Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. i nl | s ot Washington, D. C. _ DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1283 Has been reve ~=See reveede . PA ag binders at be end of file & THE MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN-GROWN BERMUDA ONIONS. By - W. MACKENZIE STEVENS = Formerly Associate Marketing Specialist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics CONTENTS Extent of the Onion Industry 1 Commercial Producing Areas. Batata allo ee wt is aN Sia va wh gee gh al ee aa Maeiiee OF PeLNINNR OMmOne is Nous eo ital ried. 32) esta behets a) heaved) tone Seasonal Production and Shipments . A nei Maye Cope eae Me ees Aa AN Pstrantiemi er napents 266)! 55 to, ica Cee a ie aee neil) yer ca Ae eae MethodsofSale . . . ayn Mave Shippers’ Margins, Tiateeptitatior Charges: sini Posduceis’ Recents Compared oe eee Bermuda Onion Prices from 1916to 1923. lt * ec Factors Influencing the Wholesale Prices of Bermuda Online Sara ines Nahe) Hanes ba Conclusions . Ne) ree Sea CH orl sit Sac ea United States Grades for Behinds Onions Beal) NT SUA sett Pia te a ticay tL Cott eae WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1925 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE wetece Washington, D. C. January 13, 1925 THE MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN-GROWN BERMUDA ONIONS By W. MackenziE STEVENS, Formerly Associate Marketing Specialist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics } CONTENTS Page Page Extent of the onion industry_____--_-_______- 1 | Bermuda onion prices from 1916 to 1923_____- 29 Commercial producing areas____________-___- 3 | Factors influencing wholesale prices of Varieties of Bermuda onions_________________ 5 Bermuda onions: =~ = eee ee 37 Seasonal production and shipments_-_________ Om PAC ON CHISIONS eters we hg bs et Rg 52 Distribution of shipments__________________- 9 | United States grades for Bermuda onions___- 54 Mic hOdSiofSale bate. Se ee) oe) 22 Shippers’ margins, transportation charges, and producers’ receipts compared-_-_____-_- 25 EXTENT OF THE ONION INDUSTRY Onions are among the most widely grown staple vegetables produced in the United States. Forty of the forty-eight States ship them in carload quantities, and annual shipments total more than 20,000 cars. They are marketed during every month of the year. The early crop begins in March with the harvesting of Bermuda onions in certain hot irrigated sections close to the Mexican border. By the ist of June shipments from other southern areas have attained considerable volume. This intermediate crop supplies the market for the remainder of the summer, with harvest becoming more and more general as the season advances. By fall, onions are supplied eeetalls from the Northern States. Part of this late crop is placed in storage and supplies the country throughout the winter and until the early crop begins in the South. Table 1 and Figure 1 show the relative importance and the shipping season of the leading onion-shipping States. 1The writer isindebted to Dr. A. E. Cance, of Massachusetts Agricultural College, and to F. W. Mally, county agricultural agent, Laredo, Tex.,for many valuable suggestions and criticisms, and to Miss Mary eae and Miss Lucy Watt for the tabulation of many of the figures used in the charts and tables shown in this etin. 101360°—257 1 2; BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TaBLE 1.—United States onion shipments (carloads), by months, 1917 to 1923 1 | | | 1 7 | | | | Total | 2 calen- Total? Year Jan. | Feb.| Mar.| Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov.} Dec. dar | Crop | | | year | Year 19 See 986 355 232) 2,679) 2,960} 1, 156 678] 1, 434) 2,740) 4, Ae ib a 516} 19, aA 21, 041 A918 2s3 ee 901] 1, 062} 1, 023} 1, 799] 2, 290} 1, 141) 1,177] 1,921, 3, 075) 4, 211) 2,410, 1,017) 22, 027! 22, 549 1919--2 2822 1, 488) 1,213) 949) 1, 189} 2, 462 646] 1, 844] 1, 909) 3, 522) 2, 963] 1,702) 987! 20, 874) 20, 549 S20 S22 S 1, 368) 1, 159 999} 1, 938] 4, 242 607} 1, 030} 1, 918] 3, 675} 4, 910] 2, 918] 1, 186} 25, 950; 28, 223 197 Se | 2,038] 1, 769) 1, 724) 2, 511) 2, 559 822) 1, 482) 2, 048) 3, 361) 2, 608} 1, 248) 1, 148} 23. 318) 20, 767 OZ ae ae 1, 724) 1,011 719} 3, 085} 2, 301 937! 1,695) 2, 497) 4, 603} 5, 129) 2, 185) 1, 677 27, 563} 29, 783 hiya ee he 2 110 1, 484) 1,569 1,370) 2, 541 13) Ie a 2, 243} 3, 865 4,940} 2, 676) 1, SI 26, ol ee Se | | | 1 Figures are corrected to Jan. 1, 1924. ‘The more recent ones are subject to minor revisions. 2 The totals indicated represent the shipments by seasons. For example, the 1917 crop was marketed during 1917 and 1918; the 1918 crop during 1918 and 1919, etc. LEADING ONION STATES THOUSANDS APPROXIMATE SHIPPING SEASONS ae © | 2 3 4 5 BASED ON CARLOT SHIPMENTS FOR 7 YEARS 1916-1922 ea TEX. 4328] eae CALIF. 4,185 N.J. 715 | | | CARLOT IOWA 689M) Sevens RRS ERE 1917-1921 IND. 1,867 OHIO 2,069 MASS. 2,908 / NY 2,725 Wldé5é5ata[ro(h WLLL ee ere] oe be as ee MICH. 456 Wluu“a“G”»nmtbtdttbtttbbbt (ieee ae es BS Pe Oo | 2 3 4 +5 MAR APR. MAY JUNEJULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. BEER SHIPPING SEASON OF BULK OF THE BERMUDA ONION CROP Fig. 1.—Relative importance and approximate shipping seasons (based on earliest and latest shipping dates). Onions are grown in large quantities in many States, but Texas and California together produce over one-third of all onions grown in the United States and shipped in carload quantities. Nearly all Bermuda onions are grown in the southern portions of these two States. The principal Bermuda onion movement (indicated by crosshatching) occurs during April, May, and June. As the season progresses new onions of other varieties gradually begin moving from more northern areas. Some of the late onions are pineod in storage and continue to supply the market through the winter. California ships the year roun Between 85 and 90 per cent of the onions shipped during April, May, and June are of a mild-flavored type known as Bermudas. The conditions surrounding the marketing of Bermudas are very different from those under which the main crop is marketed, and for this reason this type of onion was selected for a special marketing study.” 3 Information in this bulletin regarding prices and market con- ditions was secured directly from growers, shippers, buyers, re- ceivers, and other dealers, by officials of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, who were located in the producing sections and in the principal consuming centers of the country during the years covered. Information regarding carlot movement and dis- tribution was obtained daily from the transportation officials over whose lines the tonnage passed. Data thus obtained from original authoritative and diversified sources were assembled daily, verified, ? Information regarding the production and harvesting of this crop is found in Bulletin No. 46 of the Texas Department of Agriculture: The Bermuda Onion, by F. W. Mally. MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 8 telegraphed to shipping points, and issued as a daily report to growers, dealers, and others interested, in order to facilitate the efficient distribution of the crop. In addition to the daily market news service, the department supervised the distribution of empty cars to growers in 1918 in order that the most efficient use might be made of the short supply; stimulated organization among growers; cooperated with Texas in the establishment of an inspection service at shipping points; maintained an inspection service in consuming centers; conducted investigations into the best methods of loading; and developed and recommended standard Bermuda onion grades. COMMERCIAL PRODUCING AREAS Bermuda onion production reaches commercial importance in only three places in the United States—southern Texas, the Coach- ella Valley of California, and to asmall extent, Louisiana. Southern TEXAS SCALE -MILES ————————SES———— 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 | ‘ ' ‘ ' Texarkana °/O/T Worth ; “Longview exas CiTy Ga/veston Fic. 2.—Texas Bermuda onion-growing areas. The southern Texas Bermuda growing area, which pro- duces annually 80 per cent of the domestic Bermuda onions shipped, is divided by railroad and irrigation conditions into three distinct districts—the upper counties, the Laredo section, and the lower Rio Grande Valley. The cities shown outside of the producing areas are the principal Texas diversion points Texas has grown annually 80 per cent or more of the Bermuda onions of the United States. The first commercial shipment of Texas Bermuda onions seems to have been made from Cotulla, Tex., in 1900. Results were so satisfactory that the acreage was rapidly increased, and 3,000 to 5,000 cars are now shipped from southern Texas. The Texas area varies somewhat from year to year, but the prin- cipal shipping sections are as follows: 1. The Laredo section, a narrow strip along the American side of the Rio Grande in Webb County, close to Laredo. This section ships nearly a third of the Texas Bermudas. 4 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2. The upper counties section, including the counties of Maverick, Zavalla, Dimit, LaSalle, Frio, and contiguous counties. Nearly half of the Texas shipments come from this section. 3. The lower Rio Grande Valley and Gulf coast section, including Hidalgo and Cameron Counties at the extreme lower tip of Texas. A few cars are usually shipped from various other points in Texas, especially southern Texas and the vicinity of Corpus Christi. A map of the Texas producing area is shown in Figure 2. Table 2 shows in detail the shipping points and the changes from year to year. TABLE 2.—Carlot shipments of Texas Bermuda onions, by stations 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 ‘Rotal- 3212 4. es 2, 835 | 5,002 | 4,126 | 4, 286 || Las Vegas____________ 12 (4) Gye ier Leming 222. S222 | ae ee | ee 1 Maino 222 ees. Tia jive anes 143 6 13° || eytord® 225 eee Pee 2 3h eee FASHenton= 2s seen 566 689 733 6455} oIMad ero === ae ee 2 (4) Gye twee2 ALIS GR eee eed ieee 1 Mereedes:-22=22-<2 55+ eee De Eee ee BIg. Wielis. = a 283 619 519 395a| se Alleni= en ee 5 77 7 17 iBTUNGAl esee2 see 7 1 (1) a See ees MiekKinney. 22. 8a 22 2) a ee ee 2 12 iran |e ee ae 85 (4) Gaga aMalletis a= See oe 2 4 3 g Calatlenad 22a 2 ae 5 31 j1 8:1) IMiission= ae eee 33 | 260 8 1 Carrizo Springs___-_-_- 36 171 378 309: vioorel 2 Saree ee | ees Bd Nacotas Sel yao 8 Charlotte: .. Stas Seat | See Bie 10 4 : New California______- 6 | (1) (Ly ecrfeel tm 2 @hildress=2 ss. 40 (1) Qype ess Odem:. 222" 233 ee Se ee eee 3 Corpus Christi_______ 21 155 109 TiS at Pearsall a4 et 54 214 113 67 Cotwlge 2 sss ee 102 229 166 SID. | Pharr 2-6 eee eee ce 28: \|Ssee322 8 CrystaliCity== === 196 176 283 39) <1) Pleasanton. 25-2 === o4| sees 5 il ee 1 Derby. ee eee 70 142 96 LAL Rote iee as ae ee ee 12 i Sy gh Oe ene a se Devine ties r8e sea 37 118 91 46 |} Premont2° 22-28 ) as} 3S o a oO es] D Ss ¢ Q SS) & je po|-e }o| & | o fe E le lola [6 © het poo ee a ee We ee evra nS Peli ol tcl. eo ee New England___---.---.-- 104} 348] 487) 182] 29 our] 5 350| a 349 is 317| 6| 320| 29 Middle Atlantic____.----_- 847| 921/1,858| 989} 18| 838) 4/1,387| 119/1,492/ 311,757| 121/1,320| 59 South Atlantic__-...----_- DE t45) 236)" 195), 2) L9G ses) 252 2| 254 1 216 5} 214; 2 East North Central__..____ 154| 763/1,321| 567| 123] 575| 82\1,175| 502| 751| 255] 904] 281! 865) 249 West North Central______- 474| 727| 686| 564] 70| 321| 86] 667| 265| 684| 232) 275| 271| 561! 185 East South Central________ Seay any C1 7 | ee 7(5) x Bee| FON 08) Nala We fk 'O9Io- W130 1) ae | eee West South Central______- 790/1,055| 576} 265| 64| 291| 97| 727, 44/ 387] 19| 332] 140] 519) 73 ap rnitae8 ce 43 82| 39] 29] 15] 20] 48] 28] 42] 11| 61] 20] 50| 22 PAraic? Sood ers ee 4. 14) 26|" 5) -36|._-— Aol ees 127, 3] 150; 30] 188] 11) 109 OCT OE! er ae 8] 40} 106] 36) 2} 38)...) 74) 2} 47; 1/ 53| 11] 56] 3 ee SIRS: Goes Cae el 2 4 eee ee eae eae ee) pe) ee 19 {222 Wuknown-¢-2 52-2 (@ | 368} 440} 438).__} 252)___| 49)_-.--|_____|__-_}_ 322) ____- 267|__ PO uARe ot We vs * 2 5054, ae B21, 363| 3732, 835] 336 5, 038 1, 178i 120| 718 4, By ES) 731 | | | 1 1916-1922. 2 In 1915 known destinations only are given, because complete records are not available. 3 Sei represent number of carloads traced annually for California, because complete records are not available. 101360°—257 2 SOT}ID INYO 07 POJADAIP 910M AULUL JO} ‘po}VOIPUl SB 941B[ SB 4OU SI SOT}I9 Sexo J, JO VoIWduInsuOg “OAO®B PojSI] XIS JS OYJ OF OPBUL TODG DABY SJUOMIATYS [BI0} OY} JO Jey UvY} OLOP ‘SOIWIO OFAC, OYJ 04 AyyediourId st VONAIUYSIP 94, “BpBUBD Jo dOUIAOIG Puw UOTUA oyy jo aiicesie te eoesd a ge uooq oAvy Ao} SIBOA 4YdIO YSvd OY} UL “ABOA YOROSOIZIO JUOIOYIP IZ JO osvAOAV UG 0} YOoIIp peddiys 018 SBPpNULIeg Svxa,J, JO spRoLIewOH—e “OLE ee "UR “OLU040/ OZ ze OW fyID SosSUDY oO; ZE {kf @2UAPIN0/d 6/ ZEB WYO ‘PUD/2AAD 6 - ZE pu ‘s/jodpup/pu/ 68 AWN '‘O/OSING 8 ge ‘PWN ae4OWI/Og ZO/ *xXal ‘UO{SPA[DO Z 7G ‘uual *siyduay GoZz ‘“SsSDpWw'ualsog 9 YG ‘D7 ‘SUDeICQ MAN/ E/2Z Py PIYAapoflg F LS ‘xal ‘4ophoL E92 Of “YbANGSld 7 09 “Xal “YsJ40M 44 Ose ‘oy ‘siNOTID / £9 olyo ‘yYoUuIZIWID /G% Wf ‘ObDI1YD 2 A1IEGVL NI NWOHS i 72 YAW ‘HOMIE S29 A'N‘Y49K MAN | SV SHILIO ONIGV3T O02 “eat SYYo SAIL SYYD SF/LID SLVOIGNI dVW NO S3uYNdI4 . S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BAISMIONI 2261-SI6l S9vVYaAV UVaA-28 SAILIO Ad SLNAWdIHS aVvO1dV) SVX3AL AO NOILNEIYLSIG SNOINO VONWYSAE NMOS NVOIYSWV BULLETIN 1283, U. 10 ro _ . joyIVU OSBIIGY) 94} [017U09 Atuenboy sepnuliog BImIOjITBH “489 9} Ul syujod Aq-1BOU 04 10 SOI} W19}SBO 1ODIB] OY} OF 104410 JUS SI d010 04} JO JSOPAL + ‘“SP1ON0I MOISIOAIP JUOLOYNS JO Yovy B ULOJy S}[Nser o1ay} UoTduinsuos yuoredde oy, “Jalod JUTyJ0ATp B SB Ajuo yuey10d ull St Os’ [| “SUOTMO BpNULIog BrAsO;]EO SUTUAINSMOdD Sor4td jedrourid oy} e178 AWD sesUBy puL OsBdIGO—'9 “Ol ‘Pd ‘DIYA/BPL/IYWG Uc 6 Si/PD *uoljoD O/ Yyyjo7 ‘AIBAL 6} 6 Wt/DD ‘o0sjouUbsyY UBS 6 YIP? ‘uopbhujusyipm es of Bad1C ‘(PUPH{41O 8 YIN ALID P07 4/05 Lt ‘sspypy ‘uossog Z TE 'QOUEPIAOS Qf . ‘Dd ‘YPANISHId 9 ‘uUulpy ‘sljodpauulpw GS / ‘A 'N 'Y¥4OA MAN SF “YOIWY ‘4/0480 Y/ yyeg ‘sejebuly So7 + "OJOD ‘4aAUIG E/ *X8/ ‘OSD IF © athe "YSDM '2/44POS Z/ OW ‘AID SseSUBY 2 31aVLl NI NWOHS WPQ ‘OAPad UBS /I Wi 'ObDI1YD | SV S3ILIO ONIGV37 02 SA/L19 SHLD JLVDIONI dVW NO S3HNOI4 MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS ANSMIDNI Z2Z6I-8I61 AOVHAAV Va SFILIO AG SLNAWdIHS GVOTHVD VINYOIMNVS 3O NOLLWNILSAC SNOINO VWGNWHYS4d NMOYS NVOIYAWV 12 The California crop su reaches Chicago and the diverted in transit to such an extent that it is difficult to obtain figures of final destinations. The apparent consumption of California stock in Texas is really explained by the number of diversions at El Paso. BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE lies the West, but about half of it finally ast. (See fig. 6.) The California crop is The apparent consumption at Kansas City is also partly due to reconsignments from that point. Bermuda shipments are made primarily to the large cities. The 20 cities named in Figure 5 take 73 per cent of the Texas crop. Eighty per cent of all American-grown Bermuda shipments go to cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants, although cities of this size com- prise only 26 per cent of the population. plied by reconsignments or partial carloads, from the larger cities. Table 5 shows destinations, from 1915 to 1922 for Texas ship- ments and from 1918 to 1922 for California shipments. many diversions are made from such points as The smaller places are sup- A great t. Louis, Kansas City, and points in Texas for which complete data are not available. - Statements regarding final destinations are based on this table, and on a special study of diversions made in 1919. TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion shipments [(D) indicates important diversion point] we 1 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 S TS) [Ee wal Oe Ee eee ee | ee ee > >) = 5 a | 8 a 80/5 8 S 4 i &, ey 2 & = Siar eure z E 5 e fetes ef cel ew fo | Sh Be Sea ESSE aS ar oe merercecsa esa 1d Jas nr 54 = 34 = = = oi ae a = = =~ =~ Oo 3 Ss) 3S oO 3 S) 3 i) 3 o sm a | a lee ey | OR VE iS Gent Os Se sOr sa eue mS IAlabamiaeie ee 10 | 21 15 | Fate Daye fated 5p |Sees Dig meee eee? ne ee poke ace Birmingham_.