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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR Sha 


UNDER DIRECTION OF 
THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 


1928- 1931-1933 1934-1935 _ 
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS 
PART: 2°) >(*: 
- PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 


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U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT 
COAST GUARD 


Bulletin No. 19 


THE MARION AND 
GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 
TO 
DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


UNDER DIRECTION OF 
THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 


1928-1931-1933-1934-1935 


SCIENTIFIC RESULTS — 
PART 2 


PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 


EDWARD H. SMITH 
FLOYD M. SOULE 
OLAV MOSBY 


UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON : 1937 


SE ee a eel 
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - - - Price 75 cents 


CONTENTS 


Page 
MERIC bl Olle sees Seen ee a eM ye aw ey a 2 See Sate TUS Vv 
CuHaApTER [| 
The northwestern North Atlantic: 
DEanitionandigeneral descriptione.. 2-2 — = ee ee ee 1 
istonyoL oceanographic explorationes 2220-2 o 9 =— sa een eee eee 3 
Cuapter II 
AMatnaMmMentsrandimethOdsem sc te ears peers anal ee ee 13 
CuHaptTer III 
Mhe circulatory system and types of water_.......-..--..---...=----- 25 
The West Greenland sector: CuapTer IV 
sbeRsUTlACCECULReN Use aetna See ae eee She ey eee. 8 ea eee eS 28 
Seen seetionsror tue Clinrentse» 222 320. 0 Sse a2 feces ee Soe 30 
Horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity_______________-_ 37 
Vertical distribution of temperature and salinity_________.__--_--- 42 
PANSTTNT TOA eve Eh GEO INS tee a entre, ean Spe ye RN A a EY IS etl 50 
PREMEESTING VC LEMS Bite et Ss aL a et ae Se ee 62 
Maplevormvolumeofcurrents= 22 2&5 So SSeS 2. ee ees 65 
The Davis Strait sector: CuarTer V 
sMeRSUTPACCKe UITCTIESEe seh. Seal enlha) OI wes ules ons ahs Se ee a eee Be 66 
MEP SSIRCCLIONS OLstNe CUFTENtS=s 2-2 se Se ee Se oe Se 69 
Horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity___..__________- al 
Vertical distribution of temperature and salinity____._._.._.-____--- 73 
The American sector: Cuarrer VI 
NCEA Uni ACCICUTTENGS at sees ss ce eee ae Yo Ee le 80 
Gross sections Of the currents... 22 -. 52-22-4562 seo ce seen 83 
Horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity___________---_-- 90 
Vertical distribution of temperature and salinity_____..______------ 99 
os SETS TEDL NPS ES HOTS ec a, dag en a 102 
Jcacsrn tl eared ee Ne eo 123 
lero VGluIme mr Clrrentse = 0 2 8285 8802 fee os ee Ce 127 
The Grand Banks sector: Carter VII 
SL erSUTfACeRCUIentse mesa == ee ee ee Soe 129 
G#asa cections Gr the currents. =. 5.-—. 2-2-2282 a2es2eeL2--2se-4-- 133 
Horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity__.._____-------- 135 
Vertical distribution of temperature and salinity____._.__.____-_---- 136 
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PRC cee eee ae Nr See ee bb ooe oe 140 
MEM On wolmine GiMmeurrentes. 5.52 05... 2s5 225.2 5i.-4-seces-4ane 143 


1V CONTENTS 


Cuapter VIII 


he deep water----=-----+-=---"----=-"--57 1" "> 7 = 
The bottom water-2-=-------------=-=-"7"-5" > - = e an 
Mummery... -=---+--2=2------=¢-- =" 0-2 ee 
Bibliography _.---------------------"-+"""="">>, 
Station maps and station table data_.=+----2+°==-"-=- 4755 ne 


Page 
167 
170 
173 
173 
173 
175 
179 
180 
184 
186 
187 
192 
195 
201 


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Map oF THE NORTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC 


METRIC 


1.— BATH 


FIGURE 


INTRODUCTION 


The appearance of this publication completes the series of United 
States Coast Guard Bulletin 19.1 

The report is based on the observations of the Marion expedition, 
1928, and amplified by the cruises of the General Greene to the 
Labrador Sea, 1931 and 1933 to 1935. In view of the similarity and 
intermixture between the waters north of Newfoundland and those 
around the Grand Banks, it has been deemed advisable to add an 
exposition of the latter based upon the researches of the International 
Ice Patrol, the observations of which are published in Coast Guard 
Bulletins 1-25. 

The Coast Guard’s material consists of temperature and salinity 
observations from surface and subsurface; the treatment centering 
on a portrayal of the distribution and correlation of these two physi- 
cal characteristics and their dependent variables in vertical and hori- 
zontal planes. A few oxygen observations have also been made in 
order to examine the vertical motion in the deeper water of the 
Labrador Sea. 

The prevailing circulation, as indicated by the dynamic topogra- 
phic maps, the velocity profiles, and the velocities of the currents 
have been computed in accordance with generally accepted methods 
of present-day dynamic oceanography. Calculations of the volumes 
of the discharge, the cooling and warming effect of given water 
masses, and other influences have been recorded. The repetition of 
observations in many places, moreover, during a series of months 
and a series of years, affords opportunity to discuss variations and 
cycles. In this respect the Grand Banks region has been investi- 
gated in more detail than has the area north of Newfoundland, but 
even from the Grand Banks there are insufficient observations to de- 
scribe accurately the annual cycle. 

The three collaborators have been at one time or another asso- 
ciated with, or in active charge of, the scientific work which the 
United States Coast Guard has maintained in connection with the 
International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol.’ 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, as chair- 
man of the International Ice Patrol Board, as well as the other 
members, has through an appreciation of the scientific aspects of the 
ice-patrol work, afforded us the time to prepare this bulletin. 

The appearance of the report is largely due to the efforts of Prof. 
Henry B. Bigelow, director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 
We wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge particularly Dr. 

1 Contribution No. 107 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 

2Those interested in a description of the methods employed to protect trans-Atlantic 


shipping from the ice menace are referred to Smith (1931). 
Vv 


VI INTRODUCTION 


Bigelow’s interest in behalf of our work and also his unfailing coun- 
sel and advice. Commander Eigil Riis-Carstensen, Royal Danish 
Navy, leader of the Godthaab expedition 1928, has extended a helpful 
spirit of cooperation in order that a clear exposition of the physical 
oceanography of the Labrador Sea be attained. Officials of the In- 
stitut fiir Meereskunde have generously permitted us to make use of 
the results of the wintertime observations of the Meteor in the 
Irminger and Labrador Seas. 

Acknowledgments are also made to Mr. C. O’D. Iselin for reading 
parts of the manuscript; to Dr. W. L. G. Joerg for advice and 
counsel on bulletin, part 3, of this series; and to members of the 
United States Coast Guard who have assisted with the actual work 
of preparing the paper. Institutions which have cooperated include 
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; the American Geo- 
graphic Society; the Institut fiir Meereskunde; and the Geophysical 
Institute, Bergen, Norway. 


Cuapter I 


THE NORTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC 


DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION 


The northwestern North Atlantic, as it is discussed here, is that 
portion of the western Atlantic Ocean embraced by the normal drift 
of Arctic ice; and, so defined, includes the waters around and on the 
Grand Banks, and northward, between North America and Green- 
land to the seventieth parallel of latitude. Observations in the areas 
closer to the sources of Arctic ice have not been undertaken by the 
Coast Guard. Information, therefore, on the oceanography of Baffin 
Bay and other tributaries as they affect our own investigations, has 
been drawn from previously published works. 

The bathymetric features of the northwestern North Atlantic are 
shown on the frontispiece (fig. 1). The depth contours have been 
drawn from information contained on various navigational charts 
and from several other sources, such as Ricketts and Trask (19382) ; 
Defant (1931) ; Stocks and Wist (1935), and Soule (1936). 

Northwestward from the Newfoundland Basin to the sixty-third 
parallel the bottom rises gradually (more than 2,000 meters below 
the surface) to form, between Greenland and Labrador, the Labrador 
Basin. Continuing northward the basin grades upward more 
abruptly to depths slightly less than 700 meters in the region of 
Davis Strait Ridge where the slope is reversed, the bottom receding 
to form the Baffin Bay Basin with depths greater than 2,000 meters. 

The sides of the Labrador Basin present an interesting contrast. 
Along the Greenland slope the basin rises steeply to a narrow con- 
tinental shelf, while on the Labrador side a well-defined continental 
edge and wide coastal margin prevails. 

Greenland’s shelf from a narrow continental ledge along its south- 
western coast broadens to the latitude of Davis Strait, where in 
places the 400-meter contour lies 80 miles offshore. This forma- 
tion (Nielsen, 1928) is divided into three principal shoals, south to 
north—Fylla, Little Hellefiske, and Great Hellefiske Banks. The 
entrance to Baffin Bay places the deepest part of the channel through 
Davis Strait nearer the Baffin Land than the Greenland shore. The 
American shelf as bounded by the 400-meter contour broadens from 
a width of 70 miles off northern Labrador to a width of 180 miles 
off Newfoundland and thence southward, as the Grand Banks and 
Flemish Cap, it becomes one of the broadest of continental shelves. 

The northeasterly extension of the 2,000-meter isobath (see frontis- 
piece) between the Greenland slope and Reykjanes Ridge creates an 
eastern appendage and a heart-shaped form to the Labrador Basin. 
This eastern arm falls necessarily without the limits of our station 
observations, and is, therefore, referred to only as its waters (the 
Irminger Sea) affect our own regions under investigation. 

1 


2 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The waters of the northwestern arm of the Labrador Basin 
usually referred to as Davis Strait, has often raised a doubt as to 
the extent of this body of water. Some maps, for example, print the 
legend Davis Strait from the southern entrance of Baffin Bay to a 
line from Cape Farewell to Newfoundland. The majority of car- 
tographers, however, on recent maps, confine the name to the waters 
on the submarine ridge between Greenland and Baffin Land. The 
United States Geogr aphic Board is also of the opinion that, strictly 
speaking, the raters of Davis Strait refer only to the narrowest 
part of the above waterway. If this definition be observed, and 
such appears to be best practice, there remains a relatively ‘large 
sea expanse, bounded on the northeast by Greenland and on the 
southwest by Labrador and Newfoundland, for which no name pre- 
vails. The suggestion that this body of water be called the Labrador 
Sea appears both logical and of good precedent, and so this usage 
has been followed throughout the present paper. 

Nearby waters to which occasional references are made include: 
Irminger Sea, Denmark Strait, and Greenland Sea. The prevailing 
circulation of the waters also requires frequent reference to the 
Irminger Current, East Greenland Current, West Greenland Cur- 
rent, Baffin Land Current, Labrador Current, Gulf Stream, and At- 
lantic Current. The fanning out of the Gulf Stream on reaching the 
longitude of the Grand Banks has necessitated another designation 
for the flow east of the fiftieth meridian—Atlantic Current. 

Knowledge regarding the submarine configuration of the north- 
western North Atlantic in its deepest parts, especially where it con- 
nects through the Labrador and Newfoundland Basins with the 
North American Basin, helps to explain broad questions of deep- 
water and bottom- water circulation. As a result of the echo sound- 
ings obtained by the Meteor, 1929-83, it was found that Reykjanes 
Ridge (Defant, 1931) extends much farther to the southwest of 
Iceland than had previously been believed. The configuration, as 
shown by the trend of the 4,000-meter isobath in the lower right- 
hand side of the frontispiece, suggests a topographic connection 
between Reykjanes Ridge and Flemish Cap. Wiist (1935), for one, 
was of the opinion that the deep water of the Labrador Basin was 
partially barred from the Newfoundland Basin and the North Amer- 
ican Basin by a Newfoundland Ridge (i. e., a connection between 
the Reykjanes Ridge and Flemish Cap) at a depth of about 3,600 
meters The Meteor, however, which in February and March 1935 
ran a line of soundings from Cape Farewell southward to the 
fiftieth parallel as stated in a preliminary report by Dr. Bohnecke 
dated April 8, 1935, found only one isolated sounding of about 

3,800 meters near the position of the suspected ridge. 

In the summer of 1935 Soule (1936) on the United States Coast 
Guard cutter General Greene collected a total of 2,036 sonic sound- 
ings from the Labrador Basin and in the region of the Newfound- 
land Ridge hypothesized by Wiist (1933). A ‘bathymetric map based 
upon all available soundings has been published by Soule (1936) and 

*His assumption of a Newfoundland Ridge was based on a difference in temperature 
of the bottom water as shown by the two following observations: British ship Cambria, 
latitude 51°34’ N., longitude 41°43’30’’ W., depth 4,234 meters; ts 1.83° C., tp 1.46° C.; 
and an unnamed ship, from the records of the British “Admiralty, latitude 49°49’ N., longi: 


tude 38°00’ W.; depth 4,005 meters; ts 2.22° C., tp 1.85° C., (where ts is the temperature 
in situ and tp is the potential temperature). 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 5 


the important contours from this map in the questionable region 
have been incorporated in our frontispiece. As a result of “the 
General Greene’s survey it now can be definitely stated that there 
is no Newfoundland Ridge in the vicinity of the fiftieth parallel, 
but Reykjanes Ridge and “Flemish Cap are separated by a tortuous 
channel deeper than 4,500 meters. This depression which hes closer 
to the American side of the Labrador Sea than the Greenland side 
can be followed with decreasing depths in a northwesterly direction 
for a considerable distance. Although there is no bar to the deeper 
circulation of the Labrador Sea, as formerly suspected, the winding 
and narrow features of the entering channel, however, may con- 
siderably restrict the freer mov ement of the bottom water and par- 
tially explain the temperature gradient recorded in footnote 3 (p. 2). 

Secondary bathymetric features which have an important bearing 
on some of the subjects under discussion, and to which brief atten- 
tion should be called, include a trough-like embayment across the 
American slope in the latitude of Hudson Strait, the 600-meter con- 
tour penetrating to within a few miles of Resolution Island. An- 
other topographic feature is an elliptical depression about 60 miles 
long by 15 miles wide, its deepest parts more than 200 meters below 
the surrounding shoal, in latitude 56 N., longitude 59 W. (See 
frontispiece. ) A larger and more irregularly shaped depression, but 
not so deep a scarp, is found farther south, about 120 miles north- 
east of Newfoundland. The Grand Banks, as bounded by the 100- 
meter contour, are separated from St. Pierre Bank, Green Bank, 
and Newfoundland by an equal number of channels, the one between 
Cape Race and the Grand Banks cutting to a depth of 100 meters 
below the main block of the Banks themselves. In practically every 
one of the seven sections across the Labrador shelf (figs. 50 and 51) 
the presence of a longitudinal depression is indicated. 


HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION 


The northwestern North Atlantic witnessed the voyages of the 
Norse Vikings colonizing Greenland and reaching North American 
( Vinland) shores as early as 1000 A. D. Existing written accounts 
of the sea in the northwestern North Atlantic date from 1266, when 
a Norse expedition sailed northward in west Greenland waters to the 
region of Smith Sound. The first recorded crossing of the Labrador 
Sea was made by Martin Frobisher in 1576. 

Surface temperature data from the northwestern North Atlantic, 
as material incidental to exploration, fisheries, and trade, together 
with accounts of ice, were made the subject of an oceanographic 
paper by Petermann (1867). He found evidence of a warm current 
from the Atlantic that reached even the headwaters of Baffin Bay. 

In 1872 Bessels, a scientist on board the Polaris of the United 
States North Polar Expedition, recorded the first sub-surface tem- 
peratures in the northwestern North Atlantic. Bessels’ (1876) ob- 
servations from depths of several meters in Kane Basin, north of 
Baffin Bay, refuted the popular theory of Petermann of a warm 
Atlantic current. 

In 1875 Moss, staff surgeon with Nares on H. M.S. Alert of the 
British North Polar Expedition, carried out a program of tempera- 


4 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


ture observations at winter quarters and later in the nearby region of 
Smith Sound. Also in August of the same year H. M. 8. Valorous 
returning home from Disko Island, Greenland, occupied three sta- 
tions in the Labrador Sea, at which serial temperatures were secured, 
surface to bottom. Carpenter (1887) found evidence of the follow- 
ing: (a) A superheated surface layer in the Labrador Sea moving in 
a northward direction; (6) a neutral intermediate layer 1,000 
fathoms in thickness; and (¢) a cold bottom water of northern origin. 
Carpenter’s bottom temperatures of 1.44° C., and 1.11° C., are ap- 
proximately a degree too low, which, no doubt overemphasized his 
views of an Arctic influence. 

Baron Nordenskiold’s expedition in the Sofia to Greenland in the 
summer of 1883 afforded Dr. Axel Hamberg (1884) opportunity 
to take a series of oceanographic stations along the west coast of 
Greenland as far north as Cape York. Miller-Casella and Negretti 
and Zambra thermometers recorded temperatures in tenths. Ham- 
berg reported the presence of a north flowing current off west Green- 
land and also pointed out that the Baffin Bay water column is 
divided into three strata—a surface layer of polar water; a mid- 
depth warm stratum; and, beneath, water with minimum tempera- 
ture. Hamburg’s survey, both from the accuracy of measurements 
and scope, was the most important oceanographic investigation of 
the northwestern North Atlantic up to that time. 

In the summers of 1884, 1886, and 1889 Lt. C. F. Wandel (later 
Admiral) of the Royal Danish Navy, commanding the /'ylla, car- 
ried out in connection with fisheries investigations in west Green- 
land waters a hydrographical survey. Six sections, extending out 
across the shelf distances of 30-75 miles, were made along a front 
from Godthaab to just north of Disko Island. A résumé of the 
Fylla’s survey indicated (a) the Labrador current flowing southward 
contributes Arctic water to the Labrador Sea; (db) the East Green- 
land Current mixes with a current from the Atlantic along the west 
coast of Greenland and gives off branches into the Labrador Sea; 
(c) the West Greenland Current continues northward as far as the 
observations extended. In the light of subsequent investigations 
Wandel’s description of Arctic and Atlantic water entering the 
Labrador Sea along the southwest coast of Greenland are surpris- 
ingly true to prevailing fact. 

The Danish naval schooner /ngolf, during an oceanographic expe- 
dition in command of Captain Wandel (later Admiral) of the /y/la, 
ae visited the region of Davis Strait June 26 to July 26, 
1895. Dr. Martin Knudsen, in charge of the hydrographic work, took 
a total of 15 stations of serial temperatures and salinities. Knudsen 
found (a) the warm subsurface water mass in the Labrador Sea is 
brought there by an extension of the Irminger Current which curves 
northward around Cape Farewell; (0) the subsurface waters of the 
Labrador Sea are colder than those of the same latitude in the 
Denmark Sea because of the chilling effect of the Labrador Current. 
Knudsen’s observations of temperatures and salinities were much 
more accurate than previous records, but the temperatures from 
below 2,000 meters are in most cases about a degree too low, a fact 
which has been noted by Helland-Hansen (1930). The salinity of 
the water of the Labrador Sea below 3,000 meters averages close 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 5 


to 34.92%0 whereas Knudsen at stations 38 and 37 obtained 34.60 
and 34.63%o0, respectively. At Knudsen’s station no. 22, however, in 
the bottom water southwest of Cape Farewell, 34.96%o appears fairly 
accurate. 

Based upon ships’ log book records filed at the Deutsche Seewarte, 
Schott (1897) published an exposition of the waters of the Grand 
Banks and surroundings. In spite of the fact that the basic data 
were necessarily confined to observations that could be made from 
passing ships, Schott’s paper is noteworthy, as it marks the beginning 
of oceanographic literature on this particularly interesting area. 

During the summers of 1908 and 1909 the Greenland Trading Co.’s 
brig Zjalfe carried out fishery and hydrograpical work in west 
Greenland waters between the sixty-third and seventy-first parallels 
of latitude. The results of the physical observations, considered with 
data from other sources, have been reported by the 7yalfe’s hydro- 
grapher, Dr. J. N. Nielsen (1928). This is the most detailed and 
complete oceanographic paper yet published on the northwestern 
North Atlantic, The following conclusions are put forward. (a) The 
Labrador and Denmark Seas, in mid-depths, are essentially of the 
same physical character; (0) the West Greenland Current, with a 
velocity of approximately 8 miles per day, leaves the coast in the 
latitude of Godthaab to join the Labrador Current; (c) the tidal 
flood current increases the velocity of the West Greenland Current, 
the ebb decreases the same; (@) the velocity of the surface currents 
around Greenland are greatly affected by the winds; (e) the extension 
of the Kast Greenland Current undergoes seasonal variation and along 
the southwest coast of Greenland disappears during autumn; (/) the 
effects of winter chilling of the surface layers of the Labrador Sea 
probably extends all the way to bottom, producing there the greater 
part of the bottom water of the North Atlantic; (7) the eastern part 
of Baffin Bay, beneath the surface, is filled with warm water that 
has come across Davis Strait Ridge from the Atlantic and this layer 
is thickest where it is pressed, by earth rotation, against the Green- 
land slope; (i) the surface layers of Davis Strait are negative in 
temperature throughout the year, and the warm water underneath 
can have no direct effect, therefore, to melt the ice which is super- 
ficial in draft. Our own observations in 1928 and subsequent years 
support with specific evidence many of the early conclusions and 
theories advanced as above by Nielsen. 

In 1910 the waters of the northwestern North Atlantic in their 
southern and eastern sectors were explored by the Michael Sars North 
Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition. Prof. B. Helland-Hansen (1930) was 
in charge of the physical work. The Michael Sars approached north- 
ward toward the Gaaad Banks running a line of stations near the 
fiftieth meridian toward St. John’s, Newfoundland, and thence east- 
ward in that latitude across the Atlantic. Serial observations of tem- 
perature and salinity taken surface to 3,000 meters portray in both 
sections the abrupt transitions that prevail along the North American 
slope. The large scale maps, as Helland-Hansen points out, will 
require many corrections as more and more detailed observations are 
compiled. This in fact has been proved as will be shown by our own 
contributions herein. One of the most important questions dealt with 
by Helland-Hansen is the source of supply of the North Atlantic 


+ 


6 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


bottom water. Helland-Hansen believes Arctic contributions are 
indicated in what few observations there are recorded from the deeper 
parts of the northwestern North Atlantic. 

In 1913 the Grand Banks and Atlantic waters adjacent to New- 
foundland received their first systematic study. Dr. D. J. Matthews 
(1914), on the steamship Scotia, carried out these investigations in 
connection with a service providing better protection for trans-At- 
lantic steamers against the menace of Arctic ice. Some of the main 
results of Matthew’s summary are (a) the Labrador Current has 
salinities on the surface between 32.5 and 33.5%Q, which increase 
with depth, while a temperature minimum as low as —1.8° C., is to 
be found at depths of 50-75 meters; (6) the Labrador Current splits 
into three parts on the northern edge of the Grand Banks; (1) the 
westerly branch flows around Cape Race; (2) the middle and most 
important arm follows the eastern edge of the Grand Banks, prob- 
ably diving under the Gulf Stream; and (3) the eastern arm flows 
eastward to the north of Flemish Cap; (c) the Grand Banks is 
dominated by no single definite current, the general tendency of 
the circulation appearing to be that of a great eddy with.a slow 
southeastward drift; and finally (d) the velocities of the Labrador 
Current are as a rule relatively weak. 

April 14, 1914, the United States Coast Guard in conjunction 
with its International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol service, inau- 
gurated subsurface observations of temperature and salinity in 
the Grand Banks sector. The program except for the World War 
years, 1917 and 1918, has been continuous and gradually amplified. 

The observations prior to 1922 were taken at unrelated positions 
and often separated by considerable intervals of time. During the 
ice season of 1922, and subsequently, the stations for observations 
have been located, for the most part, along lines normal to the 
Grand Banks slopes and as synoptic as the duties of the ice patrol 
ship permitted. The current maps constructed by means of these 
observations were found to be of such practical value both in fol- 
lowing the movement of the icebergs and in providing a higher 
degree of protection for the transatlantic steamships (see Smith 
1931, p. 175) that in 1931 the ice patrol cutter was relieved of the 
task of collecting subsurface observations by the addition of a third 
vessel to the service. Under the present program the oceanographic 
vessel occupies between 100 and 200 stations for observations during 
the normal ice season which constitute the data for three or four 
maps of the circulation around the Grand Banks. The selection 
of the particular sea area surveyed depends mostly upon the dis- 
tribution of the icebergs at the time, but it usually embraces the 
slope waters and ranges in latitude from the vicinity of Flemish 
Cap to the Tail of the Grand Banks or even as far south as the 
fortieth parallel. The size of the area mapped and the extent of 
the deepest observation depends upon the urgency of the informa- 
tion; prior to 1931 the oceanographic work was much curtailed below 
what it is now on account of the necessary scouting duties of the 
ice patrol cutter itself. Since the assignment of an oceanographic 
vessel observations have been made to 1,000 meters depth and every 
second or third station in the deeper water is extended to 1,500 
meters. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA | 


At the expiration of the 1935 ice season, Soule (1936), on the 
United States Coast Guard cutter General Greene (the oceanographic 
vessel of the International Ice Patrol), made a cruise to the southern 
part of the Labrador Sea and eastward as far as the fortieth merid- 
ian. Temperatures and salinities surface to bottom were collected 
from a large number of stations, and also oxygen determinations 
from a few, thus filling in a “blind spot” in the northwestern North 
Atlantic from the Marion expedition’s survey on the west to the 
Meteor’s on the east. 

The station table data and scientific results of the above Inter- 
national Ice Patrol oceanographic work have all been published 
in the series of annual reports of the International Ice Patrol. (See 
Coast Guard bulletins 1-26.) 

In 1914-15 Dr. Johan Hjort, in charge of a Canadian fisheries 
expedition, made a careful and methodical study of the shelf waters 
of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Sandstrom and Bjerkan (1916) 
have reported on the dynamics and physical character of the water. 
There are only a few features of direct importance to the present 
discussion. 

In 1916 from July to November Dr. Thorild Wulff in charge of 
the hydrographical work of the II Thule Expedition took a total of 
27 stations along the west Greenland slope from Disko Island to 
Wolstenholme Fjord in Smith Sound. The table data have been 
published in a short report by Martin Knudsen (1923). 

For a number of years, especially since 1924, the French Govern- 
ment has carried out extensive studies in connection with the fishery 
industry of the Grand Banks and west Greenland banks. Le Danois 
(1924) in an exposition of his theory of “transgressions”, sum- 
marizes the results of French investigations of the Grand Banks. 
The general distribution of temperature and salinity as shown in 
the one profile, page 42, is similar to that which has been later 
obtained in nearby localities by the Ice Patrol. Doubt has previously 
been raised, however, regarding Le Danois’ temperature values of 
~2° to —4° C. obtained between Green and St. Pierre Banks. Sub- 
sequent observations both by ourselves and others indicate this to 
be an error; the lowest temperature reading ever obtained by the Ice 
Patrol in the coldest of the Arctic water being So Os 

Captain L. Beaugé of the French Naval Reserve, in command of 
the French hospital : ships Jeanne d’Are and Ville d’¥s has carried on 
the work of Le Danois and reported in a number of the issues of 
les Revues des Travaux’ (Beaugé 1928 to 1933 inclusive) the results 
of as many annual investigations on the hydrology of the Gr and 
Banks. The undulations in the boundary of “cod water” (3.5° C, 
and 33%0), caused by Atlantic intrusions over the southwest alone 
of the Grand Banks, are continually referred to, traced, and empha- 
sized by Beaugé. Le Danois’ theory of oceanic transgressions across 
continental slopes i is applied and described as found annually for the 
Grand Banks region. So practicable may it be, Beaugé recommends 
the use of subsurface thermometers to fishermen so that they may 
locate the best places in which to fish. 

These papers contain many interesting remarks on other Grand | 
Banks hydrological features. For example an increase in the Arctic 
character of the bottom water, paradoxically, is attributed to a de- 


8 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


ficiency of Arctic water south of Newfoundland. The density wall, 
normally offshore in deep water, in this scheme is held to migrate 
in on to the bank itself, where cabbeling is free to supply an ab- 
normal quantity of cold water directly to the bottom. An intensi- 
fied Labrador Current, on the other hand, bars cabbeling and makes 
for unusually warm water and poor fishing on the Grand Banks. 
The Ice Patrol’s observations, taken in spring and early summer and 
our own interpretations of the hydrology, differ materially from 
those of Beaugé’s as will be discussed in subsequent pages. In this 
connection we have been unable to find station table data in concise 
and complete form accompanying Beaugé’s text and figures. This 
makes comparisons much more difficult. In each of the summers of 
1929, 1930, 1931, and 1932, Beaugé’s Grand Banks studies were sup- 
plemented with a cruise to the west Greenland banks. Sections 
through the Labrador Sea have been made from the Strait of Belle 
Isle to the offing of Godthaab and to a depth of 300 meters. A com- 
parison between 1929 and 1931 (the only 2 years for which both 
temperature and salinity profiles are shown) indicates that in 1931 
a decrease in the Arctic water had taken place while Atlantic water 
>35%o0 had appeared in surprising volume. These observations re- 
garding the volume and salinity of Atlantic water do not agree with 
our own taken at about the same time and place across the Labrador 
Sea by the General Greene. The subject will be discussed further in 
the appropriate section. 

In 1924 the Norwegian Government vessel Michael Sars, conduct- 
ing a scientific study of whale population and fishing in the North 
Atlantic, carried out hydrographical investigations in Davis Strait. 
Martens (1929) reported the results of the observations made at 75 
stations, about half of which were taken in west Greenland and 
Davis Strait waters. Martens concludes from a study of the sections 
between Iceland and Greenland and that across Davis Strait (a) 
Atlantic water of 6° C and >35%o0 was a branch of the Irminger 
Current which flowed around Cape Farewell and into Davis Strait as 
far northward as the ridge and (6) an under current of warm water, 
200 to 500 meters deep, flowed northward across Davis Strait Ridge, 
while above 200 meters cold water flowed in the opposite direction. 

In June and July 1925 the Danish fisheries vessel Dana, carried 
out hydrographical investigations between Iceland and Greenland 
and also along the west coast of Greenland. Baggesgaard-Rasmus- 
sen and Jacobsen (1930) reported (a) the presence along the west 
coast of Greenland at 50 meters depth of water of —0.24° C. and 
33.42%0 which was believed to be a mixture of east Greenland and 
Davis Strait waters; (6) farther north in west Greenland in latitude 
65° to 68°30’, a temperature of —0.7° C. and 34.12%, at 100 
meters, indicated a mixture involving water from Baffin Bay; (ce) 
the outer stations, 50-75 miles off the coast of west Greenland, with 
temperatures of 4° C and salinity 34.95%0, indicated the influence 
of the Irminger Current. 

In July and August 1926 the auxiliary schooner yacht Chance 
carried out a brief but important oceanographic reconnaissance of 
the practically unknown subsurface waters of Labrador. Iselin 
(1930), leader of the expedition, has published an exposition based 
not only on the Chance’s two sections across the Labrador shelf but 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 9 


including both a consideration of the Michael Sars section across 
Davis Strait and one taken northeast of Newfoundland by the Scotia 
in 1913. Some of Iselin’s findings are (a) the Labrador Current is 
narrower than popularly supposed and is confined mostly to the 
continental edge; (6) an abrupt change from water of —1.5° C. and 
33.5%0 to 4° C. and 34.5%o0 occurred at the outer edge of the 
Labrador Current; (c) the margin of the Labrador Sea, where 
entered, had little indicated movement; (d) the slope current, fairly 
constant in character and volume, averaged 10 miles per day; (e) 
the Labrador Current, beneath the surface and throughout its length, 
remains surprisingly constant in temperature. | 

The supposed position and general characteristics of the Labrador 
Current and several other tentative opinions of Iselin, based on the 
two sections, have been borne out in several instances by our more 
detailed observations. 

The same year of the Marion expedition, 1928, the Danish Gov- 
ernment steam barkentine Godthaab carried out an oceanographic 
survey of Baffin Bay as well as the Labrador Sea. Commander 
Eigil Riis-Carstensen (1931) of the Royal Danish Navy, leader of 
the expedition, has written the narrative account, and the Conseil 
Permanent International (1929) carried the table data of stations, 
temperatures, and salinities. The hydrographical report of this 
expedition, the only thorough and systematic study of Baffin Bay, 
has not yet been published. The Godthaab and Marion expeditions 
prior to departure, and while cruising in the northwestern North 
Atlantic, were frequently in communication with each other regard- 
ing cooperation of their programs. The same good spirit of co- 
operation has been extended by the commander of the Godthaab 
expedition, for the purposes of interpreting our own results and 
questions which depend on factors in adjoining areas and he has 
given generous permission to use the station data contained in 
Bulletin Hydrographique (1929). 

The summer of 1928 witnessed the entrance of still another 
oceanographic expedition, that of the nonmagnetic vessel Carnegie 
of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Insti- 
tution of Washington, D. C. This expedition took five stations en 
route across the northwestern North Atlantic. Like the Godthaab’s 
the report of this survey has not yet been published, but reference to 
the station table data has been made through the permission of the 
director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Washington, 
D. C. The only station comparable with those of the Marion, Car- 
negie’s station no. 12, is in good agreement with those nearby of the 
Marion. 

During the summers of 1928 to 1930, inclusive, and in February, 
March, and the summer of 1933, the German research vessel Meteor 
carried out oceanographic work in the Denmark Sea as far as 500 
miles southeast of Cape Farewell. Béhnecke (1930, 1931), Defant 
(1931, 1933), and Schulz (1934), have given preliminary accounts 
of surface water conditions and other hydrographical features. No 
report on the results of the February-March 1933 investigations has 
yet appeared. Bohnecke (1931) has also employed the 7—S corre- 
lation to interpret other parts of the data. Some of the important 
findings have been (a) the Reykjanes Ridge, as bounded by the 2,000 


10 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


meter isobath, extends farther southwest of Iceland than heretofore 
supposed (approximately 900 miles) ; (0) Atlantic water (the 
Irminger Current) extended closer toward Cape Farewell and in 
ereater volume in 1928 than in 1930; (¢) the Arctic water appar- 
ently was subject to greater variations during these years than was 
Atlantic water: (d) Arctic and Atlantic water mix along the outer 
edge of the East Greenland Current called the polar front; (e) sub- 
Arctic waters composed of Atlantic mixed water, mixed water from 
the polar front, and water from the Labrador Current all mix with 
Atlantic water along the fifty-first parallel of latitude in a so-called 
secondary polar front; (d@) surface temperatures, salinities, and de- 
duced circulation in the region appear to agree with the early 
hypotheses of Nansen. 

The Newfoundland Fishery Research Laboratory located at Bay 
Bulls, Newfoundland, Harold Thompson, director, made two annual 
cruises with its research vessel during the period 1931 to 1935. The 
survey embraced the coastal waters from Hamilton Inlet southward 
to the Laurentian Channel including the off-lying Grand Banks to 
the continental edge. The oceanographic work consisted of tem- 
peratures and salinities collected surface to depths of 500 meters 
and the release of drift bottles. A record has thus been kept of the 
variation in Arctic water over the area during the period. (This 
information is contained in Newfoundland Fishery Research Labora- 
tory, Annual Reports, 1931 to 1934.) 

The new British hydrographical ship Challenger in 1932 took 
three hydrographical sections in the northwestern North Atlantic 
from surface to bottom. One was taken from the tail of the Grand 
Banks to St. John’s, Newfoundland, another from St. John’s east- 
ward along the fiftieth parallel, and the third near Cape Harrigan 
and normal to the Labrador coast from shore into deep water. 
Challenger station number 8, northwest of Flemish Cap, latitude 
49°51", longitude 42°09’, with temperatures >10° C. and salinities 
>385%p_ at depths down to 385 meters, is of special interest to us. 

In September 1935 the Atlantis, oceanographic ketch of the Woods 
Hole Oceanographic Institution, ran two sections south from the 
Tail (8 stations) to about the fortieth parallel and another section 
(8 stations) along the fortieth meridian from latitude 40° to 50° N. 
Temperatures and salinities were secured from the surface to bottom. 
The physical results are referred to by Iselin (1936). 

February and March 1935 witnessed another cruise of the German 
research vessel Meteor to the waters southwest of Iceland, the expedi- 
tion being of unusual interest since it collected wintertime observa- 
fions in a practically unknown region south of Cape Farewell long 
suspected of contributing at this time of year to the supply of bottom 
water of the North Atlantic. No published report of the scientific 
results has yet appeared, but through the courtesy of the director 
of the Institut fiir Meereskunde a copy of the temperature and 
salinity data has been placed at our disposal and is later discussed 
as it bears upon our data taken during summer only. 

_ The Danish Meteorological Institute in its annual publication, the 
State of the Ice in Arctic Seas (Publikationer fra Det Danske 
Meteorlogiske Institut 1926), has published a series of 12 monthly 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 1 


mean surface temperature maps which embrace part of the north- 
western North Atlantic region. Although there are no observations 
available from the surface or subsurface west and northwest of Cape 
Farewell from January to March, isothermal maps are presented. 
It is presumed that they are based upon the indications and trend 
of the nine monthly maps for which there are observations. The 


70.2 N60). SO.» AQ.) :30 20 


FIGURE 2.—The extent of oceanographic exploration of the northwestern North Atlantic, 
Areas _A;, As, and As, in order, have been more thoroughly explored than areas 
B, to B;, or than areas C, to Cs, in similar order. Areas marked “D” have had little 
or no subsurface investigation. For oceanographic vessels and dates of surveys in the 
above areas see text (p. 12). 


results so obtained are, of course, questionable, especially in view 

of the Meteor’s March 1935 observations south of Cape Farewell. 

The Meteor’s station surface temperatures, except for one station 

located in East Greenland Arctic water near Cape Farewell, are 

higher than those indicated by the surface isothermal maps pub- 

lished by the Danish Meteorological Institute (1926). 
79920—37——2 


12 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


It can be seen from the foregoing history that the waters of 
the northwestern North Atlantic can be divided with reference to 
the degree of their exploration. A list of the research vessels with 
the dates during which they have made physical oceanographic sur- 
veys in the areas shown on figures 2 is as follows: 

Ax. Michael Sars, 1910; Scotia, 1913; United States Coast Guard (Inter- 


national Ice Patrol), 1914-35; French hospital ship, 1929-84; Cape Aguhlas, 
1931-388 ; Canadian Fisheries, 1914-15: Carnegie, 1928; Challenger, 1932; At- 


Seri 1935. 
Sofia, 1883; Fylla, 1884-89; Ingolf, 1895, 19384; Tjalfe, 1908-9; Michael 


Bere 1924; Dana, 1925; Godthaab, 1928; Marion, 1928; General Greene, 1931, 
1933, 1934; French hospital ship, 1929-30-31 34, 

As. Sofia, 1883; Ingolf, 1895; Tjalfe, 1908-9; Dana, 1925; Meteor, 1929-33-35 ; 
Carnegie, 1928; Polaris, 1932. 

Bi. Ingolf, 1895; Chance, 1926; Scotia, 1913; Godthaab, 1928; Carnegie, 1928; 
French hospital ship, 1929-81-34 ; Marion, 1928; General Greene, 1931-83-84-35 ; 
Challenger, 1982. 

Bo. Meteor, 1935; General Greene, 1935. 

Bs. Canadian Fisheries, 1914-15; United States Coast Guard (International 
Ice Patrol), 1921-238. 

B:. Sofia, 1883; Michael Sars, 1924; Gadthaab, 1928; Marion, 1928. 

B;. Atlantis, 1931; Michael Sars, 1910; Challenger, 1932; Scotia, 1913. 

C,. Atlantis, 1932. 

C2. Atlantis, 1931, 1935; Challenger, 1932. 

D. Challenger, 1932. 


Tt should be added there is no sector from which there are today 
sufficient subsurface observations to give accurately the prevailing 
annual cycle. 


Cuaprer II 
INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS 


A report of some of the oceanographic apparatus of the Marion 
Expedition 1928 is contained in the narrative of the cruise. (See 
Ricketts and Trask, 1932. 

The subsurface temperatures were taken with deep-sea _ther- 
mometers belonging to the International Ice Patrol and manufac- 
tured by Negretti & Zambra, Schmidt & Vossberg, and Richter & 
Wiese. Most of the instruments were of the Negretti & Zambra make 
with no auxiliary thermometer and graduated into two-tenths of a 
degree centigrade. The remainder of the supply were fitted with 
auxiliary thermometers, their main stems graduated in one-tenth of 
a degree centigrade. There were a sufficient number of these latter 
to pair with the former in each water bottle. ‘Test certificates were 
available for all thermometers, and readings were corrected to the 
nearest one one-hundredth of a degree centigrade from prepared 
correction graphs in the usual manner. 

The surface temperatures were taken with a dip bucket and a 
thermometer of known calibration, graduated into tenths of a degree 
eae The corrected temperatures are so shown in the station 
tables. 

As a result of the above-described methods, the record of tem- 
peratures contained in the 1928 station tables are considered accurate 
to within 0.03° C. An exception is to be noted, however, in the case 
of station 1016, the only deep-water station taken north of the Davis 
Strait Ridge. Proceeding downward at station 1016 the temperature 
dropped to a minimum at 60 meters and then immediately rose to a 
negative fraction which prevailed to bottom. Such a vertical distri- 
bution of temperature does not agree with that at several nearby 
stations taken by the Danish ship Godthaab (Conseil Permanent 
International, 1929) prior and subsequent to the date of station 1016. 
Nor do the Marion’s temperatures agree with those of the typical 
summer-time column in Baffin Bay which is characterized by a posi- 
tive temperatured mid-depth layer. The constant increase of salinity 
with depth at station 1016, on the other hand, precluded the most 
probable interpretation, that the water bottles may have tripped be- 
fore reaching the recorded depths. A comparison between the tem- 
peratures at Marion station 1016 and Michael Sars station 46 and 
Godthaab stations 162 and 163 has permitted corrections to be made 
to some of those of station 1016, and, so qualified, they have been 
allowed to enter the dynamic calculations. 

Water samples were stoppered in newly rubber-gasketed citrate 
bottles and all salinities were determined by means of electric con- 
ductivity. The two salinometers on board the Marion were con- 
structed and calibrated at the United States Bureau of Standards, 


13 


14 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Washington, D. C., a description of the instruments having been 
published by Wenner, Smith, and Soule (19380). The adjustment 
of the variables were checked at least every 4 days, and often once or 
twice daily by means of two or more tests with water of known 
salinity. Frequent duplicate determinations of the salinity of 
samples was performed where there was any reason to doubt the 
reliability of any determination; also duplicate determinations were 
made of nearly every sample from depths greater than 1,200 meters. 
The precision of the salinity values, therefore, shown in the 1928 
tables is believed to be equal to 0.02%o. 

In addition to the temperature and salinity observations approxi- 
mately 50 samples of the bottom from the shelves and slopes of the 
Labrador Basin were secured by means of a home-made sampler. 
A report of the scientific findings regarding the bottom collections 
has been published by Ricketts & Trask (1932). 

The Marion was equipped with a fathometer, manufactured by the 
Submarine Signal Corporation, Boston, Mass., with which sound- 
ings were made at half-hour intervals and sometimes oftener. A 
description of the instrument and the methods employed in the 
bathymetrical survey have also been reported by Ricketts & Trask 

1932). 

: The Greene-Bigelow water bottles gave us continual trouble and 
their unreliability necessitated unceasing vigilance to guard against 
errors entering the observations. The Marion received these instru- 
ments immediately on the expiration of Ice Patrol, where for the pre- 
vious 3 months they had received hard usage. No time was available 
to give them the much-needed attention of a machine shop. ‘The 
material, moreover, from which the bottles had been manufactured 
was entirely too soft and malleable to withstand the shocks and 
handling incident to field work. Despite continual repairs on board 
the bottles occasionally would fail to close after releasing the mes- 
sengers or would sometimes, during rough seas and lively motion of 
the ship, release a messenger prematurely, thus necessitating the en- 
tire retaking of the observations at a station. 

It was our practice, however, by pressing against the suspended 
wire, to feel and count the messengers as each one of the series 
tripped its respective bottle. If these did not check with the total 
number of bottles, then those depths not so recorded were retaken. 
In order to guard more carefully against faulty operation of the 
water bottles it was routine procedure for those responsible for the 
station observations to construct a temperature curve of the ther- 
mometer readings on cross-section paper before the ship was per- 
mitted to depart from the spot. If the temperature curve was found 
to contain any marked irregularities, those observations considered 
suspicious were immediately retaken and rechecked. 

No unprotected thermometers were included in the 1928 equip- 
ment, and because of this fact particular attention at stations was 
given to the elimination, as much as possible, of the wire angle. 
It was found possible to maintain a nearly vertical wire with the 
Marion even during a gale of wind by a kick ahead, first on one 
motor and then on the other, as she fell off either side of “the 
eye” of the wind. The fact that the Marion possessed twin screws 
made this possible and reduced this source of error to a minimum. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SBA 15 


The customary practice of spacing the water bottles on the wire 
was followed, viz, bottles were placed at. shorter intervals, directly 
proportional to the depth of the most rapid change in the tem- 
perature and the salinity. The maximum depth of observation for 
the deeper stations was 3,100 meters, with 11 stations 2,000 meters 
or more, and 61 stations between 1,200 and 2,000 meters. 

The thermometers on board the General Greene for the 1931 expe- 
dition totaled 25 as follows: 2 Richter & Wiese and 4 Negretti 
& Zambra with scales graduated into two-tenths of a degree centi- 
grade. The remainder were of an older type divided into two-tenths 
of a degree and without auxiliary thermometers. 

The Greene-Bigelow water bottles contained two thermometers 
each, old and new thermometers being paired together, the correc- 
tions for the instruments having auxiliaries being applied also to 
those without same. A comparison of all corrected temperatures 
showed a difference less than one one-hundredth of a degree centi- 
grade in 34 percent of the observations. The average difference for 
all the temperature records was 0.03° C. The mean corrected tem- 
peratures of paired thermometers is shown in the 1931 station tables 
except where a difference greater than 0.04° C. occurred. In such 
cases only the corrected temperature from the thermometer equipped 
with the auxiliary has been printed. 

The surface temperatures were obtained with thermometers having 
a scale divided into 0.1 of a degree centigrade, the length of 1 degree 
being 10 millimeters. The surface water was brought on deck by 
means of a metal dip bucket. 

Salinities in 1931 were determined partly by means of the electric 
conductivity method on board or by means of titration. Faulty 
mechanical functioning of the electrical equipment necessitated re- 
course to titration of about 100 samples from stations 1220 to 1287 
on board and titration of samples from stations 1288 to 1341 at 
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on the return of the 
General Greene. Each sample was titrated twice, and if the differ- 
ence in salinity exceeded 0.02%o0 a third titration was made. Out 
of approximately 550 samples, stations 1220 to 1286, along the Labra- 
dor coast, 250 have been determined twice. At those stations where 
titrations have been made, the mean of the determinations by the 
salinometer and by titration, have been printed in the tables except 
where the difference exceeded 0.03%0, and in such cases titrated 
values only have been used. 

There are about 300 salinities, stations 1220 to 1287, which have 
been determined by the salinometer only once, and it is, of course, 
impossible to tell the accuracy of these determinations. Salinity 
curves for each station, however, have been carefully constructed, © 
and they do not show any marked irregularities in the deeper or 
bigher strata, the salinities apparently agreeing very well with the 
checked values. The values of the salinities from stations 1254 and 
1255 are higher by 0.10%o0 to 0.15% than for stations 1253 and 
1256. No extra samples unfortunately were retained from these sta- 
tions. The salinities are obviously incorrect, and they have, accord- 
ingly, been stricken from the tables. 

As in 1928 on the Marion the General Greene carried no unpro- 
tected thermometers in 1931. It was attempted, as far as possible, 


16 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


to eliminate the wire angle by maneuvering the vessel. There are 
only some few stations where the wire angle may have had any 
important influence on the observations. These stations are as 
follows: 

Station no. 1293.—Hstimated wire angle=15° (0-500 meters) and 25° (600- 
1,400 meters). 

Station no. 1294.—Estimated wire angle=15° (0-500 meters) and 25° (800-— 
1,600 meters). 

Station no. 1312.—Estimated wire angle about 30°. 

Station no. 1313.—Estimated wire angle about or more than 30°. 

Station no. 1314.—About 15° (0-600 meters) and about 10° (800-2,000 
meters ). 

Station no. 1326.—About 10°. 

Station no. 1327.—About 10°. 

Station no. 1828.—About 10°-15°. 

The wire angle was taken into consideration for stations 1298, 1294, 
1312, and 1313 and corrected in the sections of temperature, salinity, 
and velocity, and in the dynamic calculations for the current maps. 
This has been done simply by reducing the depths recorded by the 
meter wheel in proportion to the mean of the wire angles for the 
two first stations, and 30° for the two last-mentioned stations, the 
wire being considered as a straight line. Such a method is of course 
not accurate, but it seemed, by comparison between station curves, 
to give more reasonable values than the uncorrected observations. 
In the tables, however, for the four stations mentioned above, the 
values of temperature, salinity, density, and the result of the dynamic 
calculations are published for uncorrected depths, as measured by the 
meter wheels. 

Approximately 1,800 soundings were taken on the 1931 cruise 
mostly by use of the fathometer. When on the continental shelves 
wire soundings were used to control the sonic ones. 

A brief narrative of the General Greene’s 1931 cruise is contained 
in United States Coast Guard Bulletin No. 21. 

In 1933 Nansen water bottles and Richter & Wiese protected and 
unprotected reversing thermometers were used, all of the thermom- 
eters being equipped with auxiliary thermometers. Details of the 
methods employed in obaining and correcting observations are the 
same as for the 1983 season’s work described by Soule (1934) (pp. 
30-85). A series of timed trials indicated that the messengers de- 
scended at a rate of about 150 meters per minute. No bottles were 
reversed until at least 10 minutes after they were in place. Time 
taken for the messengers to travel from the surface to the first bottle 
was estimated using a speed of 200 meters per minute, and the time 
allowed after release of the messenger from the suxface, before haul- 
ing in the bottles, was based on a messenger speed of 100 meters per 
minute. 

The titration results gave abnormally high salinities, the values in 
some cases being as great as 35.30%o0 with a small area southwest 
of Greenland having salinities of 35.20% or more from 200 to 
2,000 meters. These values were so suspiciously high that several 
thorough attempts have been made to uncover some error. Copen- 
hagen standard water of the batch P;, was used every day in the 
standardization of the silver nitrate solution, the reduction of the 
burette reading to salinities have been checked, the burette and 
pipette used have been examined, the potassium chromate solution 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA ig 


used was checked by using it in other titrations, all with no explana- 
tion of the high salinities. The titrations were made within 24 hours 
after collection of the samples. The sample bottles were of the 
citrate of magnesia type and were well aged, having been used 
throughout the season and in most cases having been used the pre- 
ceding season. In filling the sample bottles from Nansen bottles the 
sample bottle was half filled, shaken, emptied, and again half filled 
and emptied before filling with the sample. New rubber washers had 
been placed on all sample bottles just prior to the cruise. The main 
valves, air valve, and petcocks of the Nansen bottles were repeatedly 
inspected, and, as the temperatures are about normal, the Nansen 
bottles have reversed at the proper level. As the vertical temperature 
gradient in the laboratory is considerable and the samples are ordi- 
narily stored on the deck, whereas the standard water is kept at a 
level about 3 feet above the deck, the thermal expansion effect was 
investigated by Mr. Alfred H. Woodcock of the Woods Hole Ocean- 
ographic Institution by experiment, standardizing the silver nitrate 
with Copenhagen water at room temperature and then measuring a 
refrigerated sample by titrating it several times as it warmed up to 
room temperature. As a result of this experiment it was concluded 
that the error due to this source was probably less than 0.05%o0 in 
salinity and certainly less than 0.10%o. 

A group of 42 samples, originally titrated immediately after col- 
lection in July 1933 and which had been brought back were then 
again titrated by Mr. Alfred H. Woodcock at Woods Hole in 
October. These results averaged 0.018%0 chlorine lower than the 
first results, 82 samples freshening, 9 samples being saltier, and 1 
sample being the same. However, the samples were allowed to stand 
another 2 months and then were measured for a third time in De- 
cember. The December titrations averaged 0.014%o0 chlorine lower 
than the second measurements, 40 of the 42 samples being fresher 
and two being slightly saltier (0.001%0 and 0.002%0 chlorine) 
than found in October. We shall not discuss here the causes of this 
continued freshening which averaged more than 0.011% salinity 
per month for 5 months; but, whatever the causes, the second and 
third titrations, because of the relatively small salinity differences, 
throw no direct doubt upon the first titrations, or at least not upon 
the chlorine values found in the first titrations. 

The fact that during the fall of 1982 Wilson and Thompson (1933) 
found a strong influx of salty water from the Atlantic in the deeper 
layers on the Grand Banks indicates a flooding of the Gulf Stream 
and suggests that the high salinities found in 1933 in the Labrador 
Sea are not beyond the bounds of possibility. The axis of the highest 
salinity water off the Greenland coast, according to the 1933 results, 
coincides very well in location with the usual high salinity axis and 
erades off to small anomalies on the Labrador side, thus making it 
impossible to deduct a constant amount from all the measurements 
without making the salinities on the Labrador side abnormally low. 
This lends credence to the 1933 observations; but because the salini- 
ties are so unusually high, and because there is not a corresponding 
increase in temperature, the salinities have not been used except for 
the construction of a dynamic topographic chart, and are not pre- 
sented here in graphical form, but appear only in the tables. 


18 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


In determining the depths of the observations in 1933 a combina- 
tion of meter-wheel readings and unprotected reversing thermometers 
was used. The deepest bottle of a series carried one protected and 
one unprotected thermometer. At stations where two series were 
necessary, unprotected thermometers were attached to the upper- 
most, deepest, and middle bottles of the deep series. The depths 
indicated by these unprotected thermometers were used in conjunc- 
tion with the meter-wheel readings to determine the depth of re- 
versal for all the bottles. Whenever conditions seemed favorable, 
that is when there was little wind and a small wire angle, oppor- 
tunity was taken to check the pressure coefficients of the unprotected 
thermometers. The pressure coefficients so obtained were based on 
the assumption of an accurate meter wheel and were consistently 
higher by about 8 percent than the coefficients given in the test 
certificates. These experimentally determined pressure coefficients 
were used in deriving the depths of reversal. However, it is probable 
that the pressure coefficients given in the test certificates are more 
accurate than the meter wheel. The listed depths of the observa- 
tions therefore are probably too shallow by about 3 percent. 

During July 1934 the General Greene ran two lines of oceano- 
graphic stations across the shelf northeast of Newfoundland and a 
complete traverse of the Labrador Sea from southern Labrador to 
Cape Farewell, Greenland. Nansen water bottles and Richter & 
Wiese reversing thermometers were again used. The same time in- 
tervals were allowed for the thermometers to attain temperature 
equilibrium, and the same messenger speeds of travel were used as 
in 1933. 

A brief description of the details of the methods employed has 
been given by Soule (1935) (pp. 49-58). Provision was made for 
the determination of salinities by either the silver nitrate titration 
method or the electrical conductivity method. A new model Wenner 
salinity bridge was received during the season and was calibrated 
with titrated samples as described by Soule (1935). This new model 
embodied many of the improvements in construction recommended 
by Wenner, Smith, and Soule (1930). All routine measurements 
of salinity were made with the new salinity bridge and each sample 
was so measured twice. During the season, and on the cruise under 
discussion, a total of 2,570 measurements were made of half that 
number of samples. No two measurements of the same sample 
differed by more than 0.015°/,..in salinity, so it was not necessary 
to measure any of them a third time. All measurements were re- 
ferred to Copenhagen standard water of the batch P,,;, the same 
batch being used throughout so that any variation in salt ratios 
which might possibly exist between different batches would not 
invalidate the calibration curve of the bridge. Copenhagen standard 
water was used for every series of measurements, and either Copen- 
hagen standard or a substandard water was used in each cell once 
every 10 or 12 measurements. ALI titrations and the routine bridge 
measurements were made by the oceanographer’s assistant. 

As a result of careful comparisons of the simultaneous measure- 
ment of samples by both titration and new model salinity bridge 
methods the conclusion has been reached that at least under condi- 
tions existing on board the General Greene at sea the titration 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 19 


method is not sufficiently free from erratic results for the purposes 
of the International Ice Patrol and the new model bridge is looked 
upon as an essential instrument. 

From the deeper layers in the vicinity southwest of Green- 
land for which the unusually high salinities were found in 1933, 
double samples were taken and were measured by silver nitrate titra- 
tion in addition to the routine bridge measurements. Fourteen 
samples were so measured, each sample being titrated twice, the 
titration taking place within 48 hours after collection. In the case 
of 13 of the 14 samples no third titration was necessary and the 
titration values were consistently higher than the salinity bridge 
values, the differences ranging from 0.03%o0 to 0.065%o0 salinity with 
an average difference of 0.048% salinity. In the case of the remain- 
ing sample (Station 1764, 735 meters) the bridge gave 34.955%o0 on 
July 14, the first titration gave 35.05%0 on July 14, and the second 
titration gave 34.99%0 on July 14. As there was insufficient silver 
nitrate solution prepared to make a third titration that day, the 
sample was set aside and titrated again on July 16, when a value of 
34,96%o0 was obtained. Not enough of the sample remained for a 
fourth titration. 

The consistent discrepancy is somewhat puzzling. The persistence 
of the difference, in magnitude and sign, makes it improbable that 
the precision of the measurements is at fault. There seem but two 
remaining explanations—(1) that the calibration of the bridge was 
faulty and (2) that the relation of conductivity to total halogens 
was different here than elsewhere. The fact that the same batch 
of Copenhagen standard water was used for the measurements as 
for the calibration of the bridge leaves no doubt but that the cali- 
bration curve was correct at the salinity of the standard water. 
Further, because the salinity of the 13 samples in’ question covered 
but a small range of salinities (34.88%0 to 34.93%0 with an aver- 
age of 34.912°/,.) very close to the salinity of the standard water 
(35.018%0) it does not seem possible that the calibration of the 
bridge was at fault. This leaves as probable only the possibilities 
that the conductivity varies among different tubes of the same batch 
of standard water or that the relation of conductivity to total 
halogens was different in this water than elsewhere. 

The depths of the observations in 1934 were determined by the use 
of unprotected thermometers. Five such instruments were used in 
conjunction with protected thermometers. The shallow series always 
carried an unprotected thermometer on its deepest bottle. At stations 
where two series were necessary the deep series usually consisted of 
seven bottles, the uppermost, deepest, and alternate intermediate 
bottles being equipped with unprotected thermometers. The pres- 
sure coefficients given in the Physikalish-Technische Reichsanstalt 
test certificates for the instruments were used as given. 

The dynamic computations for the stations occupied in 1928 and 
1934 have been made by means of anomaly tables published by Sver- 
drup (1983); and for the years 1931 and 1933 after the manner de- 
scribed by Smith (1926). The dynamic heights for those stations 
shallower than the common reference depth have been computed by 
means of the method described by Helland-Hansen (1934) for all 4 
years, 


GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


RAL 


~ 
“ 


AND GEN 


MARION 


20 


O 
Ww 
= 

2 
3 
SI 
2 
o 


xample of the method of construction of a velocity (current) profile. 


3.—An @ 


FIGURE 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 21 


The velocity of the current between any two points has been com- 
puted in the manner described by Smith (1926) (p. 31). 

The extensive use of velocity profiles as illustrations in this paper 
justifies a description of the method of construction and also refer- 
ence to the method of computing the volume of the current, or the 
transport, as it is often called, through any given vertical section. 

A velocity profile is a representation in vertical cross section of 
the distribution of the components of velocity of the horizontal cur- 
rents perpendicular to the plane of the section. Equal values of 
velocity are connected and expressed usually in terms of centimeters 
per second. As an example we have selected section A, figure 3, a 
section normal to the West Greenland Current taken off Cape Fare- 
well, Greenland, September 2-3, 1928. (See station tables, stations 
1080 to 1086 (pp. 219-220).) 

It is assumed that the mean velocities between successive pairs of 
stations for a number of standard depths have been computed in 
accordance with the equation— 


(aS Be) 
U> Ba lL “sin 


where (#4—A#'s) denotes the average slope of the isobaric surfaces 
between stations A and B; o, the angular velocity of the earth; Z,the 
distance between the stations, and ¢, their mean latitude. These 
values of mean velocity are then plotted to scale against horizontal 
distance along the section and with regard to the direction of the 
component at right angles to the section, figure 3, as a series of 
parallel lines. 

A smooth curve representing the velocity at any point on any one 
of the given levels, stations 1080 to 1086, may be substituted for the 
series of mean velocity lines, provided that (a) the curve be drawn 
in such a manner between adjacent stations that equal areas are 
formed on either side of the previously fixed lines of mean velocity 
and (6) that the curve be drawn flattest near the margin, and near 
the axis, of each indicated band. Between stations 1080 and 1081, 
figure 3, for example, the velocity curve is drawn so that the area 
BEF equals area FAG; and between stations 1081 and 1082 DG@H 
and JCJ equal area P. The velocity curve WJ, figure 3, is thus 
continued to include the remaining stations of the section, and simi- 
lar curves are constructed for other levels. 

The final step is to project the curve J/N, and the curves for the 
other levels, on to their respective depths in a vertical plane and 
lastly to connect equal values of the same sign. The resulting illus- 
tration (see upper half of fig. 3) is referred to as a velocity profile. 

In order to test the accuracy of the above-described method, the 
dynamic height of a station located midway between stations 1081 
and 1082 was computed on the basis of temperatures and salinities 
interpolated from the profiles of these variables. The values of the 
mean velocity were then computed and plotted and the velocity curve 
for the surface was drawn as described. It indicated that the axis 
of the current lay closer to station 1082 than previously drawn but 
its velocity of 48 centimeters per second differed only 4 centimeters 
per second from the earlier determined value. 


22 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The question also arises as to how closely computed velocities agree 
with actual velocities where dynamic heights have been calculated 
to the nearest millimeter. From our experience it is doubtful 
whether the velocity lines on the profiles can claim a greater accuracy 
than 1 centimeter per second or, expressed in dynamic height for the 
mean latitude of the area investigated, this is equal to a slope of 
about 9 dynamic millimeters in a distance of 20 miles. 

The volume of current, or the transport, through a given vertical 
section may be found either graphically from the sum of the products 
of cross-sectional areas and their mean velocities or by numerical 
integration in accordance with a method described by Jakhelln 

1936). 
Jakhelln’s method, briefly, takes advantage of the fact that in the 
development of the equation of the volume of the current (1. e., the 
transport), the value of the distance between two stations appearing 
in both numerator and denominator, is eliminated. 


where J is the net transport; 3 is the mean velocity, surface to a 
depth, z, where the current is assumed zero. 


Further— 


But— 


mak, (AH,—AEs3) _ 10 
re OEY ain ar >see (3) 


where #' represents the anomaly of dynamic height. Substituting 
(3) in (1), results in the above-mentioned cancelation of Z and 


bie Lee 
2 sin. 


[(az, — AE z)dz-..(4) 


or expressed in different form— 


Ga | it heietts |, AE yd: | a SRG 


where A=. —- (For values of A, see Smith 1926, table VI.) 


Since it is more convenient to deal with the values of the anomaly 
of specific volume AV than the anomaly of dynamic height, AZ, 
we can from (5) express the equation in final form— 


v=] \avaae— [faved] oo) 


The practical application of Jakhelln’s method to any two sta- 
tions, A and B, is, first, to find the station anomalies of specific 
volume in the usual manner and then integrate the same, for each 
station, from the assumed common motionless depth to the surface. 
The difference between the two station integrals when divided by 
Yo sin @ (see table VI, Smith 1926), gives the value of the net volume 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 23 


of the current, or the net transport, normal to the plane of, and 
between, stations A and B. 

It has been the practice in the present paper first to construct 
velocity profiles and then to make planimeter measurements of the 


60 90 40 


60 


Ticure 4.—An example of a transport map, each line representing a volume of current 
Mg ahah cubic meters per second. Based on General Greene’s survey July 4—August 
» LRT: 


volume of the separate bands of opposing flow as shown distributed 
on the particular profile. The net transport thus found has then 
been checked by employing the values at end stations, or between 
critical pairs of stations, of the section, in accordance with the above- 


24 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


described method of Jakhelln (1936). The difference in the values 
thus found by the two methods seldom exceeded 15 percent of the net 
transport, and this figure was considered immaterial. The net 
volume of the current, figure 3, was 4.41 m°/sx10° by graphic 
method and 3.73 m*/sxX10° by Jakhelln’s method. It should of 
course be borne in mind that Jakhelln’s method (see also Werens- 
kiold, 1935) gives results in terms of net volume or transport, and this, 
for example where the two given stations span the boundary of op- 
posing currents, furnishes information in comparative terms only. 
Perhaps the best practice, although laborious, is, first, the construc- 
tion of a velocity profile as earlier described, and, second, the com- 
putation of the volume of the various currents by integrating to the 
zero velocity lines as shown on the profile in accordance with the 
Jakhelln method. The determination of the transport through the 
several sections in the Labrador Sea the summer of 1931 have been 
combined in a so-called transport map. (See fig. 4, p. 28.) Ekman 
(1929) and Thorade (1933) have published similar maps for other 
regions of the North Atlantic. 

It should be added that the construction of velocity profiles and 
the planimeter determination of velocity areas and volumes there- 
from is essential, wherever the average temperature of the separate 
bands of currents and the rate of heat transport are desired. The 
algebraic sum of the several products of velocity by cross-sectional 


area by temperature represents the net rate of heat transfer through — 


the section. The average temperature has been obtained by dividing 
this value for the rate of heat transfer by the net volume of flow. 
‘The average temperature of the slope band of the West Greenland 
Current in the Cape Farewell section A, figure 3, was 5.5° C. The 
rate of heat transfer is expressed in million-cubic-meter-degrees, 
centigrade-per-second. In the case of the slope band of the West 
Greenland Current at Cape Farewell September 2-3, 1928, figure 3, 
the rate of heat transfer was 17.5° C. m°/sX 10°. 

In computing the volume of current (transport) from velocity 
profiles, it is important that the profiles be drawn as accurately as 
possible. The velocity profiles described and used in this report are 
considered justifiable, if on no other basis than that they provide a 
means of computing the average temperature of, and the rate of 
heat transported by, ocean currents. 

The salinity of the sea is, of course, free from many of the in- 
fluences that act upon the temperature. A quantitative determina- 
tion of the rate of salt transport similar to the above-described 
method of obtaining the rate of heat transport has been utilized as 
shown on p. 77. 


¢ 


Cuaptrer IIT 
THE, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND TYPES OF WATER 


When our data collected during the summer of 1928 from the 
Labrador Sea were substituted in Bjerknes’ hydrodynamic formulae, 
a general cyclonic circulation of the upper water layers (the tropo- 
sphere) was revealed.* 


60 50)... 40 


FIGURE 5.—The system of circulation of the upper water layers (troposphere) in the 
northwestern North Atlantic. 


This consists of a northward flow along the Greenland slope, the 
West Greenland Current; a southward movement along the Ameri- 
can side, the Baffin Land Current and the Labrador Current (cf. Riis- 
Carstensen 1931, p. 5), and a northward set, the Atlantic Current 
in the southern part of the Labrador Sea (fig. 5). The more cen- 


*The circulation of the upper water layers has been determined by reference to the 
1,500-decibar surface. This common depth best served the observational data, several 
stations offshore of the continental slopes not having been taken to greater depths than 
1,500 meters. The computations indicated, however, that in certain regions, notably 
along the Greenland slope, appreciable motion prevailed even at 1,500 meters. It should 
be constantly borne in mind, therefore, that the Bjerknes’ methods express results in terms 
of comparative motion only. If the state of rest or motion on a selected datum plane 
be incorrectly assumed, an error is introduced and the results in terms of direction and 
velocity of the currents consequently will be incorrect. In an area such as the north- 
western North Atlantic, subject as it is to severe wintertime conditions and other 
equally important suspected influences, it is wise to challenge constantly the validity 
of assumptions required by the Bjerknes’ method. 25 

oO 


26 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


tral portions of the Labrador Sea partake of a slow cyclonic mo- 
tion. The West Greenland Current in this scheme is reall two flows 
in one—(a) the East Greenland Current and (6) the Irminger Cur- 
rent; ®° which in their extension around Cape Farewell become reen- 
ergized along the west coast of Greenland and are renamed for that 
region, The Labrador Current likewise is an extension of the Baffin 
Land Current and the West Greenland Current. 

A vertical section of the Labrador Sea between points A and B, 
figure 5, shows that the greatest changes in physical character occur 
at the sides of the basin as represented by the line W/—\ (fig. 6). 
Three principal water types characterize the northwestern North 


Iliad 


YG ZL RRA 
| 


FiGuRE 6.—A schematic vertical cross section of the Labrador Sea, Belle Isle to Cape Farewell. 
Uddde, ©oastal water. Wy Arctic water. Atlantic water. {]j) Mixed Labrador Sea water. 


Atlantic, viz, coastal, Arctic, and Atlantic. Their mixture (dis- 
cussed in chap. VIII), with a remarkably small range of approxi- 
mately 1° C. temperature and 0.06%o salinity, fills approximately 
90 percent of the Labrador Basin. 

In assigning names to water masses in the sea it should always be 
remembered that values are comparative only. Variations in the 
mixing processes, as regards time and place, constantly prevail. This 
fact precludes any possibility of assigning definite limits of tem- 
perature and salinity. An interpretation of the circulation, based 
solely upon the relative proportions and degree of purity of a par- 
ticular type of water present in a given mass, may often prove mis- 
leading. Detecting the presence of waters from known sources re- 
quires a thorough familiarity with the region investigated, particu- 


5 For a description of the general position and behavior of the East Greenland Current 
and Irminger Current east of Cape Farewell prior to entering the Labrador Sea see 
Nielsen (1928). 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 27 


larly as to the range and degree of thermal and saline character of 
the mass where and when observed. In this respect the employment 
of temperature-salinity correlation graphs has been found helpful. 

Atlantic water, for example, is found at certain times off the Tail 
of the Grand Banks with a temperature of 16° C., and a salinity of 
36.00%. Atlantic water off Cape Farewell at the same time, how- 
ever, has, as might be expected, different criteria; a temperature of 
about 6° C., and a salinity of about 35.00%»). Vestiges of Atlantic 
water still farther north in the northern sector of the Labrador Sea 
can be traced where the temperature is only about 4° C., and a 
salinity of about 34.80%o. 

The word “Arctic” has been used mainly to designate water, the 
temperature of which is so low as to indicate a far northern source. 
In the present case, where the area extends beyond the Arctic Circle 
itself, the term Arctic water is intended to signify water which has 
originally flowed from a more northern point than where the ob- 
servation in question was made. Reflecting, therefore, the frigidity 
of its polar sources, Arctic water often has a minimum temperature 
as low as —1.7° C. Such water masses, when insulated by lighter 
layers, may be transported great distances without appreciable 
change in temperature, readings of —1.5° C. having often been ob- 
served in latitudes as low as 43° near the Tail of the Grand Banks, 
more than halfway from the Pole to the Equator. The salinity of 
Arctic water lies between that of Atlantic and coastal, and for that 
reason it is best identified by its temperature. 

Coastal water naturally is in the lowest brackets of salinity. The 
term is associated primarily with land drainage and river discharge 
and later as such water expands seaward over shelves or banks or is 
transported along coastal slopes. Identification, is most easily made 
during summer when coastal water from its lightness lies uppermost 
and thus absorbs greater quantities of solar radiation. Winter chill- 
ing, on the other hand, especially severe in the northwestern North 
Atlantic, may cool coastal water to temperatures approaching closely 
that of minimum Arctic character. 


79920—37——3 


CHAPTER LV 
THE WEST GREENLAND SECTOR 
THE SURFACE CURRENTS 


The more critically ocean currents are examined, the more neces- 
sary it becomes to subclassify them geographically; for example, the 
East Greenland Current on passing through Denmark Strait is joined 
by a significant branch of the Irminger Current (see Baggesgaard- 
Rasmussen and Jacobsen, 1930; also Bohnecke, 1931), both streams 
merging in one parallel flow which so rounds Cape Farewell. Off 
the southwest coast of Greenland this composite current is further 
augmented by streams converging from the Labrador Sea. By the 


60° 50 40 


FIGURE 7.—The west Greenland sector (1928). Sections are as follows: A, Cape Fare- 
well; B, Ivigtut: C, Fiskernaessett; D, Godthaab; HE, Holsteinsborg ; ¥, Egedesminde ; 
F,, Disko Bay; G, Disko Island. 


time it has reached Fylla Bank, west Greenland (as will be proved 
later by the Coast Guard’s observations), the original identifying 
character belonging to the East Greenland Arctic Current has been 
completely transformed to current of Atlantic character. It is ob- 
viously incorrect then to refer to the current throughout the west 
coast solely as an extension of the East Greenland Current. In order, 
therefore, to avoid confusion it seems best to designate the current 
from Cape Farewell northward as the West Greenland Current. A 
similar procedure has been followed in similar cases wherever the 


28 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 29 


original current becomes considerably changed by significant trib- 
utaries. 

West Greenland waters, at least south of Davis Strait, are dom- 
inated by this West Greenland Current. An exposition of the sector, 


40 


60 50 


FIGURE 8.—The West Greenland Current on the surface, July 30—September 3, 1928. The 
velocities expressed in miles per day indicate the axis of maximum velocity. 


therefore, centers mainly on a full description of this important 
stream. 

During the period July 30 to September 3, 1928, the surface waters 
over and along the steepest part of the continental slope, Cape Fare- 
well to Little Hellefiske Bank (fig. 8), were in northwesterly move- 


30 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


ment at velocities of 6 to 33 miles per day in the axis of the current. 
The Cape Farewell section (A) just outside of the slope current 
intersects a slowly rotating anticyclonic vortex approximately 35 
miles in diameter. Further offshore a secondary band of north- 
westerly current was entered. It is conjectural whether this outer 
band was part of the West Greenland Current, split in this locality by 
this eddy, or was an unrelated stream. It appears from the general 
trend and direction of the dynamic isobaths on figure 122, page 167, 
however, that this current shown on the extreme southwestern end 
of the Cape Farewell section was approaching from the south and 
west, in contrast to the main portion of the West Greenland Current, 
which hugged the continental slope, rounding Cape Farewell from 
the north and east. The source of this outer band of current, which 
it is believed may have considerable significance in the general scheme 
of circulation for the entire Labrador Sea, is discussed on page 32. 
Regardless of its origin, however, it joined the trunk of the west 
Greenland stream as the latter increased to its maximum velocity of 
33 miles per day off Ivigtut. (See fig. 8.) Immediately north of 
Ivigtut the current began to throw off branches along its outer side, 
all of which turned westward into the Labrador Sea. As Fylla Bank 
was approached the rate of flow diminished. Just north of Fylla 
Bank the West Greenland Current experienced major westward 
branching, the bulk of its surface waters being deflected here, prob- 
ably by meeting the southern face of Little Hellefiske Bank. 

Inshore portions of the West Greenland Current continued north- 
ward hugging the slope and flowing at the much reduced rate of 6 
miles per day. Narrow bands of current, probably continuations 
of the more vigorous parts of the system, were found along the slopes 
of Great Hellefiske Bank. Such streams (fig. 8) entered Disko Bay 
entrance on the south and discharged on the north. A weak but 
appreciable set of West Greenland Current, more clearly distin- 
guished in the Disko Island section (fig. 11) below the surface, 
flowed through Davis Strait Channel into Baffin Bay. 


CROSS SECTIONS OF THE CURRENTS 


A total of seven hydrographic sections taken during the summer 
of 1928 (fig. 7) more or less normal to the coast, and more or less 
equally spaced between’ Cape Farewell and Disko Island, afford a 
means of studying the West Greenland Current below the sea surface 
and along its course northward to the entrance of Baffin Bay. 

The discussion in this and the following three chapters is lim- 
ited to the circulation of the upper water layers (sometimes re- 
ferred to as the troposphere), in the depth of which has been de- 
termined by reference to a common isobaric surface. It has been 
found for the west Greenland sector that motionless water (or 
nearly so) prevails usually between 1,500-2,000 meters. The 1,500- 
decibar level has served, therefore, for all practical purposes as the 
datum plane upon which the calculations of direction and velocity 
of the currents are based. 

Cape Farewell.—A cross section of the West Greenland Current,’ 
off Cape Farewell (fig. 9), shows, as does the surface map (fig. 8), 


cee description of the method employed in the construction of the velocity profiles 
see p. 21. 


31 


AND LABRADOR SEA 


STRAIT 


DAVIS 


B 
el 
= 
(eo) 
o 


0 10 2030 


27-28, 1928; 


—3, 1928; section B, August 


2 


A, September 


section C, July 29-31, 1928. 


The solid lines represent. northwesterly current and the broken lines south- 
Section 


easterly current. 


FIGURE Peme ie 2 2 profiles of the West Greenland Current expressed in centimeters per 
second. 


Se MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


that the main current hugged the continental slope and that an outer 
band was separated by a clockwise rotating eddy. The alternations 
in the directions of the flow as evidence throughout the section in- 
dicate the probable effect of the bottom configuration on the gradient 
current as it rounds Cape Farewell and is subsequently joined by 
other current from the Labrador Sea. The calculated volume of 
the trunk of the West Greenland Current which hugged the con- 
tinental edge at Cape Farewell (fig. 8) was 3.2 million cubic meters 
per second; the vortex contained approximately 1 million cubic 
meters per second; and the converging set at the outer end of the 
section totaled nearly 2 million cubic meters per second. 

Ivigtut—One hundred and fifty miles farther along the current, 
off Ivigtut, the West Greenland Current (fig. 9) was found, as at 
Cape Farewell, hugging the continental edge. It had, however, in- 
creased greatly both in cross-sectional area and velocity; the 5-centi- 
meter-per-second velocity curve here extended to a depth of nearly 
1,200 meters. Offshore the section intersected a south-flowing band 
of 2.6 million cubic meters per second, evidently a branch of the slope 
current which had recurved southward and then westward into the 
Labrador Sea (cf. fig. 9 with fig. 8). 

The calculated volume of the slope band of the West Greenland 
Current off Ivigtut, August 27-28, 1928, was 7.4 million cubic meters 
per second, or approximately double the slope band observed a week 
later off Cape Farewell. Reference to the surface current ma 
(fig. 8) indicates that some of the discrepancy may be attributed to 
coastal current which flowed through the 10-mile gap between station 
1080 and Cape Farewell. The fact that there is swift current here 
at times is confirmed by Soule who, in 1935, observed icebergs moving 
westward close under Egger Island, Cape Farewell, at an estimated 
rate of 4 knots per hour. Finally it was thought that the excess of 
transport off Ivigtut may have been partially due to current which 
entered from offshore between the two sections. A computation of 
the current there between stations 1070 and 1086, however, gave 2.7 
million cubic meters per second but in a westerly direction away 
from the Greenland slope. Of course this does not preclude the pos- 
sibility of a current from below 1,500 meters intersecting the Ivigtut 
profile above 1,500 meters, but this is contrary to our conception 
of the general circulation. It seems more likely, in view of the 
above, that the discrepancy noted in the computed volumes of the 
current at Ivigtut and Cape Farewell resulted from errors incident to 
the method and its application there. 

Fiskernaessett.—This section (fig. 9, profile C) shows the slope 
band of the West Greenland Current as having a volume of 6.6 
million cubic meters per second, or a reduction of about 15 percent 
from that at Ivigtut. The decrease in the volume of the current 
can safely be attributed to offshore branching which is clearly re- 
corded on the surface current map between Ivigtut and Fiskernaes- 
sett. The offshore part of the Fiskernaessett section records alter- 
nate southeast and northwest flow, which the dynamic topographic 
map (fig. 122, p. 167) indicates was one single band of current which 
moved out into the Labrador Sea. The volume of this band 
amounted to 1.8 million cubic meters per second, leaving 5.8 million 
cubic meters per second to continue northward. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 33 


Godthaab.—The slope band of West Greenland Current which in- 
tersected this section was 5.3 million cubic meters per second, thus 
supporting previous computations, viz, that approximately 20 per- 
cent of the current branched offshore between Fiskernaessett and 
(zodthaab. An appreciable reduction in the draft of the West Green- 
land thse. also occurred between these two points along the slope 
(ef. figs. 9 and 10, profiles C and D). Additional westerly branch- 
ing of ie West Greenland Current is noted in the offshore énd of the 
Godthaab section, where 1.8 million cubic meters per second recurved 
southward between stations 975 and 973. The slope band which re- 
mained to continue northward was consequently reduced to 3.5 mil- 
lion cubic meters per second or about one-half the volume of current 
found off Ivigtut. 

i olsteinsborg ——The greatest and most striking decrease in volume 
of the slope band of the West Greenland Current took place between 
Godthaab and Holsteinsborg. (See fig. 10, p. 34.) The widening of 
the Greenland shelf and the continued shoaling of the bottom at 
the head of the Labrador Sea tended to deflect much of the West 
Greenland Current westward around the Labrador Basin. ‘Those 
portions of the West Greenland Current which remained to follow 
the contour of the banks northward were also further reduced in 
draft. Thus the Holsteinsborg profile shows the 5-centimeter-per- 
second velocity line at a depth of 200 meters, in contrast to the 
draft of this current, Cape Farewell, to Fiskernaessett, of 1,100 
meters. 

The plane of the Holsteinsborg section intersected four separate 
bands of current, but reference to the surface current map (fig. 8) 
indicates that all these intersections belong to one and the same 
stream which, guided by the channel between Little Hellefiske and 
Great Hellefiske Banks, wound a northeasterly course. The net 
volume of the northerly current past Holsteinsborg was 1.25 million 
cubic meters per second, which, as can be seen, is only 25 percent of 
the transport which was found off Godthaab. This agrees, more- 
over with previous findings (p. 30) that major proportions of the 
slope current were deflected offshore between Godthaab and Hol- 
steinsborg, probably by the southern face of Little Hellefiske Bank. 
The volume of the West Greenland Current so turned toward Ameri- 
can shores was 1.95 million cubic meters per second, the bulk of the 
discharge being directed between stations 984 and 987. 

No more impressive evidence is needed than this series of five 
velocity eae figs. 9 and 10 (see also fig. 12) to demonstrate the 
manner in which the West Greenland Current is distributed north- 
ward from Cape Farewell, only 15 percent of its volume reaching 
the entrance of Davis Strait. 

Egedesminde——This section (fig. 10, profile F), with a northerly 
transport of 1.3 million cubic meters per second, showed a slight 
increase from that off Holsteinsborg and thus reversed the trend 
which characterized the West Greenland Current for most of the 
west coast. Reference to the dynamic topographic map (fig. 122, 
p. 167) attributes the larger volume of flow off Egedesminde not to 
any swelling of the West Greenland Current but to water contributed 
locally by a counterclockwise eddy formed in the deep basin which 
extends southwestward from the entrance of Disko Bay. The eddy 


34 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


a igi 
o °2) ® OM 
| ia Se ae ea ee a! 
10 1090.~=—s«O.:«*10. 20 30 60 (MILES) 
5 2 
| 


be ve] w -_ Oo 
= n mio comment 
; Wd I 20 ie 
It | 10 loq 
eT 5 
Mee 
5 aa 
11 Il 
ie i] 
Ly | 
revght 6 
| | 
0 0 
eas 8 
(ated 
\\. 
ve 10 
\ { 
l2 
15 


FIGURE 10.—Velocity profiles of the West Greenland Current expressed in centimeters 
per second. The solid lines represent northwesterly current and the broken lines south- 


easterly current. Section D, August 1-3, 1928; section H, August 4--5, 1928; section 
I, August 7, 1928. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 35 


O 10 2030 60 (MILES) 


FiGuRE 11.—Velocity profiles of the West Greenland Current expressed in centimeters per 
second. The solid lines represent northerly current and the broken lines southerly 
eurrent. Section F,, August 7, 1928; section G, August 13—14, 1928. 


received water from northward in Baffin Bay, and station 995, lo- 
cated at the outer end of the Egedesminde section, showed this cur- 
rent as additional to the West Greenland Current from the south. 
On the other hand it should be noted from the current map (fig. 8), 
that part of the West Greenland Current revealed on the Holsteins- 
borg section followed Davis Strait Channel directly into Baffin Bay. 
The distribution of the 1.3-million-cubic-meters-per-second trans- 


36 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


port past the Egedesminde section is estimated as follows: One- 
third of the current entered Disko Bay as described in the next 
paragraph; about two-thirds of the remainder entered the aforemen- 
tioned eddy; and about 0.3 million cubic meters per second flowed 
northerly across the mouth of Disko Bay and joined the bay dis- 
charge there. 

Disko Ba y.—This section embraced a band of West Greenland Cur- 
rent, 0.44 million cubic meters per second, which had hugged Great 
Hellefiske Bank and entered Disko Bay along the southern shore. A 
discharge, approximately equal to the indraft, filled the northern half 
of the bay’s entrance. This band of westerly flowing current is of 
particular interest to the Ice Patrol because it transports many of the 
icebergs calved from Disko Bay glaciers out on the main pathways 
toward the North Atlantic. (See ; Smith 1931, p. 143). 

Disko Island:-—Our northernmost observations (except those in the 
Vaigat, not discussed here), section G (fig. 11), extended from the 
southwestern point of Disko Island diagonally out into Davis Strait. 
It was intended to make a complete traverse of Davis Strait, but, as 
related by Ricketts (1932), pack ice off Cape Dier, Baffin Land, 
stopped the Marion 30 miles short of the goal. If the bathymetric 
and station maps be consulted, they show that section G lies along 
the top of a ridge which juts out into Davis Strait. Stations 1014 to 
1016 continue the section across the continental slope and into the 
deep water of the Baffin Bay Basin near its southern rim, Station 
1016, with its deepest observation at 1,200 meters, most probably 
penetrated into sluggish bottom water and therefore. permits a fairly 
accurate calculation of the currents farther inshore as shown on the 
velocity profile. 

