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MATERIALS

FOR A

CARCINOLOGICAL FAUNA OF INDIA.

No. 6,

THE BRACHYURA CATOMETOPA

OR
GRAPSOIDEA.
BY
A. ALCOCK, MB, OM.ZS, mths Sa,
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. Sm. - am
et, .
. ae
Ss ee 4
ALS Qa
= » - Hf
[Reprinted from the “ Journal, Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ se aE Ws
Vol. LXIX, Part IT, No. 3, 1900.] = i
‘
|
CALCUTTA: ;
BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
= 1900.

XVI.—Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India. No.6. The
Brachyura Catometopa, or Grapsoidea.—By A. Aucock, M.B.,
C.M.Z.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum.

[Received 25th June; Read 4th July.]

In treating the Catometopes I have in the main followed the scheme
of Milne Edwards (Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1852 and 1853)
as modified by Dana, and I may introduce this paper with a statement
of the points at which it deviates from the former of those classical
works.

In the first place, following Dana and most subsequent authors, I
have evicted the Telphuside. With them must also go Gecarcinucus,
which is an undoubted Telphusoid, although it is persistently ranked
with the Geocarcinide.

Again I have followed the lead of Dana in his treatment of the
Gonoplacea of Milne Edwards, the genera of which are distributed
among the Ocypodidz and the Sesarmine Grapsidx, while Gonoplaz itself
is relegated to the Carcinoplacide, ‘

This step necessitates a considerable enlargement of Milne Edwards’
group of Carcinoplacine, and a reconstruction of his Ocypodingy, and in
carrying this out I have in the main followed Dana’s admirable system.

The isolation of Myctiris as an independent family, which was first
suggested by Dana, is here accented, but at the same time I fully agree
with Milne Edwards estimate of this singular form as a “satellite” of
the Ocypodoids,

621

280 Carcinological Fuuna of India.

In grouping the genera of the Grapsidz I have departed very little
from the arrangement of Milne Edwards, who recognized—though his
suecessors have ignored it—the independence of the Varuna group.

I have adopted Dana’s family of Geocarcinide, but with some
hesitation, for Milne Edwards’ estimation of the group as a subfamily
of Grapside has much to recommend it,

T gladly follow Milne Edwards in recognizing the Hymenosoma
group as a tribu principale not distantly related to the Ocypodes and
quite distinct from and independent of the Pinnoteres group.

As regards additions to the Catometopa as known to and recognized
by Milne Edwards, I may mention the Rhizopine (Stimpson, Miers),

the Hexapodinse, the Palicide (which include Cymopolia formerly

classed with the Dorippide), and the new family Ptenoplacidex.

From the system of Dana I would dissent only in separating the
Hymenosoma-group from the Pinnoteride ; in enlarging the Scopimerinse
(=Dotine) at the expense of the Ocypodidsx ; in splitting the Grapsinz
into two equal groups,—one round Grapsus, the other round Varuna ;
and in removing Gecarcinucus from the Geocarcinide.

The scheme of classification proposed by Miers seems to me to,
too often, disregard natural relations without facilitating the recognition
of species by way of compensation.

The most conspicuous instance is the family Pinnoteridx, in which
we find Pinnoteres and its kindred included with such undoubted
Ocypodoids as Dotilla and Scopimera, with Mictyris, with Hymenosoma
and its allies, and finally with Hexapus whose affinities are quite clearly
with the Rhizopine.

Again by the exclusion of Scopimera and Dotilla and by the
inclusion of the Gonoplacidse, Miers family of Ocypodide becomes
unnatural and incomplete.

I follow Miers in treating the Rhizopine as a subfamily of Carcino-

placide.

Ortmann obviates some difficulties by separating Gonoplax and
Ommatocarcinus from the Carcinoplacidze as a distinct family, and by
altogether removing the Hymenosomidxe from the Catometopes. By the
latter step his Pinnoteridaw gain in natural value, as they further do
by the restoration of Scopimera and Dotilla to their place among the

622

a

Carcinological Fauna of India. 281

Ocypodoids ; so that both his Pinnoteride and Ocypodide are far more
natural families than those of Miers. I am doubtful, however, whether

Ortmann has assigned its full rank to Mictyris, ov their proper place to
- the Hexapodine.

The Catometope crabs of the Indian fauna number about 140, of
which 136 are noticed in the present paper. Of these, 31 are
new to science, and include 2 species of Libystes, 1 of Psopheticus, 2 of
Litochira, 1 of Notonyx, 1 of Ceratoplax,.1 of Typhlocarcinus, 2 of
Pinnoteres, 3 of Dotilla, 2 of Scopimera, 1 of Clistostoma, 1 of Tylodiplaz,
1 of Elamena, 2 of Hymenicus, 2 of Ptychognathus, 1 of Pyxidognathus,
3 of Sesarma, 2 of Palicus (Oymopolia), and 1 of each of the following
new genera, T'yphlocarcinodes ( Rhizopinz), Lambdophallus (Hexapodine),
and Chasmocarcinops (Asthenognathine),

The new species are, for the most part, either little crabs that are
liable to be overlooked, or inhabitants of depths which, though moderate,
are inaccessible to ordinary collectors.

As heretofore, most of the new species come from the copious collec-
tions of the ‘ Investigator” and will be duly figured in the Illustrations
of the Zoology of the R.I.M.S. Investigator.

Tribe CATOMETOPA.

Quadrilatera, Latreille {pt.), Fam. Nat. du Régne Anim, p. 269.

Catométopes, Milne Edwards (pt.), Hist. Nat. Crust. II. p. 1.

Cancri (pt.), Ocypodes, Grapsi, Pinnotheridea, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust.

Ocypodide, Milne Edwards (pt.), Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, pp. 128,
140.

Grapsoidea, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. pp. 67, 306.

Catometopa, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 216.

Catometopa, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, pp. 411, 683, plus
Majoidea Hymenosomide, p. 31: and in Bronn’s Thier Reich, V. ii. Arthropoda, pp.
1165, 1168, 1175.

The carapace is variable, but commonly and typically it is trans-
verse, more or less quadrate, with large branchial and small and
indistinct hepatic regions and a broad front. The front also is variable
in form, but typically it is much deflexed.

The orbits, typically, occupy the whole or the greater part of the
anterior border of the carapace on either side of the front. The
typical fold of the antennules is transverse; but it may be oblique, or
nearly vertical, and in a few cases there are no distinct fossa at all into
which these appendages can fold.

The epistome, typically, is extremely short, but occasionally it is

623

282 Carcinological Fauna of India.

of considerable length. The buccal orifice is typically, but. by no
means always, square cut. ;

The palp of the external maxillipeds usuaily articulates either at
the summit, or at or near the external angle, of the merus; but often,
as in almost the whole family Gonoplacidx, it articulates distinctly at
the antero-internal angle.

The genital ducts of the male usually perforate the sternum opposite
the last pair of legs: if, as happens in the family Gonoplacidx, they
perforate the bases of the last pair of legs, they pass forwards to their
destination in a groove in the sternum.

The abdomen of the male is very often narrow at its base and so
does not cover all the space between the last pair of legs.

The branchie are often fewer than 9—from 8 to 6—on either side:
their efferent channels open on either side of the palate.

The Catometopa may be divided into 9 families. One of these, the
Gonoplacids, so closely approaches the Cyclometope family Xanthidge
that such Xanthoid forms as Geryon and Camptoplax have by some
authors been included in it, while, on the other hand, some of its consti-
tuent genera, such as Gonoplax and Carcinoplaz, have been ranged among
the Cyclometopes.

Three other families, namely, the Grapsidx, the Geocarcinide, and
the Ocypodidx, include the typical Catometopes, upon which our general
conception of the group is founded,

The remaining five families are more or less aberrant, they are the
Pinnoterids, the Mictyride, the Hymenosomidx, the Palicide, and the
Ptenoplacide.

Of these aberrant families, the Pinnoteride are probably most nearly
related to the Gonoplacidxe, the Mictyride to the Ocypodidx, and the
Palicidx to the Grapside.

The true position of the Hymenosomide appears to me to be still
doubtful. Many authors place themnear the Pinnoteridx and Mictyridex,
and I think that their most natural place is alongside the Mictyridex.
Ortmann alone boldly removes them from the Catometope grade al-
together and unites them with the Oxyrhynchs, which I think isa
decided mistake.

There remains the family Ptenoplacide, which includes the single
species Ptenoplax notopus. This, though it has a superficial resemblance
to Macrophthalmus, is remote from that genus in many important cha-
racters, and, though it has no look of Hewapus, yet shows an attraction
to Hexapus and Lambdophallus that can hardly be accidental.

624

— Se ee

——s

Carcinological Fauna of India. 283

The 9 families may be characterized as follows, their compass in
relation to the schemes of other authors will be noted in the sequel :—

Family Gonoptacip#. Marine Catometopes closely resembling
Cyclometopes. The palp of the external maxillipeds articulates at or
near the antero-internal angle of the merus, never at the antero-external
angle or at the middle of the anterior border: the exognath of the external
maxillipeds is of normal size and is not concealed. Theinterantennular
septum is a thin plate. The division of the orbit into two fosse is not
accented.

Family Grapsipz. Littoral (rock-haunting), or pelagic (drift-weed
and timber-haunting), or estuarine and paludine, or fluviatile, or rarely
terrene Catometopes. The palp of the external maxillipeds articulates
either at the antero-external angle, or at the summit, or at the middle
of the anterior border of the merus: the exognath is either abnormally
slender or abnormally broad, The interantennular septum is very broad.
The division of the orbit into two fosse is accented. [Front of great
breadth : carapace usually quadrilateral, with the lateral borders either
straight or very slightly arched, and the orbits at or very near the
antero-lateral angles : the buccal cavern is square and there is generally
a gap, which is often large and rhomboidal, between the external
maxillipeds]. Male openings sternal.

Family Geocarcinip®. Terrene Catometopes (Land-crabs). The
palp of the external maxillipeds articulates either at the antero-external
angle or at the middle of the anterior border of the merus (but is
sometimes, though never in any Indian species, completely hidden
behind the merus): the exognath is slender and inconspicuous (some-
times more or less concealed) and sometimes carries no flagellum.
The interantennular septum is very broad and the antennular fosse
are narrow. The front is of moderate breadth and always strongly
deflexed: the carapace is more or less transversely oval, the antero-
lateral borders being strongly arched and the fronto-orbital border being
very much less than the greatest breadth of the carapace. In all the
Indian forms there is a wide rhomboidal gap between the external
maxillipeds, Male openings sternal.

Family Ocypopipm. Amphibious littoral and estuarine crabs,
burrowing, and commonly gregarious. The palp of the external maxil-
lipeds is coarse, and articulates at or near the antero-external angle of
the merus; the exognath is generally slender and often more or less
concealed. The interantennular septum is generally broad, but in one

625

284 Carcinological Fauna of India.

subfamily (Macrophthalming) is a thin plate. The front is usually of no
great breadth, and is often a narrow lobe more or less deflexed. The
orbits occupy the whole anterior border of the carapace outside the
front, and their outer wall (between the far ends of the upper and
lower borders) is often defective. The buccal cavern is usually large
and a little narrower in front than behind, the external maxillipeds
are foliaceous and usually completely close it, but if they do not they
never leave between them a wide rhomboidal space exposing the
mandibles. The abdomen of the male is narrow. Male openings
sternal.

Family Pinnorerip#. Small crabs, usually living as commensals
in the mantle-cavity of Bivalve Mollusks or Ascidians, in the cloaca of
Holothurians, in worm-tubes, or in coral-stocks, and hence often
exhibiting degeneration of some of the organs of special sense. The
external maxillipeds vary: the merus, though often very large, is never
quadrilateral, and never carries the palp distinctly at the antero-
internal angle: the ischium is often small, and is sometimes absent or
indistinguishably fused with the merus, in which case the merus lies
with its long axis directed obliquely or almost transversely inwards :
the exognath is small and more or less concealed. The interantennular
septum, when distinguishable, is a thin plate. [The front is narrow,
the eyes and orbits very small, the cornes sometimes obsolescent :
the antennules and antenne are usually very small and cramped. The
buccal cavern is short and of great breadth, being commonly semi-
circular in outline. The male abdomen is very narrow]. Male
openings sternal.

Family Micryripz. Amphibious Catometopes resembling the
Ocypodide in habits. The buccal cavern is of enormous size and is
completely closed by the enormous foliaceous convex external maxil-
lipeds, whose coarse palp articulates with the antero-external angle
of the merus, and whose short slender exognath is entirely concealed
and carries no flagellum. The imterantennular septum is narrow.

The orbits are represented by a small post-ocular spine, the eyes being

quite unconcealed. [Carapace elongate-globose: front a narrow decli- ,
vous lobe: the rudimentary antennular flagella fold nearly vertically,
and are a good deal concealed by the front: the abdomen of the male
resembles that of the female and covers the greater part of the sternum.
No membranous spaces (tympana) on the meropodites of the legs or on
the sternum]. Male openings sternal.

626

Carcinological Fauna of India. 285

Family Hymenosomip#. Small marine and estuarine Catometopes
having a curious superficial resemblance to some of the Oxyrhynch
crabs of the Inachine subfamily, a resemblance heightened by the fact
that the epistome is sometimes nearly as long as broad. The palp of
the external maxillipeds articulates near the antero-external angle of
the merus, but as the antero-internal angle of the merus is sometimes
truncated the true relations of the palp are often not quite clear: the
exognath is slender and partly or entirely concealed. There are no
orbits and the eyes are exposed and little retractile. [Carapace thin,
flat, triangular or subcircular, not very well calcified, usually produced
to form a horizontal rostrum. Antennular fosse shallow and ill defined.
Antennal peduncle slender. Buccal cavern square, the ischium of the
external maxillipeds well developed]. Male openings sternal.

Family Paricios. Small Catometopes having a sort of Dorippe
appearance. The Indian members of the family are found among coral-
and shell-shingle, at a moderate depth, and have a kind of protective
resemblance to an eroded flake of coral rock, The external maxillipeds
close the buccal cavern ventrally but not anteriorly : their merus is a
very small joint articulating with the retreating antero-external angle
of the ischium, and carrying the palp at the middle of the oblique-lying
anterior (or inner) border, their exognath is not concealed and is rather
broad. The interantennular septum is a thin plate. The orbit has 2 or
3 deep gaps in the upper border. Front of moderate breadth, little or
not at all deflexed: antennal flagella of good length: epistome absent :
abdomen of male narrow. Compared with the other 3 pairs, the 4th
(last) pair of legs, which are dorsally situated, are rudimentary in all the
Indian species. Male openings sternal: female openings placed far
forward on the sternal segment corresponding with the first pair of ambula-
tory legs (2nd pereeopods),

Family Prenortacipz. Represented by an aberrant Catometope
found only in Indian Seas at a depth of 100 to 250 fathoms. The
external maxillipeds are slender and subpediform, not nearly covering
the buccal cavity: their palp articulates with the summit of the slender
merus: their exognath is of normal size and form, and is not concealed.
The interantennular septum isa thin rudimentary plate. The orbits
are very incomplete below. The front is a narrow, little deflexed lobe.
No distinct antennular fosse. Antennal flagella of good length. No
epistome. Abdomen of male narrow. Compared with the other 3
pairs, the last (fourth) pair of legs are rudimentary, being also placed close
together dorsally » the last segment of the sternum is also rudimentary.

627

286 Carcinological, Fauna of India.

The male openings are in the bases of the last pair of legs but the ducts
run forward in a sternal groove.

Most of these families can be further split into subfamilies, as is
shown in the following scheme :—

Family GONOPLACIDA, Dana.

Gonoplaciens, Milne Edwards (pt.), Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 56.

Gonoplacés Cancéroides plus Carcinoplacine, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.
Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852, pp. 162, 164.

Gonoplacidz, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. pp. 308, 310.

Carcinoplacine plus Gonoplacine plus Hexapodine, Miers, Challenger Brachyura,
pp. 222, 237, 275.

Carcinoplacini, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIT. 1893-94, p. 683.

Carcinoplacide plus Gonoplacide plus Hexapodine, Ortmann in Bronn’s Thier
Reich, tom. cit. pp. 1175, 1176, 1177.

This family may be divided into the 5 following subfamilies :—

Subfamily I. PsrupornomBiLin# (Carcinoplacine Miers, Carcino-
placide Ortmann). Carapace Xanthoid, the regions seldom well
defined: front usually of good breadth and square cut, often little
deflexed: eyes and orbits of normal size and form, the eyes well
pigmented and the eyestalks normally movable except in certain deep-
sea genera: the antennules fold transversely : antennal flagella of fair-
length. Epistome well defined: buccal cavern square-cut and usually
completely closed by the external maxillipeds, which have a subquadrate
merus. The base of the male abdomen covers the whole space between
the last pair of legs. Male openings not sternal.

Subfamily II. Gonopractnz (Gonoplacine Miers, Gonoplacidse
Ortmann). The anterior border of the subquadrate carapace is entirely
occupied by the square-cut front and orbits, the front being either
narrow or of fair breadth, and the orbits being long narrow trenches for
the elongate eyestalks. In other respects similar to the Pseudorhom-
biline.

Subfamily III. Prronoptactnz (not represented in India). Differs
from Pseudorhombiling only in the form of the male abdomen, which is
not broad enough at base to cover all the space between the last pair
of legs.

628

Carcinological Fauna of India. 287

Subfamily IV. Rarzorine (Rhizopine Miers, Ortmann). With
the exception of one species (Notonyx nitidus) the eyestalks are fixed,
and very often the ‘“cornea”’ is minute or obsolete: the lower border of
the orbit has a tendency to run downwards towards the epistome. The
carapace usually has its antero-lateral corners cut away and rounded
off : the front may be square-cut and broad, but is more often narrow
and more or less distinctly bilobed and deflexed. The antennules may
be of fair size and transversely folded, but more often, owing to the
narrowness of the front, they are cramped, and fold obliquely : some-
times they cannot be folded in their fosse at all. Antennal flagella
usually short. The epistome may either be well defined and prominent,
or ill defined and sunken. The buecal cavern may be squarish,. but it
often is decreased in breadth anteriorly : the external maxillipeds have
a@ square merus and may completely close the buccal cavern, or there
may be a gap between them. The male abdomen does not nearly cover
the space between the last pair of ambulatory legs. Male openings

sternal.

Subfamily V. Hexaropinn (Pinnoteride-Hexapodine Miers,
Ortmann). Only three pairs of legs besides the chelipeds, the last segment
of the sternum also aborted. Carapace much broader than long with the
antero-lateral corners cut away and rounded off, Front narrow: eyes,
orbits and antenne small: the antennules fold transversely. Hpistome
well defined : buccal cavern with the sides a little anteriorly-convergent,
or not, nearly closed by the external maxillipeds, whose merus is either
quadrate or has the antero-external angle rounded off. The male abdo-
men does not nearly fill the space between the last pair of ambulatory
legs, Male openings sternal.

, Tats peor

‘hi

Se. ' Ce Ahehee,
Family PINNOTERIDA, Edw.

Pinnotheride, De Haan (part), Faun. Japon., Crust., pp. 5,34.

Pinnothériens, Milne Edwards (part), Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 28.

Pinnotherinx, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (8) XVIII. 1852, p. 138, and
XX. 1853, p. 216: Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. pp. 378, 379: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 274: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 691 ;
and in Bronn’s Thier Reich, tom. cit. p. 1177.

I propose, with some diffidence, as I have not examined enough of
the forms included, to divide this family into 4 subfamilies :—

Subfamily I. Prynorerinz. Ischium of the external maxillipeds
either rudimentary, or indistinguishably fused with the merus to form a
single piece which is usually oblique, sometimes transverse. Usually
the carapace is not transverse and the palp of the external maxillipeds

not so large as the merus-ischium.
629

988 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Subfamily IT. Prynorseretina. Ischivm of the external maxil-
lipeds distinct and independent, but smaller than the merus, the latter
joint little oblique. Usually the carapace is broadly transverse, and
often the palp of the external maxillipeds is the largest part of these

appendages.

Subfamily JIT. XenopHTHatmina. Ischium of the external maxil-
lipeds distinct, as large as or larger than the merus, the latter joint
little oblique, the palp of ordinary size. The orbits are narrow chinks
situated dorsally with their long axis at right angles to the anterior border

of the carapace.

Subfamily IV. AsrHENOGNATHINE (Asthenognathide Stimpson).
External maxillipeds weak and slender, not nearly meeting across the
buccal cavern, the ischium distinct and larger than the merns, the palp
of ordinary size. Eyes in the normal position.

Family GRAPSIDA, Dana.
Grapsoidiens, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, IT. 68.
Grapsine, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. p, 136 and XX.

p. 163.
Grapsidx, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp., Crust. p. 329: Miers, Challenger Brachyura,,

p. 252: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 699, and in Bronn’s Thier
Reich, tom. cit. p. 1177.

This family can be divided into four well characterized subfamilies
as follows :—

Subfamily I. Grarsinz (Grapsacea, Edw., Grapsine in part,
Dana, Kingsley, Miers, Ortmann). Front strongly deflexed: the lower
border of the orbit runs downwards towards the buccal eavern: antennal
flagellum very short: the external maxillipeds leave a wide rhomboidal
gap between them, they are not traversed by any oblique hairy crest,
their palp articulates at the antero-external angle of the merus, and
their exognath is very slender and is exposed throughout. The male
abdomen fills all the space between the last pair of ambulatory legs.

Subfamily II. Varunine (Varunacea and Cyclograpsacea part,
Milne Edwards; Grapsinw in part, Dana, Kingsley, Miers, Ortmann).
Front moderately or little deflexed, sometimes sublaminar: the sub-
orbital crest, which supplements the defective lower border of the orbit,
is rather distant from the orbit and usually runs nearly in a line with
the anterior border of the epistome: antennal flagellum usually of good
length: the external maxillipeds do not often gape widely, though
usually there is something of a gap, they are not traversed by any:
oblique hairy crest, their palp articulates with the middle of the

630

Carcinological Fauna of India. 289

anterior border of the merus, and their exognath is generally broad and
is exposed throughout. The male abdomen, though not narrow, rarely
covers all the space between the last pair of ambulatory legs.

Subfamily III. Sesarmina. (Sesarmacea and Cyclograpsacea part,
Milne Edwards; Sesarminz, Dana, Kingsley, Miers, Ortmann). Front
strongly deflexed: the lower border of the orbit commonly runs down-
wards towards the angle of the buccal cavern: the external maxillipeds
leave a wide rhomboidal gap between them, an oblique hairy crest
traverses them from a point near the antero-external angle of the ischium to
a point near the antero-internal angle of the merus, their palp articulates
either at the summit or near the antero-external angle of the merus,
and their exognath is slender and either partly or almost entirely
concealed. The male abdomen either fills or does not quite fill all the
space between the last pair of ambulatory legs. Antennal flagella
variable.

Subfamily IV. Puacusiuna. (Plagusiacea, Milne Edwards; Pla-
gusiine, Dana, Kingsley, Miers, Ortmann). dhe front is cut into lobes
or teeth by the antennular fosse, which are visible in a dorsal view as
deep clefts: the lower border of the orbit curves down into line with
the prominent anterior border of the buccal cavern: the external
maxillipeds do not completely close the buccal cavern but they do not
leave a wide rhomboidal gap, they are not traversed by any oblique
hairy crest, their palp articulates near the antero-external angle of the
merus, and their slender exposed exognath has no flagellum. The
antennal flagella are short. The male abdomen fills all the space
between the last pair of legs.

Family GEHOCARCINIDA, Dana.

Gécarciniens, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 16.

Gecarcinacea, Milne Edwards (pt.), Aun. Sci. Nat., Zool., (8) XX. 1853, p. 200.

Gecarcinidx, Dana (pt.), U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 374.

Geocarcinide, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 216.

Gecarcinide, Ortmann (pt.), Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, pp, 699, 732, and in
Bronn’s Thier Reich, tom. cit. p. 1178.

I think it inadvisable to subdivide this small group, which Milne
Edwards, with more justice, regarded as itself only a subfamily of the
Grapsidex.

Gecarcinucus is a Telphusoid and should not be referred here.
Epigrapsus and Grapsodes, if they are distinct from one another, belong

here rather than to the Grapside.
631

i\ “\

290 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Family PALICIDA! (vel CymopoLips).

This little and aberrant family is probably best treated as an
appendage to the Grapsidex. |

Family OCYPODIDAL, Ortmaun (pt.).

Ocypodiens, Milue Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. p. 39.

Ocypodinx, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 140, plus
Gonoplacés Vigils (pt.), p. 155.

Macrophthalmidx, Dana, U. S. Expl, Exp. Crust. pt. I. pp. 808, 312.

Ocypodinz, Miers (pt.), Challenger Brachyura, p. 236, and Myctirinz (pt.), p. 275.

Ocypodidz, Ortmann (pt.), Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 700, 741; and
in Bronn’s Thier Reich, tom. cit., p. 1179.

In the treatment of this family nothing can be added to the scheme
of Dana, where they are divided into 3 sub-families as follows :—

Subfamily I, Ocypopiny (Ocypodiacés Ordinaires Edw., Ocypodine
Dana (pt.), Miers (pt.), Ortmann). Carapace deep, subquadrilateral,
the regions seldom well defined: front narrow deflexed, commonly a
mere lobe between the long eyestalks: antennular flagellum small,
folding obliquely or almost vertically, the interantennular septum
broad: the external maxillipeds completely close the buccal cavern,
their exognath is inconspicuous but is not, or not entirely, concealed, and
may either have, or be destitute of, a flagellum: chelipeds remarkably
unequal either in both sexes or in the male only. There ts an orifice or
recess, the edge of which is thickly fringed with hair, between the bases of
the 2nd and 3rd pairs of true legs.

Subfamily II. Scopimerina (Ocypodiacés Globulaires Kdw., Dotine
Dana, Myctirine (pt-) Miers, Ortmann). Carapace very deep, cuboidal
or globose: front narrow deflexed, commonly a mere lobe: antennular
flagellum rudimentary, folding nearly vertically and hidden beneath
the front, interantennular septum broad: buccal cavity large, sometimes
enormous, completely closed by the external maxillipeds which are.
commonly very prominent and have small linear concealed exognaths
with or without a flagellum: chelipeds equal or subequal in both sexes.
Orbits shallow. Curious membranous spaces known as “ tympana” eaist
on the meropodites of the legs and often of the chelipeds also; and some-
times on some of the segments of the sternum. No hairy recesses between
the bases of the 2nd and 3rd pairs of true legs.

Subfamily ITI. Macropuryatminaz. (Gonoplacés Vigils pt. Edw.,
Macrophthalmine Dana, Miers, Ortmann). Carapace usually quadri-
lateral, broader than long (sometimes more than twice as broad as long),

632

Carcinological Fauna of India. 291

flattish and “not very deep, the regions usually well defined: front
variable, but never very broad: antennules with a well developed flagel-
lum that folds transversely, interantennular septum very narrow :
eyestalks usually elongate: the external maxillipeds do not always meet
across the buccal cavern, though the gap between them is never very
wide, their exognath is not, or not entirely, concealed and has a flagel-
lum : chelipeds usually subequal. No special recess between the bases
of any of the legs.

Family MICTYRIDA, Dana.

Pinnothériens, Milne Edwards (pt.), Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 39.

Myctiroidea, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 154.

Mictyride, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I, pp. 309, 389.

Pinnotheride-Myctirine, Miers (pt.), Challenger Brachyura, p. ik Ortmann
(pt.) in Bronn’s Thier Reich, tom. cit., p. 1179.

Ocypodide-Myctirine, Ortmann (pt.), Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1898- 04, pp. 742,
747.

There can be little question that Milne Edwards was right in
reckoning Mictyris as a “satellite” of the Ocypodidx, or that Dana’s
plan of separating them as a distinct family is fully justified. The
affinities which several authors find between Jlictyris and the Pinnoteridxe
are by no means easy to recognize.

Family HY MENOSOMIDA, Ortmann.

Pinnothériens, Milne Edwards (pt.), Hist. Nat. Crust. Il. 39.

Hymenosomine, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 221.

Pinnotheride-Hymenicine, Dana, U. 8S. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. pp. 379, 384.

Pinnotheride-Hymenosominz, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 275.

Majoidea-Hymenosomidx, Ortmann, in Bronn’s Thier Reich, tom. cit., p. 1168.

Three types seem to be distinguishable in this family: in one (e.g.
Hymenosoma) there is no epistome and the external maxillipeds almost
encroach on the bases of the antennules, which appendages are not
concealed by the front; in the second (e.g. Halicarcinus) there is an
epistome of considerable length, but the antennules are still uncon-
cealed by the front; in the third (e.g. Hymenicus) there is a long
epistome and the antennules are quite concealed by the front.

Family PTENOPLACIDA.

This family has no very close connexions with any of the others
although it is an undoubted Catometope.
633

292 Curcinological Fauna of India.

The following is a list of all the Catometope genera known to me
arranged according to the foregoimg scheme. As in previous papers, the
genera known to me by autopsy are marked with an asterisk, and all
the Indian genera are printed in roman type.

Family GONOPLACID, Dana.
Subfamily I. Psuuporuomsitine, nov.

? Brachygrapsus, J. S. Kingsley, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1880,
. 208.

