QH 1 3N314X t The Mcuyhmd Naturalist THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND Volume 31, Number 1 March, 1987 ISSN 0096-4158 The Maryland Naturalist Volume 31, Number 1 March, 1987 - - - - - - - - r-,— r— Contents Preface . C. Haven Kolb 1 Some Maryland Mosquitoes Are Extremists . . . William E. Bickley 2 The Butterflies of Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C. . John H. Pales 5 Ecphora: Important Eossil Erom The Miocene Strata On The Chesapeake Bay . Raye N. Germon, Lauck W. Ward, and Clayton E. Ray 25 Phantom Calcite Crystals Erom Carroll County, Maryland . . . . Ered E. Parker 34 The Occurrence Of The freshwater Jellyfish, Craspedacusta sowerbyi , In Maryland . . Susan E. Rivers 37 Arnold W. Norden, Editor Cover Illustration: notable elements of Atlantic Coastal Plain Shells of the Genus Ecphora Miocene fossil assemblages on . Original drawing by Josephine are the Thoms . PREFACE With the pages that lie before you, the Natural History Society of Maryland resumes publication of its journal. Since a hiatus the length of a human generation has occurred in the journal series, it seems appropriate to sketch briefly for the information of present readers some publication history. The Bulletin of the Natural History Society of Maryland was begun in 1930 when the organization was one year old. It was a four-page mimeographed leaflet, 3-1/2 by 8-1/2 inches, issued monthly. Beginning with Volume 4 the size was changed to 8-1/2 by 11 inches, the number of pages was increased, but the mimeographed format was maintained. The members of the Society themselves carried out the entire production process, including increasing amounts of artwork. Perhaps the high point of this in-house, skilled amateur enterprise was a series of mimeograph illustrations in three colors. Beginning with Volume 11 each issue received a cover with photographic illustration and the number of issues per year was reduced to 6 and then 5. With Volume 14 the title was changed to Maryland, a Journal of Natural History, it became a guarterly, it was offset printed, and it was provided with numerous photographic illustrations. This format continued, but with Volume 18 the name was again changed, this time to The Maryland Naturalist. During the 1950's financing the journal became increasingly difficult, the issues degreased to one per year, and the series ceased in 1960. The editor throughout the first 28 volumes was the late Herbert Moore; Dr. John Cooper was editor for 29 and 30. When Arnold Norden in 1985 presented to the Board of Trustees a plan for again publishing a journal of Maryland natural history, it was thought appropriate to revive the title Maryland Naturalist. To emphasize the continuity of the organization, if not of its publication, and on the advice of librarians, the number of volumes is continued from where it left off in 1960, even though the break in dates may cause a slight puzzlement. Reviviscat liber , revirescamus nos ipsi. Haven Kolb Assistant editor, 1940-1960 Some Maryland Mosquitoes Are Extremists William E. Bickley Darsie and Ward (1981) presented up-to-date information on the geographical distribution of mosquito species throughout North America north of Mexico, and Ward and Darsie (1982) made additions to that list of distribution records. This note concerns records of the occurrence of mosquito species which seem to have established themselves beyond the expected geographical range. Maryland is known as a border state. There are plants such as the bald cypress which cannot survive, under natural conditions, north of Maryland or Delaware. Other plants such as tamarack reach their southern limits in Maryland and West Virginia. Some mosquitoes also seem to have reached their extreme limits in Maryland — north or south. One of Maryland's rarest northern mosquitoes is Aedes abserratus (Eelt and Young). Its known range is from Manitoba to Labrador and from Illinois to New Jersey with an extension southward into Maryland where it has been collected in the Einzel Swamp, Garrett County (Bickley et al . , 1971). This species is univoltine (only one generation per year), and is not a serious pest (Carpenter and LaCasse, 1955). In Maryland it is probable that adults do not survive beyond July. In the eastern U.S. Aedes excrucians (Walker) and Ae. fitchii (Eelt and Young) reach their southern limits in Maryland and Delaware. The range of both species extends from Alaska to New Mexico in the West and across the continent to Newfoundland in the East. Ae?. excrucians is Holarctic. Ae. aurifer (Coquillett) does not occur as far west and north as do Ae . excrucians and _Ae. fitchii , but in the Atlantic coastal region, like them, it reaches its southern limit in Maryland. These three species are univoltine. They overwinter as eggs which hatch early in the spring. Larvae grow in cold water and usually tolerate ice. In many northern localities these mosquitoes are severe pests as the females are extremely blood-thirsty. In Maryland they are not known to be abundant enough to cause much trouble. Ae. fitchii is known to occur in Prince George's and Montgomery Counties; _Ae. excrucians occurs in Cecil County; and Ae. aurifer has been collected on the lower Eastern Shore and in Prince George's County. Aedes dorsalis (Me.igen) is a northern and western species. It has not been recorded from the southeastern U.S. although it occurs in Texas west to California. East of Ohio it has not been found south of Maryland. Adults of this species were first found by Mallack (1975) in Allegany County on May 21, 1975. The initial collection was made at Mexico farms (Cumberland). In later years the late Jerry Mallack and I found adults along the C & 0 Canal at Mexico farms, North Branch, and Spring Gap. Collection attempts at Oldtown gave negative results. Dr. Charles W. McComb collected adults upstream from Oldtown (personal communication). None of us found larvae. Presumably we did not start looking for larvae early enough in the spring. There are many temporary and semi-permanent pools along the Potomac which are undoubtedly suitable for Ae. The Maryland Naturalist 3 1 C 1 3:2-4. 2 dorsalis larvae. This is a multivoltine species which is sometimes an important pest in western North America (Carpenter and LaCasse, 1955). Females collected in Maryland are usually larger than females of our more common Aedes spp. Another large species of Aedes is Ae. fulvus pal lens Ross. Adult females are orange-yellow with two prominent dark spots on the scutum. This species occurs in the southern states as far west as Texas. It has not been recorded north of Maryland. Adults have been taken in several counties on the Eastern Shore and in Southern Maryland, but larvae have not been collected. Females bite during the day and are also attracted to light traps. Culiseta morsi tans (Theobald) is a northern mosguito which is distributed from Alaska to Newfoundland with an extension southward into Kentucky. Garrett County, Maryland is a far south as it is known to occur in the eastern U.S. Jerry Mai lack and Stanl ey Joseph first found larvae at the Finzel Swamp in 1970 (Bickley et al., 1971). In 1978 I also collected larvae and adults at the Cranesvitle Pine Swamp. This Holarct.ic species is presumed to be a bird feeder (Carpenter and LaCasse, 1955). Culiseta minnesotae Barr is an uncommon species which is not known to occur south of Queen Anne's County, Maryland where it was first taken in a light trap at Grasonville by Stanley Joseph and Robert Berry in 1967. Later collections are from Rock Hall and Chesapeake City, Cecil County. Faran and Bailey (1980) collected a single female of Culiseta annulata (Schrank) at Fort McHenry in the Baltimore Harbor, March 8, 1978. This Palearctic mosguito or its ancestors probably came from Europe to Baltimore on a ship. No additional specimens of Cs. annulata have been taken, and Ward and Darsie (1982) stated " . . . Cj3. annulata is not yet an established faunal component . " The discovery of Wyeomyia haynei Dodge in Maryland was reported by Bickley and Mai lack ( 1978) . Specimens were taken from a pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L. growing in the Suitland Bog, Prince George's County. This was an unusual finding because it represented an extension northward of the distribution of the species. (It is known to occur in six southeastern states.) The collection of Wy. haynei and Wy. smithii (Coguillett) in the same habitat supports the opinion that they are discrete species. Bradshaw and Lounibos (1977) provided evidence that W_ y. haynei is a geographical subspecies of Wy. smithii . Until additional studies are completed it is reasonable to follow the recommendation of Ward and Darsie (1982) that the two names be retained. Larvae of the two species can be distinguished on the basis of the number of anal gills or papillae. The association of Wyeomyia spp. with pitcher plants has been studied extensively, and Smith (1904) has provided much fundamental information. Not only do the larvae of Wy. smithii survive the effects of the chemical content of the water held in the leaves of the plants, they also withstand freezing and thawing. Recently the "Asian Tiger Mosguito", Aedes albopictus (Skuse) has received publicity in the New York Times and other popular media. A recent paper by Darsie (1986) gives help in identification and references concerning its distribution. Adults of this species resemble A_e. aegypti , the yellow fever mosguito, and larvae may be confused with _Ae. triser i atus (Say), our most common tree-hole mosguito. The Asian Tiger Mosguito is believed to have been intro¬ duced into Texas and other southern states in used tires brought from the Far 3 East to the U.S. for the purpose of reclaiming natural rubber. Ae . albopictus is an important vector of dengue fever. It can also transmit California encephalitis virus and other viruses. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report for October 1, 1986 gives an update of the spread of the Asian Tiger up the Mississippi Valley and eastward to Georgia. Infestations have been reported in 12 states. Maryland can expect an unwelcome visitor. Literature Cited Bickley, W.E., S.R. Joseph, J. Mallack, and R.A. Berry. 1971. An annotated list of the mosguitoes of Maryland. Mosguito News 31 (2) : 186-190. Bickley, W.E., and J. Mallack. 1978. Wyeomyia haynei in Maryland. Mosguito News 38(1) : 141 . Bradshaw, W.E., and L.P. Lounibos. 1977. Evolution of dormancy and its photoperiodic control in pitcher-plant mosguitoes. Evolution 31:346-367. Carpenter, 5.J., and W.J. LaCasse. 1955. Mosguitoes of North America (North of Mexico). Berkeley, Univ. oif Calif. Press, 360 pp. Darsie, R.F., Jr. 1986. The identification of Aedes albopictus in the Nearctic Region. J. Amer. Mosguito Control Assoc. 2(3): 336-340 . Darsie, R.F., Jr., and R.A. Ward. 1981. Identification and geographical dis¬ tribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Mosquito Systematics Suppl. 1:1-313. Faran, M.E., and C.L. Bailey. 1980. Discovery of an overwintering adult female of Culiseta annulata in Baltimore. Mosquito News 40(20) :284-287. Mallack, J. 1975. Occurrence of Aedes hendersoni and Aedes dorsalis in Maryland. Mosquito News 35(3) : 4 1 2 . Smith, J.B. 1904. Report of the New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station upon the Mosquitoes Occurring within the State, Their Habits, Life History, etc. New Brunswick, N.J. 482 pp. Ward, R.A., and R.F. Darsie. 1982. Corrections and additions to the publi¬ cation, Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico^ Mosquito Systematics 14(3) :209-219. 6516 Fortieth Avenue, University Park, Maryland 20782. 4 The Butterflies of Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C. John H. Fates Introduction Rock Creek Park is an urban park located in the District of Columbia, west of 16th Street, N.W. It covers 1,754 acres (710 hectares), and extends from The National Zoological Park northward to the Maryland State Line, a distance of approximately four miles. The width generally is one mile. Rock Creek flows the length of the park and, for a portion of its length, marks the Fall Line dividing the Coastal Plain from the Piedmont Plateau. Mature second-growth forest covers much of the area. Most of the rest of Rock Creek Park is characterized by mowed lawns, although natural meadows have been reestablished at scattered locations. As part of the National Park System, the U.S. Department of the Interior classifies Rock Creek as a "natural" park with a variety of public recreational activities available. This publication provides an annotated list of the butterflies known from Rock Creek Park, and gives information from published records, specimens in private collections, the U.S. National Museum collection and surveys made by the writer in 1977-1980. Detailed reports describing my surveys for 1977 and 1978 are on file at Park Headguarters, Rock Creek Park. It also provides a list (Table 1) of “butterflies recorded from elsewhere within the boundaries of the District of Columbia, which covers 70 sg. miles (180 sg. km). Many of these other species may also occur occasionally within the Park. This report updates in part the work of Clark (1929, 1932), Clark and Clark (1938, 1951), and Wagner (1941a, 1941b) which enumerated all species then known from the District of Columbia and the adjacent areas of Maryland and Virginia. According to those lists, 97 species have been reported from the District of Columbia, and 58 of these have been found in Rock Creek Park. The butterfly classification used follows that of Miller and Brown (1981) and common names follow Opler and Krizek (1984). It should be mentioned that the former open land adjacent to the northern boundary of the park has become a residential area in the last two decades. This no doubt has had an effect on the Park's fauna. Although the following species accounts include brief descriptions of major identifying characteristics, interested readers are referred to any of the numerous guides that illustrate these beautiful species in full color (Holland, 1931; Howe, 1975; Klots, 1951; Macy and Shepard, 1941; Mitchell and Zim, 1962: Opler and Krizek, 1984). All of these species are also represented in the butterfly collection on display at Rock Creek Park. Information included herein is extracted from pertinent published studies, label data from the park butterfly collection, and records obtained by me during 45 years of collecting in Rock Creek Park supplemented by data from other collectors. The Maryland Naturalist 31(1):5-24. 5 The Butterflies of Rock Creek Park Discussed below are the 58 species of butterflies known by me to occur in Rock Creek Park, listed by families. Species reported from elsewhere in Washington, D,C. but not yet observed. in the Park are identified in Table 1. Family Hesperiidae (Skippers) Epargyreus clarus clarus (Cramer) Silver-spotted Skipper This larger very common species is dark with tannish squares on the forewings and large white spots on the undersides of the hindwings. It is three-brooded and adults fly from April to October. Park records are* from April 30 to September 5. It is attracted to a great variety of flowers. Expanse: 45-54 mm. Larvae are on locust ( Robinia spp.) and many of its relatives. Staphylus hayhurst-ii (W.H. Edwards) Southern Sooty Wing This small skipper is mottled-brown with wavy-edged hindwings. It is apparently a recent arrival in the District of Columbia area, first taken by G.O. Krizek near MacArthur Boulevard on August 13, 1972. Wagner (1941b) stated that it "does not occur in the original Washington area." I made the first Rock Creek Park collections at Piney Branch meadow on August 31 and again on September 8, 1977 (Fales, 1978). In 1978 I also collected it at Klingle Mansion on duly 29 and August 21, at East Beach Drive on August 8 and at Sherrill Drive meadow on September 12. It was attracted to Porcelain Berry ( Ampelopsis brevipedunculata) . Expanse: 24-30 mm. There are three broods in May, duly and September, and adults fly during this entire period. Larvae are found on Lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album). Erynnis juvenalls juvenalis (Fabricius) duvenal's Dusky Wing This common species is brown with darker spotting in both the male and female, but more contrasty in the latter. There are white spots on the forewings, which are larger in the female. There are also rows of imperfect light and dark spots on the hindwings. Most specimens have two prominent light subapical spots on the underside of the hindwings. There is a single brood in the spring. Adults have been found throughout the park from April 7 to dune 2. Adults have been collected from blackberry ( Rubus spp.) buttercup ( Ranunculus spp.), dandelion J ( Taraxacum spp.), dogwood (Cornus spp.) and Red clover (Trifolium pratense) as well as sand, gravel and bare ground. Expanse: 35-40 mm. Larvae are on oaks ( Quercus spp.). 6 Erynnis horatius (Scudder and Burgess) Horace's Dusky Wing This species is very similar to the preceeding but it lacks the two subapical spots on the underside of the hindwing. There are usually two broods, although a third may occur. Adults fly in April, May, duly and September. I took this species in the park on May 12 and 15, 1947 and on May 12, 1951. There is also a duly 29 record in the park collection, plus a few other undated specimens. Adults have been taken on Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum), Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) , milkweed (Asclepias spp.), Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carotaJ~~ and sorrel (Oxalis spp.). Expanse: 36-42 mm. Larvae are on oaks. Erynnis zarucco (Lucas) Zarucco Dusky Wing This uncommon species is very dark. There is a light patch before small white spots near the tips of the forewings. There are two broods, April-dune and duly-September . Two park specimens were taken on garlic ( Allium spp.) on duly 15. Their expanses were 38 and 39 mm. Larvae are on legumes ( Leguminosae) . Pyrgus communis (Grote) Checkered Skipper This black and white checkered skipper has three broods, and adults fly from May to October. It was found in the park on September 26 at Piney Branch and Carter Baron meadows. Adults may be found on Red clover. Expanse: 26-33 mm. Larvae are on mallows (Malvaceae). Phollsora catullus (Fabricius) Common Sooty Wing This common brownish-black species is small with a few small white spots on the outer areas of the forewings, above and below. There are two broods. It has been found in the park from dune 2 to August 31. Adults have been taken on lespedeza (Lespedeza spp.), milkweed, sorrel and Red clover. Expanse: 23-28 mm. Larvae are on Lamb's guarters. Nastra lherminier (Latreille) Swarthy Skipper This is a small, pale-brown unmarked skipper found in grassy areas. There are two broods, May and August. I captured a single specimen in the park on August 21, 1978 at Klingle Mansion. Clark (1932) did not report this species in the District of Columbia. It is attracted to milkweed. Expanse: 23 mm. Larvae are on grasses (Gramineae). 7 Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius) Least Skipper This small skipper has dark forewings and orange hindwings with broad dark margins. It is one of the most common skippers occurring in grassy areas. It has been found feeding on Indian hemp, milkweed and Red clover. There are three broods and park records are from June 1 (T. R. Blevins, personal communication) to October 3. Expanse: 20-23 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer) European Skipper This small orange skipper has thin darker wing margins. It has spread southward from the northern states. There is one brood in May and June. I collected two males at Pinney Branch meadow on June 10, 1978, they represented the first published records for the District of Columbia (Fales, 1979a). These individuals were taken on Alsike and Red clover. Expanse: 23 mm. Larvae are on grasses, especially Timothy (Phleum pratense) . Polites coras (Cramer) Peck's Skipper Both sexes of this brown skipper are predominantly marked with yellow, especially on the lower side of the hindwings. The males have black stigmas. This species has three broods and it is very common between May and October, it has been found in park meadows between May 26 and October 21 on Chicory (Cichorium intybus) , joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium spp.), Red clover and thistle (Cirsium spp.). Expanse: 23-28 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Polites themistocles (Latreille) Tawny-edged Skipper The male is brownish with prominent stigmas on the forewings, which also have considerable yellow. The female is dark with several sguare, light spots on the forewings. This species is two-brooded and usually occurs between May and October. In the park, it has been found only on September 5 and 25, 1978 at Sherrill Drive meadow. Adults were on ironweed ( Vernonia) , Red clover and thistle. Expanse: 21-29 mm. Larvae are found on grasses (Panicum spp.) Polites origenes origenes (Fabricius) Cross Line Skipper This skipper is very similar to the preceeding species, but is darker and has less yellow. The male stigmas are narrower. There are two broods. Specimens have been taken throughout the park between August 21 and September 25 on aster (Aster spp.) and Red clover. Expanse: 25-30 mm. Larvae are on grasses. 8 Wallengrenia eqeremet (Scudder) Northern Broken Dash This is a dark species with a few yellow spots. The stigmas on the forewings of the males are divided. The darker females are brown beneath. There are two broods. Specimens have been taken at Sherrill Drive meadow on June 23 and July 13, on aster and Red clover respectively. Expanse: 27-32 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Pompeius verna (W.H. Edwards) Little Glassy Wing Both sexes of this species are dark brown with squarish yellow spots on the forewings, above and below. The male has a narrow black stigma on the forewings. This common skipper has two broods and the adults fly from May to September. Park records are from June 23 to September 5. it is common on clovers, elephant's foot ( Elephantopus spp.), joe-pye-weed and milkweed. Expanse: 25.5 - 29 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Atalopedes campestris campestris (Boisduval) Satchem The males of this common species have orange wings with dark borders and large black stigmas on the forewings. The femals are darker with orange streaks and white spots on the forewings. Both sexes are yellow beneath. There are three broods and adults occur from May to October. It is scarce in spring. The records for the park are from June 2 to September 25. It is common on Red clover. Expanse: 29-37 mm. Larvae are on Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Poanes zabul on Boisduval and Leconte Southern Golden Skipper The male of this common species is orange above with black borders, and orange below. The female is dark with squarish yellow spots on the upper and lower sides of the forewings. The undersides of the hindwings are purple. There are two broods. This species has occurred throughout the park between May 26 and October 3. Adults have been taken on thistle, Perennial pea (Lathyrus latifolius) and Red clover. Park specimens had expanses from 28-35 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Poanes aaroni aaroni (Skinner) Aaron's Skipper This species, similar in appearance to the proceeding, typically frequents saltmarshes. Is known in Rock Creek Park from a single specimen taken in 1903 near the entrance to the National Zoological Park. Ulke (1903) confirmed that marshy conditions existed at that time. When referring to Rock Creek, he stated that the creek "winds its way among mossy sand banks and swamp meadows." It has been taken elsewhere on Indian hemp and milkweed. Adults occur in June and August. Expanse: 27-35 mm. The larval food is unknown. 9 Family Papilionidae (Swallowtails) These are the largest butterflies in this area. All have prominent tails on the hindwings. Battus philenor philenor (Linnaeus) Pipe Vine Swallowtail This mostly black species has irridescent bluish-green hindwings above with orange spots beneath. Adults occur from April to October, and there may be three broods. Although not found in recent studies in the park, I have taken this species just to the north. However, D.G. Shappirio (Personal Communi¬ cation) found it in the park in 1949. Adults have been found on Red clover, wild azalea, honeysuckle, dogbane and thistle. Expanse: 62-94 mm. Larvae are on Pipe vine ( Aristolochia) . Eurytides marcellus (Cramer) Zebra Swallowtail This black and white striped species is easily recognized by the long narrow tails. There are three broods and adults occur from March until October. This species was not found in the park in recent years, although it was known from this vicinity in the past. D.G. Shappirio (Personal Communication) reported it in the park in 1949. The adults are attracted to numerous flowers, especially Red clover. Expanse: 50-75 mm. Larvae feed on Pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Papilio polyxenes asterius (Stoll) Black Swallowtail This species is black with broken yellow bands on the outer margins of the wings. These bands are more pronounced in the male. There is considerable blue on the hindwings of the female. There are two broods, and adults appear from May to October. Park records are from June 10 to September 18. Adults have been taken on azalea ( Rhododendron spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), milkweed and Red clover. Expanse: 60-93 mm. Larvae are on carrot and its relatives. Pterourus glaucus glaucus (Linnaeus) Tiger Swallowtail This common, large yellow butterfly with black margins and stripes is probably the best known local species. The females have much blue in the outer portions of the hindwings in both the normal yellow form, and the dimorphic dark form. In the latter, the yellow is replaced by brownish-black. This species is one of the earliest butterflies to appear in the spring. I collected a specimen in the park on April 13, 1945. It sometimes flies as late as October. It is found throughout the park, and there are two overlapping broods. The adults visit many kinds of flowers including azalea, joe-pye-weed , milkweed, Red 10 clover, and thistle. Park specimens had expanses between 81-112 mm. Larvae are most commonly on wild cherry ( Prunus spp.) and Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi fera) . Pterourus troilus troilus (Linnaeus) Spicebush Swallowtail Both sexes of this common, large species are black. Tne males have greenish hindwings above, and the females bluish. There are two broods and adults fly from April to October. T.B. Blevins (Personal Communication) found it here on June 1, 1947. Recent park records are for June, August a^d September. Adults feed on honeysuckle, milkweed, red clover and thistle. Expanse: 77-97 mm. The principal larval foods are Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) and Spicebush ( Lindera benzoin) . Family Pieridae (Whites and Sulfurs) These are fairly small, white, orange or yellow butterflies. Several species are guite common in this area. Pontia protodice (Boisduval and Leconte) Checkered White This species occurs irregularly, and it may be absent for several years before appearing again. It is white with sguarish black spots, which are darker in the female. It has three broods, and may occur throughout the season. H.U. Clark took a specimen in the park on September 16, 193D (Clark, 1932). I, however, did not find it in recent surveys. Adults are attracted to asters, clovers and other flowers. Expanse: 33-48 mm. Larvae are found on crucifers ( Cruciferae) . Artogeia rapae (Linnaeus) European Cabbage Butterfly This is the commonest butterfly in this area. The males of this white species have a single black spot on each forewing, while the females have two. It has been recorded throughout the park from March to October. The earliest recent record was April. 3, 1984. It feeds on numerous flowers. Park specimens had expanses between 32-44 mm. Larvae are on various crucifers. Ealcapica midea midea (Hubner) Falcate Orange-tip This species is smaller than the Cabbage Butterfly. The males have white forewings with orange tips. It is single-brooded, and the adults fly only from late March to early May. It is usually common during that period. Clark (1932) mentioned that Ernest Shoemaker collected this species in the park in April and May. A more recent record was April 24, 1980 at Boundary Bridge. Other local records are from March 30 to May 6. Expanse: 32-41 mm. The larvae are on cress (Cruciferae). 11 Col ias philodice philodice (Godart) Clouded Sulfur This species, and the next, are nearly as common as the European cabbage butterfly. Its wings are yellow with black borders, which are wider in the females. There is also a dimorphic female form which is white. There are three broods. Recent park records were from April 18 to October 21. Park specimens measured 42-49 mm. in expanse. Larvae feed on Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) , clovers, vetch ( Leguminosae) and related plants. Colias eurytheme (Boisduval) Orange Sulfur This common species is also known as the Orange sulfur. It is similar to the Clouded sulfur, except that the yellow is replaced by orange. There is also a white female form in this species. The biology is similar to that of the Clouded sulfur, with which it is known to hybridize. There are three broods. Recent park records were from April 7 to October 21. It is one of the earliest butterflies to fly in the spring. The adults visit numerous flowers. Park specimens had expanses between 45-54 mm. Pyrisitia lisa lisa (Boisduval and Leconte) Little Sulfur This is the smallest of the local Sulfur butterflies. Its wings are lemon yellow with narrow black borders, which are less complete in the female. Although it varies in abundance from year to year, it may be present from May to October. The only recent park record was a female taken on September 8, 1977 at Military Field. Its expanse was 34 mm. Although adults have usually been taken in flight, they may be collected on Bidens spp. and goldenrod (Solidago spp.). There are possibly three broods, and larvae are on clovers and Partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata) . Abaeis nicippe (Cramer) Sleepy Orange This species is orange with black wing margins, and it can be mistaken for the Orange Sulfur. It is rare in the District of Columbia. I collected the only specimen known from the park at Military Field on August 31, 1977. The expanse was 49 mm. Larvae are on various legumes. Family Lycaenidae (Blues, Coppers and Hairstreaks) These are all small butterflies. Some are very colorful, usually on the under surfaces of the wings. The Hairstreaks have small hair-like tails on the hindwings. 12 Feniseca tarquinius tarquinius (Fabricius) Harvester This species is mostly black with orange markings of various shapes. There may be five or more broods from April to October. Wagner (1941a) reported it as common on June 11, 1939 at Morningside Drive near North Portal. I also collected it in the East Beach Drive area on July 25, 1943. It was not found in recent surveys. It occurs along streams where alders grow. Expanse: 25-35 mm. The caterpillars are unusual since they are carniverous, feeding upon aphids on alders ( Alnus spp.). Lycaena phlaeas americana (Harris) American Copper The forewings of this butterfly are orange with black borders and black spots inwardly. The hindwings are dark with an orange border. It is lighter below. It appears from April to October, and there are four broods. Clark (1932) collected it in the park prior to 1932. It was not seen in recent surveys. Local adults have been collected on Alsike clover, Indian hemp, goldenrod, and on bare ground. Expanse: 23-30 mm. Larvae are on sorrel and dock (Rumex spp.). Satyrium edwardsii (Grote and Robinson) Edwards' Hairstreak This rare butterfly is brown on the upper wings. The two rows of spots beneath the hindwings are broken into white-rounded spots, and there are red and blue spots at the tails. There is only one brood, and adults appear in late June and July. I collected single specimens in the park on June 23 and 30, 1978 at the Sherrill Drive meadow; apparently the first records of this species in the District of Columbia (fales, 1979b). The expanses were 26 and 28 mm. respectively. Larvae are on oaks. Satyrium calanus falacer (Godart) Banded Hairstreak This less-common butterfly is similar in appearance to the preceeding species, except that it is lighter beneath. Also, the rows of spots on the wings are continous, and not rounded. It is single-brooded, and adults fly in June and July. I collected this species in the Park at Sherrill Drive meadow on June 30, 1978. It was also taken earlier at the North Portal area by Wagner (1941a). Expanse: 28 mm. Larvae are on oaks and hickories (Carya spp. ) . Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius) Red-banded Hairstreak This species is mostly brownish above, with some blue on the hindwings. The lower surfaces are lighter, and an irregular band of red bordered with white on the outer edges crosses both wings. There are also black spots on the hindwings 13 near the tails. It has three broods, and flies from May to October. I took this species at the Park Road meadow on August 8, 1978. This was the first record in Rock Creek Park (Pales 1979b). It was found there again on August 21, 29 and September 5 of that year. Although adults usually rest on the leaves of various shrubs and trees, specimens were taken on goldenrod, Porcelain berry and smartweed (Polygonum spp.). Expanse: 23-27.5 mm. Larvae feed on sumac ( Rhus spp. ) . Mitoura gryneus gryneus (Hubner) Olive Hairstreak The upper wing surfaces of this butterfly are yellowish with dark margins. The under surfaces are green with a white line on the forewings, and irregular white and brown lines on the hindwings. There are two broods, Apr.il-May and June-July. D.G. Shappirio (Personal communication) collected a specimen at North Portal on June 2, 1947. Adults are usually observed around Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) . Expanse: 23-28 mm. Larvae are on Red cedar. Incisalia henrici henrici (Grote and Robinson) Henry's Elfin The upper surfaces of the wings of this species are brownish, but brighter near the edges. They are brown beneath, and much darker inwardly. There is one brood, and the adults fly from late March until May. They visit blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and redbud (Cercis canadensis). Specimens have been taken at the north end of the park at 16th Street and the District Line on March 30, 1935 (Wagner, 1941a). Expanse: 25-27 mm. Larvae are on blueberry. Incisalia niphon niphon (Hubner) Pine Elfin The upper wing surfaces of this species are dark brown in the males, but brighter in the females. The hindwings below are irregularly marked with dark and light brown lines. The wings have white edges. There is one brood, and the adults appear from April to June. It was not seen in the park in recent surveys, but Clark (1932) reported it there in the month of May. Adults have been taken on blueberry, Chinguapin (Castanea pumila) , White cl over ,. pines ( Pines spp.), and often on the ground. Expanse: 25-29 mm. Larvae are on pine . Strymon melinus humuli (Harris) Gray Hairstreak This common species is gray with red and black spots on both surfaces of the hindwings, near the tails. It is reported to have four broods between April and October. It has occurred throughout the park from June to September, but was not abundant in recent studies. It was found here on Porcelain berry and goldenrod. Expanse: 23-30 mm. Unlike most butterflies, the larvae are on 14 various plants, but especially composites, legumes, mallow, mint ( Mentha spp.), Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) and members of the rose family ( Rosaceae) . Everes comyntas comyntas (Godart) Eastern Tailed Blue This common species is the smallest butterfly in this area. The males are blue and have wings with a thin dark border. The females are brownish-black and sometimes they have blue scales. There are two orange and black spots at the tails on the hindwings. Both sexes are lighter beneath with black spotting In recent studies this species was the third most common species found, and ranged throughout the park from April 18 to October 21. There are three broods The adults are attracted to many flowers including Alsike clover, Red clover, asters, dandelion and milkweed. The expanses of park specimens were 18-26 mm. Larvae are on various legumes. ,i Celastrina ladon ladon (Cramer) Spring Azure This common species is usually the first butterfly seen in the spring, it i's larger than the preceeding species. The wings are light blue in both sexes; and the females have black borders. There are dark spots on the under surfaces and tails are lacking. It flies from late March into September, and there are three broods. Park records are from March 29 at Boundary Bridge and Equitation Field to September 19 at Sherrill Drive meadow. Adults have been found on dogwood, honeysuckle, Porcelain berry and Red clover. Park specimens had expanses of 26-28 mm. Larvae are on many plants including blueberry, dogwood, sumac and Arrow-wood (Viburnum). Family Libytheidae (Snout Butterflies) Libytheana bachmanii bachmanii (Kirtland) Eastern Snout Butterfly The wings of this species are orange with broad dark borders and white spots on the outer forewings. The hindwings are brownish below. There is also a beak-like projection on the head. There are three broods, and adults occur from June to October. The only park record was by the author on August 8, 1978 at Military Field. The expanses of local area specimens were 39-46 mm. Larvae are on hackberry ( Celtis spp.). Family Nymphalidae ( Brush- footed Butterflies) This family contains many species, most of which are larger butterflies. They are also known as Four-footed Butterflies. 15 Euptoieta claudia (Cramer) Variegated Fritillary This medium-sized butterfly has wings of several shades of light brown with black markings and spots. It is brighter colored below. Three broods follow the occurrence of overwintering adults in May. Local records are from June 2 to November 4. A specimen was collected on August 20, 1947 by the writer at the northern area of the park. Clark (1932) reported it in this same area, and also along Rock Creek near the National Zoological Park. It was not recorded in recent studies. Adults are attracted to many flowers including aster (Bidens spp.) goldenrod and Red clover. Expanses vary greatly, from 41-70 mm. Larval host plants include May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum) , Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and violets (Viola spp. ) . Speyeria cybele cybele (Fabricius) Great Spangled Fritillary The wings of this large butterfly are dark brown inwardly, and lighter red-brown outwardly. They are marked with irregular black bars, spots and bands. The hindwings below are chocolate-brown with a buff outer band, and there are also numerous large silver spots. It is said to have one brood, which is spread out from May to October. Some local area and Rock Creek Park records are June 13, 15, 16, 23; July 21; August 20, 31; and October 1. Some hosts in this area are aster, milkweed, Red clover and thistle. Expanse: 60-87 mm. Larvae are on violets. Phyciodes tharos tharos (Drury) Pearl Crescent This common, smaller-sized butterfly is reddish-brown and is marked with wavy black lines and spots. It is lighter below, and there are small crescents on the outer edges of the hindwings. Adults appear in April and there are three broods. Clark (1932) reported that this species is the commonest butterfly of the region. I also found it to be the most numerous species in the park. In a detailed survey conducted in 1978, I found it throughout the park from April 30 to October 21 (Fales, 1978). At that time, it followed only the Cabbage butterfly and the Eastern-tailed blue in abundance. It visits numerous flowers including asters, milkweed, Mist flower (Eupatorium coelestinum) and Red clover. Park specimens measured 28-36 mm. in expanse. Larvae are on asters. Polygonia interrogation^ (Fabricius) Question Mark The Question Mark or Violet Tip is of medium size. It is orange-brown, and is marked with darker spots. The wings have irregular or broken-looking edges. The hindwings have tails with violet-colored edges. There is an inverted silver guestion sign on the underside. Forms also occur which have very dark hindwings. The adults overwinter and may be seen on warm winter days. They emerge from hibernation in April, and three broods follow. They may be seen throughout the season, and sometimes as late as November. Adults visit many plants, including milkweed and rotten fruits. Some park records are May 26 16 (Military Field), 3une 2 (Sherrill Drive meadow), and dune 10, 30 and July 29 (Park Road meadow). Wagner (1941a) also found this species here on May 28 and July 21, 1933. Expanse: 50-71 mm. tarvae are on elm (Ulmus spp.) and nettles ( Labiatae) . Polygon.ia comma (Harris) Comma This species is similar to the preceeding one, but is smaller and lacks the violet coloring. A silver comma is present on the underside of each hindwing. It also hibernates as an adult. Three broods follow the appearance of the first adults in March or April, and it is on the wing all season. Clark (1932) reported that it is freguent in the higher and drier woods in the park. Recent records were April 3, 1984 (Boundary Bridge), May 26 and September 11 (Sherrill Drive meadow), September 11 (Military Field), and May 19, October 3 and 21 (East Beach Drive). Expanse: 45-59 mm. Larvae are on elm and nettles. Nymphalis antiopa antiopa (Linnaeus) Mourning Cloak This large butterfly is brownish-black with the outer wing margins edged with ivory-colored bands. Inside these bands are rows of small blue spots. Adults overwinter, and may be seen in flight on warm winter days. There are two broods, although late fall specimens may represent a third. Clark (1932) reported that this species was numerous in the park. Some of my records at the north end of the park are March 29; April 3, 7; June 30; September 28; and October 1 and 9. Specimens are usually collected on the wing, while resting on tree trunks or on the ground. Expanse: 63-85 mm. Larvae are generally on elm and willow (Salix spp.). Vanessa virginiensis (Drury) American Painted Lady The forewings of this butterfly are a patchwork of browns and black, with dark margins. The tips of the forewings are black with small white spots, and there is a larger white bar inwardly. The bottom half of the underside of the forewings are pink, and the hindwings are marked with two large spots. It has three broods. It usually occurs from May to October, and overwinters as an adult. Clark (1932) reported a specimen from the park in mid-December, 1926. More recent records are May 30, and September 8 and 11. Adults visit many flowers including asters, azaleas, blackberry, Indian hemp, everlasting ( Compositae) , goldenrod, ironweed, milkweed and Red clover. Park specimens had expanses of 45-58 mm. Larvae are on everlasting and other composites. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) Painted Lady This species is very similar to the preceeding one, except that the undersides of the hindwings have four smaller spots along the outer edges instead of the two large spots. It has three broods, and flies from May to October. However, it is irregular in occurrence, and in some seasons it does not occur. I collected a female on October 6, 1947 at the North Portal area, but it was not seen in the park in recent surveys. Like the preceeding species, it is fond of flowers, especially Red clover. Expanse: 51-64 mm. Larvae are on nettle . Vanessa atalanta rubria (Fruhstorfer) Red Admiral This colorful butterfly is brownish-black with red bands across the forewings, and along the outer edges of the hindwings. There are also white spots near the wing tips of the forewings. The red is lacking on the underside of the hindwings. The flight period is usually from May to October, but it occasionally appears in early spring. Park records are from May 19 to September 12 at Sherrill Drive and Madison-Carter Baron meadows. I also found it there on May 24, 1952. There are three broods. Specimens have been taken on aster, joe-pye weed, milkweed, dung and decaying fruit. They often rest on tree trunks and bare ground. Expanse: 46-63 mm. Larvae are on nettle. Ounonia coenia (Hubner) Buckeye This common species is one of the most beautiful of our butterflies. It is basically brown, and usually with dark light-ringed, blue-centered circles on the wings above and on the forewings below. There are also orange and black markings. Distinctive white bars cross the outer areas of the forewings. However, there is considerable variability. Overwintering adults may occur from March to May, when three broods follow. Late individuals are active some years into November. Recent park records were in August and September. Flower attractants include aster, Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) , joe-pye weed, marigold (Compositae) , Queen Anne's lace and Red clover. Expanse of park specimens: 42-52 mm. Larval hosts include gerardia (Gerardia spp.), loosestrife (Lythraceae) and plantain (PlantaginaceaeT^ Basilarchia arthemis astyanax (Eabricius) Red-Spotted Purple This common, large butterfly has black forewings with small red spots on the tips, and blue hindwings. There is much red spotting beneath. There are three broods between May and October, and specimens may be found each month. An early record in the park was by D.H. Clemons on October 11, 1908 (Clark, 1932). Recent records were from August 21 to October 3. Adults are attracted to azalea, Bidens spp., dogwood, joe-pye weed, wild cherry, animal feces, mud and rotten fruit. Expanse: 57-92 mm. Some larval foods are Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) , poplar (Populus spp.), Scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) , wild cherry and willow. 18 Basilarchia archippus archippus (Cramer) Viceroy This species has reddish-brown wings with black borders containing a single row of small white spots. The hindwings are crossed by a narrow black band, both above and below. It flies from may to October, and there are three broods. In recent studies this usually common butterfly was recorded only at Piney Branch meadow on September 5, 1978. It visits many flowers including everlastings, goldenrod and honeysuckle. Expanse: 51-89 mm. larvae are on poplar and willow. Family Apaturidae (Hackberry and Goatweed Butterflies) Asterocainpa celt.is (Boisduval and Leconte) Hackberry Butterfly This species is brown with black and white spotting. A black spot is located near the outer margin of the forewing. The surfaces are lighter below, and there are rows of small blue, black and yellow spots on the hindwing. There are two broods between dune and September. Although not seen recently in the park, this species was taken there by E. Shoemaker prior to 1932. It is rarely seen on flowers, but rests on leaves, the ground and various objects. Expanse: 41-55 mm. Larvae are on Hackberry. Family Satyridae (Satyrs and Wood Nymphs) Members of this family are medium-sized butterflies Megisto cyme] a cyme] a (Cramer) Little Wood Satyr This brown butterfly has black, yellow-ringed spots on the outer wing margins, both above and below. It is lighter below with two thin transverse bands on both pairs of wings. This species is single-brooded, and it occurs from May to August. Clark (1932) reported it along Rock Creek, and I took a specimen in the northern area on dune 26, 1949. In recent studies it was present at the Park Road meadow from dune 2 to dune 23. It was common on dune 10. They are often found in deep grass and seldom visit flowers. Expanse of park specimens: 35-41 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Cercyonis pegala alope (Fabricius) Common Wood Nymph This species, also called the Goggle Eye, is brown with a yellow block, which contains two darker spots on each forewing. There is a single brood, and adults fly from dune to September. Clark (1932) found this species along the edges of woods in the park, and Wagner (1941a) collected a specimen there on duly 6, 1935. In the 1920's and 1930's I found this species to be faily common in the northern area, however, it was not observed during surveys in the park in 19 1977 and 1978. There are three specimens in the park collection, one of which is dated duly 6, 1962. It is rarely found on flowers but occurs instead on foliage, tree trunks and grass. The expanses of local specimens were 48-63 mm. Larvae are on grasses. Family Danaidae (Monarchs) Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus) Monarch The Monarch, a large butterfly, is one of the best known insects. It is reddish-brown with black margins containing two rows of white spots. There are white spots in the tips of the forewings, and the veins are black. Faded adults may be seen flying northward in April and May. From dune on there may be four or five broods. A southward migration follows in September and October, and sometimes they are in great numbers during this period. The adults overwinter as far south as Mexico. Park records are from duly 15 and September 25. Adults are attracted to many flowers including aster, everlasting, goldenrod, joe-pye weed, milkweed, mustard (Cruci ferae) and Red clover. Expanse: 76-104 mm. The larvae are on milkweed. Discussion Of the 97 species of butterflies known from the District of Columbia, 58 have been recorded from Rock Creek Park. Five of these occurrences are based on relatively recent records (1972 or later). Three of those (Staphylus hay- hurst ii , Thymelicus lineola and Nastra lherminier) are recent arrivals in this area, and the others (Satyrium edwardsii and Calycopis cecrops) are rare forms that simply may have been missed in earlier studies. In my surveys during 1977 and 1978, the most numerous species were Polites coras, Artogeia rapae, Everes comyntas, Phyciodes tharos, Poanes zabulon , Col ias philodice , and Ancyloxypha num.itor . Some of this information is generally comparable to the experience of Clark more than fifty years ago. In referring to Polites coras he (Clark, 1932) said, "Except for the Least Skipper ( Ancyloxypha numitor) this is the most abundant of the smaller skippers in this region." In reference to Everes comyntas, he said, it is "one of the most abundant butterflies in the District." On commenting on Phyciodes tharos he said, it is "being, in fact the commonest butterfly of the region." However, of Artogeia rapae, he wrote "within this area the cabbage butterfly is very uneguallly distributed. Briefly speaking, it is by no means so common as would be expected". It is also interesting that some species found commonly in the older studies ( Feniseca _t . targuinius and Cercyonis £. aiope for instance) have not been found more recently. However, additional research will be reguired to determine if these subtle changes in the local butterfly fauna are the result of natural fluctuations, habitat modification or other factors. These studies, old and new, provide a base-line for a better understanding of the species found about the research meadows, as well as throughout all of Rock Creek Park. 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Park includes a majority of the species known from the local area. Also, it can be expected that the further development of the research meadows by the National Park Service will help in attracting additional species. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mrs. Peggy Fleming, National Park Service, for permitting my research on butterflies in Rock Creek Park from 1977 to the present. Thanks also go to Thomas B. Blevins (deceased), G.O. Krizek and D.G. Shappirio for certain of their unpublished records, and to R.T. Mitchell for his critical review of the paper. The National park Service also provided financial assistance to offset some of my travel expenses. Literature Cited Clark, A.H. 1929. Preliminary list of the butterflies of the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 42:113-116. Clark, A.H. 1932. The butterflies of the District of Columbia and vicinity. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 137. 337 pp. Clark, A.H., and L. F. Clark. 1938. Butterflies from Virginia and the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 51:1-6. Clark, A.H., and L. F. Clark. 1951. The butterflies of Virginia. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116(7) : 1 -239. Fales, 3.H. 1978. Note on collecting Staphylus hayhurstii (Edwards) in Rock Creek Park. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 80(3):460. Fales, 3.H. 1979. Note on Collecting Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer) in Rock Creek Park. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 81(1): 147 . Fales, 3.H. 1979. Note on collecting Satyrium edwardsii (Saunders) and Calycopis cecrops (F.) in Rock Creek Park. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 81(4): 700 . Holland, W.J. 1931. The Butterfly Book (Revised). Doubleday and Co., New York. 424 pp. Howe, W.H. 1975. The Butterflies of North America. Doubleday and Co., New York. 633 pp. Klots, A.B. 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 349 pp. Macy, R.W., and H.H. Shepard. 1941. Butterflies. Univ. Minn. Press, Minneapolis. 247 pp. Miller, L.D. and F. M. Brown. 1981. A Catalogue/Checklist of the Butterflies of America North of Mexico. The Lepidopterists ' Soc. Memoir No. 2. 280 pp. 23 Mitchell, R.T., and H.5. Zim. 1962. Butterflies and Moths. Golden Press, New York. 160 pp. Opler, P.A., and G.O. Krizek. 1984. Butterflies East of the Great Plains. Tine Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 294 pp. Hike , H. 1903. A list of the beetles of the District of Columbia. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 25:1-57. Wagner, W.H., Or. 1941. District of Columbia butterfly notes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) . Ent. News. 52(7) :196-200. Wagner, W.H., Or. 1941. District of Columbia butterfly notes. Ent. News 52(9) :245-249. 2809 Ridge Road, Neeld Estate, Huntingtown, Maryland 20639 24 Ecphora; Important Fossil From The Miocene Strata On The Chesapeake Bay Raye N. Germon, Lauck W. Ward, and Clayton E. Ray Introduction As one walks along the narrow sandy beaches of southern Maryland on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, one quickly becomes aware of a different time, a much earlier time, a time when ancient seas invaded the land and left behind a geologic record rich in fossil remains. Today this record is exposed in wave-cut cliffs bordering the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries (Figure 1). The strata in these cliffs preserve a significant part of the geologic history of the area and the evolutionary history of its prehistoric plants and animals which are now preserved as fossils. The most abundant fossils in the cliffs are the mollusks, some of which are still living but most of which are extinct. On close inspection of the cliffs one may see a bit of russet color and discover that it is produced by the surface of a large graceful snail shell which can be distinguished by its strongly developed, high ribs and its rather widely flaring umbilicus. This shell is also characterized by its reddish-amber color which contrasts with the white color of other mollusks. This is the Genus Ecphora , which rivals shark teeth in its popularity with collectors. Extinct for some 3 million years, this fossil muricid gastropod is found in all three of Maryland's Miocene formations, which are, from oldest to youngest, the Calvert, Choptank, and St. Marys. It is also found in other Miocene and Pliocene formations from New Jersey to Florida. Ecphora is known to paleontologists as an index fossil, or one that is used to recognize and correlate geological strata of similar age. For more than 200 years Ecphora has been a much sought-after prize for collectors of both Holocene and older shells and has become a paleontological symbol. Ecphora has been illustrated in numerous journals and appears in the logo of the Paleontological Research Institution. On May 14, 1984 Governor Harry Hughes signed Senate Bill 193, now Chapter 313 of the Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland, designating the Ecphora from the St. Marys Formation on , the St. Marys River as the official state fossil (Figure 2). The name traditionally associated with this St. Marys Ecphora is Ecphora guadricostata (see Martin, 1904). More recently, it has been widely recognized that the name Ecphora guadricostata actually belongs to a different species, from the Yorktown Formation in Virginia (Figure 3). Accordingly, the St. Marys species and the official state fossil will be receiving its own new name (Wilson, in press), even though the fossil itself will be the same, familiar, heavy-ribbed form known to scientists, students, and collectors for scores of years. Geological. And Biological History of Ecphora The Genus Ecphora probably originated in Oligocene time, around 30 million years ago. Ecphora has been reported (Wade, 1926; Sohl , 1964) from Upper Cretaceous sediments in Tennessee and Mississippi, but the Cretaceous The Maryland Naturalist 31(1):25-33. 25 Figure 1. Cliff just south of Plum Point, Calvert County, Maryland. Cliffs such as this should be approached only with caution. It is possible though not likely, for them to collapse on a would-be collector. Bed 10 of the Calvert Formation is at sea level. The geologists are sampling Bed 12 of the Calvert. Persons in the photograph are Drs. William H. Abbott and Alan-Oon W. Zupan, both then of the South Carolina Geological Survey, Dr. Douglas F. Williams of the University of South Carolina, and Dr. Blake W. Blackwelder then of the U.S. Geological Survey. Abbott is now with Mobil Oil, Dallas, Texas and Blackwelder is with Tenneco, Houston, Texas. (Photo by L . W. Ward, 1979). 26 species lacks the translucent brown outer shell layer of Miocene Ecphora. For this reason, the authors believe that the Cretaceous form is unrelated to the Miocene stock and is not considered here. Judging from the sediments in which Ecphora is found and its associated marine assemblages, the gastropod is believed to have lived in the open sea on the inner to middle continential shelf during a time of extreme environmental shifts between cool and subtropical conditions. Ecphora apparently was a predatory gastropod that probably fed upon other gastropods, bivalves, sedentary polychaete worms, crustaceans, echinoids, brachiopods, and corals, all of which were common in the seas at that time. It may have fed by boring holes in the shells of other animals using its radula, a series of rasp-like chitonous teeth, and secretions from an accessory boring organ located in its foot. Such boreholes are present in many of the Miocene shells in Maryland, but these holes may have had other origins, because other snail genera such as Urosalpinx and Lunat ia were also borers. After a long geologic history, Ecphora became extinct in the late Pliocene ( Blackwelder , 1981) during a period of apparently extreme cooling which caused the demise of numerous other marine species at the same general time. Nomenclatural History of Ecphora The scientific records concerning Ecphora begin in 1770 with an illustra¬ tion appearing in William Huddesford's third edition of Martin Lister's "Historia Conchylorium" (Figure 4). Beginning as a small octavo work printed in 1685 under the name "de Cochleis" and consisting of copper plate engravings of land snails, this modest publication was circulated privately among Lister's friends (Wilkins, 1957; Dance, 1966, 1986). Lister immediately launched into an expanded second version, in which he intended to include all living and extinct freshwater and marine shells then known (Wilkins, 1957). "Historia Con- chyliorum" was the first practical attempt at a systematic arrangement on conchology (Wilkins, 1957). Lister, upon his death in 1712, left all of his original copper plates to the Ashmolean Museum where, in 1770, William Huddesford, then curator, published the so-called third edition of "Historia Conchyliorum" , complete in one volume and containing all that was in the "second edition" plus extra plates and six pages of notes from Lister's handwritten manuscript (Wilkins, 1957). The illustration of Ecphora (at that time unnamed) appeared on the last plate, numbered 1059.2, with only the note "a marilandia" meaning "from Maryland". The Huddesford edition was published under the patronage of Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, Second Duchess of Portland (Dance, 1966, 1986). After her death in 1785 the extensive collections of the Portland Museum were sold at auction. The catalogue prepared for this action listed as lot number 3516 "a very curious and rare species of Buccinum in a fossil state, having four high sharp ridges, from Maryland, very rare — ■ Lister, 1059.2". Lot 3516, apparently containing the Ecphora, was purchased by J. Bell of London, one of the proprietors of the "Morning Post" and Bookseller to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, London (Salisbury, 1945). No information is available on the present whereabouts of the fossil. There are several possible sources for Lister's Ecphora illustration in the Huddesford edition. Most of the leading English naturalists of the day were members of the Temple Coffee House Botany Club near London. Among its members were Sir Hans Sloane, James Petiver, William Sherard, S. Robert Plukenet, William Charleton, and Martin Lister. John Banister, a young minister and botanist, arrived in Virginia in 1678 and began immediately to compile a plant catalogue and send botanical specimens as well as land snails and fossils back 27 Figure 2 . The state fossil of Maryland (after Martin, 1904) from the St. Marys River, St. Marys County, Maryland. This species is being named by Druid Wilson ( in press) . Figure 3. Fcphora guadricostata (Say, 1824). This photograph is the first known published of the holotype (British Museum, Natural History, GG 12661). Notice that the ribs are much thinner than those of the St. Mary's species, which are higher on the body whorl and decidely T-shaped. John Finch is believed to have found this specimen at Yorktown, Virginia. (Photo by B. W. Blackwelder and L. W. Ward). Figure 4. Martin Lister's figure of the shell from Maryland believed to be an Ecphora . (after Martin, 1904). Figure 3. Ecphora tricostata Martin, 1904. This species is known only from Bed 10 of the Calvert Formation in Maryland and from the Pungo River Formation in North Carolina, (after Martin, 1904). Figure 6. Ecphora ecclesiastica (Dali, 1915). Occurs in the lower part of the Calvert Formation in Queen Annes County, Maryland, (after Martin, 1904). Figure 7. Ecphora sp. This unnamed species of Ecphora occurs in Beds 14 through 17 in the Calvert and Choptank Formations. The figured specimen comes from Bed 14 of the Calvert at Scientists Cliffs, Calvert County, Maryland. Figure 8. Ecphora sp. An unnamed species mistakenly called E. guadricostata var. umbil icata by Martin, 1904. Fusus umbilicata actually is a form from the Yorktown Formation in Virginia and is a junior synonym of _E. guadricostata . This unnamed species ranges from Bed 14 of the Calvert Formation to Bed 18 of the Choptank Formation. The figured specimen is from Bed 17 at Drumcliff, St. Marys County, Maryland, (after Martin, 1904). Figure 9. Ecphora sp. A rare species that is known to occur only in Bed 14 of the Calvert Formation. Figured specimen is from Fones Cliffs, Richmond County, Virginia. (Photo B. W. Blackwelder and L. W. Ward). Figure 10. Ecphora sp. An unusual unnamed species that is known to occur only in Bed 17 of the Choptank Formation. The figured specimen comes from Drumcliff, St. Marys County, Maryland. (Photo by B. W. Blackwelder and L. W. Ward). Figure 11. Ecphora sp. An unnamed, thick-ribbed species known only from Bed 19 of the Choptank formation. The species appears to be the precursor to the heavy-ribbed St. Marys Ecphora. (Photo by B. W. Blackwelder and L. W. Ward) . 