The alternation of direction of the components as shown by the 
successive areas bounded by the zero velocity lines on section G (fig. 
11) when compared with the surface current map (fig. 8) indicates 
a band of winding current, probably the southern side of an eddy cen- 
tered farther north in Baffin Bay. The main channel of Davis Strait, 
stations 1014 to 1016 (fig. 11) was filled with weak northerly current 
which totaled 0.9 million cubic meters per second in volume. If the 
velocity profile be compared with the corresponding temperature and 
salinity profiles (figs. 20 and 21, pp. 45-46), this band of northerly 
current 1s quite definitely identified as West Greenland Current 
which penetrated directly into Baffin Bay. 

A résumé of the volume of flow (the transport) of the slope band 
of the West Greenland Current along the slope from Cape Farewell 
northward to Baffin Bay, expressed in millions of cubic meters per 
second for 1928, is contained in the following table: 


Section Violas of Section ~ Volmme of 
Cape Marewelli (A) == Sanne. eee 352) )|\| SECOIStemS bore: (Bs) mae 1.3 
Ivigtut (B) ---_- pes Sars sel : 14 |) egedesmindel (ih) 22. se es eee 1.3 
Wiskernnessett.(©) 215 1 eee 6:65) Disko Bay (h))==222 2 eee 0.4 
iFodthaabi(D) A ee eee 6301 Disko slands(G) eee ne ees 0.9 


It can be seen from the above table that a constant diminution 
in the current from south to north was interrupted at Ivigtut, 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA ag 


Egedesminde, and Disko Island. The increase in the current at 
Ivigtut was explained on page 32, as most probably due to contri- 
butions from the Labrador Sea. The volume of the West Greenland 
Current off Egedesminde, as previously explained, is misleading be- 
cause of a supply from a Davis Strait eddy. (See fig. 8.) The vol- 
ume of 0.9 million cubic meters per second recorded in the above 
table for the Disko Island section refers only to the band of West 


DISKO BAY 
EGEDESMINDE 


HOLSTEINSBORG 


GODTHAAB 


FISKERNAESSET 


IVIGTUT 


CAPE FAREWELL 


VOL. OF GURRENTIN M/SEC x 10 © 


FIGURP 12.—The distribution of the volume of the West Greenland Current along the 
Bescutal slope from Cape Farewell to the entrance of Baffin Bay, July 29—September 
71928. 


Greenland Current which entered Baffin Bay between stations 1014— 
1016. This branch, which was last measured by the Holsteinsborg 
section, evidently skirted the Egedesminde and Disko Bay sections 
and followed the deeper channels through Davis Strait. 


THE HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The dual physical character of the water composing the West 
Greenland Current (see p. 26) does not become revealed until one 
examines the distribution of temperature and salinity. 


38 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


At the surface the coldest water in the west Greenland sector 
in the summer of 1928 was found in two small widely separated 
areas as bounded by the 4° isotherm on figure 13—one near Cape 
Farewell and the other in Davis Strait about 100 miles west of 


60 50 


70 


60 


60 50 


PicURH 13.—Temperature at the surface July 30—September 3, 1928. 


Disko Bay. The fact that this water was colder than that adjacent 
to it is good evidence that it flowed there in a current. Reference to 
the surface current map (fig. 8) identifies both of these pools as 
Arctic in origin—the one transported around Cape Farewell by the 
East Greenland Current and the other brought directly from the 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 39 


north by the Baffin Land Current. The degree of Arctic character, 
moreover, of the waters of the west Greenland sector at any given 
time of the year is determined directly by the extent and the magni- 
tude of the above two salients intruding from opposite directions. 
Baggesgaard-Rasmussen and Jacobsen (1930) have likewise pointed 
out the difference in the origin of the two regional cold-water areas 
along the west coast of Greenland. 

On the other hand the course of the 7° isotherm, near Godthaab, in 
1928, appears to mark a central zone, freest from Arctic chilling of 
all the west coast. In truth the fairly large area off Godthaab 
with temperatures between 7 and 8 degrees, and which extended north- 
ward along the continental slope to the Holsteinsborg section, appears 
so warm as to suggest an Atlantic source. The warmest water region 
of all, however (9°), lay outside the more rapid currents, over the 
deeper water in the Labrador Sea. 

If the surface temperature map (fig. 13) be superimposed on the 
surface current map (fig. 8), it 1s found that the tongue of coldest 
water embraced by the 4°, 5°, and 6° isotherms coincides with the axis 
of the West Greenland Current, the water warming 2° along its path, 
Cape Farewell to Fylla Bank. There the cooling influence of the east 
Greenland Arctic water, at least on the surface, appears to have been 
spent. The tendency of the cool water to keep to the slope in contrast 
to branching westward as was noted for much of the West Greenland 
Current indicates that the east Greenland Arctic water constituted 
some of the lightest surface layers of the West Greenland Current and 
occupied the inshore band. 

Continuing northward, the temperature gradient on figure 13 re- 
versed, with cooler and cooler water being entered until the 4° iso- 
therm was reached on the border of the Baffin Land Current in Davis 
Strait. The position of the 5° isotherm, moreover, indicates that this 
Arctic influence made itself felt even as far south as Little Hellefiske 
Bank in the west Greenland sector. Both Little Hellefiske and Great 
Hellefiske Banks, in themselves, however, appear freer from Arctic 
intrusion, a condition previously remarked by Nielsen (1928), with 
solar radiation a more noticeable factor than along the deeper parts 
of the slope to the north and south. 

The warmest water, with the exception of the Labrador Sea (fig. 
13) was found in Disko Bay. Both of these regions, it will be noted, 
are outside the main paths of gradient currents, and undisturbed, the 
surface layers absorb a maximum amount of heat from the summer’s 
sun. 

Figure 14 indicates a uniform distribution of the salinity in the 
west Greenland sector which increased from a minimum near the 
shore (30.44%0 off Ivigtut), to >34.50%0, a maximum, near the 
1,000-meter isobath of the slope. Such a distribution supports previ- 
ous statements regarding the relative position of east Greenland, 
Arctic, and coastal water. 

Paralleling the tongue of east Greenland Arctic water but approxi- 
mately 20 miles offshore of it, we found at a depth of 100 meters, fig- 
ures 15 and 16, a tongue of water of 6° temperature and >35%o salin- 
ity—the warmest and saltest water of the entire region. Reference 
to the current map (fig. 8) unmistakably identifies this water as At- 
Jantic in origin, an extension of the Irminger Current around Cape 


40 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Farewell. Comparison between figure 8 and the velocity profiles for 
the Godthaab and Holsteinsborg sections (fig. 10) shows that this 
warm and salty water, bounded by the 4° and 5° isotherms and the 
34.50% 9 isohaline, extended northwestward to the southern slopes of 
Little Hellefiske Bank where it probably turned westward. 


60 50 


FIGURE 14.,—Salinity at the surface July 30—-September 3, 1928. 


Inshore against the slope of Fylla Bank at the 100-meter level 
(fig. 15) lay vestiges of east Greenland Arctic water as marked by 
the 2° isotherm. The temperatures and salinities contained on the 
Holsteinsborg section at 100 meters (fig. 15 and fig. 16) indicate an 
area entirely different in physical character, with cooling and fresh- 
ening which probably emanated from the Baffin Land Current. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 4] 


The remaining 1928 maps for the 200-, 400-, and 600-meter levels 
figs. 17-19) are particularly instructive in tracing the areas occu- 
pied by Atlantic water off the southwest coast of Greenland at these 
levels. Neither function alone, temperature nor salinity, can be 
accepted for all depths to mark the boundary of this water. It was 


60 50 


Figure 15.—Temperature at a depth of 100 meters July 30—-September 3, 1928, 


warmest (6°) at the 100-meter level, but saltiest, 35.10%0, on the 
200-meter plane. For the same salinity (35%0) for an increase 
in draft from 100 meters to 400 meters the Irminger-Atlantic water 
cooled approximately 1.5° C., on its under side. 

The areas enclosed by the critical isotherms and isohalines (figs. 
17 to 19) indicate the manner in which the Atlantic water flows 


4? MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


60 50 


70 


60 


60 50 


Ficurp 16.—Salinity at a depth of 100 meters July 30—September 3, 1928. 


northwestward in the Greenland sector and spreads out into the 
Labrador Sea. 


THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The vertical distribution of temperature and salinity 1928, in the 
seven hydrographical sections, Cape Farewell to Disko Island (figs. 
20 and 21), emphasizes the evidence revealed on the horizontal pro- 
jections. The east Greenland Arctic water northward to Godthaab, 
and more pronounced from Ivigtut to Godthaab than at Cape Fare- 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SIA 43 


40 


50 


Figure 17.—Temperature and salinity at a depth of 200 meters July 80—September 
3, 1928; 


50 AO 


40 


FIGURE 18.—Temperature and salinity at a depth of 400 meters July 30—September 
3, 1928. 


» 
’ 


well, is clearly indicated in the coldest and freshest surface layers 
inshore. ‘The frigid layer which is to be seen on the three northern- 
most profiles E to G (figs. 20 and 21) as represented by the isotherms 
at about 100 meters depth, indicates Arctic water which has pene- 
trated to these points from a northern source, probably from Baffin 
Bay. 

79920—37—4 


44 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The positions of the isohalines representing the saltest water, 
on the other hand (fig. 20), indicated the Irminger-Atlantic water 
as it progressed from Cape Farewell to Godthaab, branched west- 
ward, and sank from the 150-meter level to about the 500-meter 
depth. It is estimated from these data that the axis of the Irminger- 
Atlantic water cooled approximately 114° C., and freshened about 
0.20%. This process of mixing and sinking is discussed on 
page 175. The warmest and saltest water consistently found on the 
deeper parts of the shelf in the Holsteinsborg section, and north- 
ward, indicates Atlantic water much diluted from its passage into 
Davis Strait. The vertical position of such water in the northern 
sections when compared with the respective velocity profiles places 
it near the under side of the West Greenland Current. The distribu- 


60 50 40 40 


FicuRm 19.—Temperature and salinity at a depth of 600 meters July 380—September 
3, 1928. 


tion of temperature and salinity in the Disko Island section, section 
G (figs. 20 and 21), like the other sections to the south, supports the 
evidence of the velocity profiles, viz, an appreciable amount of West 
Greenland Current entered Baffin Bay. 

The continuity and concentration of the Irminger-Atlantic water, 
as the subsurface illustrations generally reveal, was less pronounced 
off Cape Farewell at a point nearer its source than it was off 
Ivigtut. The east Greenland Arctic water was similarly distributed. 
The Godthaab’s observations agree with the Marion’s in this respect 
and thus indicate that the condition was not purely coincidental. 
The International Ice Patrol, similarly, has found lower tempera- 
tures on the southwest slope of the Grand Banks than upstream at 
the Tail of the Banks. The distribution of the Irminger-Atlantic 
water along the southwest slope of Greenland in 1931, however 
(figs. 32 and 33), was in accordance with the direction of the cur- 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 45 


2. 9.4..46 
== 


Figure 20.—Temperature profiles across the continental shelf July 30—September 3, 1928 ; 
A, Cape Farewell; B, Ivigtut; C, Fiskernaessett; D, Godthaab; E. Holsteinsborg; F, 
Egedesminde ; F,, Disko Bay ; and G, Disko Island. 


rent, that is, more concentrated and in greater volume at Cape Fare- 
well than at Ivigtut. 

The fact that the thermal and haline gradients were less steep 
at Cape Farewell than at Ivigtut in 1928 (figs. 20 and 21) strongly 
suggests a more active mixing of the West Greenland Current at 
times in the former, than in the latter, region. 


46 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


3094 3240 3361 33.38 


33,22 32729-y © 30 60/(MILES) 


33 
34 100 


ve 2 


33.46 3146 5. 
33 O-M 


\ 


3455 O-M 


30.44 


FicurRE 21.—Salinity profiles across the continental shelf July 30—September 3, 1928. 


The turbulence noted at times off Cape Farewell appears most 
likely to be caused by the abrupt change in the direction of the 
continental slope and the consequent turning of the current to the 
right. Eddies apparently form (fig. 8) in this locality of rugged 
bottom topography and probably assist in splitting the West Green- 
land Current. At such times one branch hugs the slope and the other 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 47 


branch is deflected southwestward offshore. A more active mixing 
in the Cape Farewell region may also be contributed by an intensi- 
fication of the offshore circulation, at which times a portion of the 
Atlantic current in the Labrador Sea may join the West Greenland 
Current setting northward toward Davis Strait. 

A comparison between the relative positions of the coldest water 
and the saltest water and the position of the strong slope current 
off Tvigtut (fig. 22) continues to substantiate previous. findings, 


OT OM 
ee We 100 
“{\ 50 


loT2 
1073 
1074 
1075 
1076 


4 r3 
\ 35 \) a) 
\ i 
\ \ 
3495 % 
‘ 30 4 
4 
20 
6 
10 
fo) 
8 
5 
ite) 
B 12 


fe) 


Ficurp 22.—The Ivigtut profile August 28, 1928. The relative positions of east Green- 
land Arctic water and Irminger-Atlantic water in the West Greenland Current: are 
shown by the 3° C. isotherm and the isohalines greater than 84.95% , respectively. 
The velocity lines represent northwesterly current expressed in centimeters per second. 


namely that the West Greenland Current was composed of two types 
of water of opposite characteristics; (@) inshore in the surface 
layers as marked by temperatures <3.0° C., east Greenland Arctic 
water; and, (0), farther offshore and about 100 meters deeper, as 
embraced by salinities >34.95%o0, Irminger-Atlantic water. 

It will be noted that in none of the Coast Guard’s surveys has water 
as salt as 35.00%, been found west of Cape Farewell on the sea 
surface. The axis of greater than 35.00%0 water, wherever present, 
immediately north and west of Cape Farewell, has been concentrated 


48 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


about 100 to 150 meters below the sea surface. If the Irminger- 
Atlantic water be traced upstream, however, the upper side as 
marked by the 35.00%o isohaline, often intersects the sea surface (see 
Bohnecke, 1931) east and north of Cape Farewell in the vicinity 
of the thirty-seventh meridian. This again strongly suggests the 
sinking of Irminger-Atlantic water. (See p. 175.) 

That two homogeneous bodies of water free from outside influences 
mix in ratio to their physical properties of temperature and salinity 
is well known. This correlation when plotted graphically forms a 
straight line between the points typical of the components of the 


7 


eM ae SE ReAS Ul art %E 
aN 


SAE eh ae 


FIGURE 23.—Temperature-salinity correlation curves of the West Greenland Current, Cape 
Farewell to Hosteinsborg, the summer of 1928. 


mixture. In all of our correlation graphs (figs. 23, 49, 65, 66, 76, and 
100) the temperature-salinity data have been plotted by sections, 
the resulting curves representing, therefore, each the temperature- 
salinity correlation of the current at that particular cross section. 
The continuity of the curves is directly proportional to the distance 
between stations of the given section; the greater the number the 
stations the more accurate the temperature-salinity curve. The 
West Greenland current, for example, is illustrated by a series of 
curves on figure 23, the letter on each curve referring to the corre- 
sponding section as shown on figure 7. The lower left portion of 
the curves represents east Greenland Arctic water, and the upper 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 49 


right Irminger-Atlantic water. The more vertical part of the curves 
from the upper inflection point downward is indicative of the deep- 
est water embraced in the observations. This lower point may be 
regarded as a third component of the West Greenland Current, the 
mixing between the Irminger-Atlantic water and this deep water 
being indicated by the curves. Corroboration of the loss of heat from 
the warm core of the West Greenland Current with northward pro- 
egress is furnished by the continually lower inflection points on the 
correlation curves, A to # (fig. 23). A similar progression of the 
curves at the point of greatest salinity indicates a continual freshening 
of the Irminger-Atlantic water. The resulting density as indicated 
by the inflection points representative of Irminger-Atlantic water, 
curves A to #' (fig. 23) increased approximately 0.04, Cape Farewell 
to Holsteinsborg. The mixing and cabbeling of the current as a 
whole is further discussed in chapter VIII, p. 175. 

As a final analysis of the slope band of the West Greenland Cur- 
rent, the average temperature and the rate of heat transfer at the 
eight sections, A to G, are given in the table below, and expressed 
in million cubic meter degrees centigrade per second. The method 
of obtaining these values is explained in chapter II, page 24. 


West Greenland Current 


Average Rate of heat Average Rate of heat 
Section tempera- Section tempera- 
ture (°C.) transfer fire CC.) transfer 
Cape Farewell (A)______- 5 H 17. 5 HolsteieDors © ig 3 a0 a 
Livan it @s) eo 6 44 gedesminde me Eee SS Fs 
ee (C)ae = 4.2 2d || DiskorBayeChi) pees een PA eal 
Godthaab’ (D)2=2---2 - =! 4.1 21.7 || Disko Island (G)_-._____- 0.5 0.5 


The table shows that the average temperature progressively de- 
creased as the West Greenland Current flowed northward, except in 
the offing of Ivigtut and Disko Bay. The swelling of the current at 
Ivigtut, and the consequent increase in heat transfer, has been 
previously explained. The higher average temperature in the Disko 
Bay section is attributed directly to solar warming of that shallower- 
water locality. 

The marked reduction in the rate of heat transfer to be noted in 
the last four sections of the above table is attributed to the great 
proportion of the current which left the Greenland slope near God- 
thaab (see p. 33) and carried its heat toward American shores. 

The slope band of the West Greenland Current with a maximum 
of 44.4 million cubic meter degrees centigrade, per second at Ivigtut 
transported 0.5° C. m*/sX10° or only about 1 percent of its heat 
into Baffin Bay. The heat transported into Baffin Bay based on 
the Godthaab’s observations (p. 53) was 1.4 million cubic meter de- 
grees centigrade per second. This higher value is due to the higher 
average temperature, the Godthaab’s stations being located in deeper 
and warmer water than those of the Marion. An average tem- 
perature of 1.0° C. and a heat transport. of 1.0 million cubic meter 
degrees centigrade per second is considered representative of the 
West Greenland Current entering Baffin Bay. 


50 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


SO 


Figure 24.—The West Greenland Current on the surface, July 27—-August 2, 1931. 
Velocities expressed in miles per day. 


ANNUAL VARIATIONS 


The question whether or not the oceanographic conditions already 
described in this chapter as existing in west Greenland waters in 1928 
prevail during most summers can be answered, at least for south- 
western Greenland, by the Coast Guard’s surveys repeated there in 
1931, 1933, and 193 34, and also by further comparisons with other 
published observations. 

Currents.—The surface current maps for each of the Coast Guard’s 
surveys, when compared with the similar map for 1928 (fig. 8) imdi- 
cate that variations of considerable magnitude occur in the surface 
current off southwest Greenland. The branching of the West Green- 
land Current away from the slope at Cape Farwell in 1931, a feature 
which is more clearly revealed in the velocity profiles than in the 
surface current maps, represents an important departure from the 
other years. If the velocity profiles (figs. 27 to 29) be compared 
with the surface current maps (figs. 24 to 26) it will be noted that 
in 1931 the volume of slope band of the West Greenland Current at 

Cape Farewell was 3.98 million cubic meters per second, and this was 
separated from the slope itself by 0.3 million cubic meters per second 
of counter current. Off Ivigtut a few days earlier the slope band was 

calculated at 2.42 million cubic meters per second. Although the 
velocity at Ivigtut exceeded that at Cape Farewell a smaller transport 
resulted at the former place because of the current’s decrease in width 
and draft. In the summer of 1933 the slope band at Cape Farewell, 
amounting to 6.52 million cubic meters per second, was split by a 
subsurface counter current of 0.76 million cubic meters per second 
volume. Off Ivigtut, however, the West Greenland Current swelled 
to 12.1 million cubic me ters per ’ second : the largest transport recorded 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 51 


50 


Figure 25.—The West Greenland Current on the surface, July 2-14, 1933. Velocities 
expressed in miles per day: 


FiaurE 26.—The West Greenland Current on the surface, July 12-15, 1934. Velocities 
expressed in miles per day. 


52 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


10 20 30 60 (MILES) 


FIGURE 27.—Velocity profiles of the West Greenland Current expressed in centimeters 
per second. The solid lines represent northerly current and the dashed lines southerly 
current. Section A;, August 1—2, 1931; section Bi, July 28, 1931. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 53 


0102030  60(MILES) 


FicuRE 28.—Velocity profiles of the West Greenland Current expressed in centimeters 
per second. The solid lines represent northerly current and the dashed lines southerly 
eurrent. Section As, July 9, 1983; section Be, July 7-13, 1933. 


for the west Greenland sector. In 1934 the slope band at Cape Fare- 
well was 3.71 million cubic meters per second. In order to obtain 
further comparisons the volume of the West Greenland Current was 
computed from the observations of the Godthaab (see Conseil Per- 
manent International, 1929) ; the observations of the Meteor (unpub- 
lished) ; and the observations of the General Greené (see Soule, 1936). 


54 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


0 10 2030 60 (MILES) 


FicuRB 29.—Velocity profile of the West Greenland Current expressed in centimeters per 
second. The solid lines represent northerly current and the dashed lines southerly 
current. Section As, July 12-13, 1934. 


The above data on the slope band of the west Greenland current may 
be summarized as follows: 


CAPE FAREWELL SECTION! 


Date Width Average velocity Velocity on axis Volume of flow 
(miles) 
May 1928) 2 3 se a |e oS se | en ee ee gr 4.0 m?/sec. X108, 
August-September 24 | 10.0 miles per day----- 15.0 miles per day_---_- 3.2 m3/sec. x 108. 
1928. 
July-August 1931____ 95 | 2.8 miles per day_-_-_-_-- 7.2 miles per day------ 3.7 m3/sec. X 108. 
July-August 1933___- 80 | 4.8 miles per day-_--_-- 9.6 miles per day._---- 5.8 m3/sec. X108. 
July sis 36 | 10.8 miles per day----- 22.0 miles per day----- 3.7 m3/sec. X 108. 
Moareh 10352222 ce) eee ea Ss ee | eee ee a 7.5 m3/sec. x 108. 
August 1938552.22.522)| 42s a a a ee eee 8.5 m3/sec. X108. 
IVIGTUT SECTION ! 
August 1928-3. 2-2 | 40 | 19.0 miles per day----- 33.0 miles per day_-_--_- 7.4 m3/see. 105. 
October 1928 5.2.2... Set 3s SS eee ee es | eee eee eee 7.8 m3/sec. X 108. 
Duly isi ss ee 22 | 13.4 miles per day-_-_-__- 24.0 miles per day----- 2.4 m3/sec. X 108, 
Tniy19ses 22 66 | 12.0 miles per day----- 21.6 miles per day----- 12.1 m3/see. x 108. 


| See station maps, figs. 153 to 155 herein, and Conseil Permanent International, 1929, for difference in 
geographical positions of the sections. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA YS) 


It is seen from the above table that the width, velocity, and conse- 
quent transport of the West Greenland Current vary considerably 
from year to year. The close agreement between the Meteor’s and 
General Greene’s Cape Farewell observations March to August 1935, 
as well as the Godthaab’s and Marion’s Ivigtut observations, regard- 
ing the volume of current, August to October 1928, indicate that the 
variations in the transport of the West Greenland Current sometimes 
are of long periods. A doubling of the volume of the West Green- 
land Current along the southwest coast of Greenland is noted in 2 of 
the 3 years (1928 and 1933). It is also interesting to note from the 
table that the summer which recorded the deficiency in volume of 
current off Ivigtut, 1931, also marked a major branching of the cur- 
rent off Cape Farewell, as shown on the dynamic topographic map 
for that year (fig. 123, p. 167). The foregoing suggests that the sum- 
mers of 1928 and 1933, on the one hand, and the summer of 1931, on 
the other, represent two distinct types of the system of circulation off 
West Greenland. According to this view, the slope band in some 
summers increases in volume between Cape Farewell and Ivigtut, 
while in other summers the West Greenland Current may branch 
southwestward at Cape Farewell, as much as two-thirds of its 
volume mixing offshore in the Labrador Sea. 

Temperature and salinity—The relative positions of, and areas 
occupied by, Atlantic and Arctic water, and the values of the tem- 
perature and the salinity in the maps and sections for 1931, 1933, and 
1934 (figs. 30 to 35) do not differ materially from those described for 
1928. 

In order to compare one summer with another and also consecutive 
months of a single summer, the minimum temperatures of the east 
Greenland Arctic water and the maximum temperatures of the At- 
lantic water of the West Greenland Current have been arranged in 
table form: 


EAST GREENLAND ARCTIC WATER—CAPE FAREWELL 


(Average minimum summer temperature, 0.6°; average depth, 33 meters) 


Date Vessel Station os A ae 
Viv O28: - ste Godthaabass2t asc. 25 See ee see 3 75 —0. 25 
O84 22 @erneraliGreenes.222225 tee kets ae asst 1767 24 —.13 
eV ALOUh see See IDEN oe Oe ee ee ee VII 23 25 . 26 
ANGUS 8) ARS a (eneraliGrepne ew se St hes eet Se ees 1311 0 05 
Rpt ya Lodo meso 4 82 Lee Obese eee eet Peet ak Sey 1542 0 2. 02 
September 1909_____- FSA iGeeee ree: Seed! 2 ee Eee ee 137 90 <1. 00 
September 1928___-_- AVESTIOTIOS te eee es re eet ba AS ee 1080 20 1 4.30 


1 Not included as conjectured to be outside East Greenland Arctic Water. 


EAST GREENLAND ARCTIC WATER—IVIGTUT 


(Average minimum summer temperature, 0.82°; average depth, 60 meters) 


TAIMeNOoRs 2 VCE ick ty ee ere fe ee ee, A 28 75 0. 20 
Daily L031 22 22 Sasa General Greene__-__..-_------- ate a RE 1307 50 —.27 
BV O25 ee lO Ya eee ee net ea el Se 2 ee VII 10 75 .09 
iri hy ef 8 ys aie Be ee eTrleral ron Gn as one ee eee 1546 50 =.10 
AUIPIISE 1LO28— = 3 Neat ae OS eS Sree a Se ee 1076 100 2. 30 


October 1928______-_- (Guay OFS) OL eee oe ee pe 186 10 2.70 


56 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


ATLANTIC WATER—CAPE FAREWELL 


(Average maximum summer temperature, 5.85°; average depth, 130 meters) 


7 . Depth Tempera- 
Date Vessel Station (meters) Gare 
IMay-1928.. 5-2 3255 6 50 5. 49 
JuneI92) 2 ee D VI5 200 3. 96 
July) 1933. ee Ae 1540 113 5. 39 
JULY 19312 <- ees eee d Jes 1313 100 7.60 
JULY 1934. oy Ee Ae 1765 147 6. 65 
August 1928___.---_- i 1083 100 5.85 
September 1909_____- 140 200 >6.00 
ATLANTIC WATER—IVIGTUT 
(Average maximum summer temperature 5.70°; average depth, 135 meters) 

wunestO752s2 a ee 1D): 1 0: ee eee eee ee 2 VI6 300 4.03 
Uy 193 ee ee General iGreene: 2955 ee ee 1303 100 5. 53 
a pbibsea tes) Se) Bee ee eee G0: 25 JSS ee ee ee 1549 98 5. 39 
August 192807... Marion gs 25- = 22 =) Sees 1074 100 6. 00 

7. 58 


October 1928__.___-_-- Godthasbe =) ss eee ee 183 75 


The tables show that the Atlantic water, both in temperature and 
salinity, remains more constant, summer to summer, than does the 
temperature and salinity of the Arctic water. This fact was also 
noted by Béhencke (1931) for the same latitudes off the east coast 
of Greenland. The constancy of the maximum salinity of the At- 
lantic water off the southwest slope of Greenland was remarkable, 
it varying only 0.03% for the three summers, viz. 1928, 35.10%0; 
1931, 35.07%0; and 1934, 35.07%. The saltest water reported from 
the west Greenland section by the Godthaab in 1928 was 35.07%o. 

That variations occur, however, in the average minimum and the 
average maximum temperatures of the West Greenland Current and 
also in its volume has been demonstrated. Helland-Hansen (1934) 
has found that similar important variations take place in the dis- 
charge of the Atlantic Current along the Norwegian coast and also 
that they correlate with certain climatic variations in Scandinavia 
as well as with the area of pack ice in the Barents Sea. 

In the case of the West Greenland Current, which is composed of 
both Arctic and Atlantic water, it is more instructive to include con- 
sideration of its average temperature and its rate of heat transfer 
than simply to compare volumes alone or to compare a series of 
isolated observations. We have, therefore, expanded the table on 
page 54 in accordance with the method described in chapter II. The 
average temperature and the rate of heat transfer of the slope band 
of the West Greenland Current, expressed in million cubic meter 
degrees centigrade per second, varied as follows: 


CAPE FAREWELL SECTION 


Average Rate of 
Date Volume of flow tempera- heat 
ture (°C.) transfer 


May. 28-30, 1928 ae es eee eee 4.0 m3/sec. X106_______-_- eee ene Ar 16.4 
Sept: 2-3, 1926) 2-8. ee eS eae 312)? /SAC*SCLOSE. {Pesan ee 5.5 17.5 
Alig. 1=2) 10g 2 ye oe aes en en 3.7,1n8/SOC SC 100E eS eee eee 5.3 19.6 
July 3-0, 1933.2 2a ee eee 5:8: m2 /Sec: C10 eee ae ee 4.2 24.4 
July 13-14,:1984... 222 2 ee SS Se 3.7 me/sec<106e ses ee es 5.1 18,9 
Mar:'8; 1965... eee eee 720088 SOC ee oe ee 4.0 30.0 
Aug; 19-20, 19355) ee ee 8.5:ms/sec: clOShe eee ee eee 5.0 42.5 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


IVIGTUT SECTION 


57 


Average Rate of 
Date Volume of flow tempera- heat 
ture (°C.) transfer 
DADS 94 RP 2e 8, NPAs ee wee es SO (eaeTTLe/ SCC aL O8e = oS eee 6.0 44.4 
Vlve2S el Galeee sso tat ee Eye 8 i, DM STIR Os. <1 (0 Ee Ee eee ee ee 3.1 7.4 
Uohy TG ach ee ae ee aoe eee Leela s/SOCh LOS s ao. 5 Fee E 4.2 50.8 
(OY ry tot 0 Re Tae ee Sls eee ee AeOuaIS| SCH LOt se He Sao a 5.4 42.1 


Figure 30.—Temperature and salinity at the surface, 100, 200, 400, and 600 meters 


July 27—August 4, 1931 


58 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The above table shows that the West Greenland Current? trans- 
ported more heat per second past Cape Farewell in 1935 than in any 
other summer for which there is record. The additional heat was, 
moreover, due not to a higher mean temperature but to a more volu- 
minous current. At Tvigtut more heat was carried in 1933 than in 
any other year, but there are only data there from three summers 
with which to make comparisons. The greatest variation in the rate 
of heat transfer is noted sg the summer of 1931 at Ivigtut when it 
amounted to only about 25 percent of any of the other summers. 
This deficiency is described above (p. 54) as arising not from lower 
temperature of the current itself, as can be seen from the table of 
average temperatures, but to major branching at Cape Farewell. 


Ficurge 31.—Temperature at 100, 200, 400, and 600 meters July 9-14, 19338 


Variations in the rate of heat transport of the West Greenland Cur- 
rent may have many far-reaching effects. That such variations do 
occur is proved by the quantitative observations included in the fore- 
going table, but as to the range of such variations and what corre- 
lations exist between them and related factors—climatic, biological, 
and glaciological—the data are yet scanty. It may be more than 
simply coincidental, for example, that contemporary with the deficit 
in 1931 of the rate of heat tr ansported northward into Davis Strait 
and toward blockaded iceberg glaciers (Smith, 1931) only 13 ice- 
bergs that spring were rec orded south of Newfoundland, 

In this connection it should be mentioned that the method of ice- 
berg forecasting developed by Smith (1931) and tested by the Coast 


7 Bohnecke (1931) found the Irminger Current in Denmark Strait more voluminous in 
1928 than 1930. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 59 


Guard during the past several years is based solely on meteorological 
factors. From the beginning it was realized that there were other 
factors, and we suspect that two of these are (az) the rate of heat sup- 
ply of the West Greenland Current and (6) the degree of branching 
of the West Greenland Current into the Labrador Sea. The former 
may affect the icebergs near their source and the latter may affect 
them on their journey southward. 


te) 
° 
19 
zo) 


679 372780 250 


ce 6 


30 60 (MILES) 


3.60 


3.26 


FIGURE 32.—Temperature profiles across the continental shelf, A,;, August 1-2, 1931; 
B;, July 28, 1931 


In commenting on the East Greenland Polar Current along the west 
coast of Greenland Nielsen (1928) points out that, if negative tem- 
perature is to be accepted as the index of such water, then often in 
autumn the extension of the East Greenland Current northward of 
Cape Farewell along the west coast dwindles and disappears. Nat- 
urally during summer in sub-Arctic zones higher temperatures pre- 
vail in the upper water layers than at other times of the year. Ac- 

79920—37—_5 


60 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


34.44 34.67 346) 


30 60 (MILES) 


FicurRp 33.—Salinity profiles across the continental shelf, A;, August 1-2, 1931; By, 
July 28, 1931 


cordingly, the tongue of coldest water along the southwest coast of 
Greenland shown by our observations, even if positive in tempera- 
ture (see fig. 15), has been considered by us as representing the East 
Greenland Current, and, if so defined, it cannot be said to disappear 
from the west coast. According to this view east Greenland Arctic 
water suffers major diminution near Fylla Bank, and, while there is 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 61 


a northerly set even to Disko Bay, the proportion of original con- 
stituents are probably very small. The designation of West Green- 
land Current for the northerly set along the west coast of Greenland 
avoids any opportunity for a misunderstanding on this point. 
Nielsen’s (1928) statement that the East Greenland Polar Current 
may carry ice as far north as Egedesminde is believed in error. 
The ice referred to was probably “vestis” (see Smith, 1931, p. 44), 
which in severe winters drifts eastward across Davis Strait and 


60 (MILES) 


Ficurb 34.—Temperature profiles across the continental shelf, Az, July 9, 1933; Bz, 
July 7-138, 1933 


has been reported on the Greenland coast even as far south as 
Holsteinsborg. 

The Dana’s and Godthaab’s sections of temperature extending from 
Godthaab out into the Labrador Sea (Baggesgaard-Rasmussen and 
Jacobsen, 1928) and (Conseil Permanent International, 1929), when 
compared with the corresponding section of the Marion (fig. 20, 
p. 45), reveals that east Gissntand Arctic water does not al ays 
hug the slope as might be inferred from the Marion’s observations 
but may often be present in one of the several branches of the West 
Greenland Current which turn westward into the Labrador Sea. 


62 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


FiGURH 35.—Temperature and salinity profiles across the continental shelf at Cape Fare- 
well, July 13-14, 1934 


ANNUAL CYCLES 


While there are several years’ data with which to trace annual 
variations of temperature and salinity in the west Greenland sector 
for summer and early autumn there have been until recently very 
few surface or subsurface observations collected during other periods 
of the year essential to learn the annual cycle. The information 
available now is contained in a section running southward from 
Cape Farewell. The observations there have been collected at the 
following times: Meteor, March 1935; Godthaab, May 1928; and 
Marion, September 1928. 

A comparison of the vertical distribution of the temperature, 
salinity, and density off Cape Farewell at the end of winter, again 
the latter part of spring, and finally at the end of summer (fig. 36) 
indicates that throughout the year cold low-salinity water (east 
Greenland-Arctic) prevails in the surface layers next to the coast, 
while farther offshore at deeper levels persists warmer, saltier water 
(Irminger-Atlantic). 

The extent to which the system of circulation in the northwestern 
North Atlantic is affected by wintertime conditions has heretofore 
been speculative. That the West Greenland Current, however, pre- 
vails throughout the year is apparent from a comparison of the 
March to September profiles (fig. 36) one with another. The com- 
puted volume of the West Greenland Current at Cape Farewell in 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 63 
March 1935 of 7.5 million cubic meters per second when compared 
with volumes found there in August 1935 and also during several 
other summers proves that the West Greenland Current is apparently 
not seasonal, or, if seasonal, that effect is masked by greater varia- 
tions noncyclic in character. 

The effects of winter chilling of the surface layers, and consequent 
convectional mixing, are, however, plainly visible (fig. 36), where the 
temperature and salinity g gradients of May and September were com- 
pletely erased by March. The sections furnish information on the 
annual temperature range of the surface layers outside the shelf 
off Cape Farewell. The temperature in the axis of the Inminger- 
Atlantic current probably rises from a minimum in February, of 
about 4° C. to a maximum of slightly over 8° C. in September. 
In the fresher water near the coast it probably ranges from —1.3° 
C. at the end of winter to around 3.0° C. or 4.0° C. at the end of 
summer. The May section of the Godthaab apparently recorded a 
point about midway of the annual cycle. 

The average temperature and the rate of heat transfer of the 
West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell at the three seasons was 


computed as follows: 


Annual thermal cycle of the West Greenland Current (Cape Farewell) 


Average Rate of 
Date neue of tempera- heat 
ture transfer 
WiaYiaSOdDE se = 2 eS 32! EE as ee ee See 7.5 4.0 30. 0 
May 28-30, 1928_______- ohn EMS Ee ES og EE a SR OS 5 Sars 4.0 4.1 16.4 
Chor ESS Ge ae ere eee fos |. eee 3 on2 4.4 Line 


Despite the winter chilling of the surface layers of the West Green- 
land Current, the table shows that in some winters, at least, the cur- 
rent transports more heat into the Labrador Sea than it does at 
other times of a year. 

The higher average temperature of the deeper parts of the cur- 
rent in March 1935 was also accompanied, according to the salinity 
profile (fig. 36), by a correspondingly higher salinity. Warm, salty 

water apparently mixed and sank to oreater depths off Cape "Fare- 
well in March 1935 than in any of the summers for which there is 
record. 

A more thorough internal mixing during winter below the fric- 
tional influence of the wind may have been due to convectional cur- 
rents, but an examination of the density profile reveals generally a 
fair stability. The stability of any column in the section, 0—1,500 
meters, was greatest closest to Cape Farewell and decreased directly 
with the distance from the coast. Farthest out from the shore (Me- 
teor’s station 120, fig. 36) the density was uniformly 27.75, surface 
to 220 meters, but below there the density progressively increased 
with depth to 27.88 at 1 ,000 meters. The maximum depth, there- 
fore, to which convectional chilling was directly and actively pene- 
trating around Cape Farewell ‘March 7-8, 1935, was probably about 
220 meters. Wintertime convectional currents are, however, believed 


64 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


to have assisted salty water downward to depths of 1.200 and 1,500 
meters at J/eteor’s station 120, prior, however, to the time of, and 
upstream from the place of, the actual taking of the observations. 
The depth of vertical convection farther offshore is discussed in 
chapter VIII. 

No wintertime observations have ever been taken northward of 
Cape Farewell in the west Greenland sector, but an indication of 
the annual cycle is contained in the Ivigtut sections of the Marion 
and Godthaab. The Marion ran the Ivigtut section the last few 
days of August 1928, and the Godthaab repeated the survey the first 
week in October (fig. 37). The close proximity of the two sections 
in geographical position and the recorded constancy of the West 
Greenland Current during the interval of about 5 weeks lend accu- 
racy to a direct comparison between relative heat values as follows: 


Ivigtut section 


Average Rate of 
Date Volume of flow tempera- heat 
ture (°C.) transfer 


AD Cy 7 ayo Lt) Ee re ee ee pe ES || Cee ben OSC a 5. 96 44.1 
Oct 8 -ON19 28323 aes 23 eee MR ONIILS SOC Gk ie eee ee 5. 40 42.1 


The rate of heat transfer of the West Greenland Current August 
28 to October 9, 1928, without appreciable change of the volume 
of flow diminished 2.0 million cubic meter degrees centigrade per 
second in a period of about 5 weeks. This decline in the rate of 
heat supply is attributed directly to the seasonal cooling of the 
surface layers. 

A table recording in more detail the volume of the West Greenland 
Current, previously depicted on the velocity profiles, and described 
in this chapter is appended herewith. 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 65 


Volume of West Greenland current 


[Millions cubic meters per second] 


1928 1931 


Section and position 
South North North South North North 


Section A: 


Section and position 
South North North South North North 


Section A: 


See ge eer a el ae ss bn 
pines Se rede SIO eee! Ne) } on 2----- -|----------|---------- 3.71 |---------- 
Ota eee 3 2 to ek 76 6. 52 5. 76 1. 55 4. 07 2352 
Section B: 
SR ees a gee | Me | See RI Fe Ts 
SiG. CURR, 6 = an rnnenn ee ae } 12.57 |--------~-|----------|----------|---------- 
Io qe Ce ee ee ee eee . 48 12. 57 12.09) 2 22 eee eee ae 
ES 2 es eS ag ae 


CHAPTER V 


THE DAVIS SECTOR 
THE SURFACE CURRENTS 


The name, “Davis Strait”, is used here for the narrow part of the 
waterway which separates Greenland and Baffin Land (p. 2). The 
bathymetric map of this region (fig. 38) shows the two basins, 
Labrador and Baffin, connected by a winding channel, which, as 
marked by the 600 meters isobath, averages 40 miles in width and. 
with a threshold depth of 675 meters. Because all exchanges be- 
tween the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay necessarily have to pass 
across this sill, particular investigation has been devoted to the Davis 
Strait sector. Besides the Coast Guard’s data, the Godthaab expedi- 
tion’s observations, Riis-Carstensen (1936), and the Michael Sars’ 
observations, Martens (1929) have also been utilized. For the geo- 
graphical position of the stations see figure 38. In constructing the 
series of dynamic topographic maps shown in figure 39, Godthaab’s 
station number 162, latitude 67°48.5’ north, longitude 60°48’ west, 
was selected as the datum station for the surveyed area, except for 
Marion stations 986 to 994, which have been referred to Marion sta- 
tion 984, latitude 63°10’ north, longitude 56°32’ west. The dynamic 
heights for the above stations, similar to those of the Coast Guard, 
have been computed in accordance with the anomaly tables published 
by Sverdrup (1933) and the method referred to by Helland-Hansen 
(1934). 

It will be recalled from this theorem that if motionless water is 
correctly assumed at the selected level (usually a deep level between 
two deep-water stations), all motion is accounted for even at the 
bottom of the shoalest stations. An important step in the method, 
however, is the correct determination or portrayal of the distribution 
of the anomaly of specific volume along the bottom of the shoal water 
stations in the section. That errors in the dynamic height and the 
computed velocity at shoal water stations may result from the above 
source was demonstrated in our work when a common inshore sta- 
tion was approached along two converging sections. For example, 
the computed dynamic heights of station 45, based upon the distribu- 
tion of specific volume in a vertical plane passed through station 
42 and another plane passed through station 46, were 1,454.874 
dynamic meters and 1,454.900 dynamic meters, respectively. A 
similar discrepancy arose in the computed dynamic heights of sta- 
tion 168 which were 1,454.879 and 1,454.823 dynamic meters by 
different approaches. The difference in the first case when expresesd 
in terms of motion introduces an error of 1.7 centimeters per sec- 
ond, which is not great, but in the second case the difference repre- 
sents a current of 7.3 centimeters per second, which is relatively 
significant. When the dynamic values for each one of the stations 
in the Davis Strait sector were plotted, and a topographic map at- 


66 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 67 


‘72 4173) ‘Ia 175 
ip aS sfGre 
-HELLETISKE 
on ee 


ee 5S 54? 


FIGURE 38.—The Davis Strait sector: [1 Michael Sars stations, 1924; + Marion stations, 1928; © God- 
thaab stations, 1928. 


68 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


tempted, it was immediately perceived, moreover, that the dynamic 
values of adjacent stations not in the same section exhibited undue 
irregularities. Similar conditions appearing at the 500 meter level 
(a depth beyond the seasonal influence in this type of water), indi- 
cated that errors were probably introduced by incorrect assumptions 
as to the distribution of anomaly of specific volume. It must be 
admitted, however, that the time embraced by the observations taken 
by three separate expenditions easily affords opportunity for both 
seasonal and secular changes of considerable magnitude, and it 
must be realized that in a waterway, such as Davis Strait, wide and 
rapid fluctuations are to be expected. Consequently the dynamic 
topographic maps shown here can present only the outstanding fea- 
tures of circulation through the strait. 

The most striking feature as shown on figure 39 is the vigorous 
south-flowing band which dominates the western side of the strait, 
penetrating downward there more than 500 meters—the so-called 
Baffin Land Current. This stream was widest and most rapid at the 
surface, showing a maximum calculated velocity of 26 centimeters 
per second (12.5 miles per day) over the slope between Cape Kater 
and Cape Dier. The velocity decreased inversely with the depth, a 
velocity of 6 centimeters per second (2.9 miles per day) being re- 
corded at the 500-meter level. 

The eastern side of Davis Strait, figure 39, shows a weak but 
widespread drift of water northward. From the surface down to the 
200-meter level this movement was given continuity by narrow bands 
of more rapid current which reflected the outline of the west Green- 
land banks in this sector. The northerly set in the surface layers 
constituted importations to many coastal estuaries and to Disko Bay 
where the indraft along the Egedesminde shore partially compen- 
sated for the discharge past Godhavn. 

Below 200 meters (see 500 meters, fig. 39), northerly current 
filled the eastern half of the Davis Strait Channel and continued 
northward into Baffin Bay. The current at the 500-meter level with 
a mean velocity of approximately 3 centimeters per second (1.5 miles 
per day), according to figure 39, appeared stronger and more endur- 
ing than the similarly directed movement in the upper layers. The 
fact that this current at 500 meters was composed of water much 
warmer and more saline than its surroundings (see figs. 42 and 44) 
positively identifies it as that part of the West Greenland Current 
which had continued farthest northward along the Greenland slope. 
It is our conjecture that this current represents the main source of 
supply of the well-known warm intermediate layer of Baffin Bay and 
partially compensates for the discharge of the Baffin Land Current in 
the west. 

The eddies and swirls noted at every one of the levels of the Davis 
Strait Channel (fig. 39) are believed characteristic features of the 
circulation which continually develop as a result of the mixing along 
the margins of dissimilar types of water. 

Many Disko Bay icebergs (mostly from Jacobshavn and Torsuka- 
tak glaciers) as previously pointed out (p. 36) are borne out of the 
bay in the discharge which hugs the Disko Island slope. (See sur- 
face current map, fig. 39, and velocity profile F,, fig. 11.) The 


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ied - 


Oe wp cingaa' eae 
te at 
(? a 3 


ts 
aH 


ears q 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 69 


dynamic topographic map of Baffin Bay (fig. 126, p. 170) indicates 
that many of the Disko Bay icebergs are carried northward with the 
current through the Vaigat. Once outside the coastal estuaries and 
headlands, as indicated by the slope currents (fig. 126), the icebergs 
follow a generally cyclonic circuit of Baffin Bay. There is no evi- 
dence from the dynamic topographic maps that icebergs in the south- 
ern part of Baffin Bay drift directly across to the Baffin Land Cur- 
rent. The Marion on her track between Disko Island and Cape Dier 
sighted no icebergs out in the central part of Davis Strait. 


CROSS SECTIONS OF THE CURRENTS 


The stations shown on figure 38 have been grouped into a total 
of five cross sections of the currents in the Davis Strait sector as 
shown on figure 40, All of the velocity profiles with little exception 
emphasize the main features of the circulation described in the 
horizontal projections. The Baffin Land Current with velocity lines 
ranging from 5 to 20 centimeters per second in the heart of the 
current appears on all the profiles, filling the western half of Davis 
Strait. The West Greenland Current, much weaker, with velocity 
lines varying from 1 to 5 centimeters per second, prevailed in the 
eastern half of the strait. A band of northbound Greenland coastal 
current is also to be noted in each one of the profiles. The southerly 
current, which appears at stations 161 to 159 on profile 4, and sta- 
tions 1014 to 1013, profile 5 (fig. 40), refers to the discharge from 
Disko Bay which the plane of the section intersected at an acute 
angle. ‘The successive areas of alternate northerly and southerly 
current recorded on the right side of profile 5 (fig. 40) probably 
refer to a single band of winding current which followed the trend 
of Disko Island Bank. 

The dynamic gradient resulting from the warmer and fresher 
waters in over the Greenland banks accounts for the northerly 
movement of the surface layers* on the east side of Davis Strait. 
It is quite certain after studying the distribution of temperature 
and salinity across Davis Strait (see fig. 44) that the same dynamic 
factors extend down over the edge of the Greenland slope and re- 
sult in northerly motion of the deeper water there. The higher 
temperature and salinity of the band of current centered at 500 
meters on the Greenland slope (see fig. 40, profiles 1, 2, and 5) has 
already been identified as Irminger-Atlantic portions of the West 
Greenland Current. Previous published statements have pointed out 
that this warm water is forced up over the Davis Strait Ridge as 
an undercurrent to Baffin Bay. The impression of an undercurrent 
has probably been much accentuated by the behavior of the Baffin 
Land Current, which, being the more vigorous and lighter, often 
floods eastward in the surface layers, overriding the West Green- 
land Current. This appears to be the most logical explanation at 
present for the position of the currents depicted in profile 1 (fig. 40), 
and also for the notion that Atlantic water penetrates northward 
into Baffin Bay as an undercurrent only. 

® Nielsen (1928) identified surface water in Disko Bay which had been encovntered 


eeelier in a wide area over Great Hellefiske Bank more than a hundred miles south- 
ward. 


70 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 


O 10 20 30(MILES) 


is 
168 1019 1017 1016 1015 1014 1013 loll 1009 1007 
Te y 


70 


15~ 


Ficure 40.—Five velocity profiles across Davis Strait expressed in centimeters per sec- 
ond. The solid lines represent southerly current and the broken lines northerly current. 
(1) Michael Sars, August 16-18, 1924: (2) Godthaab, September 17—19, 1928; (3) 
Michael Sars, August 9-13, 1924; (4) Godthaab, September 12-14, 1928; (5) Marion, 
August 13-17, 1928. 


The velocity profiles are particularly valuable in revealing the 
volume of the exchanges across the Davis Strait Ridge. These are 
contained in the following table expressed in millions of cubic meters 
per second: 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA vial 


Volume of flow 


[Millions of cubic meters per second] 


West 

ss on Greenland 

(south) Current 

: (north) 
StF) Coys ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 1. 92 0. 61 
SOCviOn 225.22. een er ee 5 bee ie a Ss ee oe eee 2. 68 1.12 
Sechlon’ 3222 Sse Rae eee ee bg fee ee kee 1,78 ,|ee ee, 
BECtion( 4: 25 ewes ES aya ee Sa ee eee 4, 29 1. 87 
Section. 5... - 22 SS re. | a 2c es ae eS EE ee eee 2. 55 . 93 
ASV CLAY 6 Sean = Ree eS eS ee ne 2. 64 1.13 


The table shows that the volume of flow of the Baffin Land Cur- 
rent through section 4 much exceeded that through any of the other 
sections. Reference to the station map (fig. 38) indicates that sec- 
tion 4 crossed the deep water in the southern end of Baffin Bay 
about 60 miles north of the shallowest part of Davis Strait Ridge. 
It is possible that the Baffin Land Current is subject to considerable 
fluctuation in volume, but the added fact that the three other cross 
sections of the Baffin Land Current taken over the ridge itself re- 
corded a volume of current that varied little from 2 million cubic 
meters per second supports the conjecture that the Baffin Land 
Current is notably constant in rate of transport. In view of the 
foregoing it seems most probable that significant under portions 
of the Baffin Land Current on meeting the rise of the bottom, at 
the south end of the bay, are deflected to the left following around 
the side of the basin. Making suitable allowances, therefore, for 
the larger volume of the Baffin Land Current recorded farther north- 
ward in the bay, the normal volume of the discharge across Davis 
Strait Ridge into the Labrador Sea is placed at 2 million cubic 
meters per second. 

The average rate of transport of the West Greenland Current 
through Davis Strait according to the table is 1.13 million cubic 
meters per second. Section 3, as can be seen from the station map 
(fig. 38), did not extend more than halfway across Davis Strait 
and therefore furnishes no information on the volume of the West 
Greenland Current. If the total volume of northward flow is about . 
equally divided between the inshore surface layers and the deeper 
slope band, it agrees well with previous computations made of the 
West Greenland Current at points farther south. (See p. 65.) 

It is concluded from the foregoing that the average rate of ex- 
change of the water between Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea is 
in the ratio of about 2 to 1, and the West Greenland Current through 
Davis Strait definitely fails, therefore, to maintain the renewal of 
Baffin Bay water. 


HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The distribution of temperature at 75 meters (fig. 41) reflects 
the courses of the two main currents through Davis Strait—the 
frigid Baffin Land Current, on the one hand, and the northward 
drift of the Greenland shelf waters on the other. The area of 


fz MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


warmest water recorded in the lower right-hand corner of figure 41 
marks the upper layers of the West Greenland Current which have 
been further heated by the summer’s sun. Little or no indication 
of the penetration of the West Greenland Current into Baffin Bay 
is to be found on figure 41. This strengthens the conjecture pre- 
viously advanced that the more important inflow to Baffin Bay 
follows along the deeper part of the Greenland slope and joins the 
intermediate layers north of the ridge. The blanket-like layer of 


Ficurp 41.—The temperature at 75 meters. 


frigid water at 75 meters as marked by the —1.5° C. isotherm on 
figure 41 is spread completely across to the Disko Island slope. 
This suggests an eastward flooding of the Baffin Land Current which 
as interpreted by these observations overrode the warm current from 
the south. Such behavior of the surface currents in the Davis Strait 
sector are believed common, especially in winter when it is well 
known that pack ice is carried, partly by wind and partly by current, 
over to the Greenland coast. 

The strongest evidence that the previously described exchanges of 
water through Davis Strait are divisible longitudinally into a 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 73 


cold, fresh current on the west and a warmer, saltier one on the east 
is contained in the temperature and salinity maps for the 500-meter 
level (fig. 42). There is also a suggestion in the form and position 
of the isotherms and the isohalines near the 100-meter isobath at 
the southern end of Baffin Bay (fig. 15) that the Baffin Land Cur- 
rent at times spreads southeasterly in the surface layers toward 
Great Hellefiske Bank and may even dam temporarily the northward 
set of the Greenland waters. 


62 60 58 = Bee ae ee 38 So 34 


FigurE 42.—The temperature and salinity at 500 meters. 


VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


Martens (1929) has published cross sections of the temperature 
and salinity taken along the top of the ridge and has given a clear 
exposition of what are regarded as normal conditions. Two sections 
only of temperature and salinity, therefore, are presented here— 
Marion’s section 5 and Godthaab’s section 2, both of which illustrate 
interesting features of the above variables. 

Marion’s section 5 (fig. 43), following southwesterly along the 
edge of Disko Island Bank, intersected typical banks water. The 
intermediate and bottom water, with temperatures below 0° C., were 
probably reminiscent of winter chilling. The warmest and saltiest 
water, according to the profile, is noted at a depth of 400 meters 
on the Greenland slope. Arctic water with temperatures less than 
0° C. from station 1015 southward filled the surface layers to a 


74 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


depth of 250 meters. Below that, and most pronounced on the bot- 
tom, temperatures as high as 2° C., and salinities of 34.50% , indi- 
cate that even as far north as Marion’s station 1021, in latitude 65°- 
37’, longitude 59°05’, west Greenland water sometimes is found under 


\ fla el ee! 
O 30 60 (MILES) 


2986 3069 2939 30.94 32.40 33.61 


Ficure 43.—The vertical distribution of temperature and salinity across Davis Strait 
August 13-17, 1928, as shown by Marion’s stations 1007-1025. 


the Arctic water on the Baffin Land shelf. The negative tempera- 
tures and salinities about 34.50%, noted in section 5 (fig. 43), below 
depths of 800 meters, represent true Baffin Bay bottom water that 1s 
barred from the Labrador Sea by the Davis Strait Ridge. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 75 


Section 2 (fig. 44), based on the Godthaab’s observations, follows 
the shoaler part of the ridge across Davis Strait. The temperature 
profile is the more interesting as it more clearly delineates the cur- 
rents. The water less than —1.0° C., which rested against the Baffin 
Land slope, represents the heart of the Baffin Land Current. The 


Ficurn 44.—The vertical distribution of temperature and salinity across Davis Strait 
September 17-19, 1928, as shown by section 2, Godthaab’s stations 168-175. 


core of —1.0° water centered at 100 meters, station 172, however, 

when compared with velocity profile 2 (fig. 40) is found to have a 

northerly component. This apparent inconsistency is due to the 

presence of a cyclonic eddy previously described on page 71. The 

core of water warmer than 1.0° C., which filled the eastern side 
79920376 


76 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


ot the channel around the 400-meter depth, marks Irminger-Atlan- 
tic water of the West Greenland Current. In its passage of 600 
miles along the Greenland slope this water, solely through mixing, 
lost approximately 4° C. of its temperature and 0.50%p,) of its 
salinity in a period of 3 months after passing Cape Farewell. The 
salinity profile (fig. 44) records two reservoirs of fresh water, one 
on either side of Davis Strait, the larger of which hugged the 
American side. Solely on the basis of such a distribution, currents 
normal to the section are predicated for Davis Strait with the more 
voluminous flow on the Baffin Land side. 

A north-south temperature profile through Davis Strait (fig. 45) 
emphasizes the shearing action of the currents—a southerly com- 


—————). 


01020 40 60 (MILEs) 


Ficur® 45.—The vertical distribution of temperature longitudinally through midchannel 
of Davis Strait. (For station identification, see fig. 38.) 


ponent dominated the upper layers to a depth of nearly 300 meters 
and a northerly component prevailed from there to the bottom. 
In this manner cold water spread southward in the surface layers 
and warmer water worked northward into Baffin Bay. Practically 
identical salinity but higher temperature of the channel stream 
across Davis Strait Ridge marked this branch of the West Green- 
Jand Current as an eventual supply of Baffin Bay. 

The extent of the production and propagation of the bottom 
water of Baffin Bay is of particular interest to us, inasmuch as 
such water may indirectly affect the deeper water of the Labrador 
Basin. That a great part of the bottom water of Baffin Bay is 
probably formed by the intermixture of Atlantic and Arctic masses 
in the northern part of the bay is the opinion of Commander Ruis- 
Carstensen expressed in a letter to one of us. The oxygen dis- 
tribution of Baffin Bay (fig. 148, p. 187) indicates that bottom water 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA ed 


is renewed at a very slow rate. Baffin Bay bottom water (as cold 
as —0.89° C. and with uniform salinity ca 34.49%, below the level 
of Davis Strait sill (figs. 142 and 143) is, of course, directly barred 
from the much warmer water of the Labrador Sea. The eventual 
displacement of even the deepest layers in Baffin Bay, however, most 
probably takes place through upwelling and mixing with lighter 
water in the bay itself and thus escapes as Baffin Land Current. 

A computation of the rate of heat transported by the Baffin Land 
Current and the West Greenland Current across the Davis Strait 
Ridge through section 2 (fig. 40) has been made from the God- 
thaab’s observations, stations 167-175. 


Average Rate of heat 


tempera- Transfer 
ture @G)a), See 


TEaiit Lug) OWN Ge oe aia Sete ee ee eee ee See eee —0.6 —1.6 
FAVORS? (Cie aval ae) aT Ee eee ae see ees 152 1.4 


The fact that the Godthaab’s section 2 was taken in September 1928 
only a short distance from section 1 (fig. 838) made by the Michael 
Sars in August 1924 affords a good opportunity also to learn what 
annual variations, if any, occur in the waters of Davis Strait. The 
sections to which reference is made have been published by Martens 
(1929) and Riis-Carstensen (1936). A comparison between the two 
profiles shows that the north and south currents occupied similar 
relative positions. It is surprising, therefore, to find on comparing 
summertime temperature profiles that the slope band of the West 
Greenland Current was much warmer and saltier in 1924 than in 
1928. The actual figures taken in the heart of the current, at 500- 
meters depth on the Greenland slope, are— 


Year (OF 9/00 
Sica Se ES tO ee eo Dk tess 4.08 34. 88 
eee oe an nee oe A PU ce a a a a 1. 20 34. 48 


The temperature and salinity of the Baffin Land Current for the 
two summers, on the other hand, was nearly constant. 

_ The transport of salt through Davis Strait based on the observa- 
tions of stations contained in section 2 (fig. 40) was— 


Rate of salt 
Dy eraee transport 
(960) (Kg./sec.) 
‘ X10-5 
IoPaii: asia Chimp sos 2h sie eee eer Oe eee nee ee ee 34. 01 91.1 
WesmOrconianceCurrentememes 0 el A ee ee 34. 32 38. 4 
ING REOLICHESHIUILT ATS DOLLS = a ie ye ee Ne ee ee 52.7 


Although the West Greenland Current was of higher average 
salinity than the Baffin Land Current, the much greater volume of 
the latter resulted in more salt being transported out of Baffin Bay 


78 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


across the Davis Strait Ridge than entered bier. A net south rate 
of salt transport of 52.0 million kilograms per second was obtained 
based on the observations of the Michael Sars as contained in section 
1 (fig. 40). Assuming, therefore, a salt balance is being maintained 
in Ballin Bay, the above deficit indicated through Davis Strait must 
be compensated by an excess through Lancaster “Sound, Jones Sound, 
and Smith Sound. : 

It appears from the foregoing that the branch of the West Green- 
land Current through Davis Strait is subject to considerable varia- 
tion in temper ature e. Similar variations in temperature at muid- 
depths in the West Greenland Current farther south (p. 58) suggest 
they are related. The fact that the above differences are greatest at 
depths of 400 and 500 meters eliminates the wind and other surface 
elements as directly involved factors. Even the variations in the 
volume of the West Greenland Current noted around Cape Farewell 
are often probably reflected in excesses or deficits of heat imported 
to Baffin Bay. The abnormal scarcity of ice in Baffin Bay reported 
by Bartlett (1936) corresponds well with the excess in the rate of 
heat supply (p. 63) past Cape Farewell March to August 1935. 

It should be added in conclusion that the above “remarks apply 
to the behavior and character of the currents in summer. But it 
seems logical that the rate of exchanges and the circulation through 
Davis Strait might be less active in winter when most of the sea 
in this region is ice covered. Insofar as the West Greenland Cur- 
rent is concerned, however, evidence has been presented (p. 63) 
which refutes any apparent semblance of seasonal character. What 
actually happens in the 8 months outside of summer in the region 
of Davis Strait is wholly unknown. 


CuHaAPTerR VI 
THE AMERICAN SECTOR 


The American sector is the term applied here to the shelf and slope 
waters embraced by the U. 8S. Coast Guard’s surveys north of St. 
John’s, Newfoundland, during the years 1928, 1931, 1933, and 1934. 
The 1928 observations, upon which the discussion is based, were made 
along a series of sections, H to Q, as shown on figure 46. 


60 50 
CUMBERLAND GULF 


FicurE 46—The American sector, 1928. Sections are as follows: H. Cumberland Sound ; 
I, Frobisher Bay; J, Resolution Island; K, Nachvak Fjord; L, Cape Harrigan; M, 
Hamilton Inlet; N, Domino Island; O, Belle Isle; P, White Bay; and Q, St. John’s. 


The American sector embraces two principal slope currents—the 
Baffin Land Current and the Labrador Current. This division of the 
south flowing waters along the American continental slope, from El- 
lesmere Land to the Grand Banks, into two currents, differs mate- 
rially from the previous classifications. As a rule, the flow over this 
entire range is considered as pertaining to one current, the Labrador. 


79 


80 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


It will be demonstrated, however, that the Arctic current shortly 
after crossing Davis Strait Ridge is joined by a branch of the West 
Greenland Current of greater volume. The union of these two 
streams so fundamentally alters the physical character of the current 
south of this point that a new designation is necessitated. The june- 
tion of the Baffin Land and West Greenland Currents not far south 
of the Davis Strait Ridge may be said to represent, therefore, the 
source region of the Labrador Current. 


THE SURFACE CURRENTS 


The surface waters of the American sector, July 22 to September 
11, 1928, were in southward motion at velocities ranging from 5 to 
38 miles per day in the axis of the currents.° The surface current 
map (fig. 47) reveals that the inshore margin of the Labrador Cur- 
rent entered along the northern shores of the many bays and gulfs 
which indent the American coast line, but such circuitous arms 
‘ sooner or later rejoined the trunk stream in the form of discharges 
out of the southern sides of the same estuaries. Especially noticeable 
are the major openings in the American littoral of Hudson Strait 
and the Strait of Belle Isle. Considerable quantities of Labrador 
Current entered along the Baffin Land side of Hudson Strait by 
rounding Resolution Island and also by passing through Gabriel 
Strait. Icebergs, according to Smith (1931), have been carried by 
this inflow for a distance of 150 miles where, near Big Island, they 
nearly all recurve and drift out past Cape Chidley, Labrador. 

Continuing down the coast, the Labrador Current followed an 


easy sinuous course which exhibited two major bends—the one be-. 


tween Cape Harrigan and Cape Harrison, Labrador, and the other 
between Cape Bauld and Funk Island, Newfoundland. The Coast 
Guard’s observations in the Labrador and Newfoundland areas in- 
dicate that more bergs strand along the American coast opposite 
these bends than elsewhere. The Labrador Current also received 
continual contributions from the streams which in summer form 
copious discharges from the many lakes and fiords. This reservoir 
of fresh water along the inshore side of the current plus the water 
released by melting drift ice doubtless compensates for the continual 
salting which the current receives along its outer side. 

On meeting the northern face of the Grand Banks in the latitude 
of St. John’s the Labrador Current was split, and the slope band con- 
tinued down the east side of the Grand Banks, while an inshore 
branch followed the gully past Cape Race. It is the latter stream 
which is responsible for the icebergs (Smith 1931, p. 151) often 
reported in the vicinity of Cape Race. 

The offshore margin of the Baffin Land Current, as it emerged 
from Baffin Bay the summer of 1928, was bounded by cyclonic vortices 
as shown on figure 47. These were displaced, however, in the margin 
of the Labrador Current, Hudson Strait to Hamilton Inlet, by bands 
of current converging from the Labrador Sea. On the dynamic 
 8Tt will be noted that the velocity values shown on fig. 47 differ in most cases 
from those published by Smith (1931, fig. 96). The velocity values shown on the latter 
illustration represent the average velocity of a given band of current, while in fig. 
47 the values represent the maximum velocities in the axis of the currents. The recalcu- 


lation of the dynamic heights in accordance with methods described on p. 19 has also 
modified the stream lines of the currents from those earlier recorded. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 81 


60 5O 40 


60 50 


FigurRE 47.—The Labrador Current, July 22—September 11, 1928. The velocities shown 
in miles per day indicate the axis of maximum flow. 


82 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


topographic map of the Labrador Sea (fig. 122, p. 167) these several 
tortuous streams are traced to the West Greenland Current, which, as 
emphasized in chapter LV, branched westward toward the American 
shore, the bulk of the West Greenland contribution in 1928, as 
indicated on figure 47, met the American slope between latitudes 68° 
and 65°, where the Corolian force steepened the dynamic gradient 
and accelerated the slope current. One of the most important 
branches of the West Greenland Current, described on page 33, as 
parting from the slope off Godthaab, is the same as that shown on 
figure 47, as joining the Baffin Land Current on the Baffin Land 
slope, in the vicinity of latitude 64°. Although relic traces of 
Irminger-Atlantic water were found as far north as 65° 387’ (p. 42), 
they apparently formed no continuous current and, therefore, the 
more southern position is held to have marked in 1928 the source 
region of the Labrador Current. The point of junction of the Baffin 
Land Current and the West Greenland Current is probably subject to 
considerable fluctuation along the Baffin Land slope from the Davis 
Strait Ridge southward. The physical character and the distribu- 
tion of velocity of the currents before and after forming the Labra- 
dor Current are discussed further in vertical cross section, on 
page 83. : 

The farthest offshore observations, which are located in the lower 
right-hand part of figure 47, indicate the presence of a northerly 
countercurrent. Had the 1928 survey been extended a little farther 
offshore in this region, more definite statements regarding the circu- 
lation there could be made. In the light of subsequent Coast Guard 
observations (p. 170) it can be stated, however, that in 1928 outer por- 
tions of the Labrador Current in the vicinity of latitude 53°, longi- 
tude 50°, joined in an easterly set with a branch of the Atlantic 
Current. 

Two areas marking weak currents are noted near Hudson Strait 
on figure 47, the one due east of the strait and the other extended 
for about 150 miles southward of Hudson Strait along the coast. In 
the first case the continuation of the Hudson Strait trough across 
the continental shelf forms an embayment of deeper water around 
which, in 1928, the currents were turned cyclonically. The free 
area along the coast south of Hudson Strait is also attributed 
to the shelf contour; the bottom being flat and near the surface 
caused the more rapid currents to sweep out around the steepest 
inclination of the slope. 

A third region of weak circulation was located over a broad de- 
pression in the continental shelf southeast of Belle Isle, around which 
a cyclonic eddy was developed. 

An interesting feature of the Labrador Current in 1928 was the 
apparent tendency as revealed by the streamlines (fig. 47) to group 
themselves in two bands—the one over the inshore portion of the 
continental shelf and the other over the steepest part of the slope. 
The banding may have been due to (a) the bottom configuration, one 
of the chief features of the Labrador shelf being a series of longi- 
tudinal folds which are to be seen in many of the cross sections (figs. 
48, 50 and 51); or (6) the separate sources of the Labrador Current; 
or (c) a combination of (a) and (6). The Baffin Land Current as 
described (p. 68) was a relatively shallow, frigid stream which, hold- 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 83 


ing to the shelf, deflected much of its waters into Hudson Strait. 
Those portions of the Baffin Land Current which continued directly 
down the Labrador coast (fig. 47) were joined by an outflow from the 
south side of Hudson Strait. This stream constituted the inshore 
band of the Labrador Current throughout the remainder of its 
length. The outer belt, on the other hand, impinging in about lati- 
tude 63° in 1928, prevailed along the continental edge as far south as 
the observations extended off St. John’s. This band of the Labrador 
Current, reflecting its West Greenland source as shown on page 45, 
was much warmer, deeper, and more rapid than the inshore one. 
The banding of the Labrador Current and its effect on the drift of 
icebergs has been discussed by Smith (1931). 

It will be noted that the velocities of the Labrador Current in 1928 
were much greater south of Hudson Strait than north of that latitude. 
The acceleration of the current is attributed to the convergence of 
the West Greenland Current from the east as well as the discharge 
from Hudson Strait on the west. Land drainage from the Hudson 
Bay Basin alone indicates that the discharge through Hudson Strait 
probably exceeds the inflow. Tangible evidence of such contribu- 
tions is to be observed in the increase of the stream lines on the cur- 
rent map (fig. 47) just south of Hudson Strait. A computation of 
the volume of the currents through Hudson Strait, based on stations 
1285-1287 taken by the General Greene in 1931, gave a net discharge 
of about 1.0 million cubic meters per second. The fact, however, that 
these stations did not completely span the strait on the north and 
also that the inflow through Gabriel Strait was unaccounted for. 
causes us to estimate the net discharge to have been 0.5 million cubic 
meters per second. 

In conclusion it may be stated that the surface waters of the 
Labrador Current are collected from the following principal sources: 
The West Greenland Current, the Baffin Land Current, Hudson 
Strait, and the Strait of Belle Isle. On the other hand, the Labrador 
Current discharges as follows: into Hudson Strait; into the Strait of 
Belle Isle; eastward into the Labrador Sea, south of the latitude of 
Hamilton Inlet; southward past Newfoundland; and throughout its 
length through cabbeling along its offshore side. (See p. 175.) 


CROSS SECTION OF THE CURRENTS 


In order to make a systematic study, the 1928 observations have 
been grouped in a series of ten vertical cross sections, H to Q (fig. 
46), more or less equally spaced between Cumberland Gulf, Baffin 
Land, and St. John’s, Newfoundland. 

Cumberland Gulf—aA section of the Baffin Land Current in the 
offing of Cumberland Gulf on the point of being joined by a branch 
of the West Greenland Current is represented by H (fig. 48). The 
profile shows that below the surface the south-flowing current was 
divided into two bands by a wall of dead water. In the outer band 
the 5-centimeter-per-second-velocity line extended to a depth of ap- 
proximately 300 meters, but there was weak southerly current even 
down to 600 meters. This draft undoubtedly marks the depth of 
the sill of Davis Strait over which the current had recently passed. 
If the velocity lines on section H (fig. 48) be compared with those 
on other profiles taken farther south, it reveals the Baffin Land 


S84 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


0102030 60 120 (MILES) 


Ficurp 48.—Velocity profiles of the Labrador Current expressed in centimeters per second. 
The solid lines represent southerly current and the broken lines northerly current. 
Section H, August 17-18, 1928; section I, August 18-19, 1928; section J, August 19— 


20, 1928. 


Current as much shallower than the Labrador Current. The com- 
puted volume of the inner band was 1.0 million cubic meters per 
second and of the outer band 1.5 million cubic meters per second, 
the total volume corresponding quite closely to that recorded farther 


north through the Davis Strait sections. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 85 


Frobisher Bay.—Section I (fig. 48) was taken 2 days following 
section H and at a point on the slope 50 miles farther south. <A strik- 
ing difference will be noted if the two sections be compared. The 
volume of the shelf current (sec. I, fig. 48), of 1.7 million cubic 
meters per second, remained practically unaltered, but the outer band 
of the current bounded by the 1 centimeter-per-second line, had in- 
creased in draft from 300 to 1,200 meters and in consequence a volume 
of 3.3 million cubic meters per second, about double the volume of 
the current farther north. This deepening and swelling of the 
south flowing current between Cumberland Gulf and Frobisher Bay 
was due to the Baffin Land Current being joined by significant por- 
tions of the West Greenland Current. The net volume of the west- 
erly set between stations 984 and 986 (fig. 153, p. 202) was computed 
as 1.9 million cubic meters per second. If this sum be added to the 
volume of the Baffin Land Current through the Cumberland Gulf 
section, it closely equals the computed volume of the flow through 
the Frobisher Bay section. Subsequent examination of the temper- 
ature and salinity profiles and maps of this region (p. 99) also re- 
veals a sharp contrast in the physical character of the abutting Baffin 
Land and West Greenland Currents. 

The temperature and salinity correlation curves for sections H and 
I (fig. 49) also reveal the difference in derivation of the water com- 
posing the current there. The right-hand portion of curve I with a 
maximum temperature of 4.1° C., and a salinity of 34.86% ), indi- 
cates the relatively greater contribution of the West Greenland Cur- 
rent at this point on the Baffin Land slope than farther north off 
Cumberland Gulf. 

Finally, to dispel any doubt as to the difference in derivation of 
the currents recorded by the two sections, one need only regard their 
respective rates of heat transfer. It is, of course, well known that 
the Baffin Land Current is essentially frigid in character; a compu- 
tation of the average temperature of the current past Cumberland 
Gulf was 0.3° C., and the rate of heat transfer was 0.5 million cubic 
meter degrees centigrade per second. After being joined by the 
West Greenland Current, however, and known as the Labrador Cur- 
rent (sec. I) the average temperature was 4.2° C., and the rate 
of heat transfer mounted to 22.9 million cubic meter degrees centi- 
grade per second. The only possible source of so much warmth in 
this part of the sea is the West Greenland Current. 

Consideration of the foregoing and other computations on the 
volume of the West Greenland Current and the Baffin Land Current 
indicate that they combine in proportions of approximately 3 to 2, 
respectively. 

A core of northerly countercurrent not reaching up to the surface 
and amounting to 1.3 million cubic meters per second does not 
materially alter the main features noted on the Frobisher Bay 
section. 

Resolution Island.—Section J (fig. 48) taken August 19-20, 1928, 
about 50 miles south of section I, shows that the shelf current pro- 
ceeding southward decreased both in velocity and volume, the com- 
puted transport being 0.6 million cubic meters per second. The 
surface current map (fig. 47) reveals that a large proportion of the 
shelf current recorded on section I passed through Gabriel Strait 


86 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


and was, therefore, missed on our Resolution Island section. The 
swelling of the slope band, on the other hand, to 4.2 million cubic 
meters per second was largely due to an eddy (fig. 47) which inter- 
sected the outer end of the Resolution Island section. 
Nachvak.—The distribution of velocity August 25-26, 1928, off 
Nachvak Fiord, Labrador, section K, fig. 50, indicates weak eddy 
currents prevailed over the shelf, but a band of stronger current, 1.3 


fe) 


Ea Mou ae een te 


33.00 34.00 35,00 
SAL AN Garay 


Figure 49.—Temperature-salinity correlation curves of the Labrador Current, sections H 
and 


million cubic meters per second, hugged the continental edge. The 
slope band off Nachvak which coresponds to the shelf band off Reso- 
lution Island had increased to double the volume of the latter. It is 
traced (fig. 47) partly to Baffin Land Current and partly to dis- 
charge from Hudson Strait. The fact that lower salinities prevailed 
in this band of current than in the corresponding band off Resolu- 
tion Island (figs. 62 and 63) also supports the above view. Continu- 
ing offshore along section K a relatively wide belt of weak northerly 
current is crossed before entering the outer band of the Labrador 
Current. The presence of so much northerly current may have been 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 87 


the result of the bottom topography in this vicinity, but its effect on 
the Labrador Current was to split the stream which characteristi- 
cally hugs the steepest part of the slope and to reduce its draft mate- 
rially. In consequence only 2.4 million cubic meters per second was 
transported southward or about a 50 percent reduction of that found 
farther north for the Labrador current. The interruption in the 
constancy of transport of the Labrador Current in the offing of 
Hudson Strait and the Strait of Belle Isle has also been remarked 

. 80). 

See Harrigan.—A characteristic banding but an appreciable in- 
crease in the velocity of the Labrador Current from that farther 
north is shown on section L (fig. 50). It should be remarked, how- 
ever, that the observations off Cape Harrigan were taken nearly 
a month prior to those of the adjacent northerly sections. The 
shelf band remained fairly constant in volume of flow but the slope 
band rose to 4.7 million cubic meters per second. This increase is 
attributed (fig. 47) to converging current (West Greenland Current ) 
from out in the Labrador Sea. 

Hamilton Inlet—Downstream again, approximately 60 miles, sec- 
tion M was taken 2 days prior to section L. Shelf and slope bands 
were computed as 0.6 and 4.2 million cubic meters per second, re- 
spectively. The draft of the slope band of about 1,200 meters, as 
recorded by the 1-centimeter-per-second-velocity line, suggests that 
along this section of the American slope the Labrador Current may 
penetrate to depths even greater than 1,500 meters. 

Domino Island—A reduction in the velocity but a widening of 
the Labrador Current was found 60 miles farther downstream at 
section N (fig. 50) taken off Domino Island July 22-23, 1928. The 
inner and outer current belts were computed as 1.0 and 4.1 million 
cubic meters per second, similar to the distribution found off Hamil- 
ton Inlet. 

Belle [sle-——Continuing southward another cross section of the 
Labrador Current section O (fig. 51) was made September 5-8, 
1928. There was, therefore, an interval of about 6 weeks between 
the time of running the Domino Island and the Bell Isle sections. 
The net volume of flow of the Labrador Current off Belle Isle 
of 2.6 million cubic meters per second was about 50 percent less 
than that farther north off Domino Island. Examination of the 
surface current map (fig. 47) indicates that the decrease in the 
southward component of transport was partly due to countercurrent 
which pressed in against the slope between stations 1097 and 1098. 
This eddy, probably part of a backwash associated with the Atlantic 
Current farther offshore, apparently deflected much of the Labrador 
Current in toward Belle Isle as noted by the streamlines, on figure 
47. A shallow but relatively large depression in the Newfoundland 
shelf located between sections O and P, around which the Labrador 
Current was turned cyclonically, is also believed to have contributed 
to a deficiency of southward transport. 

White Bay—tThe presence of the above-described eddy in the form 
of a northerly component is also to be noted between stations 1115 
and 1117 on section P (fig. 51). The slope band of the Labrador 
Current was disrupted here off the Strait of Belle Isle in similar 
manner to that in which the slope band was split off Hudson Strait. 


88 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The net volume of the Labrador Current southward through section 
P in consequence was reduced to 0.8 million cubic meters per second. 

St. John’s—Section Q (fig. 51) was the tenth and southernmost 
profile taken by the A/arion in the American sector in 1928. The 
slope band of the Labrador Current at this point had accelerated, 
deepened, and, with a computed volume of 4.4 million cubic meters 
per second, resumed its mid-Labrador proportions. The inshore 
belt of 0.8 million cubic meters per second discharged most of its 
contents through the gully between the Grand Banks and Cape Race. 

A résumé of the discharge of the Labrador Current in 1928 is 
shown by the following table: 


Volume flow (m3/s< 10-*) Volume flow (m3/s X 10-4) 
Section and current band eres Section and current band os 
ou oul 
South | North (net) South | North (net) 
Section H: Section M: 
SlOpe sss ne 1 | Pree (Cee GS Ae Slopes. ...-....5]'9 492) |222e Sees | eee 
Shelters eee THC Sel ede SESS eee SiCi rr 0.6 0: SS 
AM) £2] [aes Se 2.5 0 2. 5 “MiG: rrr 4.8 0.1 4.7 
Section I: Section N: 
Slopess------2- eee Bee | eee eed ee Slopesees=- 2.25. 4, 1..|- 2 eee 
Shes sa eee Lai 163) | SS Sheliaees! 2... 1.0 Ont | = 
Total ss2 22 22 es 5.0 1.3 3.7 ANT) 82) | ee 5.1 0.1 5.0 
Section J: Section O: 
Slope. s S-s24s- -25252 A 2 | pee | eee Blopeweee a= 2-2-2228 3::6)\|-o3222 = Eee 
Shelf es ee ae 0.6 OS35|-5- 22 Bhieliaeeet 2-2... 389 2.9 3.(03| eee 
Ali) cs) See oS a 4.8 0.3 4.5 UND) | ere ee 6.5 3.0 3.5 
Section K: Section P: 
Slope. se PAN esters es [a 0) 2.12 cseeee |Soeeeeees 
feat) | ce SES ee 082 0:7) |2 eee Shelia =o... 2s 1.0 1:9) |saeeetee 
Ota ao oe 2.6 0.7 1.9 PRonale 22252. -2—8 3.1 1.9 1.2 
Section L: Section Q: 
Slope sss) ee 2c Asa ae 2 ee (SOC: 4.4 ce eee 
Snelft = cess eee 1.4 O87 |Ee ae Snelfees | 2... 323 0.8 0:35 ae 
Motalae seas Ses 6.1 0.8 5.3 Motale=—---_.--228 §.2 0.3 4.9 


The above table shows that the net mean discharge of the Labrador 
Current, not including the apparent deficit in the volume of the cur- 
rent at sections K and P, during the summer of 1928 was 4.3 million 
cubic meters per second. 

One of the most interesting features revealed by the velocity pro- 
files was the division of the Labrador Current generally into a slope 
band and a shelf band, although such a grouping was less positively 
suggested by the streamlines on the surface current map. The pro- 
portions of inner to outer band for the 10 sections, H to Q, was 1 to 
3; or, in other words, approximately 75 percent of the water trans- 
ported by the Labrador Current was contained in the slope band. 
Consideration of the proportions of the banding and the previously 
described proportions of the components (p. 85) indicates that some 
Arctic water is embraced in the slope band. 

A shelf and slope band characteristic of the Labrador Current are 
underlying features which no doubt exert their influence on the drift 
of the Arctic ice. The much colder water inshore of the continental 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 89 


FIGURP 52.—Temperature at surface July 19-September 11, 1928. 


edge largely relegates the drift of that pack ice which eventually 
gets south of Newfoundland, to the shelf band of the current. Ice- 
bergs, on the other hand, capable of surviving in relatively warm 
water for much longer periods than pack ice constitute a greater 
menace to the North Atlantic shipping lanes because of the velocity of 
the slope band of the Labrador Current. 


90 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


70 70 60 50 40 30 


60 50 


FIGURE 53.—Salinity at surface July 19—September 11, 1928. 


HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The distribution of temperature and salinity in the upper 600 
meters of the American sector is best shown on the maps for Davis 
Strait and the Labrador Sea (figs. 52 to 61). 

The coldest area on the sea surface lay over the Baffin Land shelf 
and slope, where temperatures as low as 0° C., were found in August. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA Q] 


60 50 
FIgurRE 54.—Temperature at 100 meters July 19—September 11, 1928. 


That this water was the result of melting sea ice encountered in that 
locality by the Marion is further supported by the salinity map (fig. 
53), the freshest water coinciding with the minimum temperature. 
‘The warmest surface water with temperatures of 12° C., and higher 
: is ; 
was found over the Newfoundland shelf in the lattude of St. John’s 
79920—37 


- 
‘ 


92 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


10.70 60 50 40 30 


SO 


60 50 
FicurE 55.—Salinity at 100 meters July 19-September 11, 1928. 


This area was also relatively fresh, indicating quite plainly that an 
offshore expansion of the surface layers occurs here at times during 
summer. In this connection it should be noted that the observations 
south and east of the Strait of Belle Isle were made approximately 
6 weeks subsequent to those immediately north of that region, and 
consequently due allowance must be made for that fact. Two other 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 93 


50 
Ficure 56.—Temperature at 200 meters July 19-September 11, 1928. 


warm areas, both.of which lay outside of the American slope, are 
revealed by the surface temperature map (fig. 52)—the one off 
southern Labrador and the other off middle Labrador. The former, 
undoubtedly, is a reflection of the Atlantic Current and the latter 
the result of solar warming in a locality free from active circulation. 


Q4 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


40 


60 50 
Figure 57.—Salinity at 200 meters July 19—September 11, 1928. 


A narrow strip of water colder than its surroundings is recorded 
over the continental edge on the surface temperature map extending 
from Hudson Strait to the Strait of Belle Isle. This, of course, is 
the reflection of the axis of the coldest subsurface ‘water of the 
Labrador Current. The w ein area off Nachvak Fiord, enclosed by 
6° and 7° isotherms, coincides (fig. 47) with the shelf locality of 
weak currents. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 95 


59 


FIGURE 58.—Temperature at 400 meters July 19—September 11, 1928. 


At a depth of 100 meters water colder than —1.0° C. transported 
by the Labrador Current was found throughout the length of the 
American shelf except in the offing of Hudson Strait and the Strait 
of Belle Isle. These interruptions in the otherwise uniform distribu- 
tion of the Arctic water north of the Grand Banks indicate a dis- 
ruptive effect of the warmer discharges from both of these openings. 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Ose 10, 


60 50 
Ficurre 59.—Salinity at 400 meters July 19—September 11, 1928. 