‘ Bathyplax, A. Milne Edwards, Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., VIII, 1880-
81, p. 16: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 230.

? Camptandrium, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858,
p. 106.

* Carcinoplax (=Curtonotus).

* Catoptrus ( = Goniocaphyra),

? Cryptoceloma, Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, p. 227.

* Kucrate. {|

Freyvillea, A. Milne Edwards, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. VIII, 1880-
rok po

Heteroplax, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 94.

* Libystes.

* Litochira.

* Pilumnoplax.

* ? Platypilumnus.

* Pseudorhombila.

* Psopheticus.

Subfamily If. Prronorzacina, nov.

Eucratoplax, A. Milne Edwards, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. VIII,
1880-81, p. 17.

Eucratopsis, Smith, Amer. Journ. Sci, XLVIII, 1869, p. 391, at
Trans. Connect. Acad. 1]. 1871-73, p. 35.

Euryplaz, Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., New York, VII, 1862, -
p- 60.

Glyptoplax, Smith, Trans. Connect. Acad. II, 1871-73, p. 164.

Oediplax, Mary J. Rathbun, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. XVI, 1893, p. 241.

Panoplaz, Stimpson, Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool. II, 1870-71, p. 151.

Prionoplaz, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII,
1852, p. 163.

Speocarcinus, Seareet Aun. Lyc. Nat. Hist., York, VII, 1862,

pp. 58.

_ 684

Careinologieal Fauna of Tndia. 293

Subfamily HI. Gonopnacina, Miers.

* Gonoplax, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. XI, 1815, p. 323: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 245.

Ommatocarcinus, White, in Voy. H. M.S. Rattlesnake, II, p. 393;
Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 246.

Subfamily [V. Rutzorinz, Stimpson, Miers.

* Camatopsis.

* Ceratoplax.

’ Chasmocarcinus, Mary J. Rathbun, Bull, Nat. Hist. Iowa, 1898,
p. 284.

* Hephthopelta,

* Notonyx.

Rhizopa, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1858, p. 95.

* Scolopidia (= Hypophthalmus).

* Typhlocarcinus.

* Typhlocarcinodes.

* Xenophthalmodes.

Subfamily V. Hexaroprna, Miers.

Amorphopus, Bell, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., III, 1859, p. 27.

* Heaxapus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 35.

* Lambdophallus.

Thaumastoplaz, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VIII, 1881,
p- 261.

Family PINNOTERIDA, Edw.
iP Subfamily I. Pinnormrine, nov.

Cryptophrys, Mary J. Rathbun, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. XVI, 1893,
p. 200.
Dissodactylus, S. 1. Smith, Trans. Connect, Acad. IT, 1871-73, p. 172.
Durckheimia, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 1889, p. 442.
’ Fabia, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1851, p. 253, and U. S.
Expl. Exp, Crust. pt. I. p. 382.
? Holothuriophilus, Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV, 1880,
pp. 24, 66.
Ostracoteres, Milne Edwards, Aun. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX, 1853,
pe 219.
? Parapinnixa, Holmes, Proc. Calif, Acad, IV, 1893-94, pp. 565, 587.
635

294 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Pinnazodes, Heller, Novara Crust., p. 67.
* Pinnoteres.
- ? Scleroplax, Mary J. Rathbun, P. U. S. Nat. Mus, XVI, 1893,
p. 250.
* Xanthasia.

? Subfamily II. PINNOTHERELINA, nov.

IN

? Malacosoma, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. I, 1879, p. 67.

Opisthopus, Mary J. Rathbun, P. U, S. Nat. Mus. XVI, 1893,
p. 251. .
Pinniza, White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII. 1846, -p. 177
(= Tubicola, Lockington, Proc. Calif, Acad. VII. 1876, p. 55).

‘ Pinnotherelia, Milne Edwards and Lucas, in Voy. Amér. Mérid.,

Crust. p. 24 (1843).

Pseudopinnixa, Ortmann (nec Holmes), Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII,
1894, p. 694.

* Tetrias.

? Tritodynamia, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VIT, 1194, p. 692.

? Subfamily IIT. XENOPHTHALMINA, nov.
* Xenophthalmus.

? Subfamily TV. ASTHENOGNATHIN®, Stimpson.

Asthenognathus, Stimpson, Proe: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 107.
* Chasmocarcinops.

Family OCYPODIDA, Ortmann, emend.
Subfamily I. Ocyrropiv”, Dana,

Acanthoplaz, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIIT, 1852,
p- 151.

* Gelasimus.

*Heloecins, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci., (2) XII, 1851, p. 286, and
_ U.S, Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 319.
* Ocypoda.

Subfamily II. MacroputHatmina, Dana.

* Clistostoma.

Cheenostoma, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 97.

Euplaz, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (8) XVIII, 1852,
p. 160; Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 251.

636

Caretnological Panna of India. 295

Hemiplaz, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 40: Miers, Challenger Brachyura,
p. 200.

*Macrophthalmus.
Paraclistostoma, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, 1895, p. 580.

*Tylodiplax.

Subfamily ITI. Scoprmerra.
*Dotilla (= Doto, De Haan).
Ilyoplax, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Philad. 1858, p. 98.
*Scopimera.
*E-ympanomernus (= Dioxippe, de Man).

Family MICTYRIDA, Dana.

*Mictyris.

Family HYMENOSOMIDA, Ortmann.

*Elamene.
?? Hlamenopsis, A, Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. 1X, 1873,

p. 324.
*Halicarcinus, White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII, 1846, p. 178:

Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 280 (= Liriopea, Gay, Hist. Fis. Chile,
pt. TIT. Zool. p. 158.

*Hymenicus.
* Hymenosoma, Leach, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat, Crust. IT, 35:

Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 279.
Rhynchoplax, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p, 109.

*Trigonoplax.

Family GRAPSIDA, Dana.
Subfamily I, Grapsixna, Dana (pt.).

*P?? Kpigrapsus.

*Geograpsus.

*Goniopsis, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 33 (pt.): Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 266.

*Grapsus.
* Leptograpsus, Milne Kdwards, Aun. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX, 1858,

p- 171: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 257 (sub-genus of Grapsus).

*Metopograpsus.
Orthograpsus, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 194

(sub-genus of Grapsus ).
637

U4

296 Carcinological Fauna of India.

*Pachygrapsus.
Perigrapsus, Heller, Verh. z00l.-bot. Ges. Wien, XIT, 1862, p, 522,
and Novara Crust. p. 48.

Subfamily II. Varuninz, nov.

? Acmeopleura, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 105.

*Brachynotus, De Haan, Faun, Japon., Crust., p. 34, 1835: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 264 (= Heterograpsus, Lucas, Expl. Sci. Algerie,
Anim. Artic. I, p. 18, 1849: =Hemigrapsus, Dana, Amer, Journ. Sci.
(2) XII, 1851, p. 288, and U. 8S. Expl. Exp., Crust., pt. I. p. 348).

*Cyrtograpsus, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) XIT, 1851, p. 288, and
U. 8. Expl. Exp., Crust., pt. I, p. 351.

*Hriochir, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 32.

Euchirograpsus, A. Milne Edwards, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII,
1880-81, p. 18: and Milne Edwards and Bouvier “ Hirondelle” (Monaco)
Crust., Brachyures et Anomures, p. 46.

Glyptograpsus, S. I. Smith, Trans. Connect. Acad. II, 1871-78,
p. 153.

— *Planes, Leach, Malac. Pod. Brit., Expl. of pl. xxvii, figs. 1-3, 1815

( =Nautilograpsus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II, 89, 1837.)

Platychirograpsus, de Man, Zool. Anz. 1896, p. 292, and Mitteil. Nat.
Mus, Hamburg, XIII, 1896, p. 95.

Platygrapsus, Stimpson, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 104:
Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 263 (= Platynotus, De Haan, Faun.
Japon., Crust., p. 34).

*Pseudograpsus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II, 81: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 261 (=Pachystomuim, Nauck, Zeits. Wiss.
Zool. XXXIV, 1880, p. 67).

*Ptychognathus (=Gnathograpsus, A. M. Edw.=Celochirus,
Nauck).

*Pyxidognathus.

Utica, White, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 85, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. XX, -
1847, p. 206. .

*Varana (=Trichopus, De Haan).

Subfamily III. Srsarminz, Dana.

* Aratus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX, 1853,
p. 187.

*Chasmagnathus, De Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust., p. 27 (= Paragrap-
sus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat,, Zool., (38) XX, 1853, p. 195).

*Clistoccgloma.

638

Curcinological Fauna of India. 297

*Cyclograpsus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., LI, 77, 1837
( =Gnathochasmus, Macleay, in Smith’s I. Ann. 8. Afr. p. 65, 1838).

*Helice, De Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust, p. 28: Miers, Challenger
Brachyura, p. 268.

* Metaplax (= Rhaconotus, Gerst.).

*Metasesarma.

Metopaulias, Mary J. Rathbun, P. U.S. Nat. Mus, XIX, 1897,
p. 144.

*Sarmatium (= Metagrapsus, Hdw.).

*Sesarma ( = Holometopus, Edw.).

Subfamily LV, Pragusina, Dana.

*Liolophus (= Acanthopus, De Haan).
*Placusia.

Family GHOCARCINIDA, Dana.

*Cardiosoma (= Discoplax, A. M. Edw.).

*Epigrapsus.

*Gecarcinus, Leach, 'rans. Linn. Soe. XI, 1815, p.322: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 217.

*Pelocarcinus (=Gecarcoidea, Edw.,=Hyleocarcinus, W.-M.,=
Limnocarcinus, de Man).

Uca, Latr., Encyel. Méthod. X, p. 685: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat.
Crust. IT, 21.

Family PALICID), Rathbun (name only).

*Palicus (= Cymopolia).
*Crossotonotus, A, Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiy. du Mus, 1X, 1873,
p- 282, and Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, J, 1873, p. 258,

Family PTENOPLACIDA, Alcock.
*Ptenoplax.

Family I. GONOPLACIDA, Dana.
Subfamily i. PsevporHompinina, Alcock.
Key to the Indian Genera.
I. Front with the edge cut straight and square, never curved,
often prominent :—
1. The fronto-orbital border, though extensive, is much
less than the greatest breadth of the carapace, so
that the antero-lateral borders of the carapace have

639

298 : Carcinological Fauna of India.

a distinctly Cancroid arch: the carapace is usually
much broader than long :—
i. Dactyli of last pair of legs styliform ............PSEUDORHOMBILA.
ii, Dactyli of last pair of legs compressed and
ciliated :—
a. Antero-external angle of merus of
external maxillipeds not particularly
produced :—
a. Carapace transversely quadri-
lateral, its antero-lateral borders
with few teeth .............s:eere0e-.- CARCINOPLAX.
B. Carapace transversely elliptical,
its antero-lateral borders with 5
OF 6 COGHMepssa.....- <2 weeese CATOPTRUS,
b. Antero-external angle of merus da apie
nal maxillipeds strongly produced ont-
wards: last pair of legs sometimes
paddleslike. ..eeebens:sc.s0s--i. phi gene LipysrEs. Do¥
2, The fronto-orbital border is not so very much less
than the greatest breadth of the carapace in extent,
so that the antero-lateral borders of the carapace
are either slightly arched or nearly straight : the
carapace is broader than long but is not conspicu-
ously transverse :—
i. The antennal flagellum stands loosely in
orbital hiatus :—
a, Carapace deepish, rather markedly trans-
verse: the meri of the legs with a
spine or spines on the anterior border... PsOPHETICUS.
b. Carapace shallow, depressed, and flat,
little broader than gas —
“> LOS SPIBWMEetecd-Ge ssc. 000.0027 sss ane PLAYYPILUMNUS.
B. Legs ~ - eitdevescetiivesertes SEM UMIN OPA.
ii. A process of the basal ee joint com-
pletely fills up and closes the orbital hiatus,
entirely excluding the antennal flagellum ...... EucRATE.
Il. Front with the edge slightly but distinctly curved, never
cut straight and square; carapace and appendages in all
the Indian species tomentose and hairy . ............ essere... LITOCHIRA,

Evcrate, De Haan.

Eucrate, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 36: de Man, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool.,
1887-88, p. 88: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 685.
Heteroplar, Stimpson, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858 (1859) p. 94.

Carapace deepish, subquadrilateral, a little broader than long,
smooth and with little or no distinction of regions, convex fore and aft,
very slightly so from side to side.

640

‘Curcinological Fauna of India. 299

The extent of the fronto-orbital border is not much less than the
greatest breadth of the carapace, the antero-lateral borders therefore,
which are toothed, are short and but slightly arched. Front square-cut
and straight, well delimited from the well-defined supra-orbital angles,
usually notched or grooved in the middle line, about a third the breadth
of the carapace.

Upper border of orbit with two distinct sutures. ‘The orbital hiatus
is compactly filled and closed by a process of the basal antenna-joint, so
that the antennal flagellum, which is of good length, lies entirely outside
the hiatus. The antennules fold transversely.

Buccal cavern square, completely closed by the external maxillipeds,
the flagellum of which articulates with the inner angle of the merus.
Efferent branchial channels of palate well defined.

Chelipeds subequal, much more massive and shorter, or not much
longer, than the legs.

Legs slender, unarmed ; tle propodite and dactylus of the last pair
are compressed and are usually, but uot always, somewhat broadened.

In both sexes all seven abdominal segments are distinct, and in the
male the third segment covers the whole width of the sternum between
the bases of the last pair of legs.

Distribution: Indo-Pacific (Indian, Australian and Japanese).

Following de Man and Ortmaun, I| restrict the genus Hucrate to
those species in which the orbital hiatus is completely stopped-up by a
process of the basal antenna-joint.

Key to the Indian species of the genus Kucrate.

I. Antero-lateral borders of the carapace cut into four
teeth (including the outer orbital angle) all of
which are distinct: dactylus of last pair of legs
distinctly palmulate: front grooved or notched in
the middle line :—

1. Carapace nearly smooth.........s0000-seeseeeeee HE, crenata.

2. Carapace with some short transverse ridges

in its antero-lateral part.......:ceeceseseeeeseeee H, crenata var, uffinis.
_II. Antero-lateral borders cut into four teeth (including

the orbital angle) of which the 2nd and 4th are

hardly distinguishable: front with the median

notch almost obsolete : dactylus of last pair of legs

Pierre testes sl acelss......3+00 corecseodaaneen ost Ma Chenale Var, Cerrtards
lif. Antero-lateral borders cut into three teeth (includ-

ing the orbital angle): dactylus of lust pair of legs

BIMOBH Shy OMIM eas tc. cesses cs e-+.-sse0cetispatientonsesitasls, CMM sEeO Glatt.

641

300 Carcinolological Fauna of India.

1. Hucrate crenata, De Haan.

Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 5], pl. xv. fig. 1.
Eucrate crenata, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 688.

? Pilumnoplax sulcatifrons, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858 (1859),
p. 93: Tozzetti, ‘Magenta’ Crust. p. 102, pl. vii. fig. 2.

Carapace smooth, its length about five-sixths of its breadth.
Front not quite a third the breadth of the carapace, notched and
groved in the middle line. Major diameter of orbit about half the
width of the front.

Antero-lateral borders of carapace cut into 4 bluntish teeth, the
middle two of which are the largest: a short ridge runs on to the dorsum
of the carapace from the last tooth,

Chelipeds less than twice the length of the carapace, not much
longer than the legs, especially in the female: one or two teeth at the
far end of the upper border of the arm, and one at the inner angle of
the wrist: hand rather short and squat, the fingers, which are stout,
are a little longer than the palm: there is a characteristic patch of fur
at the far end of the upper surface of the wrist.

Legs smooth, the last 3 joints more or less ciliated: in the 4th
(last) pair the propodite and dactylus are broader and more compressed
than in the other legs.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from the Andamans and
1 from Madras (besides 3 from Hongkong). :

The carapace of the largest specimen is 10 millim. long and 12
millim. broad.

2. Hucrate crenata var. affinis, Haswell.

Eucrate afinis, Haswell, P. L. S., N.S. Wales, VI. 1881-82, p. 547 and Cat.
Austral. Crust. p. 86: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. XXII. 1887-88, p. 89, pl. v.
fig, 5.

? Pseudorhombila sulcatifrons, var. australiensis, Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert,
p. 242, pl. xxiv. fig. c.

Differs from typical HE. crenata, specimens of the same sex aud of
approximately the same size compared, only in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is more sculptured, for besides the short trans-
verse ridge on the dorsum of the carapace that runs from the last tooth
of either antero-lateral border, there are similar ridges running (a) from
the 2nd tooth of either antero-lateral border, parallel with the orbit,
and (b) parallel with the front, near the anterior limit of the gastric
region; there is also a beaded ridge running parallel with either
postero-lateral border :

642

Carcinological Fauna of India. 301

(2) the patch of fur on the wrist may be smaller : .

A single specimen from Mergui (Anderson collection) has the
carapace 12 millim. long and 15 millim. broad.

In a large series of specimens these distinctions would probably fail.

3. Hucrate crenata var. dentata.
? Heteroplax dentatus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, (1859), p. 94:
A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XX. 1886-1890, p. 110.

Differs from the typical L. crenata, only in the following parti-
culars :—

(1) the front is entire, the median notch being inconspicuous or
absent :

(2) the outer orbital angle and the third tooth of the antero-lateral
border are large and acute, while the 2nd and 4th teeth are quite
inconspicuous.

In the Indian Museum are two small specimens, one from Palk
Strait (the other from Hongkong).

4, Hucrate sexdentata, Haswell.

Eucrate seedentata, Haswell, P. L. S., N. S. Wales, VI. 1881-82, p. 548, and Cat.
Austral. Crust. p. 86,

? Pseudorhombila vestita var. sexdentata, Miers, Zool. ‘ Alert,’ p. 240, pl. xxiv.
fig. B, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 229.

Differs from H. crenata in the following particulars :—

(1) the only ridges on the carapace are two exceeding faint ones
running parallel with the postero-lateral borders :

(2) the antero-lateral borders are cut into 3 teeth, of which the last
is spine-like :

(3) the median emargination of the front is much less distinct :

(4) the chelipeds are about 1} times the length of the carapace
and are decidedly shorter than the legs: there is only one distinct
tooth near the far end of the upper border of the arm: the tooth at the
inner angle of the wrist is very large and acute :

(5) the propodite and dactylus of the last pair of legs are not
broader than those of the other legs.

In the Indian Museum is a single male from the Gulf of Martaban,
20 fms. The carapace is 11°5 millim. long and 13°5 millim. broad,

Carctnopiax, Edw.

Carcinoplazx, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 60, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
(3) XVIII. 1852, p. 164: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., &c., VII. 1893-94, p. 685.
Curtonotus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 20 (nom. preocc.).

The chief differences between this genus and Eucrate are that (1)
. 643

302. Carcinological Fauna of India.

the carapace is very much broader, and its antero-lateral borders are
much more arched, the fronto-orbital border being relatively much
less extensive; (2) the supra-orbital angles are almost merged in tle
front, and the median notch of the front is almost obsolete ; and (3)
the orbital hiatus is not stopped up by any process of the basal
antenna-joint.

Carapace deepish, subquadrilateral, usually much broader than
long, smooth and with little or no distinction of regions, convex fore
and aft, very slightly so from side to side.

The extent of the fronto-orbital border is much less than two-
thirds the greatest breadth of the carapace, and tle antero-lateral
borders, which are toothed, are well arched. Front square-cut and
straight, faintly notched or longitudinally grooved in the middle line,
not very distinctly demarcated from the supra-orbital angles, from a
third to a fourth, or less, the width of the carapace.

The upper border of the orbit is sinuous and may, or may not,
be marked by a single faint suture line. The basal antenna joint is
short and the antennal flagellum stands loosely in the open orbital
hiatus. The antennules fold transversely.

Buccal cavern, palate, and external maxillipeds as in Huerate.

Chelipeds subequal, much more massive and sometimes, in the
adult, much longer than the legs.

Legs slender, unarmed ; in the last pair the propodite and dactylus
are compressed and decidedly broadened for swimming.

In both sexes all seven abdominal segments are distinct, and in the
male the third segment covers the whole width of the sternum between
the bases of the last pair of legs.

Distribution : Indo-Pacific (Indian, Japanese, Californian).

I exclude from the genus Carcinoplax those species, e.g., setosa and
integra, which have the edge of the front turned doen and arched :
these it seems to me are better associated with Litochira.

Key to the Indian species of the genus Carcinoplax.

I. The long diameter of the orbit is nearly three-fourths

the width of the inter-orbital space: a spine or tooth at

the outer angle of the wrist. Chelipeds in the adult

male very much longer than the legs... «eC. longimanus.
II. The long diameter of the orblt is about half he width

of the inter-orbital space: no spine or tooth at the

outer angle of the wrist. Chelipeds rather shorter than

the legs oe, ‘a ae oe, .. , longipes.
644:

Careinological Fauna of India. 303

5. Carcinoplax longimanus, De Haan,

Caneer (Curtonotus) longimanus, De Haan, Faun. J apon. Crust. p. 50, pl. vi. fig. 1.
Carcinoplaz longimanus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII, 1852,
p- 164: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 688.

Carapace, Jength a little more than two-thirds its breadth, its sur-
face (like that of the chelipeds) finely frosted: in the young the hepatic
are obscurely delimited from the branchial and gastric regions and are
very slightly tumescent.

Front proper about two-ninths the greatest breadth of the carapace,
very faintly notched in the middle line, its free edge longitudinally
grooved.

Orbits shallow, their major diameter move than two-thirds the
width of the front: borders of orbit finely beaded, the upper border
sinuous but entire.

Antero-lateral borders of carapace not much more than half the
length of the postero-lateral, well arched, armed with 3 teeth or tubercles
(including the outer orbital angle) which become much worn away
in adults.

Chelipeds subequal, massive, varying in length with increase in
age—from 2 or 23% times the length of the carapace in females and
young males to 4 times and more the length of the carapace in old
males, the palm being the principal joint in which the lengthening
takes place. There isa spine or tooth in the distal half of the upper
surface of the arm, and one at either angle (inner and outer) of the
wrist: a blunt crest, ending in a blunt tooth, traverses the inner surface
of the palm.

The legs are long: the 3rd pair, which are slightly the longest, are

a little more than twice the length of the carapace. The last two
joints—as also the anterior border of the carpus—of all the legs are
plumose. .
In the Indian Museum are 2 specimens from the Gulf of Martaban
and the Andaman Sea 53 and 60 fathoms, (besides a large male from
Japan).

In spirit the colour is a light reddish ochre, the fingers uncoloured.,

6. Carcinoplax longipes (Wood-Mason ).

Nectopanope longipes, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1891, p, 262:
Alcock and Anderson, Ill. Zool. Investigator, Crust. pl. xiv. fig. 7.
Carcinoplax longipes, Alcock, Investigator Deep-Sea Brachyura, p. 71.
Carapace, length more than three-quarters its breadth, the regions

barely indicated.
645

304 Carcinological Fauna of Tndia.

Front proper about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace,
remarkably prominent, as faintly as possible notched in the middle
line.

Orbits shallow, their upper border sinuous but entire, their major
diameter about half the width of the front. Eyes small.

Antero-lateral borders of carapace not two-thirds the length of the
postero-lateral, moderately arched, armed with two pro-curved spine-
like teeth, and with a small blunt denticle just behind the ill-defined
orbital angle.

Chelipeds twice the length of the carapace; the arm has a denticle
beyond the middle of the upper border, and there is a strong spine—
with sometimes a secondary spinule at its base —at the inner angle only
of the wrist. ;

The legs are long and have the dactylus well plumed and the 2
preceding joints more scantily hairy: the third pair, which are slightly
the longest, are nearly 25 times the length of the carapace: though the
terminal joints of the fourth (last) pair are compressed they are not so
subfoliaceous as those of C. longimanus.

In the Indian Museum are 20 specimens from the Andamans 220 to
290 fathoms and off Travancore, 480 fathoms.

In the largest specimen the carapace is 14 millim. long and 17
millim. broad.

In spirit the colour is white with a faint pink tinge, the fingers
blackish-brown.

7. PsruporHomBiLa, Edw.

Pseudorhombila, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. 11.59, and Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (8) XVIII. 1852, p. 164.

The only particulars in which Pseudorhombila differs from Carcino-
plax are that the regions of the carapace are better defined, that the
square-cut front is more distinctly bilobed, that the supra-orbital border

has two distinct sutures, and that the dactyli of the last pair of legs are.

styliform.

The only specimen in the Indian Museum that is perhaps referable
to this genus is too small and too much damaged for description : it is
from the Andamans.

LIBYSTES, A M, Edw.

Libystes, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (4) VII. 1867, p. 285, and
Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 84,

This genus unites Carcinoplaw with Catoptrus. It chiefly differs

646

Carcinological Fauna of India. 305

from Carcinoplaz in having (1) a much shorter and broader carapace,
(2) a much shorter and broader buccal cavern, with external maxillipeds
that have the antero-external angle of the merus remarkably produced
outwards, and (3) the 3rd to 5th abdominal terga of the male fused
together, From Catoptrus it chiefly differs (1) in having the carapace
more subquadrilateral than elliptical, and (2) in the curious Amphitrite-
like form of the external maxillipeds.

Carapace deepish, subquadrilateral or subelliptical, vastly broader
than long, with little or no distinction of regions, convex fore and aft,
slightly so from side to side.

The extent of the fronto-orbital border is vastly less than the
greatest breadth of the carapace, so that the antero-lateral borders,
which may be toothed or entire, have a Cancroid-like curve. Front
square-cut and quite straight, not well separated from the supra-orbital
angles, slightly notched in the middle line, a third or less the greatest
breadth of the carapace. :

Orbits shallow, their upper border entire. The basal antenna-joint
is short, and the antennal flagellum stands loosely in the orbital hiatus.
The antennules fold transversely.

Buccal cavern square-cut, much broader than long; the efferent
branchial canals of the palate very well defined. The merus of the
external maxillipeds is short and broad and has the external angle
much produced, as in many species of Neptunus.

Chelipeds subequal, much more massive and longer than the legs ;
the hands however, which are somewhat tumid, are unequal in the adult.

Legs slender, unarmed: in the Indian species the last pair are
almost as paddle-like as those of the typical swimming-crabs of the
Portunid family. z

In the male the abdomen covers the whole width of the sternum
between the last pair of legs, and the 3rd-5th abdominal terga are fused
together.

The sternal canals of the male are more perfect than in any other
Gonaplacoid known to me.

Key to the Indian species of Libystes.

I. Antero-lateral borders of the carapace serrated almost
exactly like those of Catoptrus nitidus ... ua we L. Edwardsi.
II, Antero-lateral borders of the carapace entire .., ~... DL, Alphonsi.

Distribution ; Indo-Pacific (Madagascar to Sandwich Is.),
647

306 Carcinological Fauna of India.

8. Libystes Hdwardsi, n. sp.

Carapace, length about four-sevenths of the breadth, finely pitted
under lens, somewhat granular near the antero-lateral borders: an
angular eminence near either posterior angle and a slight concavity of
the postero-lateral part of the lateral epibranchial regions give the
carapace a somewhat quadrilateral cast.

Front a good deal less than a third the breadth of the carapace,
perfectly straight, faintly notched in the middle line. Eyes small.

Antero-lateral borders of the carapace with 5 or 6 granular denticles
followed by a sharp procurved spine.

The chelipeds have the hands unequal in the adult, They are
more than three times. the length of the carapace and are smooth
andunarmed. The fingers are slender and hooked at tip, especially in the
smaller hand: they are a good deal longer thau the palm in the smaller
hand, and about as long as the palm in the larger hand. On the
immobile finger of the smaller hand there are several irregular enlarged
teeth. [In the young, as in Catoptrus, the hands are nearly equal, and
the fingers of both hands are equally long and slender].

The legs are sleuder and the longest pair are not much more than
twice the length of the carapace. The last 3 joints of the last pair
form typical swimming paddles.

An apparently adult specimen from the Persian Gulf and 3 young
from the Andamans are in the Indian Museum.

The carapace of the large specimen is 8 millim. long and 14 millim.
broad. .

9. Inbystes Alphonsi, u. sp.

Differs from L. Hdwardsi in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace, though of the same proportions, is more quadri-
lateral and more convex fore and aft, and the eminences at the posterior
angles are wanting :

(2) the antero-lateral borders of the carapace are smooth and
entire :

(3) the front is more deflexed and more distinctly divided in the
middle line :

(4) the chelipeds (in the young) are about 24 times the length
of the carapace and are nearly equal and similar: the fingers are
hardly as long as the palm :

(5) The last 3 joints of the last pair of legs are much broadened
and compressed, but are not such unmistakeable paddles as those of

. L. Edwardsi.

648

Carcinoloyical Fauna of Indiu. 307

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Andamans :
its carapace is 4 millim. long and 7 millim. broad.

This species differs but little, except in the sub-quadrilateral shape
of the thorax, from the Libystes nitidus described and figured by M. A.
Milne-Edwards.

Cavroprrus, A. M. Edw.

Catoptrus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (5) XIII. 1870, p. 82:
Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, p, 685.
Goniocaphyra, de Man, Archiv fur Naturges, LIII. 1887, i. p. 389.

Carapace transversely elongate-elliptical, without distinction of
regions, moderately convex in both directions.

