JOURNAL OF CONCIIOI.OGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY, 1898.

[page 95
Note on Terebra eximia Dh. — On looking through a miscellaneous series
of beach-collected marine shells from Borneo, received from the late Rev. W.Turner,
I was highly gratified to recognize amongst some other TerebrcB a good specimen of
T. eximia Dh. It is 36 mm. in length, and although rather smaller than the one
recorded by Mr. J. C. Melvill and myself, in our recent paper on " Madras Mol-
lusca" {antea p. 35, PI. I., fig. 8), it is equally good as regards condition, sculpture,
and marking. The discovery of another example of this rare and beautiful species
so soon after our Madras record, is extremely interesting, especially as the type
specimen, from an unknown locality, was described so long ago as 1859 {Proc. Zool.
Soc, 1859, p. 314), and has hitherto remained unique. — R. Standen (Read before
Ike Society, Feb. 9th, 1898).

[page 85

Note on Cypraea rashleighana. — The above Cowry was described in 1887,"
and in the following year was re-figured, the original description being repeated in
the " Survey of the Genus Cypraa, 1888."" Although the habitat was queried it
seems probable that the type came from the neighbourhood of Hongkong. Since
this time three or four specimens have occurred amongst the Hadfield Mollusca from
Lifu ; these, however, are either too young or in a not very satisfactory state of pre-
servation. My object in alluding to this species at the present opportunity is to call
attention to a very beautiful and large example which has been for years in the
National Collection at South Kensington, having formed part of the Cumingian
stores. This was figured by Mr. Lovell Reeve^ as a stunted form of C. tabescens L. ,
but has been overlooked by Sowerby^ and by Mr. Raymond Roberts in the "Mono-
graph of Cyprrm.'"''' Rather blindly following Reeve in 1888,' I signalised this as
var. a of C. tabescens under the proposed varietal name of latior. Mr. Edgar Smith
being disposed to allow it specific rank, labelled it in the National Collection "■latioi-
Melv." Last year, however, it was closely examined by us both, in comparison
with the original type of C. rashleighana, and pronounced identical. The pyriform
shape, different dentition, narrower aperture, small clearly defined dark-brown
lateral punctuation, with other characteristics, differentiate this species from its
allies, C. tabescens, C. teres and C. interriipta. — ^James Cosmo Melvill {Read
before the Society, April 13th, 1898).

2/. Conck., vol. 5, p. 288. 3 Manch. Ulcm. (4), \ol. i, p. 218, 2ig. 4 Conch. Icon., pL

14, no. 66a, 1845. 5 Thes. Conch. 6 Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 7, 1885. 7 Loc. cit., p. 218.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L

Fig. I. — Cerithiuni carfiaticum %\). \~\ov

2. — Coiina selecia ?:\). nov.

2,."-J^issoina (Morchiella) thaumasia sp. no v.

4. — Syrtiola inaderaspatana sp. nov.

'^.—Turbonilla coro7nandelica sp. nov.

6. — Caduhis anguidefis s^. now.

7. — Sanguinolaria hendersoni sp. nov.

8. — Te?-ebra ( Euterebra ) exifiiia Dh.

9. — Lachesis euthrioides s^. nov

10. — -Trophon geversianus VzlW. (juv.)
II. — Voluta (Cymbiola) becki Brod. (juv.)
12. ^Cyaf/ikaii falk/atidicum s]). nov.
13, .13a. — Thracia ajitarctica sp. nov.

page 31

31

31

32
32
32
33
34
98
100

99
104

105

Pi«.U I.

L.'-^ 9

.-^.

*.^*

lii

13 a.
TIfest, Newma-n imp

G M.'WbodLwaj-oL del.etlitk

MADRAS A. FALKLAND ISLANDS MOLLUSCA.

'^>

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Trophon geversianus Pall., natural si/.c.

(See page loo).

From a photograph by Mr. Edward Ward. The original
specimen is now in the collection of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill.

Plate n.

■

1

^^^k^' *^M^HI^

3

1

1

^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l

1

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - ||^^||||iw-,|r-- ^n^^^^B

1

1

^^'' .Tiv«st.^^^ii

3

1

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Catalogue of the Embryological Models

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No. 1— Suggestions for a Natural History Museum in
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No. 2— On Rachiopteris cylindrica Will. By Thomas

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No. 4 Descriptions of Brachiopoda and Mollusca from|
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Biological
^ MediC

Kelvin, James Cosmo

Marine mollusca of Madras

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