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LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

No._-1.5:Se.5:„_ DATE, llr L.^gA
SOURCE, E)cCLV\aT}^a

#Ter

This book may be

kept out

TWO

WEEKS

only, and is subject to a fine of

TWO

CENTS a day thereafter. It will be

due on

the day indicated below.

OCT 5 1895
NUV20 1895

»

f

Series of 1894. Bulletin No. 1.

MASSACHUSETTS

CEOP EEPOET

Month of May, 1894.

ISSUED BY

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

Per

1^

Ceop Report for the Month of Mat, 1894.

Office State Board of Agriculture,

Boston, Mass., June 1, 1894.

The issuing of monthly crop reports during the growing
season having proven so acceptable in past years it has been
decided to issue them this season. The table and synopsis
"of Massachusetts weather will be furnished monthly by the
New England Weather Service as heretofore. Also arrano^e-
ments have again been made for the issuing of weekly crop-
bulletins in co-operation with the Service. Attention is called
to an article at the end of tlris bulletin, by the Poraologist of
this Board. It is addressed to fruit growers, dealers and
consumers and is timely and to the point.

Eeport on Farm Animals.

Report No. 112, United States Department of Agriculture, Division of

Statistics.

Horses.
The returns of the number of horses show an increase of
the same in 30 out of the 47 States and territories, not includ-
ing Oklahoma and the Indian reservations ; a decrease in 17
States and territories, and a general decrease as compared
with returns of January, 1893, of 125,663, the total number
of horses in January last year being 16,206,802, against
16,081,139 at the same date in 1894, which were valued at
$769,224,799. An increase is shown in all the New Eng-
land and Middle States, with the exception of New Jersey.
Prices have declined in all the States and territories,
excepting Rhode Island and Idaho. The average range is
from $15.80 in New Mexico to $95.43 in Rhode Island, the
average value being $47.83. In addition to the general
depression, the cause of the low prices of horses is attributed
to the rapid substitution of electrical and other motors in the
street car service of towns and cities. There has been a
slight increase in the number of mules, the aggregate in

January, ISO-t, being 2,352,231. The average value of this
animal has declined from $70.68 in January, 1893, to $62.17
at the same date the present year.

Milcli Cov:s.
There is a tendency to an increase in the number and
value of milch cows, though as yet slight, so far as indicated
by the figures, in spite of the financial depression, owing,
doubtless, to the firmness in price "which dairy products
have maintained in the market. The estimated present
numbers are 16,487,400 against 16,424,087 in January,
1893; average price, $21.77, against $21.75, and aggregate
average value, $358,998,661, against $357,299,785 in Jan-
uary, 1893.

Oxen and Other Cattle.
In the case of oxen and other cattle there is presented an
increase in numbers over last year, but a slight decline in
price and aggregate value. Total number, 36,608,168;
average price, $14.66; total value, $536,789,747.

Sheep.
Sheep have suffered a rather abrupt decline in numbers,
price and, of course, aggregate value since January, 1893.

Sivine.
Although swine have, like sheep, fallen off in numbers to
a considerable extent, the decline in price is not so marked,
and a reaction toward higher prices is everywhere dis-
cernible. Returns in April, 1893, showed a scarcity oi
brood sows then on hand, but returns this spring indicate a
normal proportion of breeders.

Summary .
Horses in the United States Jan. 1, 1894, 16,081,139,
valued at $769,224,799 ; mules, 2,352,231, valued at $146,-
232,811; milch cows, 16,487,400, valued at $358,998,661;
oxen and other cattle, 36,608,168, valued at $536,789,747 ;
sheep, 45,048,017, valuedat $89,186,110; swine, 45,206,498,
valued at $270,384,626 ; total value of farm animals, $2,170,-

816,754. In number of horses Iowa leads with 1,367,329
and in average price Rhode Island leads with $95.43. The
smallest number, 10,443, is credited to Rhode Island and
smallest average price, §15.80, to New Mexico. In number
of milch cows New York leads with 1,572,443 and in aver-
age price New Jerse}- leads with $35.20. The smallest
number, 14,878, is credited to Arizona and smallest average
price, $10.76, to Arkansas. In number of oxen and other
cattle Texas leads with 6,591,787 and in average price New
Jersey leads with $29.11. The smallest number, 11,713, is
credited to Rhode Island, and the smallest average price,
$7.02, to Arkansas. Reports from all sections of the country
(April, 1894) indicate a generally high condition of all
farm animals.

Crops of 1893, Report No 113, March, 1894.
Corn.
This report states that the tendency to an enlargement of
the area devoted to corn, as noted in a former report, does
not seem to be sustained by the experience of the past two
years. The crop of 1893 amounted to 1,619,494,000 bushels,
of which 585,816,350 bushels or 36.2 per cent was on hand
March 1, 1894; 1,369,159,980 bushels or 84.5 per cent
was consumed in the county where grown and 250,334,020
or 15.5 per cent was shipped out of the county where grown.
Ordinarily only the seven Western States of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska have any
material excess oVer what is required for home consumption.
Eighty-five and six-tenths per cent of the crop of 1893 was
merchantable. The massed value of the corn crop of 1893,
as estimated in the December report, was $591,625,627, or
an average value of 36.5 cents per bushel. The crop for
Massachusetts is given as 1,355,000 bushels, of which
1,260,150 or 93 per cent was merchantable. The average
value of the merchantable was $0.55 per bushel, of the un-
merchantable $0.33 per bushel; total value, $724,384.

Wheat.
The crop of 1893 amounted to 396,132,000 bushels, of
which 114,059,560 or 28 8 per cent remained on hand
March 1, 1894; 154,018,770 or 38.9 per cent was con-

6

sumed in the county where grown and 242,113,230 or 61.1
per cent was shipped out of the county where grown. The
average farm price of wheat for 18U3 was $0,538 per bushel
and the average weight per bushel was 57.6 pounds. The
condition of winter wheat on the first day of April, 1894, as
reported by the Statistician of the Department of Agri-
culture, averaged 86.7 per cent for the entire country'-,
against 77.4 in 1893 and 81. 2 in 1892. The corresponding
average for rye was 94.4 per cent.

Meteorological Summary.

Furnished by the New England Weather Service.

January, 1894.

The weather for the month of January in Massachusetts
was warm and dry. At Somerset the mean temperature was
4.3*^ per day higher than the normal ; at Springfield it was
3.9° ; at Fitchburg, 3.5« ; at Boston, 3.4« ; and at New Bed-
ford and Woods Holl, 1.8°. The highest temperature was
on the 24th and 25th, and varied from 47° to 57°. The lowest
was on the 13th and 29th, and was from 8° above zero on the
coast to 9° below zero in the interior counties.

The precipitation was slightly more than the usual amount
at Lake Cochituate and Woods Holl, but was deficient in all
other districts. Most of the snow fell on the 27th and 30th,
so at the end of the month there was a good covering on the
ground, but during the greater part of the month it w'as
mostly bare. As there w'ere no extreme or severe ranges
of temperature during the time there was little damage to
fruit or grass and grain roots.

February, 1894.
February was very cold, and decidedly the "winter"
month of the year. The precipitation was more than usual
along the coast and deficient in the interior, and was mostly
in the form of snow. The highest temperature occurred in
most places on the 18th, and was from 42° to 54°. It was
low on the 6th and 25th, while the 24th was the coldest day
of the month, and at many places the coldest for years.
Along the eastern coast the highest temperature for the day
on the 24th was only from 5° to 12° above zero, while in the

western part of the State it did not rise above 4" to IP be-
low zero. At Provincetown tiie temperature fell to 1" below
zero, the lowest ever recorded there by the present observer.
The monthly and daily ranges of temperature were very
great, and the inversions of temperature — warmer on the
hills than in the valleys — were noted on numerous occasions.
A marked example of the influence of the wind on the tem-
perature was given on the 17th and 18th at Concord. The
wind had been westerly, and on the morning of the 17th the
temperature was 20° below zero. Under the influence of an
advancing cyclone over the lakes the wind changed to south-
erly, and as the storm passed to the north of New England
the temperature rose without a fall through the day and night
of the 17tli to 51° above zero at about two p.m. on the 18th,
— a rise of 71° within thirty-six hours.

Fortunately the ground was generally well covered w^ith
snow during the extreme cold weather so nothing in the
ground suffered. Peaches, however, standing above the
snow could not be protected, and from sixt}^ per cent to
seventy-five per cent of the buds were killed. Other fruit
was not injured.

March, 1894.

March was very warm and very dry. The excess in tem-
perature averaged over 8° a da3Mit Boston, Cambridge, Som-
erset, Fitchburg and Springfield. At Boston the mean tem-
perature for the mouth, the mean of the three consecutive
warmest days and the mean for the warmest day was higher
than ever before recorded for March in the history of the
Weather Bureau ; higher maximum temperatures occurred
on March 10, 1878, and on March 5, 1880. At New Bed-
ford, which has a complete record since 1813, the mean for
the month was higher on the following years only: 1825,
1831, 1842, 1859, 1865, 1871 and 1878. At a few stations
along the coast the highest temperature was on the 6th, but
generally it was on the 19th, and varied from 60° to 74°.
The coldest spell was on the 27th and 28th, when the tem-
perature fell from 8° to 20° below freezing. This cold wave
did great damage to crops and fruit in the Central and South-
ern States, but New England escaped with no serious injury.
Reports from well known and reliable fruit growers showed

8

that nothing was damaged except peaches, and those but
slightly.

It was the diyest March on record in the history of the
Weather Bureau at Boston. At Fall River, Monroe and
Vineyard Haven the amount of precipitation was over two
inches, but elsewhere it was from three-fourths to one and
three-fourths inches, and was from two to three and one-
half inches below the usual amount for the month. The
snowfall was small and the ground was bare the most of the
month. The Connecticut River opened before the 15th, and
many wild birds made their appearance. At the end of the
month the season was about two weeks ahead of the average.

Ajjril, 1894.

April was warm and dry in all interior districts, and cool
and wet along the south-eastern coast. The warmest day
was generally on the 27th, the temperature rising to 72° to
82*^. The lowest was everywhere on the 3d, when it fell
to from 5** to 20° below freezing. The mornings of the 25th
and 30th were quite cold, but little damage to crops was re-
ported.

The deficiency in rainfall for the month was 1.51 inches
at Amherst, but along the coast it was slightly in excess,
the greater part coming with the snow-storms of the 9th,
11th and 12th. The latter storm was very severe along the
coast. High gales prevailed, and with the damp heavy snow
did great damage to telegraph and telephone service, the
poles on some lines being laid flat for miles. Train service
was delayed on that account. It was very dry at the end
of the month, but all farm work and growth of vegetation
was about two weeks ahead of the average.

Temperature and Rainfall for the Whole Country.

Fr.oM United States Weathee-Ceop Bulletins.

Weeh ending May 7. — Week warm and weather condi-
tions favorable for growing crops in all sections east of
Rocky Mountains. Week cool on Pacific coast, except over
interior valleys of California, where hot, dry weather pre-
vailed. Very little rain fell except in upper Lake region,

9

central Mississippi and lower Ohio valleys. Rainfall for
season much less than usual over greater portion of country
east of the Mississippi, the season having been unusually dry
in Atlantic coast States and in California. Thermal conditions
from March 1 to May 1 in advance of average season over
regions east of Rocky Mountains, while wxst the deficiency
in seasonal temperature amounted to about 2 degrees per
day.

Week ending May 14. — Week w^armer than usual in all
districts east of Rocky Mountains, except in northern Texas
and Indian Territory, where the temperature was al)out
normal. Also warmer than usual over Rocky Mountains
and plateau regions, but week cool on Pacific coast. Very
little rain fell in Middle Atlantic and New England States
during the week. The southern portions of cotton region
were favored wn'th more than usual amount of rain. Heavy
rains in Texas. Drought conditions in Florida and North
Carolina.

Week ending May 21. — "Week one of unusual tempera-
ture extremes. Ice formed in Wisconsin, and snow fell in
Michigan, Indiana and Kentucky. Frosts, more or less dam-
aging, occurred in New England, the Lake region, generally
throughout States of upper Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio
valleys, and as far south as northern Mississippi. Rainfall
very heavy in Lake region, Ohio valley and Middle Atlantic
States. Destructive freshets in portions of Pennsylvania,
western New York, Michigan and Wisconsin. Drought pre-
vails in eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, Arkansas, south-
west Texas and New Mexico.

Weeh ending May 28. — Cooler than usual in all districts,
with the exception of the central plateau region and from
the upper Missouri valley westward to Oregon and Wash-
ington, where it was warmer than usual. Over the greater
portion of the country east of the Rocky mountains the
night temperatures were unusually low. Over the greater
part of New England and the Middle Atlantic States the
rainfall was unusually heavy. Throughout the central valleys
and on the south Atlantic coast there has been but little
rain. Drought conditions reported from Iowa, Nebraska
and Wyoming. The week the most favorable of the season
on the north Pacific coast.

10

New England Weather and Crops.

From United States Weather-Crop Bulletins.

WeeJc ending May 7. — Warm and dry ; splendid weather
for farm work and growth of vegetation ; season nearly two
weeks ahead ; grain, garden crops and early potatoes coming
up in southern portions ; all fruit, except peaches, showing
heavy bloom.

Week endinc/ May 14. — Warm, sunshiny days, cold
nights, with light frost ; no serious damage ; very dry, grass
and crops are being injured in southern portion ; grain has
a good stand ; most of the potatoes and some corn planted.

Week ending May 21. — Cool and windy ; very dry first
of week, and grass on old dry fields injured very much ;
late rains, heavy in central district, were of great benefit ;
considerable damage by frost to early vegetables ; fruit suf-
fered very little.

Wteh ending May 28. — Cool, cloudy, and wet; rain
heaviest in central and southern portions, where farm work
is delayed and some newly planted seeds are rotting ; drought
thoroughly broken ; grass greatly improved ; considerable
damage by frosts in central districts.

Massachusetts Weather.
Meteorological Data for 3Iay, 1894.

[Furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

Pittsfield, .
Springfield, .
Amherst,
Fitcliburg, .
Worcester, .
Dudley,
Wellesley, .
J^owell,
Boston,
Taunton,
New Bedfd,
Hyanuis,
Provineet'u,.

Temperatdre. Dec. F.

55.8
60.0
56.4
56.5
57.4
57.6
59.4
57.4
57.6
59.7
55 8
58.5
55.6

77
88
84
84
84
86
87
84
88
90
87
86
86

2,3
2
1,2
1,2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

33
38
28
32
38
36
35
33
39
31
35
40
39

15
15,22
15
22
22
22
15
22
22
11
11
15
22

Precipita-
tion.

3.82
3.59
3.80
3.56
4.63
3.62
4.06
4.36
4.12
3.76
4.60
3.74
3.51

CO U

13
11
14
11
11
10
11
13
12
13
11

S.

s.w.

N.W

N.W

W.

E.
S \V.

S.W.

s vv.

S.E.

Cloudiness.
Kg. of DATS.

-

-

8

11

14

8

11

10

12

6

10

10

10

13

7

12

9

11

9

11

12
11
10
13

11
8
12
11
11

11

Summary.

Temperature (F.). — Monthly mean, 57.5" ; highest monthly
mean, (]0° at Springfield; lowest monthly mean, 55. ()° at
Provincetown ; maximum, 90° at Taunton on the 2d; mini-
mum, 28** at Amherst on the 15th; range, 62^; greatest
local monthly range, 59" at Taunton ; least local monthly
range, 44" at Pittsfield ; greatest daily range, 44" at Taunton
on the 15th and IBth ; least daily range, 2" at Hyannis on
the 24th. At Springfield the mean temperature averaged
1° per day above the normal ; at Fitchburg it was 1.2" above,
and at Boston 1.4" above.

PrecipUation. — Average, 3.93 inches; greatest amount,
4.63 at Worcester ; least amount, 3.51 at Provincetown. At
Springfield the total precipitation was 0.57 inches below the
usual amount, and at Fitchburg it was 0.51 below, while at
Lowell it was 0.61 inches and at Boston 0.55 inches more
than the normal amount for this month.

Prevailing Wind. — South-west.

Thunder-storms. — 2(\, 4th, 7th, 18th, 19th, 28th.

Hail. — 4th at Dudley.

Frost. — 11th, 12th, 15th, IGth, 17th, 22d.

PemarTcs,

The month as a whole has been favorable for cultivation
and growth of crops. The season was early at the start and
the generally dry, pleasant weather enabled rapid work to be
done on the land and all vegetation to push along quickly.
But by the second week some fields were too dry to put in
seed and those already planted were coming slowly. Begin-
ning with the 18th the drought was effectually broken by
rain and for the rest of the month mostly cloudy, cool weather
prevailed with frequent rains. Some seeds on low lands
have been injured by the rains and while the weather has
been very favorable for grass it has not been warm and sun-
shiny enough for corn and like crops. Quite a good deal of
damage has been done in eastern sections by high winds, and
in all sections by frosts. The highland district in southern
"Worcester county seems to have escaped the frost more than
any other in the State.

12

In the circular to correspondents returnable May 31 the
following questions were asked : —

1. How does the present season compare, agriculturally
speaking, with last season ?

2. What is the condition of live stock in your vicinity?

3. What is the promise for pastures and mowings, and
did fall seeding winter well in your vicinity?

4. How did the fruit bloom compare with former years ?

5. What insects appear to be doing the most damage in
your neighborhood, and what measures are being taken to
prevent their ravages ?

6. Is farm help scarce or plenty ; and what proportion
would you call good help?

7. What wages, with board and without board, are paid
farm help in your vicinity?

8. Do you think the present industrial depression has
increased or decreased the acreage of crops in your vicinity?

Returns have been received from 127 correspondents, and
from them the following summary has been made ; —

The Season.
Correspondents differ materially in their answers under
this head. The replies range from " later" and " unfavor-
ably" to " two weeks earlier than last year" and " very fa-
vorable." The season opened from ten days to two weeks
earlier than usual, but the dry weather of April and the first
part of May and the cold storms since, and frosts, have left
it, the first of June, very nearly an average though some-
what in advance of the same date last year. The following
extracts will illustrate: Falmouth, Barnstable County. "As
to the season, some things are away ahead while others are
not. Vegetation started early but we have had it so dry,
with very little rain in March, April or May until last week,
and very cool nights with frost." Templeton, Worcester
County. " The early opening of the season induced farmers
to push their crops into the ground, but later cold weather
and drought retarded their growth so that now they are but
little over the average of former years. The first half of
May w^as unusually dry. The last half has been cold with
an excess of cloudy, wet weather. The storms are followed

13

by north winds and frosts." Blandford, Hampden County.
" The season is one that in all respects will be considered as
peculiar. Opened early, in fact on our hills as early as in the
Connecticut Valley. Stock could go to pasture about May 1
and do well. All land in extra shape until middle of May."

Live Stock.
Most of the correspondents speak of live stock as having
wintered well and being in good condition. Several speak
of animals having been killed because affected with tuber-
culosis. The replies received indicate that our stock is
generally in a healthy and thrifty condition.

Mowings and Pastures.
Correspondents generally speak of great improvement in
the condition of pastures and mowings as a result of the
recent rains and cool weather. The outlook now is for a good
crop of hay on newly seeded and moist lands, and for a
light to fair crop on old and dry fields. Correspondents are
practically unanimous in stating that fall seeding wintered
well.

Fruit Bloom.
The apple bloom was unusually heavy, the peach bloom
light and the bloom of other fruit trees and small fruits a
good average. It is thought that the frosts and cool, wet
weather have materially injured the fruit crop.

Insects,
Very few correspondents report the presence of the tent
caterpillar this season. A large proportion, however, speak
of unusual numbers of canker worms and cut worms, which
have proved very destructive. It is thought that the ravages
of the canker worm are, to a large extent, the result of an
unexpected appearance of the pest, most people not expect-
ing it and therefore not being prepared. Some have sprayed
their trees, but most people have let them alone. Other
insects mentioned are the potato beetle, currant worm, gypsy
moth and army worm.

14

Farm Help and Wages.

Eeplies to the question of farm help and wages vary, of
course, according to localities and character of work expected.
Available farm help is more plenty than during the past few
years, owing, no doubt, to the large number of mechanics
and laborers out of employment on account of the present
industrial depression. A number of correspondents state that
farm help is plenty and others that it is scarce. Good help
is always scarce. Of the 68 replies to the query in regard to
the proportion of good help 16 correspondents give the pro-
portion as ^, 12 as -^q, 8 as |, 6 as ^, 5 as ^, 5 as -|, 3 each |,
■^^ and -Jq , 2 each as | and |^, 1 as |^ and 2 as only one in one
hundred. Wages per month with board range from |8 to $28
per month according to locality and character of help. The
average appears to be $18 to $22 per month. Per day the
range is from $1 to $2 with $1 .50 as the average. From $8 to
$12 per month is allowed for board. One correspondent in
Franklin County writes: "We are overrun with tramps.
Some of them will work a few days and then pass on."
Another in Berkshire County Avrites : "Probably not
more than 25 per cent of form help are first class. It is
absolutely true when I say first class help is not to be had
as compared with forty years ago." One in Worcester
County writes: "It appears from the results of the late
stagnation in manufacturing, that the average mill hand,
male or female, would rather be helped by the town or
go on the tramp, than to leave the village and work on
a farm, and that help from such sources must not be looked
for." One in Middlesex County writes: "Tramps are un-
usually numerous ; but few seriously ask for work. Our
town farm superintendent offers them the alternative of
crackers and water, or sawing wood for a good square meal.
About 98 per cent take the crackers and water." Another
in Middlesex County writes : "There are plenty of men that
can pick and shovel and do that kind of work. Men that
can drive team, hoe and take good care of cultivated crops
have been scarce for years."

15

Effect of Industrial Depression.

The general opinion of correspondents is that the present
industrial depression has had no material intiiience as yet on
the acreage of crops. In the Connecticut Valley the acreage
of tobacco has decreased because of uncertainty of tariff
legislation and consequent lack of a market, and in place of
tobacco there has been an increased acreage of potatoes,
onions and corn. Thirty-nine correspondents note an in-
crease in the acreage of crops in their vicinity and six a
decrease. Seventy-one note no change in acreage. One
correspondent writes that the acreage has increased because
so much help is being offered at small wages ; another that it
has been increased because people from the city have rented
land in the country ; another that there is a slight tendency
to increased area to offset low prices ; another that the vege-
table gardens in the villages have increased.

16

]N^OTEs OF correspo:n^de:^ts.

(Returned to us May 31.)

BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

Sheffield (Dwigiit Andrews). — The present season is about
as last. Live stock is looking well. Pastures and mowings are
in good condition, and fall seeding wintered well. The fruit
bloom was a full average. Farm help is scarce, about one-fourth
being good help. Wages $18 to $20 per month with board. There
is an increase in the acreage of crops.

StocJcbridge (F. A. Palmer) . — The present season is better
than last year, agriculturally speaking. All kinds of stock win-
tered well. Pastures and old meadows are looking well. Spring
seeding was nearly a failure but fall seeding is good. The fruit
bloom was heavier than usual. Very few insects have appeared ;
a little spraying has been done. Help is plenty, one-half being
good help. Wages are about $20 per month with board and about
$38 "without board. The acreage of crops is increased, especially
corn.

Cheshire (L. J. Northup). — The season is two weeks earlier
than last year. Live stock is looking well. Pastures and mowings
are looking well. The fruit bloom was unusually full. Tent
caterpillars and potato bugs are quite numerous where they are
not looked after. Good farm help is scarce, not more than 25 per
cent being first class. Wages range from $15 to $25 per month
with board.

Lee (A. Bradley). — The present season is a little in advance
of last year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures and mow-
ings are looking well, and fall seeding wintered fairly well. The
fruit bloom is a full average. Farm help is very plenty, one-
fourth being good help. Poor help can be had for $10 per month
and board for seven months; good help is paid $1.50 per day
without board. The industrial depression has had little effect on
the acreage of crops.

Becket (Wm. H. Snow). — The season is ten days earlier than
last year. Live stock is looking as well as usual. Pastures and
mowings are looking well, but fall seeding has suffered from
dry weather. Fruit bloom a full average. Farm help is not

17

plenty and but a small proportion is good, Wages are $20 with
board and $30 witliout. The depression has made no difference
with the acreage of crops.

Hancock (C. H. AVells). — The present season is a week earlier
than last year. Live stock is in full average condition. Pastures
and mowings promise well but fall seeding did not winter well.
The fruit bloom was much better than last year. Currant worms
are doing the most damage. Farm help is not plenty and not
more than 25 per cent is good help. Wages are $15 or $16 per
month with board and $20 to $25 without. There is little differ-
ence in tJie acreage of crops.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Colrain (A. A. Smith). — The present season compares favor-
ably with last year. Live stock is in excellent condition. Pastures,
mowings and fall seeding are all in fine condition. The fruit bloom
was fully equal to former years. The tent caterpillar is doing the
most damage. Farm help is plenty but poor. Wages are $18 per
month with board and $30 without board.

Bernardston (R. H. Cushman). — Season two weeks earlier than
last year. Stock is in average condition and much was turned to
pasture early for lack of hay. Mowings are thin and there is not
much feed in pastures. The fruit bloom was full but much damage
was done by frost. Cut worms and tent caterpillars are as plenty
as usual. Help is plenty with a small proportion first class. Good
help commands from $12 to $20 per month with board. Crops are
about an average in acreage, with a slight increase for potatoes.

Conway (J. C. Newhall). — The season is two weeks earlier
than last year. Live stock is in average condition. Pastures are
in fine condition and the hay crop promises well on rich land. Fall
seeding wintered well. The fruit bloom was very large. Cut
worms are plenty. Farm help is more plenty than usual. Wages
range from $10 to $25 per month with board. There is little differ-
ence in the acreage of crops.

Whatdy (Frank Dickinson) . — The season is more favorable
than last year. Live stock is above the average in condition.
Pastures and mowings have improved since the rain. All new
seeding is looking well. Fruit bloom above the average. Cut
worms are working to a great extent. Farm help is plenty with
not more than one-fifth good help. Wages are from $16 to $18
per month with board and from $1 to $1.25 per day without. The
acreage of tobacco is less than usual and that of potatoes and
onions greater.

18*

Sunderland (J. M. J. Lkgate). — The season is two weeks
earlier than last year. Live stock is in good condition. The
drought has crippled the pastures, and the hay crop will be light.
Fall seeding wintered well. The fruit bloom was not average ; the
frost of the loth damaged it somewhat. Help is very plenty, all
being foreign help and most of it good. Wages are from $10 to
$15 per month with board and from §1 to $1.25 per day without.
The acreage of all crops, except tobacco, much larger than in
former years. The acreage of tobacco has decreased.

Orange (Ansel Harrington). — The season is about as last
year. Live stock is in very good condition. Pastures and mow-
ings are not very promising. Fall seeding wintered finely. Fruit
trees blossomed very full but were injured by frost on low lands.
Potato beetles and cut worms are the only insects. Farm help is
rather scarce, but is mostly very good; few foreigners. Wages
are $18 to $20 per month with board and $1.50 per day without.
Acreage of crops remains as usual.

HAMPSHIRE COUNTY.

•Greenvjich (Wir. L. Douglas). — The season is much earlier
ithan last year. Live stock is in fairly good condition. Pastures
-and mowings are improving since the rain. Fall seeding wintered
fairly well. The fruit bloom was much larger than last year.
nCut worms are doing the most damage. Farm help is not very
(plenty. There is little difference in the acreage of crops.

Belchertoivn (H. C. West). — The present season compares
favorably with last year. Live stock is in very good condition.
Pastures and mowings are not in good condition although recent
rains have given them a start. The fruit bloom was a full average.
Cut worms are doing the most damage. Farm help is scarce and
•one in twenty good help. Wages range from $15 to $20 per month
with board. Hay will be a light crop and fodder crops must be
substituted. Acreage of crops about the same as usual.

Amherst (Wm. P. Brooks). — The season is ten days earlier
than last year and everything looks very well. Live stock is in
good condition. Pastures have improved since the rain, but old
mowings were injured by drought. Fall seeding wintered well.
Apples were a very full bloom ; pears, cherries and quinces aver-
age ; peaches very light. Farm help is plenty, but mostly ignorant
and inexperienced. Wages are from $12 to $20 per month with
board and from $30 to $40 without. The industrial depression
has decreased the acreage of tobacco and increased the acreage
of other crops.

19

South Hadley (H. "W. Gaylord). — The season has been back-
ward, owiog to dry weather. Live stock is in good condition.
Fall seeding wintered well and pastures and mowings now promise
well. Apples had nearly an average bloom, cherries and pears a
three-fourths bloom, and peaches a one-fourth. Cut worms are
doing considerable damage. Help is plenty, one-half being good.
Wages are $1.50 per day and from $12 to $20 per mouth; not
over ten per cent get $20. The acreage of crops has been in-
creased by the industrial depression because people from the city
have rented land in the country.

Northampton (D. A. Hokton). — The season is quite as forward
as last year. Live stock is in good condition. The grass crop is
very forward and new seeding is good. The fruit bloom was un-
usually full. No insects except a few tent caterpillars. Farm help
is plenty, one-fourth being good help. Wages are from $15 to $20
per month with board. The acreage of onions, corn and potatoes
has increased and that of tobacco decreased one-fourth.

Southampton (C. B. Lyman). — All crops are earlier than last
year and work is more advanced. Live stock has wintered well
and is now doing well. Pastures and mowings are doing well since
the rains. Fruit bloom very large. Farm help is plenty, perhaps
two-thirds being good help. Wages are $18 to $20 per month with
board and $1.25 to $1.50 per day without. Fall seeding has done
very well. There is not as much tobacco as usual but the acreage
of other crops is about the same.

HAMPDEN COUNTY.

Tolland (F. T. Mooke) . — The season is a little ahead of last
year. Live stock is in very fair condition. Pastures are in good
condition and the present wet spell may save the mowings. Apples
had a very full bloom. There are some potato bugs but the apple
trees are free from insects. Farm help is not plenty, one-third
good help. Wages are from $12 to $15 per month with board.
The average amount of crops will be put in.

West Springjield^ (J. N. Bagg) . — The season compares favorably
with last year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures and
mowings promise well. Fall seeding wintered well. The fruit
bloom was light, particularly for pears. Cut worms, currant worms
and potato beetles are doing the most damage. Farm help is
plenty, less than half being good help. With board wages are 75
cents per day and without board $1.25. Planting is about over.
The industrial depression has increased the acreage of crops.

Holyoke (J. C. Thorpe). — The season is nearly two weeks
earlier than last year. Live stock is in good condition. Dry

20

weather has injured pastures and mowings. Fall seeding has
wintered well. The fruit bloom was heavy, except that of peaches,
which was light. Farm help is plenty, about one-half being good.
Wages are from $35 to $40 without board and from $18 to $25
with board for good, and $12 to $18 for poor.

Chicopee (R. W. Bemis). — The season is earlier than usual.
Live stock is in about average condition. Grass is thinner than
usual because of dry weather but has improved since the rains.
The early fruit bloom was quite full and the late bloom light. The
cut worm is the only insect at present. There are plenty who
appl}' for work but good help is scarce. Wages are from $6 to $12
per week, about $1 less than last year for the same grade of help.
There is no change in the acreage of crops except, perhaps, tobacco
has decreased.

Wilbraliam (F. E. Clark). — The season is two weeks earlier
than last year, but in many instances potatoes and corn failed to
germinate because of dry weather. Live stock is in fine condition.
Old mowings and pastures promise a very light yield. Fall seed-
ing looks finely. The fruit bloom was very full on high land and
perhaps a one-third bloom on low land. Help is plenty, not more
than one-fourth being good help. Good help commands from $20
to $25 per month with board and from $30 to $35 without. The
acreage of crops is increased because help is plenty and wages low.

Brimfield (8. W. Brown). — The season is fully equal to last
year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures and mowings
promise well. Fall seeding wintered well. The fruit bloom is
twenty-five per cent better than last year. Farm help is scarce
and not over twenty per cent is good help. Wages as high as $23
per month and $1.50 per day are paid. No change in the acreage
of crops.

WORCESTER COUNTY.

North Brookjield (J. H. Lane). — Live stock is in good con-
dition, much grain being fed. Pastures are bare from the dry
weather. The fruit bloom was very full. Very few insects except
the potato beetle. Farm help is scarce, not more than one in ten
being good help. Wages are from $20 to $30 per month with
board. The acreage is increased, and if crops are good the result
will be very bad as over-production will reduce prices.

Dana (E. A. Albee). — The season is about ten days earlier
than last year. Live stock wintered well and is in good condition.
The recent rains improved pastures and mowings. Fall seeding
wintered well. The fruit bloom was average but the frosts did
great damage. There are only a few tent caterpillars. Farm help
is plenty, one-half being good help ; with board $20 per month

21

is paid and without board $1.50 per day. The acreage of farm
crops has increased 25 per cent.

Westminster (Joseph Hager). — The season is earlier than last
year. There is more complaint of cough among cows than usual.
Grass started Avell and though put back by the dry weather is now
doing well. The fruit bloom was uuusuall}' large. There are very
few insects. Good help is hard to get and receives $20 to $25 per
month. There is no perceptible difference in the acreage of farm
crops.

FUchburg (Dr. Jabez Fisher) . — The apple bloom was the
earliest for 38 years, being 14 days ahead of the average. Live
stock is in satisfactory condition. Pastures and mowings suffered
from the dry weather but are now doing well. The fruit bloom
was very abundant. There are few tent caterpillars but many
potato beetles. Help is scarce. Wages are $20 per month with
board and $1.50 per day without. There is a slight tendency to
increase area of farm crops to offset low prices.

Berlin (P. B. Southwick). — The season is two weeks earlier
than last year. Live stock is in fair condition. Pastures and
mowings promise well since the rains. Fall seeding wintered well.
The fruit bloom never was larger. The cut worm is doing great
damage and the canker worm has again appeared. Farm help is
not very plenty and much is of poor quality. Wages are $20 per
month with board and $1.25 per day without.

Grafton (S. E. Stowe). — The season compares favorably with
last year. Live stock is in excellent condition. Pastures and
mowings have greatly improved since the rain. Fall seeding
wintered well. The bloom of apples and pears was large and that
of peaches light. The potato beetle and currant worm are doing
the usual amount of damage. Good help is scarce, about one in
fifty. Wages range from $18 to $25 per month with board and
from $35 to $50 without. The acreage of farm crops is about as
usual.

Oxford (D. M. Howe). — The season is about as last year.
Live stock is looking well though there are some bad cases of
tuberculosis. Dry weather injured grass considerably. The fruit
bloom was large, apple particularly. There are fewer insects than
for years. Farm help is paid $18 to $22 per month with board
and $1.25 to $1.50 per day without. The acreage of farm crops
has increased.

Blackstone (L. R. Daniels). — The season has been equal to
last year since the rains. Live stock is in good condition.
Pastures and mowings suffered from dry weather but are recover-
ing fast. Fall seeding wintered very well. The fruit bloom was

22

very profuse, but was injured by frost. Cut worms and potato
beetles have appeared and the usual measures are being taken to
control them. Help is plenty near factory villages but scarce
further off, about one-third being good help. "Wages are $10 to
$15 per month with board and $1.25 per day without board.
There is no material difference in the acreage of crops.

MIDDLESEX COUNTr.

Groton (Daniel Needham). — The season is very much earlier
than last year and otherwise favorable. Live stock wintered well.
If there is an abundance of rain pastures and mowings will do
well. Fall seeding wintered well. Fruit bloom general and abun-
dant. Canker worms are doing the most damage and some are
spraying. The supply of farm help is about as usual. Wages
are $18 per month with board and $36 to $40 without. There is
no change in the acreage of crops.

Chelmsford (P. P. Pekham) . — Most crops promise as well as
last year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures promise well
and fall seeding looks finely. Apple bloom far above the average.
Canker worms are quite plenty. Farm help is plenty but not one-
fifth of it is good help. Good men get $20 per month with board
and $28 without. The acreage of farm crops has decreased in
this vicinity.

Wohurn (W. H. Bartlett). — While some crops are early
others are late and the season is about average. Live stock is
generally in good condition. Pastures are in good condition and
the late rains have helped grass very much. Fruit bloom about
two-thirds of an average. Canker worms, tent caterpillars and
potato beetles are doing the most damage and spraying is resorted
to. Farm help is very scarce. Wages are $1.25 to $L50 per day
without board. About the same amount of land is cultivated as
usual.

Arlington (W. W. Rawson). — The present season compares
favorably with last year. Pastures and mowings look well. The
fruit bloom was very large. No insects have appeared as yet.
Farm help is plenty and generally good. Wages are $20 per
month with board and $40 without. The acreage of crops has
been increased.

Newton (Otis Pettee). — The season is ten days earlier than
last year. Live stock is in good condition. Grass is heavily set
and there is prospect of a good crop. The fruit bloom was fully
average. Canker worms are doing the most damage and there are
a few currant worms and tent caterpillars. The efforts of the
Newton Horticultural Society to exterminate the tent caterpillar

23

have been wonderfully successful. The industrial depression has
little influence on the acreage of crops.

Sherborn (N. B. Douglas). — The season is more forward than
last year. Both cattle and horses are looking uncommonly well.
Pastures look well but feed is short. Hay will be light except on
newly seeded fields. There was a very full fruit bloom. Canker
worms are doing considerable damage and spraying is going on.
Farm help is more plenty than usual, three-fourths being good
help. Wages are $20 to $22 per month with board and $1.50 per
day without. There is no apparent difference in the acreage of
crops.

Marlborough (E. D. Howe). — The present season is about as
last year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures and mow-
ings are hardly up to the average. Fall seeding wintered well.
The fruit bloom was very full, except for peaches. Canker worms
are doing the most damage and about one in three are spraying.
Farm help is plenty, 75 per cent being fair to good. Wages are
$25 per month with board and $1.75 to $2.00 per day without
board. The industrial depression has had no effect on the acreage
of farm crops.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Haverhill (Ebenezer Webster). — The present season is not
quite as favorable as last. Live stock is in good condition.
Pastures and mowings look well except on very dry land. There
was a light bloom of pears and a heavy bloom of apples. Insects
are not as numerous as usual. Farm help is plenty, about one-
eighth being good help. Wages are $20 to $22 per month with
board and $1.50 per day without. The acreage of farm crops is
not changed.

Groveland (Abel Sticknet). — The season is more favorable
in many respects than last year. Live stock is in good condition.
Fall seeding wintered well. Fruit bloom was uncommonly good
with the exception of peaches. Canker worms are doing damage
in some portions. The supply of farm help is equal to the demand.
Wages are $18 to $25 per month with board and $1.25 to $1.50 per
day without. There has not been much change in the acreage of
crops.

Topsfield (B. P. Pike). — The present season compares very
favorably with last year. Live stock is in full average condition.
Pastures are in good condition and mowings look very well. Fall
seeding wintered well. Apples had a very full bloom, peaches very
light and pears medium. Neither canker worms nor caterpillars are
as plenty as last year. Good help is scarce. From $18 to $22 per

24

month with board is paid. There is not much change in the acre-
age of crops.

Danvers (C. H. Preston). — The season is well advanced and
favorable. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures and mow-
ings are in poor condition but will improve with the rains. There
was a large apple bloom ; other fruits average. Canker worms are
doing the most damage and some are spraying. Farm help is
plenty. No change in acreage of crops.

Marbhhead (Wm. S. Phillips, Jr.). — The season is about as
last year. Live stock is in very good condition. Pastures and
mowings are in very good condition. Not much seeding winter
killed. The early apple bloom was average, but the late was below.
Tent caterpillars are doing the most damage and scarcely any effort
is made to destroy them. Help is plenty and perhaps thirty per
cent may be called good. Wages are from $16 to $22 per month
with board and about $1.50 per day without board. The indus-
trial depression has made no appreciable difference in the acreage
of crops.

NORFOLK COUNTY.