___-| 6 | 12 Meh ey eee 13 )3) 20 2) | eee 7 Wel ie DY peed 3 | ames WMobile== = 2 Ae Bat 5 hl [Peas 45 |e Bye ne 3))| eee 5 ie i |e St es ne Montgomery____| 2 4 1S Ee SS 1 Ie ee | Sl gee PAS (eet Sule ee 7G EB IATIMIStON Ss. = oon See La ee ee AS eal eee |e BN ee Ped el eel ard Se | ates if | See iDoOthanwes sea BE Se 8 ees ||_ Seek | Se 7a eee Ee ee ee ee 0 ee eee ey eee ee Gladston= aa a A Uy | epee | earned Were, | |= Memes) Ube: ye [ae A | Sere eee ere) (Beha) en 2 Petersburge = S| Seen | eee eee 1 oe Ue ees) | See me Se ee eee ee | eee ee wees BN a0 ENG ESS © Fare | (ei, et eee | (re | OE al eee [ep ld le Re iE | eee foe =f ee |e ee | IATIZON Ae ee ene 3 4 6 1 Ps is, Sere tp | ete 1 al apie fener] eee fa mm § 2 1 Dourlas se Lay eee 2 Pe EU ee | ae eR | ce | Ne Eeeets Phoenix 2 aes = 1 7779 eceopy Keveeaia || as a Loder |ek |S SSC 6s ee eee ee Nee = pal 1 1 (eee pease cree] ee meen] (emer | PR es] eee ee elm ce ee le ol Prescott s- ee 10 ee 5) eae | eee (ee el tae ee ol [ee Bd Ee = 25 ole 2A ee | eee WetUCSONé 268s see a| 22 2S ee | ee j Ey (eee) (SM | Scere] ome | VN tema me (ay SS) oe ee, eh jee Bs Ur 100 Yee =| FR ate | Pa seen, (ea Lf P| En Ty | eee Se ee a ee eee Ar Kansas ieee oe 4 8 8 7 2 2 |S Sore 15 eee 6:1 See 5 eae Little Rock_____- 3 7 6 Giese net | pena 33 a Na To a pace 151 ees Bhi ee Fort Smith_____- 1 i Se Ral eed 3 pry 15 | eee | ge ee Bee al ere Sores 1 ere ONES WOLO2 see le |e j Ye] [eo TE Sole eee | Se Ee | ee eee ee INew. porte sees Leo) Se [rere (ea PY el Se at EE a | ee ee | Pine Blut |= 2h | ee [eens oe 1 Ne Ba Neg hale 7 A heats 1) Se 1 Ni ie ses Eiglenai..) ase eee wee a] oe este es ae eS e | i ee |e (eee ee ar ee No White River . Jun etion= Ses Se eee 1 Bie (Ee Mee aaa 2 ee | Ea ae | | Se oe Marl). 222 Sa eee | Ae te oe ee Ae aN cata | ae ge | ae Pee ee fl ee <4 California® 2 4 Raa a) ts 16 |. 32 |. 33 LOSS a 132 17|160| 5] 92 San Francisco. --|_---- 3 Oise 2 5 | t 2 4/ 30 2 3) Los Angeles - - -_- 3 vi eats 29 | 26 | - 58 | Ag Res WH Nie 3 50 © Silay Ce ees ee el | 1 1 Lae ae a ak i iby ee a) i: St l l ae 1 DAClAaMenlo.. 230. esa eee | ns oe pee ER We dene nel Ses |e St Yel (Epa. 3 I San Diero--- ee. eee ee [eee ere | ee | i ees 7 ee 7. (ER os 1 Roseville... 2 a a a | ee) eres | eee 8 | Stes 20] ee ee ate Ses 3 MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 13 TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued tet = ze 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 3S -o o Ss bo eee | ee ee ee eee Pols a|2|3 E 3 a 3 a itei|ne oO CP) Cy) =| S| q q =| o|On Ea ES 5 5 5 5 an Bor Be pea ee . eS 4. = 8 = x = ns = = a = aft =—8 ne) © aS io = M4 a= oI = a} 4 oe I a S. ® EI 5) 3 S) oS a o 3 | o SS 3 Hil/o;ael]o]a]{o O = O |e |O California—C ontd. BEE PESTEN EN se 22a ge Lg Dee ea een ect ach 0, Gu eee | ert ea Oe | ee 1 SY HOYCL ROY OL Se tN ge eee bee ecg fe eal ee ee pee ae (ecard | ee os eee | eee tree | Se ee eee 1 Colin sekee kaos 2 eee Se | er ere eee ale Fe Bees 2 BBS [ie ese ot eae 9 SS Graf OT, tee et ee |e es |e Ee ee hoe ey las tle bee PSAs cl bakes | | Pega PER ge eee ba TC OPES aN Oc Na TS fa (eee Pees pepe eeteceees| fem ty ees | aes os AA eae pete yaed 2Yeyo Viole mee el [eee ee oad |e epee Peepers epee.) ba dete Peony (peed |) al ede Sil | ese ees mene | ee 6 GOT BS CAC Tae eee |e | be Ale ele |ie, TR e s Al F ee es eee J be] | aches tage emenbecrges| we opmeghs [eet AR Yabba bh ofa 0) a eee [eee Pak pe Peete [ae gl Pe aia] ae [ey | (Se 208 | eae ses eee | EEL TSS 1 ese bh at se [fe tee Nhe eS A ae) Fe he chee Porat SUES | RES ee Gardens sees eh Se a ee PT eee a Aled & % ea ss | hha ie fim St] Weegee ee re |e je caer be PRTACYra eee eae Os veil De ge ef kere ie (ee | ite pena 1S fee el ae Le Stee 2 Colorado ==. === 24) 37 50st 25 8} 12 Sy lmoe U Al BY 3 45 5 | 34 6 Denver si SEY ain be © as ee ko Oe PP a Ps Sy rinidad== 2 6 (ial | ices | 2 1 Din Baa Sel ae DAG besa a eee iRueb loan 4 6 pelea 3 a Saree Gy eee Hil paneer Bhs eee 3 1 Colorado Springs)-_-____ 3 Dicer TE ee | Lenses Les RE lie ee a 1 eee Grand Junction_|_____ 1 Us| pede tS es fede Arles) xo | We 1: |e ee ig) et ee ie | eee Connecticut __-_____- 3 | 22 38 | 16 4/1 13 Tai-26") 135) 37 1 2D) amet |1142 Fy 4 Waterbury --___- il 2 10 7 1 GR ieae se 4 1 5 il ASS | wena ae 5 1 New Haven-.---_-_|__--_- 6 11 1 1 i eel (secon 13 Pb eee On| ee GS al ih So ETartiord esses ae By tent pees eee f 1 Sol ge ces (a i OE tras yo | eee AEB nee Bridgeport _____- 1 by 3 1 eer 1 ee ee 5 | 10 if | See 'a] yemeeer S| rari 2 2 New London-.--_-|__-_- 1 7 ee 1 Dries fe: | Seg FS Tau. 3) aac les) | ee Stamford ease alee FE poate S| ee ee cs, pong = | ek mah hy, egies eee Pe bates d od ecm INOnWiCHE=== = 1 1 a he ae ae Lae a es a a l(t Se] Peres Pa) aa [ae 9 ee acl ee a eae Newe Britain==s—ale=—2= Di ies aes pe S| a De al | ee Sol Pia cal (ike S| oe GF0.5] 8G ie = 8 ee eel St Wanbunyss ess | oan ee Dale Noses =| abe see TBE Seat ee Sd ef ea a (eben (en ne ROCK yillestes 252s ae THE pe | Es Oe Ae PS lla Feel Si fel (nce eee Peele fo eA Lau ee st [nace TTC: Gd Go erent | eters | meres | seme sree ere |e teh rey Tepe a PA es, abe (a i zane rt [iene Ses | agar | Se pee | ee SOUtTeEN Orwell ka es ss | a eR Sel Se SD Se cee ee ee eee | | eee ee ee DY OLS Wares seme See eal eee cae ed | Taal ee jib | aren Dis) Rs | EI RS Beef reac 9 Se a ee ee mee Walang tones ae ies aes | ieee Ga) sys 57] Veer oie a FS Sec Sel WM a phe | pwns | Pa | l= hol | ca ID YOK a ps eee oes 5 Sere) apes ial Reet | aie el (we ce pa ee ee 119) | ee a ee 9 pices B | a Pe tbe et ts fone 2 Aone Districtof Columbia_| 4] 12 Daa 23 Die 25 esti 39 PHN BY ene rer be) 1 | 25 1 Washington__-_- 4 12 23 23 2 7A ee 39 2 345) 18 1 25 1 MlOrid ante aoe o eae 1 7 16 Bl ee 4B e335 AV nauer 35 i Pde aes Pha, \\ Arne Key West_._....|_..__ Ree omielent fle to 7 eee Bal ee oy | ries | ary eames ‘vial eee Jacksonville__-__|_____ 2 2 By eee Diileciaen:| eb) —\pete = 3 ie | as es | pe eo eA Dsl ie cee Ram paar se tee 3 is) eee tp eee Ssleue ss 11 1 fal (Se Oe Pensacola______-- 1 Dulvrary sae | eae |v. Se Se eae Sila te ee iE eas 1 bot [agence a. ee we ww ww ww | oe a | ee a | eee | ee | Roses 1 —--=---]-----/| -- ---|------|-- ---]-----]|----=- icorcina 10| 37| 27| 39|.._.. coe a Nee lens Paul [ies Ast lanitaae= sea 5 | 20 GE 230 |e TU eet ae 112 bl a an See 1A | eee 19, pees Savannah-___._- 2 U 5 dee 88 i (eee On| eee Brizeeee Deas a eS Wiscontse- =a 1 6 2 rl ee Sh | eee i (ee ee Bhi fee ae 2h eae AS eet ApS = 1 3 3 Oh ate 77M Wee ee i et Bes 4 BRlisaeee 37 fee S| Bees Gola UiSe | so cee I Se ee Pl eae DP ee Be ese Bae [ARIS SS pea a dled Jape = IROMess 2s 1 TES ek Uy (Ra el (a 2 ae [ec UL) [eam er kd a beara Rees he Mat Granget= == bes]. 223 ees LPS eS es) Pe see ae Se ES A Ee Se (A (Sey (ae ol Se DS eget Taxi OPS Ta peace a oS Rate | I Pel Pe eee 1b toe gy es pete feel = Sy 1s erboa “TIN TR es ae Celeb eto (rial ees lie oileel ty ngi|=we[etaey a) asl oN (Bolsearai es alae a3 1 3 it es ee | ee ee 1 1 1 ie eee 1 sesh iy zee Pocatelos se e325 es ee: 2 1 i etree 1 ie Dil xr siat eee se 1 1 1 Sta Sees 77 | 432 | 748 | 300 | 123 | 265 | 80 | 671 | 464 | 401 | 254 | 463 | 267 | 469 | 238 Chicago eee Bs ae 74 | 414 728 | 288 | 120 | 261 80 | 643 | 460 | 381 | 254 442 | 267 | 451 236 iPeoniae + oc i 7 7 ig Peete 5 3t ees 3 0] Pea Ua | eee ONS ae 7 1 Springfield______|____- 8 7 5 Pd Se = a Fie tale 1 ea ee 7A ais 7 We yer Ale et RTOs ee 1 2 | ek a oe BEd oka 7 hgh ep Saoce| Pea Pee ee | tine Reem i ot bs = Danville__.--___- iD see 8 1 I ell ES 1k oS Orie se 1 iol (ae gee Pires P Af pie 14 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued - d 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 3 >> i iS 2 a = ww wn I a aia] ¢ E 3 s 3 g.fjtalae <>) ) >) q q S| S q o1O8 EY EEE lg 1 i gel alae. Gal el Sed MeN Deas wo ire | Se) Reel Sel Beal eel fecal ease ae ees Se =e he =~ = = cS) a o a ® a oO ES Ss @ |o Sah a ae S Ie Oe a a Seg is a Sa Sd tS a On teas: Tilinois—Continued. APIONE eed os |e |e Ne) we erg nape) | Men ES ee I es eek ae | ME S| | oT |e | fees Fe | ROCK Ord Mater at | Paes reer S| eae eee OT) fay | hee eae bre el [nie Sao 1 | Peal [tae gees Va eel pe Te Champaign sess: | Ea | Saeee eeee I) fa seta Ie Sl as fk S| |e ee D5 | 51 ee | ees, ECD Oboe ee |e eee AUD Hs aac te] acme alla oie etd ape |e nepal | ct a | a if, “| 2S. | rene | Seas Granville | eee i eaepenme nem leas ged ps re War [oP Ee Pe Bc) | Bp RE ty | 9 A ee eo Oe te ee TBH Cavoy oat a (2) (c Leeman ete) femecem. P| Me ate Dea ae | fe ac) (nad ree tae pe ae Ne Go IS 1 (ee fe a ee NE ie IROCKG alone ia | aes |e Pee eee Spee SP SSI See Des es Se | cpa eae ee | FROCK POT b= eee | eye ee Dek S| SES e SO | Ce SS | es es | ee ie | ees | VON TG Gs en aR P| RE ea | pore | cae ed | ea | ep eel | me de | 52 3: oi ee | eee Deca Gur ese | en See d Doel Ure 2) [eae A [eh ete ee) eR A 2 |e eS Rove i eingls | ee 1 BB pee: Speen WF ok ape Wer eee MEL 7 ya| (eeree a (reer ee bo Bh eee eee IMPACT OOM ae = 22 Dai Bal Se altar so ain od ste ts eee | Pate | ea ye ene | Pepe =| eee | Few Mle) CA (eet |e TEVA Wi GEOL TR Ce Wee es Ew |e a | HW eee reese (Ges Sr (Sree ae) tee ei ra fee IER ECES O Tie ie oer |e pS SI ageless yf Ve Oe apy [ree el | Meee Dt | eg ING WitOn Se 228! Slee oe | eb Scale eas | ee eStes Be | kgs | bead 1 Eel eee eal fete) I el ee el SS Berl CO S15) 0) 0 RSSem pee as en ep RR | FG ee El fee a hd Sg eee fey [eee Ree oe eee | Perea 5 meee O/T ee ERAT GE ON Gees | eee re tee | ee ee on |r| eee oes | ee 15 yal ae Nees ee el be fe = hepsi SURAT OT er es | Fh sp Ta | lea | | | pL ee eee ere ee ela ee Tvidianae 21 ye Te ae 78) ey AOE Posy oe 4612 69 |__.-- b2/|iedae Indianapolis____- 13 3 623/25 eee Sha Bees oe al eee SS8q\o. ys AO: ieee BZ the ths Evansville_______ 2 7 5 Sia eee | eee (/a| (eae 1 | ee a iQ eee by eee Terre Haute_____|_____ 6 5 OA ES aa 2 1 Oates 1 oe a Sie yal oe ee INI CICERO S ae ha) eke Lemons 25 leet lise oe G,\\eeeee Pg oases LE | xe ee a eee 74a) eee ee IDOE VENA eet ee 1 oy bide He Mil (Si ES bad js RRS IE SE | ae al ee i ee South Bend_____ Die ee Tle pee. atee! Oe Sais ce Neate ee) | COG ee TA cet on Dh sree 1 a eee ee Logansport_____- oP ee | eae 1 ie Eee Pes ioe ae 2 iL | e2e3 aE eee ee ee Ee Te ie ING wa@.aStl eames | | eee oa a fa) Ptr eee re) PEP | a pee ee ellos See ei 1 2X0 0 C0) 9.0 Memes icoiis Mearns DSR aL Aree (bal Aes lee pee Ns LS Sh ee See Se 1) 2-2" eee |S ECO KO TANS Sa am a | EE a lca | ga |g | ee a 2.) 2 een Tow alssesionsa meine: BOF 3S" ees: (ete Sat meee) Pesin eeeae (eros eee [. 26s| igs esi ie Des Moines-_--- 9} 12 7 | Lae gee Sr| onl e ON) eae oy eee [3.6 1>) 9° | ars lous Sioux City_______ 7 Gi 11 ik izle ee (hele ezee 4 1 fal Eee ae Gaietaee Gilesae Burlington_____- 4 5 5 | ie ae Di \eeeekt Buleesee 6n/eese A |e ee Ag Sere Davenport_--_-_-_- 2 3 5 Pad ie Reel PAN aes ps eee iba Oaeee Sala Si ee ee Waterloo — 3 (bl PAs 8 27 ores | eee eee eS aeneeae| EES eet Pe Des ee | el pee Dubtquet == asa 3 + 1 A | eg ae ar | Fa a eI eel pe yal paras iy eee Mason City-_-_-_-_- 1 1 3 Ay | See = eee ee By le sace 1 El eae tee 28 cies Ottumwa-_-_-__-___- 2 2 2) joes Rel sce Sol See ee ee ee ee oe eee 1 bed eee CedarRapidsssi is pes 1 2 1s) Feige 2S) 1 eae yb ee 1 El Pe cE) eee Clintons 2 2s aa sees 19 Sees Se DA) hala ae PA aie ilies| Pies espa Mar | eee Ra | ee ee al 1 sas Greer a) See ee eas Ses | eel | ee ee ee > Ween pe noah Fe HP Ae eds Se | ees IVE OMG OEE Ee sR aN eS ee ee ee im Sree Tee See | re ee ESC Lea a Nae a fe a a fe SF Be Vg i a te Bel ee L | ee pelea IRAEKErS DULG Sem [een leo eh a eee a a ee ee eee 17) Se ec | es eee eee (OYE! Nyro. ee metal Caen | (i See ae amet BETS ape el be Re eee ae ee 2 a So ee ee SS DOTI COT eee ae ee all rears Be 2 | SR a eee sia Me eo ae ee ee COLoyoeayU bd BV pHa eel oe ee le es ss el ee 8 PRES | SH 1: 3 |e ee IKianSaSee 5.2 ae eee PAE NV BP ZN eeD 3 ip ie ewes 1OG3 | 22s" Soule 20 |oeeee 37 Ub Wichita eee 19 | 18 9 5 jal Mere eS op Oil See ae rf eer GY ee So laeeees Hutchison —_--=- 2 4 7 3 1 lig Ja aS ge 23: ee See eee oes y Te |S 3 ee ae Topeka: sete ne Suhr eh Bil ho lecee peak pe ea rR ed BR 3°: es rg hoes eee Parsons (D)-_---- 1 pe eee | Dale eae lis eee Se) 222 el S6n | saeee a bal eae se 6 [22 Plvsice S= Salina seccce 2 1 2 Dies See | ee 1 Eel ees pA Rares | (ie eae be) WAWTONCe s- see | see alee aes Ol eeeae 1 yl eee jet Sree ines ld al ee ee ee diy] are Cofteyvilles=2 2 | = De ree 1 ep) eee Te SS Sake ee oe biel tae N Rp) (gs st Lae re Wilntiel dt. 22 sy eee ee 1 DAN a Neco re aioe | eth ae aed ae a ee lee ae | eee | eee er | eee Dodge City-2- [2 --Sat 2 Sae tS ean Ue eee | eee eee | ere | ca ree eae JN CHLONNC Li yee ee | ee eee aD SE Saye I ae 2 eel 8 eee | ees PN ee gig eee JArKansas: @itye | en ee eee us le al a Deel aes Be te | eel oe So pa a eee Leavenwortnes.o)22- 2422 Fe el |e a (mR SR, HA SOS wl RE) Dg wy eee | peas a fe Se fees Hayeste sane pe es Bae ce | ee re ED Ee rel he eee Pome a ee are | eee | ee i Ue facet el fe rae | be Pittsburg seen. eee tT Sa Sem Pe a ee | ee Fe | a a | 12 Se] See ee Welle Tons === |= 1 HS) Ne Oe | Pn ae [I See Fae ee P| ae | |e rete | Cee ee ul ee eee Kentucky__________- PS Wiis 0: fons el ae ©) eee Ci ie 2 ae Ce ee a ie 8 ie) Louisville. ______ 4 8 13 10h] [ee ones ZO ee ae a Din ae LOL hes exineton. see | sane 4 3 Fs {a fe tae ADE oe ro hee | el eee 2 i Sy ee ee SSS SESS EES EES OSS OSS OO EOS | bere sam | MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 15 TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued m ed 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 gS 32, | a ee Pola s Co) oO o q = q q a o|Os & ES - na S Q iS) a 5 n 6 n 81a z Bz ta A ~ ~ [as] = 3 pint fas] = fas} = fas] Sat Sia ies = © & w = w S 3 A = ~ He Po a SS S S S fo?) fas} oO fas} Oo [as] oD ao [<>] fan} o = Ss Si < a .@) a ‘@) a '@) a 'e) a O |e € Mouwisianas=----— 2 6} 14 30 8 8) |) 1s eo GOn|eeoe. 7 Sy ee HAG eee 60 1 New Orleans (D)|} 4 4 28 6 SunOS) | eee Geese ats || 1365 | eee 54 1 Shreveport______ 1 (FIs pee ral fe Heer cts alae If) Rees 74 ee CC eee ff | oe BP gees Lake Charles____ 1 1 1 PN ek eee ees eal fe eS Ars |iostes ea 7 keds Se 1 hg) thas 2 eer NE OMROG Sate Sees e op | Sn a AME a Be alae WP Pe | 1 ee ee eee ie eee false Aexan Gil ge ssa 4| eee OU ee ae a A RS eld Pa RE Soe Wee SRS RR SR ey | Sy IB ALONMEVOU EC meee ees | eae IDES sens | ae ee ea el Sa TE a ea Fae a ee Pa el eee ce DB GYS EER A Che ace I a PPS (a Re BaP BRN ES ee Pe. | ee een | Ley | coe ell ym = ele ee Vain Se see ee 6 22 | 30 19 7 12 2 18 6 16 5 A Ways) |e 19 4 Portland_______- 3| 10 | HORS GA aierr leon PoP ot pel, lee tS to) enol lee 13 2 Bang Oreaeeeane a. 2 8 5 2 Zr Sareea 2 7 2 2 3 ae 4 1 Rockianed aeons CY mee SF 8 Ul Pi hale a i Se el itp (ssa ta Talene™ AN OUAMNL 2 1 1 iS eee [eer 1 1 iy [Race jal (cee! i (eae Presauesisles Ass |g a- slaosls USS ie | SP Pe Sg QR [ER Ps Feet 1 ee ca ee ee ee IBPISTO eae tae le tl PR oe pl ee Sea (Se a ee a CB aN 230 [0a oe a see ea ee IMIG Gra Ee Se al Gzipees 50 Sy oe Sy eee 39) sae 385 |e 53 4} 40 1 Baltimore -_-_-___- 6 24 49 33 =a Si | ee Bis) eee Shee 53 4 38 1 Cumberland sss2| faa 4 1 1g eye eat | eke Ne 1 ee ee Pa Pym as baer = 2) He S| ee Camp iViica des ses) messes | pease Meee lo 2=2| 225 == Dis | Bere teh | | taney ay ee | Ue | eye | plea | ae Massachusetts_______ 82 | 283 319 | 130 14°} 157 Th || Bey 49 | 248 12 241 5 | 236 16 IBOStOn= = 66 | 248 268 | 107 10 | 142 Pe 23h 44 | 215 10 227 5 | 205 14 SPE eiiel deere | eee 16 Ope Dh eee oe Cis| Be 27 Thea) Al Ee Oe oe A eee Worcester ______-_ 2 6 6 6 2 CS Re en bea re 1 2 AN (est apm | beni 3 1 New Bedford___- 5 2 8 1 1 eta (eae 1 Ne its Biba aes 11 | ee 2 1 iPattsheld == 1 2 4 ipo ee Di eranae Fa Sat [ne Dial ert igh] Pies D5 | aaa North Adams__-__}____- 1 3 PSY hee ears [ke Be ES a 1 ley Pam ie 8 TP eet em Dl toe yal eee Lawrence_____--- 2 1 Bc NR end Sm PR a Bel Lae | fe RO Fete ee Fe nie pee Howells cs 1 2 BW (aa bee ad ak a 2 1 7 ee ie eae i eee Fitchburg -_____- 3 Bi een Sere Pi cara 1 Ul joes |e 2 hy ea ANE eile ik | sles eee, | rec 1 1 (oe TR EU Tein ehe is eee ee | al eh ESS ha a aS hace fs ner cd Bn ml Weel Aa | FP ey i les bec EVObyOKe Say 1 1 ED | eee | eee ea eres ee S30 ee ae 11S Rca ME eae Se 5 eee South Deerfield._|_____|____- PS St ak, See ESS AF Ue COS | [RP ey Var UR ete Me ee eee i Pn Haverhill 2s. aR fee a ie ee Sale| Re El a wal Ue El esse a ake | eh ay Cae IP a ae | ya eee een | eee | | eeohe lf Pape toa Pe soe | Mi dpe) scp ola al eee af lee ee | oy cellieh ec | Bediord ise. = sa sneer A eH Ics ae | aah bask sees Ua ae ald Sti 2 Bel UE 2 i fea mal Let Ve NAN IF FS TOCKMO Ts | eee oe oe a1 Pd rel [ae Mehl ee Eales rl ge tee EN 1 | Pee RR ye es eee | eee tne Je | |e Charlestown__-_-|_____ SL | Re pe | SN aE At one | | yt YS [OR eg | he SRR Ola ING wa tsenn Swi @ ket | Mert | eyes ener ea vier | eee Te a Se ee ee TDi ee ai] ae te | | IDeertield ses ese |e oe ced Ga ie RS SS VaR a rate Ie | I Se 20 | ae | Pare | en eis ee Lhe 2 2 STAY AYO) Oe ees A sc | NF (he ee ee Vere Ul) (es eae 11) PORES sol Pg BNE (Oe 1 Ty (eset HA aiiasta Gl lieve epee | aie fea ee i al] Se | ge ce |S ee ae ee ae Le Pea VO cf Se PES it oe Michigan.