28 29 to England to various members of the Temple Coffee House Botany Club (Ewan and Ewan, 1970). Banister was a talented illustrator and an astute collector of the flora and fauna of Virginia. Specimens of freshwater, land, and fossil shells along with correspondence from Banister to Martin Lister are recorded by Ewan and Ewan in their book on John Banister published in 1970. It remains unclear whether the members of the Temple Coffee House Botany Club financed Banister as they did later naturalists in the new world. After the untimely death of Banister in 1692, Hugh Jones came to Maryland in 1696 to collect plants, insects, fossils and shells and also to become the Minister in Christ Church Parish, Calvert County, Maryland (Ewan and Ewan, 1970; Ray, in press). In addition to Hugh Jones, the "Botany Club" sent William Vernon and David Krieg on a joint collecting expedition to Maryland. One of these three men, Hugh Jones, William Vernon, or David Krieg, all of whom collected in Maryland, seems the most likely source of the specimen of Ecphora illustrated in the Huddesford edition of "Historia Conchyliorum" , because the caption on plate 1059.2 reads "a marilandia" . The illustration of Ecphora in the Huddesford edition (1770) has been said by several authors (Shattuck, 1904; Vokes, 1957) to be the earliest figured American fossil, but Ward and Blackwelder (1975) pointed out that this honor probably should go to Chesapecten jeffersonius (Say, 1824), which was illustrated and described (but not named) by Lister in 1687 (see also Ray, in press) . In 1824, Thomas Say of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was the first to name a species of the genus Ecphora , calling it Eusus 4-costatus (see figure 3). Later, T. A. Conrad (1843) gave Say's specimen a new generic name, Ecphora . Say's (1824) description was based on specimens given to him by John finch, Professor of Geology, Birmingham University, Birmingham, England. Pinch had indicated (apparently by word of mouth) that he collected these specimens in Maryland on the St. Marys River, so that Say reported the species, and others, from that locality. Although Pinch (1833, p. 273) later described where he obtained the Virginia collection (Yorktown, Va.), he never formally corrected Say's mistake, thus perpetuating the misinformation. Later investigations by Ward have shown that none of the specimens described from the Finch collection came from Maryland, but rather from the Eastover and Yorktown Formations in the vicinity of Yorktown, Virginia. The first Ecphora actually described from Maryland was Ecphora tricostata Martin, 1904 (Figure 5) from the Calvert Formation. Martin also figured and described a small specimen from Calvert beds at Church Hill on the Eastern Shore in Queen Anne County (Figure 6), but he incorrectly called it "Ecphora tampaensis" , a species from the Florida Miocene. This misidentification was corrected by Dali (1915) when he named the specimen from Church Hill, "ecclesiastica" . Wilson (in press) has excluded ecclesiastics from the genus Ecphora. Evolutionary Lineage of Ecphora © In spite of the fact that the Calvert, Choptank, and St. Marys Formations in Maryland contain an extraordinarily complete evolutionary sequence of Ecphora, only Ecphora tricostata and Ecphora ecclesiastica have been named to date. Druid Wilson (National Museum of Natural History) has several 30 names in press, some of which certainly will be applied to Maryland forms; one to the St. Marys species and one to a Calvert species. Several species, however, remain unnamed. Among these are two that range from the upper Calvert to the lower Choptank (Figures 7, 8), one restricted to the upper Calvert (Figure 9), one restricted to the lower Choptank (Figure 10), and one restricted to the upper Choptank (Figure 11). Two additional unnamed species (not figured) occur in the Eastover Formation (upper Miocene) in Virginia. Maryland Collecting Localities Several localities in Maryland are especially productive for collecting Ecphora . Bed 10 (Shattuck, 1904) of the Calvert Formation, which is exposed from below Chesapeake Beach to below Plum Point in Calvert County, contains abundant Ecphora tricostata (Fig. 5), but most are crushed in place and reguire time-consuming extraction and restoration. This is true also for Bed 14 of the Calvert, in the vicinity of Scientists Cliffs and Governors Run, where several unnamed species (Figs. 7, 8, 9) are common. In contrast, Bed 17 of the Choptank Formation at Drumcliff on the Patuxent River, St. Marys County contains numerous, relatively well-preserved specimens of several species (Figs. 7, 8, 10). The best specimens of Ecphora can be obtained from the St. Marys Eormation (Eig. 2), notably from two general localities: Little Cove Point, western shore of Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County and Chancellor Point, St. Marys River, St. Marys County. As in all fossil collecting localities, would-be collectors must receive permission to hunt on private or state-owned land. Only when such permission is granted is it possible to collect fossils legally, failure to get permission can only make it increasingly difficult to gain access to favorite localities in the future. Conclusions Ecphora is well represented in the Miocene and Pliocene beds of Maryland and Virginia. In Maryland, a nearly continuous seguence of Miocene beds contains a remarkable evolutionary series of that marine gastropod. Although the unigue morphology of Ecphora has long made it a favorite of scientists and amateurs, only recently have studies been initiated concening its morphology §nd evolutionary history. Its relatively long geologic history and distinctive changes in form during that interval may make it a potentially important example of the dynamics of evolutionary processes. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dr. Robert E. Weems (U.S. Geological Survey*, Reston, Va.), Dr. Thomas R. Waller (National Museum of Natural History, Dept, of Paleobiology, Washington, D.C.), and Dr. M.G. Harasewych (National Museum of Natural History, Dept, of Invertebrate Zoology, Washington, D.C.) for reading and commenting on this manuscript; Dr. Harry Lee (Jacksonville, Elorida) and Mrs. Laura B. Kahler (Washington Grove, Maryland) for providing special information and help. 31 Literature Cited Blackwelder, B. W. 1981. Late Cenozoic stages and molluscan zones of the U.S. Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Journal of Paleontology, 55, supp. to no. 5, pt. II of II, Memoir 12, 1-34. Conrad, T. A. 1843. Descriptions of a new genus, and of twenty-nine new Miocene, and one Eocene fossil shells of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1:305-311. Dali, W. H. 1915. A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax zone of the Oligocene of Tampa, Florida. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, 26 pp . , pis. 1-26. Dance, S. P. 1966. Shell collecting, an illustrated history. Faber and Faber, London, 344 pp. Dance, S. P. 1986. A history of shell collecting. F.J. Brill - Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden. 265 pp. Ewan, J., and N. Ewan. 1970. John Banister and his Natural History of Virginia, 1678-1692. University of Illinois Press; Urbana, Chicago, London. 486 pp. Finch, I. 1833. Travels in the United States of America and Canada. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, London. 331 pp. Huddesford, W. 1770. Martini Lister, M.D. Historiae sive Synopsis Methodicae Conchyliorum. Oxford. 1059 pp. + 22 numbered plates. Lister, M. 1685. de Cochleis. Published by Martin Lister. Lister, M. 1685-1692. Historiae sive Synopsis Methodicae Conchyliorum. London. 1057 pp. + 22 numbered plates. Martin, G. C. 1904. Systematic Paleontology, Miocene; Mollusca, Gastropoda. Maryland Geological Survey, Miocene Volume: p. 131-270, pis. XXXIX — L XI 1 1 . Ray, C. E. In Press. Foreword, _in Ray, C. F. (ed.), Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, II. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 61. Salisbury, A. E. 1945. Work and workers on British Mollusca (Presidential Address). The Journal of Conchology. In two parts, May 1945, November 1945. Say, T. 1824. An account of some of the fossil shells of Maryland. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, I V ( 1 ) : 124-155, pis. VII-XIII. Shattuck, G. B. 1904. Geological and paleontological Relations, with a review of earlier investigations, _In William Bullock Clark, George Burbank Shattuck, and William Healy Dali, The Miocene Deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, Miocene volume, p. XXXI I I-CXXXVI I . 32 Sohl, N. F. 1964. Neogastropoda , Opisthobranchia, and Basommatrophora from the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff Formations. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 331-B: 133-344, pis. 19-52. Vokes, H. E. 1957. Miocene fossils of Maryland. Maryland Board of Natural Resources, Department of Geology, Mines and water resources Bulletin 20: 85 pp, pis. 1-31 . Wade, B. 1926. The fauna of the Ripley Formation on Coon Creek, Tennessee. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 137:272 pp, pis. I-LXXII. Ward, L. W. , and B. W. Blackwelder. 1975. Chesapecten , a new genus of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Miocene and Pliocene of Eastern North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 861: 24 pp, pis. 1-7. Wilkins, G. L. 1957. Notes on the Histor.ia Conchyliorum of Martin Lister (1683-1712). Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 3:196-205. Wilson, D. (In Press). Species of Ecphora in the Pungo River Formation, In C.E. Ray (ed.), Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, II. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 61. (RNG) Dept, of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560; (LWW) U.S. Geological Survey, National Center (MS 970) Reston, Va. 22092; (CER) Dept, of Paleo¬ biology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. 33 Phantom Calcite Crystals From Carroll County, Maryland Fred J. Parker Large, multiple growth calcite crystals were found at the Genstar-Medford Quarry near Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland. These finds of late 1985 and early 1986 consisted of several very large pockets and hundreds of smaller pockets in a cavernous zone within the Wakefield Marble. The mineralogical importance of the occurrance was the abundance of large phantom (multiple growth) calcite crystals. The mineralized zone is now obliterated and access to the quarry is strictly prohibited. The Medford Quarry is apparently the Hyde Quarry described by Ostrander and Price (1940) as containing calcite, quartz, pyrite, malachite, and other minerals typical of marbles. The rare mineral lanthanite was later reported as small pink radiating crystals in cavities in slate (Roe, 1975). About 1975 a zone containing secondary copper minerals including aurichalcite , malachite, and rosasite was also encountered (M. Elwood, personal communication). The calcite crystals were encountered during removal of a highly fractured, cavernous zone in the Paleozoic Wakefield Marble on the lower level of the quarry. These crystals were deposited by mineral-rich waters in fractures and solution cavities. At least three large cavities ranging to about five feet in length and several feet high were uncovered in the wall, along with hundreds of smaller pockets. Singly terminated, and a few doubly terminated crystals up to ten inches long were collected. Crystals were generally drab brown to gray or milky white in color, although a limited number of smaller, salmon pink to honey yellow crystals were also found. The crystals were nearly all phantom growths, reflecting two to three stages of mineral deposition. Most contained a white to purple core which flouresced red under short-wave ultraviolet radiation. This red flourescense is generally attributed to manganese trace impurities in the calcite. A second calcite growth, usually drab in color due to mud or metal (iron and/or man¬ ganese) oxide coloration, covered the primary crystal. This generation was generally less than 0.5 inches in thickness. Third generation growth was present on the same crystals, either as thin, lustrous, colorless coatings or as complex colorless to white crystal growths. The presence of these multiple calcite generations clearly showed the outlines of the earlier crystals when held up to a light source. The abundance of such phantom growths at the Medford Quarry is remarkable. The majority of these crystals exhibited common crystallographic habits. However, many exhibited several forms simultaneously, making them crystallographically complex. The primary crystals were simple scalenohedrons , but complex rhombic and nailhead forms, as well as parallel growths and butterfly twins were also found. The Maryland Naturalist 31(13:34-36. 34 Figure 1. Series of crystals from Genstar-Medford Quarry showing crystal habits described in this paper. A second, unique calcite occurrence consisted of lusterous white to brown platy crystals totally covering large knobs in a single pocket above five feet in length. The platy habit and dense nature of these crystals closely resembled barite, but chemical tests confirmed that they were calcite. Ten to fifteen good specimens were recovered from this pocket. Entry into the Genstar-Jyledford Quarry is now strictly forbidden. Prior to early 1986, sporadic permission has been granted, but, due to a series of regretable actions by one or two collectors, this privilege was discontinued. The quarry subsequently changed ownership but this policy has not been changed. It has been reported that the cavernous zone containing the crystals has been removed, making collection of additional specimens unlikely. 35 The author gratefully acknowledges Genstar Corporation and Mr. Gene Larrick of the Medford Quarry for their cooperation and understanding toward serious collectors prior to the incidents which led to the closing of the quarry. Literature Cited Ostrander, C. W. , and W. F. Price, Or. 1940. Minerals of Maryland. The Natural History Society of Maryland, Baltimore. 45 pp. Roe, A. 1975. "A New Mineral-Almost , II". Mineralogical Record 6(6):299. 6714 Bushranger Path, Columbia, Maryland 21046 36 The Occurrence of the Freshwater Jellyfish, Craspedacusta sowerbyi , In Maryland Susan E. Rivers In 1982 I received two reports of the occurrence of the freshwater jellyfish, Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester, in Maryland waters. The first siting was reported to me by the owner of a private pond in southwestern Washington County and the second was made by a Maryland Department of Natural Resources fisheries crew conducting a night survey of Clopper Lake in Montgomery County. Both sites were artificial impoundments that were used freguently during the summer months for aguatic recreational activities, yet no sitings of the species had ever been reported in either area. (Clopper Lake was completed in 1977, while the private pond was completed in the late 1960's.) A check of available sources failed to reveal any previous sitings of the freshwater jellyfish in the state of Maryland. Since I had never heard of a freshwater jellyfish I must admit that I was initially more than just a little skeptical, especially when a visit to the Washington County pond revealed no specimens. However, the landowner insisted that they appeared at dusk, so by waiting until dark I was able to observe numerous individuals and collect some small jellyfish to take back to my office. I was able to keep these specimens alive for about two weeks in an aguarium by feeding them crustaceans from the Albert Powell Hatchery spring. During this time, I was able to confirm the identification of the species. Jellyfish, or medusa, are abundant in marine waters, but truly freshwater species are rare. In addition to C). sowerbyi , there are only a few other species of Craspedacusta in China and Japan, and several L imnocnida in India and Africa (Hutchinson, 1967: Pennak, 1978). Craspedacusta sowerbyi is the only one found in North America, where it has been previously reported from most states east of the Great Plains and several western localities (Hyman, 1959). In addition to North America, C. sowerbyi has been reported from Canada, South America, the West Indies, England, Europe and China (Hutchinson, 1967; Pennak, 1978; Reid, 1965; Russell-Hunter , 1970). The life history of £. sowerbyi is interesting. It remains dormant in a feeder stream for long periods as a hydra-shaped polyp. The polyp remains inconspicuous on the bottom sediments until conditions favor the medusal stage. Then, medusae begin to bud off to become free swimming. This is not a regular occurrence, and medusae may not appear for many years. However, when they do appear, they tend to occur between July and October (Pennak, 1978), perhaps in response to changes in water temperature (Barnes, 1974). The medusae are umbrella-shaped and the bell is fringed with numerous tentacles that are used for feeding and swimming (Figure 1). They swim to the surface of the lake or pond by rhythmic contractions of the bell and then float down through the water column with their tentacles extended to capture food. Statocysts (stinging cells) paralyze rotifers and planktonic crustaceans which are then ingested (Amos, 1967; Barnes, 1980; Hutchinson, 1967? Pennak, 1978). The Maryland Naturalist 31(11:37-39. 37 Figure 1. Craspedacusta sowerby.i collected August 1982 in Washington County Pond. Individual illustrated is about 10 mm in diameter. The appearance of medusae is often explosive, with millions of dime to guarter sized jellyfish swimming through the water. When they occur in North American waters they all tend to be one sex (Hutchinson, 1967; Pennak, 1978). Nevertheless, they are capable of reproducing either asexually or sexually. Asexual reproduction occurs when they are expanding their numbers rapidly. With this method, small medusae simply bud off of the bell-shaped vellum to become new individuals. When conditions begin to deteriorate, the medusae begin to produce sexual gametes. After fertilization, the eggs hatch and become motile planula larvae. These larvae swim back to the feeder streams where they settle to the bottom and transform into inconspicuous polyps (Barnes, 1980: Pennak, 1978) . Although much is still to be learned about this creature, long term study is made difficult by the sporadic occurrence of the medusae, and the fact that the polyps are easily confused with other species of hydroids (Hutchinson, 1967). To this date, medusae have apparently not reappeared at either of the two known Maryland sites. However, when conditions are suitable, C. sowerbyi will again appear, giving us another chance to learn more about one of Maryland's oddest aguatic creatures. 38 Literature Cited Amos, W. H. 1967. The Life of a Pond. McGraw-Hill, New York. 232 pp. Barnes, R. D. 1974. Invertebrate Zoology. W.B. Saunders and Co., Philadelphia. 870 pp. Barnes, R. D. 1980. Invertebrate Zoology, Second Edition. Saunders College, Philadelphia. 1089 pp. Hutchinson, G. E. 1967. A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. II: Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1115 pp. Hyman, L. H. 1959. Coelenterata. Pages 313-322 _I_n W. T. Edmondson, ed. Freshwater Biology, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1248 pp. Pennak, R. W. 1978. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 803 pp. Reid, G. K. 1965. Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. 365 pp. Russell-Hunter, W. D. 1970. A Biology of Lower Invertebrates. McMillan and Company, Toronto. 181 pp. Inland Fisheries Division, Maryland Tidewater Administration, Albert M. Powell State Trout Hatchery, Route 1, Box 180, Hagerstown, MD 21740 39 ■o , . 0 c ° INFORMATION The Maryland Naturalist is a quarterly publication of the Natural History Society of Maryland. Subject matter -includes all areas of the natural history of Maryland and adjacent states. Suitability of manuscripts will be determined by the editor. All accepted manu¬ scripts will be reviewed by appropriate specialists prior to publication. Address all manuscripts and corres¬ pondence (except that relating to subscriptions) to Editor, The Maryland Naturalist, Natural History Society of Maryland, 2643 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218. Information relating to subscriptions, or purchase of back issues or other society publications should be directed to the society Secretary at the address given above. Manuscr ipts • subm itted for consideration should be typed, double spaced, on good quality bond paper with adequate margins. Authors should adhere generally to the Council o f Biology Editors Style Manual . However, indiv i dual i 1 t y and readability of writing style are encouraged . Contributions other than short notes should include a brief informative abstract. Payment of page charges is not required for publication in The Maryland Naturalist. However, if funds are available, assistance to offset publication costs would be welcome. Subscription to The Maryland Naturalist comes with membership in the Natural History Society of Maryland. Membership is $12.30 per year. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND, INC 2643 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218 W3/S f The l Mmrvimmd nh Naturalist THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND Volume 31, Number 2 June, 1987 ISSN 00964158 The Maryland Naturalist Volume 31, Number 2 June, 1987 Contents Page Density Fluctuations in a Meadow Vole Population at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center . David A. Jett and James A. Nichols 41 The Star-nosed Mole on the Delmarva Peninsula: Zoogeographic and Systematic Problems of a Boreal Species in the South . . David S. Lee 44 A Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) from the Potomac River . . Marta F. Nammack and Jean M. Fulton 58 Notes on Some Recent Plant Collections From Cecil County, Maryland . . Donn Redman 59 Arnold W. Norden, Editor Cover Illustration: Skull of the Star-nosed Mole, Candylura cristata. Original drawing by Renaldo Kuhler. Reproduced with permission from the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences. Density Fluctuations in a Meadow Vole Population at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center David A. Jett and James D. Nichols Vole, lemming, and other small rodent "outbreaks" have fascinated natura¬ lists for decades. For nearly half a century, there has been active interest in small mammals that undergo multi-annual fluctuations in some parts of their range (see Krebs & Myers 1974, Taitt and Krebs 1985 for reviews). Several species of small mammals have been studied extensively to determine the pattern of density changes over long periods of time. There seems to be what is best characterized as a continuum of populations extending from those that exhibit only annual fluctuations ( "non-cycl ic" ) to those that undergo distinct patterns of density rises and falls over several years ("cyclic"). Many times a single population will exhibit both types of changes at different times. We studied the Meadow vole (Microtus pennsyl vanicus) in old-field habitat at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland from 1980 to 1984. Initially, our studies were directed at testing the efficacy of a new capture-recapture design and associated estimators (Nichols et al . 1984). Later, we used the study population as the "control" in an experiment involving pesticide effects on meadow voles (Jett 1986, Jett et al . 1986). Meadow voles were trapped with 100 live-traps arranged in a 10 by 10 pattern on a 0.4 ha grid. Trapping was conducted at approx imately monthly intervals with few exceptions. Voles were marked with individually numbered ear tags, and tag numbers were recorded for all captures (see Jett et al . 1986 and Nichols et al . 1984 for detailed explanation of field procedures). Population size for each time period was estimated from combined capture data for adults and subadults (>21 g) of both sexes using the Jolly-Seber estimator (Seber 1982). Changes in estimated population size on the trapping grid are illustrated in Fig. 1. Large fluctuations occurred within and among years. Annual fluc¬ tuations were characteri zed by typical spring declines and early summer and fall increases. Microtus population size peaked in December 1981 with an estimated 157 individuals and reached a low of 8 individuals in June 1983. There was an increase in the population to peak numbers in 1981 followed by a gradual decline that lasted over a year. Low numbers then persisted for seven months until trapping was terminated. We again began trapping on the grid nine months later in late summer 1984 when the population was increasing and approaching levels observed in 1980 and 1981. The pattern of density changes observed for this Microtus population indicates that a multi-annual fluctuation occurred during the period of study. Taitt and Krebs (1985) examined data for several Microtus species studied in North America and observed that populations undergoing multi-annual fluctuations generally reached maximum densities 2-3 times larger than those of non-cycling populations. One exception to this observation was M_. pennsyl vanicus for which maximum densities were similar for populations undergoing both annual and The Maryland Naturalist 31(23:41-43 41 multi-annual fluctuations (Taitt and Krebs, Table 7). The population we studied reached a maximum approximately twice as large as the average for this species reported by Taitt and Krebs (1985). Fig. 1. Meadow vole population size on a 0.4 ha trapping grid in old-field habitat at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Taitt and Krebs (1985) also found two other general patterns in the North American Microtus data. First, the amplitude of fluctuations was always less than 5-fold in annual populations and more than 10-fold in cycling populations. Our results concur with their observations on cyclic populations. Second, they found that spring declines were larger in annual than in cycling populations. Spring declines were observed in our population but were not as large as those often found in annual populations (Fig. 1). 42 Long-term data, perhaps spanning 20 years or more, are needed to thoroughly characterize density fluctuations of Mi crotus in Maryland. Our data suggest that some populations of the meadow vole in Maryland can reach very high densities and that they undergo multi-annual fluctuations during some periods. Literature Cited Jett, D.J. 1986. Cholinesterase inhibition in meadow voles (Microtus pennsyl vanicus) following field applications of Orthene. Environ. Toxicol, and Chem. 5:255-259. Jett, D.J., J.D. Nichols, and J.E. Hines, 1986. Effect of Orthene on an unconfined population of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsyl vanicus) . Can. J. Zool . 64:243-250. Krebs, C.J., and J.H. Myers. 1974. Population cycles in small mammals. Adv. Ecol . Res., 8:267-399. Nichols, J.D., K.H. Pollock, and J.E. Hines. 1984. The use of a robust c apt ur e-rec apt ure design in small mammal population studies: a field example with Microtus pennsylvanicus. Acta Theriol. 29/30:357-365. Seber, G.A.F. 1982. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. 2nd ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. p. 654. Taitt, M.J. and C.J. Krebs. 1985. Population dynamics and cycles. Pp. 567-646, i n R.H. Tamarin, ed. Biology of New World Microtus Spec. Publ., Amer. Soc. Mamm. 8:1-893. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708 43 The Star-nosed Mole on the Delmarva Peninsula: Zoogeographic and Systematic Problems of a Boreal Species in the South David S. Lee All three species of eastern North American moles occur in Maryland. By far the most common and widespread species is the Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) which occurs throughout the Coastal Plain and Piedmont in most upland habitats. The Hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri) is confined to mountain areas in the western portion of the state and is not particularly common. The Star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is also uncommon and is largely restricted to stream banks, bogs, spring-runs, and other areas of moist soils. Although C. cristata is generally regarded as occurring throughout Maryland, this is apparently not the case. Furthermore, its subspecific identification in Maryland is not clear. I here describe the local distribution of the Star-nosed mole and discuss the systematics of Maryland's populations. I also address the relationship of the distribution of C. cristata in Maryland to that of the species in the southeastern United States as a whole. North American moles are widespread and in diverse habitats. Their meandering subsurface runways made in their constant search for food are a familiar site, yet many people have never seen a live mole. Little is known about mole biology, one of the least studied components of North American mammalian fauna. Skulls of the three species of eastern North American moles are illustrated in Figure 1. Of these, the most bizarre is the semi-aquatic Star-nosed mole with a ring of 22 fleshy appendages around its nose. These are probably tactile, but their true function is not known. Figure 2 compares the external appearance of the Eastern mole and C. cristata. The Star-nosed mole is essentially a species of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. As in the case of some other boreal mammals, small, often disjunct populations occur in the Southeast as Pleistocene relicts. Fossil C. cristata have been found in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, all areas within its current range. A fossil from Missouri indicates that this mole once had a larger range in North America (Guilday et al. 1964, Hutchison 1968, Parmalee et al. 1969). The oldest North American specimens date back to 700,000 years B.P. (Guilday 1 979). Condylura is also known from two fossil European species C. kowa/ski and C. izabellae of the middle and late Pliocene, but only the North American C. cristata is extant. Detailed descriptions and life history information on Star-nosed moles are available in various publications, with a good summary provided by Peterson and Yates (1 980). Figure 1 . Skulls of the three genera of moles occurring in eastern North America. A dorsal, B ventral, and C lateral views of the skull of a Hairy-tailed mole ( Parascalops breweri ) NCSM 3297, female, NC, Jackson County, 3.75 mi E Cashiers, 22 June 1 980. Skull length 30.0 mm. D dorsal, E ventral and F lateral views of the skull of a Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus ) NCSM 845, male, NC, Wake County Raleigh 25 April 1 965. Skull length 33.5 mm. G dorsal, H ventral, and I lateral views of the skull of a Star-nosed mole ( Condylura cristata ) NCSM 3047, male, NC, Scotland County, Laurinburg 1 2 April 1 975. Skull length 32.5 mm. The Maryland Naturalist 31f2):44-57 44 45 Figure 2. Anterior external comparison of the Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) and the Star-nosed mole ( Condylura cristata)-, the common name of the latter is based on the 22 fleshy appendages surrounding its nostrils. Illustration R. Brunstetter (in part from Clark 1 987). ca 1 25x. Systematics and Distribution Generally, Star-nosed moles are largest in the Northeast and become progressively smaller to the south, reaching their minimum size in the southern Appalachians and the southeastern Coastal Plain. Nevertheless, this variation is not simply clinal, and two races were recognized by Paradiso (1 959) and subsequent workers. (A third race, Condylura cristata nigra from Nova Scotia, has been synonymized.) Peterson and Yates (1980) described the southern form, Condylura cristata parva, in greater detail and identified the following cranial characteristics for separation of this smaller subspecies: shorter, shallower, narrower skull, with most cranial measurements averaging less; greatest length of skull seldom more than 34.0 mm, greatest length of the palate seldom more than 14.4 mm, and depth of skull seldom more than 1 0.0 mm. Additionally, C. c. parva is smaller in external measurements than the northern C. c. cristata. Measurements of specimens from various portions of the range of C. cristata are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The lesser measurements of C. c. parva are in relation to total body size, and weight, therefore, may be a good indication of subspecific status. Specimens of Star-nosed moles from the northern portion of the species range averaged 48.3 g in weight (N = 13, Van Zyll de Jong 1983), while specimens from the Carolinas for which weights are available averaged 31 .6 g (N = 1 3, North Carolina State Museum and Clemson University). The distribution of C. cristata in the Southeast is discontinuous and apparently many local populations are fragmented. While the range in broad terms is well known, it is less well 46 Table 1 . Selective measurements of Condytura cristata from the Delmarva peninsula. 