The extent of the fronto-orbital border is vastly less than. the
greatest breadth of the carapace, the antero-lateral borders, which are
serrated, are therefore well curved. Front straight, slightly notched
in the middle line, not distinctly separated from the supra-orbital
angles, less than a third the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Orbits shallow, their upper border entire. The antennal flagellum,
which is of good length, stands in the orbital hiatus. The antennules
fold transversely.

Buccal cavern, palate, and external maxillipeds as in Fucrate.

Chelipeds much as in Libystes. Legs as in Libystes, except that
the last pair, though they have the dactylus compressed and ciliated,
are never paddle-like.

Abdomen as in Libystes.

Distribution : Indo-Pacific (Mauritius to Samoa).

Catoptrus really differs from Libystes only in the form of the merus
of the external maxillipeds and of the last pair of legs, which are not
paddle-like as they are in one species of Libystes,

10. Catoptrus nitidus, A. M. Edw. ——

Catoptrus nitidus, A. Milne Edwards, Aun. Sci. Nat., Zool., (5) XIII. 1870,
p. 82: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 67: Ortmarn, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.,
VII. 1893-94, p. 687.

Goniocaphyra truncatifrons, de Man, Archiv fur Nat. LIII. 1887, p. 339, pl. xiv.
fig. 1, and Notes Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 67.

Goniocaphyra sp., Zehntner, Rey. Suisse Zool. II. 1894, p. 163, pl. viii. fig. 12,
12a.

Carapace, length less than two-thirds its breadth, perfectly smooth
and shining except for some fine granulation near the antero-lateral

borders.
649

308 Careinological Fauna of India.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, saintly
notched and grooved in the middle line.

Antero-lateral borders cut into five teeth followed by a procurved
spine.

Merus of external maxillipeds having the external angle very
slightly produced.

Chelipeds unequal, much longer and more massive than the legs,
the larger one about three times the length of the carapace: they are
smooth and unarmed, except that the anterior border of the arm is
finely serrulate and that one of the serrations at either the near or far
end (rarely at both) is enlarged to form a spine. In the smaller
cheliped the fingers are slender hooked and finely toothed, and are
rather longer than the slightly swollen palm: in the larger cheliped
they are stouter and more coarsely toothed and are shorter than the
swollen palm.

Legs slender, the longest pair are hardly more than twice the
length of the carapace; the dactylus of all, though compressed, is
slender.

In the Indian Museum are 16 specimens from off Ceylon 34 fathoms
(besides 3 from Mauritius and 2 from Samoa).

In the largest specimen (from Mauritius) the carapace is 95
millim. long and 14°5 millim. broad. The Indian specimens, though
they include BE: -laden females, are much smaller.

PsopHetricus, Wood-Mason.

Psopheticus, Wood-Mason, Admin. Rep. Marine Survey of India, 1890-91, p. 20
(name only): Alcock, Investigator Deep-Sea Bracbyura,'p. 72. /% 17
Psopheticus in several respects connects Carcinoplax and Pseudo-
rhombila with Hucrate, and hence serves to emphasize the opinion of
Miers as to the closeness of the ties that connect the three latter genera.
As in Pseudorhombila and Carcinoplax, the carapace is much |
broader than long and the orbital hiatus is open. As in Pseudorhombila,
the ‘dactylus of the last pair of legs is styliform. As in Hucrate, the
fronto-orbital, border occupies almost all the breadth of the carapace.

Carapace deepish, quadrilateral or subquadrilateral, a good deal
broader than long, with the regions hardly defined, moderately convex
fore and aft, flat from side to side.

Fronto-orbital border little, if at all, less than the greatest breadth
of the carapace, the antero-lateral borders of the carapace therefore—
which are short—are either very slightly arched or are in the same

650

Carcinological Fauna of India. 309

straight line with the postero-lateral borders, Front square-cut, straicht,
prominent, entire, not well delimited from the supra-orbitil angles, a
third the breadth of the carapace, or a little less.

Upper border of orbit very sinuous and with a single faint short
suture line. The antennal flagellum, which is of good length, stands
loosely in the orbital hiatus. The antennules fold transversely.

Mouth and external maxillipeds as in Bucrate.

Chelipeds much stonter than the legs. The legs end in a slender
styliform dactylus, and have one or many spines on the anterior border
of the merus.

In both sexes the abdomen consists of seven separate segments, and
in the male the third segment covers the whole width of the sternum
between the last pair of legs.

Distribution: Andaman Sea.

Key to the (Indian) species of Psopheticus.

I. Cavapace quite quadrilateral, the fronto-orbital border

being equal to the greatest breadth of the carapace :

meropodites of legs with numerous spines ane we Py stridulans.
TI. Carapace subquadrilateral, the fronto-orbital border

being abont three-fourths its greatest breadth: mero-

podites of legs with a single spine ~ Site see ee P. insignis.

ll. Psopheticus stridulans, Wood-Mason.

Psopheticus stridulans, Wood-Mason, Illustrations of the Zoology of the Investi-
gator, Crustacea, pl. v, fig. 1. (1892): Alcock, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist, May 1894,
p. 402 ; and Investigator Deep-Sea Brachyura, p. 73.

Carapace quite quadrilateral, three-fourths as long as broad, smooth
and polished, crossed transversely in its posterior half by a broad groove
which is continued obliquely across the pterygostomian regious to the
angles of the mouth.

Owing to the large size of the eye and orbit, the extent of the fronto-
orbital border is equal to the greatest breadth of the carapace.

A thin sharp prominent tooth at the outer orbital angle, and an
obliquely-prominent spine at the junction of the antero-lateral and
postero-lateral borders.

The subocular and subhepatic regions are inflated, and together
form a granular eminence against which a strong spine on the upper
border of the arm can be brought to play, producing a sound. Hence
the names Psopheticus and stridulans.

The major diameter of the reniform eye is between a sixth and a
seventh the breadth of the carapace; though the orbit does not conceal
the eye its edges are well and cleanly cut.

651

310 Careinological Fauna of India.

The chelipeds in the adult male are a little more, in the adult
female a little less, than twice the length of the carapace, but are slightly
shorter than the legs: they are smooth and polished, as also are the legs.
The arm has a strong upstanding claw-like tooth near the middle of its
upper border, one or two spinules near the far end of the outer border,
and a spinule near the far end of the inner border: the wrist has both.
the inner and the outer angles spiniform.

The third pair of legs, which are slightly the longest of the four,
ave rather more than two-and-a-half times the Jength of the carapace.
Iu all, the anterior edge of the meropodites is armed with spines and
the same edge of the carpopodites with spinules —these being least
numerous and least distinct in the case of the first pair.

Colours in glycerine: chelipeds aud legs rather dusky red ; carapace
dusky red behind the transverse groove—which forms a very sharply-
defined red band—livid red, or almost violet, in front of it ; eyestalks
almost purple, eyes purplish-black. Kggs in life magenta.

The carapace of the largest male is 15 millim. long and 20 millim.
broad.

Only known, so far, from the Andaman Sea: 2 males and a female
from 173 fms., 2 males and a female (Types of the species and genus)
from 183-220 fms , 7 females (3 with eggs) from 185 fms., a male and
4 females from 370-419 fms.

12. Psopheticus insignis, n. sp.

Carapace subquadrilateral, the antero-lateral borders being slightly
arched, about three-fourths as long as broad, smooth, crossed trans-
versely by two very low and indistinct ridges—one (convex forwards)
between the lateral epibranchial spines, the other at the level of the
post-cardiac region. The extent of the fronto-orbital border is about
three-fourths the greatest breadth of the carapace.

There is a blantish tooth at the outer orbital angle, and an obliquely
prominent spine at the junction of the antero-lateral and postero-lateral
borders, the edge of the carapace between the two being granular.

Hye small, subglobular, its diameter being hardly a tenth the
greatest breadth of the carapace.

Chelipeds more than 23 times as long as the carapace and decidedly
longer than the legs: they are unarmed except for a small tooth or
spinule at the outer angle of the wrist.

The meropodites of the legs have the anterior border sharply
granular, and in the case of the last three pair of legs there is a
spine near the far end of this border. The longest pair of legs are
hardly 23 times as long as the carapace.

652:

Carcinological Fauna of India. 311

Two specimens, from the Gulf of Martaban, 60 and 67 fms.

The carapace of the largest is 13 millim. long and 19 millim. broad.

Colours in glycerine, reddish: in the middle of the carapace is a
large deep-red shield with a milk-white edge and centre.

This species closely connects Psopheticus with Careinoplae.

PiLUMNOPLAX, Stimpson restr.

Pilumnoplaz, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858 (1859) p. 93: Miers,
Challenger Brachynura, p. 225: Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 74.

Carapace depressed, flat, a little broader than long, the regions
very faintly indicated. Fronto-orbital border two-thirds, or more, the
greatest breadth of the carapace: the antero-lateral borders, which are
toothed, are slightly arched or oblique. Front square-cut, straight,
rather prominent, more or less confluent with the supra-orbital angles,
often notched or grooved in the middle line.

Supra-orbital border often with two fissures. ‘The antennal flagel-
lum, which is of good length, stands in the orbital hiatus, The
antennules fold transversely, or nearly so.

Mouth and mouth-parts as in Huerate.

Chelipeds either subequal or unequal, much more massive than the
legs. Legs slender, their dactyli compressed.

The abdomen in both sexes is seven-jointed: in the male the 3rd
segment covers the whole width of the sternum between the last pair
of legs.

Distribution: Tropical and §. Atlantic (deep sea), Arabian Sea
(deep), Japan, Fiji.

The species of Pilumnoplax are characterized by the flat, depressed
carapace, which is also comparatively narrow and, owing to the
prominence of the perfectly straight front, is subhexagonal in shape.

.

13. Pilwmnoplax americana, Rathbun.

Pilumnoplas americanus, Mary J. Rathbun, Ball. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa, 1898,
p. 283, pl. vii figs. 1, 2.

Pilumnoplaz Sinclairi, Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 74, pl. iii.
fig. 1.

Carapace subquadrilateral, much depressed, a little more than
three-quarters as broad as long, very finely frosted, perfectly bare, the
regions fairly indicated.

Front horizontal, slightly prominent, square cut, grooved but not
distinctly notched in the middle, more than a third the greatest breadth

653

312 Carcinological Fauna of India.

of the carapace; its free edge is turned vertically downwards and
rather deeply grooved from side to side.

The antero-lateral borders are not much more than half the length
of the postero-lateral: they are thin aud sharp, and are cut into three
teeth, of which the first is broad and bicuspid and the other two are
acute. On the postero-lateral borders, just behind the junction with
the antero-lateral, is a denticle.

The eyes are small but well-formed, and are freely movable. The
orbits conceal the retracted eyes to dorsal view: their upper margin is
fissured near the middle, and the lower margin is slightly excavated
just below the outer angle: the inner angle of the lower margin is not
prominent, though dentiform.

The chelipeds in both sexes are very unequal, the larger one being
not quite twice as long as the carapace; their surface, under the lens,
is finely frosted: the inner angle of the wrist is strongly pronounced
and is capped by a pair of acute teeth.

Legs moderately stout, unarmed, smooth, almost hairless: the
third pair, which are somewhat the longest, are about two-and-a-half-
times the length of the carapace. The dactyli are compressed-styliform,

Colours in spirit french-grey, fingers much darker grey.

A single female specinien, from off the Travancore coast 430 fms.,
has the carapace 13 millim, long and 16 millim. broad.

This species is closely related to Pilunnoplax heterochir (Studer)
Miers, but is distinguished from it by the entire and more prominent
front, by the absence of transverse markings on the carapace, by the
longer legs, and by the smoothness of the chelipeds and legs.

From Pilumnoplax abyssicola Miers, which it also closely resembles,
it is distinguished by the smooth carapace (to the naked eye), by the
turned-down milled edge of the front, by the spinule on the postero-
lateral: border, by the fissured upper-margin of the orbit, and by the
double spine at the inner angle of the wrist.

Distribution : Off Atlantic coasts of North America (Florida and
Georgia) 440 and 70 to about 200 fms. Off Travancore coast 430 fms.

A single specimen from the latter locality is in the Indian Museum
collection.

{PLatypinumNnus, Wood-Mason.

Platypilumnus, Wood-Mason MS., Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., May, 1894,
p. 401: Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Vol, LXVII. pt. 2, 1898, p. 282: Investigator
Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 62.

This genus, like so many of the preceding, has strong affinities with

654

eS? es

Curcinological Fuuna of India. 313

the Xanthide: it may prove to belong to that family, where I have
already, with reserve, placed it.

I may here, however, state that it closely resembles Pilumnoplaz,
having a flat, depressed, slightly transverse carapace. It differs from
Pilumnoplaz in the following particulars :—

(1) the front is more prominent, so that the carapace is more
decidedly hexagonal :

(2) the fronto-orbital border is sharply serrated and the chelipeds
and legs are profusely spiny: .

(3) the external maxillipeds do not completely close the buccal
cavern, but leave a wide gap between their anterior margin and the edge
of the epistome :

(4) the dactyli of the legs are styliform.

Distribution: Andaman Sea. |

[Platypilumnus gracilipes, Wood-Masou.

Platypilumnus gracilipes, Wood-Mason MS., Alcock, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., May,
1894, p. 401: Ill. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. xiv. fig. 6: J.A.S.B. Vol. LXVII,
pt. 2, 1898, p. 232: Investigator Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 63.

A description of the female (which is the only sex known) has
been already given in this Journal (loc. cit.) ].

Litocuira, Kinahan.
Litochira, Kinahan, Journ, Roy. Soc. Dublin, I. 1858, p. 121: Miers, Challenger

Brachyura, p. 281.
? Brachygrapsus, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880 (1881) p. 203.

Carapace and appendages in all the Indian species thickly
tomentose and hairy.

Carapace deepish, either subquadrilateral and a good deal broader
than long, or almost square, smooth, with little or no distinction of
regions, flat, but declivous anteriorly. Fronto-orbital border not much
less than, if not equal to, the greatest breadth of the carapace: antero-
lateral borders short and if arched at all, very slightly so, and usually,
but not always, with 2 or 3 teeth or spines.

Front not well delimited from the supra-orbital angles, its free
edge deflexed and somewhat arched, never square-cut and laminar ;
more or less distinctly bilobed. __

Upper border of orbit entire. The antennal flagellum, which is
of good length, stands in the orbital hiatus. The autennules fold
transversely, or nearly so.

Mouth and external maxillipeds as in Bucrate, &e.

; 650

314 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Chelipeds subequal, more massive and usually shorter than the
legs. The legs, including the dactyli, are compressed.

The abdomen of the male occupies the whole width of the sternum
between the last pair of legs: in both sexes it consists of 7 segments.

I restrict the genus Litochira to those species which have the edge
of the front turned down and distinctly arched as is shown in Kinahan’s
figure. These species fall into two groups, in one of which the carapace
is a good deal broader than long, as in Kinahan’s type, while in the
other it is nearly square. Perhaps these two groups should be separa-
ted, though I do not recommend this course.

Distribution : S. Atlantic and Indo-Pacific (Cape to Australia).

Key to the Indian species of Litochira.

J. Length of carapace abont two-thirds the greatest
breadth of the carapace and eqnal to the extent of the
fronto-orbital border; the antero-lateral borders dis-
tinetly arched :—
1, Antero-lateral borders of the carapace with three
truncated teeth, exclusive of the orbital angle .. L. angustifrons.
2. Antero-lateral borders with two distinct, though
blunt, teeth . Boer co ccocnocto. OnOoM 50 L. setosa.
3. Antero- isteral ‘honda with ferdiy’a any richie of
lobulation—almost entire ...... . ... I, integra.
IJ. Carapace more nearly square, the fronto- pebital: border
almost equal to its greatest breadth, so that the antero-
lateral borders are almost in the same straight line
with the postero-lateral borders or a very little

curved :—
1. Antero-lateral borders with two spines and one
at the orbital angle: legs unarmed ...... sceoseee L, Beawmontit.

2. Antero-lateral borders with two spines: no spine
at the orbital angle : meropodites of the legs
With SOMO SpiNes ... ..- MAMRMEREeeh coene ses ves veesee see w» L. quadrispinosa.

14. Litochira integra (Miers).

Carcinoplax integra, Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, p. 548, pl. xlviii. fig. C:
de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII, 1887-88, p. 93.

Length of the carapace about two-thirds its breadth and equal to
the extent of the fronto-orbital border.

Antero-lateral borders arched, without spines, though when com-
pletely denuded they are granular and show faint but quite distinguisb-
able traces of division into two lobules besides the orbital angle.

Chelipeds less than twice the length of the carapace and shorter

than the legs, unarmed except for an indistinct blunt tooth near the
656

Carcinological Fauna of India. 315

far end of the upper border of the arm: inner angle of wrist dentiform.
Legs unarmed.

A single female from Mergui: its carapace is 6 millim. long and
9 millim. broad.

15. Litochira setosa (A. M. Edw.).

Carcinoplas setosa, A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 267,
pl. xii. fig. 2:de Man, Archiv f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 349, and Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 93.

The only essential difference between this species and the preceding
is that the carapace here is a little more depressed and that the antero-
lateral borders are cut into 2 blunt teeth besides the blunt orbital angle.
The size is about the same.

In the Indian Museum are 16 specimens, from the Andamans and

Mergui.

16. Litochira angustifrons, n. sp.

Carapace, length a little more than two-thirds the breadth. Fronto-
orbital border nearly five-ninths the breadth of the carapace in extent.
Antero-lateral borders arched, cut into 4 teeth (including the outer
orbital angle) the edges and dorsal surface of which are granular: the
first 3 teeth are sharply truncated, the fourth is subacute.

Chelipeds, in the adult male, nearly twice the length of the carapace
and hardly shorter than the legs; in the female much less than twice
the length of the carapace and markedly shorter than the legs. There
is a lobule near the far end of the upper border of the arm, and the
inner angle of the wrist is subacute.

Two specimens, from Bombay and Karachi. The carapace of the
larger is 15 millim, long and 18 millim. broad.

This species appears to be closely related to Pilumnoplaz cilialus
Stimpson.

17. Litochira Beawmontii, nu. sp.

Carapace, length more than two-thirds the greatest breadth, nearly
square. The extent of the fronto-orbital border is hardly less than the
breadth of the carapace. ‘I'he antero-lateral borders are hardly arched
and are armed with 3 sharp spinules—including one at the outer orbital
angle.

The chelipeds are much shorter than the legs and, like them, are
unarmed, except that the inner angle of the wrist is dentiform. The
longest (penultimate) pair of legs are more than 25 times as long as the
carapace,

657

316 Carcinological Fauna of Indta.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens, from the Andamans and
from off Ceylon 34 fms. The carapace of the type specimen is 5 millim.
long and 7 millim. broad.

Colour in spirit, uniform yellow.

18. Lntochira quadrispinosa, Zehntner.

Litochira quadrispinosa, Zehntner, Rey. Suisse de Zool. ade 1894, p. 171, pl. viii.
figs. 11, 110.

Differs from L. Beaumontii in the following particulars only :—

(1) .the carapace is still more nearly square :

(2) there are 2 spines on the antero-lateral borders but none at the
outer orbital angles :

(3) the inner border of the ischium and arm of the chelipeds is
serrated, and the meropodites of the legs are armed with spines.

(4) the colouration is yellow, with a large purplish-brown horse-
shoe behind the front, and with sinuous markings of the same colour on
the lateral subfrontal and suborbital regions of the carapace: the
greater part of the antennal flagella is of the same purplish-brown
colour.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Andamans:
the carapace is 4 millim. long and 5 millim. broad.

Subfamily ii. GonopLacina.
19. GonopLax, Leach.

Gonoplax, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. 1815, pp. 309, 323, and Malac. Pod.
Brit. : Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 124, and Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIII. p. 248:
De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., pv. 19: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 60, and
Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 162: Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I.
p- 310: Bell, Brit. Stalk-eyed Crust. p. 129: Heller, Crust, Sudl. Europ. p. 102:
Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 245.

Rhombilia, Lamarck (part), Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. (2) V. p. 466: Latreille,
Encyc. Méthod. X, p. 292.

Carapace subquadrilateral, with the antero-lateral angles acute and
the lateral borders posteriorly convergent, a good deal broader than
long, moderately convex, the regions but faintly indicated.

The front and orbits occupy the whole anterior border of the
carapace: the front is square cut, laminar, and obliquely deflexed, and
takes up between a third and a fourth of the anterior border of the
carapace, the rest being taken up by the trench-like orbits.

Eyestalks long and slender: the antennules fold quite transversely
beneath the front: the antenne have a short basal joint and a slender
flagellum of good length, standing in the orbital hiatus.

658

Carcinological Fauna of India. 317

The buccal cavern is square and is well separated from the pro-
minent epistome: the efferent branchial channels are not well defined.
The external maxillipeds completely close the buccal cavern: their
merus is square and carries the flagellum at the antero-internal angle.

Chelipeds in both sexes much more massive, and in the male very
much longer, than the legs, which are long and slender.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments: in the
male the 3rd segment nearly but not quite covers the sternum between
the last pair of legs.

Distribution: North-Eastern Atlantic coasts, Mediterranean basin ;
Persian Gulf; East Indian Archipelago.

In the Indian Museum there is a young female, lately received by
myself from the Persian Gulf, of a species of Gonoplax, Apart from
the shortness of the chelipeds it differs from G. angulata, of which we
have several good specimens from Europe, only in wanting the terminal
spine to the upper border of the meropodites of the legs.

Subfamilies ii. & iv. Raizopinm & Hexapopinea.
Key to the Indian Genera.

A. Four pairs of legs, besides the chelipeds (Rhizopinz) :—
I. The antennulary flagella can be completely retracted
within the antennulary fossz :—
1. The epistome is of good length fore and aft, it
is not in any way confused with the palate but
is commonly prominent and almost vertical :—
i. Eyes well formed, rarely deficient in
pigment :— —
a, Eyes in all respects perfect : front
straight, entire, from two-fifths
to half the greatest breadth of
the carapace: merus of the exter-
nal maxillipeds nearly square...... NoTonyx.
b, Eyes either quite perfect or defi-
cient in pigment: front slightly
curved and notched in the middle,
about a third the greatest breadth
of the carapace: antero-external
angle of the merus of the exter-
nal maxillipeds much prodnced... CrRATOPLAX;
ii. Eyes obsolete or nearly 80 :—
a, Carapace much broader than
long, the a borders
parallel . coasoncecs+eeeteactacsaee 1) MH ROCA RCINDS:
b, Presnce a “Tittle head than
long, the postero-lateral borders >
anteriorly-convergent ............:. XENOPHTHALMODFs,

659

318 Carcinological Fauna of India.

2. The epistome is short, sunken, and not boldly
separated from the palate :—
i. Eyes minate, orbits concealed beneath
the anterior border of the carapace:
merus of external maxillipeds with a
sharp antero-external angle ... ............ SCALOPIDIA,

ii. Eyes obsolete or nearly so, orbits waible
from above: antero-external angle of
merus of external maxillipeds rounded

off... 860800 25005900170: 4s poo DOSeBEEeaee TYPHLOCARCINODES.
II. The basal joint of the ‘anteniaiee Peapletcly fills its
fossa, into which the flagellum cannot thereforo be

retracted :—
1. Eyes small, but perfect: onter border of merus
of external maxillipeds almost straight .......... HEPHTHOPELTA.

2. Eyes reduced to a speck of pigment: outer
border of merus of external maxillipeds with a
strongly convex bulge outwards .............. CAMATOPSIS,
B. Only three pairs of legs besides the chelipeds, the ia
pair of other crabs not being represented even by a rudi-
ment. The vasa efferentia of the male open on the 4th
sternal segment (Hexapodine) ciscecsresssosssesserereseessess oes LLAMBDOPHALLUS.

Subfamily iii. Ratzopinz, Stimps.
Notonyx, A. M. Edw.

Notonyz, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. da Mus. IX. 1873, p. 268: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 235.

Carapace deepish, subquadrilateral with the antero-lateral angles
rounded off, broader than long, perfectly nude smooth and polished,
without any indication of regions, convex fore and aft and anteriorly
declivous.

Fronto-orbital border a good deal more than three-fourths the
greatest breadth of the carapace: antero-lateral borders short, entire,
curved. Front straight, sublaminar, from two-fifths to half the breadth
of the carapace.

Eyes small but well developed, the eyestalks movable, obpiriform :
orbits in the usual marginal position. The antennules fold transversely
in well formed pits. Basal antenna-joint short; the flagellum, which is
of fair length, stands in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome well formed, nearly vertical: buccal cavern a little wider
in front than behind. A slight hiatus between the external maxillipeds,
the merus of which appendages is square and carries the flagellum at
the antero-internal angle.

Chelipeds subequal, or a little unequal, smooth and polished, much

6€0

Carcinological Funna of India. 319

more massive and but little shorter than the legs: palm short and rather
deep, with the lower border sharply carinate.

Legs smooth, unarmed, witl a very few scattered lank hairs:
dactyli styliform.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments and does
not nearly conceal the sternum between the last pair of legs.

Disiribution: Indo-Pacific, from Iiji to the Persian Gulf.

Key to the Indian species of Notonyx.

I. Carapace, length about three-fourths the breadth : merus

of external maxillipeds abont as lone as the ischinm .. «60M itidus.
II. Carapace, length abont five-sixths the breadth : merus of

external maxillipeds mnch shorter than the ischium .,. N, vitreus.

20. Notonya nitidus, A. M. Kdw.
Notonyx nitidus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. da Mus. IX, 1873, p. 269,
pl. xii. fig: 3: Miers, Challenger Brachynra, p. 236,

Carapace, length a little more than three-fonrths the greatest
breadth. Front between a third and two-fifths the breadth of the
carapace. Orbits elongate. Merus of the external maxillipeds as long
as the ischium.

A small denticle near the far end of the upper border of the arm:
inner angle of wrist pronounced, but not acute.

Legs with some scattered hairs along the edges, the 3rd _ pair,
which are slightly the longest, are about 23 times the length of the
carapace and nearly half agaiii as long as the chelipeds.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Persian Gulf :
its carapace is 8°5 millim. long and 11 millim: broad,

21. Notonyx vitreus, n. sp.

Carapace, length about five-sixths the greatest breadth, rather
tumid. Front nearly Half the breadth of the carapace. Merns of the
external maxillipeds shorter than the ischiam.

No denticle on the arm: inner angle of wrist blunt. Legs with
hardly any hairs, otherwise resembling those of N. nitidus.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Andaman
Sea, 53 fatlioms: its carapace is 5 millim. long and 6 millim. broad.

Crratoriax, Stimpson.
Ceratoplax, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 96: Miers, Challenger
Brachyura, p. 233.
- Carapace deep, subquadrilateral with the antero-lateral angles
rounded off, a good deal broader than long, the regions very indistinctly

320 Carcinological Fauna of India.

and incompletely indicated, strongly convex fore and aft and anteriorly
declivous.

- Fronto-orbital border about two-thirds tle greatest breadth of the
carapace: antero-lateral borders sharp, entire, curved: postero-lateral
borders parallel.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, its free
edge slightly arched, notcled in the middle line.

The orbits are in the usual position and the eyestalks are immov-
ably fixed in them, but the eyes are fairly well formed, though they
may be deficient in pigment. The antennules fold transversely in
proper pits. The basal antenna-joint is short: the flagellum, which is
of good length, stands in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome well formed and prominent: buccal cavern quadrilateral,
slightly increasing in breadth from behind forwards, almost completely
closed by the external maxillipeds, the merus of which has the antero-
external angle much produced and carries the flagellum at the antero-
internal angle.

Chelipeds subequal, more massive but decidedly shorter than the
legs; the palm short, deep, and compressed.

Legs slender, unarmed, the 8rd pair the longest : dactyli styliform.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments and
does not nearly occupy the space between the last pair of legs.

Distribution : Indo-Pacific from the Bay of Bengal to Ecuador.

Key to the Indian species of Ceratoplax.
IT. Surface of carapace nude, eyes well pigmented: onter
surface of palm polished and nearly smooth ... me sos, O. Colrata,
II. Surface of carapace tomentose, eyes deficient in pigment :
rows of vesiculous granules on the outer surface of the
palm oe: ose a ee one .. C, hispida,

22. Ceratoplaz ciliata, Stimpson.
Ceratoplaz ciliatus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 96: A.O. |
Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1890, p. 110.
Ceratoplax ciliata, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 234, pl. xix. fig. 3: Cano,
Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p. 229.

Carapace, chelipeds and legs rather scantily fringed with hairs, but
with a nude surface.

Carapace, length a little more than three-fourths the greatest
breadth, sparsely punctate, the regions not distinguishable. Front
about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, its free edge slightly
arched and notched in the middle line. Eyes well pigmented. Cheli-

peds decidedly shorter than the legs: inner angle of wrist sharp, but
662

Carcinological Fauna of India. 321

not produced: outer surface of palm smooth and polished, except for a
few depressed granules inferiorly. Third pair of legs not twice the
length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Andaman Sea,
53 fms. ‘

23. Ceratoplax hispida, n, sp.

Carapace, chelipeds and legs with a tomentose surface, and fringed
with longer silky hairs.