__________- ih fe fa to a Giga Hecose Beton oral eoaee 108| 9} 85| 6 IDO eee One G2 QDR oon |= aes Fe ee OSN e197 | 495 sane 88 Galena 5 Grand Rapids__-| 5] 11 15 2 abe ie ae he hee Rie Ey eae See Qi ee (Oh eee BaVAC IG yee ee 1 3 7 Selon Auer ea zi ee fe ae G2 eae Aris ve Salim awWesese See 1 GV lca Safad ase Ne Spee ba De Be | (a | ea ee ee | Bae IRON ACs este ee [oe ee TES es | FBS Rea BSR i a ba ea Te O(a el pear | Ua (ONENESS) JE Fea Sault Stee Viarie=|aawe | dl ae Te ES ea |, Ni SN TAYE a et Ts Ea Sa eS EGU TARO VA OO Si. Si |B a SN oes th A) ee S| [eRe Dt | 5 2 SS om ae Ba eed Pe | (eee 2S eee se Milwaukee Junc- UAVOF A 5 Sip 22 = a) | beh Ps am is ee ee enn Pl a U1 9h (2 See Ue rs Be ee mee fee eed We (Eo MiISKE SO reese eee Meets foe den 5s ea | toes ie SRS Sie iD setae |e ees ae | age | eee LONER a pl lB wm SNS Sa a a fa a Va 1 | ey et (Ne) (Re | 31 eee 1 AEH Sin) Oey ens | ees ea | AEN ea ee a ee a fe a Pi a Pel Ae Pes Tad (tS oa VRE OTT CG x cae |e oe | Oe ee a eee Re Fe ee OM ee Fey | ae fe Py | inten eT, fk ot IBS! COTE GIGS Al Se S| br a La: i fet S| RAE a I DS ee Re (Pn gE, Pinger Meee Minnesota____...--_- 5 42 49 22 12 28 il 48 11 25 5 49 2 3 6 Minneapolis__-__- 31 || Bis! AD eH est 25 | A? 7 \\) al 3 38 Poel) RY 5 Siebailes. ee 1 3 7 3) Is) | ae ee a a 4 3 3 1 Cfe'| eee 4 1 LD Ap UCU A 0 ea Si ees Onl Re Wp et ays 5H a iil eee 1 1 1 1 BD eee Lee Wingras. oe TE oe Bel fe SS eae Sten UE DS cel Pa A el | see AL Ne | Fe Reet fac eee | eee Ue a VIRAL Oper meen eans) seed | manatee Bett ee Ae Sal et ile Ceo ae | ee alae Di 5 5-8 ees lige ees STACK CITC EE semen eee ere ae es Se ee Le ee aloe eyed ee 1 ea Sf see Nee 16 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued : | | w id 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 3 ~> ole E ee a as ea ee ee | ee ° _ SMESEIE = s 3 3 E a |neles Sn ene z 3 z i Seles slolel#lZlelelsl/2l2lel 2/2/8233 Yen) oO ~ ~ = x = ~ — “ = * = ~ 2 = = = Ss) oS ) oS cS) 3 Ss) 3 2 3 | oO Sh SiS > Se ee. OS Saber Ser Os ei Oe Sac aienene IWiisSissip pis 2 2 2 Stl Sees Aa bso=s Pa bases, oes Bits pene Teas | bp sl trp Meridian-_-______- 2 1 ig beats Ay aee ne dog fg a fel TE Se 7h eee ee 1 ae 1 Mes hee oe JACKSON ee? ee |e 128 | ee en et | bye eee PA (ESS (ERE WR SS HERS WE |S pe ean TEEN HUES) ob eee et | eS be | |e ae ee ee fe HAR Sa ae ed a | Sb We germ 1 Te ape ta WACKSbUr eae 8/2 dee 2 IES | See See ApS ae eee ae eS iby ss Ee 23 ti boar Miassounig—=—se 2 403 | 588 539 | 488 48 | 243 81 | 455 | 228 | 593 | 223 151 | 265 | 437 169 St. Louis (D)____} 344 | 468 421 | 428 Viel fod GE Rl tee ee 367 1 | 458 1 47 2 | 340 1 Kansas City (D) 53 92 104 49 47 44 81 68 | 227 | 127 | 222 92 | 263 82 168 Fopinee se lie LG 5 cc (Siesta Gateem Galea 11 15 8 7 1S al Bee 3 9 5 3 4 6 3 if 6 Buttes Are Fal inane Pie cid ja a ipl sce Pg lee Gao ae ee om ones ese IBS eee ee 2 Os Sere = 1 d Ray bee el [ees 1 iy |e ee 1 1 1 1 1 Great Falls_____- 2 2 1 2 76 ERPS Be Se 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Helena: =. 1 S 3) [ieee ek PEs ee Spt |e a ee | | nce Wi pee 2 oe ieee Lirias NE Se ees Beil Ve Bs eS a a ee | ee ee ee ee ee Lewistown ___-___ Dye Yk | Se a a a a ee ae ee | ee ee] IMnlesi City sst | a= Soe |= a ee | ee i Ups oe il fee 2 eS [pk jac |Se cE eo ee ee eee ETAT; VC ee en | oe Mee ere ee eee 7 ih i | (ete fer (Ae Eat bed Sl pa es wt ae wd | ee [se ee ee Nebraska___________- 9) 25°[= 281 Tes |? atl | at ae ae ae eee ais | i] 1] 2 Omaha______-__- 6 154 Sone es ad Pal arc lam co al (ee ye (a iS ae ll 2 Wincolnes= =e 1 5 5 21 ee Ree Ae ES ae | (io ee b> eee Delete 5 Sed fee Si ee astingseeenes 1 2 ppd bates a I Ned | and AIS LL 1 1a Fe 2 Up (ioe, 2 HW ee ITeMOn teen 3 He Mee Sop) co) VU al EY et Ge Se (es oN See leaeee I bag eee PAdiiance se Stereo | here ale tes Te Soc lt SS SaaS |e Se Se | eee | ee ee Crawiord==== = TE Foes Se] poe S| NS 1 Del Mier (neste eae sew Ped 2 HORE 2 1 i ese Grand Islandaes)|>-s| == pe as | ae ee Se [eee las Sis Se Bs Sl NP | i New Hampshire-_-__- 3 1 SF | Se 1 alle aS mee Sie |e ates AS ly Se ee cy Pe Manchester_____-_ 7 bd es LN | [pat 1 Lia bebe, Bes. Sel be 2 Os joie BN |e dp he 77 ke Keene sleds: | 1 1 yf sf ee ce fg on Wome en pe ee | |e TO ae CWoncordetee=see2|=2 esse | gf ees | Se | pee | See eee | neers }e 23 2 eee IN; abe es |e See ee ee j Wis) Veer) [See Rett fa eter (ne al (oh hs ee |e Pf Ls a ee [22 eee ee WioodsVille se |- 22 alee | es oe [2 oe A rae RR ee i epee | ea | eee ee a New Jersey__..-.---- 4a| 6 | 23) -a2-+--_.) 30] (a | oo) Ss) ores | in a ee Newark_________ ED 10/-fo sins| Dp tess 20| 1{| 25] 1 fe eee tab ies be VETSOVAO MV eo a | oo | s— ae ee epeen e een {ea iy fetes 2 3 3 | 9 3 2 Camipeb rx 8 Sele sabe oS ae ee | haa 2) ete ek Ses Ee | ee ee ee Phillipsburg_____|_____|____- i RE. ape (ret ital Wo otiel afl del [EW aallee, oss MPaoee eed Ex Se DP) CNT One ec = ne ae ee SE on ea pee aa ee Df |e ee ee ee New Brunswick -|_----|_---_- jis) Keen ce) Peter [mel fee een fare hn Ey | ET [oc ce Sas a ee ee LEARSG ET Cee Se a) eee ee ae jag ee eet ta ben Saad AN (= eee (een | Bae ee Si fan Sag Lee (5 Wizahe theses hte |2= 8 See Ce ee | | See i a pee (ee | oe ee ee eee BRYON wes othe =| ate ba fine Se se | | es ie] epee PO |i ae [Se Se ee 1 New Mexico_._..-_-- ae a eee a ey eee eee ry ee ie Ce pe ec Albuquerque___| 3] 2 4} 2 | Efe 9 ere a eee 1 | serps 1 | ae eee Gallia scene nate as 298k dk tie Ee sil speed PN : ects eS er ee ee ee Ros wellict Ses baal Se irlly Be aes) 1 | Ree [ee eS ei = nS i be oe ee eee ee US W a) aU pee ene pepe (ESR Secl P ce | | RE es tal (Dy 0 ol ee Se fn al [emg ut Sel Lees BS 1 i (are S| NE fee eh Sj far aS New Works oe 751 | 438 {1,082 | 495 16 | 483 3 | 877 62. 975 | 20 1,201 69 | 793 34 New York City__| 739 | 368 810 | 408 16 | 347 3 | 626 53 | 810 14 |1, 009 64 | 625 30 Butinivss oe 8 28 130 1 a [ees SS Soule cet 123 4 | 102 6 103 5 89 3 Rochester. 3227" |ho- ee 3 48 1: hy) fe el ES eae 35 1 yon apa 19) | diy! Ys [ee Albanivs 25826) e 9 15 Ori ceed 10 al ae Vid ees SE 16g pb (foe Ub i eo Syracuse ssn eo een 12 hal Ree a 7 | 5 ie 22 | Si WRkliss ie 77g pe se 1a. ee U tiedese eet ] 2 13 rid eee La folt es Apa LG Saati ose eee 1 ly Gd [oe ee Eile Schenectady__-___|_-_-- 6 10 i eee ae 2) ae 2 ene Srizeoee LN ace Gilsaes Prov: eee 2 ese". ek! 9 | i) PAP Re ce Popened Pepe a a jets Gritsets My foetal ip) aeagee : MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 17 TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued 1918 1919 1920 1921 1009) his) =e oO 3 ep peg ee "alas 3 3 a - R = oD Bele ltd 4 A _ a aii Bike = Bec aa tes oe deer ables: || ae lhe? |) mS: |r eas ors Ss BO. Be On Se On lee [PO ~ O};e |0O New York—Contd. iimipae = ss) ns 3 10 i ere yA ee one uC) ee Ag seth ae (Bee 9g] |e oe IBTOOKMV ss aes 3 OF) eas Sen Se ae eee ee | 3 edihe Te Bata! St pe eel lame 2p ee Gienspialiswene a. Pes eee 4 1s | Seneaee | EE She 1 il Dia | ere, 1 ey ee Ey ite GRACE ese ee Pe ae ae A eae 1 eee Ai Fn Ie Se ( 0 eee | ae GamppVinlls sass | ies autos | Soeoe ane Sol eee Sh tee | ee | eee a eee | ees Fe se | a JaAMestown 22 eas sees Bae) fe ke (i (ea | (poe | ae ee Cam prlOip tone = == [se fos eee ee Se ee ee ee 2 | See | are | emer | rer | es RPE sR 2 Sonn Noe tio Grangvers 2 ee eae sae A i lS So ale Pg SL a |e ea A ee ocean ese fe | Gee OnGarniG== soo 2 earl aeee = Me Seeesieet| ers Pe ieee al NSS ER (a eee eee Wratertowns=—-.s|4-224|2--2— 1 eee |= eee | Griese 2 Se es g Coo eee Oy ee TORNSOML CIty se | oe ae NS] Mae ats |) SA dl Dene [ee Sc et ee Ogdensburg. 2- =} 5- (eae | ESAS cece sere A poo ee epee oe ge ee re oy een ‘Tie | ipeekskilik es 22s) boos Bt See fe fa er Uae | ME Sh fT a I One Wel (eee el We AE Poughkeepsie___-}_____]----- 1 Us Sep el Ugh [ate SP a 2 ee a Ll peta eel (eg eel ee ee eee ee Wonkersiee cs 2a ee eat so BLO eee es es ees | he i a | a 2 | ec oe SEER TO Dp (ce al WE ae be ae eee eee eee py (ee ee ee (Oe eee eel foe ee en BES TEC WUGTES ll Lea fetes fae 1 Nee Of | ee es | ee! Pei | aa | ek a | CONGEST Sw ad | | |e Raf Sah |e el eae P| (P| pal (ee et HA fs Coco | eee oc | eee UC @ Tee see tt eee | ee lel Seed ot SE | a See ee ae 1 id faeces sped Ieee cd [eee eo [oe eel Keene bey Ge TE MEAYE) AVENE HO ey RN ON Be age = a eS beat fg | fea FE ee a eee Diente ali gel POE OEE RIVE OETIS ame | eee es | ee SS SR See Tp ee el eee Pee Bee Si eee alps Meee INortheGarolings==- 52) 2- sls 2 9 Ar |esek A een 1a eee QReil ere: 1S" |2 ees diglbes G@lrarlaties sos ae ee 2 33 llesace Dl ease AE eae. Q) zee a ee Area cee {GKEENSDOLOS e2 == ee eae de | (ee falas al ge“ |e Divas sue e iO} jee sae va eee ot eee GES Tra See ee | ee | ee Pee a eee Ee ay ee et eye eee ae Aizeccep seta Eee SED UF Er aes ia ee lf ee ee We) acs (uae kl Uk Pe AE) a ale ae | FE Pl (PER | ne eT po | See a SHO Vile see ee ee eae 2 Tes pbs ig eee oaeteee Sue ete if || pore 23 bee SE CT Ores eee dees |e note ee Bel) os seed ese = cae ye ee ae Sala 530 es ae 7e| tesa Rocks ye Vio wit | ears |e a ee tore a Ue (Py Se ean Nee nh f= en a Lae PS Veen | ose | (a a AWikSEOTI-S ale wna =| eee tek Reem Tee Sr | Se ee ae ee tes ia eereee eel pet cl Se ei ie SUNY TRA BV OY S| Fe ea a a YP le Sa fem Ee de) [ea ED oe lal pats HR INORG DD ak Ob ass = 52 | mare eee 3 ¢, [eet a |aeaper heed a 3 2 2 4 i 1 2 TTT Ty SS aM ah [| (|| (lala pl (eso ga ee i UU 3 ees ert rm a peal be leet TVET (ee oe ee ee [ae a FE JN ea ng (lee WA PE (cal ce We Pe [ot Pee | (a ES A BIST ARG Kester aes | are | renee | eee Er Pavel Wipes Me Remi en eS eae ih | Pesos == 2 D efeacerl Tey | eee WAT Ose ae ee ees ee ee |e See ee 119] epee Ee ee if | 2 Db No setee 1 GranGgeWorksas- alo |e ae en 1 TUS fess pl ites eee) fea Beal en Ree | 1 Ue (ae eee oe (ea TA LETOYG FEN GAS eesece S hg Sf ie SAR att | (RE eae Ei ee el ae ee 1 La) (eee | FR eee eee eee eg eo | | ONO see oe 43 | 181 330i 68a ee 197 4 | 824 | aa LE | | 227 2 | 236 | 3 Cleveland --__--- 7 Bolte G).| a Oi ka isto je Haart alerO9 | Gale Danese Sas tiles 1 Cincinnati______- 21 58 84 OD bel hae epee Goer pol Dal San 60} s== 74 1 Ge ses= Columbus---_---- 9 44 44 7 |e ee 29 1 34 3 ADs eae ae 24. <\ eae 32 1 MNoled Gass 25225 4 20 40 (Bm (eae ee 72 Pate Ti eee OR see [Qh ete 29 | ee Ganton: .. 5-2. > 2 3 8 Sieene yen eae A) iy Ie fee Saencue Biglbg zeta Youngstown_-_-_-_ 1 2, 6 [Fl |e Pho | eager 6 2 Galbecs D7) (ies pa At | ee IDV GONs seo ee is 6 A See AO Ree oe ah) ee ee Ral be eaee bal Bie Sy ARTOU Res te ee =| 2 2a 1 7 Bley (eal a Pate Le Oh epee A seas = 2 |eeueet a Aes WisGlone= ss 222 -=fus wo |aosee 3] OR se) ara eat Ce ie Na (ed ae Thiel BS Bee gee 3) | 22458 Dipl ee as sprnefieldsie 2 2| 25 e 2 3 al [eae Sle al be Ce ees aa 1 ie ee Yel eee a ee LR eg S| | 2, 1 7 see nd (SN Esl (hneloe Pale lie ee snl et le Deere gC be oar Mianeswilewess = ole se fo | aee PAA) (ese ital Ee, aad [Slt a i Lig] ees Bhat eee Qis|ceeame yey oe Cambridge--_----|.-._- 1 1 IBY eae Pict Fea a ae 1 ey rt (gee ate eed a ene eed Leeper Peper et SPA GhTayirce eco eyeem tea aa reas Be es | ieee nt en Ps yee wes Sik oe BN |e 2 a] he es | a ee ASH Tablas = = (see S| 3 oS 1 Us Be Sag ate Bc a ag ee (ET (Den) OS Uh Bel Ee ae Fe pe eA Ye Steubenville_-____/_____]_-__- i ag Sp soe fea are Ge eae er ae A ae |e, en eee ley ged Deg ere eS FS TH ES OA Se SN Sac cp | oan ee | ee | ae ee ere ee ict |p seedy Ws ee) JR Brge |2 Mee nn | S| ee ORUSIMOUL Mes 4| anaes |e ee kee AP ees 5) |e te ieee [= nl eed |e a Sh Se SS TUG Ta ony ace es HO | RNS al (alee (Dee REO ES atarA Tee f ihe flee Re ae nd so | a EN OROS Se odes ales ge) [SRROREISES [piel (EE eel eee | ee ras (ene S| els |-----|----- 1 ee ee eee Oiciahomae ase. 9 35 33 1 by (fn a 17st ae ees Dp (| | ieak see! 23 1 30h PARA fee Oklahoma City_- 3 15 7 (| emer cag ee oe (ce (ile 1O3| 22528 oa | ee Mylsas = a Sesy eee 3 9 10 Geass al aaa Dales | ee bil Spee Tiel Muskogee -_____-|____- 4 u a ig) ene aa 7 ee a 7 ee ie i Se | Ym eee eto Shawnee-______-_- 2 2 ra ee ees! Ts PIR if) sae As OS eee Oileeee DF =e = Que eer PANU IIS sober ee ny (ae 1 i he ee tbe LL rir OIE) hey SU fale ES) i CS a 2 oe 1 | ee Mramord.s shoul. os. 1 3 aba? shel eal arn aa | anne 1 gl See fo ae Ea ea re Heleee eR: 101360°—25+——3 18 TABLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ments—Continued & ey 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 3 ~o | S145 nm m n = ae a ia | an ha | or anal ' & cn iS S S 8 & A: AS & jessie eters E z 5 5 | e1os eli |b |B 1S fede be pale ares Pe feetee = = = 5) S o = oS a S = 5 a |o ae) a(S | & | & | O-)&)-6)).8 10 Pet lcOo) eo 12 Ve Oklahoma—Contd. | @inekasha se os} eee 1 2 ib eeeSa) es Se pete OE AEE Spe | So See re ee i Ly) eae GB EON eee ee 1 I fesesa] cise] tee eee BL ee i oe {hil eee Guthrie. = ste 1 fig Geer Peceete sl reel (Otero) Ge ial Seen is (eee ee gL) eee MeAlester- 26-2 |s. 2s 1 T. [32 ole scet Blab at De ee eo be ee eee TE a 0g Uke ine a oe FED a ee ya eee (eros eee) ee rere) red oy meee Poeeeeel een ea Sh |e oe ee EPG bards = 3522 2 ae Sailwe es Decca eee se ee ae) es oa Bele © 2 a ee eh 2 ee ee aAWLOn Seah a 5 bh a) Se Dc cf cabs sen ed ae ee a eth fl rece fen fn Okmulrees = J 2 eos yee 1 feces 2)es- Safe eed aes ape LR ee ae ee eee (AGS 2b es ee [ose oes ees 5 oe Sse ee ba 2 ae al ae a oe eee eee eee Blackwell 222 -| (2223 -}oe Se 2/23 SSS a a ee ED A ee ee See ee ee eee Woodward 2.2.--|-----)s22.e)e S58 2s Be ale ew a al ea a i fale al ale | Joe eee ee PRS 14 St ad DB ied a IPonbiand=-.4ceen fen i! i$ 1 15 1 | 10 Pennsylvania_______- 92 | 477 | 753 | 483 43 | 508| 21 Pittsburgh_____- 41 | 243 389 | 259 29 | 253 HZ Philadelphia_____ 48 | 194 304 | 196 10 | 213 3 Wilkes-Barre-____|_____ 14 17) 7 jal baci id ee Se Seranton 3: eosa pees 13 12 6 i el 1a Lee Da) (Se eee eel IE er 4 7 ye 1 Lh ete PAULOON Ae ee 1 1 1 Cp) ‘eae Ui 5 Wee el | ar aN Aen ‘a 1 mel Nese ca | eR 8 By Bes Wiener ee Sie a 1 5 5 eee eee (ee ey eh ee I el oe Re jo eae LIGVATR aval se eS he 4 DW Be lbs oe Bah. Soe wef Din be USD Peoeyen pet ord = be fm bo pe i a Williamsport ____ 1 2 2 be) so poe sfeeet sale eee ae ae ee a Fh iazletonee ce |e 1 4 |e Sap 22 22) Se ee BOR) Se ee a eee ee ily eee INKeKeesporta Ss 23] aes ea ae: po) ac eee ba been dp 2 de Sol to Bee NSS eee | og) Kee DPuboiss. ss e—"! 1 i 1 P [enn See hele oO Dn lk Se Bs ee ees ee ee Ree | gh oe IBPAGiOEG 2 5a| F222 up e 1 1 1 a Se ee IEFARRISDUTE 22h 7g) ee amare] (emma | (eee! eye sery meng Or) fe ee (le eee pee | OF peal gi | t 1 ia) a EAGT TNFa Gee A Ea Ne ee ee f fetech esos abe Sale oe a) 3 Ae oe i ipefhlchem= =o {|e sale are4 fis SSeemeepe| eaee ee) ferries eecciencey (cpl (eoncapeiea) ec eat aaa as UT Pa feat) Driscoll.) fa) | A ee oe aS a hi hs ee es ee ee ee IBFOWHSVille: = ee = ieee | i (anes [enor Merete Daemon) [rds ge cn) (ayumi a eae xpd 1k cent wd ow SALT ks! 8 Greensburg. a pS 2 ee Pe, a fi Pre sas aia i ae ee ee ee aStOn eS oA 2h ae ae ) | cee) eee merece es eereee| (eae ey Poe een) eee ie oe |e) Ho) He Philipsburgs. = = |S--2) Dajsetcepeeeen[esed Sones alee Sly ales Sale weal ee Pee ae ees Pe iRunxsutawney. | Lo fees|ecee Wetec oo | yok ee ee ea ee ee SHAMOK = +S 2) canna Se balecscahe 2 ff esc eR op oo le A ee eee Spartanspurcss-|4 ses A fe ansehen 2<-|o2 3 lose ales aap hal ee fale oth Eel a Die CON ay dl Ce) 0) perpeyee ae ea el at ieee Meagee| full LN] Maret) (ete Cea (alee Neo el bol aad eal ocd Meal a Cod PS Se Rhode Island_______- 9 iy 80 15 1 34 5 Providence _____- Coe a ae ee 1) 34 5 iWoonsocket-2-— ||. =| 2 Se 2 tes. 2 | eS 2 a ee eS | es eee |-----|----~ South Carolina _____- Be Pes 0s ape Od ee cs yy fs) ea RING Sy Charleston_____- 3 7 4 Qi acca) SED lestadk 204. [oe Se Az ee eee tele see Spartanburg_____ 2 4 4 DQ ifece eh Base Sab Os ee Se ew ae Es pee : i EE @olnnbiss = 1 3 2 Plesactebewe sate ewes DOM ST eae eo eee Roles 4 Se aE Greenville se] 2. 