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South of the Potomac River Basin, the species splits into two populations, one in the Coastal Plain and one in the mountains; so North Carolina has no Piedmont records (Lee et al. 1 982), nor does South Carolina. A small, very isolated population is known from the outer Coastal Plain of southern Georgia, where it is confined to portions of Charlton, Chatham, Clinch, and Effingham counties (Laerm et al. 1982). Actually, the absence of C. cristata from the Piedmont starts in Maryland and northern Virginia, but this is partly masked by the mole's distribution around the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River Basin (Fig. 3 and 4). Figure 3. Distribution of C. cristata in Maryland and Delaware. Hollow dots show records in Paradiso (1969), others this study. Inset map indicates approximate total range of species. Early distributional information erroneously indicated that this species occurred uniformly throughout much of the central Atlantic states area (Hamilton 1943), or overlooked the Coastal Plain populations in the Carolinas (Hall and Kelson 1959, Burt and Grossenheider 1 964, Hamilton and Whitaker 1 979). Authors of state books on Southeastern mammals were confused by these general treatments and assumed that the scattered distributional records from their areas of study simply reflected poor representation in collections, and for the most part they failed to define or limit local distributions (e.g., Golley 1 966). To my knowledge only four specimens (three previously unreported) of C. cristata are available from the central and lower Delmarva Peninsula. These are two I found as road kills at Milburn Landing, Worcester County, Maryland (NCSM 1815, 2472), one reported by Paradiso (1959) from 2.3 mi E Wattsville, Accomack County, Virginia (Table 1 ). A fourth 48 Figure 4. Distribution of C. cristata in the southeastern United States based on Paradiso (1959) and this study (Appendix I). Dots represent specific collection localities, shading indicates the apparent distribution of the species in the Southeast. specimen from Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Kent Co., Delaware (NCSM 4938) represents the third record from Delaware and the only one from that state's Coastal Plain. The two Maryland specimens were found on the same section of a hard-surfaced road leading into the Milburn Landing State Park camping area. One was collected on 19 April 1973, the other on 29 May 1975. Both were found early in the evening on rainy nights. This section of the road is bordered on both sides by dense thickets of Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) with a heavy ground cover of leaves and other organic debris. Other plants found immediately adjacent to the site include a canopy and subcanopy of Red maple (Acer rubrum ), Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda ), American holly (Ilex opaca ), Sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and various black oaks (Quercus sp.). The ground was nearly void of living plant cover except for scattered clumps of Lady fern (Athyrium asplenioides). Within a few meters the higher ground gave way to lower swamp forest. An additional Maryland eastern shore individual from near Denton, Caroline County, was examined by Arnold Norden (pers. comm.), but the specimen has been lost. 49 The specimen from Accomack County was an immature male, and Paradiso (1959) considered it represenative of C. c. parva. The two Worcester County specimens and the Kent County, Delaware, specimen also fall into the size range of C. c. pars/a, and are much smaller than other Maryland C. c. cristata as described by Paradiso (1969) or other Maryland material I have examined. Although Maryland, eastern Pennsylvania, and northwestern Virginia lie within an apparent intergradation zone between C. c. cristata and C. c. parva (Paradiso 1959), the lower Delmarva specimens fit parva and are clearly not intergrades. All are smaller, for example, than the measurements provided by Paradiso (1 969) for two adults from the District of Columbia (see Table 2). Since the original description of C. c. parva, the North Carolina State Museum has accumulated additional material of this race, and the Delmarva specimens are closer in size to North Carolina specimens in our collection than they are to those from latitudes similar to the Delmarva Peninsula collection sites but on the western side of the Chesapeake Bay. Unfortunately, weights are not available for any of the Delmarva material. Condylura cristata apparently occurs through much of Maryland but is absent from most of southern Maryland (western shore) and is sporadically distributed on the Delmarva Peninsula (Fig. 3). Specimens from Conowingo, Cecil County (NHSM) and Fort Delaware (Paradiso 1959) establish the presence of the species at the heads of the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. A hiatus may occur in the upper Delmarva, so that the Delmarva population is isolated. However, this is problematic because of the secretive nature of C. cristata and the scarcity of specimens, and additional specimens from the Central Delmarva would greatly enhance the zoogeographic picture. As stated previously, south of the greater Chesapeake/Potomac basin C. cristata is divided into Appalachian and Coastal Plain populations, and of these, the Coastal Plain one at least is not continuous. For the most part, the Coastal Plain population is restricted to sites around larger swamp areas, such as the Dismal and Okefenokee swamps (Paradiso 1959), within extensive pocosins, and in Carolina bays and associated stream-head forests (Clark et al. 1985; this study, see Appendix). Clark et al. (1985) suggest how such habitats may have become refugia for this and other mammals of northern affinity. In the Carolinas, the species is found inland to the sandhills region (Lee et al. 1 982; this study), but this is the only Coastal Plain area south of the Potomac River where this mole is known to occur west to the fall line. The relative distributions of the races of C. cristata have received differing treatments in recent publications. The race C. c. nigra of Nova Scotia was considered a synonym by Yates (1978) but was included by Hall (1981) presumably as an oversight. The distributions of C. c. cristata and C. c. parva presented by Hall (1981) parallel those proposed by Paradiso (1959), while Peterson and Yates (1980) show the range of C. c. parva to extend north to the Great Lakes and into portions of Canada. Paradiso (1959) originally defined parva as a mole smaller in measurable characters than those applied by Peterson and Yates (1980). (For example the latter authors chose a total cranial length of less than 34.0 mm while Paradiso's largest parva had a skull length of 32.2. Also, note the size of individuals in populations 1 to 3 in Table 2, which are clearly cristata .) Thus, one authority would recognize all Maryland material as C. c. cristata, the other as C. c. parva. Paradiso (1959) includes 19 Maryland Condylura as specimens he regarded as C. c. cristata, although he recognized Maryland as part of a broad zone of intergradation. Whichever subspecific name one applies to local Star-nosed moles, or even if subspecific determinations are ignored, geographically and ecologically the Delmarva population appears to parallel more closely the fragmented, swamp-margin population of the southeastern Coastal Plain than the more continuously distributed, and more ecologically widespread populations of the northeast and of the southern Appalachians. In measurements it is also more closely allied to the southern coastal populations. It is clear that C. c. parva is present in Maryland and Delaware no matter how conservatively one delineates the criteria for this 50 taxon, and that it ranges over the Delmarva Peninsula at least as far north as Bombay Hook (Fig. 3). The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal probably separates C. c. cristata and C. c. parva in this region today. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently identified C. c. parva as a category 2 candidate under consideration for listing as Threatened or Endangered (Federal Register, 18 September 1985, Vol. 50:181), apparently in response to its spotty distribution based on literature records. (In fact, a committee of specialists on North Carolina mammals recently considered the portion of the C. c. parva population in North Carolina as a species of concern (Clark 1987). However, as this study indicates (see Appendix I), there are considerably more published records and collected specimens of this race than recent authors have realized. Zoogeography No matter how the subspecific nomenclature is applied, it is apparent that the Star-nosed moles on the lower Delmarva Peninsula have closer affinities with those of the Carolinas and southward than with stocks presently residing to the north or the west. Since the fossil record shows that C. cristata has been present both to the north (Pennsylvania) and to the west (Maryland) of the Delmarva since at least the mid-to-late Pleistocene (Guilday 1979), it is interesting that lower Delmarva populations apparently were not derived from those stocks. The following generalized scenario explains the origin of the lower Delmarva populations. During the early Pleistocene, Condytura expanded its distribution southward. While most authors regard Pleistocene dispersal to result from glacial displacement, this is not necessarily the case. Hibbard (1 960) postulated that in the late Pleistocene(ca 1 6,000 years B.P.), a period of climatic equitability existed, in which milder winters and cooler summers prevailed. These conditions allowed northern species to extend farther south, and subtropical ones farther north than they do today. This is supported by evidence from several Southeastern fossil deposits (Holman 1976, 1982; Slaughter 1975) and current relictual faunal assemblages. As Pleistocene conditions worsened, these expanded ranges contracted, leaving disjunct relicts surviving where isolated patches of favorable habitat provided suitable conditions. Frazier (1 977), for example, notes that the fossil range of the Round-tailed muskrat ( Neofiber ) extended as far north as the Middle Atlantic States and the Great Plains during the Pleistocene. Today this aquatic mammal is restricted to Florida, with its range contracting from the late Pleistocene to the Recent as conditions became drier and colder. Fossil material shows that Synaptomys once ranged south to Gainesville, Florida (22,000 years B.P., Orange Lake 1 1 A, R. Franz, pers. comm.). Clark et al. (1985) noted that the southeastern relict and semi-relict populations of the Bog lemming ( Synaptomys cooperi ), Short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), and Star-nosed mole may survive as a result of cooler refugia provided by pocosin habitats on the southeastern Coastal Plain. In a similar manner frost pocket bogs and the boreal forest of high elevations provided habitat in the southern Appalachians. Combined, these two separate, and quite different geographical'y, regional refugia account for the presence of this mole in the South since Pleistocene times. Thus, during the Pleistocene, Condylura was able to colonize and persist well to the south of its normal distributional limits. On the Coastal Plain the shade of evergreen shrub bogs (pocosins) and evaporative cooling apparently ameliorate extreme high temperatures, allowing Condylura to persist. As dispersal into the South progressed, Condylura evolved into a smaller form (Bergman's Rule, Jackson 1915), resulting in what Paradiso (1959) would describe as C. c. parva. Warming trends, either from a waning period of climatic equitability or from glacial retreat, restricted and fragmented this mole's distribution, with rising Pleistocene sea levels and outer Coastal Plain water tables further restricting the range. As these disjunct and semi-disjunct populations lost genetic contact with northern populations, small body sizes stabilized. The clinal continuum from Canada to about the Potamac River basin was broken, permitting a 51 more abrupt change in size to the south. The clinal effect resulting from "Bergman's response” and a possible zone of periodic intergradation mask the extent of divergence, with both apparently contributing to the interpretation of Paradiso (1959) of a broad zone of intergradation extending north through Pennsylvania, Maryland, northern Virginia, and West Virginia. The same phenomena apparently led Yates (1 978) and Peterson and Yates (1 980) to indicate that C. c. parva was found much farther to the north. In actuality, the southern Appalachian population and the northeastern populations of C. cristata are much more closely related geographically, and probably genetically, than are those of the Coastal Plain. Thus, one would expect a more clinal distribution in size west and north of the fall line, which, in fact, is what we observe today. Guilday et al. (1964) noted that the Pleistocene Condylura from a cave deposit in Pennsylvania are larger than those found in the area today. Like many other species from the same site, modern size equivalents are restricted to the northern portion of their ranges. Thus, the current size gradient evolved recently or undulates with climatic change. Returning to the relict Delmarva population, it is likely that it invaded the Delmarva peninsula from the south, with the Dismal Swamp area of Virginia and North Carolina providing the most geographically accessible population. There is some evidence that the present-day Susquehanna River and its drowned river basin, the Chesapeake Bay, once discharged across the central Delmarva, emptying into an area now submerged by Delaware Bay. The northern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula would have been affiliated with southeastern Pennsylvania, while the southern portion was geographically separate and actually connected to Virginia and the Carolinas. These sections of the peninsula would have been separated by the Pleistocene Susquehanna River. Geologic evidence of this is exhibited by buried river channels oriented from east to west across the Delmarva in the vicinity of Salisbury (Weaver and Hansen 1966) and by seismic-reflection profiles that show the Susquehanna River once swinging east of its present location and toward Salisbury (Schubel and Zabawa 1 973). This paleochannel was cut during a period of lower sea levels prior to the formation of the modern Chesapeake Bay, as evidenced by a buried Susquehanna River channel at least 1 95 feet below present sea level, which probably entered the Atlantic Ocean into the Washington Canyon. Lower Pleistocene sea levels would allow a larger land area and broader corridors of dispersal. A change in the outlet of the Susquehanna River and the development of the Chesapeake Bay would finally isolate faunal populations from the south, and the near absence of suitable habitat in the upper Delmarva would continue to the present the isolation of Star-nosed moles from larger northern stocks. The absence of stocks of C. cristata in the central Delmarva Peninsula allowed some local expansion of the species range north of the paleochannel. Since the Chesapeake Bay is only 1 5,000 years old, such an event is relatively recent in relation to the documented presence of Condylura in North America and in terms of Pleistocene zoogeography. Furthermore, it is possible that Condylura did not occupy the Delmarva Peninsula during the Wisconsin maximum. Wynn (1986) suggested this was the case for Red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus ) on the Delmarva, and this may account, in part, for the generally impoverished and unevenly distributed salamander fauna of the present-day Delmarva. Similar Pleistocene factors would likely govern local distribution and dispersal of both Star-nosed moles and Red-backed salamanders. This proposed sequence of events needs more detailed support from geological scholars, but biological evidence for this, or at least a scenario that would provide a similar end result, is quite strong. This zoogeographic situation is well illustrated by the Meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus nigrans, a race confined to the lower Delmarva (north to Cambridge, 52 Dorchester County, Paradiso 1969), the lower western shore of Maryland (Calvert County, Paradiso 1969), and the Dismal Swamp area of Virginia and North Carolina (south to Dare County, Lee et al. 1980). This distribution is indicative of a past connection between these three land masses. A southern race of the White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus leucopus, also is found in the lower Delmarva, but not elsewhere north of the Potomac River (Hall 1981). A similar pattern of lower Delmarva relicts is also apparent in several reptiles and amphibians (e.g. Gastrophryne caro/inensis, Natrix erythrogaster, Diadiphis punctatus, Agkistrodon contortrix [Harris 1 975, Tobey 1 985 ]), various other animals, and certain plants. Wynn (1986) presented a well-developed argument for separate invasions of Red-backed salamanders from both the north and south. He believed that these invasions took place about 14,000 years BP, corresponding closely with the time tables suggested here. Many other faunal elements also suggest an avenue of dispersal across an area that is presently the lower Chesapeake Bay. This overview of time frames and sampling of supporting zoogeographic evidence for this proposed lower Delmarva/Carolinian connection will be developed more fully in a subsequent publication. Acknowledgments: I thank M. K. Clark, North Carolina State Museum; W. Post, Charleston Museum; Ron Barry, Frostburg State University; M. Elizabeth McGhee, University of Georgia; and Stanlee Miller, Clemson University for access to or information on specimens in their collections. For his insistance that I write this paper, I acknowledge Arnold Norden. Norden also checked with curators of other collections for possibly pertinent materials (Delaware Museum of Natural History, Maryland Natural History Society, Salisbury State College, University of Maryland at College Park, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Towson State University, and Smithsonian Estuarine Research Center), but none were located. I was also unsuccessful in locating Delmarva material at the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, the Royal Ontario Museum, and the Florida State Museum. Most other major collections had previously been checked by Paradiso (1959). Ruth Brunstetter and Renaldo Kuhler prepared the illustrations. Richard Franz, Mary K. Clark, Frank Radovsky, and John Paradiso reviewed the manuscript. Literature Cited Audubon, J., and J. Bachman. 1851. The Quadrupeds of North America. Vol. II. New York. Bailey, J. 1 946. The mammals of Virginia. Richmond, Virginia. 41 6 p. Barbour, R. 1 951 . Notes on mammals from West Virginia. Jour. Mamm. 32(3):368-371 . Brimley, C. 1905 [1908]. A descriptive catalogue of the mammals of North Carolina, exclusive of the Cetacea. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 21 :1 -32. Brimley, C. 1944-1946. The Mammals of North Carolina. 18 Installments. Carolina Tips. Carolina Biological Supply Co., Elon College, N.C. Burnett, W. 1851. Notes of the fauna of the pine barrens of upper South Carolina. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 4:1 1 5-1 1 8. Burt, W., and R. Grossenheider. 1964. A Field Guide to the Mammals. Houghton Mifflin Boston. 284 pp. 53 Clark, M. 1987. Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Fauna of North Carolina, Part 1. A Re- evaluation of the Mammals. Occ. Pap. N.C. Biol. Surv. 1 987-3. 50 pp. Clark, M., D. Lee, and J. Funderburg. 1985. The mammal fauna of Carolina bays, pocosins, and associated communities in North Carolina: an overview. Brimleyana 1 1 :1 -38. Fisher, W. 1895. Notes on the mammals of Maryland (unpublished ms). 99 pp. Frazier, M. 1 977. New records of Neofiber leonardi (Rodentia: Cricetidae) and the paleoecology of the genus. Jour. Mamm. 58:368-373. Golley, F. 1 962. Mammals of Georgia. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens. 21 8 pp. Golley, F. 1 966. South Carolina Mammals. The Charleston Museum, Charleston, SC. 1 81 pp. Grimm, W. 1955. Condy/ura cristata from the coastal plain of South Carolina. Jour. Mamm. 36:288. Guilday, J. 1979. The star-nosed mole/a Polish connection. Carnegie Mag. 53(1 ): 1 8-25. Guilday, J., P. Martin, and A. McCrady. 1 964. New Paris No. 4: A Pleistocene cave deposit in Bedford County, Pennsylvania. Bull. Natl. Speleo. Soc. 26:121-194. Hall, E. 1981. Mammals of North America. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1 1 81 pp. Hall, E., and K. Kelson. 1959. The Mammals of North America. Volume I. Ronald Press, New York. 546 pp. Hamilton, W., Jr. 1 943. The Mammals of the Eastern United States. Comstock Publishing Co. Ithaca NY. 432 pp. Hamilton, W., and J. Whitaker, Jr. 1 979. Mammals of the Eastern United States 2nd edition. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. 346 pp. Handley, C., Jr. 1978. Mammals, pages 483-621 in Linzey, D. (ed). Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg. Handley, C., Jr., and C. Patton. 1947. Wild Mammals of Virginia. Virginia Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond. 220 pp. Harris, H. 1975. Distributional survey: (Amphibia and Reptilia) Maryland and the District of Columbia. Bull. Md. Herpetological Soc. 1 1 (3):73-1 67. Hibbard, C. 1960. Pliocene and Pleistocene climates in North America. 62nd Annu. Rep., Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts. Letters (1 959-60):5-30. Holman, J. 1976. Paleoclimatic implications of "ecologically incompatible" herpetological species (late Pleistocene: southeastern United States). Herpetologica 32(3):290-295. Holman, J. 1 982. Late Pleistocene fossils in Georgia. Explor. Jour. 60(4):1 60-163. Hutchison, J. 1 968. Fossil Talpidae (Insectivora, mammalia) from the later Tertiary of Oregon. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Oregon, 11:1-117. 54 Jackson, H. 1 91 5. A review of the American moles. North American Fauna 38. U S. Department of the Interior 1-100. Kellogg, R. 1 939. Annotated list of Tennessee Mammals. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 86(3051 ):245-305. Laerm, J., L. Logan, M. McGhee, and H. Neuhauser. 1982. Annotated checklist of the mammals of Georgia. Brimleyana 7:121-135. Lee, D., J. Funderburg, and M. Clark. 1982. A Distributional Survey of North Carolina Mammals. Occ. Pap. N.C. Biol. Surv. 1982-10. 70 pp. Linzey, A., and D. Linzey. 1971. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Univ. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1 14 pp. McKeever, S. 1954. Ecology and distribution of the mammals of West Virginia Ph.D. Dissertation, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh. 295 p. Paradiso, J. 1959. A new Star-nosed mole (Condylura) from the southeastern United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 72:103-108. Paradiso, J. 1969. Mammals of Maryland. North American Fauna 66. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1-193. Parmalee, P., R. Oesch, and J. Guilday. 1 969. Pleistocene and Recent vertebrate faunas from Crankshaft Cave, Missouri. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations 14:1-37. Peterson, K., and T. Yates. 1980. Condylura cristata. Mamm. Species 129:1-4. Schubel, J., and C. Zambawa. 1973. Susquehanna River Paleochannel connects lower reaches of Chester, Miles and Choptank estuaries. Chesapeak Sci. 1 4(1 ):58-62. Slaughter, B. 1975. Ecological interpretation of the Brown Sand Wede local fauna. Pp. 179- 1 92 in F. Wendorf and J. J. Hester (Eds.). Late Pleistocene Environments of the Southern High Plains. Publ. Fort Burgwin Research Center No. 9. Tobey, F. 1 985. Virginia's Amphibians and Reptiles. Virginia Herpetological Society. 1 1 4 pp. True, F. 1 897. A revision of the American moles. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1 9:1 -1 1 1 . Tuttle, M. 1968. First Tennessee record of Mustela nivalis. Jour. Mamm. 49(1 ):1 33. Van Zyll de Jong, C. 1983. Handbook of Canadian Mammals. Part 1. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. 210 pp. Weaver, K., and H. Hansen, III. 1966. An ancient buried river channel is discovered. Maryland Conservatinist 43:9-1 2. Wilson, K. 1954. The role of mink and otter as muskrat predators in northeastern North Carolina. J. Wildlife Mgt. 18:199-207. Wynn, A. 1986. Linkage disequilibrium and a contact zone in Plethodon cinereus on the Del- Mar-Va Peninsula. Evolution 40(1 ):44-54. 55 Yates, T. 1978. The systematics and evolution of North American moles (Insectivora: Talpidae). Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas Tech University. 304 pp. North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 27647, Raleigh, NC 2761 1 . Appendix I: Additional Southeastern site, literature, and specimen records of Condylura cristata, not included by Paradiso (1959, 1969). DELAWARE: New Castle Co., Delaware City (US National Museum); Kent Co., Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Finis Pool, 1 0 Nov. 1 985, M. J. Pohlman (NC State Museum). MARYLAND: Allegany Co., Cumberland, 3 July 1978, M. Valentine (Frostburg State Univ.); Frostburg, 22 June 1 977, W. Yoder (Frostburg State Univ.); Baltimore Co., Towson, 1 959, D.S. Lee; Happy Hallow Road, July 1962, D. S. Lee; Baltimore City, near boat lake in Druid Hill Park October 1978, 0. Lugger (Md. Acad. Sci. in Fisher 1895); Caroline Co., Chappel Branch, 2 mi W Denton, June 1981, Harley Speir; Cecil Co., Conowingo Dam, May 1948, R. Simmons (NHSM); Frederick Co., New Market, 28 May 1979, H. H. Hopkins (Fisher 1895); Carrol Co., Lineburrow, 30 June 1973, J. Worthley; Garrett Co., Swallow Falls State Park rock face at Muddy Creek Falls, May 1 974, D. S. Lee (photo record at NCSM); 7 mi W, 3 mi S Frostburg, 1 9 April 1982, G. Broadwater (Frostburg State Univ, not catalogued); Prince Georges Co., Route 301 ca 4 mi S Priest Bridge, August 1947, R. Mansueti and T. Oler (NCSM); Little Paint Branch N end College Park, A. Norden, 19 May 1984; Worcester Co., Milburn Landing State Park, 1 9 April 1 973, 29 May 1 975, D. S. Lee (NCSM). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Brightwood (USNM), Brookland (USNM), "Washington” (USNM). WEST VIRGINIA: Greenbrier Co., 4.2 mi NE Richwood (McKeever 1954); Monogalia Co., Decker's Creek (in McKeever 1954); Monroe Co., nr Red Sulphur Springs (Audubon and Bachman 1851); Preston Co., 1 mi. E Terra Alta (Carnegie Museum); Lake Terra Alta, 1 5 June 1 950 (Barbour 1951); Pendeleton Co., Big Run (in McKeever 1 954); Randolph Co., nr Osceola (in McKeever 1 954); Pocahontas Co., Cranberry Glades (USNM). VIRGINIA: Fairfax Co., Pine Ridge (USNM); Falls Church (Bailey 1946); Henrico Co. Univ. of Richmond Campus (Bailey 1946); Highlands Co. (Handley and Patton 1947); Norfolk Co., Dismal Swamp, May 1934 (Bailey 1946); Wallaceton, April 1896 (USNM); Nansemond Co., Lake Drummond, May 1896 (USNM); Patrick Co., 5 mi N of Stewart (Handley and Patton 1947); Prince William Co., 4 mi. SE Manassas; Richmond Co., Nayloss (Bailey 1946); Surry Co., nr Scotland, 4 mi NE of Surry (Handley 1978); Wythe Co., New River Valley, Max Meadows (Bailey 1946); Loudoun Co. (Handley 1978); Prince William Co. (Handley 1978); Richmond Co. (Hall 1 981 ); Stafford Co. (Handley 1 978); Warren Co. (Handley 1 978). NORTH CAROLINA: "Mountains near the border of South Carolina" (Audubon and Bachman 1851); Alleghany Co., New River at Sparta, 30 May 1968, H. M. Tyus (NCSM); Avery Co., Elk Park (NCSM records); 2.6 miles NNE of Heaton (Auburn University); 3A mi. SE Linville, 24 July 1984, D. S. Lee and P. Kumhyr (NCSM); Buncombe Co., Asheville (U. Mich. Mus. Zool.); Biltmore (Museum Comparative Zoology); Weaverville, 6 February 1896, Mrs. J. S. Cairns (NCSM records); Swannanoa about 20 April 1931, C. S. Clapp (NCSM records); Clay Co., 56 Hayesville, 3 August 1947, R. G. Vick (NCSM records); Currituck Co. (in Clark 1987), Moyock (in digestive tract of a mink obtained from fur dealer, Wilson 1 954); Cherokee Co., Topton, 1 3 May 1934, E. B. King (Brimley 1944-46); Green Co., pre-1950 (Clark et al. 1985); Henderson Co., Hoopers Creek Valley nr Fletchers, 8 October 1974, B. Sanders (NCSM); Hoke Co., McCain (Clark et al. 1985); Macon Co., Highlands, 1908, H. C. Habison (Brimley 1944-46); Moore Co., West End, burrows and mounds of Condylura, 1 980, D. S. Lee; New Hanover Co., nr Carolina Beach, 7 June 1959, 16 November 1956, G. Trejembo (NCSM); Macon Co., ■Highlands, May 1908 (Brimley 1944-46); Mitchell Co., Magnetic City, 1892 or 1893 (Brimley 1905); Roan Mountain "N.C./Tenn. Line” (True 1896); Pitt Co., no exact locality (NCSM records); Polk Co., Green River Valley nr Saluda, 28 May 1974, G. G. Shaw and M. Bradley (NCSM); Robeson Co., nr Lumberton, December 1 943, A. M. Ivey (Brimley 1 944-46); Richmond Co., 3.7 mi. NE Hoffman, 18 May 1980, A. L. Braswell (NCSM); Scotland Co., Laurinburg, 12 April 1 975, R. B. Julian (NCSM); Swain Co., Kephast Prong Hatchery, Oct. 1 934; Great Smoky Mt. National Park, Deep Creek, 1934 (Linzey and Linzey 1971); Smokemont, June 1943 (Linzey and Linzey 1971); Watauga Co., Boone, 19 May 1918 (Brimley 1944-46); Blowing Rock (Wake Forest University); Yancey Co., Burnsville, 3 Feb. 1 976 (NCSM records). SOUTH CAROLINA: Recorded as early as 1848 from state without supporting evidence; "Upper South Carolina” (Hall and Kelson 1959 assigned this record to the mountain area of the western portion of the state, but original source is probably from Burnett [1851 ] who wrote on the fauna of the Pine Barrens of Upper South Carolina. Thus record is for the Aiken County area); Aiken Co., Aiken (Char. Mus. records); Calhoun Co., St. Matthews, 20 Sept. 1 928, E. Sanders (Char. Mus. Records); Charleston Co., (Golley 1 966), nr Charleston 1917-19 (Char. Mus. records); Chesterfield Co., taken from the stomach of a Largemouth bass (ca 392 mm) caught in Black Creek near Hartsville, 15 April 1975 (Char. Mus. records); Colleton Co., Walterboro, 2 Jan. 1948 (News and Courier, 8 Jan. 1948); Barnwell Co. (all Savannah River Plant), Rainbow Bay, 26 April 1979, 8 May 1980, 1 Nov. 1977, 1 June 1981, J. Caldwell (Clemson University); ”S” Bay, 8 May 1980, J. Caldwell (Clemson Univ.); Stell Creek, 27 May 1 981 , J. Caldwell (Clemson Univ.), 1 June 1 979, "RLB" (Clemson Univ.); Georgetown Co., Georgetown, 3 April 1954 (Grimm 1955); Hampton Co., I 95 nr Yemassee, burrows and mounds of Condylura, Sept. 1978, D. S. Lee; Kershaw Co., 28 Jan. 1941, R. E. Ware (Char. Mus. Records, Brimley 1944-46); Marion Co. (Golley 1966); Richland Co. (Golley 1966); Congaree Swamp, April/May 1984, (Clemson Univ.). TENNESSEE: Blount Co., Little River Road, Sept. 1 950 (Linzey and Linzey 1 971 ); Carter Co., Roan Mountain at state line (Wake Forest University, Tuttle 1968); Sevier Co., Appalachian Trail nr Charlies Bunion, 1961, 1964 (Linzey and Linzey 1971); Appalachian Trail between Newfound Gap and Indian Gap, no date (Linzey and Linzey 1971); Monroe Co., Cherokee National Forest (in Yates 1 978). GEORGIA: Chatham Co.: Clinch Co., 15 mi NE Fargo on Hwy 177, 10 Sept. 1966 (Univ. of Ga.); Jackson Co.: Union Co. (in Laerm et al. 1982). 57 A Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) From the Potomac River Marta F. Nammack and Jean M. Fulton The Blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, is native to the Mississippi River basin and drainages of the Gulf slope (Burkehead et al . 