Carapace, length a little less than three-fourths the breadth, when
denuded its regions (and three gastric subregions) are just distinguish-
able, and its surface is pitted and its lateral margins granular. Front
a little more than a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, its free
edge decidedly arched and notched in the middle line. Eyes very
deficient in pigment. Chelipeds (in the female—male unknown) much
shorter than the legs: inner angle of wrist sharply dentiform; outer
surface of palm with numerous rows of vesiculous granules. Third
pair of legs two-and-a-half times the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from Palk Straits: its
carapace is 9 millim. long and 13 millim. broad.

TYPHLOCARCINUS, Stimpson.
Typhlocarcinus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1858, p. 95.

Carapace asin Ceratoplar. Fronto-orbital border about half the
greatest breadth of the carapace. ['ront less than a fourth the breadth
of the carapace, more or less distinctly bilobed. Antero-lateral borders
well curved, often emarginate in places: postero-lateral borders
parallel.

Orbits in the usual position, completely filled by the immovable
eye-stalks: eyes obsolete, or nearly so. The antennules fold nearly
transversely, in proper pits. Basal autenna-joint short; the flagellum,
which is short, stands in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome well formed and prominent: buccal cavern completely,
or almost completely, closed by the external maxillipeds, the flagellum
of which articulates with the antero-internal angle of the merus; the
outer angle of the merus not produced.

Chelipeds subequal or unequal, much more massive than the legs
from which they do not much differ in length: palm short deep and
compressed, with sharp upper and lower borders.

Legs slender, unarmed, the 3rd pair slightly the ‘longest: dactyli

styliform.
663

Bg Carcinological Fauna of India.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments aud.
does not nearly occupy all the sternum betsyeen the last pair of legs,

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, from the Persian Gulf to Hongkong.

From Rhizopa, of which we possess specimens from Hongkong, this
geuus differs only in having the eyes obsolete and the external hee
Beds more closely opposed to each other. It may well be doubted
whether these differences are of generic value.

Key to the Indian species of Typhlocarcinus.
I, Antero-lateral borders with 2 or 3 emarginations :—
1. Buccal cavern decreasing in size from behind for-
wards: antero-external angle of merus of external
maxillipeds obsolete and rounded off... ie .. 2. nudus.
2. Buccal cavern quite square: antero-external angle of

merus of external maxillipeds sharp .. eee «. J. villosus.
IJ, Antero-lateral borders of carapace entire: buccal cavern
quite square see ore eee nee eee eer oes E. rubidus.

24. Vyphlocarcinus wudus, Stimpson.

Typhlocarcinus nudus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Philad, 1858, p. 96,

Carapace. much transverse, its. length only. about, five-eighths its
greatest breadth, its surface smooth and bare, the regions, hardly;
distinguishable. The posterior part of the antero-lateral border has
two or three obscure notches.

The front, which is about a fifth the greatest breadth of the
carapace, is grooved in the middle line—almost bilobed. Orbits broadly
oval, almost subcireular.

Buccal cavern considerably decreasing in breadth from behind:
forwards: merus of the external maxillipeds with the antero-external
angle obsolete and rounded off ; the exognath very narrow.

Chelipeds and legs smooth, with only a few scant hairs on the
margin. Chelipeds, in the male about twice the length of the carapace,
a little longer than any of the legs: inner angle of wrist sharp, but:
not produced: palms unequal, smooth and polished, the upper border -
smooth and crest-like, the lower border with a distinct moulding.

ih the Indian Museum are 25 specimens, from Karachi and, the
Mekran coast, Madras coast and Sandheads, and the Andamans.
In this species a tiny speck of ‘pigment denotes an eye.

25. Vyphlocarcinus villosus, Stimpson.

Typhlocareinus villosus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 96°
Miers, P. Z. S., 1879, pp. 20, 40: Walker, Journ. Linn. Sec. Zool. XX. 1890;.p. 110;
pl. ix. figs. 6-8: Ortmann, Zool, Jahrb, Syst, VII, 1893-94, p. 689.

Carapace and appendages everywhere covered with velvet. Carapaee.
664.

Carcinological Fauna of: India. 323

about three-fourths as long as broad, its greatest breadth across the
middle: when denuded it is granular in places and the regions are
hardly distinguishable. Three blunt grauular teeth on the lateral
borders, two of which are antero-lateral, the third being postero-lateral.

Front between a fourth and a fifth the breadth of the carapace,
bilobed: orbits piriform.

Buccal cavern quite square: antero-external angle of merus: of:
external maxillipeds well marked but not produced, the exognath normal.

Chelipeds about twice as long as the carapace, and nearly the same
length. as the 3rd (longest) pair of legs, their outer surface; especially
that. of the palm, is granular: inner angle of tlhe wrist produced, denti-
form. The legs are fringed with coarsish hairs. .

In the Indian. Museum, besides. a specimen from, Hongkong, are
6 from various parts of the coast of the Bay of Bengal.

The carapace of the best specimen is 6 millim, long and 8 millim.
broad.

In this species also there is a tiny speck of pigment for an eye.

26. Typhlocarcinus rubidus, n. sp.

Carapace perfectly smooth and nude, except for a few hairs on the,
anterior and antero-Jateral margins, its length a little over three-fifths
its breadth, the.regions hardly distinguishable, though the epibranchial
regions have a decided dorsal bulge.

The antero-lateral borders, which, like the postero-lateral are blunt
and granular, are quite entire.

Front about. a fifth the breadth of the carapace, bilobed, the median
groove very deep. Orbits piriform. Bueeal cavern. and: external
maxillipeds as in 7’. villosus.

Chelipeds and ‘legs rather hairy, but there is always a large smooth
bare space on tbe outer surface of the wrist and palm. Chelipeds about
as long as the longest legs, less than twice the length. of the. carapace:
inner angle of wrist produced, dentiform: below and above the bare
patch on the wrist and hand tlie surface, when denuded, is granular,

The colour is.a rich ruddy brown.

In the Indian Museum are 18 specimens from the, Bay of Bengal,
20 to 65 fms.

The largest specimen has the carapace nearly 7 millim. long. and,
10 millim. broad, but there are egg-laden females smaller than this.

There is no pigment speck to represent an: eye im this species.

XenopurHaumopes,. Richters.
_ Xexophthalmodes, Richters, in Mobius Meeresf., Maurit. p. 165, 1880.

Carapace rudely semicircular in, outline, the- posterior border being
665.

324 Carcinological Fauna of India.

the longest, and the postero-lateral borders being anteriorly-convergent
to form a common curve with the well-arched anterior and antero-
lateral borders: it is but little broader than long, is convex fore and aft
and strongly declivous anteriorly, and shows the regions indistinctly
and incompletely.

Fronto-orbital border less than half, front ‘a than a fifth, the
greatest breadth of the carapace, the front being prominent and
bilobed.

Orbits in the usual position, Panplotely filled by the immovable
eye-stalks: eyes obsolete. The antennules are small, and fold obliquely
rather than transversely in proper pits. Basal antenna-joint short: the
flagellum, which also is short, stands in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome and mouth parts, as also the abdomen, as in Typhlocar-
cinus.

Chelipeds a little unequal, much more massive and ‘rather longer
than the legs, of which the 3rd pair is slightly the longest. Palm short
deep and compressed, with sharp edges.

Legs slender, unarmed: dactyli styliform.

Distribution : Indian Ocean, from Mauritius and the Red Sea to
the Andamans.

This genus differs from Typhlocarcinus in having the carapace
more elongate and more semicircular in outline, the front more pro-
minent and narrower, and the antennules more cramped in consequence.

27. Xenopthalmodes moebii, Richters.

Xenophthalmodes moebii, Richters, in Mobius, Meeresf. Manrit, p. 155, pl. xvi.
fig. 29 and pl. xvii. figs. 1-5 1880: Miers, P. Z. S. 1834, pp. 10, 12: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. XIT. 1890, p. 68, pl. iii. fig. 5

The carapace has rather a lop-sided look and i is practically smooth,
except for two rather deep semilunar impressions that incompletely
separate the gastro-cardiac from the epibranchial regions: its surface
is bare, but its free edges, like the edges of the chelipeds and legs, are
thickly fringed with longish silky hairs: its length is about five-sixths
the greatest breadth, which is quite posterior. Front very decidedly
bilobed. Orbits oval. Buccal cavern very slightly decreasing in
breadth anteriorly: the merus of the external maxillipeds has the
autero-external angle rounded off.

Chelipeds in the male a little longer than the legs, and with the
hands decidedly unequal: the inner angle of the wrist is acuminate :
the upper edge of the palm is sharp and crest-like, the lower edge has
a low granular crest or moulding, the surface of the palm is smooth
and polished. The larger cheliped, measured along its convexities, is
about twice the length of the carapace.

666

_ Carcinological Fauna of India. 325

In the Indian Museum are 13 specimens, from the Persian Gulf,
Malabar coast, Coromandel coast, Gulf of Martaban, and the Andamans.
The carapace of the largest specimen is 10 millim. long and 12 millim,
broad.

In one very young specimen the eye is represented by a tiny speck
of pigment, as shown in de Man’s figure, but in large speciméns there
is no trace of this speck.

ScaLopip1a, Stimpson.

Scalopidia, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1858, p. 95: Miers, Challenger
Brachynura. p. 223.

Hypophthalmus, Richters, Abh. Senck, Nat. Ges, Frankfurt, XII. 1881, p. 429.

Carapace of but moderate depth, moderately convex fore and aft
and but moderately declivous anteriorly: it is a good deal broader than
long and inclines somewhat to a semicircular outline, the greatest
breadth being quite posterior, the postero-lateral borders being anteriorly
convergent, and the antero-lateral borders being nicely curved: the
regions are distinctly mapped out by fine grooves.

Fronto-orbital border about two-fifths, front about a fourth the
greatest breadth of the carapace: front rather obscurely bilobed, antero-
lateral borders acute.

Eyes minute, eyestalks fixed in small orbits which lie entirely
beneath the anterior border of the carapace. The antennules fold
transversely in shallow and rather inadequate pits.. Basal antenna-joint
short; the flagellum, which is of moderate length, stands quite clear of
the orbital hiatus.

Epistome sunken, not well demarcated from the edge of the buccal
cavern: the latter is squarisl and broader in front than behind. There
is a considerable gap between the external maxillipeds, the merus of
which is square and has a sharp antero-external angle and carries the
flagellum at the antero-internal angle.

Chelipeds a little unequal, much shorter and not much more massive
(except as regards the larger palm) than the third pair of legs: palm
short and compressed, with sharp edges.

The legs have the merus broadened, especially in the case of the
2ud and 8rd pair: the 3rd pair is considerably the longest.

The abdomen consists of 7 separate segments, and does not nearly
occupy all the sternum between the last pair of legs.

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, from Madagascar to China.

28. Scalopidia spinosipes, Stimpson.
Scalopidia spinosipes, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 95:
J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 379.

Carapace and appendages downy. Carapace, length about two-

667

326 Carcinological Fauna of India.

.Uhnirds the greatest breadth, its surface closely punctate: all the regions
-are quite plainly defined by grooves, which also subdivide the gastric
into three subregions, and the epibranchial into two—an anterior and
a posterior; and the cardiac region has a distinct bulge. The sharp-
ent antero-lateral borders are, like the anterior border, very finely
serrated, aud are marked off from the blunt postero-lateral borders by a
minute spine.

The larger cheliped is barely half again as long as the carapace :
both chelipeds have the lower edge of the arm finely serrated, have a
spinule near the far end of the upper border of the arm and one at the
outer angle of the wrist, and have the inner angle of the wrist strongly
dentiform.
. The legs have their edges, except in the case of the dactyli, closely
and evenly spinulate, but there is a tendency for the spines to fail on
the-posterior edge of the carpus and propodite. The 3rd pair, which
are considerably the longest, are much more than 23 times the length
of the carapace. The legs increase remarkably in length from the. Ist
to the 3rd,-and the 4th are about the same length as the first. The
dactylhi are sharp, stiong, styliform and ciliated: those of the last pair
are curved, those of the other pairs are straight.
_. . Henderson records this species from the Gulf of Were the
ouly specimens in the Indian Museum are from Hongkong.

29. ‘'TYPHLOCARCINODES, n. gen.

Apparently one of the links between Typhlocarcinus and its allies
on the one hand and Scalopidia on the other.

Carapace moderately deep, shaped much as in Typhlocareinus, but
slightly more elongate, the free edges hairy. ' Fronto-orbital border
‘about three-fifths, front about a third, the greatest breadth of the
carapace: front prominent, its free edge convex and entire.

Orbits in the normal position, narrow, button-hole shaped; eye-
stalks tapering, immovable; eyes obsolete or nearly so. Antennules
cramped, folding very obliquely =a lonyitudinally—in proper pits.
Antennal penduncle small and eramped, the flagellum standing in the
orbital hiatus.

- Bpistome sunken, linear : buccal cavern square, its anterior angles,
ike the antero-external angles of the merus of the external maxillipeds,
rounded off: the external maxillipeds eompletely close the buccal
cavern and have the flagellum articulated to the antero-internal angle
of the merus.

The abdomen does not nearly ccoupy all the space between the last
a of ae

. 668 ©

Careinological Pauna of India. 327

The above diagnosis is framed on a broken specimen, without
chelipeds or legs, in the Indian Museum. In the form of the front and
shape of the carapace this specimen has a strong resemblance to the
Typhlocarcinus integrifrons described and figured by Miers in Ann. Mag,
Nat. Hist. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 260, pl. xiv. fig. 1. Miers himself was
doubtful about referring his species to T'yphlocarcinus.

Our specimen is too much damaged to furnish a useful specific
diagnosis.

Herntnoperta, Alcock.

Hephthopelta, Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachynra, p. 76.

Carapace very deep, inflated, rudely semicircular, about as long as
broad, convex fore and aft and vertically deflexed anteriorly, all its
borders entire and all, except the posterior, tumid, the cardiac and
branchial regions well delimited.

Front considerably less than a third the greatest breadth of the
carapace, bilobed, vertically deflexed; the whole extent of the fronto-
orbital border is more than half the orenteel breadth of the carapace.

Orbits small, shallow, excavated in the vertically-deflexed anterior
border of the carapace, not concealing the eyes. Though the eyes are
small and their stalks immovably fixed, they are well formed, well
defined and well pigmented.

The antennulary fosse are completely filled by the basal antennulary
joint, to the exclusion of the flagella.

The basal antenna-joint is small, slender, and does not nearly reach
the front; the flagellum, which arises in the orbital hiatus, is hardly
longer than the orbit.

The epistome is of considerable width fore and aft and, though
sunken, is well defined from the palate. The buccal cavern is square,
though very slightly narrower in front than behind: the excurrent
branchial canals are well defined. ‘The external maxillipeds, which
completely cover the buccal cavern, have the merus shorter and slightly
narrower than the ischium and somewhat oval in shape, and tle palp
jointed to the antero-internal angle of the merus and of good size.

The legs are all long and slender and end in a slender dactylus:
the third pair are slightly the longest.

The chelipeds are lost in the single specimen obtained, which is a
female.

30. Hephthopelta lugubris, Alcock.
Hephthopelta lugubris, Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachynra, p. 77. pl. iv, fig. 2.
Carapace as long as broad, roughly semicireular or semiglobose, of
thin texture, its surface very finely frosted and somewhat pubescent.

669

328 Caretnological Fauna of India.

The fronto-orbital region is vertically defiexed and almost invisible

in a dorsal view.
Epibranchial and cardiac regions tumid, circumscribed by deepish

grooves.

Legs subcylindrical, with a finely frosted and pubescent surface :
the third pair, which are slightly the longest, are about 2} times the
length of the carapace : the posterior (lower) border of the merus of the
first two pairs is spinulose.

Colours in spirit, light yellow, eyes black.

A single female, without chelipeds, from the Andaman Sea, 490 fms.
The carapace is 8 millim. long, and the same in breadth.

Camatopsis, Alcock.
Camatopsis, Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 75.

Carapace deep, rudely sub-semicircular, hardly broader than long,
strongly convex fore and aft and declivous anteriorly : its antero-lateral
borders short sharp and entire, its postero-lateral borders long sharpish
and slightly convergent anteriorly: its only markings are two longitudi-
nal grooves hardly visible on the undenuded carapace, that mark off the
epibranchial regions.

Front considerably less than a fourth the greatest breadth of the
carapace, obscurely bilobed; the whole fronto-orbital border is about
half the greatest breadth of the carapace,

Orbits large, deep, and normally cut in the anterior border of the
carapace: eyestalks large, tumid, conical, almost immovably fixed in the
orbits: eyes reduced to a speck of pigment placed on the under surface
of the tip of their stalks.

Antennulary foss small, and filled entirely by the basal antennulary
joint, to the complete exclusion of the large flagellum.

The small basal antenna-joint is wedged in between and beneath
the eyestalk and antennule, the second joint hardly reaches to the
front, the flagellum is large and considerably longer than the orbit.

The epistome is of considerable width fore and aft, especially at
its middle, and though sunken, is well separated from the palate. The
buccal cavern is square, though.rather broader in front than behind,
and is almost entirely covered by the external maxillipeds. These have
the merus as long as, and markediy broader than the ischium, owing to. the
strongly convex bulge of the outer border of the merus: the palp, which is
of good size, is jointed to the antero-internal angle of the merus.

The chelipeds are moderately massive and in the male the hands
are unequal. ‘he arm is short and trigonal, the wrist rather long
narrow and crooked.

670

Careinological Fauna of India. 329

Legs sufficiently long and stout, the penultimate pair being the
longest ; their dactyli are sharply trigonal and elegantly plumose: the
last pair have the dactylus slightly curved and compressed.

The abdomen of the male, which is foar-jointed, does not nearly
fill the space between the last pair of legs.

Between the 4th and 5th segments of the sternum, in the male, is
intercalated a long narrow plate that covers the external genital ducts.

31. Camatopsis rubida, Alcock and Anderson.

Camatopsis rubida, Alcock and Anderson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1899,
p- 18: Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 76, pl. iv. fig. 3.

Carapace very finely granular when denuded of the short velvet
that covers it and all parts of the body and appendages. The narrow
front and the antero-lateral borders form a semicircular. curve: the
postero-lateral borders are anteriorly convergent, the greatest breadth
of the carapace being between the bases of the penultimate pair of
legs. The tumid anterior (true inner) borders of the eyestalks bulge
beyond the orbital concavities of the anterior border of the carapace.

The efferent branchial canals cause an angular bulging or carina-
tion of the pterygostomian regions.

The chelipeds are unequal in the male (female unknown), the
longer one being about 1{ times the length of the carapace. They are
unarmed. In the larger hand the fingers meet only at tip and are
finely toothed in the distal half only, being rather deeply notched in
the basal half, while on the inner surface of the movable finger is a
curious truncated spine. In the smaller hand the fingers meet through-
out their extent and only the immovable finger is distinctly toothed,
one or two of its teeth being enlarged.

The first and last pair of legs are about 13 times, the second and
third pair are about twice, the length of the carapace. In the last
pair of legs the terminal joints are more strongly ciliated, and the
dactylus is slightly curved and compressed as for swimming.

Colours in spirit rich chocolate brown. Animal entirely covered
with velvet.

Three males from the Andaman Sea, 194 fathoms. The carapace
of the largest is 9 millim. long and 10 millim. broad.

Subfamily iv. Hexaropina, Miers.
LAMBDOPHALLUS, nov. gen.

Near Hexapus, De Haan, from which it chiefly differs in the form of
the anterior pair of male sexual appendages, which are rigidly bent
671

330 Carcinological Fauna of India.

into the form of an L, the horizontal limb of which is lodged in a special
trench in the first segment of the sternum.

Carapace much broader than long, broadest behind. Front narrow,
nearly vertically deflexed. Orbits small, circular, widely communicat-
ing with the antennular fosse. The anteunules fold transversely.
Antenne small, standing in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome well-defined. Buccal cavern with the sides slightly
convergent anteriorly. The external maxillipeds have coarse palps,
which, when folded, fill the rather broad space that exists between the
ischiopodites: the merus is subquadrilateral, with the antero-external
angle rounded off, and the palp articulates with its antero-internal
angle: the exognath is not concealed.

Chelipeds unequal in the male, shorter but more massive than the
legs.

Only three pairs of legs, the fowrth pair entirely absent.

Sternum extremely broad. Abdomen of the male very narrow.
The efferent ducts of the male sex open on the 4th sternal segment
inside the fossa into which the abdomen fits.

82. Laimbdophallus sexpes, 1. sp.

Resembles Hexapus sexpus, De Haan, with a specimen of which I have compared
it, but differs in numerous important characters.

Carapace subquadrilateral with the anterior angles broadly rounded
off, much broader than Jong, convex fore and aft and anteriorly deflexed,
nearly flat from side to side, the gastric and cardiac regions well
defined, the surface uniformly finely granular under a Jens.

Front nearly vertically deflexed, its edge square-cut but grooved or
notched in the middle line, its breadth about a fifth.the greatest breadth
of the carapace.

Orbits freely communicating with the antennular fosse: eyestalks
immovable and very short, eyes small but well pigmented.

Antennules Jarge, folding transversely ; the inter-antennular septum _
narrow if complete.

Epistome lozenge-shaped, well defined: the sides of the buccal
cavein converge slightly fiom behind forwards: the ischiopodites of the
external maxillipeds are rather narrow and leave between them a widish
gap, which, however, is filled by the flagella.

There is a deep crescentic groove across the pterygostomian region,
just in front of the bases of the chelipeds, and there are several close-set
oblique scorings near the antero-lateral angles of the buccal cavern.

Chelipeds in the male unequal, more massive than .the legs, the
Jarger one not 1} times the length of the carapace: under the lens their

672

Carcinological Fauna of India. 331

outer surface is very finely and uniformly granular: the fingers are short,
especially in the larger hand, and meet only at tip, and at the base of
the dactylus of the larger hand is a molariform tooth.

Legs tomentose: only 3 pairs are present, the 4th pair not being
represented even by a rudiment. The first pair, which are not much
longer than the chelipeds, are the shortest and slenderest: the next
two pairs, which are about equal in size, are not quite twice the length
of the carapace.

Sternum very broad, finely and uniformly granular: in the male,
in the first sternal segment, on either side of the last abdominal tergum,
is a long narrow oblique trench, in which the ends of the modified
abdominal appendages are lodged.

Male abdomen very narrow, uot a fifth the breadth of the sternum
atits base. The first tergum is short fore and aft, the second is linear
and has a somewhat trilobed form, the 3rd 4th and 5th are fused to
form a sort of hexagonal plate with the distal end narrowed, the 6th
and 7th are separate.

The anterior of the two pairs of male abdominal appendages
are most curiously modified: they are very long and stiff and are L
shaped, and the proximal limb of the |, lies beneath and parallel with
the abdomen, while the distal limb of the L emerges at right angles to
the abdominal tergum, and, instead of being free, lies in the special
sternal canal before mentioned.

In the Indian Museum are 2 specimens, from the Bay of Bengal,
65 fathoms. The carapace is 4:5 millim. long and 7 millim. broad.

Family Il. PINNOTERIDA, Edw.
Key to the Indian genera of Pinnoteride.

I, Carapace ill-calcified: the ischiom of the external
maxillipeds is indistinguishably fused with the much
enlarged merus :—
1, Edges of the carapace swollen and ill-defined:
dactylus of the external maxillipeds small and
often abnormally placed, but present ........,...... PINNOTERES.
2, The edge of the carapace, in all bat its ahiort
fronto-orbital portion, forms a thin upturned
crest: dactylus of the external mazxillipeds
wanting, or represented by a tiny pencil of hairs XANTHASIA.
II. Carapace well calcified: the ischium of the external
maxillipeds is distinct and independent :—
1. Ischium of the external maxillipeds much smaller
than the merus: dactylus of the external maxil-
lipeds very large, spathulate. Orbits and eyes
-normal, the orbits circular ..........ssseseseetseevevees TETRIAS.

67)

332 Carcinological Fauna of India.

2. Ischium of the external maxillipeds as well deve-

loped as the merus, the dactylus not enlarged,

The orbits are narrow slits situated dorsally

with their long axis almost at right angles with

the anterior border of the carapace, and the

eyes are minute or obsolescent ...............-:0+..+6. MENOPHTHALMUS. |
3. .Ischium of the external Reomiiipads very mish

larger than the merus, the appendages as a

whole being slender and not nearly closing the

buccal cavern, ‘The orbits are in the usual

MArginal POSItiON... 06. seecssceeserone arevesscees -erserees CHASMOCARCINOPS.

Subfamily XeNOPHTHALMINA, nov.

XENOPHTHALMUS, White.

Xenophthalmus, White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII. 1846, p. 177: Milne
Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 220: Burger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
VIII. 1894-95, p. 386.

Carapace broader than long and broadest behind, arched antero-
laterally, the regions faintly indicated. Front narrow, strongly deflexed.

The orbits are small, oblique or nearly longitudinal, button-hole like
slits, placed dorsally almost at right angles to the frontal border, and the
eyestalks are immovably embedded in them. The eyes are, at most,
minute specks of pigment. The antennules and antenne are extremely
small, the antennules folding nearly vertically beneath the front.

Epistome not defined. Buccal cavern almost semicircular, com-
pletely closed by the external maxillipeds. The external maxillipeds
have the ischium and merus equally well developed (the ischium being
nearly square and the merus about a quadrant of a circle) and the
palp articulated at the antero-external angle of the merus. Exognath
small and concealed. ;

Chelipeds in the male “ with the hands somewhat elongated and
thickened,” in the female short and very slender.

Legs fairly stout, the third pair the longest.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of seven separate segments.

Key to the Indian species of Xenophthalmus.

I, The legs are ciliated and the third (longest) pair are not

twice the length of the carapace Whe) eee LiNitaddciextvad.... X, pinnoteroides.
IJ. The legs are ciliated towards the tip only, el the third

ada pair are more than twice the length of the

carapace .. wn delhi te L..:sPEEN RRR pbes cneppier rcs saene -do OUSCUTUR,

33. Xenophthalmus pinnoteroides, White,
Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides, White, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. XVIII. 1846, p. 178,
pl. ii. fig. 2, and Samarang Crust. p. 63, pl. xii. fig. 3: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci.
674 .

Carcinological Fauna of India. Fo

Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 221: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 107:
Sluiter, Tijds. Nederl. Ind. XL. 1881, p. 162: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 394.

_ This species is included in the Indian Fanna on the authority of
Professor J. R. Henderson. It seems to be characterized by having the
ischium and merus of the external maxillipeds deeply grooved, longi-
tudinally, near the outer margin; the legs stout and hairy, the third
pair barely twice as long as the carapace ; and the three terminal joints
of the first pair of legs broadened so that their edges are almost
carinate: the lateral borders of the carapace are granular or finely
denticulate.

34. Xenophthalmus obscurus, Henderson.

Xenophthalmus obscurus, J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893,
p. 394, pl. xxxvi. figs. 18, 19.

Carapace glabrous and shiny, but its surface is somewhat creased :
the median regions are separated from the branchial regions by grooves
or depressions, and each branchial region is traversed obliquely in its
posterior part by a low ridge.

The rounded-off antero-lateral corners of the carapace are traversed
by three low fine ridges, nearly parallel with one another: one of these
defines the pterygostomian region, the next appears to be the true
antero-lateral border, while the most dorsal one runs from the angle of
the orbit to the junction of the antero-lateral and _postero-lateral
borders.

Front narrow, nearly vertically deflexed, longitudinally grooved in
the middle line, its free edge square-cut but faintly sinuous. The eyes
are just visible as minute linear specks, placed posteriorly.

No epistome. The ischium and merus of the external maxillipeds
are not deeply grooved near the outer border.

Chelipeds in the female shorter and much slenderer than the first
and last pair of legs.

The 3rd pair of legs are the longest, being about 2} times the
length of the carapace : the second pair, though a little shorter than the
3rd, are equally stout. The first and last pairs are about equal to one
another in size (in the female) being hardly longer than the carapace,
and slenderer than the other legs. The terminal joints of all the legs
are hairy: the posterior borders of the meropodites of the first three
pairs are spiny, the anterior border being very finely serrulate.

In the Indian Museum are two females, one, with eggs, from off the
Ganjam coast, 20 fathoms, the other from the Andamans. The carapace
in the larger female is 6 millim. long and 8 millim. in greatest breath.

675

334 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Subfamily AsTHENocNATHINe, Stimps.

CHASMOCARCINOPS, n. gen.

Carapace deep, convex fore and aft and declivous anteriorly : its
greatest breadth is quite posterior, so that the postero-lateral borders,
which are blunt, are anteriorly-convergent, though slightly so: the
antero-lateral borders are sharp and form an elegant curve with tlie
anterior border: the regions are nearly as well defined as they are in
Sculopidia: its length is hardly less than its breadth.

The fronto-orbital border is considerably more than a third, but
the front (which is bilobed) is only about a sixth, the greatest breadth
of the carapace.

The orbits, which are in the usual mar rginal position, are small, and
the eyestalks, which are immovable, are shrunk within them: the eyes
are minute.

The antennulary flagella are large and cannot be retracted into
the anteunular pits, which are filled entirely by the basal joint.

The antennal flagella are long—considerably more than a third the
length of the carapace—and stand in the orbital hia tus.