Mecljield (Geo. R. Chase). — The season is ten days earlier
than usual. Live stock is in good order. Pastures and mowings
promise fairly now, owing to recent rains. Fall seeding wintered
well." The fruit bloom was unprecedentedly large. The canker
worm is doing the most damage ; a few are spraying. Farm help
is scarce, ten per cent being good help. Wages are ^20 to $27
per month with board and $1.75 per day without. The acreage of
crops remains the same.

Medicay (Monroe Morse). — Live stock is about in average
condition. The recent cool, wet weather has restored the condi-
tion of pastures and mowings to about average. The peach bloom
was very light, but other fruits were very full. Canker worms
have become quite numerous. Help accustomed to farm work is
scarce. A good man is paid $20 per month with board and $1.50
per day without. The industrial depression has made no difference
with the acreage of crops.

FranMin (C. M. Allen). — The present season is better than
the last. Live stock is fully up to the average in condition. Past-
ures and mowings promise well. Fall seeding wintered well.
Apples had an extra bloom, peaches were a failure, the rest aver-
age. Very few insects have appeared. Farm help is plenty, one
in a hundred being good help. Wages run from $14 to $20 per
month with board and from $25 to $40 without. The acreage of
farm crops has slightly increased.

25

Avon (S. F. Oliver). — The present season compares very
favorably with last year. Live stock is in good condition. Past-
ures are looking extra well and grass land will yield an average
crop. Fall seeding wintered well. The fruit bloom was full and
set well. P^arni help is plenty and two-thirds is good help.
AVages are $15 to $30 per month with board and $1.75 to $2.00
per day without. The acreage of farm crops has increased.

Cohasset (E. E. Ellms) . — The present season compares very well
with last year. Live stock is in very good condition. Pastures
and mowings are looking well. The fruit bloom was heavier than
usual. Farm lielp is very scarce and there is no good help.
Wages are $1.75 per day and $35 per month with board. No
change in the acreage of crops.

BRISTOL COUNTY.

Atdeboroiigh (Isaac Alger). — The present season is much
more favorable than last year. Live stock is in good condition.
Pastures and mowings are extra good, and fall seeding wintered
well. The fruit bloom was a full average and much better than
last year. Tent caterpillars are very scarce, only two nests having
been seen. Farm help is plenty. Wages are $20 per month with
board and $40 without. There is no change in the acreage of
crops.

Raynham (N. W. Shaw). — The season is far in advance of
last 3'ear in every way. Live stock is in better condition than
usual. Pastures and mowings are better than usual. Nearly
all fruit trees were full of blossoms. The potato beetle is now
appearing. Help is plenty and perhaps one-tenth is good help.
Wages are $14 per month with board and $28 without. More
ground would have been planted but for the industrial depression.

Dighton (A. W. Paul). — The season is ten days earlier than
last year. Live stock is in good average condition. Grass is
scattering and hay will be light. Fall seeding wintei'ed well.
Frait had a very full bloom. The cut worm is doing the most
damage. One man set 4,000 tomato plants and has reset more
than 1,000. Farm help is scarce, being mostly Portuguese and
other foreigners. Very little really good help. Wages are $16
to $22 per month with board and $1.25 to $1.50 per day with-
out. There is little change in the acreage of farm crops. Straw-
berries, our money crop, are not promising as well as usual.
It has been unusually dry but recently we have had copious rains.

Berkley (R. H. Babbitt). — The season is about a week in
advance of last year. Frost and dry weather have injured many
crops. Live stock is in fair condition. On high land grass is

26

light. Fall seeding wintered well. Apples and pears bloomed very
heavy. 'Wild cherry trees by the road side have been cut to pre-
vent the spread of caterpillars. Farm help is very plenty, about
one-half being fair to good. Wages are from $12 to $18 per
mouth with board and $1.25 per day without. The acreage of
farm crops has been increased.

Dartmouth (L. T. Davis). — The season is not much different
from last year. Live stock is in very good condition and wintered
well. Pastures and mowings are very fair and fall seeding win-
tered well. The fruit bloom was much heavier than last year.
Insects are less troublesome than usual. Not more than one-half
the help is good help. Wages are from $1,5 to $25 per mouth
with board and $1.50 per day without. There is very little if any
change in the acreage of farm crops.

PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

West Brirlgewater (F. E. Howard) . — The season is about ten
days earlier than last year and favorable for all crops. Live stock
is in very good condition. Pastures and mowings are forward but
light, having been injured by dry weather. The fruit bloom was
not an average. Canker worms are doing the most damage.
Farm help is plenty, not one in three being good help. Wages
are $20 per mouth with board and $1.50 per day without. The
industrial depression has made little difference with the acreage of
crops but if anything has decreased it.

Lcikeville (Elbridge Cushman) . — The season is very favorable
and a week earlier than last year. Live stock is in good condition.
Grass is looking finely and fall seeding wintered well. The fruit
bloom was never better. Canker worms are doing the most dam-
age and spraying is being done. Farm help is plenty and of
better quality than usual. Wages are from $16 to $20 per month
with board and from $30 to $35 without. The industrial depres-
sion has had little effect upon farmers in this vicinity.

Brockton (Davis Copeland). — The season is slightly in ad-
vance of last year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures
and mowings are good and fall seeding wintered well. The fruit
bloom compares well with former years. Canker worms are doing
the most damage. Farm help is plenty and one-eighth is good
help. Wages are $1.50 per day without board and from $12 to
$20 per month with board. The acreage of crops has slightly
increased.

Halifax (G. W. Hayward). — The season was forward but
frosts and drought have retarded it very much. Stock of all
kinds is in the best of condition. Pastures and mowings are very

27

promising indeed. The fruit bloom is more tlian average. Not
one in ten of the farm help can be called good help. AVages are
$20 per mouth with board and $1.50 per day without. The acre-
age of crops has been increased.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY.

Falmouth (D. R. Wicks). — The present season is a week
ahead of last year. Live stock is in good condition. Pastures
started early but dry weather hurt them. Mowings are in poor
condition. Fall seeding all right. The fruit bloom was larger
than for years. The potato beetle and the tent caterpillar are doing
the most damage ; the latter are not plenty. Farm help is scarce and
not one in five is good help. Wages are $1.00 per day with board
and $1.25 to $l.oO per day without. The acreage of farm crops
has increased.

MasJqyee (W. F. Hammond). — The present season is rather
better than last year. Live stock is healthy and in better condi-
tion than last year. Pastures and grass lands promise well. Fall
seeding wintered nicely. Fruit trees bloomed well and small fruit
bloomed much better than usual. Cut worms and currant worms
are doing the most damage. Help is plenty and three-fourths of
it good help ; with board $28 per mouth is paid, without board
$1.50 per day. The industrial depression has increased the acre-
age of crops.

Barnstable (John Bursley) . — The present season is not equal
to last year. Live stock is in average condition. Pastures and
mowings are light because of drought. Fall seeding looks fairly
well. The fruit bloom was an average. Canker worms and tent
caterpillars are doing the most damage, and a little spraying is
being done. Farm help is more plenty than usual, with 10 per
cent good help. Wages are $17.50 per month with board and
15 cents per hour without. The acreage of crops has been slightly
increased.

Bretvster (J. H. Clark). — The present season is a little later
than last year. Live stock is in very good condition. Pastures
and mowings are below average, but fall seeding wintered well.
Fruit bloom was above the average. Tent caterpillars are doing
the most damage and they are fought by burning the nests. Farm
help is plenty, seven-eighths being good. Wages are 15 cents per
hour without board. Very few are employed with board. The
acreage of farm crops is perhaps slightly increased.

Eastham (J. A. Cla^rk). — Season ten days earlier than last.
Live stock, pastures and mowings in good condition. Very full
fruit bloom. Cut worms are more troublesome than usual to as-

28

paragns and other crops. Farm help is about up to requh-ements
and $1.50 per day is the usual price. Asparagus is being mar-
keted and is a good crop. The prices realized are better than last
season and farmers are feeling good as this is an important crop
in this town. More potatoes planted than usual and they are
looking well.

DUKES COUNTY.

West Tisbury (Geo. Hunt Luce). — The season is in some re-
spects earlier than last year. Live stock is in good average condi-
tion. Pastures promise well, mowings are a good average on new
seeded land and below average on old land. Fall seeding did
well. The fruit bloom was much earlier than last year. There is
little damage from insects. The supply of farm help is about
equal to the demand and one in ten is good help. Wages range
from $8 to $25 per month with board and Si. 50 per day without.
There is no difference in the acreage of farm crops because of the
depression.

NANTUCKET COUNTY.

Nantucliet (Chas. W. Gardner). — The season is not as good
as last year because of dry weather. Live stock is in very good
condition. Pastures and mowings promise poorly because of
drought. Fruit bloom the best for years. About one-tenth of
the help is good help. Wages are from $10 to $25 per month
with board. The acreage of corn and potatoes has increased.

29

BULLETIN OF
MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

POMOLOGICAL.

To Fruit Growers, Dealers and Consumers.

The material interests of fruit growers^ dealers and co7isnmers in
any community are largely depeyideyit upon the prosperity of each
other.

The larger the quantity and the better the quality of any kind
of fruit offered, the more the consumer will buy ; the more fruit
grown and sold, the better able the grower will be to so systema-
tize his business as to produce at a cheaper rate, and the greater
the consumption the cheaper the rate at which the dealer will be
able to do his part of the work of moving the product from the
hands of the grower to the consumer.

Fresh, ripe, home-groivn fruit is more attractive, better in. quality.,
more healthful and cheaper than that shipped from southern or
western growers.

That fresh, ripe, home-grown fruit is more attractive, of better
quality and more healthful, needs no argument to prove ; that it is
worth much more to the consumer, who therefore can afford to
pay a higher price for it, can be easily demonstrated.

Take the item of grapes shipped from New York State to our
own markets. A ten-pound bfisket of Concord grapes is bought
for twenty- five cents, about the lowest rate at which they are
retailed, and it is found that if freshly packed it contains about
seven pounds of grapes, but if it has been packed for several
weeks, as is generally the case, by the evaporation of the berry and
stems the weight of fruit is reduced to less than six pounds and
it has lost much of its fresh, invigorating qualities. Besides this,
if any of the berries are crushed in packing, as some are sure to
be unless packed by very skilful hands, decay soon sets in and'
much of the fruit is spoiled or the heat generated in the basket
causes the berries to drop from their stems.

30

In the above condition this six pounds or less of grapes is not
worth one-half as much as fresh, well ripened, home-grown fruit
with its invigorating qualities and the natural bloom upon it, as
it is when taken from the package of the local grower. Compar-
ing this fruit at its actual cost to the consumer with the local produc-
tion, leaving out the consideration of its unhealthfulness, we can
safely say that the home-grown product is worth from five to seven
cents per pound, at which prices grape growing in New England
would be one of the most profitable branches of horticulture we
could follow.

The above conditions apply ivith much greater force to other and
more perishable fruits like the peach, strawberry, raspberry and
blackberry.

The peach comes to us from the south in a half-decayed condi-
tion. There it must be picked long before it is ripe in order to
ship it to us, and we find that the basket of fruit that we pay from
75 cents to $1.50 for gives us only about one-half of a basket of
serviceable fruit, and that a full basket equal in quantity to a
basket that we would get from the local grower would cost us
from $1,50 to $3.00 per basket. The native product, on account
of its superior quality and freshness, is worth far more to the
consumer than the unwholesome imported fruit, and our growers
should have the benefit of this difference in price as well as in an
increased consumption.

The strawberry, raspberry and blackberry often comes to us
from the south in a much less satisfactory condition than even the
peach, and as soon as the native crop comes to our markets there
should be no place or demand for such products.

Poor fruit lessens the demand as well as the price, tchile good
fruit increases both. The more good fruit people have the more
they want, while poor fruit of one kind causes people to look for
other and better kinds. If peaches are poor, raspberries, black-
berries, grapes, pears, etc., are in demand.

The above considerations lead us to the conclusion that the
grower and dealer should combine forces in order to supply the
consumer with wholesome, fresh fruit at a fair price, and that
the consumer should demand and buy only such fruit, that more
and better fruit may be grown to the mutual benefit of all.

To do this mutual understanding is necessary, the grower and
dealer endeavoring to put on the market only the amount that will
be consumed each day. Only the best should be sold in the local
market, the surplus and the lower grades being shipped or sold for
canning purposes.

31

Massachusetts has thousands of acres of land upon which, with
eqxal skill and business enterprise, the perishable fruits can be as
cheaply grown as in the south.

Here the peach has produced paying crops on an average two
years in five ; the grape crop is sure to ripen on land suited to its
growth four years in five ; the raspberry and blackberry, with a
little protection, will produce a paying crop every year, and the
strawberry, except in cases of late frosts and extreme drouth,
seldom fails to produce a profitable crop.

The fact that our markets are " at our doors" gives us a great
advantage in the competition with imported fruit, and should
enable us to produce better fruit at equally low prices and still
leave a larger margin for profit than the southern grower can
possibly have.

Viewed in this light, we would urge all growers and dealers to
make an earnest effort to show the consumers that home-grown fruit
is far better, more healthful and cheaper than that shipped in from a
long distance, and that it is Jar better for them to wait for the
home-groivn ptroduct, ivhich is at once more healthful and palatable
and cheaper, than to purchase that which is neither ivholesome nor
palatable.

S. T. Maynakd,

Pornologist.

Series of 1894. Bulletin No. 2.

MASSACHUSETTS

CEOP EEPOET

Month of June, 1894.

ISSUED BY

WM. R. SESSIONS.

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

Crop Report for the Month of June, i894.

Office State Board of A.aRicui/roRE,

Boston, Mass., July 2, 1894.

Bulletin No. 2, Crop Report for the month of June, is
herewith presented. Particular attention is called to an ar-
ticle at the end of tiiis bulletin on Tuberculosis and its Eradi-
cation, by the Veterinarian of this Board.

Peogress of the Season.

Report No. 115 (May, 1894) of the Statistician of the
United States Department of Agriculture states tliat winter
wheat has Mien oft' 5.3 points since the April report, caused
by drought, cool weather and high winds.

Winter rye, like winter wheat, has suftered a decline since
last month, the average for May 1 being 90.7 against 94,4 in
April.

The average condition of barley is 62.3 against 86. G last
year. The low condition is the result of the drought in
California.

The planting of cotton was late, owing to continued cold
weather, and germination has been slow and growth of plants
backward. Meadows enter the })resent season ^vith an av-
erage condition of 91.7. The drought of last year and the
sudden freeze of the last of March are the main causes of
impairment. The latter was particularly destructive to young
clover. The injury occurred principally in the South, in
States bordering on the Ohio River and the lower Mississippi
valley.

The present season has been particularly favorable for all
spring work and the proportion of plowing done May 1 is
returned as 83.5 per cent. The propm-tion usually completed
by this date is 77.8 per cent. At this time the ground is

reported in excellent condition for seeding and planting.
The average condition of pastures is 92.7. The winter was
mild and but little damage to grass from freezing until March.
The cold wave Avhich swept over the country in the latter
part of that month suddenly checked all growth. In the
South all vegetation was far advanced for the season, and
the injury to pastures in that section was great.

Broadly stated, the main influences inducing changes of
acreage the present season are the unprecedented low price
of wheat and cotton, the generally good price of potatoes
and the March freeze.

The abandoned wheat area will be planted principally to
corn, the high price of pork encouraging the production of
this staple. Corn will be substituted largely for the oats and
intended clover area killed by the freeze of March. Corre-
spondents note an increased interest in sugar cane in the
South and in the suo;ar beet on the Pacific coast. Throuojli-
out the East a decided increase in the acreage of potatoes is
reported.

Previous to the last week of March the prospect was good
for a full crop of most fruits, except in the middle and lower
Mississippi Valley States, including Kansas and Ohio, where
peaches, early blooming pears and plums, and some small
fruits had been badly injured by low temperature in Janu-
ary, following a period of unseasonably warm weather. In
New York and Connecticut, also, severe cold in January and
Fel)ruary had killed 50 to 75 per cent of the peach buds.
From advice received up to May 1 it is concluded that there
will be but few peaches in the commercial orchards lying
east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Pennsylvania, ex-
cept in Florida, where a full crop is expected. Within this
region, also, early blooming plums, pears, cherries, etc., are
badly damaged, as are grapes. Small fruits suffered consid-
erably, but will yield a partial crop. North of the southern
l)Oundary of Pennsylvania less damage was done and tlie
outlook for peaches is fairly good. Other fruits than the
peach are little damaged north of the latitude of Philadcli)hia
and there is good prospect for fair crops. On the Pacific
slope no serious injury to either buds or young fruit has been
reported and the outlook is good for a full crop of all kinds.

In Report No. IIG (June, 1894) the statistician gives the
acreage of Avinter wheat so^vn, compared with tliat which
was harvested hist year, as 09 per cent. There is an increase
of acreage, as compared with 1893, in but nine States. The
condition of winter wheat is reported as 83.2 and spring-
wheat as 88. Winter wheat lias been injured by chinch l)ugs,
army worm, fly, rust and cold weather.

Acreage of oats about as last year, with condition at 87
against 88.9 last June. Acreage of barley 98.5 per cent of
that of last year with condition 82.2 against 88.3 last year.
The general condition is due to unfavorable weather. Cali-
fornia, which produces more barley than any other State, has
the very low percentage of 58. The acreage of rye is 95.3
per cent of that of last year. Average condition, 93.2.
Condition is high in the East and generally good in other
States of large production.

The returns of clover show a reduction of 3.8 per cent
from last year's aren, the general average of condition l)eing
87.8. Freezing weather, chiefly during March, and the rav-
ages of insects are among the principal causes of reduced
area or impaired condition.

Average condition of spring pasture, 92. Condition gen-
erally high in New England, in all the States which Ixjrder
on the Great Lakes from New York to Minnesota, inclusive,
and to those lying along our northern boundary from Lake
Superior to the Pacific.

The condition of peaches is generally low and the crop
promises to be practically a failure. The best prospects east
of the Ivocky Mountains are in New Jersey (65) and in Mich-
igan (70). The condition in California (85), by reason of
the advanced state of growth in that favored locality, stands
for a good crop.

The condition of apples is somewhat better than that of
peaches. In sections of New England, where the season is
far enough advanced for the fact to be determined, a fine set
is reported and prospects are unusually promising. In New
York trees have bloomed full, but some counties report dam-
age from frost and cold rains. A sudden decline in the con-
dition begins with New Jersey and Pennsylvania, due to the
causes just stated, and the increased damage from the freez-

6

ing weather of March, as avc go south, is clearly indicated.
Prospects in the West are fair to good. Utah reports an act
of the legislature compelling orchardists to spray their fruit
trees. A very rapid extension of orchards is being made in
Washington.

The breadth of rice seeded in 1894 is but 76.4 per cent of
last year's acreage ; principal cause is the ruling low price.
Average condition is 97.1.

Temperature and Rainfall for the Whole Country.

From United States Weather-Chop Bulletins.

Week ending June 4. — Much cooler than usual through-
out all agricultural districts east of Mississippi River. Also
cooler than usual from lower Mississippi westward over
southern Rocky Mountain districts and southern California.
Light frosts as far south as Northern Alabama. Week warmer
than usual from Nebraska and North and South Dakota west-
ward to north Pacific coast. W^eek unusually dry over cot-
ton region east of the Mississippi and over all the i)rincipal
corn States and the spring wheat region. Slight excess of
rainfall along Atlantic coast north of Hatteras, N. C, includ-
ing New England. Excessive rains on north Pacific coast.
Floods in portions of Washington and Oregon.

Week ending June 11. — Averaged cooler than usual
throughout entire country, with exception of region extend-
ing from eastern Montana and Wyoming to the upper Lakes,
and over a small area covering western portions of Carolinas,
where it was warmer than usual. Light frosts in portions
of New England, Ohio valley and Lake region. Rainfall
generally deficient. Drought prevails from south Atlantic
coast westward to Mississippi valley and thence northward
to upper Lake region. Floods continue in Montana.

Week ending June 18. — Much warmer than usual from
New England westward over Lake region, the Ohio and up[)er
Mississippi valleys and the Dakotas, Normal temperature
from New York southward to Florida and generally through-
out Southern States, Cooler than usual throughout Rocky
Mountains and plateau districts and over greater portion of
Pacific coast States. More than usual amount of rain in

Texas and over greater portions of Kansas, Neln\aska, Mich-
igan, Wisconsin and New York and in limited areas in other
States. Dronght conditions generally broken.

Week endiiKj June 25. — Warmer than usual in Northern
States east of Kocky Mountains and from Virginia westward
to Missouri. Over greater i:)ortion of Southern States tem-
perature about normal. "\A''eek cool in all States west of
Rocky Mountains. Rainfall in excess over Kansas and Ne-
braska, over small areas in Lake region and u})per Ohio ^al-
ley, and over greater portion of east Gulf States and Fh)rida.
Rainfall very light in southern Now England and Middle At-
lantic States and in southern portions of Missouri and Illi-
nois. Generally week favoral)le throughout cotton and corn
regions.

New England Weather and Crops.

From United States Weather-Crop Bulletins.

Weeh ending June 4. — Cold, cloudy and wet, preventing
completion of planting on low lands ; much seed rotting and
crops growing slowly; grass and grain very promising;
fruit generally making good set : tobacco setting begun, with
decreased acreage.

Weeh ending June 11. — Temperature, precipitation and
sunshine below normal ; cold nights first of week, with light
frosts, little damage ; last two days very warm and all crops
improving ; early potatoes showing fine growth ; oats rusting
in Connecticut.

Week ending June 18. — Little precipitation ; much sun-
shine ; temperature below normal in eastern Maine and above
elsewhere ; excessively hot last part of week, and crops wilt-
ing on light soils ; all ci-o})s have made rapid progress ; grass
maturing fast.

Week ending June 2~). — Warm and average sunshine with
heavy frequent showers in north portion and little or no rain
in south ; favorable weather for crops, except where being
injured by drought ; haying begun in south, with light crop
in old fields; meadows better.

8

Massachusetts Weather.

Meteorological Data for June, 1894.

[Furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

Precipita-

Cloudiness.

Temperature.

I)KG.

F.

tion.

13

c

No.

OP Days.

STATION.

s

0

>.

s

(5

u

C3

a

a

3

a

6

■3

'5
>

3

>.

u

«

!?;

<i

o

rt

O

0

a

Ph

0

6<

0

Pittsfield, .

64.1

86

19

36

8

2.00

11

Springfield, .

70.4

96

17

42

8

2.06

8

-

-

-

-

Amherst,

67.5

93

17

37

8

3.43

8

s.w.

14

8

8

Turner's F'ls,

68.7

92

17

40

8

2.37

5

-

-

_

-

Fitdiburg, .

67.5

95

17

40

5

1.00

6

s.

8

8

14

Woi-eester, .

67.5

91

17

44

6

0.73

5

N.

12

13

5

Franiingh''ni,

69.0

95

17

42

6,7

1.11

5

-

_

-

Lowell,

70.4

103

17

43

8,14

-

-

S.W.

4

24

2

Boston,

68.8

95

17

47

6

0.80

6

s.w.

6

20

4

Taunton,

67.7

95

17

39

14

1.13

9

s.w.

14

8

8

New Bedfd,

65.4

90

11

45

7

0.90

9

s.w.

10

15

5

Hyannis,

68.7

96

2.')

46

8

0.43

8

s.w.

5

10

15

Provincet'n,.

65.9

94

23

42

14

0.70

6

s.w.

8

13

9

Summary.

Temperature (F.) . — Monthly mean, 67.8'' ; highest monthly
mean, 70.4" at Springfield and Lowell ; lowest monthly mean,
(U.l« at Pittsfield; maximum, 103" at Lowell on the 17th;
minimum, 36" at Pittsfield on the 8th ; range, 67**; greatest
local monthly range, 60" at Lowell ; least local monthly range,
35** at New Bedford ; greatest daily range, 42" at Framingham
on the 14th ; least daily range, 3" at Boston on the 24th.
At Springfield the mean temperature averaged 1.8'' per day
above the normal ; at Fitchl)urg it was 0.1" above ; at Boston,*
2.4" above, and at New Bedford 0.4" below.

PrecApitation. — Average, 1.39 inches; greatest amount,
3.43 at Amherst ; least, 0.43 at Hyannis. At Springfield the
total precipitation was 1.70 inches below the usual amount
for June ; at Fitchl)urg it was 1.75 below; at Boston 2.32
below, and at New Bedford 2.23 below.

Prevailing Wind. — South-west.

Thunder-storms. — A\h, 7th, 11th, 21st, 23d, 30th.

Hail. — 4th at Hyannis at 7.30 p.m.

Remarhs.
In most of the western counties frequent and generally
sufficient showers have occurred during the month, and with
the high temperature and sunshine crops have made a good
growth and are forward. But very little rain has fallen
anywhere in the eastern part of the State, as will be seen
])y the above table and sunmiary, and in places the drought
is assuming very serious aspects. The crop correspondent
at Woburn reports no rain at all duiing the month, and in
the greater part of the Sudbury Kiver valley the fall was
practically nothing. At Provincetowu there was no rain
from the 7th to 27th inclusive, except a trace on the 20th
and 21st, making the longest period without a measurable
quantity of rain in the past fourteen years. The maximum
temperature at Provincetowu was the highest ever recorded
in June. The spell of continued high day temperatures
was almost unprecedented in some eastern sections, but the
free radiation of heat at night, because of the general absence
of clouds, made the night temperatures moderately low, thus
lowering the daily mean temperatures and also the mean for
the month. Light frost occurred on the morning of the 14th
in the south-east, doing some damage to gardens and to cran-
berry bogs.

10

In the circular to correspondents returnable June 30 the
following questions were asked ; —

1. What insects are doing the most damage in your
locality?

2. How is Indian corn looking, and what is the acreage
as compared with previous years?

3. How is ha3'ing progressing, and what is the prospect
for the crop ?

4. How does the acreage of early potatoes compare with
previous years, and do they promise a full average crop?

5. How have early market garden crops compared in
yield and price with former years, and what is the prospect
for those not yet harvested ?

6. How do dairy products compare in quantity and price
with last year, and what is the condition of dairy stock as
regards health?

7. What is the condition of pasturage in your vicinity?

8. What is the outlook for such fruits and berries as are
grown for market in your locality, naming them ?

Returns were received from 107 correspondents, and from
these the following summary was made : —

Insects.

The potato beetle appears to be the only insect which is
generally prevalent, nearly every correspondent reporting
its ravaijes to some extent. Rose buj^s have done consider-
able damage in certain localities, but in most towns they
have not appeared in such numbers as to become particularly
troublesome. Other insects reported as committing depre-
dations are currant worms, cabbage worms, wire worms,
onion maggots, canker worms, squash bugs, grasshoppers,
cut worms and the curculio. In no case, however, have their
ravages become particularly serious. Only three reports of
the presence of the horn tiy have been received.

Indian Corn.

Indian corn is generally reported as looking well, though
backward. The cold weather held it back for some time,
but since the coming of warm weather it has come forward

11

rapidly and is now doing well. Color is generally reported
to be good, but some correspondents speak of the stand as
uneven and poor. There seems to be a quite general though
slight increase in acreage, many correspondents speaking of
the acreage as increased, and nearly all of those remaining
speaking of it as average. Very few reports of decreased
acreage have been received.

The Hay Crop.
At the time of making returns, haying was in most locali-
ties just commencing, though quite a number of correspond-
ents spoke of it as not yet begun, and a very few as well
under way. The crop will undoubtedly be light in most
sections, though some speak of it as average and others as
good. New seeding and wet hmds will range from average
to very good, while old fields and those on light land will
in most cases be either light or very light.

Early Potatoes.
The acreage of early potatoes, like that of Indian corn, is
quite generally increased, some putting the increase as high
as one-third or one-half. They are generally reported to be
looking well, and to promise a good crop, though many cor-
respondents state that unless rain comes soon the crop will
be shortened in their localities. With a fair amount of rain,
a good crop may be expected in nearly all sections. Blight
has appeared in two instances, but is not yet serious.

Market Garden Crops.
Early market garden crops were generally a fair yield,
though injured by cold weather in many cases. Prices seem,
on the whole, to have been somewhat lower than usual,
though generally the decrease has been but a slight one. As
far as can be ascertained from the meagre returns on this
subject, the prospect for late crops is good.

Dairy Products.
Dairy products appear to be average in quantity, but
many reports of decreased prices have been received ;
enouirh, in fact, to warrsmt the statement that there has been

12

a slight but general decrease in the prices received for all
dairy products. This is particularly true of butter, on,e
correspondent speaking of it as " a drug," and another char-
acterizing the sale as " the slowest for years," Stock is uni-
versally spoken of as being in good health, and its condition
is also said to be good in most cases.

Pasturage.

While many correspondents speak of pastures as in good
condition, the majority speak of them as short, dry or badly
in need of rain. Some say that they have been good, but are
now beginning to feel the drought. A correspondent in
Worcester County says: "Bare as in October; in ordinary
pastures dry as the road." Rain is undoubtedly much
needed in most sections.

Feuits and Berries.

Generally speaking, the outlook for fruits and berries is
fair. Strawberries were a fair crop, though suftering from
frost and drought in many sections. Currants are a good
crop, and cherries are abundant. Blackberries and rasp-
berries promise well, but need rain. The peach crop will
be nearly a failure. Pears and plums promise fair crops.
Apples are uneven, but a fair crop is expected for the State
as a whole. Cranberries are reported to have suffered from
frost. Wild berries are generally spoken of as abundant and
promising.

13

JS^OTES OF CORRESPONDENTS.

(Returned to us June 30.)

BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

Sheffield (Dwight Andrews). — Potato bugs and rose bugs are
doing the most damage. Corn is yellow and needs rain ; acreage
full average. Little haying done and crop light. Early pota-
toes are a full average acreage, but do not promise well, owing to
dry weather. Early market garden crops were about average.
Dairy products are a little under the average in quantity and price ;
stock in good health. Pasturage in very good condition. Apples
and pears are dropping badly. Strawberries, raspberries, black-
berries and blueberries promise a fair crop.

Becket (AV. H. Snow). — Potato bugs are doing the most dam-
age. Corn is late, but the color is good ; acreage average. Haying
not yet begun ; prospect good for a fair crop. Early potatoes full
average acreage and are looking well. Dairy products short in
quantity and not quite up iu price ; stock in good condition. Past-
urage is very good. Strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and
blackberries promise well.

Lee (A. Bradley). — Potato bugs are doing the most damage.
Indian corn a little backward, but good ; acreage a full average.
Very few have commenced haying ; crop average. Dairy products
are about the same as last year in quantity and price. Stock is in
good health. Pasturage is a little short.

Stockbridge (F. A. Palmer). — Corn late, but growing finely;
acreage quite materially increased. Few have cut any grass yet ;
crop early and light, but late rains are helping it. Usual amount
of 'potatoes planted and doing well. Market garden crojjs are late,
but looking well and growing fast. Dairy products about the same
in quantity ; prices a shade lower ; stock doing well and healthy.
Pastures have been short, but are improving. Strawberries are
doing well ; cherries, pears and apples promise a good crop.

Dalton (W. B. Barton). — Potato bugs are doing the most dam-
age. Indian corn is looking fair ; acreage increased one-third.
Haying has just commenced, with a three-fourths crop. The acre-

14

age of early potatoes is larger than usual aud they promise a good
crop. Tlie yield of early market garden crops is good and prices
somewhat lower than usual. Dairies are doing well and stock is
in good health. Pasturage is in good condition. Raspberries and
cherries promise well.

Cheshire (L. J. Nokthup). — Potato bugs are doing the most
damage. Indian corn is backward, but of late is pushing ahead
fast. Ha3Mng has just started, with 90 per cent of a full crop.
Early potatoes promise a fair crop, but need rain greatly. Dairy
products are less in quantity by one-fifth ; stock in good health.
Pastures are dry. Strawberries are very plenty and blackberries
promise a large yield.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Monroe (D. H. Sherman). — Potato, bugs are doing the most
damage. No Indian corn was planted in this section. Haying
not begun ; new seeding looks well, but old fields are thin. More
potatoes planted than usual and they are looking well. Dairy
products average in quantity and lower in price ; stock in good
condition. Pasturage very fair. Apples dropping badly; wild
berries promise fair.

Charlemont (H. S. Giles). — Currant worms and potato bugs
are doing the most damage. Indian corn about an average. Hay-
ing progressing slowly and the crop will be above the average.
Acreage of early potatoes about avei'age and prospects for a large
crop. Early market garden crops are about as last year in yield
and price. Dairy products equal last year in quantity, not quite
up in price ; dairy stock very healthy. Pasturage in very good
condition. Fruits and berries about in average condition.

Deerfiehl (Chas. Jones). — The potato bug is doing the most
damage. Corn small, but coming forward rapidly ; acreage about
as usual. Haying commenced, with a three-fourths crop. Pota-
toes looking well and about one-third more planted than last year.
Oats are looking fair, but have rusted some. Rye looking well and
is forward. Tobacco is all set and looking fairly well. There is
little rain, but the weather is poor for haying.

Northfield (Chas. Pomeroy). — The potato bug is doing the most
damage. Corn is very backward, but of good color; acreage same
as usual. Haying has just commenced and old fields are very light.
Early potatoes have an increased acreage, but the prospect is not
average. Early market garden crops are not as good as usual.
Dairy products are full average in quantity, but prices have fallen
off 10 percent ; stock very healthy. Api)les, bluebenies and black-
berries look well. Most crops are suffering from the dry weather.

15

Montague (C. S. Raymond). — Indian corn looking fairly well
but backward ; acreage same as last year. Haying progressing
slowly, with about an average crop. There is a slight increase in
acreage of earlj- potatoes and the crop is average. Early market
garden crops about the same as usual in yield and price, and the
prospect for later ones good. Quantity of dairy products about
the same ; price two to three cents less ; stock healthy. Pasturage
about average. Berries are nearly a failure.

Orange (Ansel Hariungton) . — Potato bugs are quite numerous
and grasshoppers just coming on. Corn is small and backward ;
acreage about average. Very little haying done ; prospect of a
light crop. Acreage of early potatoes same as usual, but tlie pros-
pect poor for an average crop. Early market garden crops were
light in yield and prices low ; prospect poor for those not harvested.
Dairy products below last year in quantity and price. Pastures
are dry and feed short. Outlook poor for all fruits except apples,
and they are falling off badly.

HAMPSHIRE COUNTY.

Belcliertoion (H. C. West). — Indian corn is looking fairly well,
the acreage being increased 10 per cent. Haying has hardly com-
menced and the crop will be light. Early potatoes are a full aver-
age acreage and are looking finely. Early market garden crops
are not quite up to the average. Dairy products are short, in
quantity and the price is less than one year ago ; stock in good
condition. Pastures are very short. Apples, pears and peaches
are short. Currants fine ; huckleberries, blackberries and raspber-
ries now promise a full crop.

Pelham (J. L. Brewer). — Potato bugs and wire worms are
doing the most damage. Indian corn looks well, though not far
advanced. Haying is just commencing, with about a four-fifths
crop. Early potatoes promise well. Market garden crops are in
good condition ; little raised. Prices for dairy products good ; stock
in good condition. Pasturage in good condition. Wild blueber-
ries and huckleberries promise well.

Hadley (L. W. West). — Potato bugs are doing the most dam-
age. Indian corn is looking well and the acreage is fully up to
previous years. Haying is progressing slowly and the crop is light.

The acreage of early potatoes has increased 10 per cent and the
crop will be good if rain comes soon. The yield of early market
garden crops was very good, but the market was dull. Dairy prod-
ucts were smaller in quantity, with price about the same ; stock in
good health. Pastures are in need of rain. Blackberries and
rasi)berries will be good if we have rain.

16

Northampton (D. A. Horton). — Potato bugs are doing the
most damage. Indian corn is looking very well. Haying began
one week earlier than usual. Early potatoes look very well. Early
market garden crops have been good and prices have ruled high.
Dairy products are about as last year ; stock is looking well.
Tasturage is good. Strawberries yielded well and blackbeiTies
look well.

Chesterfield (Hokatio Bisbee). — Potato bugs are numerous.
Corn is backward but is doing well now ; ordinary acreage. Not
much hayiug done yet and the crop will not be heavy. Dairy
products are average in quantity and prices somewhat below aver-
age. Pastures and stock are looking well. Early cold dry weather
damaged all planted crops and made them uneven and backward.
Some fields of grass suffered from frost so that they will not head.

HAMPDEN COUNTY.

Tolland (F. T. Mooke.) — Potato bugs are doing the most dam-
age. Indian corn is late but growing well now ; acreage increased.
Very little haying done and the crop short. Early potatoes did
not come up well. Dairy products are full in quantity with the
price lower than usual. Pasturage good. It is very dry and rain
must come soon or all crops will be short.

W^st Springfield (N. T. Smith). — The early potato bugs were
kept in check by a very lively steel-blue beetle which killed large
numbers. Corn has grown very rapidly and is looking finely ; slight
increase in acreage. Little haying done because of poor weather ;
about a three-fourths crop. Early potatoes increased 10 per cent
in acreage, looking well but now need rain. Early mai'ket garden
crops suffered first from dry and cold Aveatlier and are now suffer-
ing from heat and drought. Dairy products are ahead of last year
in quantity and lower in price ; stock in good health. Pasturage is
below average because of drought and grubs. All berries and fruits
except peaches are promising.

Agawavi (R. De Witt). — The potato bug is plenty but web
worms are scarce. Hayiug is just beginning and the crop is below
the average. The volume of milk is larger and the price less than
last year. It looks like a good crop of peaches in spite of predic-
tions to the contrary.

Hampden (John N. Isiiam). — Squash and potato bugs are do-
ing the most damage. Indian corn is growing finely, acreage full
average. Haying has just commenced ; crop light on dry land but
new seeded is good. Early potatoes have an increase in acreage
of one-fifth and promise a good crop. Dairy products are a full

17

average in quantity but the price is considerably lower. Pastur-
age looks well but is begiuuiug to be short.

Monson (A. H. White). — Potato bugs, cucuiubur and squash
bugs are very plenty. Indian corn is growing fast ; acreage about
the same. Haying commenced with a very light crop. INIore early
potatoes have been planted than usual, but dry weather will shorten
the crop. Dairy products are lower in price tlian usual ; cows are
looking well. Pasturage winter killed and feed is short and poor.
Strawberries are doing fairly well.

Brimjield (S. W. Brown) . — Indian corn is fair but the drought
is hurting it. Haying is progressing well with not over a two-
thirds crop. Drought preceded by frosts makes the prospect for
early potatoes poor. Dairy products are not up to last year in
quantity and price ; stock in fair condition. Pasturage is fair on
damp lands, poor elsewhere. Apples blossomed fairly, but the
frost killed many blooms.

WORCESTER COUNTY.

iSoiithbri(Jge (G. L. Clemence). — Potato bugs are doing the
most damage. Corn is of good color and fair size ; acreage about
as last year. But little haying has been done and the crop is not
as good as last year. Early potatoes are an average crop though
not quite so good as last year. Dairy products abundant, but a
little lower than a year ago ; stock healthy. Pastures are poor
from lack of rain.

JSfew Braintree (CD. Sage) . — Potato bugs and cut worms have
done much damage. Acreage of Indian corn about as usual but
crop backward. Little haying done ; grass is still growing but the
crop will be light. Rather more early potatoes than usual were
planted and they are looking well though a little backward. But-
ter is the lowest in price and slowest in sale for many years ; stock
in good health. Pasturage is rather poor, having suffered from
drought. Ai)ples and pears promise well.

Templetou (Lucien Gove) . — Potato beetles, curculio and sqiuish
bugs are doing the most damage. Indian corn is very uneven and
backward ; acreage average. Very little haying done ; crop light,
especially on old fields. Acreage of early potatoes rather larger
than usual but they do not promise a full crop. Early market gar-
den'crops^were average in yield ; prices below average ; later ones
promise well with sutflcient rains. Dairy products full average in
quantity but prices lower than for several years. Pasturage has
been good but is now in need of rain. Apples good ; pears below
the_^ average ; no peaches ; plums] and cherries dropping badly ;

18

strawberries light ; currants average ; raspberries and blackberries
fair.