1980). The Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries has sucessfully stocked Blue catfish in the James and Rappahannock rivers (Burkehead et al . 1980 and B. Kriete, pers. comm.). They have also been reported from the Maryland portion of the Potomac River (Lee et al . 1981) based on several old records. These historic reports from the Potomac River have been anecdotal or were cases of probable mis- identification (Burkehead et al . 1980) and there have been no recent records despite intensive survey (A. Norden, pers. comm.). This note reports the first verifiable record for this species in the Potomac River. A Blue catfish was captured by us with a 7.6 cm stretch mesh gill net on August 7, 1987, in the Potomac River outside the mouth of the Anacostia River. This specimen was a male that weighed 345 gm and measured 285 mm (fork length). It was deposited in our permanent reference collection. The origin of this specimen is not certain. Burke and Brittle lakes, in Fairfax and Fauquier Counties, Virginia, which drain into the Potomac River, were stocked with Blue catfish in 1981, 1983, and 1985, and they will most likely be stocked again in 1987 (E. Steinkoenig, pers. comm.). It is possible that Blue catfish escaped into the Potomac River from these lakes during high water conditions. Alternatively, they may have originated in the Rappahannock River. A recreational fisherman may have introduced specimens into the Potomac River, or, less likely, they may have entered the Potomac via the Chesapeake Bay during a particularly rainy year when salinities were lower. Regardless of its origin, it will be interesting to see if a viable population of J_. furcatus has been established in this area. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr. L. Knapp for verification of the specimen. This specimen was captured while conducting a survey partially funded by NOAA Grant #NA85EA-H-00027 . Literature Cited Burkehead, N., R. Jenkins, and E. Maurakis. 1980. New records, distribution and diagnostic characters of Virginia ictalurid catfishes with an adnexed adipose fin. Brimleyana No. 4:75-93. Lee, D., S. Platania, C. Gilbert, R. Franz, and A. Norden. 1981. A revised list of the freshwater fishes of Maryland and Delaware. Southeastern Fishes Council Proceedings 3(3) :1-10. Dept, of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, Fisheries 5010 Overlook Ave., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20032 The Maryland Naturalist 31[2]:58 58 Notes On Some Recent Plant Collections From Cecil County, Maryland Donn Redman Recently, while making plant collections for the herbarium at Towson State University, I noted the following interesting records for Cecil County. Each of these species is rare or uncommon in Maryland and none were reported from Cecil County by Witman (1954). Vouchers have been deposited in the herbarium at Towson State University (BALT). El lisea nyctelea L., Baby Blue-eyes This member of the Hydrophyl 1 aceae occurs along the Potomac River in Montgomery and Allegany Counties (Brown and Brown 1984). It also occurred historically at Baldfrier in northwest Cecil County (Tatnall 1946), where the plants have been extirpated. Outside of Maryland, JE. nyctelea, is found alona the Delaware River, the Potomac River in West Virginia, north of Maryland along the Susquehanna River, and in dry soils of the northern Great Plains. I recently discovered two small colonies of this species in a shady alluvial woods just north of the Fall Line in the Port Deposit area (Redman 4276, BALT). Hieracium marianum Willd. (_H. gronovii x venosum) , Maryland Hawkweed Despite the common name, this hybrid species of the Asteraceae is known from Maryland only in Kent County (Tatnall 1946, Brown and Brown 1984) but it ranges widely north of us, south to Alabama and Florida, and west to Ohio. I recently located a small colony in a dry woods bordering Aiken Swamp (Redman 4244, BALT). Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her., Star Boltonia This Asteraceous species occurs infrequently on the Lower Eastern Shore and was collected in the Conowingo area on a rocky island sixty-five years ago (Tatnall 1946, Brown and Brown 1984). It is rare throughout its range from Connecticut to Florida and west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Louisiana. I recently located three plants of this species in the floodplain of the Sus¬ quehanna River south of the Conowingo Dam (Redman 4405, BALT). Literature Cited Brown, M.L., and R.G. Brown. 1984. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. University oT Maryland Press, College Park. 1127 pp. Tatnall, R.R. 1946. Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore. Society of Natural History of Delaware, Wilmington. 313 pp. Witman, H.W. 1954. Flora of Cecil County, Maryland. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania. 134 pp. 2615 Harwood Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21234 The Maryland Naturalist 31{2]:59 59 INFORMATION The Maryland Naturalist is a quarterly publication of the Natural History Society of Maryland. Subject matter includes all areas of the natural history of Maryland and adjacent states. Suitability of manuscripts will be determined by the editor. All accepted manu¬ scripts will be reviewed by appropriate specialists prior to publication. Address all manuscripts and corres¬ pondence (except that relating to subscriptions) to Editor, The Maryland Naturalist, Natural History Society of Maryland, 2643 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218. Information relating to subscriptions, or purchase of back issues or other society publications should be directed to the society Secretary at the address given above. Manuscripts submitted for consideration should be typed, double spaced, on good quality bond paper with adequate margins. Authors should adhere generally to the Council o f Biology Editors Style Manual . However, indiv idual i It y and readability of writing style are encouraged . Contributions other than short notes should include a brief informative abstract. Payment of page charges is not required for publication in The Maryland Naturalist . However, if funds are available, assistance to offset publication costs would be welcome. Subscription to The Maryland Naturalist comes with membership in the Natural History Society of Maryland. Membership is $12.30 per year. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND, INC 2643 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218 N314X m m ^ _ JC Matylmmd Naturalist THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND Volume 31, Number 3-4 Sept./Dec., 1987 ISSN 0096-4158 The Maryland Naturalist Volume 31, Number 3-4 Sept/Dec., 1987 Contents Page An Annotated Checklist and Key to the Species of Ants ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae) of the Chesapeake Ray Region . John F. Lynch 61 The Fisher, A Loner From the West . . James C. Pack and Peter S. Jayne jo7 The History and Mineralogy of the John Diggs Mine, Carroll County, Maryland . Fred J. Parker 111 I ist. of Reviewers and Mailing Dates . 114 Arnold W. Worden, Editor Cover Illustration: Camponotus pennsyl vanicus is one of the most common large carpenter ants in the Chesapeake Ray Region. Original drawing by Theophilus R. Griswold, provided by John F. Lynch (Smithsonian Institution) . An Annotated Checklist and Key to the Species of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Chesapeake Bay Region James F. Lynch INTRODUCTION This checklist and key are intended for use by biologists interested in behavioral and ecological studies of ants in the Middle Atlantic region of the U. S. In this region, as elsewhere, such research often is hampered by the lack of suitably focused and up-to-date taxonomic references, with the result that field biologists find themselves completely dependent on identifications provided by taxonomic experts. The only existing species key that covers the ants of the Chesapeake Bay Region is the excellent monograph on North American ants by Creighton (1950). Unfortunately for the local student of ant biology, Creighton's seminal work suffers both from its broad geographic scope (585 species and subspecies treated) and from the fact that a number of important taxonomic revisions have been undertaken in the past 38 years. Nevertheless, Creighton's book remains the most important basic reference for serious students of North American ants, and most of the taxonomic keys included in the present work are sub¬ sets of the more extensive keys constructed by Creighton. However, I also have accommodated the following revisionary studies: Brown (1953) - Smithi struma; Brown (1958) - Procerati urn; Buren (1968a) - Crematogaster ; Francoeur (1973) - Formica (fusca group); Gregg (1958) - Pheidole; Smith (1957 ) - Stenamma; Taylor (1967 ) ’- Ponera and Hypoponera; Trager (1984) - Parat rechi na ; Wilson (1955) - Lasi us ; Wing (1968) - Acanthomyops . Smith ( 1979 ) has summarized the current (as of 1979 ) taxonomic status and geographic distribution of North American ants, including those treated here . Scope The present work focuses on the identification of the approximately 100 ant species known or expected to occur in the coastal plain region of Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia. The keys should prove useful for ant species encountered along the Atlantic Coastal Plain north and south of the Chesapeake Bay region, but less so in the Piedmont and Appalachian provin¬ ces to the west where many species of basically northern distribution oc¬ cur. I have collected approximately 70 of the species treated here, most of them at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), on Mary¬ land's western shore of Chesapeake Bay (see below). I have included keys to the workers of all subfamilies, genera, and species of ants that actually or potentially occur in the study area. The author of each species name is indicated in the brief ecological discus¬ sions that follow each generic key. Only species that I have observed in the field are discussed individually, and those that have been collected at the SERC site are marked by an asterisk. The Maryland Naturalist 31(3-4):61-105 Sept./Dec., 1987 Table 1. A list of the 102 species of ants known or expected to occur in the Chesapeake Bay region. The species marked with an asterisk (*) have been collected at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 5 km S Edgewater, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland. Subfamily Ponerinae ( 7 species ) 1 . Amblyopone pal 1 i pes* 2. Procerati urn croceum* 3. Procerati urn pergandei 4. Procerati urn si 1 aceum 5 . Ponera pennsyl vanica* 6. Hypoponera opaci ceps* 7 . Hypoponera opaci or Subfamily Myrmicinae ( 53 species ) 1 . Anergates atratul us 2. Smi thi st ruma abdi ta 3. Smi thi struma clypeata 4. Smi thi struma crei ghtoni 5 . Smithi struma dietrichi* 6. Smithi struma mi ssouriensi s 7 . Smi thi struma ohioensi s* 8. Smithi struma ornata* 9. Smithi struma pergandei 10. Smithi struma pi 1 i nasi s 1 1 . Smithi struma pul chel 1 a 12 . Smithi struma refl exa 1 3 . Smithi struma rostrata* 14 . Crematagaster ashmeadi 1 5 . Crematogaster cerasi * 16. Crematogaster cl ara* 1 7 . Crematogaster 1 ineol ata* 18. Crematogaster pi 1 osa* 19. Sol enopsi s carol i nensi s 20. Sol enopsi s mol esta* 2 1 . Sol enopsi s texana 22 . Trachymyrmex septentri onal i s 23. Harpagoxenus ameri canus* 24 . Leptothorax ambi guus* 25. Leptothorax curvi spi nosus* 26 . Leptothorax 1 ongi spi nosus* 27. Leptothorax pergandei * Subfamily Myrmicinae (cont'd) 28 . Leptothorax schaumi* 29. Myrmica americana* 30. Myrmica emeryana 31 . My rm i c a 1 obi corni s 32. Myrmica pi netorum 33 . Myrmica puncti ventri s* 34 . Myrmeci na ameri cana* 35. Tet ramori urn caespi turn* 36. Monomori urn minimum* 37 . Monomori urn pergandei 38. Monomori urn vi ridum 39. Pheidol e bi cari nata* 40. Phei dol e davi si * 41 . Pheidol e dentata* 42. Pheidole morri si* 43. Pheidol e pi 1 i fera* 44. Stenamma brevicorne* 45 . Stenamma diecki* 46 . Stenamma impar* 47 . Stenamma schmitt i* 48. Aphaenogaster ful va* 49 . Aphaenogaster 1 amel 1 idens* 50 . Aphaenogaster mari ae 51 . Aphaenogaster rudi s* 52. Aphaenogaster tennesseensi s* 53 . Aphaenogaster treatae* Subfamily Dol ichoderi nae ( 7 species ) 1 . Dol ichoderus mariae 2. Dol i choderus pi agi atus* 3. Dol ichoderus pustul atus* 4. Dol ichoderus taschenbergi 5. I ridomyrmex humi 1 i s 6. I ri domyrmex prui nosus* 7 . Tapi noma sessi 1 e* 62 Table 1 (cont'd) Subfamily Formicinae ( 35 species ) 1 . Brachymy rmex depi 1 i s* 2. Camponotus (Cam.) ameri canus* 3. Camponotus (Cam.) ferrugi neus* 4. Camponotus (Cam.) novaeboracensi s 5. Camponotus (Cam.) pennsyl vanicus* 6. Camponotus (Tae.) castaneus* 7. Camponotus (Myr.) caryae 8. Camponotus ( My r . ) nearcti cus* 9. Camponotus (Myr.) subbarbatus* 10. Camponotus (Col .) impressus* 1 1 . Paratrechi na fai sonensi s* 12 . Paratrechi na parvul a 13. Paratrechi na pubens 14 . Paratrechi na vi vidul a 1 5 . Prenol epi s impari s* 16 . Lasi us al i enus* 17. Lasius flavus Subfamily Formicinae (cont'd) 18. Lasius neoni ger* 19. Lasius umbratus* 20 . Acanthomyops cl avi ger* 21 . Acanthomyops i nterjectus 22. Acanthomyops 1 ati pes* 23. Acanthomyops murphy i 24. Acanthomyops subgl aber 25 . Formica di f f i ci 1 i s 26. Formica exsectoides 27 . Formica i ntegra* 28. Formi ca obscuri ventri s 29 . Formica pal 1 i deful va* 30. Formi ca pergandei 31 . Formi ca rubi cunda 32 . Formica schaufussi* 33 . Formi ca subi ntegra* 34. Formi ca subseri cea* 35 . Polyergus 1 ucidus* be Because many of the anatomical terms used in the taxonomic keys will unfamiliar to non-specialists, an illustrated glossary is included The SERC Study Area Most of my ecological research on ants has been conducted at the 1,000 ha SERC site, located approximately 10 km (air line) south of Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The SERC reserve includes cropland, pas¬ ture, old-fields, young woodlands, and mature upland and bottomland deciduous forest. I have collected 60 species of ants at this site since I began my field research there in 1975. The two most intensively studied areas are (1) a stand of mature upland hardwood forest dominated by Ameri¬ can beech (Fagus grandi fol i a ) , oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), and Tulip poplar (Li ri odendron tul ipifera) , and (2) an "old-field" that was abandoned from agriculture about 1971, and is presently undergoing second¬ ary succession. The vegetation of both sites is described in Lynch et al . (1980, 1988) and Lynch (1981). At these two sites, and to a lesser extent in other habitats at SERC, ants have been quantitatively sampled and ob¬ served at all hours of day and night, during all seasons of the year, and in several vertical strata (soil, litter, surface, arboreal vegetation). Acknowl edgements I take this opportunity to extend special thanks to Roy R. Snelling of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County for his invaluable taxo¬ nomic assistance over the past 12 years. The following people contributed significantly to the field studies that were the impetus for this paper: Edward Balinsky, Brenda Davis, Alexander Johnson, Patricia Mehlhop, Warren Steiner, and Stephen Vail. 63 Key to the Subfamilies of Ants of the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Gaster with distinct constriction between the first and second seg¬ ments; pedicel one segmented (Fig. la) . Ponerinae Gaster without such a constriction; pedicel with one or two segments 2 2. Abdominal pedicel consisting of two segments (Fig. lb) . Myrmicinae Abdominal pedicel consisting of one segment (Fig lc, Id) . 3 3. Cloacal orifice slit-like, not surrounded by a fringe of hairs (Fig. 4a) . Dol ichoderinae Cloacal orifice distinctly circular and usually surrounded by a fringe of hairs (Fig. 4c) . Formicinae Note: Representatives of two mainly tropical and subtropical subfamilies (Ecitoninae and Pseudomyrmeci nae) range northward along the Atlantic coast nearly to the Chesapeake Bay region. Subfamily PONERINAE Four genera of this primitive subfamily occur in the study area. All are timid, mainly subterranean forms with reduced vision and with predatory habits . Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Ponerinae Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Sources: Creighton 1950, Taylor 1967) 1. Anterior border of the clypeus denticulate; mandibles with a row of coarse, bidenti cul ate teeth (length 5.0 mm or more) . Amblyopone* Anterior border of clypeus variously shaped but never denticulate; mandibular teeth, when present, single (length 4.0 mm or less) . 2 2. Thoracic dorsum without sutures, or at most a shallow impression at the point at which the sutures should be (apex of the gaster directed ventral ly or anteroventral ly when the major axis of the gaster is in line with that of the thorax) . Procerati urn* Thoracic dorsum with promesonotal and mesoepinotal suture present ...3 3. Posteroventral corner of subpetiolar process composed of 2 separate teeth, situated side by side; anterior of subpetiolar process with 2 distinct circular or oval fenestra . Ponera* 64 Subpetiolar process a simple lobe; never with fenestra or paired posterolateral teeth . . . Hypoponera* (* genus occurs at SERC site) Genus Amblyopone Erichson This primitive cosmopolitan genus (formerly known as St i gmatomma Roger) has its center of diversity at tropical and subtropical latitudes. One of the several North American species occurs in the Chesapeake Bay regi on . 1. Amblyopone pallipes (Haldeman) Although this species is fairly common in moist woodlands at SERC, it has never been observed active at the surface. A few individuals have been collected under logs and other surface objects, but most have been taken in samples of soil or leaf litter. A_. pal 1 i pes forms small colonies of 10-50 workers, and is morphol ogical ly specialized for feeding on geophilid centi¬ pedes. It ranges throughout forested areas of eastern North America. Genus Procerati urn Roger As presently constituted (Brown 1958), this genus includes species formerly assigned to the genus Sysphi ncta Roger. These are inconspicuous, apparently rare ants that place their small colonies in the soil or inside rotted logs. They are thought to feed mainly on arthropod eggs. Key to the Species of Procerati urn Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Sources: Creighton 1950, Brown 1958, Snelling 1967) 1. Petiole nodiform, low and much rounded above; clypeus with a narrow median lobe which projects strongly beyond the remainder of the anterior border . . . . . .pergandei Petiole erect and scale-like, the front and rear faces flattened; anterior border of the clypeus not projecting in the middle . . 2 2. Length 3.75 - 4 mm; node of petiole seen in profile thick and blunt above, the base very little thicker than the crest; epinotal teeth prominent . . . croceum* Length 2.75 mm or less; node of petiole in profile slender, the base notably thicker than the crest; epinotum without distinct spines si 1 aceum 1. Proceratium croceum (Roger) Two workers of this secretive species have been collected in leaf lit¬ ter from mature deciduous forest. The main range of the species is the 65 southeastern U.S., north to Virginia; the present SERC record appears to be the first for Maryland. Genus Ponera Latreille According to the generic revision of Taylor (1967), Ponera is an essentially tropical group, with only a single widespread North American species. Members of the genus are small, timid ants that forage mostly below the ground surface for arthropods. 1. Ponera pennsyl vanica (Buckley) This elongate, dark brown species is inconspicuous, but is virtually ubiquitous in the litter and soil zones at SERC. Although colonies contain fewer than 100 workers, the density of colonies probably exceeds that of any other local ant species. Individual workers are occasionally observed slowly moving over the ground, but most foraging apparently takes place in the litter and below the ground surface. The species ranges throughout the eastern deciduous forest region of North America, from Nova Scotia and southern Ontario to northern Florida and the Gulf states. A few isolated localities are known as far west as Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. Genus Hypoponera Santschi Hypoponera, previously considered a subgenus of Ponera, was accorded full generic status by Taylor (1967). Like Ponera, Hypoponera contains small, elongate, timid species, most of which occur in tropical and sub¬ tropical areas. The local members of the two genera cannot be distin¬ guished in the field, but Taylor's (1967) diagnostic characters are fully adequate if specimens can be examined microscopically. Key to the Species of Hypoponera Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Sources: Creighton 1950, Taylor 1967) 1. Petiole when viewed in lateral profile slender, subtriangul ar (that is, narrower dorsally than ventrally) . opaci or Petiole when viewed in lateral profile robust, subrectangul ar (that is, approximately as wide dorsally as ventrally) . opaciceps* 1. Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr) This species is much less common than Ponera pennsyl vanica at SERC, and appears to be restricted to brushy old-fields and other relatively open habitats. Another member of this basically southern genus (jl. opaci or) occurs as far north as Virginia, but has not been found at SERC. H_. opaciceps , on the other hand, was previously thought to be restricted to areas south of South Carolina, and the present SERC records constitute a substantial range extension. 66 Subfamily MYRMIC I NAE The Myrmicinae are by far the most structurally and ecologically diverse of the eight recognized subfamilies of living ants (see Brown 1973 for a list of the genera of Formicidae). A total of 15 myrmicine genera are known to occur in the Chesapeake Bay region, of which 13 have been collected at the SERC site. Of the two exceptional genera, one ( Anergates) is a bizarre workerless parasite of Tetramori urn caespitum, and may eventu¬ ally be discovered at SERC. The second (Trachymy rmex ) Ts apparently res¬ tricted to loose, sandy soils along the Atlantic coast in the mid-Atlantic region, and does not occur in the heavier soils typical of the western shore of Chesapeake Bay. Most local myrmicines feed on a combination of scavenged arthropods and carbohydrate-rich liquids, especially "honeydew" produced by aphids, coccids, and other homopterous insects. However, a few genera (e.g., Smi thi struma ) are highly specialized hunters of live insect prey, and one species (Trachymyrmex septentrional i s) feeds on fungi that it cultivates in subterranean fungus gardens similar to those of the related tropical leaf¬ cutting ants of the genus Atta . A few local species of Myrmicines (e.g., Aphaenogaster tennesseensi s , Harpagoxenus americanus ) are parasitic on other myrmicine species for part or all of the life cycle. Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Myrmicinae Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Sources: Smith 1947; Creighton 1950) 1. Workers absent . Anergates Workers present . . . . . .2 2. Antennae with 6 segments . . . . . Smi thi struma* Antennae with more than 6 segments . . . . . 3 3. Postpetiole attached to the dorsal surface of the base of the gaster; gaster flattened dorsally, but much more convex ventrally, and (in dorsal view) heart-shaped with an acute tip (antenna 11-segmented) Crematogaster* Postpetiole attached to anterior end of gaster; gaster about equally convex above and below, the tip (in dorsal view) not notably acute ..4 4. Antennae with 10 segments, the last 2 forming a very distinct club; (epinotum without spines) . Sol enopsi s* Antennae with more than 10 segments . . . . . .....5 5. Antennae with 11 segments . 6 Antennae with 12 segments . . . 8 67 6. Thoracic dorsum without spines, projecting bosses or ridges; spines or teeth, when present, confined to the epinotum . 7 Thoracic dorsum with spines, projecting bosses, and ridges; antennal fossae bounded by a delicate carina which runs diagonally inward from the insertion of the mandible past the medial border of the eye T rachymy rmex 7. Frontal carinae extending rearward at least two-thirds of the distance to the posterior corners of the head, each carina bordering an elon¬ gate shallow depression (antennal scrobe) for the reception of the antennal scape, the latter much flattened . Harpagoxenus* Frontal carinae short, no antennal scrobes present, the antennal scape not flattened . Leptothorax (in part)* 8. Middle and hind tibial spurs very finely pectinate, the teeth distinct and regular but usually too small to show unless high magnification is used ( promesonotal suture absent on the dorsum) . Myrmi ca* Spurs of middle and hind tibia simple or absent . 9 9. Petiole subcyl i ndri cal , without a distinct node above; 2 pairs of spines on epinotum . . . Myrmeci na* Petiole with a distinct node, the anterior peduncle distinct even when short; at most one pair of epinotal spines . . 10 10. Lateral portions of the clypeus raised behind into a narrow ridge or carina which forms an abrupt semi-ci rcul ar boundary at the front of the antennal fossae . Tetramori urn* Clypeus not as above; antennal fossae opening onto the clypeus without a boundary . 11 11. Epinotum unarmed, the basal face at the same level as the dorsum of the mesonotum . Monomori urn* Epinotum usually armed with spines or teeth, but if unarmed the basal face is distinctly below the level of the dorsum of the mesonotum ..12 12. Worker caste strongly dimorphic, the major worker with a dispropor¬ tionately large head . Pheidole* Worker caste monomorphic, or at most weakly polymorphic; head of larger workers similar in proportion to that of smaller workers ....13 13. Thoracic dorsum with mesoepinotal suture absent or faint .Leptothorax* Thoracic dorsum with mesoepinotal suture well-marked . 14 14. Small ants (length 2-4 mm), scapes not reaching the occipital border; promesonotal suture indistinct or absent; eyes vestigial or small Stenamma* 68 Larger ants (length 4-10 mm); scapes usually surpassing the occipital border; thorax usually with distinct promesonotal suture; eyes prominent . Aphaenogaster* Genus Anergates Forel This bizarre parasitic genus contains a single European species (A. atratul us ) , which has been introduced into North America along with its obligate host, Tetramori urn caespitum. Anergates lacks a worker caste, and a mature parasitized colony of _T. caespitum will contain workers of the latter species, a single reproductive queen of A. atratul us , and at appro¬ priate times of year, virgin females and peculiar flightless "pupoidal" males of A. atratul us . The species has been collected at scattered locali¬ ties along the eastern seaboard of the northeastern U.S., from southern New England to Virginia, including Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia. It may yet be found to occur at the SERC site, where _T. caespitum is locally abundant. Genus Smithi struma Brown The ants of this genus exhibit perhaps the most specialized morphology of any local Formicidae. Smithi struma comprises small (total length less than 3 mm), secretive ants that nest and forage in soil, leaf litter, rot¬ ted wood, and similar cryptic microhabitats. The eyes are located subven- trally on the subtri angul ar head, which is typically ornamented with bi- zarrely specialized hairs. All species whose feeding habits have been studied are predaceous on living springtails (Col 1 embol a) , which are cap¬ tured with the aid of an unusual jaw-snapping behavior. Prior to Brown's (1953) revisionary work, these ants were included in the genus Strumi genys F. Smith. Key to the Species of Smithi struma Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Brown 1953) 1. Mandibles very nearly as long as, or longer than, the clypeus, with a toothless diastema equalling or exceeding in length the space occupied by the apical series of teeth . . . . . .pergandei Mandibles considerably shorter than the clypeus; toothless diastema absent or smal 1 er . . . . 2 2. Anterior of clypeus forming a blunt raised point that bears a concen¬ trated group of 8-10 long outward-radi ati ng hairs . di etri chi * Anterior clypeal border rounded; clypeal hairs not concentrated as above, or else with strongly bulbous apices . . . 3 3. Clypeus with a group of 8-10 hairs with strongly bulbous apices radiating from a small anteromedian area; a very long, curved, narrow 69 erect hair arising on each side near the midlength; surface of clypeus otherwise practically naked . . . . .ornata* Clypeal pilosity not as above . . . 4 4. Hairs on side of clypeus fine, mostly distinctly J-shaped, curved posterol ateral ly ; mandibles large, diastema very feebly developed, indistinct; clypeus opaque, minutely tuberculate . . ohioensis* Hairs on sides of clypeus either distinctly apically enlarged or not J-shaped; mandibles smaller with a wel 1 -devel oped diastema . 5 5. Clypeus approximately as wide as long and about half as wide as the width across the occipital lobes; mandibles somewhat convex dorsally, diastema very small and indistinct, especially at full closure; pre¬ ocular laminae straight and distinctly converging anteriorly ........6 Clypeus distinctly broader than long and more than half as wide as the width across the occipital lobes, or if width of clypeus is ambiguous, then the mandibles depressed and with a distinct diastema; preocular laminae parallel or very weakly converging, often convex . 7 6. Clypeal surface covered densely with short, scale-like appressed hairs; free border with a close fringe of anteriorly directed linear- spatulate hairs . . . . . . . . clypeata Hairs on clypeal surface not appressed or scale-like; instead, erect or suberect, those projecting from the free border narrow . ..pilinasis 7. Most or all of the large hairs on the side of the clypeus curved away from the midline and broadened at their apices . .reflexa Most or all of the large hairs on the side of the clypeus curved anteriorly or anteromedial ly (apices broadened or not) . . . 8 8. Pilosity of upper dorsum of head consisting entirely and uniformly of short, curved, spoon-like hairs . . . . . .crei ghtoni Pilosity of upper dorsum of head not uniformly spoon-shaped; at least a few slender erect or suberect hairs on occiput; lateral borders of each occipital lobe often with one or two long, weak outstanding hairs 9 9. Mandibles coarsely and continuously toothed, without a diastema; hairs on sides of anterior clypeal border elongate, narrow, curved semi- circularly toward the midline; thorax with four long and conspicuous hairs, one of which occurs at each humeral angle, and one at each side of the thorax where the mesonotal declivity begins . . . rostrata* Mandibles without a distinct toothless diastema; thorax lacking long, conspicuous hairs at the humeral angles . ..10 70 10. C 1 y pea 1 surface with a uniform covering of large, curved spoon-shaped hairs . abdita Clypeal surface without hairs in the center, or the hairs in the center much reduced, appressed, and inconspicuous . 11 11. Head and mandibles slender; the lateral border of each occipital lobe with a long, fine dorsol ateral ly curved flagelliform hair) . .pul chel 1 a Head and mandibles more robust; lateral borders of occipital lobes without true flagelliform hairs) . mi ssouri ensi s 1. Smithistruma dietrichi (M. R. Smith) This species has been collected in litter samples from old-field habitats at SERC. The species ranges throughout the southeastern U.S., reaching its northern limit in Maryland. 2. Smi thi struma ohi oensi s (Kennedy and Schramm) This is by far the most abundant of the four species of Smithistruma known from the SERC site. It has been collected in soil and litter samples from mature and successional forests. Colonies contain 15-50 workers. _S. ohioensi s is distributed through the southeastern U.S. north to New Jersey. 3. Smithistruma ornata (Mayr) S . ornata co-occurs with _S_. ohi oensi s in leaf litter and soil in mature forest at SERC. The species occurs in the southeastern states as far north as Maryland and Delaware. 