Epistome sunken and not altogether well demarcated from the
palate. The buccal cavern has its antero-external angles rounded off,
and is not nearly closed by the external mazillipeds : these have the merus
much shorter and narrower than the ischium, oval and somewhat oblique,
and the fligellum appears to articulate with the summit of the merus.

The chelipeds are about as long as the legs and are very unequal
in the male.

The third pair of legs are slightly the longest. As in Scolopidia
the dactylus of the last pair of legs is recurved.:

The abdomen in both sexes is narrow, not nearly occupying all the
space between the last pair of legs, and in the male consists of 5
pieces, the 3rd-5th segments being fused. In the male also, as in
Camatopsis, there is, ou either side, a narrow plate intercalated between
the 4th and 5th segments of the sternum and covering the external |
genital ducts.

This genus more clearly than any other connects the Rhizopinse and
the Pinnotheridex together.

35. Chasmocareinops gelasimoides, n. sp.

Carapace nearly as long as broad, its surface abundantly speiaited
with vesiculous granules, its free margins rather sparsely ciliated: all
the regions are distinguishable, and the cardiac and posterior lobe of
the gastric regions are defined by deep impressions ; the antero-lateral

676

Careinological Fauna of India. 335

borders are sharply defined and granular. Front very distinctly bilobed,
prominent.

Chelipeds in the male very unequal, the larger one being twice as
long as the carapace, its chief bulk being contributed by the hand,
which, with its large swollen polished palm and long crooked fingers
meeting only at tip, recalls that of Gelasimus. The smaller cheliped
(like the female chelipeds) is not much shorter than the larger one and,
like it, has the articulation of the wrist confined to a rather prominent
postero-inferior lobe of the hand, and the fingers longer than the palm:
the chief difference is that the palm is not enlarged and swollen and that
the fingers meet throughout almost all their extent. In both chelipeds
the surfaces of all the segments are smooth, and there are sharpish
granules along the borders of the arm and at the not very pronounced
inner angle of the comparatively slender wrist.

The legs, like the fingers of the smaller cheliped, are fringed, but
not very thickly, with hair. The 5rd pair are very slightly the longest,
being twice the length of the carapace. The edges of the meropodites
are furnished with sharp granules and spinules, these being abundant
in the case of the first 3 pairs and rather few on the 4th pair. In the
first 3 pairs also the carpopodites are of good length and subcylindrical,
and the dactyli straight and almost styliform; but in the 4th pair the
two terminal joints are compressed, the carpopodite being shortened and
the dactylus recurved.

A male and a female from off Madras, 12 fathoms. The carapace
of the male is 11 millim. long and 12 millim. broad.

Subfamily PINNOTHERELIN”.
Tetras, Rathbun.

Tetrias, Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXT. 1898, p. 607.

Carapace strongly calcified, broader than long, deep, subquadrang-
ular, dorsally flattish, anteriorly declivous, the regions faintly indic-
ated.

Front between a third and a fourth the greatest breadth of the
carapace, its edge only deflexed, not directly united to the epistome.
Orbits circular, small: eyestalks short, eyes small, The antennules
fold a little obliquely from the transverse. Antenne small, the flagellum
in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome well defined: buccal cavern broadish, quadrilateral.
External maxillipeds large, their palp about as large as their merus
and ischium combined: ischinm distinct, small; merus very large,

carpus large and triangular and articulating at the antero-external
677

336 Carcinological Fauna of India.

angle of the merus, propodite large and articulating with the end of
the carpus, dactylus large and spathulate and articulating with the
inner angle of the propodite: exognath small and a good deal con-
cealed.

Chelipeds equal, short : the chelipeds in the male equal, and much
stouter than the legs.

First 3 pairs of legs coarse, not differing much from each other or
from the chelipeds in length, though the second pair are slightly the
longest. The fourth (last) pair are very much smaller than the others.

The abdomen of the male is narrow and consists of 7 separate
segments.

Tetrias differs very little from Pinnixva of which it might, perhaps,
be regarded as a subgenus.

Distribution : Indo-Pacifie, Andamans to California.

36. Tetrias Fischeri, (A. M. E.).
or Pinniva (Tetrias) Fischeri (A, M. E.).

Pinnotheres Fischeri, A. Milne Edwards, Ann, Soc. Entomol. France, VII. 1867,
p. 287.

Pinniza Fischeri, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX, 1873, p. 319,
pl. xviii. fig. 3: de Man, Archiv fur Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 385, pl. xvii. fig. 2.

Carapace and appendages everywhere covered by a close adherent
coat of short hair. The regions of the carapace are fairly well indicated
and its dorsal surface is closely and finely granular, except in the
middle where also the hair is somewhat deficient. Deflexed edge of the
front broadly triangular. Eyes well pigmented. The inner edge of the
carpus and the inner and distal edges of the large spathulate dactylus
of the external maxillipeds are fringed with’ a close row of hairs of
extraordinary length.

Chelipeds in the male much more massive than the legs, and about
12 times the length of the carapace: their movements are somewhat
restricted. ‘There are some spinules at the inner angle of the wrist, and
numerous rows of granules—the lowermost row rather acute--on the
outer surface of the palm: the fingers, which are shorter than the palm,
are stumpy but sharp-pointed.

The first 3 pairs of legs are coarse and are all about 1; times the
length of the carapace, though the second pair are very slightly the
longest. The 4th pair are very short—not two thirds the length of the
carapace—and are much slenderer than the others. All the legs have a
shaggy posterior border, and all end in small hooked dactyli, The
posterior border of the meropodite of the last pair is armed with small
coarse spines.

678

Carcinological Fauna of India. 337

The abdomen of the male is narrow and consists of 7 segments: the
first two segments are very short, the 3rd 4th and 5th gradually
increase in length and slightly decrease in breadth, the 6th is a little
- shorter than the 5th, and the 7th is long and spathulate and encroaches
on the buccal cavern.

In the Indian Museum is a single male specimen, from coral, from
the Andamans: its carapace is a little over 5 millim. long and 7 millim.
broad.

Subfamily Pinnorerina.
*PiInnoreres, Latreille.

Pinnotheres, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. VI. p. 78, and Gen. Crust. et
Ins., p. 34: Lamarck, Hist. Nat. An. Sans. Vert. (2nd edit. Vol. V. p. 410): Bose,
Hist. Nat. Crust. I. p. 239: Leach, Malac. Pod. Britt.: Desmarest, Consid. Gen.
Crust. p. 116: De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 84: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat.
Crust. II. 30, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 216: Dana, U. 8. Expl.
Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 378: Bell, British Stalk-eyed Crust. p. 119: Miers, Challenger
Brachyura, p. 275: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1894, p. 698: Burger, Zool.
Jahrb. Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 362: Adensamer, Ann. Nat. Hofmus., Wien, 1897,
p. 105.

Carapace often ill calcified, generally convex with ill-defined edges,
in shape transversely oval, or circular, or subquadrangular or sub-
hexagonal with rounded angles, the surface generally smooth, the
regions seldom defined.

Front narrow, generally defiexed in the female if not in the male.
Orbits small, circular, eyestalks short, eyes small. Antennules folding
obliquely in small pits. Antenne small, the minute flagellum standing
in the inner angle of the orbit.

Epistome well defined. The buccal cavern is of a curious crescentic
shape, being arched and very broad from side to side, but very narrow
fore and aft. The external maxillipeds completely close the buccal
cavern: they consist chiefly of the merus, which is fused with the
ischium to form a single large obliquely-directed joint carrying the
flagellum at its inner end: the flagellum is small though its propodite
_ may be spathulate, and the dactylus is often inserted on the inner or
flexor border of the propodite: the exognath is for the most part
concealed.

The chelipeds and legs are short, the chelipeds being equal and
generally, even in the female, stouter than the legs.

The abdomen in the male is narrow, in the female it is generally
larger than the sternum : it consists of 7 separate segments.

* Pinnoteres, the correct transliteration of the Greek werd, was used by Rumph
in 1705, so that no apology is necessary for reverting to it.

679

338 Carcinological Fauna of India,

The Pinnoters live as parasites or messmates, generally within the
mantles of Lamellibranch Mollusks.

Key to the Indian species of Pinnoteres.

I. ‘he dactylus of the external maxillipeds is articulated far
back on the inner or flexor edge of the propodite: the
eyes in the female are not entirely visible in an ordinary
dorsal view :—

1, The dactyli of all the legs are about equal :—

i, Carapace somewhat octagonal in outline,
with deepish tomentose pits separating the
branchial from the median regions: first
three pairs of legs nearly equal in length:
dactyli of all the legs of fair length.........,.. P. Edwardsi.

li. Carapace circular, perfectly smooth: second
pair of legs decidedly the longest : akc of

all the legs very Shorb........0......:-- es-0e P, mactricola,
2. Dactylus of the 8rd pair of ss. neon fia any of
the others ........+.. P, purpureus.
3. Dactylus of the 4th p pair sal Sec, Taner come any re
the others .......... -00 £5000 DO CREE eS P. parvulus,

II. The dactylus of the exter paaitipods is ar bigaleteds a
the tip of the propodite: the eyes in the female are
ENtSly Oval i. 5. veces sem en coc ecesessesvecesecssone Po COYSSICOLA,

37. Pinnoteres Edwardsi, de Man.

Pinnotheres Edwardsi, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII, 1887-88, p. 103,
pl. vi. figs. 6-9 (1889).

The description applies to the female.

The length of the carapace is nearly equal to the greatest breadth.
Carapace octagonal in shape, with the angles rounded : its dorsal surface
little convex, with tomentose depressions of some size and depth
separating the median from the branchial regions. The deflexed part
of the front is very distinctly triangular. [yes very small, but deeply
pigmented.

Dactylus of external maxillipeds slender and inconspicuous ; placed
far back on the inner edge of the spathulate propodite.

Chelipeds and legs more or less downy, especially on their under
surface. Chelipeds nearly as long as the carapace, a little longer and
much stouter than the legs, unarmed: dactylus as long as the upper
border of the palm.

Legs rather coarse: the first 8 pairs are about equal in length, the
4th pair is a little shorter.

Carapace 15 millim. long and 16 millim. broad.

From an Ostrxea from Mergui.

680

ee eS pn Ut

et ae

Careinological Fauna of India. . 339

38. Pinnoteres purpureus, n. sp.

Closely related to P. palaensis, Birger,

The description applies to the female.

Carapace and appendages smooth, polished, nude. Carapace
transversely oval, strongly convex, the regions not well defined. De-
flexed part of front broadly and indistinctly triangular, Eyes very
small, but well pigmented.

Dactylus of external maxillipeds slender and inconspicuous, placed
far back on the inner ( flexor) edge of the propodite.

Chelipeds and legs slender, the chelipeds being little stouter
than the legs and about the same Jength as the first pair of legs. The
movable finger is not much more than half the length of the upper
border of the palm.

The third pair of legs are the largest of all, their meropodites and
carpopodites being longer than those of the first two pairs and nearly
twice as long as those of the 4th pair. The dactyli of the 3rd and
4th pairs are several times tlie length of those of the first two pairs,
and the dactylus of the 3rd pair exceeds that of the 4th pair. Though
the 4th pair have a long dactylus their total length is not greater
than that of either of the first two pairs,

Colour either hyaline with numerous minute specks of bluish-black
pigment, or the specks may be sufficiently numerous to make the whole
animal nearly black.

From an Ostrea from the Andaman Islands.

Carapace 7 millim. long and 9 millim. broad.

39, Pinnoteres parvulus, Stimpson, de Man.

Pinnotheres parvulus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 108: de Man,
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 105, and Archiv fur Nat, LIII. 1887, i.
p. 383: Ortmann, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 699: Birger, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst., VIII. 1894-95, pp. 363, 376, pl. ix. fig. 18 and x. fig. 17,

A single damaged female appears to differ from P. purpureus only.
in the following particulars :—

(1) though the 4th pair of legs are shorter than the 35rd, they are
decidedly longer than the 2nd, and still more decidedly longer than
the 1st.

(2) the dactylus of the 4th pair of legs is the longest of all.

AO. Pinnoteres mactricola, n. sp.
Closely related to P. cardii, Biirger.
The description applies to the female.
Carapace perfectly circular smooth and polished, convex. Edge of
front nearly straight. Eyes minute, well pigmented,
681

340 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Dactylus of external maxillipeds slender and inconspicuous, arising
far back on the inner (flexor) edge of the propodite.

Chelipeds decidedly stouter than the legs and about as long as the
first pair of legs: their inner border is scantily fringed with hair: their
dactylus is nearly two-thirds the length of the palm.

Legs slender, fringed with hairs: the second pair are decidedly the
longest—a little longer than the carapace: the fourth pair are decidedly
the shortest: the first and third pairs are about equal in Jength: in all
four pairs the dactyli are equally short.

From Mactra violacea, from the mouth of the R. Hooghly.

Diameter of carapace not quite 6 millim.

In the male the front is a little prominent and the chelipeds are
very much stouter.

41. Pinnoteres abyssicola, Aleock and Anderson.

Pinnoteres abyssicola, Alcock and Anderson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) II. 1899,
p. 14: Alcock, Investigator Deep Sea Brachyura, p. 81.

The description applies to the female.

Carapace subcircular, smooth, convex. Front rather prominent,
little deflexed, broadly triangular. Kyes of good size but deficient in
pigment, entirely dorsal.

The palp of the external maxillipeds is minute and is much con-
cealed by hairs that fringe the prominent internal angle of the merus:
the dactylus is borne at the tip of the propodite.

Chelipeds much stouter than the legs, nude except for a fringe of
hairs on the lower border of the immobile finger: they are about as
long as the carapace, and the dactylus is not much shorter than the
upper border of the palm.

Legs slender, nude: the 2nd and 8rd pairs are slightly longer than
the Ist and 4th, being nearly 1} times the length of the carapace: the
dactyli also of the 2nd and 3rd pairs are a little longer than those of the
Ist and 4th.

From Lima indica, from 430 fathoms off the Travancore coast.

Diameter of carapace 8 millim,

XanrtuHasia, White.
Xanthasia, White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII. 1846, p. 176: Dana, U.S. Expl.

Exp., Crust., pt. I. p. 388: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1853,
p. 221: Burger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 386.

Resembles Pinnoteres in structure and habit, but differs in the
following particulars :—

The edge of the carapace is well defined and, in all but its fronto-
682

Careinological Fauna of India. 341

orbital portion, forms an upturned crest, so that the dorsal sutface’of the
carapace is depressed and saucer-like. Other crests ave found on the dorsal
surface of the carapace and, in the centre, a large mushroom-like tubercle,

Though it is on an inferior plane, the narrow front‘is Prominent
and not deflexed.

The buccal cavern and mouth-parts have the same curious form,
except that (owing to the encroachment of the epistome in the middle
line) the anterior edge of the buccal cavern is bilobed or bow-shaped
rather than semicircular, and the dactylus of the exter na maxillipeds
is wanting or is represented by a few hairs.

Distribution ; Indo-Pacific, from the east coast of Africa to Fiji.

42. Xanthasia murigera, White.

Xanthasia murigera, White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII. 1846, p. 177, pl. ii.
fig. 3; Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 384, pl. xxiv. figs. 6 a-b: Milne
Edwards, Ann. Se. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 221: A Milne Edwards, Nouv.
Archiv. du Mus. 1X. 1873, p 321: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 113: Miers, Zool.
H. M, S. Alert, pp. 518, 546: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88,
p. 106: Biirger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VIII, 1894-95, p. 386, pl. x. fig. 83: Adensamer,
Ann. KK. Nat. Hofmus. Wien, XII. 1897, p. 109: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX.
1899, p. 264.

The edge of the carapace is formed, in all but its short fronto-
orbital portion, by a thin sharp upturned overhanging crest, which ends
in a curl on the anterior part of either branchial region.

A large mushroom tubercle, having a rough or reticulate surface
and a more or less reniform outline, oceupies the middle of the dorsal
surface of the carapace, and between this and the front is_a pair of
parallel longitudinal crests.

The front is somewhat prominent and is dorsally grooved or
obscurely bilobed, and on each side of it, beyond the small orbits, is a
small wing-like projection.

Chelipeds not, or hardly, stouter than the legs: the dactylus in the
male is about two-thirds, in the female not much more than half the
length of the palm.

Legs rather coarse: the first three pairs, which are about equal to
one another and to the chelipeds in length, are about as long as the
carapace, the fourth pair are a little shorter: the dactyli in all are
about equally short.

In the female the broad abdomen is traversed longitudinally by a
sort of coarse interrupted carina.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens from the Andamans and
Mergui. The carapace of the largest female is 11°5 millim. long and

15°5 millim. broad.
683

342

Carcinological Fauna of India.

The Xanthasia sp., or Xanthasia Whitei, from Mergui, referred to
by de Man in Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXIT. 1887-88, p. 106, pl. vii.
fig. lis represented in the collection by a single small male and is
characterized by having the upraised edge of the carapace blunt and

rounded,

instead of thin and acute, and the median tubercle of the

carapace ill defined instead of sharply circumscribed: the posterior
margin of the carapace, also, is more prominent and is not quite contin-

uous with the lateral margins.

I.

II.

The legs also are somewhat longer.

Family OCYPODIDA, Ortmann, emend.
Key to the Indian genera of Ocypodide.

A hairy-edged pouch leading into the branchial cavity,
between the bases of the 2nd and 38rd pair of true
legs [Ocypodinze] :—

1. Antennular flagella rudimentary, completely
hidden beneath the front: antennz small,
almost rudimentary: eyes very large, occupy-
ing the greater part of the ventral surface of
the eyestalks: chelipeds very unequal in both
BOKOS ccc cec.0.00.2+0osKmMMeMeeMmectonsedes: vos stuesb anders

2. Antennalar Angelle small, sat hidden beneath
the front: antennw of good size: eyes small,
terminal on the long slender eyestalks : in the
male only, one cheliped is enormously enlarged
the other being very small ....... ssonocoe

No pouch or opening between the bases of any aie the
legs :—

1, The antennules fold obliquely or nearly
vertically: curious membranous spaces, or
“tympaia,” are present on the meropodites
of the legs (Scopimerine) :—

i. Tympana very well defined: external
maxillipeds very large and with a strong
almost hemispherical bulge forwards :—

a. Merus of external maxillipeds larger
than the ischium: the distal end of
the 4th abdominal segment of the
male is fringed with bristles and
overlaps the 5th segment ............

b. Ischium cf external maxillipeds
larger than the merus: the 4th
abdominal segment of the male is
normal, but the 5th is constricted
in part or all of its extent and gives
the abdomen a wasp-like appear-
ANCE —cinecstaMeMaeilaaacclamersver srs vevsee

684

OcyPopa.

GELASIMUS.

|
DorTiLyta, |
pe

ScOPIMERA.

4

:

4

4

2 5b

Careinological Fauna of Tudia. 343

ii. Tympana ill defined: external maxilli-
peds of moderate size, the merus larger
than the ischium: the chelipeds of the
female, though not so stout as those of
the male, are stouter than the legs ....... TYMPANOMERUS, [
2. The antennules fold obliquely or quite trans-
versely: no “‘tympana”’ are present on any
of the joints of the legs (Macrophthalmine) :—
i. Merus of the external maxillipeds
smaller than the ischium, the flagellum
coarse and articulating at the antero-
external angle of the merus: front
deflexed : eyestalks often very long ...... MAcropnTmatLMmus,
ii. Merns of the external maxillipeds as
large as or larger than the ischinm, at
least the two terminal joints of the
flagellam are slender: eyestalks not
particularly long :—
a, Front declivous: carapace slightly
convex: the flagellam of the exter-
nal maxillipeds articulates at the
antero-external angle of the merus :
(the chelipeds of the female, as in
all Macrophthalmine, are shorter
and slenderer than the legs) ..... wee. CLISTOSTOMA.
b, Front square-cut, not in the least
deflexed; carapace quite flat dor-
sally: the flagellum of the external
maxillipeds articulates near, but
not at, the antero-external angle of
the merus: eyes not terminal on the
GQYESUAIKS) 1.005 ..:0ee++s coeeteesse ee LY DODIPLAX,

Subfamily Ocyropina, Dana.
Ocypopa, Fabr.

Ocypoda, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 347: Desmarest, Consid. Gen, Crust.
p. 119, and Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIII. p. 239: De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 29:
Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. IT. 41, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852
p. 141: Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 324: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1880, p. 179: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) X. 1882, p. 376, and Challenger
Brachyura, p. 237: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, p. 859 (Revision der
Gattung Ocypoda),

Carapace deep, square or subquadrilateral, broader (but not much
broader) than long, moderately convex, strongly declivous anteriorly,
its dorsal surface closely granular with the regions indistinctly and
incompletely defined. Front a narrow deflexed lobe, from a seventh to

an eighth the greatest breadth of the carapace.
685

owed

om

344 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Orbits very capacious, occupying the whole face of the carapace
between the front and the antero-lateral angles on either side, usually
not very deep: their floor is divided into two fosse, one for the basal
portions of the eyestalk, the other for the eye. The basal joint of the
eyestalk is visible throughout: the eye chiefly occupies the ventral
surface of the eyestalk, and is often, but not always, tipped by a horn
or style formed by a prolongation of the latter.

The basal antennular joint is visible, but the rudimentary antennu-
lar flagellum is quite hidden beneath the front. The antenne, which
lie in the orbital hiatus, are, though properly formed in all their parts,
little more than rudiments.

The epistome, though short, is quite distinct, and is sculptured.
The buccal cavern (in its widest part) is as broad as long, but dimi-
nishes in size a little, anteriorly: it is completely closed by the external
maxillipeds, which are somewhat narrow and elongate and end ina
coarse flagellum that articulates with the antero-external angle of the
merus.

Chelipeds shorter than the legs and, in both sexes, remarkably
unequal, the larger one being much more massive than the legs. The
palm is short and high—especially in the larger cheliped—and is
almost always compressed—especially so in the smaller cheliped: the
fingers are stout, usually compressed, and strongly toothed. In most
cases there is, on the inner surface of the larger palm, near the fingers,
a stridulating organ, which can be scraped against the inner surface of
the ischium.

Legs stout, the fourth pair much shorter and somewhat less
massive than the first three pair, which are of about equal length:
between the basal joints of the 2nd and 3rd pair is an orifice, thickly
protected by hairs, leading towards the branciial cavity. The branchial
cavity is very capacious, and its lining membrane is thick spongy and
vascular.

The abdomen of the male is narrow: in both sexes it consists of
seven separate segments.

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical coasts, from the American
Atlantic, through the Mediterranean and Red Seas, to the American
Pacific.

The Ocypodes live together in large companies, and most of them are in the
habit of digging long and tortuous burrows in the moist sand near high-water mark,
into which they retire with great rapidity when alarmed, As a rule they do not
go far from their burrows, but if they do happen to wander and are cut off, they ran
to sea with marvellous speed. Though the burrows can be but temporary struc-
tures, each individual crab, in all the species that I have observed, keeps rigidly to
its own. The efficacy of the stridnlating-organ as a musical instrament is beyond

686

Carcinological Fauna of India. 345

dispute, and I have published my own observations on that of O. macrocera in the
Administration Report of the Marine Survey of India for the year 1891-92 (re-
printed in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1892). Dr. A. R. Anderson
has published a note on the sound produced by O. ceratophthalma in this Journal for
the year 1894.

My own opinion is that these crabs use the stridulating-organ when in their
burrows—which undoubtedly are private property—to warn intending intruders of
the herd that the burrow is occupied, and thus to prevent the burrow becoming
crowded to suffocation-point. This, of course, need not be its exclusive use.

Key to the Indian species of Ocypoda.

I. No stridulating ridge on the inner surface of {the palm:
eyestalks not prolonged beyond the eyes in the form of a
SURV AGI tee Merete. veccconVithsct scocss rss cos'snseccltmenepitdeiian ta <0 > CONCUMGIUC:
II. A stridulating ridge on the inner surface of the palm:
eyestalks (except sometimes in the young) prolonged
beyond the eyes to form a horn or style :—
1, Length of the stridulating organ much more than
half the greatest breadth of the palm: antero-
lateral angles of the carapace well pronounced :—
i, Fingers of both chelipeds pointed :—
a. Stridulating ridge narrow, consisting entirely
of small tnbercles: no brashes of hairs on
the propodites of any of the legs ..,........... QO. platytarsis.
‘The stridulating ridge consists of tubercles
gradually passing into striz: the anterior
surface of the propodites of the first two
pairs of legs thickly furnished with hairs ..._ O. cevatophthalma.
ii. Fingers of the smaller cheliped expanded at tip:
the stridulating ridge consists entirely of striae... O. macrocera.
2. Length of the stridulating organ much less than
half the greatest breadth of the palm: antero-
lateral angles of the carapace rounded off .,,.......... O. rotundata.

The synonomy of the species of Ocypoda has been discussed, at
length, by Ortmann (Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, p. 359), who has
had access to a great deal more material than Ihave. Jt would be in-
advisable, therefore, for me, working on acollection made almost entirely
in India, to attempt any independent criticism of the older work; so
that, in dealing with the Indian species, I shall generally restrict my
citations to the papers of Ortmann and the other authors (Kingsley and
Miers) who have made a revision of the genus.

oo

43. Ocypoda ceratophthalma (Pallas), Ortm.

Cancer ceratophthalmus, Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. IX. p. 838, pl. v. figs. 7, 8.
Cancer cursor, Herbst, Krabhen, I. ii. 74, pl. i. figs. 8, 9.
Ocypoda ceratophthalma, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 347: Milne Edwards,
Hist, Nat, Crust. 11, 48, and Cuvier Regue An. Crust, pl. 17: Kingsley, Proc, Ac.
687

346 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 179: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) X. 1882, pp. 378,

379: C. W. S. Aurivillias, Zur. Biol. Amphib. Decap., p. 17 (Mitg. K. Ges. Wiss.
Upsala, 1893).
OrTMANN, Zoo. JAURB., Syst. X. 1897-98, pp. 360, 364 (whi synon.).

Carapace square, its greatest breadth, which is about a tenth more
than its greatest length, is at the acuminated antero-lateral angles,
which coincide with the outer orbital angles and are right angles, or
nearly so. .

The borders of the carapace, with the exception of the posterior
border, are elegantly beaded or serrulate, and the lateral borders in
their anterior third are straight and parallel, or nearly so.

The cardiac region can be distinguished, and the anterior ends of
the cervical groove are present on either side of the gastric region.

Upper border of orbit sinuous and a little oblique, so that the outer
angle of the orbit is considerably behind the front: the lower border
has an obscure notch near its middle, but there is no gap at its outer
angle. The eyestalk is prolonged beyond the eye into a blunt-pointed
style of variable length.

The lateral borders of the buccal cavern, though their general
direction is slightly convergent anteriorly, nave a distinct outward
curve. The merus and ischium of the external maxillipeds have their
exposed surface circumscribed by a raised row of granules, which is
deficient only at the basal attachment of the ischium.

Chelipeds and legs scabrous, the asperities having in many places
a tendency to a rugiform or squamiform arrangement, and almost form-
ing serrations on the borders of some of the joints, and becoming spines
or teeth on the lower borders of the arms and hands and at both angles
of the wrist—especially at the inner angle where there is always at
least one distinct spine.

The stridulating organ of the larger palm is of good length (much
more than half the greatest breadth of the palm) and is some little
distance from the immobile finger, a thick strip of hair intervening: in

its upper half it consists of tubercles gradually passing to striz, in its —

lower half it consists of a comb of fine regular and very close-set strie.
It plays against a polished ridge that runs across the upper part of the
inner surface of the ischium.

The palms and fingers of both hands—but notably of the smaller
hand—are compressed, and the fingers of both hands are pointed.

The first three pairs of legs have the merus broadened: they do not
differ greatly in length, and the 2nd pair, which are slightly the longest,
are about. two-and-a-half times the greatest length of the carapace.
The fourth (Jast) pair are a good deal shortened—reaching only a little

688

ee a ee

sa oe

Careinological Fauna of India. 347

more than half-way along the propodite of the 3rd pair—and have a
much narrower merus, In all the legs the dactylus is stout and fluted
like a bayonet and has more or less of its anterior surface hairy : though
somewhat laterally-compressed at base and gradually broadening and
becoming dorso-ventrally-compressed towards the tip, it may fairly be
called styliform. The propodites of the first two pairs of legs have
conspicuous brushes of hairs along their anterior surface.

In the Indian Museum are 84 specimens from all parts of the coasts
of the mainland and islands of India. Large specimens have the
carapace 40 millim. long and about 45 millim. in greatest breadth.

Distribution: Indo-Pacific, from the east coast of Africa to the
Sandwich Islands.

In young specimens the surface of the appendages is smoother and
the eyestalks are not prolonged beyond the eyes, which are of large size.
In half-grown specimens the terminal style of the eyes is still short.

44. Ocypoda macrocera, Edw.

Ocypoda macrocera, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 49: Kingsley, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 181: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) X. 1882, pp. 378,
381: ORTMANN, ZooL. JAHRB., Syst., X. 1897-98, pp. 360, 368.

Closely related to O. ceratophthalma, from which it is distinguished
by the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is rather broader and the orbits are a little more
oblique :

(2) the raised marginal row of granules on the external maxillipeds
is less pronounced :

(3) the fingers of the smaller cheliped are lamellar up to the tips,
which are broad and blunt, not pointed :

(4) the stridulating ridge is less hairy and consisis entirely of
strie.