The failure of the subsurface isotherms in several places to coin- 
cide with the streamlines of the currents may well be due to the 
variation in the proportions in which the various tributaries of the 
Labrador Current mix. A partial damming of the Baffin Land 
Current, for example, by a southerly gale in the region of the Davis 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA O7 


40 


60 
Ficurp 60.—Temperature at 600 meters July 19—September 11, 1928. 


Strait Ridge might be reflected later along the course in a corre- 
spondingly warmer and saltier Labrador Current. 

The presence of frigid water of —1.5° C., at a depth of 100 meters 
over the Newfoundland shelf in September clearly emphasizes the 
small interchange of heat of subsurface waters on journeys as great 
as 2,000 miles in length. 


98 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


70.170 40 


60 50 


Ficure 61.—Salinity at 600 meters July 19—-September 11, 1928. 


Attention is particularly invited to the position of a salient formed 
by both the 4° isothern and the 34.8%, isohaline (figs. 54 and 
55) off southern Labrador in the vicinity of latitude 55° N., longi- 
tude 50° W. The distribution of temperature and salinity, corre- 
sponding to the circulation (fig. 47), indicates a convergence of cool, 
low-salinity surface layers from the Labrador slope with the inshore 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 99 


margin of the outer countercurrent. The combined set of this mixed 
water in 1928, easterly near the fifty-fifth parallel of latitude. cor- 
responds well with the surface circulation farther offshore as re- 
ported by Soule (1936). 

The temperature and salinity maps of the 200- and 400-meter levels 
(figs. 56 to 59) indicate the presence of water from the West Green- 
land Current near the American slope. This feature is especially 
pronounced in the 400-meter temperature map (fig. 58) in the offing 
of Hudson Strait. The drift of this water southward along the Amer- 
ican slope (figs. 58 and 60) is also indicated in the band of higher 
temperatures at 400 and 600 meters along the American slope than 
adjacently offshore in the Labrador Sea. 

A strong temperature and salinity gradient is to be noted along 
the Baffin Land slope at depths of 400 to 600 meters (figs. 58 to 61) 
where the underside of the Baffin Land current and the West Green- 
land Current abut. 

The temperature and salinity maps for the 200-, 400-, and 600- 
meter levels all record pools of water colder and saltier than their 
surroundings in the depressions of the Labrador shelf. This indi- 
cates that offshore water floods in over the shelf, where it becomes 
pocketed and is chilled later during winter. The fact that intrusions 
of the slope water are occasional is indicated in the survival of the 
above-mentioned relics as late as midsummer. The two most obvious 
means of transportation of the deeper slope water in over the con- 
tinental shelf are (a) a lateral bending of the current temporarily in 
over the shelf, or (6) a screwing of the current. 


VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The vertical distribution of temperature and salinity in the 10 
sections, H to Q, already discussed, is illustrated on figures 62 to 64. 

Probably the most impressive feature common to all the profiles 
is the shelf of frigid water which extended from near the coast 
out to the continental edge. Except for a thin, isolated surface film 
and an undercutting by the warmer isotherms on the continental 
edge, the shelf column is dominated by frigid water. The shallow- 
ness of the shelf waters in the American sector, and also their loca- 
tion north of the fiftieth parallel of latitude, might easily ascribe 
the low temperatures to local winter chilling. Reference, however, 
to the series of corresponding profiles of velocity (figs. 48, 50, and 
51), as well as to the surface current map (fig. 47), conclusively estab- 
lishes most of the minimum temperatured water as a transport first 
of the Baffin Land Current and then of the Labrador Current from 
points farther north. 

An equally striking feature common to the profiles is the distri- 
bution of the salinity across the shelf, the isohalines sloping upward 
from inshore near the bottom to near the surface over the continental 
edge. This position of the isohalines portrays primarily a reservoir 
of river discharge and other land drainage which expands offshore 
across the shelf in the light surface layers. Melting sea ice, usually 
more abundant along the coast in these latitudes than farther out 
to sea, also probably augments the supply. On the other hand the 


100 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


salinity profiles, H, J, and O, record water in on the bottom of the 
slope which is saltier than that shown on any of the other profiles. 
Where the depth of the shelf below the sea surface is as great as 
600 meters as off Resolution Island, Baffin Land (section J, fig. 62), 
bottom water as salty as 34.7%, was found. When such evidence 
is compared with that contained on the horizontal projections, where 
relic pools of salty water were noted in many of the shelf depres- 
sions, it all strongly suggests that the removal of low-salinity surface 
water is more or less compensated by intrusions of West Greenland 
Current water over the bottom. ‘That such movements occur in 
the shelf column, with a component lateral to the main transport 
of the Labrador Current, appears reasonable, but the fact that such 
currents are not directly measurable, or revealed on the dynamic 
topographic maps, indicates that, if they do actually exist, they must 
be weak, irregular, and transitional. It must be realized, neverthe- 
less, that any picture of the circulation based solely upon the dis- 
tribution of the temperature and the salinity is not conclusive, and 
whether or not the Labrador Current at times has torsional as well 
as translatory motion, merits further investigation. 

During the summer of 1928 water colder than 2° C. extended to a 
depth of 500 meters on the Baffin Land slope as shown on sections 
H and I (fig. 62). As previously remarked in the discussion of the 
temperature charts, this is the under side of the Baffin Land Current. 
The further fact that water as cold as this was not found farther 
south off Hudson Strait, section J, at a depth greater than 250 meters 
indicates considerable mixing occurred at these levels on the Baffin 
Land slope between the Baffin Land Current and the warmer West 
Greenland Current. The fact that the core of coldest water in sec- 
tions J and K was warmer than the corresponding water shown in 
the sections both north and south indicates either more extensive 
warming there by the West Greenland Current or that the water in 
question came from sources other than the Baffin Land Current. 
Reference to the surface current may (fig. 122, p. 167) indicates that 
the higher temperatures off Resolution Island resulted from the 
West Greenland Current, while those off Nachvak Fiord were con- 
tributed from Hudson Strait. Much of the Baffin Land Current 
water at times apparently makes the circuit into Hudson Strait. 

Attention is particularly invited to the relatively warm, salty 
water found on the Baffin Land slope as shown by the temperatures 
higher than 4° C., and salinities of 34.86 to 34.89% ,, at the outer 
end of sections I, ‘if , and K (figs. 62 and 63). When these profiles are 
compared with corresponding velocity profiles and also with the 
temperature and salinity maps, the source of the warm salty water is 
traced toward Greenland. 

The water of the slope current, Frobisher Bay to mid-Labrador at 
depths below the seasonal influence, was found to be warmer than the 
slope current at similar levels farther south, an apparently paradoxi- 
cal fact that as the water in the slope band moves southward it cools. 
Incidentally this introduces a new conception of the Labrador Cur- 
rent which heretofore has been regarded primarily as an icy stream 
from the far north. 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 101 


If the temperature profiles of the Labrador Current for 1928 be 
superimposed on the velocity profiles and the average temperature 
of the current, Frobisher Bay to St. John’s, computed in accordance 
with the method described (p. 24) we obtain the following values: 


SETS tame ean Cerro ee ae oN ee ec ae eee 1.5 
SGP NO ENNG ae a a ae pe a Te ea sey ed 4.0 


5 haan 


nc 


ON Se ee os tel aay Uae a ad 


33.00 34.00 35.00 
SAIN ay, 


Ficurn 65.—Temperature-salinity correlation curves of the Labrador current, Resolution 
Island to Hamilton Inlet, the summer of 1928. 


If the proportions of shelf to slope band of 1 to 3 be accepted then 
an average temperature for the whole current was approximately 
3.4° C. The average rate of heat transfer of the Labrador Current 
the summer of 1928 was 14.6 million cubic meter degrees centigrade 
per second (see p. 173). 

Temperature-salinity correlation curves for the sections in the 
American sector, 1928 figs. (65 and 66), assist to identify the com- 
ponents which constitute the Labrador Current. Two inflection 


102 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


points near the end portions of the curves are a common feature. 
The lower left inversion with an approximate value of temperature 
of —1.75° C., and 33.14%, salinity, represents typical Arctic water, 
and the upper right inversion is representative of west Greenland 
water. Along the straighter part of the curves fall the correlation 
points indicative of the Labrador Current. 


eee F. 


tf EoMeer Ee RA Too ROE 
os 
Rae 


Apelor viel 
33.00 34.00 3500 


Se | Ny 


Figure 66.—Temperature-salinity correlation curves of the Labrador Current, Domino 
Island to St. John’s, the summer of 1928. 


ANNUAL VARIATIONS 


The question whether or not the oceanographic conditions in the 
American sector already described in this chapter as existing in 
1928 prevail during most summers can best be answered by the 
U. S. Coast Guard’s surveys made there in 1931, 1933, and 1934. 

In can be seen by comparing figures 67, 68, and 69 with figure 47 
that the surface extent of the Labrador Current remains fairly con- 
stant summer to summer. The previously described sinuous form 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 103 


of the Labrador Current, with inshore bends opposite Cape Harri- 
gan and White Bay, and also offshore salients opposite Nachvak 
Fiord and Domino Tsland, is established on all the surface current 
maps. The division of the Labrador Current into an inshore band 
over the continental shelf and an outer band over the continental 
edge is also portrayed on all the surface current maps but not so 
noticeably on the map for 1933. 

Attention is also called to the north flowing Atlantic Current 
which was found just outside the continental slope off the Strait 


50 


60 


Figurp 67.—The Labrador Current on the surface the summer of 1931. Velocities 
expressed in miles per day in axis of current. 


of Belle Isle in both the summers of 1931 and 1934 (figs. 67 and 
69) but not in 1938. The fact that this had a volume in its margin 
alone greater than the Labrador Current merits particular emphasis 
regarding its significance to the circulation of the Labrador Sea. 

The surface current maps show one point quite definitely, viz, 
that variations in the velocity occur throughout the length of the 
Labrador Current. Such a behavior of the ‘current is not especially 
surprising when one appreciates the many vagaries and fluctuating 
factors to which the surface layers are continually subjected. 

In order to obtain an idea representative of the velocity of the 
shelf and slope bands of the Labrador Current along its course, the 


104 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


50 


60 


FIGURE 68.—The Labrador Current on the surface the summer of 1933. Velocities 
expressed in miles per day in axis of current. 


velocity over a common width of 20 miles, was measured near the 
axis of each band at several points. 


Surface velocity, Labrador Current 


[Miles per day] 


1928 1931 1933 1934 
| Shelf | Slope | Shelf | Slope | Shelf | Slope | Shelf | Slope 

BOLINIONN Koos a5 eae eee 6.0 12.0 1.3 16.1 0 
Sectionniss wen eos eae a eee 7.2 17.5 4.9 10.3 0 
BOCHIGHE Viens eet oe wees eee 8.4 10.0 4.2 9.6 0 
PCT AG 106 tp eae ee eo eee eee eee 8.2 8.2 6.2 6. 2 0 
BaeObioniO i. 2-222 eo sl eceeee pore Ser 12.4 Rap! 4.3 4.3 8. 
Seetion PA 28) 925 etre: wee tae Ter 11.0 5.4 8.9 6. 
BACH OMuGe= sans eas eee eee 3.4 10.0 2.3 7.0 2} 

Averages so) aseee aoe TAG 10.3 ‘4,1 8.8 | 5. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 105 


Ficurp 69.—The Labrador Current on the surface the summer of 1934. Velocities 
: expressed in miles per day in axis of current. 


The table shows that the average surface velocity of the shelf band 
of the Labrador Current, for the summers recorded, ranged from 7.6 
to 4.1 miles per day. And for the slope band the velocity ranged 
from 13.0 to 8.8 miles per day. The shelf band and the slope band, 
therefore, for all of the years, average 5.4 and 11.1 miles per day, 
or a final average of 8.2 miles per day for the Labrador Current as a 
whole.° 

The above figures agree well with the general knowledge regarding 
the drift of the icebergs from the dates of the breakup of the fast and 
pack ice in Baffin Bay and along the Labrador coast to the appear- 
ance of the ice south of Newfoundland. It is not difficult to trace 
the spring crop of bergs which constitute the danger to the North 
Atlantic steamship lanes. If not unduly hindered, they probably 
spent the previous winter in the vicinity of Cape Dyer, Baffin Land, 
and the second previous winter in Melville Bay and northern Baffin 
Bay.'! Their calving from the glacier the summer of that year checks 
well with our scanty knowledge of the currents in the far north and 
of the vicissitudes which the icebergs experience along their drifts. 


10Tselin (1930) estimated the average surface velocity of the Labrador Current was 
10 miles per day. 

11The thousands of bergs observed by Bartlett (1935) off Devon Island, Aug. 20—25, 
1934. probably were released from West Greenland ice-fiords the previous summer. The 
International Ice Patrol reported a total of 872 icebergs south of Newfoundland the 
season of 1935, a heavy ice year. 


106 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


0 10 2030 60 (MILES) 


l'icurp 70.—Velocity profiles of the Labrador Current expressed in centimeters per second. 
The solid lines represent. southerly current and the broken lines northerly current. 
Section J;, July 24-26, 1931; section K,, July 17-18, 1931; section Iy, July 15-16, 
1931; section M,, July 12-13, 1931; and section Ni, July 10-11, 1931. 


* Additional quantitative information as to normal conditions in the 
Labrador Current, and variations therefrom, is contained in a series 
of velocity profiles—8 for 1931, 7 for 1933, and 3 for 1934 (figs. 70 
to 74). If the profiles shown on figures 70 to 74 be compared with 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 107 


1238 
1237 
1236 
-41235 
1234 
1233 
1232 


FES © b wo Ww v o a 
ss ” o 9) a) oO ” 8) ual 
ool bry eye o Oy OS Oly a ba) 
OM 
0 102030 so(Miles) 0 it 
i 
t 
‘ i! 
4 iy Hi 
a 
O a 
| 1 1 | 
S bate apa 
' i) Hel 
yews 
t 
8 \y H ‘ He 
, at ll 
1 Fiat 
a oO oO) \ 1 
m 
a 2 8 ee 
I 
! 
! 
/ 


Figure 71.—Velocity profiles of the Labrador Current expressed in centimeters per sec- 
ond. The solid lines represent southerly current and the broken lines northerly cur- 
Aa inne 0,, August 7-8, 1931; section Pi, July 6-7, 1931; and section Qi, July 


the corresponding sections (figs. 48, 50, and 51) it will be found that 
they are nearly similar and support many of the statements which 
were based on the 1928 observations alone. For example, the divi- 
sion of the Labrador Current below the surface into a shelf and a 


79920—37——_8 


108 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


slope band is a characteristic feature of nearly all the profiles. The 
1933 surface current map (fig. 68), it will be recalled, did not exhibit 
a banding of the current, but below the surface it Was SO divided, as 
figures 72 and 73 prove. Corroboration of the junction of West 


0 102030 60 MILES 


Figure 72.—Velocity profiles of the Labrador Current expressed in centimeters per sec 
ond. The solid lines represent southerly_current and the broken lines northerly cur- 
rent. Section Ks, July 18, 1933; section Le, July 19-20, 1933; section Ms, July 21-22, 
1933; and section No, July 23-24, 1933. 


Greenland Current and Baffin Land Current to form Labrador Cur- 
rent is shown by the northernmost section in 1931 off Resolution 
Island. The west Greenland band of deep current, with relatively 
high temperature and salinity is shown at the offshore end of the 
profile (sec. Ji, fig. 70) as having already joined the southward flow 
in the American sector. The volumes of this band of the current for 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 109 


1928 and 1931 of 4.8 and 4.5 million cubic meters per second agree 


well. : 
A comparison of corresponding velocity profiles for the summers 


available also reveals that the Labrador Current was probably deeper 


ad 
0 10 2030 60 MILES 


Ficurp 73.—Velocity profiles of the Labrador Current expressed in centimeters per sec- 
ond. The solid lines represent southerly current and the broken lines northerly cur- 
rent. Section Oo, June 30-July 2, 1933; section Ps, July 28-29, 1933, and section Qz, 
July 26-28, 1933. 


on the mid-Labrador slope than it was either north or south of this 
zone. This appears consistent, moreover, when it is recalled that 
it is the deepest section of the West Greenland Current in the offing 
of Ivigtut and Fiskernaessett which contributed water to the slope 


110 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


O 10 20 30 60 MILES 


Ficurpe 74.—Velocity profiles of the Labrador Current expressed in centimeters per sec- 
ond. The solid lines represent southerly current and the broken lines northerly cur- 
ponte eecuon Nz, July 10-11, 1934; section P;, July 9-10, 1934; and section Q;, July 


band of the Labrador Current at mid-Labrador. The West Green- 
land Current north of the latitude of Hudson Strait is shallower 
than farther south because of the lesser bottom depths there. 

A comparison of the average draft of the current as shown by the 
1-centimeter-per-second-velocity lines on the several profiles indicates 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 111 


that the Labrador Current was shallower in 1931 than in any of 
the other years. This agrees also with the variations noted for the 
above period off Cape Farewell and Ivigtut, when a deficit was 
recorded there in the volume of the West Greenland Current. 

The profiles for the few summers recorded indicate in general 
a decrease in the transport of the current near the latitude of Belle 


— 
f=) 
2 
°o 
oO 
w 
1) 
a 
wW 
a 
7) 
4 
Ww 
e 
Ww 
= 
°o 
oO 
=] 
o 
u 
°o 

_ 
2 
°o 
4 
a 
= 

— 


VOLUME OF FLOW 


FOTAL NET CURREN 


M N O 
ST Eee wt ie Oana Ss 


FicurE 75.—The volume of the shelf band, the slope band, and the total net southerly 
flow of ie Labrador Current, sections K to Q, expressed in millions of cubic meters 
per second. 


Isle. This is attributed partly to the influence of the Strait of 
Belle Isle and the uneven topography of the Newfoundland shelf 
and partly to countermovements associated with the Atlantic Cur- 
rent. The volume of the inshore margin of the Atlantic Current 
which intersected the offshore end of section O (fig. 71) in 1931 has 
been computed as 5.6 million cubic meters per second. The observa- 


112 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


tions in 1933 did not extend out to the margin of the Atlantic Current 
but if section P,; (1934, fig. 74) had been drawn so as to have included 
station 1739, it would also have shown the margin of the Atlantic 
Current. The margin was computed to have contained 7.8 million 
cubic meters per second. This set, as earlier described on page 82, 
is a mixture of subtropical Atlantic water and returning water of 
the Labrador Current. . 

In some of the velocity profiles, especially those for 19383, a third 
band of current has been revealed somewhat offshore of the conti- 
nental slope. It is believed that. this represents a local, temporary 
condition only, in which a whorl in the Labrador Current intersected 


WW 
fe 
=) 
Ie 
< 
a 
Lu 
(als 
= 
LJ 
Re 


SA LIN Iaigy 


Ficurr 76.—Temperature-salinity correlation of the Labrador Current in the American 
sector the summer of 19381. 


the plane of the section. Such departures often reflecting an excess 
or deficit in the computed volume of the north-south components 
should, of course, be discounted, each case being judged on its 
particular merits at the time and place. 

A table, recording in more detail the volume of the bands of 
Labrador Current and intersected eddies, is appended at the end 
of this chapter. 

The Labrador Current (see table p. 127) averaged greatest volume 
in 1933 and smallest in 1931, varying from 5.4 million cubic meters 
per second to 3.4 million cubic meters per second. ‘The excess of 
current in 1933, as shown on figure 75, was mostly confined to the 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 113 


slope band which from its derivation points to a swelling in the 
west Greenland portion of the Labrador Current rather than an 
increase in the Baffin Bay discharge. This is substantiated by the 
excess in volumes recorded in 1933 (p. 54) for the West Greenland 
Current off Cape Farewell and Ivigtut. 

The deficit of Labrador Current in 1931 along the American slope 
is corroborated also (p. 50) by the fact that much of the West 
Greenland Current off Cape Farewell branched out into the Labra- 
dor Sea and was thus lost that summer to the Labrador Current. 
Attention has already been called to the great scarcity of icebergs 
south of Newfoundland in 1931, a total of 13 compared with the 
average number of 420. 

As a further analysis of the components of the Labrador Current, 
temperature-salinity correlation curves have been drawn based upon 
all 1931 observations below a depth of 50 meters in the Labrador 
Current of the American sector. The two solid lines embrace the 
pattern of the temperature-salinity plots, the greater distance be- 
tween the two curves near the bottom of the graph signifies a con- 
sistent scattering of the correlation points in the cold low-salinity 
water and a concentration in the higher temperature and salinity 
brackets. The broken line is illustrative of the mean temperature- 
salinity correlation for all the sections in the American sector the 
summer of 1931. ‘lhe lower left-hand portion of this curve repre- 
sents the Baffin Land Current component and the upper right-hand 
the West Greenland Current component. A point about halfway 
along the broken line may be taken as representative of the division 
between the mixture. A computation of the average volumes of the 
current for the American sector in 1931 with reference to this 
boundary results in 2.1 million cubic meters per second for the West 
Greenland Current water and 1.4 million cubic meters per second for 
the Baffin Land Current water. These proportions of 3 to 2 cor- 
respond to previous estimates of the composition of the Labrador 
Current based on the observations of 1928. (See p. 85.) 

The horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity, surface 
to 600 meters, in the American sector during the summers of 1931, 
1933, and 1934 is portrayed on figures 77 to 86. When these are 
compared with figures 52 to 61, the temperature and salinity maps 
for 1928, good agreement in the general form and position of the 
isotherms and isohalines is observed. The resemblance between 
the 1928 and 1931 surface isotherms and isohalines is especially 
striking, the 1928 temperatures in the American sector being gen- 
erally about 1° C. lower than those in 1931. A minimum tempera- 
ture about —1.5° C. was found on the American shelf in all of the 
summers. A feature common to all of the 400- and 600-meter 
temperature maps is a band of water warmer than its surroundings 
which extended southward along the American slope to the latitude 
of Belle Isle. This is undoubtedly the thermal influence of the west 
Greenland water in the slope band of the Labrador Current which, 
as remarked on page 100, was cooled as it progressed southward. 

Attention is especially called to the distribution of temperature 
and salinity at a depth of 100 meters in the latitude of Belle Isle 
just offshore of the continental edge (fig. 84). Temperatures of 


114 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


50 60 50 
FIGURE 77.—Temperature and salinity at the surface July 4—August 8, 1931. 


4 a 
60 50 60 50 


Ficure 78.—Temperature and salinity at 100 meters July 4—August 8, 1931. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 115 


. 60 50 
Figure 79.—Temperature and salinity at 200 meters July 4-August 8, 1931. 


4 P| 
60 50 60 50 
Figure 80.—Temperature and salinity at 400 meters July 4—August 8, 1931. 


116 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


7° C., and salinities of 34.90% ) were found in this locality, where 
on the current maps and the velocity profiles, north-flowing counter- 
current has previously been described. This region, therefore, is 
unmistakably associated with currents coming from farther south 
in the Atlantic. 

The vertical distribution of temperature and salinity for the 
summers of 1931, 1933, and 1934 is depicted on figures 87 to 92. 
The same outstanding features noted in the 1928 sections are seen 
here, viz, the shelf of frigid water and the upward inclination of 
the isohalines coast to continental edge. 

The 1931 profiles in both the northern and southern regions of 
the American sector, recording saltier water than the profiles in 


50 50 
FIGURE 81.—Temperature and salinity at 600 meters July 4~August 8, 1931. 


between, indicate first the influence of the West Greenland Current 
in the north and later the Atlantic Current in the south. The saltier 
water in 1931 than in any of the other summers, as revealed by a 
comparison of all of the salinity profiles, corroborates the surface 
current map (fig. 123, p. 167), viz, the West Greenland Current set 
more directly across the Labrador Sea the summer of 1931 than in 
any of the other summers. 

If the corresponding temperature and velocity profiles for the 
“N” sections be superimposed on each other and the average tempera- 
ture and the rate of fent transfer for the Labrador Current be 
computed in accordance with the methods explained (p. 24), these 
values afford a means of comparison between the summers investi- 
gated. 


DAVIS 


60" 
Ficurp 82.—Temperature at the surface June 26—July 24, 1933. 


STRAIT 


AND LABRADOR SEA 


BVA 


Average temperature and rate of heat transfer of Labrador Current 


Volume current Rate heat transfer 
(m3/sX 10-8) Average temperature (°em3/sX 10-8) 
Year 

South | North | South | South | North | South | South | North | South 

(net) (net) (net) (net) (net) (net) (net) (net) (net) 
RD 25 ee Ee a eh aes §. 11 0. 05 5. 06 3. 26 P04 s|Ree2 se 16.7 0.1 16.6 
iOS yh ae ee eee 1. 62 SOL 1.31 1.51 (035 5, [a eee 2.4 0. 2 2.2 
OR SG pees ee ene on 7. 93 . 33 7. 60 3. 27 BAO eee 25.9 1.0 24.9 
LRT ee ae Sal . 28 5. 03 24 1S TE eS eS 4.5 —0.3 14.8 
LICR igohs sa os SNe ee pe ah ene aes 4, 22 P87 ( vy | Ss Sie | eee 1116: |p 11.6 
WAverages!. 2. c2ss<=522 4. 84 0.19 4. 64 2.7 0:89" |-2-- ace 14.2 0.2 14.0 


The Labrador Current averaged highest in temperature, according 
to the above table, during the summers of 1933 and 1928, and lowest 


in temperature the summer of 1981. 


The greatest volume of the 


Labrador Current occurring in the year 1933 combined with the high 
temperature resulted in a rate of heat transfer that exceeded any of 


the other summers. 


118 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


FIGURE 83.—Temperature at 100, 200, 400, and 600 meters June 26—July 24, 1933. 


It is instructive to note that the annual variations in the average 
temperature are of less magnitude in the Labrador Current, the tem- 
peratures of which are relatively low, than in the West Greenland 
Current, where they are relatively high. 

In order to establish more firmly in mind normal summertime con- 
ditions and to learn more of the degree of annual variations, refer- 
ence is made to subsurface observations other than the U. 8S. Coast 
Guard’s. These are practically all contained, as noted in chapter I, 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 119 


viz, Matthews (1914) ; Iselin (1930) ; and Conseil Permanent Inter- 
national (1929) and (1933). In each one of the Scotia’s three slope 
stations, between Belle Isle and St. John’s, the water at mid-depths 
averaged about a half-degree Centigrade colder than similar slope 


stations taken at about the same time of the year in 1928, 1931, 1933, 


50° 50° 


100 METERS 


FIGURE 84.—Temperature and salinity at surface and 100 meters July 3-11, 1934. 


and 1934. Otherwise the Scotia’s and the Coast Guard’s data are in 
good general agreement. Iselin’s (1930) two cross sections of the 
Labrador Current, the one taken off Nachvak Fiord and the other off 
Sandwich Bay, are typical and similar to subsequent ones made by 
the Coast Guard and already fully described in this chapter. The 
more numerous and widely distributed observations now reported 
permit amplifications to be made particularly with regard to the 


120 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


50° 50° 


' 400 METERS 


Ficurn 85.—Temperature and salinity at 200 and 400 meters July 3-11, 1934. 


Labrador Current itself. The smaller proportion of the total vol- 
ume of the Labrador Current, as reiterated, is frigid in character, the 
major quantities being none other than an extension of the West 
Greenland Current around the periphery of the Labrador Sea. 
The Godthaab’s observations in the American sector (Conseil 
Permanent International, 1929) support the general distribution of 
temperature and salinity described above. The net volume of the 
Labrador Current, according to the Godthaab’s observations, was 
computed as 3.5 million cubic meters per second off Resolution Island 
and 5.9 million cubic meters per second off Cape Harrigan. This 
corresponds with previously recorded figures of the U. S. Coast 
Guard of 4.6 and 4.1 million cubic meters per second off Resolution 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 1 


50° 50° 


50 


50 


"600 METERS 


FIGURE 86.—Temperature and salinity at 600 meters July 3-11, 1934. 


+34.32 +34.66 


34.9 3492 


34.78 


FIGURE 87.—Temperature and salinity profiles across the continental shelf and slope July 
24-26, 1931. Section Ji, Resolution Island. 


Island, and 4.7, 2.8, and 4.9 million cubic meters per second off Cape 
Harrigan. 

The Challenger’s observations (Conseil Permanent International, 
1933) show no departures of any consequence in the Labrador Cur- 
rent from those published and described herein. A computed trans- 
port of 4.9 million cubic meters per second off Cape Harrigan, sec- 
tion L (fig. 50), also agrees well with our results. 


122 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


31.84 3.73 3155 3424 3437 


GE ee! 
0 20 40 60 80 100 (MILES) 


63 


34.89 


30.0) 3207 3230 3379 43: 


FIGURE 88.—Temperature and salinity profiles across the continental shelf and slope July 
10-18, 1931. Section K,, Nachvak Fiord ; section I,, Cape Harrigan ; section M;, Hamil- 
ton Inlet; and section N,, Domino Island. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 12a 


6.26565 52 55 53 80 87 3210 3234 3253 42 KA 
ie} (6) 35 — 
100 34 (ie 
345 487 


ny 


LVI 
34.92 0 20 40 60 80 100 
(MILES) 


> 


34.9 


0, -34.98 


o 


@ 


3491 


60 69 68 6770 63 6470 71 © -__2i:98 32.06 3272 3248 3272 3302 33.61 
3 


+3491 


8 
349 
10 
12 34.91 
10699 83 71639 69 53 50 32.04 3220 3207 3273 3280 
wae: OO 


8 
SSeS 


SS 


100) 


no 

w 
\ 

n 


oa) 


63.32 


Ficure 89.—Temperature and salinity profiles across the continental shelf and slope July 
el 8, 1931. Section O,, Belle Isle; section Pi, White Bay; and section Q,, St. 
ohn’s. 


ANNUAL CYCLE 


The Labrador Current has been referred to by some as an 
overflow from melting sea ‘ice and summer land drainage from 
the regions of Baffin Bay and the Arctic Archipelago. A point, 
however, well established by the present observations was the source 
of the two principal tributaries of the Labrador Current, viz, the 
West Greenland Current and the Baffin Land Current which joined 
in the ratio of about 3 to 2. The wintertime observations of the 
Meteor, 1935 (p. 10) when compared with the U. S. Coast Guard’s 
summertime surveys indicate that the West Greenland Current off 

79920—37——_9 


124 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


-046 495.2 70 


en 
0 20 40 60 80 100 (MILES) 


-0.6 1.91.6 3.1.5.7 7879 


FicuRB 90.—Temperature profiles across the continental shelf and slope July 15-24, 1933. 
Section Ks, Nachvak Fiord; section Ls, Cape Harrigan; section M., Hamilton Inlet; 
and section Ns, Domino Island. 

Cape Farewell exhibited no apparent seasonal cycle. The smaller 

tributary across Davis Strait according to the Godthaab’s observa- 

tions (p. 71), as late in the year as September, was flowing with only 
slightly diminished volume. The Marion (p. 88) also found a nor- 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 125 


119 22 21629 213 218 4.47 655 7.07 725 


= = S (= 


Leen fees een ora ee | 
0 20 40 60 80 100 (MILES) 


8 


3.36 3.7 355 418444 4.43 395 392 625 567 


8 


FicuRE 91.—Temperature profiles across the continental shelf and slope June 26—July 2, 
1933. Section Ov, Belle Isle; section P., White Bay; and section Qs, St. John’s. 
mal discharge of the Labrador Current off Resolution Island in late 
August and again off St. John’s in early September. No early 
spring or winter observations allowing cross sections of the Labrador 
Current there have ever been collected. There is no direct evidence, 
therefore, on the time, place, or extent of the current sufficient to 
construct a reliable picture of the annual cycle. Further remarks 

on the subject are contained in chapter VII, page 140. 


126 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


27 299 3.06 5.28 Or aatl 328 _32.43 34.33 34.51 
34,82 


34.88 


141 20 5.22 A 32.21 3271 3272 3444 


0 20 40 60 (MILES) 


62) 65 5.66. 468 48 345 4.58 0 31.4 31.77 3242 32.55 3270 3283 3345 3426 


Ficurp 92.—Temperature and salinity profiles across the continental shelf and slope July 
3-11, 1934. Section Nz, Domino Island; section P3, White Bay; and section Qs, St. 
John’s. 


127 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Volume of Labrador Current 


[Millions cubic meters per second] 


1928 1931 


Section and position See ee 
South 
South North (net) South North (net) 


Section H: 


Oitshorese ssa ee a eee een 2 ab etc eee ee eee 
oy GO ae ee Be a obs 2S ea a ee Ae OO meee eee | ee ee 2:52) 22 eee ee 
Shi aes Sa eee ee ee . 85 of Ct [eae es i . 22 A0is|\ =e 
Ay ee ee eee 5. 24 31 4.93 2.74 07 2. 67 
PRVOUHO Ge Soke cas RO een ene J). | 2. eaoeeeeano tee oe Ae Bil | ee ness satel | ah ae Re 3.4 


1 Margin of Atlantic current not included in averages. 


128 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Volume of Labrador Current—Continued 


[Millions cubic meters per second] 


1933 1934 
Section and position 


South | North South South | North South 


(net) (net) 
Section K: 
Offshore..-.=. 2. 22S ee eee OER 5 Se ee | ee ree 
Slope. 52- == 3s ee eee S502 3 Serene ee Pee ee a be. 2... |...-..-. 
Shelf 222-2232 Seer ee ee Ree | Seen Seema io: |. eee 
Dotel.. 2ss-4 5325. 2= en a eee ee 8.02 38 fe64)|22252-5-..|...2. 2 a 
Section L: 
Offshore: <2. 2+ Ss ee ee 35 i Obleeereweee |b as |e 
Slope-=22-2-5<-) Seeee Ol peers eee e LS es __| 
Shel fss7 a ee eee (iG | eee een eee fe Jt. ..|.--.. ae 
otal’ 82-5. 2 ee 3. 88 1.79 22) | ea anno gees Ree 
Section M: 
Offshore:-222-= eee eee 13 POO Seeee ee |L- 2-2... .|s..2...25) 
SIODOs 2220822. ee ee BkO 76 | Saeeeeeee becee ens. = 2... |... 
Sheltie eee 35 (13) j|-4-3- 52 25 Se ee 
Totali:-.. 555-392-244: oS ae ae 6. 55 1. 62 AROS lene |) ee 
Section N: 
Offshore:--3= 5. san 2 ase ae | ee | eee Meee ert 
plopels--= as ee eee Pe al [eae ee a | ‘31 |... ee 
Shelfite 2 aus eee Se Se 48 £5} ||... 282s 0; 28. cee 
Totalenc ek. oe eee ee 7.93 33 7. 60 5. 31 28 5. 03 
Section O: 
Ofishorels-2 ee = ee ee 4. 46 Sa pees ann 2S. |. ee 
Slope: s-t2-2 2 sone cee ae eee 1.62 104 SS ee eee ee eS 
Shelf -< 3-8 2 Pe ee 1225) | Ee eee See so 5 -- =. -|..-.__. 
SDOtal a 2 oes ee ee eee 7.31 30 (EAU) ee Rees |) 
Section P: 
Offshore ses oe 2 oe oo eee ee 4.70 CVO | oe 2 1 7978)|-=eee 
Blopetsses to eh Ge ee ee eee 1132p eee See eee ae 3.40 |. 2 
S Heli e SSeS ae 2 eee ee eee 127 2. Ne aes Se 1. 26 14.) 2223S 
A oy 2) (Le ae ee NE Se ES 7.10 4. 54 2. 56 4. 66 14 4. 52 
Section Q: 
Mfishoret-25. = 222220. = ee ee ee ene i | ee 
lope: =-25e-e oo 5. Oe ee 5390) ees eee es =. 3:81.\.....2.. 3 
Shelfis 262682052 2 te ee ee OMG |Feeesetoes bos 52. .|.-.-.. 3 
MROtAl Ss sees. ot ees = ae ee ee 5. 90 01 5. 89 0 i ae ee 3. 81 
(AVGVASO! $235. 28 Soe eee eee TLC | eee eee 4.4 


1 Margin of Atlantic current not included in averages. 


* a Re RLY ENS 


CuaptTer VII 
THE GRAND BANKS SECTOR 


The Grand Banks sector is defined as the region south and east 
of Newfoundland which embraces the Labrador Current. The dis- 
cussion refers particularly to the eastern slope of the Grand Banks 
along which the Labrador Current carries icebergs farthest south 
into the North Atlantic. A frigid branch of the Labrador Current 
often prevails between the Grand Banks and Cape Race and may 
extend southwestward to the continental edge. Also cold water 
from the Labrador Current continually spread in over the bottom 
of the Grand Banks for considerable distances where the configura- 
tion favors such incursions. The shallowness of the Grand Banks 
waters permits no satisfactory dynamic topographic maps, and the 
primary circulation is indicated mainly by the boundary surfaces 
of temperature and salinity. Illustrations of the distribution of 
temperature and salinity over the Grand Banks have not been in- 
cluded since they have already been published by Smith (1924). 


THE SURFACE CURRENTS 


The system of prevailing circulation of the surface layers in the 
Grand Banks sector is shown on the composite dynamic topographic 
map of the surface relative to 1,500 decibars (fig. 126, p. 70). When 
this chart is compared with the distribution of temperature and 
salinity, horizontal and vertical (figs. 96 to 99), it indicates that the 
Labrador Current flows southward along the eastern slope of the 
Grand Banks, to the vicinity of the Tail, where practically all of it 
turns eastward, joining the Atlantic Current. In this manner much 
of the Labrador Current water returns and may even complete a 
circuit of the Labrador Sea. Throughout the course of the Labrador 
Current in the Grand Banks sector, branches are turned back along 
the outer side and as in the American sector it loses water through 
cabbeling along its offshore side. Although this process contributes 
some northern water to the upper levels of the North Atlantic (see 
Iselin, 1936, fig. 57), the major compensating return to the system 
as a whole is concentrated at deeper levels and in the manner as 
explained in chapter VIII. 

The inshore margin of the Atlantic Current crossing the fifty- 
second meridian follows near the 4,000-meter isobath around the 
Grand Banks to the vicinity of the forty-fourth parallel, where the 
border of the current bends inshore across the forty-eighth meridian 
and then recurves south of Flemish Cap. 

Cyclonic eddies are often found along the boundary of the Lab- 
rador Current and the Atlantic Current, one particularly east of 
the Tail of the Grand Banks near latitude 42°-30’, longitude 49°00’, 
and the other west of the Tail in the vicinity of longitude 51°-30’. 


129 


130 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The development and position of these vortices in the mixing zone 
continually varies, but they may be easily recognized on many of 
the dynamic topographic maps (figs. 102 to 121), and are also 
reflected in the drifts of the icebergs. 

As the position of the two principal currents continually change 
according to the described system (fig. 126), so also does the surface 
velocity vary. The slope band of the Labrador Current over the 
200-meter contour along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks often 
may become constricted to a width of 6 miles when velocities in 
the axis have attained 110 centimeters per second. In bands of the 
Gulf Stream and the Atlantic Current, only the borders of which 
he within the region of the Grand Banks sector, velocities more 
regularly reach 80 to 100 centimeters per second. The Labrador 
Current apparently is subject to greater fluctuations in the Grand 
Banks sector than farther north or than the Atlantic Current. The 
average surface velocity of the Labrador Current is estimated to 
differ little from that found farther north in the American sector, 
8.2 miles per day (18 centimeters per second). 

A departure in the course of the surface currents from that de- 
scribed above, and which has particular significance for the Inter- 
national Ice Patrol, has been indicated during the period 1900-80 
by the phenomenal drifts of icebergs in the western North Atlantic 
Ocean. (See Smith, 1931, pp. 160-166.) Such rare drifts appear 
to originate between longitudes 49° and 46°-50’ in the Grand Banks 
sector, aud thence proceed southerly and sometimes finally westerly. 
But if this track be plotted (fig. 93) it does not coincide with the 
streamlines of the Atlantic Current, south of the Grand Banks, nor 
with the southern branch of the Atlantic Current which is commonly 
believed to follow the trend of the 4,000-meter isobath (fig. 93) 
southeasterly to about latitude 38° longitude 43° between which 
position and the mid-Atlantic Ridge the current turns southwesterly. 

The Michael Sars observations, on the other hand, stations 64 to 
70, June 24-30, 1910 (fig. 93), clearly indicate a southerly direction to 
the Atlantic Current south of the Grand Banks. The current was 
easterly between stations 70 and 68 with a volume of 40.3 million 
cubic meters per second, but between stations 68 and 64 it had 
westerly direction and a net volume of approximately 2 million 
cubic meters per second. Reference to the respective dynamic 
heights of the latter pair of stations shows that from the surface 
to a depth of about 550 meters the Atlantic Current ran westerly 
but below that easterly. It probably closely paralleled the plane 
of the stations. 

Reference to the back of the United States Hydrographic Office 
Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean for the month of July 1935 
indicates the general course of the southward branch of the Atlantic 
Current on the sea surface, and the general trend and bounds have 
been plotted on our figure 93. It will be seen that southwesterly 
surface currents often prevail as far west as latitude 35° longitude 
60°, the center of the great Atlantic eddy apparently lying north- 
west of this position. The remains of an iceberg from the Grand 
Banks was sighted by the steamer Baxtergate (and the report veri- 
fied) June 5, 1926, latitude 30°-20’, longitude 62°-32’, near Bermuda. 

The foregoing strongly suggests, therefore, that portions of the 
Atlantic Current to depths as great as 500 meters sometimes turn 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA tol 


southward in the North Atlantic as far west as the fiftieth meridian, 
and this band of current is traceable downstream even to the region 
of Bermuda. Rarely icebergs discharged at the southernmost turn- 
ing point of the Labrador Current may be caught in the above stream 
and carried great distances south and west in the North Atlantic 
Ocean. 


65 60 55 50 45 


55 50 45 


FiGure 93.—The surface currents south of the Grand Banks. 


In this connection the marked branching of the Gulf Stream on 
reaching the longitude of the Grand Banks, and the further dis- 
tribution of its waters as Atlantic Current, has been computed from 
the few existing subsurface observations, as follows: 


Atlantic Current 


m’/s X 10-6 
NeOLnerinbranchawhich enters Labrador Seas] 2-22 se 14. 4 
Southern branch which turns along mid-Atlantic Ridge_____.____________ 15.8 
Middle: branch which continues eastward. ---2-- 22 = 10.1 


Volume of the Gulf Stream crossing fiftieth meridian______________ 40.3 


132 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The primary circulation over the Grand Banks themselves as 
interpreted from the distribution of the temperature and salinity 
(fig. 94) is based mainly upon the United States Coast Guard’s 
surveys (Smith, 1924, pp. 10U-134) and that of the Scotia (Matthews, 
1914, pp. 30-32). The above observ ations indicate that the Labra- 
dor Current fans out and loses draft on meeting the northern slope 
of the Grand Banks, the inshore branch of w hich, subject to con- 
siderable variation, turns back in the vicinity of the fifty-fifth 


sollte 
55 54 53 S52 S| 50 49 48 


Ficurb 94.—The primary circulation over the Grand Banks. 


meridian and joins with coastal water (most pronounced in the 
surface layers) in slow eastward progress. The colder, saltier Lab- 
rador water slides to the bottom while the coastal water spreads 
out in the surface layers. There are continual coastal contributions 
which accumulate in the more central parts of the Grand Banks at a 
maximum in summer, flooding that column surface to bottom and 
giving it low salinity character. although it is actually about 200 miles 
from the nearest land. This water mass normally centered near lati- 
tude 44°30’, longitude 50°—00’ (fig. 94) is intermittently cooled and 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 133 
salted by a flooding of the Labrador Current past Cape Race. An 
increase of the coastal supply accompanied by a dimunition in the 
Labrador Current renews the coastal character of the central Grand 
Banks reservoir. 

Another important movement of the waters over the Grand Banks 
occurs when the border of the Gulf Stream floods in toward the 
southwest slope bringing warm and salty water to the surface layers 
there. 

Superimposed on the above primary circulation are the rotary 
clockwise tidal currents and the annual temperature cycle, the range 
of the latter of which is great in the shallow banks’ column. (See 
Smith, 1922, stations 140-142, for subsurface winter temperatures on 
the Grand Banks; also Smith, 1924, p. 148.) The drift of icebergs in 
over the Grand Banks has been described by Smith (1931). 


CROSS SECTIONS OF THE CURRENTS 


A total of seven velocity sections taken at fairly equal distances 
along the eastern and southern slopes of the Grand Banks from the 
forty-eighth parallel around to a point about 60 miles northwest of 
the Tail are shown on figure 95. The profiles are based on the syn- 
optic observations made from the United States Coast Guard cutter 
General Greene, May 17-25, 1934. In addition, section R was taken 
June 12-13 and section X, April 19-20. (For station table data, 
see Soule, 1935.) In the aggregate these velocity profiles may be 
compared with the map of the surface currents (fig. 117) and the 
corresponding vertical sections of temperature and salinity (figs. 
98 and 99). 

A feature common to practically all of the velocity profiles (fig. 95) 
is their division each into two bands of alternately directed current. 
Reference to the horizontal and vertical sections of temperature and 
salinity, as well as to the maps of the surface currents (fig. 117), 
demonstrates conclusively that the inshore band represents Labrador 
Current and the offshore band Atlantic Current. Unlike the sections 
farther north, the Labrador Current is contained in a single band 
centered over the steepest part of the slope. 

Particular attention is called to the decrease in the volume of the 
Labrador Current between sections W and X, where on the latter 
profile, stations 1603 to 1602, the westbound current was very di- 
minutive. The vicinity of the Tail of the Banks represents, as stated 
previously, the terminus of the Labrador Current. 

The axis of the cold current was centered over the steepest part 
of the continental slope, and it had a mean draft of 950 meters. A 
marked decrease in the draft of the Labrador Current was noted 
upon its crossing the Flemish Cap Ridge, but subsequently it deep- 
ened (in places along the Grand Banks slope as great as 1,500 
meters), yet not to the depths which it averaged upstream in the 
American sector. The depth of the Atlantic Current on the other 
hand was in inost places probably greater than 1,500 meters. 

Section F.—It will be recalled that the net average volume of the 
Labrador Current through the St. John’s section, July 3-7, 1934 (p. 
128), was 3.8 million cubic meters per second. The northernmost 
profile in the Grand Banks section (sec. R, fig. 95), taken about 
3 weeks prior to the St. John’s, and 120 miles south of it, recorded 


134 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


a volume of 2.7 million cubic meters per second. Reference to the 
position of the two sections indicates that section R did not extend 
offshore so far as section Q, and it is probable, therefore, that a 
small portion of the southerly current was missed. This fact nor 
the difference in time fails to explain, however, the marked decrease 
of about 30 percent in the volume of the Labrador Current in the 
above passage. 

Section S.—Proceeding southward about 60 miles, two bands of 
alternately directed current intersected the section between the 
Grand Banks and Flemish Cap. The slope band represents the 
Labrador Current with a volume of 1.1 million cubic meters per 
second. The offshore band was Atlantic Current. 

Although the observations composing sections R and § were not 
synoptic, the decrease in the volume of the southbound current from 
2.7 to 1.1 million cubic meters per second strongly suggests an east- 
ward branching. If the course of the current, St. John’s to Flemish 
Cap, as shown on figure 126, page 170, be compared with the velocity 
at Q, R, and S, it is estimated that the distribution of the Labrador 
pure on reaching the northern part of the Grand Banks was as 
follows: 


Labrador Current m/s X 10-6 Percent 
IPastiGape Races. 22 2 San Ss nee scanner eeee coe ane 0.4 10 
Rastwara justnorun ot Miemish Cap: 22225552 =ss eee ot 2.0 45 
Southward between Grand Banks and Flemish Cap__-_-----.-.---------------- 2.0 45 
Volume of Labrador Current in American sector__........-.-------------- 4.4 100 


The spreading and shallowing of the Labrador Current on meet- 
ing the Grand Banks’ promontory and the resulting distribution 
along the above routes is probably subject to considerable variation. 
The fluctuation in the Cape Race branch from 10 percent of the 
whole in 1928 to 20 percent in 1934 is quite illustrative of the 
behavior. 

Section T.—A volume of 1.5 million cubic meters per second indi- 
cates that little change had occurred in the Labrador Current between 
sections S and T. The margin of the Atlantic Current embraced 
by stations 1661 to 1664 had a volume of 8.4 million cubic meters per 
second. 

Section U.—Continuing only 40 miles southward the volume of 
the cold current increased to 2.2 million cubic meters per second. 
This flooding is explained on the surface current map (fig. 117) 
where Labrador Current from in on the bank recurved out into deep 
water. 

Section V.—About 60 miles downstream from section U, the vol- 
ume of the south-flowing band increased to a maximum of 4.1 mil- 
lion cubic meters per second. If reference be made to the corre- 
sponding temperature and salinity profiles (figs. 98 and 99), it will 
be perceived that the additional discharge was due to an indraft 
of the Atlantic Current. The Labrador Current alone is estimated 
to have been 2 million cubic meters per second in volume. 

Section W.—The Labrador Current at the Tail of the Grand Banks 
discharged at the rate of 1.6 million cubic meters per second. The 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 135 


inshore margin of the Atlantic Current had a volume of 9.6 million 
cubic meters per second. 

Section X.—This section, located normal to the southwest slope 
of the Grand Banks about 60 miles northwest of the Tail, illustrates 
the diminutive proportions to which the Labrador Current shrank, 
with a computed volume of only 0.12 million cubic meters per sec- 
ond. Practically all of the cold current, except that which sank 
below the depth of our observations, was turned back with the 
Atlantic Current in the vicinity of the Tail. The Atlantic Current 
recorded a volume of 6.6 million cubic meters per second. 

The foregoing set of seven velocity profiles (fig. 95) is believed 
to be quite representative quantitatively of the Labrador Current 
along the east side of the Grand Banks. Expressed in millions of 
cubic meters per second it was as follows: 


Grand Bank sections 


ici 2, Ty 1D eae Depe | WW Sees ee eee 1.6 
Se ee Vee eo eee FS TNE a Dat, ee eee 0.1 
4th ee re 1.5 


The table shows that the average volume of the Labrador Current 
in the Grand Banks sector the spring of 1934 was approximately 
2 million cubic meters per second. Earlier computations of the 
volume of the Labrador Current by Smith (1931) gave 3.2 million 
cubic meters per second, which is probably somewhat too large, but 
the above difference in no way alters the conclusions based upon 
such quantitative data. 


HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The distribution of temperature and salinity around the Grand 
Banks for the 100-, 200-, 400-, and 600-meter levels is represented on 
figures 96 and 97. The maps have been constructed from the United 
States Coast Guard’s station observations 1536 to 1681 taken May 17- 
25, 1934. (See Soule, 1935.) In order to obtain a more accurate pic- 
ture of conditions southeast of the Tail, the observations from Coast 
Guard stations 571-576 taken April 30-May 1, 1926 (see Smith, 1926) 
have been utilized. Also in order to indicate the continuity of the 
temperature and the salinity in the borders of the Atlantic Current 
below the surface, the Michael Sars’ stations 67-69 (see Helland- 
Hansen, 1930), which are located along the fifty-first meridian, have 
been plotted. 

The similarity between the horizontal distribution of temperature 
and salinity and the map of the surface currents (fig. 117) is strik- 
ing. Frigid low-salinity water, less than —1.0° C., wrapped itself 
around the Grand Banks slope as far south as the Tail, while offshore 
at similar levels salty water warmer than 14° C., is traceable as far 
north as the forty-fifth parallel. Another feature common to both 
figures 96 and 97 is the rapid decrease in the thermal and saline gradi- 
ents with an increase in depth; 17 isotherms on the 100-meter projec- 
tion, for example, are replaced by only 2 on the 600-meter level. The 
small differences between the temperatures and the salinities of the 
farthest offshore observations of the Coast Guard and those farther 
south in the axis of the Atlantic Current is good evidence that this is 


136 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


a similar type of water. The increase in the difference between the 
Coast Guard’s data and the Michael Sars’ data, with proportional in- 
crease in depth, on the other hand, testifies to the shoaling of the 
Atlantic Current with approach toward its borders. 


VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


The same foregoing stations, with the exception of those of the 
Michael Sars, have been utilized to construct the vertical sections. 
These temperature and salinity profiles correspond section for section 
to the velocity profiles already discussed (p. 1383). Labrador Current 
of low salinity and temperature hugged the Atlantic slope of the 
Grand Banks while adjacently offshore lay salty warm water of the 
Atlantic Current. The draft of the Labrador Current as indicated 
by the above sections agrees well with the average depth of 950 
meters obtained from the velocity profiles. 

The presence of sub-Arctic intermediate water corresponding to 
that defined by Wiist (1935) and found by Iselin (1986, p. 47), is 
evident at depths of 400 to 600 meters as represented on the salinity 
sections T and U (fig. 99). Reference to the corresponding velocity 
profiles (fig. 95) establishes the motion of this water, with its prin- 
cipal component, as northerly. It is our view that this is mixed 
water formed by cabbeling along the boundaries of the Labrador 
Current and the Atlantic Current (see p. 183). 

The relatively small area of cool water on the southwest edge 
of the Grand Banks, as marked by the 3° and 4° isotherms (section 
X, fig. 98), is corroborative evidence of the very small proportions 
of sub-Arctic water which continue as far westward as this point 
from the Tail along the continental slope. The northern border of 
the Gulf Stream in the deep water between the Grand Banks and the 
Nova Scotian Banks often lies as far north as latitude 43°-30’ in the 
vicinity of the fifty-fourth meridian. (See Smith, 1928, stations 
178 and 209; also Bjerkan, 1919, stations 16, 17, 74, and 75.) A 
cold, low-salinity discharge from the Laurentian Channel appar- 
ently displaces the Gulf Stream southward in longitudes 56° and 57°, 
and thus accentuates a warm salient in longitudes 53° and 54°. ‘This 
characteristic northward encroachment of the Gulf Stream appears 
to dam the westward flow of the Labrador Current. Small quanti- 
ties of Labrador Current from around the Tail may, at times, escape 
along the continental slope past the above barrier (Smith, 1924, 
stations 353 and 354) and join other small tributaries such as the 
occasional extensions of the Labrador Current across the shelf south- 
west of Cape Race (Smith, 1924, p. 92) or a more pronounced and 
constant tongue of cold water from the Laurentian Channel (Bjer- 
kan, 1919, station 12). Such intermittent contributions probably re- 
sult in cooling and freshening the surface layers in the slope water 
as they mix with the margin of the Gulf Stream system (see Iselin, 
1936, fig. 57). No direct extension of the Labrador Current to the 
coast of the United States has been emphasized by Bigelow (1927, 
pp. 825-836). 

There is little evidence in the deepest temperature and salinity 
observations in the Grand Banks sector (figs. 98 and 99) of the cold 
water which was indicated on our Labrador Sea sections as draining 
out along the American slope (p. 184). This movement has prob- 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 137 


ably been missed since the ice-scouting duties of the Ice Patrol have 
never afforded time to explore depths in the Grand Banks sector 
greater than 1,500 meters. Michael Sars stations 69 and 70 at the 
Tail of the Grand Banks (Helland-Hansen, 1930) do indicate, how- 
ever, the southerly continuation of the deep water described in 
chapter VIII. 

A striking feature of the profiles, best illustrated on sections T, U, 
and W (figs. 98 and 99) where the isotherms and isohalines surface 
to 300 meters on the scale of the drawings lie nearly vertical, is the 
abutment of Arctic and Atlantic water. A similar distribution of 
the temperature and the salinity, but not quite so well defined, has 
been noted in the Greenland sector, where two different types of 
water flank each other. These convergences illustrate cabbeling 
(p. 175), the angle being greatest in the zone of greatest changes in 
temperature and salinity. The temperature convergence, most 
clearly marked in the surface layers during the colder part of the 
year, is commonly known as the cold wall. (See 10° C., isotherm on 
profiles T, U, and W, fig. 98.) If the temperature profiles be com- 
pared with the corresponding ones of velocity (fig. 95), it will be 
found that the cold wall lay an average of 20 miles offshore of the 
boundary between the Labrador and Atlantic Currents. This con- 
dition is believed to be more apparent than real; observations taken 
at closer intervals across the two streams would probably reveal a 
coincidence between the distribution of temperature, salinity, and 
resulting motion. 

Along the boundary of the Atlantic and Labrador Currents, as 
shown by several of the intersecting sections of density (Smith, 1926, 
p. 30), relatively light water often collects in the surface layers to 
depths of 20 or 30 meters. Whether or not these shallow pools are 
the result of an indraft initiated by intense cabbeling along the 
density wall is a question which remains for future investigation. 

Temperature-salinity correlation curves for the sections in the Grand 
Banks sector (fig. 100) correspond in general features to those (figs. 
65 and 66) for the American sector. The flatter part of the curve is 
again representative of the Labrador Current, while the end portions 
beyond points I and ITI are typical of the Labrador Current’s prin- 
cipal components. Point I, with an approximate temperature value 
of —1.5° C., and a salinity of about 33.32% (slightly warmer and 
saltier than typical Arctic water in the American sector) represents 
typical Arctic water in the Grand Banks sector. Continuation of 
the curves (fig. 100) upward and to the left is representative of the 
correlation in banks and coastal water. Continuation of the curves 
from point II upward to the right gives graphs which parallel those 
representative of the correlation found in Atlantic water. Naturally 
these given lines lie to the left of a curve representative of the axis 
of the Gulf Stream since the Grand Banks sector embraces only the 
northern margin of that current system. 


ANNUAL VARIATIONS 


In order to show the variation in the position of the Labrador 
Current and the Atlantic Current in the Grand Banks sector, a series 
of 20 dynamic topographic maps, 1000-0 decibars (figs. 102-121) are 
appended to this chapter. The station table data upon which they 


138 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


are based are contained in the United States Coast Guard Ice Patrol 
Bulletins, 1922-36. In the earlier part of the period when the sub- 
surface observations did not extend to 1,000 meters, resort has been 
made to extrapolation. 

Smith (1931), in order to point out the paths along which icebergs 
most frequently drift, grouped the above maps (appended to this 


uJ 
oa 
= 
= 
<a 
or 
uJ 
ak 
= 
uJ 
_ 


Ficurn 100.—Temperature-salinity correlation cae in the Grand Banks sector the spring 
of 1 


chapter) into several characteristic types of circulation in the Grand 
Banks sector as follows: ” 

(a) A swelling of the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks 
sector is often accompanied by an extension of its terminus as far 
west as the fifty-third meridian. At such times it may hug closely 


The agreement between the isobaths shown on the dynamic topographic maps and the 
actual iceberg drifts has been confirmed by the Ice Patrol and reported by Smith (1981). 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 139 


to the continental slope (fig. 113), or it may project southwesterly 
past the Tail (fig. 115), or run nearly. south (fig. 117). Another 
characteristic type of the circulation west of the Tail which persisted 
for over 2 months the spring of 1926 is featured by a cyclonic 
eddy (figs. 105, 106, 107, and 109). The system west of the Tail, 
on the other hand, may be completely altered in appearance by the 
encroachment of the Atlantic Current toward the southwest slope 
(figs. 102, 116, and 117). 

(6) The Labrador Current sometimes meets the Atlantic Current 
in such a manner that a cold-water salient extends southeasterly 
from the Tail along the 4,000-meter isobath as far as latitude 41°, 
longitude 47°. This course of the currents appears to favor the 
formation of a cyclonic eddy which may travel about southeast of 
the Tail as shown on figures 106, 107, and 115. An apparent weaken- 
ing of the Labrador Current may be the cause of the retreat of this 
eddy to the northward along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks 
(figs. 105, 112, 117, 118, and 120). 

(c) The previously described intrusion of the Atlantic Current 
between the forty-fourth and forty-fifth parallels on the east side 
of the Grand Banks is one of the most constant features of the 
circulation (figs. 102, 109, 110, 112, 116, 117, 120, and 121). This 
development of the Atlantic Current during the latter part of the 
iceberg season and the consequent deflection of the ice from the main 
steamship tracks has occasionally been a determining factor in the 
discontinuation of the Ice Patrol for that season. 

(dq) The Labrador Current upon crossing the Flemish Cap Ridge 
often gives off a small branch southeastward between the northern 
border of the Atlantic Current and Flemish Cap (figs. 112 and 116). 

(e) The system of circulation at the junction of the Labrador 
Current and the Atlantic Current sometimes becomes very complex 
as attenuated sinuous tongues of superficial current interlace. The 
cold southwesterly current, for example, which intersected the plane 
of the Michael Sars’ section south of the Grand Banks in June 1910 
(Helland-Hansen, 1930), indicated a system of circulation similar to 
that shown on figures 109 and 110. The surface temperature maps 
compiled fortnightly by the Ice Patrol during the ice season, each 
based upon hundreds of temperature reports from passing steamers, 
indicate that narrow tongues and occluded pools of warm and cold 
surface water from the two main currents sometimes extend con- 
siderable distances on both sides of the boundary as marked by the 
dynamic topographic maps. The more closely the subsurface obser- 
vations are taken in the active mixing area, it is safe to state, the 
more complex the currents will be revealed there. 

The variation in the volume of the Labrador Current and the 
Atlantic Current in the Grand Banks sector (1910-35) is shown by 
the table on page 148. The computed volumes of the Labrador Cur- 
rent during the earlier part of the period are not so accurate as the 
values shown for the later years when the station’s observations were 
taken at much closer intervals. The series unfortunately is not of suf- 
ficient length or continuity to determine whether or not a correlation 
exists between the volume of the Labrador Current and the num- 
ber of icebergs south of Newfoundland. If there be any direct rela- 
tion, it apparently is masked by frequent and irregular fluctuations, 

79920—37-—10 


140 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


which, as might be expected near the turning point of a discharge, 
are greater than farther upstream in the trunk. The volume of the 
Atlantic Current according to the table also shows considerable varia- 
tion, but this of course is due to the position of the stations, some 
sections extending deeper into the margin of the warm, salty stream 
than others. The values are recorded in order to demonstrate that 
the Grand Banks sections in most cases intersect the Atlantic Cur- 
rent itself and not a secondary tongue or eddy. 


ANNUAL CYCLE 


The bulk of the subsurface observations that have been made in 
the Grand Banks sector have occurred in spring and summer. A few 
stations, however, have been taken by the ice observation cutter dur- 
ing winter (Smith, 1922, 1923). The United States Coast Guard 
also made a brief physical survey of the waters around the Grand 
Banks in October 1923 (Smith, 1923). The Challenger ran a line of 
stations across the Grand Banks in November 1932 (Conseil Per- 
manent International, 1933), and the Ad/antis a line of stations south 
of the Tail of the Grand Banks in September 1935 (Conseil Perma- 
nent International, 1936). These data, although scanty for the colder 
ponte of the year, provide a basis, however, for describing the annual 
cycle. 

The only two winter surface temperature maps of the Grand Banks 
sector, February 19—March 11, 1921, and February 19-20, 1922 (Smith, 
1922 and 1923), record temperatures less than 32° F., and thus indi- 
cate that the Labrador Current at the time extended southward along 
the east side of the Grand Banks to the vicinity of the Tail. In fact, 
the isotherms on the two above maps, when due allowance is made 
for the annual cycle of insolation, correspond in their main features 
to those on the maps of the Ice Patrol’s large collection for spring 
and summer. Corroboration that the Labrador Current was present 
in the Grand Banks sector in the winter of 1922 is found in the 
computed volume of the cold current, between stations 172 and 173 
(Smith, 1923, p. 70) of 6.2 million cubic meters per second. This 
figure based upon only two stations is believed somewhat inaccurate, 
since it is about double the average volumes previously found. 

The dynamic topographic map for October 21-26, 1923 (fig. 105), 
when compared with the distribution of temperature and salinity 
(Smith, 1923), clearly shows that the Labrador Current with negative 
temperatures in its axis flowed southward in autumn around the 
Grand Banks to slightly west of the Tail. The computed volume of 
the cold current was 3.4 million cubic meters per second near the 
forty-fourth parallel and 2.9 million cubic meters per second at the 
Tail, discharges which according to the table (p. 148) agree with the 
volumes of the Labrador Current at other times of the year. The 
computed volume of the cold current at the Tail of the Grand Banks 
from observations in November 1932 and also in September 1935 tend 
to corroborate the foregoing.’ 

Reference has already been made (p. 63) to the strength of the 
West Greenland Current as found by the Meteor around Cape Fare- 
well the winter of 1935 and also to the major proportions of the West 


13 Smith (1924, p. 65) reported the drift of an iceberg southward around the Tail of the 
Grand Banks in August and September 1923, 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 141 


Greenland Current which enter into the composition of the Labrador 
Current. Again in late August 1928 the Marion found the Labrador 
Current to be flowing with a volume of 4.6 million cubic meters per 
second. At the rate of 8.2 miles per day this discharge should have 
reached the Grand Banks sector the following December. Thus 
the evidence contained in the above quantative data strongly indi- 
cates that the Labrador Current prevails in the Grand Banks sector 
the year round. 

If, on the other hand, an acceleration of the dynamically induced 
circulation occurs in the northern part of the Labrador Sea as 
hypothesized (p. 186), it would probably cause a subsequent augmen- 
tation of the Labrador Current reaching its maximum in the Grand 
Banks sector the following May. 


PRESSURE GRADIENT (MB) 
OO ON I Phall ies OF Gl PAAVAWOO 


O¢E NOV DEC JAN. FEB MAR: 
MO. Nuc Ti atles 


Ficurp 101.—The normal atmospheric pressure gradient, October to March, over the 
Labrador Sea. ‘The solid line represents the Belle Isle-Julianehaab gradient and the 
broken line the Nain-Ivigtut gradient. 


The seasonal change both in the velocity and the direction of 
the prevailing winds over the Labrador Sea appears to be one of 
the most logical factors, if a spring freshet of the Labrador Current 
isareality. Fig. 101 indicates that the prevailing winds, which pro- 
duce a tangential wind current, the main component of which is 
southerly, attain their maximum effect in January. If a current is 
thus formed, it will proportionately augment the prevailing dynamic 
current which has been found there in summer and described as the 
Labrador Current. At the rate of 8.2 miles per day, the estimated 
velocity of the summertime current, such a flood wave would appear 
in the Grand Banks sector in April and May. This coincides with 
the date of the commonly supposed spring freshet. 

The foregoing raises the broad question whether or not such cur- 
rents as the East Greenland and the Labrador exhibit a seasonal 
variation. There is a well-established view that the Labrador Cur- 


142 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


rent swells to maximum volume in the spring and dwindles or dis- 
appears from the Grand Banks region in the fall and winter. The 
underlying factor is attributed to summertime insolation with the 
consequent release of water from melting snow and ice, the Labrador 
Current acting as a freshet overflows southward deeper into the North 
Atlantic.‘ But a spring freshet in the Grand Banks sector, con- 
sidering the distances from the source region and the rate of trans- 
port of such a flood wave, comes much too early to connect with 
summer or even vernal warming. 

The common impression that the Labrador and the East Greenland 
Currents display a seasonal variation may have been largely abetted 
by the drift of the sea ice and the icebergs south of Newfoundland, 
a well-known phenomenon which is subject to a conspicuous annual 
cycle. Any marked correlation between the abundance of sea ice 
south of Newfoundland and vernal warming is discountenanced, 
however, by the fact that the seasonal maximum of the former pre- 
cedes the latter. The cycle in the sea ice is traceable apparently to 
a seasonal rate of production during winter and the consequent 
southward drift from its source. The sequence of events is quite in 
harmony, moreover, with a uniform velocity of the currents pre- 
viously described. j 

The seasonal cycle of icebergs south of Newfoundland which 
reaches a maximum usually in May is also somewhat too early to be 
caused by a freshet of the cold current predicated on vernal warming. 
The iceberg cycle, on the other hand, as proven by Smith (1931), 
correlates with the cycle of the pack ice, and is believed primarily 
dependent upon a “fence” of pack ice along the Labrador coast dur- 
ing late winter and early spring. This also is a condition obviously 
quite unrelated to a cyclical phase, if any, in the Labrador Current. 
An annual cycle of the Labrador Current based upon the cyclical 
drift of pack ice and icebergs south of Newfoundland is, therefore, 
in view of the above, considered a delusion. 

The impression that Arctic currents, noticeably their southern 
extensions, dwindle and in many places disappear during late sum- 
mer and autumn, may have been gained from the temperature of 
the water. Naturally different temperature criteria for the axis of 
the cold current must be employed during late summer and autumn 
than at other times due purely to solar warming and mixing to 
which the upper layers are subject. ‘The East Greenland polar con- 
stituent of the West Greenland Current, for example, along the coast 
north of Cape Farewell, often loses its negative character in late 
summer, yet comparison between the velocity and temperature pro- 
files proves its presence nevertheless. Higher average subsurface 
temperatures were noted in the axis of the Labrador Current in 
Grand Banks sector by Smith (1924, p. 102) and attributed not to 
any slacking in the cold current but primarily to a milder 1923-24 
winter. 

Surface temperature maps of the Grand Banks sector compiled by 
the Ice Patrol in June and July have proved quite misleading regard- 


“Bigelow (1927) found that the Nova Scotian Current experiences freshet charac- 
teristics when during a few weeks in spring it flows into the Gulf of Maine. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 143 


ing the circulation, when, due to solar warming, the presence of the 
Labrador Current is more or less screened from view. ‘This condition 
is accentuated in summer as still warmer surface water of the At- 
lantic Current is spread in toward the Grand Banks’ slopes by the 
prevailing southwesterly winds. 

The seasonal range in minimum temperature of the Labrador Cur- 
rent in the Grand Banks sector may be wide. ‘Temperatures as low 
as —1.6° C., have been recorded at a depth of 100 meters, and as 
high as 2.9° C., at 150 meters along the east side of the Grand 
Banks in the axis of the cold current. The seasonal range of the 
temperature of the Labrador Current has been commented upon by 
Smith (1924, pp. 160-165). 

The minimum wintertime temperatures over the Grand Banks, 
surface and bottom, are approximately —0.3° C. and —0.8° C., re- 
spectively. The Grand Banks column at the end of winter is usually 
in thermal homogeneity except where the Labrador Current has in- 
truded on the bottom. The maximum surface temperature recorded 
by Smith (1924, p. 148) was 13.2° C., but a summer temperature 
more commonly attained is 11.0° C. ‘The maximum bottom tempera- 
ture was approximately 2.0° C., but such relatively high temperatures 
may often be displaced even during summer by negative-tempera- 
tured water from the Labrador Current. 

The Grand Banks sector, embracing as it does the discharge of 
the Labrador Current, subject to wide and rapid fluctuations, even 
ceasing to flow at times, represents a very poor field to determine 
the question of an annual cycle. The quantitative data on the 
Labrador Current, at least up to the present, fail to reveal any 
annual cycle in its flow. If an annual cycle does exist, it is probably 
relatively slight, being outweighed by shorter irregular pulsations. 


Volume of Labrador Current and Atlantic Current in Grand Banks sector 


Millions of cubic meters per second 


Sectionee=s2-—o—— R Ss 7 Wi Vv WwW xX 
Year and month LC}|AC|LC}AC|LC}]AC|LC}AC|]LC}AC|]LC] AC} LC] AC 


MeO NIG sok 
1922: 
MepEUaryiccs= 2-2 sot=- 


TER) 1 (Spa I 
iio Apher i SS ee ee 
LUA Si (a a ae 
1932: 


DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 
GRAND BANKS SECTOR 


1922-1935 


(Figures 102-121) 
145 


Th 1, IE 


UT ac 


ger 


47}f—— 
Ks 5 
| j 
46" is 
\ \ 
; \ 


c 
mn 
Ye 
atte \ 
Le 
(y : 
Ss 
NN i 
/ 


“VIRGIN ROCKS4+,  ¢ 


Ce 


i | FLEMISH CaP 


GRAND | BANKS 


42° 


41° 


Bea a 


50° 


“49°C 


ie a 


45° 


FicurE 102.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, April 11—-May 5, 1922. 


147 


148 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


GRAND 


BANKS 


ee = 
nar 62° 51° 


50° APTA en” AT #«| «(ABs 45° 


Ficurp 103.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, May 3 30. 1922, 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 149 


Bas it PC ee 


48° 


) 
) ort 
. = . 
US } Neos 
\ x , 
( Sys 
a \ Sara F 
Gs x = ‘ ° 
ae d at ey A7 
4 , | 
fm f / ‘ {| reess!) 
' t= { { ‘ 1 bey | 
f © Se eh te H alae ell} 
% : / S \ | 
/ y, 4 “ 
ew? J ~—— “VIRGIN ROCKS +, (> j ' 
' = rd at 
| - \ - / = 
y, rf vy Oo / - 
= 4 14 1 / o 
‘ ie / 
ir — cael 46 
\ a 
= 2 , Z 
~ ’ 4 
ry s a = 
= ry B s | 
x \ ' i Cor ‘ , = 
a hes we GRAND | BANKS ¥ 
Sv oN 
* i) - 


30° a= = —— ————— ' : 
53° 52 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 
FIGURE 104.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, May 23-June 18, 1922. 


150 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


48° 


ne oe 


| ~ — “VIRGIN ROCKS +, 


‘| GRAND | BANKS 


& SS meee | — a — 39° 


54° 53° Sze 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 
FIGURE 105,—Dynamic topography 1,000-—0 decibar surface, October 21-26, 1923. 


39° 


ls nyo 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 151 


e 52° sI° 50° Ag° 48° 47° 
its Se = 49° 
' bee ‘ 5 ¥ SS 
4 \ : nee 
~ yoo 
Ae nl 2 + H 48° 
| / 

& ees | 

/ aa =) nh 
+ a) al 

( = Px) fm 
: ( i, x 1 H 
a 
—_ Lg. +4 
a J ) 

° = i “ps : , 
46 ze * fr aT T 46 

h7 c oe as i : = 

alter \  (~\| GRAND BANK Vs Sa 

ica 
Wee 

! \ 

N 

x ; 
o 11 43 


| 
| 
Hag 
| 
| 
| 
| 


— 


\ 
a0" 4 Tl 40 
| 
ir 4 
Meee | ee 
54° 53° 52° sr SO 49° 48° 47° 


Ficurp 106.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, April 29—May 5, 1926. 


152 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


5r° 50° 49° 48° ae’ 46° : 
— eee oT Gh 
7 
~ % F ~ z . | 
dy; t > Dyas {* 
sees — 48° 
=e 
< oy. 
‘a 
‘ \ NG 
1 = [— re 47° 
— } \ 
ties J | 
A , 
J iF ) 
Me cr l 
; 
| 


“25 T2.2/9 -1926 


Sto 605-30 (25) 


—— = —_— ——— 
54° 53° 52: Bll 50° 429° 48° Aw 46° 


Figure 107.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, June 25-29, 1926. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA Lbs 


ag° 
1S 3) 
} a +— 148° 
~ bes 
X= 
a) y 
om = HA7° 
is 
4 Ne 
/ S \ 
\ 
( 
4 / 
/ 
; | Vie a 2 
>) é os = 7 aa i oo * 
Pe elie ya ae RK CRAND BANK {f © 
a H 
ne 


40° poe 440° 


5 = 5S ye ~C«=S 50 ea: 48° 42° 
Figure 108.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, April 6-10, 1927. 


154 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE ‘EXPEDITIONS 


ait 250! 49° 48° aT i 


' ys ie \= 
asl pall = (Gh 
! ~,\ 
a es axes 
| ere. = 
44} 7s < 
-T 2 é 
4 ae a ae 
“ieee 
43 fs 
97 
os 
| Le 
“ ( |@ | 
GCs 
ai’ = “\ ~S Hal’ 
. 77.20 ! 
407, i ——o te 40° 
| 
7 Aaa ae orca 
a} iy 54 53° 52° 5r 50 49° 48° 47° 


FicurE 109.—Dynamic topography 1,000—-0 decibar surface, April 21-25, 1927. 


155 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


48° 


4a’ 


43° 


42° 


7\| GRAND | BANK 


aX. 
ie) 


SN 


a 


if 


| & 
° 
ra) 


x 


rt) 
v 


Alls 


Ficgurp 110.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, May 10-18, 1927. 


11 


79920—37. 


156 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


143° 


42 


= 
| 
2 


a 51° 50° Ay 48° 47° 46° 
Ficurp 111.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, May 29-June 3, 1927. 


157 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


GRAND BANK 


,000-0 decibar surface, June 9-21, 1927. 


Ficurg 112.—Dynamic topography 1 


158 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


il 


GRAND 


\ 
WAAAY 
Way \ 

WRAY ee 


—— 1; 

: Ly I 

| = d | 

| : | 

| | 

| | 

| | 

ay | 

| | 

| 

| 

| | 
39° ES hes 39° 


os =~=«<‘izHeCO”SC‘*’.:~=“‘<‘ia~TD 
Ficure 113.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, April 19-May 5, 1932. 


a 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 159 


53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° ag° 
aa a a 
| a ~f 
1 . 
L~ = ae | 
i 


ie + seen See 


46° 


45° 


same) 52 Segoe «40! Peat ay> | ee? Ao aa® 


Figure 114.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, May 21-29, 1932. 


160 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


ul 4 41° 
| 
| 
| 
40 + —<———= yo" 
| | 
| 
| 
39° Ee Se eee (ed deel 39° 
54° 53 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 


Figure 115.— Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, June 13-19, 1932. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 161 


i | PLEMISH CaP 


- ec? 
g =. 
|e eM _.-/vircin Rocks + 


GRAND | BANKS 


a 


52° 51° so ~*~*«aS 48° 47° 46° 45° 
FicurE 116.—Dynamic topography 1,000—-0 decibar surface, April 19-26, 1934. 


162 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


aR ie Eee a RO = 455 as 


i | eLeMsH caP 


Ie Se ——— a at ee cep 
53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 


Ficurp 117.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, May 17-25, 1934. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 163 


5S: 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° if 46° amar!) ee v " 
oo === == === == = = == 149 
ae & 
| od =e 6 o H 
48% E | 48° 
| 4, E ¥ 
: 
| 
art \ Z FLEMISH CAP inal 
he ~ WN Len 
te sf ' ae elas iG 
Beet 
25 ea 
| ma ~ 
| ae GRAND | BANKS 
Sesh 
45" oe mh 
| 
IS ; 
| . > Sy 
Sea | hae 
44%; — 


as 
43° ee 


42° | 
| 
| 
| 
41 ! 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
0, A a = 
53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 


FicurE 118.—Dynamic topography 1,000—0 decibar surface, June 12-21, 1934. 


164 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Qo 8 eee. ee 


Mii. .oe 4s, . ao age 46° ~~" 44° 4a epee 
Fiaurp 119.—Dynamic topography 1,000—-0 decibar surface, April 10-20, 19:35. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 165 


GRAND | BANKS 


WF ia : 142° 


Sears 4a aT nn aas arden ry ae nae 
Ficurb 120.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, May 8-18, 1135, 


166 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


50° 


se a es a 


51° 


47° 


{| PLEMISH CAP 


— “VIRGIN ROCKS, ¢ 


46% 46° 


GRAND | BANKS 


l'iGurp 121.—Dynamic topography 1,000-0 decibar surface, June 4-10, 1935. 


+. | noe 


Ficuep 122—Dynamic topography 1,500-0, decibar surface, July 22-September 11, 1928. 


79920—37 (Face p.167) No.1 


ZON (L9T‘daoug) LE—0Z66L 


"TS6L ‘8 sNsINny-F Ang ‘aoujans 1eqpap 0-009'T AydviZ0do0} dpuvusq—'ezT TAO 


os 


Cuaprer VIII 
THE LABRADOR SEA 


The discussion in previous chapters has been devoted to the cir- 
culation and physical character of the waters in the shelf and slope 
regions and has been largely confined to the upper levels, the tropo- 
sphere. The present chapter treats the offshore waters between 
Greenland and Labrador and southward to the vicinity of the fiftieth 
parallel and with special attention to the deeper levels, the strato- 
sphere. 

SURFACE CIRCULATION 


In figure 122 is shown the dynamic topographic chart of the sur- 
face with respect to 1,500 decibars based on the Marion observations 
taken in 1928. The more rapid currents immediately offshore of 
the Greenland and Labrador coasts and in the vicinity of Davis 
Strait have been illustrated and discussed in chapters IV, V, and VI. 
Figure 122 shows these currents and their interrelation as well as 
the more slowly moving current in the central part of the area. 
An area of weak current is shown southwestward of Cape Farewell 
and the northward and eastward flowing borders of the Atlantic 
Current is just discernible in about latitude 54° N., longitude 50° W. 
Immediately south of this is what is probably the northern end of 
the closed whorl between the Labrador Current, the Atlantic Cur- 
rent margin, and Flemish Cap. Regarding the drift of east Green- 
land bergs which reach Cape Farewell, reference is made to Smith 
(1931, pp. 74-78). 

Figure 123 represents the dynamic topographic map of the sur- 
face with respect to 1,500 decibars resulting from the survey made 
by the General Greene in 1931. In this year the northwestern corner 
of the Atlantic Current margin extended farther to the north and 
west and was more pronounced than in 1928. The closed whorl 
found in 1928 between the Atlantic Current and the Labrador Cur- 
rent was not disclosed by the 1931 observations and probably was 
situated southeastward of the limits of the survey. A notable fea- 
ture in 1931 was the branching and eastward recurving of a portion 
of the Irminger Current south of Cape Farewell as indicated by the 
course of the 1,454.56 isobath in that locality. (See p. 51, ch. IV.) 

The dynamic topographic map of the surface with respect to 1,500 
decibars obtained by the General Greene in 1933 is shown in figure 
124. The high salinities observed in the central area (see ch. IT) 
account for the more rapid circulation offshore of the usual bound- 
aries of the Labrador Current. Neither the closed whorl between 
the Labrador Current and the Atlantic Current nor the northwestern 
border of the Atlantic Current were present within the limits of the 
survey unless that portion of the map eastward of longitude 50° W. 


167 


168 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


southwest of Cape Farewell is to be interpreted as a direct contribu- 
tion of Atlantic Current water to the outer margins of the Irminger 
Current. 


65° i : 


FIGURB 124.—Dynamic topography 1,500—0 decibar surface, June 26—-July 24, 1938. 


In figure 125 is shown the dynamic topographic map of the sur- 
face with respect to 1,500 decibars resulting from the 1934 observa- 
tions obtained by the General Greene. Tt will be noted that the 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 169 


measurements extend farther to the eastward between latitudes 50° 
55° than in the earlier surveys. These easternmost stations disclose 
the borders of the Atlantic Current flowing in well-developed 


65° 60° : 50 


|} << 


ot: 


Figure 125.—Dynamic topography 1,500—0 decibar surface, July 3-15, 1934. 


strength. The closed whorl between the Atlantic and Labrador 
Currents is more elongated than in the previous maps and can be 
traced as far northward as about 58° N. This figure again brings 
up the possibility that in some years water from the margins of the 


170 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Atlantic Current may be contributed directly to the offshore borders 
of the West Greenland Current. 

Figure 126 is a composite dynamic topographic map of the entire 
region from Smith Sound southward to the Tail of the Grand Banks. 
The Baffin Bay part is based on the observations of the Godthaab 
made in 1928. From Davis Strait to the line between Cape Farewell 
and Newfoundland the map is based upon the 1928 Marion observa- 
tions. From this line southeastward to Flemish Cap the observa- 
tions of the General Greene taken on the 1935 post-season cruise 
have been used and that part of the map in the vicinity of the 
Grand Banks is based upon observations taken during May 1935 by 
the General Greene. Blank strips separate the various areas de- 
scribed above. ‘The common reference level is the 1,500-decibar sur- 
face. It must be remembered that figure 126 is a composite combin- 
ing observations from different seasons and different years, not strictly 
comparable but with this reservation in mind it is useful in gaining 
a more complete picture of the current system as a whole and 
of the interrelation of the component parts of that system. Figures 
127 and 128 are similarly constructed composite horizontal sections 
of temperature and salinity at a depth of 100 meters in summertime. 

The subsurface circulation obtaining in 1928 is illustrated in 
figures 129 and 130, which are dynamic topographic maps of the 
600- and 1,000-decibar surfaces, respectively, referred to the 1,500- 
decibar surface. The major patterns of the surface circulation seen 
in figure 122 are reflected in the course of the dynamic isobaths at 
the 600-decibar surface. Most notable, perhaps, in figure 129 is the 
illustration of the contribution of the West Greenland Current to 
Baffin Bay over Davis Strait Ridge. Figure 130 demonstrates the 
weak but cyclonic character of the circulation in the intermediate 
water, with the center of the basin in less active circulation than 
the borders. 


SUMMARY OF SURFACE CIRCULATION 


The surface circulation of the Labrador Sea is summarized as fol- 
lows: The East Greenland Arctic Current and a western branch of the 
Irminger Current on rounding Cape Farewell are renamed the West 
Greenland Current which flows northwestward. The West Greenland 
Current branches, part crossing Davis Strait Ridge into Baffin Bay 
and a part flowing westward south of the Davis Strait Ridge and 
joining Arctic water flowing southward out of Baffin Bay to produce 
the Labrador Current. The Labrador Current, composed of about 
three parts west Greenland water to two parts of Baffin Bay water, 
flows southerly along Labrador and Newfoundland and the eastern 
edge of the Grand Banks, eventually turning in a general northeast- 
erly direction along the northwestern borders of the Atlantic Cur- 
rent. From the northern edge of the Grand Banks to the Tail of the 
Banks parts of the Labrador Current are turned back to the north- 
ward. The northernmost of these returned branches forms a closed 
whorl between the trunk of the Labrador Current, Flemish Cap, and 
mixed waters of the borders of the Atlantic Current which water 
flows northward and eastward extending as far as 55° north. 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 171 


60 
Figure 129.—Dynamie topography 1,500-600 decibar surface, July 22—September 11, 1928. 


79920—37 12 


72 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


50 
500-1,000 decibar surface, July 22-September 11, 
1928. 


Figure 130.—Dynamic topography 1 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 173 


EXCHANGE OF WATER IN BAFFIN BAY 


The volumes of flow derived from velocity profiles and described in 
chapters IV, V, and VI are represented schematically in figure 181. 
These investigations require certain conclusions which not only sup- 
port the picture of the circulation which is represented here but offer 
opportunity of estimating the exchange of water in Baffin Bay. It 
was found that in 1928 about-1.0 million cubic meters per second was 
being contributed to Baffin Bay by the West Greenland Current at 
Davis Strait. The southward flow of the Baffin Land Current 
amounted to about 2.0 million cubic meters per second, thus indicat- 
ing that the net contribution to Baffin Bay through Smith, Jones, and 
Lancaster Sounds was about 1 million cubic meters per second subject 
to correction for precipitation and evaporation. 