Wmchendon (W. H. Sawyick) . — Indian corn is looking well but
backward ; acreage about average. Haying hardly begun and the
crop light. Rather more early patatoes than usual planted and
they are looking well. Early market garden crops about average
in yield and price. Dairy products average in quantity and price ;
stock healthy and looking well. Pasturage is poor, poorer, poor-
est. Small fruits find a ready sale.

Bolton (H. E. Babcock). — Canker worms are doing the most
damage. Indian corn is not quite up to the average and the acre-
age is less than last year. Little haying done as yet ; prospect not
as good as last year. More potatoes planted than last year and a
full average crop promised. Early market garden crops an aver-
age yield, with prices a little below. Dairy products the same as
usual in quantity ; prices a little lower ; most stock in good health.
Pasturage has been short; but showers have started it up. Straw-
berries good ; raspberries not promising as well ; blackberries look-
ing well ; apples promise well ; no peaches and but few pears ;
plums about average.

Worcester (S. A. Burgess). — The spittle insect on grass is do-
ing the most damage. Indian corn is looking very well with about
an average acreage. Haying is progressing slowly and the crop
will be light. Early [)otatoes are about as last year. Early mar-
ket garden crops made a good yield but prices were less than usual.
Dairy products about average in quantity and price ; stock healthy.
Pasturage is fair. Apples, pears and blackberries look well.
Prices for strawberries and cherries were low.

Westhoro^igh (B. W. Hero). — Squash bugs and potato bugs
doing the most damage. Corn looking well with acreage about as
last year. Little haying done ; about a two-thirds crop. Early po-
tatoes are an average acreage with the promise of an average crop.
Few market garden crops harvested but prices same as last year.
Dairy products do not vary much in quantity and price. Pastures
good. Small fruits average ; apples a full crop ; one-fourth crop
of peaches ; pears and quinces half a crop.

Sutton (O. P. Johnsok) . — Potato bugs are doing the most dam-
age. Indian corn about average with acreage nearly the same as
last year. Haying not begun but the crop will hardly be average.
Early potatoes have an increased acreage and are looking finely.
Few market garden crops ready for market, but they are looking
well. Dairy products not up to last year in price ; cattle remark-
ably healthy. Pasturage was never better. The outlook is splen-
did for pears, apples, strawberries, blueberries and huckleberricis.

19

IVITDDLESEX COUNTY.

Westford (Artiiuu Wkioht). — Potato bugs and rose bugs are
doing the most damage. Indian corn bas come forward rapidly'
and is looking well. Haying is just commencing and a good crop
will be barvested. Tbc acreage of early potatoes is larger tbau
last year but the yield does not promise to be as good. Pearly
market garden crops about the same as usual. Milk product
larger than usual ; prices same as last year ; stock in good health.
Pasturage about the average. Strawberry crop light; blackberries
will be light ; raspberries and currants look well.

Loicell (C. L. Marshall). — Pose bugs, cut worms and squash
bugs are doing the most damage. Indian corn is looking finely ;
acreage average. Haying is well begun but the crop is light.
The acreage of early potatoes is somewhat increased but the yield
promises to be small. Early market garden crops are about aver-
age in yield and prices lower. Pasturage is poor at present.
Strawberries are good on light land ; raspberries promise well ;
blackberries will be a heavy crop ; currants average.

Wilmington (C. W. Swain). — Canker worms are doing the most
damage. Indian corn is backward and the acreage less than usual.
Haying is progressing well with an average crop. Early potatoes
below average in acreage and condition. Early market garden
crops are poor but the prospect for later ones is fair. Dairy prod-
ucts about average. Pasturage is fair. The outlook for straw-
berries is good.

Concord (Wm. H. Hunt). — Rose bugs, asparagus bettles and
potato bugs are doing the most damage. Corn late but now grow-
ing rapidly acreage ; about average. Not much haying has been
done but the crop will be good. Early potatoes promise well ; acre-
age a little below. Asparagus has sold well and the general yield
of market garden crops promises well. Price of milk the same as
last year. Pastures are dry. Strawberries were a fair yield ;
l)lackberries promise well ; peaches no crop ; plums fair cro[) ; pears
medium ; apples a large crop where canker worms have not destroyed
foliage.

Winchester (Marshall Symmes). — Canker worms and black
squash bugs are doing the most damage. Sweet corn is looking
well. Considerable hay already cut ; crop average. Early potatoes
about average in acreage and now in need of rain. Early market
garden crops a good yield ; prices low ; rain needed to make good
crops. Price of milk same as last year ; stock healthy. Pastures
beginning to dry up. Pears will be good. Strawberries are about
gone but the crop was good.

20

FramingJiam (H. S. Whittemore). — Potato beetles are more
numerous than in former years. Indian corn is looking well but
backward. Haying has commenced and the crop is good except
on old lands. IMore than the usual amount of early potatoes have
been planted and are looking well. Yield of market garden crops
good but prices low. Prices of dairy products are low ; stock in
good condition. Pasturage is good but needs rain. Strawberries
were about a two-thirds crop and prices have ruled high.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Haverhill (Eben Webster) . — Squash bugs and canker worms are
doing the most damage. Indian corn is looking fairly well ; acre-
age a little less than usual. Haying has begun ; crop not quite up
to average. Potatoes promise well ; acreage slightly increased.
Quantity and price of milk the same as last year. Pasturage good
as usual. Currants are not a full crop.

West Newhury (J. C. Tarleton). — White grubs and potato
bugs are doing the most damage. More corn than usual has been
planted and is looking well. Haying is not progressing very fast,
but the crop is very good. Early potatoes are looking fine and
many were planted. Prices for market garden crops are very low.
Stock is in very good condition. Pasturage is very good. Fruits
and berries are fair crops but prices are low.

Ipswich (O. C. Smith). — Potato bugs and rose bugs are doing
the most damage. Corn has been making good growth ; acreage
about average. Haying is about one-third done and the crop will
be about two-thirds of an average. Potatoes are looking well ;
acreage less than average. Dairy products about average in quan-
tity ; price lower. Pasturage is not more than fair. Apples and
pears promise a large crop ; peaches and grapes small ; strawber-
ries and cranberries an average yield.

To'psjield (B. P. Pike). — Potato and rose bugs are doing the
most damage. Indian corn is looking fairly well; acreage about
as usual. Haying commenced this week with a light crop. Early
potatoes look well ; acreage .average. Quantity and price of dairy
products about as usual ; stock in good health. Pastures are at
present very dry. Apples good ; pears medium ; wild berries fair ;
strawberries injured by frost and dry weather ; blackberries looking
well.

Danvers (C. H. Preston). — Corn looks well and the acreage is
about average. Haying is well under way ; light crop except on
new seeded pieces. Early potatoes have an average acreage and
look well at present though they need rain. Prices for dairy prod-
ucts same as usual. Pasturage in poor condition. Strawberries
were a medium crop ; currants look well.

21

NORFOLK COUNTY.

Medway (Monroe Morse). — Potato bugs are doiug the most
damage. Indian corn is backward with a very poor stand. Hay-
ing began early with about 80 j)er cent of a full crop. Pearly pota-
toes have a large acreage but [)rouuse to be a full crop. Pasturage
is dried and short. Strawberries were a light crop ; apples, pears,
blackberries, raspberries and grapes look well ; peaches will be a
short crop.

Franldin (C. M. Aleen). — 'The spittle insect is doing the most
damage. Indian corn is backward ; acreage 5 per cent above last
year. But little hay is cut ; old fields light crop ; new-seeded me-
dium. Early potatoes a little above average in acreage ; crop will
be light unless rain comes. Yield of early market garden ci'ops
light ; prices average ; prospect poor on account of drought. Dairy
products are average in quantity and price. Pastures are dry.
Blackberries and raspberries may be a good crop with early rains.

BRISTOL COUNTY.

Mansfield (Wm. C. Winter). — Rose bugs are doiug the most
damage. Indian corn is looking well ; acreage about as usual.
Haying progressing favorably with about 90 per cent of an aver-
age crop. Early potatoes about average in acreage ; suffering from
dry weather, and crop will be small unless rains come soon. Early
market garden crops generally good but prices low ; prospect for
late crops poor. Dairy products about as last year dairy stock
healthy. Pasturage has been good but is now suffering from
drought. Strawberries have been good ; currants under average ;
gooseberries a good crop ; raspberries and blackberries good but
need rain ; pears half a crop ; no peaches ; apples 75 per cent of full
crop.

Eaynham (N. W. Shaw). — Rose bugs and potato bugs are
doing the most damage. Indian corn is now looking very well.
Not much haying done on accouut of unfavorable weather, and not
an average crop. Acreage of early potatoes larger than usual and
the prospect favorable for a good crop. Yield of early market
garden crops less and prices much lower. Very little change in
dairy products. Pasturage is in better condition than usual. Ap-
ples not looking well ; pears very few ; grapes are suffering from
the rose bugs.

Berkley (R. H. Baobitt). — Potato bugs, rose bugs and canker
worms are doing the most damage. Corn is looking well, with
about an average acreage. Haying has just commenced, with pros-

22

pect of a light crop. The acreage of early potatoes is larger than
usual but frost injured the crop early in the season. Yield of
early market garden crops fair but prices below former years.
Butter lower in price ; milk remains the same ; stock in good condi-
tion. Pasturage is beginning to fail. Small fruits and berries
need rain.

Dartmontli (L. T. Davis). — Potato bugs and canker worms are
doing the most damage. Indian corn is looking very well ; acre-
age not as large as some years. Haying started quite briskly with
about a nine-tenths crop. Early potatoes looking fairly well.
Early market garden crops not up to some years ; later crops look-
ing fairly well. No change in dairy products. Pasturage is
shortened for lack of rain. Strawberries very poor; currants not
over a two-thirds crop ; apples set well,

PLYiMOUTH COUNTY.

Brockton (Davis Copeland). — Rose bugs and squash bugs are
doing the most damage. Haying has not commenced but the crop
is fair. Early potatoes are about as usual in acreage and promise
a fair crop. Early market garden crops were fair with low prices
and the prospect is the same for later ones. Dairy products the
same as usual; stock healthy. Pasturage is short. Strawberry
crop short. Rain is much needed.

West Bridgewater (F. E. Howard). — Potato bugs and rose
bugs are doing the most damage. Corn is looking finely. Hay-
ing is just commencing ; crop below average. Early potatoes about
average in acreage and possibly an average crop. Early market
garden crops below average in yield but above in price ; prospect
good for later ones. Milk about as last year ; butter less in price ;
condition of stock good. Pasturage good. Strawberries suffered
from drought ; currants and gooseberries promise a good crop ;
raspberries winter killed.

Marshfield (John McGilling) • — Corn will be only half a crop
on account of dry weather. Hay is fair on low land and poor on
high land. Potatoes have rotted in the ground, and will be only
half a crop. Market garden crops look well. Dairy stock looks
well. Pasturage is looking well. Cranberries injured by frost.
Oats have rusted badly.

Kingston (J. H. Cushman). — Potato bugs are doing the most
damage. Corn is looking quite well, and the acreage is about
average. "Hay will be about a two-thirds crop. The potato crop
looks small on account of dry weather. Early market garden crops
were light and the prices about average. Dairy products fully up

23

to the average in quantity and price. Pastures are getting sliort
and dry. Early apples look well ; strawberries, currants and
gooseberries not half crops. P^verytbing suffering from dry
weather.

Lakeville (Elijridge Cusiiman). — Canker worms, rose bugs
and potato bugs are doing the most damage. Indian corn is fair,
acreage about the same as last year. Haying begun with a four-
fifths crop. Early potatoes materially increased in acreage ; crop
checked by dry weather. Early market garden crops were a small
yield and prices fair. Dairy products less than last year in quan-
tity ; price the same ; stock in good health. Pasturage short.
Strawberries were a small crop.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY.

Falmouth (D. R. Wicks). — Potato beetles and striped squash
bugs very plenty. Sweet corn is fine, acreage on the iucrease.
Haying not progressing much on account of bad weather. Acre-
age of potatoes increased, crop uneven. Early market garden
crops average in yield and price. Stock in good average condi-
tion. Pastures are getting dry and short. Strawberries have been
fair ; cranberries not very promising on account of frost.

Maslvpee (W. F. Hammond). — Girdle worms, cut worms aud
potato bugs are doing the most damage. Indian corn is rather
backward, acreage increased one-fifth. Haying just begun, crop
a good average. Early potatoes promise well, with a third more
acreage. Early market garden crops average in quantity and
price, prospect for later ones good. Dairy products increased in
quantity, price the same ; condition of stock good. Pasturage
very good. Apples, pears and strawberries half a crop ; cranber-
ries a one-third crop ; currants and raspberries average.

West Barnstable (John Bursley) . — The cranberry fire worm
and the potato bug are doing the most damage. Corn very small,
acreage average. Haying progressing slowly, with a light crop.
Early potatoes are average in acreage, but the crop will be small
unless rain comes soon. Dairy products much the same ; stock
healthy. Pasturage suffering from lack of rain. Cranberries will
not be as large a crop as last year.

Breivster (J. H. Clark). — Potato beetles and cranberry vine
worms are doing the most damage. Indian corn is lookhig well,
acreage about average. Haying is progressing rapidly and the
crop is light. Early potatoes arc above the average in acreage and
are looking well. Early market garden crops are about average
but are beginning to suffer from drought. Price of dairy [)ro(lucts

24

as usual aud couditiou of stock good. Pastures iu ueed of rain.
All kinds of fruit badly in need of rain.

Eastham (J. A. Clakk) . — Potato bugs are doing the most dam-
age. Hay is a good crop on low land and very light on dry.
Early potatoes have a larger acreage than usual but are in need of
rain. Dairy products the same as last year ; stock healthy. Past-
ures are very dry. Asparagus has been very low in price and the
yield average.

DUKES COUNTY.

West Tisbury (Geo. Hunt Luce). — Potato aud squash bugs are
doing the most damage. Indian corn is looking well and the acre-
age is increased. Haying just commenced, crop light. Early po-
tatoes average in acreage and condition. Peas are quite forward
but the price is low. Prospect for market garden crops not good
on account of dry weather. Dairy products are a good average
and stock is healthy. Pasturage is better than average. Apples
promise well ; strawberries below average.

NANTUCKET COUNTY.

Nantucket (C. W. Gardner). — Potato bugs are doing the most
damage. Indian corn is in fair condition, acreage average. Hay
is ten days late and about half a crop. Potatoes have rotted badly.
Early market garden crops are about average in yield, but less in
price on account of surplus production. Dairy products average
iu quantity but low in price. Pasturage is poor. Blackberries
and strawberries are looking finely.

25

BULLETIN OF
MASSACHUSETTS BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE.

VETERINARY.

Tuberculosis and its Eradication.

PART I.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, due to the uction of a
minute living organism upon the cells of the bods' whieli it inhab-
its. The germ produces no other disease than tuberculosis, so
has been named Bacillus tuberculosis.

The manifestation of the malady exists in the form of larger
or smaller nodules or tubercles ; hence the name tuberculosis.
These in their earliest stages of development are no larger than
the smallest shot, but as the trouble develops they frequently
coalesce, forming masses the size of an orange, or, in exceptional
instances, a child's head.

All domestic animals contract the disease. The bovine are
most susceptible, but it has been found in the horse, pig, sheep,
goat, in fowls and in members of the human family. In each it is
identical and in the latter is commonly called consumption. The
fact is established that each may under certain conditions contract
it from the otlier.

It can be produced experimentally in calves and pigs by feeding
them material which contains the living germs, such as milk from
tuberculous cows.

Such being the case, it is reasonable to suppose that it may be
produced in individuals of the human family by tlie same means.
Tliat the milk of affected cows frequently contains the germ has
been repeatedly proven by experiment.

While it may be caused by the ingestion of tuberculous milk and
meat, it may also be produced by inoculation through' the broken
skin and by the inhalation of dried germs. This is the usual way
by which it is spread. An animal or person having the disease in
the lungs coughs up and expectorates material rich in bacilli ; this
becomes spread about house or stable, the moisture dries out of it
and the living organisms, exceedingly small, become attached to
particles of dust. These are set in motion by sweeping and dust-
ing or in stables by moving hay, etc.

26

While floating in tlie air they are drawn into the lungs with the
air, and if conditions exist there favorable for their growth and
multiplication, they remain, increasing in numbers, attacking the
tissues, producing inflammation and in time the peculiar nodular-
like growths which are characteristic of tuberculosis.

The nodules gradually increase in size, finally break down, the
" debris " escapes into the bronchial tubes, when by its irritation it
produces a cough, by which it is removed. This "debris" from
an affected organ containing the germs escaping from the body is
the principal means by which the disease is spread from the sick
to the healthy. Its destruction by burning or by the use of car-
bolic acid or corrosive sublimate solutions affords an easy way of
checking the spread of this dire disease.

Among favorable conditions for the spread and propagation of
this disease may be mentioned heredity. AVhile it is extremely
rare that tuberculosis is transmitted directly from parent to off-
spring, the fact that an animal born of such parents is more liable
to contract the disease proves that wliile they do not inherit it,
they do inherit a susceptibility of the tissues to favor its contrac-
tion and development. In other words the tissues of the body
furnish favorable soil for the growth of the germs while the tissues
of an animal born of parents not tuberculous do not afford the
soil .congenial to the organism.

When the bacillus gets into the body of the unsusceptible animal
or person, instead of flourishing as it would in the body of the
susceptible, rendered so by hereditary predisposition, it dies and
produces no harm whatever.

The disease makes the greatest progress among animals kept
under bad sanitary surroundings. Badly drained and ventilated
stables favor its rapid spread from the fact that the micro-organ-
isms are not carried out or diluted by currents of fresh air. The
common practice of closing all doors, windows, cracks and other
openings through which fresh air may enter a stable, as well as
boarding up or otherwise closing the openings in front of the
animals, thereby keeping the stable close and preventing an inter-
change of air is the surest way of insuring the spread of the
disease in a herd when once it has made its appearance.

Such methods of treating cattle may result in the saving of a
small amount of food supplied and a slight increase in milk
yield, but it does so at the expense of a weakened constitution and
a more susceptible condition of the body for the quick infection
and development of disease.

Too frequent breeding, inand in breeding, forcing, a pro-
longed lactation, want of exercise, unwholesome food, impure

27

water, insufficient light, are accessory causes to this disease, and
should be classed with heredity and improper ventilation.

They all predispose to infection and propagation of tuberculosis
by lowering the natural resistant forces of the body, which tend
to prevent the growth and action of the bacillus. And while all
are important factors in relation to its production in a herd, they
cannot possibly, though all be brought to bear at once upon the
animal organism, produce the disease.

Tuberculosis cannot be produced in man or animal unless the
Bacillus tuberculosis be present.

In the early stages of the disease in cattle the symptoms are not
well marked and it is difficult, by an ordinary physical examina-
tion, to diagnose from other affections. The symptoms vary with
the location and development of the tubercles. In some instances
the disease runs an acute course and proves fatal in a few months.
In others it tends to become chronic and runs a slow course, the
animal showing no well-marked symptoms for a long time.

With a history of the existence of the trouble in a herd, a cough,
slight at first, increasing in frequency and severity, together with
general untbriftiuess, a rough, staring, dry, lustreless coat, sunken
eyes, etc., should excite suspicion and warrant isolation of the
animal.

Chronic and intermittent bloating may be the prominent symp-
tom and usually develops when the glands at the root of the
luuo;s are diseased and enlarged.

Intestinal tuberculosis frequently produces diarrha'a alternating
with constipation. With affection of the ovaries in the female
constant heat or rut exists.

In tuberculous mammitis the udder, in whole or in part, becomes
inflamed and enlarged, but is not particularly painful and rarely
subsides with treatment. A peculiar kernel-like condition usually
exists by which it is possible to diagnose the presence of tuber-
cles. The flow of milk from the affected part is not lessened in
the first stages of the trouble, but later it becomes scanty and poor
in quality.

In some animals the progress of the disease appears to be
arrested and they apparently recover, but usually it is uniformly
downward toward a fatal ending. Sanitary surroundings exert a
great influence in its progression or retardation.

It is incurable and nothing should be done in this connection, as
a tuberculous animal is a source of danger to those about or to
those using the milk. In unmistakable cases they should be
slaughtered at once and the carcasses be disposed of by deep
burial, by burning or bv rendering,

JAS. B. PAIGE,

Veterinaria7i.

Series of 1894. Bulletin No. 3.

MASSACHUSETTS

CEOP EEPOET

Month or July, 1894.

ISSUED BY

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

Crop Report for the Month of July, i894.

Office State Board of Agriculture,

Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1894.

Bulletin No. 3, Crop Report for the month of July, is
herewith presented. Particular attention is called to the
second and concluding part of the article on Tuberculosis
and its Eradication, by the Veterinarian of this Board, which
is printed at the end of this bulletin.

Progress of the Season.

Report No. 117 (July, 1893) of the Statistician of the
United States Department of Agriculture states that the
preliminary returns of the acreage of corn show 106 per
cent, as compared with the acreage of 1893. This is an
increase in round numbers of 4,000,000 acres. The increase
is mainly in the States of largest production, Kansas having
110 per cent and Nebraska 118. The average condition of
corn is 95, against 93.2 last July, being the highest condition
since 1887.

The condition of winter wheat is 83.9 against 83.2 in
June, and 77.7 in July, 1893. Spring wheat shows a con-
dition of 68.4 against 88 in June, and 74.1 in July, a fall
since the last report of nearly 20 points. The average con-
dition of both spring and winter wheat, or all wheat, for the
country is 79.3 per cent.

The condition of oats shows a decline from 87 in June to
77.7, against 88.8 at this date last year. In New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts and Maine the condition is satisfactory
and most of the States bordering on the Great Lakes show a
condition of 90 or above. In South Dakota the condition is
35 and in Kansas and Nebraska, 51. The crop was injured
in many localities by spring frosts, and the injuries from

drought have been still more extensive, while in many cases
there has been a combination of the two causes. There are
also many complaints of rust, blight, and the depredations
of insects.

The average condition of barley has declined about 6 points
and on July 1, was 76.8 against 88.8 last year. California,
the principal barley State, reports the low condition of 60
and Iowa a condition of G6, while in Wisconsin and Minne-
sota the crop is in very good condition. With the recent
rains there has been a beginning of improvement.

The condition of winter rye on July 1 was 93.9, of spring
rye, 81.7 ; and of all rye, 87. The condition June 1 was
93.2. On July 1, 1893, condition of rye was : winter, 83.8 ;
spring, 89 ; all rye, 85.3.

The acreage of potatoes is returned as 105.1 of last year's
acreage. Twenty-eight States report an increase in the area
planted, and nine others an area equal to that of last year.
Nebraska is the only State of large production showing a
decrease in breadth planted. Among the chief causes of the
increase in acreage is the extremely low price of cereals pre-
vailing during the past twelve months. The average con-
dition stands at 92.3, as against 94.8 and 90 in 1893 and
1892, respectively. Serious damage from drought is re-
ported in numerous localities.

The area under tobacco is only 74.4 per cent of last year,
and the average condition is 81 against 93 last year. The
principal reasons for the reduction of area were scarcity of
plants, unfavorable weather at planting time, and the low
price of tobacco. Drought and injury from frosts are the
principal causes of the reduced condition.

The average condition of rice declined 6 points between
June 1 and July 1.

The average condition of apples for the whole country is
down to 47.6 per cent, denoting a meagre crop. New
England, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas,
the Mountain and Pacific States show conditions pointing to
a crop ranging from fair to good, but in most of these the
fruit is dropping badly, and a further reduction of the per-
centages is looked for. A few other States follow these
with the possibility of a half crop, while in the remainder
the present condition is very low.

The peach crop holds to its condition of last month, but
only a half crop is possible in New Jersey and but little more
in Michigan. In California the crop is in fine condition and
in Connecticut the condition is comparatively high. The
average condition for the whole country is but 24.3 per
cent.

The general average condition of clover is 80.2, as com-
pared with 92.6 a year ago and 95.5 in 1892. The falling
off of the past month amounted to 7.6 points. Drought and
freezino; are the chief causes of the low condition. Wet
weather during harvesting and the ravages of insects have
also affected the crop in some localities.

The general average condition of timothy is 77.3, as com-
pared with 89.8 a year ago, 96.8 in 1892, and 87.4 in 1891.
The principal causes of the falling off in condition have been
drought and injuries from freezing weather.

The general average condition of pasturage is 83.2.
Drought is the principal cause of the low general average
and improvement as a result of recent rains is mentioned in
a number of reports.

The returns for cotton make the average condition 89.6,
against 88.3 in June, and 82.7 last year. There has been a
slight general improvement in condition throughout the
cotton belt.

The returns for July 1 give the average weight per fleece
of this year's wool clip 5.33 pounds, as against 5.3
pounds last year, and 5.15 pounds for the census year. The
variation by States is considerable, the range being from 2.5
pounds per fleece in Alabama to 7.5 pounds in South Dakota.

In Massachusetts the acreage of corn compared with last
year is given as 100, and its average condition July 1 as 96 ;
the average condition of spring rye as 100 ; the average con-
dition of oats as 94 ; the average condition of barley as 94 ;
the acreage of potatoes compared with last year as 106,
and the average condition as 98 ; the acreage of beans com-
pared with last year as 98, and the average condition as
98; the acreage of tobacco compared with last year as 88,
and the averaoe condition as 90 ; the average weight of wool
per fleece as 4.9 pounds ; the average condition of clover as
95 ; the average condition of timothy as 93 ; the average

6

condition of pasture as 92 ; the average condition of apples
as 98 ; the average condition of peaches as 53 ; and the
average condition of grapes as 96.

Temperature and Rainfall for the Whole Country.

From United States Weather-Crop Bulletins.

WeeJc ending July 2. — Much warmer than usual through-
out all the States of the central valleys and the Lake region,
including the principal corn and wheat States, where the
growth of all crops was in consequence rapid ; also warmer
throughout the Middle Atlantic States and New England.
It was the warmest week of the season throughout the cotton
region and in the States of the lower Missouri valley.
Cooler than usual in all districts from the Rocky Mountains
westward to the Pacific coast, but weather generally favor-
able and crops improved. Drought broken in the south
Atlantic States and rains excessive in North Carolina, Florida
and south-eastern Georgia ; also a slight excess of rainfall
in the lower Lake region, Michigan, Indiana and the east
portions of the Dakotas, and western Minnesota. Very dry
in the central and western portions of the cotton regions and
thence north-westward over Indian Territory, Kansas and
Colorado. As a whole the week was very favorable and the
corn crop is in excellent condition though about ten days
late.

Week ending July 91 — Week cooler than usual in all
districts east of the Rocky Mountains, except southern Texas.
Slightly cooler on the immediate Pacific coast, though
warmer in the interior of the Pacific Coast States and over
the plateau region. In the central valleys and the Lake
region the average temperature ranged from 3° to 6° below the
normal ; weather favorable to all growing crops. Weather
especially favorable for harvesting in the principal grain
States. Temperature normal in the cotton region and the
crop much improved except in South Carolina. The rainfall
was o-reater than usual from the south Atlantic States west-
ward to Texas and Indian Territory, and over Kansas and
Colorado ; also much greater than usual on the Carolina
coast and in the lower Mississippi valley. The week was

unusually dry throughout the Northwest and the upper
Mississippi valley. Showers were favorable in northern
New England but drought continues in the southern portion.
Corn crop still in good condition though the Aveek has been
dry.

WeeJc ending July 16. — Week cooler than usual through-
out the southern portion of the countr}^ the maximum defici-
ency occurring in the Carolinas and Georgia, where it ranged
from 6" to 9° per day. Nearly normal temperatures prevailed
over New England, New York and in the Ohio and central
Mississippi valleys. Decidedly warmer in Wisconsin, Min-
nesota and the Dakotas, and above- average over Montana,
the central plateau region and portions of Oregon and Wash-
ington. Except over limited areas in the southern States
the week was very dry. Only very light showers have fallen
in other regions and over the greater part practically no rain
has fallen. The drought conditions have been intensified
and all crops need rain throughout the central valleys, and
middle and New England States. Corn is sufiering seriously
in Wisconsin and Iowa but is elsewhere in good condition.
Cotton is generally in satisfactory condition. Tobacco is suf-
fering from drought in Ohio and Kentucky.

Weeh ending July 23. — Week warmer than usual through-
out the northern portions of the country from the interior of
New England westward to Washington and California.
Cooler than usual throughout the southern and central por-
tions of the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Un-
usually high temperatures prevailed over the Dakotas and
unusually low temperatures in the States of the central
Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys. Over limited areas
in the lower Lake region and Ohio valley, and generally
throughout the southern States, more than the usual amount
of rain fell. Generally throughout the northern States,
except along the lower lakes and in portions of New England
and the lower Ohio valley there has been less than the aver-
age amount of rain, and in considerable areas no appreciable
amount has fallen. Severe drought prevails in Iowa, Minne-
sota and North Dakota, and though partially relieved still
continues in portions of Nebraska, Wisconsin, Missouri,
Tennessee, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Jersey.

8

It has been broken in New York, Virginia and to a great
extent in New England, though in the last named section
much permanent injury has been done. Cotton is generally
in favorable condition. Corn is suffering seriously in
Nebraska and Wisconsin, and is reported in a critical con-
dition in Iowa. Elsewhere the outlook is favorable.

Week ending July 30. — Week warmer than usual from
northern and central Rocky Mountain slopes eastward to the
New England and middle Atlantic coasts. Week cooler
than usual in the southern States, plateau regions and on the
Pacific coast. More than the usual amount of rain fell over
portions of the South Atlantic and east Gulf States, along
the immediate west Gulf coast and over portions of Missouri
and Illinois. Elsewhere with the exception of a few locali-
ties of limited extent, there has been less than the usual
rainfall. The continued drought over the principal corn
producing States of the central valleys and northwest has
resulted in great damage to the corn crop. Reports as to
cotton continue very favorable.

New England Weather and Crops.

(From United States Weather-Crop Bulletins.)

Week ending Jidy 2. — Very warm except in extreme
eastern Maine ; frequent showers north, but no rain in many
places in south and drought becoming very serious ; corn
and tobacco growing well ; fruit dropping ; oats rusting ;
rye very heavy. ^

Week ending July 9. — Frequent showers in northern
portion, with temperature nearly normal ; all crops growing
fast: haying begun, with excellent crop in prospect; little
or no rain in southern portion, and all crops, except corn
and tobacco, damaged very much by drought ; haying gen-
eral and crop fair.

Week ending July 16. — Serious injury by drought con-
tinues in most southern districts ; in some towns no rain of
amount has fallen since May ; much hay gathered in fine con-
dition ; showers and clouds in northern portion and every-
thinof o-rowino;.

DO O

Week ending July 23. — Drought generally broken, but
the damage by the dry, hot weather to gardens, truck.

9

potatoes, small fruits, etc., in southeastern portion Avill
amount to many thousand dollars ; all crops in north doing
well ; hay crop very heavy in Maine.

Week ending July 30. — Very hot ; much sunshine ;
heavy showers in east-central districts, with damage by
lightning and wind ; very little rain in southern portion and
all crops greatly damaged by drought in Connecticut, Rhode
Island and southeastern Massachusetts ; crops elsewhere
doing well.

Massachusetts Weather.
Meteorological Data for July, 1894.

[Furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

Temperature.

Deg.

F.

Pkecipita-

TION.

en

a

'3

>

Cloudiness.

No. OF DATS.

STATION.

S3
1

a
1

O

a

3

a

6

a

c

0

c
0

a

3
0

3

3
0

3

Monroe,

67.3

89

*

42

9

2.76

10

2

14

15

Pittsfiekl, .

67.4

90

21,30

42

17

3.48

11

~

—

-

_

Springfield, .

75.9

97

t

52

9

2.52

8

S.W.

-

-

-

Amherst,

71.9

98

20

44

9

1.60

12

s.w

8

13

10

Fitchburg, .

72.4

96

13,20

49

8,9

1.75

6

w.

4

11

16

Worcestei', .

72.6

94

20

52

9,10

3.75

11

s.w.

4

14

13

Dudley
Framingh'm,

73.3

74.2

96
98

X
20

49
47

9
10

1.61
3.82

4
9

w.

5

16

10

Lowell,

74.8

100

20

51

9

-

-

s.w.

4

25

2

Boston,

73.7

97

28

56

9

3.09

11

s.w.

8

12

11

Taunton,

72.8

96

20,29

45

10 1

2.41

10

w.

2

14

15

New Bedfd,

72.2

93

20

48

10

0.80

8

s.w.

1

16

14

H3"annis,

75.2

93

20

56

8,9

0.62

4

s.w.

8

12

16

Provincet'n,.

72.7

92

20,29

57

23

0.46

4

s.w.

6

14

11

Nantucket, .

68.7

85

31

58

18

0.29

3

w.

5

12

14

* Maximum on 20th, 28, 29th. t Maximum on 13th, 20th, 29th.

+ Maximum on 13th, 20th, 28th.

Summary .

Temperatwe (F.) . — Monthly mean, 72. 3° ; highest monthly
mean, 75.9" at Springfield; lowest monthly mean, 67.3° at
Monroe ; maximum, 100° at Lowell on the 20th ; minimum,
42° at Monroe on the 9th and at Pittsfield, on the 17th;
range, 58°; greatest local monthly range, 54° at Amherst;
least local monthly range, 27° at Nantucket ; greatest daily

10

range, 38° at Pittsfield on the 20th and 21st; least daily-
range, 2° at Nantucket on the 22d. At Springfield the mean
temperature was 2.3° per day above the normal ; at Fitch-
burg it was 1.6° above ; at Boston, 2.7° above and at Nan-
tucket, 1° above.

PrecijJitaiion. — Average, 2.07 inches; greatest amount,
3.82 inches at Framingham ; least, 0.29 inches at Nantucket.
At Springfield the total precipitation was 1.95 inches less
than the usual amount in July; at Fitchburg it was 2.20
inches less ; at Boston, 0.50 inch less ; and at Nantucket,
1.89 less.

Prevailing Wind. — South-west.

Thunder-storms. — 1st, 3d, 5th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th,
17th, 18th, 21st, 25th, 29th, 31st.

Hail — 25th, Worcester; 29th, Fitchburg.

The weather for the month was on the whole favorable for
harvesting hay and grain, Imt the heat on some of the last
days of the month was intense and there was a general lack
of precipitation in all eastern sections, giving one of the most
serious and long continued droughts on record. At Boston
the mean temperature up to the 24th was slightly below the
average for 24 years, although the 1st to 4th, the 13th and
20th were very warm ; but after the 24th the daily tempera-
ture averaged over 8° a day above the normal. At many of
the interior towns reliable thermometers registered over
100° on the 20th ; the voluntary observer at Chestnut Hill
recorded 105.5° on that date with a well exposed thermom-
eter. The mean of his maximum readings for the month
was 89.3°. This is in great contrast to the temperature at
Nantucket, where the maximum was only 85° and the mean
of the maximum readino;s was 74.7°.

In the western part of the State the rainfall was generally
sufficient for veoetation although it was o;ettin<r a little too
dry at the end of the month ; but in eastern sections great
damage has been done by the drought. In the northeastern
counties this dry spell was broken on the 21st, three-fourths
of an inch falling at Boston and 2.80 inches between that
date and the end of the month. This was more than had
fallen at this station between May 25 and July 20 inclusive.
But in the southeast it is still dry and crops are being

11

injured. At Nantucket, as will be seen in the above table,
the total for the month was only 0.29 inch, and when it is
remembered that the total for June was only 0.81 inch and
for May only 1.88 inches some idea of the dryness may be
understood. There has been a deficiency of 9.31 inches at
that station since Jan. ], 1894.

As in June most of the thunderstorms were confined
to the central and northern counties, as only one was experi-
enced at Hyannis and only two at Provincetown during
the month. Considerable damage was done by lightning on
several dates and some fatalities are reported.

In the circular to correspondents returnable July 28 the
following questions were asked : —

1. What insects are proving most troublesome in your
locality ?

2. What is the condition of Indian corn, and what pro-
portion of the crop will be put into the silo ?

3. What is the quantity and qualit}' of the hay crop as
compared with former years ?

4. What forage crops are being raised to supplement
the hay crop and eke out the pastures, and what is their
condition ?

5. What is the condition of market-garden crops, in-
cluding potatoes, and how have those already harvested
compared in yield and price with former years ?

6. What is the prospect for apples, pears, peaches,
grapes and cranberries ?

7. What is the condition of pasturage in your vicinity?

8. How have rye, oats and barley compared with former
years ?

Returns were received from 108 correspondents, and from
these the following summary was made : —

Insects.
The potato beetle and the horn fl}- are most frequently
mentioned by correspondents as being prevalent and trouble-
some. It is thought that both these insects are more plenty
and more destructive than usual. The horn fly appears to

12

be pretty generally scattered over the State for among those
reporting its presence are correspondents in Richmond, Ash-
field, Bhindford, Pelham, North Brookfield, Sherborn, Tops-
field and North Westport. Cattle owners troubled with this
insect are referred for facts concerning its habits and ways
to destroy it to Bulletin No. 24 of the Hatch Experiment
Station, Amherst, Mass. Several correspondents report
grasshoppers to be unusually plenty. Other insects re-
ported as doing more or less damage are squash bugs and
borers, white grubs, cabbage worms, rose bugs, onion mag-
gots, ctit worms, army worms, fall web worms, canker worms,
boll worms, corn worms, and fire or cranberry worms.
A number report no insects particularly prevalent or trouble-
some. The correspondent in Medway reports honey bees as
destroying a large per cent of his raspberries.

Indian Corn.
During the past month Indian corn has suffered consider-
ably owing to the dry weather, but the recent rains have
greatly improved the stand and a good crop is now promised.
Sorne of the correspondents refer to the outlook as excellent.
It is thought that as a rule but a small portion of the crop
will be put into silos. Some correspondents report no silos
in their vicinity and others that three-fourths of the crop will
be put into silos. It is believed that our successful dairy
farmers are placing more and more dependence upon the silo.

The Hay Crop.
The returns of correspondents seem to indicate that the hay
crop has been harvested in generally excellent condition, and
that the quality as a rule is very good. Some speak of it as
"splendid" and " never better." The yield was probably
about three-fourths of an average owing largely to the dry-
ness of the season.

Forage Crops.

Owing to the uncertainty of obtaining a proper supply of

green food for dairy cattle by placing entire dependence in

tha pastures, it is becoming more and more the custom for

our dairymen to plan to supplement the hay crop and to eke

13

out the pastures by the growing of forage crops. Among
the crops grown fodder corn is no doubt the most universal.
Hungarian grass, sweet corn, millet, oats, barley, barley
and pease, oats and pease, cabbage, rye, and roots are also
used, and either fed green, hayed, or put into the silo.
These crops are quite generally looking well, though there
is complaint of oats rusting. The correspondent in Frank-
lin reports millet sprouted and then dried up. The corre-
spondent in Fairhaven states that Hungarian grass is the
favorite substitute for hay. The correspondent in Black-
stone states that Indian corn is the main dependence, after
that millet, barley and oats. The correspondent in Worces-
ter states that corn, barley and millet are mostly grown for
fodder, with barley the favorite.

Market-garden Crops.
These crops have been more or less injured by dry weather
and are somewhat less than average in quantity, with prices
low. The correspondent in Halifax writes, "yield poor,
prices poorer." The correspondent in Arlington writes,
" crops look well, prices low." The correspondent in Win-
chester writes, "The first good shower came on the 22d
followed by rains on the 24th and 25th which thoroughly
wet the ground, making a great opportunity for setting
cauliflower, cabbage and celery plants. Everything prom-
ises well for the fall."

Early Potatoes.
On account of the dry weather the crop of early potatoes
is very light, and some fields will not yield enough to pay
for the labor of digging. The potatoes are quite small as a
rule but are of good quality ; prices low.

Fruits.

Apples and pears generally promise well, though the range
of returns is from " scarce" to " abundant "and " splendid."
Some complaint of apples dropping oS. The prospect for
grapes is fair to good. There will be but few peaches.

The crop of cranberries promises to be much lighter tl^s
year than usual.