(5) it is a smaller species, large specimens having the carapace 31
millim. long and 37 millim. broad.

In the Indian Museum are 78 specimens from the coasts of the
Bay of Bengal: there are noue from the west coast or from any of the
islands, and the species appears to be confined to the Bay.

The colour, in life, is bright red. This species lives in large
warrens in the sands of almost all parts of the east coast of the penin-
sula. One of its most active enemies is the Brahminy kite (Haliastur
indus). One almost certain use of the stridulating-organ is to give
warning to intending trespassers, of its own species, that a burrow is
already occupied by its rightful owner.

689

348 Carcinological Fuwna of India.

45. Ocypoda platytarsis, Edw.

Ocypoda platytarsis, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852,
p. 141: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 180: Miers, Ann. Mag, Nat.
Hist. (5) X. 1882, pp. 378, 383: Ortmann, Zoot. Jaure , Syst., X. 1897-98, pp. 359,
363 (wbt synon.).

This species may be distinguished from O. ceratophthalma, which it
closely resembles, by the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is very distinctly broader, its length being about
four-fifths of its breadth, and the orbits are hardly at all oblique :

(2) the surface of the ischium of the external maxillipeds is often
quite smooth:

(3) the stridulating ridge is not, or hardly at all, hairy and consists
entirely of granules or small mamillated tubercles; and though the
upper edge of the inner surface of the ischium of the larger cheliped is
raised and rough, there is no special process against which the stridulat-
ing-ridge of the palm can be scraped :

(4) the dactyli of the legs, though fluted as in the other species, are
distinctly compressed dorso-ventrally and broadened :

(5) there are no brushes of hairs along the anterior surface of the
propodites of any of the legs.

It is a somewhat larger species, the carapace in full-sized adults
being 40 millim. long and 54 millim. broad.

In the Indian Museum there are 42 specimens from both coasts of
the peninsula and from Ceylon.

46. Ocypoda rotundata, Miers.
Ocypoda rotundata, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) X. 1882, pp. 378, 382:
Ortmann, Zool. Jalrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, pp. 360, 364.

This species differs from O. ceratophthalma in the following impor-
tant particulars :—

The carapace is less distinctly quadrilateral, owing to the fact that
the antero-lateral borders are arched, instead of forming an angle with
the upper border of the orbit. These borders sometimes form an un-
broken curve with the upper border of the orbit, but sometimes the
junction between the two is marked by a notch. The length of the
carapace is about five-sixths its greatest breadth, which, owing to the
curvature of the antero-lateral borders, is some distance behind the
orbits. |

There is a notch in the middle of the lower border of the orbit, and
a gap at the outer angle, between the upper and lower borders.

The deflexed tip of the front is swollen.

The spines or serrations at the inner angle of the wrist are more
numerous, and at the outer angle are better marked. .

690

Carcinological Fauna of India. 349

The length of the stridulating organ is much less than half the
greatest height of the palm: the organ consists of about a dozen distant
ridges much concealed in hair, and each ridge is sharply serrated.

The scraper on the ischium is placed near the upper angle of the
inner face of that joint and consists of an elongate-elliptical longitudi-
nally-grooved cicatrix-like surface, with a patch of hair above it and a
much larger patch below it.

The fingers of the smaller cheliped are almost as much dilated at
tip as those of O. macrocera.

The dactyli of the legs are dorso-ventrally compressed as in
O. platytarsis.

There is a thick brush of hairs along the anterior surface of the
propodite of the first pair of legs only.

The meropodites of the first three pairs of legs are not so broad as
in the three preceding species.

In the Indian Museum are 29 specimens from the coasts of Cutch,
Sind, and Baluchistan.

This is the largest Indian Ocy pode, the carapace of the adult being
52 millim. long and 62 millim. broad.

47. Ocypoda cordimana, Desm.

Ocypoda cordimana, Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 121: Milne Edwards,
Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 45: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1880, p. 185: de Man,
Notes Leyden Mus., III. 1881, p. 248: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) X. 1882,
pp. 379, 387: OrTMANN, Zoon. JAHRB., Syst., X. 1897-98, pp. 359, 362 (ubi synon.).

Carapace deep, quadrilateral, strongly convex fore and aft, its
length about seven-eighths its greatest breadth, which is some little
distance behind the orbits, owing to the gentle curve of the antero-
lateral borders: its antero-lateral angles coincide with the outer orbital
angles, and point acutely forwards.

Orbits deep; their upper border sinuous, but not in the least
oblique; there is usually a notch near the middle of their lower border,
and always a deep gap at the outer angle. No terminal style to the
eyes.

The lateral borders of the buccal cavern are anteriorly convergent
and have no outward curve. The marginal row of granules on the
outer surface of the ischium of the external maxillipeds is indistinct or
absent.

Though the chelipeds and legs are rough and the roughness is in
places squamiform, there is no serration of their edges, except in the
case of the lower borders of the arms, the inner edge of the wrists, and
the lower border of the hands. The palm of the larger hand, though
deep, is not particularly compressed, and it has no stridulating ridge.

691

350 Carcinological Fauna of India.

The propodites and dactyli of the legs are rather short and stout,
the dactyli being fluted and more or less hairy: the edges of the
propodites of the first 2 pairs of legs are hairy. The third pair of legs,
which are slightly longer than the first 2 pairs, are less than twice the
length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 59-specimens, from the Laccadives, the
Madras coast, Ceylon, Mergui, Tavoy, the Andamans and Nicobars.

The carapace of the largest specimen is 35 millim. long and 40
millim. broad.

Getastuus, Latr.

Gelasimus, Latreille, Dict. des Sciences Nat. XVIII. p. 286 (1820): Desmarest,
Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 122, and Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIII. p. 241: De Haan, Faun.
Japon. Crust. p. 25: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. If. 49, and Ann, Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 144: Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I, pp. 312, 315:
Hess, Archiv f. Naturges. XXXI. 1865, p. 145: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv.
du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 271: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 185, 186 :
Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 241: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891,
pp. 20-23: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, pp. 749-753.

“ Uca,” Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. 1815, pp. 309, 323: M. J. Rathban, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, XI. 1897, p. 154: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst , 1897-98,
p. 346 (cf. notes by Desmarest and Milne Edwards, ll. cc. supra).

In obedience to certain interpretations of the rnle of priority, which sacrifice
everything to a legal precision that defeats the object of classification, some modern
authors propose to apply the name Uca, which was originally given to and has for
nearly seventy-five years been authoritatively used fora land-crab of the Gecarci-
noid family, to the species of the Ocypodoid family which have for the same long
period been known to everybody by the name Gelasimus.

One of the objects of my poor work being to avoid confusion, I cannot consent
to this proposal: and if the rules of nomenclature do not permit me to retain a
name that has been deliberately chosen, and used without any ambiguity, by sach
illustrious predecessors as Latreille, Milne Edwards, and Dana, then I think that the
rules should be modified.

The introduction of a rule sanctioning the retention of any name that has been
accepted and defined by a monographer of repute, and that has thereafter been in
common use for fifty years, would probably satisfy those to whom the written
authority of the law is a consideration of first importance.

Carapace deep, subquadrilateral but with the antero-lateral angles
produced and acute and the lateral borders more or less convergent
posteriorly, occasionally subhexagonal, a good deal broader than long,
the regions never very strongly defined. The front is a narrow decli-
vous lobe, the breadth of which, between the eyestalks, is from one-
sixteenth to one-sixth the greatest breadth of the carapace.

The orbits are narrowish trenches occupying the whole anterior
extent of the carapace between the narrow front and the antero-lateral

692

——

Carcinological Fauna of India. 351

angles, and are more or less sinuous and oblique: the eyestalks are
very long and are formed as in Ocypoda, but are much slenderer: the
eyes, though chiefly ventral in aspect, are always terminal.

The small antennular flagella, which are not hidden under the
front, fold obliquely. The antenne, which stand free at the inner
angle of the orbits, have well developed flagella.

Epistome, though short, quite distinct. The lateral borders of the
buccal cavern are convex outwards, sometimes so much so as to give
the cavern a subcireular outline. The external maxillipeds have a long
ischium and a short and somewhat oblique merus with the coarse
flagellum jointed to its antero-external angle: they close the buccal
cavern except for a chink anteriorly.

The chelipeds differ greatly in the sexes. Inthe female they are
equal, are shorter and slenderer than the legs, and have broad-tipped
spoon-shaped fingers. In the male one of the chelipeds resembles
those of the female, but the other is of relatively gigantic proportions,
the land alone being often as big and heavy as all the rest of the
animal.

The legs are stout and end in very sharp dactyli, and the meropo-
dites of at least the 2nd and 3rd pairs are foliaceous : these two pairs
are a little longer than the other two, being about twice the length of
the carapace.

As in Ocypoda, the branchial cavity is capacious, and its lining
membrane thickened and vascular, with a fleshy lobe, shaped like a gill-
plume, projecting into the space between the tips of the last two gill-
plumes: also, between the basal joints of the 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs,
there is an orifice, thickly protected by hairs, leading towards the
branchial cavity.

The abdomen of the male is narrow: in both sexes of all the Indian
species it consists of seven separate segments.

Distribution: all the warmer regions of the globe, from the Atlantic
coasts of America eastwards (including the Mediterranean basin) to the
Pacific coasts of America again.

The species of Gelasimus are, like the Ocypodes, gregarious, and live in warrens

_in the mud-flats of tropical and subtropical estuaries. Their intelligence, like that
of the Ocypodes, is of a high order.

In one species, at any rate (Gelasimus annulipes), the males, which are greatly
in excess of the females, use the big and beautifully-coloured cheliped, not only for
fighting with each other, but also for “calling” the females. I have described my
own observations on these points in the Administration Report of the Marine Survey of
India for 1891-92—reprinted, as an extract, in the Annals and Magazins of Natural
History for 1892.

The fact that the males greatly outnumber, and therefore are more

693

362 Carcinological Fauna of India,

commonly captured than, the females, is sufficient justification for the
common practice of using the larger cheliped of the male for the dis-
crimination of the species. It must, however, be remembered that—at
least in all the Indian species—this organ changes greatly with advanc-

ing age.

I must also confess here that the synonomy of species has defied

me,

Key to the Indian species of Gelasimus.

I. The breadth of the front, measured exactly between the
bases of the eyestalks, is between a fifth and a sixth the
greatest breadth of the carapace :—

1, Two oblique granular ridges on the inner surface
of the palm of the large cheliped of the male, one
continuous with the dentary edge of the immobile
finger, the other running to the lower edge of the
same finger :—

i. Carapace subquadrilateral, the true lateral
borders being moderately convergent posteriorly :
an enlarged tooth near the tip of the immobile
finger of the large cheliped of the male gives the
tip of this finger a notched-truncate appearance

ii. Carapace subquadrilateral, the true lateral
borders nearly parallel: the tip of the immobile
finger of the large cheliped of the male is oblique-
truncate but not notched ......-21... 2. -2+ 000s 00s

iii. Carapace distinctly hexagonal, owing to the
great obliquity of the orbits and the strong con-
vergence posteriorly of the true lateral borders :
tip of the immobile finger of the large cheliped
of the male not truncate or notched ..... 4. ...... 568

2. The oblique crest running to the lower edge of the
immobile finger of the large cheliped of the male is
either absent or is represented by a slight and
SMOObh LUMERCONCE ,.cuageeeeiNaattesetree+ see -- vce sees

II. The breadth of the front, measured as above, is very
much less than a sixth the greatest breadth of the cara-
pace :—

1. No row of granules running inside of and parallel
with the lower border of the orbit :—

i. The inner border of the arm of the larger cheliped
of the male ends in a sharp tooth or spine, in-
dependent of the terminal lobe-like Penstriahian
of the arm :— ;

a. Front, measured as above, about a tenth
the greatest breadth of the carapace: in
the large cheliped of the male the wrist is

694:

G. annulipes.

G. lacteus.

G, triangularis.

G. inversus.

—— 2.7"

ae ee ee ee ee

Carcinological Fauna of Indiu. 353

smooth, the palm full with the granular
ridges on the inner surface indistinct, and :
the fingers are not specially compressed... G. tetrayonum.

b. Front, measured as above, not a fifteenth
the greatest breadth of the carapace: in
the large male cheliped the upper surface

= - of the wrist is granular and the fingers are
remarkably compressed and blade-like :—
a. Inthe large male cheliped the crests
on the inner surface of the palm
are moderately prominent, the
dactylus is quite blade-like and the
cutting-edge of the immobile finger
is not much scallopped ...... . s... G, Marionis,
B. The crests on the inner surface of
the palm are extremely prominent,
the cutting edge of the dactylus is
not quite straight and that of the
immobile finger is scallopped into
two large triangular lobes ............ G, Marionis, var.
nitidus,
ii, The arm of the large male cheliped ends in a
constricted lobe, but there is no sharp apstanding
tooth inside it on the inner border :—
; a. Front, measured as above, about a twelfth
the greatest breadth of the carapace; the
fingers of the large male cheliped have
tips that suggest tongs, owing to the
presence of an enlarged tooth near the
_ tip: the meropodites of the last pair of legs
are nearly as foliaceous as those of the
PYECEAINE PAI 2.0... .02 004 +>00snensevebrseeses aceite GQCULUS.

b. Front, measured as above, nota fifteenth
the greatest breadth of the carapace: the
fingers of the large male cheliped end in
simple hooked tips: the meropodites of
the last pair of legs are not much broad-
OG Mowe twcistasires: [on:vere os), 0v.sh:p ne] eagemeeEnOaTSeT s

2. On the lower wall of the orbit, inside of and parallel
with the middle third of the lower border of
that cavity, is a raised row of granules ...... Rear G, Urvillet.

G, Dussumieri.

48. Gelasimus annulipes, Latr., Edw.

? Cancer vocans minor, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 81, pl. i. fig. 10.

Gelasimus annulipes, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. If. 55, pl. xviii. fig,
10-13; and Ann, Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 149, pl. iv. fig. 15: Dana, U.S.
Expl. Exp., Crust., pt. 1. p. 317: Heller, Novara Crust. p, 88: Hilgendorf, in vy. d.
Decken’s Reis. Ost-Afr. I1I. i, p, 85, and MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 803: Hoffmann,
in Pollen and van Dam, Faun. Madagasc., Crust, p. 18: Kossmann, Reise roth,

695

354 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Meer., Crust., p. 53: Miers, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Vol. 168, 1879, p. 488, and Ann.
Mag. Nat, Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 310, and Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 518, 541, and
Challenger Brachyura, p. 244: Richters, in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit., p. 155:
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 148, pl. x. fig. 22: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 69, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 118
pl. viii. fig. 5-7, and Archiv f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 353, and Notes Leyden
Mus. XIII. 1891, pp. 23, 39, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II. 1892,
p. 807, and Zool. Zahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 577: Lenz & Richters, Abh. Senck.
Nat. Ges. Frankf. XII. 1881, p. 423: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel. VITI. 1886,
p. 475: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 388: Ortmann,
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, pp. 752, 758, and Jena. Denk. VIII. 1894, p. 57:

Zehntner, Rev. Suisse de Zool. II. 1894, p. 178. z

Gelasimus Carionis, Edw. (nec Desm.), Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 53.

Gelasimus porcellanus, White, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 85, and in Adams and White,
Samarang Crust., p. 50: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.,. Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852,
p. 151: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 135.

— Gelasimus perplerus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852,

p. 150, pl. iv. fig. 18: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 274.
wn ade? Gelasimus pulchellus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, pp. 99, 100.

Uca annulipes, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. X. 1897-98, pp. 351 and 354: Nobili,
Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. 1899, p. 274: Doflein, SB. Ak. Miinch. XXIX, 1899, p. 198.

Length of the carapace about three-fifths of the greatest breadth
at the acute claw-like antero-lateral angles. The posterior border of
the dorsum of the carapace —i.e., the border corresponding with the last
segment of the sternum—is a good deal over half the greatest breadth of
the carapace, so that the lateral borders of the dorsum of the carapace,
which are distinctly defined in almost two-thirds of their extent by a
fine raised line, are only moderately convergent. The post-gastric and
cardiac regions are the only ones that are defined, and they but faintly.

Front, measured between the bases of the eyestalks, from a fifth to
a sixth the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Orbits sinuous and considerably oblique ; their upper border defined
by a fine raised line which is very distinctly double in a good part of its
extent; their lower border very elegantly and regularly serrated—-the
teeth increasing in size from within outwards. In the female only there |
is a short row of granules inside of and parallel with the lower border
of the orbit.

In the large cheliped of the adult male the greatest length of the
hand (including fingers) is at least three times the length of the carapace :
the outer surface of the somewhat rounded arm and of the wrist and
hand is smooth to the naked eye, with a few small granules on the inner
border of the wrist: the lower border of the palm is obscurely margin-
ate: and on the inner surface of the palm are two salient granular ‘
crests, one of these is deeply grooved and nearly vertical and becomes
continuous with the dentary edge of the immobile finger, the other, —

696

Carcinological Fauna of India. 300"

which is the more prominent, is oblique and runs to the lower border of
the same finger. In the adult male the fingers of the large hand are
about twice the length of the upper border of the palm: they are not
very broad, and owing to the hook-like curve of the dactylus there is a
wide space between them when the tips are apposed: the immobile
finger is but slightly curved, and is generally shorter than the dactylus,
and owing to the presence of an enlarged tooth near the tip, the tip has
a characteristic notched-truncate appearance.

The meropodite in the last pair of legs is not at all foliaceous.

The carapace in the adult male is about 11 millim. long and 19
millim. broad.

In the Indian Museum are 300 specimens from all parts of the
coast from Karachi on the west to Mergui on the east.

This species is not, as Miers queries, the same as Stimpson’s
G. splendidus, of which we have numerous specimens from Hongkong.

49, Gelasimus lacteus (De Haan).

Ocypode (Gelasimus) lactea, De Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust., p. 54, pl. xv. fig. 5.

Gelasimus lacteus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, pl. iv.
fig. 16: Stimpson, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 100: Miers, P. Z. S. 1879,
pp. 20, 36: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 149, pl. x. fig. 28: Cano,
Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. ILI. 1889, p, 234: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891,
p. 22: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 752, 759.

Uca lactea, Ortmann, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, pp. 351, 355.

Kasily distinguished from G. annulipes, whicli is its nearest relative,
by the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is much more nearly quadrangular, the posterior
border of its dorsum being between three-fifths and two-thirds of its
greatest breadth, and its true lateral borders being parallel, while the
lateral borders of its dorsum are nearly so:

(2) in the larger cheliped of the male the outer end of the upper
border of the arm, and the «inner border of the wrist, are distinctly
denticulated ; the dactylus is not so strongly hooked, and the end of the
immobile finger though obliquely truncate has an acuminate tip—never
a notched-truncate tip:

(3) the colour, in spirit specimens, has a sort of livid bloom never
seen in G. annulipes..

In the Indian Museum are 47 specimens from Karachi and 3 from
the Andamans.

[Gelasimus inversus, Hoffmann.

Gelasimus inversus, Hoffmann, in Pollen and van Dam, Faun, Madagase. Crust.
p. 19, pl. iv. figs. 28-26 (1874): Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 155 ~
697
S

356 Carcinological Fauna of India.

de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891, pp. 21, 44, pl. iv. fig. 12: Ortmann, Zool

Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 751, and Jena. Denk. VIII. 1894, p. 59.

Gelasimus chlorophthalmus, Hilgendorf (nec Edw.), MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 803.

(apud de Man).

Gelasimus Smithii, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1880, p. 144, pl. 9, fig. 14

(apud Ortmann).
Uca inversa, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, p. 351.

“There are in the Indian Museum specimens of this species from

Madagascar and the Red Sea, and some from Karachi which differ
from the type in the form of the dactylus of the large male cheliped,

and are here separated as a variety. |

50: Gelasimus inversus, var. sindensis, nov.

This variety differs from typical G. inversus from Madagascar only’

in having the tip of the dactylus of the large male cheliped simple
(instead of furnished with a second tooth that gives it a notched
appearance) and the palm of the hand smoother externally.

The species resembles G. annulipes, from which it differs in the
following characters :—

(1) the lateral borders of the dorsum of the carapace are defined
by a fine line which is raised and distinct in the anterior third only,
and is a little more oblique: .

(2) the lower border of the orbit is much more sinuous, and is
either entire or is quite imperceptibly denticulated at its outer angle:

(3) in the large cheliped of the male the arm is trigonal with

sharp edges, the upper edge rising into a distinct lobe or crest and the

distal end of the inner edge forming a crest or blunt tooth; the inner

edge of the wrist is distinctly denticulated, and the upper border of the-
palm has several longitudinal rows of granules; of the granular ridges.

on the inner surface of the palm the lower one that in G. annulipes runs
to the lower edge of the immobile finger is absent ov, at most, ts represented

by a smooth and slight swelling ; finally the immobile finger, though as in ©

G. annulipes nearly straight and shorter than the dactylus, has a simple

not a notch-like tip. e
In the Indian Museum are 30 specimens from Karachi. The cara-

pace of the largest specimen is 10 millim. long and 18 millim. broad.

51. Gelasimus triangularis, A. M. Kdw.

Gelasimus triangularis, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 275: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 150: de Man, Journ. Linn.

Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 119, pl. viii. figs. 8-11, and Notes Leyden Mus. XIII.

1891, p. 22, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost. Ind. II. 1892, p. 307: and

Zool. Jabrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 577: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool.,

(2) V. 1898, p. 388. ;
698

ee eee ee

Carcinological Fauna of India. 357

_ Gelasimus perplesus, Heller ( nec Edw. “ Novara Crust. p..38, pl. v. fig. 4.
mewicts’ Gelasimus minor, Owen, Zool. H. M.S. ‘ Blossom,” Crast., p. 79, pl. xxiv,
figs. 2, 2a (1839) : Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Si Zool., X VILI.1852, p. 151: ema
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 150.

Uca triangularis, Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) XX, 1899, p. 274. :

Length of the carapace about four-sevenths of the greatest breadth,
which is at the spine-like antero-lateral angles.

Carapace strongly convex, almost hexagonal, the regions not indi-
cated. The posterior border of the dorsum of the carapace is less than
half the greatest breadth, hence not oily. the lateral borders of, the
dorsum of the carapace, but also the true lateral borders, are strongly
convergent posteriorly, the former being defined by a fine raised line in
more than:two-thirds of their extent.

Front, as in G. annulipes, froma fifth to a sixth the ger aia
breadth of the carapace.

Orbits sinuous, much oblique: the upper.border defined by a fine
microscopically-beaded line, which is double in great part; the lower
microscopically beaded, serrulate at its outer end.

Tn the large cheliped of the adult male the hand is about 2} times
as long as the carapace ; the outer surface of the arm, wrist, and hand
are smooth to the naked eye; all the borders of the arm are sharply
defined and finely serrulate, the inner border of the wrist is finely
serrulate, and the upper and lower borders of the palm are marginate
and granulate, especially the upper border; and the two oblique
granular crests on the inner surface of the arm are in strong relief,

In the large hand the dactylus, in the adult, is from 13 to 1}. times
the length of the upper border of the palm; its tip is simply hooked
and overhangs the simple upcurved tip of the immobile finger.

The meropodite of the last pair of legs is not nearly so broad’ aa
that of the two preceding pairs.

In the Indian Museum are 70 specimens, all but one being from
various parts of the Bay of Bengal littoral. The carapace of a large
specimen is 10 millim. long and about 18 millim. broad.

The figures of @. minor, Owen, agree very well with this species,
and if the two names should prove to refer to the same species this name
has the precedence.

52. Gelasimus tetragonum (Herbst).*

Cancer marinus, minor, vociferans, Seba, Thesaurus, ITI. p. 48, pl. xix. fig. 15.
Cancer tetragonon, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 257, pl. xx. fig. 110, and III. i. 31.
Gelasimus tetragonum, Riippell, 24 Krab. roth. Meer., p. 26, ply v. fig. 5: Milne

* [assume that Herbst used tetragonon as a noun esi hilanhise in apposition to
Cancer: it may therefore eontinae in apposition to Gelasimos used as.a substantive. .

699

358 Careinological Fauna of Tndia.

Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 52, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) X VITL: 1852, p. 147,
pl. iii. fig. 9: Guérin, Voy. Coquille, II. Zool., Crust. p. 10, pl. i. figs. 2,3: A. -Milne
Edwards, in Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Ann. F., p. 6, and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX.
1873, p. 273: Heller, Novara Crust., p. 37: Hilgendorf, in v. d. Decken’s Reisen Ost-
Afr. Crust. p. 84: Hoffmann, in Pollen and Van Dam, Faun. Madag. Crust. p. 16:

Kossmann, Reis. roth. Meer. Crust. p. 52: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1880, p. 143, pl. ix. fig. 11: de Man, Archiv f. Naturges. LILI. 1887, i. p. 358, and
Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891, pp. 20, 24, pl. ii. fig. 6: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst.
VII. 1893-94, pp. 750, 754: Whitelegge, Be: Austral. Mus. IIL. 1897; p. 138.

Gelasimus Duperreyi, Guérin, Dana U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i. p. 317.

Uca tetragona, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. X. 1897-98, p. 348 : Doflein SB.
Ak. Miinch. X XIX. 1899, p. 193.

Length of the carapace about two-thirds of ifs greatest breadth
at the acute antero-lateral angles. Carapace somewhat pentagonal,
markedly convex fore and aft, the regions all recognizable but not
strongly defined: though the posterior border of its dorsum is only
half its greatest breadth, the: true lateral borders are but slightly
convergent posteriorly. In the adult male the fine raised line that
bounds the dorsal plane on each side is distinet as such only in the
neighbourhood of the antero-lateral angles, but. in the female it runs
much further backwards.

The breadth of the front, measured between the bases of the
eyestalks, is about a tenth the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Orbits much oblique, ‘both borders sinuous, the lower border
elegantly denticulated throughout.

In the large cheliped of the adult male the upper border of the arm is
fairly prominent and the inner border ends in a sharp tooth, quite inde-
pendent of the constricted-off terminal lobule ; the wrist is quite smooth
to the naked eye, and has the inner angle sharp but not spiniform ;
and the hand is abcut 2} times the greatest length of the carapace.

Tn the hand of this cheliped the palm is, to the naked eye, frosted
with very fine granules, some of which in the neighbourhood of a scar
near the base of the immobile finger are visible to the naked eye ; its

upper border is not, and its lower border is but obscurely, defined; and -

the two oblique crests on its inner surface are mere swellings, often
quite faint, and never strongly salient. The fingers are neither broad
nor particularly thin: the dactylus, which is about 1} times the length
of the upper border of the palm, tapers and is someins hooked at
tip; the immobile finger commonly has two teeth a little enlarged, the
second one being near the tip and sometimes giving the tip a somewhat
notched (but not truncated) appearance.

The merns of the last pair of legs is not at all foliaceous.

In the Indian Museum are 29 specimens from the Andamans:
the carapace of a large one is 17 millim. long and 26 millim. broad.

700

eee Oe ee ee eee

Careinological Fanna of India. 3o9

The “ Challenger” specimens referred by Miers to this species
have a broad front and are identical with specimens from Hongkong
that I take to be G. splendidus.

53. Gelasimus Marionis, Desm.

Gelasimus Marionis, Desmarest, Consid. Gen, Crust., p. 124, pl. xiii. fig, 1, and
Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIL{. 1823, p. 243: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3)
XVIII. 1852, p. 145, pl. iii. fig. 5 (mec Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 58): de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 67: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 308 :
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. XXXII. 1880, p. 141, pl. ix. fig. 8.

Gelasimus cultrimanus, White, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 205, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. XX.
1847, p. 205, and Samarang Crust. p. 49 (apud Miers loe. cit. supra),

Gelasimus cultrimanus var, Marionis, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb, Syst. VIT. 1893-94,
pp. 750, 754.

_ Length of the carapace about two-thirds of the greatest breadth,
which is at the claw-like antero-lateral angles.

Carapace little convex, all its regions very well defined, the
posterior border of its dorsum in the adult male is half its greatest
breadth and the true lateral borders are moderately convergent posteri-
orly: the fine raised line that in some other species defines the greater
part of the dorsal plane is here, in the adult male, confined to the
neighbourhood of the antero-lateral angles.

The breadth of the front between the bases of the eyestalks is not
a fifteenth the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Orbits not very oblique nor very sinuous; the lower border, which
is nearly straight, is elegantly creunlate throughout.

In the large cheliped of the adult male the upper border of the arm
is prominent and the inner border ends in a sharp tooth, independent of
the terminal constricted-off lobule; the upper surface of the wrist is
granular, and the inner border of the wrist has a denticle or spinule
at its angle; and the hand (fingers included) is about three times the
length of the carapace.

This large hand has a curious twist: its palm is compressed and
has the upper and lower margins well defined, the outer surface
covered with large granules, and the two granular crests on its inner
surface fairly prominent: its fingers are broad thin and laminar; the
dactylus, which may be four times as loug as the upper border of the
palm, is shaped like a knife-blade; and in the immobile finger, which
has a groove or line of pits along its outer surface, the dentary edge has
a simple S-shaped curve. ©

‘The merus of the last pair of legs is not at all foliaceous.