EXCHANGE OF WATER, LABRADOR SEA 


Similarly the inflow to and outflow from the Labrador Sea may 
be balanced as follows: 


Inflow : m*/s X 10°° 
West Greenland Current (average Cape Farewell) __-____-__-_________ 5.0 
Bathine land: Current — ees ee ek a ee 2 
Hudsony Bay dischareem (net) 228222223 2 oe ee ee eee 0.5 

NoOtle= =... ane Oo ee ee ee 7.5 

Outflow : 

WiestaGreenland Cunnenth to. Battin (Says 1.0 
Mabrador Currenta(ayerace South) Wolt 1d) 22 = ee 4. 
STNG tye Wee 2 ___. -. A OE ee eee 5.6 


The fact that a part of the West Greenland Current is contributed 
to and included in the listed volume of the Labrador Current does not 
affect the above totals. Neglecting evaporation and precipitation, 
then, the above totals indicated an unbalanced excess of inflow over 
outflow of about 1.9 million cubic meters per second. The foregoing 
strongly suggests that about 1.9 million cubic meters per second of 
West Greenland Current sinks into depths below 1,500 meters (the 
reference surface of the dynamic computations) and eventually flows 
out of the Labrador Sea at deeper levels into the North Atlantic, 
thus maintaining a quantitatively balanced system of circulation. 


EXCHANGES OF HEAT IN LABRADOR SEA 


In the summer of 1928 the heat transported to the Labrador Sea 


by currents was as follows: 
°C m?/s &K 10-6 


pvess Greenland Currentgoit Cape Harewelleee 2-9 9-2 ee 17.5 

Rathin eands Curren trae ayAS: Streit eee een ee = 2 

Eivdsoneiay, discharcvem@ney)) =. en. eee ot eC eee 0.5 
Mo talon =»... SE 8 Oe ee ee eee 16.8 

while the current-borne heat leaving the Labrador Sea was— 

West Greenland Current to Baffin Bay_________ PS Bey ee SEW se) th , Babi ee 0.5 


Labrador Current 


174 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


60° 50° 


Ficur® 131.—Volume of the currents in the upper water layers (tropoepher expressed 
in millions of cubic meters per second, July 22—September 11, 1928 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 175 


This gives an excess of heat entering amounting to 1.7 billion kilo- 
gram calories per second. If the average temperature of the water 
sinking below the 1,500 meter level is assumed to be 3.2° C., the cor- 
responding outflow of heat was about 6.1 billion kilogram calories 
per second on the basis of the current balance tabulated on page 
178. This figure of 6.1 compared with the above excess of current- 
borne heat entering above 1,500 meters of 1.7 billion kilogram calories 
per second leaves an excess of departing current-borne heat of 4.4 
billion kilogram calories per second. It seems reasonable that this 
represents the order of magnitude of the average summer rate of 
absorption of insolation for it is estimated 7° that, during the sum- 
mertime, the insolation reaching the surface of the sea in this area 
amounts to about 20 billion kilogram calories per second of which 
perhaps more than 40 percent is lost, as far as the sea is concerned, 
through reflection. If this figure for reflection is accepted, 12 billion 
kilogram calories per second remain to account for radiation, evapora- 
tion, and absorption. As radiation is probably small, approximately 
two-thirds of the solar heat not reflected from the surface goes 
for evaporation and only one-third is absorbed. This proportion 
of absorption is probably too low because no account has been taken 
of land drainage, compensating sinking, and consequent transport 
of heat to depths below 1,500 meters. 


CABBELING 


The indicated sinking of approximately 1.9 million cubic meters 
per second volume of current below the 1,500-meter level and also, 
proportional quantities of heat, is substantiated by the position of 
the axis of saltest water along the southwest coast of Greenland 
for the summer of 1928. These data when plotted against depth 
(fig. 182) show that the Irminger-Atlantic water sank from the 200- 
meter level off Cape Farewell to about the 500-meter level off God- 
thaab. The temperature-salinity curves representative of the West 
Greenland Current (fig. 23, p. 48), if interpreted in terms of density, 
also indicate the progressive increase of density along its course. 
This sinking of the Irminger-Atlantic water is verified by the obser- 
vations of Baggesgaard-Rasmussen and Jacobsen (1930) and those of 
Riis-Carstensen (Conseil Permanent International, 1929) some of 
the results of which are shown on figures 183 and 134, respectively. 
The Dana’s observations taken June to July, 1925 when plotted 
on figure 133 show that the core of warmest water (Irminger-Atlantic 
Current) sank from a depth of about 200 meters to a depth of about 


According to Davis (1899, p. 18) the rate at which unobstructed insolation is received 
on the earth with the sun at the zenith is 75,000 thousand kilogram calorigs per minute per 
square mile or 54 billion kilogram calories per 12 hours. If the length of sunshine per 
day at the equator on March 20 be taken at 12 hours and the average rate of insolation 


during that period be taken as 2 times the maximum then the daily rate would be about 


34.3 billion kilogram calories per square mile. Davis (1899, p. an gives the daily inci- 
dent radiation in latitude 60° on June 21 and September 22 as 1.09 and 0.50 times the 
above, respectively. A conservative estimate for July—August then is taken as 0.8, 
whence estimating the area in question to be 310,000 square miles the average summer 


rate of insolation would be 84.3X0.8X310,000 6, approximately 100 billion kilogram calories per second. 


4 
According to Milhorn (1929, p. 41) about 60 percent is transmitted and of this about 
two-thirds is absorbed by the atmosphere so that about 20 billion kilogram calories per 
second reaches the ocean surface. 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


984 ois 1074 1079 1085 


FicurRp 132.—The position of saltest water July 22-September 11, 1928. 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA Www 


5 wT es) wo i 
= = =| | 


FiGuRB 133.—The position of warmest water as shown by the Dana’s observations, 
May 5-20, 1925. 


178 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


700 meters in traversing the West Greenland sector. Also the God- 
thaab’s observations in the summer of 1928 reveal that the Inminger- 
Atlantic water sank along its pathway north of Cape Farewell. Thus 
the observations of the Dana, Godthaab, and Marion all are in agree- 
ment in demonstrating the manner and rate of sinking of the 


179 27 184 6 


O 


FicurE 134.—The position of saltest water as shown by the Godthaab’s observations, 
May 29-—October 8, 1928. 


Irminger-Atlantic water as it enters and pursues its course in the 
Labrador Sea. This sinking of the water as it mixes in the West 
Greenland Current is an illustration of what the authors consider 
to be cabbeling. Although this phenomenon has been indicated by 
the observations from several parts of the northwestern North At- 
lantic (pp. 44, 48, and 136) its exposition has been reserved for the 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 179 


West Greenland Current as it enters the Labrador Sea. The idea 
of cabbeling was first published by Witte (1910) and depends 
upon the nonlinear relation between the temperature and the den- 
sity of sea water. Because of this nonlinear relation and the prac- 
tically linear salinity-density relation an adiabatic mixture of 
two waters of equal density but of differing temperature and salin- 
ity will have a greater density than its components. It is evident 
that, in nature, horizontally adjacent bodies of water will have 
very nearly equal densities. When such adjacent waters are of 
differing temperature and salinity characteristics their intermixture, 
with its attendant increase in density, will result in a partial sinking 
of the mixture to an equilibrium density level from which level 
further sinking is possible through further mixture with adjacent 
water of dissimilar temperature and salinity characteristics. ‘The 
fact of the presence of two water masses of dissimilar types in juxta- 
position is in itself an indication of the presence of horizontal cur- 
rents. The intermixture of two such water masses along their border 
may be aided at and near the surface by wave action but will be 
effected by the horizontal motion which transported the water there, 
not only near the surface but in deeper water as well. As a natural 
result, then, there will be a decided and even preponderant horizontal 
component to this mixed water as it sinks. Such is our conception 
of cabbeling as it occurs in the regions under discussion. The ver- 
tical component of motion as initiated by cabbeling is in many parts 
of the Labrador Sea during the colder months of the year accelerated 
by convectional chilling, but the latter factor is quite independent 
of the former. 

It may be noted here that areas such as the boundaries of the 
Irminger-Atlantic Current and the Labrador Current have been called 
polar fronts by some authors. This term, borrowed from meteor- 
ology, may be considered synonomous with the mixing zones de- 
scribed in this paper if it is applied not enly to surface phenomena 
but to subsurface current margins as well. 


STATION DATA 


In the following paragraphs the vertical distribution of the velocity 
of the currents, the temperature, and salinity, will be discussed with 
reference to two transverse and three longitudinal vertical sections, 
the geographical locations of which are shown on figure 135. 


VELOCITY PROFILES OF THE STRATOSPHERE 


A statistical investigation of the dynamic height computations for 
the 1935 post-season cruise of the General Greene, where all stations 
were occupied to near the bottom, indicated from a consideration of 
departures of differences of anomalies of dynamic heights from aver- 
ages for 500-meter depth intervals, that in the Labrador Sea the 2,000 
meter surface is probably close to the surface of most nearly motion- 
less water. On the assumption that 2,000 meters represents the depth 
of motionless water velocity profiles for the complete sections, Reso- 
lution Island to Fiskernaessett (Godthaab stations 18 to 28) and 
South Wolf Island to Cape Farewell (General Greene stations 2026 


180 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


to 2047) have been prepared and are shown in figures 136 and 187, 
respectively. Because of the small density gradients involved, be- 
cause of the possibility that no absolutely motionless surface exists 
and because of the probably undulatory character of such a surface if 
it does exist, no great reliance is placed upon the absolute values 
of velocity thus derived. However, the indicated directions of flow 
are believed to be reliable and are instructive regarding the circula- 
tion of the deeper water. These two velocity profiles clearly show 
the cyclonic nature of the circulation in the deep water (p. 186) of the 
Labrador Sea and at the same time permit the southward outflow, 


ISIS 20),.21 20,. 26) 2h 928 


H ee 
1 S062 
= SS 


Soins 


Figure 136.—Velocity profile Resolution Island to Fiskernaessett, June 11-16, 1928 
expressed in centimeters per second (from the Godthaab’s observations). The solid 
lines represent southerly current and the broken lines northerly current. 


along the American side, of deep water and bottom water (p. 187) 
to the North Atlantic necessitated by the sinking of water from higher 
levels. 


VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 


Resolution Island—Fiskernaessett.—The transverse sections of tem- 
perature and salinity shown in figure 138 represent summer con- 
ditions in 1928 between Resolution Island and Fiskernaessett based on 
the Godthaab stations 18 to 28. In the upper levels the more rapid 
currents can be recognized, the northward-flowing West Greenland 
Current on the right and the southward-flowing Labrador Current on 
the left. The central part of the section from about 500 meters to 
about 2,000 meters is occupied by intermediate water (p. 184), the 
deeper limit of which is characterized by a temperature of about 3° 
C. and a salinity of about 34.90%. This intermediate water is con- 
sidered to lie below the surface water and offshore of the more rapid 


181 


vA 


STRAIT AND LABRADOR SI 


DAVIS 


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182 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


currents. The intermediate water is in slow cyclonic circulation and 
its core is seen in the temperature minimum, which will be considered 
later, and in the salinity minimum of about 34.88%. 


013 050 0.41 


teriGuZzOral: ~e22 25) es 2) 6©262iaze 


3295 3294 33043322 3388 34.61 34.58 34.05 3431 3230 30.87 
OM T 33.0—" T Fe T ST aq —— 
35.00 
500 
10 
15 
2 
25 


Ficure 138.—Temperature and salinity profile Resolution Island to Fiskernaessett, June 
11-16, 1928 (from the Godthaab’s observations). 


Below the intermediate water is to be seen the deep water charac- 
terized by lower temperatures than the intermediate water and by 
salinity maxima. Here again the circulation is cyclonic and weak. 
The center of the salinity maximum shown in figure 188 is located 
on the Labrador side. On the Greenland side at intermediate depths 


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No, 2 


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Ficurn 141.—Salinity profile, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (composite 1928-35). 


79920—37 (Face p.183) No.3 


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Ficurr 142.—Temperature profile, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (composite 1928-35). 


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Ficurn 143.—Salinity profile, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (composite 1928-35). 


79920—37 (Facep.183) No.5 


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Ficure 144.—Teiperature profile, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (composite, 1928-35). 


79920--87 (Face p.188) No.6 


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Ficure 145.—Salinity profile, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (composite, 1928-35). 


79920—37 (Facep.183) No.7 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 183 


below the West Greenland Current is seen high salinity water which 
will eventually become deep water through cabbeling as it progres- 
sively sinks along its cyclonic path around the northern end of the 
Labrador Basin. 

Below the deep water is to be seen a small amount of bottom water 
with temperatures of less than 2° C. This bottom water is in 
very slow cyclonic circulation with a general southerly direction. — 

South Wolf Island—Cape Farewell.—F igure 139 represents verti- 
cal sections of temperature and salinity between South Wolf Island, 
Labrador, and Cape Farewell, Greenland, based on the 1935 observa- 
tions of the General Greene, stations 2026 to 2047. As in figure 138, 
the more rapid currents in the upper levels are recognizable at the 
sides of the sections. In the intermediate water the isohaline of 
34.90% again serves to bound the lower surface at about 2,000 
meters, although the temperature at this level is about 3.2 C., some- 
what warmer than the lower surface of the intermediate water in 
the more northerly section of figure 138. The temperature minimum 
is again shown at about 1,500 meters. The deep-water salinity 
maximum is shown more clearly than in figure 138, possibly because 
the greater depth here permits a better development of downward 
decrease of salinity below the maximum and possibly because since 
the formation of these maxima is intermittent figure 139 may have 
approached more nearly a horizontal maximum than did figure 138. 
The bottom water, with temperatures lower than about 2° C., has 
lower temperatures than those of the bottom water in the more 
northerly section. This is probably explained by the greater depths 
in figure 139, the greater thickness of deep water, and the better 
chance of minimum temperatures surviving mixture with warmer 
water from higher levels. 

Figures 140 to 145, inclusive, represent longitudinal vertical sec- 
tions of temperature and salinity along eastern, middle, and western 
courses through the Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay 
from south of 50° N. latitude to Smith Sound. Attention is called 
to the fact that these are composite sections based on observations 
of the Godthaab, Marion, and General Greene made during the 
summer months in 1928, 1931, 1933, 1934, and 1935. The location 
and identity of the stations upon which these sections are based 
are shown in figure 135. In examining these sections, the direction 
of the horizontal currents should be borne in mind. In the upper 
levels, at least, the sections are not along the axis of the major 
currents and in some parts (for instance, just south of Davis Strait 
Ridge) are nearly at right angles to the direction of flow. Con- 
sidering the non-synoptic character of the sections, they demonstrate 
very well the division between the intermediate water and the deep 
water of the Labrador Sea as did the transverse sections, figures 138 
and 139. At the southern end of the midlongitudinal section (fig. 
143), in a depth of about 800 meters, there is shown a salinity mini- 
mum typical of what Wiist (1935) has considered to be North Atlantic 
intermediate water having a major meridional component south- 
ward. An examination of the dynamic heights shows this water 
to be moving northward. It is the view of the authors that this 
is mixed water formed by cabbeling along the boundaries of the 
Labrador and Atlantic Currents and moving in a direction similar 


184 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


to that of the parent currents. This is borne out by the fact that 
such water has been found from the Tail of the Grand Banks to 
the northern limit of the Atlantic Current and its direction of motion 
verified by dynamic heights (page 136). Confirmation of this view 
is to be found in the shape of the isohalines in similar latitudes in the 
east and west longitudinal sections, which may be looked upon as 
the result of mixing but which do not indicate the intermediate 
water of Wiist. The difference between the intermediate water of the 
Labrador Sea as designated in this paper and the North Atlantic 
imtermediate water of Wiist is threefold, embodying thickness, 
direction and origin. 

The salinity maxima in the deep water is to be seen in all three 
of the longitudinal sections. Below the deep water the bottom 
water of minimum temperature is found. The bottom water is in 
slow southward motion, hugging the American side of the Labrador 
Basin, where bottom irregularities do not interfere, and following 
the deeper channels in a tortuous path at levels above which bottom 
formations project. 


THE INTERMEDIATE WATER 


It has been defined as occupying the more central parts of the 
Labrador Sea below the surface water and above the deep water. 
As might be expected, the intermediate water is a mixture, the salty 
component of which is the deep water from below. The fact that 
the salinity of the intermediate water is much lower than that of 
the deep water points to fresh components around the sides of the 
Labrador Basin and in the surface layers. The salinity gradient, 
in the more central surface layers of the Labrador Sea is steepened 
during summer by the addition of fresh water from melting ice, 
land drainage, and precipitation. This surface water becomes rela- 
tively light as it absorbs heat from the sun and therefore mixes 
little with the intermediate water. But upon being cooled in winter 
practically all of the summertime surface water in the region of 
convection mixes and thereby freshens the intermediate water. <A 
greater and more enduring supply of fresh water comes from the 
Labrador Current which from its northern source to the Tail of the 
Grand Banks cabbels along its offshore margin to form intermediate 
water. A secondary supply of the fresh-water component of the 
intermediate water arises from the East Greenland Current in the 
eastern arm of the Labrador Basin. 

The determination of the low-salinity component of the inter- 
mediate water by means of temperature-salinity correlations is made 
difficult if not impossible due primarily to its wide annual tempera- 
ture range. The extension of a line from the center of the group 
of symbols representative of the deep water (fig. 146) through the 
square-shaped symbol representing typical intermediate water, indi- 
cates in a general way the relationship of the questionable com- 
ponent with values of salinity lower than 34.88%. 

One of the remarkable characteristics of intermediate water is its 
thermal and haline homogeneity, the summertime temperature vary- 
ing little from 3.2° C., whether it be off Cape Farewell or near the 
head of the Labrador Basin as marked by the 3,000-meter isobath. 
If a column of intermediate water be cooled to our lowest indicated 


—— 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 185 


bottom temperature of 1.35° C. (p. 188), greater warming of the 
intermediate water will be necessary there than in other convectional 


| ae 2 
f~ 6 


3480 34.90 35.00 35:10 
Sen te le Nils TY. 


FicurE 146.—Temperature-salinity correlations for the Labrador Sea: [(], intermediate 
water; xX, boundary between intermediate water and deep water; —, Irminger- 
Atlantic water off Cape Farewell in summertime; A, Irminger-Atlantic water off Cape 
Farewell in March; ©, deep water. 


regions of the Labrador Sea, if the nearly uniform regional tem- 
perature which it has in summer is to be attained. 

As a result of vertical convection in winter, it is probable that 
steep density gradients are established to considerable depths be- 


186 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


tween the more central regions of the Labrador Sea and the more 
stable waters inshore. The consequent circulation reaching a maxi- 
mum at the end of winter results in a corresponding intensification 
of mixing between the heavy winter water and the higher-tem- 
peratured water from the margins. As mixing continues, accord- 
ing to our view, density gradients flatten and the intermediate water 
in such a self-compensating system is proportionately warmed, and 
temperature differences rapidly disappear as thermal homogeneity 
is approached. The volume of the current between Godthaab’s sta- 
tions 24 and 22 at the end of winter was computed on the assump- 
tion that station 24 (fig. 136) lay within the region of bottom-water 
formation, and that station 22 was on the outer margin of same. 
A volume of 33.5 million cubic meters per second toward the south 
with a mean surface velocity of 14 centimeters per second indicates 
that a current so hypothesized is of reasonable volume and velocity. 

A temporary retardation of the frigid portion of the Labrador 
Current during the colder months of the year when Baffin Bay 
becomes ice filled may also be a factor involved in regulating the 
thermal state of the intermediate water of the Labrador Sea. 

The intermediate water is also apparently warmed on its under 
side near the 2,000-meter level where in several of the sections this 
evidence is disclosed by slight temperature maxima (fig. 1389). The 
component of this mixture probably arises in the Irminger-Atlantic 
water which on sinking spreads out in these depths more than in 
others as the perennial deep water acts as a virtual bottom. 

An area of temperature-minimum is found in practically all of 
the vertical sections of the intermediate water centered at an aver- 
age depth of 1,375 meters. The 3.17° C. isotherm (fig. 147) and 
its corresponding 34.88%o0 isohaline, embrace what has been here- 
tofore designated as typifying intermediate water. Particular im- 
portance is attached to the temperature minimum in the interme- 
diate water, it being considered reminiscent of winter chilling, this 
core being farthest removed from the warmed sides and the under- 
side remains the coldest. The minimum temperatures when plotted 
in horizontal projection coincide with the shaded area shown on 
figure 149 and extend eastward past Cape Farewell (if the Meteor’s 
observations are utilized) between the Atlantic and Irminger Cur- 
rents. It is interesting to note that in the longitude of Cape Fare- 
well where a temperature minimum of the intermediate water was 
observed in March (see Afeteor’s station 121) it had entirely dis- 
appeared by August of the same year. (See General Greene’s sta- 
tions 2019-2009-2003-1996. ) 


THE DEEP WATER 


That Irminger-Atlantic water as it flows cyclonically around the 
Labrador Basin progressively sinks, has been demonstrated by figures 
132, 183, and 134. After cabbeling to depths greater than 2,000 meters, 
depending upon the depth of the basin, this water approaches the 
region of heavier bottom water over which it apparently spreads and 
into which it slowly mixes. This is the usual summertime distribu- 


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Ficure 148.—Oxygen profile, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (composite, 1928-35). 
79920—37 (Face p. 187) 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 187 


tion of salinity which gives the water below 2,000 meters and above 
the bottom water its character. This particular water is best typified 
by salinity maxima, the presence of which has already been pointed 
out on several of the vertical sections of the Labrador Sea. The 
temperature-salinity correlation in the heart of such masses is repre- 
sented by the diamond-shaped symbols plotted on figure 146, page 185. 
Their position with respect to the broken line on the figure supports 
our previous statement, namely, that this which is called deep water 2° 
is a mixture of bottom water and Irminger-Atlantic water. 

The saltiest of the deep water, which typifies it, is formed during 
the colder months of the year when cabbeling is assisted directly by 
convectional cooling. Outside of the region of convectional sinking 
to bottom, the deep water is found adjacently above the bottom water 
throughout the year. Within the area of bottom-water formation in 
winter the deep water becomes mixed with the intermediate water 
and surface water from above. Following a resumption of positive 
stability of the water column, the deep water re-forms in position 
similar to that which prevailed prior to convection, 


THE BOTTOM WATER 


As shown by the temperature sections (figs. 140-145) it is not 
possible that the bottom water of the Labrador Sea is supplied across 
Davis Strait Ridge in summer. Examination of the transverse sec- 
tions, figures 138 and 139, also show that in summer the cold parts of 
the West Greenland and Labrador Currents are separated from the 
bottom water by intervening water of higher temperature. The low 
temperature of the bottom water, therefore, is either a result of win- 
tertime conditions or is a relic of conditions which no longer exist. 
That the latter is not true is demonstrated by figure 148, a vertical 
longitudinal section showing the oxygen distribution from south of 
50° N. latitude to Smith Sound. This section is a composite based 
upon observations made on the Godthaab in 1928 and on the General 
Greene in 1935. The location and identity of the stations upon which 
it is based are shown on figure 135 where the course of the section is 
indicated by the broken line. It will be noted that the Godthaab’s 
oxygen values (that is, those for stations north of the break in the 
profile lines) are consistently higher than those of the General Greene 
by about 0.4 cubic centimeter per liter. It is evident from the con- 
centration of dissolved oxygen that the Labrador Basin is an area 
of active mixing and that there is no water in it but what has been 
at the surface comparatively recently. It is logical, therefore, that if 
the activity of the water were different in different years even the 
deeper observations might give different results in different years. 

The relative values, however, are instructive and if the oxygen 
profile is superimposed on the temperature and salinity profiles it 
is found that the General Greene’s oxygen values of greater than 
6.2 and the Godthaab’s oxygen values of greater than 6.7 cubic 
centimeters per liter embrace what has been designated as the 
intermediate water of the Labrador Sea. The shape of the 6.0 
line in the southern part of the section and the lines in the region 


16Qur deep water, which eventually drains out of the Labrador Basin into the North 
Atlantic; eave ces what Wiist (1935) has designated as North Atlantic deep water. 


79920—37. 13 


188 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


northward of Cape Farewell up to Davis Strait indicate that the 
bottom water of the Labrador Sea is formed in the latter area and 
moves southward. The low oxygen values in the upper layers at 
the southern end of the section correspond to the northern border of 
the Atlantic Current. The rapid downward decrease of oxygen in 
Baffin Bay arises from the pocketing of water there by 600 to 700 
meter thresholds. 

As has been demonstrated by consideration of the distribution of 
oxygen the cold bottom water of the Labrador Sea is the result 
of wintertime chilling which affects the bottom water through 
vertical convection. The salinity of the water in the region where 
vertical convection may take place, however, is lower than that 
of the bottom water actually observed in the summertime. The 
bottom water must therefore be a mixture with saltier water, which 
water is typified by the Irminger-Atlantic Current. In figure 146, 
page 185, the temperature-salinity relation of the Irminger-Atlantic 
water, based on summertime observations off Cape Farewell, has 
been drawn as a solid line. The upper part of this line grades away 
from the core into insolated surface water and the lower part grades 
off into the colder water below the axis of the Irminger Current. 
The apex has been taken as most characteristic of Irminger-Atlantic 
water. If this is one of the components of the bottom water, the 
other component will lie along a line through the characteristics of 
the bottom water and Irminger -Atlantic water. Such a line has 
been drawn on figure 146, page 185. In selecting the characteristic 
point for the bottom water the lowest bottom temperature indicated 
by our observation (1.57° C. at General Greene station 2033) has been 
selected as having been least modified since formation, and the 
potential temperature has been used in order to translate the mixture 
into terms of shallow water phenomena. The other component then 
must lie along the broken line in the salinities lower than 34.91%b. 

If vertical ‘convection, arising from winter chilling, accounts for 
one of the components of the bottom water, it must take place off- 
shore from the more rapidly moving Labrador and West Greenland 
Currents. Also, the density gradient prior to the beginning of winter 
must not be so great as to require water temperatures lower than 
about —1.8° C. to establish vertical convection. If complete hori- 
zontal stagnation is assumed, the maximum temperature at which 
vertical convection to bottom can occur may be found from the 
average salinity of the water column and the density of the bottom 

water observed in summer. Such computations of the maximum 
temperature to which the water must be cooled in order to estab- 
lish vertical convection from the surface down to successively deeper 
levels have been made for a number of stations. The maximum 
temperature values have been plotted for the Godthaab’s section 
from Resolution Island to Fiskernaessett and are shown in figure 149. 
As has been mentioned above, the upper limit of salinity of the 
bottom-water component produced through vertical convection is 
34.91%0. The broken line shown in figure 149 connects points, the 
average salinity of the column of the water above which is 34.91% 

A similar line is shown for 34.81%0 average salinity of the super- 
posed column of water, since 34.81%0 is the approximate salinity 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 189 


corresponding to the minimum practically attainable temperature 
of the bottom-water component shown on figure 146. Thus from 
figure 146 it will be seen that if there is no horizontal motion, verti- 
cal convection to bottom may be established at stations 22, 23, 24, 25, 
and 26 when the water columns have been cooled by winter chilling 
to temperatures of 2.65°, 1.35°, 1.75°, 1.60°, and 2.80° C., respectively. 
However, the rapid horizontal circulation in the upper levels at 
stations 22 and 26 eliminate the possibility of vertical convection 
there, and, of the remaining three stations, 25 is close enough to 
the West Greenland Current to make it uncertain whether or not 
deep vertical convection is possible. Attention is called to the fact 


le9 20 .2igece 25. 24), 25.7 2602 25 
3.06 488 45.38 531 583 4.00 447 


0.13 0500.41 O75 


5O MILES 


FicurE 149.—Maximum temperature to establish vertical convection, surface to bottom, 
Resolution Island to Fiskernaesett. (From the Godthaab’s observations taken June 11— 
16, 1928.) Inset shows area in which bottom water is formed in the wintertime according 
to the authors’ views. 


that the average salinity of the water columns at stations 23, 24, and 
25 lie between 34.81 and 34.91%, the range within which the bottom- 
water component must fall. This indicates that a small central 
part of this section lies in the area where the bottom water of the 
Labrador Sea is formed. That this section passes close to the north- 
ern boundary of the area of bottom-water formation is evident when 
one remembers the horizontal components of the westward branch- 
ing of the West Greenland Current south of Davis Strait. From 
similar computations of the average salinity and maximum tem- 
perature for vertical convection to bottom in the region of Davis 
Strait Ridge two conclusions were reached—(qa) that even if there 
were no horizontal currents vertical convection to bottom could be 
produced only at temperatures very close to the freezing point and 


190 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


(6) that even if vertical convection were established the average 
salinity of the water is so low as to require an impossibly low 
temperature to become a bottom-water constituent as defined by 
figure 146. In figure 150 is shown the temperature and salinity 
distribution at Davis Strait leading to these conclusions. A longi- 


BESSA 


FiGuRE 150.—Temperature and salinity profile across Davis Strait just south of Davis Strait 
Ridge August 4-18, 1928. 


tudinal section, on which have been plotted maximum temperatures 
for vertical convection of the superposed water column, is shown in 
figure 151. Here again the average salinity lines of 34.81 and 
34.91%0 have been drawn. All of the section from Marion station 
984 just south of Davis Strait Ridge to General Greene station 1936 
in the Atlantic Current border falls within the salinity limits of 


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Ficurn 151.—Maximum temperature to establish convection, surface to bottom, Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay (from the observations made by the United States Coast Guard and the Godthaab, 1928-3! 


79920—37 (Face p. 190) 


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Ficurn 152.—Temperature profile south of Cape Farewell March 7-11, 1935 (from the Meteor’s observations, stations 118-125). 


FAREWELL 


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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 191 


the bottom-water constituent. As has been mentioned, the northern 
limit of the area in which vertical convection to bottom probably 
occurs is only slightly north of Godthaab station 24 and is probably 
closer to it than to Marion station 984 (fig. 135). A southern limit at 
about 55° N. latitude might be postulated from a consideration of the 
horizontal motion of the Atlantic Current border. However, be- 
cause of the tempering effect of the more southerly latitude on the 
severity of the winter, the southern limit of the area of vertical 
convection to bottom lies more to the north and is estimated to be 
between General Greene station 2035 and Godthaab station 10 (fig. 
135). Such limits would seem to be borne out by a consideration of 
the midlongitudinal salinity section (fig. 143) and the longitudinal 
oxygen section (fig. 148). The area in question is shown shaded on 
the small inset on figure 149. This shaded area is considered by the 
authors to represent the region in which the bottom water of the 
Labrador Sea is most probably formed in the wintertime. It is an 
area whose size will vary from winter to winter and in some years 
will certainly be smaller and in other years may possibly be some- 
what larger than the area shown on figure 149. 

An increase in the density through an increase in salinity resulting 
from ice formation is a factor which assists wintertime convectional 
sinking as has been pointed out by Helland-Hansen and Nansen 
(1909) and Mosby (1934). The areas of ice formation in the north- 
western North Atlantic, however, are largely non-coincident with the 
area in which we have assumed the bottom water of the Labrador 
Sea to originate, and therefore this phenomenon of salt concentration 
is considered inconsequential there. 

Adjacent to our area of bottom-water production, particularly to 
the north and east, are areas in which vertical convection probably 
penetrates to considerable depths. Figure 152 shows the temperature 
distribution found by the Meteor in March 1935 along a section ex- 
tending southward from Cape Farewell, the data for which were 
kindly supphed by the director of the Institut fiir Meereskunde an 
der Universtait von Berlin. An inspection of the section indicates 
that stations 121 and 122 are in the comparatively quiet water north 
of the Atlantic Current and south of the Irminger Current past Cape 
Farewell. These stations then should be expected to be most favor- 
able for the establishment of vertical convection in the wintertime. 
Furthermore, as the date of the observations was probably only 
shghtly past the coldest part of the winter, one might expect to find 
evidence of vertical convection at stations 121 and 122 if it occurs 
in this region. Such evidence seems to be present, for at station 
121 between about 725 meters and about 1,650 meters and at station 
122 between about 1,100 meters and about 1,850 meters, the tempera- 
tures actually observed were slightly lower than the maximum tem- 
perature necessary to produce vertical convection to those depths on 
the assumption of no horizontal motion and on the basis of average 
cbserved salinities and densities. The observed densities at stations 
121 and 122 showed a very weak stability, the change in o, from 
surface to 2,000 meters being but 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. <A 
slight apparent instability was found at about 1,500 meters at sta- 
tion 121. These densities combined with the foregoing indicate that 
vertical convection extended to depths of about 2,000 meters shortly 
prior to the Meteor’s observations. 


192 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


The only other record of an observed temperature which was 
lower than the maximum temperature to initiate vertical convection 
to its respective depth in accordance with our assumptions, occurred 
at Godthaab’s station 10 at 1,000 meters on May 3, 1928. The sur- 
vival of this temperature value about 21% months subsequent to the 
coldest part of winter indicates that the water in this region is sub- 
jected to greater cooling and then less warming than is the water in 
the vicinity of Meteor’s stations 122 and 121, 


SUMMARY 


The warm, salty west Greenland water progressively sinks as 
it proceeds northward and westward and bends southward, spread- 
ing as it goes to furnish the intermediate water of the Labrador 
Sea between about 500 and 2,000 meters. 

The most nearly motionless water, except perhaps that immediately 
adjacent to the bottom, occurs at about the 2 000-meter level below 
which hes the deep water and the bottom water. 

The deep water, according to the foregoing view, is formed dur- 
ing the colder part of the year largely by mixing of bottom water 
with water from the West Greenland Current which has sunk to deep 
levels as it travels northward along the Greenland coast and west- 

ward near the head of the Labrador Basin. The major flow of the 
deep water is southward along the American side where, off southern 
Labrador, there is probably some movement toward deeper levels 
along the bottom, the water flowing down the slope at levels of about 
3.000 to 3,500 meters. This deep water is probably absorbed into the 
more central, North American Basin, and thus it compensates for the 
loss of water at higher levels to the northwestern North Atlantic 
from the northern branch of the Atlantic Current. 

The bottom water, in our opinion, is formed by wintertime chilling 
of the surface, intermediate, and deep waters in the northern part 
of the Labrador Basin in the area off-shore from the rapid currents 
and roughly bounded on the south by a line from mid-Labrador to 
Cape Farewell. (See inset fig. 149.) It seems likely in this area 
the severe winter chilling produces vertical convection to bottom 
and results, with some mixture of Irminger-Atlantic water, in the 
coldest bottom water found in the deepest part of the basin and 
which in summertime is isolated from the cold surface currents by 
warmer water. The vertical convection which takes place in winter 
probably sets up steep horizontal density gradients to considerable 
depths, with a correspondingly increased cyclonic system of circula- 
tion. With the termination of vertical convection and its resulting 
heat losses the energizing force for maintaining this vigorous circula- 
tion is removed and the summertime equilibrium conditions are 
quickly restored as the marginal water of equal salinity and higher 
temperature is mixed in to destroy the temporary density gradients 
and raise the temperature of the intermediate water to the remark- 
ably uniform value of about 3.2° C. 

If our hypothesis be correct, because of the intermittent nature of 
the formation of the coldest bottom water and the higher salinity 
deep water there are horizontal variations in these waters repre- 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 193 


senting the annual cycles of their production.. As the rates of south- 
ward progress of these waters are most probably different, it is not 
to be expected that an exhaustive survey made in any one year will 
show a correspondence, in a horizontal projection, between the loca: 
tions of successive temperature minima in the deepest bottom water 
and the location of successive salinity maxima in the deep water. 
Furthermore, the gradual mixing with surrounding water masses 
tends to erase the identity of these maxima and minima as they pro- 
ceed further from their sources. 

The arm of the Labrador Basin between southeast Greenland and 
Reykjanes Ridge is a possible source of formation of saltier deep 
water such as is formed in the colder parts of the year in the north- 
west arm of the Labrador Sea, that is, that portion southward of 
Davis Strait Ridge. The saltier deep water, if any, so formed in 
this northeastern arm of the Labrador Basin, is contributed, at least 
in part, directly to the southern part of the Labrador Basin. Some 
of the deep water so formed at this source may occasionally round 
the southern end of Greenland and enter into the deep-water circu- 
lation of the central part of the Labrador Sea somewhat northward 
of Cape Farewell. A part of the bottom water, some of which is 
possibly formed in the wintertime in the northeast arm of the Labra- 
dor Basin according to our idea, probably escapes into the Atlantic 
Basin eastward of longitude 38° W. through possible deep channels 
which may cross the southwestern end of Reykjanes Ridge. A minor 
part of the bottom water of the northeastern arm of the Labrador 
Basin may possibly enter the central part of the basin around the 
southern end of Greenland. 

The salinity maxima representing annual cycles of production of 
deep water from the northeastern source are apparently, because of 
the location of their sources nearer to unmodified Irminger Current 
water, usually higher in salinity than the maxima of the deep water 
produced in the northwestern arm of the Labrador Basin. 

An assumption of no horizontal motion, which was made when 
considering the area of wintertime vertical convection to bottom is 
of course inaccurate and justifiable only because of the complete 
absence of midwinter observations from the area in question. ‘The 
reality of such horizontal components is undoubted and, in fact, re- 
quired for the reestablishment of summertime equilibrium. Their ef- 
fect is to retard vertical convection and to restrict the area in which 
it is produced. It is emphasized that their equalizing effect is de- 
pendent upon the removal of their driving source with the cessation 
of vertical convection, that driving source being the abstraction of 
heat. 

In conclusion the authors wish to call attention to the hypothetical 
nature of many other parts of this chapter. Some of the main fea- 
tures, however, such as the formation of bottom water during winter- 
time in the Labrador Sea and its eventual run-off into the deeper 
Newfoundland Basin, are certainly indicated by the observational 
data already collected. Final confirmation awaits future surveys 
when subsurface observations must be made during the coldest time 
of winter in the Labrador Sea. 


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1934. Movements Resulting from Mixing of Stratified Waters. Journal of 

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1936. A Study of the Circulation of the Western North Atlantic. Papers 
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Jacobsen, J. P., and Jensen, Auge J. C.: 

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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 197 


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1936. The Water Transport of Gradient Currents. Geofysiske Publikasjoner, 

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1929. Hydrographical Investigations during Michael Sars Expedition, 1924. 
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Matthews, D. J.: 

1914. Report on the work carried out by the S. S. Scotia, 1913. Ice 
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1934. The Waters of the Atlantic Antarctic Ocean. Scientific results of 
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1933. Id. Vol. II, No. 2. 

1934. Id. Vol. II, No. 5. 

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198 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


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in the Arctic Seas and the Surface Temperature of the Sea in the 
North Atlantic Ocean and Davis Strait.) Danish Meteorological 
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1934. Die Fahrt des Vermessungsschiffe Meteor nach dem ostlandischen 
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Smith, Edward H.: 

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1933. Vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Berechnung der Druck- und Wasserver- 
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DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 199 


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STATION MAPS AND STATION TABLE 
DATA 


Stations 936 to 1127 were taken July 19 to September 11, 1928, 
from the United States Coast Guard cutter Marion. Stations 1220 
to 1841 were taken July 4 to August 8, 1931, from the United States 
Coast Guard cutter General Greene. Stations 1487 to 1598 were 
taken June 26 to July 24, 1933, by the United States Coast Guard 
cutter General Greene. 

Parentheses have been used to designate where the value of either 
the temperature or the salinity has been interpolated from the station 
curve of that variable. 

In 1933 when pressure thermometers were employed both the ob- 
Sa eames scaled values of temperature and salinity have been 
printed. 

The depths except at the shallowest stations refer to soundings 
obtained by means of the fathometer. 

201 


202 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


beXe) 


Ficurp 153.—Station map, July 19-September 11, 1928 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


BF 
° 
BBS? 1290 ° ee 


60 


FIGuRE 154. 


79920—37——_14 


50 


Station map, July 9--August 8, 1931 


20 


204 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


FIGURE 155.—Station map, June 16—July 24, 1935 


MARION, 1928 


Station 936; July 19; depth, 112 meters; lat. 52°02’ 
N., long. 55°16’ W. 


Station 942; July 23; depth 175 meters; lat. 54°07’ - ., 
long. 54°28’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.779 meters 


|__| —__. —— os 


Temper- | gatinit 
ays 
sa oy | (60) | 
Omoter-. 24-2226: 7.90 29.77 23. 67 
25) meters..---2-.<- . 68 32. 40 26. 01 
5O0imeters:=---..--- —1.35 32. 84 26. 43 
WOMMeters sen eee ane —1.56 32.99 26. 55 
100 meters_.------- —1.67 33. 00 26. 57 


Station 937; July 19; depth 145 meters; lat. 52°06’ 
N., long. 55°26’ W. 


Oimeteree = s-- 7. 30 29. 97 23. 30 
20:meters—.==-s-=-- 3.37 30. 62 23. 71 
50 meters__----.--- —1,25 32. 88 26. 46 
SOimoeters:-+_-=--.- —1. 46 33. 01 26. 57 
100 meters_-__------ —1.57 33. 09 26. 64 
110 meters__------- —1.57 33. 12 26. 66 
140 meters_-_------- —1.67 33.17 26. 71 


Station 938; July 19; depth 110 meters; lat. 52°10’ 
N., long. 55°33’ W. 


Ogneter-2-=2--- =: 7.70 30. 02 23. 27 
20 Meters... 2-22. .= 3. 68 31. 23 24. 16 
50 meters...------- —1.06 32. 83 26. 42 
Zoymoters. 22 552=%= —1.56 32. 93 26. 51 
1HGimeters.-—--=-=- —1.57 33. 02 26. 58 


Station 939; July 22; depth 82 meters; lat. 53°33’ 
Ne long. 55°40’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.887 
meters: 


Ohmeter= ease 6. 90 29.75 23. 25 
16 -moters-===—— =. == 5. 48 30. 19 23. 78 
35 meters_.=-._--=- 4. 37 31. 63 25. 09 
bo MeSLErs= eae s - —.55 32. 67 26. 26 
“o-meterss.22-2==-- —.86 32, 72 26. 32 


Station 940; July 22; depth 275 meters; lat. 53°45’ 
N+ dene 55°16’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.836 
meters 


Ometer: -.ss_>=22 5. 50 32.16 25. 39 
20 MOLOrSa—= seen s 3.17 32. 38 25. 80 
BO nipterss eee —1. 34 32. 40 26. 08 
75 meters.._--.--.- —1.34 (32. 61) 26, 25 
100 meters_-------- —1.45 32. 80 26. 40 
150:meters=? 3 2-3- —1.06 33. 53 26. 99 
200 meters_--_----- .14 34. 00 27. 31 
250 meters__------- 73 34. 14 27. 40 


Station 941; July 22; depth 165 meters; lat. 53°56’ 
a long. 54°52’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.787 
meters 


Oineter a2 45 =. <2. 5. 20 32. 21 25. 47 
25 meters. --.------- 4.79 32. 27 eat 
bOlmeterss-.-=.---. —1.33 33. 03 26. 58 
100 meters. 2-=.-.=- —1.24 33. 46 26. 93 
150 meters._.------ —.24 33. 82 27,18 


Temper- 4 
Depth ature Pans ot 

ce ce) 0) 
Olmeters=2=e--5s- 5. 00 32. 28 25. 55 
20'meters=..=--=-=- 4.60 32. 33 25. 62 
45 meters__--._...- —. 62 32. 97 26, 51 
85 meters.--.------ —1.33 33. 37 26, 87 
125 meters-_-_-.-._-- —. 93 33. 65 27. 08 
160;meters-=5.==—- —. 34 (33. 79) 27. 20 
165;meterss— 2222-5 —. 24 33. 92 27. 26 


Station 943; July 23; depth 210 meters; lat. 54°17 
A long. 54°03’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.753 
meters 


Onmeteras-22223 25 4.90 32. 40 25. 65 
2opMeters=. 2 asee. =< 2. 49 32,71 26. 12 
DOMMSLORSS--2-sss5— —1.02 33. 28 26. 78 
JOO meters. 2--=--=- —1.03 33. 59 27. 03 
150 meters_-_----_-- —.44 33. 76 27.14 
190 meters_-------- . 36 34. 02 27.31 


Station 944; July 23; depth 235 meters; lat. 54°26’ 
N., long. 53°38’ W.; dynamie height, 1,454.734 
meters 


Olmeterzs2-22------ 7.00 32. 64 25. 59 
Isimeterss.2---=--- 5. 20 32. 74 25. 88 
s0'meterss2.====-.- 4.59 32. 97 26. 13 
80 meters._..-.---- ie alyé 33. 87 27.14 
130imeters===2-—--s pays 34. 11 27. 34 
180 meters-_---_---- 2.16 34. 46 27. 55 
190 meters_-------- 2. 36 (34. 47) 27. 55 
230) meters:--=2--== 3.05 34. 58 27. 57 


Station 945; July 23; depth 415 meters; lat. 54°33’ N., 
long. 53°22’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.664 meters 


OQ: meter? ==-=2-—=-<= 7. 00 33. 18 26. 01 
Q5rmeterss-s==----- 3.79 33. 71 26. 80 
50meterss-=- --.--- 2.39 34. 10 27. 24 
100 meters. ---.---- 2. 78 34. 51 27. 53 
200 meters.---.---- 3.47 34. 72 27. 64 
2a0imeters--2=--.-- 3.47 (34. 76) 27. 66 
300 meters_--_------ 3. 46 34. 78 27. 68 
400 meters_-------- 3. 46 34. 79 27. 69 


Station 946; July 23; depth 868 meters; lat. 54°40’ N., 
long. 53°00’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.648 meters 


0) moeter-=— 2222-2 7.10 33. 58 26. 31 
20 meters.--------- 4.90 33. 91 26. 85 
60) Meters_2_-=-=--=- 1.88 34. 32 27. 46 
100 meters_-__---_-- 3.39 34. 60 27. 55 
150 meters_-------- 3.39 34. 71 27. 63 
200 meters__------- 3.48 34. 73 27. 65 
300 meters..------- 3. 48 34. 79 27. 69 
400 meters_-------- 3.47 (34. 82) Peril 
500 meters-_-------- 3. 57 34. 81 27. 70 
800 meters_-_------- 3. 67 34. 85 27.72 


205 


206 


Station 947; July 23; depth 2,535 meters; lat. 55°20’ 
N., long. 53°30’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.561 
meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
a fe) | «060)' 
Osneter == =22-—- =? 9. 50 34. 03 26. 29 
20) meters=2s5 == o2 6. 88 34, 48 27. 05 
-60 meters_-_----_--- 4. 37 34.71 27. 53 
LOOimeters!- = 3. 86 34. 87 27.71 
150 meters. -_------ 3. 56 34. 87 27. 74 
200umeterssao=2 5 — 3. 35 34. 87 27. 76 
B00 meters: ooh a= 3.25 34. 86 PATI 
500 meters.-_...--- SoS 34. 86 27.78 
800 mleters==-22=—= 3. 05 34. 86 27.79 
1,000 meters ______- 3. 14 34. 87 27.79 
1,200 meters __--__-_- 3. 04 34. 87 27.80 
1,400 meters - -----_- 2. 93 34. 88 27. 82 
1,800 meters___--_- 2. 93 34. 90 27. 83 


Station 948; July 24; depth 2,997 meters; lat. 55°51’ 
N., long. 54°00’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.591 
meters 


Onnetent 2222558 8.70 34. 37 26. 70 
20 meters- 2 =---=_=- 8. 00 34. 38 26. 81 
SOimeterse==- 9 ==. 4, 57 34. 68 27. 49 
100 meters_-_-_--_- 4. 06 (34. 83) 27. 66 
150 meters---._---.- 3. 56 34. 86 27.73 
200)meters: 222 22-5- 3. 45 34. 86 2115 
300 meters_-----_-- 3.35 34, 87 27.76 
500 meters____.-__- 3. 24 34. 86 PET 
800 meters_-__--_-- 3. 03 34. 86 27.79 
1,000 meters. _ ____- 3.13 34. 87 27.79 
1,200 meters__-_-__- 3.13 34. 88 27. 80 


Station 249; July 24; depth 2,745 meters; lat. 55°40’ 
N., long 54°42’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.582 
meters 


Onmeters2225-42—22= 9. 00 34. 33 26. 62 
20 meters._..-....- 7. 39 34. 39 26. 91 
50 meters.-_-------- 4, 27 34. 88 27. 68 
100 meters_-------- 3.76 34. 87 27.72 
L5Okmeters= 22-252" 3. 55 34. 86 27. 74 
200 meters__--__.-- 3. 45 34. 86 27. 75 
300 meters__-_-_-_- 3. 54 34. 87 27.76 
500 meters_____.--. 3. 53 34. 88 27. 76 
800 meters-_-..--_-_- 3.23 34. 88 27.79 
1,000 meters - ____-_- 3, 12 34. 88 27.79 


Station 950; July 24; depth, 2,013 meters; lat. 55°22’ 
N., long. 55°13’ W.; dynamic height,. 1,454.663 
meters 


Ojmetern oe oe 8. 20 33. 96 26. 44 
20 meters__-_._- Be 7.18 34. 05 26. 66 
o0meters= oe 4. 36 34. 28 27. 20 
100 meters_________ 3.35 34. 41 27.40 
15Oimmeters==2— 222 - 3. 36 (34. 56) 27. 52 
200 meters____.____ 3. 36 (34. 69) 27. 62 
300 meters________- 3.35 (34. 79) 27.70 
500 meters___--___. 3. 44 (34. 86) 27. 74 
SOOaneters==- = 2 - 3. 43 (34. 89) 21.00 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 43 (34. 89) 27.78 
1,200 meters. __-__- 3. 32 34. 90 27.79 


Station 951; July 24; depth, 271 meters; lat. 55°16’ 
ne long. 55°21’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.743 
meters 


Otmeter 22 2 dace 5. 50 32. 50 25. 66 
20/meters=.=22. 2-2 —. 84 33. 04 26. 58 
60 meters___ —1.05 33. 43 26. 90 
110 meters__ —. 654 33. 73 27.12 
160: meters___.--.__ —. 04 33. 90 27. 20 
210 meters_________ 1.14 34, 21 27. 43 
260 meters_-...-__. (3. 50) 34. 63 27. 56 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 952; July 24; depth, 265 meters; lat. 55°07’ 
aa long. 55°42’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.778 
meters 


Salinity 
el eo, | (60) | 
Qanoeter.. 222 23eeee 5. 60 32. 30 25. 49 
20smeters. 222 ee 1.37 32. 71 26. 20 
60)mmeters_---====22 —1.15 33. 27 26. 78 
110 meters________- —1.05 33. 53 26. 98 
160)meters2=—= 22s —.44 33. 74 27.13 
210 meters__-._-__- 16 34. 00 27.31 
260)meters: 22. 2225 1.96 34. 32 27. 46 


Station 953; July 25; depth, 353 meters; lat. 55°02’ 
ae long. 56°07’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.776 
meters 


Oimeterz ee 6. 00 32. 43 25. 54 
20 metersae se eee 3.58 32. 83 26. 12 
S0imeters. =e assee2 —1. 25 33. 18 26. 71 
100};meters= eee —1.04 33. 46 26. 94 
150 meters_________ —. 24 33. 69 27.08 
200nimetersss= === . 56 34. 02 27.30 
250 meters. —=-2---- 1. 67 34. 33 27. 48 
260 meters=== seen 1.87 (34. 36) 27. 49 
300 meterseae-assee 2.37 34. 52 27. 58 
350 meters_-____-.__ PIU 34. 63 27. 63 


Station 954; July 25; depth, 159 meters; lat. 54°56’ 
N., long. 56°34’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.821 
meters 


Oimeteross see 5. 70 32. 38 25. 54 
25 meters 3. 38 32. 60 25. 96 
50 meters —. 84 32. 92 26. 48 
70 meters —.43 (33. 08) 26. 59 
100 meters ——ai0e 33. 27 26. 73 
150meters.---<---- 1.17 33. 56 26. 90 


Station 955; July 25; depth, 80 meters; lat. 54°45’ 
N., long. 56°52’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.844 
meters 


Onmeters= 222222 == 6. 00 32. 22 25. 38 
20) moeters2223222 5" . 46 32. 23 25. 87 
50 meters.----4=--- —.75 32. 71 26. 31 
“Oumeters=ae= se —1.05 32. 77 26. 36 


Station 956; July 25; depth, 50 meters; lat. 55°40’ 
N., long. 59°34’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.966 
meters 


Ohmeter:. 2203-2255 5. 10 31. 86 25. 20 
10jmeters- 2. ----e— 4.79 31.92 25. 29 
20'meters.so==2 === 2. 68 31. 90 25. 46 
30) meters-2 2 sees 1. 87 31. 96 25. 57 
AQ; Meters. =~ = sees 1, 87 32.11 25. 69 


Station 957; July 26; depth, 600 meters; lat. 55°56’ N., 
long. 59°14’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.888 meters 


Oumeter-_-- ee 5. 20 32. 61 25.78 
20\meters_-22===--= 3.19 32. 80 26. 14 
AQimeters_ ses ee 2. 78 (32. 92) 26. 27 
SOmnetersa= 2. eae (1. 30) 32. 93 26. 38 
100 meters_-_------ fe . 56 33. 04 26. 52 
1b0lmeters23---=-—— . 96 33.18 26. 61 
200 meters====-se— = . 65 33.35 26. 76 
300 meters_-__---.-- . 96 34. 04 27. 29 
400)meterseasnessse 2. 26 (34. 50) 27. 57 
450 meters_-------- 2.76 34. 63 27. 63 
600 meters_-------- 2. 96 34. 71 27. 68 


| 
. 
| 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 958; July 26; depth, 425 meters; lat. 56°13’ N., 
long. 59°09’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.864 meters 


Temper + 
Depth ature arin ot 

(eh) 700 
Demeter. oJ ===. 4.80 32: 57 25. 79 
Ponmeters=-o.- === = 2. 47 32. 66 26. 08 
50 meters____-_---_- —. 86 33.15 26. 67 
100 meters_______-_- —1.15 33. 27 26.78 
150 meters_-_------ —1.05 33. 37 26. 86 
180 meters____.___- —1.15 (33. 45) 26. 93 
200 meters_.._____- —1. 25 33. 50 26. 97 
300 meters______--_- —.85 33. 81 27. 20 
400 meters________- (—. 20) 34. 03 27.35 


Station 959; July 26; depth, 195 meters; lat. 56°20’ N., 
long. 58°49’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.781 meters 


(106 (= | F2) ys re eee es 5. 10 33. 03 26. 12 
10 meters... ._---_. 5. 00 33.05 26. 15 
BINOLOrS= === === == 3.07 33. 10 26. 38 
S0/meters: =... -_. . 76 33. 21 26. 64 
SO mpters2 = === —.94 33. 46 26. 91 
130 meters________- . 36 33. 83 Oielo 
180;meters_—=----=_ . 56 34. 02 27. 30 


Station 960; July 26; depth, 238 meters; lat. 56°27’ N., 
long. 58°24’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.783 meters 


Owmeters2 22. 6. 00 33. 10 26. 07 
ibimieters: 22-2 =". 5.49 33.15 26.17 
30)meters--- =.=... 3. 58 33. 24 26. 45 
60 meters_-_..-.-.-. 2.37 33. 42 26. 70 
100 meters___..___- .76 33. 60 26. 96 
150 meters_-------- .76 34. 00 27. 27 
180 meters_-___----_- . 95 (34. 06) 27. 29 
225 meters_-____--. 1.35 34. 08 27. 30 


Station 961; July 26; depth, 1,759 meters; lat. 56°34’ 
N zs long. 58°03’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.612 
meters 


Oimeter-===22 <1. = 7. 20 34.15 26. 74 
20; moterss2- 22 = 5s=- 6.79 34. 36 26. 97 
SO0smeters.- 22-2... 3.95 34. 42 27.35 
100: meters. =...-... 3.65 34. 58 27. 50 
150 meters_-_-__-_-- 3. 64 34. 80 27. 68 
200 meters_______-- 3. 64 34. 85 27.72 
225 meters__._.-.-- 3. 64 (34. 85) 27. 72 
300) meters_-2_--_ = 3. 64 34. 85 27. te 
500 meters_____-__- 3. 63 34. 85 27.72 
800 meters...-....- 3. 53 34. 86 27.74 
1,000 meters. ___-__ 3. 43 34. 86 27. 75 
1,200 meters_-_____- 3, 23 34. 86 27.77 


Station 962; July 26; depth, 2,233 meters; lat. 56°57’ 
SN long. 57°28’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.618 
meters 


207 


Station 963; July 27; depth, 1,550 meters; lat. 57°22’ 
N., long. 57°02’ W., dynamic height, 1,454.602 
meters 


Temper- | a.1;_; 
Depth ature faery ot 

°C.) (700) 
Oimeversse.e=- eo 10. 10 34. 11 26. 26 
20 meters...._..-.. 8.78 34. 48 26.77 
50 meters___.______ 4. 63 34. 58 27. 40 
100 meters______... 4, 22 34. 76 27. 59 
150 meters________- 3. 72 34. 80 27. 68 
Z200imeters® =. <= 3.51 34, 83 27.71 
300 meters________- 3.31 34. 85 27. 75 
600)meters-.--..... 3. 10 34. 85 27.77 
800 meters________- 3. 10 34. 85 27.77 
1,000 meters_______ 3.00 34. 86 27.79 
1,200 meters. ___.__ 2.90 34, 87 27, 81 


Station 964; July 27; depth, 3,276 meters; lat. 57°56’ 
N., long. 55°40’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.635 
meters 


Ojnreterz2 == 222 -. 3- 10. 00 34. 51 26. 59 
ZONE LETS as 2S - 8.47 34. 72 27. 00 
OO NMmOeters: 7s Daan, 34. 80 27.47 
100/meters: = -_-- 4. 54 34. 86 27. 62 
150;meters=---22=—~ 4.33 34. 86 27. 65 
200) meterss__-.—-=- 4.33 34. 86 27. 65 
300 meters..=_.__-- 4.13 34. 86 27. 67 
HOO MMetErS 22522 = = 3. 62 34. 86 27.73 
800 meters________- 3. 62 34. 86 27.73 
1,000 meters_ __-___ 3} Ul 34. 87 27.79 
1;200'meters: - = 3.01 34. 87 27. 80 


Station 965; July 27; depth, 3,386 meters; lat. 58°04’ 
N., long. 54°39’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.603 
meters 


Omoter= = 220-45 9. 70 34. 45 26. 61 
20; Meterss.22=- 22-2 7.98 34. 55 26. 94 
50 meters_-_____-_-_- 6. 06 34. 72 27.34 
100 meters_.+...--- 4. 23 34. 80 27. 62 
150/mneters=.2-22-- 3. 93 34. 82 27. 66 
200 meters-_.._-_=- 3. 53 34, 83 27. 71 
300 meters-_-_____--- SEB P, 34. 83 27. 73 
500 meters._.---.-- 3.12 34. 84 27.76 
800 meters_______-_- 3.01 34. 84 PLETE 
1,000 meters______- = 3.01 34. 87 27.79 
1,200 meters... .--- 2.91 34, 88 27.81 
1,600 meters. _____- 2.91 34. 89 27. 82 
2,200 meters... ----- 2. 81 34. 90 27. 83 


Station 966; July 27; depth, 3,459 meters; lat. 58°38’ 
N., long. 54°06’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.631 
meters 


Binieterse. 3 222 2 2s. 9. 60 34.09 26. 33 
eulmeters. 2. 2. 8. 88 34. 64 26. 87 
SP/aneters. = --=--=- 4. 24 34. 76 27. 59 
100 meters______._- 3.93 34. 84 27. 68 
150 meters______._. 3. 93 34. 84 27. 68 
A Meters... ==. 3.73 34. 85 2.7 
300 meters_-_.___..- 3. 52 34. 85 27.73 
500 meters_________ 3.41 34. 85 27.74 
800 meters________- 3.41 34. 88 27.77 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 21 34. 87 27.79 
1,200 meters- --_--_- 3. 11 34. 87 27.79 


Otmeter:#2322--- 2 9. 30 34. 89 27.00 
HOWMeters = - => 2-~ 7. 68 34. 62 27.04 
100 meters_______-- 55385 34. 77 27.47 
150 meters______--- 4.34 34. 85 27. 64 
200'meters_-2=_==-* 4.14 34. 85 27. 67 
300 meters____----- 3.73 34. 86 27. 72 
500 meters. _------- 3. 63 34. 86 27. 73 
800 meters________- 3082 34. 87 27.77 
1,000 meters---__-- 3. 22 34. 88 27.79 
1,200 meters__-___-- 2.92 34. 88 27. 81 
if 500imeterse-- 2 — 2.92 34. 89 27. 82 


208 


Station 967; July 28; depth, 3,386 meters; lat. 59°18’ 
Ne long. 54°20’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.602 
meters 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station oth uly 29; depth, 2,745 meters; lat. 61°31’ 


Temper- | salinit 
y 
Bae a) | (960) a 
Oumeters 2 2-2 > 9.30 34. 50 26. 69 
20)moeterss=_2- sees 8.38 34. 58 26. 91 
SOIMeters= eee = 5. 96 34. 72 27. 36 
100 meters__..-_--- 4.34 34. 85 27. 64 
150 meters___- 3 4.14 34. 86 27. 68 
200 meters____----- 4.03 34. 87 27.70 
300 meters.._-.---- 3. 83 34. 87 27.71 
500 meters___-.--_- 3. 32 34. 87 27.77 
800 meters__._...-- 3. 32 34. 87 20.070 
S00imetersas enone 3.12 34, 87 27.79 
15000) meters2= =.=. 3.12 34. 89 27. 80 
1,200 meters_.-____- 3.02 34. 89 27.81 
1,500 meters_--__._- 3. 02 34. 89 27. 81 


Station 958; July 29; depth, 3,340 meters; lat. 58°58’ 
N., long. 54°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.576 
meters 


O:meter: —2 =. -=..--- 9. 90 34. 80 26. 83 
20 meters_ poe 9.19 34. 84 26. 98 
GO0/imoters 2225 = 5.77 34. 84 27.47 
100 meters____.-_-- 4. 54 34. 86 27. 63 
150);meters2=26-.223 4.34 34. 87 27. 66 
200 meters._..=...- 4.13 34. 88 27.69 
300 meters.______-- 3.73 34. 88 27.73 
500 meters__._____- 3. 53 34. 89 27.77 
S00 metersse 2222 ee 3.12 34.90 | ~ 27.82 
1,000 meters__.__.- 3. 12 34. 90 £27. 82 
1,200 meters__-_-_. oS 2.92 34. 90 27. 83 
1,500 meters_.._.-- 2. 92 34. 90 27. 83 


Station 959; July 29; depth, 3,065 meters; lat. 60°37’ 
N., long. 54°44’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.660 
meters 


Oinieters+=- <5. 52-2 9. 80 34. 40 26. 55 
20;meters=-2 22.2.2 9. 40 34. 41 | 26. 62 
5Oihmeters>.222. 2. _ 4. 86 34. 55 27.35 
100 meters____.---- 4. 54 34. 70 27. 50 
150 meters-____._.-- 4, 54 34. 80 27. 58 
200 meters__...--_- 4. 54 34. 87 27. 64 
300 meters__..-__-- 4.13 34. 87 27. 69 
500 meters_____---- 3. 93 34. 88 Pi BLP? 
800 meters -_.-.-_.. 3. 63 34. 88 27. 74 
1,000 meters__._--- 3. 32 34. 88 27.77 
1,200 meters_-_._--- 3.2 34. 90 27.81 
1,500 meters. -__---- 3. 02 34. 90 27.82 


Station 970; July 29; depth, 2,983 meters; lat. 60°57’ 
N., long. 55°02’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.648 
meters 


Onmeterss- so 9. 40 34. 46 26. 66 
20 meters. . =.=... 7.98 34, 42 26. 88 
SOlmoeterss222-2 83 5. 96 34. 65 27. 30 
100 meters________- 5.35 34. 82 27. 51 
150 meters_.._..__- 4,94 34. 88 27. 60 
20 meterss2 225 se 4.74 34. 93 27. 68 
300 meters__._._._- 4. 53 34. 94 27.70 
500 meters___.___-- 3. 93 34. 90 27.73 
800 meters__...__-- SnDZ 34. 89 27.76 
1,000 meters_--_____ 3. 32 34. 89 27.78 
1,200 meters____-__ 3. 22 34. 89 27.79 
1,500 meters_..___- 3. 02 34. 89 27.81 
1,800 meters_..____ 3. 02 34. 90 27. 82 


N., long. 55°02’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.630 
meters 
Temper- ws 
Depth ature Brae ct 
Cony ey, 
9. 80 34. 37 26. 51 
8.78 34. 35 26. 56 
4.13 34. 55 27. 43 
4.03 34. 80 27. 63 
150 meters......__- 4.13 34. 88 27. 69 
200 meters__-____._ 4. 33 34.91 27.70 
S00}meterssanaeeeee 4.13 34. 92 27.72 
500 meters...______ 3.93 34. 90 27. 73 
800 meters..______- 3. 52 34, 89 27. 76 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 32 34. 89 27.78 
1,200 meters. .___.- 3.12 34. 89 27. 80 
1,500 meters.._____ 3. 02 34. 89 27. 81 


Station 972; July 30; depth, 2,882 meters; lat. 61°55’ 
N., long. 54°40’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.650 
meters 


0)meter-=2—-=ss55-— 9. 50 34. 35 26. 55 
20imetersose) sae 8. 59 34. 37 26. 71 
50 meters_........- 5.05 34. 57 27. 35 
100:meters: 2s 4.84 34, 82 27. 57 
150 meterss22=2.2= 4.74 34. 88 27. 63 
200 meters._______- 4, 63 34. 91 27. 66 
300 meters____..._- 4.33 34. 92 27.70 
500 meters..__-__._ 3.93 34. 90 27. 73 
800 meters__.__--.. 3.73 34. 89 27.74 
1,000 meters 3. 62 34. 89 27.77 
1,200 meters 3.42 34, 89 27.80 
1,500 meters. .....- 2.92 34. 89 27. 82 


Station 973; July 30; depth, 2,791 meters; lat. 62°08’ 
N., long. 54°07’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.642 
meters 


Olmeter:—22-s2--= 9. 60 34. 46 26. 62 
20;metersi2ae see 8. 59 34. 44 26.77 
50imeters22222" 52 6. 36 34. 72 27. 30 
100 meters.________ 4.74 34. 82 27. 58 
160imeters2-22---—— 4. 33 34. 83 27. 63 
200 meters____.._-- 4. 33 34. 88 27. 67 
300 meters___.-.-_- 4.13 34. 89 27.70 
400 meters___.._--- 3. 93 34. 90 27.73 
800 meters_____.._- 3. 52 34. 89 27.77 
1,000 meters__.____ 3. 52 34. 89 27.77 
1;200;meters = 222-2 3.12 34. 88 27. 80 
1,500 meters_-__.-_- 3.02 34. 88 27.81 


Station 974; July 30; depth, 2,755 meters; lat. 62°12’ 
N., long. 53°22’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.664 
meters 


Ojmeter--.-2 oes 8. 50 33. 65 26. 16 
20 meters__..._.-_- 7. 57 34, 24 26. 76 
HOhmeters2— = seen 4.95 34. 69 27. 45 
100): meters-—222=-— 4. 64 34. 81 27. 57 
150mmeterse. soa 4.74 34. 87 27. 62 
200 meters_______-- 4.74 34. 89 27. 64 
300 meters_.-..___- 4. 53 34. 93 27. 69 
500 meters.__.____- 4. 53 34. 92 27. 69 
800 meters._____--- 3. 73 34. 89 27.75 
1,000 meters______- 3. 42 34. 87 27. 76 
1,200 meters. .___-- 3.32 34. 87 27. 78 
1,500 meters. _.-.-- 3.12 34. 88 27. 80 


OE 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 975; July 30; depth, 2,745 meters; lat. 62°24” 
a long. 52°47’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.675 
meters 


209 


Station 980; Aug. 2; depth, 819 meters; lat. 63°50’ 
wee long. 53°15’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.797 
meters 


Temper : 
Salinity 
ep Co) | (960) gs 

Oimeter:--2 205.2 7.30 33. 49 26. 21 
AUANCLErS==-2--22=- 5. 67 33. 96 26. 79 
60imoeters=..--....- 4.35 34. 47 27.33 
100 meters_____-.-- 5. 36 34. 82 27. 51 
150 meters___..---- 5.15 34. 88 27. 58 
200: meters.=-....=- 5.15 34. 93 27. 62 
300 meters......... 5.05 34.95 27. 65 
500 meters__._.___- 4.54 34. 93 27. 69 
800 meters__._.-_--- 3.73 34. 92 27. 76 
1,000 meters_-_-__-_-- 3. 42 34. 90 27.78 
1,200 meters. -_--_--- 3.32 34. 89 27.79 
1,500 meters. ___.-- 3.12 34. 89 27. 80 


Station 976; July 30; depth, 2,150 meters; lat. 62°37’ 
N a long. 52°12’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.804 
meters 


Ojmeter-—-----==--- 5.70 33. 04 26. 06 
20imeters==-_-- _-- 2.76 33. 04 26. 37 
BOlmeterss--- 222-2 2.16 33. 30 26. 62 
LOOlmeters:=--2-2 = 2. 96 34. 20 27. 27 
150 meters__...---. 4. 37 34. 59 27. 44 
200 meters__-..---- 4.89 24. 72 27.49 
ALO 0) cents eh ce 4.99 34. 83 25. 57 
500 meters-__-__...-- 4, 88 34. 91 27. 64 
800 meters_-___.---- 4. 37 34. 93 27. 71 
1,000 meters____--- 3.97 34. 91 27.74 
1,200 meters__-_-_--- PTE 34.90 27.75 
1,500 meters-_--_-.-- 3. 26 34. 89 27.79 


Station 977; July 31; depth, 329 meters; lat. 62°45’ 
Ne long. 51°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.869 
meters 


Opmoeter==+ 2. =-== 2. 5.80 32. 42 25. 56 
lbiameters! 222-225... 4.79 32. 47 25. 71 
S0;metars-—=--5--= 3.79 32. 88 26.15 
60;meterss_-=-=-=52 2. 38 33. 46 26. 73 
100 meters_-___.-..- 3.18 33. 85 26. 97 
150 meters___-_---- 2. 78 34. 11 PAL 922 
200 meters_ 3. 38 34. 34 27. 34 
230 meters: ==... -. 3.18 34. 45 27.45 
300 meters___-.-.-- 4. 38 34. 67 27. 50 


Station 978; July 31; depth, 275 meters; lat. 62°54’ 
Nes long. 51°20’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.926 
meters 


Owuelerc=--=2-=->55 7. 70 32. 08 25. 04 
PG MeLErSs! 42 --- 22> 3. 97 32.15 25. 54 
a0meters-=.- 2225-6 2.96 32. 25 25. 71 
50 meters........-- 1.76 32. 43 25. 95 
SO meters=- 22-5 2 22 1555 33. 02 26. 43 
100 meters_ a 1. 65 33. 30 26. 65 
130 meters_ = 2. 55 33. 76 26. 95 
180 meters__..-_--- 3. 55 34. 29 27. 28 
230 meters_-.-.---- 3.35 34. 45 27. 44 


Station 979; Aug. 1; depth, 111 meters; lat. 64°01’ 
A Me 52°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.949 
meters 


Oaaeters: 82255502 2. 7. 30 30. 75 24. 07 
Lbneters.2=- == 2=-- 4.78 32.07 25. 39 
30 meters._-___----- 4.07 32. 83 26. 08 
60 meters___-__---- 3.45 33. 08 26. 34 
100 meters_-_-..---- 1.74 33. 25 26. 60 


Temper ria 
Depth ature acyl ot 

(C C. ) 0 
Oimeter: =. 2-22. <- 7.00 32.47 25. 45 
20 meters_........- 3. 56 33. 04 26. 29 
50 meters_____..._- 2.35 33. 65 26. 88 
100imoters-2 2223-28 2. 64 34.15 27. 26 
200 meters_..._-___ 3. 54 34. 64 27. 56 
300 meters_-__-__-_-- 4. 54 34. 79 27. 58 
500 meters_____-_-- 4.94 34. 90 27. 62 
750 meters__....-.- 4, 54 34. 92 27. 68 


Station 981; Aug. 2; depth, 1,336 meters; lat. 63°41’ 
Ne long. 53°53’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.700 
meters 


Ojmeters== see 7. 50 33. 68 26. 33 
20 meters..._..._-- 7. 00 33. 73 26.45 
pOmmeters:-2=— 2. -22 6. 38 34. 43 27.07 
100 meters_____-__-- 4, 84 34. 61 27, 40 
150 meters________- 4.13 34. 70 27. 55 
200 meters___-_-_-- 4.13 34. 76 27. 60 
300 meters__.__---- 4, 33 34. 88 27. 67 
500 meters_.--...-- 4.33 34. 94 Pap? 
oonmeters= =. 2-—- 4.13 34. 94 27. 74 
800 meters_-__....-.- 4.03 34. 94 27. 75 
1,000 meters- ------ 3. 63 34. 91 27.77 
1,200 meters. __---- 3. 33 34. 88 27. 78 


Station 982; Aug. 2; depth, 1,335 meters; lat. 63°34’ 
Ne long. 54°36’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.705 
meters 


Oimoeter---==52=-=2- 7.70 33. 41 26. 09 
20imieters=se.- -= 22 4.65 33. 42 26. 48 
50 meters__.....--- 4, 43 33. 98 26. 95 
100 meters-........ 4. 53 34. 54 27. 38 
150 meters_- aS 4. 54 34. 70 27. 50 
200 meters_ 4, 43 34, 77 27. 57 
300 meters_ 4.33 34. 86 27. 66 
500 meters- -- 4.03 34. 90 27.72 
800 meters__..--.-- 3. 73 34. 91 27. 76 
1,000 meters_-..---- 3. 23 34. 88 27. 78 


Station 983; Aug. 2; depth, 1,446 meters; lat. 63°25 
N., long. 55°28’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.754 
meters 


Ommeters==--"-. 22-2 7. 60 33. 42 26.11 
20bmetersse.=-—2——— 6. 39 33. 44 26. 30 
oOliMeterss2s2=- 2 S- 5. 67 33. 88 26. 73 
100 meters_-_------- 4.76 34. 43 27. 27 
150imeters:-=—--2-— 4.14 34. 63 27.49 
200 meters-_-------- 4.14 34. 71 27. 55 
300 meters_-------- 4.44 34. 83 27. 62 
500 meters_-------- 4. 54 34. 93 27. 69 
800 meters_-__------ 4.03 34, 92 27.73 
1,000 meters---_---- 3.73 34. 91 27. 76 
1,200 meters_------ 3. 43 34. 90 27. 78 


Station 984; Aug. 3; depth, 2,253 meters; lat. 63°10’ 
N., long. 56°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.669 
meters 


Ometer: === 8.00 33. 47 26. 09 
20'meters==2 25-225 6. 26 33. 50 26. 36 
50)meters--==5-=--- 3. 84 34. 16 27.15 
100 meters_-..----- 3.13 34. 65 27. 54 
150 meters_--_------ 3. 73 34. 75 27. 62 
200 meters...--.--- 3.93 34. 82 27. 66 
300 meters.......-- 4. 33 34, 90 27. 69 
500 meters._.....--.- 4. 33 34, 95 27.73 
800 meters_._.----- 3. 73 34, 94 27.77 
1,000 meters. --.---- 3. 63 34. 92 27. 78 
1,200 meters: - .-_--- 3. 42 34, 91 27.79 
1,500 meters_.----- 3.12 34, 91 27. 82 


210 


Station 985; Aug. 3; depth, 2,187 meters; lat. 62°56’ 
N., long. 57°34’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.688 
meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
aie way | (960) As 
Ohmeter. 472 Sees 8. 20 33. 62 26.18 
2HimMeLers=s nee 7.79 33. 63 26. 24 
50 meters_-.-_.--_--- 3.43 34, 21 27. 23 
100 meters________- 3. 33 34. 59 27. 54 
150 meters. --__----_- 3. 53 34. 71 27. 62 
200 meters_______-__ ale: 34. 75 27. 63 
300 meters_______-_- 3. 93 34. 82 27. 66 
500 meters__-______- 4.03 34. 89 27. 71 
800 meters________- 3.83 34. 92 27. 76 
1,000 meters______- 3. 62 34. 91 27.77 
1,200 meters_____-_- 3. 32 34. 90 27.79 
1,500 meters_______ 33527) 34. 89 27. 80 


Station 986; Aug. 3; depth, 1,280 meters; lat. 63°48’ 
N., long. 57°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.747 


meters 
Oumnoter®s = ss 8. 50 33. 53 26. 07 
20hmeterss ee se 5, 98 33. 54 26. 42 
50;meters) +2222 == leas 33. 79 27. 08 
100 meters__-_____-- 3. 03 34. 18 P4683) 
L50h;meterssos-=—- —— M5783 34. 47 27.45 
200/meters._2- ==. .- 3.43 34. 58 27. 53 
300 meters-_--_______ 3. 73 34. 69, 27. 59 
500!meters:=- ===. 4.13 34. 83 27. 65 
600 meters________- 4.03 34. 85 27. 68 
800 meters_____-__- 3. 82 34. 90 27.74 
1,000 meters______- 3. 62 34. 90 27. 76 
1,200 meters______- 3. 22 34. 88 27.78 


Station 987; Aug. 4; depth, 641 meters; lat. 64°34’ 
N., long 57°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.770 


meters 
Oimeter.o-- ets 8. 50 33. 68 26.18 
20) meters_2_= === 2. 8. 30 33. 76 26. 27 
SOMMBLEIS! 5 2—— == =~ 6. 78 33. 91 26. 61 
100 meters________- 4.74 34. 08 27. 00 
150 meters... ..-_--- 3.13 34, 21 27.27 
200 meters.-.------ 2.52 34. 35 27. 43 
300 meters_________ 3. 12 34. 62 27. 59 
400ameters=-- ==. = Bhay4 34.75 27. 67 
500 meters_--_-_-_-_-- 3.12 34. 81 27. 74 
600 ‘meters: -----_ =- 3. 12 34. 81 27. 74 


Station 988; Aug. 4; depth, 659 meters; lat. 65°17’ N., 
long. 57°27/ W.; dynamic height, 1, 454.754 meters. 


Onneterz222—2=-—-- 4. 20 32. 35 25. 67 
CUIMCLOLS 22 sean = 5. 20 33, 28 26. 31 
SOnmeters 2 soe 1. 36 33. 68 26. 98 
100 meters_-___.--- —.25 34. 00 27. 33 
L5Oimeters. 2222 . 05 34. 16 27. 44 
200 meters________-_ 1.05 34. 33 27. 53 
300 meters_________ 2.16 34. 53 27. 60 
4200 meters, 225222" 2.46 34. 59 27. 62 
500 meters________- 2. 46 34. 59 27. 62 
600 meters________- 2.46 | 34. 60 27. 63 


Station 989; Aug. 4; depth 650 meters; lat. 65°27’ N., 
long. 56°55" Wes dynamic height, 1,454.741 meters 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 990; Aug. 4; depth 630 meters; lat. 65°43’ N. ie) 
long. 56°29’ W.; - dynamic height, 1 454, 746 meters 


Temper- 


Depth ature Sra ot 
(2G.) 7 0) 
Onmeter 2-2 asa 7.00 33. 25 26. 06 
20 ITGCerS =e 6. 38 33. 63 26. 45 
oQumeters.: eee 3. 57 33.95 27.01 
100imeters. =.= 1.46 34. 23 27. 42 
150 meters________- 1. 56 34. 37 27. 52 
Ove TCTs! = sae 2.46 34. 48 27. 54 
200 hmeters: asus 2.76 34. 52 27. 55 
300 meters_________ 3. 56 34. 68 27. 59 
400 meters________- 3. 96 34. 76 27. 61 
500 meters_________ 3. 96 34. 76 27.61 
600 meters_________ 4.06 34. 78 27. 62 


Station 991; Aug. 4; depth, 206 meters; lat. 65°59’ N., 
long. 55°40! W:: dynamic height, 1, 454.765 meters 


Olmeters-—= sae 4. 80 33. 46 26. 50 
loimieterss) sees 4.49 33. 42 26. 50 
BOMMeLErS=. =e 2. 98 33. 45 26. 68 
60ineters2= 1.97 33. 67 26. 93 
100imeters= 2255s LS ee 33. 95 Qian’, 
i20imeterss= =e 1. 97 34. 08 27. 26 
150 meters________- Pay | 34. 27 27. 36 
i/DsMeters=— =e 2. 87 34. 37 27, 42 


Station 992; Aug. 5; depth, 200 meters; lat. 66°13/30/’ 
long. 55°05’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.750 
meters 


Ouneter2222- ese 5.10 33. 59 26. 57 
LowMelersee oe eee 5.10 33. 62 26. 59 
S0imeterse=-- 2a 4.18 33. 73 26. 78 
50)meterste 2-222 (3. 32) 33. 90 26. 99 
60ameters: 2 === 2. 56 33. 92 27. 08 
100 meters________- 1.86 34. 09 27. 27 
ZO IMEtErS sane 1. 96 34.18 27. 34 
150 meters_________ 1. 76 34. 23 27. 40 
L7Ganeterssese 1.76 34, 28 27. 44 


Station 993; Aug. 5; depth, 55 meters; lat. 66°20’ N. 
long. 54°15! W.; dynamic height, 1 454. 810 meters * 


Ometeres See 5. 70 31. 46 24.71 
1O:meterss 2-322 5. 70 31. 52 24, 86 
20‘mMeLerss se ee 5.39 32. 53 25: 69 
30)meters{2- 222 => 3. 98 33. 05 26. 27 
420 meters’ ss. ees 3.17 33, 28 26. 52 
OO MEterss222—2- 2. 87 33. 38 26. 63 


Station 994; Aug. 5; depth, 20 meters; lat. 66°22’ N., 
long. 53°50’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.803 meters 


Olmeters. =. 2222222 4. 80 31.99 25. 34 
OuMeters s S-- == 4.70 32.07 25. 41 
1Okmeters: == 2223 4. 40 32. 35 25. 66 
USimeters’ S254 4. 30 32. 40 25. 71 
ZO0MOTELS: == 282-22 4.19 32.41 25. 73 


Station 995; Aug. 7; depth, 461 meters; lat. 68°19’ N., 


Osmoters= See 5. 30 32. 80 25. 92 
20;amoeters: 2. ==... 5. 20 33. 36 26. 38 
o0smeters. 22 ee) 2.09 33. 94 27.14 
100 meters! = 22. 1.48 34. 21 27.41 
150 meters______._- 1.89 34, 35 27.49 
200 meters_________ 2.49 34. 49 27. 54 
300 meters________- 3, 29 34. 65 27. 60 
400 meters_________ 3.79 34. 76 27. 63 
500 meters____.___- 3.79 34. 76 27. 63 
600 meters_________ 3.89 34. 79 27. 64 


long. 55°14’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454. 685 

meters 
Omnieter==: --- Ss 4. 90 33. 22 26. 30 
20 neers! _ =) sess 4.79 33. 27 26. 35 
bOlMeters=22 ese" —.25 33. 55 26. 97 
100 meters________- —.25 34. 01 27. 34 
150 meters_____-__- . 66 34. 22 27. 46 
200 meters________- 1, 37 34, 33 27. 50 
300 meters_________ 2.07 34. 42 27. 52 
400 meters: 23 22 2. 57 34, 47 27. 52 
430 )meters. 2s 2. 67 34. 48 27. 52 
450 meters________- 2. 67 (34. 48) 27. 52 


DAVIS 


Station 996; Aug. 7; depth, 500 meters; lat. 68°25’ N., 


long. 54°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454,728 
meters 
Temper- quake 
Depth ature Soret ot 
(Cc )) %%o) 
MMO LORee es. oS 5.10 33. 14 26, 22 
15 meters...-.=.--- 5. 20 33. 18 26. 24 
30 meters....-..--- 4,89 33. 30 26. 37 
40 meters.._-_-_--- 2.76 33. 30 26. 58 
GOimeters=- 2 —=--=- —.24 33. 61 27.01 
100 meters____-___- .95 33. 92 27. 20 
TeOmmeterst a= 2== == 95 34. 10 27.30 
200)meters._-.=..-- .95 34. 20 27. 43 
300 meters-__-_----- 1. 56 34. 28 27.44 
Ad50imeters:-—-.=- -- 1. 66 (34. 29) 27. 45 
475 meters__-_.-.-.- 1.86 34, 32 27. 45 


Station 997; Aug. 7; depth, 316 meters; lat. 68°30’ N., 


long. 53°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.781 

meters 
Olmeters-=-=-.=---= 4. 60 32. 72 25. 93 
lowmeters=—-2+ 2-2 =. 4. 80 33.19 26. 29 
30)meters_-.--...-- 4.19 33. 28 26. 41 
GOimoeters== ==2—--=- 3.18 33. 47 26. 67 
LOOimeterst: _——- = 2. 28 33. 68 26. 91 
150}meters2_2=- --=- ee 33. 90 27.13 
200) moters:-—------- 1.47 34. 08 27. 29 
BOOWNELETS22=2S_ = -< 1.57 34.18 27. 36 


Station 998; Aug. 7; depth, 799 meters; lat. 68°55’ N., 


long. 53°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.756 

meters 
Gimeter-- == 222-2. = 7.40 32. 76 25. 62 
20smeters=- == =~. 3. 97 33. 08 26. 29 
Ol meters= 2 --<-~--- 1.35 33. 32 26. 69 
100 meters -------- 64 33. 66 27.01 
200 meters-__------- «74 34. 08 27. 34 
240 meters____-_--_- 1.45 34. 22 27. 40 
300 meters__------_- 15 34. 24 27. 44 
400 meters_-_--_----- 1.55 34. 32 27.47 
600 meters__-----_- 1.85 34. 35 27. 48 
Woo meters. -.-=.=.- 1.95 34. 36 27. 48 


Station 999; Aug. 7; depth, 250 meters; lat. 69°09’ N., 


long. 53°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.781 

meters 
Ouarietens 2 25-25 8. 20 32. 70 25. 46 
W5imeterss == 2==-=- = 3.97 33. 00 26. 23 
30 meters---------- 3. 46 33.25 26. 45 
GOumeters: 22 - oe 1.32 33. 55 26. 88 
100 meters_-_------- . 92 33. 88 27.17 
150 meters. -.=----- wf2 34. 06 27. 32 
180 meters_-_._---_- (. 70) 34. 08 27. 34 
240 meters__--_---_- . 92 34. 14 27. 38 


Station 1000; Aug. 8; depth, 557 meters; lat. 69°12’ 
N., long. 52°49’ W. 