14

Pasturage.
Pastures were greatly injured by the drought but have
improved slightly since the late rains. Many correspondents
refer to them as being " very short," *' crisp," " dry" and
as " badly burned."

Grain Crops.

The rye crop was on the whole a good average crop, and
some correspondents refer to it as excellent and above aver-
age. Oats were more injured by the dry weather and there
are a number of complaints of rust. Barley is an average
crop.

15

ISTOTES OF CORRESPONDENTS.

(Returned to us July 28.)

BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

Sheffield (Dwight Andrews). — Potato bugs are doiug the
most damage. Indian corn is in fairly good condition ; one-half
will be put into the silo. The hay crop was less in quantity and
of good quality. Fodder corn is raised to supplement the hay
crop and is suffering from drought. Apples are falling off badly.
Pears a fair crop. Pastures are all dried up ; no rain in eight
weeks. Rye is a good crop. Oats dry and rusting badly.

Monterey (Wm. S. Bidwell). — Potato bugs are doing the
most damage. Indian corn is in fair condition and three-fourths
of the crop will be put into the silo. Hay was a four-fifths crop of
good quality. Fodder corn is the only forage crop raised and is
in poor condition. Market garden crops are below former years
in both yield and price. Apples and pears promise to be average
crops. Pasturage is in poor condition. Rye was good but oats
poor, being rusty and dried up.

Richmond (O. F. Smith) . — Cabbage worms, the horn fly and
grasshoppers are the most troublesome. Corn is a very good crop ;
a very small part will be put into the silo. Hay is below the
average in quantity but of good quality. Fodder corn is raised to
supplement the hay crop and is in good condition. Market garden
crops are in good condition. Potatoes are a nice yield with prices
good. Apples will be very poor ; pears a little better. Peaches
and grapes poor. Pasturage is fair. Rye, oats and barley full
average crops.

Hinsdale (S. M. Raymond). — Potato bugs are doing the most
damage. Hay was about a three-fourths crop of good quality.
Corn is light and one-half will be put into the silo. Fodder corn
is the principal crop raised to eke out the hay crop. Market gar-
den crops are about average. All fruits will be light crops.
Pasturage is in fair condition. Rye is fine and oats and barley
are good.

Hancock (C.H.Wells). — Potato bugs have been unusually
troublesome this month. Corn is coming forward rapidly and

IG

promises well ; only one silo in town. Hay a three-fourths crop
of good quality. Fodder corn and Hungarian are being raised to
supplement the hay crop ; corn looks well and Hungarian poorly.
Early potatoes of good quality but very small. Apples and pears
will be a light crop. Pasturage in fully average condition. Rye
an extra good crop. Oats and barley better than they promised
but not so good as last year.

Cheshire (L. J. Northup). — The horn fly is the most trouble-
some insect. Indian corn is looking well. The hay crop was off
in quantity but of good quality. Hungarian and fodder corn are
raised to supplement the hay crop. Both early and late potatoes
are small. Fruits are dropping off badly. Pastures are brown
and dry. Rye, oats and barley compare favorably with former
years.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Monroe (D. H. Sherman). — There are some grasshoppers and
potato bugs are more numerous than usual. The hay crop was
15 per cent short but of very good quality. Fodder corn is raised
to supplement the hay crop ; condition good. Oats and barley will
be hayed. Potatoes are a light yield of good size. Apples will be
light. Pastures are very dry.

Buckland (J. D. Avery). — Horn flies and potato bugs are
doing the most damage. Corn not in average condition ; not over
15 per cent will be put in the silo. Hay about average in quan-
tity ; quality somewhat inferior because of showers and overripe-
ness. Barley, Hungarian and corn are raised for forage ; condition
fair. Early potatoes a light crop ; price lower. Apples a light
crop in valleys, fair on the hills. Pastures are quite short.

Ashfield (Chas. Howes). — The horn fly is very troublesome.
Corn is looking well ; probably not more than one-fourth will be put
into the silo. Hay is a good average crop of extra quality. Oats,
barley and corn are raised to supplement the hay crop and are in
very good condition. Potatoes will be a light crop ; retail price $1
per bushel. Apples and pears will be a very good crop. Peaches
and grapes light. Pasturage holding out fairly well. Rye, oats
and barley are a very good yield.

Sunderland (J. M. J. Legate). — Corn is fully average ; about
one-fourth will be put into the silo. Hay was less than an average
crop but the quality was splendid. Sweet corn and a few oats are
raised to supplement the hay crop ; condition good. Potatoes will
be only a light crop. All fruits will be very light crops. Pas-
turage is very short. Rye was a good crop and oats are fair. All
crops are below the average except corn.

17

Northjield (Chas. Pomeroy). — Potato bugs are doing the most
damage. The growth of corn is much retarded by the drought ;
very little will be put in the silo. Hay was a three-fourths crop of
good quality. Fodder corn is raised for forage and is looking
fairly well. Dry weather reduced the yield of market garden
crops. Early potatoes light ; price high. Apples dropping badly ;
pears fair ; no peaches. Pastures dry and growing short. Rye
better than usual. Oats a three-fourths crop.

Neiv Salem (Daniel Ballard). — Potato bugs are the most
troublesome. Corn looks well ; a very small part is put in the
silo. Hay not quite average in quantity but above in quality.
Fodder corn, some oats and a little millet are raised to supplement
the hay crop, and look fairly well. Early potatoes a short crop ;
price about one dollar per bushel. Apples fair ; other fruits few.
Pasturage short and dry. Rye, oats and barley are an average
yield though some oats are light and rusty.

HAIklPSHIRE COUNTY.

Pelliam (J. L. Brewer). — The horn fly and other flies annoy
cattle. Corn is promising ; no silos. Hay was a light crop of
fair quality. Evergreen corn and oats are raised to supplement
the hay crop ; looking well. Pease yielded well ; potatoes promise
well. Apples promise half a crop. Pears good crop ; no peaches.
Grapes a three-fourths crop. Cranberries in blossom. Pasturage
is poor. Rye and oats good crops.

Amherst {Y. S. Cooley). — Corn slightly below average in
condition ; perhaps 50 per cent will be put in the silo. Hay
nearly an average crop. Corn is raised to supplement the hay
crop and some few fields of Japanese millet. Potatoes a light
crop; not yet harvested. Fruit has suffered from frosts. Past-
ures are improved by recent rains. Rye, oats and barley, average
crops.

North Haclley (H. C. Russell). — Potato bugs have been very
numerous. Indian corn is in very good condition. Hay was a
three-fourths crop of good quality. Fodder corn is being raised
to supplement the hay crop and is doing well. Market garden
crops are fair with prices below average. The prospect is poor
for all fruit crops. Pasturage is below average. Grain crops are
fair. Rowen will probably be poor. Early potatoes do not turn
out well ; price fifty-five to sixty-five cents per bushel.

Southampton (C. B. Lyman). — Corn in fair condition though
dry weather curls the leaves somewhat ; not much will go into the
silo. Hay was about average in quantity and quality. Sweet

18

corn and Hungarian raised for forage ; condition fair. Market
garden crops have suffered from drought ; prices low. Apples
fair ; pears, peaches and grapes light. Pasturage is very dry.
Rye an extra crop ; oats light.

Chesterfield (Horatio Bisbee). — Potato bugs are doing the
most damage. Corn is fairly good ; little will be put into the silo.
Hay a small cx'op of very good quality. Fodder corn, Hungarian
and barley with some hayed oats are raised to eke out the hay
crop. Poor prospect for all kinds of fruit. Pastures are rather
short on account of dry weather.

Goshen ( Alvan Barrus) . — Corn looks fairly well ; but little will
be put in the silo. The hay crop was 15 per cent short in quan-
tity but of first-class quality. Barley, oats and some corn will be
fed green. Dry weather is cutting short the potato crop. Apples
are very uneven and all other fruits uncertain. Pastures are suf-
fering from dry weather. Rye, oats and barley suffered from
drought.

HAMPDEN COUNTY.

Blandford (E. W. Boise). — The horn fly is very troublesome.
Corn in good condition ; two or three new silos built this season.
Hay a full average crop of extra quality. Oats and pease, and
barley are raised to supplement the hay crop, but are below aver-
age on account of rust. Potatoes are much below average.
Apples and pears are good ; cranberries injured by May frosts.
Pasturage short. Rye heavy ; oats and barley below average.

West SpringfieJd (T. A. Rogers). — The horn fly is the most
troublesome. Corn is looking well ; perhaps five per cent will go
into the silo. Hay was about an average crop of A No. 1 quality.
Oats and fodder corn are early forage crops ; later ones are barley
and pease, turnips and cabbage. Market garden crops are looking
well ; potatoes above average ; price rather under. Apples aver-
age ; pears light ; peaches very few ; grapes good. Pasturage very
short but improving. Rye a very good crop ; oats are nearly all
bayed.

West Springfield (J. N. Bagg). — A twenty-five mile drive west-
ward on the 27th inst. showed corn and tobacco very promising.
More oxen worked than I have seen for years ; mowing with cattle
seemed a novelty. Orchards are heavy with apples and gardens
green. The farmers are hoeing generally. Did not see any play-
ing ball or practising with bicycles. They get gymnastic exercises
in another way. If they take a vacation will be satisfied with an
arm chair in the shade for a few hours. The country is safe so
long as the farmers stick to their homes and work.

19

Holyoke (J. C. Thorpe). — Corn is good on heavy laud, light
on light land ; a small proportion used for ensilage. Hay an aver-
age crop of good quality. Hungarian and barley are being sown
to help the pastures. Apples and pears are plenty; peaches and
grapes about average. Pasturage is quite short from dry weather.
Rye, oats and barley about average crops.

Chicopee (R. W. Bemis). — Corn is looking well. Hay was not
more than three-quarters of an average crop. Market garden crops
already harvested compare favorably in yield and price with former
years. Pears and apples a short crop ; grapes a fair crop. Past-
urage short and dried up. Rye a good crop ; oats not so good.

Wilbraham (F. E. Clark). — The horn fly is the most trouble-
some. Corn is looking very well ; perhaps one-fifth will go into the
silo. The hay crop is perhaps three-fourths of an average ; quality
fine. Corn, Hungarian, barley, millet and oats are raised to sup-
plement the hay crop, and all are looking well except oats which
are rusting badly. Early potatoes not half a crop ; late ones need
rain. Apples and pears three-fourths crops ; peaches and grapes
one-fourth. Pastures are dried up and soiling has been resorted
to. Rye and barley full average crops ; oats have suffered.

Monson (A. H. White). — Corn is growing very fast ; few silos
in town. Hay was a three-fourths crop of good quality. Corn
fodder, and pease and oats are raised to supplement the hay crop,
and are very fair. Market garden crops are badly dried up, and
early potatoes are almost a failure. Apples are dropping badly ;
pears are scarce ; no peaches, and very few cranberries. No feed
in pastures. Rye an average crop ; oats and barley shorter straw
than usual but filling out well.

WORCESTER COUNTY.

Soiithbridge (G. L. Clemekce) . — Corn suffers for want of rain ;
about 20 per cent will be used for ensilage. Hay is about one-third
off in quantity ; quality good. Oats and pease are raised to sup-
plement the hay crop, but only about half a crop will be harvested
for lack of rain. Early potatoes almost a total failure. Apples
and pears good. Pastures are all burned up. Rye and barley
good ; oats rusted and a small crop.

Sj)encer (H. H. Kingsbury). — Potato bugs and grasshoppers
are doing the most damage. Indian corn in fair condition ; needs
rain ; not over ten per cent will be silaged. Hay a three-fourths
crop of good quality. Fodder corn is raised to supplement the
hay crop ; condition fair. Market garden crops fair ; yield good ;
price a little off. Apples good ; pears small ; no peaches and few
cranberries. Pasturage is very short. All rye, oats and barley
put in early have yielded well.

20

Oakham (Jesse Allen). — Corn is in fair condition ; very little
will be put into the silo. Hay was not more than a three-fourths
crop of first-rate quality. Fodder corn and barley are being raised
to supplement the hay crop. Recent showers have greatly improved
potatoes which look well ; price about $1 per bushel. Prospect
good for apples and grapes ; other fruit scarce. Pastures are
greatly injured by dry weather. Rye, oats and barley are fair
crops.

Petersham (S. B. Cook). — The potato bug is the only trouble-
some insect. Corn is in good condition ; no silos in town. Hay
is a three-fourths crop of extra good quality. Corn, oats, rye,
barley and various roots are raised to supplement the hay crop.
Market garden crops much reduced by drought ; potatoes a light
yield ; price a little higher. Apples and pears good ; grapes good ;
peaches few. Pastures badly dried up and feed short. Rye more
than average ; oats and barley a good average.

Westminster (Joseph Hager) . — Potato bugs are very plenty.
Corn is rather late because of dry weather ; a small proportion will
be put in the silo. Hay was a light crop of good quality. Corn is
the principal forage crop ; some barley and oats raised. Drought
has injured market garden crops very much. Apples and pears
have fallen off more than usual but those left look unusually well ;
peaches and cranberries scarce. Pasturage is very short. Rye,
oats and barley about average.

Fitchburg (Dr. Jabez Fisher). — Corn is in very good condi-
tion. Hay was very nearly a full crop of first quality. Potatoes
were considerably injured by drought. Apples promise very well ;
pears only fair ; grapes a small crop but looking well. Recent
rains have much improved the condition of the pastures.

Holden (G. S. Graham). — Flies are particularly troublesome.
Corn is in good condition ; only a small part will be put in the
silo. Hay is shoi't in quantity but of good quality. Fodder corn,
barley and millet are being planted to help out the hay crop.
Apples and pears are splendid, and grapes good. Pasturage is
very short and cows must be fed in the barn. Rye, oats and
barley are about average and all were cut for feed.

Worcester {H. R. Kinney). — Grasshoppers are now very nu-
merous. Corn looks well, and a large part of the crop will be
used for ensilage. Hay was of good quality but the crop was
light. Barley, corn and millet are raised to supplement the hay
crop. Potatoes promise a very light crop ; most other market
garden crops have been fair. Apples promise a full crop ; the
other fruits promise light. Pasturage has been dry but is now im-
proving. Rye is about an average crop ; oats and barley mostly
cut green. Oats rusted badly and were only a light crop.

21

Upton (B. A. Jourdan). — Potato bugs are doing the most
damage. Some fields of corn look fine but many on light lands
are ruined by drought. Hay is a three-fourths crop of good
quality. Barley is raised to supplement the hay crop. Market
garden crops, including potatoes, were much affected by the
drought. Apples are very good on high land. Pastures are very
dry. Rye, oats and barley were average crops.

Douglas (T. M. Potter) . — The potato bug is the most trouble-
some insect. Corn is good considering the dry weather ; a very
small part will be put in the silo. Hay was not more than a
three-fourths crop. Hungarian grass is being raised to supple-
ment the hay crop. Potatoes are very small. The prospect for
all kinds of fruit is fair. Pastures are short and dry. Rye a
good crop and up to other years ; oats fair.

MIDDLESEX COUNTY.

Groton (Daniel Needham). — The potato bug and squash mag-
got are the most troublesome. Corn is injured by drought. The
hay crop was fully as large as usual and of good quality. Corn
fodder is largely raised to supplement the hay crop. Market gar-
den crops are in poor condition. Potatoes on high land are a total
failure. The prospect for apples is now good though many more
than usual have fallen. Pastures are getting very dry. Rye,
oats and barley about average crops. No such dry season, com-
mencing so early and continuing so late, is on my record.

Billerica (J. N. Pardee) . — Sweet corn is doing finely ; no silos
here. Hay crop average in quantity and of very good quality.
Large amounts of Hungarian have been sown but drought has
prevented growth ; barley is now being sown. Market garden
crops are very light yields ; prices about average. Apples good.
Pears about half a crop. Peaches a failure ; grapes good. Past-
ures are dried up. Early sown oats good. Rye ripened prema-
turely and is shrunken.

Wilmington (C.W. Swain). — Corn is in good condition; prob-
ably none will be put into the silo. Hay was about an average
crop ; harvested in good condition. No forage crops raised to any
extent. No market garden crops harvested yet ; quality excellent.
Apples good ; pears poor crop. Cranberries hardly fair. Past-
urage is in poor condition. Rye, oats and barley are not much
raised but are good crops.

Concord ( Wm. H. Hunt) . — Corn on light soil has suffered
from drought ; elsewhere is looking finely. Hay was a full
average crop of fine quality. Corn-fodder, barley, millet and
turnips are the principal forage crops. Potatoes have suffered

99

from drought on light soil. Apples will be fair ; pears medium.
Peaches very few ; grapes fair. Pastures have suffered very much
from drought.

Weston (H. L. Brown). — Hay was less than au average crop
but of good quality and harvested in first-class order. Barley is
the principal forage crop, being put in for late fall feed. All
market garden crops have suffered from drought ; potatoes more
than any other ; some vines are dried up and no potatoes are in
the hill. Apples are looking well. Pears good ; no peaches ;
some grapes. Cranberries just blossoming. Pastures are very
short and dry.

Sherborn (N. B. Douglas). — The horn fly and the common
horse fly are very troublesome. Corn was a poor stand and much
of it injured by drought. Hay was a four-fifths crop of extra
quality. Oats, barley, Hungarian and corn are raised for forage ;
oats light; early pieces of Hungarian good. The potato crop will
be light. Apples will be 70 per cent of a full crop ; pears 60 per
cent ; peaches 5 per cent ; grapes 80 per cent ; cranberries 40
per cent. Pastures are very short from drought.

Hopkinton (W. V. Thompson). — Corn damaged by hailstorm
of July 25 but elsewhere generally good ; three-fourths will go
into the silo. Hay about average in quantity and quality. Hun-
garian and corn are being raised to supplement the hay crop.
Market garden crops not quite average. Early apples, full crop ;
winter light ; pears light ; grapes fair. No pasturage to speak of.
A very heavy hailstorm on the 25th ruined crops on a strip one-
half mile long by fifty rods wide. Hailstones from one-half inch
to one inch in diameter fell and lay in piles for an hour after the
storm.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Haverhill (Eben Webster) . — Corn has suffered from drought
but the rains will help it ; no silos. Hay a little less than average
but of good quality. • Corn with some barley and oats are raised
for forage ; condition fair. Market garden crops low ; potatoes
about half a crop on dry land ; prices low. Prospect good for
apples, light for pears and grapes. Pasturage is dry. Rye, oats
and barley about average.

Groveland (Abel Stickney). — Potato bugs, squash borer and
grubs are doing the most damage. Corn is late but pushing fast ;
about one-tenth will go into the silo. The hay crop compares
favorably with former years in quantity and quality. Corn, barley,
Hungarian, and oats and pease are raised to supplement the hay
crop. Market garden crops look well, those marketed were below

23

average in yield and price. Apples good, pears good, peaches light.
Pastures are now short. Early sown grain crops were good, later
ones not so good.

Ipsivich (O. C. Smith). — Squash bugs are doing the most
damage. Corn is in fair condition ; 10 per cent will be put in the
silo. Hay was a two-thirds crop of good quality and well cured.
Fodder corn, oats and barley are raised for forage ; ci'ops gener-
ally about half of average. Most garden crops are growing finely
except potatoes ; yield and price about average. Apples and
pears promise well, peaches small, grapes fair, cranberries fair.
Pasturage is good where not overstocked. Oats and barley about
half crops and rye but little better.

Topsjield (B. P. Pike). — Horn flies are thicker than ever.
Corn was injured by drought but is looking well; about 10 per
cent will be put in the silo. Hay was about 80 per cent of a full
crop ; quality excellent. Corn, Hungarian and barley are used for
forage ; late sown Hungarian on dry land failed to come up.
Early potatoes are not a full crop. Apples and pears will be
average ; no cranberries. Pastures are about as bad as they can
be. Early potatoes almost a failure ; price below the average.
No market garden crops were up to the average.

MarUehead (Wm. S. Phillips, Jr.). — Corn in fair condition;
90 per cent will go into the silo. The hay crop was apparently
fully up to the average. Corn, millet, oats and pease, and man-
golds are raised to supplement the hay crop ; condition good.
Market garden crops a little under average ; early potatoes poor.
Very little fruit. Pasturage very poor. Rye, oats and barley
about average.

NORFOLK COUNTY.

Cohasset (E. E. Ellms). — Corn is looking well. Hay about a
three-fourths crop of very fine quality. Corn, rye and barley are
being raised to supplement the hay crop. Market garden crops
are in good condition, the yield being up to the standard. The
prospect for apples, pears, peaches and grapes is very fine.
Pastures are very dry. Rye, oats and barley are good crops.

FranMin (C. M. Allex). — Corn is growing fast, but back-
ward ; not over 25 per cent will be put in the silo. Hay was a
three-fourths crop. Fodder corn and millet are raised to supple-
ment the hay crop ; much millet sprouted and then dried up. Mar-
ket garden crops 50 per cent yield, but price well sustained. Apples
good ; pears good ; peaches one-fourth crop ; grapes a half crop ;
cranberries a one-fourth crop. Pasturage is all di'ied up. Rye
was a full crop ; oats a three-fourths crop ; and barley nearly a full
crop .

24

Medway (Monroe Morse). — Potato bugs are doiug the most
damage ; honey bees do much injury to raspberries. Hay about
80 per cent of a full crop, and the quality good. Corn about 20
per cent off in condition. Fodder corn, millet and barley are be-
ing raised to supplement the hay ci'op. Market garden crops are
very poor indeed. Apples good ; pears fair ; peaches one-fifth
crop ; grapes good. Pastures are badly burned. Rye was good ;
oats and barley grown only for fodder.

BRISTOL COUNTY.

Attleborottgh (Isaac Alger). — Corn is in good condition; no
silos. Hay was an average crop of extra quality. Corn, Hun-
garian and barley are raised to supplement the hay crop ; condi-
tion good. Potatoes on high dry land are small ; on moist land
fair. Apples, pears and grapes promise a fair crop ; peaches and
cranberries a very small crop. Pastures are short. Rye, oats and
barley are average crops.

Raynham (N. W. Shaw). — All insects are numerous. Corn
is not up to former years ; none will be used for ensilage. Hay
about an average crop ; quality above average. Fodder corn is
the principal forage crop; condition good. Market garden crops
are poor and prices low. Apples promise a good crop ; pears
poor ; peaches bad ; grapes fair. Pastures are very much dried
up. Rye, oats and barley not equal to former years.

Taunton (C. H. Wilmarth). — Rose bugs, canker worms and
the army worm are doing the most damage. Hay was a light crop
because of drought. Market garden crops were about average.
Pasturage is poor because of drought. Rye, oats and barley are
about average crops.

Somerset (Joseph Gibbs) . — The web worm and white grub are
the most troublesome. Corn would be good with rain ; no silos
here. Hay was a three-fourths crop of good quality. Barley and
fodder corn are raised to supplement the hay crop and both need
rain. Market garden crops are not more than three-fourths of an
average. Apples and pears medium ; peaches poor; grapes good.
Pastures are ruined by the drought. Rye, oats and barley are
good where not destroyed by the army worm.

Westport (A. S. Sherman). — The horn fly is tormenting the
cattle very much. Corn is very good ; uoue put into the silo.
Hay was a small crop of poor quality. Much corn is planted for
fodder and used both green and dry. Apples scarce ; pears plenty ;
peaches none ; grapes plenty ; cranberries scarce. There is very
little feed in the pastures. Rye and barley are full average crops
while oats are not up.

25

Fairhaven (F. C. Lyon). — Indian corn in good condition;
color good ; no silos. Hay crop about as last year ; quality very
good. Hungarian is the favorite substitute for hay ; condition
very good. Half the potatoes planted will amount to nothing,
while early planted ones will be a two-thirds crop. Prospect for
apples good. Pastures are nearly all dried up. Rye has been a
splendid crop.

PLYMOUTH . COUNTY.

BrocTcton (Davis Copeland). — Corn in good condition; most
of it will be used for ensilage. Hay was a little below the aver-
age. Fodder corn is in good condition and barley will be sown
soon. Market garden crops are average, with the prices low.
Early potatoes are a light crop. The prospect for apples, pears,
grapes and cranberries is fair. Pasturage is very short.

Hinglmm (Aaron Low) . — Very little Indian corn grown. Hay
was not more than three-fourths of a crop. Fodder corn and Hun-
garian are being raised to supplement the hay crop, and are in good
condition. Market garden crops are very poor, being badly injured
by drought. Apples are good ; cranberries hurt badly by frost.
Pasturage is very short and badly dried up. Rye is a very good
crop.

MarsJifield (J. H. Bourne). — Potato bugs and onion maggots
are the most troublesome. Corn is in excellent condition ; one-
fourth will be put in the silo. Hay was a three-fourths crop se-
cured in fine condition. Fodder corn, oats and Hungarian are
raised to supplement the hay crop ; fodder corn looks well, but
the others are light. Market garden crops are in very poor con-
dition, and early potatoes bring only three-fourths of last year's
price. Apples and pears are abundant ; peaches below average ;
grapes and cranberries less than half a crop. Pastures are un-
usually poor. Rye excellent ; oats a two-thirds crop.

Halifax (G. W. Hayward). — Corn is in fair condition; no
silos. The hay crop was about average in quantity and quality.
Fodder corn is the main crop for summer feed, but some barley
and millet is sown. The yield of market garden crops is poor and
prices poorer. There are some apples and cranberries, but no
peaches, pears or grapes. Pasturage is all dried up. Rye good ;
oats raised for fodder fair ; barley raised only for fodder light.

Kingston (J. H. Cushman). — Potato bugs are most trouble-
some. Indian corn is very backward ; not one-tenth will be put
into the silo. Hay was about an average crop of fine quality.
Corn is used for forage ; condition rather poor. Market garden

26

crops are good considering the drought ; prices very low. Apples
and cranberries are doing ver}' well. Pastures are crisp and dry.
Rye, oats and barley are a little above the average.

Wareham (A. B. Savary). — The potato bug is the only insect
proving troublesome. Corn is in poor condition because of the
drought. Hay was less than an average crop, biit the quality was
good. Forage crops are poor because of continued dry weather.
Potatoes and other garden crops are poor. The prospect for fruit
is poor should the weather continue hot and dry. Pasturage is
very poor, being badly dried. Rye, oats and barley w^ere small
crops.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY.

Fahnoidli (D. R. Wicks). — The fall web worm and the boll
worm are doing the most damage. Corn is doing well and about
four-fifths of it will be put in the silo or fed green. Hay was
about a three-fourths crop of good quality. Corn is the principal
forage crop. Market garden crops are good ; early potatoes badly
blighted. Apples promise fairly ; pears, peaches, grapes and
cranberries poorly. Pasturage is very short. Rye, oats and bar-
ley about average crops.

Sandwich (J. R. Holway) . — Fire worms are doing the most
damage. Indian corn was very good until the past two weeks
when drought has checked it. The hay crop was below the
average but of good quality. Fodder corn is raised as a forage
crop but is drying up. Potatoes are nearly a failure. Fruit is
good with the exception of cranberries of which there will be very
few. Pasturage is all burnt up. Rye a fair crop. Oats blighted
and were small.

Barnstable (Johx Bursley). — AVire worms, corn worms and
fire worms are doing the most damage. Corn is suffering for rain ;
not over five per cent will be used for ensilage. Hay was a three-
fourths crop of good quality. No forage crops are being raised as
nothing can be sown because of drought. Market garden crops
not over 25 per cent of average ; prices good. Cranberries not
over a one-third crop and all fruit light. Pastures are burned and
parched. Rye, oats and barley are average crops. No rain since
May 31.

Dennis (Joshua Crowell). — Indian corn is below average in
condition. Hay is not more than a three-fourths crop ; quality
good. Some fodder corn is raised to supplement the hay crop,
but it is too dry for any forage crop. Potatoes are much below
the average in yield. Apples and pears fair; cranberries perhaps
one-third of a crop.

27

Breivster (John H. Clark). — Corn in very good condition but
beginning to suffer from drought ; little in silo. Hay a two-thirds
crop of fair quality. Forage crops little raised. Market garden
crops very poor owing to severe drought. Apples, pears and
grapes look fairly well ; cranberry crop very light. Pasturage
all dried up. Rye, oats and barley were very light crops.

DUKES COUNTY.

West Tishury (Wm. J. Rotcii). — Indian corn is suffering
severely from drought ; none goes into the silo. Hay was a two-
thirds crop of good quality. Very little is done towards raising
forage crops to supplement the hay crop. Market garden crops
are suffering from the continued dry weather. The cranberry
crop will be light; other fruits will do better. Pasturage is in
poor condition. Rye, oats and barley were nearly average crops.

NANTUCKET COUNTY.

Nantucket (C. W. Gardner). — The potato bug and striped
beetle are most troublesome. Indian corn is in very poor condi-
tion. Hay was about half a crop but of splendid quality. Corn
is raised to supplement the hay crop and is looking fair. Market
garden crops are very poor ; potatoes a failure as a general thing.
No cranberries. Pastures are very poor, all dried up. There
has been no rain for fifty days. Oats are very rusty and rye did
not head well.

28

BULLETIN OF
MASSACHUSETTS BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

VETERINABY.

The Diagnosis and Eradication of Tuberculosis.

PART II.*

The question is often asked the veterinarian by practical stock-
men, "How can I tell when my cattle have tuberculosis?" I
answer that it may be detected in most well-marked cases by the
physical symptoms, — the general condition of the animals, with
the knowledge of the previous existence of the disease in the herd.

But in eradicating this disease from a herd it is necessary that
we remove all affected animals, no matter how slightly diseased,
for if one is left it soon becomes a centre of infection and others
coming in contact or being kept in the same stable soon become
the subjects of the affection. The disease is so insidious in its
attack and the general disturbance so slight in its incipiency that
it becomes an impossibility by an ordinary examination to make a
correct diagnosis.

These uncertain and occult cases are the ones which prove so
troublesome to the stockman and veterinarian. Possibly by one
of three methods may a correct diagnosis be made.

First. By microscopical search for the germ. In some instances
these are found in the mucous material from the nostrils, the milk
or perhaps in the contents of abscesses.

Second. By the inoculation of susceptible animals, such as rab-
bits or guinea-pigs, with some substance which may contain the
micro-organism.

Third. By the use of tuberculin.

The first two methods are not as easy of application or as reliable
as the third. All are suitable only for the veterinarian. The use
of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent in tuberculosis is comparatively
of recent origin. Although it has been experimented with for sev-
eral years its value has been but recently proved.

Tuberculin or Koch's lymph is a substance which was prepared
by the German bacteriologist Koch for the cure of consumption in
* For Pan I see Bulletin No. 2.

29

persons. It consists of a sterilized alcoholic or glycerine extract of
the material upon which the bacillus tuberculosis has been grown.
What the active principle of the lymph is has not been determined,
but is supposed to be a complex chemical compound generated by
the growing germs.

While it was found not to cure consumption when injected in
small quantities into the circulation, its injection into the body of
a consumptive person was followed by the appearance of febrile
symptoms : rise of temperature, increased action of the heart,
slight headache, chills, etc. These phenomena did not appear
when the lymph was injected under the skin of one not suffering
from the disease.

This forms the basis for the employment of the lymph in the
diagnosis of tuberculosis in domestic animals. As a result of nu-
merous and careful experiments it has been found very reliable, in
fact, almost infallible. The condition of the internal temperature,
for twenty-four or more hours after its injection, as determined by
the use of a thermometer, shows the existence or non-existence of
tuberculosis.

A rise of the internal temperature several degrees above the
normal within twenty-four hours after the injection would, in the
absence of other conditions which might cause the same change,
indicate the existence of tuberculosis. A stationary or normal
temperature indicates the non-existence of the disease.

For the reason that disease or other conditions may alter or
raise the temperature at any time, it is necessary that tuberculin
be used by one well acquainted with ordinary diseases and their
symptoms, so as to be able to determine whether the elevation fol-
lowing the injection of tuberculin comes as the result of the use of
the lymph or is an accompaniment to some developing disease.

In all cases of "reaction "it becomes necessary to prove that
the rise of temperature has not been caused by some inflammatory
trouble independent of tuberculosis before we can say that the
" reaction " indicates the existence of tuberculosis.

Properly used by a competent veterinarian tuberculin is practi-
cally infallible in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. By its use alone
can we with any degree of accuracy be reasonably sure of our
opinion as to whether tuberculosis does or does not exist in an an-
imal ; and so extremely delicate is the test that its use is followed
by a marked reaction though there be but one or two tubercles
present in the body.

We frequently hear this question : " If I test my cows with tu-
berculin may I not introduce the disease into the herd or produce
the disease in the healthy animals ? " We answer. No. Tuber-

30

culin properly prepared does not contain a single living germ. No
living matter is introduced when the lympli is injected under the
skin, only a solution which contains a substance produced by
the growth of the bacillus tuberculosis when cultivated outside of
the body. The active principle coming in contact with the tuber-
culous tissue sets up an inflammation which produces the febrile
disturbance.

The delicacy of the tuberculin test and the difficulty of detect-
ing tuberculosis in cattle by physical examination was well illus-
trated in a recent experiment conducted by the writer.

Thirty-two cows, all in good condition and apparently healthy,
were taken for the experiment ; not one showed a well-marked
symptom of the disease. They were treated by injecting a given
quantity of prepared tuberculin under the skin by the use of a
hypodermic syringe. As a result twenty-five gave a " reaction,"
and at the conclusion of the test all were slaughtered and a careful
examination of the carcasses made. Of the thirty-two tested only
seven proved to be free, while twenty-five wei'e found diseased.

Of the twenty -five diseased, twenty-four had very few nodules
present, and while in most instances they were in or about the
lungs, some were found in the liver or other abdominal organs.
In one alone was there found any great number and in this ani-
mal they were so situated and were in such a condition that the
general health of the cow did not suffer.

Where tuberculin has been used in herds in which the disease
has been known to exist, a similar condition of affairs has usually
been found.

From what we know of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent it is safe
to say that it will find its widest application as a medium by which
we may extirpate tuberculosis from our herds ; but not by its em-
ployment alone in the detection of obscure cases of the disease,
but by its employment in connection with thorough renovation and
disinfection of our stables.

To detect and remove the affected animals from a herd by the
use of tuberculin and still allow the healthy to remain in an infected
stable under conditions where they are sure to contract the disease,
would amount to nothing more than to suppress the trouble for a
time.

For this reason pi'incipally it would appear that tuberculin is
suitable only for the use of individual farmers who are so situated
that they can employ it in connection with other measures which
are absolutely essential to insure success in the matter of eradica-
tion and suppression of the disease .

JAS. B. PAIGE,

Velerinarian.

Series of 1894. Bulletin No. 4.

MASSACHUSETTS

CEOP KEPOET

Month of August, 1894.

ISSUED BY

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Offick Square.

1894.

Crop Eeport for the Month of August, i894.

Office State Board of Agriculture,

Boston, Mass., Sept. 1, 1894.

Bulletin No. 4, Crop Report for the month of August, is
herewith presented. Particular attention is called to the
Eeport on Fruits by the Pomologist of the Board, and to the
article on Statistics of Massachusetts Agriculture.

Progress of the Season.

Eeport No. 118 (August, 1894) of the Statistician of the
United States Department of Agriculture states that corn
has declined nearly 26 points since July 1, the average for
the entire breadth being 69.1 against 95 for the month of
July. The condition August, 1893, was 87. The great
decline is due almost wholly to the extensive and unprece-
dentedly severe drought that set in since the last report,
and to the hot, dry winds that swept over the States of
Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa and parts of other Western States.
In some localities the crop has been injured beyond re-
covery, while in others timely rains would go far toward
assuring fair yields.

The condition of spring wheat has fallen since last report
1.3 points, being 67.1 against 68.4 for the month of July.
The advices as to winter wheat, from correspondents and
thrashers, indicate a good yield of excellent quality.

The average condition of spring rye is 79.8 against 81.7
last month and 78.5 last year.

The condition of oats has changed very little since last
month, the condition being 76.5 against 77.7 in July. The
oat crop has generally been harvested. Yield and quality
generally good, though injured in some sections by drought,
insects, rust or smut.

The average condition of barley is 69.8 against 76.8, being
a decline of 7 points since last month, as a result of the con-
tinued drought.

The acreage of buckwheat is reported at 96.8 as com-
pared with last year. The condition is 82.3 as against 88.8
last year. There has been an increase of acreage in the
Eastern States, while in the States of the Mississippi and
Ohio valleys there has been a decrease.

The hay area shows a reduction of 7.6 per cent as com-
pared with that of last year, and the average condition,
which is 24.6 per cent below normal, indicates a compara-
tively low rate of yield. The hay harvested seems, how-
ever, to be generally of good quality, while much of it is
excellent.

The returns for clover indicate less than three-fourths
of a normal yield, the general average being only 71.2.
Drought and heat have been the chief causes of the shortage,
although winter-killing, spring frosts and the ravages of
insects have contributed to the result. The quality is far
more satisfactory, the general average being 90.2.

Severe and widespread drought has further reduced the
condition of pastures, and the general average of condition
is only 66 as compared with 88.2 a month ago.

The returns for August make the condition of potatoes 74
per cent, which is the lowest condition ever reported by this
office. The decline from July condition is 18.3 per cent.

The averaoe condition of tobacco on Auo^ust 1 was 74.9
against 81 July 1.

A further decline of nearly 4 points in the average con-
dition of apples is shown, the percentage standing at 44
against 47 last month. The drop has been severe and aggra-
vated by drought in many sections. The condition of
peaches now stands at the extremely low figure, 22.3. The
loss has been general in States that had the best prospects as
well as in those having outlook for lighter yields. The con-
dition of grapes is lower than the August condition for any
3'ear since 1890.

The condition of cotton is good, the average for August
being 91.8 against 80.4 in August 1893 ; 82.3 in 1892 and
88.9 in 1891.

In Massachusetts the avera^re condition of corn Auo;ust 1
is given as 97 ; the average condition of spring rye as 78 ;
the average condition of oats as 77 ; the average condition
of barley as 89 ; the acreage of buckwheat compared witli
last year as 100, and its average condition as 90 ; the aver-
age condition of potatoes as 82 ; the average condition
of tobacco as 96 ; the acreage of hay compared with last
year as 101; the average condition of timothy as 93; the
product of clover compared with a full crop as 89 ; the aver-
age quality of clover hay as 100; the average condition of
pasture as 86 ; the average condition of apples as 87 ; the
average condition of peaches as 33 ; and the average con-
dition of grapes as 95.

Temperature and Rainfall for the Whole Country.

From United States Weather-Crop Bulletixs.

Week ending August 6. — Week slightly warmer than
usual on the Atlantic coast from southern New England to
Maryland, also in western Montana and over the interior
portions of central and northern California. Elsewhere tem-
perature generally below normal, the week being decidedly
cool throughout the southern portion of the country from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. Light frost in Minnesota, Wis-
consin and Michigan on the 3d and 4th. Week one of
excessive rainfall over the greater portion of the Southern
States. Showers over Middle Atlantic and New England
States. More than usual rainfall in northern Michigan and
over limited areas in the central Ohio and central Mississippi
valleys, but over much the greater portion of the country
from the AUeghanies westward, little or no rain fell during
the week. The cranberry crop, which had previously sus-
tained injury from forest fires in New Jersey and Wisconsin
has been further damaged in the last-named State by recent
frosts.

Week ending August 13. — Week cooler than usual on
the Pacific coast, plateau regions, west Gulf States, and on
the Atlantic coast from Virginia northward. Week warmer
than usual from the upper Missouri valley and Middle
Rocky Mountain slope eastward to the south Atlantic coast
including the central valleys and Lake region. Less than

6

usual amount of rain over the greater portion of the countiy.
In some sections exceptionally heavy rains fell, while over
other large areas there was no appreciable rainfall.

Week ending August 20. — Nearly normal temperature
conditions in lower Lake region, southern New England,
and in the Middle Atlantic and Gulf States. In upper Lake
region and on the south Pacific coast week cooler than usual.
Week warmer than usual from north Pacific coast eastward
to the upper Mississippi valley and in the lower Ohio val-
ley and South Atlantic States. As in the past few weeks the
rainfall was very much scattered. The greatest amount fell
in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Over a large section
of the country no appreciable amount fell.