2 a Se Se 2 3 KesssleccosbessJab 5 feel pba] ee ee eee ps | Coenen Me Greenwood:= 5.2. |--- joesse| een aft. faa ee i 2 ee oe eee ee ee iPiedmontace = |e Eee |e eee | 2 dzouhe cesses ce Boo dS] Se ie co bps pa ee ee ee eee South Dakota---_---- 1 2 | 5 1 eel Depa Sd eee 2 | pty Pea Aberdeen_______- (el eee Bape tesssh Aol. Sblessash 2 2s Pia le Ee | 5) eae Slonx Walls .3 5215255 2 7 es eee i eee) Cee eee. Pees eo eee) a |e ae ee sen Westdwood 4.5225). 25: Peer] ener ne bjeceeth) Dhcesafeteeu| zee} os se See ee eee eee IMAtCHer ee ee ees ) i cee Pee) emeren| EERO wee! COME Weenie) Mectere) or ee) ee) Ton) fe Co ee Tennessee__________- 14| 40 7 arc 13 il i) laeh’ 7-0 spatial far’. 6 Sal (here) ba So jo ceed fp Cone) tae oe = (by Sane Memphis.--_____- 5/ 16 20" Tos 222s aS Se eee | eee BE oe Knoxville. ____-- 6 9 7 TU lesscch 4 becest OF RS.) PG oe eee eee Ye] Chattanooga_____ 1 8 5 BS ifesccel 8 feezssl © 18) )-2522) 1 66. 8 Dees ieee | Nashville_____--_- 2 5 5 Qalscceeh & 1 fececcl 4 Xe.) P88) cee ees eee Srrsase IBTISEOlec 5) oe | eee 2 LS Shee ee tL uleses-] 4h eS ee eee fit ER Glsrks ville. 5 8). sla 1 ie) ee ae ere Oe Ue (MY ee ee ETN Pe Johnson City...) -2cs|ssesafeo Saale Foo Eak eee fee ca fed a Le Ee ee ae | fa fa a a MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 19 TaBLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued u 1D 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 x -© oO [as] 60 n 2) n aw aa aaTPh Eck es (i. a a aa ee % = g Sl s is & & S Sirs|ue o o o q q q q q O1O8 Gi) oes = an 5 S n 5 | a ) n 6 |aeio8 le me ie ae tect Foicse Hi see fad) Hoek roe Sy gf Se ey es aS = = al = 4 = pal = K — 4 = A BD = 5) ES ® c) o a o a o 3 | o SoS & ey Or Sete) eraser Re |3 oS a O |e |O Mexaguae 2 eas 771 | 998 505 | 233 59 | 172 97 | 596 44 | 304 18 150 | 140 | 423 72 Rayloni@D) sae "656 72 79 1 i i | eae) eer (eed LCi. | == (ho). 1 [payed eens bak Sa bY (al aa Galveston (D)---| 8 | 492} 153 i [| eee 66q\a==== Ban ee ees 280| Been Hex ese 107s |e Fort Worth (D)- 6 75 aly AS gies PRO sat 99 acess 353 23 7 60 1 San Antonio (D) |_____ 94 21 fi | ee TA) eer 183 | 22s Die ok 24 9} 28 2 Paso) 8 35 31 17 59 iS 97 18 43 19 18 11 | 124 21 68 Dahase 2 ss 2 40 21 8 11D eRe ese dba FE | eae Pf es ee CT Ra ee IQ} | ace pee LER eee oustona=s 42-2 Us 23 1 28H |es ae 6u\2<==- 92 1 AD NG nein 26 |aoes S| eee Waco ater. 3 | 24 18 Sp eee All iar aot 29) eae Ou eek cs NGS |o os - 1G | See Longview (D)_--|_---- Bl. eae TL Gi ee 2 a ee ee | Ue) | 2 | See | a Beck Texarkana (D)_-| 8 | 24 6 oY | more ee [2 ee G2niee=s2 19; SR as. || ee TM Be Beaumont-_--_-___- {| abl il Saieaees 7 ee Ouse iy (2 Saas aU Pee eee dD ee SNEXASTC itiyg CD) es | ae ee |e Seg O75) 3 | ee (ES Peewee (SF. ape) Dies | RR) es eee Lee AN be ae Smiithivilile se 2s | ees OA SY | ee epee |e | ane tiem | eps | pean | cues Do eee UE Sees) Le Sega) | Se eee AGE Seas Atm antl Oeste 7 6 6 Sy eee Df et cs Acne sae cl ee Pal tere 1 ee HATSbIn 225 3 5 Oulbssoalie i eee 21 ee 1 Seen fe Sa a GRR ses San Angelo___-_-_- 2 3 3 5) | Seeds 2h eres a [ese 1s) eens P| haere Oi | eae Stamford= 225 aaa 6 3 Hap |e ema [Spee Se 2) | ae pe aS ns pee | eae 2) Peet ae Big Springs____-_- 2 5 3 77 emer eres | Ler | [are 1 ee Py Ba ey ee 27 aes s @weros222 ee 2 eae ee 3 £9 | eRe | Seva [Leal 2 ewe J [Ese tee (EES DP Mes n 8 Hanan a 2 ul 1 11 | Be Ne 1 | i ea Sis | PS eS a ae Re [Pepe Pd | =i eee Wichita Falls___- 4 Arise eae Ye | Sacee 1) |e Dy ese ae Py [eee 8) eee 33 |[s opel Mawel ese ee 1 3 4 Dileehawe lk . eesti Tas she SN PRT ae | | el | SR | See ei | Sk pas Sree VO ea HR weer Fete ey Bo Nl a Moa Palestine sae e |e sa Pe {ts aR || Acasa | Se eee |e ee | Rest Sr | a | ane Soe US a | Pa Ritisburche ene TET fe Seka |e eae SR a |S Se aa | oe I (en We Se WAU Wee ee eae Se DE ane pad | Se | Ba TUPPER Pe eg So Uy ee | ee SaneMarcoses seal es|ee oes |Lseoee SL sect a cena | epee | keer er | etree eae ee ee al ee Shermans eee a | eee es | Soe er | SR | a | 2 PFN Ss GER SE Bee Di |< Slf eeh| WWival desea hcteee alee aie Se Se 1 Se 8) Dee | eS | Se We ecg (Ma OM beaten | Part IBUTKDURNELTCE a= ee eee | Le eb La ele iia |B Se [et EES el] | eee | ee SIRO E epi I Ree ae (ee | | el | Seat | Ec Eg ere eee ee | eee] cy | eee | | eee Clebourme ss: sacs |e bo = yee FL ee Se Sh || eae ae (et a ee eel | PA aria see ae esa seep ee heels svete a ollesec|ee sce secce ied | tegen | ced te ae ee |e es | Hacksonmvallercesr | tarts se eee ee Ieee ee eo {aye | oa PSs | 2 eee! Nee iL REE TARE 6 V0 ee eel | ee ee eee ees (eee (eee! [oe 1 een oem [eae eee (armen (ewe eee) beet HVEO CT yess (tee gs 2 ee | Pee 2 ie eee ee if | eee | SE Se | ee Lesa tegs) te ee Ets RSM (Eel ee ees et [eee |e he | a ils | Rae iy ee el (eee eee ee | Walleye une hlOnys the (kee oe a Ee ae 1 UB} et PE) Se Se) Be pee I NEOPM DOO Se a ll [Leet VE ee ap Ve ee) |e | PA ie Seca Boe | Pe ee WAR Le ch Pam ek MoGkNaniesercer site ee eee ee aR ee oe aE Ee Qj ee) ot 82 | TAVIS a) Ea ak AL Sd a fe ah fee |e A | Sc | Sia (eee P| 7 (a es ie |e Mae oe |e WRI | 9 8k COE SOS bless ee ses |e es |e ee Er Pa le a gE ee. |e a eB i} See SERS ees (Oni oe eee ee 2 eee ee 2 4 8 i} 4 2 6 3 a es Fe ee 2 6 10 4 7 Salt Lake____.-_- 1 2, 7 1 4 2 4 2 (sa) Vi ee 1 6 10 3 5 @Ogdens 2-=- =. 1 2 1 Ea | eee, | | Se = 2 1 Ay piss 2 11 (Pee teers | 3 St 1 1 20 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—Continued 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1915, Texas 1916, Texas | California California, 5- year average White pry | 1 1 Junction® 222228) flat 22 S)5° Pays es Ser aa al es ae ee eee | ee lees eae | Seal See Lynchburg--_-___- 3 ING@WD ODEN Wists |e | ee ees eee VOATLO kee ae ee lB OY ESST a i eee a ee a NS RN | a S| Ss Retersbure ee |e _—_ wd Seagitlen see ame 1 West Virginia______- 14 Clarksburg_-_-___- 2 Charleston______ 8 ipblweficide oa 1 ERNGa Se COn = ss. Morgantown. -—-|-____|____- Barkers pti oesces | eee |e eee [Pawirion@yalth = Sas oe 1 GrECTIEB ayes |e | | Meares Tie Nea eal | cae | eae | CLO Up ee ene a eae |e GCITICLOT = ss eee a eee | tee Oaspery oot en see eee, (aA Gee peel 8 Winnipegs. Ss Pea Wondonee ee seen Quebec.f2. pip abt Ss Weginar< = oh ean 1 ee geal ieee paskatoonses See leo Kingston. tt eieooeeleee 2 MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 91 TABLE 5.—Geographical distribution of American-grown Bermuda-onion ship- ments—C ontinued 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 7-year average California, 5 year average | 1915, Texas | 1916, Texas 1917, Texas California Texas, Canada—C ontinued. SS ee ee es ee ee ee eee Cee eee) eee A more widespread primary distribution of carload shipments among the smaller places would probably result in moving the entire crop more profitably. In seasons of unusually large crops or low prices distribution is more general. The average number of cities to which shipments of Texas Bermudas are made is 215, California Bermudas 52, all-American Bermudas 232; but in the short-crop season of 1919, the respective primary destinations were only 154, 29, and 167, as compared with 262,77, and 293 in the heavy-crop year 1920. The difference in number of cities to which cars were destined was due to a more thorough supply of the markets within the same radius. So long as prices received are satisfactory, shippers send cars in accustomed directions, and only when forced to do so by an unusually large crop or low prices do they make an unusual effort to find new consuming centers. Cities of 25,000 population are usually considered large enough to consume Bermuda onions in carload quantities. But distribution of carloads to cities of this size is not so general as is desirable. Ac- cording to the 1920 census, there were 287 incorporated places in the United States having a population of 25,000 or more. Of these 54 were located either in metropolitan areas or so close to the larger cities that shipment for the smaller places would ordinarily be re- corded as destined to the larger ones. Of the remaining 233 cities, 156 received an average of at least 1 car of Texas or California Ber- mudas annually, 30 cities received an occasional car but not enough to average even 1 car a year, and 47 cities did not receive a single car of Texas or California Bermudas during the entire 8-year period according to primary destinations as given by railroad reports. Some towns of less than 25,000 population are markets for Ber- muda onions in carloads. Out of 279 towns of less than 25,000 popu- lation that received carloads of either Texas or California Bermudas during the 8-year period, 52 per cent received a car for only 1 year, 292, BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 15 per cent for 2 years, 12 per cent for 3 years, 6 per cent for 4 years, and 15 per cent for 5 years or more. Evidently there is a large undeveloped market among towns of less than 25,000 population. Although Bermuda onions are grown in the South, the distribu- tion is primarily to the North. The per capita supply in 1920 was nearly twice as heavy for the Northern as for the Southern States and if final destinations were obtainable, the proportion would prob- ably be greater, for many cars are here recorded as destined to points. in Texas or Louisiana which eventually reach northern points. For the entire United States, the per capita supply of all-American- grown Bermuda onions was 1.30 pounds in 1920. The relation of Bermuda primary distribution to population by sections and per capita supply is shown in Table 5. Domestic Bermuda onions have been shipped directly to points in every State except Nevada, according to railroad reports, to most of the Provinces of Canada, and to Cuba. They have been shipped directly to 480 different cities in the United States and 29 in Canada; but the distribution has been more or less sporadic to the smaller places, because shippers were afraid that other shipments might arrive at the same time and glut the local market. The leading markets seem safer when a shipper must guess what the other man is likely to do. The United States Department of Agriculture has maintained an office in the Texas producing territory each season to publish daily the destinations and diversions as given by railroad officials. This information enables a grower or shipper to know most of the move- ment far enough ahead so that he can divert his car when the original destination would apparently receive too greatasupply. Astill more effective method has been in operation whereby the principal shippers meet daily in the office of the representative of the department and each man present states the number of cars he intends to ship and their destination. The expected destinations are then entered on a blackboard and resulting changes made by the shippers are entered. METHODS OF SALE Several methods of marketing are open to the Texas grower, de- pending upon his acreage, his financial strength, his relations with the trade locally and at the terminal markets, his knowledge of market conditions, and his judgment as to the method most profit- able at a given time. SALE THROUGH DEALER WHO HAS FINANCED THE GROWER 1. The dealer advances about $40 an acre to the grower to aid him in raising the crop, under an agreement by which the dealer is given the refusal of every car at the market price on the day loaded. The dealer takes the amount of the loan out of the first cars mar- keted. Interest may or may not be charged, depending upon the season and locality. In addition, the dealer takes either a given amount per crate or a commission on the total sales for his services in financing and selling the crop. 2. In a similar arrangement, the farmer grows and harvests the crop, the dealer finances and sells it and the net receipts are divided between them in an agreed ratio. MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 23 Neither of these methods of sale is now used as much as formerly in the Laredo section, because more of the growers are now able to finance themselves. However, more than half of the upper counties acreage was financed by dealers in 1922. SALES BY CONTRACT The grower may contract to sell his crop to a speculator several months before harvest at an agreed price per crate for stock of a given quality, or he may wait until harvest begins and then sell the entire crop on similar terms. When onions are sold before harvest they are said to be ‘‘contracted.”’ CASH SALES AT SHIPPING POINT 1. A few of the very small growers sell on the wagonload basis ‘‘eash at car door,’ but this method is not general. 2. Most growers load straight carloads of their own stock. These are then sold to local buyers as loaded, for cash; or to distant buyers, usually on a bank guarantee. In the latter case, the buyers’ bank uarantees the account. The onions become the property of the uyer when loaded in the car, on the shipper’s switch. Such sales are generally described as “‘f. 0. b. cash track’’ or “f. 0. b. cash track to growers.’’ The latter term is used to describe those sales made in carloads by growers as distinguished from dealers’ sales. A differential sometimes exists between the two, especially if the individual grower is located where there is little competition between dealers. SALES THROUGH AN AGENT ON CONSIGNMENT 1. If a car is sold through a commission house in the city it is said to be “sold for the account”’ of the growers. The commission house deducts from the money received for the car a percentage of the gross receipts for commission, the transportation charges, and other ex- penses, such as cartage. The balance is remitted to the grower. 2. A grower may also sell on a brokerage or commission basis through a local dealer. This method is generally used when the dealers decline to take the risk of outright purchase, because of either market conditions or the condition of the stock. 3. If the grower is a carlot shipper, he may ship to a broker who will sell the onions for the grower at destination for a uniform charge per car. A grower usually sells through a broker or commission house when he believes the local offers are lower than he can net by assuming the costs and risks of transportation and market declines. COGPERATIVE SALES In 1913 and the years preceding, an association of the growers handled most of the Texas crop by cooperative methods, the sales manager of the association distributing the carloads to the country’s markets from his office in San Antonio and selling very largely f. o. b. destination. After this association went out of existence very little cooperative selling was done for several years except in cases where small growers informally cooperated by assembling a carload to be sold in any of the customary ways. During the 1920 and 1921 seasons cooperative associations were organized in the 24 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mission and the Asherton sections, but did not handle any large portion of the Texas crop. In July, 1922, under the auspices of the farm bureau, an associa- tion of growers was organized, which established seven local associa- tions for marketing the onions of the upper counties. This associa- tion marketed most of the crop from the upper counties section in 1923. The associated growers were also able to secure $50 an acre for members’ production purposes and to buy $80,000 worth of crates, on time, by means of association notes. A force of field inspectors | was employed which succeeded in improving the quality of the erading and pack to such an extent that prices were often secured 25 cents per crate higher than on onions handled through other channels. A firm was selected as sales agent that had previously handled a large percentage of the onions from this section. SALES DIRECT TO WHOLESALE DEALERS Some of the larger growers sell direct to dealers in various cities. Sometimes the car is started toward a diversion point (usually Taylor or Texarkana, Tex., or St. Louis) and sold en route by telegraph. Such a car is said to be ‘‘rolled unsold.”’ The price and terms are fixed by telegraphic offer and acceptance. If satisfactory ‘‘wire orders”? are not forthcoming, the car may be sold at destination. In some cases the car is sent direct to a carlot receiver or wholesale merchant who has bought the car for a certain price, subject to in- spection at destination. If the car is shipped ‘‘draft attached,”’ the bill of lading and a sight draft for the amount of the invoice are sent to a bank in the buyer’s city and he must pay the amount of the draft before he can get the car. If the buyer’s reputation is satisfactory the car may be shipped ‘“‘open,” in which case the buyer may unload the car immediately upon arrival, the two parties making whatever terms they see fit as to payment. ‘“F. o. b. sales” are usually understood to mean sales at the ship- ping point of the onions loaded in cars, the buyer assuming all costs and risks of transportation. ‘‘F. o. b. destination,” “‘f. o. b. Chi- cago,” and similar expressions require the seller to assume transpor- tation costs and risks and place the car on track at destination. Such a sale is made on a ‘‘delivered basis.’ The prevailing price of the onions at shipping point plus transportation costs is considered to be ‘‘delivered cost’’ at the city in question. Most sales on wire orders are ‘‘f. o. b. usual terms,” or “‘subject to inspection,’ which means that if the onions on arrival are not as described by the seller, the buyer may refuse the shipment. The seller must then either lower the price sufficiently to secure the buyer’s acceptance, or dispose of the shipment through other chan- nels. This privilege is sometimes abused, particularly on a declining market. In such cases, since the shipper is not present and can not easily dispose of his onions through other channels, he is more or less at the mercy of the receiver. Similar abuses may exist if the goods are sold on a commission basis. A dealer may remit to the shipper on the basis of a quality or condition much inferior to that of the stock actually received. The establishment of recognized grades, and the maintenance of Government inspectors in the principal markets have considerably improved these conditions in recent years. For a fee of MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 95 $4 these inspectors will determine the grade, quality, and condition of a carload of onions, and issue a certificate which sets forth the facts and is prima facie evidence in any United States court. Prices “‘f. o. b. usual terms” are usually a few cents higher than ‘‘f. o. b. cash track,’’ because in the latter case cash is paid immedi- ately without possibility of rejection and because dealings are made resets between seller and buyer without expense or delay of tele- raphing. ; Ja srenalatey a broker, or a cash buyer can use any of the methods of sale. In fact, all of these methods (except cash at car door) are used by both dealers and growers. Many of the buyers at the Texas shipping points are agents for dealers with headquarters in various cities. They are often local men, who buy for outside parties on a brokerage basis of about 10 cents a crate. They in turn sometimes employ buyers to secure onions in the upper counties, paying them about 5 cents a crate for their services. The city dealers sell the onions to jobbers or retailers, depending largely upon the size of the city in question. In the larger cities the brokerage or commission houses sell in ‘‘jobbing lots” of 20 to 50 or more packages to jobbers, who in turn sell in smaller quantities to retailers. SHIPPERS’ MARGINS, TRANSPORTATION CHARGES, AND PRO- DUCERS’ RECEIPTS COMPARED + The relative advantage of the shipping point compared with the delivered sale has aroused much difference of opinion among Texas onion growers. Some growers sell through brokers or consign to com- mission houses in various parts of the country each year in the belief that ‘the risks and costs are more than compensated by the higher pe secured by the delivered sale. Others prefer to sell locally or cash to speculators or to the representatives of carlot receivers. A large number use both methods, depending on conditions. The erowers’ cooperative association that discontinued business in 1913 made a determined effort to force selling on a delivered basis only. The following paragraphs and accompanying charts are devoted to a description of the portion of the wholesale price retained by the pro- ducer, the margins or spreads that have been obtained by shipper or speculator, and the transportation charges daily for six years. By a study of past conditions the grower will be in a better position to determine the circumstances under which he can profitably utilize the services of the speculator or shipper, and those under which he can better assume for himself the risk of market fluctuation and the costs of shipping to one of the consuming centers. The margins shown were computed by determining the average prices paid at each stage of the marketing process. Sufficient time was allowed between stages to permit the commodity to reach the next step. For example, the prices paid at Laredo on Monday show a certain average price paid for all No. 1 Yellow Bermudas. Onions bought on that day ordinarily arrive and are sold on the Chicago 4 In this discussion ‘‘shippers’ margin’’ represents the difference between the price per crate at which the shipper buys the onions and the price at which he sells them, less the transportation charges. These charges are separated, as they are the same whether paid by the local buyer or by the grower who consigns his shipments. Producers’ receipts are the amounts paid to the producer for his onions per crate, less transportation charges if he consigns his own shipments. 101360°—25;——4 26 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE market the following Saturday. The average price of the same quality onions in Chicago Saturday is the Chicago price used. The difference between what they cost .on Monday and what they sell for on Saturday at Chicago, less transportation, is the margin received by the shipper to Chicago. In lke manner, the difference between the average cost at Laredo on Monday, and the average price at New York on Tuesday of the second week is the average New York shipper’s margin. Figure 7 shows the percentage of the price paid _ in consuming centers that is received by the purchaser, shipper and transportation agency. The producer generally receives more per crate early in the season than later, but the proportion of the wholesale price is about the same. Transportation costs per crate advanced in 1918, in 1919, and in 1921, and declined in 1922 to a point generally about half way between the 1919 and the 1921 rates. The percentage of the wholesale dollar used for transportation changed more because of changes in the prices received for the product, than because of changes in freight rates. A very high percentage in 1921 resulted from a combination of low prices and high freight rates. During the 6-year period the average margin per crate received by the shipper was 43 cents as compared with an average of $1.87 paid to the producer. But the amount received by the shipper fluctuated very widely. The 1919 season was very profitable, and he made an average of 84 cents a crate. In 1922, he lost an average of 22 cents on all rail shipments to New York, and 9 cents on shipments to Philadelphia, so that the average shipper’s margin to all six cities was practically zero, and the expenses of operation were a net loss.° The shipper’s margin does not usually vary greatly on shipments to one city over those to another with the exception of St. Louis and New York. Shipments to St. Louis generally shew a smaller margin between delivered cost and selling price than other cities, because it is a diverting point for most of the onions marketed. Whenever the St. Louis a on is at all satisfactory, the onions are unloaded there instead of a longer journey being risked. New York showed a lower shipper’s margin or greater actual loss for 1921 and 1922 than any of the other cities, but had the normal margin in previous years. The explanation is not entirely clear. It seems to have been partly due to heavy dumping of both Texas and California stock and to heavy importations of foreign onions at this port. Boat shipments from Texas via Galveston do not appear to have been an important factor. The part-water route to New York is cheaper than the all- rail, but the longer period en route gives the rowthaledaebatel decline ereater effect. Table 5 indicates that shipments via Galveston were not so large as in former years. Chicago also showed a some- what moderate margin because of the keen competition there with the California product. The shipper’s margin for the 6-year period averaged 53 cents for Boston and 32 cents for St. Louis as compared with 43 cents for all six cities. In the order of width of the average shipper’s margin from highest to lowest over the 6-year period, these cities ranked as follows: Boston, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Chicago, New York, St. Louis. _' The shipper’s margin represents the total difference between buying and selling prices less transporta- tion expense. All of the expenses of the shipper must be paid out of the margin received by him, and this fact should be given consideration in determining his worth to the industry. -tcteidealhena ¥ MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS o7 DIVISION OF WHOLESALER’S DOLLAR NEW YORK GH Z| Za | at BOSTON 7rd Af Ni G M- APR: MAY APR: MAY APR. MAY APR. MAY _ APN. "APR.'MAY 1917 1918 1919 1920 1I92\ 1922 ‘SHIPPERS’ LOSS SHIPPERS’ PORTION 2 TRANSPORTATION COST AV. SHIPPERS PORTION S 77779 AV. TRANSPORTATION costs <7 AV. PRODUCERS PORTION 4~+ PRODUCERS’ PORTION Fic. 7.—Over the 6-year period the producer received an average of 64 cents out of the dollar paid by the wholesaler, the shipper averaged 13 cents, and the cost of transportation was 23 cents. The chart calls attention to the fallacies that an observer can fall into by using such averages without reference to the data from which they are computed. For example, the average transportation ccst in 1919 was 13 per cent of the wholesale selling price, but in 1921 the seasonal average was 39 per cent, or exactly three times aS great on account of increased freight rates and lower prices. ‘The producer received 44 per cent of the wholesale price on an average in 1921 and 76 per cent in 1922. Equal variation exists within each season. The average shipper made a gross profit of 30 cents a crate on May 2, 1922, and lost 36 cents a crate on May 15. Moreover, these charts refer to the average shipper for any given day. The margin received by any particular shipper will vary with his bargaining skill and a great many other circumstances that affect each given sale 98 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE It is evident that if a dealer bought at less than the prevailing rice at shipping point he would make an extra profit, and if he sold or less than the prevailing price in terminal markets he would make less than the usual profit. The charts represent averages only. A grower who consigned to a commission house on a 10 per cent basis lost money by so doing, after April 15 or 22 in 1916, 1917, and at the very end of the season in 1919. On the other hand, growers and shippers found it profitable to consign or sell f. o. b. destination . through nearly all of the 1919 season and at the beginning of the two preceding seasons. In 1920, consignments or destination sales were profitable up to the last of April and f. o. b. sales the more profit- able thereafter. In 1921 city prices allowed shippers a steady but moderate net margin throughout most of the season. For a short while at the opening, the shippers’ margin per crate was practically as large as the original price to the grower. In 1922 the shipper made money the first and third quarters of the season but lost it the second and fourth. At the beginning of the season it appears to have been more profit- able generally for a grower to ship to consuming centers and sell at city prices than to sell locally at shippimg-point prices. In the middle and latter part of the season the ve usually been true, par- ticularly if there were heavy commissions or other selling expenses to be met. Future seasons, however, will not necessarily follow the same course because a general realization of such a situation tends to stimulate competitive bids to the point where the usual early margin becomes narrower. ‘Two circumstances are probably responsible for the extra margin of the shipper at the beginning of the season. (1) At that time many markets have not been sounded out by the arrival and sale of a car, and the prices that will be paid on all markets are therefore more or less problematical. (2) The usual rapid de- cline at the beginning of the season places the purchaser of high- priced onions in a precarious position. The buyer or speculator must take these facts into consid ersten in making his bid. The ratio of the shipper’s margin to the producer’s receipts varies widely in different years. In 1917, the producer received good prices generally, but the shipper made comparatively little. In 1919 the rise in prices aided the shipper, and the producer’s receipts were satisfactory. In 1921, the shipper made small but steady margins while the producer generally sold his crop for less than cost of pro- duction. a 1922 the producer received fairly good prices, but the shipper lost as much as he made, and shippers to New York and Philadelphia lost considerably more than Hew made. In 1922 the average producer’s receipts for shipments to the six cities ranged from 73 to 82 per cent of the wholesale price in consum- ing centers, and the transportation charges from 18 per cent at St. Louis to 30 per cent in New York. The average percentage of the wholesale price taken by each factor for the six years follows: Average percentage of the wholesale price in consuming centers gé j geé 0, | | | Received by— | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | Average — — — - | -| _ - — _ Va — —— RA EL UL COT e5— sr oe ees ce Ean fe 74 64 67 63 | 44 | 76 64 Transportation agency _..__-...-.