4. Smithistruma rostrata (Emery) This uncommon ant has been collected twice at the SERC site, both times in leaf litter from mature forest. This southeastern species reaches its northern range limit in New Jersey. Genus Crematogaster Lund Crematogaster is a large genus of worldwide distribution. Its members are distinguished by possession of a peculiar heart-shaped gaster, and a postpetiole that is joined to the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Many species forage in columns and aggressively defend food sources by smearing intruders with repellent chemicals that are presented on a specialized spatulate sting. Four of the five species of Crematogaster that occur in the Mid-Atlantic region have been collected at the SERC site. 71 Key to the Species of Crematogaster Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Buren 1968a) 1. Epinotal spines very short and distinctly incurved; thoracic dorsum smooth to weakly punctate . . . ashmeadi Without this combination of characters . 2 2. Pubescence suberect on at least head and thorax; erect hairs slender and numerous on thorax and gaster . 3 Pubescence appressed on head, thorax, and gaster; erect hairs either rather sparse on thorax and gaster or, if numerous, somewhat bristle¬ like in appearance . 4 3. Pubescence suberect on head and thorax only; thorax smooth or faintly punctate; nests in large variety of semi-arboreal situations in or near swamps, salt marshes, rivers, and streams . cl ara* Pubescence suberect on gaster and legs as well as on head and thorax; thorax usually with some distinct rugae; often nests in logs and fallen branches in marshy situations . . . . . pi 1 osa* 4. Erect hairs on dorsum of thorax confined to a clump of one to several long, flexuous setae on each shoulder of the pronotum . cerasi* Erect hairs on dorsum bristle-like, numerous, and evenly covering nearly the entire dorsum . 1 ineol ata* 1. Crematogaster cerasi (Fitch) This species has strong arboreal tendencies, and is fairly common in forest and edge habitats at SERC. It ranges through the northeastern states, and reaches its southern coastal distributional limits in the Chesapeake Bay region. The species extends south into Georgia and Arkansas in the Appalachian and Ozark mountain systems. 2. Crematogaster clara Mayr This arboreal species is fairly common in woodlands at the SERC site. It ranges through the southeastern U.S. north to New Jersey. 3. Crematogaster 1 ineol ata (Say) This small, black terrestrial species is commonest in brushy old- fields at SERC, but occurs also in dry, open woods. The range encompasses most of the eastern deciduous forest region, from northern New England and southern Ontario south to the Gulf states. 72 4. Crematogaster pi 1 osa Emery While this secretive species has rarely been observed actively foraging aboveground at the SERC site, it is fairly common in the litter zone within deciduous forest. The range of £. pi 1 osa includes the Middle Atlantic region between Georgia and New Jersey. Genus Sol enopsi s Westwood Sol enopsi s is a very large, cosmopolitan genus whose members, although structurally similar, exhibit a remarkable range in body size, behavior, and habitat associations. At one extreme are the tiny (2-3 mm total length) highly convergent members of the subgenus Pi pi orhoptrum, various species of which are arboreal, terrestrial, or subterranean . Members of the subgenus Sol enopsi s , on the other hand, are considerably larger (major workers are 4-8 mm total length), aggressive, terrestrial species that tend to be associated with deserts, grasslands, and other fairly open habitats. One non-native species of this subgenus, the notorious Red imported fire ant (S_. i nvi eta) , has gradually expanded its range to include most low- lying areas of the southeastern U.S. as far north as North Carolina. While S^. i nvi eta may yet appear in the Chesapeake Bay region, only members of the subgenus Pi plorhoptrum are presently known from the area. Associated females are most helpful for identification of Pi pi orhoptrum workers. Key to the Species of Sol enopsi s Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Female with very large eyes which cover more than half the sides of the head . carol i nensi s Female with smaller eyes that do not cover half the sides of the head 2 2. Funicular joints 3, 4, and 5 of the worker notably broader than long; color pale yellow, the gastric segments slightly infuscated; the gaster of the female pink orange in life . texana Funicular joints, 3, 4, and 5 only slightly broader than long, gaster clear golden yellow or darker; female gaster not as above . . . .mol esta* 1. Solenopsis molesta (Say) At the SERC site this tiny (ca. 2 mm total length) pale-colored species is commonest in old-fields and other open habitats, but occurs occasionally in forested areas. S_. mol esta is largely subterranean , but surface mobilizations of workers are sometimes observed at night. Oily, proteinaceous foods are strongly preferred over carbohydrates . The species ranges throughout eastern North America from the Gulf states to southern Canada and northern New England, and occurs in the Pacific and Rocky Mountain areas. 73 Genus T rachymyrmex Forel Most species in this New World genus occur in Latin America and the Caribbean region. A few species range into the southwestern U.S., and one (X* septentri onal i s ) is widely distributed through the eastern states between Texas and New York. The species is evidently scarce on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay (it does not occur at the SERC site), but occurs in loose sandy soils along the Atlantic coast between Long Island and Florida. septentri onal i s utilizes a mixture of caterpillar dung, oak catkins, and other vegetable material as a substrate for cultivating subterranean fungus, the major source of food for this and other members of the myrmi- cine tribe Attini (Weber 1972). Genus Harpagoxenus Forel The three species that comprise this Holarctic genus obligatorily en¬ slave species of the related genus Leptothorax. Colonies of Leptothorax are raided by small parties of Harpagoxenus workers, which capture Lepto¬ thorax larvae and pupae to be reared as slaves. One of the two North American species of Harpagoxenus occurs in the Middle Atlantic region. 1. Harpagoxenus americanus (Emery) This small, rather non-descript, dark brown species has been collected several times at the SERC site, where it enslaves the pale-yellow Lepto¬ thorax curvi spi nosus . Elsewhere, H_. americanus is known to enslave L. 1 ongi spi nosus , a black species that also occurs at SERC. Colonies of H_. ameri canus typically contain less than a dozen H_. ameri canus reproducti ves and workers, together with up to 25 or so Leptothorax workers. Most colonies have been found in arboreal twigs within forested areas, but they also occur in superficial litter. The species ranges from central New England and southern Ontario south to North Carolina and west to Illinois and Mi ssouri . Genus Leptothorax Mayr Leptothorax is a cosmopolitan genus made up of small, generally timid ants, that often place their modest colonies within hollow twigs, fallen nuts, and other preformed cavities. Four of the five species in the Middle Atlantic region belong to the subgenus Myrafant , and possess 11 antennal segments; the exceptional species (L_* pergandei ) has a 12 segmented antenna, and belongs to the subgenus Dichothorax. All five species have been collected at the SERC site. Key to the Species of Leptothorax Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Antenna 12-jointed; color piceous brown . .pergandei* Antenna 11-jointed; color yellow, brown, or black . 2 74 2. Epinotal spines longer than 1/2 the distance that separates their bases; color yellow or brown . 3 Epinotal spines short and dentiform, their length less than 1/2 the distance that separates their bases; color brown . schaumi * 3. Dorsal surface of the head in large part strongly shining; longitudi¬ nal rugae, if present, sparse and feeble, the inter-rugal sculpture consisting of small widely scattered punctures; color black 1 ongi s pi nosus* Dorsal surface of head feebly shining or completely opaque, the sculp¬ ture variable but never of a character to give the surface a smooth and strongly shining appearance; color yellow . 4 4. Epinotal spines very long, recurved, and set close together at the base; postpetiole, seen from above, very little broader than long; color pale yellow; color yellow . . . . .curvi spi nosus* Epinotal spines shorter, wel 1 -separated at the base; postpetiole, seen from above, notably broader than long; color orange-yellow . .ambi guus* Note: This key does not include L. mi nuti ssimus , a species known only from the type series of females collected in the District of Columbia.) 1. Leptothorax (Myrafant ) ambi guus Emery This is the common Leptothorax of old-fields and other open habitats at SERC. L_. ambi guus superi f i ci ally resembles L_^ curvi spi nosus , a forest¬ dwelling species, but is more terrestrial than the latter. The range of J_. ambi guus extends from Quebec and Ontario south to Virginia and west to Iowa, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. 2. Leptothorax (Myrafant) curvi spi nosus Mayr L. curvi spi nosus is virtually ubiquitous in forested habitats at SERC and elsewhere in eastern North America. The yellow workers forage slowly over leaf surfaces and on the ground. Colonies are located within dead twigs of standing trees, in fallen twigs and nuts, and in superficial litter. Although curvi spi nosus occasionally coexists with ambi guus in brushy old-fields, the two species are largely segregated by habitat, with L. ambiguus occupying more open situations. L^. curvi spi nosus ranges through most of the eastern North America from southern Canada to the Gulf states . 3. Leptothorax (Myrafant) 1 ongi spi nosus Roger The shining black integument of this ant distinguishes it from all other local species except the smaller Monomori urn mi nimum. l^. 1 ongi spi - nosus co-occurs with l. curvi spi nosus in forested areas at SERC, but is markedly less abundant and more terrestrial than the latter species. The 75 ranges of the two species are similar, but J_. 1 ongi spi nosus does not occur as far south at the Gulf region. 4. Leptothorax ( My rafant ) schaumi Roger This species has been collected only once at SERC. Coloration is highly variable, and workers from a single colony may range from yellow to dark brown. The range extends from New England to Georgia. 5. Leptothorax (Dichothorax) pergandei Emery The sole SERC record for this rather nondescript brown Lepthorax is a single worker collected in a forested area. The species ranges through the southeastern U.S., from the Gulf of Mexico to New Jersey. Genus Myrmica Latrielle Myrmica is a Holarctic genus, with numerous representatives in North America, northern Europe, and northern Asia. In eastern North America, My rmi ca ranges from Labrador to Tennessee and North Carolina, but southern occurrences are mainly at high elevations. The taxonomy of My rmi ca is notoriously difficult, and the genus is currently under revision. The two species that have been taken at SERC are easily distinguished morphologi¬ cally, as well as by habitat association. Key to the Species of Myrmica Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Antennal scape gradually and evenly bent at the base, the upper sur¬ face never forming a right angle at the bend; the lamina, if present, forming a low and inconspicuous ridge at the side of the bend and never prolonged onto the upper surface of the scape . 2 Antennal scape sharply bent at the base, the upper surface forming a right angle; lamina always present and of varying shapes, but never absent from the upper surface of the scape . 3 2. Epinotal spines about one and one-half times as long as the distance that separates their bases and slightly deflected downward; color piceous brown; length 4.0 - 4.7 mm (antennal scape of the male as long as the following 6 segments taken together) . puncti ventri s* Epinotal spines only slightly longer than the distance that separates their bases and not deflected downward; color brownish yellow; length 3.5 - 4.0 mm (antennal scape of the male as long as the following 2 segments taken together) . . . pi netorum 3. Ventral surface of the postpetiole seen in profile flat or nearly so and not forming a projection in front; antennal scape of the male as 76 long or longer than the following 4 segments taken together and straight at the base . ameri cana* Ventral surface of the postpetiole seen in profile convex or forming a prominent anterior projection that thrusts forward under the anterior peduncle; antennal scape of the male bent at the base or, if straight, distinctly shorter than the above . 4 4. Lamina of the antennal scape small and diagonally transverse on the upper surface of the scape but continued as a prominent transparent flange along the inner surface of that part of the scape that lies below the bend; antennal scape of the male straight at the base and only as long as the following 3 segments taken together . emeryana Lamina small and transverse, but forming an angular tooth-like projec¬ tion on the inner side of the bend; no prominent median flange as above; antennal scape of male bent at the base and at least as long as the following 5 segments taken together . 1 obi corni s 1. Myrmica ameri cana Weber This species is a common inhabitant of old-fields and other exposed habitats at SERC. It is unusually tolerant of low temperatures and is active even on cold nights. The distribution extends from New England and southern Quebec south to Tennessee and North Carolina, and west to the Rocky Mountain region. 2. Myrmica puncti ventri s Roger In forested areas, _M_. puncti ventri s replaces _M_. ameri cana as the common local My rmi ca species. Both species are terrestrial, slow-moving, and relatively timid. M. puncti ventri s favors humid, mature forest. The species ranges from southern New England south to Georgia, and west to the Plains states. Genus My rmeci na Curtis One of the two subgenera of Myrmecina ranges through southwest Asia, Oceania, and northern Australia; the other has a holarctic distribution. Only a single widespread species of the latter group occurs in North America. It is one of the common woodland ants at the SERC site. 1. My rmeci na ameri cana Emery This fairly small, dark brown species is common in moist forest, but its cryptic habits make it difficult to observe. Colonies are small (generally less than 100 workers) and are located in the soil. The workers feign death when disturbed. M_. ameri cana occurs in three disjunct geo¬ graphic regions: eastern North America from northern New England and Quebec to Tennessee, and west to Missouri and Nebraska; the Rocky Mountains; and the Pacific coastal region. 77 Genus Tetramori um Mayr This Old World genus is represented in the New World by a number of "tramp" species that have been introduced inadvertently through human com¬ merce. Most of the introduced forms occur in tropical or subtropical areas, but a single species ranges through temperate North America. 1. Tetramorium caespitum (Linn£) This aggressive dark-brown species is native to Europe, but is now established throughout the eastern half of the U.S., as well as in the Pacific states. The species forms large colonies that may contain several reproducti vely active females. Heavily disturbed situations (e.g., road¬ sides, lawns, pastures, agricultural fields) are favored by T. caespitum at SERC. Genus Monomori um Mayr Most members of this cosmopolitan genus occur in the Old World, but a few species are native to North America. One of these (Ml. minimum) is among the commonest ants in North America. Monomori um are slender, minute ants that nest either directly in the ground or in hollow twigs, fallen nuts, and other preformed cavities. One species, Ml. pergandei , is a work¬ erless parasite on M. minimum. M_. pergandei , which is known only from the type series collected in Washington, D.C., was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Epoecus , but following Ettershank (1966) and Brown (1973) I have included it within Monomori um . Key to the Species of Monomori um Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Workers absent; males and females very similar in form . pergandei Workers present; males and females strongly dimorphic . ....2 2. Node of petiole, in profile, somewhat higher than its base is long, with the anterior peduncle about as long as the base of the node; mesopleurae and base of the epinotum rugose or delicately striate vi ridum Node of the petiole, in profile, approximately as high as it is long with the anterior peduncle notably shorter than the base of the node; mesopleurae and the base of the epinotum for the most part smooth and shining . . . . . . . mi nimum* 1. Monomori um minimum (Buckley) This minute (3 mm), shining black ant is extremely abundant in open fields at the SERC site, and also occurs in forest clearings. The species usually nests directly in the soil, but workers forage both terrestri al ly 78 and above the ground in trees, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation. Workers form dense mobilizations at concentrated food sources. The species occurs through eastern North America from northern New England south to the Gulf region, and southwestward to Arizona and the Pacific coast. Genus Phei dole Westwood Most of the several hundred species in this cosmopolitan genus occur in tropical and subtropical areas, and temperate zone species tend to be associated with relatively dry, exposed habitats (Brown 1973). The most conspicuous characteri sti c of Pheidole is the presence of a strongly dimor¬ phic worker caste in almost all species. Minor workers posses a relatively generalized myrmicine morphology, but major workers ("soldiers") exhibit greatly enlarged head and jaws. All five of the Pheidole species that occur in the Chesapeake Bay region have been collected at the SERC site, where they are associated with pastures, old-fields, and other open habitats. Both major and minor workers are needed for identification of some Pheidole to species. Key to the Species of Pheidol e Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950, Gregg 1958) 1. The tops of the occipital lobes of the major worker and usually their front faces as well, covered with sculpture . pi 1 i fera* The tops of the occipital lobes of the major worker and usually their front faces as well, free from sculpture . . . ....2 2. Entire thorax of minor worker covered with granulose sculpture and completely opaque; postpetiole of minor, seen from above, spherical davi si* At least a part of the promesonotum shining in the minor worker, or, if the entire thorax is opaque, the promesonotum is longitudinally striate and not densely granulose; postpetiole of minor worker, seen from above, not spherical . . . ...3 3. Epinotum of the major worker angular at the junction of the basal and declivous faces, but the angles not produced into distinct teeth or spines (length of major 3. 5-4.0 mm) . morri si* Epinotum of major worker armed with distinct teeth or spines . 4 4. Mesonotum of the major worker depressed below the adjacent portion of the pronotum, so that in profile it forms a distinct step or angular projection between the pronotum and the epinotum (length of major 3.4- 3.8 mm) . . . . . dentata* Mesonotum of the major worker not depressed below the adjacent portion of the pronotum, in profile the two forming an evenly curved outline 79 which descends to the mesoepinotal suture (length of major 2. 6-3.0 mm) bi cari nata* 1. Pheidol e bi cari nata Mayr This tiny yellow species is the commonest member of the genus at the SERC site, where it occurs mainly in abandoned fields. The species occurs from New York south to Florida, and west to the Dakotas, with isolated populations in the Rocky Mountains and California. 2. Phei dol e davi si Wheeler This small, dark brown ant is fairly common in old-field habitats at SERC. It ranges south from New Jersey to the highlands of northern Alabama and Georgia. 3. Phei dol e dentata Mayr This and P. morrisi are the largest of the five local Pheidole spe¬ cies. The honey-yellow workers of _P. dentata forage terrestri al ly in dry, exposed habitats at SERC, although the species occurs in open woodlands further south. This southeastern species reaches its northern distribu¬ tional limit in the Chesapeake Bay region. 4. Pheidol e morri si Forel The absence of epinotal spines and the dark-brown body color dis¬ tinguish this species from the otherwise similar P_. dentata . At SERC, P_. morri si has been taken only in old-fields. The species occurs throughout the southeastern U.S. north to New York. 5. Pheidole pilifera (Roger) This small, dark species is apparently rare at the SERC site. The few collections all have been made in highly disturbed situations (e.g., lawns, roadsides). The several subspecies of _P. pi 1 i fera occur from southern New England to Florida, and west to California. Iowa and Nebraska, with isolated occurrences in the Dakotas, the Rocky Mountain region, and in coastal California. Genus Stenamma Westwood This holarctic genus is represented by four species in the Middle Atlantic region; all occur at the SERC site. The ants of this genus are small to medium-sized, terrestrial, and timid. Their colonies typically number fewer than 100 workers. Food habits have been little-studied, but Stenamma presumably preys mainly on scavenged insects. 80 Key to the Species of Stenamma Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Smith 1957) 1. Larger species (length 2. 8-4.0 mm); eye usually with 5-12 ommatidia in its greatest diameter . . . brevi corne* Smaller species (length 2. 3-3. 5 mm); eye with 3-6 ommatidia in its greatest diameter . 2 2. Thorax either shining on the promesonotum, or the general surface of the thorax not dulled throughout the numerous, dense and distinct punctures . 3 Thorax subopaque, the sculpturing highly variable but always of such a nature that the punctures are dense enough to dull the general surface regardless of their position or abundance . . . schmi tti * 3. Small species (2. 3-2. 7 mm in length); thoracic sculpture weak; post¬ petiole seldom noticeably smooth and shining; ommatidia of eye unusu¬ ally coarse; petiolar node in profile subangular or angular) . . .impar* Larger species (2. 7-3. 5 mm in length); thoracic sculpturing highly variable but seldom weak, the promesonotum usually distinctly shining; postpetiole usually smooth and rather strongly shining . . . .di ecki* 1. Stenamma brevicorne (Mayr) The sole SERC record for this large-eyed species is a worker from a litter sample collected in a brushy old-field. The species ranges through the northeast from the Maritime Provinces, southern Quebec, and Ontario, south to Virginia, and west to Minnesota and Nebraska. 2. Stenamma di ecki Emery This medium-sized species is common in the litter and soil horizons within forested habitats at SERC, where it co-occurs with S^. impar . The species occurs across much of temperate North America below the latitude of northern New England and southern Quebec in the east, and southern British Columbia in the west. The southern limit of the range is North Carolina in the east, and northern Mexico in the west. 3. Stenamma impar Fore! S^. impar is by far the commonest member of the genus at the SERC site. Its small colonies are numerous in the soil and litter zones within for¬ ested areas. The species occurs through most of northeastern North America from the latitude of southern New England south to North Carolina, and west to the Dakotas. 81 4. Stenamma schmitti Wheeler The two SERC records for this species stem from workers collected in leaf litter within a tract of mature forest. The range is similar to that of S^. impar . Genus Aphaenogaster Mayr Six species belonging to this virtually cosmopolitan genus occur in the Middle Atlantic region; five of these have been collected at the SERC site. The sixth species (A_. mariae) is known from scattered localities between the latitudes of New York and Florida, and eventually may be dis¬ covered locally. All Aphaenogaster that occur in the local area are moderately large ants with a body color that ranges from brown-black to orange-brown . Most species are associated with wooded situations, but A. treatae is characteri Stic of old-fields and other open habitats. Some species are important agents of seed dispersal for woodland herbs. All of the local species share the habit of covering concentrations of liquid food with bits of debris, which are later carried back to the nest after soaking up substantial amounts of the food (Fellers and Fellers 1976). Key to Species of Aphaenogaster Known or Expected in Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Antennal scape with a conspicuous lobe which extends rearward along the basal fourth or fifth of the scape . . . treatae* Antennal scape without a basal lobe, or if small lobe is present, it projects forward and does not involve the basal fifth of the scape ..2 2. Basal quarter of the first gastric segment with delicate striae which spread fan-like from the attachment of the postpetiole . mari ae Gaster without basal striae . . . . . . ...3 3. Outer face of the frontal lobe bearing a flange which projects rear¬ ward in the form of a tooth . . . . .1 amel 1 i dens* Outer face of the frontal lobe without a toothed flange . 4 4. Postpetiole broader than long and suboval in shape; epinotal spines longer than the basal face of the epinotum . . . .tennesseensi s* Postpetiole as long as broad, or longer than broad; globular or like a truncated cone in shape; epinotal spines, shorter than the basal face of the epinotum . . . 5 5. Anterior edge of the mesonotum rising abruptly above the adjacent portion of the pronotum, the transverse welt thus formed distinctly concave in the middle; epinotal spines at least as long as the dec- livious face of the epinotum and strongly directed upwards . ful va* 82 Mesonotum not abruptly elevated above the pronotum or, if it is high¬ er, the anterior edge not forming a transverse welt; epinotal spines shorter than the declivous face of the epinotum and directed backward rudi s* 1. Aphaenogaster ful va Roger This is one of the two commonest members of the genus in wooded areas at SERC. Colonies are generally located within fallen logs or rotted stumps, and workers forage on the forest floor. A_. ful va differs from _A. rudi s , the other common forest Aphaenogaster , in having black-infused antennae and legs. A, ful va ranges through most of the eastern deciduous forest region of North America from northern New England to Florida. 2. Aphaenogaster 1 amel 1 idens Mayr Like_A_. ful va , this species possesses darkened appendages, but the ground color of A. 1 amel 1 idens is noticeably lighter (orange rather than brown-black), and the workers are larger than those of A_. ful va . At the SERC site A_. 1 amel 1 idens prefers somewhat open wooded sites, where it places its colonies under stones or inside dead tree trunks. The species ranges from New York to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, and Texas. 3. Aphaenogaster rudis (Emery) A . rudis is perhaps the commonest surf ace- foragi ng ant species in forested areas of Eastern North America, including the SERC site where its foraging ecology has been studied (Lynch et al . 1980; Lynch 1981). Colo¬ nies are of moderate size (200 - 300 workers), and are typically placed in the soil, with or without a cover object. Workers forage mostly for scavenged animal material, but plant material (mushrooms, seeds, fruits) are also taken. Ants classified as A. rudis range through eastern North America from the Maritime Provinces to the Gulf region, but the discovery of chromosomal ly distinct cryptic species within A. "rudis11 (Crozier 1977 ) has complicated the taxonomic picture. 4. Aphaenogaster tennesseensi s (Mayr) This striking orange-col ored species is the most arboreal of the Aphaenogaster that occur at the SERC site. Nests are usually located with¬ in standing dead trees that retain a sheath of loose bark, but stumps are occasionally utilized as nest sites. Workers forage both arboreally and terrestri al ly , and commonly form large mobilizations at concentrated food sources. _A. tennesseensi s is thought to be an obligate temporary social parasite on A_. rudi s or A. ful va (Creighton 1950). The queen of _A. ten¬ nesseensi s is unusually small and possesses a shiny integument that is free of pilosity. These morphological features are thought to be related to her invasion of alien Aphaenogaster colonies during the nest-founding stage. This species occurs from New England and southern Ontario south to the Gulf region and west to the plains states. 83 5. Aphaenogaster treatae Forel This large, long-legged species is associated with old-fields and other open habitats that support a rich cover of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. It ranges from Ontario to Florida, and westward to Texas, and Okl ahoma . Subfamily DOLICHODERINAE Although the Dol i choderi nae have a cosmopolitan distribution, the center of diversity for this subfamily is in the southern hemisphere (Brown 1973). Only four dol ichoderi ne genera range through the Chesapeake Bay area, and three of these occur at the SERC site. The fourth genus (Conomyrma) is a basically southern group whose distribution in the Middle Atlantic region is restricted to exposed sandy soils along the Atlantic coast. Key to the Genera of the Subfamily Dol ichoderinae Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Declivous face of the epinotum very strongly concave; integument stiff and brittle; epinotum and often much of the remainder of the thorax heavily sculptured . Dol ichoderus* Declivious face of the epinotum straight or nearly so; integument thin and flexible; sculpture everywhere fine or absent . 2 2. The epinotum with a prominent, sharp, tooth-like protuberance projec¬ ting vertically at the junction of the basal and declivous faces; third segment of the maxillary palp very long, as long or longer than the three succeeding segments taken together . Conomyrma The junction between the basal and declivous faces of the epinotum unarmed, rounded or angular; third segment of the maxillary palp not unusually long and notably shorter than the three succeeding segments taken together . . . . . ..3 3. Scale of the petiole vestigial . . Tapi noma* Scale of the petiole long enough for the tip to project beyond the overhanging anterior face of the gaster . I ridomyrmex* Genus Dol i choderus Lund All North American representati ves of this cosmopolitan genus are mem¬ bers of the subgenus Hypocl i nea , which is accorded full generic rank by some authors. Four species occur in the mid-Atlantic states, but two of these (_D. mariae and D_. taschenbergi ) nest mainly in loose sandy soils, and 84 are not found at the SERC site. All four eastern Pol i choderus are associ¬ ated with fairly exposed habitats, ranging from marsh edges to old-fields and open woodlands. Key to the Species of Pol i choderus Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Cephalic foveolae coarse, deep and very close-set so that the surface between them forms a reti cul o-rugose pattern; the antennal scapes with numerous short, erect hairs on their anterior surfaces . plagiatus* Cephalic foveolae shallow, often replaced on the front and vertex by small punctures; the foveolae well separated with the surface between them delicately shagreened and never forming a reticul o-rugose pat¬ tern; antennal scapes usually without erect hairs, rarely one or two present . . . . . . . . . .2 2. Epinotum, seen from above, subquadrate, very slightly or not at all longer than broad; color uniform brownish black or piceous taschenbergi Epinotum, seen from above, very distinctly longer than broad; alitrunk lighter than the gaster, often bicotored . ..3 3. Porsum of the epinotum and mesonotum with coarse, deep, close-set foveolae forming a reticul o-rugose pattern; mesopleuron very smooth and shining . . . pustul atus* Porsum of the epinotum and mesonotum granulose or densely shagreened, foveolae, if present, shallow and obscure; mesopleuron in large part or entirely shagreened, subopaque, or dull . . mari ae 1. Polichoderus plagiatus (Mayr) This species has been taken occasionally in young successional woods at the SERC site. The species ranges through eastern North America from the maritime provinces southward to the highlands of Georgia and Tennessee, and west to the great plains. 