Week ending August 27. — Week warmer than usual on
the Pacific coast, and in all northern districts east of the
Rocky Mountains, excepting portions of New England and
the Middle Atlantic States, where nearly normal conditions
prevailed. No marked excess in temperature occurred east
of the Lake region, but to the westward, and on the Pacific
coast, the week was decidedly warmer than usual. Week
generally cooler than usual throughout the Southern States.
The rainfall for the week was very heavy over the greater
portion of the Gulf States, excepting along the immediate
coast. Throughout the Lake region, and from the upper
Missouri valley westward to the Pacific coast, no appreciable
rainfall occurred during the week. Forest fires are reported
from Wisconsin, Michigan and Montana, and they have
caused much damage.

New England Weather and Crops.

From United States Weathee-Crop Bulletins.

Weelc ending August 6. — Copious rains unevenly dis-
tributed; crops improving in south, excellent in north;
haying mostly completed ; all English hay fair crop in
south, heavy in north; meadows good everywhere; all hay
extra qualitj'^ and secured in splendid condition.

Week ending August 13. — Cool and cloudy with insuffi-
cient moisture ; slight frost on 11th, but no damage reported.
Grain fair crop ; corn doing well ; tobacco cutting begun ;

early fields, fair crop. Onions almost a failure ; early
apples quite plentiful.

WeeJv ending August 20. — Weather favorable, except
too little rain in many central and soutliern sections ; low
temperature favorable to potatoes in preventing rust and
decay ; potato crop very light in south ; cranberries very
light crop and injured by fruit worms.

Week ending August 27. — General frost on the 22d,
doinof slight damage in lowlands: killino; frost on the 27th
in valleys in central New Hampshire and Vermont ; drought
slightly reliev^ed in the south, but continues serious else-
where; apples, pears and grapes promise well.

Massachusetts Weather.
Meteorological Data for August, 1894.

[Furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

PUECIPITA-

Cloddiness.

Temperature.

Deg.

F,

TION.

a

No.

OF DATS.

STATION.

o

■a

a

a

M

£"3,

BO

o

a

a

£3

5

•a

>.

rt

g

^

.2

^

>^t^

s

S

S

<^

C3

S

a

&

a

&4

5

.2

o

Monroe,

61.3

85

25

38

27

1.32

7

5

7

19

Pittsfield, .

64.3

84

26

40

7

1.28

7

_

_

_

_

Springfield, .

69.9

88

*

48

11,22

0.93

6

s.w.

_

-

-

Amherst,

66.9

91

24

36

22

0.32

9

s.w

7

13

11

Fitehburg, .

67.6

92

25

41

22

0.66

2

s.w.

11

8

10

Worcester, .

67.0

86

8,24

42

22

1.47

5

s.w.

8

9

14

Framingh'm,

67.2

90

8

40

22

1.94

8

-

-

-

-

Concord,

66.8

89

t

38

22

1.81

8

s.w.

12

8

11

Lowell,

69.1

94

24

45

22

-

-

s.w.

4

17

10

Boston,

68.0

90

8

47

22

3.03

7

s.w.

11

10

10

Taunton,

66.4

87

24

37

22

1.55

5

w.

4

7

20

New Bedfd,

66.1

83

24

44

11,22

1.98

8

s.w.

3

18

10

Hyannis,

70.2

85

20

61

22

1.48

7

s.w.

5

7

19

Provincet'n,.

67.8

83

7,24

50

30

1.44

6

s.w.

8

9

14

Nantucket, .

66.0

79

19

54

12

1.20

7

w.

9

12

10

* Maximum on 7th, 8th, 24th.

t Maximum on 8th, 23d, 24th, 25th.

Summary .
Temperature (F). — Monthly mean, 67.0° ; highest monthly
mean, 70.2° at Hyannis; lowest monthly mean, 61.3° at
Monroe; maximum, 94° at Lowell on the 24th; minimum.

8

36° at Amherst on the 22d ; range, 58*^ ; greatest local
monthly range, 55° at Amherst; least local monthly range,
25° at Nantucket ; greatest daily range, 45° at Amherst on
the 23d ; least daily range, 4° at Boston on the 13th and at
Nantucket on the 21st and 27th. At Springfield, the mean
temperature was 0.8° below the normal ; at Fitchburg it was
0.6° below; at Boston 0.5° below and at Nantucket about
1° below.

Precipitation. — Average, 1.46 inches; greatest amount,
3.03 at Boston; least, 0.32 at Amherst. At Springfield,
the total precipitation was 3.52 inches less than the usual
amount for August ; at Fitchburg it was 4.77 inches less;
at Boston, 1.44 inches less ; and at Nantucket 3.30 inches
less.

Prevailing wind. — South-west.

Thunder-storms. —M, 9th, 15th, 19th, 20th.

Frost. — 2 2d.

Hail. — 19th, Concord.

Remarl:s.
The weather for Massachusetts for the month of August
was cool with comparatively low maximum temperatures,
and with the lowest minimum ever recorded at some places
during August. There were few rainy and cloudy days and
an unusual lack of rainfall. The number of thunder-storms
was exceptionally small, and very little damage was done
by lightning. It was a very good month for harvesting and
other outdoor work, but a poor mouth for the proper devel-
opment of crops. The drought has become very serious in
all sections of the State and many correspondents report
that it is unprecedented in the history of their towns. The
western part of the State was not greatly aff*ected by the
drought which prevailed in July, but is sufiering nearly as
badly as any other district now. The correspondent at
Monroe, Franklin County, reports that the month closes
with the brooks, springs and wells lower than known for
many years, if ever. The frost of the 22d was general
throughout the State, but its damage was confined to low-
lands and fields adjacent to swamps.

9

In the circular to correspondents returnable to us August
30th the following questions were asked : —

1. AVhat is the condition of Indian corn?

2. What is the prospect for rowen as compared with
former years ?

3. What is the prospect for late potatoes and have you
noticed bliujht or rot ?

4. What is the condition of tobacco and how does the
crop compare with last year?

5. What is the prospect for apples, pears, peaches,
grapes and cranberries ?

6. What is the condition of pasturage in your vicinity?

7. How have oats and barley compared with last year's
crops ?

8. Do your farmers pay much attention to the drainage
of their farms and what system do they find most satis-
factory ?

Returns have been received from 125 correspondents, and
from them the following summary has been made up.

Indian Coen.
While Indian corn has suffered less from the drought than
most other crops, it still does not promise more than a three-
fourths crop for the State as a whole. In the western and
southeastern portions there has been the greatest injury from
drought, and hardly a correspondent from these sections re-
ports the condition as average. In many localities only half
a crop is reported. In the central, eastern and northeastern
sections the condition reported is better, perhaps the majority
of the correspondents reporting an average crop, and some
few calling it good or above average. Various correspond-
ents throughout the State report that while stover is good,
the crop is not earing out well.

RowEN.
Rowen taken as a whole is almost a total fiiilure. Very
little will be cut in any section and many fields are dry and
burned. A few report an average crop, but the majority
state that the crop is a total failure and the greater portion
of the remainder give the proportion as less than half a crop.

10

Some correspondents express the fear that the drought has
done permanent injury to the mowings and materially re-
duced the prospect for next year's hay crop.

Potatoes.
The drought has badly injured potatoes and the crop will
be* considerably below average in all sections. Several
speak of them as " small and few in a hill." A few speak
of the prospect as good but the great majority consider the
crop light or below average. The quality is generally
spoken of as excellent, there being little blight and less rot.

Tobacco.
Owing to the early setting and maturing of tobacco it has
stood the drought quite well and though dried up in some
localities will on the whole be a fair crop. Most fields will
probably fall below the average in weight, but the quality and
color of the leaf promise to be good. The crop promises
to be much better in every way than that of last year. The
sale of 2,834 cases the last week in August was reported
in the tobacco trade journals of New York, the heaviest
week's business in four months.

Fruits and Berries.
The apple crop is very uneven, some reporting good or
fine crops while from nearby localities the crop is reported
to be a failure or very light. The drought has led to the
dropping of the fruit in many places and seriously injured
the crop. The prospects appear to be more uniformly good
in Worcester County than in any other section of the
State. The crop as a whole will probably fall consider-
ably short of an average. Quality is generally reported to
be excellent. Pears are also uneven, though the prospect for
an average crop is somewhat better than with apples. They
are also reported to be of excellent quality. Peaches may
be considered almost, if not quite, a total failure. The con-
tinued dry weather has caused the dropping of much of the
remaining fruit during the past month, and the crop may
now be considered as reduced almost to a minimum. Grapes
will probably be a fair crop, though like the fruits already
mentioned they are uneven and will not fulfill the expecta-

n

tions of a month ago. Cranberries are generally reported as
very light and the prospect is that not half a crop will be
gathered. From the southeastern portion of the State there
comes but one report of a good crop and that is from a town
of small commercial production.

Pasturage.

Pastures in all sections are very poor, not a single report
of good condition having come in. " Dried up" and " dry
and brown " are the terms most commonly used to describe
the condition. One correspondent says the pastures have
not been in such poor condition for 40 years while another
places the limit at 50. Many correspondents report that
stock is fed at the barn in nearly the same manner as in
winter.

Oats and Barley.

Oats and b:irley suflered considerably and will fall short of
average crops. In eastern sections the general condition
appears to be much better than elsewhere, many reports of
average crops having come in. These crops appear to have
been cut green for fodder more than commonly owing to the
short hay crop. Little complaint of smut or rust.

Drainage.
Comparatively little attention is paid to drainage as in
many localities the conformation of the land is such as to
render it unnecessary. Where draining is done tile drains
appear to be found the most satisfactory, though probably
more is done Avith stone drains and open ditches than with
tile. Open ditches are unsatisfactory and do little except
carry off surface water, but stone drains have been found in
many instances cheap and effective. Other methods reported
are pole drains laid in the same manner as stone drains, and
board drains triangular in shape and set like inverted eave
troughs. These latter are said to be satisfactory and to last
in some instances 20 years. However, the general consen-
sus of opinion seems to be that tile drains are the most satis-
factory and cheapest in the end. It is also thought that
more attention has been paid to drainage of late years than
formerly.

12

RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT OF THE FRUIT CROP

OF 1894.

It has been suggested that the Pomologist of the Board of
Agriculture should make a report as to the fruit crop
of the State, a review of the various conditions affectinor it
and the prospects for disposal of the unusually large apple
crop.

A report of this kind, to be of much value to our fruit
growers, would involve much travel about the State and
adjoining ones, and correspondence with growers and dealers
in all of the leading fruit-growing States of the Union.

There being no provision for the expenses of such work,
only such facts can be given as have come under the limited
observation of the writer.

Such reports are, however, needed just as much by the
fruit growers to enable them to dispose of their crops to the
best advantage, as are statistical reports of farm crops, of
grain, manufactures, etc.

Under the circumstances the writer can report only such
facts as have come under his observation over a limited
portion of the State and make such suggestions as may be
warranted thereby.

Retrospect.

The crop of early fruits in the State was, as a whole,
good, and fairly good prices were realized. Strawberries in
some parts of the State were injured by late frosts and later
by the drouth, but subsequent rains brought on a crop of
good size and quality that brought good prices.

The raspberry crop was light, owing to the drouth which
was severe at the time of ripening, but as no rain fell during
this period, the crop was secured in good condition.

In some sections rain came in time to help the blackberry

13

crop, which was good, and, owing to the scarcity of peaches
in the market, brought good prices.

On thin soils, the necessity of mulching, irrigation or heavy
manuring is made more evident this season as the only means
by which the blackberrj^ or raspberry crop can be made
certain.

More good cherries were found in our markets the past
season than usual. This was probably owing to the dry weather
while the fruit was ripening, which was unfavorable for the
growth of the fungous diseases which cause the rotting of
the fruit and leaf blight, and the comparatively few plum
curculios. In some cases the freedom from the attack of the
plum curculio may be accounted for by the increased use of
Paris green upon our apple, pear, cherry and plum trees as
an insecticide.

Early apples were abundant and those put upon the mar-
ket very early sold for fair prices, but as the bulk of the
crop came on, hardly enough was obtained to pay for barrels
or boxes, cost of picking and transportation, and unless
there is a shortage in other kinds of fruit the chances for
remunerative prices are very poor.

Thej9e«c/i crop in all sections of the country is very light,
the government report giving the per cent as 22.3 as com-
pared with a full crop. The fruit buds were largely de-
stroyed before March 1, and then again after the warm
weather of March and April. In this State, only old trees
are showing any fruit at all, while the young trees generally
show none.

The pear crop is much below the average, and, owing to
the abundance of apples and the small demand for anything
but the necessities of life, they are not selling for more than
the average prices. In some orchards the effect of the drouth
is such that the fruit is small and not of the best quality.

Prospect.

Gi-apes.

In many sections of this State the grape crop was injured

by late frosts and later by the rose bugs so that the local

crop will be light. The country shows a crop of about 80

per cent as compared with the full crop.

14

The hot, dry weather has been favorable for rapid growth,
freedom from disease, early ripening and good quality. At
the present time the crop is at least ten days earlier than the
average season.

The berries and bunches are not yet quite up to the aver-
age in size, but the quality will be much above the average.

The outlook for paying prices is not very good unless our
dealers and consumers work together to patronize home
industry. Our fresh native grapes, just cut from the vines,
are much superior to those from New York and the western
and south-western States. After deducting the weight of
basket in which the latter are packed, and the loss of
moisture by long standing, it will be found that, weight for
weight, native fruit, fresh from the package, should com-
mand double the price of the imported, i.e., that ten
pounds of fresh grapes should bring at least fifty cents.

If, however, we consider the much superior quality of
our own product, we cannot but feel that there is even a
much greater difference in value between the two.

This matter should receive more attention from the con-
sumer and dealer than is now given it, for there is a greater
difference between the two products in the light of health-
fulness.

Late Fall and Winter Apples.

The crop of late fall and winter apples in the State is very
large. The Department of Agriculture gives the per cent
as 87 as compared with the largest crop, but if the present
drouth continues this will be much reduced by the dropping
of the fruit. The crop seems to be pretty well distributed
over the entire State, though in some sections of Hampshire
County there are very few or no apples.

In the eastern counties the trees are very heavily loaded,
especially the Baldwins and Hubbardstons.

In many places trees that have been over trimmed on the
inside are breaking down badly with the weight of fruit.

The fruit is generally fair and of good size, though on thin
land and where there has been no rain for a long time they
are small.

In some sections the crop was injured b}' the canker
worm, and the necessity of being ready to fight this pest,

15

which has not been abundant for several years, another
season, is enforced upon fruit growers in sections where it
has gained a foothold.

The prospect of selling the crop at paying prices depends
largely upon the crop of the entire country, and that of
other countries to which we can export, and also the amount
of other fruits that may be put upon our markets.

The crop of the entire country is reported at 44 per cent
of a full crop, with the chances of this being still further
reduced by droughts which prevail in many sections. The
business conditions of the country are such as to warrant the
belief that only the cheaper fruits will find a ready sale, and
if the demand for exportation should be good, and the supply
of oranges and bananas should be small, we may expect a
large home consumption. In England and some European
countries the apple crop is reported as light, and if the
financial conditions of those countries warrant it, there will
probably be a large demand for our product.

The good quality of our crop is much in favor of a large
consumption ; ' ' the more good fruit the people have the
more they want."

Should the business interests of the country revive, now
that the tariff tinkering has ceased, we may hope for better
prices, by -holding our winter fruit in cold storage or in
good fruit cellars. If, however, one has not good facilities
for storing, and cannot provide such before the crop is
harvested, it will be best to dispose of the crop as harvested
if fair prices are offered. A good, honest article, whether
made in the factory or on the farm, will command a fair
price and lead to the largest possible consumption, and in
the competition of fruit growing every one must make an
efibrt to produce the best possible crop at the lowest possible
cost, and those w4io succeed in reducing expenses and at the
same time improve the products, are sure of some profit, as
in all other lines of business. More brain work and better
business management is what most of us farmers need.
The waste products of many business concerns are often made
a large source of income, and in fruit growing the lower
grades of fruit that would injure the sales of our main crop
should be utilized in every way possible.

16

Thousands upon thousands of bushels of early fall apples
go to waste every year, which if taken in time and dried
would yield a large income. One bushel of ordinary apples
that would not sell for more than from 10 to 25 cents per
bushel with the added labor of paring and evaporating
would be worth 75 cents at the present prices of the evapo-
rated product, and cheap home made evaporators can be made
by any one skilled in the use of tools.

If the product is not large enough to warrant the use of
an evaporator, all waste fruit should be fed to stock. It
has been shown b}'^ repeated analyses that apples contain a
food value for cows and horses of from 10 to 20 cents per
bushel and the cost of gathering as they fall can be but
little.

In addition to the value of the fallen apples for food, the
fact that many insects are destroyed when they are thus
utilized is of great importance, reducing the number of
insects for the coming season, and consequently the cost of
production of succeeding crops.

S. T. MAYNARD,

Pomologist.

17

:n^otes of cokresponde:n^ts.

(Returned to us August 30.)

BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

Egremont (J. H. Rowley). — Indian corn is badly injured by
drought. The rowen crop is nearly a failure. Potatoes are a
light crop, no blight or rot. Apples will be a fair crop, pears
average, peaches and grapes injured by drought. Pastures are
brown and poor. Oats and barley are about three-fourths crops .
Some farmers drain their farms using tile and small stone drains.

Monterey (M. S. Bidwell). — Corn about a three-fourths crop,
some fields ruined by drought. Less than half the usual crop of
rowen. Potatoes about half a crop, no blight or rot. ' Tobacco a
fair crop where planted. Apples and pears half crops, no peaches.
Pastures dried up and hay being fed. Oats compared favorably
with last year. Little draining done ; a few tile their swamps and
low lands.

Richmond (O. F. Smith). — Corn below the average owing to
dry weather. Rowen poor and almost a failure. Late potatoes
rather a short crop with considerable blight. Apples about half
a crop, pears a little better, other fruits none. Pastures are in
very poor condition. Oats and barley were full as good as last
year. Not much attention paid to drainage.

Windsor (H. A. Ford). — Corn is about ten days late. There
will be no rowen in this locality. Late potatoes are a very light
crop, but there is little rot. Apples and pears are plenty. Pastur-
age is very dry and short. Oats and barley are about the same
as last year. There is not much draining done.

Cheshire (L. J. Northup). — Indian corn probably 50 per cent
off. Rowen not more than 10 per cent of a full crop. Late pota-
toes a half crop, no blight or rot. Apples half crop, pears plenty.
Pastures a total failure ; some farmers feeding hay and others
fodder corn. Oats are about a three-fourths crop. Farmers here
do not drain their laud much, though now and then a ditch is dug.

Williamslown (S. A. Hickox). — Corn is about a three-fourths
crop. Rowen is not 20 per cent of a full crop. Late potatoes
promise a fair crop with little blight or rot. Apples are about
half a crop, pears 30 per cent, grapes 20 and peaches 0.

18

Pasturage is short, shorter, shortest. Oats and barley are about
as last year. Little attention paid to drainage.

FRANKLIX COUNTY.

Roive (J. F. Brown). — Corn has suffered on account of dry
weather but is looking very well. There is no rowen. Potatoes
ai'e a light crop of fine quality. Pasturage is very poor and dried
up. Apples are dropping badly and will not be more than half a
crop. Oats and barley are about three-fourths crops. Our far-
mers do not pay much attention to drainage.

Charlemont (H, S. Giles). — Some pieces of corn which are
being cut are worth little except for fodder. The drought has
injured rowen in many places. The prospect for late potatoes is
fairly good, considerable blight, no rot. Tobacco injured by
drought. Apples, pears, peaches and grapes all below the aver-
age. Pastures are very dry and short. Oats and barley, are nearly
as good as last year. Drain tiles are used in some places as are
also small poles with a covering of stone.

Conway (J. C. Newhall). — Corn has suffered much from
drought ; on dry land there are no ears at all. The rowen crop is
almost a failure. Potatoes are a very light crop, no rot. Tobacco
stood the drought well and is mostly harvested, being a better crop
than last year. Apples and pears good, no peaches, not many
grapes. Pastures were never known to be so short and dry ; cows
must be fed about as in winter. Oats and barley below the aver-
age. Considerable draining has been done, formerly with stone
but of late with tile.

Deerjield (Chas. Jones). — Corn a fair crop. Rowen poor, not
more than an average crop. No blight or rot on potatoes, but
they are not a full crop. The tobacco crop is good, better than
last year. Not a full crop of apples, a few pears, no peaches, a
few grapes. Pasturage is poor. Oats and barley are better than
last year. Some draining is done, mostly with open drains.

Northfield (Chas. Pomeroy). — Corn probably about a three-
fourths crop, dry weather injuring it. Next to no rowen. Pota-
toes a half crop, a little blight, but no rot. Tobacco is looking
first-rate, average better than last year. Apples a three-fourths
crop, pears one-fourth, no peaches, grapes one-fourth, cranberries
drying up. Feed in pastures nearly all dried up. Barley about
average, oats a little below. Some farmers drain with open
ditches, some with stone drains and others with tile.

Montcujne (C. S. Raymond). — Corn on moist land about an
average crop, on light soil very poor. No rowen to speak of.
Potatoes a very light crop, some blight, no rot. Tobacco is

19

rather a light crop but the quality is fully equal to last year. On
the hills there is some fruit, ia the valleys very little. Pastures
are dry as a road bed. Oats and barley compare favorably with
last year. Not much attention is paid to drainage.

Sunderland (J. M. J. Legate). — Corn is drying up badly and
there will not be much over half a crop. No rowen to speak of.
Potatoes are a very light crop, no blight or rot. The tobacco crop
is about all housed and though it has suffered much from drought
it is better in every way than last year. All fruits are very light
crops. Pastures are all dried up and the stock is being brought
to the barns or fed in pasture. Oats are light. Very few drains
in town except open drains which are called town drains and kept
open by the town. The present season in this vicinity is the poor-
est in years, and if we can elect another Legislature that will put
another five pounds onto onions and refuse to help us on the tax
question, we will be in good shape to move to the poor house.

HAMPSFIIRE COUNTY.

Greemoich (Wm. L. Douglas). — Indian corn is all drying
up for want of rain. There will be no rowen at all. Late po-
tatoes on moist land look fairly well ; no blight. On high land
there are some apples, on low land the frost killed all fruit.
Pastures are all dry, and the stock has to be fed in the barn and
grained.

Enfield (D. O. Chickerixg). — Corn on low lands badly dam-
aged by frost August 22, otherwise looks well considering the dry
weather. The rowen crop is an entire failure. Potatoes will be
from one-half to two-thirds of the usual crop. Very little fruit of
any kind. Pastures are very dry. Oats and barley lighter than
last year. It is very, very dry, no rain of amount having fallen
for three months.

North Amherst (H. A. Parsons). — Corn will- be about half
a crop. Rowen is a very small crop. Late potatoes are about a
one-third crop, with some blight, Apples and peaches a failure ;
pears and grapes good. Pasturage is all dried up except in wet
spots. Oats are a fair crop. There is not much draining done ;
some use board drains like an inverted eave trough in shape.

Hatfield (Thaddeus Graves). — Corn is a three-fourths crop.
Rowen will not be over 15 per cent of an average crop. Potatoes
are a poor crop, and there is some blight. Tobacco is in better
condition than last year, not being storm whipped. The pros-
pect for fruits is good. Pasturage is poor and dry, and many
have taken stock home. Oats are a poor crop. Onions suffer
more from drought than any crop. No drainage required.

20

Northampton (D. A. Horton). — Corn in good condition, but
affected some by the drought; acreage large. No rowen at all.
Many fields of late potatoes are blighted, but there is no rot.
About two-thirds of the tobacco is housed and seems very good ;
stood the drought well. No peaches ; apples a larger crop than
usual ; grapes good ; pears extra good. Pasturage is all dried
up, and most cattle are in the barn. Oat crop very fair ; no bar-
ley raised except for late soilage. Quite a good deal of attention
is paid to drainage ; tile drains are mostly used.

Goshen (Alvan Barrus). — While some fields of corn are ex-
cellent, others are spoiled as a grain crop, by the drought. Rowen
is hardly worth the harvesting. Potatoes are like the corn, good,
bad and indifferent. Late frosts and dry weather have made the
fruit crop uneven. Pastures where fully stocked early in the sea-
son are now worthless. Oats and barley are largely cut for feed,
but where matured are better than last year. Covered and loose
stone drains are used for drainage.

Worthington (C. K. Brewster). — The corn crop will be short-
ened by the dry season. No rowen, and meadows turning brown.
Potatoes are a fair crop ; a little short of average. Apples nearly
average ; pears quite plenty ; no other fruit. Pasturage is all
dried up. Oats and barley are rather short. Not much attention
is paid to drainage. Season the driest ever known, and must hurt
the grass fields for another year. Many people feeding stock now.

HAMPDEN COUNTY.

Blandford (E. "W. Boise) . — Corn has a heavy growth of stover,
but is earing light on account of drought. No rowen to any
amount will be cut. Many fields of potatoes are small and but
few in the hill ; no rot ; tops green but are affected by rust.
Apples good crop ; cranberries injured by spring frosts. Oats
and barley full average crops. No attention paid to drainage.
Root crops need rain ; with it an average yield may be expected.

Westfield (C. F. Fowler). — Indian corn is badly affected by
drought. Rowen is very light ; not over one-fourth crop. All
potatoes are a light crop, and blight seems to be universal. To-
bacco is mostly housed ; growth good ; and with suitable weather
for curing bids fair for a very nice crop of light wrappers.
Apples a full crop ; pears fair ; peaches light ; grapes light.
Pastures short and very dry. Little draining done ; I find tile
gives entire satisfaction.

West Springfield (N. T. Smith). — On good land corn is fully
average ; on light soil with poor culture, very poor. No rowen
except in valleys on naturally moist land. Potato tops all dead ;

21

yield about half of average ; no rot. Tobacco is of good growth
and quality with the exception of some late set which needs rain.
Pastures dry and bare. Apples about 40 per cent ; pears and
grapes about average ; no peaches. Oat stover was a fair growth.
Both stone and tile drains have been used to a limited extent.

Chicopee (R. W. Bemis). — Indian corn in excellent condition.
The dry weather has made rowen short. Late potatoes must be
short ; early planted yielding well. Apples and pears rather a
short crop ; grapes a fair crop. Pastures very much dried up.
Oats and barley about as last year. Very little attention is paid
to drainage, and there is not much system about that which is
done ; land is too cheap.

Ludlow (C. B. Bennett). — A few fields of corn were spoiled
by the dry weather, but most of it is fair. No rowen at all. Late
potatoes are a failure ; no rot. Tobacco was a poor stand but the
crop looks well. No peaches or cranberries ; a few apples, pears
and grapes. Pasturage all dried up. Oats about as last year.
Some farmers are draining, using both stone and tile.

Brbnfield (S. W. Brown). — Corn is fair on an average ; some
lots No. 1. No rowen; all dried up. The prospect for late
potatoes is poor ; no blight or rust yet. All fruits are poor crops.
Pasturage has not been in such poor condition for fifty years.
Oats and barley compare favorably with last year. No atten-
tion paid to drainage. Fall seeding has commenced, and much
will be done in that line as it has been so dry of late years that
spring seeding has been a failure.

WORCESTER COUNTY.

Warren (Wm. E. Patrick). — Early planted corn in good con-
dition, late planted poor unless on moist land. Less rowen than
at any time for forty years. Late potatoes few in a hill, of fair
size, no blight. Apples fair ; pears poor ; grapes very poor. Pas-
turage about as it usually is the first of November. Oats and bai-
ley 25 per cent less than last year. Tile drainage seems to be the
most satisfactory though some very good results have been obtained
by blind draining with small stones. Not as much attention given
to this line of farm improvement as there should be.

Barre (J. L. Smith). — Corn in very good condition consider-
ing the dry weather. No rowen to speak of. Potatoes rather
poor ; have noticed some blight. A large crop of apples, not
much other fruit raised. Feed is very short. Oats and barley are
not as heavy as last year. Not much drainage done in this section ;
some tile but stone drains more used.

22

Templeton (Lucien Gove). — Cora is well advanced toward ma-
turity, but the drought has reduced the size of the ears. No rowen ;
the mowings the poorest for years. Potatoes a light crop ; no blight
or rot, some complaint of scab. Apples light ; pears below average ;
peaches extremely light ; grapes good. Pastures are in worse con-
dition than for many years. Oats and barley lighter than last
season. A few have practised drainage, some use stone, others
open ditches, a very few use tile. Farmers are feeling the busi-
ness depression this year and generally the taxes are higher than
ever.

Princeton (Preston Knight). — Corn is about 90 per cent of a
crop. Rowen is very light and drying up. Potatoes are a light
crop, blight has touched several pieces, and one field on digging
was found to be badly rotted. Apples, both early and late, plenty
and good ; as are also pears. Pastures are all drying up and the
water supply getting short. Oats and barley average crops. No
need of drainage in this section.

Leominster (W. B. Hosmer). — Corn is ripening from the
drought and will probably fall off one-fourth. Eowen is very un-
favorable and but a small crop, if any, can be secured. Late
potatoes poor, earlier ones yielding better than was expected ; no
rot and but little blight. Apples an average crop ; peaches and
grapes very light. Pastures are dry and little to be depended on
for feed. Oats and barley not more than half crops. Consider-
able attention is paid to drainage, both stone and tile being used,
but tile is the most satisfactory.

Lancaster (S. C. Damon). — Corn a fair crop though slightly
touched by frost. No rowen at all. Late potatoes poor but no
blight or rot has been noticed so far. The prospect for apples,
pears and grapes is fair ; no peaches or cranberries. Pasturage is
all dried up. Very little draining is done, but tile is used when
any.

Spencer (H. H. Kingsbury). — Corn is somewhat injured from
lack of rain but is now maturing rapidly. The crop of rowen is a
complete failure. There is prospect for a good crop of potatoes;
no blight or rot. One garden plat of tobacco which looks finely.
Apples, grapes and pears good ; peaches and cranbei'ries short
crop. Pasturage is very scant. Oats and barley full average
crops. Very little draining done in this vicinity.

Worcester {^. A. Burgess). — Corn is good when not frost
bitten ; better than last year. Rowen is poor on account of
drought. Potatoes of good quality, yield not large ; no blight or
rot. Apples large crop ; pears fair ; peaches very small ; grapes
good. Pastures badly dried up and grasshoppers destroying the

23

residnum. Oats better than last year ; barley not so good. Stone
drains covered with about two feet of soil are used for drainage.

Southborough (E. F. Collins). — Cora is good; more than an
average crop. Very little rowen except ou reclaimed meadows
and highly fertilized fields. Potatoes are a good crop with no
blight or rot. Apples are the largest yield and the best quality
for many years. Pastures are rather dry and there is not much
feed. Most of the best farms are drained with box stone drains.

Blackstone (L. R. Daniels). — Corn in fair condition, prospect
of an average crop. liowen about a two-thirds crop. Potatoes
nearly an average crop ; blight as usual, no rot yet. Apples,
pears and grapes 100; peaches scarce; cranberries 75. Pasturage
has suffered from drought ; condition 90. Oats and barley for
feeding green are as good as last year. Not much drainage of
late years as there is enough land without it. In low swampy
lands broad open ditches with sloping sides have been used with
good effect. Where there is considerable fall, a narrow ditch 2|-
to 3 feet deep, with a foot of small stones in the bottom, is a
method that has proved good. No tile or pipe used for cultivated
land.

MIDDLESEX COUNTY.

Groton (Daniel Needham). — Corn is very little below the
average. Rowen is very poor. Late potatoes are not good, though
there is no blight or rot. Apples and pears are excellent. Pas-
turage is in very poor condition. Oats and barley average crops.
Not much attention paid to drainage. If our farmers delay sell-
ing their hay it is not unreasonable to suppose that they will
realize the full money value from this season's operations.

Littleton (G. W. Sanderson). — Indian corn is in good condi-
tion. Rowen is not an average crop. Potatoes are small and
few in a hill. Apples are a big crop, also pears, no peaches.
Pastures are dry. No oats and barley raised except for fodder.
Low lands are drained by open ditches.

Chelmsford (P. P. Perham). — Corn is a good growth but is
suffering now from drought. The prospect for rowen is very poor.
Late potatoes promise fair, very little blight. Apples and pears
plenty, grapes and cranberries very few. Old pastures look quite
parched and brown from the drought. Early sown oats and
barley were a large crop. Some draining is done here, stone are
used in nearly every case.

Wilmii)gton (E. N. Eames). — There will be an average crop
of Indian corn. Rowen has suffered much from drought and is
light. Potatoes are looking well, have heard of no complaints of
rot or blight. Apples and pears very heavy crops, no peaches,

24

average crop of cranberries. Pastures have suffered much from
want of rain. Very little draining done here.

Woburn (W. H. Bartlett). — None but sweet corn raised here
and that is drying up. There will be no rowen except on a few
meadows. Potatoes an average crop, no rot or blight. Pears a
full crop, no peaches, grapes plenty, apples half a crop. Pastur-
age is all dried up. Oats and barley little raised except for
fodder. Not much attention paid to drainage though most farms
have drains of ditches in low places. Everything wilting and dry-
ing up ; apple tree leaves yellow and falling ; roots cannot grow ;
squashes lie almost flat ; onions a failure ; corn turning yellow.

Newton (Otis Pettee). — Corn promises a fair crop if not
injured by frosts. About an average crop of rowen will be cut.
Late potatoes a good crop, no blight or rot. There is a good
yield of apples and pears. Pastures are suffering from want of
rain and cows are fed in barnyards to some extent. While driv-
ing across the State three or four weeks ago I noticed that the
farms in the central section were suffering more from drought than
in the eastern part or among the Berkshire hills.

Framingham (H. S. Whittemore). — Indian corn is in good
condition. Rowen is not half a crop. Late potatoes look well
but early ones are very light ; some show blight and some are
rotting. Apples a three-fourths crop, pears half a crop, grapes
very light and very few cranberries. Oats rusted badly and are
not over a three-fourths crop. Very little attention is paid to
drainage except some open drains.

Sherborn (N. B. Douglas). — Corn is a poor stand but other-
wise a fair crop. Rowen is a light crop except on low moist land.
Potatoes will be an average crop, no rust or blight. Apples a full
crop on fifty per cent of the trees ; pears average ; no peaches ;
small yield of grapes and cranberries. Pasturage is dry and short.
Oats and barley are about the same as last year. Not so much
attention paid to drainage as there should be, mostly open ditches.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Haverhill (Eben Webster). — Indian corn has suffered a good
deal from drought. Rowen will be about two-thirds of an average
crop. There is no rot in potatoes, but the crop is light on account
of the drought. There will be less of all kinds of fruit than usual.
Pastures are dried up. Drainage is not extensively practised and
open drains or blind stone drains are mostly used.

West Newbury (.J. C. Tarletox). — Indian corn is in very good
condition. Rowen is not as good as in former years as the dry
weather has affected it. Potatoes are not a very good crop on

25

account of drought, no rot as yet. Apples very good, pears not
very plenty, peaches and cranberries very few. Pasturage is
very good. Very little drainage is done but tile is the most satis-
factory.

Newbury (Geo. W. Adams). Corn is in very good condition
and the crop will be a fair average. Rowen is much less than in
former years. The condition of late potatoes is good to fair, a
little rust and blight, but little rot. Apples small to fair, pears
good, peaches good, grapes and cranberries poor. Pasturage is
very short and dry. Oats and barley are about the same as last
year for early and low land, less for late and high. Not much
draining done though some tile is used.

Ipsivkh (O. C. Smith). — There will be about an average crop
of Indian corn. On wet low land the rowen crop is good, on high
land hardly any. Potatoes are better than was expected, some
blight and a little rot. Fruit crops all promise to be good except
peaches. Pastures are short and need rain. Oats and barley
about as last year. Not much attention is paid to drainage
though most farmers have surface drains.

To2).<]field (B. P. Pike). — It is too dry for corn to fill out well.
There will be very little rowen cut. Some potatoes on low land
are very good, others light, no blight. Apples a full crop on
most farms, pears plenty, no cranberries. Pastures are dry and
short. There is very little grain threshed in this vicinity. Our
farmers do not drain much, they are thinking more of irrigating
at the present time.

Ifarblehead (Wm. S. Phillips, Jr.). — Corn is in fair condition.
Rowen is not quite up to the average. In some fields of potatoes
the lateness of the crop will be the only out, in others the rust and
drought are making havoc. There is a fair crop of apples in some
orchards. Pasturage is very poor indeed. Most farms here have
to be drained, open ditches are the rule, but where land has been
tiled the best results are shown. During the last month it has
been very dry and many wells and springs show no moisture.

NORFOLK COUNTY.
Medivay (Monroe Morse). — Corn is injured by drought and
will be below average. There is practically no rowen. Potatoes
will be a light crop, no rot, but the leaves have a blighted appear-
ance from the ravages of the flea beetle. Apples good ; pears good ;
peaches few ; grapes fair. Pastures are very brown and short.
Oats and barley are grown only for fodder. Only a few farmers
have put in drains. I have laid 250 rods, using tile, and am much
pleased with the result.

26

Franklin (C. M. Allen). — Much of the corn is very light by
reason of clrouglit. Rowen a very light crop. Very few fields of
potatoes are up to the average, 60 per cent of full crop. Apples
and pears average ; peaches 10 percent ; grapes 75 per cent ; cran-
berries 60 per cent. Pastures are very bare. Oats and barley
nearly equal to last year. But little land is drained. Stone drains
are generally used and are found satisfactory. Abundant showers
have revived vegetation and improved crops greatly.

Medjield (Geo. R. Chase). — Corn is poor and not filling out on
account of drought. Rowen is a failure on account of drought.
The prospect for late potatoes is very poor, but I have noticed no
blight or rot. Apples good ; pears good ; peaches poor ; grapes
average and cranberries a small crop. Pasturage is ruined by
drought. Oats and barley are 80 per cent of last year's crops.
Little attention paid to drainage, stone drains and open ditches
mainly used.

Cohasset (E. E. Ellms). — Corn is very good indeed. Rowen
is not up to former years. Potatoes are a poor crop ; have noticed
blight and some rot. There is a great crop of all kinds of fruit in
this vicinity. Pasturage is very dry and poor. Oats and barley
are about the same as last year. Little attention paid to drainage.

BRISTOL COUNTY.

Attleborough (Isaac Alger) . — Indian corn is an average crop.
Rowen will be an average crop. The prospect for late potatoes is
good and there is no blight or rot. Apples, pears and grapes are
average and cranberries will be a one-fourth crop. Pasturage is
short. Oats and barley were average crops. There is no special
system of drainage used.

Eaynham (N. W. Shaw). — Corn will be a very light crop as
a whole. There is but very little rowen. Potatoes are not up to
the average ; no blight or rot. Apples a good crop ; pears not
many ; peaches very few ; grapes a one-half crop ; cranberries
small crop. Pastures have dried up and stock is fed in the barns.
Threshed oats are light. Little attention is paid to drainage as
there is not much necessity for it. All springs are low and water
must be used with care.

Somerset (Joseph Gibbs). — Com is 80 per cent of a full crop.
The prospect for rowen is poor. Potatoes are a light crop ; about
65 per cent ; no rot. No cranberries ; other fruits about three-
fourths crops. Pasturage is in poor condition. Oats and barley
average crops. Turnips did not come up well. Surface drainage
is the only system practised. This has been the worst season on

27

the whole for years ; crops much below the average, and prices
lower still.

Dartmouth (L. T. Davis). — Indian corn about 85 per cent
of full crop. Rowen is not over 10 per cent of a crop. Potatoes
a little more than half a crop ; no rot. Apples 85 in condition ;
pears 90. Pasturage is very short ; stock having to be fed in
barns. Not much threshing done yet ; but oats and barley are
perhaps three-fourths crops. Some drainage in this section with
small stones and tile drains.

PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

West Brklgeivater (F. E. Howard). — Indian corn has suffered,
and is suffering extremely from the drought. Rowen very poor
indeed. Potatoes a very poor crop ; have not noticed blight or
rot to any extent. Apples and pears plenty ; peaches, grapes and
cranberries scarce. Pasturage is short. Oats and barley were
smaller crops than last year. Not much attention is paid to the
drainage of farms, open drainage being most practised.

Marshfeld (J. H. Bourne). — Corn a three-fourths crop, and
not as good as a month ago. Very little rowen here. Late pota-
toes not as good as early ; no blight or rot. Apples abundant,
also pears, peaches and grapes not quite up ; cranberries suffering
from worms, and not over half a crop. Pasturage is in poor con-
dition. Oats and barley much smaller crops than last year. Some
meadows are drained with open ditches, and some with tile. Our
dike meadows all need draining, but this year the dry weather was
too much for them, the salt being drawn up from the bottom and
the water evaporating and leaving the salt near the surface, thus
injuring the roots of the crops.

Kingston (J. H. Cushman). — There will not be over a two-
thirds crop of corn. Rowen is not more than a one-fourth crop.
There will be a very light yield of late potatoes, and on some fields
they have commenced to rot. Good prospect for apples ; pears and
peaches scarce ; grapes fairly good, also cranberries. Pastures
very dry ; we have to feed our cows daily. Oats not more than
half a crop. Low lands are drained with ditches filled with stone.

Halifax (G. "W. Hayward). — Corn not in very good condi-
tion, and the crop will be light. No rowen for miles around ; most
fields as dry as when cut. Potatoes will be light ; no rot. Fruit
very poor, except apples, which will be a fair crop. There is no
pasturage, as we have had no rain to help the pastures this sum-
mer. Oats and barley are sown only for fodder, and are light.
Very little done in the way of drainage except by open ditches ;
very little tile drain in this vicinity.

28

Lakeville (Elbridge Cushman). — Corn is suffering for want of
rain. No rowen to speak of. The yield of potatoes will be small,
but of good quality. Apples and pears are abundant ; no peaches ;
few grapes ; cranberries light, and many are already killed by
frost. Pastures are entirely dried up. Oats were affected by
blight. Drainage is receiving some attention, but in many cases
ridging the laud, just allowing the mowing machine and hay wagon
to pass over proves more satisfactory.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY.

Sandwich (.J. R. Hoi. way). — Drought has about ruined many
fields of corn. There is very little rowen. Late potatoes will be
a small crop, some blight but no rot. Apples, pears and grapes
quite plenty, some peaches and very few cranberries. Pastures
are all dried up and nearly all feed in the barn. Very little land
needs draining, more needs irrigation. There is practically nothing
to harvest in this section except a little fruit.

MasJipee (W. F. Hammond). — Indian corn is looking very well
for the season. Rowen is a failure. Late potatoes will be small,
no blight or rot. Apples, pears and grapes a fair crop, no peaches,
cranberries a small crop. Pasturage is short and drying up very
fast. Oats have been a failure. Our subsoil is nearly all coarse
sand and gravel and natural drainage is sufficient.

Barnstable (John Bursley). — Corn is an average crop. No
rowen at all. Late potatoes will be a very light crop, very little
blight or rot. Small crop of apples, pears fair crop, no peaches,
few grapes, cranberries 25 to 35 per cent of a crop. Pastures are
all burned up. Oats are grown only as a fodder crop and rusted
quite badly. A few drain a little with stone drains. Probably
1,000 feet of tile are laid yearly which gives the best service.

Breivster (J. H. Clark). — Corn is in fair condition. Scarcely
any rowen at all on account of drought. Potatoes are a very light
crop, no blight or rot. All kinds of fruit are very light. Pastur-
age is all dried up. Oats and barley were about average crops.
Not much attention is paid to drainage.

DUKES COUNTY.

West Tishury (Geo. Hunt Luce). — Corn very much injured
by drought. There will be no rowen. Late potatoes poor, no
blight or rot. Apples fair, pears good, grapes injured by drought,
cranberries small crop. Pasturage is in very poor condition. Oats
and barley not as heavy as last year. We do not drain our land.

29

STATISTICS OF MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURE.

(Compiled from Censvs Bulletins, 1890.)

Farms.

In enumerating farms no farm was reported b}' the census enu-
merators of less than 3 acres unless $500 worth of produce had
been actually sold from it during the year; and all land once
ploughed was considered improved, unless afterward abandoned
for cultivation. The total number of farms was given as 34,374,
with a total of 2,998,282 acres divided as follows: — improved,
1,657,024 ; unimproved, 1,341,258. The total number of families
connected with these farms was given as 34,576 divided as follows :
— owning, 29,370 (free, 20,425 ; incumbered, 8,945) ; hiring, 5,206.
The percentage of families owning was 84.94, and of hiring, 15 06.
The percentage of families owning free of total owning families
was 69.54, and incumbered, 30.46. The percentage of families
owning free of total owning and hiring families was 59.07, and
incumbered, 25.87. The number of families owning with incum-
brance was 8,945 ; value, 128,249,173 ; incumbrance, $11,831,941 ;
percentage of incumbrance of value, 41.88. The total annual
interest charge was $659,865 ; average annual interest charge,
$74 ; average annual rate of interest, 5.58. The valuation of
land, fences and buildings was $127,538,284. Valuation of im-
plements and machinery, $5,938,940. Valuation of live stock on
hand June 1, 1890, $14,200,178. Estimated value of farm prod-
ucts, $28,072,500.

Live Stock and Live Stock Products.*

The following live stock was reported on hand June 1, 1890;
horses, 63,638 ; mules, 157 ; asses, 39 ; total neat cattle, 256,128,
the number being made up of 9,831 working oxen, 172,046 milch
cows, and 74,251 head of other cattle; swine, 91,483; sheep not
including spring lambs, 51,438. The number of fleeces shorn in

* The value of products was estimated by the farmers when there was no exact
account kept of the same.

30

the spring of 1890 and fall of 1889 was 47,862, which made 241,-
314 pounds of wool. The dairy products for 1869 were as fol-
lows: gallons of milk, 15,284,057; pounds of butter, 6,559,161 ;
pounds of cheese, 2,245,873 ; for 1879, gallons of milk, 29,662,-
953; pounds of butter, 9,655,587; pounds of cheese, 829,528;
for 1889, gallons of milk, 82,571,924; pounds of butter, 8,358,-
703 ; pounds of cheese, 122,900.

Crops of 1889.

There were 1,785 acres of barley yielding 38,715 bushels ; 2,473
acres of buckwheat yielding 31,300 bushels ; 34,010 acres of Indian
corn yielding 1,330,101 bushels; 14,331 acres of oats yielding
388,819 bushels ; 10,665 acres of rye yielding 117,091 bushels;
112 acres of wheat yielding 1,813 bushels; 1 acre of flax yield-
ing 4 bushels ; 2,012 acres of tobacco yielding 2,794,848 pounds ;
2 acres of hops yielding 800 pounds (1 in Middlesex County,
1 in Bristol County) ; 1 acre of broom corn yielding 800 pounds ;
2,310 bushels dry Canada peas ; 618 bushels cow peas ; and 11,300
bushels of dry beans. Statistics of hay, potatoes and other farm
crops have not yet been published.

In acreage of barley Worcester County led with 803 acres, fol-
lowed by Berkshire County with 239 acres, Franklin County with
181 acres, Middlesex County with 131 acres, and Essex County
with 127 acres. In acreage of buckwheat Berkshire County led
with 1,379 acres, followed by Hampden County with 465 acres,
and Worcester County with 206 acres. In acreage of Indian corn
Worcester County led with 6,516 acres, followed by Hampshire
County with 5,652 acres, Hampden County with 5,260 acres,
Franklin County with 4,596 acres, Berkshire County with 3,876
acres, and Middlesex County with 2,627 acres. In acreage of
oats Berkshire County led with 7,209 acres, followed by Worces-
ter County with 1,631 acres, Franklin County with 1,623 acres,
and Hampshire County with 1,433 acres. In acreage of rye
Hampden County led with 3,348 acres, followed by Berkshire
County with 2,227 acres, and Hampshire County with 2,100 acres.
In acreage of wheat Franklin and Worcester counties each reported
27 acres, followed by Essex County with 13 acres, and Middlesex
County with 12 acres.

The total area in cereals in 1889 was 63,376 acres, as compared
with 104,631 acres in 1879, a decrease of 41,255 acres, or 39.43
percent. All the cereals show a diminished acreage ; the decrease
in barley, buckwheat, corn, oats, rye and wheat being 1,386 ; 3,144 ;
18,545; 6,328; 11,001; and 851 acres respectively.

31

Horticulture — Nurseries.
Number of nurseries, 120 : acres of land, 1,891 ; value per acre,
1404.71; total value, $1,393,666.80; value of implements, $37,-
249.20; total capital invested, $1,773,500; number of men em-
ployed, 540 ; number of women employed, 22 ; wages paid men
per day, $1.63; wages paid women per day, $1.00; number of
horses and other animals employed, 270 ; total acreage of nursery
trees and plants of all ages, 655 ; apple, 54; peach, 6 ; pear, 3 ;
plum, 3 ; deciduous, 152 ; evergreen, 99 ; hardy shrubs, 189 ; rose,
2 ; grape vines, 1 ; strawberry, 94 ; raspberry, 31 ; blackberry, 18 ;
currant, 3 ; number of salesmen employed, 60 ; monthly wages
paid salesmen, $42.50 ; number of wholesale catalogues issued,
25,000 ; number of retail catalogues issued, 140,000 ; amount paid
for newspaper advertising, $11,175.60 ; amount paid for postage,
$8,828.40 ; amount paid for freight bills, $20,895.60 ; amount paid
for express bills, $8,533.20 ; estimated amount paid for freight
and express on outgoing shipments, $34,560.

Floriculture.
Number of florists' establishments, 407 : owned and managed
by women, 25 ; square feet of glass reported for one establish-
ment, largest number, 40,000, smallest number, 400 ; total square
feet of glass, 2,717,946 ; area of land cultivated (acres), 467;
value of tools and implements used, $104,090.25; total value of
establishments, $2,663,587.08 ; number of men emplo^'ed, 814;
wages paid men per day, $1.67 ; total wages paid men, $407,814 ;
women employed, 64; wages paid women per day, $1.05; total
wages paid women, $20,160 ; number of horses employed, 305 ;
cost of fuel used, $101,326.72; wholesale catalogues issued, 40,-
700 ; retail catalogues issued, 770,044 ; paid for postage, $20,-
768.89; paid for advertising, $41,469.23; paid for freight,
$46,707.32; paid for express, $40,327.88; estimated freight and
express bills on outgoing shipments, $46,176 01 ; roses propa-
gated, 884,411; hardy plants propagated, 1,275,945; all other
plants propagated, 9,320,600; total plant sales, $594,053.13;
total cut-flower sales, $1,036,409.22; per cent of stock sold at
wholesale, 49 ; per cent of stock sold at retail, 51.

Honey and Beeswax.
There were produced in Massachusetts in 1869, 1,195 pounds
of beeswax and 25,299 pounds of honey: in 1879, 2,463 pounds
of beeswax and 49,397 pounds of honey ; and in 1889, 1,690
pounds of beeswax and 90,929 pounds of honey.

32

Poultry and Eggs.

Poultry on hand June 1, 1880, exclusive of spring hatching,
barnyard, 914,327; other, 48,594. Eggs produced in 1879,
6,571,553 dozens. Poultry on hand June 1, 1890, domestic fowl
(chickens) 1,623,605; other, 84,777. Eggs produced in 1889,
8,931,398 dozens.

It is regretted that statistics pertaining to hay, potatoes, market
garden crops, fruits, berries, etc., are not yet obtainable.

F. H. FOAVLER,

First Clerk.

Series of 1894. . Bulletin No. 5.

MASSACHUSETTS

CROP REPOET

Month of September, 1894.

ISSUED BY

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

BOSTON :

WRIGnX & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

Ckop Eeport foe the Month of September, i894.

Office State Board of Agriculture,

BosTOX, Mass., Oct. 1, 1894.

With the issue of October 2 the weekly crop bulletins
issued by the New England Weather Service in co-opera-
tion with this Board ceased for the season. It is expected
that these bulletins will be sent to those on our mailing list
with the coming of the next growing season. Particular
attention is called to the article on the " Regulative Influence
exerted by Birds on the Increase of Insect Pests," by the
Ornithologist of the Board, which appears on the last pages
of this Bulletin.

Peogress of the Season.

Report No. 119 (September, 1894) of the Statistician of
the United States Department of Agriculture shows a decline
in the condition of corn to 03.4 from 69.1 in the month of
August, and 95 in the month of July. The change is marked
in nearly all the great corn States. Reports from eight
States, viz , Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri,
Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota, show that out of an
aggregate of 40,873,984 acres planted in those States there
have been cut up for fodder or abandoned 15,506,000 acres,
or 38 per cent, which is a little over 20 per cent for the en-
tire country.

The condition of wheat when harvested, considering both
winter and spring, was 83.7 against 74 last year and 85.3 in
1892. In the principal wheat States there has been consid-
erable improvement since the July report.

The average condition of oats is reported at 77.8 as against
76.5 on August 1, 77.7 on July 1, and 87 on June 1, a de-
cline of nearly 10 points since June. The condition has
been lower at the same date in the last ten years only in
1892 and 1893. Damages from the army worm and grass-

hoppers are reported in a few localities, but the principal
cause of the low condition has been the drought. In the
Eocky Mountains and on the Pacific coast high condition is
shown.

The returns for rye show an average condition of 86.9
against 82 a year ago, and 88.5 in 1892. It was lower in
1887, 1890 and 1893, but higher every other year of the
past decade.

The condition of barley has risen nearly 2 points during
the month and stands at 71.5 against 69.8 in August. This
shows a falling off from the June condition of nearly 11
points and indicates a light yield. It is the lowest Septem-
ber average during the last decade.

There is a decline in the September condition of buck-
wheat of 121^ points since August. The condition of this
cereal, 69.2, is the lowest recorded during the decade. The
chief cause of the low condition is the di'ouo^ht.

The condition of potatoes for the whole country is 62.4,
nearly 12 points lower than in August. This is the lowest
September condition in the last ten years. Condition last
year 71.8, and for 1892, 74.8.

. The condition of tobacco is 74.5, ranging from 51 in Mis-
souri to 92 in Connecticut and North Carolina. In some
sections the crop has suffered from an excess of rain, or from
hail and wind storms, but the chief cause of the low average
is the widely prevalent drought.

A decline is shown in the condition of cotton of 5.9 points
from the August condition, being 85.9 against 91.8 for that
month. The principal cause of the decline was excessive
rainfall throughout the cotton belt. In some portions of
some States blight, rot, rust, shedding and premature open-
ing of^the bolls are reported. Boll worms and caterpillars
are also doing some damage.

The average condition of apples has declined from 44 to
40.8. Condition is highest in New England, where percent-
ages range from 69 to 89, and in the mountain and Pacific
States, where the range is from 50 to above normal.

The condition of peaches is now 21.1. But three States
east of the mountain States have a condition of 60 or over,
viz.. New Hampshire, New Jersey and Michigan. The

highest condition is in Colorado, 94, and California is next
with 89.

The condition of grapes is higher than for apples and
peaches, though the prospect is poorer than at the same
date in several years past. The low condition is generally
ascribed to late frosts in spring.

Rice is 89.4 in condition, but 1.6 points below August con-
dition, the returns being generally very favorable.

The reports on sugar cane are in general favorable. Its
condition in Louisiana averages 100 ; in the Gulf States,
ranges from 89 to 98, while in South Carolina it is 99.

The area under clover-seed is reported at 71.9 per cent
of that of 1893. The reduction is due to the cutting of
many fields for fodder which would have been saved for seed,
but for the drought. Condition is 63.3, or much below
average, indicating a very short crop.

The number of stock hogs for fattening as compared with
last year is 90, a reduction of 10 per cent, and the average
condition as to weight and size is 91.3, a deficiency of 8.7
per cent. Disease has figured but slightly in the reduction
of number and condition.

In Massachusetts the average condition of corn September
1 is given as 76 ; the average condition of rye when har-
vested as 98 ; the average condition of oats when harvested
as 94 ; the average condition of barley when harvested as
91 ; the average condition of buckwheat September 1 as 92 ;
the average condition of potatoes as 78 ; the average condi-
tion of tobacco as 90 ; the average condition of apples as 89 ;
the average condition of peaches as 34 ; the average condi-
tion of grapes as 86 ; the number of stock hogs fattening as
91 : the average condition of stock hogs as to weight and
size as 100.

Temperature and Rainfall for the Whole Country.

From United States Weather-Crop Bulletins.

Week ending September 3. — Week slightly cooler than
usual in New England, Florida, Louisiana and generally
throughout the plateau regions, but no marked deficiency.
In all other portions of the country the week averaged
warmer than usual. During the week the rainfall was decid-

6

cdly in excess over the greater portion of the western half
of the cotton region ; also over the Florida peninsula, por-
tions of Georgia, Kansas and Missouri. Slightly in excess
on the north Pacific coast and over portions of Idaho, Wyo-
ming and Montana. Over much the greater portion of
the agricultural regions the rainfall during the week was
loss than usual. In the western portion of the cotton region
there was too much rain for cotton and the crop was in-
jured. Drought conditions generally prevailed throughout
the northern districts east of the Rocky Mountains. Pastur-
age generally poor. Extensive forest fires in Minnesota
and Wisconsin destroyed much property and caused great
loss of life.

Week ending Sejotemher 10. — Cooler than usual in the
Rocky Mountains and plateau regions and southern Califor-
nia. In all districts east of the Rocky Mountains, except
extreme southern Florida, it was warmer than usual. Dur-
ing the week copious rains fell over the greater portion of
the Southern States, Kansas, Missouri, southern Iowa, and
from Wisconsin and northern Illinois eastward to the middle
Atlantic States. Portions of the Dakotas and an area extend-
ino; from Colorado northwestward to Washington had a gen-
erous rainfall. Elsewhere less than the average amount of
rain fell. The recent rains have benefited late corn in New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Illinois, Missouri and
Kansas, but were too late to be of benefit to early corn.
The week was favorable to cotton in the Carolinas, Ten-
nessee and Texas, and the crop is slowly improving in
Georgia. Elsewhere heavy rains have proved injurious.
The tobacco crop is practically secured in New York and
Pennsylvania. Plowing for fall seeding has progressed rap-
idly where rain has fallen. Frosts occurred in Colorado,
Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Minnesota and New England.

Weeh ending September 17. — East of the Mississippi
River and on the central and southern California coast the
week was warmer than usual. From the central and lower
Mississippi valley, westward over the Rocky Mountains dis-
tricts, cooler than usual. Freezing temperatures occurred in
the Dakotas and northern Minnesota, a minimum of 22
being reported from northern Minnesota on the 17th. More
than the usual amount of rain fell in the central Mississippi

and lower Ohio valleys, over portions of New England and
the Lake region, and over the greater portion of the Soath-
ern States. Also more than usual on the north Pacific coast
and in portions of Montana and Utah. Elsewhere less than
the usual amount of rain fell. In the principal corn States
much of the corn has been cut and is now safe from frost.
Except in the Carolinas, Florida and western Texas the
week was unfavorable for cotton, continued rains hav-
ing caused rust and shedding. Week especially favorable
for pasturage and plowing for fall seeding.

Week ending Sej}(ember 24. — Average temperature con-
ditions prevailed during the week in southern Florida, the
Mississippi Valley and in the lower portions of the Ohio and
Missouri valleys. On the Atlantic coast north of Florida,
and over the Lake region week warmer than usual. Week
warmer than usual from Nebraska, Kansas and Texas west-
ward to the Pacific, except on the immediate coast of south-
ern California, northern Oreo;on and Washino-ton. More
than the usual amount of rain fell in Florida and from the
Carolinas northward to New England. More than average
rainfall over portions of the Lake region and upper Missis-
sippi valley, and portions of Montana, Arkansas, Kansas and
Texas. Abundant rains generally throughout the Atlantic
coast States. In the lower Ohio and upper Missouri and
lower Mississippi valleys and throughout the Rocky Moun-
tain and plateau regions less than the usual amount of rain
fell. No rain fell in Nebraska, western Kansas, and from
Colorado, Wyoming and Idaho northwestward to the Pacific
coast. Fall plowing and seeding has progressed rapidly,
corn cutting has been pushed vigorously, and in Indiana and
Illinois the crop is out of danger from frost. The week
was favorable for cotton-picking, which has been pushed
rapidly. On the Pacific coast the weather is especially favor-
able for securing crops and drying fruits.

New England Weather and Crops.

From United States Weather-Crop Bulletins.

Weeh ending September 3. — Little sunshine and very
little rain ; many wells and springs that never fiiiled before
are dry ; too dry for plowing or seeding ; crops maturing

8

rapidly and being harvested ; potatoes variable, but on the
whole fair crop ; little decay reported.

Week ending September 10. — Showers have been gen-
eral and crop conditions slightly more favorable, except
where damaged from frost in northern sections on 8th ;
water supply still very short and pastures poor, aflecting
milk supply very seriously both in quantity and quality.

Week ending Septemher 1 7. — Weather favorable ; little
damage from frosts ; rains heavy in central and north-west
portions, light in east ; fall plowing and seeding begun and
seed starting well ; harvesting under way ; cranberries very
light ; corn good ; late potatoes better than expected.

Week ending Septemher 24. — Warm with much sunshine ;
moderate rain in north, and from four to five inches in south-
west ; late forage, garden crops and grass lands improving
wonderfully ; harvesting well along ; apples variable, but
generally a good crop of fine quality.

9

Massachusetts Weather.

Meteorological Data Jor September, 1894.

[Furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

Temperature.

Deg.

F.

Precipita-
tion.

•6
a

Cloddiness.
No. OF Uats.

STATIOX.

.a

a
0

•a

a

Is

i

a

a

■3
0

.as

a

a

60

a
1

3

0
0

0

5

as
3

Pittsfiekl, .

61.6

84

11

34

26

5.91

11

Springfield, .

66.0

90

10

38

26

5.31

9

w.

_

_

-

Amherst,

63.7

91

10

32

26

4.11

8

s.w.

10

7

13

Fitch burg, .

63.2

90

9

35

26

3.97

9

N.

8

10

12

Worcester, .

63.5

85

9,10

38

26

3.16

10

w.

7

12

11

Framingh'm,

63.8

90

10

31

26

2.78

7

-

-

-

-

Concord,

63.0

92

10

36

26

2.21

8

s.w.

_

_

-

Lowell,

66.3

92

9

38

27

-

4

s.w.

8

15

7

Boston,

64.8

88

9

42

26

2.14

6

s.w.

11

8

11

Taunton,

65.1

90

9

34

13

3.17

5

s.w.

9

8

13

New Bedfd,

64.4

84

9

40

12,13

2.91

9

s.w.

8

8

14

Hyanuis,

67.2

85

9

50

12,26

2.94

5

s.w.

6

4

20

Provincet'n, .

65.7

84

9

49

13

1.90

6

E.

10

11

9

Summary/.

Temperature(F) . — Monthly mean, 64.7° ; highest monthly
mean, 67.2'-'atHyannis ; lowest monthly mean, 61.6° at Pitts-
field ; maximum, 92° at Lowell on the 9th and Concord on
the 10th ; minimum, 31° at Framingham on the 26th ; range
for Massachusetts, 65° ; greatest local monthly range, 59° at
Amherst and Framingham ; least local monthly range, 35°
at Hyannis and Provincetown ; greatest daily range, 41° at
Amherst on the 8th ; least daily range, 2° at Lowell on the
30th. At Springfield the mean temperature for the month
was 2.9° above the normal ; at Fitchburg it was 2.5° above,
and at Boston 2.6° abov^

Precipitation. — Average, 3.38 inches; greatest amount,
5.91 at Pittsfield ; least, 1.90 at Provincetown. At Spring-
field the rainfall was 1.78 inches above the normal for the
month ; at Fitchburg it was 0.49 inches above, and at Bos-
ton, 1.03 inches below. The rainfall was generally heaviest

10

in the western and northern counties, and least in the south-
eastern.

Prevailing Wind. — South-west.

Thunder-storms. — 10th, 15th, 16th, 17th.

Killing Frost. — 26th on h)w lands in western and northern
towns.

Remarlcs.

The month of Septenjber was generally favorable for
ripening crops and for harvesting. The weather was warmer
than usual, while the monthly extremes of temperature were
very great. The warmest spell was on the 9th-llth, and the
coldest on the 26th-27th. On the last-named dates a killing
frost prevailed on all low lands, though most crops likely to
be injured had been gathered. On high lands only vines
and corn leaves were nipped.

A heavy thunder and wind storm passed easterly across
the northern part of the State on the 10th, giving almost four
inches of rain in a few hours at Winchendon, and doing con-
siderable damage to buildings, trees and fruit in narrow
strips in Worcester and Franklin counties ; but over the
greater part of the State the drought remained practically
unbroken until the third week in the month. These rains
gave the ground a good soaking and helped the wells and
streams, but very much more will be needed to make a full
water supply for winter and to put the grass lands in the best
condition. Except the storm mentioned above on the 10th,
the thunder-showers were light, and there were practically no
damaging winds. The storm of the 30th whipped off con-
siderable many apples along the coast, but its damage did
not extend far inland. The month closed with the meteoro-
logical conditions very favorable for fields and pastures, new
seeded pieces and late forage and root crops.

11

In the circular to correspondents returnable September
28, the following questions were asked ; —

1. How does the crop of Indian corn compare with an
average crop?

2. Are the rowen crop and fall feed up to the usual
average ?

3. Has the average amount of fall seeding been done,
and what is its present condition ?

4. Is the onion crop average, and if not, what were the
drawbacks ?

5. Are potatoes an average crop in yield and quality?

6. What is the prospect for root crops?

7. How have the apple and cranberry crops turned out?
Returns have been received from 107 correspondents, and

from these the following summary has been made up : —

COEN.

Indian corn suffered considerably from the drought and
the crop will fall materially below the usual average. A
few correspondents speak of the crop as '* good" or " aver-
age " but the greater majority note a falling off of from 10
to 50 per cent. Probably as fair an estimate as could be
made Avould place the crop at three-fourths the usual aver-
age. There is some complaint of the crop not earing out
well and the ears being small. The stover has generally
attained an average growth. In the north-eastern portion
of the State the crop approaches quite nearly to an average,
but is even there a little below.

RowEN AND Fall Feed.

There is little change in the condition of rowen as reported
in the August bulletin. The rains of the latter part of the
month came too late to help it, and the crop is almost a
total failure. Fall feed was considerably improved by the
recent rains, but is still far from beins in averaije condition.
With sufficient rains from now on it may improve so that
the condition will be fair, but the late start it received will
tend to keep the condition permanently low.

12

Fall Seeding.
Eather less than the usual amount of fall seeding has been
done owing to the dry weather, which prevented ploughing
and rendered uncertain the germination of the seed. Much
seed has come up since the rains which has lain in the ground
for several weeks, and it is thought that now the drought is
broken enousrh seeding will be done to bring the amount
up to the usual average. Seeding already done is late and
the condition rather poor than otherwise, but the late rains
have started it and the prospect is that with a fair amount
of rain the condition will continue to improve.

Onions.

Onions are as a rule a light crop, though some speak of them
as average. The principal, in fact almost the only draw-
back, has been the severe drought. This has caused blight
in many cases, and where it has not resulted in blight, the
crop has been materially reduced. Very little complaint is
made of maggots or other insects.

Potatoes.
Potatoes are generally considerably less than an average
crop, though the yield appears to be somewhat better than
was expected a month ago. Reports of average yields are
by no means rare and some even speak of the crop as good.
In the western and south-eastern sections of the State the
condition falls far short of that in other sections. For the
State as a whole there is probably a three-fourths crop and
possibly more. The quality is almost universally spoken
of as good, there being very few complaints of rot or scab.
The cooking qualities of the crop are also well spoken of.

Root Crops.
Root crops hardly promise to be more than fair, though
they have shown marked improvement since the late rains.
Turnips are particularly poor, there being considerable com-
plaint of failure to come up and small size. Most corre-
spondents state that abundant rains will do much to improve
the root crops.

13

Apples and Cranberries.

The apple crop is very uneven, some correspondents re-
porting fine crops and others that there are absolutely no
apples. For the State at large the crop is proljably less
than average, though where there is any fruit at all the crop
is fine. 'Apples are generally of large size and fine color
and the crop is somewhat earlier than usual. Late frosts in
the spring are given as the cause of the uneven condition of
the crop.

Cranberries are not reported as more than half a crop in
any section of commercial importance, and in man}- towns
even a smaller proportion is reported. From Barnstable
County comes the report that many bogs are not worth
picking.

14

:notes of correspondents.

(Returned to us September 28.)

BERKSHIRE COUNTY.

Egremont (J. H. Rowley). — Corn is 25 per cent less than an
average crop owing to the drought. Rowen and fall feed are not
up to the usual average. Less than the usual amount of fall seed-
ing has been done. Onions a good crop. Potatoes not average
in quantity but fully up in quality. Root crops about average.
Apples very good, of fair size and good flavor.

Becket (Wm. H. Snow). — Indian corn falls short a good deal
owing to dry weather. Rowen and fall feed are not half the usual
average. The average amount of fall seeding has not been done
as it is too dry. Potatoes are fully an average crop. Root crops
are late, doing well since rain. Apples will be average in quantity,
but are of small size.

■Riclimond (O. F. Smith). — Indian corn about a three-fourths
crop. Rowen and fall feed not within 50 per cent of their usual
condition. Less than the average amount of fall seeding has been
done, but that done looks well. Onions less than an average crop
because of dry weather. Potatoes about a three-fourths crop of
good quality. Root crops promise to be pretty fair. About half
a crop of winter apples.

Hancock (C. H. Wells). — Indian corn is about two-thirds of
an average crop. Rowen and fall feed are below the usual average
on account of the drought. Very little fall seeding has been done,
condition poor. Onions half a crop because of dry weather.
Potatoes little more than half a crop, good quality, no rot. The
prospect for root crops is not good. Apples scarce, no cranberries.

Hinsdale (S. M. Raymond). — Corn is more than an average
on wet land and but half a crop on dry land. No rowen and little
fall feed. The average amount of fall seeding has been done and
the condition is good. Potatoes are more than an average on wet
land and on dry land half a crop. The prospect for root crops is
fair. Apples and cranberries good crops.

Cheshire (L. J. Northup). — Corn about a three-fourths crop.
Rowen and fall feed are off 90 per cent from the usual average.

15

Fall seeding is now being clone. Potatoes 40 per cent off from a
good crop, quality good. Prospect for root crops very poor.
Apples a three-fourths crop.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Colrain (A. A. Smith). — Indian corn half a crop. Rowen and
fall feed not up to the usual average. The average araount of fall
seeding has not been done and what has is late. Potatoes are not
an average crop. The prospect for root crops is fair. Apples are
a good crop.

Bernardston (R. H. Cushman). — Some pieces of corn very
good, others poor ; probably 85 per cent of an average crop.
Rowen light ; fall feed starting well now but short. The full
average quantity of fall seeding was done, but it is late. Potatoes
a better crop than was expected ; of good quality. Root crops
will be light. Apples a large crop in some locations ; poor and
light in others.

Ashjield (Chas. Howes). — Corn is a full average crop except
on some very dry pieces. Rowen and fall feed light. Seeding
has been late but is now starting nicely, and with favorable
weather in October will do well. Potatoes are a good crop of good
quality. The root crop is growing splendidly and will be a good
crop. Apples are very plenty ; of excellent quality and high color.

Whately (Frank Dickinson). — Indian corn is less than an
average crop. Rowen and fall feed are not up to the usual aver-
age. The average amount of fall seeding has been done, and it is
in good condition. The onion crop is not up to the average be-
cause of dvy weather. Potatoes less than an average crop of
good quality. Root crops are less than an average. The apple
crop is enormous ; no cranberries.

Leverett (W. L. Boutwell). — Indian corn is not over two-
thirds of an average crop. Rowen and fall feed are almost an
entire failure. About half the usual amount of fall seeding has
been done, and it has not done well. Onions are less than
half a crop owing to dry weather. Potatoes are a trifle only below
average. Root crops are about average. Apples are very poor ;
the late frost in the spring spoiled most of them.

Northfield (Chas. Pojieroy) . — Indian corn 80 per cent of a full
crop. Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average. The usual
amount of fall seeding has been done, but on account of the severe
drought it was mostly done later than usual. Onions not an aver-
age crop owing to dry weather. Potatoes a three-fourths crop of
good quality. Root crops not average. Apples a full crop ; cran-
berries half a crop.

16

Orange (Ansel Harrington) . — Indian corn about three-fourths
of an average crop. Not over one-fourth of an average crop of
rowen ; fall feed short, but doing well now. Very little fall seed-
ing has been done owing to dry weather, and what has been done
is backward. Potatoes about a three-fourths crop of average
quality. Apples about half a crop.

HAMPSHIRE COUNTY.

GreemvicJi (Wm. S. Douglas) . — Dry weather prevented corn
from earing out, and it is a light crop. Rowen and fall feed hot
up to the usual average. Less than the usual amount of fall seed-
ing has been done as it has been too dry. Onions not an average
crop. Potatoes a good crop both in yield and quality. There are
plenty of apples on the hills.

Belchertoioii (H. C. West). — Indian corn about 85 per cent of
an average crop ; in many places a full crop, in others short. No
rowen ; fall feed improved by late rains, but still short. About
the average amount of fall seeding has been done, but is late so
that condition cannot be reported. Potatoes hardly up to an aver-
age yield ; quality fine. Early planted roots promise well, late
none ; small crop of turnips. Apples uneven; fine in some cases,
in others none ; crop as a whole fairly good .

South Hadley (H. W. Gaylord). — Corn about half a crop;
some have average crop while others are very near a total failure ;
much planted on light land expecting a wet season. Rowen very
poor ; the late rains have freshened up the grass crop wonderfully,
and an average amount of fall feed is promised though late. Fall
seeding done about September 1 is looking well ; that done in
July and August is being re-seeded. Onions not up to average.
Potatoes a short crop. Beets and mangolds growing well ; turnips
a very poor catch. Apple crop heavy in some places, light in
others.

Southampton (C. B. Lyman). — Corn about a three-fourths
crop. Rowen the smallest crop for years ; fall feed promising
well. More than the usual amount of fall seeding done and look-
ing well. Onions a fair crop though injured by drought. Potatoes
about 80 per cent in yield ; quality fine. Prospect for root crop
fair. Apples about an average crop of fine quality.

Chesterfield (Horatio Bisbee) . — Indian corn not more than a
three-fourths crop. No rowen and but little fall feed as yet. But
little fall seeding done, and the little not much started. Potatoes
not up to an average crop ; quality quite fair. Prospect for root
crops not very good. Apples a fair crop. "We need more rain and
warm weather.

17

HAMPDEN COUNTY.

Blandford (E. "W. Boise) . — Corn nearly a full crop and sound
but ears smaller than usual ; stover a good growth. Rowen and
fall feed almost a total failure. Hardly any fall seeding done, as
excessive dryness of the soil prevented plowing. Potatoes about
85 per cent in quantity, Al in quality. Recent rains have helped
root crops and they are all growing fast. Apples now being gath-
ered ; full yield of good quality.

West Springfield (T. A. Rogers). — Indian corn is about three-
fourths of a full crop. Rowen is 20 per cent of an average crop ;
fall feed improving and about three-fourths of the usual amount.
An average amount of fall seeding done ; drought prevented it
from coming up, some pieces did not come at all, as a whole it
looks bad. Onions a three-fourths crop ; more than half blighted
about August 1 when half grown. Potatoes about 60 per cent of
a crop ; quality first-class. Beets and mangolds fair ; turnips
about one-half ; failed to come. Most orchards have borne well
but apples have fallen off badly so that there will be one-half wind-
falls in many orchards.

Agawam (R, DeWitt) . — Indian corn a little below average but
good. Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average. Less than
the usual amount of fall seeding done on account of drought. Onions
not an average crop because of lack of rain. Potatoes of good
quality but far below the average yield. Seed in the ground
from four to six weeks has come up since the rain.

Hampden (John N. Isham). — Corn about three-fourths of an
average crop. No rowen unless on moist land ; fall feed less than
usual. Average amount of fall seeding done but starting slowly
and very uneven. Very few fields of onions are average ; many
fields failures owing to drought and maggots ; no scullions. Pota-
toes far below average in yield but quality very fine. But few
good pieces of turnips ; other roots fair crops. Apples little more
than half a crop ; no cranberries.

Brimfiekl (S. W. Brown). — Corn equal to an average crop.
Next to no rowen and fall feed. The average amount of fall seed-
ing has been done but is so dry that it does not show yet. Early
potatoes average, late ones not. Prospect for root crops poor.
Apples a poor crop. Much more fall seeding will be done now
that the drought is broken.

Monson (A. H. White) . — Indian corn very near an average
crop. Rowen and fall feed very far from the usual standard.
The average amount of fall seeding has been done but the ground
was so dry that it has been slow in coming. Onions not an aver-

18

age crop owing to dry weather. Potatoes far below average in
yield but of good quality. Prospect for root crops rather poor ;
turnips late, owing to being so very dry. Apples on high land
good, on low land none, as frost at time of bloom killed them.

WORCESTER COUNTY.

North Brookjield (John H. Lane) . — Indian corn is three-fourths
of a full crop. Roweu and fall feed are about half the usual
average. Were unable to plow for fall seeding until the rain of
the 19th as our ground was as hard as possible and is but little
better now. Some fields of potatoes fine and some not worth dig-
ging. Swedish turnips good ; flat turnips nowhere. Cranberries
a failure ; apples half a crop.

Dana (E. A. Albee). — Corn about an average crop. Rowen
about one-fourth of a crop, fall feed very short. A very small
amount of fall seeding has been done as it was so dry that it was
bad plowing and the seed would not come up. Potatoes about
half a crop and of good quality. The prospect for root crops is
good. Cranberries and apples short crops.

Templeton (Lucien Gove). — Corn is of good quality but the
ears are rather small and not so well filled out as usual. Rowen
and fall feed are the poorest for many years, rain came too late.
It has been so dry until within the last two weeks that it was useless
to seed. Potatoes not average in yield, quality good, crop very
uneven some fields being good and others poor. Root crops not
up to the average, drought . affected the size. A surplus of fall
apples ; winter apples not more than half a crop.

Winchendon (W. H. Sawyer). — Indian corn is 75 per cent of
an average crop. Roweu and fall feed all dried up and gone to
the grasshoppers. The average amount of fall seeding has been
done and is starting well since the rains. Potatoes a light crop
of good quality. Prospect for root crops poor. Apples and cran-
berries average crops. Quite a number have tried crimson clover
but have had poor luck with it so far.

Fitchburg (Dr. Jabez Fisher). — No rowen, fall feed fair. Po-
tatoes about half a crop of fine quality, in moist lands nearly a
full yield. My apples are nearly a full crop of fine quality with
rather less color than usual, generally the crop is variable and not
large.

Berlin (P. B. Southwick). — Indian corn about half a crop.
Very little rowen cut ; fall feed is looking better than formerly.
Very little seeding has been done and that done needs rain to save
it from failure. Onions 50 per cent of an average crop. Potatoes
a three-fourths crop of extra quality. The prospect for root crops

19

is not very good. Apples an extra heavy crop ; cranberries nearly
a failure.

Worcester (S. A. Burgess). — Indian corn about 10 per cent
above an average crop. Roweu and fall feed are very poor. The
average amount of fall seeding has been done and is just coming
up, being late owing to drought. Onions not an average crop
owing to drought. Potatoes a fair yield but badly injured by
scab. The prospect for root crops is fair if we have plenty of
rain soon. Apple crop good, not yet gathered ; cranberries a small
crop.

Grafton (S. E. Stowe). — Corn is fully an average crop. Pas-
turage short and rowen not more than half a crop. Owing to dry
weather but little fall seeding has been done, and shows but little
growth. Onions are a light crop owing to the dry weather. Po-
tatoes did well on moist land but were a failure on dry land. The
root crop is growing nicely since the rain. Apples an average
crop.