In the Indian Museum are 9 specimens from the Andamans. The
carapace of a large specimen is 18°5 millim, long and 26°5 millim, broad.

701

360 - Carcinological Fauna of India.

54. Gelasimus Marionis var, nitidus, Dana.

Gelasimus vocans, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 145,
pl. iii. fig. 4 (nec Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 54): Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858,
p. 99: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 37: Hilgendorf, in v. d. Decken’s Reis. Ost-Afr.,
p. 83: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv, da Mus. IX. 1873, p. 272: Hoffmann, in
Pollen and Van Dam’s Faun. Madagasce. Crust. p. 16: Miers, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Vol. 168, 1879, p. 488, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 808, and Challenger
Brachynra, p. 242: Richters, in Mobius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 155: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 67, and XIIf. 1891, p. 23, pl. ii. fig. 5, and Archiv f.
Naturges. LIII, 1887, i. p. 352, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II.
1892, p. 305, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 572: Haswell, Cat, Austral.
Crust. p. 92.

Gelasimus nitidus, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 316, pl. xix. figs. 5a-d :
Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 147: Thallwitz, Abh.
Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, p. 42.

Gelasimus cultrimanus, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 140, pl. ix.
fig. 7: Ortmann, Zool, Jaurb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 750-753, and Jena. Denk,
VIII. 1894, p. 56.

Uca cultrimana, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. X. 1897-98, p. 348.

Differs from G. Marionis only in the form of the large hand of the
adult male: this member, in var. nitidus,

(1) is not much over 23 times the length of the carapace, its
dactylus being but little more than twice the length of the upper border
of the palm :

(2) it has the two oblique granular ridges on the inner surface of
the palm remarkably salient:

(3) it has the dentary edge of the immobile finger reed = a
characteristic W-shaped curve owing to the strong projection of two
large triangular lobes, and

(4) it has the dactylus somewhat hooked at tip.

In the Indian Museum are 103 specimens, chiefly from the Anda-
mans and Nicobars, but also from the Coromandel and Malabar coasts.
The length of the carapace in large specimens is 14 millim., the breadth
21 millim.

55. Gelasimus acutus, Stimpson, de Man.

Gelasimus acutus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 99: Tozzetti,
Magenta Crust. p. 107: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 144: de Man,
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. XXII. 1887-88, p. 113, pl. vii. figs. 8-9, pl. viii. figs. 1-4,
and Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891, p. 21, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl.
Ost-Ind. II. 1892, p. 306, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 573: Ortmann,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. 1893-94, p. 750.

Uca acuta, Doflein, SB, Ak. Miinch, XXIX. 1899, p. 193.

Length of the carapace about tliree-fifths the greatest breadth,

which is at the acute wing-like antero-lateral angles,
702

Careinological Fauna of India. dbl

Carapace strongly convex fore and aft, the regions moderately well
defined: its lateral borders are strongly convergent, and still more so
are the lateral borders of the dorsal plane, which are defined in more
than two-thirds of their extent by a fine raised line: the posterior
border of the dorsal plane is contained from 24 to 24 times in the
geatest breadth.

Front, measured between the eye-stalks, about a twelfth the
greatest breadth of the carapace, its moulded and bevelled edges do not
together take up half its breadth.

Orbits moderately oblique, both upper and lower borders much
sinuous; the lower border finely, the upper border still more finely and
more distantly crenulate.

In the large cheliped of the adult male all three borders of the arm
are well defined, the inner and the lower borders being crenulated, but
the inner border having no tooth independent of the terminal constricted-
off lobule; the upper surface of the wrist and the outer surface of the
palm are closely covered with vesiculous granules; and tle hand
(fingers included) may be 33 times the length of the carapace.

Tn this large hand the upper and lower borders of the palm are
well defined, and of the two oblique granular crests on the inner surface
of the palm the upper one that runs to the dentary edge of the immobile
finger is short and indistinct: the fingers are not particularly broad or
thin, and however the teeth may be disposed, there is always one near
the end of each finger that is enlarged so as to give the ends of the
fingers, when apposed, a sort of tongs-like or forceps-like grip: the
dactylus is from 2 to nearly 25 times the length of the upper border of
the palm.

The merus of the last pair of legs is distinctly foliaceous.

In the Indian Museum are 92 specimens chiefly from the Sunder-
bunds and Mergui, but also from Karachi and the Andamans. Ina
large specimen the carapace is 14 millim. long and 25 broad.

56. Gelasimus Dussuwmiert, Edw.

Gelasimus Dussumieri, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) X VIIT. 1852, p. 148,
pl. iv. fig. 12: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71, and IX.
1873, p. 274: Hoffmann in Pollen and van Dam’s Faun. Madag. Crust. p. 17, pl. iii.
figs. 19-22: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1880, p. 145, pl. x. fig. 16: de
Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 68, and XIII. 1891, pp. 20, 26, and Journ. Linn.
Soc. Zool. XXII. 1887-88, p. 108, pl. vii. figs. 2-7, and in Weber's Zool. Ergebn.
Niederl. Ost-Ind. II. 1892, p. 806, and Zool. Jabrb., Syst., VIIT. 1894-95, p. 576:
Lenz and Richters, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. Frankf. XII. 1881, p. 423: Haswell, Cat.
Austral. Crust. p. 93: Miers, Zool. H. M. 8S. Alert, pp..618, 541: Ortmann, -Zool.
Jabrb. Syst; VII, 1898-94, pp. 759, 755.

703

362 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Gelasimus longidigitum, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 144, pl. ix.
figs. 10, 13 (fide Ortmann I. c. infra).

Uca Dussumieri, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, p. 348: Nobili, Ann.
Mus. Genov. (2) XX. 1899, p. 273: Doflein, SB. Ak. Miinch. XXIX. 1899, p. 193.

Closely related to G. acutus, from which it can be distinguished by
the following characters when fully adult males are compared :—

(1) the regions of the carapace are much more strongly defined, and
the raised lines that bound the dorsal plane of the carapace on each
side are more curved, less rapidly convergent, and less distinct in their
posterior part, which gives the carapace a much less posteriorly-con-
tracted look; and the orbits are less oblique:

(2) the front, measured between the bases of the eyestalks, is about
a fifteenth the greatest breadth of the carapace, and its moulded and
bevelled edges together take up more than two-thirds of its breadth :

(3) in the large cheliped the arm is longer and more slender, both
the oblique granular ridges on the inner surface of the palm are very
strongly defined, aud the fingers may be fully 3 times the length of the
upper border of the palm:

(4) these large fingers are broader and thinner, their tips are
somewhat hooked and have no enlarged tooth near them, but near the
middle of the immobile finger there is a enlarged tooth or triangular
lobe :

(5) the merus of the last pair of legs, though it is compressed and
somewhat broadened, is not a short foliaceous joint.

In the Indian Museum are 52 specimens, from Mergui, Andamans
and Nicobars, and Bimlipatam. -

57. Gelasimus Urvillei, Edw.

Gelasimus Urvillei, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 148,
pl. iii, fig. 10: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 146, pl. ix. fig. 15:
de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891, pp. 21, 84: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.,
VII. 1893-94, p. 750.

Gelasimus Dussumieri, Hilgendorf (nec Edw.), in v. d. Decken’s Reis, Ost-Afr.
Crust. p. 84, pl. iv. fig. 1.

This species closely resembles G. acuéws and G. Dussumiert, but is
distinguished from both by the presence of a raised row of granules
behind and parallel with the middle third of the lower border of the
orbit—z.e., just inside the orbital cavity.

As in G. acutus, the fine raised lines that define the dorsal plane of
the carapace laterally are distinct throughout and rapidly convergent,
which gives the carapace a look of breadth in front and of unusual
narrowness behind; and, as in G. aculws, the meropodites of the last

704

Careinoloyical Vauna of India. 363

pair of legs are, even in the male, decidedly shortened and foliaceous
joints.

On the other hand the front is, as in G. Dussumieri, extremely
narrow, and its bevelled and moulded edges take up most of its breadth
between the eye-stalks. The regions of the carapace, also, are as
strongly defined as they are in G. Dussumieri.

The large hand of the male resembles that of G. Dussuwmieri in
having both the oblique granular ridges on the inner surface of the
palm strongly salient, and in having very long fingers with simple
hooked tips: the fingers however are not so broad and thin, and the
lobe near the middle of the dentary edge of the immobile finger may
be present or not.

In the Indian Museum are 10 specimens, from Karachi, Madras,
and the Nicobars.

The carapace of the largest specimen is 20 millim. long and 36
millim. broad. .

Subfamily Scorimerin”.
Doritta, De Haan, Stimpson.

Doto, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 24 (1835) nom. preoc.: Milne Edwards,
Hist. Nat. Crust. If. 38, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 152.
Dotilla, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1858, p. 98.

Cephalothorax so deep as to be subcubical, as long as broad or a
little broader than long. Anteriorly the sidewalls of the carapace have
a curious gyrous-sulcate sculpture resembling brain-convolutions: often
also a similar kind of sculpture is found on the dorsum of the carapace
and on the meropodites of the external maxillipeds.

Front a narrow deflexed lobe much as in Ocypoda. The orbits,
which occupy all the rest of the anterior border of the carapace, are
more or less oblique and shallow—in one species so shallow as to be
almost obsolete. Eyestalks rather long and slender, with the eyes at
the end.

Antennules, like those of Ocypoda, having the basal joint of good
size, and the flagellum small and hidden by the front. The antenne
stand at the inner angle of the lower orbital border and have a rather
short flagellum.

The epistome would be linear but for a large median triangular
lobe that projects between the external maxillipeds.

Buccal.cavern enormous, suboval or subcircular in outline: the
external maxillipeds, which completely cover it and are also very large,
have a strong almost hemispherical bulge ; their merus is much larger

705

364 Carcinological Fauna of India.

than the ischium and carries the flagellum at the antero-external angle:
the exognath is extremely slender and inconspicuous.

Chelipeds equal, stouter than the legs: fingers usually slender and
a little deflexed, usually without conspicuous teeth.

Legs not much differing im length, which is moderate: their meri
(as also those of the chelipeds) have on the upper surface a curious
membranous area or “tympanum.” Similar ‘ tympana ” may. also be
present on some of the segments of the sternum. |

The abdomen in the male consists of 7 separate Seimntibs, ii
though narrow is nowhere linear or compressed: the distal end of the
fourth segment is thickly fringed with bristles, and overlaps and partly
conceals the fifth tergum. Im the female, according to De NES the
abdomen consists of 5 separate segments.

Distribution : Tropical shores and mud-flats, from East Africa and
the Red Sea eastwards to Japan. Found in the same situations as
Gelasimus and Ocypoda.

Key to the Indian species of Dotilla.

I. Carapace broader than long: chelipeds not much
longer than the carapace, and not much differing
from the legs in point of length: no ‘‘tympana”
on the sternum :—

1. Meropodites of legs not dilated: fingers of
chelz slender, without any conspicuous teeth :—

i. Whole surface of merus of external
mazxillipeds ona al not pay

longer than palm............+6 D. afinis. Thy Rs. :

ii, Only the outer- half of een merus ie the ds, ¥ fe
external maxillipeds is gyrous-sulcate :— os

a. Fingers longer than the

7 © ia
CAI Kory
t

Palih,...clecseeenaetscccstercsseses.: Wr -Blanfonin
b. Hingeksst more than twice as long as
the palwa....iso, obprecediinenecsseciersons Dy intermedia;

2. Meropodites of the ieee dilated ; a
i. Fingers of chele without any conspicuous

tooth: dactyli of the legs, even of the
last pair, shorter than the propodites...... D. brevitarsis.

ii. A large tooth on each finger of the chelz,
arranged so that when the tips of the
fingers are closed these large teeth meet,
and an hour-glass-shaped space is left
between the closed fingers: dactyli of the .
legs longer than the propodites............. D. clepsydrodactylus. S

e4

II. Carapace at least as long as broad: chelipeds 3 or 4 WW grrvod-( vt <
times as long as the carapace, and-much longer than einiha. PRE : ia
the legs: “ tympuna’’ present.on the sternum.......... D, myctiroides. Yard

706

Careinological Fauna of Tndia. 365
wil 58. Dotilla afjinis, n. sp.

Differs from D. sulcata, with specimens of which, from the Red
Sea, I have compared it, only in the following characters :—

(1) there is no spine on the under surface of the arm, (2) the
fingers are not so long as the palm, (3) there is a small tympanum on
the dorsal surface of the merus of the last pur of legs, whereas in
D. suleata only the tympanum on the ventral surface is present,

The carapace behind the gastric and inside the branchial regions,
forms a smooth semicircular facet, but all its anterior and lateral
regions have a curiously convoluted sculpture, the convexities of the
convolutions being finely granular. :

The grooves that define these convolutions forin, when viewed as a
whole, a sort of five-rayed star, the anterior ray (which runs up
between the eyes on to the front) being the shortest, the antero-lateral
rays (which run towards the outer angles of the orbit) being a little
longer, and the postero-lateral rays (which really are triple) being the
longest of all.

The pterygostomian regions and neighbouring part of the side-
walls of the carapace, and the meropodites of the external maxillipeds
have the same curious convoluted sculpture.. The orbits are shallow
but are perfectly defined.

The merns of the external maxillipeds is more than twice the size
of the ischium. .

Chelipeds (measured round their curve) not twice the length of
the carapace : no spine on any of their segments : fingers not so long as
the palm. —

Legs slightly longer than the chelipeds, their meropodites not at
all broadened but all having a “tympanum”; except in the case of the
last pair of legs—in which the dactylus is remarkabl y long—the dactyli
are rather shorter than the propodites.

No tympana on the sternum.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens from Aden and the
Baluchistan coast. The carapace of the largest is 5:3 millim. lone and
7°3 millim. broad.

59. Dotilla intermedia, de Man.

Dotilla intermedia, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 135,
pl. ix. figs. 4-6 (1888),

Carapace sculptured in much the same way as in D. affinis, only
the grooves are not so deep and distinct, and there is an additional
groove running parallel with the posterior margin.

707

366. Carcinological Fauna of India.

The merus of the external maxillipeds is not twice as large as the
ischium, and the sculpturing consists of a single loop parallel with the
outer border of the merus, the inner half of that ee fon8 quite
smooth.

Fingers more than twice as long as the palm. In the last pair of
legs the dactylus is about twice as long as the propodite: in all the
other legs the dactyli are very little longer than the propodites.

In other respects this species agrees with D. uffiiis.

In the Indian Museum are 15 specimens from Mergui. The
carapace is 4 millim. long and a little over 4 millim. broad.

60. Dotilla Blanfordi, n. sp.

The whole of the dorsal surface of the carapace is areolated and
grooved (the areole being finely granular and the grooves smooth) as
follows :—

A very distinct groove runs parallel with either lateral border, and
a scarcely less distinct one runs parallel with the posterior border, and
in the space bounded by these grooves a six-rayed star of grooves of
nearly equal length can be made out. This “star” is formed by a
groove running fore and aft down the middle of the carapace and
having, on either side of it, a semicircular chord joining the outer
angle of the orbit with a point near the postero-lateral angle of the
carapace. The intersection of these grooves cuts the post-gastric sub-
region into 4 symmetrical tubercles.

The whole side-wall of the carapace is finely granular, and the sub-
hepatic and pterygostomian regions have the characteristic convoluted
sculpture. The orbits are shallow but are perfect.

The external maxillipeds are finely granular: the merus is twice as
big as the ischium, and its sculpture consists of a single loop parallel
with the outer border and a single groove parallel with nes inner
border.

- Chelipeds as in D. affinis, except that the fingers are a little longer ;
than the palm.

Legs as in ic affinis, the meropodites being slender and all having
a “tympanum,” but in the last pair the dactylus is about twice as long
as the propodite, and in the other pairs the dactyli are very pee
longer than the propodites. No sternal tympana,

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens from the coast of Sind and
Baluchistan. The carapace of the type is a little over 5 millim. long
and not quite 7 millim. broad, Collected by Mr. W. T. Blanford,
F.R.S.

708

Carcinological Fauna of India. 367

61. Dotilla clepsydrodactylus, n. sp.
Near D. Wichmanni, de Man.

The sculpture of the dorsum of the carapace is like that of
D. Blanfordi, only the grooves are much deeper cut and the groove
between the post-gastric region and the postero-lateral angle of the
carapace is double: the sculpture of the sidewall of the carapace is
like that of D. Blanfordi.

In the external maxillipeds the merus is not twice as big as the
ischium, and its sculpture consists of a. single simple convolution
parallel with the outer border, the inner half of its surface being quite
smooth—as is D. intermedia.

The orbits are shallow but are quite perfect.

The chelipeds, measured all round their curve, are not twice the
length of the carapace and have no spine on the arm. The fingers are
much longer than the palm: in the adult male they are extremely slender,
and each has a large tooth arranged so that when the tips of the fingers ave
closely apposed these two teeth meet and leave an hour-glass-shaped space
between the closed fingers.

Legs a little longer than the chelipeds; their meropodites are
slightly but distinctly dilated and all have a tympanum: their dactyli
are all longer than their propodites, and in the last pair the dactylus is
very long, slender, straight, and fluted: No sternal tympana.

Colours, speckled like the sand in which they live.

In the Indian Museum are eight specimens from False Point on
the sea face of the Mahanaddi Delta. The carapace of the largest is 5
millim. long and 6 millim, broad.

62. Dotilla brevitarsis, de Man.
Dotilla brevitarsis, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p, 180,
pl. ix. figs. 1-3 (1888).

The whole carapace is grooved and areolated (but the sculpture is
not very deep) as follows :—

A strong groove runs fore and aft down the middle of the carapace,
another rons parallel with the posterior border, and on each side
another takes a sinuous course along each lateral border: other short
and rather indefinite grooves join the median and lateral grooves.

The subhepatic and pterygostomian regions have the usual conyo-
luted sculpture. Orbits shallow, but distinct.

The merus of the external maxillipeds is much larger than the
ischium: its whole surface is sculptured, the sculpture taking the form

of a W-shaped convolution,
709

pls?

368 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Chelipeds short, without any spine on the arm: palm short, high,
and compressed, with sharp edges, traversed by a fine raised line near
and parallel with the lower border: fingers thin and compressed, about
as long as the palm, the upper edge of the dactylus—like that of the
palm—fringed with hair.

Legs a little longer than the chelipeds, the meropodites—especially
of the first 3 pairs—much broadened and compressed, all having a tympa-
num. The dactyli, even of the last pair of legs, are shorter than the
propodites.

No tympana on the sternum.

In the Indian Museum are fragments of 3 specimens from Mereui:
de Man states that the breadth of the cephalothorax of the largest
specimen is nearly 10 millim.

63. Dotilla myctiroides, Edw.

Doto myctiroides, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852, pl. iy.
fig. 24, NX
Dotilla myctiroides, Stimpson, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 98: A. O.
Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc Zool. XX. p. 111: Anrivillins, Zur Biologie amphibischer
Dekapoden, p. 5, pl. i. figs. 1-13, pl. iii. fig. 18, (Mitg. Ges. Wiss. Upsala, 1893).

Scopimera myctiroides, Henderson, ‘Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 390,

Carapace about as long as, or slightly longer than, broad, little
sculptured dorsally, though its antero-lateral parts are studded with
vesiculous granules. Front grooved: a groove runs parallel with either
lateral border, and a faint grooye crosses either postero-lateral angle.
The side-walls anteriorly have the usual “ brain-couvolution”’ seulp-
ture.

Orbits very oblique and very shallow, almost obsolete.

The merus of the external maxillipeds is nearly twice as big as the
ischium and is finely granular; a single faint groove, most distinct
anteriorly, runs parallel with its outer border.

Chelipeds between three and four times the length of the carapace,
all the joints long, slender, and unarmed: fingers longer than the palm, -
without any conspicuons teeth,

Legs long, but much shorter than the chelipaay the meropodites
strongly dilated, and with a large “ tympanum ” : the dactylns of the
last pair is longer than the propodite, but in the other three pairs it is’
a little shorter than the propodite. 3

On either side of each of the last four’ thoracic sterna is a aeiee
tympanum.

In the Indian Museum are 19 specimens from the Andamans and
11 from the Coromandel coast. The carapace is 10 millim. long.

710

Carcinological Fauna of India. 369

Scopimera, De Haan.

Scopimera, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 24 (1835): Milne Edwards, Ann.
Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 153.

Scopimera has the same deep “cubical” carapace and the same
general facies as Dotilla, but differs in the following characters :—

The carapace is much broader than Jong and has none of the
curious sculpture, resembling brain convolutions, that is found, at any
rate on the sidewalls, in Dotilla: the external maxillipeds are un-
sculptured and their merus, though large, is smaller than their ischium :
the abdomen. of the male has a curious wasp-like form owing to the
length and narrowness of its fifth segment, which segment may even
become elongate-linear by constriction ; it has no bristles either on the
4th tergum or elsewhere: in the female the abdomen consists of 7
separate segments.

Distribution: Indo-Pacific shores, from Karachi to Japan.

Key to the Indian species of Scopimera.

I. Chelipeds and legs with a reticulate or subsquamiform
granulation, the chelipeds in the male about twice the
length of the carapace: most of the tympana on the
legs are traversed by a longitudinal ridge: fifth

abdominal tergum of male long and narrow, but not
line@aF..-:.526075 « cadebs) edtccadumeseboneben/ | Oni UNVESLAGALONTE.
II, Chelipeds aad ec Bicly, ie anifoutaie granular, me
chelipeds in the male nearer 3 times than twice the
Iength of the carapace: the tympana not subdivided
by a ridge: the fifth abdominal tergum of the male is
long and linear..........-. : . Mitwareese WS. ChAUMCaUCa.
According to F. Miiller, 8. Perec, De Haan is ema in Indian waters. The
form of the abdomen in this species is similar to that of S. investigatoris, but the
carapace is smooth, and the tympana of the legs are different.

64. Scopimera investigatoris, n. sp.

Carapace much broader than long, decidedly pentagonal, without
distinction’ of regions, smooth except anteriorly and laterally where
there are numerous irregularly-scattered granfiles: the sidewalls and
pterygostomian regions finely granular.

Orbits broad as in Ocypoda, shallow, the upper border very oblique,
the lower border finely denticulated and very prominent as in Gelusimus.

External maxillipeds with some obsolescent granulation. Chelipeds
and legs finely granular in a somewhat reticulate or subsquamiform
way.

711

370. Carcinological Fauna of India.

Chelipeds about twice as long as the carapace: tympanum on the
inner surface of the arm large, that on the outer surface of the arm
small: fingers about as long as the palm, without any enlarged
teeth.

First 3 pairs of legs about the same length as the chelipeds, the
4th pair shorter: the merus of all much dilated and with large well-
defined tympana, all of which, except only the one on the dorsal surface
of the last pair, are longitudinally subdivided by a fine ridge: the
dactylus in the first 8 pairs is about the same length as the propodite,
but in the last pair is considerably longer.

In the male abdomen the first 2 segments are horizontal-linear, the
ord and 4th, though distinct, form a “ butterfly ” plate, the 5th is long
and narrow and longitudinally grooved and gradually expands to meet
the 6th, which is long and broad, while the 7th is transversely
oval.

In the female the abdomen is of the usual shape, but in its broadest
part is little more than half the breadth of the sternum.

In the Indian Museum are 1] specimens, from Diamond Island off
C. Negrais in Burma. The carapace of the largest male is 4°5 millim.
long and 7 millim. broad.

65. Scopimera crabricauda, n. sp.

Carapace subpentagonal, the regions indistinctly indicated, the
surface of the mid-dorsal region is symmetrically puckered or vesicu-
lous ; the sidewalls and pterygostomian regions granular.

Orbits moderately broad and deep, the upper border oblique, the
lower border prominent and finely denticulate.

External maxillipeds smooth: chelipeds and legs “ frosted”’ under
the lens.

In the male the chelipeds are more than 25 times the length of the
carapace and are longer and much stouter than the legs: there is a large
tympanum on the inner surface of the arm, and a very small one on the
outer surface: the dactylus is a little shorter than the palm and has
one large tooth. In the female the chelipeds are shorter and not much
stouter than the legs: the fingers are shorter than the palm, and the
dactylus has no large tooth. .

The meropodites of the legs are much dilated: all have tympana
but these are. not subdivided by any ridge: in the first 3 pairs of legs
the dactyli are a little longer, in the fourth pair considerably longer,
than the propodites.

In the male abdomen the first 2 segments are linear-horizontal and
concealed, the 3rd and 4th form a triangular plate deeply grooved down.

712

Careinological Fauna of India. 371

the middle line, the 5th is long linear and grooved, the 6th and 7th,
though separate, together form a racket-head.

In the female the abdomen is of normal shape.

In the Indian Museum aye a male and female from Karachi. The
carapace of the male is 6°5 millim. long and barely 10 millim. broad.

TYMPANOMERUS, de Man, Rathbun.
Dioxippe, de Man, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 187 (1888): nom.

preoce. .
Tympanomerus, Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, XI. 1897, p. 164,

Carapace deep, quadrilateral, broader than long, the regions not
defined, Front narrow, deflexed: the orbits are trenches occupying the
whole anterior border of the carapace between the front and the antero-
lateral angles.

Eyes, antennules, antenne and epistome as in Dotilla. Buccal
cavern large, a little narrowed and rounded anteriorly: the external
maxillipeds completely close the buccal cavern, the anterior outer corner
of the ischium is marked off as a distinct facet as in Dotilla and
Scopimera, the merus is much larger than the ischium, the palp arises
near the antero-external angle of the merus, and the exognath is small
and linear.

Chelipeds in both sexes stouter, and in the male longer, than the
legs: fingers a little deflexed.

Legs rather compressed, the two middle pairs a little longer than
the first and last pair: there are ill-defined tympana on the meropodites.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of separate segments, and in
the male is narrow.

Distribution: Japanese and Andaman Seas.

The name Tympanomerus is a most unfortunate one, since the ‘‘ tympana,”
compared with those of Dotilla and Scopimera, are ill-defined and inconspicuous.

66. Zympanomerus orientalis (de Man).

Dionippe orientalis, de Man, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. XXII, 1887-88, p. 138,
pl, ix. figs, 8-10,

Carapace square-cut, the length about four-fifths of the greatest.
breadth, dorsally nearly flat with the lateral borders well defined
especially anteriorly, the surface a little lumpy in places: a perfectly
straight fine transverse ridge ruus close to and parallel with the
posterior border.

Front grooved dorsally, hardly a fourth the breadth of the
carapace. The outer angle of the lower border of the orbit forms a

713

372 Carcinological Fauna of India.

prominent tootl, The merus of the external maxillipeds is grooved
along the outer border.

Chelipeds in the male nearly three times the length of the carapace :
wrist elongate, somewhat cuboid, with a strong laterally-compressed
lobe or tooth at its inner angle: palm rather high, both borders
marginate and a second fine ridge runs close to and parallel with the
lower border: fingers a little shorter than the palm, finely denti-
culate.

In the female the chelipeds are not twice the length of the eara-
pace, the wrist is not elongate, though the tooth at its inner angle is
present, and the fingers are a little longer than the palm.

The meropodites of the legs are slightly dilated, the dactyli aré
shorter than the propodites, and the carpopodites and propodites: of the
first two pairs are densely tomentose.

The fifth abdominal tergum of the male, though nob particularly
elongate, is a little constricted at. base,

In the Indian Museum are 6 specimens from Mergui, The carapace
of the largest is 4 millim. long and 5 millim. broad.

Subfamily MacroputTHaLmin”, Dana.
CuistostomaA, De Haan restr.

Cleistostoma (= dilata nec pusilla) De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 26: Milne
Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p..160.

Carapace of no great depth, broader than long, its sides slightly
arched, its regions ill-defined.

Front of moderate breadth, more than a fourth the greatest breadth
of the carapace, declivous : orbits well defined, of good depth, occupying
all the rest of the anterior border of the carapace: eyestalks stout, eyes
terminal. The antennules fold: obliquely: the antenns are’small and
stand im the imner orbital hiatus.

Epistome well defined, very short fore and aft, with a prominent
lobe or tooth in: the middle line’ projecting between the external
maxillipeds.

Buccal cavern squarish, but with the sides a little arched; com-
pletely closed by the external maxillipeds. ‘These are large, and’ have
the inner angle of the ischium strongly produced, the merus as. lange as?
or larger than the ischium, and the palp articulating at the antero-
external angle of the merus: the carpus is ovate, but the two: terminal
joints are very short and slender: the exognath is in great part con-
cealed.

Chelipeds in the female shorter and:slenderer than any of the legs,
in form exactly like those of the female of Gelasimus.

714

Carcinological Fauna of India. 3738

Of the legs the first two pairs are the shortest and slenderest, while
the middle two pairs are much the largest and have very broad mero-
podites. There are no “ tympana,”’

The abdomen of the female consists of 7 separate segments, and is
very broad,

67. Clistostoma dotilliforme, n. sp.

Carapace rather depressed, slightly convex, smooth, with the
regions ill-defined ; its lateral borders are slightly arched and are finely
serrated anteriorly behind the acute, almost dentiform, antero-lateral
angles. Front between a third and a fourth the greatest breadth of
the carapace, concave in the middle line. Upper border of the orbit
sinuous, lower border prominent and finely serrated.