7.30 31. 53 24. 67 

3.96 33. 13 26. 32 

215 33. 42 26. 72 

34 33. 71 27. 06 

—.07 33. 89 27.23 

13 34. 01 27. 32 

1.14 34.15 27. 37 

94 34.17 27.41 

1. 44 34. 23 27. 42 

1.74 34. 29 27. 45 

450 meters_-_-_------ 1, 84 34. 30 27. 45 
ZO Meters. _....... 1.94 34. 33 27.47 


STRAIT AND LABRADOR 


211 


Station 1001; Aug. 8; depth, 492 meters; lat. 


SEA 


69°12! N., long. 52°13’ W, 
Temper- | gyn; 
Depth ature aire ot 

(°C.) %%0) 
O Meter eee 9. 60 32. 45 25. 05 
20 meters_______- =i 3. 54 33. 22 26. 43 
60 :meterss- =. == 5 = uh 33. 61 27. 00 
100 meters________- —.09 33. 85 27. 20 
150 meters_-___-_-_- Sal 34. 00 27.31 
200 meters_____--__ avi! 34. 13 27.38 
300 meters________- 1, 52 34. 26 27. 44 
400 meters.________ 1. 82 34. 31 27.46 
450 meters._______- 1.92 34. 33 27. 48 


Station 1002; Aug. 8; depth, 410 meters; lat. 
69°11’ N., long. 51°42’ W. 


Omneterzao. eee 9. 60 32. 45 25. 05 
1b;meters== <==. =- = 6.77 33. 41 26. 35 
HOMMELCTS2. os 2-2 —.07 33. 83 27.18 
100meters=_.-2--.- .42 34. 02 27.31 
150imeters==--=---= apy? 34. 14 27.35 
200 meters-_----_-- - 1.72 34. 20 27. 38 
250’ meters_._...--_- 1. 62 34, 22 27. 40 
300)meters—=—- == =-. 1,42 34, 23 27.41 
350: meters_-_.-_--_- 1. 62 34. 26 27. 42 
400moeterss 2. =! 425. 1.72 34, 28 27. 43 


Station 1003; Aug. 8; depth, 250 meters; lat. 
69°12’ N., long. 51°10’ W. 


Oimeters= =o 1.00 32. 29 25. 89 
15 meters_,-------- —.22 32. 52 26. 14 
BOhmeters2s2---s2- - —.02 32. 94 26.47 
60 meters_-_-_--_----- 1.19 33. 44 26. 81 
90imeters==-=--.--= 2.19 33. 71 26.95 
140 meters________- 2.19 33. 93 27.11 
190 meters____----- 2. 08 34. 04 27. 21 
240)imeters: —=-====-= .79 34.15 27. 40 
2o0)meters===2.-=-- wit 34.15 27. 40 


Station 1004; Aug. 11; depth, 131 meters; lat. 
7 


0°14’ N., long. 52°42’ W. 
Opmeters= set 3. 60 31.03 24. 60 
V6smeters-2----=--= 1.98 32. 20 25.75 
aometers==— == ==— 1.08 32. 79 26. 28 
50 meters_--__------ «Ot 33. 16 26. 61 
VDRO LOLSe =e 37 33. 43 26. 84 
100 meters____----- 17 33. 66 27. 04 
125 meters_------ = 17 33. 83 27.17 


Station 1005; Aug. 11; depth, 500 meters; lat. 


70°12’ N., long. FP Myf 
Owmneter.2=2—2 2-222" 3. 20 31. 08 24. 67 
Di Meterss- ses) == 3. 10 31.49 25. 00 
60/moeters-2-..-==- - 2.18 32. 50 25. 98 
100 meters=2===-=—- . 67 33. 61 26. 97 
150 meters.-=222 2. = —.04 33. 83 27.18 
200 meters--------- —. 04 33. 97 27. 29 
300 meters-__-------- .47 34. 13 27.40 
400 meters_-------- . 67 34, 21 27. 46 
475 meters-<._-=--= oda 34, 22 27. 46 


Station 1006; Aug. 11; depth, 150 meters.; lat. 
70°09! N., long. 52°55’ W. 


Oimeter 222-2-===- > 3. 80 32. 35 25. 72 
15 smeters=2-2-————- 3. 30 32. 68 26. 03 
B0MmMetersh=—=-=25-— 1. 39 33. 20 26. 59 
bOLMeterS sea . 98 33. 55 26.91 
(OMELEES: = === === aly 33, 69 27. 06 
100 meters________- .07 33. 77 27.13 
125 meters__._=--- —.03 33. 83 27.18 
150 \meterss-=s= ==. —.03 (33. 87) 27.21 


212 


Station 1007; Aug.13; depth, 60 meters; lat. 69°20’ N., 
long. 54°08’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.737 meters 


Temper- aos 
Depth ature crap ct 

°C.) 0) 
Opmeter 22-22 5. 30 33. 22 26. 25 
10:meters= 222" == — 5. 40 33. 36 26. 36 
25umetersas= 22225") 4.79 33. 41 26. 46 
40 meters_-2._.-..- 3.98 33. 50 26. 62 
OO;meters= 255222555 2. 97 33. 61 26. 79 
55 meters_-._..---- 1. 86 33. 66 26. 93 
6Oimetersta = ess 1. 66 (33. 73) 27.00 


Station 1008; Aug. 13; depth, 127 meters; lat. 69°12’ 
N., long. 54°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.720 
meters 


Ormeters:222- 2522 e 5. 50 33. 38 26. 35 
20imMeLETS=-_.--- ==. 5. 70 33. 45 26. 38 
A40;moters: 22225. —= 1.75 33. 61 26. 89 
6Oimetersss-222 2 —. 56 33. 75 27. 14 
80 meters_.-._----- —. 66 33. 81 27.19 
LO0imetersta-=== = —.26 33. 90 27. 25 
HH5metersz=2---——— —.16 33. 92 27. 26 


Station 1009; Aug. 13; depth, 187 meters; lat. 69°05’ 
N., long. 55°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.722 
meters 


O:meter..-==2--.-==: 5. 20 33. 46 26. 46 
20imoters=--22-2-.-- 5. 60 33. 49 26. 43 
A0'imoeters2s. 52-2... 1. 54 33. 58 26. 88 
60) meters_..._-.... —.37 33. 68 27.07 
100/meterss2222---- —.47 33. 83 27, 20 
15imeters=)- 2. so-— —.37 (33. 85) PUPAL 
140 meters__...---- —.27 33. 88 27. 24 
i Onnetersseneon nee —.17 33. 90 27. 25 
180 meters_....---- —.07 33. 91 Ze 25 


Station 1010; Aug. 13; depth, 177 meters; lat. 68°56’ 
N., long. 56°10’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.716 
meters 


Oimeter:22=-2-522-- 5.10 33. 61 26, 59 
20imoeters2-225---2 5. 20 33, 62 26. 58 
40 meters___..-.--- 2.97 33, 67 26. 85 
60 meters__..------ —.47 33. 74 20,12 
90; meters..-.=-.--- —.37 33. 86 222 
130 meters-__.-.---- —.07 33. 91 27.20 
VOhmeterss.2222--— . 24 33. 94 27. 26 


Station 1011; Aug. 14; depth, 205 meters; lat. 68°49’ 
N., long. 57°07’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.712 
meters 


Oimeter.-<s-<-.-2-- 5. 10 33. 61 26. 58 
20; meters=—-s-2-2—- 5.00 33. 62 26. 61 
a0 rmeterss2=ssos-== 2. 56 33. 80 26.99 
60;meters:=2---25-- 1.35 33. 90 27.16 
90 meters._.-...--- . 84 34. 01 27. 28 
125 meters___._---- . 64 34. 07 27. 34 
150 meters_._...--- . 54 34. 08 27.36 
i7OMmetersasss-=- == . 54 (34. 08) 27. 36 
200 meters__---.--- . 54 34. 09 27. 36 


Station 1012; Aug. 14; depth, 275 meters; lat. 68°31’ 
., long. 57°28’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.716 
meters 


Oimeters- 22-25-26 4. 80 33. 33 26. 40 
ZO WMOLOIS= 222-5 - se 5.00 33. 37 26. 41 
40 meters_____--_-- 2.96 33. 66 26. 84 
60imeters. es —.06 33. 81 Pe 7) 
100 meters____-_--.- —.17 33. 98 27. 31 
150 \mMe terse sss =- = . 54 34.12 27.38 
200 meters_-_-_----- 1.14 34. 22 27. 42 
260 metersue 222-552 1.74 34. 31 27. 45 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1018; Aug. 14; depth, 216 meters; lat. 68°15’ 
Ns, long. 57°50’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.708 
meters 


Temper- Pa 
Depth ature ee ot 

(EO) (9 0) 
Obmeter-< 22 eee 3. 60 33. 30 26. 49 
20 meters_-—---_-__ 4. 40 33. 48 26. 56 
40'meters. 222 eo 1.36 33. 71 27.00 
60 meters_________- —.46 33. 83 27. 20 
100 meters_________ —. 66 34. 02 27. 36 
150 meters>_-______ . 96 34. 13 27. 37 
200 meters--_--._._- 1.76 34. 24 27. 40 


Station 1014; Aug. 14; depth, 495 meters; lat. 67°58’ 
Ns long. 58°13’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.74 
meters 


Oimeter.2 2 -- = 4.30 32. 40 25. 72 
15jimetersi-seease 4. 30 32. 87 26. 09 
30 meters_.__---.-- 4.10 33. 18 26, 35 
50) metersi-- ease 2.97 33. 50 26. 71 
100 meters_-_-____--_ 1.07 33. 91 27.19 
150 meters______-_- 1.96 34. 16 27.39 
200 meters____.___- i ayy 34, 28 27. 44 
300 meters______-_- 2.17 34. 42 27. 51 
375 meters._.._..-- 2.37 34, 47 27. 53 


Station 1015; Aug. 14; depth, 659 meters; lat. 67°31’ 
N ms long. 58°48’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.743 
meters 


Onmeter=22 =-a2 ee 2. 00 30. 79 26. 23 
20 meters_-_-----_- . 08 32. 66 26, 24 
40'metersa. 222 seee= —1. 64 33. 40 26. 89 
60imeters222ese- == —1.74 33. 60 27. 06 
100’ meters=_--=---=- —1.44 33. 80 27. 21 
150 meters__...._-- —.73 33. 99 27. 34 
200;metersie2s--e-= —.12 34. 11 27.41 
300 meters_-_-_-.--.--- . 59 34, 28 27. 51 
SD MMOTeISsae—— nee” . 69 (34. 33) 27. 56 
400 meters___.--.-- 79 34. 36 27. 57 
500 meters__.------ (. 00) 34. 38 27. 62 
625imetersseeee ea (. 30) 34. 44 27. 65 


Station 1016; Aug. 15; depth, 1,270 meters; lat. 67°13’ 
ae long. 59°20’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.725 
meters 


O'meter--=--22-222- 1.50 30. 94 24. 68 
ZOnnSters ses) see 1.10 32. 57 26. 11 
40 meters___....--- —.81 33. 31 26. 80 
60nnetersiae == —1. 22 33. 64 27. 08 
100 meters___--.--- —1.21 33. 86 27. 25 
150 meters_-.-..----- —.61 34. 00 27. 35 
200 meters__----..- . 61 34, 12 27. 38 
3800 meters_._....-_ 83 34. 30 27. 52 
400 meters_-------- Abii) 34. 39 27. 62 
500 meters____---._ - 45 34, 45 27. 66 
800sneters==------- 30 34. 49 27.70 
1,000 meters--_---- —.10 34. 49 27. 72 
1,200 meters- ------ —.21 34. 49 27. 73 


Station 1017; Aug. 15; depth, 935 meters; lat. 66°49 ’ 
N., long. 59°31’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.788 
meters 


Onneter*< eee 1.50 29. 50 23. 52 
20mieters:= 222222823 29 31. 60 25, 29 
40 meters_-_--.----- -.71 32. 00 25. 73 
60imeters-os2-=2-—= —1.82 33. 40 26. 90 
100 meters--_------ —1.82 33. 65 27.11 
150) meters ---=-=- —1. 62 33. 84 27, 25 
200 meters--------- —1.32 33. 96 27. 34 
300 meters.-------- —.81 34, 20 27.51 
500 meters_-....---- -18 34. 42 27. 65 
700 meters--------- .O1 (34. 47) 27. 70 
900 meters---.----- —.20 (34. 49) 27. 72 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1018; Aug. 15; depth, 750 meters; lat. 66°36’ 
N., long. 59°34’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.839 


213 


Station 1023; Aug. 17; depth, 450 meters; lat. 65°01’ 
N e long. 59°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.760 
meters 


meters 
Temper- Salinit 
y 
Benth oy | (960) e 
Ohmeter: 2 22.22-5- —0. 20 29. 39 23. 50 
20imeters:=2.-5--=. —1.81 31. 60 25. 32 
40 motersis22-_.. 25 —1.81 (32. 67) 26. 31 
G0nmeters=sses 222 =5 —1.81 33. 22 26. 75 
100 meters-_--....-- —1.81 33. 48 26. 96 
150 meters_....-.-- —1.01 33. 68 27.12 
200 meters_-.-.----- —.40 33. 86 Qie25 
300 meters_-__...--- —.40 34. 08 27. 38 
400;meters==- 22-5 . 00 34, 24 27. 50 
BOO hmMeterss= 2 e—* . 40 34, 35 27. 58 
700 meters......--- . 40 34. 41 27. 63 


Station 1019; Aug. 16; depth, 530 meters; lat. 66°12’ 
N., long. 59°47’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.870 
meters 


Oimneter== =e 22 === —0.10 29.19 23. 36 
20; meterss=t=-2. 22. —1.21 31.97 25. 72 
40imeters: = 2252-2 —1.61 32. 60 26. 24 
60imeters=-=--2__=- —1.71 32. 92 26. 49 
L0Ohmeters=222..-.— —1.81 33. 27 26. 79 
150 meters__.-----_ —1.81 33. 57 27. 04 
200 meters.-.------ —1.61 33. 76 27.19 
300 meters_--...--- —1.01 34. 00 27. 36 
400 meters_-_--_---- —.50 34. 16 27.47 
500 meters...-.--.- —.10 34, 26 27. 53 


Station 1020; Aug. 16; depth, 570 meters; lat. 65°54’ 
N., long. 59°26’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.889 
meters 


Ometers2..5 22255. 0. 20 29. 36 23. 41 
PU 00s] 1) ee —1.11 31.72 25. 43 
40 ;meters- 2s 225-5 —1.51 32. 70 26. 32 
GOimeters=. 2822-52 —1.71 33. 03 26. 60 
TOO{meters==- ===. —1.81 33. 33 26. 84 
T50;meters: 22222. —1.81 33. 58 27. 04 
200 meters_-___.--_ —1.61 33. 76 27.19 
300 meters_-._._..-- —.80 33.99 27. 35 
400 meters_-__-..--- —.60 34. 15 27. 47 
425 meters_-__..--_ —.50 (34. 20) 27. 48 
500 meters_......-- —.30 34, 25 27. 54 


Station 1021; Aug. 16; depth, 448 meters; lat. 65°37’ 
Bh gone 59°05’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.759 
meters 


Oimeters25- 222 22--- 3. 40 31.85 25. 27 
20 meters. = 22222 3. 70 32. 72 26. 02 
40 meters___....--- . 58 33. 30 26. 72 
60 meters__ —.83 33. 54 26. 98 
100 meters_ —.93 33.77 27.17 
150 meters_ —.32 33. 96 27. 30 
200 meters_--___._ —.22 34, 09 27. 38 
250 meters__.....__ .,79 34. 23 27. 46 
300 meters__......- 1,40 34, 34 27.52 
400 meters___.____- 1.70 (34, 54) 27. 64 
425 meters_...----- 2.00 34. 58 27. 65 


Station 1022; Aug. 16; depth, 425 meters; lat. 65°23’ 
Ne, long. 59°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.845 
meters 


Onmneters- 2. 52.32. 2. 00 30. 69 24. 45 
20 meters....._---- 2.90 31. 49 25. 02 
40 meters__......__ .70 33, 11 26. 56 
60: meters 2 2... —.93 33. 44 26. 90 
100 meters_....-... —1.13 33. 72 27.14 
50 meters: 5s.235-- —.83 33. 85 27. 23 
200 meters__..._--- —.52 33. 95 27.30 
250 meters__._.._-- —.22 34. 03 27. 36 
300 meters__......- .19 34. 10 27.39 
425 meters__..._..- . 69 34, 24 27. 47 


Temper- | galinit 
y. 
agi oy | (60) | 
0 meter-___- 2.70 30. 99 24. 68 
20 meters-_- 2. 30 32. 49 25. 96 
40 meters —.52 33. 35 26. 82 
60 meters —1. 23 33. 57 27. 02 
100 meters —1.33 33.77 27.19 
150 meters__....--- —.93 33. 92 27. 32 
200 meters__.___.-- —.21 34. 09 27. 40 
300 meters__._..-.- . 98 34. 26 27.47 
400 meters__..____- 2. 20 (34. 45) 27. 54 
425 meters_......_- 2.60 34, 53 27. 57 


Station 1024; Aug. 17; depth, 510 meters; lat. 64°35’ 
N aA long. 59°03’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.663 
meters 


Otmeter=_2 3.2.2 0. 30 25. 86 23. 88 
20'meters_.--.....- —1.42 33. 00 26. 56 
40 meters_._._..._- —1.72 33. 56 27. 02 
60)meters. = =. 2.- —1.72 33. 70 27.14 
100 meters_..____-- —1.83 33. 90 27.31 
150 meters_......-- —1.11 34. 09 27. 44 
200 meters__...--_- —.40 34. 23 27. 52 
300 meters___...--- 90 34. 42 27. 61 
425 meters________- 90 (34. 50) 27. 68 
450 meters__....--- 90 34, 53 27. 70 


Station 1025; Aug. 17; depth, 625 meters; lat. 64°07’ 
N., long. 59°06’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.701 
mneters 


Ommeter:-2<5-5-<:- 5. 20 32. 61 25. 68 
20 meters_._-..---- 6. 12 33. 43 26. 32 
40 meters_....--.-- —.35 Soe tlh 27.15 
60 meters_....-.--- —.25 33. 93 27. 28 
VOOmmetersi 22-2. - = . 45 34. 14 27. 40 
150 meters__.....-- 2.76 34. 34 27. 47 
200 meters__......- 2. 86 34. 49 27. 51 
300 meters_-___.-.-- 3. 27 34. 62 27. 58 
400 meters__-_--.-- 2.96 34, 65 27. 63 
450 meters__-....--- 2. 56 (34. 66) 27. 66 
600 meters__.....-- 1. 86 34. 67 27. 73 


Station 1026; Aug. 17; depth, 407 meters; lat. 64°01’ 


N., long. 60°02’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.779 

meters 
Ouneter=s2-- 2-22.22 2.90 30. 64 24. 34 
20 meters__ 1. 06 32. 66 26. 18 
40 meters_. —.84 33, 24 26. 74 
60 meters_- —1. 45 33. 44 26. 93 
100 meters_ —1. 65 33. 66 27.11 
150 meters —1.75 33. 86 27.27 
200 meters! sos 2-2 —.34 34. 06 27. 38 
ZO MOLOrs a aneseee 1. 06 (34. 20) 27. 42 
300 meters_-_-_-.-.-- 1. 36 34. 35 27. 52 
400 meters_.-.----- 2. 36 34. 54 27. 58 


Station 1027; Aug. 17; depth, 290 meters; lat. 63°56’ 
N., long. 60°46 W.; dynamic height, 1,454.826 
meters 


3.00 30. 41 24.15 
20); Meterss. 2 s-== 4.80 32. 07 25. 40 
40 meters___..___-- —1.15 32. 80 26. 39 
60)meters==22- = —1. 25 33. 37 26. 86 
100 meters__....._. —. 24 33. 63 27. 03 
150 meters_.___.___ . 88 33. 87 27.17 
200 meters_-.__..... 1, 28 34. 06 27. 29 
270 meters__._._- - 1.78 34, 24 27. 41 


214 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1028; Aug. 17; depth, 210 meters; lat. 63°52’ 
N., long. 61°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.827 


meters 


Depth 


60 meters-_ 
80 meters_ 
100 meters 
150 meters 


200 meters 


Station 1033; Aug. 18; depth, 263 meters; lat. 63°17’ 
N., long. 62°05’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.850 
meters 


Salinity 
(960) 


Temper- | gajinit 
y 
meet ajare |" ao) | 
Olmeter: <2 =e 2.90 30. 98 24. 68 
20 meters_____.-_-- 1.79 31. 58 25. 27 
AQ)meters:- 2. 22e-— —1.13 32. 80 26. 40 
60:meters2- 222 —1. 63 32.95 26. 53 
LOOaneterss 2-22 = —1.73 33.19 26. 73 
150 meters___-_.-.-- —1. 53. 33. 47 26. 96 
LV DEMNOLELS= 2 == eee —1.33 (33. 63) 27.07 
200 meters_____---- —1.13 33. 76 27.17 
250 meters_-_--.----- . 38 34. 04 27. 33 


Station 1029; Aug. 17; depth, 210 meters; lat. 63°48’ 
N., long. 62°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.856 


meters 
Ouneterses- = 22 see 2.30 30. 18 24, 02 
2OsMOeLers-oesee sce = 2.40 al. OL 25.17 
40;moterss=5s2 2s 2 1. 68 32. 70 26.17 
60nnetersS\ === —. 64 33. 16 26. 67 
SOkmeters=e222- 20 —1. 26 33. 28 26.79 
1O0immeters=22 2 2. == —1. 26 33. 39 26. 89 
150meters: - 2. == —1.16 33. 62 27. 06 
200 meters... ----- —1.06 33.79 27.19 


Station 1030; Aug. 17; depth, 250 meters; lat. 63°44’ 
N., long. 62°44’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.871 


meters 
OQumeteris.-=2- 3. 10 31.03 24. 70 
Z0smeters= 2222" -- =e 1. 58 31. 65 25. 34 
40imeters=2-2=2=- = —1. 25 32.75 26. 36 
60)meters--=.----=- —1. 67 32. 81 26. 41 
SOlmeterss- Sess. <= —1.77 33. 12 26. 67 
100 meters____--___ —1.77 33. 26 26. 78 
L25meters22- 2. —1. 67 33. 34 26. 85 
L7owmeterss 22-2... —1. 46 33. 47 26. 95 
2A00imeters==—* 32=_ 2 —1. 26 (33. 52) 26. 99 
225 meters.__---.-- —1.16 33. 59 27. 03 


Station 1031; Aug. 18; depth, 200 meters; lat. 63°41’ 
N., long. 63°21’ W.; dynamig height, 1,454.937 


meters 
Qimeterss eee 3. 50 29. 90 23. 78 
PAV 00) (2) foe ee 2. 38 31. 06 24.71 
40) meters--— —.74 32. 36 26. 04 
60 meters___ oe —1. 64 32. 90 26. 49 
100 meters_-_ ae —1.85 32. 96 26. 54 
125 meters___.....- —1.75 32. 97 26. 54 
150 meters__- .-~._- —1.44 32. 98 26. 55 
jsrMmeters=-- 2) —1. 24 32. 98 26. 54 


Station 1032; Aug. 18; depth, 201 meters; lat. 63°29’ 
N., long. 62°43’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.908 


meters 


30. 92 
31. 02 
32. 07 
32. 79 
33. 06 
33. 18 
33. 28 
33. 37 


24. 57 
24. 76 
25. 81 
26. 40 
26. 62 
26. 71 
26. 80 
26. 87 


Station 1034; Aug. 18; depth, 302 meters; lat. 63°05’ 
N., long. 61°35’ W. dynamic height, 1,454.799 
meters 


Oimeteree sss 3. 60 31. 24 24. 85 
20) elersa=3 ae 2.78 31. 50 25. 13 
40) meters: -=2-2 ee atte 33. 00 26. 47 
60)\meters== 222 —1.03 33. 24 26. 75 
80 meters) 52-22 —1.44 33. 28 26. 88 
100 meters________- —1.44 33. 53 27.00 
150 meters== = —1. 24 33. 87 27. 26 
200 meters_____---- —1. 04 34. 16 27. 51 
250'meters_22-2e--— —.93 (34. 36) 27. 65 
300 meters_______-- —.83 34. 53 27.78 


Station 1035; Aug. 18; depth, 650 meters; lat. 62°48’ 
N., long. 61°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.777 
meters 


O;meter!==-=-25- 5. 60 32. 09 25, 26 
20!meterse_ 22 = == 5.39 32, 44 25. 63 
40: meters=-=---==— 3.78 33. 15 26. 36 
60)moeters2-2-2- see 1.16 33. 51 26. 86 
100 meters______--- 200 33. 83 27.15 
150imetersssee==- = .85 34, 11 27. 36 
200 meters_--_----- 1.16 34, 32 27.51 
300 meters-_---_----- 5 34. 58 27. 67 
400 meters_-_-_----- 2.16 34. 69 27. 73 
600 meters_-..----- 2. 66 34. 74 27.72 


Station 1036; Aug. 18; depth, 1025 meters; lat. 62°32’ 
N., long. 60°20’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.756 
meters 


Oimeters= 24. sn2- se 8. 40 33. 78 26. 27 
ZOIMetEIShae ee ee 8.10 33. 74 26. 29 
40 meters_--_------- 2. 33 33. 80 27. 00 
6Oimeters!= == il, 72 33. 89 27.12 
LOOfmeterse === == 2. 23 34. 09 27. 24 
200 meters--------- 3. 23 34, 59 27. 55 
soonmeterss222=——— 3. 93 34. 77 27. 63 
600 meters_--..-~-- 4. 03 34. 83 27. 67 
700'metérs: =——-o.= = 3. 83 34. 85 Papi 
900 meters__-_---_- 3.13 34. 86 27. 72 
1,000 meters_-__--_--- 3. 63 34. 87 27. 74 


Station 1037; Aug. 18; depth, 1,500 meters; lat. 62°19 
N., long. 59°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.742 
meters 


Oumeter- 4-5-2222 8. 40 33. 95 26. 40 
20imeters=. 2 2==- == 8. 30 33. 97 26. 44 
SOmMeters=——.--.-=- 7.69 34.15 26. 67 
100 meters-_.-------- 3.74 34. 44 27.39 
150 meters-_---.----- 3. 53 34, 63 27.55 
200 meters-__------- 3.73 34. 74 27. 62 
300 meters__-.----- 4. 04 34. 82 27. 66 
500 meters_-------- 4. 04 34, 85 27. 68 
800 meters_-------- 3. 84 34. 87 27.72 
1,000 meters-- -_--- 3. 63 34, 87 27.74 
1,200 meters- - - ---- 3. 43 34. 88 PLE 
1,500 meters. - - ---- 3. 23 34, 88 27.79 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1038; Aug. 19; depth, 2,377 meters; lat. 62°07’ 
N. fe 58°41’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.677 
meters 


Temper- eine 
Salinity 
Bepee way | (960) se 

Oineter-25. 52-22-22 8. 70 33. 82 26. 26 
URMOLELS2 2522525 <6 8.70 34. 18 26. 54 
DOMNELELS2 =e 2. - = (4. 70) 34. 43 27.10 
1O0;moeters-=2- ==... - 3. 72 34. 65 27. 56 
150 meters.-----+-- 3.72 34. 75 27. 63 
200 meters-_-------- 3. 92 34. 81 27. 67 
300 meters. -.------ 4,12 34. 86 27. 68 
500!meters.-..- =... 3. 92 34. 87 27.72 
800 meters_--_----- 3. 62 34. 88 27. 75 
1,000 meters-_-.---- 3. 42 34. 89 27. 78 
1,200 meters- --_--- 3. 32 34. 89 27.78 


Station 1039; Aug. 19; depth, 2,377 meters; lat. 61°55’ 
N., long. 57°58’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.673 
meters 


Oimeter:22 <2) >. - 9. 30 34. 41 26. 64 
20\meters=_ ....-.-- 9.10 34. 41 26. 67 
DO MOLEKS 5. aos >= 6. 57 34. 49 27.10 
100 meters---.----.-- 3. 94 34. 67 27. 55 
150 meters__------- 3. 52 34.75 27. 65 
200'meters_....-... 3. 72 34. 80 27. 67 
300 meters_-------.- 3. 93 34. 84 27. 68 
500 meters_-_--_--_--- 3.72 34. 86 Qinda 
800) meters. ._—- ==- 3. 52 34. 87 PAIS Ch: 
1,000 meters_-___-_- 3. 42 34. 88 27.77 
1,200 meters______. 3. 32 34. 88 PERMITS 
1,500 meters_ ___-_- 3. 22 34. 89 27.78 


Station 1040; Aug. 19; depth, 2,277 meters; lat. 61°23’ 
N., long. 58°49’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.657 
meters 


Onneter: >= 2-2 - 9. 10 34. 38 26. 64 
ZO RNGLOYS: 525-0 o 2 9. 00 34. 37 26. 65 
50) meters: ._-_.__.- 7. 07 34. 41 26. 96 
100 meters. = ----- = - 3. 93 34. 64 27. 52 
L50hmierers: —----=- 3. 72 34. 77 27. 64 
200 meters__-_----- 3. 82 34. 83 27. 68 
300 meters__-----_- 3. 93 34. 88 peti 
500 meters. ___----- 3.72 34. 89 27. 74 
800 meters__--_--_--- 3. 42 34. 89 PBSC 
1,000 meters_. -_-_-_- 3. 32 34. 89 27. 78 
1,200 meters- -_-_-_- 3. 22 34. 89 27.79 


Station 1041; Aug. 19; depth, 2,300 meters; lat. 61° 
26’ N., long. 59°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.688 
meters 


O;moeters= 45-2 2_+ =. 9.10 34.17 26. 48 
OD MELOTS see 2 = 9. 00 34. 18 26. 50 
BOumMeterss koe s--2 7. 28 34. 35 26. 89 
100 meters-____-_._- 3. 93 34. 66 27. 54 
150 meters________- 3. 72 34.77 27. 65 
200 meters__--.__-- 3.72 34. 81 27. 68 
300 meters_________ 4.04 34. 87 27. 69 
500 meters-__._-____ 3. 93 34. 88 27. 72 
800 meters-________- 3. 62 34. 89 27.75 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 42 34. 89 PEM 
1,200 meters_--_.--_ 3. 32 34. 88 27.78 


Station 1042; Aug. 19; depth, 950 meters; lat. 61° 
orale long. 60°26’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.759 
meters 


Gamieter. i. = 3252 8.10 33. 75 26. 30 
POMS LEeVS—— =. +2 8.00 33. 74 26. 31 
40 meters__________ 7.38 33. 90 26. 52 
60:meters._..-.=-- 6. 57 34. 20 26. 87 
100 meters_______-_- 3.33 34, 44 27. 28 
150 meters________- 3.13 34. 60 27. 57 
200 meters________- 3. 33 34. 70 27. 63 
300 meters_____--_- 3.93 34, 82 27. 66 
500 meters__.___.__ 3.93 34. 85 27. 69 
800 meters__._.-.-- 3. 83 34. 85 27.70 


215 


Station 1043; Aug. 20; depth, 574 meters; lat. 61° 
30’ N., long. 61°17’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.727 
meters 


Temper- Pa 
Depth ature ety ot 

°C.) %%}0) 
Ojmeters-22-2 6. 20 33. 71 26. 53 
20'meterss 5. 88 33. 79 26. 62 
40;meters22 2 4. 34 33.90 26. 89 
60'meters22-25 2.33 34. 03 27.18 
100 meters________- 1. 93 34. 35 27. 48 
150!meéters= 29s 3. 24 34. 61 27. 57 
200 meters.________ 3. 54 34. 73 27. 63 
300 meters__.______ 3. 74 34. 79 27. 66 
500 meters____--.-_ 3. 74 34. 82 27. 69 


Station 1044; Aug. 20; depth, 600 meters; lat. 61° 
31’ N., long. 62°00’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.749 
meters 


Oimeer.=- 2a 2. 4. 90 33. 34 26. 39 
20sneters= == 2+ 4.59 33. 32 26. 41 
40imotersa2- 2222-2 3. 37 33. 42 26. 61 
60 meters_____-___- . 96 33. 60 26. 94 
1OO\meters._- ==. -- . 36 34. 00 27. 30 
150meters: == 222 --- . 46 34. 35 27. 58 
200 meters__2---_.. ieee 34. 53 27. 63 
300 meters_______-- 3. 27 34. 72 27. 66 
500 meters._-__-_-_- 3.47 34.79 27. 69 


Station 1045; Aug. 20; depth, 635 meters; lat. 61° 
35’ N., long. 62°45’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.735 
meters 


Olmeter-= +S 222» 7. 30 33. 74 26. 41 
Ay Nevers == = 6.78 33. 72 26. 46 
40hmMeters == = 4.07 33. 79 26. 83 
60tmoeters_=2 >... 2. Deas 33. 94 27. 20 
80 meters___-___- vA - 93 34. 12 27. 36 
1OGimeterse--e=-.- 1, 24 34. 27 27. 47 
1b0smmeters= = 22. 2. 64 34. 53 27. 56 
200hmMeters-~ 2 —= = 3. 04 34. 64 27. 61 
300 meters-_.-____- 3. 44 34. 72 27. 64 
400hmeters 2. 3. 54 34.77 27. 67 
500 meters_______-- 3. 64 (34. 80) 27. 68 
600 meters____-_--- 3. 64 34. 80 27. 68 


Station 1046; Aug. 20; depth, 535 meters; lat. 61° 
39’ N., long. 63°18’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.744 
meters 


Omneters!222---—— 6. 20 33. 69 26. 51 
20 meters=-----=--- 5. 89 33. 67 26. 54 
40 meters_____---_- 4.97 33. 67 26. 64 
GOkmeters==4s2ss-— 1, 24 33. 79 27.07 
100 meters___------ . 64 34. 18 27. 43 
150imetersl_ 22> === 2.35 34. 49 27. 56 
200 meters__------- 3.15 34. 62 27. 59 
BOO meters: =_=-=- =. 3. 55 34. 73 27. 63 
SOO MOetErS= == 3. 55 34.75 27. 64 
500 meters__-_-_-_- 3. 65 34. 81 27. 69 


Station 1047; Aug. 20; depth, 365 meters; lat. 61°39’ 
N., long. 63°58’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.772 
meters 


Oimneters sas eee 5. 30 31.72 25. 06 
20; meters). 2.2222. 3. 38 32. 75 26. 07 
40 meters_-=--=-..- 2.05 33. 45 26. 75 
60 meters: 222 =: . 44 33.71 27. 06 
100 meters____-_--- —.17 34. 02 27. 34 
150ihmeters==== === 1.15 34. 30 27. 50 
200imeters: 32- 2-2 2. 65 34. 52 27. 55 
250 meters______-__ 2. 85 34. 58 27. 58 
300 meters_____---- 3.05 34. 66 27. 62 
350 meters____----- 2. 55 34. 67 27. 68 


216 


Station 1048; Aug. 21; depth, 262 meters; lat. 61°17’ 
N., long. 64°39’ W. 


Temper- ees 
Depth ature Seliaty, ot 

(XO) 0. 
Oimoter:= 26> s222-.- 0.90 32. 63 26. 16 
20imeters222=3 22-22 38 32. 83 26. 35 
40'meters2o25==-2-- 28 32.95 26. 46 
60 meters___._.---- 29 33. 05 26. 54 
100 meters. -..-.-.- -29 33. 22 26. 67 
150 meters____-.--- 23 33. 40 26. 83 
200 meters_--_.----- a3 33. 47 26. 89 
200 moeters=s—-e2 ee 19 33. 53 26. 93 


Station 1049; Aug. 21; depth, 360 meters; lat. 61°04’ 
N., long. 64°46’ W. 


Qumeter--25 22.2222 1.00 32. 37 25. 96 
20'meterss-22225--2 80 32. 31 25. 92 
AQ;meters: = s-s-- = 38 32. 66 26. 22 
60)meters==_=- =-5—— —.12 32. 88 26. 42 
80 meters.....--.-- —.43 33. 04 26. 56 
TOOnmeterssas-s= =o —.73 33. 18 26. 69 
150 meters__...---- —.73 33. 51 26. 96 
200 meters_.....--- .18 33. 77 27.12 
250)meters-.-..-..- 18 33.95 27. 26 
300 meters___..---. 38 34. 10 27. 38 
325 meters_.--===.- 48 34.13 27. 40 


Station 1050; Aug. 21; depth, 575 meters; lat. 60°53’ 
N., long. 64°43’ W. 


Oimeter===--2- one 1.90 32. 40 25. 92 
ZONMNeELerS==n sense 1.79 32. 39 25. 92 
40\meters-==-=2-_- 1.38 32. 55 26. 07 
60 meters_.....--_- ~97 32.77 26. 28 
100imeters! = 2222252 -16 33. 09 26. 58 
150'meters---=-.==- —.34 33. 45 26. 89 
200 meters_.....--- —. 24 33. 69 27.08 
300 meters____.---- —. 24 33. 97 27.30 
400 meters__._.---- - 36 34. 05 27. 34 
475 meters____----- -36 34. 06 27.35 


Station 1051; Aug. 24; depth, 65 meters; lat. 59°40’ 
N., long. 63°52’ W. 


O'meter2-25-222=-.22 3. 90 32. 02 25. 45 
1OWmeterss= 2222 3. 69 "32.05 25. 50 
20)meters--===-=.- 3.08 32. 10 25. 58 
sOmeters=s22-2 e255 2.47 32.17 25. 69 
40 meters_____----- 1.56 32. 42 25. 95 
60'meters_2-----25— —.54 32. 88 26. 43 
60 meters__-.-.--_- —1. 84 33. 36 26. 87 


Station 1052; Aug. 24; depth, 43 meters; lat. 59°43’ 
N., long. 63°38’ W. 


O'meter_.----2-.2-. 2. 80 32. 30 25. 77 
10'moters2s-—2 2235 2. 29 32. 33 25. 83 
ZONMeters ese 2.18 32. 47 25. 95 
BO;Mmeters.-=---—- <2 2.08 33. 00 26. 38 
35:meters..--....-- 1.98 33. 40 26. 72 


Station 1053; Aug. 24; depth, 152 meters; lat. 59°38’ 
N., long. 63°09’ W. 


O:meter:252-25-2--— 3. 30 32. 34 25. 76 
2) meters? =2oss-5-- 1. 90 32. 37 25. 90 
AQimeters. 2252225. . 76 32. 51 26. 08 
60 meters Sin! -05 32. 75 26. 31 
80 meters_- onan —.55 32. 87 26. 43 
100 meters__-.----- —.85 32.91 26. 47 
125 meters_.....--- —.95 32. 91 26. 48 
150 meters....._-.- —.95 32. 92 26. 49 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1054; Aug. 25; depth, 102 meters; lat.5 8°52’ 
a long. 62°52’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.882 
meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
Depth roy (960) ot 
Quneters 2. 2 Ses 3. 20 32. 29 25. 73 
10mmetersis 22a 2. 68 32. 27 25. 76 
20imeters=- 2.22225 1. 86 32.35 25. 88 
SOMTIOLEIS == aaa 1.45 32.45 25. 99 
40;meters_.=-ssssee - 96 32. 50 26. 06 
60imeters:2225 ee Ati 32. 55 26. 11 
90\nieters- sesso . 55 32. 56 26. 13 


Station 1055; Aug. 25; depth, 195 meters; lat. 58°53’ 
ae long. 62°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.917 
meters 


31. 93 


O'tmeter2.2 2sceeeee 7. 60 24. 95 
20;meterss= eee 4.96 31. 96 25. 30 
S0;meterss.a sess 2. 45 82.05 25. 60 
40;metersi2--s-=-e= eta 32. 14 25. 79 
60 meters_.__------ —.08 32. 44 26. 07 
80imeterssocee ee —.48 32. 63 26. 23 
90 meters) 22-2 o —.58 (32. 71) 26. 30 
100 meters._--.-_-- —.68 32. 78 26. 36 
125 meters. =.=... —.68 32. 93 26. 48 
150 meters...--____ —. 68 33. 08 26. 60 
180 meters_....---- —.68 33. 10 26. 62 


Station 1056; Aug. 25; depth, 149 meters; lat. 58°53’ 
No, long. 61°54’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.881 
meters 


Osneters=—-= 5. 40 31.99 25. 26 
20 INCLEIS2fsceneoe 4.88 32. 01 25. 33 
AQ Meters sass see 2.34 32. 38 25. 87 
60 meters__-_-...__ 34 32. 64 26. 20 
SOmeterssas eee —.37 32. 82 26. 39 
100 meters_...-.-._ —.77 33.00 26. 54 
125 meters._._....= —.87 33. 03 26. 57 


Station 1057; Aug. 25; depth, 150 meters; lat. 58°54’ 
aes long. 61°27’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.889 
meters 


O:moeters-.-.£.-.2=2 6.00 32. 09 25. 28 
20)Meterssane see ne= 5.39 32. 01 25. 29 
40 meters-__- 2.33 32. 28 25.79 
60 meters_-_ .13 32. 51 26. 11 
80 meters_- —.37 BPP Al 26. 29 
100 meters__ —.57 32. 88 26, 44 
125 meters:o=.-.22- —. 67 33. 08 26. 60 
140 meters__--...__ —.67 33. 14 26. 65 


Station 1058; Aug. 25; depth, 190 meters; lat. 58°55’ 
N pA long. 60°54’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.840 
meters 


Oimeter-.2-s5255-- 4. 80 32.05 25. 38 
20imeters=--f 2-2-6 3.47 32.19 25. 63 
40 moetersss-=2525-2 1.14 32. 62 26. 14 
60 meters__.._..--- 34 32. 83 26. 36 
S80)meters..2-3--2 5 14 32. 94 26. 47 
125 meters.-_..----- . 04 33. 18 26. 65 
140) meters. 22 2 a= . 04 RB wal s 26. 68 
175 meters. —-==---- .14 33. 37 26. 81 


Station 1059; Aug. 25; depth, 475 meters; lat. 59°09’ 
a long. 60°18’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.732 
meters 


Quneter-=.29 22.52 3. 00 32. 78 26. 14 
20:meters.ou-osssee 3.00 32. 91 26. 24 
40 meters......-.-. 2.49 33.11 26. 44 
60 meters........-. 1.18 33. 36 26. 74 
100 meters__-..---- (—. 50) 33. 83 27. 20 
150i metersis.22s..- 1.18 34. 29 27.49 
175 metersi222 os 1.98 (34. 41) 27. 62 
200 meters....-...- 2. 28 34. 48 27. 55 
300 meters..-....-- 2. 98 34. 66 27. 64 
450 meters._..--.-- 3. 38 34. 73 27. 65 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


* Station 1060; Aug. 25; depth, 1,650 meters; lat. 59°27’ 
N., long. 59°48’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.717 
meters 


Temper | salinit 
y 
Depth eo) | (960) a 
Oumeter:.>.25-55--- 6.30 33. 93 26. 69 
ZOUMNeLCrS=.-----<—— 6. 30 33. 99 26. 74 
50 meters....---.-- 6.09 34. 15 26. 89 
100 meters_.-.-.--- 5, 28 (34. 39) 27.18 
150 meters...-....- 4.91 34. 63 27.41 
200 meters-.----.--- 4. 66 34.72 27. 51 
200meters:....--.- 4.36 34. 78 27. 58 
500 meters.__.----- 3. 85 34. 86 27.71 
700 meters._...---- 3. 55 34. 89 27.76 
1,000 meters...-.-- 3.35 34. 89 27. 78 
1,200 meters----..-- 3. 25 34. 89 27.79 
1,300 meters------- 3.15 34. 89 27. 80 


» Station 1061; Aug. 25; depth, 1,350 meters; lat. 59°44’ 
A sone: 59°21’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.718 
meters 


Onmeter{--< ==. =: 9.30 34. 50 26. 71 
20imeters:.=s.2--.- 9. 00 34. 54 26. 77 
40 meters.--------- 8.38 34. 56 26. 89 
60sneters==22-2---- 7.85 34. 58 27. 04 
100 meters_-------- 6. 34 34. 64 27. 24 
150:‘meters..-.-=--- 5. 63 34. 71 27. 38 
200 meters-_-.-.---- 5.13 34.77 27. 49 
300 meters_-------- 4.52 34. 83 27. 61 
450'meters._---=--- 4.12 34. 87 27. 68 
500 meters-_-------- 4. 02 34. 87 27. 69 
600 meters_-------- 3. 82 34. 89 27.73 
800 meters_-------- 3. 52 34. 89 27. 78 
1,000 meters... ---_-- 3. 32 34. 89 27. 78 
1,200 meters--.----- 3.12 34. 89 27.80 


Station 1062; Aug. 26; depth, 2,150 meters; lat. 60°03’ 
Ny lone. 58°52’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.640 
meters 


Quneter: = 2 s=s- 8. 60 34. 48 26. 80 
ZO MGLCISss<25-==5 7. 68 34. 50 26.95 
40 meters_-----.--- 5. 57 34. 58 27.29 
6Ometers==2522=-.- 4.97 34. 63 27.81 
100 meters..--_---- 4.58 34. 73 27. 54 
150 meters_-.------ 4.32 34. 80 27.61 
200 meters_----.--- 4,12 34. 85 27. 67 
300 meters_-------- 3. 92 34. 86 27.70 
500 meters==-—--.-- 3. 62 34. 87 27.73 
800 meters_-------- 3.32 34. 88 27.77 
1,000 meters_------ 3. 22 34.89 27.79 
1,200 meters... -.-.- 3.12 34. 88 27.79 


Station 1063; Aug. 26; depth, 2,745 meters; lat. 60°21’ 
meee 58°24’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.683 
ineters 


O!meterz:=.-..5 5 9. 00 34. 50 26. 74 
20 meters---_.----- 9.10 34. 49 26. 73 
40 meters_-_-------- 7. 36 35. 53 27. 02 
60 metersze= 2... 5.13 34. 56 27.33 
100'meters__......- 4.62 34. 64 27. 45 
150'meters__......- 4. 42 34. 73 27. 54 
200 meters_...-.... 4.32 34. 78 27. 59 
300 meters_.------- 4,12 34. 82 27. 65 
500 meters_...----- 3. 86 34. 86 27.70 
800 meters_--.----- 3. 56 34. 88 27. 75 
1,000 meters. -..--- 3. 36 34. 89 27. 78 
1,200 meters_.-_---- 3. 21 34. 89 27.79 
1,500 meters. .----- 3. 06 34. 89 27. 81 


217 


Station 1064; Aug. 26; depth, 2,964 meters; lat. 60°14’ 
N “ long. 57°20’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.649 
meters 


Temper- ee 
Depth ature arr ot 
(°C.) 0 

Oimeterz.--- 2.22.22 9. 40 34. 51 26. 68 
20 meters.-..-...--- 9. 20 34. 47 26. 70 
40 meters_---.----- 7. 57 34, 53 26. 98 
GOnmetersss52-2—--—- 5. 74 34. 64 27.32 
100 meters_.....--.- 4,82 34. 74 27. 50 
150 meters. .-.--.-.- 4.52 34. 81 27. 59 
200 meters_--.---_- 4, 37 34. 85 27. 64 
300 meters_-_-.--..- 3.92 34. 86 27.70 
500 meters-_--....-- 3. 61 34. 86 27. 73 
800 meters_-_-_-_--- 3.41 34. 87 27.75 
1,000 meters------_- 3. 26 34. 88 27.79 
1,200 meters. - -__-- 3.11 34. 88 27.80 
1,400 meters--_-__- 3. 06 34. 89 27.81 
1,500 meters_-_-__-- 3. 01 34. 90 27. 82 
1,700 meters--_-._-- 2.91 34. 90 27. 83 
1,900 meters---__--- 2. 96 34. 90 27. 83 
2,000 meters. -__--- 2.91 34. 91 27. 84 
2,100 meters-_____- 2.70 34. 91 27. 85 

2. 50 34. 91 27. 87 


2,400 meters_._-_-_.. 


Station 1065; Aug. 26; depth, 3,248 meters; lat. 60°06’ 
N . long. 56°13’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.663 
meters 


Onieter-=s. === 2==- 9.90 34. 46 26. 59 
20 meters_.---..--- 9. 49 34. 44 26. 64 
40 meters___-_----- 9. 38 34. 53 26.70 
60)meters==2- <=. —2 6. 03 34. 62 27. 27 
LOO:meterss=---=-=- 5. 02 34. 72 27. 46 
150 meters-_-_-_---_-- 4.72 34. 78 27. 55 
200 meters_-------- 4. 52 34, 84 27. 62 
300 meters__..----- 4.16 34. 86 27. 67 
500 meters_-_------- 3.71 34. 87 27.73 
800 meters_-------- 3.31 34. 87 27.77 
1,000 meters------- 3. 21 34. 88 27.79 
1,200 meters. ---_--- Bae at 34. 89 27.81 
1,500 meters- ------ 3. 06 34. 89 27.81 


Station 1066; Aug. 26; depth, 3,430 meters; lat. 
59°57’ N., long. 55°14’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.623 meters 


Oimeter=-.==.==~=- 8.80 34. 64 26. 88 
20'metersss2=2.===- 8.90 34. 58 26. 82 
AQ;meters=——..-..=- 7.78 34. 54 26. 96 
60smeters=-2.-=—- =. 5. 96 34. 62 27. 26 
100 meters-____..--- 4.61 34. 72 27.61 
150 meters__.--.--- 4,21 34. 81 27. 62 
200 meters-_..-.--- 4.01 34. 85 27.69 
800 meters__-_----- 3.70 34. 85 27.71 
500 meters.......-- 3. 26 34. 85 eis 
800 meters-.-..----- 3.11 34. 86 27.78 
1,000 meters 3. 06 34. 89 27.81 
1,200 meters- ------ 3. 06 34.89 27.81 
1,500 meters------- 3.01 34. 89 27.81 
1,800 meters-_------ 2.96 34. 90 27. 82 
2,400 meters_-.-.--- 2.91 34.91 27.83 
3,000 meters------- 2. 26 34. 92 27.91 


Station 1067; Aug. 27; depth, 3,431 meters; lat. 
60°00’ N., long. 54°15’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.605 meters 


9. 20 34. 56 26. 76 
9.10 34, 56 26.77 
8. 38 34. 60 26. 92 
7.04 34. 78 27. 26 
5.72 34. 90 27.53 
4.92 34. 94 27. 66 
4.51 34.95 27.72 
4,11 34. 92 27.73 
3. 56 34. 91 27.78 
800 meters-_-_-.----- 3. 21 34. 90 27.80 
1,000 meters_-_----- 3.11 34. 90 27.81 
1,200 meters...---.- 3.11 34. 91 27. 82 
1,500 meters--....- 3.06 34. 90 27.82 


218 


Station 1068; Aug. 27; depth, 3,200 meters; lat. 
60°07’ N., long. 53°17’ W.; dynamic height, 


1,454.564 ineters 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1072; Aug. 28; depth, 3,120 meters; lat. 
60°34’ N., long. 50°26’ W.; dynamic height 
1,454.579 meters 


Depth 


500 meters______-___ 
S00imetersc2 3 
1,000 .neters_______ 
1,200 meters_______ 
1,500 meters_______ 
1,800 meters .______ 
2,400 meters_______ 
3,000 meters_-______ 


Salinity 
(90) 


DINININ 89/09/09 /00 10 09 the Gu 1'00 6 
ASOOGODOSOHWRHOAMIDYW 
SFASESHPEENNNARSS 


Station 1069; Aug. 27; depth, 3,248 meters; lat. 


60°10’ N., long. 52°06’ W.; dynamic height, 

1,454.682 meters 
Ojmeter ass 8.40 34. 52 26. 85 
20 meters_____.___- 7.78 34. 55 26. 97 
40 meters._________ 5. 95 34. 68 27. 32 
60 meters_________- 5.43 34, 82 27. 49 
100 meters_________ 4.93 34. 88 27.61 
150 meters___._____ 5.03 34. 92 27. 63 
200 meters_________ 4,92 34. 94 27. 65 
300 meters________- 4.77 34. 94 27. 67 
OOO MmMOeterse se oe 4.47 34. 92 27. 69 
S00)meterse =) = 4.02 34. 92 27.72 
1,000 meters_-______ 3.77 34.91 27.75 
1,200 meters_______ 3. 62 34. 91 21.0 
1,500 meters_______ 3. 32 34. 90 27.79 


Station 1070; Aug. 27; depth, 3,376 meters; lat. 


60°13’ N., 
1,454.610 meters 


40)meterss—--—— ~~ 
G0lmeters_- 22-222 


150 meters_________ 
200 meters____.___- 
300 meters________- 
500 meters____-____ 
800 meters_________ 
1,000 meters_______ 
1,200 meters_______ 
1,500 meters_______ 
1,800 meters_______ 
2,400 meters_______ 
3,000 meters_______ 


CS a ah ete te dete) 
oo 
a 


3. 21 


long. 51°14’ W.; dynamic height, 


34. 55 
34. 53 
34. 55 
34.74 
34, 91 
34. 96 
34. 96 
34. 94 
34, 92 
34. 92 
34. 92 
34. 91 
34. 91 
34. 91 
34. 90 
34. 90 


26. 76 
26. 97 
27. 22 
27. 43 
27. 60 
27. 67 
27. 69 
27.71 
27. 74 
27.79 
27.81 
27. 81 
27, 82 
27. 83 
27. 83 
27. 85 


Station 1071; Aug. 27; depth, 3,230 meters; lat. 
60°23’ N., long. 50°48’ W.; dynamic height, 


1,454.575 meters. 


500 meters____-_-_- 
800 meters______-__ 
1,000 meters________ 
1,200 meters--_-_-_-_-- 
1,500 meters_.____- 


$9.09 C0 09 09 I RB or 2 100 sO 
COOK WANE ANWWOWOhd 
HDD TOSI ND OOS 


34. 67 
34. 68 
34. 73 
34. 88 
34. 99 
35. O1 
35. 00 
34. 98 
34. 94 
34. 91 
34. 90 
34. 90 
34. 90 


26, 85 
26. 95 
27.17 
27. 47 
27. 64 
27. 71 
27.75 
27.77 
27. 78 
27. 80 
27. 81 
27. 82 
27. 83 


Salinity 
Deute fo) | (60) a 
Owmeter._- eee 9. 20 34. 61 26. 81 
ZU METCLS a. see 8.98 34. 68 26. 89 
40 meters__________ 8. 28 34. 90 20. ed 
60imeters> ae 7. 67 34. 99 27. 34 
100)meters- 222 ee 5. 71 35. 04 27. 63 
150 meters_________ 5. 21 35. 04 27. 70 
200 meters=o=- sees 4.91 35. 03 27.73 
300/meters=s2) ee 4.41 34. 99 27.75 
500 meters__-_____- 3. 61 34. 94 27.78 
S800meters: 3.41 34. 93 27. 80 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 21 34.91 27. 81 
1,200 meters_-______ 3.11 34. 92 27. 82 
1,500 meters_-_-__-___ 3.01 34.91 27. 83 


Station 1073; Aug. 28; depth, 2,972 meters; lat. 60°45’ 
N., long. 50°10’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.577 
meters 


O;meter eens 9. 40 34. 68 26. 82 
20: MeLers2 eae 9.19 34. 78 26. 93 
40 meters: eee 8. 66 34. 88 27.10 
60;meters:=2 =o seae 6. 74 34. 89 27.38 
LOOime ferseaeees 5.03 34. 89 27. 60 
150 meterse 22s 4.21 34. 90 27. 70 
200 meters_________ 3.91 34. 90 27.73 
S00imeterseae =a 3. 61 34, 91 Qt 
500 meters_________ 3.41 34. 90 27.79 
800 meters_________ 3.10 34. 90 27. 81 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 00 34. 89 27. 82 
1,200 meters_______ 2.95 34. 89 27. 82 
1,500 meters_-_-_____ 2. 90 34. 89 27. 82 


Station 1074; Aug. 28; depth, 2,818 meters; lat. 60°57’ 
N., long. 49°45’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.620 
meters 


Otmeters2s2seeeeues 8.70 34. 68 26. 94 
20 meters_-_...___. 8.70 34. 70 26. 95 
40 meters__-______- 8. 59 34. 73 26. 99 
60)meterss= ase ses 8.08 34. 78 27.11 
100};meterssessses= 6.15 34.91 27. 48 
150 meters________- 5. 29 34. 98 27. 64 
200 metersea== sane 4. 93 35. 01 2a 
300 meters_________ 4.53 34. 99 27.74 
500/meters__--- 22 -- 3.91 34. 94 27. 76 
800 meters_______-_- 3. 51 34. 92 27.79 
1,000 meters______- 3. 31 34.91 27. 80 
1,200) metersa=s=2-= 3. 18 34. 90 27.81 
1,500 meters_- _---_- 3. 11 34. 90 27.81 


Station 1075; Aug. 28; depth, 316 meters; lat. 61°11’ 
N., long. 49°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.840 
meters 


Ometer=-= == a 4. 60 31. 73 25.138 
2OMeTers 222 see 4.40 32. 30 25. 62 
40 meters: =-2- ss 2.76 32. 97 26. 31 
60\ameters- 22-22 e 3. 40 33. 59 26. 74 
JO0imeters=22 2 4.50 34. 35 27. 24 
150 mieters=ss-52.-— 5. 30 34. 55 27. 30 
200 meters___-.___- 5.45 34. 64 27. 36 
ZO MetCIs=-- eee 5. 50 34. 69 27. 39 
300 meters-_--_-__-_- 5. 50 (34. 69) 27. 39 


Station 1076; Aug. 28; depth, 120 meters; lat. 61°15’ 
long. 49°08’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.925 meters 


Omnieter=-. Sess 6. 30 30. 44 24. 07 
20 Ie lers==se ee 5. 37 31.01 24. 47 
40 meters. -_______- 3.15 31. 63 25.19 
60! meters-=-=-=--=2 2. 45 32. 33 25.81 
Soimetersa- eS 2.35 32. 84 26, 24 
100'meters=22222-2- 2.30 33. 14 26. 47 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1077; Sept. 1; depth, 165 meters; lat. 60°39’ 
., long. 48°39’ W. 


Temper- 


Salinity 
ode CO) | (960) a 
Oitrieten--- toe. 4.10 31.47 24. 98 
20'meters:....-.-.. 3.49 32. 51 25. 88 
40 meters-_--------- 3. 29 33. 28 26. 51 
GOlimeters: 2. ---=.- 3. 28 33. 62 26. 78 
80 meters: .-----.-- 3. 38 33. 72 26. 85 
100s meters. 2... = 3.38 33. 82 26. 93 
P2aemeters==<2- 25 3. 90 34. 02 27. 04 
150 meters_.....--- 4, 20 34. 06 27. 04 


Station 1078; Sept. 1; depth, 249 meters; lat. 60°24’ 
N., long. 48°23’ W. 


Oimeter-. =. =.- 5 4.10 33. 25 26. 41 
20\meters:..---=.-< 3. 50 33. 45 26. 62 
40 meters_-_-------- 3. 60 33. 88 26. 96 
60 meters-_----_----- 4.70 34, 23 27.12 
80 meters_ co 5.00 34, 45 27. 26 
100 meters_-_ = 5.20 34. 50 27. 28 
150 meters___------ 5. 40 34. 59 27. 32 
22s MeteIrss.-s==--- 5. 50 34. 64 27. 35 


Station 1079; Sept. 2; depth, 2,972 meters; lat. 60°08’ 
N., long. 48°04’ W. 


O'meter:<-=22-=--.- 8.90 34. 94 27.10 
20 meters. ._------- 8. 60 34. 97 27. 18 
4Q'meters=2=--==2-- 8.19 35. 00 27. 27 
6Oimeters= 225222. == 7.78 35. 02 27. 34 
100}meters=:=>.=-.- 6. 26 35. 06 27. 51 
150 meters__-.----- 6.05 35. 09 27. 63 
200 meters._------- 5.74 35. 10 27. 68 
2p Meters=_- 522.5 5. 63 (35. 10) 27. 69 
300 meters_-_-_------ Daze 35. 06 27.71 
500 meters_-_------- 4,12 34. 93 27. 73 
800 meters__-_.----- 3.71 34. 91 27.76 
1,000 meters._.---. 3. 51 34. 91 27. 78 
1,200 meters-_-__--_-- 3. 41 34. 92 27. 80 
1,500 meters_-_--_--- 3. 31 34. 93 27. 81 


Station 1080; Sept. 2; depth, 175 meters; lat. 59°40’ 
Ne long. 44°20’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.707 
meters 


4. 60 33. 28 26. 38 
4. 30 33. 61 26. 67 
4.35 34. 03 27.00 
4.70 34, 22 27.12 
5. 00 34, 42 27. 24 
5. 10 34, 52 27.31 
5.15 34. 70 27. 43 
5. 20 34. 73 27. 46 


Station 1081; Sept. 2; depth, 462 meters; lat. 59°32’ 
aus tOe: 44°50’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.671 
meters 


Omieters2-22—=----2 7.10 34.77 27. 25 
20 meters_ 7. 20 34. 79 27. 25 
40 meters 7. 20 34. 81 27. 26 
60 meters 6. 93 34. 83 27. 31 
100 meters 6.18 34. 84 27. 42 
150 meters 5.37 34. 83 27. 51 
200 meters 5.17 34. 82 27. 53 
300 meters_____---- 5.17 34. 86 27. 56 
425 meters..____-_- 3 YA 34. 93 27. 62 


79920—37——15 


219 


Station 1082; Sept. 2; depth, 2,150 meters; lat. 59°22’ 
a long. 45°13’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.601 
meters 


Temper- sas 
Depth ature erent ot 

(°C) 700) 
Oimeter=.2s2--- 5-2 7. 60 34. 65 27. 08 
a0rmoetersise oasis 7. 20 34. 81 27. 26 
40 meters_.._._-._- 6.98 34. 84 27. 32 
60imeters=s22 2-2 - = 6.16 34. 87 27. 44 
100 meters._______- 5. 45 34. 91 27. 57 
150 meters-__-_-__-__-- 5.05 34. 93 27. 63 
200 meters... __--- 4.70 34. 91 27. 65 
300 meters__.._.--_- 4.24 34. 91 27. 70 
425 meters_-_._-.-__ 3. 94 34. 90 27.73 
oooimeters= 2. ===: - 3. 63 34. 89 27. 75 
800 meters______-_- 3. 23 34. 88 27.79 
1,000 meters-_-____- 3.13 34. 89 27. 80 
1,200 meters- -_-_-__-- 3.13 34. 90 27. 81 
1,500 meters-_-_.____ 3.13 34. 91 27. 82 


Station 1083; Sept. 3; depth, 2,251 meters; lat. 
59°12’ N., long. 45°37’ W.; dynamic height, 


1,454.636 meters 
Ometerzes-2- > 2-—= 8. 70 34. 61 26. 89 
20imeters: =. 52 22 -- 8. 80 34. 67 26.91 
AD mMeterss.s-5--- 2 8. 59 34. 79 27. 04 
GO0lmetersie-=-2=2- 8. 08 34. 89 27. 20 
100 meters___------ 5. 85 34. 95 27. 55 
150)meters.._=.---- 5. 23 34. 96 27. 63 
200 meters_-------- 4.93 34. 94 27. 65 
300 meters_.-______- 4.33 34. 92 27.70 
500 meters_--_----- 3. 72 34. 88 27. 73 
800 meters_--__---_- 3.31 34. 88 27.77 
1,000 meters_-_--_-__ 3. 11 34. 89 27.79 
1,200 meters----____ 3.11 34. 90 27.81 
1,500 meters-_------ 3. 11 34. 90 27.81 


Station 1084; Sept. 3; depth, 2,562 meters; lat. 58°57’ 
ee long. 46°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.615 
meters 


Oimeter=os.- =.= -.= 8.80 34. 83 27. 04 
Zo;moters._=- s=-—— 2 8.80 (34. 83) 27.04 
40> meters=-=- 2-=_-- 8. 58 34. 81 27.05 
60imeters= 2-2-2 2-- 7.45 34. 89 27. 28 
100’ meters:-.-----. 5. 53 34. 94 27. 58 
150 meters__.------ 4,93 34. 95 27. 66 
200 meters-.---_----- 4. 57 34. 93 27. 69 
300 meters_-_- 4.02 34. 91 27. 72 
500 meters_-_ 3.51 34. 89 27.76 
800 meters-__.----- 3. 31 34. 90 27.79 
1,000 meters----_--- 3p 1t 34. 90 27.81 
1,200 meters-_------ 3.01 34. 89 27.81 
1,500 meters----_--- 3.01 34. 89 27.81 


Station 1085; Sept. 3; depth, 2,791 meters; lat. 58°36’ 
N., long. 46°44’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.614, 
meters 


Onmoter=—=- 22-222 8.70 34.75 26. 98 
20 meters__..------ 8.80 34. 75 26. 98 
40 meters_--------- 8. 58 34.75 27.01 
60:meters=s---==--- Cet 34. 84 27. 20 
100 meters--_-_------ 5. 64 34.99 27. 61 
150 meters.._-_----- 5.03 35. 02 27.70 
200 meters-. 4.73 34. 99 27.71 
300 meters_-_ 4, 22 34. 94 27.73 
500 meters-.- 3.71 34. 89 27.74 
800 meters_.-_----- 3.31 34. 89 27.78 
1,000 meters__--..- 3.11 34. 89 27.80 
1,200 meters_-_-.-.- 3.01 34. 89 27.81 
1,500 meters.. -..- 3.01 34. 91 27. 83 


220 


Station 1086; Sept. 3; depth, 3,431 meters; lat. 58°12’ 
N., long. 47°16’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.582 
meters 


Temper- ws 
Depth ature Say a+ 

(°C.) ane 
8.90 34, 82 27. 01 
8. 80 34.79 27.01 
8. 39 34. 78 27. 06 
6.95 34. 83 27.31 
5.13 34. 94 27. 63 
4.72 35. 01 27.73 
200 meters--------- 4. 52 35. 02 27.77 
300 meters_.-----_- 4. 27 35. 01 27. 78 
HOO meters=22=- == —— 3. 61 34. 93 27.79 
800 meters__------- 3. 26 34.90 27. 80 
1,000 meters------- 3. 11 34. 89 27. 80 
1,200 meters. ------ 3.11 34. 89 27. 80 
1,500 meters-_------ 3.11 34. 90 27. 81 
2,000 meters-.----- 3. 01 34. 91 27. 83 


Station 1087; Sept. 3; depth, 3,493 meters; lat. 57°50’ 
N., long. 47°48’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.584 
metets 


Oumneter.22-2----.=- 9. 50 34. 73 26. 84 
20 MNelErSea==-=a-—— 9. 10 34. 71 26. 89 
40'moeters==-=--==-- 8.99 34.75 26. 94 
60 meters_----.---- 6. 03 34. 81 27.41 
100 meters__.------ 4.92 34. 91 27. 63 
T5O0imeterse==-- = --= 4. 41 34. 95 20. (2 
200 meters_-------- 4,21 34. 94 27.73 
300 meters_-_.------ 3. 81 34. 93 27. 76 
500 meters--2-=2--- 3. 40 34. 91 27.79 
800 meters__------- 3.10 34. 88 27. 80 
1,000 meters__.---. 3. 10 34, 89 27. 80 
1,200 meters_-.-.---. 3. 10 34. 89 27.81 
1,500 meters-_-..-_- 3. 00 34. 90 27. 82 


Station 1088; Sept. 4; depth, 3,566 meters; lat. 57°27’ 
N., long. 48°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454,572 
meters 


Olmeter 222-2222" 9. 40 34. 75 26. 87 
2ometerss2s2- | 9. 10 34. 73 26. 91 
AQsmeters2--5------ 8. 28 34. 75 27.05 
60)meters=.----=--- 5. 32 34. 83 27. 51 
100 meters 4.11 34.91 PETES 
150 meters 4.01 34. 93 27. 75 
200 meters- 3. 71 34. 92 PLETE 
300 meters- 3. 50 34. 90 PIBLUCE 
500 meters 3. 30 34. 89 27. 78 
800 meters 3. 10 34. 88 27. 80 
1,000 meters-_------ 3.05 34. 88 27. 80 
1,200 meters_..-.--- 3. 00 34. 89 27. 81 
1,500 meters_..---- 3. 00 34. 90 27. 82 


Station 1089; Sept. 4; depth, 3,721 meters; lat. 
56°55’ N., long. 48°54’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.606 meters 


O;méters---2 32-2. 9.70 34. 64 26. 73 
20 meters !asoea=- == 9. 60 34, 63 26. 74 
40'moeters=.------—- 9. 29 34, 64 26. 80 
60 meters__-.------ 7. 56 34. 82 27. 21 
100 meters__.._-.-. 4.31 34. 90 27. 68 
150imeterss2os42=- = 3.75 34. 86 27.72 
200 meters__------- 3. 50 34. 84 27,73 
S00imeterssi-=2-2<5 3. 30 34. 83 27. 74 
poOnmeters ees 3. 10 34. 83 27. 76 
800'meters...-=----. 3.05 34. 86 27.79 
1,000 meters-_-.-_.-- 3. 00 34. 88 27.81 
1,200 meters----.--- 2.95 (34. 88) 27.81 
1,500 meters_-.._--- 2.90 34. 88 27.81 
2,000 meters------- 2.80 34. 90 27. 84 
2,400 meters....._- 2.70 34. 91 27. 85 
3,000 meters._--... 2.14 34. 92 27.91 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1090; Sept. 4; depth, 3,840 meters; lat. 56°22’ 
Ns long. 48°48’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.565 
meters. 


Temper- 


Salinity 
Depih Ey | (960) a 
Okmeter=.- 2. 9.90 34. 63 26. 70 
20 meters2as2--s-—— 9.90 34. 63 26. 70 
40 meters.---_----- 8.98 34. 68 26. 88 
60 meters.--------- 5.12 34. 80 27. 52 
100 meters--------- 3.91 34. 87 27.71 
150smeters-see-=-—— 3. 60 34. 89 27.76 
200 meters--------- 3.35 34. 88 27.77 
300 meters-_- 3. 20 34. 88 27.79 
500 meters-_-- 3. 04 34. 88 27. 80 
800 meters-_- -- 2.99 34, 88 27.81 
1,000 meters____---- 2.99 34. 88 27.81 
1,200 meters___----- 2.99 34. 88 27.81 
1,500 meters___-_---- 2.89 34. 88 27. 82 
2,000 meters__-_-_--- 2.79 34. 90 27. 84 


Station 1091; Sept. 4; depth, 3,800 meters; lat. 55°47’ 
a long. 48°53’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.586 
meters. 


O:meter:-52---s--- 10. 60 34. 66 26. 59 
20;meterse- 22 ose e 10. 40 34. 66 26. 63 
AQ Metersaooe] a 10. 20 34. 68 26. 68 
60smeterszas= see 5.42 34. 76 27.45 
100smneters===--= == 3.89 34, 85 27. 69 
150hmeters=2----——— 3. 63 34. 89 27.75 
200 meters--------- 3. 48 34. 89 27.76 
300 meters-----.--- 3. 28 34. 88 27.77 
500 meters--------- 3.18 34. 88 27.79 
800 moeters= === s=-— 3. 08 34. 87 27.80 
1,000 meters- ------ 3.03 34. 88 27. 81 
1,200 meters- ------ 3. 03 34, 89 27.81 
1,500 meters- ------ 3.03 34. 88 27.81 
2,000 meters--.---- 2.98 34. 89 27. 82 
2,050 meters- ------ 2.98 34. 90 27. 82 
2,550 meters- ------ 2.88 34.91 27.83 
3,100 meters- - - ---- 2.78 34, 92 27. 86 


Station 1092; Sept. 5; depth, 3,800 meters; lat. 55°13’ 
N., long. 49°06’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.599 
meters. 


Oimoeter:-===----—-- 10. 20 34, 47 26. 54 
20imeters=se- aes 10. 10 34. 47 26. 56 
40 meters---------- 9.78 34. 50 26. 64 
60 meters---------- 6.12 34. 68 27.42 
100 meters--------- 3. 80 34. 83 27.69 
150 meters_-_------- 3. 69 34. 87 27.73 
3. 49 34. 88 27.75 
3. 29 34. 87 27.76 
3.19 34. 88 27.79 
3.09 34. 88 27.80 
1,000 meters__------ 2.99 34. 89 27. 81 
1,200 meters_------ 2.99 34. 89 27. 81 
1,500 meters- ------ 3.09 34. 89 27. 82 


Station 1093; Sept. 5; depth, 3,724 meters; lat. 54°37’ 
N., long. 49°16’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.595 
meters. 


OQmeters--.- 2 ee 10. 30 34, 55 26. 57 
20;meters:——-----< =— 10. 20 34. 58 26. 60 
40nmeters=-s-- oe == 9. 68 34. 66 26. 69 
60 metersi:=-2.2--2 7. 55 34. 72 27.14 
100 meters--------- 4.14 34. 80 27. 63 
150;meterss22---2== 3. 49 34. 83 27. 72 
200 meters--------- 3. 39 34. 85 27.75 
300 meters--------- 3. 29 34. 87 27.77 
500 meters--------- Sle 34. 88 27.79 
S800imetersas------— 2. 98 34. 88 27.81 
1,000 meters_------ 3.08 34. 87 27. 80 
1,200 meters- ------ 2.98 34. 88 27.81 
1,500 meters___----- 2. 88 34. 89 27. 82 
1,900 meters_____--- 2.88 34, 89 27.82 
2,400 meters__-_----- 2. 83 34. 90 27.83 
3,000 meters. -.---- 2. 68 34. 91 27.85 - 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1094; Sept. 5; depth, 3,340 meters; lat. 54°00’ 
aes long. 49°26’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.627 
meters. 


Temper- ee 
Depth ature Sime ot 

GG) 60) 
Qrmeter. =.=. 2 =< =: 10. 40 34. 38 26. 43 
a0imeters=-<--=- === 10. 10 34. 39 26. 49 
A0inmeterse== ----- == 9.77 34. 47 26. 62 
60moeters==-=5----- 5.93 34, 72 27. 35 
100 meters-__-------_- 4.91 34. 81 27.55 
150 meters------__- 4.00 34. 84 27. 67 
200 meters... ------- 3. 69 34. 86 27.72 
300 meters-----.... 3.49 34. 87 27.76 
500 meters-----__-- 3.49 34. 87 27. 76 
800 meters-----___- 3. 29 34. 87 27.78 
1,000 meters____---- 3.19 34. 88 27.79 
1,200 meters_____--- 3.09 34. 88 27. 80 
1,500 meters------- 2.99 34. 89 27. 82 


Station 1095; Sept. 5; depth, 3,639 meters; lat. 53°27’ 
es, long. 49°38’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.626 
meters. 


Qureter:-— 25 --2---- 11. 20 34, 44 26. 32 
20nmeters-22.--- 222 11.00 34. 47 26. 38 
40;meters:= == --.--_- 9. 65 34. 65 26. 53 
60)meters-.---.-..- 5. 82 34. 78 27.41 
100 meters=2= - === 4,92 34. 83 PAY | 
150 meters. ------- 4. 20 34, 85 27. 66 
200 meters------.-- 4.00 34. 86 27. 69 
300 meters--------- 3. 69 34. 88 27.15 
500 meters--------- 3. 28 34. 88 PGT 
800 meters--------- 3.17 34, 88 27.79 
1,000 meters- - - ---- 3.07 34. 88 27. 80 
1,200 meters_------ 3. 07 34. 89 27. 80 
1,500 meters-_------ 3. 02 34. 89 27. 81 
2,000 meters- ------ 2.97 34. 90 27. 82 


Station 1096; Sept. 6; depth, 3,474 meters; lat. 


53°15’ N., long. 50°46’ W.; dynamic height, 

1,454.643 meters 
Oimeters= = e- --- 10. 20 34. 29 26. 38 
20MeLersesos-- 2 e 9.79 34. 30 26. 46 
40-meters-_-_-------- 6.12 34. 35 27. 04 
60'meters..2=.-...- 4.51 34. 56 27. 40 
100:meters---.----- 3.81 34. 75 27. 62 
150 meters. .------- 3. 70 34. 84 27. 70 
200 meters... -.----- 3. 60 34. 85 27.72 
300 meters.....--.- 3. 60 34, 87 27.75 
500 meters_---.---- 3. 50 34. 87 27. 76 
800 meters_--_----_-- 3.30 34. 87 27. 78 
1,000 meters. - _--_- 3. 24 34. 87 27. 78 
1,200 meters__----- 3.19 34. 87 27.79 
1,500 meters_-_-_--__ 3.09 34. 88 27.80 
2,000 meters--.-.--- 2.89 34. 89 27. 83 


Station 1097; Sept. 6; depth, 2,115 meters; lat. 
53°07’ N., long. 51°14’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.657 meters 


Ometerss-- 22 22--- 10. 40 34. 18 26. 26 
20 moterss-==----25 10. 30 34. 20 26. 29 
A40Q'meters <=> 2 6. 73 34. 25 26. 88 
60 meters-_--------- 5.10 34. 51 27.29 
LOO meterss 2. ——— = 3.89 34. 74 27. 60 
150 meters_-_-----_- 3. 68 34. 81 27. 68 
200 meters..-.----- 3. 68 34. 82 27. 69 
300 meters. -------- 3. 68 34, 85 27.71 
500 meters_.._----- 3. 68 34. 86 27. 72 
800 meters. _--_---. 3.48 34. 87 27. 75 
1,000 meters. ------ 3.18 34. 87 27. 78 
1,200 meters- - ----_- 3. 08 34. 87 27. 79 
1,500 meters.- _.---- 2. 88 34. 88 27. 81 
2,000 meters-----_-- 2. 88 34. 89 27. 82 


221 


Station 1098; Sept. 6; depth, 855 meters; lat. 52°55’ N., 
long. 51°36’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.648 meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
gas Cay | (60) | 
7,00 33. 70 26. 42 
7. 20 33. 82 26. 48 
7.00 33. 97 26. 64 
4.15 34. 05 27.03 
3.17 34, 46 27. 46 
3.12 34. 59 27. 56 
3. 52 34. 74 27.65 
3. 67 34. 81 27. 68 
3. 72 34. 85 27.71 
3. 62 34. 86 27.73 
3. 52 34.87 27.75 
0. 42 84, 88 27.77 


Station 1099; Sept. 6; depth, 300 meters; lat. 52°43’ N., 
long. 52°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.685 meters 


Oimetere sens. 7 6. 80 33. 13 26. 00 
20)moetersi=.-—-4--- 6.19 33. 28 26.19 
40 meters. -.-------- —.19 33. 52 26. 94 
60 meters__-------- —.39 33. 66 27. 06 
100 meters. - 4. --1.- 1. 02 34. 04 27. 29 
150 meters_.---.--. 2.12 34. 38 27. 48 
200'meters2---- =... - 2.72 34. 58 27. 59 
225 meters. o-- ==. 2. 93 34, 67 27. 60 
215, Meters: -==---- 3.13 34. 67 27. 62 
300 meters_....---- 3.13 (34. 69) 27. 65 


Station 1100; Sept. 7; depth, 243 meters; lat. 52°30’ N., 
long. 52°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.679 meters 


Osmeter-.22---" == 7. 80 33. 11 25. 84 
ZO NeLeLses: 2 ==. 7. 58 33. 09 25. 86 
40 meters_-_-------- 3. 64 33. 76 26. 85 
60 meters------.--- —.07 33. 80 27.16 
100 meters-__-------- . 93 34. 11 27.35 
150 meters. -------- 1.83 34, 44 27. 55 
200 meters_-----_--- 2. 63 34. 61 27. 63 
22D MOLters2=525- == (2. 85) 34. 70 27. 68 


Station 1101; Sept. 7; depth, 250 meters; lat. 52°20’ N., 
long. 53°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.714 meters 


Oimeter=22-- =. =* 8. 20 32. 76 25. 51 
20meterss>_=-2- === 7. 98 32. 85 25. 61 
AOImMeters==--=-=-~=- . 82 33. 22 26. 64 
60imeters=====---= —.69 33. 56 26. 99 
100 meters---_----_-- -.19 33. 90 27. 25 
150 meters..-----.-- 1.12 34. 24 27. 44 
200 meters_-_------- 2. 42 34. 44 27. 52 
225 Metersa==—-— = 2. 62 34. 50 27. 53 


Station 1102; Sept. 7; depth, 260 meters; lat. 52°12’ N., 
long. 54°07’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.771 meters 


O:smeters= 2 2 Ses: 9.90 32. 77 25. 25 
20 meters_--------- 9. 28 32. 80 25. 37 
40: meters. ----=- 2. 7.15 33. 00 25. 84 
60imetersis222-=--- 5. 54 33. 30 26. 29 
100 meters_-------- 3. 10 33. 62 26. 79 
150 meters- -------- . 89 33. 91 27. 20 
200imeters==——-—-—— —.91 34. 22 27. 53 
Q25;metersies=---=— —1.11 (34. 31) 27. 62 
240 meters-_-------- —1, 21 34. 39 27. 69 


222 


Station 1103; Sept. 7; depth, 380 meters; lat. 52°15’ 
N., long. 53°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.759 
meters 


MARION AND GENERAL 


Temper cae 
Depth ature 8 ara ot 

(°C.) 0 
Oimoter-s2ee= 9.70 32.77 25. 28 
2 meters. 2-2-2 __- 7.14 32. 78 25. 66 
40'meterssaeee = = 3.92 32. 87 26. 12 
60!meterss=2-32_"=— . 90 33. 09 26. 53 
100 meters______--- —. 21 33. 49 26. 91 
150 meters_--_----- —.3l1 33. 85 27. 21 
200 meters.______-- —.02 34, 15 27. 43 
240 meters.__-_-_-- . 59 34. 37 27. 55 
250 meters__...---- .79 34. 43 27. 57 
300 meters_._--_--- 2. 30 34, 64 27. 67 
350 meters__.___-__- 3.00 34. 80 27. 74 


Station 1104; Sept.8; depth, 152 meters; lat. 52°05’ N., 
long. 54°38’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.718 meters 
Osmoter.24 23-2 --2 6. 80 32. 42 25. 43 
20 meters______---- 4.96 32. 76 25. 92 
40 meters ____------ —.09 33. 00 26. 51 
60)imeterss2=-3=-=.— —.89 33. 30 26. 79 
SOsmeters22222 2-2 = —.79 33. 45 26. 90 
100 meters______--- —.59 33. 52 27.00 
120 meters__------- —.39 33. 75 Zils 
TaOmmeterssete se = 01 (33. 85) 27. 20 
140 meters ——— —.09 33. 93 27. 27 
150 meters._-_-_-_--- —.08 (34. 00) Qioe 


Station 1105: Sept.8; depth, 145 meters; lat. 51°57’ N., 
long. 55°08’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.824 meters 


Oimeter:2. = =2- == 6. 40 31. 40 24. 66 
2imeters=-2222255~ 5. 47 32. 00 25. 25 
AD. Mmetersssaenenc=> 3. 62 32. 45 25. 81 
COimetersea==---——— -61 32. 68 26. 21 
80 meters___------- —. 28 32. 83 26. 39 
100) meterss--—--- =.= —.59 32. 86 26. 42 
120)meters2os5---—— —.69 32. 90 26. 46 
130 meters_--..---- —.69 32. 94 26, 49 


Station 1106; Sept. 8; depth, 139 meters; lat. 51°46’ N., 
long. 55°13’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.816 meters 


Oimetersa=- 522. 3 7.00 31. 30 24. 52 
a0 ;meters2=2s--5.—- 6.35 31. 62 24. 84 
40;metérso=. 2.=-2-= 3.12 32. 40 25. 81 
60imoeters=24-405-=- —.29 32. 61 26. 21 
80) meters. —.=--=.-- —.69 32. 73 26. 32 
100 meters_-_------- —.89 32. 81 26. 39 
125 ;meters—2=- === —.89 32. 88 26.45 
130 meters-.---_--_- —.89 (32. 89) 26.46 


Station 1107; Sept. 8; depth, 130 meters; lat. 51°38’ N., 
long. 55°16’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.928 meters 


O'meter-222..5- 22 10. 00 31.16 23. 88 
2:moeters_2=2-.5—- = 9. 58 31. 20 24. 06 
4) meters_-_--._---- 8.16 31. 41 24. 43 
60imeéterss+252- =. 6. 74 31. 62 24. 79 
80 meters____-._-_- 4.91 32.03 25. 34 
100 meters._._.__.- 3. 60 32. 49 25. 84 
125 meters_.__-._-- 1, 58 32. 65 26.13 


GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1108; Sept. 8; depth, 175 meters; lat. 50°47’ 
N., long. 55°23’ W. 