Upton (B. A. Jourdan) . — Indian corn a very good crop. Rowen
and fall feed not up to the usual average. The average amount of
fall seeding has been done and is looking very well. Potatoes
short in yield but of very good quality. Apple trees on high land
are full and the fruit never looked finer.

Douglas (T. M. Potter) . — Indian corn is very nearly an aver-
age crop. There is very little rowen and fall feed indeed. About
the average amount of fall seeding has been done ; condition good.
Potatoes are an average crop in yield and quality. The prospect
for root crops is poor. Apples a good crop.

MIDDLESEX COUNTY.

Oroton (Daniel Needham). — Indian corn compares very well
with an average crop. Roweu and fall feed not up to the usual
average. Fall seeding has improved wonderfully during the past
week, but the average amount has not been done. Potatoes are
an average crop in yield and quality. The prospect for root crops
is fairly good. Apples & very good crop. Rain and warm weather
have marvellously helped fall feed. Those farmers who took the
chances and did their seeding find the result excellent.

Littleton (Geo. W. Sanderson). — Corn an average crop.
Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average. Fall seeding is
behindhand owing to the dry weather and the pressing demand for
gathering the apple crop. Onions average in yield. Potatoes
hardly a full crop. The prospect for root crops is very good.
Apples an excellent crop ; cranberries light.

20

Lowell (C. L. Marshall). — Corn under the average of last
year, Rowen is very short ; fall feed improving and very good.
Less fall seeding than usual has been done, and it will be late and
quite light. Onions not up to average owing to drought and rot.
Late potatoes are a full crop and very good. Apples abundant ;
cranberries hardly enough to call a crop.

Concord (Wm. H. Hunt). — The corn crop in this section is not
much below the average. Rowen is a small crop except on rich
low land. Not quite as much fall seeding has been done as usual,
and on account of dry weather it has not done well. The onion
crop is small on account of dry weather. Potatoes are less than
average in quantity, but of very good quality. There will be a fair
crop of roots. Cranberry crop very small. The apple crop is
large, but is uneven ; some sections being overloaded, others being
short. The apples are unusually fair.

Wohurn (W. H. Bartlett). — Sweet corn mostly raised; has
not eared well. Rowen and fall feed very short crops. The aver-
age amount of fall seeding has not been done as the severe drought
prevented sowing. Onions almost a failure ; too dry weather.
Some fields of potatoes average ; others on dry land not worth
digging ; quality extra. Root crops hardly average. Apples a
good crop of extra quality ; not many cranberries.

■ Neioton (Otis Pettee). — Rowen and fall feed are ver}' light.
About the same amount of fall seeding as usual has been done,
but many fields have not set well owing to drought. Potatoes an
average crop in quantity ; very little or no rot. Apples are plenty.

Marlborough (E. D. Howe). — Indian corn 90 percent of an
average crop. Rowen and fall feed very nearly up to the usual
average. The usual amount of fall seeding has been done and is
in good condition. Onions nearly if not quite an average crop.
Early potatoes not an average crop ; late ones good. Prospect
for root crops good. Apples are excellent and a full crop.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Groveland (Abel Sticknet). — Indian -corn a full average crop.
Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average ; rowen not more
than 25 per cent. The average amount of fall seeding has not
been done and the condition is not first-class. Onions a fair
crop. Potatoes an average in yield and quality. Root crops are
at present looking somewhat poorly. Apple crop more than ordi-
narily good ; cranberry crop very small.

West Netohury (J. C. Tarleton). — Indian corn fully up to the
average. Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average ; where

21

ground is in good condition the crop is fair. Not very much fall
seeding has been done. Onions not an average crop on account
of dry weather. Potatoes average crop in yield and quality. Root
crops promise to be light. Apples more than an average ; cran-
berries light.

Neiohury (G. W. Adams). — Corn 90 per cent of a full crop.
Rowen and fall feed are not more than one-fourth of an average.
Very little if any fall seeding has been done. Onions about an
average crop ; no special drawbacks except drouth. Potatoes
about 90 per cent of an average crop ; quality good. Root crops
fair to average. Strawberries poor ; apples fair in places, but less
than an average on the whole. No frosts yet of any consequence.

Ipsioich (O. C. Smith). — Indian corn about 90 per cent of a
full crop. Pastures are poor and rowen hardly half a crop. Not
the usual amount of fall seeding has been done and dry weather
has injured what has. Dry weather reduced the onion crop about
20 per cent. Potatoes nearly an average crop of the best quality.
Root crops are good in spite of the drought. Cranberries esti-
mated as half a crop ; apples good in quantity and quality.

Topsjield (B. P. Pike) . — Corn about 85 per cent of a full crop.
Rowen and fall feed are both almost a failure. Not as much fall
seeding as usual done ; starting well now, but very late. Onions
a very small crop, probably owing to drought. Potatoes an average
crop of excellent quality. Turnips late, few other roots raised.
Apples a full crop, cranberries almost a failure.

Danvers (C. H. Prestox). — Indian corn is a good crop in most
places. Rowen and fall feed are very poor. Fall seeding is in
fair condition. Onions suffered from dry weather. Late potatoes
did fairly well. Apples are a good crop of good quality.

NORFOLK COUNTY.

Medway (Monroe Morse). — Corn is 85 per cent of a full crop.
Rowen a failure ; fall feed has started well since the rains of the
20th inst. Fall seeding is about average and is looking well.
Potatoes are 80 per cent in yield ; quality extra. Apples a full
crop ; cranberries said to be light.

Millis (E. F. Richardson) . — Indian corn is less than an average
crop. Very little rowen or fall feed on account of drought. Not
quite the average amount of fall seeding has been done, condition
will be good with some more rain. Potatoes on low ground were
a splendid crop, but taken all together were less than average ;
quality good. The prospect for root crops is poor. Apple crop
large ; very few cranberries.

22

Medfield (Geo. R. Chase). — Indian corn is three-fourths of
an average crop. Rowen and fall feed are not more than 25 per
cent of the average. Not the average amount of fall seeding done,
and what has been done is backward. Potatoes not a full crop;
quality 70 per cent. Prospect for root crops poor. Apples a full
crop ; cranberries a failure.

Cohasset (E. E. Ellms). — Indian corn is about three-fourths
of a crop. Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average.
Less than the usual amount of fall seeding has been done. The
onion crop is a full average. Potatoes are not an average crop.
The prospect for root crops is not very good. Apples are plenty
and cranberries scarce.

BRISTOL COUNTY.

Mansfield (Wm. C. Winter). — Indian corn 20 per cent below
the average. The late rains are improving the pastures ; no rowen.
Not enough fall seeding done here to amount to anything. What
onions are grown have not done well because of drought. Early
potatoes almost a total failure ; late planted about an average crop.
Mangolds looking fairly well ; turnips generally poor, owing to
drought. Fall apples plenty ; winter apples dropped badly, but
will be a fair crop ; cranberries below average.

Attlehorougli (Isaac Alger). — Indian corn about an average
crop. Rowen and fall feed nearly up to the usual average. The
average amount of fall seeding has been done and it is in fair con-
dition. Potatoes are less than an average crop, but the quality is
good. The prospect for root crops is good. Cranberries a one-
fourth crop ; apples a two-thirds crop.

Baynham (N. W. Shaw). — Corn not half a crop. There is
but little rowen or fall feed. About the usual amount of fall seed-
ing has been clone, but it is not as early as usual and has not grown
much. Potatoes a small crop of good quality. The prospect for
root crops is not very good. Apples are very plenty and very
good, but the cranberry crop is small.

Somerset (Joseph Gibbs). — Indian corn a three-fourths crop.
Rowen not 10 per cent of a full crop. The average amount of fall
seeding has been done, but the condition is not promising. Onions
40 per cent of a full crop ; injured by the drought. Potatoes half
a crop of good quality. The prospect for root crops is poor.
Apples a fine crop ; no cranberries. Crops of all kinds are short,
and prices unusually low.

Westport (A. S. Sherman). — Corn very good; better than an
average. Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average. It
has been so dry that but little seeding has been done, and what

23

there is is very backward. Onions a small crop, owing to dry
weather. The potato crop is very good. Turnips are growing
nicely now, but it has been so dry that they are small and will not
have time to grow larger. Apples plenty and very good ; cran-
berries are scarce.

Fairliaven (F. C. Lyon). — Corn compares favorably with an
average crop. There will be no rowen cut ; pasturage below aver-
age. The average amount of fall seeding has been done ; very
little grass in sight, needs more rain. On the whole the potato
crop is one-third less than average, but of splendid quality. The
apple crop is good ; many farmers are picking and the crop is
thought to be two or three weeks early. Pasturage is so short it
has cut the milk supply off nearly half. Cows are fed at the barn.

PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

Hingham (Aaron Low) . — Corn less than an average crop.
Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average. The weather
has been too dry and but little fall seeding has been done. The
onion crop is fair. Potatoes a small yield of good quality. The
prospect for root crops is very poor. Apples are good ; cranberries
a very small crop.

Brockton (Davis Copeland). — Indian corn is a fair crop.
Rowen and fall feed are not up to the usual average. The average
amount of fall seeding has been done, but it is late about starting.
Onions not an average crop, owing to hot, dry weather early in the
spring, maggots, blight and drought. Potatoes an average crop
of good quality. The prospect for root crops is rather poor as it
is too dry. Apples good ; cranberries a one-fourth crop or less.

Hanson (F. S. Thomas, M.D.). — Indian corn three-fourths of
an average crop. Rowen and fall feed not up to the usual average.
Fully the usual amount of fall seeding has been done and the con-
dition is good. Potatoes not an average crop. Prospect for root
crops fair. Apples good ; cranberries poor.

Marshfield (J. II. Bourne). — Indian corn is not an average crop.
Rowen and fall feed are not up to the usual condition. The aver-
age amount of fall seeding has not been done and is very small,
having only just started. Onions nearly an average crop, drought
and maggots the drawbacks. Potatoes about half a crop of excel-
lent quality. The prospect for root crops is poor. Apples are
more than an average crop ; cranberries less than half a crop. The
season has been very unfavorable for vegetation.

Kingston (J. H. Cusiiman) . — Corn is about two-thirds of an aver-
age crop. Rowen and fall feed are a full average. Very little

24

fall seeding has been done as yet. Onions a very good crop, but
many small ones. Late potatoes are an average crop, some rot
on low ground. Root crops are small on account of dry weather.
There is a great yield of apples ; cranberries about half a crop,
though they are excellent except on bogs caught by the late frosts
in the spring.

3Iiddlehorough (Elbridge Cushman). — Indian corn about a
three-fourths crop. Rowen and fall feed are not up to the usual av-
erage. Less than the average amount of fall seeding has been done,
and it is backward on account of drought. Onions not an average
crop, owing to dry weather. Potatoes not up to the usual yield,
but of extra quality. The prospect for root crops is fair. Apples
are very good ; cranberries a failure.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY.

Mashpee (W. F. Hammond). — There is about an average crop
of Indian corn. Rowen was a failure ; fall feed below the aver-
age. The average amount of fall seeding has not been done. The
onion crop is below the average owing to drought. There is about
half a crop of potatoes of good quality. Root crops are looking
quite good. Apples are about an average crop ; cranberries a one-
fifth crop.

Sandwich (J. R. Holway) . — Indian corn about 40 per cent of
a full crop. Rowen and fall feed are both very short. The aver-
age amount of fall seeding has been done ; about all during the
last two weeks. Onion crop below average owing to dry weather.
Potatoes a very small crop of good quality. Apples are a good
crop, but cranberries are short ; many bogs in this section not
being worth picking.

BarnstahJe (John Bursley). — Indian corn below an average
crop. Rowen and fall feed are far below the usual standard on
account of drought. Considex-able seeding has been done, but so
recently that its condition cannot be judged. Onions nearly a
failure owing to the drought. Potatoes a small yield of good
quality. The prospect for root crops is poor. The apple crop is
small, and cranberries are estimated at one-third the usual crop.

Dennis (Joshua Crowell). — Corn much below the average.
Feed below the average, and no rowen except on low land. Scarcely
any fall seeding has been done. The onion crop is much reduced
by dry weather. Potatoes are about half a crop. Root crops will
be small unless we have a remarkably good fall. Apples above
average crop ; cranberry crop not more than 20 per cent of that of
last year. The rain of the 19th and 20th improved the grass, but
more rain is needed both by fall feed and by the mowing lands.

25

Eastham (J. A. Clark). — There is very little corn planted, but
what there is looks well. Kowen will be light, but fall feed has
improved since the rain. Very little fall seeding has been done.
Potatoes are a light crop of good quality. Root crops were planted
late, but are doing well now. Apples on some trees are extra
good ; others light ; crop better than average. Cranberries a light
crop.

DUKES COUNTY.

West Tisbury (Geo. Hunt Luce). — Indian corn about two-
thirds of an average crop. No rowen ; fall feed much below aver-
age. We do but little fall seeding ; the chances are good for what
has been done. Potatoes are below average in yield, very good
quality. Prospect for root crops fair. Apples good ; cranberries
light.

NANTUCKET COUNTY.

Nantucket (Chas. TV. Gardner). — Indian corn is two-thirds
of an average crop. No rowen or fall feed at all. There has
been no fall seeding on account of the dry weather. Onions about
half a crop owing to drought. Potatoes are about half the usual
yield. The prospect for root crops is fair in some places.

26

BULLETIN OF
MASSACHUSETTS BOAED OF AGRICULTUKE.

OENITHOLOaiCAL.

The Regulative Influence Exerted by Birds on the Increase
OF Insect Pests.

It is only by a comprehensive knowledge of the numbers, repro-
ductive capacity and insatiable voracity of insects, and a searching
inquiry into the food habits of birds during all seasons and at all
periods of their existence, that we are enabled to appreciate the
economic relations which insect-eating birds assume toward the
tiller of the soil.

The number of species of insects on the globe is vast, and that
of "the individuals of each species is beyond comprehension. The
number of species is greater by far than that of all other living
creatures combined. More than three hundred thousand have
already been described. There are many thousands of unde-
scribed species in museums. Dr. Lintner, the distinguished en-
tomologist of the Empire State, considers it not improbable that
there are a million species of insects. Each one of these species
is enormously productive, and it is undoubtedly true that were the
progeny of one pair of insects allowed to reproduce without cheeky
the species would soon cover the entire habitable earth.

The Rocky Mountain locust in its flights fills the air and hides
the sun. From the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada it has been
seen filling the valleys below and the air above as far as a power-
ful field glass could bring the insects within its focus. The chinch
bug covers the corn and grain fields in countless millions over
towns, counties and States. The army worm moves at times in
solid columns, destroying the crops in its path. The voracity of
insects is almost beyond belief. Says Dr. Lintner: "A certain
flesh-feeding larva will consume in twenty-four hours two hundred
times its original weight. . . . There are vegetable feeders, cater-
pillars, which during their progress to maturity, within thirty days,

27

increase in size ten tliousaud times. To reach this remarkable
growth a man at his maturity would have to weigh forty tons."*

In view of such facts it will be seen that insects, by reason of
their enormous multiplication and great voracity, may become
more dangerous to crops if unchecked than larger and more power-
ful animals.

It may be truthfully said that this country suffers far more from
the depredations of insects than any other ; and this is to be
expected, in view of the methods employed in agriculture, and
the conditions under which it is here conducted.

A considerable proportion of the fertile land in America is still
uncultivated, and there are vast tracts in which insects can breed
unmolested until they exhaust their feeding grounds and overwhelm
the surrounding country, as in the case of the migratory locusts.
In the settlement and development of a new country man at once
begins to disturb the long-established relations between living or-
ganisms. In a wooded country the forests are cut off, the larger
birds and mammals are exterminated or driven away, and great
disturbances occur in the economy of nature as a consequence of
these changes ; new plants are introduced and with them new insect
pests are brought in from other regions or from foreign countries.
As civilization advances large areas are devoted to special crops,
like the great grain farms of the north-west, the orange groves and
vineyards of California, and the great orchards and potato fields
of other States. These tracts offer great quantities of desirable
food and thus stimulate the reproduction of insects to a remark-
able degree. The spread of imported species to the very confines
of civilization is accelerated by an ever-increasing traffic on newly
constructed highways and railways, and as these imported insects
escape most of their natural enemies by being brought to this
country, and find more favorable conditions awaiting them here,
their fecundity and destructiveness are increased in undue propor-
tion even to their increased food supply. Such are the cabbage
butterfly, the wheat midge, the Hessian fly, the gypsy moth and
others. Native species which were harmless to agriculture under
natural conditions in the wilderness sometimes take advantage of
the introduction of a new and succulent food plant and follow it
back from the frontier into the agricultural regions, spreading over
the whole country and causing wide-spread injury to a staple crop,
as did the Colorado potato beetle. As the land becomes settled
and the ravages of insects increase, the settlers, instead of endeavor-

* Annual Report New Jersej' State Board of Agriculture, 1888, p. 295, " Our
Insect Enemies," by J. A. Lintner, Ph.D., N. Y. State Entomologist.

28

ing to protect and foster the useful birds that were designed by the
Almighty to dispose of the surplus insect production, pursue them
with the gun and poison until the larger useful species are nearly
if not quite extinct. The wild turkey, grouse, the prairie chickens,
the wild pigeons, ducks and geese, the plovers, woodpeckers,
blackbirds, larks, robins and all birds which are "good for food" are
slaughtered relentlessly, even at the season when the callow young
must perish from starvation if deprived of parental care. The
grasshopper-eating buzzards and all hawks and owls are shot at
sight anywhere and everj'where by all classes of people. Many
States offer bounties on the heads of supposed noxious birds with-
out being aware that such a policy is undermining the agricultural
interests. Small birds are hunted for their feathers; "birds egg-
ing " boys increase apace ; a million cats forage the fields and woods ;
fashion calls for millions of birds to deck the ladies' garments, and
the number of girls requiring such decorations yearly increases. In
the meantime insects increase and run riot. The locust, the chinch
bug, the army worm, the codling moth, the plum curculio, the
cabbage butterfly, the boll worm, the asparagus beetle, the canker
worms, bugs, beetles, aphids, borers, grasshoppers and other insects
galore destroy the ripening grain, sap the lusty fruit tree, devour
its leaves, despoil the garden, field and forest and render the life
of the successful farmer one continual battle with his insect foes.
During the locust invasions in the west hundreds of small farmers
lost their all, and becoming destitute, were forced to leave all they
possessed and remove to more favored lands.

In 1854 the loss occasioned in New York State by the wheat
midge {Diplosis tritici, Kirby) was in excess of fifteen million
dollars. (Estimate given by Dr. Fitch, State Entomologist.)
The value of wheat and corn destroyed in Illinois in 1864 by the
chinch bug (Blissus le^icopterus, Say) is estimated at seventy-
three million dollars. (First Annual Report of Injurious and Other
Insects of New York State, by Dr. J. A. Lintner, Albany, 1882,
p. 71.) The loss in the four States of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and
Missouri during 1874 from the ravages of the Rocky Mountain locust
is estimated at one hundred million dollars (First Report U. S.
Entomological Commission, 1877, p. 121) ; while the annual loss
caused by insects in this country is said to be from three to four
millions. (Report U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1884, p. 324.)
What wonder then that the farmer is taking desperate means to
protect his crops? What wonder that deadly poisons disguised as
insecticides are scattei*ed by the ton over the foliage of many of
our most important food crops, and that the experiment stations
are continually searching for means to quell the annual or period-

29

ical raids of insect pests? And yet, strange as it may seem, the
most distinctly visible and noticeable of all the influences provided
by nature to prevent or control this insect surplus is almost
wholly ignored or unappreciated by the people whom it seems
especially designed to beuefit. The land birds that are, by their
structure, by their habits and preferences, especially adapted and
designed to consume great quantities of insects, are not encouraged,
fostered or protected, but are pursued and slaughtered without
mercy. Many of them are regarded as nuisances and pests and
their services to agriculture are either entirely ignored or strenu-
ously denied.

Now let us look at this question of the utility of insect-feeding
birds in the light of reason. There are absolutely no other crea-
tures upon this earth that are as well fitted for searching out and
destroying most kinds of insects in all places and at all seasons,
over wide areas, as are the land birds, and especially the smaller
species. Wherever they are sufficiently numerous they will exert
a strong influence for the suppression of any undue multiplication
of insects. The very minute insects are all that are likely to
escape them.

A few of the reasons why birds are useful in checking insect
invasions are obvious.

1. Birds by their powers of flight and telescopic vision are
admirably adapted to search for and find food over large areas,
and for a sudden and swift pursuit of it and an unerring descent
upon it when found.

2. The young of most land birds require a great quantity of in-
sect food for their perfect development and are, therefore, raised at
a season when insects are most abundant.

3. During this season the parent birds go to those points where
insects are numerous that they may easily secure a sufficient supply
for their young.

Hence birds gather in numbers wherever great insect outbreaks
occur, and not only destroy many insects themselves but feed still
more to their young. This gathering continues from season to
season until the noxious insect is so reduced in numbers that it is
lost to common observation.

4. The full-fledged birds are to a certain extent omnivorous and
are thus able to subsist when insect food is difficult to obtain. In
winter certain birds are quick to find those localities where the eggs
of insects are plentiful.

It is at once seen how well certain families of birds are fitted
for the pursuit and capture of certain families of insects. The
thrushes dragging unwilling cut worms and grubs from the ground ;

30

the ground sparrows gleaning among the leaves and undergrowth
for ground beetles ; the woodpecker drilling into the trees for borers ;
the creepers, nut-hatches and titmice searching exevj crevice and
cranny in the bark of the trees, extracting the hidden grubs, eggs
and caterpillars ; the warblers, vireos and wrens searching the twigs
and foliage of plants and trees for the wary insects hidden there ;
fly catchers, bluebirds, swallows, warblers and swifts cleaving the
air in all directions and snapping up their flying or perching prey ;
the hawks and bitterns destroying grasshoppers ; the owls, night
hawks and whippoorwills noiselessly flitting about pursuing the
large night-flying moths and beetles, — all give evidence of perfect
adaptation to the pursuit and capture of the insects on which they
feed.

Birds of many species follow locust invasions and gorge them-
selves to repletion. It is a well-known fact that birds assemble
wherever the larvse of moths appearing in great numbers strip the
foliage from the trees. Birds quickly discover such localities and
at once resort to them, seeking them as magazines of food supply
for their young. I have observed blackbirds flying half a mile
over the meadows to a spot where larvre were plentiful, returning
after each visit with caterpillars in their beaks to feed their young.
They seem to prefer to travel this distance to a point where food
is plenty and easily obtained rather than to search for it in the
immediate vicinity of their nests. An orchard infested by canker
worms is visited by birds from far and near, and the outbreak is
generall}' checked in one or two seasons if birds are sufficiently
plentiful in the neighborhood. The amount of insect food which
young birds will consume is not generally understood. Mr. E. W.
Wood of Newton, a well-known member of the State Board of
Agriculture, informs me that during one season, when the spring
canker worms {Anisopteryx vernata) became quite numerous in his
orchard, a pair of Baltimore orioles appeared and built a nest near
by. In the mean time they fed daily upon the canker worms.
This they continued to do so assiduously that by the time the young
were hatched the numbers of the worms were considerably reduced.
They then redoubled their diligence, sometimes carrying ten or
more worms to their nest at once. Soon the canker worms in that
orchard were a thing of the past. The foliage and fruitage were
saved for that and many succeeding yeai's. Audubon says a wood-
cock will eat its own weight of insects in a single night. Mr. E. A.
Samuels, quoting from the experiments of Professor Treadwell,
shows that it was found necessary to feed a young robin forty-one
per cent more than its own weight in worms in twelve hours to
insure its healthy growth and development. It was found that the

31

bird would consume nearly half of its own weight of beef in a day.
A man at this rate would eat about seventy pounds of flesh daily.
Should a pair of robins have four half-fledged young to provide
for, each parent would be obliged to secure a worm or its equiv-
alent each five minutes for at least ten hours each day to supply the
young with needful food. Wilson Flagg, an acute observer of birds,
found by experiment that young robins required only insect food
and remained healthy and vigorous on that alone. What is
true of the young of a robin is undoubtedly true of the young of
many other birds. Dr. Brewer says that a pair of jays feed their
young five hundred thousand caterpillars in a season. Any one
who will watch robins, wrens, cuckoos, jays, woodpeckers and other
birds while they are feeding their young will become convinced
that the number of insects destroyed by birds is beyond calcula-
tion. Many birds eat the eggs of insects. Dr. Brewer says a pair
of jays will destroy a million eggs each winter and a titmouse or
chickadee destroys many more during an entire year.

Injurious Habits of Birds.

Certain birds are injurious to agriculture directly by the de-
struction of fruit buds, blossoms, seeds, grains, young plants and
vegetables, poultry or doves ; indirectly by the destruction of
beneficial insects and birds and by the distribution of noxious
seeds. I recall but one native bird which has a habit of destroy-
ing the buds and blossoms of fruit trees, viz., the purple finch or
red linnet.

There are several species — the robin, oriole, cat bird, cedar bird,
and a few others — that feed to a considerable extent on small fruits
in their season. But it must not be forgotten that during the fruit
seasons a large portion of their food consists of insects, and that
during that time they are engaged in feeding their young almost
entirely on insects. At times doves, pigeons, crows, jays, black-
birds, reed birds and quails subsist to a great extent on grain.
Robins, crows and some other birds undoubtedly distribute seeds
of poisonous plants which pass through their alimentary canal
undigested and in some cases germinate. Crows, jays and cuckoos
destroy the eggs and the young of other birds. Corn is frequently
mentioned in connection with crows, jays and blackbirds. A few
species of hawks and owls kill many insect-eating birds and some
poultry. The " English sparrow" is the only bird that has been
justly accused of all the crimes in the calendar of which a bird is
capable, and is the only bird in this Commonwealth that is at all
seasons an enemy to the farmer.

32

This sparrow should be shot or trapped upon all possible occa-
sions and its eggs and young destroyed whenever found. But the
utmost care should be taken not to confound this species with
our native sparrows, which are highly beneficial. Farmers will be
obliged to protect their grain, fruit or poultry at times from
the attacks of birds. This should be done as far as possible by
using means to drive away the intruders rather than to kill them.

There is no doubt that the robin and the " cherry bird" pay a
higher price to the farmer for his fruit than he can get in the open
market, or that the owls render services far more valuable to the
farmer than the few chickens they consume. Specialists, such as
poultry-men or small fruit-growers, may suffer unduly at times,
but they are generally fully capable of protecting their own
interests.

The general farmer will do well to offer all possible protection
to birds, for in so doing he will materially benefit his own fortunes.

E. H. FORBUSH,

Ornithologist.

Series of 1894. Bulletin No. 6.

MASSACHUSETTS

CHOP EEPOET

Month of October, 1894.

ISSUED BY

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & rOTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1894.

Ceop Eeport for the Month of October, i894.

Office State Board of Agriculture,

Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1894.

Bulletin No. 6, Crop Report for the month of October, is
herewith presented as the final issue of this season. Our
sincere thanks are extended to correspondents and others
who have helped us from month to month. If nothing un-
foreseen happens, the work will be resumed next spring.
The special articles printed this season have been as follows :
Bulletin No. 1, "Report on farm animals," "Communica-
tion to fruit growers, dealers and consumers ; " Bulletin No.
2, "Tuberculosis and its eradication;" Bulletin No. 3,
"The diagnosis and eradication of tuberculosis ; " Bulletin
No. 4, " Retrospect and prospect of the fruit crop of 1894,"
"Statistics of Massachusetts agriculture;" Bulletin No. 5,
" The regulative influence exerted by birds on the increase
of insect pests ; " Bulletin No. 6, " Household insects."

Progress of the Season.

In Report No. 120 (October, 1894) the Statistician of the
United States Department of Agriculture gives the October
condition of corn as 64.2, against 63.4 in September. In
most of the Southern States the condition has fallen, but in
some of the Western States there have been slight gains
in condition.

The returns of yield per acre of wheat indicate a produc-
tion of about 13.1 bushels, being 1.8 bushels greater than
last year's preliminary estimate. The indicated quality for
the country is 93.5.

The average yield of oats was 24.5 bushels, against 23.5
in 1893 and 24.3 in 1892. The returns in States having
over 1,000,000 acres each ranged from 17.9 bushels in Kan-
sas to 32.3 in Indiana. In the same States the quality
ranged from 70 in Nebraska to 98 in Iowa, the general aver-
age for the whole country being 90.5.

The average yield of rye was 13.7 bushels, against 13.3
in 1893 and 12.7 in 1892. The average condition when
harvested was 86.9, and the general average for quality,
94.3. The yields per acre in the States of largest acreage
ranged from 5.8 bushels in Kansas to 18.6 in Illinois.

The correspondents' returns on yield of barley per acre
put the general average at 19.3, against 21.7 in 1893 and
23.7 in 1892. Wisconsin had the largest yield, 28.6 bush-
els, and California the highest percentage on quality, 94 ;
the general average of the whole country for quality being
90.2.

A gain of 2 points in the condition of buckwheat places
the general average at 72. The condition last year was
73.5, and in 1892 85.6.

The condition of potatoes has slightly improved in the
last month, standing now at 64.3, as against 62.4 on Sep-
tember 1. The October condition has been lower in but
two years, viz., in 1887 and 1890, when it stood at 61.5 and
61.7 respectively. Last year the October condition was
71.2.

The condition of sweet potatoes in States of commercial
production is generally high, and very general gains, due to
timely rainfall, are noted.

The general average condition of tobacco has advanced
from 74.5 on September 1 to 84.5 on October 1, a clear
gain of 10 points.

The average condition of rice on October 1 was 89.8, or
.4 of 1 per cent higher than that for the previous month.

The condition of sorghum is generally higher than at the
time of the last report. A fine crop is indicated in nearly
all the Southern States.

The important States in the growth of sugar cane continue
to report high percentages, ranging from 89 in Georgia to
101 in Louisiana.

Cotton shows a falling off of 3.2 points from the Septem-
ber condition, which was 85.9, against 82.7 for the present
month. For the most part the decline in condition is due
to continued rains that bes-an about the middle of August
and extended into September. Much shedding, rot and
rust are reported, and no little loss from insect ravages.

The general average yield per acre is estimated at 34.7
bales.

In Massachusetts the average yield per acre of rye is
given as 19.2 bushels, the average yield of oats as 31.9
bushels, the average yield of barley as 21.7 bushels, the
average condition of buckwheat October 1 as 90, the aver-
age condition of corn as 78, the average condition of pota-
toes as 73 and the average condition of tobacco as 90.

Temperature and Eainfall for the Whole Country.

From United States Wbather-Orop Bulletin.

Week ending October 1. — Slightly cooler than usual in
the States of the lower Mississippi valley, on the south
Atlantic coast and in New England. Cooler than usual on
the Pacific coast and over central and northern plateau re-
gions. From Texas and New Mexico northward to the
upper Missouri valley, westward to the north Pacific coast
and thence eastward to the lower lakes and upper Ohio
valley, the week was warmer than usual. More than the
average amount of rain fell during the week from the upper
Missouri valley westward to the north Pacific coast and
thence southward over California ; also heavy local rain-
fall in south-central Kansas. The rainfall accompanying the
tropical hurricane of 25th-29th was very heavy along the
south Atlantic coast from Virginia southward ; elsewhere
the week was dry and almost without rainfall. Week very
favorable for securing crops and for fall seeding, which is
generally nearing completion. Winter wheat and pasturage
are also in excellent condition generally. Cotton picking
has in most sections progressed rapidly. Frosts occurred
as far south as Kentucky, but no serious injury has been
reported.

New England Weather and Crops.

Fkom United States Weather-Crop Bulletin.

Week ending October 1. — Late crops of grass and grain
growing fast, stock in pastures gaining ; but much more
rain is necessary to fill ground and reservoirs for winter.
Harvesting mostly done, and most crops secured in prime
condition, of extra quality and good quantity.

6

Massachusetts Weather, 1894.

[Compiled from data furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

January was warm and dry. The highest temperature
was on the 24th and 25th, varying from 47° to 57° ; and
the lowest was on the 13th and 29th, when it was from 8°
above zero on the coast to 9° below zero in the interior
counties. The precipitation was generally deficient. Most
of the snow fell on the 27th and 30th. Durins; the greater
part of the month the ground was mostly bare.

February was very cold, and decidedly the "winter
month " of the year. The precipitation was more than
usual along the coast and deficient in the interior, and was
mostly in the form of snow. The highest temperature oc-
curred in most places on the 18th, and was from 42° to 54°.
The coldest day of the month, and in many places the cold-
est for years, was the 24th. The temperature ranged from
5° to 12° above zero along the coast, while in the western
part of the State it did not rise above 4° to 11° below zero.
On the 17th and 18th there was a change of 71° within
thirty-six hours.

March was very warm and very dry. The excess of tem-
perature averaged over 8° a day at Boston, Cambridge,
Somerset, Fitchburg and Springfield. At a few stations
along the coast the highest temperature was on the 6th, but
generally it was on the 19th, and varied from 60° to 74°.
The coldest spell was on the 27th and 28th, when the tem-
perature fell from 8° to 20° below freezing. It was the
dryest March on record in the history of the Weather
Bureau at Boston. The snowfiill was small and the ground
was bare the most of the month.

April was warm and dry in all interior sections, and cool
and wet along the south-eastern coast. The warmest day
was generally on the 27th, the temperature rising to from
72° to 82°. The lowest was everywhere on the 3d, when it
fell to from 5° to 20° below freezing. Snow fell on the 9th,
11th and 12th. High gales prevailed, and with the damp,
heavy snow did great damage to telegraph and telephone
service.

May as a whole was favorable for cultivation and growth
of crops. Beginning on the 18th, the drought was effectu-
ally broken by rain, and for the rest of the month mostly
cloudy, cool weather prevailed, with frequent rains. Quite
a good deal of damage was done in eastern sections by high
winds, and in all sections by frosts which occurred on the
11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, 17th and 22d. Hail fell at Dudley
on the 4th. Winds mostly south-west. Thunder-storms
occurred on the 2d, 4th, 7th, 18th, 19th and 28th.

During June in most of the western counties frequent and
generally sufficient showers occurred. But little rain fell in
the eastern part of the State. The highest temperature
reported was 103°, at Lowell on the 17th. Light frosts
occurred on the morning of the 14th in the south-east. The
prevailing wind was south-west. Drought conditions were
reported in places. Hail fell at Hyannis on the 4th. Thun-
der-storms occurred on the 4th, 7th, 11th, 21st, 23d and
30th.

July weather on the whole was favorable for harvesting
hay and grain ; but the heat on some of the last days of the
month was intense, and there was a general lack of precipi-
tation in all eastern sections, giving one of the most serious
and long-continued droughts on record. At many of the
interior towns reliable thermometers registered over 100°
on the 20th. In the western part of the State the rainfall
was generally sufficient for vegetation. The prevailing wind
was south-west. Thunder-storms occurred on the 1st, 3d,
5th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 21st, 25th, 29th
and 3 1st. Hail was reported at Worcester the 25th and
.at Fitchburg the 29th.

August weather was cool. There were few rainy and
cloudy days, and an unusual lack of rainfall. The drought
was reported as serious in all sections of the State. A frost
on the 22d was general throughout the State. Hail was
reported at Concord on the 19th. The prevailing wind was
south-west. Thunder-storms were reported on the 3d, 9th,
15th, 19th and 20th.

September weather was generally favorable for ripening
and harvesting crops. The weather was warmer than usual,

8

the warmest spells being on the 9th-llth, and the coldest
on the 26th-27th. On the last-named dates were killing
frosts on all low lands. The prevailing wind was south-
west. Thunder-storms occurred on the 10th, 15th, 16th,
17th. A heavy thunder and wind storm passed easterly
across the northern part of the State on the 10th. A storm
on the 30th whipped off many apples along the coast.

Meteorological Data for October, 1894.

Precipita-

Cloudiness.

Temperature.

Deg.

F.

tion.

No.

OF DATS.

STATION.

1

•O

a

J=s

ee

o

a

a

_c

^1

'5

^

O
>»

cS

X

•S

p

■2

_rt

>.£

9

■^

us

03

03

S

s

«

S

Q

B

a

Oi

o

Bh

O

Monroe,

45.6

71

20

28

16

4.60

12

13

7

11

Pittsfiekl, .

49.2

70

20

32

16

3.64

10

-

—

_

—

SiJringfield, .

52.8

70

20

34

16

4.98

10

E.

-

-

_

Amherst,

50.3

73

20

29

19

4.40

11

N.W.

9

10

12

Fitchburg, .

49.4

73

20

83

15

4.44

11

W.

12

6

14

Worcester, .

51.9

74

20

35

15

3.96

9

N.

11

9

11

Framingh'm,

51.3

76

20

28

19

5.20

10

-

_

-

-

Bedford,

50.9

75

20

31

19

3.96

10

N.E

14

8

9

Lowell,

53.6

80

20

33

16

3.46

7

SE.

11

15

5

Boston,

540

76

20

38

16

5.11

10

W.

14

9

8

Taunton,

52.8

77

20

29

19

8.88

11

N.E.

10

9

12

New Bedfd,

53.5

73

4

33

19

7.63

12

W.

6

11

14

Provincet'n,.

53.7

73

4

37

19

5.69

11

W.

11

9

11

SiimmarT/.
Temperature (F.). — Monthly mean, 51.5°; highest
monthly mean, 54.0°, at Boston ; lowest monthly mean,
45.6°, at Monroe; maximum, 80°, at Lowell on the 20th;
minimum, 28°, at Monroe on the 16th and at Framingham
on the 19th; range, 52° ; greatest local monthly range, 48°,
at Framingham and Taunton ; least local monthly range,
36°, at Provincetown and Springfield ; greatest daily range,
37°, at Framingham on the 8th and at Lowell on the lyth;
least daily range, 2°, at Provincetown on the 30th. At
Springfield the mean temperature averaged 1.8° above the
normal ; at Fitchburg it was 1.5° above, and at Boston 2.5°
above.

Precipitation. — Average, 5.07 inches; greatest amount,
8.88, at Taunton ; least, 3.46, at Lowell. The excess in
precipitation at Springfield was 0.81 inches, and at Boston
0.83 inches.

Prevailing Wind. — West.

Thunder-storm. — 13th.

Solar Halo. — Wth.

Lunar Halos. — 9th, 15th.

RemarTcs.
The weather for the month was warmer than usual with a
marked excess of precipitation in the south-eastern districts
and a slight excess in central and western. The 20th was
the warmest day at most places in the State, the maximum
being higher than is usual so late in the season. Light frosts
have been general, and killing frosts have occurred on all low
lands, but in most of the upland or protected districts, hardy
garden plants and late vegetables are still growing, untouched
by frosts. The rainfall has been abundant in all sections for
growth of grass and grain seeds and for ploughing and seed-
ing ; but except in the extreme south-east there has not been
enough to fill up wells and springs to any extent. The first
snow of the season fell on the evening of the 14th, in the
Berkshire hills, in the north-eastern part of the State.
Enough came on this date and also on the 17th to whiten
the ground, but it soon melted. The thunder-storm on the
evening of the 13th was quite severe in south-eastern dis-
tricts. The high school building at Sandwich was struck
by lightning and considerably damaged. The cupola w^as
entirely wrecked and nearly every pane of glass in the build-
ing was broken. At Taunton the storm was accompanied
by very heavy rain, 1.75 inches falling in three-fourths of
an hour. The streets were flooded in places to the depth of
eight inches. There has been about the normal amount
of sunshine, and on the wdiole the weather has been very
favorable for the ripening of late crops and for fall work on
the farm.

10

Crops of the Year.

The season opened from ten days to two weeks earlier
than usual ; but the dry weather of April and the first half
of May, and the cold storms and frosts following, made con-
ditions about average on June 1. Stock wintered well.
Promise of good crop of hay on newly seeded and moist
lands, and for a light to fair crop on old and dr}' fields.
Fall seeding wintered well. The apple bloom was unusually
heavy, the peach bloom light, and the bloom of other fruit
trees and small fruits a good average. Canker and cut
worms unusually numerous ; tent caterpillars not plenty.
Farm help more plenty than of late years. Wages ranged
from $8 to $28 per month and board, according to locality
and character of help ; per day the range was $1 to $2, with
$1.50 as the average. The general industrial depression as
yet had had no material influence on the acreage of crops.