----------- 15 | 27 | 13 18 39 | 24 33 SINDDEre 2 Skee sa 11 | ) 20 | 19 17 | 0 13 MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 99 The cash buyer or speculator who buys onions f. 0. b. shipping point and then sells to connections in consuming centers, performs a definite service for the grower. He pays the grower immediate cash and finds the market. He assumes the speculative risk of market fluctuations and losses of any kind after the onions leave the sellers’ switch. He pays the transportation costs out of the difference be- tween the price at shipping point and at destination, and out of the balance he pays all selling costs, telegraphic tolls, salaries of office force, and maintenance of his office. In some cases-he performs all of these services and receives no remuneration, as, for example, in 1920. But, obviously, on the whole, he must receive enough to pay all costs of performing these services and some profit or he could not remain in business. Jor this 6-year period the shipper received an average of 43 cents a crate, out of which he paid all marketing ex- penses from shipping point to wholesale dealer (except transportation) and assumed the risks of market fluctuation, spoilage or loss en route, and failure of wholesale dealer to keep his contract. A disadvantage of the cash-buyer system is that the buyer is willing to pay cash only when conditions are favorable and when the grower can readily find another outlet for his onions. When conditions are unfavorable, as in 1921, or in the latter half of 1918, the cash buyer is likely to stop buying and to receive onions only on consignment or not at all. Individual dealers can not be blamed for refusing to buy roduce when they are likely to lose thereby, because they are in the Becks: to make a profit. But from the grower’s standpoint a sys- tem is hardly satisfactory that gives him a ready market only when conditions are bright and he has alternative methods of sale. When marketing conditions are bad, the grower is most in need of help, and a method of selling which fails at that time accentuates the evil. What is needed is some agency that will make an unusual effort to stimulate consumption at such times. The individual grower will find it profitable to sell to the local buyer sometimes and at other times to sell in one of the ways that permit him to secure the benefit of the delivered price. In 1922, and late in the season in several other years, the grower who sold to the local buyer had the best of it. But in the long run the buyer who special- izes in the marketing of a crop is likely to be a much better bargainer than the grower who specializes in its production. From the growers’ standpoint, as a group, the relative advantage of the shipping-point sale, as compared with any method whereby the delivered price is secured will depend (1) upon whether the marketing work will be done as well as the buyer does it or as cheaply as the average mar- gin of the buyer amounts to, and (2) whether the alternative agency will take care of the crop more dependably than the buyer has done in the seasons when unfavorable market conditions prevail. BERMUDA ONION PRICES FROM 1916 TO 1923 Wide fluctuation is the outstanding characteristic of domestic Bermuda onion prices. Jobbing prices at six large markets fell from nearly $6 a crate to slightly over $1 in eight weeks in 1920 with similar declines in 1917 and 1922. The difference between average prices in different seasons is almost as striking as the fluctuations within each season (fig. 8). Average jobbing prices in 1919 were almost sivok yuosoyIp ul Apprdes penbo Jo you st oatpoop oy} ING ‘1018] UBY} WOSBOS OY JO Jed A[Lee ONY UT JoYysIy YonuUL Ayyensn 018 soot “SOL POULULOD [BINA[NOLABV YSOUL JO IVY} UB} SNOPLGZEY e10U GO1O SIG) JO SUIMOIS OY4 JOPUO! POIYM SUOTPVN YON OULO1}XO Aq pozli0jovivyp o1v sootid UOTUO BpNULlog—'s ‘OL SADIYd LNIOd ONIdd!IHS VA SAILIO XIS HOI ADIMd ONIGSOL IWNOSVAS ‘AV ----- SHILIO XIS HO4 ADIYd ONIGGOFL ‘AV Wry Ay 2cGl IZ6l OZ6I 6161 SIBI ~~ sare a= = 29, 549 | 37,482 | 64,899 | 167, 458 | 69,660 | 1,308 | 335, 569 | 20, 733 38, 978 HeDEUALYos- eons 77, 006 | 24,000 | 54,468 | 111, 699 | 73,229 | 9,980 | 244,153 | 63, 732 20, 307 Marche tcexc 2eea ee tee 82, 459 | 56,496 | 87,577 | 307, 063 | 6,822 | 26,006 | 369, 262 | 41,405] 181, 520 PAR TL ete re ee Oe a URS 88, 929 | 54,870 | 27,649 | 116, 229 | 54,167] 7,043 | 143, 371 7,243 | 241, 505 Misty: So shee A ne ofa ee 83, 302 | 74,433 | 73,105 | 118, 100 | 32, 434 | 44,4389 | 88,452] 13,016} 155, 497 TIC Meee ee ee Nee 61, 682 | 63,902 | 64,768 | 52, 062 | 14,727 | 53, 607 | 104, 942 9, 036 28, 840 ViilivAcem se SPaeme Se /101, 442 | 32,768 | 93,725 | 96,023 | 2,011 | 16,790} 95,009 | 32,181 |. 213, 254 PASO LIS tenes ens pe 79, 554 | 30,374 | 76, 533 | 124,696 | 1,307 | 85,968 | 35, 224 | 125, 029 58, 147 Sepiem ers ean 83, 750 | 91, 692 | 237,344 | 92,804] 3,612 |199,609 | 59, 743 | 261, 965 56, 171 OCTODErES sate ea 143, 829 |129, 758 | 211, 345 | 164, 491 152 | 94, 490 | 177, 742 | 306, 447 | 237, 484 INOVierm ber ae ae 36, 931 |128, 044 | 165, 476 | 205, 381 99 | 60, 414 | 119, 396 | 652, 883 79, 373 Decemberta.n 22 oes be 72, 488 | 30, 770 | 100, 914 | 378, 968 | 2,809 |141,082| 46, 295 | 442,413] 139, 222 shotalecee oss 940, 921 |754, 589 |1,257,803 |1,934,974 |261, 029 |740, 686 |1,819,158 |1,976,083 | 1,450,298 Equivalent number of cars at 500 bushels CACHE ss 25a eS 1,882 | 1,509 2, 516 3, 870 522 | 1,481 3, 638 3, 952 2, 901 1 Source: Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. MARKET INFORMATION AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWERS AND DEALERS Market forces do not influence the price in exact proportion to their actual importance, for market information can not be absolutely accurate, complete, and up to the day in all respects at all times. Moreover, the effect ofeach of these forces is minimized or increased im accordance with the temporary attitude of the mind of the dealers, shippers, and growers. It was not so much the quantity of old stock remaining on hand at the beginning of the 1918 season, for example, that caused prices to open so low, as it was the exaggerated effect of this old stock on the minds of growers and dealers. If it had not been for the undue pessimism in the minds of growers and dealers in 1918, that season’s crop probably could have been marketed as easily and at higher prices. Likewise in 1919, the smallness of supplies of old stock on hand at the opening of the season exerted more influence on opening prices than the proportion of old stock to the Bermuda crop would seem to warrant. On the other hand, the influence of the light crop in 1919 was not fully appreciated until the middle of May, when prices rose sharply. In 1920 the pessimism of the middle of March, the extremely high values of early April, and the low prices of the latter half of the season can not be sufficiently explained by changes in actual conditions. The pendulum of sentiment of those interested merely swung too far in each direction. The influence exerted on price by other factors is modified in the same way. While actual conditions are the pri- mary causes that modify prices, what the dealers and producers think about these conditions is also a factor of no small import. The contrast between the wide shipping margin exacted at the beginning of the season and that usually required later, as described 44 BULLETIN 1283, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in the section on margins, illustrates the effect of market information on margins. At the beginning of the season many markets have not been sounded out by the arrival and sale of a car. The prices that will be paid on all markets are more or less problematical, informa- tion is not so generally diffused as later, and the information of the buyer is generally more complete than that of the seller. The buyer or speculator knows that his profit depends upon how much lower than city prices he can buy and deliver cars, and the price he offers for early shipments is usually conservative. Later in the season, prices 1n the cities are more stabilized, market information is thoroughly diffused through the medium of government daily market reports and other sources, and competition forces the cash market close to the net that would be realized by shipping. It is evident that lack of market information 1s conducive to wide margins and that well-diffused and complete information on the state of the market and the influence of market factors leads to narrow Margins. é GENERAL PRICE LEVEL Probably inflation and other economic conditions, which have affected the general price level and the prices of agricultural products generally, had some effect on the prices paid for Bermuda onions. The high prices of 1919 and the low prices of 1921 may have been partly due to these factors, but a comparison of seasonal prices with indexes of commodity prices or with indexes of general agricultural commodity prices fails to show any marked correlation because of the relatively minor influence of these factors, as compared with others. (See Table 6.) PRICE FLUCTUATIONS WITHIN A SEASON The factors that cause wide fluctuations within the season, and the differences between the amount of seasonal fluctuation for different years, seem to be principally: (1) Period of the season and changing consumer demands; (2) volume of shipments from day to day; (8) weather conditions; (4) transportation conditions; and (5) supply and prices of competing foodstuffs. PERIOD OF THE SEASON AND CHANGING CONSUMER DEMANDS A considerable decline in price from the beginning of the season to the end is characteristic of the Bermuda season. The rate of decline varies, and in some years prices climb back almost to the high point. The general tendency of prices to fall as the season progresses 1s prob- ably due principally to three factors: Changing demands of con- sumers, heavier shipments, and poorer quality and condition. Consumers are willing to pay a higher price for Bermuda onions when they first come on the market in the spring than they are willing to pay later, and so far as this factor operates the usual seasonal dents will probably always take place. Moreover, poorer quality and condition of shipments as the season progresses are partly due to climatic factors and growing conditions on which the growers can probably exert slight influence. Shipments under ideal conditions could be controlled only enough to move the entire crop within the two or three months before the more cheaply produced northern onions are harvested. MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 45 What growers and shippers can do is to so organize distribution through the period as to prevent the flooding of every market early in the season with larger quantities than can readily move into con- sumption. That is particularly true with poorly graded onions, for they are harder to move than the first grade. It ought to be possible to temper the rapidly falling prices of a year like 1920 or 1922 by proper control of shipments. VOLUME OF SHIPMENTS FROM DAY TO DAY The usual seasonal fall in prices has generally been checked tempo- rarily whenever a cessation of shipments occurs, followed the next week by higher prices as markets clean up. Dealers tend to discount this occurrence and bid prices up immediately, particularly at shipping points. Where the price rise precedes or accompanies the decline in shipments this discounting process is responsible. Prices are bid up immediately when a heavy rain shuts off shipments. The shipments already harvested continue to move out, and, if the shipments for the first part of the week have been heavy, the weekly average of shipments may not show the effect until the following week. Kven huge quantities in the field seem to have lhttle depressing influence unless shipped steadily in large quantities. Dealers with plenty of onions on fend want no more except at a low price, and the influence of the excess supply quickly forces prices down. At the last of the season the effect of reduced Bermuda shipments is not so notice- able, because of the increasing receipts of other new stock and the deteriorating quality and condition of the Bermudas. What is needed is some workable arrangement whereby the markets of the country will be supplied with the proportionate part of the crop that they will consume. The entire crop must be marketed at such prices as will move all of it before it meets the competition of the northern onions. Under the present system the Texas crop breaks its own market nearly every year. With a reasonable dis- tribution of the shipments through the period of the movement, with shipments held back when markets become overloaded, it is probable that the total crop could be sold as easily and that much better average prices could be secured. WEATHER CONDITIONS Condition of the weather at shipping points during harvesting is an important physical factor affecting prices, as has already been shown. Heavy rains in the producing area retard digging and allow the consuming centers to dispose of accumulated stocks, thus stimu- lating steady orhigherprices. On the other hand, rains during harvest are likely to injure the carrying quality of the onions, especially if they are thoroughly mature, and in this way cause lower prices. It onions are somewhat green, rains do not injure the keeping quality so much. Thus rains had a double effect in 1917. Early in the season they raised prices by threatening to curtail shipments, but prices were lowered later by the influence of these rains on the keeping quality. Hot weather in consuming areas is generally thought to decrease demand for onions but does not seem to be an important factor. 46 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TRANSPORTATION CONDITIONS Freight rates have exerted a depressing influence whenever other conditions caused low prices. (See Table 8.) Since freight is a fixed charge, the closer the ratio between transportation cost and the sell- ing price of the goods, the less is the shipper’s opportunity to make a profit and the greater his likelihood of heavy loss if the market goes against him. Available transportation facilities also affect prices. At the be-- ginning of the 1920 season, the switchmen’s strike threatened for a time to tie up the movement and cause a very wide spread in prices between shipping points or accessible markets and cities that could not be reached. Thesame result is effected, though in a less degree, when there is a car shortage or when the proper kinds of cars for the movement of the crop can not be secured. TABLE 8.—Transportation cost and usual transportation period of Bermuda onions from Laredo, Tex., to cities shown, 1916-1923 [Freight and war tax, in cents, per 50-pound crate] Shipping season Shipped on Destination i Wednesday, 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 sold on— | SEuionis 35 | 29.0} 29.0] 30.01 37.0 | 37.0] 50.0] 440] 440] Monday. Chicago-____---- S25 | 82 | Bae b 1) 8515 842 ON = 857.08) Aare aoe 5 Do. Pittsburgh______| 41.0] 41.0] 42.0 | 55.0] 55.0| 740] 645] 645] Tuesday. Philadelphia_____ 46.0} 46.0] 49.5| 63.0] 63.0] 63.0! 73.5] 73.5 | Wednesday. ING@ws Y0rks2 2-2 47.0 47.0 50. 5 64.0} 640 85. 5 75. 0 75.0 | Thursday. Boston. -=2-. ==! 49.0] 49.0] 53.0] 660] 66.0} 890| 77.0] 77.0 Do. SUPPLY AND PRICES OF COMPETING FOODSTUFFS The demand for onions is not influenced by the supply of other foodstuffs on the market to so great an extent as the demand for most perishable fruits or vegetables. The demand is rather inelastic. Statistics of unloaded cars of all onions for the 10 leading cities of the United States during the calendar years 1916 to 1919 show that the quantity of onions consumed annually in these cities remains fairly constant, regardless of high or low prices. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PRICE AT A GIVEN POINT Wholesale prices paid for Bermuda onions are mainly dependent upon general and seasonal factors rather than upon condition in any given locality. If demand is insufficient to take a car at the usual price in one city, onions can be shipped to another place, or they can usually be held until the market has come back into line with the others. Prices move uniformly in all of the principal cities, partic- ularly those in a given eastern or western group. (See Table 9.) Variations between prices paid in different cities result from: (1) Dif- ferences in quantity, quality, and condition of receipts; (2) dif- ferences in transportation rates from shipping points; (3) degree of competition of dealers; (4) weather conditions in the city; (5) market preferences; and (6) miscellaneous factors. 14 United States Department of Agriculture. The Market Reporter, July 17, 1920, p. 1. MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 47 TABLE 9.—Average weekly prices per crate for commercial-pack yellow Bermuda onions at six principal markets and at shipping point, 1916-1923 Week ended— a ree 1916 /Nj oye leet adie = Oe Speeteiaiee Leste area $1. 66 ee a ee ee ee ere 135 Se ee ee Se hE 1. 66 ON) Ee Lok wen eee Oy 5 1. 83 PAs a sa PRE e255 EES 1. 68 VT a Obs Sars Ek SS ee 1. 54 Poe eee ae ee ee 1.65 DAY) se, oe De ee ~ a ee 1. 83 DADE = ie Cia ne eo eens 2. 20 1917 ANT Suse es es ee ee EER. Semi k es Nya es cau Ve RE cy ee 4. 37 DR REE SN ek Tee Pa OE 4.45 ON See ae te ees 5: ae 3. 87 WH GAP AD eo Sous Sete Eos he ee re a eae 2.45 S32 aan coe ON Ea ke Be 2. 16 PAU) = See pana Liege A> ye Saat ga Rt 2. 18 1 ee ee Te oe 1.94 UNC ss oe ee le ee a2 1) asia Be os er a ene Sys 13 Lip ee eS re ee ER 1. 33 DARE tae Mere a Mee See Le toe 1918 PNT OS eI YG) «= 2 sa ASN IN A a ca el Le oe pal DO Tee ee Boy ee Le ne 2. 62 20) PS See eh aot Peeve ws See 2513 VIE ye Gs ss ee eee ee 1.73 Bie ete 7 58 St ee wary eS 1. 84 D1 is ES Slee eens SR a eee Ses 1.76 DN fT ie a a Oe Se ARE Bh ee, Se 1.61 AE UBYS no eae Se os ea alle eee eS ie e/ 10) 2S sch ee * or ed 1. 