Temper- i 
Depth ature acre y ot 

G Cc ) 0 
Oj;meter:7--=-e2==" = 9. 80 31. 28 24, 10 
2aneters=—- asses = 8.97 31. 57 24. 44 
AQhmeters- 22st! 6.35 32. 48 25. 53 
60 meters__-.._-__- 2.70 32. 96 26. 30 
SO:meters:22. 22 —.31 33. 17 26. 66 
100 meters_________ —1,31 33. 30 26. 80 
125 meters__.--__.- —1.21 33. 44 26. 91 
160 meters_________ .09 33. 55 26. 93 


Station 1109; Sept..8; depth, 272 meters; lat. 50°17’ 
N., long, 54°58’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.795 meters 


Oimeters==se-s=—— a 8. 90 31.75 24. 61 
PU ieatz} fs) wpe 7. 97 31, 87 24. 86 
40 mneters__..______ 1. 50 32. 80 26. 26 
60:meters_-=.-----= —.70 33. 01 26. 55 
SO;meters==ssesee —1,21 33. 09 26. 63 
100 meters______-__ —1.51 33. 17 26.71 
150 meters___-.-__- —1.30 33. 33 26. 83 
160 meters.________ —1. 20 (33. 45) 26. 93 
200 meters_____-_-- .70 33. 57 26. 94 
250)meterssas ste 30 (33. 68) 27. 04 
260 meters.._..---.. 20 33. 79 27.18 


Station 1110; Sept. 8; depth, 272 meters; lat. 50°25’ 
Bis, long. 54°22’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.719 
meters 


O!meter=2-2222----- 9. 30 32. 03 24.7 

20imeters=s2=2=s 3 8. 68 32.07 24. 8 

40 meters-_--------- 1.90 33. 05 26. 44 
60imeters2===-=- == —.20 33. 26 26. 73 
80 meters_-_-------- —.81 33. 42 26. 88 
100imeters==--2---- —.92 33. 57 27.00 
150'metersl2222.-=- — 21 33. 88 27. 24 
200 meters.-------- . 59 34. 09 27. 36 
250) meterss-.—-— === 1.39 34. 31 27. 48 


Station 1111; Sept. 9; depth. 283 meters; lat. 50°35’ 
N., long. 53°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.731 
meters 


Oimeter:==--s--=5-— 9.00 31.07 24. 05 
20 meters-.-------- 8.18 31.91 24. 83 
40 meters-_--------- —.11 33. 03 26. 54 
60'meters_--------- —1.12 33. 24 26. 75 
100 meters__------- —1.42 33. 45 26. 93 
150) meters-.-25--2- —.82 33.75 27.18 
200 meters_-------- . 28 34. 04 27. 33 
250 meters_-------- 1. 40 34. 30 27. 47 


Station 1112; Sept. 9; depth, 423 meters; lat. 50°45’ 
Nes, long. 53°13’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.730 
meters 


9.10 32. 36 25.05 

8.18 32. 44 25. 25 

—.12 32. 95 26. 48 

60 meters--=2-=---- —1.21 33. 18 26. 70 
100 meters_-------- —1.21 33. 43 26. 90 
L50imeters2-3---—- = —.71 33.73 27.13 
200 meters_-------- 79 34. 00 27. 27 
250) metersie-2e- == 1.70 34, 22 27. 40 
300 meters--------- 1.80 34. 37 27.49 
375 meters-_-------- 2.10 34, 45 27. 54 


ee Se a ee 


ee ee an 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1113; Sept. 9; depth, 270 meters; lat. 50°49’ 
pate long. 52°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.751 
meters 


223 


Station 1118; Sept. 10; depth, 2,900 meters; lat. 


Salinity 
nen fo) | (960) | 
32. 24 24. 83 
32. 30 24. 96 
32. 68 25. 65 
33. 26 26. 52 
33. 39 26. 83 
33. 48 26. 94 
33. 75 27. 15 
33. 99 27. 30 
34, 20 27.41 


Station 1114; Sept. 9; depth, 230 meters; lat. 50°45’ 
N i long. 51°49’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.721 
meters 


Quneterto--—- 22-2 10. 00 32.18 24,77 
20 meters_.....---- 9. 68 32. 29 24. 90 
40imeters: —-.-2==.- 2.91 33. 00 26. 32 
60imeters=s5--222-_ —.52 33. 26 26. 74 
100 meters_-------- —.72 33. 55 26. 98 
150 meters__.__---- —.82 33. 87 27. 25 
200 meters_-------- —.22 34. 16 27. 45 
215 meters. -------- —.02 34. 20 27.47 


Station 1115; Sept. 9; depth, 275 meters; lat. 50°34’ 
at long. 51°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.628 
meters 


Oimneters====- 25 = 9. 80 32. 90 25. 37 
20;meters---=-..-=- 8. 48 33. 09 25. 72 
40 meters-_-_-----.-- 2.70 33. 68 26. 87 
60 meters_-----.--- 1.49 33. 89 27.13 
100 meters_-------- 1.09 34. 16 27. 38 
150 meters_-_-.---.-- 1.09 34. 45 27. 62 
200 meters_-------- 1.09 34. 58 27. 72 
250 meters_---.-.-- 1,29 34. 68 27.78 


Station 1116; Sept. 9; depth, 810 meters; lat. 50°33’ 
he) long. 50°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.603 
meters 


Ojmieterce se ee 8. 80 33. 65 26. 11 
20 meters.-+..-=-.< 8. 40 33. 77 26. 27 
40 meters__._-.-.-- 6.05 34. 29 27.08 
60'meters22 42-25. 4, 23 34. 62 27.47 
100 meters___....-- 3. 60 34. 82 27.70 
150 meters_- 3. 50 34, 85 27.73 
200 meters_ 3.45 34. 86 27.75 
250 meters___ 3.40 (34. 86) 27.75 
300 meters___..._-- 3.40 34. 86 27. 76 
600 meters_._..-.-- 3.30 34. 87 27.77 
800 meters......... 3. 20 34, 87 27.78 


Station 1117; Sept. 9; depth, 1,284 meters; lat. 50°28” 
ay long. 49°54’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.617 
meters 


Gnricter.— ==. >5 =< 9. 00 33. 71 26. 13 
20 meters__......-. 8.79 33. 75 26.19 
40 meters.......--- 6.35 34. 36 27.01 
60imeters=.-.2=- 4,43 34. 72 2.08 
100 meters__.__.__- 3. 50 34. 82 27.71 
150 meters_-22 =. - ..- 3.45 34. 84 27.73 
200 meters_..._---- 3.40 34. 84 27.73 
300 meters___-...-- 3.35 34. 85 27.75 
500 meters__...._-- 3.30 34. 86 27. 76 
800 meters_..-._---- 3.30 34. 87 27.77 
1,000 meters___-_-_-- 3. 20 34. 88 27.79 
1,200 meters- --_-_--.- 3.10 34, 88 27. 80 


50°24’ N., long. 49°16’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.617 meters. 
Temper- | gajinit 
nf 
Depth roy (960) ot 

Oimeter- 2 sees = 10. 20 34. 16 26. 29 
20\meters=- 222 9.79 34. 21 26, 38 
40 meters____..__-- 8.48 34.31 26. 68 
60)\meterss = 5.12 34. 53 27.31 
100 meters_._._._-- 4.00 34. 81 27. 65 
150 meters_____.__- 3.59 34. 86 27.73 
200 meters________- 3.39 34. 86 27.75 
300 meters____...-. 3. 28 34. 86 27.76 
400 meters___....-- 3. 23 34. 86 27.76 
500 meters-_-_-__..-. 3.18 34. 87 27.78 
800 meters_______-- 3. 08 34. 87 27. 80 
1,000 meters___-_-_-- 3. 08 34. 88 27.80 
1,200 meters-_ . __-_-- 3. 08 34. 88 27. 80 
1,500 meters_-___.-- 3. 08 34. 88 27. 80 


Station 1119; Sept. 10; depth, 1,500 meters; lat. 
49°45’ N., long. 49°19’ W.; dynamic height, 
‘1,454.623 meters 


Onmeters===522—_-—- 10. 20 34. 08 26. 22 
20 moters.2-2--==-- 9.79 34. 26 26. 44 
40 meters......---- 8. 88 34. 44 26. 72 
60 meters__..-.---- 6.12 34, 59 27-23 
100 meters___-_---- 4. 50 34, 82 27. 60 
200 meters-_.-.-.--.-- 3. 89 34, 86 27.70 
300 meters-_-------- 3. 58 34, 86 27.73 
400 meters_-____-_-- 3. 28 34. 87 27.77 
500 meters-_-_-_ x 3.18 34. 88 27.79 
800 meters_--_-_---- 3. 08 34, 87 27. 80 
1,000 meters_ -_---- 3. 08 34. 88 27.80 
1,200 meters. - _---- 3. 08 34. 88 27. 80 


Station 1120; Sept. 10; depth, 560 meters; lat. 49°25’ 
N., long. 49°47’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.641 
meters 


Ovmeterss---2-=- == 10. 20 33. 95 26. 11 
20eme tensa saeesn 9. 68 33. 96 26. 21 
40hmetersaas ces ces 8.17 34. 10 26. 56 
G0lmeLersas eee 6. 72 34. 65 27.33 
100 meters__...-.-- 4.61 34, 83 27. 60 
PHOIMeLerSaoe scene 4, 20 34. 84 27.65 
200imeters=. 2-2 = 3-2 3. 90 34, 85 27. 69 
260 meters___-.---- (3. 74) (34. 85) 27. 71 
300 meters_._-.---- 3. 59 34, 86 27.73 
500 meters.......-- 3. 28 34, 86 27.76 


Station 1121; Sept. 10; depth, 274 meters; lat. 49°06’ 
N., long. 50°14’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.774 
meters 


Ouneters- <2 2eee225 8. 80 32. 67 25. 36 
20 meters.=-=-----= 8.38 32.72 25.45 
40;meters---=- 2522 . 58 33. 13 26. 59 
60 meters......---- —1. 62 33. 36 26. 87 
80 meters_.-.------ —1, 52 33. 48 26. 95 . 
100 meters__-—.2--- —1, 22 33. 59 27.04 
150 meters_..-.---- —.12 33. 80 27.16 
200 meters_....---- 1. 40 34. 00 27. 23 
250 meters=—2+--==- 2. 40 (34. 10) 27. 24 
260 meters....----- 2.80 34.19 27. 28 


224 


Station 1122; Sept. 10; depth, 210 meters; lat. 48°51’ 
Ne long. 50°36’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.814 
meters 


Salinity 
Depth o> | (60) | % 
Otmeter2-22 2a 11.00 32. 97 25. 18 
20imeters= =) 10. 39 32. 99 25. 33 
40imeters=22-- ee —. 83 33. 02 26. 56 
60 meters____-____- —1.13 33. 14 26. 67 
SOlmoters== 22-2 es —1. 63 33. 22 26. 75 
100 meters____.._-- —1.73 33. 29 26. 81 
150) moeterss= sss = —1.73 33. 44 26. 94 
160 meters_______-- —1.73 (33. 46) 26. 95 
200 meters_____--_- —1.53 33. 55 27. 02 


Station 1123; Sept. 11; depth, 168 meters; lat. 48°37’ 
aps long. 51°00’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.852 
meters 


Osmoeterz222-eeoc=== 11. 20 31.70 24. 19 
20 meters-_-_--.._--- 10. 58 31.77 24. 35 
40;meters222----- = 1.08 32. 92 26. 44 
60 meters__._-.---- S515} 33. 17 26. 69 
80 meters___------- —1.53 33. 20 26. 73 
100 meters-__-_--..- —1. 68 33. 29 26. 81 
125 meters__.--_--- —1. 43 33. 31 26. 82 
140 meters__._-._-- —1, 43 (33. 35) 26. 85 
160 meters_---+-.-- —1.33 33. 37 26. 87 


Station 1124; Sept. 11; depth, 155 meters; lat. 48°22’ 
We long. 51°21’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.848 
meters 


Oymeters2. 2282 12. 00 31.78 24.11 
20 meters.___..-_-. 11. 58 31. 83 24, 25 
40 meters.__..___-- . 36 32. 93 26. 44 
60imeters:222 >: 22 - —1.14 33. 24 26. 76 
S8Olmeters= 225422 2- —1. 54 33. 30 26. 81 
100 meters. __-_-__-. —1. 64 33. 34 26. 85 
125 meters___.._.-- —1. 64 33. 38 26. 88 
140 meters____.__.- —1.54 33. 41 26. 91 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1125; Sept. 11; depth, 170 meters; lat. 48°07’ 
N., long. 51°44’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.851 
meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
Depts ee) | (60) Be 
Onmeter:= Sse 12. 10 31. 66 23. 99 
20)meters! =a 11. 59 31.72 24.13 
40 meters__________ 2. 88 32. 94 26. 28 
60:meterss=2a eee —.34 33. 05 26. 58 
SOimeters-=s22-S=—— —1.34 33. 25 26.77 
100 meters_-__-___-- —1. 64 33. 31 26. 83 
125 meters--------- —1.74 33. 33 26. 85 
140tmetersios- —1.74 (33. 35) 26. 85 
150)meterss= =e —1. 64 33.35 26. 86 


Station 1126; Sept. 11; depth, 180 meters; lat. 47°52’ 
N oe long. 52°06’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.899 
meters 


O\meter:- = Ss 11. 60 31.33 23. 90 
20;meters== === 10. 90 31.38 23. 99 
40 meters: -2 eee 3. 50 32. 20 25. 63 
60 meters____-_-_-- . 46 32. 81 26. 33 
SOimeters!= 222 —. 54 33. 00 26. 53 
100 meters —.94 33. 10 26. 63 
130 meters —1.14 33.15 26. 68 
140 meters —1.34 (838. 15) 26. 68 
I7Ohnmetersese- sees —1. 34 33. 17 26. 70 


Station 1127; Sept. 11; depth, 142 meters; lat. 47°36’ 
N., long. 52°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.900 
meters 


Olmeter. 2 252s 12. 40 31.36 23.79 
20metersh== eee 12.10 31.38 23. 84 
40'meters==_ =~ #22 3. 50 32. 43 25. 81 
60imeterss-2==- === . 96 32. 80 26. 30 
SOnneters--2 es 96 33. 01 26. 47 
100 meters_______-. 96 33. 07 26. 52 
130 meters___-___-_- 1.06 33. 13 26, 56 


GENERAL GREENE, 1931 


Station 1220; July 4; depth, 168 meters; lat. 47°40’ N., 


Station 1222; July 4; depth 192 meters; lat. 48°15’ 


long. 52°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.817 N., long. 51°54’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.789 
meters meters 
Temper auc Temper- ss 
Depth ature eon ot Depth ature Bir ot 
°C.) 2 (°C.) ae 
Onmeter®..-- 2222-5 10. 60 32. 04 24.56. | O'meter__.--.--- ee 8. 29 32. 20 25. 06 
25 meters___-.._--.- 3. 22 32. 23 25,68) ||) 2oameters-2- == 5.37 32. 54 25.71 
oOimeters=, S225. ss -45 32. 69 26524. ||| SOlmeters2 222 = —1.07 32. 94 26. 505 
TOUMeLerS == ae se —1.30 32. 91 26.47 | 75 meters__-_-.---. —1.49 33. 04 26. 595 
100 meters___._-_-- —1, 22 32. 98 26,54 5] 100lmeters!*2-s2 = —1. 48 33. 12 26. 66 
150 meters_.-__..--- —.75 33. 17 26.68 | 150 meters_______-- —.99 33. 36 26. 85 


Station 1221; July 4; depth, 185 meters; lat. 47°56’ 
N., long. 52°13’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.801 
meters 


Station 1223; July 5; depth, 170 meters; lat. 48°29’ 
N., long. 51°39’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.795 
meters 


Onneler:=- soe. ea 9. 90 31. 83 24. 51 
25)meters=_.22) S22 2. 23 32.45 25. 93 
50 meters._.___---.. —.68 32. 93 26. 485 
TOTNCLCrS=) eee ee —1.14 32. 94 26. 51 
100 meters_____-._- —1.20 32. 98 26. 54 
150 meters__-_..-.-- —1.02 33. 26 26.77 


O:meter:.<-- == 8. 30 32. 20 25. 06 
25MeteMs= senses 5. 12 32. 55 25. 74 
HOimeterssoses aaa = —.22 32. 99 26. 51 
7o5aueLers= eee —1.10 33. 03 26. 58 
100 meters_____._-- —1.02 33. 07 26. 61 
150;meterss=--2—- = —.96 33. 23 26. 74 


a 


ee 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1224; July 5; depth, 247 meters; lat. 48°44’ 
N., long. 51°21’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.782 
meters 


225 


Station 1229; July 6; depth, 1,792 meters; lat. 50°42’ 
N., long. 49°21’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.562 
meters 


Temper ss Temper- rae 
Depth ature Evans ot Depth ature Saye ot 
(COS) 700 (EGS) 700 
Oimeter:. = -2.=--.=- 7.10 32. 07 25. 12 O\meter2-2.=524.-2= 7.10 33. 61 26. 33 
Z25meters. 2c. = - 51 32, 50 26.085 | 25 meters__.__.-..- 4.81 34.18 27.07 
oOi meters: .-...-_. —1.02 32. 88 26. 46 50) metersss 22222 3.16 34. 47 27. 47 
MOMMIOLCTS= ==. — 2. —1.33 32. 89 26. 47 100; meters=2-22s = 35-23 34. 79 Zod 
100 meters_________ —].,41 33. 03 26. 59 200 meters________- 3.41 34. 90 27.78 
LaQinetersi= 2-3 = —1. 36 33. 26 26. 78 300 meters___.____- 3. 41 34. 91 27.79 
ZO0rmeters-===—- == =) EX fil (ee ee ene | |e eo 400 meters___...__- 3.39 34. 91 27.79 
600 meters________- 3.35 34. 91 27. 80 
ee eee se Be 3. 34 (34, 91) 27. 80 
Station 1225; July 5; depth, 321 meters; lat. 49°00’ | 1,000 meters_______ 3,32 34. 91 27. 80 
N., long. 51°05’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.760 | 1,200 meters_______ 3. 32 34. 91 27. 80 
meters 1,400 meters______- Bi be een 
1,500 meters______- 3459]) | Saeeeeee 
ci 1,600 meters_______ 34. 91) |o22 aaa 
Ofmeter= Ss 6. 90 32. 02 25. 11 
ApUMeLErSo= 222 2 4. 96 32507 25. 465 
DOWMOterS=-= 2. = —1. 29 32. 86 26. 45 
OMB LOrS\ ose —1.65 33. 20 26. 73 Station 1230; July 6; depth, 1,189 meters; lat. 50°40’ 
100 meters___.____- —1.31 3a. 22 26. 74 N., long. 50°00’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.569 
150);meters_.-_....- —.07 33. 37 26. 82 meters 
200 meters......._- . 92 34. 11 27. 355 


Station 1226; July 5; depth, 320 meters; lat. 49°24’ 
N,, long. 50°45’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.676 
meters 


Osmeters 2 6. 90 32. 13 25. 665 
25;meters2—-5-..=+ 6.18 32. 93 25. 91 
50) meters: —-__ =... —.41 33. 27 26.75 
MOLMeLerS see a (4. 47) 33. 58 26. 99 
1O00smeters's=2 22 == - . 04 33. 61 27.005 
L5O0imeters2 so. 2_- 79 34. 19 27. 435 
200'meterss__ 2 1. 83 34. 37 27. 505 
300 meters_________ 2.78 34. 82 27.77 


Station 1227; July 5; depth, 497 meters; lat. 49°38’ 
N., long. 50°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.628 
meters 


Onneterta2 ess = = 5, 32) 32. 82 25. 93 
Zo metersss---= 2 ~~. 3. 06 32. 91 26. 235 
50 meters.._.______ —.39 33. 83 27. 195 
MORINIOLELS 3 o oe .79 34. 04 27. 305 
100\meters-=)-— = _. - 1. 67 34. 13 PABGY? 
160;meters == 5s. 2. 51 34. 39 27. 46 
200 meters._._..-.. 2. 80 34. 58 27. 60 
300 meters________- 3. 20 34. 86 27.77 
400 meters_______._ 2. 88 34. 89 27. 82 


Station 1228; July 5; depth, 997 meters; lat. 49°58’ 


N., long. 50°00’ W.; dynamic height 1,454.600 

meters 
Olmeters 245-2 5. 02 32. 80 25. 95 
Zoumeters=— 2-2 - — 2.72 33. 36 26. 63 
oOumbeters2.-==5--2- . 68 34. 05 27.32 
100 meters_____-___- 1. 87 34. 45 27. 565 
USO }meters:) 5 ese 2. 67 34. 56 27. 58 
200 mMeters-— 22 = 3. 11 34. 72 27. 67 
300 meters_.-_.__.- 3.41 (34. 90) 27.78 
400 meters_____.._- (3. 38) 34. 90 27.79 
600) mieters-—. == - 22 3. 36 34. 91 27. 80 
700 meters <== _ 3. 36 34. 91 27. 80 
800 meters_________ 3. 32 34. 91 27. 80 
900 meters_________ 3.32 34. 91 27. 80 


Ownetert22—. 2322 7.00 33. 26 26. 07 
25'moeters-=-- 2. ==. 3.41 33. 79 26. 90 
S0mmeters= 2220 = 3. 25 34. 58 27. 54 
100) meterss=2-——-— 3.38 34. 88 PACS 
150 meters____..__- 3.37 34. 90 27.78 
200 meters____..._- 3.41 34. 90 27. 78 
300 meters_-_.___.. 3. 50 34. 90 27.78 
400 meters_______-- 3. 44 34. 90 27.78 
500 meters_____._- 3.43 34. 90 27.78 
600 meters___.___- 3. 38 34. 90 27.78 
700:;meters_==- --=-- 3. 39 34. 90 27.78 
800 meters_._...__- 3.39 34. 90 27. 78 
900 meters_______.- 3. 40 34. 90 27.78 


Station 1231; July 6; depth, 951 meters; lat. 50°41’ 
N., long. 50°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.595 
meters 


O;meters estes. 2 6. 42 33. 02 25. 95 
ZOMMeLCIS: seo 28. 4.99 33. 63 26. 61 
SO0;meters------ =. 3.01 34. 58 27. 57 
LOO meters] = =_ = 3.39 34. 80 27.70 
150 meters____.____ 3. 42 34. 81 27.71 
200 meters_______-- 3. 42 34, 82 27. 725 
300/)meters-2= 522-2: 3. 47 34. 86 27. 745 
400 meters_________ 3.45 34. 87 27. 755 
500 meters________- 3. 44 34. 90 27.78 
600 meters______--- 3. 43 (34. 90) 27.78 
700 meters________- 3.42 34.91 27.79 
800 meters__....--- 3.42 (34. 91) 27.79 
900 meters_......-- 3.40 34. 91 27.79 


Station 1232; July 6; depth, 268 meters; lat. 50°37” 
N., long. 51°12’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.727 
meters : 


O;meters=== 222222 6. 30 32. 72 25. 735 
25; meters=2 22 2 == 4.01 32. 72 25. 995 
50!metersi<c=2=-— —.88 33.05 26. 58 
76 meterss.=-- === —.79 33. 36 26. 84 
100 meters_____-_-- —.79 33. 56 27. 00 
150\meters__ === = == 1.43 34. 18 27. 38 
200 meters____.__-_ 2.03 34. 36 27. 48 


““ 


226 


Station 1233; July 7; depth, 210 meters; lat. 50°35’ 
N., long. 51°49’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.753 
meters 


Temper ate 
Depth ature acres ot 

é Cc. ) 0 
Osneters= a8 Se 7.00 32. 49 25. 47 
25:meters.= -22.2.-- 5.33 32. 72 25. 85 
bO;meters25 3 Holts) 32. 94 26. 40 
WONMOLI See. ee —.75 33. 17 26. 68 
100 meters__...____ —.71 33. 33 26. 81 
TOO;meters: 2. oe- = . 95 33. 92 27.19 
200 meters_________ 1.85 34. 35 27.49 


Station 1234; July 7; depth, 227 meters; lat. 50°32’ N. 
long. 52°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1, 454.765 meters 


Oaneter= 322 6. 70 32. 48 25. 49 
25 meters__.._....- 6. 40 32. 62 25. 64 
oO meters== 222-5 1. 96 32. 94 26. 345 
75 meters__._....._ . 88 33. 62 27.05 
100 sneters2e== 253 91 33. 68 27.10 
150) meterseaas ae . 65 34. 30 27. 60 
200/moeters=o.. eee 1. 73 


Station 1235; July 7; depth, 432 meters; lat. 50°31’ N., 
long. 53°08’ W.; - dynamic height, 1 454, 692 meters 


Oineter ees 6. 80 32.72 25. 67 
25 meters. 222.23 4. 61 32. 88 26. 055 
S0imeters2.2 2-22 —.86 33. 45 26.915 
WOmNOLCLS ae ee aoe —1. 28 33. 66 27. 095 
100 meters_._.__.__ —.90 33. 91 27. 28 
200imeters 2 2522 1.79 34. 50 27. 61 
300 meters. _-...___ 2.78 34. 62 27. 62 


Station 1236; July 7; depth, 355 meters; lat. 50°28’ N. 
Jong. 53°38’ W.: - dynamic height, 1, 454.684 meters 


(2) TeaT) 2) te Se See 6.90 32. 30 25. 33 
2oumeters_....-__..- 3. 30 32. 70 26. 045 
50 meters___....._. —.78 33. 35 26. 83 
Voumeters.. 2 _ 5 —1.37 33. 63 27. 075 
LOO0imeters: .---- —1.17 33. 63 27.15 
ToO'meters. 222. —.34 34.19 27.49 
250 meters____.___- 1. 58 34. 52 27. 64 


Station 1237; July 7; depth, 245 meters; lat. 50°26’ N., 
long. 54°13" W.; - dynamie height, 1, 454. 708 meters 


Ounetert--222=- = 6. 90 32. 06 25.14 
2 neters= 222 Se. 1.78 32. 58 26. 07 
oO. meters-_2 = 22052. —1.15 33. 23 26. 745 
WDsmMoeters: 22. =" —1.31 33. 56 27. 02 
100 meters_________ —1.25 33.70 27.125 
160meters:2. 2 _-- —1.11 34.10 27.45 
200 meters___.._.__ .74 34, 28 27. 51 


Station 1238; July 7; depth, 299 meters; lat. 50°24’ N., 
long. 54°56’ W.; - dynamic height, 1, 454.751 meters 


Ouneter.. 2 =2 =2e62 6.01 31.95 25. 17 
2MOLersa sea ke 2. 36 32. 39 25. 875 
50 meters__ —1.13 33. 20 26. 72 
75 meters__ —1.46 33. 39 26. 885 
100 meters_ —1.47 33. 48 26. 96 
150 meters__._____- —1.11 33.79 27.19 
200 meters. ___.._.. —. 65 33. 93 27. 285 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1239; July 7; depth, 165 meters; lat. 50°44’ N.., 
long. 55°16’ W.; ; dynamic height, 1, 454.774 meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
Be Co) | O60) aaa 
Ohmeter!2222= eee 5. 55 31.59 24. 93 
ZHTHeLEES== eee 1.72 32. 35 25. 89 - 
O0imeters2- sees —1.18 32. 87 26. 45 
76 meters: = =--2---- —1. 67 33.19 26. 725 
100 meters________- —1. 67 33. 38 26. 88 
150 meters_____-.-- —1.33 33. 61 27. 06 


Station 1240; July 7; depth, 66 meters; lat. 51°40’ N., 
long. 55°22’30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.772 


meters 
Ojmeter==-- eres 7.09 31. 73 24. 86 
1Oimetersss2 esse 6.45 31. 71 24. 92 
ZO MeLOrs_ one 2.34 32.19 25. 72 
35imeters_- - 46 32. 75 26. 335 
50 meters____-.-_-- —1.09 33. 17 26. 69 


Station 1241; July 8; depth, 81 meters; lat. 51°46’ N., 
long. 55°25’W.; dynamic heights, 971.006 meters, 
1,454.754 meters 


3. 90 31. 20 24, 81 
2.81 32. 35 25. 81 
—.31 32. 75 26. 32 
—.95 33. 08 26. 615 
—1.34 (33. 09) 26. 635 


Station 1242; July 8; depth, 71 meters; lat. 51°50’ N., 
long. 55°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.760 meters 


Omoetersce-se ae 3.00 31. 58 25. 18 
10imeterse--S 2 1.40 32.15 25. 75 
25 meters...2....-. —1.16 33. 03 26. 58 
sonmeterss see nee —1,.21 33. 07 26. 61 
50 meters.._...___- —1.30 33. 09 26. 63 


Station 1243; July 8; depth, 101 meters; lat. 52°00’ N., 
long. 55°24’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.760 meters 


Oimeters=-=2—s- ee 4. 60 31. 27 24. 79 
LOlmeterss2a22=s22 132 32. 29 25. 87 
2 INGLOLS sense ee —. 87 32. 87 26. 44 
BOMMOLEIS soso eee —1.45 33. 09 26. 635 
HO MMeterssss2 sen —1.57 33. 28 26. 795 


Station 1244; July 8; depth, 170 meters; lat. 52°05’ N.., 
long. 55°29’ W.:; - dynamic height, 1, 454.780 meters 


Oxmeterz.* = eee 5. 45 (31. 54)] (24. 905) 
25;moeters -s-- eee 2.17 32. 54 26.015 
OOWmeters2 222s —1.29 32.99 26. 55 
foumeterseos.seeeen —1.51 33. 16 26. 695 
100) meters= 22 Sess —1.57 33. 17. 26. 705 
125'meters=2-- 28s" —1. 53 33. 25 26.77 
TH0imeters= 22. see —1.44 33. 26 26. 775 


Station 1245; July 8; depth, 101 meters; lat. 52°10’ N., 
long. 55°33’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.854 meters 


Oumeters22 52. 4. 50 29. 94 23. 74 
1O/smetersoe. eee 4. 88 29. 94 23. 70 
25 meters...-.----- 2.45 30. 97 24. 74 
BOMOLErSs cee eees . 82 31. 88 25. 575 
50 meters_____.-__- .16 32. 37 26. 00 
(6 NeLerse === —. 68 32. 79 26. 37 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1246; July 10; depth 61 meters; lat. 53°33’ N., 
long. 55°40’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.687 meters 


Temper Hee 
Salinity 
Dents oy | (960) a 
Gimeterss ssc. .sse 5. 60 30. 01 23. 68 
iOjmeters: 2225-2. * 3. 69 32. 00 25. 46 
25 meters.....--..- . 04 32. 14 25. 82 
SOMNeTOLS.....<.---- —1.41 32. 92 26. 50 


Station 1247; July 10; depth, 280 meters; lat. 53°41’ 
N., long. 55°14’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.671 
meters 


227 


Station 1252; July 11; depth, 631 meters; lat. 54°44” 
N., long. 53°10’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.618 
meters 


Temper- 


Salinity 
were eo) | (960) a 
Oimeter:.-5==3 = 3. 50 33. 79 26. 89 
26; meters-= 522. se22 4. 02 (33. 95) 26. 96 
50 meters. 2-22 2=2 44 34. 08 27. 36 
LO0'meterss252 22 2.02 34. 48 27. 575 
200 meters_.___._-- 3.32 34. 67 27. 61 
300:meters=--2—-22- 3. 60 34. 74 27. 635 
400 meters___.._._- 3. 63 34. 83 27. 705 
500 meters__._____- 3. 65 34. 87 27. 735 


Osmeter-=.-=- 23-22 4.35 31. 76 25. 20 
2b; meters. ..--_---- 2.79 32. 19 25. 685 
50 meters_...-...-- —. 86 33. 10 26, 625 
fo mMeLers=------2=- —1. 22 33. 56 27. 02 
125 meters._--.-.-- Sil 33. 89 27, 27 
200 meters_-_-..--.-- 18 34. 29 27. 55 
250 meters_._....--- 1.05 (34. 37) 27. 56 


Station 1248; July 10; depth, 163 meters; lat. 53°54’ 
N., long. 54°47’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.648 
meters 


Quneters=-22- 2252 5.00 32. 07 25. 38 
Do ANevers.-~ === —=-< 1. 54 32. 59 26. 095 
BO GRELOISe225-2—- 5 —1.32 33. 47 26. 945 
WHOLIS. --0 =_- —1.35 33. 56 27. 02 
100 meters_____-_-- —1.18 33. 70 27. 125 
Wbnateters: _ 22 = = = —.76 33. 80 27.19 
150) meters. == -=.--- . 36 34. 27 27. 52 


Station 1249; July 10; depth, 176 meters; lat. 54°06’ 
ae long. 54°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.643 
meters 


Ginieter ss >. === - 4. 40 32. 07 25. 44 
DaeMieLersae ===. = 2 —.11 32. 74 26. 31 
50 ameters...- -----. —1.36 33. 42 26. 905 
7D Mevers.2= 42... —1.34 33. 48 26. 955 
100 meters__----..-- —1.08 33. 72 27.14 
i2bmeters=- 22225. —.73 33. 90 27. 26 
150 meters_......-- 82 34. 43 27. 62 


Station 1250; July 10; depth, 207 meters; lat. 54°19’ 
is long. 53°57’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.716 
meters 


Oimeter!_--=22.=-—= Bal 32. 30 25. 69 
BING LOrs === 22-5 2_ 207, 32. 60 26. 14 
bOumeters:. ==... —1.36 32. 87 26. 455 
daMebers= =~ 5-255 —1. 29 33, 34 26. 84 
100/mHeters=—-2===_= —1.25 33. 65 27.09 
25 meters:.2s22:—= —.88 33. 79 27. 185 
150 meters____.---- —.51 33. 87 27. 23 


Station 1251; July 11; depth, 284 meters; lat. 54°33’ 


N., long. 53°31’ W.; dynamic heights, 97.374 

meters, 970.929 meters, 1,454.673 meters. 
Oumneter: sobs 3.05 32. 26 25. 72 
25 IMELOIS2 co. cc2-<— - 10 33. 05 26. 545 
HOimMefers 2-228 —1.19 33. 27 26.78 
75 meters. ...----<= —.72 33. 69 27.10 
100 meters_..__---- —.24 34. 00 27. 33 
150: meters. 222... DL 34. 21 27. 465 
200 meters_._..---- 1.36 34. 47 27. 62 


Station 1253; July 11; depth, 2,231 meters; lat. 54°58’ 
ae long. 52°48’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.573 
meters 


Onneteras=2 t= = 6. 30 34. 33 27.01 
25, Meters 4—- 22 == 5.39 34, 32 27.115 
S0imeters>—:-.-- == 3. 61 34. 66 27. 57 
100 meters__._._--- 3. 50 34.77 27. 67 
200 meters______--- 3.55 (34. 86) 27. 735 
300 meters______--- 3. 59 34. 86 27. 735 
ANQsmeters= =e. 3. 57 34. 87 27. 745. 
600 meters__.__...- 3.43 34. 87 27. 755 
800 meters_.._...-- (3. 34) 34. 88 27.775 
1,000 meters_-_-__._- 3. 26 34. 88 27.78 
1,200 meters_-_-_.-- 3. 21 34. 88 27. 785 
1,400 meters_-_____- 3.21 34. 88 27. 785 
1,500 meters_______ (3. 13) (34. 89) (27. 80) 
1,800 meters__.__-_- 3.06 34. 89 27. 81 


Station 1254; July 11; depth, 2,680 meters; lat.55°24’ 
N., long. 53°38’ W. 


200 meters 
400 meters 


800 meters____..--- 
1,000 meters-_-.---- 
1,200 meters_--.---- 
1,400 meters____--- 
1,600 meters_--__--- 
2,000 meters--. ---- 


® 

cot 

® 

5 

a 

1 

' 

' 

' 

' 

1 

' 

1 

\ 
OCHNONWWWaATaAhORN 
ASNSOawnowsnntSses 


Station 1255; July 11-12; depth, ; 2,980 meters 
lat. 55°52’ N., long. 54°26’ W. 


Guncter 716s | 
25) meters: ===" §. 96.) 0=222-555 eeeee 
60: meters:_-=—====- 4.14 )\223250 22 | eee 
100 meters--------- 33:06 || otos~ Sack Ee eae 
200 mieters2-=-—--—-— Pay de ee ees eee ee 
400 meters_-------- 35:68; || =5- 52s |e eee 
600 meters-_-------- 354, (.5-25 3222 oes eee 
800 meters_-------- 36460 | 2 2 Se | ee 
1,000 meters-__-_---- Be 8 ee eee eee 
1,200 meters------- 3.0) |e eee 
1,400 meters-_------ 3024 o ee ee 
1,500 meters-__ oy) i eee Ba ass 
1,600 meters-_- 3.18 |-- = 
2,000 meters--_----- Sh10) |S eee eee 


228 


Station 1256; July 12; depth, 2,652 meters; lat. 56°16’ 
N., long. 55°17’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.587 
meters 


Temper aot 
Depth ature Seay ot 
(CG) 700 
O!meterz22-- 422832 8. 10 34. 02 26. 52 
25 aNeLers==2- see 6. 36 34. 51 27. 14 
S0imeters- ose 3. 59 34. 72 27. 62 
100 meters__.-_..-- 3. 62 34.77 27. 65 
200 meters_-_._-_-_- 3. 67 34. 87 27. 735 
400 meters_____-_-_- 3. 67 34, 88 27. 74 
600 meters_---_--_- 3. 57 34. 89 27. 76 
800 meters- --_._--- 3. 33 34. 89 27.78 
1,000 meters _ _----- 3. 28 34. 89 27. 79 
1,200 meters - _____- 3.19 34. 89 27. 80 
1,400 meters. _._--- 3.18 34. 89 27. 80 
1,500 meters - -._.-- (3. 18) (34. 89) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters_______ 3. 18 34. 89 27. 80 
2,000 meters --..--_- 3. 08 34. 89 27. 81 


Station 1257; July 12; depth, 2,362 meters; lat. 55°55’ 
N., long. 55°51’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.585 
meters 


Ounleter==-22-e === 7.70 34. 36 26. 84 
2OaNCLOLS= fae ee = 5.49 34, 48 27. 23 
50. meters_...--.--- 3. 57 34. 70 27. 61 
100 meters____--__- 3. 54 34. 79 27. 69 
200 meters._-_-__-- 3. 59 34. 86 27. 73 
400 meters________- 3. 56 34. 87 27.74 ~ 
600 meters_---_----- 3. 55 34. 88 27. 76 
800 meters_-.__--_- 3. 38 34. 88 PYG (UE 
1,000 meters ___--_- 3. 29 34. 89 27.79 
15200)meters= 22 =—-- 3. 30 34. 89 27. 795 
1,400 meters_-___-__- 3.15 34. 89 27. 80 
1,500 meters_-_____- (3. 15) (34. 89) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters _____- 3.15 34. 89 27. 80 
2,000 meters- __--_- 2. 84 34. 89 27. 825 


Station 1258; July 12; depth, 2,150 meters; lat. 55°44’ 
N., long. 56°10’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.603 
meters 


O;moters=—- ===. = = 7.70 34. 48 26. 94 
25 1meters=-==*=--=— 4. 60 34. 51 27. 35 
5@:meters_..._- 4: 4.42 34. 54 27. 39 
200'mMeters-.--_.._-. 3. 42 34. 66 27. 59 
200 meters-_---_---- 3. 59 34. 83 27. 71 
400 meters___-___-- 3. 62 34. 87 27.74 
600 meters 3. 62 34. 88 27. 75 
800 meters 3.45 34. 88 27. 76 
1,000 meters____--- 3.38 34. 89 27.78 
1,200 meters __---.- 3. 23 34. 89 27.79 
1,400 meters _ -_---- 3.18 34. 89 27. 80 
1,500 meters ______- (3. 18) (34. 89) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters _-_---- 3.18 34. 89 27. 80 
1,800 meterS: ----=-]---------- 34589) |i 52-22 ee 


Station 1259; July 12; depth, 800 meters; lat. 55 °34 
N., long. 56°31’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.706 
meters 


Olmeter ee 4. 60 32. 79 25. 99 
25 meters. _..=..=-=- —. 20 33. 32 26. 78 
5OAmoeters- 3-5-2 .73 33. 85 27.15 
100\meterss-. == 2.2 1.57 34. 37 27. 525 
150 meters_--_----- 2.11 34. 49 27. 575 
200 ‘meters_-.-....- 2.73 34. 56 27. 575 
300 meters_-_______- 3. 48 34.77 27. 67 
400 meters_________ 3. 55 34. 79 27. 68 
500 meters_-_____-_- 3. 68 34. 84 27. 71 
600 meters____.---- 3. 65 34. 87 27. 735 


700 meters__-.--__- 3. 60 34. 88 27.75 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1260; July 12; depth, 137 meters; lat. 55°25’ 
N “4 long. 56°50’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.767 
meters 


Salinity 
Depth eto (%o) ot 


4.90 32. 01 25. 34 

4.75 32. 07 25. 405 

1. 68 32. 51 26. 025 
SUS ye 32. 79 26, 39 
—1, 22 33. 05 26. 60 
100jmeters2-==22-== 3 7(0 33. 58 27.02 


Station 1261; July 13; depth, 190 meters; lat. 55°18’ N., 
long. 57°05’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.812 meters 


Olmeter2.---2 eee 4.10 31. 83 25. 28 
2bumnetersse esa ee 87 32. 52 26. 08 
50 meters_-__.------ 47 32. 69 26. 24 
75ameters= = se sess —1. 27 32. 79 26. 39 
100 meters._...---- —1.30 33. 08 26. 62 
150 meters__-.--_-- —. 88 33. 37 26. 85 


Station 1262; July 13; depth, 259 meters; lat. 
55°11’ N., long. 57°19’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.839 meters 


Oimeter:--—-2 4. 30 31. 92 25. 33 
25 meters_..------- 1.03 32. 33 25. 92 
DO Meters= 2-4 —.82 32. 57 26. 20 
OMeLEDS=o=2e eee —1.31 32.77 26. 38 
100 meters_-_-----.- —1.27 32. 92 26. 495 
150smeterssseee ase —.88 33.15 26. 67 
200 meters--------- —.66 33. 36 26. 835 


Station 1263; July 13; depth 267 meters; lat. 
55°05’ N., long. 57°34’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.851 meters 


Ometer:.=--25 55 4. 30 31. 66 25. 12 
25)meters= ==. ss2=-- -o2 32. 34 25. 96 
S0:meters-=22=-22=- —1.39 32. 55 26. 20 


(OWHeCtOrs==-2-—2-e- —1.37 32. 61 26. 25 
100};metenss===s2ee= —1.15 32. 95 26. 515 
150 meters-=-—-2=-* —1.05 33. 11 26. 64 
200 meters--------- —.87 33. 21 26. 72 


Station. 1264; July 15; depth 110 meters; lat. 
57°07’ N., long. 60°39 W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.778 meters ~~ 


Oimeter: 22-2 22-2 4.10 31.75 25. 22 
LOhmetersas-s-—- 45 2.01 31.81 25. 44 
ZDIMIOLOLS =sse eee —.49 32. 25 25. 93 
60 meters_...==..-- —1.08 32. 28 25. 975 
TOMMGLETS=2- = <= —1.19 32. 44 26. 105 


Station 1265; July 15; lat. 57°12’ N., long. 60°18’ W.; 
dynamic height, 1,454.765 meters 


Oimeter=—-==22-55-~ 4.00 31. 98 25. 41 
PADIS) eee eee 1,72 32. 53 26. 035 
50)meters==--=s._- —.25 32. 62 26, 22 
100: meters_--.--_.- —1.16 32. 89 26. 47 


Sil 33. 67 27. 10 


Oe ee a 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1266; July 15; depth 130 meters; lat. 
57°17’ N., long. 59°47’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.750 meters 


229 


Station 1271; July 16; depth, 3,610 meters; lat. 57°41’ 
N., long. 57°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.565 
meters 


Temper- | gaiinit 
y 
Bent Co) | (960) Ah 
Qaneter-=-—=2-=.--= 3. 80 31. 96 25. 42 
ZoNmMeters:2==2=225- .07 32. 63 26. 215 
DOMMOLETS= 25-225 —.63 32. 77 26. 355 
commeterss=..+-+--== —.93 32. 98 26. 53 
100 meters-_-------- —1.01 33. 02 26. 57 


188 meters; lat. 


Station 1267; July 15; depth, i 
dynamic height, 


Broz’ Ney longs 59°20° Wi: 
1,454.723 meters 


Omnreter== === 3. 70 31.88 25. 36 
25: Meters. ..2.-.==-- 1.32 32.89 26. 35 
650imeters:=:=-=-=-= —. 54 33. 20 26. 70 
@ORMELOLS =. -=-- === —.52 33. 21 26. 705 
160'meters.-—_:-.-- —.05 33. 48 26. 905 
P50) meters: == --.. = 1.35 34. 23 27. 43 


Station 1268; July 15; depth, 
57226" Ni, Jong. 58°57’ W..; 


914 meters; lat. 
dynamic height, 


1,454.617 meters 
Gianiebert]- 222 a2" - = 3. 90 32. 94 26.18 
25;meters..===-==== 2. 57 34. 05 27.18 
BOMnTeLOrss2-=2-—2-= 2. 58 34. 35 27. 41 
100 meters_-_------- 2.79 34. 55 27. 565 
150 meters-_---_----- 3.19 (34. 67) (27. 62) 
200 meters-_-------- 3. 58 34. 79 27. 68 
300 meters-_-------- 3. 84 34. 89 27. 73 
400 meters_-------- 3. 74 34. 88 Zits 
500 meters-_-------- 3. 82 34. 90 27. 74 
600 meters-_-------- 3.72 34.91 27. 76 
700hmeters22=--===- 3.71 34. 92 Dike 
800 meters--------- 3.71 34. 92 27.77 


Station 1269; July 16; depth 1,920 meters; lat. 
57°29’ N., long. 58°32’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.609 meters 


Ogneleriess- 22.5.3 6. 30 33. 92 26. 67 
25uHOTeIS..2.-2==- 5. 40 34.15 26. 975 
SO0hmepters==-2-=-=-+ 3. 92 34. 52 27. 43 
100\meters: —..=---- 3. 41 34. 78 27. 68 
200 meters------_-- 3. 62 34. 84 27. 71 
400 meters__------- 3266 34. 89 27. 74 
600 meters_---_-.-- 3. 68 34. 90 27. 75 
800 meters_-------- 3.61 34. 90 27.76 
1,000 meters--.----- 3. 46 34. 90 27. 78 
1;200;meters-_<-== 3.34 34. 90 27.79 
1,400 meters_-_.---- 3. 29 34, 92 27. 81 
1,500 meters-.-_---- (3. 24) (34, 92) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters- ------ 3.19 34. 92 27. 82 


Station 1270; July 16; depth, 2,560 meters; lat. 57°35’ 
as long. 57°58’ W., dynamic height, 1,454.608 
meters 


Oimeter=25- 6. 50 34. 32 26. 98 
Zo; meters_22-2_.=-2 5. 36 34, 44 27. 21 
‘50 meters: = ys = 3: 3.99 34. 54 27. 44 
100 meters___-___-. 3. 53 34. 72 27. 625 
200 meters_-__.___-. 3.45 34. 87 27. 75 
400 meters_________ 3. 58 34. 89 27.76 
600 meters________- 3. 60 34. 90 27. 765 
800 meters_________ 3.47 34. 90 27.775 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 39 34. 90 27.78 
1,200 meters______- 3. 26 34. 91 27. 805 
1,400 meters_______ 3.19 34. 91 27. 81 
1,500 meters_______ (3. 17) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters_-__-_-- 3.15 34. 91 27. 815 


Temper ss 
Depth ature acrid ot 
°C.) ” 
O\meters- 23-2. 6. 90 34.45 27. 03 
25: meters. .-...==.=- 6. 33 34, 52 27.15 
50imeterso—- 23227 _ 5 3. 52 34. 73 27. 63 
100 meters_-_______- 3.42 34. 81 27.71 
200 meters____.___- 3.59 34. 90 27.76 
400 meters_...._._- 3. 63 34. 90 27.76 
600 meters___._____ 3. 59 34. 90 27. 765 
800 meters____. a 3.49 34. 90 27.775 
1,000 meters. _____. 3.47 34. 90 27. 78 
1,200 meters____..- 3. 30 34, 92 27. 81 
1,400 meters__-_-___- 3. 22 34. 92 27. 82 
1,500 meters. ______ (3. 22) (34. 92) (27. 82) 
1,600 meters__.__-_- 3. 22 34. 92 27. 82 
2,000 meters__-____- 2. 97 34. 92 27. 84 


Station 1272; July 16; depth, 2,634 meters; lat. 58°34’ 
Ne long. 57°52’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.589 
meters 


O;meter:*.==---=.-. 7.00 34. 48 27.01 
25 meters__-.-.-._. 5. 80 34. 48 27.19 
OO}MeLErS 23222. - 3.48 34. 62 27. 55 
100 meters____._.-- 3. 42 34. 82 27.715 
200 meters____.-.-- 3. 60 34. 88 27.75 
400 meters____...-- 3. 66 34. 89 27.75 
600hmeters=2=2) 3. 62 34. 90 27. 76 
800 meters____.---- 3. 52 34. 90 20.77 
1,000 meters____._- 3. OL 34. 90 PAfat lll 
1,200 meters_-_____- (3. 40) (34. 90) (27. 78) 
1,400 meters_______ 3. 28 34. 90 27.795 
1,500 meters_-_-_-_-_-- (3. 25) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters____.__ By Al 34. 90 27. 80 
2,000 meters___-__-_- 3. 06 34. 90 27. 82 


Station 1273; July 17; depth, 2,630 meters; lat. 59°26’ 
Ne long. 58°28’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.580 
meters 


Olmetert-oee- 22 8. 00 34. 37 26. 805 
20 TneOverS wee oe ay fail 34. 37 27.14 
50 meters_-_-___ 3. 52 34. 67 27. 585 
100 meters____ 3.44 34. 76 27. 665 
200 meters 3. 72 34. 82 27. 685 
400 meters_-_____-_-- 3.71 (34. 91) 27.76 
600 meters________- 3. 65 34. 91 27. 765 
S00)meters2_- 22: == 3.49 34. 91 27.78 
1,000 meters__--_---_- 3. 40 34. 91 27.79 
1,200 meters_-_-____- 3. 22 (34. 91) 27. 81 
1,400 meters. ____-_- 3. 20 (34. 91) 27. 81 
1,500 meters. __-.-- (3. 19) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters__-___. 3.19 34. 91 27. 81 
2,000 meters---_-_--- 2.97 34. 91 27. 83 


Station 1274; July 17; depth, 2,240 meters; lat. 59°20’ 
N., long. 59°10’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.604 
meters 


Oiumeter=s. 25-2522 8. 27 34. 48 26. 85 
25 meters____- 5. 42 34, 48 27. 23 
50 meters__- 4.13 34. 55 27. 43 
100 meters_- 3. 59 34. 68 27. 59 
200 meters_____.--_- 3.70 34. 80 27. 67 
400 meters__.__._-- 3.70 34. 88 27.74 
600 meters__......- 3. 65 34. 91 ra ear led 
800 meters__...-.-_ 3. 58 34. 91 27.77 
1,000 meters_____-. 3. 50 34. 90 27.77 
1,200 meters-_-_-__.-- 3. 27 34. 91 27. 805 
1,400 meters---_---- 3.17 34. 90 27. 805 
1,500 meters_-_____- (3. 13) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters_-_-_..-- 3.10 34. 91 27. 81 
2,000 meters... .... 2,88 eonscccaeslSo2eene5se 


230 


Station 1275; July 17; depth, 1,400 meters; lat. 59°16’ | 


N., long. 59°51’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.646 
meters. 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1281; July 18; depth, 137 meters; lat. 59°12’ 
EA long. 62°53’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454,896 
meters 


Temper- | sajinit 
My 
Depth tok (960) ct 
O\moter:2<t- Seae= 6. 70 34. 24 26. 89 
Zo IMECLOPS =. one coee: 4. 64 34. 26 27.15 
50 meters_._.....__ 3.93 34. 40 27. 34 
LOOimeters-2=-=2-—= 3. 58 34. 57 27. 505 
200 neters: 22-255 3. 89 34. 76 27. 63 
400 meters________- 3. 94 34. 89 27. 72 
600 meters_......_. 3. 81 34. 90 27. 75 
800 meters__....._- 3. 69 34. 91 27. 765 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 67 (34. 91) 27. 765 
1,200 meters-_--__._- 3. 52 (34. 90) 27.77 


Station 1276; July 17; depth, 257 meters; lat. 59°12’ 
N = long. 60°27’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.728 
meters 


Olmoeter=2a- 2-52 se 3. 30 33. 05 26. 32 
2byINSLOLS= see esas —.37 33. 07 26. 58 
50:meterss= u28 33. 37 26. 805 
WOUMETOLS2 ean oo - 03 33. 66 27. 05 
LOG)metoers*=2— 22>- -47 33. 79 27.12 
150 '‘meters-= 222 22-- 1, 44 34, 03 27. 315 
200 meters_._...._- 2.18 34. 33 27. 45 


Station 1277; July 18; depth, 201 meters; lat. 59°13’ 
N a long. 60°58’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.880 
meters 


Olmeters2=. 3224 2-8 3. 10 31.55 25. 15 
25 meters... ==_5.-- —.22 31.88 25. 575 
50 meters_........- —.79 32. 22 25. 915 
ouneters: 222252. —1.05 32. 74 26. 345 
100 meters__.....-- —.62 32. 76 26. 345 
150 meters__..-.--- —.32 33. 47 26. 88 


Station 1278; July 18; depth, 173 meters; lat. 59°13’ 
tong. 61°30? W.; dynamic height, 1,454.896 
meters 


Oimeter- === 2 3.80 31. 26 24, 86 
25 Meters =.. 2s55- = —.32 31.77 25. 495 
50\meters.—-22---.- —.58 32. 22 25. 91 
Zo onetersh-e eee en —.57 32. 64 26, 25 
100 meters__....-_- —.61 32. 79 26. 37 
150) meters: =2<-=_=2 —.47 33. 20 26. 695 


Station 1279; July 18; depth, 144 meters; lat. 59°13’ 
F a a 62°00’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.878 
meters 


Oimeter:2s2252224=2 4.15 31.73 25. 195 
QO MNGLOES¢ sess sees 33 32. 00 25. 70 
50imeterss.—s 22 -2=- —.70 32. 55 26. 18 
75 meters. ._..-_..- —.90 32. 72 26. 325 
100 meters___-_--__- —1. 06 32.85 26. 435 
125 Metersee soe soak —.75 32. 99 26. 535 


Station 1280; July 18; depth, 123 meters; lat. 59°14’ 
N., long. 62°29’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.872 
meters 


Oimoeterste_-242-3<2 4, 23 31. 93 25. 35 
10 meters. -......... 3. 20 31.90 25. 42 
25) meters. .--....- . 29 32.12 25. 795 
50 meters___.._.-- —1.44 32. 62 26, 25 


75 meters.-..------ —1.45 32. 72 26. 34 


Temper se 
Depth ature aire ot 
(@C.) 0 
Ouneter:. 5. 20 31. 64 25. 01 
25 meters.....-_-.- 90 31. 87 25. 565 
60meters-=--2 225-2 —.31 32, 22 25. 90 
Wometers:2-2esee= —1.08 32. 51 26. 16 
1O0jmeters_ 22825 —1.18 32. 75 26. 355 


Station 1282; July 23; depth, 154 meters; lat. 59°54’ 
ne long. 63°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.890 
meters 


Oimeter2-c25 3. 50 31.74 25. 265 
26: Meters ==. eens -78 31. 99 25. 67 
50 meters._--..-... —.48 32, 23 25. 91 
(diypaolsyrs) he —.71 32. 62 26. 235 
100 meters_-_--.- je —.82 32. 64 26. 26 
125 meters_-_.-- eee —.70 32. 68 26. 285 


Station 1283; July,23; depth 139 meters; lat 59°55’ N., 
‘long. 63°28’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.892 meters 


O meter: 7-25 se 2.30 31.74 25. 325 
25 meters....i_....- 1. 08 31. 82 25. 515 
50 meters__...-...- —. 49 32, 35 26. 01 
76Meters_—= =. sen —.75 32. 61 26. 23 
100 meters___-_-_-_ —.82 32. 71 26, 315 
125 meters__._-_-.- —.70 32. 72 26. 315 


Station 1284; July 23; depth, 113 meters, lat. 60°07’ 
N., long. 63°48’ W. dynamic height, 1,454.899 meters 


Oimeter-22.222.5222 1.50 31. 94 25. 58 
25;meters22sseese- .78 31. 86 25. 56 
50\meters>-- 52252=- —.09 32. 32 25. 97 
VOMMGtOISs-=-ecee == —.14 32. 40 26. 04 
100 meters........- —.20 32. 46 26. 09 


Station 1285; July 24; depth, 274 meters; lat. 60°46’ N., 
long. 64°52’ W.; dynamic height, 1, 454.925 meters 


Qiameters 22222 =e 1.95 31. 22 24. 98 
25 meters..--.....- . 94 31.81 25. 51 
60lmeterss2. =. ses —. 03 32. 10 25. 795 
TOMMGtOrS=aes ne ee ae —.67 32. 66 26. 27 
125imeters: 2-2-2 —.71 33. 36 26. 84 
T/bimietersse. see o= —. 28 33. 58 26. 995 
200 MetErS=acce ese —. 93 34. 02 27. 28 


Station 1286; July 24; depth, 485 meters; lat. 60°58’ 
N., long. 64°46 W.; dynamic height, 1,454.879 
meters 


Onmneter=2-..-----2- 0.80 32. 49 26. 06 
PIRSUOG) ee eee nee . 43 32. 63 26. 195 
50 meters.-_....--- . 06 32.74 26. 30 
100 meters___.----- —.20 33. 32 26. 785 
200 meters__-..---- . 38 33. 78 27. 115 
Ss00lmetersssscoss2 1.31 33. 98 27. 22 
400 meters__..--_-- 1. 52 34.15 27. 35 


Station 1287; July 24; depth, 320 meters; lat. 61°08’ 
ae long. 64°45’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454,901 
meters 


Oimeter: 22-25-22 1.50 32. 49 26. 02 
25 meters..--.-=--- 1.51 32. 67 26. 16 
bOinmeters==== == 13 32. 73 26. 29 
100 meters_-_------- —.40 33. 07 26. 585 
150 meters_-_..-..-- —.85 33. 41 26. 88 
200 meters-_-_-..---- . 49 34. 02 27.31 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1288; July 24; depth, 402 meters; lat. 61°00’ 
a long. 64°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.805 
meters 


Temper- nar 
Depth ature Byres ot 

(°C.) auc, 

2. 00 31.77 25. 41 

76 32. 83 26, 34 

32 33. 07 26. 55 

—.16 33. 34 26. 80 

- 36 33. 81 27.14 

1, 92 34, 26 27. 41 

2. 06 34. 32 27. 45 


Station 1289; July 24; depth, 503 meters; lat. 60°57’ 
a long. 63°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.861 
meters 


Onneter:<2-2. 222. 1.90 31. 20 24, 97 
25 meters.-...--=-- . 03 32, 44 26. 06 
50 meters. =....-=.- —.23 32,77 26. 34 
100 meters_-------- —.13 32. 95 26. 48 
200 meters____----- —.52 33. 78 27. 16 
300 meters_-_-.--.-. 3. 12 34. 55 27. 53 
400 meters: =. so 55 tse5oc25-== 34: (Onl sae soceccs 


Station 1290; July 25; depth, 595 meters; lat. 60°55’ 
i long. 62°42’ W.: dynamic height, 1,454.809 
meters 


Oimeter2+ 22222 =< 1.10 31. 66 25. 38 
ZO MGLOISe> --— ease . 44 32. 49 26. 075 
BO meterss2: 2=2--- .32 32.90 26. 42 
100 meters_-_------- . 50 33. 44 26. 845 
200 meters_....-_-- 1.79 34. 21 27.30 
S00 meters:=.-2=-=2 3.39 34. 63 27. 57 
500 meters__------- 3. 82 (34. 78) (27. 64) 


Station 1291; July 25; depth, 604 meters; lat. 60° 50’ 
Ns long. 62°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.705 
meters 


OMmeter = 22s... 1,45 33. 41 26. 76 
QUNMOLOIS - = =asace 1.10 33. 46 26. 83 
HO0nmeters!_25=--.2-. - 26 33. 71 27. 07 
100 meters_-.------ - 55 34. 00 27. 285 
200 meters_-_------- 2.41 34. 37 27. 46 
300 meters____-_--- 3.49 34. 66 27. 58 
500 meters_----.--- 3.91 34. 79 27. 64 


Station 1292; July 25; depth, 572 meters; lat. 60°51’ 
HS, long. 61°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.662 
meters 


Oimmeter= 20 2<=-S2= 4,31 33. 48 26. 57 
ZOMMOLOIS 22 S325 3. 83 33. 87 26. 92 
bOMMe ters: 2--205.— 3. 45 33. 87 26. 955 
100 meters_---.--.- 1, 44 34. 02 27. 235 
200 meters_---.---- 3.37 34. 74 27. 66 
300 meters____.---- 3. 74 34. 86 27.72 
600 meters. .....-.- 3. 82 (34.88)]} (27.725) 


Station 1293; July 25; depth, 1,509 meters; lat. 60°56’ 
N., long. 60°43’ W. 


SISSIES Go SN 
= DWOODOSOOO 
SSPSSSSLRSes 


o> “100 


231 


Station 1294; July 25; depth, 2,103 meters; lat. 61°02’ 
ls long. 59°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.606 
meters 


Tem per- wee 
Depth ature Baton ot 
(°C.) %0) 
Olmoeter.2. 2.225222 7.40 33. 98 26. 57 
25 mMeterss-sesen ase 7.27 34. 29 26. 85 
50 meters__._--...- 3. 54 34. 58 27. 515 
100 meters_.-.-...- 3. 12 34. 66 27.62 
200 meters__._-_._- 3.85 34. 89 27.73 
400 meters__---_-_- 3. 83 34. 91 27.745 
600 meters__-_-_-_- 3. 83 34, 93 27. 765 
800 meters__-_-_-_- 3. 84 34. 93 27. 765 
1,000 meters_-_-____- 3. 66 34, 92 27. 775 
1,200 meters_-.-___- 3. 48 34, 92 27.79 
1,400 meters_-____- 3. 33 34. 91 27.80 
1,500 meters_--___-- (3. 31) (34. 91) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters----__-_- 3.30 34. 91 27. 80 


Station 1295; July 26; depth, 2,405 meters; lat. 61°08’ 
Dee long. 58°51’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.572 
meters 


Oimleters2ass-s25-—— 8. 85 34. 43 26.72 
6. 24 34. 57 27. 20 
3. 73 34. 70 27. 59 
3. 51 34. 83 27.71 
3.79 34. 90 27.75 
3. 83 34. 92 27.76 
3. 82 34, 92 27.76 
3. 59 34, 93 27.79 
3. 53 34, 93 27.79 
3.31 34, 92 27. 81 
3. 23 34, 91 27.81 

1,500 meters- ------ (3. 23) (34. 91) (27. 81) 

1,600 meters_------ 3. 23 34. 91 27.81 


Station 1296; July 26; depth, 2,580 meters; lat. 61°13’ 


N., long. 58°03’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.615 

meters 
Osmeter-=. 22-2253. 8. 30 34.15 26. 58 
20 IMOLOMS == s-— == 4.71 34. 48 27. 32 
HOlmoeters=2 = 22. = 4.13 34. 73 27. 57 
LOO mmeterss2-—==— == 4, 36 34. 79 27. 595 
200 meters--------- 4. 46 34. 97 27.73 
400 meters.-------- 4,31 34. 96 27. 74 
600 meters__._----- 4.11 (34. 94) 27. 74 
800 meters____----- 3. 96 34. 92 27. 745 
1,000 meters-_---_--- BAA! 34. 91 27. 76 
1,200 meters- - --__-- 3. 41 34. 91 27.79 
1,400 meters. --_--- 3. 28 34.91 27. 80 
1,500 meters. .----- (3. 25) (34. 91) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters. --_-_-- 3. 21 34. 91 27. 81 
2,000 meters_------ 2. 84 34. 90 27. 835 


Station 1297; July 26; depth, 2,700 meters; lat. 61°11’ 
N., long. 57°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.583 
meters 


Owneters-2 == 2225-- 8.99 34, 26 26. 56 
25 metersscosseoee 6. 10 34. 33 27. 04 
50 meters__-------- 3. 30 34. 59 27. 55 
100 meters-__-_------ 3. 53 34. 78 27. 67 
200 meters_-__-_----- 3. 82 34. 88 27. 725 
400 meters___------ 3. 78 34. 91 27. 755 
600}meters===-2—-- Baris 34. 94 27.78 
800 meters___------ 3. 72 34. 93 27.78 
1,000 meters- --___- 3. 63 34. 94 27. 795 
1,200 meters_-.-__-- 3. 40 34. 92 27. 80 
1,400 meters ----_--- 3. 26 34. 92 27. 815 
1,500 meters. -__--- (3. 24) (34.93)| (27. 825) 
1,600 meters-_-_-_--- 3.21 34. 94 27. 835 
2,000 meters_--_.-- 2. 98 34. 92 27. 84 


232 


Station 1298; July 26; depth, 2,790 meters; lat. 61°05’ 
aes long. 56°03’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.650 
meters 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1302; July 28; depth, 3,109 meters; lat. 60°40’ 
Ne long. 51°47’ W., dynamic height, 1,454.596 
meters 


Temper ier 
Depth ature Facae ot 
(°C.) zoe 
Oimoeter_- 22222525 7. 20 34, 22 26. 80 
25 meters___...-__- 3. 40 34. 36 27. 36 
SO} MOtersea se eee 3. 78 34. 62 27. 52 
100 meters________- 4.02 34. 75 27. 60 
200 meters________- 4, 23 34. 90 27.70 
400 meters_________ 4. 53 34. 94 27. 705 
600 meters____.____ 4.31 34. 94 Zits 
800 meters... _._..- 4. 24 34. 94 27. 73 
1,000 meters. -.-___- 4.05 34. 93 27. 74 
1,200 meters__-____ 3. 69 34. 91 27. 765 
1,400 meters__.____ 3. 42 34. 91 27.79 
1,500 meters_-_____- (3. 34) (34. 91) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters_-_____- 3. 26 34. 90 27. 80 
2,000 meters. ._____ 3. 13 34. 90 27. 81 


Station 1299; July 27; depth, 2,800 meters; lat. 60°56’ 
N., long. 54°57’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.610 
meters 


Osmeter=.< 2.22. 8. 21 34, 29 26. 71 
25umeters== ssa". = 5. 26 34. 43 27. 215 
50 meters_-___.--__- 4.35 34. 64 27. 48 
100'meters__---_._. 3.14 34, 68 27. 63 
200 meters___-__.__ 3. 86 34. 88 27.72 
400 meters________- 4.05 34. 94 Qt 
600 meters_______-. 4.07 34, 94 27.75 
800 meters________- 3. 78 34, 92 27.76 
1,000 meters_______ 3. 61 34. 90 27.76 
1,200 meters_______ 3. 39 34. 90 27. 785 
1,400 meters_-_____ 3. 29 34. 90 27.79 
1,500 meters______- (3. 25) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters_______ 3. 22 34. 91 27. 81 
Z, O00MMeterSsoeenee|beasn eae 345915). ae es 


Station 1300; July 27; depth, 2,950 meters; lat. 60°46’ 
ee 53°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.599 
meters. 


Olmeter2-=2- 22-222 8.00 34. 51 26. 91 
ZosNeCLOLS == sae ona. 6. 48 34. 49 27. 11 
50 meters.........- 5. 33 34. 71 27. 42 
100):meters==2 22-2 3. 61 34. 72 27. 62 
200 meters-___.____- 4, 25 34. 92 27.71 
400 meters____.____ 4. 04 34. 94 27.75 
600 meters-_________ 3. 93. 34. 95 27.77 
800 meters____-_-_- 3. 74 34. 93 27.775 
1,000 meters-_..__-- 3. 51 34, 92 27.79 
1,200 meters 3. 30 34. 90 27.79 
1,400 meters 3. 28 34. 92 27.81 
1,500 meters. -____-- (3. 23) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters__.____ 3. 18 34. 90 27. 81 
ZOO meters= s+ s=) 4 |eaee ee ay) gl eee ee 


Station 1301; July 27; depth, 3,018 meters; lat. 60°40’ 
N., long. 52°40’ W., dynamic height, 1,454.639 
meters 


Oj\meters-2. =. 222-7 - 6.95 34, 27 26. 88 
25 NCLEIS= soe nee 5. 93 34. 52 27. 20 
50: meters.-.......- 4. 82 34. 61 27. 40 
100 meters___..-_-- 4.94 34. 76 27. 505 
200 meters_-.....-- 4. 66 34. 95 27. 695 
400 meters_____..-. 4,34 34. 97 27.74 
600 meters_- (4, 18) 34. 96 27.75 
800 meters____.__-_ 4.02 34. 94 27.75 
1,000 meters_____-- 3.72 34.91 27.76 
1,200 meters_ -_-.-_-- 3. 59 34. 89 27.76 
1,400 meters___-_.- 3.32 34. 90 27.79 
1,500 meters___-_-- (8. 25) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters_-_--_-_- 3.19 34.91 27. 81 


2,000 meters. _.-..- 3.16 34, 91 27. 815 


Temper + 
Depth ature Seen ot 
(EXOD) 700 
Ojmeter:.. 2. == 6.79 34. 44 27.03 
Zo NeCLCIS= == see 4.70 34. 60 27.41 
OO MeterSease see 3. 87 34. 80 27. 655 
1L00}meters==- 2222 3. 98 34. 84 27. 68 
200 meters_-__.._-_- 4.19 34. 96 27.75 
400 meters______.-- 4.14 34. 95 27.75 
600 meters___-____. 4.04 34. 94 27.75 
800 meters_-_____-- 3. 79 34. 91 27.75 
1,000 meters_ _ ____- 3. 60 34. 89 27.755 
1,200 meters_ __-.-- 3.48 (34. 90) 27.775 
1,400 meters. ___.-- 3. 29 34. 88 27.78 
1,500 meters___-__- (3. 26) (34. 89) (27. 79) 
1,600 meters- ____-_- 3. 23 34. 90 27. 80 
2,000 meters. ______ S21 |\2222.56..| 


Station 1303; July 28; depth, 3,000 meters; lat. 60°41’ 
N., long. 50°56’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.639 
meters 


Oimeter:2.2422-<2=— 3.72 32. 94 26. 19 
25;meterss-=2-- = 4.35 34. 49 27. 36 
50'meters: 225 222-—— 4. 96 34. 73 27. 48 
100 meters__..____- 5. 53 34. 98 27. 61 
200 meters_______-- 5. 06 35. 00 27. 69 
400 meters___._____ 4. 58 34. 96 27.71 
600 meters_......-- 4.41 34. 96 27. 73 
800 meters_-___._-- 4.19 34. 95 27. 745 
1,000 meters- -__-_-_ 3. 89 34. 94 27.77 
1,200 meters. __._-- 3. 56 34. 92 27. 785 
1,400 meters___-_._ 3.30 34. 91 27. 80 
1500 mtersseenee = (3. 29) (34. 91) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters_____-- 3. 25 34. 90 27. 80 
2,000 meters-_.-__._- 3. 06 34. 90 27. 82 


Station 1304; July 28; depth, 2,900 meters; lat. 60°44’ 
N., Jong. 50°15’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.629 
meters 


Osmeter=.-. 53 === 7. 80 34. 67 27. 06 
25: moterssseeaees 7. 08 34. 60 27.11 
50:meters_ .2252=.22 5. 50 34.71 27.40 
100 meters..._....- 5. 23 35. 00 27. 665 
200 meters.__.-.--- (5. 02) (34. 98)} (27.675) 
400 meters__---.--- (4. 70 34.95 27.69 
600 meters-_.---.--- (4. 21) 34. 92 27.715 
800}metersisoe252 = 3. 69 34. 91 27.765 
1,000 meters- _.-_-- 3, 55 34. 91 27.78 
1,200 meters-_ --...- 3.41 34, 91 27.79 
1,400 meters. -._._-- 3. 28 34. 89 27.79 
1,500 meters (3. 22) (34.91)} (27.81) 


3.17 34, 92 27. 82 
2. 92 34. 90 27. 83 


Station 1305; July 28; depth, 2,697 meters; lat. 60°51’ 
N., long. 49°42’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.622 
meters 


Olmeterzs=-25-- 2-2 7.10 34. 61 27.11 
25;metersss--es 6. 43 34. 61 27. 205 
60)meters-=--- —--=2 6. 30 34. 66 27, 26 
100 meters____-_--- 5. 52 34. 80 27.47 
200 meters..-.....- 4. 66 34.99 27. 725 
400;meters222s-s-=— 4.33 34. 96 27. 74 
600 meters--- 4. 30 34. 96 27.74 
800 meters-_- 3. 94 34. 94 27.76 
1,000 meters 3.71 34. 93 27.78 
1,200 meters_-_...-- 3.45 34. 93 27. 805 
1,400 meters-_ __---- 3. 29 34, 91 27.81 
1,500 meters_-__---- (3. 26) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters_-_-_---- 3. 23 34, 92 27. 815 
2,000 meters. ...... 3. 00 34, 90 27. 82 


a ee 


2 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Station 1306; July 28; depth, 503 meters; lat. 60°58’ 
N., long. 49°29’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.706 
meters 


233 


Station 1312; Aug. 1; depth, 1,737 meters; lat. 59°28’ 
N., long. 44°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.614 
meters 


Temper nc Temper Paar 
Depth ature saree ot Depth ature | Salinity ot 
CC.) 700 (°C.) (0) 
Opmeter =2-- 2 2. 50 31.80 25. 40 O;meter: = 6. 90 34, 84 27.31 
25: meters... .-.--- . 76 33. 58 26. 94 25 meters_ 6.91 34. 81 27. 295 
5O0\meters..=------ 1. 90 33. 93 27. 14 50 meters..._..._.: 6. 86 34. 81 27. 305 
100 meters Ze 3. 24 34. 30 27. 33 100: meters_....._.. 6, 82 34. 88 27.365 
300 meters_____-_.- 4.96 34. 93 27. 64 200imMeterses ss - == 5. 67 34. 94 27. 565 
500 meters___-____- 5. 03 34. 97 27.665 | 400 meters__..____. 5. 61 35. 07 27. 69 
600 meters________- 5. 26 35. 03 27.69 
peters ee 4.54 35.05 27.79 
. A j 6 ones il meters! ==-=- 3. 80 34. 96 27.79 
Station 1307; July 28; depth, 136 meters; lat. 61°06’ N., ene ee oem Ba. OF lca 


long. 49°09’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.808 meters 


Ouneters.-- >= 22 = 3.30 31. 67 25, 22 
ZosMOters: =-22= 222 - . 28 32. 38 26. 00 
SOMMELETS| ==. 2-22 —.27 32. 74 26. 315 
ZOLMOLEIS==>-5-2 ese . 65 33. 41 26. 81 
100 meters-_---.---- ait 33. 61 26. 965 


Station 1308; July 31; depth, 132 meters; lat. 60°35’ 
N., long. 48°47’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.729 
meters 


Olmoeter-o=2----- 2 1. 60 31. 47 25, 19 
25 meters__--..---- 29 32. 39 26. 01 
50 meters___...-... - 60 33. 27 26. 70 
100 meters_-__----- 4.32 34, 26 27. 50 


Station 1309; July 31; depth, 613 meters; lat. 60°20’ 
Ns long. 48°46’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.656 
meters 


Osmneter-2<=26= See 4.49 34. 16 27.09 
25 moters-..-...... 3. 62 34, 14 27.16 
oO: meters. —=...--- 3. 80 34. 34 27. 31 
1OOimpters= <2 o.- -== 5. 03 34. 72 27. 465 
300 meters_-.....-- 4.85 34. 93 27. 655 
500 meters_..-....- 5.03 35. 02 27. 705 


Station 1310; July 31; depth, 2,798 meters; lat. 
59°58’ N., long. 48°52’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.626 meters 


Oimeterss-> - Fs5 5). 7.30 34. 78 27.22 
DOMME ga aes 7.05 34.77 27. 245 
HO MMOteTS= 2225-25. 7.45 34. 87 27. 265 
100 meters_--___..- 6.73 34. 96 27. 44 
200 meters-_---.-..- 5.11 35. 05 2.2 
400 meters_____---. 4.51 34, 98 27.73 
600 meters.._-_-_-. 4, 50 34. 98 27.73 
800 meters__.__-__- 3.91 34.95 27.77 
1,000 meters___-___- 3. 61 34. 93 27.79 
1,200 meters. -__-_-- 3.41 34. 92 27. 80 
1,400 meters. - -___- 3. 28 34, 89 27.80 
DOO IRELEr Sea aos eee ee | he (27. 80) 


Station 1311; Aug. 1; depth, 200 meters; lat. 59°37’ 
a long. 44°16’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.698 
meters 


Osmeter: S352. - 0.75 31. 59 25. 34 
25 meters.........- 21 32.38 26. 005 
650i meters. 5... =... 1.02 33.45 26. 82 
7o.meters- 2s 25 =) 1.31 33. 80 27.075 
100 meters_.....__- 2.14 34.17 27. 32 
200 meters.......__ 3.79 34. 80 27. 665 


Station 1313; Aug. 2; depth, 2,150 meters; lat. 59°18’ 
Ne, long. 45°37’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.600 
meters 


Seeaueessses 7.60 34. 93 27. 29 
Meeseese 7. 69 34. 93 27. 28 
DiS noo 7.71 34. 90 » 27.25 
ees 7. 60 34. 95 27.31 

eae 5. 41 35. 65 27. 685 
400;meters----_---- 4.72 35.03 27.75 
= (4. 60) 35. 05 27.78 
weccose 4. 02 34. 99 27.79 
1,000 meters___-__. 3. 91 34, 97 27.79 
1,200 meters-- --_--- 3. 58 34, 95 27. 81 


Station 1314; Aug. 2; depth, 2,423 meters; lat. 59°08’ 
N., long. 46°04’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.578 
meters 


Oimeterss--- 5-2-2 7. 29 34.78 Dien 
25 IMCLOISSa2 se eS 7.19 34. 73 27.19 
50imeters2222—-- 2 7.18 34.75 27.21 
100 meters_...-..=- 5. 11 34, 91 27.61 
200 meters_______-- 4,61 35. 02 27. 755 
400 meters_.__.._-- 4.18 34. 97 27.76 
600 meters_-__-_---- 3. 86 34. 97 37. 795 
800 meters_._-_-_-- 3. 60 34, 94 27.795 
1,000 meters___-__-- 3.47 34. 93 27. 80 
1,200 meters__-_-__-_ 3.30 34. 91 27. 80 
1,400 meters_-____-- 3. 28 34. 90 27. 80 
1,500 meters______. (3. 25) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters. __-_-- 3. 22 34. 90 27. 80 
2,000 meters_ -__--_-- 2. 88 34. 93 27. 85 


Station 1315; Aug. 2; depth, 2,652 meters; lat. 58°48’ 
N., long. 46°40’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.557 
meters 


Ovmoters-222--825-2 7. 50 34. 75 27.16 
25 moeters-=-----==4 7. 16 34. 76 27. 22 
HBOimeterss--2- === 7.17 34. 76 27. 22 
100 meters_-------- 4,31 34. 93 27.71 
200 meters--------- 4, 20 34. 98 Ql. 
400 meters__.-.--..- 4. 08 34. 97 27.77 
600 meters_-__._-_-- 3. 67 34. 95 27.80 
800 meters_---_---- 3. 57 34, 94 27. 80 
1,000 meters_.__--- 3.35 34, 92 27. 805 
1,200 meters-_ -_---- 3. 22 34. 91 27.81 
1,400 meters_-____-- 3. 14 34. 90 27.81 
1,500 meters_-_-__--- (3. 13) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters__._--_- 3.11 34. 91 27. 82 
2,000 meters_----_- 2.74 34. 93 27. 82 


234. 


Station 1316; Aug. 2; depth 3,201 meters; lat. 58°22’ 
N., long. 47°08’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.566 
meters 


MARION 


Temper ss 
Depth ature aa ot 
(Es) 700 
Ometer: 2-2 =- 7.45 34. 63 27. 08 
25-meters.22---2~5- 6. 62 34. 68 27. 23 
50: meters === 324 325 6. 06 34. 71 27.33 
100 meters..------- 4.14 34. 88 27.69 
200 meters-_-_-_---_-- 3. 92 34. 95 27.77 
400 meters-_-_----_-- 3. 94 34. 96 27 78 
600 meters_-------- 3. 72 34. 93 27.78 
800 meters--------- 3. 60 34. 92 27.78 
1,000 meters- ------ 3.37 34. 92 27.80 
1,200 meters- ------ 3.32 34. 92 27.81 
1,400 meters------- 3. 21 34. 91 27.81 
1,500 meters_-..---- (3. 20) (34. 91) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters- --_---- 3. 20 34. 91 27.81 
2,000 meters. --.---- 2. 92 34. 91 27. 825 


Station 1317; Aug. 2; depth 3,484 meters; lat. 57°53’ 
N., long. 47°52’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.573 
meters 


Ormeter. 252232222. 7.15 34. 64 27.13 
25 meters-_....-.--- 6.76 34. 69 27. 22 
50 meters.-.-------- 5.71 34. 74 27. 40 
100 meters-_---.---- 3.95 34. 88 27.71 
200 meters._-2.--—- 3.88 34. 94 27.77 
400 meters-_--.----- 3.89 34. 96 27.78 
600 meters_-_------- 3. 68 34. 93 27.78 
800 meters_-_------- Shia 34. 91 2.8: | 
1,000 meters--_- 3. 36 34. 90 27.79 
1,200 meters--- 3.31 34. 90 27.79 
1,400 meters-_--.---- 3. 22 34. 89 27.79 
1,500 meters-_-.---- (8. 21) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters. .----- 3. 20 34. 90 27.80 
2,000 meters. ------ 3. 09 34. 89 27.81 


Station 1318; Aug. 3; lat. 58°24’ N., long. 49°00’ W.; 
dynamic height, 1,454.570 meters. 