July 1 the potato beetle appeared to be the only insect
generally prevalent. Indian corn was looking well, though
backward, and a slight increase in acreage was reported.
Haying was just commencing. Early potatoes reported as
looking w^ell, with promise of a good crop ; a considerable
increase in acreage was noted. Early market-garden crops
were generally a fair yield, with prices somewhat lower than
usual. Dairy products were average in quantity, with slight
but general decrease in prices received. Pastures reported
as " dry," " short" or " badly in need of rain." The out-
look for fruits and berries was fair. Strawberries were a
fair crop, currants a good crop and cherries abundant ;
blackberries and raspberries promised well.

August 1 the potato beetle and the horn fly were most
frequently mentioned as prevalent and troublesome. A good
crop of Indian corn promised. Hay crop harvested gener-
ally in excellent condition, and quality as a rule very good.
Yield estimated as three-fourths of an average crop. Fodder
corn reported as the forage crop most universally grown.
Market-garden crops below average in quantity, with prices
low. Early potatoes light yield and quite small, but of
good quality ; prices low. Apples and pears generally prom-
ised well ; grapes fair to good ; few peaches promised ; cran-

11

berries promised a light crop. Pastures " very short,"
"crisp," "dry" and " l)adly burned." Rye a good aver-
age crop. Oats injured l)y dry weather, and considerably
rusty.

September 1 Indian corn promised about a three-fourths
crop. The drought badly injui-ed potatoes. Tobacco a very
fair crop, of good color and quality. Apples and pears very
uneven ; very few peaches ; grapes a fair crop ; cranberries
light. Pasturage in all sections very poor. Oats and bar-
ley sufi'ered considerably from drought, and fell short of
average crops.

October 1 Indian corn about a three-fourths crop ; rowen
almost a total failure. Fall feed considerably improved, but
still far from average condition. Less than usual amount
of fall seeding done, owing to dry weather. Onions as a
rule a light crop, owing to drought. Potatoes generally
considerably less than an average crop, but of good quality.
Root crops promised to be only fair ; turnips particularly
poor. Apple crop very uneven ; apples generally of large
size and fine color. Cranberries not over half a crop.

12

In the circular to correspondents returnable to this office
October 30 the following questions were asked : —

1. Have root crops proved average crops?

2. What is the condition of farm stock?

3. What is the condition of fall seeding?

4. How have prices for apples compared with former
years, and do you consider the crop a profitable one ?

5. Which of the leading crops in your locality do you
think have been most profitable?

G. Which of the leading crops in your locality do you
think have been least profitable ?

7. Considered as a whole, has the season been a profita-
ble one for your farmers ?

Returns were received from 108 correspondents, from
Avhich the following summary has been made : —

Root Crops.
Root crops are probably somewhat below the average
throughout the State, as fifty-three correspondents report
them as less than average and only forty-four speak of them
as average or above. The complaints are about equally
divided between western, central and south-eastern portions
of the State. In Middlesex and Essex counties the condi-
tion is universally spoken of as good. Considerable com-
plaint is made of the condition of turnips, a number of
correspondents speaking of them as poor while other roots
are good crops.

Farm Stock.
Farm stock is in from fair to good condition. The
majority of correspondents speak of it as good and the
remainder as fair or rather thin in flesh, but otherwise good.
Only one correspondent speaks of the condition as poor.
Much of this good condition is doubtless due to stock hav-
ing been fed at the barn during the summer. Several cor-
respondents speak of this fact, and a few speak of stock
which has been turned out to pasture as very thin. The
mild fall and warm rains have favored fall feed and pastures
are now looking well, so that stock should continue to im-
prove in condition for the remainder of the season.

Fall Seeding.
Fall seeding can hardly be said to be in good condition
and is probably, if anything, a little below average. The
condition a month ago was poor but the rains of the past
month have improved it materially. A number of corre-
spondents speak of it as late but looking well, while a few
consider the condition poor. Others speak of it as fair or
not quite up to average, while fully half the correspondents
speak of the condition as good.

Apples.
Prices for apples may be considered as nearly average if
not quite so. The majority of correspondents speak of them
as average, a few as above average, and a slightly larger
number as below. Prices quoted range from $1 to $1.50
per barrel ; probably $1.25 would be a fiiir average of the
prices given. About two-thirds of the correspondents con-
sider the crop a profitable one, while the other one-third
looks upon it as unprofitable. Among the reasons given for
lack of profit are the high cost and scarcity of barrels, the
high price of labor and land, poor methods of orcharding,
and the unusually large crop.

Most Profitable Crops.
The opinions of correspondents as to the most profitable
crops vary widely. Some state that they cannot tell, as sales
are not yet completed, while one says that there have been
no profitable crops this year. Thirty-eight consider hay
to have been among the most profitable crops ; thirty-three,
potatoes ; twenty-four, corn ; eighteen, apples ; four, tobacco ;
three, cabbage ; three, fruit ; two, rye ; two, oats ; two, bar-
ley ; two, cranberries ; two, peas ; two, asparagus ; and
one, dairy products.

Least Profitable Crops.

Twenty-seven correspondents state that potatoes were

among the least profitable crops; eighteen, corn; eight,

hay; seven, oats; six, onions; five, apples; four, roots;

four, cabbage ; three, milk ; three, market-garden crops ;

u

two, tobacco ; two, rye ; two, strawberries ; one, peas ; one,
fruits ; one, barley ; one, pears ; one, wheat ; one, cran-
berries ; and one, beans.

Profits of the Season.
The season is quite generally considered to have been a
poor one for the farmer. None speak of it as unusually
profitable, while the great majority consider it either un-
profitable or only fairly so. The unfavorable condition is
largely due to the drought of summer and early fall, which
shortened nearly all crops, and in some sections reduced
them nearly to a minimum. There is also much complaint
of slow sales and low prices. One correspondent attributes
this to so many men being out of work, thus shortening the
local markets. Others mention the fact without attempting
to account for it. Several speak of wool as commanding a
very low price and, in fact, having practically no sale at all.
Lambs also are said to bring a low price. Much will de-
pend in many localities on the prices brought by special
crops, as, for instance, tobacco, which are not yet sold.
Taking everything into consideration, for the State at large,
the season has been far from a profitable one.

15

:n'otes of correspondents.

(Returned to us Octobei- 30.)

BERKSHIRE COUNTY. '

Sheffield (Davight Andrews). — Root crops will not be aver-
age, although they are doing well of late. Farm stock is looking
well and in good condition. Fall seeding done late is looking
finely. Apples have commanded average price, and we consider
the crop a profitable one. Hay has been our most profitable crop
and buckwheat our least profitable one. Considered as a whole,
the season has not been an average one.

Becket (Wm. H. Snow). — Root crops have not proved to be
average, owing to drought. Farm stock is in fair condition. Fall
seeding is late. About average prices received for grafted apples ;
no sale for cider apples. Potatoes have been our most profitable
crop and corn our least profitable one. The season will average
well with past years.

Lee (A. Bradley). — Farm stock is about 95 in condition.
Apples have brought about three-fourths the prices of former
years ; the crop is considered a profitable one. Hay has been our
most profitable crop and potatoes our least profitable one. Con-
sidered as a whole, the season has hardly been a profitable one.

Stockbridge (F. A. Palmer). — All roots except flat turnips
have done well. Stock looks well, having been cared for through
the drought by extra feeding. Dairy products have brought good
prices ; horses are very low, lambs lower than usual and wool
knocked out of sight. Fall seeding is in fine condition. Prices
for apples are good as usual, and they are paying the farmer well.
Grass and corn were our most profitable crops and tobacco our
least profitable one. The season has been fairly profitable.

Hancock (C. H. Wells). — Root crops not average. Farm
stock not quite in average condition, on account of short feed.
Fall seeding in poor condition. Prices for apples about as last
year. Potatoes have been our most profitable crop and corn our
least profitable one. I think farmers in this section will have to

16

spray their trees before they will realize much profit from apples.
The season as a whole has been fairly profitable.

Cheshire (L. J. Northup) . — Root crops have been a little off
from average. Farm stock looks fairly well where they have been
fed extra. Fall seeding was late, but quite an acreage has been
seeded and looks well. Hand-picked apples bring SI -50 per bar-
rel ; probably after deducting expenses they will not net the grower
more than $1. Hay has been our most profitable crop and pota-
toes probably the least profitable one, at present price of 50 or
55 cents per bushel. Our farmers have just cause to say the sea-
son has not been a profitable one.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Roioe (J. Frank Brown). — Root crops are average. Farm
stock is in from fair to good condition. Fall seeding is in good
condition. Prices for apples average ; I think the crop the best
the farmer has. Apples have been our most profitable crop and
potatoes our least profitable one. As a whole, I think the past
season has been a profitable one for live, wide-awake farmers.

BucMand (J. D. Avery). — Farm stock not quite in average
condition, in consequence of short feed in pastures. Fall seeding
not as good as usual, but it has improved wonderfully since the
late rains. Prices for apples about as in former years ; the crop
has been a very profitable one for farmers in this section. Cora
has been our most profitable crop and potatoes our least profitable
one. The season has not been up to the average in profit, owing
to the fact that the severe drought made it necessary to feed dairy
stock heavily from the barn during the late summer and fall, thereby
greatly reducing the profits from this source ; also to the fact that
sheep products have been lower than for many years, — wool 13
cents per pound, and lambs a drug at 3 cents.

Conway (J. C. Newhall). — Hardly any root crops raised
here. Owing to the severe drought, farm stock is not up to an
average condition. Fall seeding is remarkably good for this time
of year. For selected apples the price has been from $1.25 to
$1.50 per barrel ; I think the crop just about pays expenses. To-
bacco at 15 cents per pound is our most profitable crop and pota-
toes our least profitable one. The season has not been a profitable
cue, as farm produce has been low and good help scarce and high.

Deerfield (Chas. Jones) . — Root crops have been average. P'all
seeding is looking extra well, and more has been done than usual.
Farm stock is in good condition. Apples a good crop, with a good
demand and prices fair. Hay is a short crop, the rowen crop being

17

very short. Onions a small crop, with prices low and sales slow.
Tobacco an extra good crop, and has cured well. Tobacco has
been our most profitable crop and onions our least profitable one.
The season has been about a fair average.

Sunderland (J. M. J. Legate) . — Root crops have not proved
average crops. Farm stock is in good condition. Late seeding is
looking well, but seeding in the corn fields was about a failure.
The price of apples has been from $1 to $1.25 per barrel ; I do not
consider the crop profitable. Tobacco is not sold, but it looks as
if that would be our best crop. Onions are our least profitable
crop. Considered as a whole, the season has not been a profitable
one.

Norllifield (Chas. Pomeroy). — Root crops are not average.
Farm stock is in first-rate condition. Fall seeding is in good con-
dition. Prices for apples about average ; not much money in sell-
ing first quality for $1.25 per barrel. Hay has been our most
profitable crop and oats our least profitable one. Considered as a
whole, the season has been about an average one for profit.

HAMPSHIRE COUNTr.

Belchertown (H. C. West). — Root crops far below average,
especially those sown early. Farm stock is in fair condition, nearly
if not quite up to the average. Fall seeding seldom in better con-
dition. Prices for apples fully up to the average ; decidedly they
are one of the most profitable of New England crops. Corn, rye,
early sown oats, barley, hay and apples were our most profitable
crops and roots and potatoes our least profitable ones. The
season has hardly been a favorable one, but the farmer has less to
complain of than those in most vocations.

Amherst (Wm. P. Brooks). — Very few English turnips, man-
golds and Swedes very poor, carrots fair to good. Farm stock is
perhaps a little thinner than usual, but is otherwise in good condi-
tion. Fall seeding is generally in good condition. Prices for
apples have been very good ; a profitable crop when well grown
and handled. Tobacco, corn, apples and potatoes are our most
profitable crops and roots and rye our least profitable ones. The
season is hardly average with recent years, though much depends
on the turn prices for tobacco take.

North Hadley (H. C. Russell). — Root crops suffered from dry
weather until late in the season, when they improved very much.
Stock has done well during the past month. Fall seeding in good
condition. Apples lower in price than usual, — 90 cents to $1.10
in bulk. Potatoes have done as well as any crop, and onions

18

have been the least pi'ofitable. Farmers complain of hard times
and low prices, with crops below the average. On the whole, it is
not considered a prosperous year.

Southampton (C. B. Lyman). — The fall rains have helped out
the root crops and they are proving very good. Farm stock is
looking fairly well. Fall seeding is looking first rate, more of it
than usual. Apples were a good crop, and are mostly sold, price
$1.25 per barrel, and have netted the farmers about as much
money as any crop . Hay is the most profitable crop ; so many
crops were injured by the drought that is hard to tell which is least
profitable. As a whole, the season has not been a very profitable
one.

Goshen ( Alvan Barrus) . — Root crops very uneven ; some
nearly a total failure, others fairly good ; average 75 per cent of a
good crop. Farm stock is somewhat below the average in condi-
tion. Fall seeding in rather extra condition. Apples are uneven,
but will prove profitable to those having a crop. Dairying has
probably taken the lead, though pastures have been short, and a
consequent decrease of milk with a greater cost for feed. Some
farmers are holding one or two crops of wool, while others have
sold for 12 or 15 cents, — just about half the former price. The
season has most decidedly not been a profitable one.

Worthington (C. K. Brewster). — Eoot crops are about a fair
average. Stock which is dependent on pasture feed is looking
thin. Fall seeding and fall feed started remarkably after the
rains, and are now fair. Apples about average in price ; yield
good and fairly profitable. Hay and corn have been our most
profitable crops and oats our least profitable one. Considered as
a whole, the season has been fairly profitable. A new creamery
is being built, and will probably be in operation Jan. 1, 1895.

HAMPDEN COUNTY.

Tolland (F. T. Moore). — Root crops are about three-fourths
of an average. Farm stock is not quite so good flesh as usual.
Very little fall seeding is done, as it is liable to winter-kill in our
loam soil. Prices for apples are low ; the profit depends on the
value of the land for other crops, and on how much it costs to
pick and market them. Grass has been our most profitable crop
and corn our least profitable one. The horn fly has been very
hard on stock this season. The season has been a pretty hard one
for our farmers.

Westjield (C. F. Fowler). — Root crops not up to average.
Farm stock in good condition. Fall seeding is a little late, but

19

looking fairly well. Prices for apples compare favorably with
former years ; the cx'op is a profitable one on suitable land.
Tobacco is unsold and hay always salable, so cannot tell which
will be most profitable. It is hard to estimate profits before crops
are sold, but on the whole I consider the season a good average one.

West Springfield (J. N. Bagg) . — I think roots are average
crops. Farm stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is back-
ward. Apples here are remarkably fair ; the demand for early
ones was dull, and late ones are in demand for export. Probably
corn has been our least profitable crop. Considered as a whole,
the season has not been a profitable one.

Chicopee (R. W. Bemis). — Root crops have proved average
except on very dry ground. Farm stock is in fair condition. Fall
seeding is very good ; not so much done as usual. Prices for
apples about the same as former years ; I do not think the crop
profitable, as we handle it. Corn has been our most profitable
crop and oats our least profitable one. The season has been as
profitable as any.

Wilbraham (H. M. Bliss). — Root crops are fully average.
Farm stock is in average condition. Early sown fall seeding is in
good condition. Apples about the same price as last year. Grass
and potatoes have been our most profitable crops and corn our
least profitable one. The severe drought has been a drawback to
the success of our farmers.

Monson (A. H. White). — Root crops have not proved average.
Farm stock is not quite in average condition, on account of drought.
Fall seeding is doing quite well now; it did not start well, on
account of drought. Prices for apples are not to be complained
of, and the crop is a fairly profitable one. Apples have been our
most profitable crop and potatoes our least profitable one. Feed
has been short, so that cows have failed to be profitable, and the
prices have been low. I think the season the most discouraging
for many years.

WORCESTER COUNTY.

Warren (W. E. Patrick). — Root crops have not turned out to
be average. Farm stock is not in quite so good flesh as usual
at this time of year. Fall seeding has improved with the recent
rains, but is not quite up to the average. Prices for apples are a
little better than in former years, when the crop was equally large :
it is a profitable crop. Rye, corn and apples are our most profit-
able crops, and potatoes, oats and barley our least profitable ones.
The season has been far from a profitable one.

20

West BrooTcfield (L. H. Chamberlain). — Root crops not up to
the average. Farra stock iu good health, but not in average flesh.
What little fall seeding was done is looking rather feeble. Apples
have been above the average in price ; I consider them one of our
most profitable crops. Corn has been our most profitable crop
and potatoes our least profitable one. I think the season has
hardlj' been a profitable one for our farmers.

Petersham (S. B. Cook). — Root crops have been average.
Stock is in fairly good condition, as grass has grown luxuriantly
of late. Fall seeding has started well but is late, and it is feared
will winter-kill. Prices for apples a little below average ; I do not
think the crop profitable, in view of the expense of packing and
freighting. Hay and potatoes have been our most profitable crops
and corn our least profitable one. Considered as a whole, the
season has been only moderately profitable.

Westminster (Joseph Hager) . — Root crops are below average.
Farm stock is not in very good condition, owing to dry weather.
Fall seeding is in average condition. Prices for apples very poor,
— hard getting $1 per bai-rel ; no profit in apples, as a rule. Po-
tatoes have been our most profitable crop and pears and apples
our least profitable one. Considered as a whole, the season has
been below average. During the fall there have been frequent
light rains and unusually pleasant weather, with no killing frosts,
so that everything is now looking well.

Leominster (W. B. Hosmer). — Root crops have not proved to
be average. Farm stock is in very fair condition. Fall seeding
is late, but is now looking well. Prices for winter apples better
than usual ; the crop a favorable one. Hay and fruit have been
our most profitable crops and root crops our least profitable ones.
I see no reason why farmers need complain of the season.

Holden (G. S. Graham). — Root crops are average. Stock is
healthy, but rather thin ; that turned out to pasture comes home
very thin. Fall seeding is backward, there not having been enough
moisture to start it early. Apples bring about $1.25 per barrel;
I consider the crop profitable. Potatoes are generally our most
profitable crop. Hay and pasturage suffered most from the
drought, and hay is also low in price. The season has been a
profitable one, as, notwithstanding one of the severest droughts
for years, nearly all crops have done very well. Grapes never so
sweet and good ; no frost to injure them yet.

Worcester (H. R. Kinney). — Roots are hardly average, as the
hot, dry weather of early fall burned them. Stock is generally in
good condition, though feed has been short. Apples were a good
crop, and have sold as high as usual. Apples have probably been

21

the best crop oa many farms and hay the lightest of any. There
has been much complaint about dry weather and low prices ; but
those farmers who have kept on the move have done as well as
those in other lines of business. Too much should not be ex-
pected in the present state of the country.

Sutton (O. P. Johnson). — Roots have proved to be average
crops. Farm stock is in fair condition. Fall seeding is late, but
looks finely. Prices for apples good, and the crop a profitable
one. Hay and apples have been our most profitable crops and
potatoes our least profitable one. I should think the season had
been a profitable one for our farmers.

Blackstone (L. R. Daniels). — Root crops are less than average,
as the rain came too late. Farm stock is generally in good con-
dition ; new milch cows scarce and costly. Fall seeding very good ;
rains came at just the right time. Dealers paid $1.25 for apples
delivered at the station ; well-managed orchards are profitable.
Early potatoes and other garden crops, hay and all fodder crops
that go to produce milk have been the most profitable, and fruit
crops of all kinds the least profitable. The scarcity and high cost
of empty barrels have operated to reduce the profit of the apple
crop. The season has been a moderately profitable one.

MIDDLESEX COUNTY.

Groton (Daniel Needham) . — Root crops not up to the aver-
age. Farm stock in good condition. Fall seeding in good condi-
tion. Prices for apples much better than usual; I consider the
crop vex-y profitable. Apples and hay have been our most profita-
ble crops and market-garden crops our least profitable ones. But
for the large apple crop and the highly remunerative prices the
farmers would have had less than an average season in cash value
returns. As it is, the year must be regarded as very satisfactory.
The demand for winter apples has been very active, and the prices
until the middle of October have been advancing ; since then they
have fallen off a very little. Groton farmers will receive not less
than $35,000 for their apples, and other towns in this vicinit}'^ will
realize large sums.

West ford (Arthur Wright). — Root crops are average. Farm
stock is in good condition. Not a very large amount of fall seed-
ing has been done this fall in this vicinity. Prices for apples
have been better than in former years, and the crop is a profitable
one. Apples have been our most profitable crop and potatoes
least profitable except on moist land. Considered as a whole, the
season is above the average for profit.

22

Chelmsford (P. P. Perham). — Root crops a good average.
The external appearance of farm stock is as good as usual. Fall
seeding caught well, and looks very promising at present. Prices
for fall apples have been lower than an average. Hay has been
our most profitable crop and wheat our least profitable one. In
spite of the low prices, apples have been a profitable crop. As a
whole, the farmers in this vicinity have had a profitable season.

Wilmington (E. N. Eames). — Root crops have proved to be
average. Home stock is looking well, and stock arrived home
from pasture in good condition. Fall seeding has been somewhat
injured by drought. As to apples, seconds are selling very well,
No. 1 Baldwins sell at from $1.50 to $2 per barrel ; the crop is a
profitable one. Potatoes have been our most profitable crop and
cabbages our least profitable one. Considered as a whole, the
season has been a profitable one.

Winchester (Marshall Symmes). — Root crops are average;
beets and white turnips especially good. Fall seeding is all up in
good shape, and was never in better condition. Prices for apples
a little lower than usual, but the crop a profitable one. The sea-
son has not been as profitable for our farmers as have some
others.

M^eston (H. L. Brown). — Root crops have been a good aver-
age. Farm stock always looks well in this locality ; no poor stock
kept. Fall seeding has a good start, and is looking well. Fall
apples have been selling for low prices ; winter apples on trees at
about the usual price, — 50 to 75 cents per barrel. Cabbages
have been our best crop and potatoes our least profitable one.
Market-garden crops have brought low prices, and hardly paid the
cost of raising. Considered as a whole, the season has not been a
profitable one.

Framingham (H. S. Whittemore). — Root crops are more than
average. Farm stock is in good condition, and looking well. Fall
seeding is good, and looking finel}'. Prices for apples much lower
than in former years ; do not consider it a profitable crop at ruling
prices. Corn and potatoes have been our most profitable crops
and oats and onions our least profitable ones. I think this year is
an average one, but not very profitable.

ESSEX COUNTY.

Haverhill (Eben Webster). — Root crops about average,
except on very dry land. Farm stock in as good condition as
usual. Fall seeding has come up since the rains, and is looking
well now. Prices for apples the same as two years ago, and the

23

crop a good one. The season has been a little less profitable than
usual.

Groveland (Abel Stickney) . — Root crops have proved to be
average. Farm stock is in very good condition. Fall seeding is
not in first-class shape. Prices for apples less than average, but
I think the crop is profitable. Hay has been our most profitable
crop and cranberries our least profitable one. Not a particularly
profitable season ; farmers feel the hard times ; produce is low
and sales slow.

JSfewbury (Gr. W. Adams). — Root crops have proved to be
average. Farm stock is in fair to good condition. Very little fall
seeding has been done ; condition poor to fair. Prices for apples
lower than usual, as compared with size of crop ; barrels high,
labor scarce ; not very profitable. Potatoes have been our most
profitable crop, and strawberries, especially the later kinds, the
least profitable. The season has been profitable so far as the pro-
duction of a good crop means profit, but the crops do not sell.

North Andover (Peter Holt, Jr.). — Roots are hardly an aver-
age, the dry weather causing a small growth. Farm stock is in
fairly good condition. Late sown seed looks fully as well as that
sown earlier. Winter apples found a quick sale at $1 per barrel ;
fall apples were very cheap. Potatoes were our most profitable
crop and cabbages our least profitable one. Farmers have made
less money than usual.

Ipstvich (O. C. Smith). — Most root crops are up to the average,
except on very dry soils. Stock generally is in good condition.
Fall seeding somewhat backward from drought, but generally a
good catch. Prices very low for fall apples, about average for
winter fruit ; as profitable as any crop. Hay and fruit have been
our most profitable crops, and potatoes our least profitable one.
Profits will be small, and not up to the average.

Danvers (C. H. Pkeston). — Root crops are fair. Fall seeding
is in good condition. The prices for apples are low and the profit
small. Considered as a whole, the season has not been a profitable
one for our farmers.

NORFOLK COUNTY.

Medway (Monroe Morse). — Farm stock is in good condition.
Fall seeding is as good as usual. Apples are selling at canning
factories at 75 cents per barrel ; last year, $1 ; hand-picked for
winter use, $1.25 ; rather low.

Millis (E. F. Richardson). — Root crops not average. Farm
stock in fair condition. Fall seeding in fair condition. Apples
an immense crop in this locality ; prices low, but crop profitable.

24

Potatoes are our most profitable crop and grass our least profitable
one. Considered as a whole, the season has not been a profitable
one for our farmers.

Medjield (Geo. R. Chase). — Roots have proved to be average
crops. Farm stock is generally in good condition, as our people
generally feed well. Fall seeding below the average, except on
low land. The price for winter apples is not yet fixed ; fall fruit
is so abundant as to render it unsalable. Cream, butter and milk
have been our most profitable products. The season has been a
very trying one, on account of the drought.

BRISTOL COUNTY.

Attleborough (Isaac Ai.ger). — Root crops are hardly up to the
average. Farm stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is in
good condition. Apples have sold for about average prices, and
the crop has been a profitable one. Considered as a whole, the
season has been a fairly profitable one for our farmers.

Mansfield (Wm. C. "Winter) . — Root crops generally under the
average. Farm stock in good condition. What little fall seeding
has been done is looking well. Apples are plenty and prices about
the same as for some j-ears past, — $1.50 per barrel ; I do uot con-
sider them profitable. Hay, though under average, is our most
profitable crop, and corn probably our least profitable one. All
early crops suffered much from drought ; late rains helped out some
of the late crops, and pastures are now in fair condition. I do not
consider the season a profitable one.

Taunton (C. H, WiLiiARxn). — Root crops are average. Farm
stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is below the average, on
account of drought. Apples have been lower in price than in for-
mer years, but are still fairly profitable. The season has been a
fairly profitable one for our farmers.

Raynliam (N. W. Shaw). — Root crops have not proved aver-
age crops. Farm stock is in fair condition. Fall seeding is not
in average condition. Prices for apples have been very low, but
nevertheless I consider the crop a profitable one. Hay has been
our most profitable crop and potatoes our least profitable one. The
drought and low prices have given the farmer but little, if any,
profit on his year's work.

BerUey (R. H. Babbitt). — Root crops are not up to the aver-
age. Farm stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is backward,
but coming on w^ell. Prices for apples are lower than usual, but
the crop is very large ; there is a great deal of work for a little
money. Corn has been our most profitable crop and strawberries

25

our least profitable one. I think the season has not been a profit-
able one. The severe frosts in May, followed later in the season
by protracted drought, and by a frost the 22d of August, which
destroyed many of the cranberries in this part of the State, have
combined to make it rather a remarkable season.

Dartmouth (L. T. Davis). — Root crops are not up to the aver-
age. Stock has been kept in good condition by feeding in the
barn. Fall seeding about in fair average condition. Apples are
very low in price ; consequently there is not much profit connected
with them. Grass has been our most profitable crop and there
have been a great many which might be called least profitable.
The past season as a whole has been a very hard one for the far-
mers of this section. Crops in most instances were very light and
prices very low in our local market, owing to so many being out
of employment.

PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

Hingham (Aaron Low). — Root crops have proved to be aver-
age. Farm stock is in fair condition. Fall seeding is in good
condition. Prices for apples are low, quality good. Cabbages
have been our most profitable crop and potatoes our least profita-
ble one. The season has been unfavorable for most crops, and
very low prices for farm products have made it a hard year for
farmers.

West Bridgetuater (F. E. Howard). ^ — Root crops have not
been average either in quantity or price. Farm stock is looliing
well at present. Drought prevented fall seeding from coming up
until late, but the condition is good. Prices for apples have been
lower than in former years ; I do not consider the crop profitable.
Hay has been our most profitable crop and apples our least profit-
able one. The season has not been a profitable one for our
farmers.

Hanson (F. S. Thomas). — Root crops have not proved to be
average. Farm stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is in
good condition. The price of apples is low yet, but there has
been a feeling that they would bring higher prices if kept a few
weeks ; so far no improvement in price, and they are beginning to
rot badly. When picked they were smooth, high colored and free
from worm holes, and promised to keep well. The crop is not
very profitable. Summer garden stuff has been our best crop.
The season has perhaps been fairly profitable, but farmers have
felt the hard times.

Marshfield (J. H. Bourne). — Root crops not up to average;
turnips now growing rapidly. Farm stock is in nearly average

26

condition. Very little fall seeding has been done, but it is doing
well now. Prices for apples were very low early in the season,
higher now, with improving prospects; the crop is profitable if
rightly managed. Corn and hay have been our most profitable
crops and potatoes our least profitable one. Notwithstanding the
dry season, the yield of milk has been good, as we do not depend
on our pastures, they being poor every year. Considered as a
whole, the season has not been a profitable one.

Kingston (J. H. Cushjian). — Root crops are about two-thirds
the usual average. Stock as a whole is looking well. Apples are
a drug at any price, there being no sale for them at present. Hay
has been our best crop and corn our poorest. Considered as a
whole, the season has not been a profitable one.

Ldkeville (Elbridge Cushman). — Root crops are not average.
Farm stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is in good condi-
tion. Prices for apples have been below the average, but I con-
sider the crop a profitable one. Hay and corn have been our least
profitable crops. Drought and low prices have reduced the pres-
ent season rather below the average.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY.

Sandwich (J. R. Holway) . — Farm stock is in good condition.
Fall seeding is fair, but late. Apples have brought average
prices. I do not think there has been a profitable crop raised in
this locality this year ; all crops are very small. Frost, insects
and dry weather took about all the profit, and the farmer has to
take what is left.

Barnstable (John Burslet) . — Beets good ; turnips a small
crop. Farm stock is in fair condition. Fall seeding is very good,
considering the lateness of sowing. Apples full average in price ;
good, late-keeping winter fruit is profitable. Cranberries are our
most profitable crop and potatoes our least profitable one. Corn
is husking out a very good crop, much better than the average.
The season will average as profitable as the last five years.

Dennis (Joshua Crowell). — Root crops are not average.
Farm stock is in fair condition. AVhat little fall seeding was
done is looking very well. Apples about an average crop ; hardly
a profitable one in this section. Cranberries are the leading crop,
and have proved almost a failure this year, prices are high. The
season has not been a profitable one for our farmers.

Brewster (J. H. Clark). — Root crops are average. Farm
stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is in good condition.
Prices for apples rather lower than usual ; crop fairly profitable.

27

Cranberries are our most profitable crop and potatoes onr least
profitable one, on account of drought. Considered as a whole, the
season has not been a profitable one.

Eastham (J. A. Clark) . — Koots are not an average crop.
Farm stock is in good condition. Apples are low in price ; not
many raised for market. Asparagus has been our most profitable
crop and potatoes came the nearest to being a failure. The profit
of the season will depend in a great measure on how the turnip
crop proves and the prices obtained. It looked like a failure, but
the late rains have worked wonders, and with mild weather it will
be a good crop.

DUKES COUNTY.

West Tishury (Geo. Hunt Luce). — Eoot crops have proved
to be average. Farm stock is in good condition. Fall seeding is
in very good condition. Apples are not a profitable crop ; prices
much the same as usual. Hay has been our most profitable crop
and corn our least profitable one. Considered as a whole, the
season has not been a profitable one.

28

BULLETIN OF
MASSACHUSETTS BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

ENTOMOL 0 aiCAL.

The Buffalo Carpet Beetle.
Anthrenus scrophularice L,

This insect is exceedingly destructive to all kinds of woollen
materials, but not to cotton or silk. The injuries reported to have
been done to silk, lace curtains, etc., must have been done by
something else.

Buffalo beetles and their larvae seem to be much more abundant
in rooms on the second and third floors than in those below, and in
the month of March, in rooms that have been kept w^arm, the
beetles emerge and fly to the windows, where they may be taken
and destroyed. If housekeepers would look for them frequently
at the windows, from the latter part of February till the end of
March, and destroy all the beetles found, they would undoubtedly
have far less trouble the following summer. Many of the beetles
feed and transform in wool or woollens in outhouses, barns or sta-
bles. The beetles bred in such places emerge much later in the
season and gather about flowers, within which they appear to feed,
perhaps on the pollen, and are often brought into the houses in large
numbers in the flowers.

The larvae are often found feeding upon the woollen lint that
has accumulated in the cracks of floors, and unless these are care-
fully cleaned out, or covered with paper under the carpet, they may
come up and eat the carpet along the line of the crack, cutting it
as completely as could be done with scissors. It is desirable,
therefore, before putting down a carpet in a badly infested room,
to saturate the lint in the cracks with benzine and cover the floor
very carefully with carpet paper, or even with newspapers, in such
away that the larvae cannot find access to the carpet from beneath.
Some housekeepers paste paper over the cracks in the floor and
also around the edge, turning it up and pasting it on the base-
board, so as to cover the space between this and the floor.

The beetles usually lay their eggs and the larvas attack the car-

29

pets under their exposed edges, and these parts may be protected
by washing over the edges and a few inches of the under side with
a solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol in the proportion of
sixty grains to one pint. The alcohol quickly evaporates, leaving
the corrosive sublimate over all the fibres of the carpet where the
application has been made. It must be remembered that corrosive
sublimate is a rank poison and cannot be safely used where chil-
dren play upon the carpet.

The larvfe of the Buffalo beetles appear to be attracted to certain
colors of a carpet more than to others, especially to the animal
dyes, and some people have found it very useful to spread pieces
of carpeting in which red was the prevailing color on the bare floors
of closets, and then take them up every day and kill the larvae
found under them.

I have tried many insecticides and many methods for the destruc-
tion of the Buffalo beetle, and find no more successful way of keep-
ing a house free from them than by a very careful watch for the
beetles on the windows in February and March, a frequent inspec-
tion of all woollen clothing not in constant use, a daily examina-
tion of pieces of red carpeting on the floors of closets which are
liable to be infested, and carefully excluding the beetles from
flowers brought into the house.

It is necessary for the members of the family to be able to rec-
ognize this insect in its different stages, and to aid in this matter

Via. 1. — Anthrenus scrophularice. L.
a, larva; b, skin of a larva; c, pupa; d, beetle. All much enlarged. (After Riley.)

Fig. 1 is introduced, which represents the full-grown larva at a,
the larva skin at &, the pupa or quiet stage at c, and the perfect
beetle at d, all greatly enlarged.

The perfect beetle is about three-sixteenths of an inch in length,
black and white as marked in Fig. 1, cZ, and has a scarlet stripe
along the middle of the back. The insect does no injury in this
stage of its existence, but lays its eggs, and from these are hatched

30

the larvfB which injure the woollen fabrics. The larva, Fig. 1, «,
when fully grown, is rather longer than the beetle, and is clothed
with stiff brown hairs which are extended into a short tail-like
appendage at the posterior end.

The Pitchy Carpet Beetle.
Attagenus piceus Oliv.

The larva of this beetle is often found feeding on carpets in the
same manner as the Buffalo carpet beetle and sometimes associated
with it. The full-grown larva is about one-third of an inch in
length, of a brownish color, ringed with whitish between the seg-
ments, largest near the head and tapering towards the posterior
extremity, which is provided with a long pencil of diverging hairs.
The whole surface of the body is covered with short, coarse, brown
hairs, which are so arranged as to give a smooth and somewhat
glossy appearance to the larva, which is quite hard and v;\vy. It
crawls quite rapidly, with a peculiar gliding movement.

The perfect beetle is from one-fifth to one-seventh of an inch in
length, more elongated than the Buffalo carpet beetle, black, and
clothed with minute yellowish or brownish hairs, giving the beetle
a general brownish color, varying from light brov/n to dark, pitchy
brown. There is but one generation in a year, as indicated by
those which I have bred, for larvfe found in June did not trans-
form to perfect beetles until the following May.

The remedies for this pest are the same as for the Buffalo
beetle.

Clothes Moths.

Two species of clothes moths are common in this country, brought
over from Europe many years ago. The first of these was named

Fig. 2. — Tinea pellionella L.

a, adult; b, larva; c, larva in case. All much enlarged.

(After Riley.)

Tinea pellionella by Linneus. It is a grayish-colored moth, with
two or three darker obscure spots on the fore wings and lighter-

31

colored, silky hind wings. The head is covered with dull yellowish,
erect hairs. The fore wings expand about half an inch. Fig. 2, a
represents this moth, greatly enlarged. These insects are fre-
quently seen in our houses, during the summer months, at rest on
the walls or ceiling in the daytime, and flying about at night in the
darker parts of the room, seldom going near a light. After the sexes
pair, the female deposits about sixty eggs, which hatch in from six
to eight days, when the young caterpillars begin to feed and at
once construct portable cases of the materials ou which they feed.
These cases are of a cylindrical form, open a,t each end and lined
with delicate silk. When the caterpillars have grown too large for
their cases they split them down at one end and gore in a piece
with new material, and then enlarge the opposite end in the same
manner. They never leave their cases, but, in feeding, put out
their heads and forward part of their bodies, and as they move
about drag the cases along with them (Fig. 2, c). This insect,
which has a world-wide distribution, feeds on woollen goods of all
kinds, fur, hair, feathers, etc., and is a notorious pest.

The other clothes moth, known by the name of Tineola biseUiella
(Fig. 3, a), is rather smaller than the one described above, of a
pale yellow-ochre color,
without spots or marks, and
has the head covered with
short, erect hairs of a red-
dish yellow-ochre color. The
hind wings are silky and
much paler than the fore
wings. The caterpillar
(Fig. 3, 6) is of a whitish
color, with a yellow head,
and constructs no case what-
ever, but draws together.

Fig. 3. — Tineola biseUiella Hum.

a, adult; b, larva; c, cocoon and empty pupa skin.

All much enlarged. (After Kiley.)

very loosely, a mass of the materials on which it feeds, for a
cocoon within which to transform (Fig. 3, c). This species,
which is distributed very widely over the world, is particularly
destructive to woollen fabrics, fur, hair, feathers, dried insects,
and is also said to attack dried plants.

A third species, from ICurope, Tinea tapetzeUa, is said to occur
in this country, but this needs verification, as all the specimens
seen by me may have come from Europe as pinned insects.

Remedies and Preventives.
It is very desirable, in houses where rugs are used instead of
carpets, to take them up and shake them out. of doors frequently

32

during the spring and summer. If carpets are used and they
become infested, it is well to lay wet cloths along the edges and
use a hot flatiron ou them. If this is properly done it will force
the steam down through the carpet, killing not only the moths but
also any carpet beetles that may be feeding beneath.

All garments liable to be attacked by carpet beetles or clothes
moths, if not to be used during the summer, should be thoroughly
shaken and then packed away in tight paper bags, or in paste-
board boxes with a strip of paper pasted around the edge of the
cover so as to leave no crack.

Ants.

Small red ants often infest dwelling houses and become an intol-
erable nuisance, not because of the amount they eat, but because
of their habit of getting into sugar and other sweets.

The important thing is to find their nests, for it is then a com-
paratively easy matter to destroy the entire colony. It may be
that the removal of a board where they come into a room will
expose their headquarters, when a little kerosene poured over it
will desti'oy all the inmates and put an end to the nuisance.

If they come from some ant-hill outside of the house, they can
be destroyed by making holes about a foot apart in the hill and
pouring a teaspoonful of bisulphide of carbon into each and stamp-
ing the ground down. The bisulphide of carbon quickly evapo-
rates, and permeating the ground, destroys all in the colony.

C. H. Fernald,

Entomologist.

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