24 17 eepenntye ie aks, See val eee il Gant DAA Set NE ree EP AS il-7/il Adar S Seen Gee Siem eae cece NR 1.85 1919 PANIED 2a ect eee See eee op LES DORE STs St: WEED Ty Tiss 4,79 iam Gees hbo aS React ese a 3. 67 a oe Ss hc a Sale ls 3.97 DO) eat te at eee es oR Oe 5. 26 i (aac ae OI Ee cE Nee DP 4. 60 SP TUITN Cie ete ee en ON Ray ge 4,15 BL (Fe op errata oe Pine 4.15 ze ee RS ee 4, 25 DA Ba BP SS RSS Sh i ee DEAS RI MN ed ce a7 ir ey = Sie ata Ss ee 8 le (a 1920 AASOSBH GING) STS 9 dit ene aot ear eae [Roe PDAS AA SSE SRLS Sees SIR |: ee ee DORR em ok = KERN, oo dete 6. 00 IMIENYS GES Aes eS i Serie as ae 4, 85 [BS Past + aie eee 3.13 2) epee tee ee Seen SE, 2. 82 PY (Se eee Says Fee ie ola 1.97 ICSE BS a: Se oe een 1.71 19) 2eee a © sa ne OS ee i ee 1. 25 f(a irene dh eee See ae 1.18 D7 kee a OEE AE 2 ei hae apne 1. 03 1921 ER FOTNG 1 cee ae te oo 3. 50 ee ee ee eae 3.15 1S se St Sh pe Re 2. 00 Wp i eae al Na OE EE SR a Meri PA) <5 eae Pe ee ee 1. 80 IMIG (Dice = ate ug re ae eae 1.70 [USE eases Ee ete eth! bk 1. 58 7) ae Ne ee ere ee 1.55 ater ee na cB Ok 1. 58 TNC ym See ee ee yank Sohn me 1. 56 iQ) 5 Saas SS es OE: oa Mee i by? 1G) 3 ae Sen Tee ts eae ae ae 1. 50 HR ROR et et et Fe Cea ROI RO Coie GO 09 00 29 OO OD CO ICR A ep ee ee ON GL eas Tell sell ell cell cell cell eel cell ell cell SOM SO) Fe a IIR) ORO Ou ROS Ee ee ie tee Coe ree oe 5 Tt RNS et a et NS) I al al ol ol el ol Ee ee NIN NIN) Phila- delphia BRS ot tt et et et ta eer ey RL LO aL! te mas ae a ek ol Soe ae a ES LOSSES St. Tats Laredo 15435 | ee ee ee EA ees Se 135 | Se See 1562) |e ao ak eee 1} $1. 22 1. 40 ie ale/ 1. 36 1, 22 1.48 1 337/ 1. 80 1. 67 4.00 2. 66 3. 80 2. 76 3. 30 2. 58 2. 67 1. 78 1.95 1.41 1.81 1. 58 2. 02 1. 74 2500) |e ae jae in| ee Sie 1461 | Sears wen lies 129) [pes eee Ap Gia [Es See eee 1. 24 petal epee 1. 29 Pd, 1) 1532 See ose suis 1.18 pe Bs ee eee 1.07 oper rae . 92 Safe ae 568} Aas Re PLO 3.75 2. 60 3.47 2. 59 BDO 7, FAL 3. 90 Bh Bi! 4. 04 3. 50 35903 | aes aes 35601 aaa taars 2565) |e Bs See eaeeset 3. 80 4. 50 2. 96 4,25 2. 33 3. 30 2. 07 2. 42 1. 43 1. 82 15732 1o3h| =a Ree L665 |e toys 0 5)q| Babe Be W885 (Gee Sie iL 4 tj Bee er ae Lae ee uals) 2. 08 .95 1. 59 , 84 1. 60 5 Flt 1.61 Atal 1. 34 . 64 1. 47 .79 152 . 82 1 Was Loy) (ene eee ee LSS 3) S55 ae 115) 1 | ee oe 110 eso 2S 48 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 9.—Average weekly prices per crate for commercial-pack yellow Bermuda onions at six principal markets and at shipping point, 1916—1923—Continued New | = A Pitts- Phila- St. Week ended— York Chicago burgh Boston delphia Laie Laredo : 1922 sAsporile Mic se ee ee oe Se ol 2 ee ae LF (ia [eee ecead Sal (ere ee ee $5:007 |= Sey lee a Pee eee $6. 00 $4. 60 5. 41 $6. 00 $5. 20 4. 66 | $3. 50 GE Sie eek Be 5. 37 4. 37 4.91 5.41 4. 58 4.16 | 2. 62 AA GS SS EOE, Bo ER Se 3. 41 2. 58 3. 16 3. 85 Bh BY/ 2. 42 | 1. 64 DORIS oe Se eet ee oF 2. 08 2. 36 2.41 2. 64 2. 41 Donel 1. 66 INA aya G ese en re A ES 2. 70 2. 74 2. 96 2. 76 2. 58 2.33 2.19 i See ee ee Bes Boe ee 2. 50 2. 29 2. 58 2.57 2. 43 2. 00 1523 3, | pk ss SACS Beeraiced 3) og eae ee 1.81 1. 66 2.08 1.89 yan 1.59 1. 25 Dither s A ERE Le eee 1. 87 1.71 2. 06 1.83 1. 84 1 SY Or > Saw oe See ETUC hab pie oe 2 ae ee = Ae ee 1.79 1.65 155 1.75 1.97 Dba (al ae Se eA LO Seie Ne se EE oe ata ag 115 1.65 1. 42 IETS 2. 00 | O2s tea HU fe Esa ok a Be ee Gee ey es SE sree IS6SaiS: ees Bes 2A 2. 25 T3501 |E es ae 1923 JaXy OV eA ae 2 Se See eee By Aas (eee SRS 3. 00 4. 50 200 nee ee ee So See y= ar ee ee en |e des ae ete La | ee een 8 3.13 7 ly fiat ea Sembee g pase iD TNE a Ba Na Fe eee ee | ae See On eg | 3. 75 2584. |So ee 2. 50 De i le ae Soe es Eee 2. 83 2. 40 3. 65 4.38 3.35 2. 88 2. 06 Do) Oe aera eee ye cree i Ve 2.81 3.13 3. 58 3. 50 3. 33 2. 25 1.89 INTE) = Gb oe oe ee ee ee 200 Be 7Al| 3. 08 2atD 3. 25 2. 67 1.65 IS eh 74 67 | 37 35 19 17 12 a eee Dee 145 132 | 59 57 29 3 3 GS-2 335.2 145 128 | 47 | 46 26 25 25 1 We copa ee 92 69 | 20 18 it 20 20 ios ak Seah 17 16 31 21 3 10 8 {eee 32 18 33 | 18 3 4 3 (cis PES EES 34 | 3344 42 | i 2 10 6 1 hee Se ee 53 3 | 32 | 5 1 3 2 De ith oa 14 th 22 | [| ee meee ret lela = Peers QONe HE Ze 14 3 | 12 y al a aa Reva kas elie Me = epee 1919 D8 ares eee 47 | 11 21 17 6 | 9 7 Ghee 28 13 33 29 16 | 9 5 1S a Rey See 76 48 | 53 49 32 | 22 20 DL Vek Sean pee 48 46 44 39 40 9 8 | PH ES le ee 60 51 69 50 29 | 14 13 2 aay ie 83 46 | 44 | 35 29 18 9 If) Ss. Seen 65 17 | 54 33 18 | 39 20 1 by (Peotae rees 82 21 | 39 32 17 30 6 DAS ee 31 4 25 16 8 15 8 1h Age oe 32 3 13 BE ES AEA || 2 a A 4 4 1920 toe Cee 12 | 1h Nees 21 gee Lgl ae ieee er ae Ui pee eanpat| Nii 8 ad MeO ote ee aes 6 1 | 8 Dal A seeder i ses a) PR a, D2 PE ate tke ce od eae ee 4 THyed xe ae "5 eal? | Fn Ne ei D9 rss 2 | 0 28 28 | 6h] ee ee Gx arn 36 23 48 46 24 14 14 13 et B= 64 | 59 40 39 28 24 24 202 es ein 113 102 44 33 36 26 25 ey (rt Se 189 168 30 19 33 55 51 5 ee eet 204 124 39 39 27 109 92 (Ve ees 150 106 55 39 21 52 39 1p es See 80 76 64 29 8 31 19 17 ee ah es 30 29 21 il?/ 0 36 3.9 ee Se 3 3 3 1 6 8 0 ee is Sa 1 ike! 7 1 5 3 2 1921 1 | Se Sen 11 3 2 1 3 2 1 Seno 35 11 12 3 8 31 9 15 eee S.. 137 71 23 21 15 39 22 DO eae 114 53 32 31 22 27 16 295 Re Ae 101 77 21 20 22 36 32 Geo ee 117 | 90 38 36 33 37 27 seek ae 204 166 45 43 24 78 84 1, 1) see Seas Se 102 62 40 39 38 43 39 Ds ee 155 118 51 36 21 4} 32 3 iy eg Rea 150 90 39 23 22 25 17 LO es 65 16 29 13 22 33 8 1 [7 (essence es 18 2 31 4 5 46 0 DAN Za en S| | | a A | (ee et | ee 12 1 1922 onan Sate 42 21 20 8 1 9 7 yee 66 45 32 11 12 17 15 77) Satie oe 120 119 65 62 21 26 26 29 ee ee 201 199 80 79 44 60 58 oye he ae 109 109 65 62 25 58 58 AG Snes 83 | 82 32 31 52 31 31 DAs a Le 109 | 102 67 48 28 55 54 ya ee 109 85 64 29 16 43 33 Seo ee 105 62 71 14 12 14 3 i tobe are 54 14 Y/ 12 9 21 6 | A ee 56 0 18 Ja eet a | [vane ae Se 3 0 D7 ae 55 3 32 Fy | ee hea 38 6 50 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The effect of differences in quality and condition is more noticeable. The severe decline on the Philadelphia market in June, 1919, was the result of heavy arrivals of stock in poor condition. Poor quality and condition depress prices more than the difference between the prices paid for the different grades on most markets would indicate, because such onions tend to clog the channels of trade. TaBLE 11.—Wholesale prices of commercial-pack yellow Bermuda onions, per crate, in consuming centers and at shipping points, 1916-1923 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1 | op ' 20 1 a) ! ) ' oo ' a0 1 a0 ' ao i ~ HM m I oo ~ I £8 |28|=8|)238/=8|23|=8 |2s/ 28 |2s|=8 |2s| =3 |2s| 28/28 oO — o — oO Ca saa ‘ i = = oO o —— oO — oO"n = i Aol P= Kel fol P= Bed foe P= Vea lf P= Ved foe Ved foe PVs toe P= Ved OS | MH] COB lVH] CSIlSH!] oS | BVH] OS [UH] OS /l]/MH] OB IBV4!] OS] Ge ag |u8!| ag lia®| ag [ud] Og |u|] ag jak] ag g8/ aq |28| Ga |a8 as ss S- 3S g-s gS gs ss os 3S os gS as So g-3 SS of |32&| 68/38; 68] Bal 68 | 5a oH |3a| 68 | 38! 68/188) 68] 8a '@) H \S) = (©) i= 1S) > \e) il O a 1S) a \@) i= Dols.|Dols.| Dols. | Dois.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. | Dols.| Dols. | Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. | Dols. AMAT DG a te tra fa SS a | Re he | EAD | eee | See | ee | OS 4: 00| 32228 DT A a Pd NY | POE STR Sy] Sea | ec ee ee | er | S500 eee 288 ee MDD ae SA PY i I iF RS | Ae = tr a ee | ate | arene ee | 22 88 | ae 29 DO Da A Ne eae | igs | ey me A | eg a | ee es | eae 13308 |) e205 aces |e Postete| Ee 30 Eis $y eae hawt (rarer | Meee ee le ae te eee rel Ee Sancta lea eee | ee 3332 31 MSG Se cel] Be RA ES IRS a a an) | re | eee 2:50] bo TO |e ae S| oe SS |S ein DNR al ID FD | ee | ee | i ee |e eR eS eee eh ee 200 ater 0 |e s | ee Sun. 2 SUT | ee ee Fee Ee a || ee | ee SCO) TEN = ee See Sats | 3 185 5| a= ASAT EDD | ee ere ee | eee ee Sibi | WG OY Ae eae SONS ete 4 P48 | eS eee PET AS) Vee | Pn al [es peepee, |e ye (Rdg Se ny ee 2a Of OO Ros 44 | see De Golan 5 1238) pees ee 22 OO ss | SOE | ees |e eee es 2.911 1.00] 4.87}|_---- 2° 63|245== 6 32) eee 2210 ea ee | ae ee | | ee ee 2568s O04 e9b| see ata] | Ay As 7 1433 |Se8s= Ze (00) [ees era Nera eee eee are |e mee | em ES ee oe 2564/2590! os 0023250) 5025 GaleeiD 8 13 7| ee es Sumi ee wet sa IS a ge Sea ee Ue igen | ee 7Me4e)) Sete! <3 (Soe Wns |e 9 Sums aeeae 42502 SO\ee saan Sk eee ae ee | ee | eee ool) —ofi| Subtle a. 3. 00} 2. 50 10 Uaioe AS OO R25 (0|ae 1 Eps (a Pe BN | se AZO ULI | ee 5. 15} 3.00} 3.00} 2. 50 11 44 ieee 4.00 (Saas P20 Bee | eet Suns 2. 07 85] 4.95] 2.75) 3.00] 2.50 iN, [nk 48 | Eee ANS 2 a/)| eee PA eee mel pea 5. 88] 4.00} 2: 01 90} 4.86) 2.75) 3.00}____- 13 56 |S SO | eT 2 | ee ee Pelee | meee 1 5.75] 3.75} 1.96 (ab 46 Un) er BU cee 2 2. 50 14 Gi eee 4525 | nam Sun? Shen | Reenr ss Sloe S5lioso, le 95 80} 4.61) 2. 50}-____- 2. 50 15 UW oss 2 Sums aaa APSA te Aa ie creel LP Te se 3. 25} 1.80 90). 4..4:1|0 2225) Sunt|as = 16 Sunk) sss LN DAN Oday | DPA AL PAN oe ll ea a 3.00} 1.70 75 SStme ses 3. 42) 2. 25 ig/ 176 =aa LEAD) Po TU Doel p be W ie ena leo Se 3200l Suns|ass== 4.18} 2.00} 3.10} 2.00 18 se 4 | eee AG e2800|= =e i Fess 0) ee |B ee Sunt aaens 1.89 75| 3.54) 2.00} 3.30} 2.00 19 LTP eieate 4.09} 2. 50) 1 2.87) 1.30) 4. 87)_____ 5.00} 3.10} 1.90 75| 3.10) 1.85) 2. 56] 2. 10 20 i All ee ANOS e251 () pee utes ere Sunt sates | seen 2.90} 1.91 75, 2.86) 1.50} 3.63] 2.00 21 4 See 32872540 25unie 4387) ee 5. 75} 3.00] 1. 96 80{ 2.78) 1.25) 2.92} 2.00 22 iy Celeseae SULTS | eee Zod loO leo O00 eee 5. 50) 2. 75} 1. 88 80) 2050) 1625) Sunes ae 23 Sunsiees 3. 83} 2. 30} 2.30] 1.30) 5.00) 2.75] 4.50) 2.60) 1.85) .80} Sun.j____- 3. 40} 2. 00 24 EGS | eee S761 1s 90) 2550130) 4488 he 5lheorss| cao0 Sune ees 2-4) ee | 3.25; 1.75 25 Us(OYfje aso 3528 ole b) 2s 05 SOle4enl ol eeOOl SUL nee 1.87} .80) 2.25) 1.40) 2:98) 1.75 | 26 Ie Ghee 3.29} 1e75| 2520) 1.40) 4558) 2250)" 5.50) 2.25)" 196) 275) 9 2521/1550) Salsieieva 27 Gj as 2581 150) 2518) el. 80)e Sunk Sosa A O22. 25) LOLs 270) 22527 1a 7b als ee 28 1163 | 1525 |e2aG5 lOO lls Uae | eee 4, 38] 2.50} 4.75] 2.20] 1.72) .60) 2.41] 2.00} 2.70} 2.00 29 1966| 1220) Sune |s22 1.87] 1.30) 4.15) 2.50) 4.81) 2.20) x1. 72 GO E2500) Sundaes 30 Sine | aes 2546]) 1750)" 2583) 25|) v4 13) ees 4.90} 2.20) 1.68 00], Stns | seers 3. 03) 1.85 May 1 1.62} 1.20] 2.34] 1.25] 1.83} 1.25] 4.18) 2.50) 4.70) 2.25) Sun.j____- 2.01 |" 2.00]. os labels og 2 152) 1e20)> 2219) 150) 173i. 10]; 142 00|) 2560) Suntieas 1 60 <5) 2.670 2225) | 2594 elere 3 1.47} 1.20) 2.10} 1.30) 1.75] 1.10) 4.01} 2.60) 4.41) 2.20] 1.64) .60; 2.71) 2.25) 3.08) 1.55 4 TAT LOO 2514 SAO a3 |e Suns |paee 4.00} 2.00; 1.60) .70) 2.82) 2.25) 3.27) 1.60 5 12451 1820)\ee2 10) se oOl Sue eee 3. 86] 2.65} 3.54] 2.00] 1.61} .70} 2.79) 2.00) 2.63) 1.60 6 15 2| 20 | Sun |aee 10 | See 3268) 2560) 3: 54) P7512 1.62) 75|' s2a74 1 90h Sime eee | a Sin aa 2:04) 1250)" 1:20) As OO)! 932 68) 2550) S242) 160 eal Sol sun ee y Mig { 1): See 8 150)! 1520) 1396) 250|> Ta73| bP sn63))2ac0) onOd|) dagO|motin:) seeee 2. 66) 1.65] 2.52) 1.50 9 152120) 91599) 50) S163 ls 20 Ss olezao0 ese eeee 1. 68 80} 2.64] 1.50) 2.44) 1.50 10 TOO ele 25 e960 ls lerdal ace 3. 82] 2.70) 2.88) 1.25) 1.68 SO)? 726 49loes = 2600S ke Co 11 1,158]) LasOle 99) L60) Weill 00s stimne| se DITAS AUS PAN |= ahaa (a 80} 2.31] 1.00} 2.47) 1.90 12 DG e252 OS |p Leyva tane eee 4.04| 2.75) 2.48) 1.30) 1.69 80} 2.31] 1.00} 2.68) 2.00 13 DG ls 5 ee | ee 1. 69} 1.00} 4.06} 3.00} 2.42) 1.30) 1.67 80" Qo02| "1 00st as 14 SLT: ae 2.09) 1.80) 1.63} 1.00) 4.38] 3.40) 2.52) 1.30) 1.70 80) Suni. 22 2. 86) 2.10 15 162N Tes0l) 2D eral le GOlnd COMA bole oO) 26 Oly les Ole ule) eee 1SB3aleso oe 2.94) 2.15 16 L6G lersO lez, 14) Leet O2| mre o AOR Bp Pat] shia) |e 1. 70 p45) fae eM A?) farce 2. 85} 2.15 17 Le67 Meso 2S abl we CO 90) bea. 9lncatole 244) lt 4 Olen G yee 1e8h)) <75) 9 2863 pelo 18 eA pale) Aes ak 70h UES] lt)] BSibiayfe ee PIX]! Ie S{O}p Ua (ota e eo 1:81} 1.00). 2imaje2als 19 Le8s|ple40) 22 .9ieoeee SUT eee AS83| id. 20|) 2acol Li oOllamleo2eaeee 1275) 100) 2.70) 22a 20 LS86)el oOlseee ee ee 1 Bore: Spree: 1) a: tay A He 7A, BV Alen le OAs] porn Ratt: TSO ace ) SUD soe 1 Date when reports were first received from at least three markets. Average prices previous to this tend to be unreliable, because computed from two markets only, so that poor quality receipts or exceptional conditions in either market would exert too great an influence. MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS o1 TaBLE 11.—Wholesale prices of commercial-pack yellow Bermuda onions, per crate, in consuming centers and at shipping points, 1916-—1923—Continued 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 a ao oo 4 bo a a0 pu a0 2D ap ti do a oo #8 |28|=8 52|=8)2s|=28|2s8| 28 |28|=8 |28|=8 |2s| 28/23 On eect ucD ins Za) |b cia sts! |W) a0) 7 Sel 8) a “a a ep Gay ray et ete) emt BE LER/ GR BS) SS) SS) SS) S5) SS) SR/ Sel SS) ES) Sa) Sa a oS Maa |) Sty asa Kelis | aS Ms rey is) | or) | ira) oe, sal Lee al aba | eons lorie Ba | 28/58/28) ea |28) 828] Se joe! ea 2d) Se] 28] Sa] 28 Ba |s8|88)28| 8a /28] 8s )28) Ga | 88] Be) 28] Be | ee) Be | ee Oo Vee LSM har i ati ik ac a cB te aL ar Dy ey i = Bel ae eh a yalies Dols. |Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols. |Dols.| Dols.|Dols.\ Dols. | Dols May 21 SS Unae| eee Deal eee 1e58|se Sol) 45163| 205 00 e2a2p lane lI aitsto] fae Suna ses 25 82| eae 22 2.00) 1.60} 2.09)____- TDS | eee G Ol 4a 04 Se OO li Zante | eee Suns|eees SSO eae PA kee ee 23 PACE Tee Pee es TAG SSO lise ae ae SUM eee = 1a60| sare TOG eos Pr TaW ee DAG aed eee | le 1S) eee LAG lee SO Aa 4S | eee 2 |e 15 SW \oe 5 — 185 | pean 2 44\ Se bon Zoe | eee ee 193 eee 149 280s Sumas 1E.G4 (Pers a Saye Nee te | Seo OG | epee PAO Y S| ese eee | eee, 193 | Saas Sunt|eane2 4 AG fo 22" 1282 | see Ns OV/lso55= Upc ieeeae i, SU Sh | ee NS Suns |Peges 147) eee ASS | ae 169 | eee 46 |e TOA | See Sums |S 74 shal besa Ree | tee 1 OIOf see 46 |eee os 4562|\2eeoe EGO ese S60) e220" SUE | eeeee DOS |e On| eter ae || a ea 25) meee ib eRy es 8 Aneel ees Ths Gye es Suny eae Ne 7 oe Dey te ee SOF nae ee ee EVO sae TENN ce elt) | eee UTA |e OE eee EOS eee FOE Saas iL | re eer | eat 1, S40] pe 132 |e eae AS heen xe MUS t5, 0 ese ce If, GPAs a3 | eee 2) | Sees AULT © weg Gy || eeepc ree | fell eens Neil 7i| ee Suns aaa 165) Seas Oo | See 16S Eee ett ee DH | 2 ie Se | Ea Heo a Sue | tee Ae eee 153 | Seno GAS ee le 7a) ee 2S | eee Se eR ace Sine ieee 123 |e ANOS |zaeee 43 ee AS |e aaa 5 (eee Sune eee AM eee RAE el AGS | eee Use kece Bs Ooo He <3 iT | peace OSes SUI | eee | ees Sy eee HR ae G2 |eeee LS PAN eee AA06|Seeee E25 | eee Sun.|222e- d [ayes [ea eae OD | ees Gy a Sere ee eee: Ogee 130 ees Sino |e Sumsieeaes P46 eee ee 2 eee PA |S Cpl Sewers Se eee AG | eee Oe Sao | eee pew less i Lies | ee Goan 200 ee bey eae es a tae I AG leeks 129 |eeee Sibame| 2s ESOS |e 5S | eee Ug tet oo OS | eae Os errs a eect Hee) | eee Sums |e 4 O4|(Guec" 1S (ieee 59 |e 112 (16 | ee DAO oe QS eee eae Sums aawee 130) eee A) 0 | See DAT hae Re Hike se hy 70) ce Sus ee iI | ete Se ape Raee 1654: G | eee 29 ee ROO |e ee TO Me ee ea ANG toyed eke SUM |e DNA} |e 117} See el eee eae 1g a ee Bs oh peee Salle A120) | ae | eee el |e Go| see Zr 4G). Bake TG Fe ee Ce 138 oes 12:43 |p SHO 2 eet ST a | ee [SOM esa DAs tieye ss L AS eee oe lee [34 teee 149 ee ah GB lea nou UPA ere ep | eit 1594 aes PR See VDF | eee |e 135 | eee G7) ee Sums |aaan= dS he eso A te OA ee LL 82 2162 |e UG HE, oe ae eh Nee ees 120 | aes Sunt|aies By ORs oe SURI US Mee ha) | Eee (ies tiepeny [Pees nen WM 202 |e LZ |e ers eee ot Sunsesoe6 1h6S| =a HEA ee SCO Ge Bi OL | | OP Sunt esas Tes}. kp aie Lie EGS 129 eee te 1 70) | ysis Anolon FD (D4 | Res ON [is A Nee ee Os a a arlene Os eae te aes 139 eee eee A) |e OG | See a ee Sel eee Nee Tice | Ph UN aasoe PAV ee ert oid Soa Silt here 11 (A ees ae 4/42). 