OQuneter=-<=2 ==. - 7.19 (34.64)} 27.12 
25 meters_.-..----- 6. 97 34. 66 27.17 
BO)mMeters=s=-s-cs—5 5.79 34. 69 27. 35 
100 meters-_----.--- 3. 90 34. 86 27.70 
200 meters_..------ 3. 86 34. 93 27. 765 
400 meters_-------- 3. 74 34. 94 27.78 
600 meters_-------- 3. 59 34, 92 27.78 
800 meters_-------- 3. 42 34. 91 27. 79 
1,000 meters------- 3. 31 34. 90 27.79 
1,200 meters. .-_--- 3. 25 34. 90 27.79 
1,400 meters. ------ 3. 21 34, 90 27. 805 
1,500 meters___-_-- (3. 20) (34.90)} (27. 805) 
1,600 meters-_------ 3. 20 34. 90 27. 805 
2,000 meters- - ----- 3. 11 34. 90 27, 81 


Station 1319; Aug. 3; depth, 3,383 meters; lat. 58°55’ 
Ne long. 50°01’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.587 
meters 


Onneters:—<2-<os-5- 7.60 34. 65 27.07 
ZO HOLES. = 2258--=- 6. 66 34. 66 27. 215 
50ameters-=--- 2-2. 5.35 34. 70 27.41 
100 meters...--..-_ 4,34 34. 92 27.70 
200 meters_.....-_- 4.03 34. 94 27.75 
400 meters__-_.--_- 3. 91 34. 93 27. 76 
600 meters_-.------ 3.70 34, 93 27.78 
800 meters_-..-.--- 3. 51 34. 91 27.78 
1,000 meters. - .---.- 3.49 34. 91 27.78 
1,200 meters --_-_--- 3.40 34. 89 27. 78 
1,400 meters. _.-_--- 3. 37 34. 89 27. 78 
1,500 meters_-_._--- (8. 32) (34. 90) (27. 79) 
1,600 meters_--_--_- 3. 27 34, 90 27.80 
2,000 meters. ------ 3. 17 34. 90 27.81 


AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


a 


Station 1320; Aug. 3; depth, 3,428 meters; lat. 59°00’ 
ak long. 51°40’ W.; dynamic height 1,454 565 
meters 


Temper- nee 
Depth ature ora ct 
(Ces) 700 

Oimeter.-- 2-522 7. 70 34, 67 27. 07 
25'meters. 222-2. 6.99 34. 65 27.16 
60)smetersio2. see 3. 83 34. 70 27.58 
100 meters___--_-_- 3.96 |34 27.89°| 27.72 
200 meters_-------- 3. 94 34. 92 27. 745 
400 meters_----_-_- 3. 77 34. 93 27.77 
600 meters_---_-___- 3. 59 34. 91 27.775 
800 meters_----.--- 3. 42 34.90 27. 78 
1,000 meters_----_- 3. 36 34.90 27.79 
1,200 meters- ---_-_- 3. 29 34. 90 27.80 
1,400 meters... --_- 3. 28 34.90 27. 805 
1,500 meters... -._- (3. 23) (34.90)| (27. 805) 
1,600 meters------- 3. 23 34. 90 27. 805 
2,000 meters. _----- 3.14 34.90 27.81 


Station 1321; Aug. 4; depth, 3,338 meters; lat. 59°00’ 
a long. 53°00’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.558 
meters 


Oimeter2=--2-====— 7.80 34, 67 27. 06 
2b;meters.=sos-ee— 7.37 34. 67 27.12 
SOimeters=22-see-—— 4.94 34. 81 27. 545 
100 meters_-_--.-.-- 3.79 34. 88 27.73 
200 meters._.-...-- 3. 68 34. 89 27.75 
400 meters__-----.- 3. 71 34. 93 27. 78 
600 meters__-.----- 3. 62 34. 92 27. 78 
800 meters_--.-.-.- 3.37 34. 92 27.80 
1,000 meters. ------ 3.31 34, 91 27. 80 
1,200 meters_-..--- 3. 28 34. 91 27.80 
1,400 meters- ------ 3. 24 34. 90 27. 80 
1,500 meters---__-.- (3. 23) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters. ------ 3. 22 34. 90 27. 80 
2,000 meters- ---_--- onl, 34, 92 27. 825 


Station 1322; Aug. 4; depth, 3,566 meters; lat. 58°30’ 
ae long. 53°44’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.553 
meters 


Omoter=2=--55-= 7.90 34. 63 27. O01 
2hinietersmeeess= = 7.48 34. 63 27. 075 
OO Meerse=--222--- 4. 56 34. 75 27.54 
LO0)meterse22--2--— 3.72 34. 88 27. 735 
200'meters==-2--2-- 3. 69 34, 91 27. 765 
400 meters_-_------- 3.58 34. 91 21.115 
600 meters__-.----- 3. 43 34. 91 27.79 
800 meters. _------- 3.33 34. 89 27. 795 
1,000 meters----.--- 3.30 34. 89 27. 795 
1,200 meters---.-_- 3. 24 34. 89 27.80 
1,400 meters_-_.___- 3. 21 34. 90 27. 805 
1,500 meters. .__--- (3. 20) (34.90)} (27. 805) 
1,600 meters-_------ 3. 20 34. 91 (27. 805) 
2,000 meters.-.----- 3.13 34. 91 27. 82 


Station 1323; Aug. 4; depth, 3,700 meters; lat. 58°00’ 
N zr long. 54°30’ W., dynamic height, 1,454.628 
meters 


O'meter:=-.----.-- 7.94 34. 66 27. 03 
25:moeters==c- soo 5.72 34. 78 27. 43 
50: meters. -...-==2- 3.99 34. 86 27. 69 
100 meters___._-.-- 4, 09 34. 87 27. 69 
200 meters__...---- 4,15 34. 88 27. 69 
400 meters__.------ 4.30 34. 90 27. 69 
600 meters_-------- 3. 81 34. 88 27. 725 
800 meters_-_--_---- 3. 76 34. 88 27. 735 
1,000 meters_------ 3. 65 34. 88 27. 745 
1,200 meters- ------ 3. 51 34. 88 27. 755 
1,400 meters-_-_---- 3. 32 34, 88 27. 775 
1,500 meters . - . (3.28)|  (34.88)} (27. 78) 
1,600 meters__ a 3, 25 34. 88 27. 78 
2,000 meters. ._---- 3.18 34. 88 27.79 


DAVIS 


Station 1324; Aug. 4; depth, 3,800 meters; lat. 57°30’ 
N., long. 53°31’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.564 
meters 


Temper- | gajinit 
Mf 
Pa fay | (60) | 
Olwieteys ==. 322... 7.97 34. 57 26. 96 
2nuneters:..-.2.=--- 6. 76 34. 59 20. 15 
HOwneters. = 2252. --2 4.69 34. 72 27.65 
100 meters-_-------- 3. 67 34. 82 27. 695 
200 meters_-_------- 3. 86 34, 92 27. 755 
400 meters_-_-_------ BL Ce 34, 92 27. 765 
600 meters-_-------- 3. 56 34. 91 27.775 
800 meters.-.------ 3.33 34. 88 27. 775 
1,000 meters- - ----- 3. 30 34. 89 27. 78 
1,200 meters_-_ __-_- 3. 24 34. 88 27. 78 
1,400 meters-__-_-_-_-- 3. 21 34. 88 27.79 
1,500 meters_____-- (3. 20) (34. 88) (27. 79) 
1,600 meters_ .-.---- 3.19 34. 88 27.79 
2,000 meters--_---_- 3.14 34.89 27.80 


Station 1325; Aug. 5; depth, 3,502 meters; lat. 56°58’ 
N., long. 52°29’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.564 
meters 


Ouneter= <2 222. =5.2 8.12 34. 58 26. 94 
Zaxmeters: 25222). dant 34.59 27. 00 
5Oumeters.. 2. 2--..- 6. 23 34. 70 27. 30 
100'meters-..-2---- 3. 58 34. 85 27. 725 
200 meters_-------- 3.31 34. 87 27.775 
400 meters_-------- 3. 29 34, 88 27. 78 
600 meters_-------- e271 34. 88 27.78 
SO0meters.= 22 =. - 3. 24 34. 88 27. 78 
1,000 meters---_--- 3, 24 34. 90 27.80 
1,200 meters_..-_--- 3.19 34. 90 27. 805 
1,400 meters- --_--- 3. 15 34. 90 27.81 
1,500 meters. - .---- (3. 14) (34. 90) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters_ --__--- 3.13 34. 90 27.81 
2,000 meters- - ----- 3. 05 34. 90 27. 82 


Station 1326; Aug. 5; depth, 3,612 meters; lat. 56°58’ 
N., long. 50°32’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.577 
meters 


Olmeter-_s324525=-< 7. 65 34. 61 27. 035 
2DUNGtBESs2 S222 = (bess 34. 62 27. 085 
SO0imeters 2. = 2- 22. < 5. 54 34. 77 27. 445 
100 meters_-------- 4. 01 34. 86 27. 69 
200 meters-_-_------- 3.81 34. 93 PARLE 
400 meters_----.--- 3.70 34. 92 27.77 
600 meters-__-------- 3. 55 34. 91 27. 78 
800 meters_-------- 3. 52 34. 91 27. 78 
1,000 meters_--__--_- 3.49 34. 92 27.79 
1,200 meters_ - -___- 3. 48 34, 92 27.79 
1,400 meters_-__-_--- 3.36 34. 91 27. 80 
1,500 meters. -_-_- (3. 32) (34. 91) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters_------ 3. 29 34. 91 27. 805 
2,000 meters_ -__-__- 3. 22 34. 91 27.81 


Station 1327; Aug. 5; depth, 3,630 meters; lat. 56°58’ 
rae long. 48°40’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.555 
meters 


Ometer. 222222 7. 80 34. 52 26. 94 
ZeaIeters— = eas 7. 58 34. 53 26. 985 
S0MNELETS. oe = 3 4,97 34. 81 27. 54 
100‘meters!= =.= -- 3. 86 34. 87 27. 715 
200 meters_-____-__- 3.61 34. 91 27.77 
400 meters_-__---__- 3.51 34. 91 27.78 
600 meters-__--_---_-- 3. 51 34. 91 27.78 
800 meters- -- ----_- 3. 35 34. 92 27. 805 
1,000 meters_--_____ 3. 36 34. 92 27. 805 
1,200 meters. -______ 3. 33 34. 92 27. 81 
1,500 meters_-____- 3. 29 34. 92 27. 81 
2,000 meters-_.___-__ 3. 20 34. 91 27. 81 
2,500 meters_______ Salt 34. 93 27. 84 
3,000 meters _______ 2. 81 34. 96 27. 89 


79920—37——16 


STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


235 


Station 1328; Aug. 6; depth, 3,820 meters; lat. 56°26’ 
N., long. 48°56’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.551 
meters 


Temper- rer 
Depth ature agri o% 
(°G.) 900) 
Olmeter:..22.22-<- 7. 30 34. 58 27. 06 
Zo meters..s2--4--. 7. 57 34. 56 27.01 
50 meters__..__---.. 4. 64 34, 82 27. 585 
100 meters_-_.__--- 3. 47 34. 88 27. 76 
200 meters___..__-- 3. 41 34. 89 27.76 
400 meters____-____ 3.38 34. 90 27.79 
600 meters___..._-- (3. 35) 34. 90 27.79 
800 meters_-_______- 3. 33 34. 90 27.79 
1,000 meters_______ 3.31 34. 90 27. 79 
1,200 meters - _____- 3. 25 34. 90 27. 80 
1,400 meters -_______ 3. 20 34, 92 27. 82 
1,500 meters -_______ (3. 19) (34. 92) (27. 82) 
1,600 meters ______- 3.18 34. 92 27. 825 
2.009 meters _______ 3.13 34. 92 27. 82 


Station 1329; Aug. 6; depth, 3,530 meters; lat. 55°40’ 
N., long., 49°11’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.571 
meters 


Ounetert2= =. 8. 30 34. 54 26. 88 
25 meters... ------- 8.03 34, 52 26. 91 
S0mmoeterste ee. 2 5. 48 34. 49 27.39 
t0Ojaneterss 22 -— =. - 3.40 34. 83 27. 725 
200 meters: 2:~__. == 3. 36 34. 87 27. 765 
400moeters. 22. . 2: - - 3.35 34, 88 27.77 
600 meters_-_.___--- 3. 33 34. 88 21. 08 
800 meters-_--_----- 3.31 34. 89 27. 785 
1,000 meters-_--_-_- 3.19 34, 89 27. 795 
1,200 meters_-_____- 3. 20 34. 89 27.795 
1,400 meters_______ 3.19 34. 90 27. 80 
1,500 meters-- ____- (3. 14) (34. 90) (27. 80) 
1,600 meters______- 3.10 34. 89 27. 80 


Station 1330; Aug. 7; depth, 3,450 meters; lat. 54°52’ 
N., long. 49°25’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.569 
meters 


OQumeter2-2=s- 8. 20 34. 47 26. 86 
2IMELETS es. = 55252 8.07 34. 46 26. 87 
SOONELEIS== =e sees 5. 44 34. 63 27. 345 
LOO;meters:' ==> = + 3.70 34. 81 27. 68 
200 meters__-_-__-_-- 3. 61 34. 91 PEM 
400 meters______--- 3.49 34. 91 27. 78 
600 meters_--_-__-.-- 3.40 34. 90 27. 785 
800 meters__.-_---- 3.38 34. 91 27.79 
1,000 meters 3. 28 34. 90 27. 795 
1,200 meters- --__-- 3. 26 34. 90 27. 795 
1,400 meters__-._--- 3. 21 34. 91 27. 81 
1,500 meters______- (3. 18) (34.90)) (27. 81) 
1,600 meters _--__-_- 3.16 34. 90 27. 81 
2,000 meters------- 3.10 34. 91 27. 82 


Station 1331; Aug. 7; depth, 3,270 meters; lat. 54°05’ 
N., long., 49°41’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.585 
meters 


O:meter_.--- = 9. 55 34. 41 26. 60 
Zo mMeterse.2==eeee 8.99 34. 40 26. 68 
OOUMCLEIS=. acess 5. 58 34. 58 27. 29 
100 meters-_-_------- 3.47 34. 78 27. 68 
200 meters_-__------ 3. 46 34. 88 27.76 
400 meters_--_--_--- 3. 46 34. 89 27.77 
600 meters. --_--... 3. 34 34. 90 27.79 
800 meters_-_------ 3. 28 34. 90 27. 795 
1,000 meters... --.- 3. 28 34. 90 27. 795 
1,200 meters_ __--_- 3. 26 34. 90 27.795 
1,400 meters_-____- (3. 25) 34. 88 27. 795 
1,500) meterse__-- (3. 24) (34. 89)| (27.795) 
1,600 meters___-_--_- 3. 23 34. 89 27. 795 


236 


Station 1332; Aug. 7; ee 3,590 meters; lat. 53°32’ 
N., long. "49°36" ; dynamic height, 1,454.691 


MARION 


AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Station 1336; Aug. 8; depth, 273 meters; lat. 52°53’ 


meters 
Temper- ees 
Depth ature Sa ot 
°C.) c 
O:meter-22¢ 222522 11. 25 34. 63 26. 46 
25 eNEterS) === =e == 10. 32 34. 63 26. 625 
OO Meters: fesse 9.48 34. 67 26. 79 
100)meters:_-..--_- 5. 04 34. 68 27. 43 
200meters222-- 3 3.98 34. 78 27. 63 
400 meters_-__-...-_- 3. 65 34. 87 27. 735 
600 meters__-.-_--- 3. 56 34. 88 27.75 
800 meters_-_....--- 3. 56 34. 88 27.75 
1,000 meters. -____-- 3. 51 34. 88 27. 755 
1,200 meters------- 3.45 34. 88 27.76 
1,400 meters-_.-.-- 3. 26 34. 87 27.77 
1,500/meters=-.-<--- (3. 26) (34, 88)} (27.78) 
1,600 meters__-..-- 3. 25 34. 88 27. 78 
2,000 meters_-__--_-- 3.14 34. 89 27. 80 


Station 1333; Aug. 7; depth, 3,440 meters; lat. 53°19’ 
N., long. 50°30’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.574 


meters 
Ouneterts-3- 3222 -= 8.70 34. 41 26. 73 
25 meters..-------. Wo teh 34. 42 26. 88 
50'meters: = 25-=— = One 34. 61 27. 36 
100 meters-__-_------ 3. 56 34. 81 27. 695 
200 meters_-------_ 3. 43 34. 87 27. 755 
400 meters___--._-- 3.41 34. 88 27.77 
600 meters__-_---_--- 3.37 34. 90 27.79 
SO0imeters=22s2--—— 3.33 34. 91 27. 80 
1,000 meters----.--- 3. 28 34. 91 27. 80 
1,200 meters... ----- 3.16 34. 91 27. 815 
1,400 meters_.__._- 3.14 34. 91 27. 815 
1,500 meters---.---- (3. 12) (34.91)| (27.815) 
1,600 meters---_---- 3.11 34. 91 27. 82 


Station 1334; Aug. 7-8; depth, 2,900 meters; lat. 
53°11’ N., long, 51°01’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.563 meters 


O:metersesees oe as28 8.00 34. 42 26. 85 
25 metersss_...=--=- 6. 52 34. 48 27.09 
50 umeterse2-2 2. -- = 4.32 34. 48 27. 36 
100'meters?_-=-- = =~ 3. 58 34. 83 27. 71 
20Ometerss2c2 5222! 3. 53 34. 88 27. 75 
400 meters_-----_-- Ray 34. 92 27.79 
600 meters__------- 3.51 34. 92 27. 79 
800 meters__----__- 3. 50 34. 92 27.79 
1,000 meters_--_-_-- 3.34 34. 91 27. 80 
1,200 meters_-_----- 3.32 34.91 27. 80 
1,400 meters_-_-_--- 3. 30 34. 94 27. 83 
1,500 meters_------ (3. 20) (34. 95) (27. 84) 
1,600 meters-_---.-- 3.10 34. 96 27. 86 


Station 1335; Aug. 8; depth, 1,006 meters; lat. 
53°00’ N., long. 51°40’ W.; dynamic height, 
1,454.603 meters 


Olmeter2e-s--e—e—— 6.18 33. 34 26. 24 
Diya ci) eae See 5. 34 34.15 26. 98 
bOwmeters-2=-2-2—-5 3. 58 (34. 53) 27. 48 
100 meters....--_-- 3. 37 34. 70 27. 625 
AO ANGLES sence == 3. 63 34. 86 27. 73 
400 meters_.-..-_-- 3. 63 34. 87 27. 735 
600 meters__..-.--- 3. 63 34. 90 27.76 
800) meters-.22-2--— 3. 52 34. 88 27. 76 


» long. 52°05’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.654 
meters 
Temper- ets 
Depth ature BCA 1 
(°C.) it} 
Oimeters=-.see-aee = 5.35 32. 53 25. 70 
10)meters222 = Salo 32. 73 25. 88 
25 meters-_.-....... 1. 50 33. 63 26. 93 
DOANBLELS == -99 33. 89 27.19 
100) meters: .-2--.-< 1.12 34. 23 27. 44 
L50)metersi 222-225. 2.13 (34. 46) (27. 55) 
250 meters.....-... 2.71 34. 63 27. 63 


Station 1337; Aug. 8; depth, 216 meters; lat. 52°45’ 
N., long. 52°38’ W. 


O;meter222S=22 ees 5.00) | coke. aees|eee oe 
25 meters: =-235-=—- —.71 33. 28 26.775 
SO0imMeters=s22 ee —.94 33. 41 26. 89 

100 meters_______-- —.28 33. 72 27.105 
125 meters. .-...-._ Pi al eer geese || os 
175 meters. ___.-_-- 167 |t.2..2. eee 


Station 1338; Aug. 8; depth, 317 meters; lat. 52°32’ 
long. 53°17’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.714 
meters 


Olmeter: 223 2. -e2s 5.19 32. 61 25. 78 
25) Meterss=-- see eee . 86 32. 84 26. 34 
50 meters........-- —.73 33. 31 26. 80 
LOOimeters?=22--2-— —.39 33. 61 27.025 
200 meters__...._-- 1. 56 34. 33 27. 495 


Station 1339; Aug. 8; depth, 194 meters; lat. 52°23’ 
N., long. 53°56’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.710 
meters 


Oimeter-22--22 22-5 6. 51 32. 34 25. 42 
2 INCLCIS sess —.25 32. 96 26. 49 
50 meters..---=...- —1.01 33. 28 26. 78 
100 meters...._._-- -07 33. 68 27. 06 
1T50;meters2- == s2o2= . 67 34. 10 27. 36 


Station 1340; Aug. 8; depth, 232 meters; lat. 52°14’ 
N., long. 54°23’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.740 
meters 


Oimeterse. b= 225. 6. 50 32. 40 25. 46 
25imeterssssnnaeee. 3. 29 32. 58 25. 95 
5Olumetersa=-=-2---- —.88 33. 20 26. 71 
100 meters__..--_-- —.09 33. 62 27. 02 
200 meters._-.----- - 56 34. 07 27. 345 


Station 1341; Aug. 8; depth, 209 meters; lat. 52°06’ 
N., long. 54°50’ W.; dynamic height, 1,454.768 
meters 


Oumeter:_- 2222s 6. 20 32. 10 25. 26 
OAenG eee 4.27 32. 49 25. 785 
SOMMeLErS! 222 sseeee —1.10 33. 06 26. 60 
(OuMeLers== == se= ae =], 15 33, 28 26, 785 
100 meters__-_----- —1. 20 33. 38 26. 87 
150ameterss222222=- —0. 84 33. 60 27. 035 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 237 


GENERAL GREENE, 1933 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- - Tem- + 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth eae (960) Depth peo (960) % 


Station 1487; June 26; lat. 47°40’ N., long. 52°33’ W.; depth, 165 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.693 meters 


Ohimelers = -mee= = etree 8. 64 Olbaa | MOMMmeters =o. -2--5— 525.22 8. 64 31. 53 24. 48 
GMM OLELS=2222-c 2225 = = 22 —.61 325200 eo MeLers:...--=-=--=- -= —.60 32. 26 25. 94 
BAMEOrs=-s-=25s=-S=Se= =. —1.12 2700) OO INCLOISs-<.5-~=-5255—— —1.05 32. 52 26.17 
MORI O LOLS? o-oo a ee —1.36 B2Ae MC OMMOLELS=-=— =. == 2. 22_ S- —1.35 32. 72 26. 34 
LGssmeters: <3 ee sek —1.58 325800|)100)meters..2._-2-.-2...- —1.55 32, 84 26. 44 
Og MeLEIS2 oo nee eee —1.31 doe) |) Loo; meters. -.-.--=.-"..-- —1.40 33. 08 26. 63 


Station 1488; June 26; lat. 47°58’ N., long. 52°16’ W.; depth, 190 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.677 meters 


ORMISLen- 5 see ee 8. 08 SOON PONmMeters ==. 2-5: --2222. 8. 08 31. 06 24.19 
WASITIGLOTS) 225 tee = —.93 249i) 20 Meters: =~. 255+ 2225-5 —.98 32. 50 26.15 
ASIMOLOIS coe ee 35 Sa —.85 324821) OOMMeters-=.-=-==-=--=-.- —.85 32. 83 26. 41 
—1.61 32.86 | 75 meters-_- —1.65 32. 86 26. 46 
—1.65 32.94 | 100 meters. —1.65 32. 96 26. 54 
—1.42 Sol 2a PloO MeELOLs==2-- == =--3=-=- —1.40 33. 14 26. 68 


Onneteryatcocses 2 sees 7.65 OlTsASOun terse s = 2-52 7. 65 31. 48 24, 58 
225) THTG) el ee ee . 59 O2OA0 | MeOUNELeNS2o—— 22 = SS . 60 32. 39 26. 00 
Bee OLOLS ee = = — == se 2 —.95 32.400 | MOU MMOLEISs 22222 555-52.5- —.90 32. 71 26. 32 
MORMIOLOLS: 8S = Son See ke —1.47 SZNSON PM OMMOLEIS=-=-<6 2225.25. - —1.45 32. 85 26. 44 
WOAMOLOIS==~- 22 2-2-5 —1,49 32.:98)))) 100)meters-..-.-...2=-==- —1.50 32. 96 26. 54 
LD MaHUGLEUS 4. 5-=- =. =o <2 —.72 Sduoz tl, 150); meters- =.= ===. --- —.85 33. 28 26.77 


Station 1490; June 27; lat. 48°30’ N., long. 51°41’ W.; depth, 192 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.646 meters 


OMITSUBRE | a2 =— 2 ee es 6. 47 SIS OSuIMONMOLOR se o—=—— = See 6.47 31. 58 24. 82 
BUT i ee .81 OZn0LeleepeMeOterss 22 =--o= = a- 2 . 85 32.45 26. 04 
DOMELELENS see ee cae eae ose 1. 20 32. 90))|-00, meters: ..=-- ~-.. =. -- 1. 20 32. 92 26. 38 
SaumMeters#= = eso o oo —1.17 BRAC || {ii ke —.80 32. 97 26. 52 
WOGHMOGLOIS+2-22..-—-sossc5- —1.35 soe iea OOMeLers=22_— 32-222 —1.35 33. 16 26. 70 
Uli) ie rr —.46 BB AfOn Loo Meters=s== ee —.70 33. 67 27.09 

(200): meters eee— == —.20 33. 87 27. 23 


Station 1491; June 27; lat. 48°47’ N., long. 51°24’ W.; depth, 210 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.636 meters 


Ouotencasose2 2-2-5. =. 5.49 al Son| Oumeters— ==. 22-2225 5.49 31.86 25.16 
Pfaneterse ss. - .2--52=-- —.58 OeNes) |pooumeters®==252 5 8 ose —.55 32. 74 26. 33 
Da WIGLOUS== seo". 2 5-s2o= —.65 32586: \\5O0'meters:-.-=—--.5-2.- = —.65 32. 86 26. 33 
(Git Gi a —1.14 SoNOUN Ecos MIOLETS === a= Se —1.05 32. 99 26. 55 
iAmneters S22 25-52.) 222. - —1.32 Sota OO mMeterss. 2) 3. = ae —1.35 33. 09 26. 64 
ibyeters-2223s-~. 2. 5. —.74 Boose oO mMmeters= 2. = se ee —.90 33. 56 27. 01 
AU UINOLOLS=ese—— a= 2 Se 1.48 BAe D4 ZOO INOLOrSs 225 2a 1.10 34. 28 27. 48 


6. 14 32.05 6. 14 32. 05 25. 23 

1.47 32. 80 1.45 32. 81 26. 29 

—.13 32. 89 —.45 32. 93 26. 48 

—1.42 33.11 —1.40 33.19 26. 72 

—.76 33. 38 —.65 33. 47 26. 93 

ISGyHOLArs==.252~ S-= 2-52 . OL 33. 79 . 30 33. 97 27. 28 
UST MMOlers:=5-2-==-- 2225-5 .97 34. 16 1.25 “34. 27 27.47 


PG PI) 9 2.47 $4.60 | (300)! meters___..._..--.- 2. 25 34. 69 27.72 


238 MARION AND GHNERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Scaled values 
Depth erature | Salinity Depth Tony | Salinity) oo 
3 Pec) | (60) : PC) | (960) : 


Station 1493; June 27; lat. 49°27’ N., long. 50°42’ W.; depth, 326 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.562 meters 


Olmeter-=2e 2 Seas 26o c= 4.07 OZ sa AOMMelenosaet s2a22 fees 4.07 32. 73 26. 00 
D2MEveTS ss 4 ae a ea 1. 58 33:06) zo MOLOMs2s=5-—- — 22-2 -o—= 1. 50 33. 06 26. 47 
a4meters 2-2 oe Se . 56 33;108))| ("50 meters. 2-22 2- == 2-2e=—— . 00 33. 09 26. 58 
G6:meters. 22s eee —1.07 33296, || WO MMOLELS==2 522-2. 225 —.80 33. 53 26. 97 
SSymeters: sesso eee —.26 30.40). OOhmotersea--o os ee 15 33. 84 27.18 
VBS ameterss—--= 6 28. e se 1.07 34.16 |’ 150'meters-22=-=---==222: 1.60 34. 30 27.46 
7 eINOLONS se 2 oe eae 2. 24 34,50 |) 200;meters:_2--_.---2--== 2. 50 34. 58 27.61 
2Bovmeters sees sae e es 2. 87 34.69)!" (800)meters-__ == -22_ 2-2 2.95 34. 72 27. 69 


O:meter{ 2 2-825--< es 4.33 33:085|"O0)meters.2--/--<--5_2 == 4.33 33. 03 26. 20 
ZONNeCLEIS ase ee eee 7. 60 33.48 | 25 meters_- 7.60 33. 53 26. 20 
HO meters! 5 ae 4.35 SoeYe || Gibreate pe ee 4.35 33. 87 26. 87 
ONIN ten seseewee en a ere 1.00 SA OIMOLerS eee eee 1.00 34.17 27.40 
Sdimeterss-ts2 542 = Soe aes 1. 94 34.38 || 100iameters:) oe == eee 1.95 34. 38 27. 50 
149! meters oe 2. tke 2. 46 34:53", |sl50imetersi] 28b 2 = nee 2.45 34. 54 27. 58 
199imetersea=ss---- 2822 es 2.94 odie 200 aneterse=ss—- eee 2. 95 34. 72 27. 69 
208 Meterss-s5-sesa-6 =~ Bkul7/ 34.84 | 300:meters--.-.---.---2 =. 3.15 34. 84 27. 76 


Station 1495; June 27-28; lat. 50°17’ N., long. 49°50’ W.; depth, 960 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.408 meters 


Oimeter-2. 42. = 22 = 5.31 33,09. | Osmeterss 22 sae ee eee 5.31 33. 69 26. 62 
2A IMOLCTS= esse a es eee 3. 20 34) 64.25 meterss-------- sae 3. 20 33. 64 27.60 
Ad: MOterS eee 2.93 345/70) (50lmeters=2-22s2 222 5- = 2.95 34. 71 27. 68 
yAummeterss<*-=—= 22-252 22 3. 09 S45707- |) Wosmeters 2232-2 ae 3.10 34. 78 27.72 
QbsNeLETS ee =) 2a ee 3.18 34.84 | 100 meters-.----...=2-=-- 3. 20 34. 84 27. 76 
14 OMMeLerSss te o- 222s kee 3. 28 34:87 || 160 meterss222=2-e---25=— 3. 30 34. 87 27. 78 
LO7pmeters-corss— =. 22 2 3. 26 3458911200: meterss.22-4-———- === 3. 25 34. 89 27.79 
JOG; MeLOTSe k= a= Sea 3. 28 35.\00) || 300\meters---2------ === = 3. 25 35. 00 27. 88 
eetmetersissese=22 222 - S2U 35. 00 | 400 meters___-----.---_-- 3. 25 35. 00 27. 88 
OPI GLEISsess soa ea = 3. 22 34599 |i, GOOtmeters:-- 22 aaa 3. 25 35. 00 27. 88 
(SSvINCLCLS=- 2. 2--- s< 2 5 3. 23 36,02: 800imeters=-.-22--=="=>2- 3. 25 


35. 02 27.90 


Station 1496; June 28; lat. 50°40’ N., long. 49°24’ W.; depth, 1,326 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.380 meters 


Oimeterias--- =" = 26. 222522 5. 67 34782) |) Ometerca=-2-"- 2. o oe aeee 5. 67 34, 32 27. 08 
ZASIMIGLEYS = 92 ee 4.69 34789) {2o; Meters: a=, oe e a ee 4. 70 34. 40 27. 25 
S7MELCTS an eee Hace east 3. 39 34,00 | OO MOLEISsoase ose eee 3.35 34. 78 27. 69 
qlsmipters®=. 282282 2 speek 3. 28 34,83) | eDuMeberssa-0 a2 o- eee 3. 30 34, 84 Zino 
S4imeters*s c= 52-8 3. 24 34.89 | 100 meters 3. 25 34. 89 27.79 
14s;meterstas ees oe 3. 24 34.90 | 150 meters-_--- 3. 25 34. 91 27.81 
TO anetersss-8—— se 3. 25 34.95 | 200 meters-- 3. 25 34. 95 27. 84 
DAS INGOTS <2 ee 3. 25 34.96 | 300 meters__-_ 3. 20 34. 99 27. 88 
SoOMMeLONS ses. eae" = see 3.19 35.00 | 400 meters 3. 20 34. 99 27. 88 
DOS MeLCLS= 2aese—— = 8 Sees 3. 22 34.98 | 600 meters 3. 25 35. 01 27. 89 
688!meters-_ "2222-25 2225 3. 23 35.06 | 800 meters 3. 25 35. 08 27. 94 
SiieMEters=es—se = ao nae eee 3, 23 35. 09 |(1,000) meters. -_-..---.---- 3. 25 35. 09 27. 95 


Station 1497; June 28; lat. 50°39’ N., long. 49°57’ W.; depth, 1,207 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.454 meters 


6. 25 SSs90n NOlnmeter=sneos- sate aa 6. 25 33. 90 26. 71 
5. 36 3404 1|)25imoeterszass 2-2 ae ee 4. 60 34. 11 27. 04 
3. 03 345650 | MOU MMOLGNS aaa aoa 2.95 34. 74 27.70 
2. 96 84.780 || 7ometersacesos-— sess e eos 3.00 34. 80 27. 75 
3. 04 34.80 | 100 meters BBall 34. 84 27. 76 
POM eters: eee 3. 20 34.87 | 150 meters-- 3. 25 34. 88 27.78 
L6SINeLerss= a5 oe 3, 26 34.89 | 200 meters-- 3, 25 34. 96 27. 85 
WOmneters2o2 seas ee eos 3. 25 34.95 | 300 meters 3. 25 34. 96 27. 85 
PS PAN NOTs) 1) tc pa ne ae 3. 27 34.96 | 400 meters 3. 25 34. 96 27. 85 
366 Mebersac2ec a= =~ se an- 3. 26 34.96 | 600 meters 3. 25 34. 98 27. 86 
OLS INOCLOMSs=seae oe ose ae 3. 26 35.00 | (800) meters.__..-------- 3. 25 34. 97 27. 86 
670imeters.cee-2~- 2252S 3. 23 34.97 | (1,000) meters_.....-__-- 3. 25 34. 98 27. 86 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


Observed values 


Tem- 
perature 


Depth 
(°C.) 


Station 1498; June 28; lat. 50°37’ N., long. 50°32’ W.; depth, 923 meters; d 


Olmeters=--- = - se =2 3. 92 
Ben OLONS= 282 eee aoes == 4. 58 
OOmevers= 2. 22 Set=) 22S 3. 82 
foi bs01 (2) ts) ee en a 3. 48 
SN SLeNS:.= #2 =: ee he oe 3. 29 
16Quneters.-2e25 32 223 =~ 3. 30 
UZimeterse.-=. 46-5. 532 == 3. 27 
PIASIMOLOIS=-~ 2-90 a BABS: 
Sa DIGLEIs- =~ 22 = EL 3. 33 
GPT Gl pee ee ee 3. 33 
SOSimeters: = 2s5.-222--2~2 3. 28 


Station 1499; June 28; lat. 50°35’ N., long. 51°09’ 


Station 1500; June 29; lat. 50°33’ N., long. 51°44’ 


Oieter sono =e oS 4. 43 
QOMUOVCIS Ser ee wee ce sean. ial 
SPmMeters2=- 2252S 22S = —.45 
UMIReLCTS=- ao. 2 > —.60 
1OAmeters:—2.—_ = sae . 23 
ut OLOrs = eee Sa se ee Se rial 
DOA MNOLEIS 2S =e oS eee 2.17 


Station 1501; June 29; lat. 50°31’ N., long. 52°20’ 


DiNGLCh serene oe 4, 44 
ZINOLCES 22 n= == 5-8 1. 28 
biarieterse teen * Se ee —.14 
WOMMELCLS=- 2-22 - =. 5-55-25 - —.97 
iOameters=- =. --- 22-222. —.41 
USL SGa1e) 2) nee 1. 26 
AOU THOLCTS aos >=. oso 2. 38 


Salinity 
(960) 


33. 61 
34. 81 
34, 91 
34, 94 
34. 98 
34. 97 
34, 98 
35. 03 
35. 04 
35. 10 
35, 11 


32. 94 
33. 28 
33. 81 
33. 91 
34. 24 
34. 54 
34, 82 


32. 82 
33. 15 
33. 52 
33. 80 
33. 97 
34, 34 
34. 68 


32. 62 
33. 04 
33. 25 
33. 67 
33. 96 
34. 33 
34. 70 


Scaled values 


Depth 


Tem- 


perature 


(°C.) 


Oumeters< s+ 2-ces08 3 ate, 
25 meters- 
50 meters _- 


600mmneterso-2 223522 - = 
S00smeters2=s--22.525- 22. 


$8 29 02 G2 C9 C0 0 C0 tm 1 9 
WWWWWNWROMD 
SAASSAASAGN 


Salinity 
(960) 


239 


ynamic height, 1,454.367 meters 


33. 61 
34. 63 
34. 90 
34, 93 
34. 96 
34, 97 
35. 00 
35. 03 
35. 04 
35. 10 
35. 11 


75 meters 
LOOMeterss-2- 22-2255 see 
LSa0imeters=s2=-—— =. 52 255 
200:meters=.=-2.22-= 2-5-2 


32. 94 
33. 17 
33. 61 
33. 87 
34. 05 
34. 37 
34, 59 


26. 72 
27. 45 
27. 72 
27.79 
27. 84 
27. 86 
27. 88 
27. 90 
27. 90 
27. 95 
27. 97 


26. 17 
26. 62 
27. 01 
27. 22 
27. 35 
27. 55 
27. 66 


W.; depth, 238 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.489 meters 


32. 82 
33. 14 
33. 48 
33. 80 
33. 95 
34, 31 
34. 65 


26. 03 
26. 57 
26. 92 
27. 18 
27. 27 
27. 51 
27. 70 


W.; depth, 214 meters; dynamic height, 1,454,497 meters 


32. 62 
33. 04 
33. 25 
33. 67 
33. 96 
34, 32 
34, 69 


25. 87 
26, 48 
26. 72 
27.10 
27. 31 
27. 51 
27. 72 


Station 1502; June 29; lat. 50°30’ N.;.long. 52°58’ W.; depth, 274 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.488 meters 


meter. = oe 2--55---25 toes 4.18 
PASI TG) 1) he ee eee ah! 
AQRNOUOIS = =2 550550055 5— —1.10 
GAVHIGLODS soe 5 eee —.65 
O9mneters tia. 22S LS —.14 
Vasimreters 225 << 25 22 . 95 
IGSUHOLCES. oes se 1.75 


32. 75 
33. 18 
33. 28 
33. 76 
34. 04 
34. 34 
34. 60 


32. 75 
33. 18 
33. 29 
33. 76 
34. 06 
34, 34 
34. 60 


26. 00 
26. 62 
26. 78 
27. 16 
27, 37 
27. 53 
27. 69 


Station 1503; June 29; lat. 50°28’ N., long. 53°39’ W.; depth, 348 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.494 meters 


(immerse 5522 See ee 3. 55 
PP IIOUBINS S52 nS new = -21 
EHIOLGES 2222 se- Seer 2 a —.99 
((i)00003| oes ee —.69 
RUZ STOLORS oe Ss —.21 
ND a HOLET Sao soe. | = 2 . 93 
203 meters---_____ ae ee 1, 84 
O05; Meterses--2.--26---3- 2. 76 


32. 74 
33. 08 
33. 40 
33. 78 
33. 98 
34, 32 
34. 56 
34. 86 


Oumetere=-=25s- Set ose 
2o-Metersiot-=-2-5325524> 
SO Meterses=52 3222 -ee 
{OMCLETS--2 =e 
L00imeters-22s. 2 = = 
150 Meterss28 2. so ease 5 
200'meterss-- 222 5-5-2-22- 
SOO mMeterSs222 25.222 


32. 74 
33. 08 
33. 40 
33. 78 
33. 97 
34. 31 
34. 55 
34. 85 


26. 06 
26. 57 
26. 88 
27.17 
27. 31 
27. 52 
27.65 
27.81 


240 


Observed values 


Tem- 
perature 


Depth 
(°C.) 


Salinity 
(960) 


MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Scaled values 


Depth 


Tem- 
perature 
(°C.) 


Salinity 
(960) 


Station 1504; June 29; lat. 50°26’ N., long 54°21’ W.; depth, 274 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.530 meters 


Ouneter:c222. 2 =2-=--2.-2 3. 68 
26irmetersss-es- se ee 1.78 
S2eneters==2 sew fee ee —1.04 
7Simeters:.2-.4-*2. 2S. —1.03 
105} meters:==so5- =~ ee —0. 49 
156:metersia-s = soe aes 0. 41 
ASimeters-. 22-525 22-2-55) 1.04 


32. 72 
33. 08 
33. 17 
33. 54 
33. 78 
34, 21 
34. 35 


OOlmeters-2.52_ <2 _ 2 S55 
“OMMOLCIS=2 2b sosscss-cece 
300) meters22-- 5-2-2 2222 
150;meters=-2--=2. tee 
A000 Meters: -A--5-=2-s52e— 


32. 72 
33. 07 
33. 16 
33. 51 
33. 75 
34. 16 
34. 33 


26. 03 
26. 46 
26. 68 
26. 97 
27.14 
27. 43 
27. 52 


Station 1505; June 29; lat. 50°25’ N., long. 55°00’ W.; depth, 229 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.581 meters 


32. 30 
32. 68 
32. 97 
33. 13 
33. 40 
33. 76 
34. 06 


20; Meters-222<-0 2-c25-554 
50) meters-2-5 s* Seo see 


32. 30 
32, 68 
32. 96 
33. 13 
33. 40 
33.77 
34. 06 


25. 72 
26. 26 
26. 52 
26. 67 
26. 89 
27.16 
27.35 


31. 45 
32. 55 
32. 72 
32. 92 
33. 10 
33, 40 


75 meters__ ee 
L00imeters=2sen= soa 
150) meterss2 so —2 cee cee 


31. 45 
32. 54 
32. 69 
32. 90 
33. 09 
33. 38 


25. 12 
26.18 
26. 26 
26. 48 
26. 64 
26, 87 


Station 1507; June 30; lat. 51°41’ N., long. 55°24’ W.; depth, 82 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.646 meters 


30. 91 


O!meter--- 2-322 s2ss5-t = 


31.26 | 25 meters_ we 


31.99 | 50 meters___ 


32. 38 


(ib) imeters== 2 


0. 68 


30. 91 
31.31 
32. 05 
32. 50 


24.81 
25.17 
25. 78 
26.15 


Station 1508; June 30; lat. 51°47’ N., long. 55°22’30’’ W.; depth, 96 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.629 meters 


Ofmetern=2 ee tole 1. 93 
14 meters... any 
AQMPLOIS=-o2 -a2-- ee sce e —1.02 
68anelers=: sees eee —1, 23 


30. 71 


31.58 | 25 meters_ 


32. 21 


Oimoterts 2. 222s 


50 meters_ 


2708) | COMMOLOTSssenea erase ane me 


24, 57 
25. 57 
26. 03 
26. 32 


Station 1509; June 30; lat. 51°52’ N., long. 55°22’ W.; depth, 86 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.621 meters 


O'meter=2-25.255.-.2------ 1.14 
26 meters. = . 60 
53 meters. —1.08 


30.08) |\"O:mpter eee 2 oe 


31.84 | 25 meters_ 
32.56 | 50 meters___ 


(Ga) Feely ee eR 


1.14 
- 60 
—.80 
—1. 25 


30. 98 
31. 80 
32. 45 
32. 90 


24. 82 
25. 52 
26. 10 
26. 48 


Station 1510; June 30; lat. 52°06’ N., long. 55°36’ W.; depth, 78 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.600 meters 


—1.41 


31535) || Ohmoetensa—-=-22- oo sooo 


32. 10 
32. 67 
32. 90 


DOMMELONS ae = Soe 
(75) meters 


0. 53 
—1. 25 


31.35 
32. 40 


25. 16 
26, 08 
26. 44 
26. 59 


Station 1511; June 30; lat. 52°04’ N., long. 55°27’ W.; depth, 183 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.618 meters 


31.78 
31. 84 
32. 60 
32. 87 
33. 02 
33. 24 


—0. 04 


31.78 
31. 85 
32. 62 
32. 88 
33. 03 
33, 26 


25. 53 
25. 60 
26, 26 
26. 47 
26. 59 
26. 77 


i ii ieee AAAs 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 241 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- ss Tem- ant 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth PO. (%o) Depth aaah (960) ot 


Station 1512; June 30; lat. 52°02’ N., long. 55°18’ W.; depth, 119 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.646 meters 


CIIGLOD AS 2. eh Pee 1.41 30:86: |NO;meter= ===. _25-.-22.2 1.41 30. 86 24. 72 
SMGtOLS!. 2-222 = 22552 1.13 20,08) 2b meters:_<22-225 82-2 . 50 31.40 25, 21 
BtOORLEIS=. 222.22 5 f2 82 —.48 DleiSu OOMMOLETS 22 - be. Po 88 —1.15 32. 32 26. 03 
BiMeters: 26 Sse: See —1.21 32.38 | (75) meters_._...____.__- —1.45 32. 80 26. 40 

(100) meters=2e: : = 92. 2252 —1.40 33. 00 26. 56 


Station 1513; June 30; lat. 52°05’ N., long. 55°00’ W.; depth, 183 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.629 meters 


Onneter =... eee 1.19 Blof |POlmetenrs=-- 2-5. =- 2225. 1.19 31.05 24, 88 
26 meters__.___ Oe 94 Sioa Pao NeveIs-a. ooo. 2222 2 . 95 31.13 24. 96 
H2NNGLCISS === aes aaeee es Oe —1.31 Sar INOU AUOLCIS #2265 con sscce —1. 20 32. 70 26. 32 
(fs) ON Ee a Se ee ee —1.41 32,9441 (5 meters.._.-..-._.-__.- —1.40 32.91 26. 49 
Lesimeters = 2. hse sea —1. 29 3as145]; 100 meters. 225222 2-2-2 —1.30 33. 09 26. 64 
L5Gmetersis-- 2252422425 —.38 donoon|eLOOMeLerss2=_2=--2- 22522 —.45 33. 75 27.14 


Station 1514; June 30; lat. 52°14’ N., long. 54°25’ W.; depth, 192 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.541 meters 


Gymeters]os=- = 2:23.22. 2. 20 327420 | ROMNOLODS = <2 5-222-=-5cc55 2. 20 32. 42 25.91 
ZS MMOLLSs sacs 5 2s552e02=—2 1.80 32,48) | -2ometersics--__.-2-.-..- 1. 85 32. 46 25. 97 
BORGO LCT See aeeets soe Se —.88 Oa. 45 OOMMObOrs= 252 28. == —.85 33. 35 26. 82 
Sa UeLCrS = = Awe a ae 2S Re —.47 SpeGlo| VO AMeLerSeassec= -—-— see —.75 33. 56 27. 00 
UIE TMO COTS: Bees eae Se —.02 30490 100) meters=-=- === 2. == —.25 33. 72 27.11 
RGOWGLEIS= 22-52. = = 22252 2 . 54 345130), loo mnetersss2-2. =... 552- -40 34. 09 27. 37 

(200) imieters® 22222 25> 2-2 . 85 34. 20 27. 43 


Cnuoter®se.= Sa 2.16 32/50°}-Olmeter_=— = ..-.--_-.-.- 2.16 32. 50 25. 98 
BOMMOLOS 22: ste a ee 1.62 S2205) 2oINELOYs.--2 26 2 oe = 1.70 32. 75 26. 22 
2TIOLOES=;- 2-155 ee ae —.74 dancon| OO MeOLerss-—-—-—--5-=--- 2 —.50 33. 17 26. 67 
(Se nHeLerseaee so soso ae —. 93 od.105) | Cometersese_ = 2220 So —.90 33. 51 26. 97 
LOPaigtors 2 25 shes —.55 32-80) | 100/ameters_--.2-----..-2- —. 65 33. 76 27. 16 
WSTZTNOLOTS 225282 2. 252 . 93 34. 28 | 150 meters__-....-...=-.- By (3) 34. 22 27. 46 
DOO AHOLOIS=— 522225) won es = 1.75 34.49 | (200) meters_........_-- * 1.65 34. 46 27. 59 


ea) ee 2.90 325954 OMMOLGl-- 2. -2=-s2e2-556 2.90 32. 93 26, 27 
MOPMNIGLOIS 23 sas o6 ooo aces 2. 76 3a, 0* | ZomeLlerse 2-25-22 2. 80 33. 04 26. 38 
MANHOLOISS so 22 5 soca Fs —.45 aoa) | POO MNGLOrS=- 20 - ae soso lena —.465 33. 65 27. 06 
77 meters._.._- . 09 34.04 | 75 meters___- .10 34. 03 27.33 
103 meters_ . 66 34. 26 | 100 meters . 60 34. 23 27. 46 
Ppa aIPLCIS sees 22 <5 =s5e 1. 88 34. 54 | 150 meters_____ é 1.75 34, 51 27. 62 

(200): ‘meters_.-=...=3-.-. 2. 60 34. 75 27.74 


Station 1517; July 1; lat. 52°39’ N., long. 52°36’ W.; depth, 229 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.472 meters 


ise GG) eS ee ee ee 2,73 21500 | Ounetersess=22a5— ae eee 2.73 32. 80 26. 18 
26 meters pe 12 33.23 | 25 meters-_- . 80 33. 22 26. 65 
DATHELOES 22 <b nae 2 = 5 ee —.34 33.73 | 50 meters_. —.35 33. 70 27.09 
Re TUCLOISse sees sn osc aceee .07 33.98 | 75 meters..._----- - 05 33. 96 27. 29 
WO4Armieters 2820 S2 2 os 38S . 78 a4 24: 100bneters.—. . 65 34. 19 27. 43 
TP5bnelers sess ane noe does 1.79 34:60 | 150'meters---—...--—.--=- 1.65 34. 58 27. 68 
2G iMeterss: Jase. 22. oe 2.79 34.80. 200: meters:-.-_-..-2..-- 2. 60 34. 78 27.76 


0 meter_-_- 2.18 33. 12 2.18 33. 11 26. 46 
27 meters_- 2.18 33. 11 2. 20 33. 11 26. 46 
DS MICLETAS Ss caer soo2 sas —.55 33. 77 —.55 33. 65 27. 06 
(ONHOLOUS so 8 255 eee ae . 03 34) 10n Wb MNeters=-- see en5s2- sos —.05 34. 06 27. 37 
NOS MIeters=-22se02 sae SSS ~85 34.32 | 100 meters......-.-.----- -70 34. 29 27. 51 
TDP ANGLOrss 2. S322 oe 2.35 34.63 | 150 meters...........--.- 2. 25 34. 59 27. 64 


ail Meters-.-.--=---<=<5=5 2. 90 34. 82 | 200 meters.........-.-.-- 2. 80 34. 79 27.75 


YAP MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


. Observed values 


Tem- 


Depth perature 
(°C.) 


Salinity 
(960) 


Scaled values 


Depth 


Salinity 
(20) 


ot 


Station 1519; July 1; lat. 52°58’ N., long. 51°22’ W.; depth, 1,280 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.352 meters 


Oxmeterlz—2 S222 255252252 4.47 
28 meters} 22-e = 222-2228 4.83 
S6\melers:e-a 2-8 2 ae 3. 74 
84 metersss-2-=2<- = oe es 3. 50 
Dlmeters: 2s oe ae 3.41 
UG wnmeters 2.22 hee eee 3. 37 
220 CLOTS ee ae ee 3. 37 
SSG sINCTOISS = se aoe eC ae 3. 39 
411 MOverss=seee ee ee 3. 35 
629anetorsh<2 Se eee eee 3.35 
845umneters:2enes- eee 3. 34 
LOSS metlerse a2 2222 e ea 3.31 


34543 4\(Oimeters=o25 22. 25 eae 
34.67, |P2bumeters: =.=. 2. ee 
34:92 #b0lmoeters!-22- 2s 2 es 
34.94 | 75 meters._........------ 
347 98nie1 00) meters:-. >= - =< 2 es 
34:99)4||1oOhmeterss-- 3-2 = 22 Ses ehe 
30: USm|) 200 MMeterS-2- 2-5 sas 
35.08 | 300 meters__..--...-.---- 
35.04 | 400 meters___.--.--_----- 
30507; (GOO moeters222 2. = 22s 
307085] SGUMMlOLerSaaoe- ane) Seca 


35.11 | 1,000 meters 


£9 29 09 99 G9 GO 99 G9 G9 00 Ye 
Www. PP ov or 
SSaRSa5 


Annee 


34. 43 
34. 65 
34. 91 
34. 93 
34. 96 
34. 99 
35. 04 
35. 05 
35. 06 
35. 07 
35. 08 
35. 10 


40 meters 22. esses See 
LoMelers-s2e se ese 
SO IMCCOISs == === nese eee 
@6:meters=s-- 222 S225 bao 
LGamMeters= as ee ee 
197 meterss 22 3=-—- = eee 
433 Metersi=sss+co-o- = ees 
652:meters: oe. s=-- = ee 


$2 99 29 0 99 En GEN ED 
HONwwwoaanhdyaos 
Sow Or ser wo 


S7suneters: =. Soe te Se bee SS 


bo go 99 
CO bho 
Nao 


34:73) | (Oumeters- = = -= 5 -- see 
34) (00 25 meterss=. ss seen cee 
3470.1] 50 MOobters- 2s 2-seeseeeee 
3427 VOUMOteCrSis.-- 2 a=sccaees2 
34;/60)1| LOO MMeLerszee seen ee eee ee 
34,89") Lo0'meters2a2 == nee 
34.94 | 200 meters__.___.--___--- 
35..00)|)/ 800/imeters-22 222525. oes 


35. 08) | ;800)meters=.2-22 222225 


35.06 | 1,000 meters 
35.08 | 1,500 meters 


BO 99 29 29 22 0 0 G0 99 29 G9 E> 
ob [el eee) on slo 


(2,000) meters 


Station 1521; July 2; lat. 58°22’ N., long. 


27. 30 
27. 44 
27.75 
27.79 
27. 83 
27. 86 
27. 90 
27.91 
27. 92 
27. 93 
27. 93 
27. 95 


27, 28 
27. 37 
27. 58 
27.75 
27. 81 
27. 85 
27. 88 
27. 88 
27. 88 
27. 94 
27.94 
27. 95 
27.95 
27. 97 


50°08’ W.; depth, 3,246 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.325 meters 


Ometeiee74.=..- 5222-28. 
26) MOelerses-son-a—cs--cese 
Slmeters 3. =e 22-22 ose 
diimoeters 3. S-5"—- 222.25 
LOUMmelers ees ae ea sone 
Jb3 smoeters:—2 <2 8-22. Ss 
PUSAMOLEIS ee ee ease eee 
BOD MMELONS sae ees 2 ee 
S49 INGtErS=- sats =o. esl ee 
H26/MEtCIS22 2-2 a- See 
(Ame Lers 22-2 ee 
O28 IMeterss2- se soa ae se= 
140 Meters 222 255 5-52c6- 
15833 Meterss.=s52-25-se- 


WWWHWOWWWWHO RP RONN 
NWWWRAUIMNOHWREO 
NVSRUBDHSHSORROT 


See WOume teres eae eee 
34, Slel@2oimeters’. = se eae ae 


34.89 | 50 meters_- 
34.91 | 75 meters__ 
34.94 | 100 meters 
35.00 | 150 meters 
35.02 | 200 meters 
35.09 | 300 meters 
35.11 | 400 meters 
35.13 | 600 meters 
35.12 | 800 meters 
35. 16 | 1,000 meters 
35.15 | 1,500 meters 


35.16 | (2,000) meters 


aceon 


DES ES ESP Sic ae Ss 
Sons orcrer cn 


ESTES C2 CSCS C2 CES Cae OUST ST 


34. 77 
34, 81 
34. 89 
34. 91 
34. 94 
35. 00 
35. 02 
35. 09 
35. 12 
35. 13 
35. 13 
35. 16 
35. 15 
35. 16 


27. 25 
27. 28 
27. 52 
27.70 
27. 74 


Station 1522; July 2; lat. 53°35’ N., long. 49°30’ W.; depth, 3,658? meters; dynamic height, 1,454.340 meters 


54Meters:-= 255-2 ---=-s5- 
Siimetoers! = 2s ss ssee 


LASINELOLS 2-525 ea. ee 
ZUG Meters = =2- ee Peo 
Ry i yh ot0:) £2) fo ee ot ne ee 
AM MOLOTS*- 222222 5—25ee" 
641 meters: <.202-- sae 
S77 )Meterss S222 2-2 
TPZ Meters 5 = ee ee 
1 (2s 1CLers Aes 
2, GDS CLOTS a= teen eee 


$2 9 09 09 09 09 CO Lm NIN 
SCNHwkanoepPpOaH wD 
ARAIDSHDSOSWARBDRNAA 


34:91° | \Oimeter*ss2e>-29..22332522 
34, 88 | 25 meters_.-..-.........- 
34:90 || S50\meters_ 2. =.=. 2 2ss2 
34:94) 7b meters_---..-2----222 
34,95 || 100imeters==------- - 2-2 =— 
34:94) 160/moeters. 2222-22 22-255 
34,99) ||)'200 mmeters:ce-—-- = 
352095) 800 mMeLersie- o--=2---- === 
30.08) |) 400!meters.-- 2552-2 === 
BOLL, | LOOOKNGLOLS Seo = oe 
30. L7/4| SOO MMOLOrSHce= = sso eaee 


35.16 | 1,000 meters 
35. 20 | 1,500 meters 


35. 22 | (2,000) meters 


Oran © bo ore OD GO Ww 


$9 29 90 99 OO DO GOR NOD INI 
nw. 
SSESRSERSRGRER 


34. 86 
34. 88 
34. 90 
34. 93 
34. 95 
34. 94 
34. 97 
35. 08 
35. 08 
35. 16 
35. 17 
35. 17 
35. 18 
35. 21 


. 


DAVIS STRAIT. AND LABRADOR SEA 243 


Observed values Scaled values 
Depth ao. Salinity Danth fee Salinity “ 
; PEC.) | (260) 2 POO | (960) 


Station 1523; July 3; lat. 54°15’ N., long. 49°14’ W.; depth, 3,658 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.278 meters 


6. 80 aansonl Oumeter=-- 2h2222_ = 22-2 6. 80 34. 85 27.35 
6. 80 BAN Soni peoWMeters. 22. 2... 6. 80 34. 86 27. 36 
4.77 BsT OO OOMMeLONS=2-2-2— 5022 5. 10 34. 93 27. 62 
4.13 DPLOsS MAD YMOUCES= 222 oo =2---5-5 4.35 35. 02 27.79 
3. 74 30505)/|5100imeters-—.--.. --=. 22-2 3.95 35. 05 27.85 
Bheal 30,08" el 50) meters: --.--22--.-5- 3. 45 35. 07 27. 92 
3.30 BODO M200 MMICLALS2o< 2.2 === Soe 3. 30 35. 08 27. 94 
3. 34 SO10Sm| PsOURMeLers=-- = -- = 22 3. 30 35. 08 27. 94 
3. 38 SD wL5n E400 umeters=_.-=- --- =. S22 3. 35 35. 13 27.97 
3. 40 abet3 | eB00smeters’..=-~- ----= 22 3. 40 35. 13 27.97 
3. 30 aol 6o|;800mmeters=--- 2-2... ~2-- 3.35 35.15 27.99 
ihtio4é meters: se: 22-4585 3. 26 35.16 | 1,000 meters_.-..----..-- 3. 30 35. 16 28. 01 
Wit@imeterss- 2-22 3-25-% 3. 23 30:19);/e1 500 meters: -.-2.--.-5=- 3. 25 35. 18 28. 02 
2 saG MOLES; —225=>---=22-— 3.05 35. 18 | 2,000 meters_._-.-.---.-- 3.15 35. 19 28. 04 


Station 1524; July 3; lat. 54°58’ N., long. 48°56’ W.; depth, 3,790 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.270 meters 


6.85 esol OMWMeELOGS = e222 2-220 = 6.85 34. 91 27. 39 
6.73 34.92 | 25 meters..----..-..-.- Za. 6.75 34, 92 27.41 
4.92 34597) |50smeters.----o-==-—2---- 5. 40 34. 96 27. 62 
4. 50 34,98) |\\7S:meters-..-.----=-=---- 4. 60 34, 98 Zinie 
4.19 BOs OLnieO0imeters=---s2--- = 2-25 4.25 35. 01 27.79 
3.95 soT02 nel oOlmeterss-2--e=—=-c-.-- 4.00 35. 02 27. 83 
3. 74 SOLO fe ee0ONeterS==——- 22-25 3. 80 35. 06 27. 88 
3.5L 30:09) |; 300! meterss22.-2- =. 5 3.55 35. 08 27.91 
3.45 30515) ||) 400smoters:s-- ==. == 3. 45 35. 15 27. 98 
3. 38 DOs MI GOUMME LENS pees oese oe ee 3. 40 35. 17 28. O1 
3.27 35.18 | 800 meters__.....-.---.-- 3. 30 35. 18 28. 02 
3. 24 35. 18:,|| 1,000 meters: .-..-------- 3. 25 35. 18 28. 02 
3. 24 Boek ly 50OnmMeLOTS= 255-2526 —5— = 3. 25 35. 20 28. 04 
3.15 35:\20) |/2,;000)meters........2---- 3. 20 35. 21 28. 06 


Station 1525; July 3; lat. 55°40’ N., long. 48°42’ W.; depth, 3,612 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.285 meters 


Ohneter 22:2 s5.2°. 254. 6. 30 345805, Oumoter=--+-5-5 ~~... 22 6. 30 34. 80 27. 38 
BGT C/G) fee ee 6. 23 34,80) || 25 meters.....3.--1---=-- 6. 25 34. 80 27. 38 
HiPMICLCLS. -c24-22-5--225=5 4. 40 SAN) PHO MMCLOES=-- oe a 2= ee 4.65 34. 89 27. 65 
Siimetersse. 25) S22 25-2 ae. 3. 92 BASOO WO MANOLEIS=-=— 2 852 ee 4.05 34. 94 27.75 
PUYMELErs-.-6 2-2-2. cs 3. 74 35508) || L00:meters: .--=-~- 2-5-5 - 3. 80 35. 02 27.85 
WieIMOLOLS. = 2 === 22> 3. 88 35. 10) 150) meters_2<-22- 2-222 3. 85 35. 09 27. 89 
229 meters...22.5.-.----<-- 3. 66 SOUL 200imeterssssoe == 5-- = aa5 2 3.75 35. 10 27. 91 
DAO MDLOLOLS esas 2s ese 3. 52 BOs LIS RSOOHNOLOrS 42-225" So ee 3. 55 35. 11 27. 94 
BSMINOLCES == 2 so Lee 3.43 SDaL2.\| 400imeters.2.- 2252-22252 3. 40 35. 12 27. 97 
DOMMOeteYs:.+...2=--=) =.= 3. 29 BOs). GOO) INGtErS==2-2=— ones oe = 3. 30 35. 13 27. 98 
SLVPMOLOIS.. 228-—- 2-248. = 3. 23 3551451; 800;meters=-2_ 2-22-22 825 3. 25 35, 14 27. 99 
i O49laneters:2--=---.==-. = 3. 22 30-1511, 000meterss.22.-—----2- 3. 25 35. 15 28. 00 
G20 3NSLeIS: =.= 5-.2=--2-— Sane 3001 6F DOO MeLErSu2 = -=-—55= 3. 20 35. 15 28.01 
epeAOMCLOTS a=: 222-5 soe 3.13 35.240 | 2;000'meters= <= += ---=- 3.15 35. 15 28.01 


Station 1526; July 4; lat. 56°20’ N., long. 48°40’ W.; depth, 2,834 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.341 meters 


Oinieferrirs 22a 5232555. 6. 27 34. 82 6. 27 34, 82 27. 40 
fil TG Gia ee ee 6.04 34. 81 6. 10 34. 81 27.41 
Olemoeters=s ess. 2 S252. 4.10 34. 90 4.95 34. 86 27. 59 
QZ THOLCISss sees 22> 22-5: 3. 65 34. 98 3.85 34. 94 Pes 
122 meters 3. 52 34. 99 3. 60 34. 98 27. 83 
183 meters 3. 34 35. 02 3. 40 35. 00 27. 87 
244 meters__- 3. 45 35. 05 3. 35 35. 03 27. 89 
366 meters__- 3. 34 35. 06 3. 40 35. 05 27.91 
456 meters 3. 32 35. 08 3.35 35. 07 27. 93 
691 meters 3. 24 35.08 |} 600 meters.....---------- 3. 30 35. 08 27.94 
S29 metersasss asco. Loe 3. 25 30; O04; SO0uMeLerS= ses ann eee 3. 25 35. 08 27.94 
tiO) meters. 3-2 --2 05 252- 3. 22 35. 10 | 1,000 meters.....--.-...- 3. 25 35. 09 27. 95 
ITB NOLCIS ese eee 3, 23 30; 11 b00umeterss.2--- === == = 5 3. 25 35. 11 27.97 
2;407/ moeterss2.52-==-=-5-- 3. 16 35.12 | 2,000 meters_---.-------- 3. 20 35. 11 27. 98 


I44 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- nee Tem- oon 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth ai (%o) Depth Peo (960) ot 


Station 1527; July 4; lat. 56°56’ N., long. 48°36’ W.; depth, 3,610 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.304 meters 


O'meter=-=2222228: . =e 6. 06 345793) MOMMOLED= eos se foe ee 6. 06 34. 78 27.39 
ol meters: 4223 Sees = 5. 74 34,78. | MZoMeLOrs:-25 2. 2 2 ee 5. 85 34. 78 27.41 
62:mieters: sakes oe 3.92 34589) 11) 0;meters:22-=2--2--- === 4.45 34. 85 27. 64 
93:meters-2.85 #8562205. 3. 65 34593 MOMMELEIS: 222) oho eee 3. 80 34. 90 27.75 
L24meters-2232- 2-2 2225) 3. 40 345,9(s| MLOOMMEbETSse2=- 55 = = eae 3. 55 34. 93 27.79 
186;meters:~22222---=i2-<= 3. 57 35.08) b0lmeterssee = =< a eee 3.45 35. 03 27. 88 
743 meters cose ee S222 3.61 30.10) #200hmetersses-- = -- a= ea 3. 60 35. 09 27. 92 
3é2; meters’) 2-5 -- a4 =, 3. 45 36:1) | -300hmeters_.--2- =. 22222 3. 60 35. 10 27. 93 
458;metenrsiat = ate = - 2 3. 30 35.12 | 400 meters.....-----.---- 3.40 35. 11 27. 96 
694*metersi-2e 4-222 See 3. 26 S30.) | R60Ometerss-2 2-2-2 3. 30 35. 11 27.97 
933 MOLL Sas eee aas ee 3,23 30; 10 | ;800mmeters= 22252. ---4-2— 3. 25 35. 11 27.97 
LAI Ssnieberss= nas ao 3. 20 Boulonl el OOOnmeters 2-5-2 see 3. 20 35. 11 27. 98 
1/90)meters=22-—---—- 2222 3. 22 3b: Lon | O00 mMeLens=—- === == eee 3. 20 35. 14 28. 00 
242imoterse2 2232 2-6 3.10 35. 14 | 2,000 meters__----------- 3. 20 35. 15 28.01 


Station 1528; July 4; lat. 56°57’ N., long. 50°10’ W.; depth, 3,475 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.295 meters 


Ojmeter-2)-=532 ee ee 5. 96 34283 || Oimeter2=--2—- se = eee 5. 96 34, 83 27.44 
30:meaters= 222s e- 2 S 4.90 34:86) |-2bameters=--2-2s- 5 eee 5. 10 34. 84 27. 56 
HOWMMOLCLS=- es ee ee eee ee 3. 91 34596))|-60meters=== sees o= =n oeee 4. 20 34. 95 27.75 
GOimeterses2se"4 ones Pee 3.47 34.97, ||; 7osmeters== 2-2. . ee 3. 65 34. 96 27. 81 
120smeterss eas 3. 30 35.00) | 100hmeterss==2==-—- oe 3. 40 34. 98 27. 85 
L7GamMeLerss see eee ee 3.37 30.02; 1b0hneterss=s= esse 3. 30 35. 01 27. 89 
239'metersi:.222-2 222-525 3. 53 36,06) 200hmeters=2o-- = -—- =e 3.45 35. 04 27. 89 
BOS MNELELS.-22—- =—— 2 52 ee 3. 32 35.\09) | 300)meterss-s--- == 522 5-2= 3. 50 35. 08 27.92 
A250 meters: 22-252—- == 25 3. 28 35.08 | 400 meters._..-.--------- 3. 30 35. 09 27.95 
684emoetersi222=25-2.-2--<- 3. 23 30,19 1 600meberss=s-2- 2 ao eae 3. 25 35. 11 27. 97 
Q23nmeterssos- teense aoe 3. 22 QOS GOO MMO LErS=s== 2 aeee aaa 3. 20 35. 13 27.99 
ISt6shmMeterseeo==—=--s45-— 3. 21 36:12)" 000tmeterse== 2) == ae 3. 20 35.13 27.99 
IeiOnneterseeaces---==2 == 3. 22 35; 13: |; 1; 500meters=.-2----s---— 3. 20 35. 13 27.99 
2 S1OMNOtCLS sa se=— = ao 3.17 30.12))|)-2/000)metersmeaa=--— eee == 3. 20 35.13 27.99 


Station 1529; July 5; lat. 57°00’ N., long. 52°30’ W.; depth, 3,292 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.293 meters 


Osme@ter--2252-85.522. 2262 6. 04 34.84: | Ohmoterio222 sss) 22. see 6. 04 34. 84 27.44 
Siimoeterg to s2 22-253 5. 49 34.79) |; 25imeterss--2-2 5-2-4 a 5. 65 34. 79 27.45 
GOimeters# 2222) = 2S 4.06 35;,00.| (50)meters=.- 2.2... -.22-22 4.40 34, 92 27.70 
QIMIMCtOES: <s20 220" Sa= -- <2 3. 66 35:055|:7oimMe ters a2 eee eee eee 3. 80 35. 02 27. 85 
T22emeterss see = 25 = 2-22 3.85 35.sLL | 1O0hmoters-een ees ae 3. 65 35. 06 27. 89 
1Ws2imeterss se = 28 3. 56 35.10) ||| Wo0smetersi essen: eee 3. 75 35. 10 27.91 
PAS SMOLOIS oot = eo aan a 3. 48 00:10) P200HINCLOTS 225 eee = ee 3. 55 35. 10 27. 93 
BOONE LEISsaeeeea= oe 3.35 35.10 | 300)meters...._-=-------- 3. 40 35. 10 27. 95 
Beoianeterss—20 2222S. 3 ese 39:,10))|"400meters-=2t === eee 3.35 35.10 27.95 
6Biimeterssee eee Se 3.25 35.13 | 600 meters______-.-.----- 3.30 35. 13 27. 98 
ShOsmeters econ see 3. 21 35.15 | 800 meters.....---------- 3. 25 35. 13 27. 98 
10Gimetersoe sa Baee 30212)|) 1 Q00imebterss- 2222222 ee 3. 25 35. 13 27. 98 
JL @blvmnetersi22s222.---22- 3. 22 35.13 | 1,500 meters_..-.._-_--.- 3. 25 35.13 27. 98 

(2,000) meters_.-.-.-..-.- 3. 20 35.13 27.99 


Station 1530; July 5; lat. 57°29’ N., long. 53°28’W.; depth, 3,566 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.344 meters 


Oanieter: a =22 see ee 5. 66 O48) ONMeteTA So Sees cee 5. 66 34. 81 27.47 
olimoters2 se 5, 54 34582))|'-25imetersss2- oaa2 ae 5. 60 34. 81 27.47 
6limeters.2 28. 2 3. 82 34.93 | 50)meters-.- - =... -- 224 4.10 34. 89 rae 
OS INeterses- 2252052 2522— 3. 69 34,98, 75:meters..2=- 22. = 2-2 = 3. 75 34. 96 27. 80 
124 meters--- 22222 - = 4.222 3. 53 34:98 | 100;meters.=-"2_--- =e 3. 65 34. 98 27, 82 
185:moeters--2 3. =3---.s-===2 3. 42 35,03" |(2150metersseee -= = 3.45 35. 00 27.86 
ZATMINGLOLS2- Sane oe ee 3.39 35.030) e200 ameters2=ssee= = nasa 3.40 35. 03 27.89 
SOimeterse== =o ee o-- ee 3.35 35.08 | 300 meters_._.__.....__-.- 3.35 35. 06 27. 92 
448 ;Tnelers = secs Soe 3. 31 35.06; 400meterssseeese nae eee 3.35 35. 08 27. 93 
6/Ormoters) 2 ees 2s oe 3.23 35.08 | 600 meters_-..-_--------- 3. 25 35. 07 27. 94 
Ol5:meterss:25- S420 2-3 Se 3. 23 35.08 | 800 meters...........---- 3.25 35. 08 27. 94 
TTBS AIMG LOLS eee eee eae 3. 22 35,077 |1;000)metersa= == 3. 25 35. 08 27. 94 
LOZAUGLOTS = sane See 3. 24 35.09 | 1,500 meters__....-..._.. 3. 20 35. 08 27.95 
PF 52y fia 60) 1) oe ee 3.07 35°10) |\>2,;000meters==-=s2-s- ee 3. 20 35. 10 27.97 


——— 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 245 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- - f Tem- At 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth PeoOj. (960) Depth peo (960) ot 


Station 1531; July 6; lat. 57°56’ N., long. 54°23’ W.; depth, 3,319 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.341 meters 


5. 90 34-8571) Ouneten: = 2) 22. 22222. - 5. 90 34. 83 27.45 
5. 62 34.831) 25meters: 22 2-2. .<- 5. 75 34. 83 27. 47 
3. 66 S401) |WoOOMmeters. 22 =2..-.-..2 4.00 34. 87 27.71 
3. 51 342,98 | /7oymeters. 2-2 .--_= 2c 3. 60 34.95 27.81 
3, 52 3459811) 100 meters: 2225-..--.2-2. 3. 55 34. 98 27. 83 
3. 44 BONCON LOO MMOLCIS2=2..—-=5-<s-00 3. 50 35. 02 27. 88 
3.42 35.07 | 200 meters__._....-_._--- 3.45 35. 06 27.91 
3. 40 JOLO Gi sOOMOLELS=522—55-- 2222 3.40 35. 07 27. 93 
3.20 30,067 "400;meters:=* + -=-2- =.= - 3. 40 35. 07 27. 93 
3. 24 35:06; | 600'meters__..-2.=-._--.- 3. 25 35. 06 27. 93 
Beal 35.08 | 800 meters._............- 3. 25 35. 06 27.93 
3. 20 35.07 | 1,000 meters 3. 20 35. 08 27.95 
3. 25 35.08 | 1,500 meters 3. 20 35. 07 27. 95 
2. 94 35.11 | 2,000 meters 3. 20 35. 08 27.95 


N., long. 53°28’ W.; depth, 3,429 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.261 meters 


(1) 00) en 6.12 347827 |Onmmoters-= sees = Se 6.12 34. 82 27. 42 
MoEINO LCDS == Jee = soon oe 4. 67 34,96) |@25)meters: 2255226 <= 2S 5.10 34. 93 27. 62 
GamMeterss 22-22-25 3.74 34598)):50: meters. 25 2-.5-2-55- 4.15 34. 97 27.77 
OO rmetensya 2a s 2c ee sa 3.52 BOOGIE OLORSees one ee == ae 3. 65 35. O1 27.85 
PATO LONS a See 2 ee 3. 60 QOLOS HMLOOMMOLErS=essee cs oon eo 3. 50 35. 06 27.91 
WOWeINELOTS® 252-2 Se 3.47 Bon 1L4 el 50MOters 2 one o* 2k 3. 55 35. 10 27. 93 
Se MHOLOIS=o222>o- 22-552 3. 36 30: 14> 8200) moterseesso2—- 22205. 3.45 35, 14 27.97 
BUEMUGLOTS sooo = 258s 3. 29 Boson PoOOMNBTenS seasons == ae 3.35 35.14 27.98 
518 meters__- a 3. 23 35.16 | 400 meters_........-.---.- 3.30 35. 13 27. 98 
778 meters_-_- 3. 20 35.14 | 600 meters___-. 3. 20 35. 14 28. 00 
1,039 meters_._ 3.18 35.14 | 800 meters__.__- 3. 20 35. 14 28.00 
1,299 meters_______ 3. 20 35.13 | 1,000 meters_._.__-- 3.15 35. 14 28. 00 
195Vianeters2 22> >= =. 8 3. 25 35.16)! 1;500)meters: 222 2ss2222=- 3. 20 35. 14 28. 00 
ZBOOMMOLELS2.22s-<—-5---- 2.93 35.16 || 2;000)meters.=.-..=.-=--- 3. 25 35. 16 28. 01 


Station 1533; July 6; lat. 59°00’ N., long. 53°00’ W.; depth, 3,603 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.355 meters 


Opmetertot. 2252-55 sesk5 6. 83 34. 61 6. 83 34. 61 27.15 
BaMUGLOUS = see esse oo soos 3. 24 34. 63 3.30 34. 63 27. 58 
Gpmeterssaoteess so 3. 52 34. 84 3.35 34. 71 27. 64 
OSiMeterss2225-ssececccecs 3.94 35. 00 3.70 34. 90 27.76 
Pe MmMeters= 2 25 soos. oe 4,11 35.05 4.00 35. 00 27.81 
196 meters__- 4.06 35. 04 4.15 35. 05 27. 83 
261 meters_ 3.95 35. 08 4.05 35. 04 27. 83 
392 meters_ 3. 57 35. 10 3.85 35. 09 27.89 
Slammetoerss-222252_--22e22 3.45 35. 08 3. 55 35. 10 27.93 
facagmeterssse 222022 3k. 3.31 35. 08 3. 40 35. 08 27. 93 
» CSUR Ss00]?:) oe a 3.24 35. 08 3. 30 35. 08 27. 94 
Ts05aneters/2<_-. _.-_-2.- 3. 20 30, 11s PL: O00imeterse: ome eae 3. 25 35. 08 27. 94 
MOOSMMeLeIS=o52----scac=- 3. 27 35212) ebo0nmoterse. nos soeee 3. 25 35. 12 27. 98 
PAPLOFHE LETS sees eae a. 2.91 35;:12)\|) 2:000:meters!- 22-2. - 552. 3. 25 35. 12 27. 98 


Station 1534; July 6-7; lat. 58°58’ N., long. 51°30’ W.; depth, 3,521 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.296 meters 


\JaniG\ rite Hee eee 6.01 34. 61 6.01 34. 61 27. 27 
OUMMOLEESEe se sees ee. 4.41 34. 64 4.75 34. 62 27. 43 
DOMIGLOLS oss Gee 3. 66 34. 86 3.75 34. 79 27. 66 
SUnueterss se awe 2 ee 3. 85 35. 00 3.70 34. 94 27.79 
119 meters aes 4.22 35. 11 4.00 35. 05 27. 85 
178 meters Spal 4.08 35.14 4. 20 35.13 27. 88 
QS(MGtOlS oo sscecence awe. 3.93 35.14 4.00 35.14 27. 92 
BAe TAG (2) es ee a, a 3. 70 35. 15 3. 80 35. 14 27.94 
AGG meters: esse Ste 3. 68 35. 15 3. 70 35.15 27. 96 
(lari) ees ee ee 3. 34 35. 14 3. 50 35. 14 27.97 
LB da}n28 (2) 72) 9: oe an a a 3. 33 35. 16 3.35 35. 14 27. 98 
WW 2MNeters 2s. oe 3. 48 35. 14 3. 30 35. 15 28. 00 
TOT MBOLCISS = ates ecce eee 3. 25 35.15 3. 25 35. 15 28. 00 
DASHNGLBIS © sa 45— 250225" 3.06 35. 16 3. 20 35.15 28. 02 


IAG MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values 


Depth 


Salinity 
(90) 


Scaled values 


Depth 


Salinity 
(960) 


ot 


Station 1535; July 7; lat. 58°57’ N., long. 50°16’ W.; depth, 3,429 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.265 meters 


ol7‘meterse-. 222 ee 
400;metersss-2- 5-2" 
608:meters-- 2 ee 
S2a:;meters:22 522 22s ee 
1,044 meters-= -2=2--2 = 322 
1619metors= os = =e 
PA PG 0AVs) 2) ps ee eee ne ye 


Station 1536; July 8; lat. 57°26’ N., long. 47°40’ 


Oo: meters. 2252822. Ac eee 
127:moters= 20 =- oe 
189) moeters:.2-- 2222" 2s 
252 MOterssc28=se=- ese ee 
S7Oumetersicze5- 2-2 6 oe 
45g .melerss_2-- <-->" 2s 
687smMoeterss=3-25-—- aes 
O25\moterszce=o2 25. eS - 
15168 meters. 22222-22222 
15780;meters-22 2 = 5-222 5 
2,406 meters... 2-252 -2=2 


RS 


i) 


29 £9 £9 40 G9 G9 G2 G0 99 48 G9 HE E> 
NNW NNWHRMODO Ws 
Her OO Orr CO A Oe 


ROSR IGS C010 Os te He tence 
DWN NWWPRISWWADOWD 
SNISHEBIRIDHNSSOK 


34, 72 
34. 73 
34. 86 
34. 92 
34. 98 
35. 07 
35. 13 
35. 16 
35. 15 
35. 16 
35. 14 
35. 16 
35, 15 
35. 17 


S00 uMeLETS-..- 22. ee 
400) meters......-..----.- 
600hmeters- 2: 2-2 222 
SOOsmeters-22 22s eee 
HO0Ohmeters===22- 5) saa 
1,500imeters_- 25-222 
2,000) meters: -----.---222 


ee Se COS SeuG) 
NWNWHHPAMUOGSHOIWANWWO 
SSAARASOUOAAAAS 


34. 72 
34, 73 
34. 85 
34. 91 
34. 97 
35. 06 
35. 12 
35. 16 
35. 15 
35. 16 
35. 14 
35, 15 
35. 15 
35. 17 


27. 36 
27. 37 
27. 59 
27.76 
27. 81 
27. 88 
27.91 
27.97 
27.97 
27.99 
27.99 
28. 00 
28. 01 
28. 03 


W.; depth, 3,200 meters; dynamic height 1,454.324 meters 


Z200meters2== 4 
s00hmeters-==--22--- 
400imeters=2-22-2 ee 
600'meters.--2 2-8 - 
S00 moetersss= See aes 
J-000'meters2.2 4. - == a2 
15OOMMEtErS2= a= = ee 
2,000) meterss2se.= == 


9 99 69 C9 CS CO Ym HR He HR He Co > SD 
DWNWWWMONWHKAWHOH 
SMOKOaAIananaaaaid © 


Station 1537; July 8; Jat. 57°45’ N., long. 47°13’ W.; depth, 3,500 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.394 meters 


e62171elers2 22s) ee oe 
409) meters2-2. ve == Se 
625 moeters= 22525-45223 
S49 moterss 82 2-2 
V080imeters-=22=-- 2-2-2. - 
1676:meters*. 325. 2-252 
2,306 meters_-__..._------- 


ONAN PN PDO ROD 


SOTCS IES. 60 0 HES pe CCT Oa Out 
SCRORLBRAHOSCOSIO 


25 meters-..2+ J222_. 8252 
bO0:meterss22u. 22 = se 
7DMoterss2see2 eee ee 
LOO'meters-=2-. 2225S 5eee— 
150!meters=2=- == << eee 
200:meters: 22 2-25 


s00imeters:=2 22-2 


400smetersts22 22 =2- 
600) moeters=22225- 32a ee 


800;meters:=-=3- 2 2 


L000'meterss 252-22 5-c.— 
15500) meters=. 2-252 - 
2,000 meters-_-..-...----- 


21001096002) i Ou GUS uc 
BRP RRAWSSORENO 
SSoscooour 


ound or 


35. 00 
35. 00 
35. 08 
35. 09 
35. 10 
35. 12 
35. 11 
35. 12 
35. 10 
35. 10 
35. 08 
35. 08 
35. 08 
35. 09 


27. 58 
27. 60 
27. 62 
27.72 
27.78 


Station 1538; July 9; lat. 58°07’ N., long. 46°35’ W.; depth, 3,063 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.302 meters 


65 meters._______--- Eston 
OS meterss- 228 5 3 
Isimoelerss sss Be 
WSimeters--2o- S224 2 
ZOO TNELEIS 3: 3 es. Se 
SOL; HOLEISS = oe ae 
GLOUNGLETS 225 ee 
(ODUneters eee aes ae 
020 meters. 22 3 s=" = 22 Be 
P27 O\MeGLerss ~- 2= 5 SSeuo2 ae 
OZ Iemeters2o es a= 22a. 
20,0 NCtOIS2. ee ee 


TaN 


IPOH 00.00 CO COIR IR oe 
aS EE Re ea COIR Sac 
PWR ORE OR 


34. 91 
34. 93 
35. 00 
35. 03 
35. 08 
35. 11 
35. 14 
35. 16 
35. 13 
35. 14 
35. 12 
35. 15 
35. 12 
35. 13 


Oimeters= 22.2 ees see 
ZDUIMNCLOLS sae = oe = See 
bOhmeterss 2. 22 2—.  ee 
(PMOLETS= 52 == 2— 
L00;meters=22. 22.2 sss 


S00moters- 22325222. 2. 523 
1, 000'metersea sos eese 
1500 meters o=- ae 
2;000meterss22ao- =. 2-225 


29 28 20 GO C9 G0 HR CO He a BR or Or 
SOrRae OO 
SSS8SSSSSS8SSES 


rProNwwf 


34, 91 
34, 92 
34, 97 
35. O1 
35. 03 
35, 09 
35. 11 
35. 15 
35. 15 
35. 14 
35. 13 
35. 12 
35, 14 
35. 12 


DAVIS 


STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 247 


Observed values 


Tem- 
Depth perature 
(°C.) 


Salinity 
(960) 


Sealed values 


Tem- wae 
Salinity 
Depth perature (%0) ot 


°C.) 


Station 1539; July 9; lat. 58°26’ N., long. 46°05’ W.; depth 2,424 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.251 meters 


BIMMICLOES = 2052s sacoue 
iiishmeters: 5.22 _ 22-2222. _ 
MP} T GS ee 
DAMIGLOLS: =~ = 2524-45S5 = 
BeGNNELETS.-2 2-2. 2225-2 5.5 
BAGNNIELENS! = 2 2 ee 
B,Onnelers=—. 22> seeee ee 
USUS TO EVS) 1) ce a ee 
jnbatemeters: == 2-2. hs 
iGasmeterss=——. 2-5 2-255 
ZeommMeters=——-—= 22-204 


B99 08 G8 SO Co He i ee He cn ot 
WONWADORADDOMOwW 
BR BRANDANDSHDID 


35. 00 


Station 1540; July 9; lat. 58°50’ N., long. 45°22’ W.; depth 2,488 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.368 meters 


WwO Or > 


DRCMMOLONS == 22 2-522 
MnOIMeLorse == 25 soe 
Gy7emeters:--_3--.--s.+-.- 
Shommeters22: 25-2. 2s. 
SHG) i) 
eRIOLOTS 9 2 
Wate IMOLvers: 22... 3... 