2. Pol i choderus pustul atus Mayr This species occurs in old-fields, marsh edges, and other open habi¬ tats at SERC. Nests are common inside dead stems of the tall marsh grass Spartina cynosuroides . The species occurs from the Maritime Provinces and southern Ontario south to the Gulf region, and west to Illinois, Oklahoma, and Texas. 85 Genus I ri domyrmex Mayr Brown (1973) has argued that the North American species assigned to this predominantly Old World genus should be reassigned to the related genus Forel i us , but no formal taxonomic revision has so far been under¬ taken. I ri domyrmex (sensu lato) are active, aggressive ants that occur mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. One native species is widely distributed in temperate North America. An introduced South American form (_I_. humi 1 i s ) has become established outdoors in some sections of California and the Gulf States, and has been reported occasionally from greenhouses and similar protected sites in the mid-Atlantic region. Key to the Species of I ri domy rmex Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. The antennal scape in repose surpassing the occipital margin by an amount equal to or somewhat greater than the length of the first funicular joint; the middle of the occipital margin flat or somewhat convex; al i trunk usually without erect hairs . . . . . . .humi 1 i s The antennal scape in repose surpassing the occipital margin by an amount approximately equal to one-half the length of the first funicu¬ lar joint; the middle of the occipital margin broadly but feebly im¬ pressed; usually a few erect hairs on the promesonotum . prui nosus* 1. Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger) This small pale brown species occurs in highly disturbed, exposed situations at the SERC site. Most local occurrences are in areas where bare soil is visible, and daytime substrate temperatures reach high levels during summer. Workers are rapid and erratic in their movements, particu¬ larly at high temperatures . The range of K prui nosus encompasses low lying terrain across most of North America south of latitude 42° N. Genus Tapi noma Forester Only a single species of this cosmopolitan genus occurs in the mid- Atlantic region. 1. Tapinoma sessile (Say) This small brown-black species is by far the most abundant and widely distributed dol i choderi ne in the Chesapeake Bay region, including the SERC area. It forms large colonies (2,000-5,000 workers) that may contain as many as 200 reproduct i vely active females (Smith 1928). The species fre¬ quently shifts its nest site, and appears to be well adapted for exploita¬ tion of disturbed habitats (e.g., floodplains, successional fields, human habitations). T_. sessi 1 e is scarce in relatively undisturbed woodlands at the SERC site. The species occurs from coast to coast, except for desert regions, between the latitudes of southern Canada and southern Mexico. 86 Subfamily FORMICI NAE Most species in the 12 North American genera in this family are mem¬ bers of Formica or Camponotus . Ants of these two genera are large, active, species with variable ecological requirements and diverse habits. Formi- cines run the gamut from arboreal through terrestrial to fully fossorial, and are found in habitats that range from open crop-lands and old-fields to dense forest. Eight genera occur in the Chesapeake Bay region. Key to the Genera of Formicinae Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Antennae with 9 segments (size less than 3 mm) . Brachymyrmex* Antennae with 12 segments (size greater than 3 mm) . . . 2 2. In profile, thoracic dorsum evenly convex, the epinotum not depressed below the level of the promesonotum, the mesoepinotal suture unimpres¬ sed or very slightly impressed; mesothoracic spiracles borne on the sides of the thorax at a level well below the basal face of the epino¬ tum; the antennal scapes usually inserted well behind the posterior edge of the clypeus . Camponotus* In profile, thoracic dorsum with the epinotum distinctly depressed below the level of the promesonotum; the impression at the mesoepino¬ tal suture always distinct and often profound; mesonotal spiracles usually occurring in this impression on or close to the dorsal surface of the thorax; antennal scapes inserted at or near the posterior border of the clypeus . 3 3. Mandibles sickle-shaped, their inner border microscopically serrate; maxillary palps with 4 segments; labial palps with 2 segments; color red . . . Polyergus* Mandibles triangulate with a distinctly dentate masticatory margin; number of maxillary and labial palps different from the above; color variable . .4 4. Maxillary palps very short and consisting of 3 segments; color pale yellow, eyes very small . Acanthomyops* Maxillary palps longer, consisting of 6 segments; color usually red, brown, or black; eyes usually larger . . . . . 5 5. Frontal carinae prominant, their lateral margins slightly reflected upward; ocelli very distinct . . . . Formi ca* Frontal carinae poorly marked, their lateral margins flat; ocelli indistinct or absent . ..6 87 6. Antennal scapes surpassing the occipital margin by at least one-third their length, usually much longer; erect body hairs, when present, long, coarse and brown or black in color . 7 Antennal scapes never surpassing the occipital margin by an amount greater than the length of the first funicular joint, often much shorter; erect body hairs short, fine, and golden in color . . . .Lasius* 7. Alitrunk seen from above with the mesonotum very strongly compressed; coarse, erect dark hairs absent . Prenol epi s* Alitrunk seen from above with the mesonotum slightly compressed; abundant coarse, dark, erect hairs present on head and body Paratrechi na* Genus Brachymyrmex Mayr This is a New World genus with two or three North American represen¬ tatives. Brachymyrmex are tiny, fragile ants with subterranean habits. 1. Brachymy rmex depi 1 i s Emery Although this tiny, pale yellow species is almost never seen at the surface, it is the most abundant ant in the soil zone at SERC (Lynch et al . 1988). Little is known of its feeding habits. The species occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida, and westward to British Columbia and California. Genus Camponotus Mayr This cosmopolitan group is perhaps the most species-rich of all ant genera (Brown 1973). Four of the numerous proposed subgenera occur in the study area. Members of the subgenera Camponotus and Tanaemyrmex are the largest local ants, and mainly forage terrestri al ly . The subgenus Col o- bopsi s contains much smaller arboreal species that are highly modified for nesting inside hollow twigs. The subgenus Myrmentoma contains mainly arboreal species that are intermediate in their size and degree of mor¬ phological specialization. The key requires major workers. Key to the Subgenera of Camponotus Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) 1. Head of the major worker circular in cross section and abruptly trun¬ cated in front, the truncated portion consisting of the clypeus and adjacent parts of the cheeks; media workers absent; length of major workers at most 6 mm . . . Subgenus Col obopsi s* Head of the major worker not as above; if truncated the slant is oblique and involves the frontal lobes as well as the clypeus; media workers present; length of major workers greater than 6 mm 2 88 2 Anterior border of the clypeus feebly projecting, depressed in the middle and with a narrow, medial notch, behind which is a short, triangular impression; length of the major worker at most 8 mm Subgenus Myrmentoma* Anterior border of the clypeus not as above, usually without a medial notch, but when one is present there is no impression behind it; length of major worker rarely less than 8mm and usually much more ...3 3. Clypeus ecarinate or scarcely carinate; antennal scapes never flat¬ tened at the base; clypeal fossae well-marked; head of the major worker (mandibles excluded) at least a little broader than long Subgenus Camponotus* Clypeus distinctly carinate or, if feebly carinate, the antennal scape flattened at the base; antennal fossae shallow over most of their length; head of the major worker (mandibles excluded) as long or distinctly longer than broad . Subgenus Tanaemyrmex* Key to the Species of Camponotus Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Creighton 1950) A. Subgenus Camponotus 1. Pubescence on the gaster absent or very fine and sparse, the entire surface of the gaster distinctly shining . 2 Pubescence on the gaster coarse and dense, the surface of the gaster dull except for a narrow band at the posterior edge of each segment . 3 2. Punctures on the head coarse and conspicuous; head and gaster brownish black, alitrunk red . novaeboracensi s Punctures on the head fine and inconspicuous; color very variable but the alitrunk never red . ameri canus* 3. Entire head, alitrunk, petiole and gaster dull black; pubescence of gaster pale yellow or white . pennsyl vani cus* Posterior portion of the alitrunk, petiole and base of the first gastric segment bright, ferrugineous red; pubescence of gaster golden yellow . ferrugi neus* B. Subgenus Tanaemyrmex 1. Color uniform castaneous brown . castaneus* C. Subgenus Myrmentoma 1. The major workers and larger media workers with numerous short, erect hairs arising from coarse, oval foveolae on the cheeks ...2 89 The foveolae on the cheeks of the major workers and larger workers small and hairless (color usually black) . nearcticus* 2. Erect hairs on the cheeks and clypeus all of approximately the same length and of equal abundance (color uniform piceous black) caryae Erect hairs on the clypeus notably longer and a little less abundant than those on the cheeks (color mottled brown) subbarbatus* D. Subgenus Col obopsi s 1. Head and thorax brown, gaster brown-black . . impressus* 1. Camponotus (Camponotus) ameri canus Mayr This large dirty-yellow species is mainly nocturnal. It occurs spora¬ dically in wooded and brushy habitats at SERC. The species ranges from New England and southern Ontario south to the Gulf region and west to the Great PI ai ns . 2. Camponotus (Camponotus) ferrugi neus (Fabricius) Long considered a color form of the all-black C. pennsyl vanicus , this striking red-and-brown species is now accorded full species status. It is the most abundant large Camponotus at the SERC site, where it is confined to wooded areas. Its activity shows a strong nocturnal mode (Lynch et al . 1980). The nest is generally located inside a stump or fallen log. The range of C_. ferrugi neus extends from New England and New York south to Georgia, and west to the Plains states. 3. Camponotus (Camponotus ) pennsyl vanicus (De Geer) This large, uniform black species co-occurs with C. ferrugi neus in forested areas, but is distinctly less common than the latter species at SERC. The two species are similar in their foraging habits, but C_. pen¬ nsyl vanicus tends to nest in standing trees rather than downed logs. The range of C_. pennsyl vani cus completely encompasses that of C_. ferrugi neus , extending south to the Gulf region and west to the 100th meridian. 4. Camponotus (Colobopsis) impressus (Roger) The plug-shaped head of the dark brown major workers is used to block the nest entrance within hollow twigs. This species is common in the southeastern U.S., but rare at the SERC site, which is near the northern limit of the range. In the study area £. impressus generally nests inside dead grass stems, or in twigs on living trees or shrubs, generally at the margins of fields or marshes. The tall marsh grass Spartina cynosuroides is a favored nest plant. The species ranges through the southeastern U.S. from central Texas and the Gulf region to the Chesapeake Bay region. 90 5. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) subbarbatus Emery Workers of this small, mottled-brown species are commonly encountered in low arboreal situations in second-growth woods and forest edge habitat. The species ranges throughout the northeastern U.S. south about to the latitude of Virginia. 6. Camponotus (Myrmentoma) nearcticus Emery This small usually all-black species is common in humid, forested habitats in both eastern and western North America, from the latitude of northern New England and British Columbia southward to the Gulf states and California. The nest is generally located off the ground in a standing dead tree trunk or limb. 7. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) castaneus (Latreille) The range of this large, brown or yellow-brown species encompasses most of the eastern deciduous forest region. The species coexists with £. ferrugi neus and £. pennsyl vani cus in forested areas, but appears to be much less common, at least at the SERC site. Genus Paratrechi na Motschulsky The North American representatives of this cosmopolitan genus are small, fast-moving ants with a preference for carbohydrate-ri ch foods. The taxonomy of the group, which was characteri zed by Creighton (1950) as "most depressing" has been clarified by the recent revision of Trager (1984). Reliable identification of specimens in the field may be impossible where more than one species co-occur, but so far only a single species (P_. fai sonensi s) has been found at the SERC site. At least one other native form (P. parvula) ranges through the Middle Atlantic coastal plain region. In addition, _P. pubens and _P. vi vidul a have been found sporadically in greenhouses throughout the eastern U.S. as far north as New Jersey. Key to Workers of the Species of Paratrechi na Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Trager 1984) 1. Antennal scapes with no more than 4 standing erect hairs . parvula Antennal scapes with at least 4 (usually 7 or more) erect hairs . 2 2. Thorax and gaster mostly covered with pubescence; dull . . pubens Thorax and gaster with greatly reduced pubescence; shining . 3 3. Cephalic pubescence sparse; spaces between most erect hairs in pre- occipital area at least as wide as the length of the hairs; anterior half of head with little or no pubescence . . . . vi vi dul a 91 Cephalic pubescence dense; spaces between erect hairs in preoccipital region mostly narrower than length of hairs; anterior portion of head pubescent . faisonensis* 1. Paratrechina faisonensis (Forel) This small black species is one of the commonest ants in woodlands at the SERC site. Its ecology has been described (under the name P_. mel anderi ) by Lynch (1981) and Lynch et al . (1980). P^. faisonensis is active during the warm months of the year, and its nests are abundant in the forest litter. The species is timid, and is often displaced from food sources by other ant species. Genus Prenol epi s Mayr The ecology of P_. impari s , the single North American representati ve of this Holarctic genus, has been studied in some detail (Wheeler 1930, Talbot 1943, Lynch et al . 1980). The species is widely distributed and locally abundant in humid, wooded areas, and is notable for its unusual tolerance of low foraging temperatures. 1. Prenol epi s impari s (Say) At the SERC site this ant is most active in the cool-weather months of spring (March - June) and fall (September - November). Workers are rather deliberate in their movements, and are easily recognized in the field by virtue of the shiny, sharply pointed gaster. P_. impari s forms large mobilizations at concentrated food sources such as carrion, fallen fruits, and sap running from tree wounds. Workers are capable of ingesting very large volumes of liquid food, which is stored in the distensible gaster. P_. impari s is highly aggressive toward other ant species. The nest, which is placed directly in the ground, often has many separate entrances that extend over an area of several square meters. The species occurs in fores¬ ted areas from southern Canada through the U.S. into central Mexico, where it is found only at high elevations. Genus Lasi us Fabricius Three species of this Holarctic genus have been collected at the SERC site, and a fourth (L_. fl avus) is known from the Chesapeake Bay region. Members of the genus are relatively small, generalized formicines which show varying tendencies toward adaptation for subterranean existence. Of the three local species, J_. umbratus is the most fossorial, _L. al i enus the least, and J_. neoni ger is intermediate. All species show a strong attrac¬ tion to sweet liquids and assiduously tend aphids and other homopterans. 92 Key to Workers of Lasi us Species Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Wilson 1955) 1. Maximum worker eye length 0.20 times the head width or more . 2 Maximum worker eye length 0.17 times the head width or less . 3 2. Scape without erect or suberect hairs; in one or both mandibles of a majority of the nest series, either the penultimate basal tooth is markedly reduced in size relative to the two flanking teeth, or the gap between the penultimate and terminal basal teeth tends to be larger in area than the terminal basal tooth and variable in shape; when viewed with the mandibles opened and the head held in perfect full face, the anterior border of the median clypeal lobe is angulate, i.e., formed of two straight sides meeting at the midline to form an obtuse, usually pointed angle . . neoniger* Scape with numerous erect or suberect hairs; in all of the workers of a nest series, with rare exceptions, the penultimate and terminal basal teeth are subequal in size, and the gap between them has about the same area as the terminal tooth and is constant in shape; when viewed with the mandibles opened and the head held in perfect full face, the anterior border of the median clypeal lobe describes an even, broad parabolic curve, with sides at least feeble convex and only occasionally meeting in a point at the midline . al i enus* 3. Eyes with six or fewer ommatidia in greatest diameter; female more than twice the length of worker; workers yellow . fl avus Eyes with 10-12 ommatidia in greatest diameter; female less than twice the length of the worker; workers pale brown . . umbratus* 1. Lasius alienus (Foerster) This dark brown species is commonest in forested areas, but occurs also in old-fields, lawns, and other disturbed sites. The North American portion of the range includes virtually the entire eastern deciduous forest region and the humid Pacific northwest from northern California to southern British Columbia. The species occurs also in Europe and northern Asia. 2. Lasi us neoniger Emery This pale brown species is confined to open, disturbed sites in the SERC area. It tends to be more nocturnal than L^. al i enus in its surface activity and is generally more subterranean than the latter species. I_. noeni ger frequently tends root aphids. The species range extends through¬ out the eastern U.S. and southernmost Canada west to the Rocky Mountain region, and south to the vicinity of the Gulf Coast, but does not include peninsular Florida or most of Texas and Louisiana. 93 3. Lasius umbratus (Nylander) This is the largest and palest of the three Lasius that occur at SERC. The eyes are greatly reduced in size, a reflection of the basically subter¬ ranean habits of the species. A variety of wooded and brushy habitats are occupied in the SERC area. The only time when J_ . umbratus is normally observed above the surface is during its massive mating swarms, which occur in mid-summer. Colony establishment involves temporary parasitism of other Lasius species by J_. umbratus queens. The species is widespread in Eurasia and occurs throughout the eastern two-thirds of North America between the latitude of the Maritime provinces and the Gulf states. Genus Acanthomyops Mayr The closest relative of this North American genus is Lasius . All Acanthomyops species are light-colored (yellow to pale brown) subterranean insects with greatly reduced eyes and a characteri sti c lemon-like odor that is immediately noticeable when a colony is disturbed or an individual worker is crushed. The ants of this genus are dependent for much of their food on exudates obtained from subterranean aphids and coccids. All Acan¬ thomyops are thought to temporarily parasitize colonies of Lasius during nest foundation, but the details of this process have not been observed. Five species of Acanthomyops range through the central Atlantic region, but only two have been collected at the SERC site. Key to Workers of the Genus Acanthomyops Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Source: Wing 1968) 1. Standing hairs on dorsum of gaster confined to posterior edges of tergites beyond first; Pubescence on gaster dilute, that on head moderately dense; crest of petiolar scale sharp in side view, emar- ginate in anterior view . . . . . i nterjectus Standing hairs more or less uniformly distributed over dorsum of gaster, not confined to posterior edges of tergites; Pubescence and petiolar scale varying . . . 2 2. In side view, crest of petiolar scale blunt; entire surface of gula covered by many standing hairs . . . . . . ........3 In side view, crest of petiolar scale sharp to moderate; gula either without hairs or with fewer standing hairs over the posterior 3/4 to 1/2 of its surface . . . . . ....4 3. Standing hairs bristle-like, about twice as numerous on propodeum as elsewhere on dorsum of alitrunk . . . .murphyi Standing hairs longer, more or less evenly distributed over dorsum of alitrunk . . . 1 ati pes* 94 4. Pubescence on first tergite of gaster dilute; pubescence on antennal scapes suberect . cl avi ger* Pubescence on first tergite of gaster dense to moderately dense; pubescence on antennal scapes appressed to decumbent . subgl aber 1. Acanthomyops cl avi ger (Roger) This is the commoner of the two Acanthomyops species known to occur at SERC. It has been collected in a variety of forested and open habitats. Mixed mobilizations of this species and Lasi us al ienus have been observed at baits offered nocturnal ly, but the species is most typically encountered under rocks, logs, or other surface objects. The species ranges throughout the eastern U.S., but is rare south of Tennessee and North Carolina. 2. Acanthomyops 1 ati pes (Walsh) A few colonies of this species have been collected at the SERC site in clearings within forested areas. The species ranges from coast to coast, but the eastern distribution is mainly north of the Chesapeake Bay Region. Genus Formi ca Linnaeus Formica, the most species-rich ant genus in temperate North America, contains about one-sixth of all North American ant species. These large, abundant ants have long attracted the attention of myrmecol ogi sts , with the result that probably more is known about the habits of Formica than of any other group of ants. In the U.S. the genus is most diverse in dry, sunny regions, particularly in the Rocky Mountain area. Five Formi ca species occur in the SERC area but only two of these are truly abundant. Several other species that range through the Middle Atlantic region are included in the key. Key to the Subgenera, Species Groups, and Species of Formica Known or Expected in the Chesapeake Bay Region (Sources: Creighton 1950; Buren 1968b; Francoeur 1973) Key to species groups of the genus Formica 1. Anterior margin of the clypeus with a median, concave impression which may be narrow and notch-like or broad and shallow . . . . .sangui nea group Anterior border of the clypeus without a median concave impression, the margin evenly convex or angularly projecting in the middle or rarely with fine irregular serrations . . . . 2 2. Antennal scape notably longer than the distance from the middle of the clypeal border to the middle of the occipital border; epinotum much 95 rounded above with the angle between the basal and declivous faces very poorly marked . . . pal 1 ideful va group Antennal scape shorter than the distance from the middle of the cly- peus to the middle of the occipital border or, if longer, the epinotum distinctly angular and not evenly rounded above ..Subgenus Formi ca ..3 3. Large workers with the occipital border very distinctly concave; the pronotum in profile not evenly convex but with a basal and declivous face that meet in an angle . exsecta group Large workers with the occipital border at most very slightly concave, usually flat or slightly concave; pronotum in profile evenly convex not angular . 4 4. Females feebly shining or subopaque, never more than 5.5mm in length and never larger than the largest workers; erect hairs on the pronotum of workers, when present, often clavate or spatulate . .microgyna group Females usually 8mm or more in length and notably larger than the largest workers, but if less than 8mm and no larger than the largest workers, then very smooth and shining; erect hairs on the pronotum of the worker, when present, not notably clavate or spatulate . 5 5. Bicolored species, the head and thorax ferrugineous or yellowish red and notably lighter than the gaster, or, if infuscated, the infusca- tion not completely masking the ferrugineous ground color in the large workers; frontal area usually shining, frontal lobes strongly diver¬ gent behind . . . . . rufa group Concolorous species or if bicolored the thorax lighter than the head and gaster; frontal area usually opaque, frontal lobes at most moder¬ ately divergent behind, often parallel . fusca group A. sangui nea group 1. Erect hairs of alitrunk and gastric dorsum short and bristle-like of the same diameter for greater part of length, then either truncate or abruptly tapering to a fine point . 2 Erect hairs longer and flexuous, gradually tapering from base to finely pointed apex throughout the whole length; head and thorax sordid yellow-red or brown; head narrow; eyes extend to margin of head viewed in full face . . . pergandei 2. Thorax "saddle-backed"; petiole with blunt crest; mandibles weak¬ ly striate and shining; gaster usually brown; dorsum of thorax entirely devoid of erect hairs or with a few erect hairs on pro¬ notum only; head and thorax ferrugineous . . subi ntegra* Thorax of usual shape in the subgenus; crest of petiole sharp and sinuate; mandibles strongly striate; gaster black; dorsum of pro¬ notum, mesonotum, and usually epinotum with conspicuous erect hairs . . . . rubicunda 96 B. pal 1 ideful va group 1. Anterior face of the petiole strongly convex, both from side to side and from base to crest; crest of the scale blunt and evenly rounded above with no trace of an angular upper edge schaufussi * Anterior face of the petiole moderately convex from side to side, seen in profile the sloping upper portion of the face forming a distinct angle with the perpendicular lower portion; crest of the scale distinctly angular above and usually with a bladelike upper edge . , . 2 2. Color clear golden yellow, the gaster little or no darker than the thorax, its surface feebly shining pal 1 ideful va pal 1 i def ul va Head and thorax yellowish brown to piceous the gaster notably darker, its surface moderately shining pal 1 i deful va ni ti di ventri s* C. exsecta group 1. Dorsum of promesonotum with at least two dozen conspicuous erect hairs; erect hairs on the lower edge of the pronotum and on the fore coxae long and numerous; erect hairs on the gaster present on all surfaces; deep red head and thorax with black gaster, the anal region of which is reddish . , , . exsectoi des D. microgyna group 1. Front and vertex of the head with several coarse, conspicuous, erect hairs present; erect hairs on dorsum of epinotum and the crest and sides of the petiole and on occipital corners di ff i ci 1 i s E. rufa group 1. Middle and hind tibia with many erect hairs on all surfaces (color of minor workers dirty yellow-brown) . obscuri ventri s Erect hairs on middle bud hind tibia, when present, confined to flexor surface (head and thorax of workers red-brown) . . .i ntegra* F. fusca group 1. Color black or brown-black, with yellowish pilosity and pubes¬ cence . . . . . . . . .subsericea* 1. Formica integra Nylander This aggressive species is easily recognized by its clear red head and thorax. It forms large, active colonies in exposed sites, particularly 97 old-fields. _F. i ntegra , like other members of the rufa species group, is thought to be a temporary social parasite of other Formica species, but direct evidence on this point is lacking. The species ranges through most of eastern North America from the Maritime Provinces to northern Georgia and Alabama. 2. Formica subseri cea Say This is the only black Formica in the Chesapeake Bay region. The species is associated with wooded habitats, but nests are generally placed in light gaps, edge situations, or other places where sunlight reaches the ground. Colonies are most active in late spring and early summer, at which times they may pile large amounts of soil and plant debris over the nest. The range includes most of eastern North America from the Maritime Provin¬ ces and southern Ontario south to Florida, Alabama, and Arkansas. 3. Formica pal lidefulva LatrieUe This brown or golden yellow species is the common Formica of old- fields, roadsides, and other exposed habitats in the Chesapeake Bay region. It nests directly in the ground, often in areas of sparse vegetation, and forages actively both on the ground surface and in shrubs and trees. The species ranges from southern Canada to the Gulf region, and west into the foothills of the Rockies. 4. Formica schaufussi Mayr This species is similar to _F_. pallidefulva palidefulva, but can be distinguished from _F. pal 1 idef 1 uva nititi ventri s in the field by its larger size and paler yellowish coloration. F_. schaufussi is uncommon at the SERC site, where it appears to be restricted to old-field habitats. The species ranges from New England and southern Ontario south to the Gulf region and west to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Texas. 5. Formica subi ntegra Emery The single nest of this species that has been discovered at the SERC site was beneath a rock in rather dry, open forest. The colony contained many workers of Formica subseri cea, a species that is frequently enslaved by F_. subi ntegra . The latter species ranges through eastern North America from New England and southern Canada to North Carolina, and west to Iowa and Wisconsin. Genus Polyergus Latreille All species in this Holarctic genus are obligate slave-makers, and the spectacular slave raids of Polyergus on Formica species have been studied by numerous European and American observers. The mandibles of Polyergus workers are modified into tong-like structures that serve to puncture the integument of other ants, but which are relatively inefficient for carrying food or tending brood. Accordingly, Polyergus is dependent on its slave workers, which are reared from captured larvae and pupae. One of the two North American species occurs in the Chesapeake Bay region. 98 1. Polyergus 1 uci dus Mayr This blood-red species has been taken both in old-field and forest- edge habitats at the SERC site. The species ranges throughout the eastern U.S. west as far as the Rocky Mountains. G1 ossary Abdominal Pedicel -- Elongate one or two segments that connect the epinotum and gaster (Fig. 1, pe) . Alitrunk -- The middle of the three major body sections in ants; often termed the "thorax" by non-specialists, but actually consisting of the true thorax and a fused abdominal segment, the epinotum (Fig. 1, at). Antennal Fossa -- Craterlike depression surrounding the insertion of the antenna (Fig. 1 , af ) . Antennal Scape -- Greatly elongated basal segment of the antenna (Fig. 1, as) . Antennal Scrobe -- Elongate depression or groove on the head for reception of the antenna (Fig. 1, sc). Antennal Pedicel -- Segment between the scape and the flagellum, the "el¬ bow" of the antenna (Fig. 1, ap). Apex -- The part farthest from the center of the body (i.e., most distal). Appressed -- Flattened, or lying close to (Fig. 2). Carina -- Crest, ridge, or keel. Cloacal Orifice -- Circular or slit-like opening at the apex of the gaster (Fig. 3). Clypeus -- Platelike sclerite on the lower part of the anterior surface of the head, above the mandibles (Fig. 1, cl). Cosmopolitan -- Essentially worldwide in distribution. Declivous -- Sloping downward. Denticulate -- With tooth-like projections. Diastema — A gap between the mandibular teeth. Dimorphic — Having two wel 1 -di f ferenti ated morphological forms within a single sub-caste, without connecting intermediate morphs. Epinotum — The first true abdominal segment, which in ants is fused to the thorax to form the alitrunk; sometimes called the propodeum (Fig. 1, ep) . 