2 SUT esas | a ZOE 723 We | ection rake cee ISsO|e2 25 S74 | See Bh OPAl aos Sf 2 | es seed | ra de 21 a Nec | OM 300k PPA Whe ee hel A 13) eee US AW se Sunes 1 opt es ae VS ee a 2550 |Saaee PO yl le as oe | rea 23 |e Sion oes Bh ees LS eb ee Ve Sl A er dot a (a 3420 pa P71 | iia A Ho Soe SUE aes TSO eee SO0 | eee Le) Ks |e aces sl A ect alae ro SUS eee PAD al lect oye rss Re 1329 |ers ks HEOiile Fe Peale S ee Mo Re a el | es ep ee A Ne ees Rat, 2 3505 ppeeeee 2G) eS ON eta euler 25.0 aes 3402|—aaee AD (0G ase | | i ll a a peg 2566|2eea ihe | pas SRE a 50 aese Do | =a OAOlbaaee SUNT ESSE S| ee ren | Sep | ee ZHO| ee bey | te eee es I ot beter al) eke: RO lar 8) tea sec 1 Biot) |e tec | eee |e | A | Pm ZNO | See PPD) Ore lack ole | apo dole At eee AGS eee sa | tse |e USAT Ht iy UES fll nN aa I | eal ely Pe, NAN So Oe Eee ae | eee et oe rer a eS || SMe bmg ees Pe HA KS) he ba ne oe | ee ae 2563 |e Atel yy, reais as She ad ie mil MOE | ei (epee eR fe TU 7 ee ae | (mete (ee PL le Suntja ST RE I ee eat ee Ue I ee A (Pg fa |) 8 re el || Pe 15:93 | eee DIFFERENCES IN TRANSPORTATION RATES FROM SHIPPING POINTS The freight rate per crate from Laredo, Tex., to Chicago in 1922 was approximately 50 cents, as compared with 75 cents to New York. Similar differentials existed with regard to other cities. A still greater difference in rates exists between California and Texas shipping points. Freight rates thus create fixed advantages of certain ship- ping points and markets over others which will always be indicated by the price paid, other things being equal. In the producing areas those growers located at a distance from the important buying centers have sometimes had to sell their onions a few cents per crate less than otherwise because of the lack of com- petition. between the dealers has usually been rather keen. In the important shipping centers, however, competition De BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF* AGRICULTURE WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE CITY Weather conditions in consuming centers do not affect onion prices so much as they do prices of more perishable fruits and vegetables, as has already been shown. Theoretically, Bermuda onions should sell shghtly better in cool than in warm weather, but available records do not prove this to be true. Onion prices seem to be rather independent of ordinary weather conditions in consuming centers. MARKET PREFERENCES Crystal Wax boilers (small onions) have usually sold at a discount of 50 cents to $1 per crate from the price paid for grade No. 1 in most principal markets, except New York. New York City has a large foreign population that wants small Crystal Wax onions, enough to offer a premium of 25 to 50 cents for these onions over grade No. 1. In 1919 the premium rose to $1. If a grower grades carefully and is prepared to take advantage of such market preferences, he can often net considerable profit for himself with little additional expense. So far as other grades of the two varieties are concerned, a!! the larger markets over a period of time show about equal preferences for an equivalent grade of one variety over the other as measured by the price differential. All markets seem to pay more for Crystal Wax at the beginning of the season in about the same proportion; all pay about equally as the season progresses; and Crystal Wax prices generally decline on all at the clean-up on account of the deterioration in quality. However, at any given time one market may be paying a greater premium for Crystal Wax than another on account of irregu- larities in local consumption or irregularity of supply. MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS Several factors which sometimes exert a considerable influence upon prices paid ata given point, but are difficult to measure, include good or bad salesmanship of the trade, extent to which onions are pushed by retail agencies, earning power of the PeoDy at the time, character of the population in a given city, and bargaining ability of traders. The mliuetice of these factors varies greatly at different periods and no conclusions are warranted without further study. All of the factors discussed in the preceding pages do not operate simultaneously in every market; sometimes one factor is of prevailing influence and sometimes another. Usually the price at a given point depends upon the operation of the factors that produce changes in seasonal conditions and changes in condition within the season even more than upon local conditions. On the other hand, local conditions react upon the broader market, for, obviously, when local conditions are unfavorable in several important markets prices must decline generally. The price paid at a given point at a given time for a given quantity of Bermuda onions of a certain description will depend upon the interaction and interrelation of the factors described, and will be the net resultant of these various forces. CONCLUSIONS Bermuda onions are grown in southern Texas, southern California, and Louisiana; principally in Texas. They supply nearly all of the markets during April, May, and June, but three-fourths of them are MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 53 marketed within a space of five weeks. Shipments usually come quickly to a peak, decline slightly on account f rains and a change in producing areas, advance to a second peak and then quickly decline, although a few straggling cars continue to be shipped for several weeks. Bermudas are distributed in carlot quantities throughout the United States, Canada, and Cuba. Eighty per cent are sent to the 26 per cent of the population in cities of 100,000 or over. One-third of the cities with a population of 25,000 or over in the United States do not receive so much as 1 car of Bermudas a year, and 20 per cent have not received a car for eight years. The grower markets his onions in one of the following ways: (1) Sale through a dealer who has financed the grower; (2) by contracts prior to harvest; (3) for cash at shipping point; (4) through an agent on consignment; (5) through a cooperative association; (6) direct through wholesale dealers in consuming centers. There is much difference of opinion as to the relative merits of selling at shipping point or at destination. Thesale at point of desti- nation has generally been the more profitable for the grower at the beginning of the season and least profitable near the close of the season. The dealer who buys at shipping point and ships to con- suming centers performs certain valuable services for the grower. For these services, including all costs except transportation, he has received an average of 13 cents a crate the past seven years, as com- pared with 23 cents for transpcertation and 64 cents for the producer. Aside from the question of the relative worth of his services and of the margin he receives, the greatest weakness of the system from the erower’s standpoint is that such buyers are likely to be on hand when conditions are favorable, but either receive shipments only on con- signment or leave the section entirely when marketing conditions are most unfavorable, with the result that the grower is without the buyer’s services when he needs marketing facilities the most. Bermuda onion prices are characterized by wide fluctuation both within each season and as between one season and another. This extreme variation, coupled with very high costs of production, renders the growing of Bermuda onions unusually speculative. our groups of factors affect Bermuda onion prices: (1) Physical factors inherent in the given lot of Bermudas; (2) factors primarily determining the variations between seasons; (3) those factors influ- encing price fluctuations within a given season; and (4) those factors influencing prices principally at a given point. These groups may be severally subdivided into five or six factors, each of which may have an important effect at particular times. Probably the most impor- tant are the variety, quality,and condition of the stock, the amount of carry over of old onions, the prices at which these onions are selling when the season opens, the steadiness and volume of shipments of new stock during the season, and the period in the season. So close a correlation exists between the quantity of old onions in storage February 1 and the opening price of Bermuda onions, that it is possible to predict approximately the prices for Bermudas two eritlis before the season opens. The quantity of old onions in storage exerts an influence on the opening and seasonal prices of the new stock out of proportion to the relative size of the old-stock carry over and the new crop of Bermudas. 54 BULLETIN 1283, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The size of the new crop exerts only a moderate influence on the price level at which the new crop will sell. The rate of shipments does, however, affect the price during the season considerably. The tendency of Bermuda prices every year is to decline as the season progresses. But whenever shipments are diminished materially, this tendency has been checked. Poorly graded onions exert a depressing influence on prices to a greater degree than the difference in quality would indicate. They tend to accumulate in dealers’ hands and by increasing the visible ~ supply retard the sale of all onions. Most of the factors affecting prices are beyond the contro! of the individual grower. He should do all he can to have his onions ready for the early market, he should grade carefully, and he should ship according to the market. The big problems of marketing Bermuda onions can be successfully solved only by organized united effort. A thoroughly organized working organization of a good majority of those interested can (1) distribute the crop more thoroughly, develop markets not now being reached, and stimulate consumption by consciously directed effort; (2) feed the market gradually what it can consume during the Ber- muda season at reasonable prices, instead of throwing the stock on the market at once regardless of demand; (3) install a system of grading and inspection that will prevent shipment of huge quantities of un- graded onions to clog the channels of trade; and (4) be ready to serve the industry whether marketing conditions are favorable or not, and ready to put forth unusual effort to move the crop in those years when marketing conditions are at their worst. A sufficient start has already been made to prove that all of these objects can be accomplished. UNITED STATES GRADES FOR BERMUDA ONIONS” Recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture U.S. Grape No. 1 U.S. Grade No. 1 shall consist of sound onions of one variety which are mature, bright, well-shaped, free from doubles, splits, bottle-necks, and seed-stems, and practically free from damage caused by dirt or other foreign matter, moisture, sunburn, cuts, disease, insects, or by mechanical or other means. ‘The diameter shall not be less than two inches. In order to allow for variations incident to commercial grading and handling, six percentum by weight of any lot need not meet the foregoing requirements of this grade. In the case of yellow onions not more than five percentum by weight of any lot may be noticeably pink. If any lot which meets the requirements of this grade contains more than ten percentum by weight of onions with a diameter of three and one-half inches or more, the grade name shall be ‘“‘U. S. Grade No. 1 Large.’’ U. S. Grave No. 2 U. S. Grade No. 2 shall consist of sound onions of one variety not meeting the requirements of U. S. Grade No. 1, which are free from doubles, splits, bottle- necks, and seed-stems, and practically free from damage caused by moisture, sunburn, cuts, disease, insects, or mechanical means. The diameter shall not be less than two inches. ; In order to allow for variations incident to commercial grading and han- dling ten percentum by weight of any lot may be below the requirements of this grade. : 16 From United States Department of Agricylture Department Circular No. 97, 1920. ~ MARKETING OF BERMUDA ONIONS 5D If any lot which meets the requirements of this grade contains more than ten percentum by weight of onions with a diameter of three and one-half inches or more, the grade name shall be ‘“‘U. S. Grade No. 2 Large.” If any lot which meets the requirements of U. 8. Grade No. 2 or U.S. Grade No. 2 Large contains more than ten percentum by weight of noticeably pink onions, the grade name shall be “‘U. S. Grade No. 2 Pink” or “U. S. Grade No. 2 Large, Pink,” as the case may be. U.S. Grape BorLers U.S. Grade Boilers shall consist of sound onions of one variety which are free from doubles, splits, bottle-necks, and seed-stems, and practically free from dam- age caused by moisture, sunburn, cuts, disease, insects, or mechanical means. The diameter shall not be less than one inch nor more than two inches. In order to allow for variations incident to commercial grading and handling, six percentum by weight of any lot may be below the requirements of this grade. U.S. Grave No. 3 U.S. Grade No. 3 shall consist of onions which do not meet the requirements of any of the foregoing grades. DEFINITION OF GRADE TERMS As used in these grades— “‘Sound’’ means free from water-soaked, decayed, sprouted, or otherwise un- sound onions. ‘““Mature”’ means having reached a stage of development at which the onions are firm—not soft or spongy. “ Bright’? means having the normal, attractive, pearly luster of Bermuda onions. “Well shaped”? means having the general appearance of being round—not three, four, or five-sided, or badly pinched by dry, hard soil, or thick necked, but need not be of the exact, typical flat Bermuda shape. “One variety’? means one variety or type, such as the Crystal Wax or White Bermuda (white), or Yellow Bermuda (yellow), and not a mixture of different varieties or types. ‘“Practically free from damage’’ means that the appearance shall not be injured to an extent readily apparent upon casual examination. ‘‘Sunburn”’ means discoloration or other damage due to exposure to the sun, but does not mean the green color running down the ‘‘veins”’ in the Crystal Wax or White Bermuda (white) variety, unless such green color covers the surface between the veins. ‘““Diameter’’ means the greatest dimension at right angles to a straight line running from the stem to the root. “Noticeably pink’’ means the pink color often found in the Yellow Bermuda variety, which is so conspicuous as to be readily apparent upon casual examina- tion of the lot. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE December 13, 1924 Secretany of, Agriculture {22 Soke ees Howarp: M. Gore, VALS SUSUCLIVG, IS COLELOUT. ros ek ke a et ee ae DDRECtOTAOF.IS CUCTULUIEC (WV ,O Tee eee Bo. BALE. Director of Regulatory Work_____---------- WALTER G. CAMPBELL. Director Of Ectewsion JWior kee ee a etae C. W. WARBURTON. SOWMCHOT oe 32 SS Ae BP che AB ee ee R. W. WILLIAMS. Weather Bureaus: 335 fay 5 ees pee CuHarLes F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics_____ ~~~ ~~ Henry C. Taytor, Chief. Burean op Arcmal lind ustijes eae JoHN R. Mouter, Chief. BUR CGU Of LALO IGel GUST j= 1 eee Wiuturam A. Taytor, Chief. OR CSt SS CTUICE see ne i coeds ae epee spurns a W. B. GREELEY, Chief. BQUTe aU Of \C WE MUSELY oe = tae ee C. A. Browne, Chief. Bureau ofuSovlsda: 0-4 parce pen Werte: Mitton WHITNEY, Chief. Bureauo,, Entomology. x= 3 saw ee L. O. Howarp, Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey___------------ E. W. Netson, Chief. BOUT CO1 Of ln COlLiCe ly OMG S=— pe eS eeg eee ie THomas H. MacDona.p, Chief. Bureanio;eHlonievH CONnOMIiCS Ss Pes a eae LovisE STANLEY, Chief. BUURCG Opa GURY UG a a ee ee eee C. W. Larson, Chief. Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory -_-__-__--- F. G. Cottre.u, Director. Ofjicerof-Expernment Statvons- =) = 25222 E. W. ALLEN, Chief. Office. Publicationséadae ei Seets eprest L. J. Haynszs, Director. Office of Cooperative Extension Work___-__-- C. B. Smriru, Chief. LOIRE LOLS A ee EINE oi eR A i CLARIBEL R. Barnett, Librarian. Rederal Horticultiural-Boardrs = 2 fae ae C. L. Maruatt, Chairman. Insecticide and Fungicide Board____-______- J. K. Haywoop, Chairman. Packers and Stockyards Administration ____- Naeaiestt MorriLu, Assistant to the Grain Futures Administration_______-____- Secretary. This bulletin is a contribution from Bureau of Agricultural Economics _--_------- Henry C. Taytor, Chief. Division of Fruits and Vegetables__-__-_- W. A. SHERMAN, In charge. 56 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY V nee Scare . oe \