909 OR RR TR OD 
SaStBRSSRSLSERR 


He re Or D> NO I 00 


34, 52 
34. 52 
34. 89 
35. 02 
35, 22 
35. 26 
35. 26 
35. 24 
35. 23 
35. 20 
35. 17 
35. 10 
35. 13 
35. 15 


Station 1541; July 9; lat. 59°17’ N., long. 44°49’ 


UG) 5a 6. 31 
2 ON ee 5. 75 
HASINBLOALS==—- = 2 = = 2 5.41 
RII DOTS ees ee 5. 76 
IGSANCLETS.2=- = 62-2 2 = =. 5. 70 
TGmne ters == eee fo 5. 87 
Zlmnelersa=)=)- == 2 ==. - = 5. 33 
BOD AMELCES eee 2s 5.19 
420) meters=9 2 222 5. 02 
Wl reals eo) Se a SE ee 4.76 
BOOUIMNOLERSssce eee. - 5 iN 4.14 
1,070 meters 3. 70 
1,610 meters 3. 38 


34. 67 


Oimeteracs-esena=s4-52-5 6. 36 35. 00 27. 53 
ZOWNCLEIS. «ne oe Sea. 6. 00 35. 06 27. 61 
HOmMebersse2ss2e> 2 22 - 5.70 35. 05 27. 65 
WOIICUBIS =a. = == Meee 2 4. 90 35. 20 27. 87 
LO0imeters=-=-2--- 22 4. 80 35. 25 27. 92 
UbO}moeterss—.- S22 4.70 35. 26 27.94 
200imeters=- 22-2 Le 4.45 35. 27 27. 98 
BOOMMOeteIS*— =. S22. eo 4, 25 35. 25 27. 98 
400 mMoeters=2= 225-2. 282 4.00 SDn2L 27. 98 
BO00imetersss-- 8 i=. = a8 3.70 35. 18 27. 98 
S800 mieters.-- 3. 40 35. 16 28. 00 
L000nmeterss =. = 520 3.30 35. 16 28. 01 
lyH0Omneters? 423) = 3.10 35.19 28. 05 
2,000 meters: 2-22. = 2 2.70 35. 20 28. 09 
Olristenae —Ss25-5 32 2 6. 05 34. 52 27.19 
BOMMNGLONS Ae sere oe 5. 25 34. 52 27. 29 
OORNeLEIS= ss. et 4.80 34. 80 27. 56 
TOMMOLOLES sae tee 2 4.85 34. 99 27.70 
LOO mMeterse— ess Se 5. 20 35. 16 27. 80 
LBORMOELErS te tees a! 5. 40 35. 25 27. 84 
200 meterss2==2 te == ts 5. 30 35. 26 27. 87 
S00imeterss-= 222 eS 5. 00 35. 25 27. 89 
400 moters=)-- - 22 5-2 4.75 35. 24 27.91 
G00;metersi2 te 4. 50 35. 21 27. 92 
SO0;moeterse 3. 85 35. 18 27. 96 
HOO00lmeters-222>- 22 5 3. 60 35. 14 27. 96 
T5OO meters: S22 2 9. 3. 30 35, 12 27. 98 
2,000)meterss.-- 24 S= 2.75 35. 14 28. 04 


W.; depth, 1,692 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.378 meters 


Onmelerese ee eee 6.31 34. 67 27. 28 
ZONMCLOIS 222 325% 5. 80 34. 68 27. 34 
SO meters! =-6 ee 5. 40 34. 69 27. 40 
WONMCLOIS = note aoe ne 5.05 34. 90 27. 53 
LOO IMeLeTS ee es 5.70 35. 13 27.71 
THO Meters tee ee ee 5. 85 35. 3C 27. 83 
ZOO INGtCTS eos = ole 5. 55 35. 26 27. 83 
300 meters-_-_-_---- BEE oaes 5. 20 35. 29 27. 90 
400M ers: ee ES 5.05 35. 27 27. 90 
600:metersi=2552- eh 4. 85 35. 25 27.91 
BODMOGtErS=2s-255 2 == == 4.30 35, 24 27.96 
OOO meters)... 4822. = 3. 80 35. 18 27.97 
500; meters-2..---s42- 2 3. 40 35. 16 28. 00 


Station 1542; July 9; lat. 59°25’ N., long. 44°35’ W.; depth, 153 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.416 meters 


DING Ol seae es 2. 02 
ANIC PpT Saas = re ey 2. 67 
AS MIPtORS 22553) 22-22 o 2. 69 
epHIOLOL Geese as ee ee 2.95 
Uist: a 2.99 
TAO INBEOLS 222 = 2c! Veh 4.44 


33. 31 
33. 94 
34. O1 
34. 38 
34. 66 
35. 00 


O:meterzs 22s 2. 25-8 2. 02 33. 31 26. 64 
20 Meters: 242s soso see 2. 65 33. 90 27.06 
60:meters= =): 32522-5.=22 2.70 34. 01 27.14 
75 metersss--=5===52 2422. 2.95 34. 39 27. 42 
TOO ;moeterss=..2- > 524 5==" 3. 00 34. 68 27. 65 
(50) "meters:--- = 5. 15 35. 13 27.78 


Station 1543; July 10; lat. 59°55’ N., long. 50°10’ W.; depth, 3,182 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.292 meters 


Oinieter----2--=2--- 5 5 4. 50 
DO MMOLOIS 225 Jose 2 set 4,74 
Gbiimeters=---:2 2 = 5. 07 
ORIN GtOrss- 24. 8 2 Ss ee 5.18 
TRRICLONS see 252 2 ee 5. 02 
VO 0G) 1) 9: oe a 5.14 
PUPINOLOIS <5 522-2225 4. 69 
aut aneLers.o2- 2 =~ = ==-2 4-4 4. 26 
DOGIMOLEYS=.~-= 22225322". 5 4,21 
“ZOLmoeters*-=. - =. 2.22 - 3. 86 
LOl/moeters... 222. 322-2 3. 56 
TP 272 MMeLerss..-..25-~--5 3. 42 
1,919 meters......2 ° 2. 82. 3. 02 
DSO RICA.) eee a 2. 54 


34. 04 
34. 62 
34. 94 


Oimeter-2-2ss5- 4. 50 34. 04 26. 99 
25'Meters:=- 22. = se 4. 60 34. 48 27.32 
50 ‘meterss2-. ss Ses ee 4.90 34. 80 27. 55 
GOUNCLEISA 22 820 ee Ee 5.10 34. 99 27. 67 
LOO meters==2 2 ee 5.15 35. 09 27.75 
50 IC LOrs eter Sse 5. 05 35, 28 27. 90 
200imeters:s.2-- 2-2 2s" 5,15 35. 31 27. 92 
SOOMOEteES os ees = 4.50 35. 24 27. 94 
400) meters.) 92-2 4,25 35. 23 27. 96 
600 'metersstee=)- See 4.05 35. 23 27. 98 
S0Oimeterss == 22 ee 3. 80 35, 21 28. 00 
O00 moters!- =: * 7a 3. 55 35. 21 28. 02 
L600) moterse= 2202s 2 3.30 35. 23 28. 06 
2,000 meters=-=- -—..- 2=-= 2.95 35. 19 28. 06 


IAS MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- «os Tem- fat 
Depth perature Salinity Depth perature Salinity ot 
(°C.) (%lo0) (G5) (%0) 


Station 1544; July 11; lat. 60°32’ N., long. 49°34’ W.; depth, 1,811 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.450 meters 


Oumeter- 225252232 ee 3. 50 33.46) ||| O!meter=:-+---—-—---- === 3. 50 33. 46 26. 63 
29 metersees see 4. 48 34750))\s25meters-s---- =~ 2 ee 4.40 34. 30 27. 21 
JSuINCLOIS2=_222e-se- eee 5.10 O4./08|OOMMeleDS= ==) 5-— === aa 5. 05 34. 72 27.47 
S7imoeters=e-22 sae 5. 22 34.95" |e7oOuMmeters-—..-------- nea 5. 20 34. 89 27. 58 
115 meters 5. 22 35,015 | 00imeterss--=---- oe ee 5. 20 34. 98 27. 65 
173 meters 5. 01 35. 12 5.10 35. 07 27.74 
232 meters 5. 03 35. 20 5. 00 35. 18 27. 84 
347 meters 4. 56 35. 13 4.80 35. 16 27. 85 
463 meters 4. 33 35. 08 4.40 35. 11 27. 85 
693;metersss2ace- oa ee 4.01 35. 13 4.15 Shay 1h 27. 88 
923 «meters:-.2-=---2---- 22 3. 71 35. 08 3. 85 35. 11 27.91 
IIS ZANeCLCrS= eee eee 3. 50 3009) O00lmeterse=-2- 2s 3. 60 35. 08 27.91 
Ie724meterssesee ose ee 3. 25 35.108) |) 1,500meters---=--2-- === 3. 35 35. 08 27. 93 


Station 1545; July 11; lat. 60°50’ N., long. 49°20’ W.; depth, 91 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.560 meters 


O:meter=<s.2- 2-22-25 0. 62 32517) | Oumeters === == -s eee 0. 62 32.17 25. 88 
26/Meters =e ees . 87 33,78) || 2oumeters: =~ 2 Annee . 85 33. 65 26. 99 
H2sNSLers-2o = eee eee 1.35 34:01.\|) 50 meters=2- 2-2 s-e ee eee 1.30 34. 00 27. 24 
78 moterss-2=: 2... -5 2552 1.61 34:\08) |) 7o\meters#=--==--2- eae 1.60 34. 07 27. 28 


Station 1546; July 13; lat. 61°15’ N., long. 49°10’ W.; depth, 174 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.726 meters 


Oumeter= =: 522 = = ees 4.99 31581, | Oimeterz=-24--=-— 2-62 4.99 31.81 25.18 
ZOsMOGlOESsen2o os See sae . 30 32.44 | 25 meters:.--..--=--.2==- .35 32. 44 26. 05 
SL-Meters=escccee- =e —.10 Bo014 | b0metersis2--=-sceesee —.10 33. 11 26. 60 
76: moters-=.--------- 225: —.08 BOOM LOMUOUClS a= eee eee —.05 33. 39 26. 83 
1O2Zimeters: 222s stesso a= —.07 35.40))|2100) meterse a= ae —.05 33. 40 26. 84 

(150) meters==2=s- 22255 - 00 33. 41 26. 85 


Station 1547; July 14; lat. 61°20’ N., long. 50°07’ W.; depth, 177 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.720 meters 


Oimnetberz zee 225 2-2 e 1. 84 92525); |/ O;meterecs--coe-- =e 1.84 32. 25 25. 80 
ZOINGLEIS 2-55 2S eee see 1. 02 CBO PH || Clas aaXsy (2) ee 1.00 33. 22 26. 64 
OURNOTCES: 2225-2 2-==—=--2 5 1.30 33.09.) 60) melersiss-e— saan e a= 1.30 33. 79 27. 07 
MOMMCLOIS== 2-2-2 o220 2S 4.16 34530) |.7ormeterss seen == eee 4,15 34. 30 27. 23 
O9hmeLers=-=-.s2ss-2--=--5 2. 61 34:30) 100nmeters2--= == = === 2. 60 34. 30 27. 38 
T4O/moetersssee sea so 2.45 34564, PLb0meters=2== sean 2. 45 34, 34 27. 42 


Station 1548; July 14; lat. 61°25’ N., long. 50°53’ W.; depth, 2,560 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.550 meters 


Oimoeter-s2-= S226 =25- ets 4. 06 33::82)}.0lmeteri2t22- 2222 2283 4.06 33. 32 26. 46 
SImeters: hse = ee 5.49 34560)/|f2bnmeters==---—---ne-e= 5. 40 34. 25 27. 05 
6l meters: 2.2. .2-2-2=:-22 5. 43 34586) | ‘50)meters--2=-.------225- 5.45 34. 80 27.48 
O2imeters: 2.20525 eke 5. 44 34, O6G1h(bumeterss=- oso s- = See 5.45 34. 91 27. 57 
122imetersses a 5. 37 304045) 00hmetersmasene = ae 5.45 34. 98 27. 62 
184smeterssaos=s25-22-5-55 5.11 Soo oO meterss-sosese. ee ae 5. 25 35. 09 27.74 
ZADMOLOIS =e nese ween 5. 00 SOKO TalE2O0 INeLCrS=-een a= eee 5.10 35. 10 27.76 
367 meters_ z 4.75 35208) | ;o00\meters=----22---5---= 4.95 35. 07 27. 76 
471 meters. e 4.55 35.00 | 400 meters____------ 4.70 35. 06 27. 78 
AO7MeLers! see ae 4.05 35.02 | 600 meters____-- 4.30 35. O1 27.78 
940 meters: fa25- 5 = 2-2 3.00 35.01 | 800 meters__._------ 3.95 35. 02 47.83 
15172 meters=2=2-=22-2--~2 3.49 35.02 | 1,000 meters_--..--.----- 3.70 35. O1 27.85 
1-766; meters. 23. 22s 3. 21 34.:96')|' 1,500meterss--=--=----=- 3.35 34, 99 27. 86 
2: SOOMMOLOIS == saan 52 eee ap? 35. 01 | 2,000 meters. ---.-------- 3.05 34. 98 27. 88 


Station 1549; July 14; lat. 61°30’ N., long. 51°47’ W.; depth, 2,835 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.510 meters 


Omoeter-..225-225---25-25 6.37 33.97, | Oimeter2.2-—--2----2--o-5 6. 37 33. 97 26. 72 
Ssimeters: 2.22222 See 2 5.01 34.38 | 25 meters__. 5. 20 34. 30 Zila 
G5: motersiis ese ee 5.03 34.72 | 50 meters-...--- 4.95 34. 56 27. 35 
98 meters:s-=5--55-2252-52 5.39 34,96), 7bumeterse-c2as-s-o-5ee== 5.15 34. 81 27. 53 
J30nneters2c-s-22 522 a ses - 4.75 34:97 LOD motersss2-22- 22-5 see— 5. 40 34. 96 27. 62 
1O95:meters: 2.2 5-=2-- 22. 4. 63 35. 04))|| 150)meters=s<20- --22222-- 4.70 34. 99 27.72 
260 wneters..22---- -=325.2- 4.46 35.06; || e200)metersi-_--=2--=--eee 4.65 35. 04 27.77 
300 meters = = es 4. 43 BOs 07)) B00 Mmeterseaeane sass 4.45 35. 07 27. 82 
509 motersze2 sce c2cesene 4, 23 35:07 ||| 400:meters2--22-----=25-- 4.40 35. 07 27.82 
i64emeterse-sss ees 3. 83 35300) 600:meterssasa2=== ee 4.10 35.05 |. 27. 84 
15020 metersisce<=22-222-- 3. 56 35.00 ||| 800:meters:2---2----- = 3. 80 35. 02 27. 85 
A 2¢(motersst 22 32k 3.35 85.02 | 1,000 meters-..----.----- 3. 60 35. 00 27.85 
1°927 meters2o-5) aso eee 3. 08 35.03 | 1,500 meters..._.-.-.-..- 3. 25 35. 03 27.90 
2,680 meters.2-=-.2225-2s- 2. 48 35.06 | 2,000 meters...---------- 3. 00 35. 03 27.93 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 249 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- P Tem- 5 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth Peraiure (%o) Depth persture (%o) ot 


Station 1550; July 14; lat. 61°30’ N., long. 52°32’ W.; depth, 2,926 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.512 meters 


DO LeT een ae aee en 5.65 33. 30 5. 65 33. 30 26. 27 
SedmMelers. ve. esau e245 3. 66 34. 06 3. 80 33. 80 26. 87 
Gas MeLers:) = 2-25 3.45 34. 56 3. 50 34. 29 27. 29 
96 meters._ 4. 96 34.95 4.15 34. 71 27. 56 
i2eimeters. = 2>-.22-.5.22 4.79 35. 02 4.95 34. 96 27. 67 
Leeimoeters_-22 222.2 -< 2-2 5.10 35. 05 4.85 35. 02 21.13 
PAGINOELETS 22224 22 4.48 35. 07 5. 05 35. 05 27.73 
Detemetersacc2 oes ose ss 4.27 35. 07 4.35 35. 07 27. 83 
DLairetors- 2285s ek SS. 4.33 35. 08 4.30 35. 07 27.83 
WUMDOLORS: 222 = 2 ee 3. 92 36.,083|) 600/meters:-2-.--.--=_=-- 4.20 35. 08 27.85 
1030!meters;.--=-.-=- ==-- 3. 60 30:04, 800 meters-.--.---=-.-.--- 3.90 35. 06 27. 87 
1292 meters-==2=-22--=—-- 3.37 35:03) |) 1,000 meters-—.-_.------- 3. 65 35. 04 27. 87 
1-948 -meters!=222=-- 2222.2 3. 20 ooO2ulyoOOnmeterss=s- | -'. - =. ~ 3. 30 35. 03 27. 90 

(2:000)) meters:-------=-- 3.15 35. 02 27.91 


Station 1551; July 14; lat. 61°30’ N., long. 53°17’ W.; depth, 2,935 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.456 meters 


Olmelerss2: See Se els 7. 24 os. 80h WOnMmeLer =: s== 22220222522 7. 24 33. 80 26. 46 
32 meters 3. 66 a4730uipep Meters: 2. -2 <5... 3.75 34. 20 27. 20 
64 meters. 4.82 34.86 | 50 meters- 4.60 34. 60 27. 42 
97 meters 4.81 35:,00))|5smetersi == 12S) == -22 =. 4.85 34. 92 27.65 
129 meters 4. 83 35.05 | 100 meters 4.80 35. 00 27.72 
193 meters 5.10 3On1Su|eLoOlmetersse--2--+=---==- 4.95 35. 08 21.40 
257 meters 4.94 35.145 ie200imeterss2s— = == -- 2 5. 10 Bhp 27. 78 
519 meters 4.42 Bool 2h eoouumeters=-2-2=-2<~ == = 4.85 35. 14 27. 83 
781 meters. 3.91 35.08 | 400:moters-....--.-..---- 4.70 35. 13 27. 83 
MOs¢Stmeterse= 2°22. ==. 3. 60 35.09 | 600 meters-...------------ 4.30 35. 11 27. 86 
s0gnmeters: +... -—~ 2% 2. 3. 39 Bost 2a ROUGNNELELS == oe e 3.90 35. 08 27. 88 
1O64>meters===22..-.222. - 3. 21 Ooo elgOUOMmeterss2oe= 22 == 3. 65 35. 09 27.91 

JeHOOANGLEES 22-2 === 2 3. 30 35. 12 27. 98 

(2:000)imeters:2--- =. =*_- 3.15 35. 13 27. 99 
Station 1552; July 14-15; lat. 61°29’ N., long. 54°05’ W.; depth, 2,853 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.502 meters 
OMmeterc.5=- s+ = 22-552: 6. 90 SoG OmmeLerea= eset aa ae 6. 90 33. 66 26. 40 
MOMMOLCES:= = aemes a te) 3.48 SA, OL |e 2bymeterss-.--=_ == | Se 3. 60 34.10 27.13 
Gapnreters =: 2525-2. 2. 2. 4. 08 S45 (SH oO MeLersi2-- Se 2 Sse se ee 3. 75 34. 58 27.49 
DGITIDLENS 2a 225 2 eo ot 4. 62 341900 eo OLerISaseeeee == = aoe 4. 30 34. 86 27. 66 
semeters! cee 2 2 oa es 4.67 351045 mL OOmmeters=- == + eee 4.65 34. 97 27.72 
ROT SmIeLerS= eS = = 2 4. 57 SONOS Hel DOrmeters= 2222s. = Pe 4.60 35. 06 27.79 
QOLINOLErS 2-2 2. === 4. 69 30209!) 200 mmeters--- = = =- =) eS 4. 60 35. 08 27. 80 
SenMOLeCrs- = s- =~. = 52 4.46 SD LOM POUUMNELEIS=2-=—5 -=- 22s 4.60 35. 09 27.81 
DUS HIG LETS. oes ae 4. 34 SOwLO) | E400mmeters aes == Ss 4.45 35.10 27. 84 
We TeINGLOTS= 8 eee ot ae 3. 86 SOs UG OUGAMOLETSaoe=. = aes ee 4.15 35. 09 27. 86 
Otmeterss= 22%. 22. 2.) 3. 51 Bo. OLa | Heo MMeterss== 5-225 2 23 3. 80 35. 04 27. 86 
i 26Gsmieterss=2-=.-.-+=-—= 3.36 34597)|"1,000!meters2--2- =- 2 2 = 3. 55 35. O1 27. 86 
1}905,;meters.2-2=--=------ 3.20 35:059| 3500 )meters=--=.---- = 3. 30 34. 99 27. 87 

(2/000) meters=2-=<=- === 3.10 35. 05 27.94 


Station 1553; July 15; lat. 61°28’ N., long. 54°49’ W.; depth, 2,798 meters; dynamic height,1,454.510 meters 


Opmeter 22 =" 5-822 2--. 23ce 7.05 BOOBs ROMMeLODss=-6 == =e = eee 7. 05 33. 96 26. 61 
WIPIMOLOIS=s2s S22 52-2 22===- 3.91 Bas 4 lola op MOLeLSe=s= ena = =. Se 4. 00 34. 30 27. 25 
GUsITIOLOrS=— 24a 4.19 34:42 50 metersi 2 62 o=-eee 4.00 34. 61 27. 50 
S2INMOLCIS!. ata on Se ee 4. 66 34,93) || WOuNeLErS eee = seeee- 4.45 34. 84 27. 63 
ZS meters=22525- -2-.- 22 4.80 34799100 meterssces == == eee 4.70 34. 95 27. 69 
USEINOLOTS-- Sse! S25 So 5. 00 Bola |p oOuneters=sses=)=— = 4.90 35. 00 27.71 
ZADVINOLETS. = 2 3545< 2 5. -= 222 4.89 35:06) (200 meters 2-2-2522 229 5. 00 35. 03 27.02 
MULAN OLOrS os ke Ses oe 4. 34 30 OGs OO Meters- 2225 6 ens 4.75 35. 06 PHU 
MOS ANBLEIS= 22 S43. cose oso 3.91 BO: Ove RADU IOLEL Sa) 22 ees 4.60 35. 06 27.79 
HOzbamoters== 5. 2-22-- "= 3. 60 30. 04,|\600imeters-22-—2 == 255 4. 20 35. 06 27. 83 
F282 meters: = 52. = 22-2 3. 38 35: O1 .|:800)meters---.-=-_--- ==. 3.90 35. 07 27. 88 
1920 meters= 2552-52802 3.11 So 02m, OoOmmeters2-2=-5—-= a 3. 60 35. 04 27. 88 

1500); meterse =]. 222 ees 3.30 35. O01 27. 89 

(2,000) meters. __-.------ 3. 05 35. 02 27. 92 


250 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values 


Tem- 


Depth perature 


°C.) 


Scaled values 


Salinity 
(960) oe 


Salinity 
(960) 


Station 1554; J uly 15; lat. 61°27’ N., long. 55°35’ W.; depth, 2,808 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.515 meters 


OQimneters== e222 22s es 7.05 
olemMeters: 252805 soak Se 4.41 
Gismeters't2s- ee oe 4.53 
O92 meterst=22s_ a. = Re 5.07 
L2S IM Cbers se se 8 4.74 
Jeaimeters=-o.52. 0 Lae 4,84 
ZA MeCLErS2 2 ase ose 4,65 
BOS mMeterss Sie beth fae 4.19 
ASRimotersecs es 1 SSE Ze 4.32 
G66;meterssseee = = ee 3.76 
90 metersse 2. 2 es 3.55 
1142; meters== 2-2 3.45 
1,752 meters=- 2-2 4222-22 3. 23 
25392, NOLEIS=a- ae = 2 ee 2. 63 


305,92) \Onmeters. <2." nae 
34,240 ¢25;meters:_ 2-222 
34,91" || 50 meters: =-222=— == 23s 
345,96) oimeters!s-=_=2..5- eee 
35.00 | 100 meters_--..-.-.._-_-- 
SoA00N PLO meters:2-22 52 = Sask" 
30.01 1/200 meters2-- 22222224 
30: 00)uPs00imeters--2_c2=- 22242 


1352.00) |/400meters-2s2- 2 = ee 


JO, 00M AGOO Meters =) es See eee 
35, OL, |800lmeters:-2--= = 2 
30. OL4)) L000/imeterse=-=----0 
30..02)/1;500 ameters2===-=5=2=>-— 
30.02) 2;000 meters=. 5422 2=2-= 


prided ooro 
AmMOoooansanedac 


DOCSTERS CSCO Hs es Um Eee eS 
02 OD OO 


Station 1555; July 15; lat. 61°26’ N., long. 


56°20’ W.; depth, 2,817 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.494 meters 


Ouneters25- 3-4 ee 
Sa INOLOIS2 2-2) == == eae 
65:meters=2-525-4 22-2222) 


LOG Meters se—= eee ee 
26E meters._2 =. 22 =__ pee ak 
s02emneters--2 255 =.= 22225 
{siaygaats) t) defame ee wee Beak od 
CUSSNOLOTSE. = = A 
MOsismeters2 222]. - se 
1289 metershs == 5-42 sere 
1935) meters. = 2522-5. 2S 
2 DSL Meters!= 25S -eo 


DDO COC Co Co ee CO 0 COR 
WH WIP IOOMOONISOO 
SRRaAN IBDN BAN ENS 


33..96),| Olmetens=--seee eee oe 
34:00) Zoe Lenssen 
34;,70))|;60;meters= 2s eee 
34::88))|P ZONMCtOrsi =e eee aes 
34.94 | 100 meters_-_--......---- 
34.95) || “LoOimetersses -sae-o ee 
35.02); 200aneterss2-2 = ee 
34..96:)|-300)meters=-_—== 2-22 
35.00 | 400 meters_--_---.-_----- 
35; 01) | 5600imeterssea == 
35. 02'| 800 meters.--.---.------- 
35300) 1; 000imeters22 === 
35: 00se1 GO0Mmeterss = 5 
35.00 | 2,000 meters-_--.-.-..---- 


Station 1556; July 15; lat. 61°27’ N., long. 


o2 WeLers. =o. o se 2 eae 
62imetens®=2teas25) 5 2 eS 
O4simetersssase ase as 
IB RNGLCrSr2 es eee ee 
TSSomelerssaee ne se ee 
Zo0 meters eee se 
3/6,melers-=s ee se 
499 meters’ eon s=s2 = = 
(bz: Meters22 ees eee 
1,005 meters___ 

1,261 meters___ 

1,901 meters 
2,548 meters 


BOD 09.00 C0 ee Pe ee a 
PHONY PRON FWWWWORr 
RE DOBRDONNWOORAT 


SRC) 09/03 2 (Sire Hie CCE RO 9/2 
ENanNooroonworod 
OCOMnSoCoononoanaaae 


33. 96 
34.19 
34. 51 


57°05’ W.; depth, 2,835 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.518 meters 


33.945 ||(Olmeters see =see ee ae 
34.25," 2brmeters_-) s2o- ee 
Basti. \eOOMeters-see = = = ee 
345945) 7b umelerssaes eee ane 
34.955 100smeterss-25--- see 
35.00) | 150:meters-------.--.__-- 
35. Ol |-200)moeters=--2=" --- === == 
35.02) s00mmeterssee= eee ee 
35.01, | 400 meters--=-22=-- = == 
35.00 | 600 meters_----.-----__-- 
34.98 | 800 meters__---.._.--_--- 
34.96 | 1,000 meters_-_ 
34.98 | 1,500 meters_-_-_- 
35.00 | 2,000 meters._--.-----.-- 


Ww rhe 


ha s)he | 


Sie Ss Si eo. 
omoococoonmooconons 


33. 94 
34.14 
34. 55 
34. 88 
34.94 
34,97 
35. 00 
35.02 
35.02 
35. 01 
35.00 
34.98 
34. 96 
34. 98 


26. 58 
26.97 
97.41 
27. 68 
27.72 
27.75 
27.77 
27.78 
27.80 
27. 83 
27.85 
27. 85 
27. 85 
27. 87 


Station 1557; July 15; lat. 61925’ N., long. 57°43 


Owneter*: 2-2 ee as 
32 meters-__-_- Ci See oa 
63;meters-222- 2.2 ee 
Obimetersisessas ae 
L27; meters eee ees ee 
TOU meters 2s eee 
204 MCters wet st te 
a8limeters. 232-3 se 
503 meters-__ 
756 meters_- 
1,010 meters 
1 26o;meterss- 202 22225 
LO0tmeters 2288) 228 
2,540 meters___.....------ 


HEROD TOO ONIWIWS 
MWOBHBDARSISH ART 


S401 45 OnmMelenea-ae o> 
34.1 |SemmeLersa=.5 250 2.22 see 
84554) 250m etersiosese-. 2 2 eer 
d4.io ule couMeters=.—2 S052 = Sze 
34:87 |/100;meters-_-- 2.2. -_222 
34.915 b0imeterse-= 32-5 eee 
34.95: | 200imleters-- =.= -—---=-=22 
30.01 | 800:meters_--.--------=-- 
35.02 | 400 meters...---------.-- 
35.02 | 600 meters_- 
35.05 | 800 meters---- 

35..04 | 1 000imeterss22 5 === 5 -= 
30,03) |e; 500 meters--2--2 2 se =a 
35.-00' | 2,000 meters. _.-......--- 


Se et S| 
KH WOIPraIwWsoowWdL Or PO 
SSSSonssossosoan 


34, 14 
34.14 
34. 33 
34, 61 
34. 76 
34. 88 
34. 91 
34. 98 
35. OL 
35. 02 
35, 02 
35. 05 
35. 03 
35. 02 


’ W.; depth, 2,633 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.486 meters 


26. 75 
26. 96 
27.36 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 251 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- eee Tem- | rae 
Depth perature | Salinity , Salinity 
I I (EO) | (960) Deprh poy (%60) on 


Station 1558; July 16; lat. 61°24’ N., long. 58°22’ W.; depth, 2,551 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.531 meters 


(0) RANG UG they oe ea ee pe 6. 20 33.87 | Omieter......_-.- ee ae 6. 20 33. 87 26. 66 
Sul wei a cle Oe FUSse2ometersl ee. oe 1.00 34.00 27. 26 
(si) eC 1.91 34.24 | 50 meters...__.____--.___ 1.55 34.18 27. 36 
OTIS LOY Shenae ae = nS 2. 81 Beco) | oMMevense.- sees sae so 2.40 34. 35 27. 44 
PeemMeters: - = + = -=-2-= 3. 28 34705) LOO MNeterS <2) coe 2. 95 34, 59 27. 58 
182 meters.-__----- Be SS 3. 57 34.87 | 150 meters___________ vapee 3.40 34. 78 27. 69 
PAM OApONS exes == 5 2= 3. 89 Deeson |eZ0OMMOLCLS=- 2-2 se ee 3.65 34. 89 27.75 
BOAMIMEUCTS.—-.5-2=a555 =5=- 4.07 Oar ole OOO MISUCLSS =o = Sen an ee 4.00 34. 96 27.78 
MET OUOL Sse he Se 3.99 34.96 | 400 meters_______________ 4.05 34.97 27.78 
713 meters__---- ae eee 3.00 oeoo OOOumeters. === -- = 1 3. 85 34. 96 27.79 
ObagmMelors =e Boe 3. 68 30.03 | 800 meters___.__.___- ase 3. 70 34. 99 27. 83 
Telezaneters==- = -<--<==- 3.52 oor 02) el O0Oimeters==---- 5-2 == 3. 60 35. 03 | 27. 87 
1,794 meters____...+-.---- 3.18 35.05 | 1,500 meters_______ ae 3.35 35. 04 | 27.90 
DEB OOMTIGLOLS: a a= 25 4S - 2.35 35.05 | 2,000 meters__----._.___- 3.00 35. 05 | 27.95 


! 
Station 1559; July 16; lat. 61°23’ N., long. 59°00’ W.; depth, 2,423 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.513 meters 


Oishi ee 5. 80 SOAG On MO WMOLOTE enews ees 5. 80 33.95 26. 77 
PSV Te0 (GLE) see 4.72 S406) 2oumMelerse-=s = =a Le 4.70 34. 07 27. 00 
ail TD OR eee ae 2. 08 Sonora | OONMe [ENS<-- == ee se ae 2. 05 34. 34 27. 46 
7 Wa ee 2.58 35704 lino Melers=-—-— =) eee 2. 55 34. 53 27.47 
NQipimeenses se eee 3. 02 34.65 | 100 meters_____ an 3.00 34. 64 27. 62 
ROSEIGLONS see Sane 3. 66 34506) || LoOmeterss =-9 22-2 82-5 3. 65 34. 85 — 27.72 
DOANE LEISL=—2 == === === 3.92 Os. 91 200) metersses == a eS 3.90 34. 91 Pet G5 
BUG MmMetEES-=-2-==------_.. 4.27 do. 02 | 300) meters__-____--__-- = 4,25 35. 02 27. 80 
BOT INOLOES!. 25 =2=--- 2. =- 4.07 35.01 | 400 meters_______ a eee 4.05 35. O1 27.81 
GiGmmeters-2=- <= --= eee 3. 87 SovOOh  OOUhmetenSa eae = 3. 85 35. 00 27. 82 
BOGmeters*-~ 1. 2.2---2-..- 3. 71 BOSS n MOOUMMCLENSs== ens ae eee 3.70 35. 03 27. 86 
Wei remSiers eas = a= a=} a2 4 2 BosOs) | OO0hmetenss === ss == 3. 60 35. 03 27. 87 
ipolemMebersaa—- == =e =-- == 3. 25 Boe leoUOMMeLCrS= se = == 3.30 35. 02 27.90 
2etQpemepers= === --2.=2=- 1. Dhey aane Seeks (2!000))meterse=== === 22 se 2. 85 35. 02 27. 94 


Station 1560; July 16; lat. 61°22’ N., long. 59°48’ W.; depth, 2,423 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.477 meters 


Oimpterea.8 22-3255. 2 §. 91 BonOOs LOMMOLET == s=ee a= ee 5. 91 33. 90 26. 72 
PASIMOLEES! - 22205 5--=55-5=4 5. 21 Bo LO) S2onMeLOLS 25 eee == 5. 20 34. 10 26. 96 
CM) 109 GLY See eee ee 3.49 Stasi | MOUMNOLET Sas soo! Se ek 3. 50 34. 38 27.36 
Of) TERT Cae ee ee 2.57 DA846) | HO MMeLOLS-o 22 = 2 So 2eDD 34. 47 PYAR: 
SRemerens-2 = ese 2. 68 Bs00n LOU AMeLerss=-—— 3 — = 2.70 34. 66 27. 66 
Lehi) S002 1) tS ae ee 3. 54 34.89 | [50/meters:s---=...=.22 = Bat 34. 89 27.76 
MOPRMOLETS= 2225-2 --0-4-.2 3. 84 34.94" | 200tmetters- =.= = -25.2 5-2 3.85. 34. 94 Ziadie 
PUASIMELOUS == sae ese 4. 02 3o.00;) || 800meters=- =.= 2-2. 2 se — 4.00 35. 00 27.81 
SNe) TOO 2) eee ee 3. 86 oos02¢ | 400 ameters: 2-52 ese 3.85 35. 02 27. 84 
HUSMMBLOES 2 == 22 oS 28 3.68 BovO2 | COU MeTCES=--=2 sao ee 3.65 35. 02 27.86 
HOSSINOUGTS 222 ones 252 3. 59 BOWS | SOOMMeTOrs=s- 3 s— aan ee 3.55 35. 04 27.88 
OaSimetens=_..--22-22=--- 3.49 onOon | , OOUmmehersssee = ae 3.45 35. 05 27.90 
(eas 2uMeLers= == 222-2} 3. 22 p04. sl 500 mreterss 28 22-522 2 3. 20 35. 04 27. 92 
MO2SyMIOLSIS. = == .5=--=22 2.68 35. 04.| (2,000) meters_-__-------- 2.55 35. 04 27.98 


Station 1561; July 16; lat. 61°20’ N., long. 60°41’ W.; depth, 960 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.435 meters 


0 meter_---~-- 2 eee 4.62 BokOn COmMeters ss 2S = e2 4.62 33.19 26. 31 
PORCH EUSS: 22= So SL! Ee 1.49 Onl ee XC LOLS se = epee ee 1.70 33. 80 27.05 
HMC . 88 3431) OOWuMeteIS=s= 92 ae ees .85 34, 24 27. 46 
CESSeT Gifts Sees Se or rr 1.95 34: 48u)|) (oO MeLCIS:=- = =--— == 1.60 34. 42 27. 56 
MlGsnapters S92 2-2 i 2. 39 o2500) | LOOimeters.25 9-2) == 2.10 34. 53 27. 60 
Wi OLCIS= 3-2 oe 3.46 34:85) || oO meters-_=-= = 5 -sS22-- 3. 05 34. 77 27. 72 
CAC iret) a Bato 34.91.|| 200 ineters-=5-5- = a= = 3. 60 34. 88 20.75 
BAG PIOLCUS =a =e 52S 4. 26 35506:1| 200smeters2=5- == 2 4.10 34.99 27.79 
ABO TUCUCIS=< 2055522 2. 4.17 Son0” |) 400nmeters=.5= == - 2s 4. 25 35. 06 27. 83 
CU rt Gy a rr BEAL 35. Lt | 600!meters-=-===— AE xe 3. 80 35. 10 27.91 
ds) 500 Gi) (es at 7) 25: 10) |||800) meters=.-= 22. ==22>— == 3. 70 35. 11 27. 93 


79920—37——_17 


252 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Scaled values 


| Tem- 


Salinity Salinity 
Depth De. (G0) Depth | Siena (60) ot 


Station 1562; July 16; lat. 61°20’ N., long. 61°31’ W.; depth, 549 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.445 meters 


Oirieiene see eee 3.90 Se O44 Osmeter. £22252 eee 3.90 34. 04 27. 05 
SOMO LOIS: = o> ae See 2. 56 34,05) || P2biMeters= =>. eo eee 2. 50 34. 04 27.18 
6zumeters! sso 22 ee 1.97 4: LON OOMMeters: === =) = eee 25: 34.11 PU exe 
OTT GLIG) See ees ae 2.11 SAUL EO eLOOCOLS == === Sonam 1.95 34. 29 27. 43 
Ib amelers:§ sees a hl S45 070, LOU MIC TCTS: -— as ee 2.20 34. 53 27. 60 
TSS ANClOIS eee 3. 46 34-80))|el50imeters2=-=2- 2 oo eee 3. 10 34. 73 27. 68 
AYRE LOLS == seen Se eee 3. 67 34.90 | 200 meters____-_---_-___- 3. 50 34. 82 Zita 
BieMNe tenses = es =) See 3.77 4,90) |p SOOMNIGLETS 22-2 ae 3.70 34. 93 27. 78 
BOLAMBUGEST® ote ye eS 3.81 35. 02) | 400imeters: 2922-22 = 3. 75 34. 97 27.81 


Station 1563; July 17; lat. 61°19’ N., long. 62°20’ W.; depth, 549 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.497 meters 


Ounieter2= sede s os ea 
SZ HMC LOESS oa ee es Pers 
62 meters-_---_- eA Aes 
94:mieters-2- 22-5 22-2222 
2p wneters: --~ =e 
ISTAIMEtOnSS 2-22 aa a 
ZHURMOLOLS= =e ee 
Bi DMMOLOrS ss = = =a a 
499imeters: == =e 


3. 03 
2. 49 
1.76 

. 96 
1. 28 
2. 28 
3. 29 
3. 57 
3. 58 


. 20 
. 44 
. 84 
165 
35 
. 9 


Quneters.22355see5 Fe ee 
Zo Meera = See oa eee 
oOsmeters=225_ 4s ee 
TonMetersa2 see 
LOOimeters. = eee 
TSOhmTeLers=aa: === =e 
ZOOMMeETCTS! ee ee ae 
B00hmMeterss.2=_ = = ees 
400 meters_____- Pee a8 


33. 20 
33. 37 
33. 68 
33. 99 
34. 18 
34. 46 
34. 64 
34. 87 
34. 93 


26. 47 
26. 64 
26. 93 
27. 23 
27. 40 
27.59 
27. 66 
27.76 
27.79 


Station 1564; July 17; lat. 61°21’ N., long. 63°07’ W.; depth, 594 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.551 meters 


Okmeter? St sae 2 ee 
ia) 00(c\ Hs) Gee eee eee ee 
66)meters:= 22-22 =s--2 25 
SOWMELELS 25 =5<2eee= oe 
TZ MeLOTS 22 == Pe 
OS iMMISbEIS2 42 -o oeene— 
ThesMEters. = see so See oe A 
BOOIMELERS === 22-2 a eas 
OZ PIMCLEIS== = = 23S === 


1. 64 

- 46 
at 
=; ta! 
—.33 
1.37 
2. 82 
3. 50 
3. 59 


32. 04 
33. 34 
33. 46 
33. 92 
33. 97 
34. 36 
34. 62 
34. 92 
34. 98 


OWMCLeR = an. eee 
ZO MOUS = ee 2p ee 
SOHMETORSS = eas ee 
(OSMMOLOLS == 2 Lee eee 
LOOMMETErSS! oe eee eee 
5O0'meters 22-5 ae ee 
200M ClelSs== a ae 
SO0meters= 2 take ee 
400m eters! 52 snes 
(600) sneters= aes see 


32. 04 
32. 95 
33. 41 
33. 60 
33. 92 
34. 04 
34. 37 
34. 72 
34. 92 
34. 99 


25. 66 
26. 44 
26. 86 
27. 02 
27. 28 
27.34 
27. 53 
27. 67 
27. 80 
27. 84 


Station 1565; July 17; lat. 60°21’ N., long. 60°27’ W.; depth, 1,829 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.478 me ters 
Ofmeteneto- == = ras 5. 30 3409). Onmeten= ==. es. 2 =e 5. 30 34. 09 26. 94 
RO MMEURES 22S eae ee 4.40 D422) |eOmOeLeTSaee= === ae ae 4. 50 34.19 Dalal 
DRM OLOLS = 9-= - e e 3.37 34543" 50 ON CLOESe= = ee oe 3. 60 34. 37 27.35 
BUSI LEI Ss eee ee 3. 22 3402/5 OL eCbeLS===s nee = seen 3. 20 34. 48 27.47 
lil6imetersss 3. 5222. -3e ss 3. 63 34:88 | LOOimeters2s= se: 2a 3.40 34. 63 Dy paye 
7a: meters == REE SS 4. 00 347960 LoOhmetensie 22s 2 = eee 3. 90 34. 94 QI 
DaIMMOLerS= 5 8 ae 3. 97 34597, | 200 IMeLerS=ee. one see 4. 00 34. 97 27.79 
SA7moters. see 3.91 34:98" | 300)meters= === —- ===. 2 3. 95 34. 97 27.79 
Chr (Veaats} 3) cee SOS Se 8 ee 3. 76 35:04, \'400)meters:—=<-5 22 6 3. 85 35. 00 27. 82 
707 meters:-_-—--— 5 ae ee 3. 58 35:03) )| "600smeters== 9222-0 eee 3. 65 35. 04 27. 87 
Oa hametensh = 224 Sone ase Ss 3. 52 SD ODN SOOMMeTCRS Senet Sees 3.55 35. 03 27. 87 
Pelssimetersess=-—- sees 3. 44 30:06 |) 1:COOmeterss-e! == 22 ee 3. 50 35. 05 27. 90 

(1500) meters: === se 3.40 | . 35.06 27. 92 

Station 1566; July 18; lat. 59°28’ N., long. 58°40’ W.; depth, 2,560 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.456 meters 
OnMnetenc.- 2 -2- se see 7. 04 34,284 MORMe ter == 52 ==sae ee 7. 04 34. 28 26. 86 
BONIMECEDS. Ho ee een 4. 44 84.24.20 MM CtCrSsa= ee = ee 4. 60 34. 27 27.17 
59 matears_-____ ofee lehe bts Sia 3. 88 34537 POOMetERS = fees ee ee 4. 05 34. 33 27. 27 
OOgmeters 22 ewe as ae 3. 20 SE AGP AN 7toyiaatsyeyqsigs 4, oe EE 3.40 34. 48 27.45 
LUGameters’= 2a es 3. 50 34,914) sOOhmeters22_ 22 2 ee | 3. 20 34. 74 27. 68 
178 maters__-_.- ee see tee 3. 98 Os 95: | LOO MMOUCTS= <- = eee ees 3. 80 34. 96 27. 80 
ER og 08 Gt No) pee ee ene ae 4. 02 35:.00)|- 200 metersi= = 222 =e 4.05 35. 00 27. 80 
A OVMIELOUS Sea ee eee 3. 82 BoO2s| s00;meters=—- = = eee 3. 95 35. O1 27. 82 
47 4M1CLerSs. ssn ease 3. 84 35:.04"|' 400 ameterse == ae aes 3. 80 35. 03 27.85 
(Alfa aah ti yack pee ot eg 3. 58 3p) 05a\ 600 meters seas = aaa 3. 70 35. 05 27.88 
OFS MerOnsee oe 3. 39 pH 03" S00 MIOtens=es == eee 3. 50 35. 05 27. 90 
TOS UIMBLOES <5 eas eee ee 3. 28 35,.00))|| L/000;meterss.- =. 2-2 ee 3.35 35. 04 27.90 
ISO MmetetS a> =>-—e- oes 2.92 35.05) Ee 500meters: 22-205 seee 3.10 35. 02 27.92 
DEAT THIMGEOY Sit = 2.18 35. 04 02; 000meterss2. 5-2 2. 80 35. 05 27. 96 


DAVIS STRAIT 


AND LABRADOR 


SEA 


Observed values 


Scaled values 


Depth 


Salinity 


(00) 


Depth 


Tem- 
perature 
(°C.) 


Salinity 
(%G0) 


a 


Station 1567; July 18; lat. 59°22’ N., 1 


ong. 59°10! 


W.; depth, 2,716 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.454 meters 


(0) 12915 11S Cap a oe ee 
MOREDO LORS ove oe aoe sae a 

GUINTO LOTS == ae we L 
SAmevers--.252-—--—-.-=. - 
TIME LEDS eo aeons = = 
USS eMELeTS=. woe. 25-5 - 
PAASINIGLOIS]~= 02 2222552 ~ - - 
BUGINIOTOLS ke so: L. = . 
ADO WMELENS ee oe es oa = - 
Us CCORS- 8. asec 
SpenMelensace == s-Se ssc St 
PAS IMCLOLS = oe an = = 
fe Sean eteLse. =a". = — 
Puen ObCNS es es tae 2 


IO 1D Go 02 G9 G9 G9 Go DOK DOLD Go En 


Oume ters =" eae = eee 


PO INOEUCTS= 3 sees we eS 
6O0lmetens: =a. oe ee 


75 meters____- REL As 


LOOMMELErS seen. = ae ee 
LDOYMmeters2 3 sb s2le ee ree 
AUUKMET CIS! as- oe 
BOONMELETS 2-5 soe — = ae =e 


400 sneters.a2 > aes 


G00 mistersse: 222 es 


SOOhmeters: 225 es Te | 
OOO meberss 222s — = ee 


I DOORMETEESes = = 24522 5 


2,000 vmeters=.-.2=5- 22% 


Ps 
S 


oo 0 
wa 
=i) 


34. OL 26. 89 
34.19 27. 20 
34, 27 27. 33 
34. 40 27. 43 
34, 59 |” 27. 56 
34. 90 27. 7 

35. 00 27. 82 
35. O1 27. 82 
35. 02 27. 84 
39. 06 7. 88 
30. 06 27. 90 
35. 05 7. 90 
35. O7 27. 95 
35. O7 27.98 


Station 1568; July 18; lat. 59°16’ N., long. 59°40’ W., depth, 1,792 meters; d 


ynamic height, 1,454.544 meters 


BUM LELS=. Sane se 
YALU eee ee eee 
MOTI LOIS a ee ee 
AGREE TRTS\) eee ee 2 S.8 
MO SRMLeLETS: Fk. we tL 
MINE LOLS es 2 Soe s 
DEIMOLEES= 2625 - J-e 
ANAIMeters 2... 2222 
PLORNIGEerSs. >, se et 
SPE) 8 Ne) a ee 
Opa mepense. =." <2 o=" 
PSP MNOUCrS. == i Se2e_- 


SO MMetenS 32-2 Se ee 
(Oyo) See ee ee 
LOO uMeters Sse se = sear 
LOOMMelers sess =e 
ZOOMNeteIS Soe ee ee ee = 
SNOmMmetens ee eee ee ee 
400 smMeTerse=-42- = 22 sso 
S00hmeters= S- te 
SOOM CYA TS eee = oe ee 
1 OOOkmMeteEss=-— os 5s. ee as 
1 DOUNmteterssea. = see 


22 09 09 8 yO 90 OO NN EN 
BPOWOHORORe PDO 
SCoanmoncoono 


33. 58 26. 5 

33. 97 27. 14 
34. 04 27. 26 
34. 43 27. 52 
34. 55 27. 60 
34. 74 27. 70 
34. 80 27.70 
34. 86 2th 
34, 97 27.77 
34. 97 27. 80 
34. 99 27.82 
35. 04 27. 88 
35. 04 27.90 


Station 1569; July 18; lat. 


59°14’ N., long. 60°14’ W.; depth, 686 meters; dynamic height, 


1,454.638 meters 


erene Te sees aes be 
PRMTICROUS= 29. ee, ane 
PpUatehers-— <2. 22 ee. SS 
ii) ele) eh s Oe eee eee 
MEMO LOLS: eo oe 1 == 
HeRMIOLenS= 225.525. 2. A 
PED IMNGUCIS os 2o ed at ae 
OOTETIELETS eet To eon! 
BOUMTIBUCIS2 52 =s=—-2-o==- 5 
HR OFTLOLONS. sgeer ee ae eS 


31. 26 
33. 01 
33. 68 
33. 90 
34. 14 
34, 27 
34. 72 
34. 84 
34, 96 
34. 97 


TOMOIOLCES=2 9-2 eee 
LOOLmetersss-2—— = 3208 be 
HOMME LEDS} = a kao 
200 TMeters 22 = we ee 
BOOMNTCLETS =.2- N22 5 2-3 
ADUMMEUETSE 25-252 eee = 
(600): meters:_- > --2.-- 25 


31. 26 25. 07 
32. 7 26. 23 
33. 55 26. 98 
33. 85 27. 21 
34. 05 27.35 
34. 24 27.45 
34. 57 27. 63 
34. 85 27. 72 
34. 96 27.78 
34. 97 27.79 


Station 1570; July 18; lat. 


long. 60°46 


’W.; depth, 198 meters; dynamic height, 


1,454.786 meters 


Wineter=’s -° seas oe 22k 
LOMMeTerS = 2 se Sas 2S 
35 Meters-_----- 5 OO er ae 
60 meters----- nee e ee ae 
AMM TORSs ve ee Fes 
ISG INeters. = 2" 2-2-2 
MSI TACIGUS) pia ap eee a 


30. 93 
31. 76 
32. 49 
32. 93 
33. 18 
33. 26 
33. 43 


DOMNOeleRsis ie Sh Se 
TomMMe terse a= 4 |e es: 
JOO mMeters#s 2526. 22 
TSOUNETENS 2.2 een ee 
(200) ametersi.s-- = 2S 


—0, 46 
—1. 50 
—1. 50 
eds 
ao) 
—.80 
==4 ((V) 


30. 93 24. 87 
32. 20 25. 92 
32. 75 26. 37 
33. 08 26. 62 
33. 21 26. 73 
33. 30 26. 78 
33. 48 26. 93 


Station 1571; July 19; lat. 58°26’ N., long. 58°55’ 


W.; depth, 1,865 meters: dynamic height, 1,454.491 meters 


0) ea A) ee ee ae 
ep PCUELS: ee one 
Ha) GS a Ea ee 
BOLING LCIS So Sree 53 
Mp TMeterss eee Sie 2 oF 
72 mMeters-2.554-6 2225 soe 
PAO MTIGUCDSS 2x4 aap =e wee = 
BAL INICLELS Hote re ee 
BELINeLers 25. 2 se5 2 See e 
BHULINICLOLS §< 35 sateen see 
WADI OLELS ae one eee 

LerlimMeters= 2" pe Lek 
TeTOAIMeLOrs: 2: = oo ee ae se 


RO G2 2 Go G9 G9 OF 9 IO IO Oe 
CONRAN WNREWUDnRne 
BOOM OO OW AIA) “10 


34. 33 
34, 50 
34. 52 
34. 50 
34. 57 


Oimeter.. 22s 
PUN EGLONS + oe se Le 
HOlin eters. ced 9. vee et ea* 
WEMIMeLETS es ee 
HOOumetersuss= = sae aoe 
oORMetens= se ae 
BOM inteterst<-2 ees se = 
Su0 Ie lenssas se sea 
4200! IGtErS=- 2252 oan eee 
G00 metens. 252-2 Set 
S00 meters==9ss- 5 ee 
THOOOInIebersas- 2 
TeB00 METERS! =<. oe Sse 


~I 
=] 
bo 


wo 
a 


34. 33 26. 91 
34. 48 27. 29 
34. 52 27. 43 
34. 50 27. 44 
34. 53 27. 48 
34. 65 27.61 
34.74 27. 68 
34. 88 27.77 
34. 98 27. 84 
35. O1 27. 86 
35. 02 27. 88 
35. 02 27.89 
35. 02 27. 92 


254 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- Ae Tem- asco 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth py (%o) Depth pear (060) ot 
Station 1572; July 19-20; lat. 57°47’ N., long 57°35’ W.; depth, 2,562 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.469 meters 
Qumeten = -2- eee 7.90 S4C38 hi WORM Lens kt eas sees 7.90 34. 38 26. 82 
Si meters): 26 2a: = eee 5. 87 B4, 44 |) 2b.meters= === 52+ 2=) see 6. 80 34. 42 27.01 
Gl. meters= 2 ee 3. 21 34. 63> wo IMeGbErS: 2-2 2-= == ee 3.45 34. 52 27.48 .: 
O2MGterss ae 3. 43 O4: on MOMMelOLSeet n= teas aes 3.25 34. 68 27. 62 
23 un elers same oe ae 3783 34590700 meters-=- = =.= == ees 3. 50 34. 77 27. 68 
ASS aMetersse ees a 3. 86 34; 965) Lo0ameters=---- 22 -55— =e 3. 80 34. 93 PAL 
DAGHNeterS™ = = ae Eee 3. 87 So. OM e200;metersss--2--- sea 3. 85 34. 97 27.80 
Sb ONMIetEES a= sa 3. 70 30504 |e00imeters==2--5-— == 3. 80 35. 03 27. 85 
ASGameters: sees. - Se 3. 60 30.03) | 400)meters-—---22-- 2S 3 3. 65 35. 04 27. 87 
Te2mmeterse.8 ses —"-- ee 3. 48 BosO2 MOU MeETETSe=2- mee a eee BAoD 35. 02 27. 87 
ORismeters: ==-— = eee 3. 38 SovOLs | Re00smelers=- === == see 3.45 35. 02 27. 88 
1A283,smeterss--=3-522=— 3. 27 BoOl02) |e OUOmmeters= === a= = =e 3. 40 35. 01 27. 88 
1,846 IMmebers==-5=2 42 ee 3.09 30;,00))|) 1 500hmeters=== 2-3 sear 3. 20 35. 01 27.90 
2 bs oeIMeteLs-. 2222- ee 1.99 32, OF a) 2,000 ameterse t= 22 22 eee 3. 00 34. 99 27. £0 


Station 1573; July 20; lat. 57°41’ N., long. 58°00’ W.; depth, 2,240 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.476 meters 


Oinmieten: Sas a ee 7.85 34550 || OMMeCtEr See eee 7.85 34.50 | 26.92 
PSM elErS i. sas eek eee 5. 54 34/52) | ZOMOLCTS 28 ees = eee 5. 80 34. 52 PY Ey? 
S4meterss < -_St 3. 61 34,047 MOON CLONS see ona eee 3. 85 34. 54 27. 45 
S2AMNCLErS == ress oe 3. 21 34. (75), | whose lelS 224-2 = = eee 3. 25 34. 65 27. 60 
LOSameierss:. ae ee 3.27 O45 2on| LOOM MMC TCLS ssa = eee 3. 25 34.77 27.70 
lGsimeterse span. ree 3. 40 345844 SOORMETOIS 5 ee ae 3. 40 34, 82 PY AGB} 
ATES LOLS: = ees: 2 eens 3. 61 34:95", 200hmetersse = = ee 3. 60 34. 94 27. 80 
D2 ORL UCTS ee ee ee 3. 67 34.965) BOO ;meters=s===. === eee South 34. 96 27.81 
S9Simeters==s es nk 2 3. 61 34.96) || 400;metersse= = eee 3. 65 34. 96 27.81 
60ilsmoterst == sa2ese eae 3. 54 34:96; 600 meters=-=5- see ae == 3. 55 34. 96 27. 82 
SlOnmeterses = es ee 3.48 BO OM SO00hmetens=tssees =.= ees 3. 45 35. 00 27. 86 
1 OZlemeters——! 22 3. 39 35:04,)| 1; 000)meters_—- == -=-= 2222 3. 40 35. 04 7. 90 
Tb4SpMetersse == se es 3.14 30204) ||) 1 500imetersa-ne = 9: ee oe 3. 20 35. 04 27. 92 
BOSTIMetverseLes-<- sees 2. 58 Son O72 000lmetensee= see saan 2. 70 35, 07 27. 99 


Station 1574; July 20; lat. 57°32’ N., long. 58°33’ W.; depth, 2.057 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.454 meters 


Oemetenseae-- 2. a oe 5. 74 By tstetilh (aaa eee so ae ee eS 5. 74 33. 88 QE Te 
DAMINELGLS 2 a= see JIE E 5. 60 S4548n 20 CUer Sess ene eee 5. 60 34. 48 PY eA 
ASKMIphensse =e ws oe 3.95 BAND Dal oOO MIN LC Se ee sae ae ees 3. 95 34. 55 27.45 
(PAOGIG Ree eee ee Tats 3. 55 34.163ir| CouMme tensa a= = oe 3. 50 34. 64 27.57 
QGumietensme sons oo 3. 32 34-78) | 100smetersgas2- == == eee 3. 30 34.79 Die 
l4pametorss-.22 532-82 - 2 3. 43 34,86) || L50imeterse— = 92-2 ee 3.45 34. 87 27. 76 
LOBmmi eters ss 5 Ae 3. 66 34.93) he200mmeters. =e 5 ae 3. 60 34. 94 27. 80 
QBORIAE BES Hea eae ee 3. 74 34.960 S0OhMeterss == == ae ae 3.75 34. 97 27.81 
DEPINOUENS == tee ene ens 3. 70 35202); 400)meters_ = = fe 38. 65 35. 02 27. 86 
O2AMIMeCT SS = eee oe 3. 58 35103 | G00hme ters aa = a ee 3.00 35. 02 27. 87 
VOSaMOLONSHe= ssa =e eee 3. 08 Sos0 | SOOgmeterse= 2-2-2 bas 3. 50 35. 03 27. 88 
SS8Ommieiers t= 6 Ae eee 3. 46 35805) OUOmmetensa= == aaa = 3. 40 35. 05 27.91 
iShtemeverse. se ee B22 302045 a sQOlmetersaa-. == = Sys 1S 35. 04 27.92 
PSavaMneters=—2------ ee. - 4 2. 69 35. 05) | ((2;000) meters-—- _------- 2.35 35. 05 28. 00 


Station 1575; July 20; lat. 57°24’ N., long. 59°00’ W.; depth, 1,143 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.506 meters i 


{ ! 
Qonetert2 ee 3. 06 33.43) |(Ome tense sae ee ee 3. 06 33. 43 26. 65 
2 TNCVCISs ae aes a . 99 Dosen) ZONE LETS see = ee 1.15 33. 69 27. 00 
ODMMBLOLS eae =e Se ees . 46 30. 9a POUMMe LCI Sas ae a eee . 45 33. 95 27. 25 
7Oimeters==- a> so Se 1.76 J4c02) || TOM eters oss ee asso 1.65 34. 25 27. 42 
LOnemnelersseae = se ee 1. 96 34, 42) 100lmeterss=—===se= ene 1.90 34. 39 27.51 
V5SiMelersss ase * ee 3. 04 34.70) | eo Meters =" eaan ees 2.95 34. 72 27. 69 
Zi ismMeerseeas = ae ae ae 3. 52 34.83) 200 mMeterSS==see- .5=— eee 3.45 34, 82 27.72 
DLOMMBUSESS= =e ee Ont 34.84 E30 0mMeberses= = see ee 3. tO 34. 86 Pi lool 
sip meerss=)-5 eels 3. 86 BD O7e|"400mmietersas= eee ee 3.85 35. 02 27. 84 
Biheller Sete. ee eee 3. 89 OZ OOUNNObeT Sasa = ae eee 3. 90 35. 02 27. 84 
ROLRDVOEOES: =. 32265 oe = = 8. 86 BO, 06s nSOOMMeverSaa== sees =e ee ee 3.85 35. 06 27. 87 
O92 meters-2---s2s22-2202- 3. 69 3540 fel| de OOOmMeters=a= = eens 3. 70 35. 07 27. 90 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 209 
Observed values Sealed values 
Tem- ea yeecee. Tem- pear as 
Depth perature acre Depth perature are ot 
(°C.) 700 (°C.) 700) 

Station 1576; July 20; lat. 57°19’ N., long. 59°33’ W.; depth, 200 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.597 meters 
UiTGtON. 23 ose oe = 1. 57 S2500F|| Ohmeter: 22-2 canes lay / 32. 00 25. 62 
INO VOLS sone eae —. 68 32:,7)))|| Zo Meters. =2- =~. =e ewe —.90 33. 00 26. 56 
DANIO UOIS=—s— eae sn en Boss. MOU MUCUCIS ~o ace see eee —.85 33. 54 26. 98 
Gimme lenSs- sso eae ss == —. 68 SONOS. |W HOMOLELS=o= 22-3 ee —.55 33. 74 27.13 
(Sapa 002) (2) ae eee —. 50 Boro || LOOMeTerSs--— = - S25 es —.25 33. 90 27. 25 
ieee lerS ana e aes aoe = 12, 34,20) | Loommeters= =. 2 228 2s eats) 34. 25 27. 45 
TROMMETErSeee- eS 1.02 34,30) ((200))meters:--2--=- 229 1.00 34. 32 27. 52 

Station 1577; July 20; lat. 57°13’ N., long. 60°05’ W.; depth, 137 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.615 meters 
Ommeter: <2 2 sa wees 1.92 Slo oou|, Olmeteri ==>. 522 oe 1.92 31. 59 25. 27 
MORIMEURT SH = A622 Sees os . 64 Bo 09s |; 2oumeters-ss2= 22-5 2 ae . 65 33. 00 26. 48 
BANC LOLS! =o he 5 Fae . 55 33.51 | 50 meters_-..._---- ee 55 33. 48 26. 87 
Wises = ae See yy) BBalon |e CLES == ae a pass . 30 33. 70 27. 06 
A@srmeters-—..---. 2 ate —.44 BojOL 1 LOOMMetenrss==2.-=-225_--5 5) 33. 80 He lyf 


Station 1578; July 20; lat. 57°03’ N., long. 60°3 


5’ W.; depth, 238 meters; dynamic height, 1,454. 


671 meters 


1.76 
—. 93 
—1. 42 
—1. 14 
== Ih 
5 14)5) 
—.46 


30. 71 
32. 74 
33. 03 
33. 18 
33. 25 
33. 58 
33. 82 


Ojmieten=2e3 See 1.76 
2 WNCLELS 4 es eS as —.95 
MHOMMOLEES 2 +-- oo--t === —1.40 
AO WNeLETS=-—— === ees —1.15 
1OOumetersta=2-2=2-h. 7 2 —1.30 
5Ohmetersas- = 3 — = eRe —. 90 
DOOM ECRNS sss 5 eee —.40 


30. 71 24. 58 
32.75 26. 36 
33. 04 26. 60 
33. 18 26. 71 
33. 25 26. 76 
33. 60 27. 04 
33. 83 27. 20 


Station 1579; July 20; lat. 


57°01’ N., long. 60°45’ W.; depth, 151 meters; dynamic height, 1.454.715 meters 


0 meter 
26 meters 
Awe pers-=—- === ===>. === 
(if 2) pps Tee 
103 meters 


Station 1580; July 21; lat 


. 55°00’ N. 


29. 17 
32.33 
33. 02 
33. 19 
33. 26 


Oimebersssea 222 e252 ok —(. 60 
ZOVNCLEESS- os a ooo ee 20 
HO-MISUCTS == eee —1.45 
TOMMCUCIS os es se — 30 
LOOMMeerS=.- === 8 = ake 3 = 125 
G50) ;meters= === = 16 3X8) 


29. 17 23. 46 
31. 90 25. 62 
33. OL 26. 57 
33. 18 26. 71 
33. 25 26. 76 
33. 33 26. 82 


, long. 57°47’ W.; depth, 110 meters; dynamic height, 1,454. 


772 meters 


(003031 22) Fees ee Se 
Ge ee 
52 meters 
77 meters 
103 meters 


7.53 


28. 89 
32. 11 
32. 58 
32. 66 


32. 76 


Oinieter.e-= = =e ee (613 
PDUMGCISS 25- aoe eae at Sa =. 10 
HO WMeELELSE 2-2 —1. 40 
OMe Lelsese seas aa ee —1.40 
LO0Mmeters==2=2 == —1. 30 


22. 57 


28. 89 

31.70 25. 50 
32. 55 26. 20 
32. 65 26. 28 
32. 74 26. 35 


Station 1581; July 21; lat. 55°09’ N., long. 57°20’ W.; depth, 238 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.717 meters 


4.73 
—.80 
SEP 
—1.00 
Sant 
—.34 


30. 94 
32.65 
32. 84 
33. 00 
33. 40 
33.78 


Qumeters- 52 Pee ass 4.73 
2D, PRObCES =< 2+ 22. = a —. 20) 
HOMMeterS2a2 2585 aa —1.20 
(oumeberS--25 = = — LS, 
lPOrmMeLersa=-s s=2- ee =—1.00 
L50 meters. =. 242-22 es —1.00 
200Meterss 2-2-2522 = Fi) 


30. 94 24. 52 
32. 40 26. 04 
32.79 26. 40 
32. 91 26. 48 
33. 05 26. 60 
33. 40 26. 88 
33. 71 27. 11 


55°19’ N., long 56°55’ W.; depth, 176 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.700 meters 


75 meters 
ROOMMETETS! 2 245-2 ke 
150 meters 


4, 23 
1b a) 
= 1Pal 
1 27 
il. iIf/ 
—1.05 


31. 84 
32. 66 
32. 85 
33. 05 
33. 12 
33. 29 


Onmneberées=3-22 sa 55- £ee 4. 23 
ZS INOELISa=s se se > ss See —1.10 
DO mefersse-a=-5.. 2-22 nes —1.21 
DUEL OLORS a= 2 Sas ee —1, 27 
OOMMELELS22-— == aes —1.17 
150) meters-2222 ee —1.05 


31. 84 25. 28 
32. 66 26. 28 
32. 85 26. 44 
33. 05 26. 60 
33. 12 26. 66 
33. 29 26.78 


256 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Sealed values 
Tem- - Tem- pe 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth ro | (00) Depth peo (960) | or 


Station 1583; July 22; lat. 55°28’ N., long. 56°33’ W.; depth, 1,353 to 1,463 meters; dynamic height 1,454.516 


meters 
Onme tert 2s a ee 5. 30 SonSbu | WOMMCLeI ass == ee en ee 5. 30 33. 86 26. 76 
DIN OLOrSee ey sete ee 3. 08 Bae Lape Mella a asa - oe eee 3. 60 34. 09 Dine, 
GlamMBeters==) eto ee ees 1. 44 od. 215 eo0imeterse..§ 2b en ae 1. 65 34. 18 27. 36 
O2INEtOrS: ses et eee 2.12 345 44a fo meters = =222)4 ee 1. 60 34. 30 27. 46 
AOA CLENS: eee ae ee ee 2.73 34:158 4 OO metersss- = =< 522 eee 2. 30 34. 48 Dinap 
SSO GLOnSHe es eee 3. 44 34.79) || Lo0meters::--- - =. =s 2. 3. 15 34. 69 27. 64 
DAASINOUCTSS= see. 3. 64 D4 Soi e2OMNELETSE == 3 see See 3. 55 34. 82 ‘27.71 
podtmetersees see) eae ee 3. 76 ODs000)| s00hme tenses) =s- = oea=ee 3. 70 34. 97 27. 82 
AA SSI OLCTS Ane ee eee ee 3. 80 35.01 | 400'meters_---__..-----_- 3. 80 35. OL 27. 84 
G6AIMeLeTS ee eee ee 3. 85 So802.)| HOU0MMeTeTSas 1a a= ae 3. 85 35. 02 27. 84 
S78: Metverse22- eee 3. 83 BONUS | SOOMmMaATeTSE es es use 3. 85 35. 03 27. 84 
LlOvsmeterssae 2 = ee 3. 55 30.05") 1,000/meters=--=22---- === 3. 70 35. 04 27. 87 


Station 1584; July 22; lat. 55°38’ N., long. 56°08’ W.; depth, 2,241 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.462 meters 


| 

0 meter___-__- EOE fa Saas 7.70 345347 40metense- = =e eae 7.70 34. 34 26. 82 
ZUINGCCYS ae ne 4. 20 34, 42))| "25 meterseact se 4. 50 34. 40 27. 28 
DORIC TCLS Se ae ee a ee 3: 23 345628 oO Unelers=--sassese een 3. 30 34. 57 27. 54 
SUlmmetersa2e-= = Pae ee 3. 28 345705 tosmMebers=a= === 2 = eee 3. 20 34. 74 27. 68 
1OpimMmeterss-2s- 2 ee eee 3. 43 34°82>|' 100meters'-_....--.2--- 3. 40 34. 80 27.71 
Nin etersse= ea 3. 80 34.596, | Wh0imeters_={: 522: 2 5 3. 80 34. 93 PLN IE 
ZI PUNELEIS ssn kaos eee 3.73 84597 200 cme ters =.= 22 aes 3. 75 34. 97 27. 81 
SLORMeLCTS=22= ees ee ee = 3. 64 3497 B00 meterses- =. n= 2s 3. 70 34. 97 27.82 
AT SMINGLOUS 254, ae re ae 3. 58 352000 R400 Melerstass= = ee eee 3. 60 35. 00 27.85 
Go4etnheLOnsee ee ee sore ee Si all 30: 0a L600) TMOLETSs=s= 2222 se sa 3. 55 35. 03 27. 87 
OG OT Re ie Se eee ae 3. 48 35:,04> | 800 mmeters-= == se 3. 50 35. 03 27. 88 
MeQ56MMeLerSa-- as 3. 43 SHAOLs OO Ommeters a= eee ane 3. 45 35. 02 27. 88 
aSonmsIGtersae cs seea sees 3. 24 35:02) | 1,500 meters=2. 2-2. 22 2—— 3. 30 35. 02 27. 90 
PW WAT ease) gs eee ae aD. 2. 65 30. 0ai a2, 000MMeterSasseees aaa 2. 80 35. 03 27. 94 
Station 1585; July 22; lat. 55°50’ N., long. 55°47’ W.; depth, 2,607 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.422 meters 
OMMN@UR Te hae ae ae ae 8. LO 3445.) AOMMIS TORS se see a eee 8. 10 34. 45 26. 85 
BUMMCUCKSEa fon eee eo nh 5. 42 34. G2" | Se 2orIMeOters. saet esha 5. 75 34. 60 27. 29 
C0MMmelense-ene pe ee 2 3. 48 S482 | MOU MMObOISse ses eee 3. 80 34. 76 27. 64 
GOMNGTCTS 62 n ee os 3. 68 34598" roe lerss se a es 3. 50 34. 85 27. 74 
20h GLOLShes = 2 5 a 3. 78 347965) 1OO;meters=2 2222555 ace 3.75 34. 92 PASI EK 
ESOhMe terse sean Se 3.76 34:98) | Lo0)meters-= =. See =8 3. 80 34. 97 27.81 
PAO MNEUCTS 825 = 32 ee Ee 3. 65 34.99);|e200 melersh == sae ae 3. 00 34.99 27. 82 
SbURNeterSeeawes eee as 3. 49 3499s! S00 mmetenrsas3 5 eee ae 3. 55 34. 99 27. 84 
486 mmelerseee soe ee 3. 45 BOTS | RAOOMMOLCIS- awe = ae eee 3. 50 35. 00 27. 86 
TAUILGLOTSoeaee ee ee tee 3. 38 35202)| 600meters-—=- =e 3. 40 35. 03 27. 89 
OO Leis eerne een tees Bee 30.04: |S800imeters += =. 22 ee 3. 35 35. 02 27.89 
U1 8 NGters. .= == =u ee She 35205") 1;000smetars: =. --==2_2- = 20) 35. 04 27. 91 
R27 MetCES=122=> - 3.13 35; 005 | el oUOMmeterS=-— == a2 === 3. 20 35. 06 27. 94 

2,000 meters __-_- 1 oe eS 3. 10 35. 06 27.95 


Station 1586; July 22; lat. 56°03’ N., long. 55°28’ W.; depth, 2,770 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.447 meters (, 


@imeteres so a eee 8. 44 34,03: || (Ommet6r 2-22-2222 2 8. 44 34. 53 26. 85 
Do INehOLS see nes eee 6. 37 34,08) | PpennM@lenS=-e2—5-- ae. =e 7. 40 34. 56 27. 04 
(MTA eC SLICeY dsl ee ey 5 eat 3. 72 B40 7100 | OOMIMOLCISE sans See 4. 60 34. 69 27.49 
Qh A GDOLSHa ee 2 8 Soe SS 3. 63 34,182) | (7O MOLES. eee oe 3. 65 34. 79 27. 67 
27 eN CLSrStee on eS 3. 50 34590 et00nmetersmee = =. ee eee 3. 60 34. 83 PA patil 
WETS OnStar = = Ses ae 3. 67 34. 96 | 150'meters_-_.--__- ce ee 3. 55 34. 93 27.79 
pa ERO LS= = So 225 3. 61 34,97) ||, 200imeters-- 2 22-5. 22 3. 65 34. 96 27. 81 
BRINMOLGES sasetes eee 3. 53 35) Ole BOOmMeterseees- == aes 3. 60 34. 98 27. 83 
FeyILIRS oat i=) dcteot eee mee 3. 39 30,039 e400 meterssees= 2-2 ee 3. 50 35. 02 27. 88 
TOM WUBbOTS eos fe sae 3. 31 51025 OOO me Lers== see aes 3. 40 35. 03 27. 89 
1 O23 0M OTCTS2 ==) eee = wae 3. 24 BOAOZ a NSuOsMOLeLG eae aaa ee 3. 30 35. 02 27. 90 
W280 AnOLeIsceese nee ee 3. 20 SHEE) IMA a) oaeleasiee = es ee 3. 30 35. 02 27. 90 
1 O19smeters= ae Ee Bue) 35001 | 1s bO00/smeterses 2. ae 3. 20 35. 03 27. 90 
2 aPOMMOLeISe 2-2 s2—552-555— 2. 44 30, 02=e2,000hmeterssasesa—.22 42 oe 3. 10 35. O1 27. 91 


DAVIS 


STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 


207 


Observed values 


Scaled values 


Depth 


perature 


Tem- 


°C.) 


Salinity 
(0) 


Depth 


Tem- 
perature 


(4x 


) 


Salinity 


| 

0, 
(%%0) | 
| 


ot 


Station 1587; July 22; lat. 56°16’ N., long. 55°10’ 


W.; depth, 3,072 meters; dynamic he 


ight, 1,454.429 meters 


33 meters__- 
64 meters__- 
97 meters__- 
130 meters_- 
194 meters-- 
258 meters_- 
388 meters-- 
510 meters__ 
767 meters__ 
1,023 meters 
1,279 meters 
1,921 meters 
2,560 meters 


1D 08 20 09 98 Go BS G9 G8 Go GO Go He OO 
a 
~I 


34. 54 
34. 78 
34, 81 
34, 88 


2b) meters? =. 5. tesas-se" 
OOMMELETS 5-5 sac] fase 
OMMLOUCTS =225 = Se 
LOO NMetOrSi os eee 8 
TSORMCLErSEs 2S ee see 
2O0ime ters: =... 2 <2 
SUOMI ELCIS=s2 sa eee 
AMO MeTEIS: sfa.2 sess 
G00;moeters=.- 4 fee 
SOOMMCTCTS soe eee 
1 000jmretenss2 = 
1-000} meters: = 2-2-2 <— | 
Z 000 meters... 2222-2 == 


G2 £9 20 09 90 G9 0 GO 90 GO 90 GO HE GO 


Station 1538; July 23; lat. 55°53’ N., 


long. 54°21’ 


W.; depth, 2,761 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.469 meters 


97 meters__- 
130 meters_- 
195 meters__ 
259 meters__ 
390 meters_- 
512 meters__ 
768 meters__ 
1,024 meters 
1,280 meters 
1,923 meters 
2,565 meters 


rs 
e 


34. 53 
34.79 
34. 80 
34. 92 
34. 93 
34. 96 
34. 96 
34. 95 
34. 96 
34. 96 
34. 96 
34. 97 
35. 00 
35. O1 


L00invetersea==== 52-52-52 = 
AOE TCLS soos 
AQOnMETErS#2-- ee = ae an 
aUOhmMeters=—- == === == | 
4200 mmetenssss2-—- == s 4" --= 
GOOimeters a= 22a ee 
SOORMOLELS: 22a eee 
1 OOUkmeterss=====--=- 3 | 
1 SO0)metersoe---— = =e 
POO MNELEDS 222222 = 


SROFEID CA HAO EAON9 CA CHCA) C1 229 iTS OO 


34. 53 

34.72 | 
34. 80 
34. 85 
34. 92 
34. 94 
34.95 | 
34.95 | 
34. 95 
34. 96 
34. 96 
34. 96 
34. 98 
35. 00 


Station 1589; July 23; lat. 55°30’ N., long. 53°36’ W.; depth 3,017 meters; dynamic he 


90 meters__- 
120 meters_- 
179 meters__ 
239 meters _- 
359 meters_- 
487 meters__ 
734 meters__ 
983 meters_- 
1,236 meters 
1,866 meters 
2,503 meters 


> 
—_ 


bow 
SI to 
cof 


CIO GGT et We) cee, eae ea ip ten ta 
ZONOUCES= =o. e5 = esosee 
DOMMOLCLSH4 ee ae 
VONMmeLeISe soa ae eee 
TOOMMet ers! a2. = 2s S| 
l50imeters: 222 se eee 
200 METCIS 9. Pease sees 
S00mmetenss a= sss = ee 
400;metersee se = ae ee 
GOO MmMETErSE ose eee 
SO0meEeterssase 
O00 tneters! 2 ea 
Ie500Mmetenrs=-— —==—----—— 
2 O00mmeters--=—- = 25 = 


sn 90 


ow 
oo 


34. 60 
34.71 | 
34. 79 | 
34. 85 
34. 89 | 
34. 93 | 
34.95 | 
34. 99 
34. 98 
34. 98 
34. 97 | 
34. 97 
34. 99 
35. 00 


Station 1590; July 23; lat. 55°09’ N., long. 52°50’ 


W.; depth, 2,917 meters; dynamic height, 1,454. 


479 meters 


93 meters___ 
125 meters_- 
187 meters__ 
249 meters__ 
374 meters__ 
497 meters__ 
749 meters __ 
1,000 meters 
1,255 meters 
1,893 meters 
2,540 meters 


8. 65 
5. 41 
3. 61 
3. 54 
3. 68 
3. 59 
3. 53 
3. 45 
3. 36 
3.33 
3. 34 
3. 25 
3.18 
2. 65 


DB TMCURES -as2 = ae eee 
HOMNGLORS Sse ee 
TOmMeterSs =P ee eae ee 
1OOtmetersss=-=-- ee 
LHOMMeETOUSE eee a ee 
200hmelerss oe eae eee 
SOO MMeTCES apes = ee 
AMD Meters=- 2 eee, 
600smeters:2222425 > = 
S00/lmeters-2se. ee 
OOO meterst= es ee = 
i DOO MMIETOLSe == eae 
2 OOOMMETAISE. See s-ee ee 


34. 32 
34. 65 
34. 76 


26. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
28. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 


258 MARION AND GENERAL GREENE EXPEDITIONS 


Observed values Sealed values 
Tem- ade Tem- a 
Salinity Salinity 
Depth pee (960) Depth Sane (960) ot 


Station 1591; July 23; lat. 55°00’ N., long..53°10’ W.; depth, 2,195 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.509 meters 


OimMeterss-o 322s ooo mace 8. 40 34545 |-.Onmeter. 2. = A= ae 8. 40 34. 45 26. 80 
ZhnOtenSse se ee ee ee 5. 76 S460 Neb Melerses 2 =e ane eee vhs) 34. 60 27. 29 
49 MNeleNS 53 et ee ot 4.03 B40. | OONNGtCLSS a2 ==> — = 2 oes oe 4.05 34.71 27. 57 
EMG CORS Se eee ee 3. 63 3478 | OWMOLEIS= = — -4- > => ee 3. 65 34. 78 27. 66 
O9immeterse. etn = see 3. 59 BaCSL a LOONTIG TORS S25 ee ee 3. 60 34. 81 27.70 
(4S Me ErS eee sone ee 3. 62 S45 82 MLoOMMeTenSas 2) === sae 3. 65 34. 82 27.70 
LOVimeterss MF a ee 3. 59 34:88) 200imetersiz--. === === 3. 60 34. 88 27.75 
206 TNOLEISHes ye = 3.0L BATSO | BOOMMELCIS=- = sae aes 3. 50 34. 89 21.77 
BONE LCL Sa eee te ee 3. 46 Se7955400 meters =~ = 22- See ee 3.45 34.95 27. 82 
H9S mMeterss.e se ee eS Bey’ 34.95 | 600 meters_____---_- ae 3. 40 34. 95 27. 83 
TSO Melersaees eee 3.27 4.96] OOMMETCESHee 2 8 eee 3. 25 34. 95 27, 84 
OSS ag elenSa = eee eee ae Baer 34.94 | 1,000 meters___-_-------- 3.20 34. 95 27. 84 
LEAT GNGUCTS ee eee 3. 21 345940) de 5OOmmeters= = se =o ae 3. 20 34. 94 27. 84 
EG6S ameters-s2et = ao 3. 07 34.97 | (2,000) meters__----__--- 3. 05 34. 97 27.88 


Station 1,592; July 23; lat. 54°50’ N., long. 53°30’ W.; depth, 686 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.658 meters 


Oimetere-s Ase > See 5. 06 S25 Sul MO RMOte Ree eee 5. 06 32.15 25. 43 
ZOyNC LenS sve ee ee SUA 2.16 33:09) |ezo Me lense === 2,15 33. 59 26. 86 
49nmeters* 2a. Se ae 2. 94 Ba o28 | OMIeLChS=se== = 2.95 34.32 27.37 
(aimeters ea 25. | es 2.61 O40 45) OMMOLGRS === == eee 2. 60 34. 45 27. 50 
GOnmieters seen te eek fe 2.79 34-600) LOGameters =9 a= =2 ee 2. 80 34. 60 27. 60 
(4Simeterss ease eset eee 3.44 34700 oO mme tenses = er 3.45 34. 70 27. 62 
TOBSTHGLCES=: soo ees 3. 74 834-7789 S200 MMe LenS = ea= ae ere 3. 75 34. 78 27. 65 
ZO9 Me lenSee=s= eee ee 3, 82 34:80) | OOO MelerSa— == = ae oeten 3.85 34.85 27.70 
agbimmetersse =: Jee eS 3. 83 346860 400hneterse see ae 3.85 34. 86 27.71 
SPLEEN OG LORS ate ars ee 3.73 34.88 1/1(600) meters= 22225-2252 3.75 34. 88 27.73 
Station 1593; July 24; lat. 54°40’ N., long. 53°52’ W.; depth, 252 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.727 meters 
1) TONG eee ae ee 6, 22 Sohal Oameterses: eo. aoe 6. 22 32.15 25. 30 
DSCWIBlClSs*= Sabo s see sae —(). 94 Bos PA en LETS sea =e —0. 90 33. 10 26. 63 
DOWN ELENS saat eee —1. 03 So: o1 || e5Osmeterses sess cna —1.05 33. 28 26. 78 
BahMeters= 4228 se —.90 3on444| ONTO LCrS a eee eae —.95 33. 40 26. 88 
TORE BUOES eee] oe = —.73 Bo020| LOO NMIStORS] ae eee —.80 33. 48 26. 93 
IG RTEN DSA s Ree aes Ss . 08 345005) 150smeters ==) = sees —.25 33. 80 20. 17 
DIZ TNCLCES® =k cs whee A 2.10 S44 1a Pe 200K ELCs =: ee ae eee 1.15 34. 29 27. 48 


Station 1594; July 24; lat. 54°30’ N., long. 54°13’ W.; depth, 229 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.708 meters 


Gimeterts2 oa 6. 50 SISbn | wOeme terns: oe eee 6. 50 31.85 25. 03 
2 INCUEIS. © soem ae se —.03 Bolen zo MeLCrS=se= aes ees .30 32. 95 26. 46 
HZANECELS se ne. Sa a ee —.7 So Oley OU Me LOLS= 5) A eee ae eee —.75 33. 47 26. 93 
LONMECLCY Seas = =a ee —.61 Bort Om |. OmuelerS+sas= 4 -2— ass —.65 33. 68 27.09 
104: meters2228 eae 2S Aes —.35 Boe Sn eLOOhmMeLenss2=- = =a ae —.45 33. 78 27.16 
TH WIMCLELSE ss soso ee SF aif) OFn2) | SO Me Lersa sean ee ee . 40 34. 05 27.34 
DOF MMMELCrSs 922 sa ee a= Iavo 84.42))| 200imeters: =) 2. = =~ ee 1. 60 34. 39 27. 53 


Station 1595; July 24; lat. 54°19’ N., long. 54°33’ W.; depth, 192 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.713 meters 


Oiumleter =.= «6 - S22 sos see 6. 50 O21 OMmetet = a ae es 6. 60 32.12 25. 24 
28 WICUORSS: 2. cea —.69 33800) |e 2DMM eG LORS sess a a re —.60 32. 90 26. 45 
Soumebersi---eoo-e- eee —.96 Bs.o0 || POOMMETCI See sae eens ae pees —.95 33. 29 26. 78 
Samepersee = eet ee —.89 38550) MDE CLOLSe ea aes oan eee —.95 33. 48 26. 94 
LiImeters: = ose. foe —.42 Jo.08 || OONNelerSaese= a es —.75 33. 68 27.09 


Lpvemeterseess-2= 5552) 1. 06 34,22)4) 150:meterssa22- = =e 65 34.10 27. 36 


DAVIS STRAIT AND LABRADOR SEA 
Observed values Scaled values 
Tem- Peat Tem- ot ies 
Salinity Salinity | 
Depth poate (960) Depth perature (960) or 


| (°C.) 


Station 1596; July 24; lat. 54°06’ N., long. 55°01’ W.; depth, 174 meters; dynamic height, 1,454.711 meters 


7G) OG eae 
MA BTIOLErS esac ser See 
US 600s) Re) 


31.88 
32. 98 
33. 32 
33. 55 
33.78 
34. 26 


Ohmeterd tes: = 2 tee ae 6.48 
POMMOtCISio 2: seen eae J 25 
HOMMETETS S62 * eee —.75 
(OMMOTENS2oc. Seeee = Soe —.75 
JOOlmMeters 2s Sees —.45 
LOORMeletSsa2 eae aS 1.10 


| 


25. 06 
26. 42 
26.77 
26. 96 
27.12 
27. 43 


Station 1597; July 24; lat. 


53°53’ N., 


long. 55°26’ W.; depth, 167 meters; d 


(0) S00) ICS) eee ese a ee eae 
7.55) SEAS) Re ee ee 
lay) oaV U2) epee a 
MUMIO LOTS s=9— 955 oes se 
Mbrime Gers es ee 
WH2sINECCES S22 == = = 


6. 00 
—.83 
Salt 
—1. 06 
—.83 
— 2 24. 


31.56 
32. 88 
33. 10 
33. 32 
33. 56 


33.78 


Oumietere. seer sae 6.00 
DORIMB EELS aaa Le ee SER Shs: —.83 
SOMMeberSS=2=—- See see —.95 
TOINCLCLS! Fee at Fe —1.05 
NOOmmMeterss=< #22 -=S2e- ee —.85 
W5OlMeT OTSA ee eee —.25 


31.56 
32. 88 


| 


33. 09 | 


33. 29 
33. 54 
33.77 


ynamie height, 1,454.741 meters 


24. 86 
26. 45 
26. A2 
26. 78 
26. 98 
27.15 


Station 1598; July 24; lat. 


53°43’ N., long. 55°45’ W.; depth. 144 meters: d 


ynamic height, 1,454.772 meters 


Gimtetetee oak ett 
GUeIMeLENS 2-25 3 _=5--.--- 
AUTH IG) Sees Se es 
QU Tile Cee SS eee See 
POO MMELeTS2 a8 te Ss 


31.10 
32. 69 
33. 16 
33.33 
33.41 


Ouneters=2-= ae 52> oe tee 6.75 
Zonmeterss 2-2 os eae . 20 
DO MmMetenrst ees seece ee —.90 
VOxMOLCES kee eee ee —1.00 
TOOmeters= 22-5 oe eee —1.05 
(@50)lameters, 25 == = wes —.60 


O 


31.10 
32. 30 
33. 06 
33. 24 
33. 35 
33. 48 


24. 41 
25. 94 
26. 60 
26. 75 
26. 84 
26. 92 


i ie Riy a 4 
ih ae et " 


4 


as ae 


ad 4 ve 


y 44 
Ss. gute aie 


‘> tia 
hes 


an 


+40 
iy code 


i ae 


Satire copecro hue 
ae ee tees oe ete