99 Epinotal Spines or Teeth -- Paired projections on the epinotum that extend dorso-posteriorly from near the meeting of the basal and declivous faces in some Myrmicinae (Fig. 1, es). Fenestra -- Window-like opening or perforation in a structure (Fig. 4, fe). Flagelliform — Whiplike antennal shape. Flagellum -- Portion of the antenna distal to the scape and pedicel (Fig. 1, fl). Foveolus -- Minute pit-like depression in the integument. Funiculus -- Distal portion of the antenna, consisting of the pedicel and flagel lum (Fig. 1, fu) . Gaster -- The terminal major body section of ants, consisting of the distal seven or eight true abdominal segments (Fig. 1, ga). Gula -- The posterior surface of the head. Holarctic -- Distributed at northern latitudes in both the eastern and western hemispheres. Lamina -- Keel-like projection. Major Worker -- The largest worker subcaste in dimorphic or polymorphic ants; sometimes called a “soldier". Maxilla -- One of the paired mouth-part structures immediately postero- ventral to the mandibles. Maxillary Palp -- Segmented, paired, feeler-like sructures arising from the maxil la (Fig. 1, mp) . Media Worker — In polymorphic ants with three or more worker subcastes, an individual belonging to the medium-sized subcaste(s). Median Lobe (of Clypeus) -- Central portion of the anterior border of the clypeus . Mesoepinotal Suture — The transverse seam or groove that divides the middle (mesonotum) and posterior (epinotum) portion of the alitrunk (Fig . 1 , ms) . Minor Worker -- The smallest worker subcaste in dimorphic or polymorphic ants . Node (of Petiole) -- Bump-like or scale-like dorsal proojection on the petiole (Fig. 1, np). Occipital Lobes -- Posterior lateral corners of the head (Fig. 1, ol ) . Occipital Margin -- Posterior margin of the head (Fig. 1, om) . 100 Ommatidium -- One of the facet-like individual visual units that make up the compount eye of arthropods. Pectinate -- Branched or comb-like. Pedicel -- The one or two reduced segments between the alitrunk and the gaster (Fig. 1, pd). Petiole -- In ants, a pedicel formed from a single segment, or (in Myrmi- cinae) the anteri ormost of a two-segmented petiole (Fig. 1, pe) . Piceous -- Shining brown-black in color. Polymorphic -- Having several morphologically distinct forms within a single subcaste. Postpetiole -- In myrmicine ants, the posterior segment of the pedicel (Fig. 1, pp). Promesonotal Suture -- Transverse seam or groove that divides the anterior (pronotum) and middle (mesonotum) portions of the alitrunk (Fig. 1, ps) . Promesonotum -- Anteriormost segment of the alitrunk (Fig. 1, pm). Pubescence -- Minute, appressed hairs on the body or appendages (Fig. 2). Ruga -- A minute wrinkle or ridge-like structure. Rugose -- Having a wrinkled or corduroyed appearance due to presence of numerous rugae. Scape -- The greatly elongated basal segment of the antenna (Fig. 1, as). Seta -- A relatively long, stout hair (Fig. 2). Shagreened -- Finely textured, non-reflecti ve. Subpetiolar Process -- Keel-like projection from ventral surface of the petiole (Fig. 4, fe) . Suture -- Line-like seam marking the juncture of two body segments. Tibial Spur -- Pointed structure which projects from the distal end of the tibia, near the tarsal insertion (Fig. 1, ts). Tuberculate -- Covered with minute bumps or projections. Vertex — The top of the head below the occiput and above the eyes and the front . 101 Figure 1. Generalized diagram of an ant worker, showing main external anatomical characters used in taxonomic keys. Abbreviations refer to terms defined in the Glossary. erect Figure 2. Categories used in description of pilosity in ants. See G1 ossary . a. slit- like ( Dolichoder inae) b circular, with sting (Myrmicinae, Ponerinae) Figure 3. Morphology of cloacal region in the four major subfamilies of ants . 102 Figure 4. Typical workers in the four subfamilies of ants that occur in the Chesapeake Bay region. 103 Literature Cited Brian, M. V. 1965. Social insect populations. Academic Press, New York. 135 p. Brian, M. V. 1977. Ants. William Collins and Sons, Ltd., London. 223 p. Brian, M. V. 1983. Social insects: ecology and behavioural biology. Chapman and Hall, London, vii + 377 p. Brown, W. L. 1953. Revisionary studies in the ant tribe Dacetini. Am. Midi . Nat. 50:1-137 Brown, W. L. 1958. Contributions toward a reclassification of the For- micidae. II. Tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera) . Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool . Harvard 118:173-362. Brown, W. L. 1973. A comparison of the hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. Pp. 161-185. In : B. J. Meggers, E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth (eds.). Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: A comparative review. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. Buren, W. F. 1968a. A review of the species of Crematogaster , sensu stricto, in North America (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Pt. 1. J. New York Ent. Soc. 66:119-134. Buren, W. F. 1968b. Some fundamental taxonomic problems in Formi ca (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Georgia Ent. Soc. 3:25-40. Creighton, W. S. 1950. The ants of North America. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull. 104:1-585. Crozier, R. H. 1977. Genetic differentiation between populations of the ant Aphaenogaster "rudis" in the southeastern United States. Genetica 47:17-36. Ettershank, G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidol ogeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Austral. J. Zool . 14:73-171. Fellers, J. M. 1987. Interference and exploitation in a guild of woodland ants. Ecology 68:1466-1478. Fellers, J. M., and G. M. Fellers. 1976. Tool use in a social insect and its implications for competitive interactions. Science 192:70-72. Francoeur, A. 1973. Revision taxonomique des esp£ces n£arctiques du groupe fusca, genre Formica (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). M£m. Ent. Soc. Quebec No. 3:1-316. Goetsch, W. 1957. The ants. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 173 p. 104 Gregg, R. E. 1958. Key to the species of Pheidol e (Hymenoptera: Formici- dae) in the United States. J. New York Ent. Soc. 66:7-48. Gregg, R. E. 1963. The ants of Colorado. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, xvi + 792 p. Lynch, J. F. 1981. Seasonal, successional , and vertical segregation in a Maryland ant community. Oikos 37:183-198. Lynch, J. F., E. C. Balinsky, and S. G. Vail. 1980. Foraging patterns in three sympatric forest ant species, Prenelepis imparis, Paratrechina mel anderi , and Aphaenogaster rudis. Ecol . Entomol . 5:353-371 . Lynch, J. F., A. Johnson, and E. C. Balinsky. 1988. Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: For- micidae) in the soil and litter layers of a Maryland forest. Amer. Midi . Natur. (In Press .) Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 1323-1467. J_n: K. V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks (eds.) Catalog of North American Hymenoptera, Vol . 2: Apocrita (Aculeata). Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D. C. Smith, M. R. 1928. The biology of Tapi noma sessi 1 e Say, an important house-infesting ant. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 21:307-329. Smith, M. R. 1947. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the United States ants, based on the workers (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Amer. Midi. Natur. 37:521-647. Smith, M. R. 1957. Revision of the genus Stenamma Westwood in America north of Mexico. Amer. Midi. Natur. 57:133-174. Smith, M. R. 1965. House-infesting ants of the eastern United States. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv. Tech. Bull. No. 1326:1-105. Snelling, R. R. 1967. Studies on California ants. 3. The Taxonomic Status of Proceratium californicum Cook. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Sci . No. 124:1-10. Sudd, J. H. 1967. An introduction to the behavior of ants. Saint Mar¬ tin's Press, New York, viii + 200 p. Talbot, M. 1943. Population studies of the ant Prenol epi s impari s Say. Ecology 24:31-44. Taylor, R. W. 1967. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) . Pac. Insect Monogr. No. 13:1-112. Trager, J. C. 1984. A revision of the genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the continental United States. Sociobiology 9:51-162. Weber, N. A. 1972. Gardening ants, the Attines. Mem. Amer. Philos. Soc. 92:xvii + 146. 105 Wheeler, G. C., and J. Wheeler. 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon. University of California Press, Riverside, xiii + 162 p. Wheeler, W. M. 1910. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, xxv + 663 p. Wheeler, W. M. 1930. The ant Prenolepis imparis. Say. Ent. Soc . Amer. Ann. 33:1-26. Wilson, E. 0. 1955. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Mus. Comp. Zool . Bull . 113:1-199. Wilson, E. 0. 1971. The insect societies. Belknap Press, Cambridge, of Harvard Univ. Press, x + 548 p. Wing, M. W. 1968. Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 405: 1-173. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P. 0. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037 106 The Fisher (Martes pennanti ) , A Loner from the West James C. Pack and Peter S. Jayne The mountain men in early American history are often portrayed as loners. They lived solitary lives and traveled widely in search of qame, furs or other riches. There is another loner that occurs in the western mountains of Maryland and eastern mountains of West Virginia that once disappeared, but recently has returned . That loner is not a "Grizzly" Adams, but a member of the weasel family. It has been called a black cat, but it obviously is not. It is most often called a fisher although it does not fish. How the fisher acquired this name is not known, but it may come from northern trappers who noted its fondness for fish used to bait traps. In general terms, the fisher is a weasel-like animal with a bushy, stronqly tapering black tail and low, rounded ears. Its color varies from dark brown to black with tawny gray-tipped hairs showing on the head and shoulders of older males. Total length for a male is 34-40 inches, including a 13-15 inch tail, with a shoulder height of 10-11 inches. The male usually weighs 7-12 pounds although a record of 20 pounds has been reported. Females are about one-third smaller and weigh about half as much. The fisher is found only in North America. It is the largest member of its genus, which also includes the marten (Martes americana) . The animal is secretive in nature, and being a loner is its characteristic behavior, except during the spring breedinq season when males run with females. Spring (April) is the time of birth, and also the matinq season. The female gives birth to one to four younq, then, shortly after their birth, she leaves the den to mate. The female has a protracted pregnancy, the gestation period lasting 350-358 days. Fishers eat a variety of foods. Food studies have not been conducted in Maryland or West Virqinia, but based on food habits reported elsewhere, red squirrels, flying squirrels, mice and other small mammals are important food items. Fishers have been observed feeding on carrion in West Virqinia, a behavior also reported in other states. Birds, berries, and insects have also been shown to be components of their diet. Fishers are known to be active both by day and niqht. They are at home on the ground or in trees. They use a variety of temporary shelters and sleeoinq sites, including hollow logs, tree cavities, brush piles and burrows or dens of other animals. In pioneer days, the fisher made its home in the Southern Appalachians as far south as Tennesee. Destruction of habitat by clearing and heavy logqinq along with unregulated trapping caused its disappearance in this southern portion of its range. The Maryland Naturalist 31(3-4): 107-110 Sept./Dec., 1987 107 As mentioned earlier, our loner has returned home. During the winter of 1969, 23 fishers were obtained from New Hampshire by the Wildlife Division of the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Fifteen were released on Canaan Mountain in Tucker County, and 8 were stocked in Pocahontas County, West Virginia (Figure 1). Figure fisher 1. Map showinq original release sites and present known range of in West Virginia and Maryland. 108 Upon completion of stocking. West Virginia wildlife biologists began collecting information on observations and animals traoDed. In March 1969 one fisher was killed by an automobile in Tucker County and in June a young kit was found in Grant County. This "ferocious" animal ate hamburger, drank milk and was very playful. Eight other observations were made during 1969, all in the vicinity of the two release sites. In 1970, a West Virginia fisher was taken illegally and the pelt sold to a fur dealer. During the winter of 1972-73 sightings increased and the first verified legal trapping of a fisher occurred in West Virginia. Mapping observations and trap locations placed the minimum range at approximately 2,000 sguare miles. None of these records were in the vicinity of the southern stocking site and it was assumed that that effort failed. The first Maryland observations came during the winter of 1974-75, when a biologist verified fisher tracks in Garrett Countv. The first Maryland specimen was taken in 1977 when a Garrett County trapper caught an adult in the vicinity of Mountain Lake Park. That location was over 20 miles from the Canaan Mountain release site in West Virginia. Since 1972, fishers have been legally trapped every year in West Virginia and a record 15 fishers were harvested during the winter of 1985-86. With the exception of 1980 and 1983, fishers have also been legally trapped every year in Maryland. Maryland's record harvest of 7 occurred during the winter of 1984-85. Last winter 11 were taken in West Virginia and 5 were trapped in Maryland. The harvest trend indicates that our fisher population is expanding. The expansion is slow, due perhaps to the relatively limited area of suitable habitat. Fishers need areas of mult i -stor i ed forest with relatively large overstory trees. Fishers prefer a combination of deciduous and coniferous trees. In West Virginia and probably also in Maryland, the sugar maple- beech-yellow birch and red spruce stands are the preferred forest types. The approximate local range of 2,000 sguare miles demonstrated in the early 1970 ' s has not changed to any significant extent in recent years. Unconfirmed sightings far from the known range are reported every now and then, but most fisher harvests still occur in the vicinity of the Monogahela National Forest in West Virginia, and in Garrett County, Maryland. It is noteworthy that this fisher population has been reestablished nearly 300 miles from the rest of its presently known range. This is a wildlife management success story, and indicates that barriers to the expansion of the fisher can be circumvented by moving animals to suitable habitat. Perhaps other southern states will one day investigate the potential of returning this valuable furbearer to other areas of its original range. It appears that West Virginia and Maryland are not going to be overrun with fishers, but even in pioneer days they probably were not overly abundant because of limited habitat in this area. We probably won't see this animal freguently. 109 but it will add to our enjoyment of the environment if perhaps someday we do cross its path. On the other hand, even for those of us that may never see a fisher, it is comforting to know that they are with us again. (JCP) West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Elkins, West Virginia 26241. (PSJ) Maryland Forest Service, P.0. Box 68, Wye Mills, Maryland 21679. P.0. Box 67, Park and Wi ldl ife 110 The History and Mineralogy of the John Diggs Mine, Carroll County, Maryland Fred J. Parker The John Diggs Mine, one of the earliest cooper mines in Maryland, was recently visited. The heavily overgrown site is located on the north bank of Little Pipe Creek between Middleburg and Union Bridge in Carroll County, Maryland. The extent of the remains of this historic mine, and the mineralogy of the locality are described below. History Records indicate the John Diggs Mine was operating as early as October of 1742 (Flater unpublished , Anonymous 1952). In 1742 John Diggs petitioned the General Assembly of Maryland to exempt up to fifty workers from the payment of levies, mi 1 itar.y traini ng or service, clearing of highways, or working in the fields, for the purpose of mining copper. At that time, the mining of cooper ore and the making of copper was considered "advantageous" to the inhabitants of Maryland and to Great Britain (Anonymous 1952). How long mining continued is unknown. However, all work was curtailed before the Revol ut i onary War (Flater unpublished) and there is no record of subsequent activity. Despite the historical and potential mineraloqical significance of this mine, mention of it is absent from the works of Ostrander and Price (1940), Pearre (1964), and He.yl and Pearre (1965). The Site Today In the late 1940 ' s about 200 feet of mine tunnel were reported to be still accessible (Anonymous 1952). Today, however, virtually all the tunnels are collapsed, and all underground workinqs are sealed. About 100 feet from Little Pipe Creek, and just upstream from a small waste rock dump is a prominent rock ledge on the hillside into which the mine tunnels were apparently driven. One feature, presumably a tunnel entrance, is still visible althouqh it is obscured by a large mound of debris. On too of the hill a shallow depression about 75 feet long and 6-8 feet wide is also visible. That depression heads in a rouqhly east-west direction from the apparent mine entrance, and must represent a section of collapsed tunnel. Other such depressions, as well as exploration pits and other evidence of primitive mining are apparent on the hilltop. These testify to the large amount of mininq work done at this site in the eighteenth century. Descriptive Mineralogy The presence of copper at this site probablv resulted from regional volcanic intrusions which occurred along the east coast durinq the Triassic Period. Many small copper deposits are located near such extrusions alonq the northeast Atlantic coast, and were mined durinq the 18th and 19th centuries. Examples include the Griggstown Mines (Somerset Co., New Jersey), American Mine (Somerset Co., New Jersey), Schuyler Mine (Essex Co., New Jersey), Theodora Mine and surrounding prospects (Fairfax Co., Virginia), and several sites in Davidsonvi 1 le, Montgomery Co., Maryland (Bernstein 1980). The volcanic basalts contained copper that travelled into surrounding country rocks in metalliferous solutions. These solutions deposited copper as oxides, sulfides, or rarely as The Maryland Naturalist 31(3-4) 111-113 111 Sept/Dec., 1987 native metal. Groundwater containing dissolved acids and gases (for example CO2) altered the primary minerals to form secondary minerals such as malachite, azurite and chrysocolla. Additional copper deposits in the Triassic sedimentary rocks of northern Maryland are reported by Ostrander and Price (1940). Chrysocolla was found in red sandstone between Middleburg and Big Pipe Creek in Carroll County, and on the north bank of Double Pioe Creek near Detour, Frederick County. The latter locality also contains native copper, cuprite, malachite, azurite and guartz crystals. Disseminated chalcocite and malachite in Triassic sandstones were prospected near Taneytown in the early nineteenth century (Heyl and Pearre 1965). Ostrander and Price (1940) also reported bornite in slate near Tanevtown. Apparently unrelated copper deposits are also present in Paleozoic Age rocks of Carroll and Frederick Counties. Mining of these deposits was carried out in the past near Libert.ytown, New London, Johnsville, Sykesville, Louisville (Mineral Hill) and Finksburg. The dumps of the John Diggs Mine consist primarily of grey to white arkosic sandstones, and dark grey shales. The sedimentary rocks are part of the New Oxford Formation of the Triassic Newark Series. Evidence of fossils in the form of poorly preserved carbonized plant remains is present. Surfaces of sandstone covered with small (to 3 millimeter), clear quartz crystals are common. On these surfaces, and throughout the sandstones and shales are blue and green secondary copper minerals. Although they are very common as smears, coatings and small masses, these copper minerals accounted for a very small volume of the total rock. Small massive, black metallic grains, presumably chalcocite, are also found. The nature of the minerals in these dumps suggests a low grade ore deposit, or that rich ore veins were carefully and efficiently removed during mining by the manual methods of the eighteenth century. The secondary copper minerals found on the dumps have been visually identified as light blue coatings and botroydal masses of chrysocolla and coatings or flat radiating sprays of green malachite. From a collector's point of view, the botroydal chrysocolla associated with, and often partially coating, forests of small, clear quartz crystals are very interesting and unusual for the northeast U.S. As no other specimens from this locality have been observed by the author in local mineral collections, it is difficult to determine the true specimen potential of the John Diggs Mine locality. Judging from the specimens collected on this visit, the site is certainly capable of producing copper mineral specimens of mi neralogical interest to the collector. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1952. The John Diggs Copper Mine. Newsletter of Historical Society of Carroll County, Maryland, Inc., 1(2): 3-4 . Bernstein, L.R. 1980. Minerals of the Washington, D.C. Area. Mary land Geological Survey, Educational Series #5. pp. 88-115. Flater, John H. A History of Metal Mining in Carroll County. Unpublished manuscript in files of Historical Society of Carroll County (Accession Number 79-1150), 29 pp. 112 Heyl , A.V., and N.C. Pearre 1965. Cooper, Zinc, Lead, Iron, Cobalt and Barite Deposits in The Piedmont Upland of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, Bulletin #28. 72p. Ostrander, C.W., and W.E. Price, Jr. 1940. Minerals of Maryland. The Natural History Society of Maryland, Baltimore. 92 pp. Pearre, Nancy C. 1964. Mining For Copper And Related Minerals in Maryland. Maryland Historical Magazine, pp. 15-33. 6714 Bushranger Path, Columbia, MD 21046 113 REVIEWERS EOR VOLUME 31 The fol lowing individuals kindly reviewed manuscripts for Volume 31 of The Maryland Naturalist . The editor grateful ly acknowledges their assistance. Mr. Dan Cincotta Very Rev. 3. Mark Dr. Howard Erickson Dr. John Paradiso Dr. George Eeldhamer Dr. Clyde Reed Mr. Richard Eranz Dr. David Smith Dr. William Grogan Dr. Martin Wiley Mr. Haven Kolb Dr. Elmer Worthley Mr. David Lee Ms. Jean Worthley Dr. Larry Morse Dr. Donald Windier Dr. Beth Norden MAILING DATES EOR VOLUME 31 No. 1, October 2, 1987 No. 2, March 30, 1988 No. 3-4, duly 27, 1988 114 INFORMATION The Maryland Naturalist is a quarterly publication of the Natural History Society of Maryland. Subject matter includes all areas of the natural history of Maryland and adjacent states. Suitability of manuscripts will be determined by the editor. All accepted manu¬ scripts will be reviewed by appropriate specialists prior to publication. Address all manuscripts and corres¬ pondence (except that relatinq to subscriptions) to Editor, The Maryland Naturalist, Natural History Society of Maryland, 2643 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218. Information relating to subscriptions, or purchase of back issues or other society publications should be directed to the society Secretary at the address given above. Manuscripts submitted for consideration should be typed, double spaced, on good quality bond paper with adequate margins. Authors should adhere generally to the Council o f Biology Editors Style Manual. However, individuality and readability of writing style are encouraged . Contributions other than short notes should include a brief informative abstract. Payment of page charges is not required for publication in The Maryland Naturalist. However, if funds are available, assistance to offset publication costs would be welcome. Subscription to The Maryland Naturalist comes with membership in the Natural History Society of Maryland. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND, INC 2643 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218 N314X ” - he Maryland Nmtmraiist THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MARYLAND Volume 32, Number 1*2 Jan. /June, 198® ISSN 0096-4158 The Maryland Naturalist Volume 32, Number 1-2 Jan./ June, 1988 Contents Page Growth Rates of Exotic Larches in Maryland's Piedmont Plateau . Gohn B. Genys 1 A Brief History of the Natural History Society of Maryland . Haven Kolb 6 Wm. H. Fisher's Mammals of Maryland: A Previously Unknown Early Compilation of the State's Fauna . David S. Lee 9 Arnold W. Norden, Editor Cover Illustration: The Red Squirrel , Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, a sDecies that was apparently more wide-spread in Maryland during the IBOB's than it is today. Original illustration by R.S. Butsch, courtesy of the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences. Growth Rates Of Exotic Larches In Maryland's Piedmont Plateau John R. Genys 1/ Introduction Larches (qenus L arix sop.) are deciduous coniferous trees of the northern hemisphere. Three species are distributed in North America, two in Europe and five in Asia (Rehder 1947, Schoenike 1961). One species, called Tamarack or American larch, L_. laricina K. Koch, is native to the eastern United States, and its southern range extends to Maryland's Garrett County. Unfortunately, this species is mainly adapted to wet sites, qrows slowly, and is not recommended for use in broad-scale plantings. Much more valuable are some exotic species that grow rapidly and develop into larqe sized trees. Amonq them are Japanese larch, JL_. 1 eptolepis (Sieb. and Zucc.) Pilqer, European larch, L_. decidua Miller, Western larch, L_. occidental is Nuttall, and Siberian larch, _L. sibirica Lebed. Less known are Dahurian larch, J_. qmel ini (Rupr.) Kuzeneva, and other species from eastern Asia. The most planted and most studied larch species in the United States and Europe are L_. leptolepis and \^. decidua (Baldwin 1966: Genys 1960, 1968, 1972: Harman and Genys 1970: Hattemer 1968: Lanqner and Stern 1965: Stairs 1966). Japanese larch has a small range of distribution on Honshu Island, Japan, and is genetically less variable than European larch that grows at various elevations in Central and Eastern Europe (Genys 1960, 1972). There is qeneral interest in planting more larch trees in the Maryland area because of their rapid growth rate. Maryland plants up to 100,000 Larix trees each year. Consequently, it is important to select the best species and geographic strains, which would adopt well to the new environment and, in a shortest rotation period, would yield the largest volume of wood. Success in achieving this qoal has been reported from New York (Cook 1955). This experiment was designed to compare the growth rates of four species and one hybrid of Larix in Maryland's Piedmont Plateau. Materials and Methods In 1961, 15 seedlots of larches were obtained from various sources in Europe, Asia and North America. They represented Japanese larch (5 sources), European larch (5 sources), a hybrid (E2) of L decidua x leptolepis (European x Japanese larch), Siberian larch, Dahurian larch, and 2 sources of Western larch. 1/ Contribution No. 1880 of the Appalachian Environmental Laboratory, CEES , University of Maryland, Frostburg, Maryland 21532 The Maryland Naturalist 32C1-2): 1-5 Jan.-June, 1988 1 Nursery stock (1-0) was grown and studied at Maryland's Buckingham Nursery near Baltimore, in 1962. On March 23, 1963, a field experiment was established on the public watershed land near the artificial Liberty Lake in Carroll County, Maryland. This site is a former farm field, exhibiting the typical rolling landscape of the Piedmont Plateau. The elevation is about 150 m, and the growing season is about 160 days. The sources were arranged in four complete randomized blocks. Each source in each block was represented by a sguare 4-tree plot, with individual trees spaced at 1.7 x 1.7 m. While in the nursery, the seedlings were studied with respect to the date of terminal bud-set, leaf-retention in winter, and one-year heights. Heights were also measured in the field at four years after planting (Genys 1968). This report includes data on survival and heights of 13-year old trees measured in the fall of 1974. Two sources of L_. occidentalis failed, leaving 13 different sources for height comparisons. Also, one block of trees was adversely affected by wild hardwood sprouts and became useless. Analysis of variance (using plot-means as items) was based on 38 degrees of freedom for "total", 12 for "source", 2 for blocks, and 24 for interaction. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship of height to age, and its relationship to other studied characteristics. Resul ts Survival Survival rates of different 13-year old larch sources varied from 0% to 92% (Table 1). fine source of Western larch from Montana failed completely, and one source listed in Table 1 included only one surviving tree of sixteen planted. Also, Oahurian larch from Asia and European larch from the western Alps showed poor survival (33%). All sources of the Japanese larch and most sources of European larch, however, showed good survival. The most outstanding population in survival were J^. 1 eptol epis from Yataugake Mountain in Japan (83%), and L^. decidua from Poland and a plantation in Denmark (92%). In general, rapidly growing sources showed better survival than slow growing sources ( r = D .49) . Heights Heights of all 13-year old larch sources averaged 8.4 m (27.6 feet). The four L. leptolepis sources varied in height from 8.4 m (source from a plantation in Denmark ) to ID . 2 m (from Yataugake Mountain in Japan). Nearly similar in height were European larches, ranging from 7.1 m (the western Alps source) to 8.9 m (from a plantation in eastern Germany). Dahurian and Siberian larches grew slower, attaining heights of only 6.6 m and 6.2 m, respectively. Hybrids of L. decidua x leptolepis (E2) grew larger than any of the studied sources of pure J^. decidua. Heights at age 13 were significantly correlated with the heights at age 1 (r = D . 56 , P < D .05) and at age 5 (r = D.77, P < 0.D1). This sugaests that some rapidly growing populations could have been identified on the basis of early measurements. Another indicator for prediction of growth rate could have been the date of terminal bud-set by 1-year old trees. 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X 0 O CD 3 X G _ i CD G P JL •V * P 0 P C TD • 0 0 _ i 0 P P X X X E 0 0 O CD C E X C X - X /M C 0 C 0 0 CD C A- 0 •H 0 0 X P 0 p 0 •H P C 3 c 0 N 0 G P 0 v _ ' o CJ X > C O X ev CD G r—t 0 X *H E 0 CD CD •H P 0 CA r— •H I-) CC ■O cn X o . — / c r—i 3m c _ _ v _ ' X 0 X C C CD c 0 0 0 X c •H -H X 0 •H C G p c D o a c •H •H o 0 O C c X c i — i •H X P 3 TD CJ o o o et X X' •H •H •H *H •« •H 0 X C G TD X X 2 X C E •rH G 0 CD CD CD 0 P x. •H 0 O 0 X X i— < X 0 0 0 X c c o c X • c . 0 . X CD CD o 0 0 x 0 X 0 x 0 1 - i i— i p 1 — 1 0 X P X X 3 X 3 GO X X 0 O Ov CD OC x fA 00 ■o C2 lA VC LA VC oc LA X 0 x — CMI 0 0 X (A 00