Merus of the external maxillipeds larger than the ischium,
sculptured (somewhat as in the Dotill#) with a sort of Y-shaped
suleus starting from the antero-external angle. The pterygostomian
regions also are sculptured with branching or convoluted grooves much
as in the Dotillx.

The second and third pair of legs, which are much Jonger than the
other two pair, are a little over 1} times the length of the carapace
and have an almost foliaceous meropodite with the anterior border
finely serrulate and the posterior border elegantly spinate: the anterior
border of the carpus and propodite of the second and third pair of legs
is tomentose.

A single egg-laden female is in the Indian Museum: it was found
at Karachi, and its carapace is 7 millim. long and 9 millim. broad.

TyLopiptax, de Man.
Tylodiplar, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VIIT. 1894-95, p. 598 (1895),

Carapace deepish, quite flat dorsally, broader than long and broader
behind than in front, the lateral borders being posteriorly divergent
and haying a distinctly convex curve, tle regions more or less defined.

Front between a third and a fourth the greatest breadth of the
carapace, not deflexed, grooved longitudinally, The orbits occupy the
rest of the anterior border of the carapace, but as the extent of this
border is a good deal less than the greatest breadth of the carapace, and
as the front is broad, the orbits have not the same elongate form as they
have in most species of Macrophthalmus, though otherwise similar.
Antennules and autenne as in Macrophthalmus. Eyes small, not terminal

on the eyestalks.
. Prise, 715

374 Carcinological Fauna of India.

The epistome would be linear, were it not for a septum-like fold or
lobe that projects strongly between the meropodites of the external
maxillipeds: owing to this fold the anterior edge of the buccal cavern
has a bilobed appearauce. The external maxillipeds completely close
the buccal cavern: their merus is at least as long as and decidedly
broader than their ischium: the flagellum, which is slender, is articula-
ted near, but not at, the antero-external angle of the merus: the
exognath is not much concealed, though not completely exposed.

The chelipeds in the adult male are unknown: in the young male
they are equal and are shorter and slenderer than the legs, except
perhaps the very small 4th pair.

The legs have somewhat the same relations as in Macrophthalmus—
i.e., the first and last pairs are much the shorter and the two middle
pairs are much the longer and stouter.

The abdomen in the female is unknown: in the male it is narrow,
and consists of 5 separate joints, the 3rd 4th and 5th segments being
fused, but without obliteration of sutures.

It seems to me of very doubtful utility to separate this form from
Paraclistostoma, de Man, or either of them from Clistostoma, De Haan
(as restricted by de Man).

68. Tylodiplax indica, n. sp.

Two young males from Karachi are in the Indian Museum : their chelipeds are
still of the female Macrophthalmus type, so that it is impossible to give a complete
diagnosis of the species.

Carapace more or less hairy, finely punctate, its length less than
two-thirds its greatest breadth which, owing to the strong divergence,
from before backwards, of the lateral borders, is posterior; its antero-
lateral angle is an obtuse angle. The gastric region is defined by a
perfectly circular line.

Front square-cut, laminar, but not projecting beyond the inner
angles of the orbits, from which it is separated by a groove: the front
is concave in the middle line.

The pigment of the eyes is smallin amount, and is placed some
distance behind the end of the eyestalks.

The merus of the external maxillipeds is longer and much broader
than the ischium, and has its antero-external angle considerably dilated,
and its surface somewhat granular.

The chelipeds of the immature male, and the legs, are hairy, much
as in Mucrophthalmus depressus, the hairs on the posterior border of
the merus of the 2nd pair of legs and on the dorsal surface of carpus
and propodite of the 2nd and 8rd pair of legs being particularly

716

Carcinological Fauna of India. 375

thickset. The length of the longest (second) pair of legs is 2} times
that of the carapace, that of the last pair of legs is very little more than
that of the carapace.

Two young males from Karachi: the carapace 6'5 millim, long and
11 millim. broad.

Macropurnatmes, Latreille.

Macrophthalmus, Latreille, in Cuvier Régne An. (ed. 2) Vol. IV. p. 44 (1829):
De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 26: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, IT. 63, and
Ann, Sci. Nat., Zool. (8) XVIII. 1852, p. 155: Dana, U. 8S. Expl. Exp., Ornst. Dil
p. 312: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 248,

Carapace depressed, quadrilateral, broader than (sometimes more
than twice as broad as) long: the regions are well defined, the cervical
and branchial grooves being characteristically conspicuous both on the
dorsum of the carapace, and on the lateral border where they ent out
two prominent teeth or lobes.

Front deflexed, narrow, often a narrow lobe as in Gelasimus: its
free edge never approaches the epistome. The orbits are narrow
trenches occupying the whole anterior border of the carapace between
the front and the antero-lateral angles: eyestalks usually very long and
slender, as in Gelasimus. The antennular flagella, which are rather
small, fold transversely beneath, but are not concealed by, the front.
The antenne stand at the inner angle of the orbit: the basal joint is
short, and the flagellum is of good length.

Epistome very short fore and aft, almost linear, but well delimited
from the palate. Buccal cavern somewhat arched anteriorly, The
external maxillipeds have a broad foliaceous ischium and merus (the
latter about half the length of the former) and a coarse flagellum
articulating with the antero-external angle of the merus: though the
ischium and merus may not quite meet across the middle of the buccal
cavern, the narrow interval that may exist between them is largely
filled by the flagella, so that the underlying parts are concealed.

The chelipeds differ greatly in the sexes: in the female they are
equal, and are shorter and slenderer than any of the legs except,
perhaps, the short and weak last pair: in the adult male they are equal
or subequal, and are longer and stouter than any of the legs except,
perhaps, the particularly large and stout penultimate pair: in both
sexes the fingers are curiously deflexed and bent or curved inwards
distally.

Of the legs, the first and last pairs are usually singularly short and
slender compared with the second and third pairs: the third pair are
the longest and stoutest, being nearly or quite as large as the chelipeds,

717

376 Carcinological Fauna of India.

and the fourth (last) pair much the shortest and weakest of all. The
dactylus in all is broad, stout, and laterally compressed.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments, and in
the male is narrower at base than the breadth of the sternum.

Key to the Indian species of Macrophthalmus.

I. Carapace much broader than long, its sides are distinctly
convergent posteriorly and the antero-lateral angles are acute
and spiniform: front narrow :—
1. The eyestalks project nearly half their length beyond
the antero-lateral angles of the carapace... acseneltinee s MigeGnne Gia.
The eyestalks project slightly beyond the pntero: jatar
angles of the carapace: the true first tooth of the
lateral burder of the carapace belongs to the upper
border of the orbit, and the antero-lateral angle of the
carapace is formed by the true second tooth............. MM. sulcatus.
3. The eyestalks do not project beyond the antero-lateral
angles of the carapace :—
i. Some of the borders of some of the leg joints
are denticulate OF SPINY... .6: ver eecees ... MM. pectinipes.
ii. Legs smooth, except for a ant ts biebeniet
denticle on the anterior border of the meropo-

i)

GIGS ks. -s-conca hMedieMeMeeateclsiesecseverdeyeaveccsss es MM CONUERIUS.
II. Carapace broader than long, its sides are cancel : —
1. The tooth at the antero-lateral angle of the carapace
is truncate and square-cat: front about an eighth the
greatest breadth of the carapace: inner surface of the
palm of the male SMOODMGUENMeee tee ticcs cccces acess . M. depressus.
2. Front about a fourth the BPantdat breadth of ‘alt
carapace: inner surface of the palm of the male
armed with! a:Spin@ (oediedectetees/-antercse « esvesctscveocase) Me erator
III. Carapace broader than Tone “its sides ivaraent panterioned
two nearly parallel, obliquall longitudinal, finely beaded
lines on the posterior part of each epibranchial region ....... M. tomentosus.

Besides the fore-named, the four following species, of which I have not seen
specimens, are said to occur in Indian Seas :—

(1) M. simplicipes, Guérin, Mag. de Zool. Il. 1888, pl. xxiv. fig. 1: it appears to
differ from M. pectinipes in having no spines or denticles on the leg-joints.

(2) M. carinimanus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. Il. 65, and Ann. Sci.
Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 156: it appears to differ from M. convezus only in
having a spine on the inner surface of the palm of the male cheliped.

(8) M. pacificus, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 314, pl. xix. fig. 4: it
appears to differ from Jf. erato only in not having a spine on the inner surface of
the palm of the male cheliped.

' M. bicarinatus, Heller, Novara Crast. p. 36, pl. iv. fig. 2, which I am anable
from the descriptions to distinguish from M. pacijicus,

718

Carcinological Fauna of India. 377

69. Macrophthalmus Verreauxi, Edw.

Macrophthalmus Verreauzi, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) IX. 1848,
p. 358, and XVIII. 1852, p. 155, pl. iv. fig. 25: Hess, Archiv f. Nat. XXXI, 1865, i.
pp. 142, 171: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II, 1880, p. 184: Haswell, Cat. Austral.
Crust, p. 89.

Carapace finely granular on the branchial regions, its length about
two-thirds its greatest breadth, its sides slightly convergent posteriorly
and cut anteriorly into 3 teeth, the first of which is the antero-lateral
angle.
Front only very moderately deflexed, its least breadth (between
the eyestalks) is about a fifth the greatest breadth of the carapace, very
obscurely bilobed.

Orbits oblique, sinuous, their borders microscopically beaded. The
eyestalks project nearly half their length beyond the antero-luteral angles of
the carapace.

The external maxillipeds, when the flagella are folded, completely
occlude the buccal cavern: the suture between the merus and ischium is
oblique.

The legs are darkly variegated or incompletely banded, and are
unarmed except for a subterminal spine on the anterior border of the
meropodites of the first 3 pairs.

The chelipeds in the young male are not as long as, though more
massive than, the 2nd and 38rd pairs of legs.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens, more or less damaged,
from the Andamans and Mergui (“ Investigator” collection). The
largest male (which wants the chelipeds) has a carapace 9 millim. long
and 14 millim. broad.

70. Macrophthalnus pectinipes, Guerin.

Macrophthalmus pectinipes, Guérin, Voy. Favorite, p. 167, pl. 49(1839), and Mag,
de Zool. I1. 1889, Crust. (Cl. VII.) pl. xxiii (1838) : Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 158: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1898,
p. 889: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897-98, p. 340.

Carapace studded with large conspicuous pearly granules, its
length in the adult male is about six-elevenths of its greatest breadth
at the level of the second tooth of the lateral border : the lateral borders
are slightly but distinctly convergent posteriorly where they are beaded
or denticulate, anteriorly they are cut into three acute teeth the last of
which is minute, the first being the outer orbital angle.

The front, measured at its narrowest part between the eyestalks, is
barely a sixteenth the greatest breadth of the carapace: its free edge is
distinctly bilobed. Orbits sinuous, a little oblique; their upper border

719

378 Careinological Fauna of India.

elegantly denticulate, the lower border unevenly crenulate. Hyestalks
slender and curved: the eye does not reach to the end of the orbital
trench.

When their flagella are folded the external maxillipeds completely
occlude the buccal cavern: the suture between the ischium and merus
is hardly at all oblique.

In the adult male the chelipeds are from 2} to 3 times the Jength
of the carapace and longer than any of the legs except the 3rd (penulti-
mate) pair: except the hand, their joints are not more massive than
those of the 2nd and 8rd pair of legs. The arm is trigonal, its inner
border being prominent and rising into a crest, on the most convex part
of which is a short horny plate, called by de Man the “ musical ridge ” :
this border of the arm, as also the inner border and angle of the wrist
and the extreme proximal end of the upper border of the palm, is serrated.
The palm is nearly as long as the arm and is perfectly smooth and
unsculptured, it has a tuft of hair at its extreme distal end, continuous
with a thick fringe of hair along the upper border of the dactylus : the
dactylus is about two-thirds the greatest length of the palm and has a
molariform tooth at its basal end, but there is no such tooth on the
immobile finger: the fingers meet only at the distal inbent end.

In the female and young male the chelipeds are short and slender,
a good deal fringed with hair, but unsculptured, and the fingers are
longer than the palm.

In both sexes the legs are alike, the 2nd and 3rd pairs being
remarkably long and strong and the Ist and 4th (last) pairs being short
and comparatively slender. The 3rd pair, which are the longest of all,
are from 23 to nearly 3 times the length of the carapace, the 4th pair
are only about 13 times the length of the carapace. In all but the last
pair the meropodites carpopodites and propodites are scabrous, the
anterior border of all these joints and the distal end of the posterior
border of the meropodites being serrated: in the third pair only the
posterior border of the propodite is very strongly serrated.

In the Indian Museum are 7 specimens from Karachi and one from
Orissa. In a large male specimen the carapace is 35 millim. long and
62 millim, broad.

The great changes that occur in the chelipeds during the growth
of the male indicate that caution is necessary in basing specific distinc-
tions on the form of these organs in this genus.

AYP 2: wri?
71. Macrophthalmus -eonveeus, Stimpson.
i Macrophthalmus convexus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 97:
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V, 1880, p. 807: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p, 89:
720

Careinological Fauna of India. 379

de Man, Archiv f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 354, pl. xv. fig. 4: Ortmann, Zool.
Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 745 and X. 1897-98, pp. 342, 344.

Macrophthalmus inermis, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) VII.
1867, p. 286, and Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 277, pl. xii. fig. 5 (apwd de Man).

Carapace smooth, becoming finely granular near the Jateral margins,
its length in the male is half, in the female decidedly more than half,
its greatest breadth: on either branchial region, behind the branchial
groove, are two granular eminences, one behind the other: 3 teeth
arranged asin M. pectinipes at the anterior end of the posteriorly-
convergent lateral borders, the first (outer orbital angle) being the most
prominent and much the largest, the third minute.

Front, in its narrowest part between the eyestalks, about one:
eleventh the greatest breadth of the carapace, its free edge obseurely
bilobed. Orbits considerably oblique, the upper border microscopically
beaded, the lower border finely and elegantly serrate. The eyestalks are
slender and curved, and the eyes reach to the end of the orbital treneh.

The suture between the ischium and merus of the external maxilli=
peds is decidedly oblique, and there is a distinet gap between these
appendages even when their flagellum is folded.

The chelipeds have the same general proportions as in M. peclinipes :
all the borders of the arm are granular or denticulate, but there is no
‘musical ridge”’ on the inner border: a bunch of spinules at the inner
angle of the wrist: both borders of tle palm, but particularly the lower
border, are finely granular, and a fine raised granular line runs along
the outer surface of the palm parallel with the lower border: the inner
surface of the palm, like that of the fingers, is hairy, but quite smooth
and unarmed beneath the hair: there is a small molariform tooth at the
base of the dactylus, and a larger one having a forward slant on the
immobile finger.

The legs have the same general proportions as in M. pectinipes, but
' they are quite smooth and unarmed, except for a small subterminal
spine on the anterior border of the meropodites of the 2nd and 3rd pair.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens from the Andamans. The
carapace of the largest specimen is 10°5 millim. long and 21:5 millim,
broad.

72. Macrophthalmus suleatus, Edw.

Macrophthalmus sulcatus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci, Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852,
p. 156: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb, Syst, X. 1897-98, pp. 844, 345 (nec synon.).
Carapace free of granules in the female, studded with minute
granules in the male, its length in the male only about three-ei¢hths, in
the female nearly half, its greatest breadth. - On the branchial region,
721

380 Carcinological Fauna of India.

behind the branchial groove, are, in both sexes, three granular eminences,
one behind the other, the last being on the posterior border. The
lateral borders are convergent: their true first tooth, which in other
species is at once the antero-lateral angle of the carapace and the outer
angle of the orbit, appears in this species to belong to the upper border
of the orbit, so that the antero-lateral angle of the carapace is formed by
the much larger second tooth which also is the apparent outer orbital angle.

The least breadth of the front, between the eyestalks, is about an
eighth the greatest breadth of the carapace: its free edge is very
obscurely bilobed. ,

Orbits sinuous and oblique: the upper border microscopically
beaded and furnished near its outer end with a sharp recurved tooth,
which is really the outer orbital angle, though the apparent angle is the
much larger tooth of the lateral border of the carapace: the lower
orbital border is finely denticulated in its inner two-thirds, but is
broken and indistinct beyond this. Hyestalks long, slender, curved:
the eyes reach not only beyond the true limits of the orbit, but also
beyond the antero-lateral angle of the carapace.

The external maxillipeds do not quite meet across the buccal
cavern: the suture between the ischium and merus is decidedly oblique.

The legs and chelipeds have the same general proportions as in
M. pectinipes, but the legs are unarmed.

In the male chelipeds the anterior border of the arm is hairy and
strongly denticulated, but there is no “ musical ridge: ” the inner angle
of the wrist and the proximal part of the upper border of the palm are
also denticulated. On the outer surface of the palm there is a crest
running close to, and parallel with, the lower border; and on the inner
surface of the palm, near the middle line, is a longitudinal row of
denticles the first one of which is considerably enlarged: the surface
above this ridge, as also the inner surface of the fingers, is densely
hairy. The dactylus is not nearly two-thirds the length of the palm:
the immobile finger, but not the dactylus, has a strong molariform tooth
at its basal end.

In the female the chelipeds are short and weak as usual, and the
hand is quite smooth and has the borders— but specially the lower
border — thin and sharp.

In the Indian Museum are a male anda female from the Andamans :
the carapace of the male is 9 millim. long and 24 millim. broad.

73. Macrophthalmus depressus, Riipp.

Macrophthalmus depressus, Riippell, 24 Krabben Roth. Meer. p. 19, pl. iv. fig. 6,
pl. vi. fig. 13: Milne Edwards, Hist, Nat. Crust, 11. 66, and Ann, Sci, Nat. Zool. (8)
722

x

Careinological Fauna of India. 381

XVIII. 1852, p. 159: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, i. p. 8362: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. IIT. 1881, p. 255, and Archiv f. Naturges, LIII. 1887, i. pl. xv. fig. 3, and
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 124, and Zool. Jalrb., Syst. VIII.
1894-95, p. 578: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soz., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 389:
Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 745 (?) and X. 1897-98, pp, 341, 312,

Macrophthalmus afinis, Guérin, Mag. de Zool. IT. 1838, pl. xxiv. fig. 2: Milne
Edwards, Ann, Sci. Nat. (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 158: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust.
p. 88 (apud Ortmann).

Carapace studded with minute granules not always plainly visible
to the naked eye, its length in the male about two-thirds of its breadth.
The lateral borders are parallel and the autero-lateral angle is rather a
square-cut lobe than a tooth. On the epibranchial regions, behind the
branchial groove, are two nearly parallel obliquely-longitudinal finely-
eranular lines, the inner of which is faiut. i

Front, at its narrowest part, about an eighth the breadth of the
carapace, longitudinally grooved, but its free edge is straight and not
bilobed.

Orbits little sinuous and little oblique, their upper border micro-
scopically, their lower border finely and evenly denticulate, Hyestalks
slender, hardly curved, the eyes reach almost to the end of the orbital
trenches.

When the flagella are folded there is not much space between the
external maxillipeds: the suture between the ischium and merus of
these appendages is hardly oblique.

In the male the chelipeds and legs have much the same general
proportions as in M. pectinipes, but they are unarmed, except for a small
subterminal denticle on the anterior border of the meropodites of the
first three pairs of legs: on the other hand the inner surface of the
joints of the chelipeds, and the upper surface of the leg-joints (especially
of the meropodites) are densely hairy. The dactylus is more than two-
thirds the length of the palm, which is smooth and unsculptured : there
is a molariform tooth near-the bas:l end of the dactylus, and a similar,
but less distinct and more oblique, tooth on the immobile finger.

In the Indian Museum are 2 males from Mergui, besides several
specimens from Aden. The carapace of the largest specimen is 14
millim. long and 22 millim. broad.

74. Macrophthalmus erato, de Man.
Macrophthalmus erato, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXIT. 1887-88, p. 125,
pl. viii. figs. 12-14, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 579.

Carapace quadrilateral, not granular to the naked eye, its length

about two-thirds of its breadth, the cervical groove plain, but the
723

382 Oareinological Fauna of India.

branchial groove faint: the second tooth of the lateral border is a little
more prominent than the first. Front about two-ninths the breadth of
the carapace, square cut, longitudinally grooved, but not bilobed.
Orbits slightly sinuous, hardly oblique : eyestalks little curved, stoutish,
not quite reaching end of orbit. In the male the lower border of the
orbit is peculiar: it is finely denticulate at its internal extremity and
has a small lobule at its outer angle, and in between these it has the
form of a prominent deflexed somewhat triangular lobe. In the female
the lower border of the orbit is finely crenulate throughout. The
external maxillipeds do not quite meet across the buccal cavern, and
the suture between their ischium and merus is a little oblique.

All three borders of the arm are serrated, and the inner angle of
the wrist and upper border of the arm are very finely denticulated.
There is a strong “musical crest” obliquely parallel with the inner
border of the arm and in the middle third of that border. Palm longer
than the arm, its inner surface is hairy and carries a spine near the
carpal end about midway between the upper and lower borders. The
fingers are considerably less than two-thirds the length of the palm:
there is a molariform tooth at the base of the dactylus and a larger
slanting one on the immobile finger.

The upper surface of the legs, especially in the case of the third
pair, is hairy.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens from Mergui and Akyab:
the carapace of the largest specimen is 10 millim. long and 14 millim.
broad.

75. Macrophthalmus tomentosus, Kyd. and Soul.

Macrophthalmus tomentosus, Eydoux and Souleyet, Zool, Voy. Bonite, I.
p. 243, pl. iii. fig. 8, (1841): Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852,
p. 159: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 279: de Man, Journ.
Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 122.

Carapace studded with very fine granules: its length is about two-
thirds its greatest breadth, which is behind the middle of the lateral
border, the lateral borders being decidedly divergent posteriorly. On either
epibranchial region, behind the branchial groove, are two finely beaded
obliquely-longitudinal lines. The first two teeth of the lateral borders
are square-cut.

Front, in its narrowest part, about one-eleventh the greatest
breadth of the carapace ; though longitudinally grooved it is not bilobed.

Orbits hardly sinuons, not oblique; their upper border microscopi-
cally beaded, their lower border finely crenulate. The eyestalks are
hardly euryed, and the eyes do not reach to the end of the orbits.

724

Oareinological Fauna of India. 383

The chelipeds and legs have the same general proportions as in
M. pectinipes, but are shorter. Chelipeds unarmed and unsculptured,
except for some spinules along the inner angle of the wrist and some
denticles along the proximal part of the upper border of the palm ;
in the distal half of the inner border of the arm is a short upstanding
horny “musical crest”: the borders of the arm and the inner border
of the fingers are hairy. The dactylus has a small molariform tooth
near the base, and the immobile finger has a much larger one.

The legs are unarmed, except for a small subterminal denticle on
the anterior border of the meropodites of the first 3 pairs: the upper
surfaces of their joints are more or less hairy.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from Mergui: its
carapace is 23 millim. long and 34 millim. broad.

Family MICTYRIDA, Dana.
Mictyris, Latreille.

Mictyris, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. p. 40 (1806), and in Cuvier Régne Animal,
III. p. 21: Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 115, and Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIII.
1828, p. 235: De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 24: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat.
Crust. II. 36, and in Cuvier Réene An., Crust. p. 67, and Amn. Sci, Nat., Zool.,
(3) XVIII. 1852, p. 154: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 278.

Carapace elongate globose, oval but truncated posteriorly by the
short and perfectly straight posterior border, the cervical and cardio-
branchial grooves well developed and making the regions. very distinct
and convex, the posterior border fringed with bristles, as is also the
apposed very prominent edge of the first abdominal tergum.

The afferent branchial orifice is a singular valvular recess, formed
dorsally by a semicircular notch in the margin of the carapace, and
ventrally by a curious cup-shaped dilatation of the base of the epipodite
of the external maxillipeds.

Front a narrow deflexed lobe as in Ocypoda. Orbits represented
by a small post-ocular spine, the eyes, which are borne on shortish
stalks, being quite unconcealed.

Antennules as in Ocypoda, the basal joint being large and exposed,
while the flagellum is rudimentary and concealed beneath the front.
Antenne small but well formed, standing in the usual position.

Epistome short lozenge-shaped- Buccal cavity enormous, somewhat
oval in outline. External maxillipeds very large and foliaceous, with
a hemispherical bulge causing them to face as much laterally as
ventrally : their greater part is formed by the ischium, the inner margin

of which is hairy, especially at base: the merus is very much smaller
725

384 Oarcinological Fauna of India.

than the ischium and carries the coarse hairy flagellum at its antero-
external angle: the exognath is small, slender, aud very inconspicuous.

Chelipeds moderately long and rather slender, stouter and a little
shorter than the legs; their freest motion is in a vertical plane: the
wrist is a rather elongate trigonal obconical joint.

' Legs somewhat compressed : the first pair are the longest and the
others decrease slightly in length in posterior succession.

The abdomen in both sexes is of a broad truncate-oval shape, the
segments from the 2nd to the 6th gradually increasing in length but
the 7th being narrow: in both sexes the abdomen is fringed with hairs.

Distribution: Indo-Pacific from China and Australia to the
Andamans.

Tn habits the species of Mictyris resemble the Ocypodes, Gelasimi
and Dotille.

76. Mictyris longicarpus, Latreille.

Mictyris longicarpus, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. p. 41 (1806): Desmarest,
Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 115, pl. xi. fig. 2, and Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIII. p. 236: Guérin,
Icon, Régne An. Crust. pl. iv. fig. 4: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 37, and
in Cuvier Régne An. Crust. pl. xviii, fig. 2, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII.
1852, p. 154: Dana, U. S, Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 889: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 99: Hess. Archiv f. Nat. XXXI. 1865, p. 142: Heller, Novara
Crust. p. 40: A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. 1X. 1878, p. 276: Tozzetti,
Magenta Crust. p. 185, pl. xi. figs. 5, 5a-c: Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880,
: 22, pl. i. figs 5-7 (gastric teeth) : Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 116: Miers, Zool.

H. M.S. Alert, pp. 184, 248, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 278: de Man, Archiv f.
Naturges. LIIJ. 1887, i. p. 858, and Notes Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 83 : Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 390: Aurivillins, Zur Biol. Amphib. Dekap.
p. 38, pl. iii. figs. 10-11 (Mitg. K. Ges. Wiss. Upsala, 1893): Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.
Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 748, and in Semon’s Forschungr. Crust. p. 58 (Jena. Denks.
VIII): Stead, Zoologist, (4) II. 1898, p. 307: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX.
1890, p. 272.

Carapace smooth, the regions moderately convex and dividing the

/ \dorsal surface into four lobes: edge of front broadly triangular: linea
~anomurica very distinct. Pr

Chelipeds a little over 13 times the length of the carapace: a
strong spine at the inner angle of the ischium (sometimes absent in the
female): usually some spinules along the distal part of the lower
border of the arm: wrist with the upper border of the outer surface
marginate, and with a tooth near the middle of the distal border of the
inner surface : palm much shorter than the wrist and not much more
than half the length of the fingers; the upper and lower borders of its
outer surface are marginate, and the middle of its outer surface is

traversed by two divergent ridges which are continued along the
726

Careinological Fauna of India. 385

fingers: fingers slender and tapering, in the male there is an enlarged
tooth near the base of the dactylus,

The legs, like the chelipeds, are rough under the lens: the edges
of their propodites and dactyli are finely plumed: none of their joints
are dilated: the first pair, which are slightly the longest, are about
1{ times the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens from the Andamans and
2 from the Nicobars.

Family HYMENOSOMID &, Ortm.

Key to the Indian Genera or Sub-genera.

I. Front conspicuously tridentate : the external maxillipeds
do not quite meet across the buccal cavern and their
exognath is not hidden in its proximal portion : chelipeds
much more massive than the legs ... nti bisa ... HYMENICUs.
II, Front broadly triangular, or truncated: the external
maxillipeds completely close the buccal cavern and their
- exognath is completely hidden :—
1. The interantennular septum is a prominent plate:
chelipeds in the male much more massive than the
legs ids cer oe - im oe ..» HDAMENA,
2, The interantennular septum is a mere ridge;
chelipeds in both sexes slender, not stouter than
the legs ... pre ve or eS: 5s ... TRIGONOPLAX.

HLAMeENA, Edw.
Elamena, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 33, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,

(3) XX, 1853, p. 223: Dana U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 379: A Milne Edwards,
Nouy. Archiy. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 321.

Carapace flat dorsally, thin and almost lamellar, triangular or sub-
circular, its edges are usually turned up to form a thin circumscribing
ridge and are without any teeth. Front broadly triangular, or some-
times truncated, There are no orbits and the eyes, though they may
be hidden beneath the front, are exposed and non-retractile : a small
post-ocular tooth may be present or not. ‘he antennules fold beneath
the front and are not visible from above when folded: the interanten-
nular septum is a prominent plate. Antennal peduncle slender, the
flagellum of no great length.

Eipistome well defined and remarkably long fore and aft. Buccal
cavern square; the external maxillipeds, which completely close it,
have the merus about as large as the ischium, the palp articulating not
far from the antero-external avgle of the merus, and the exognath

slender and concealed. r
727

386 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Chelipeds in the male subequal, massive, especially as to the palm.
Legs long and slender.

The abdomen of the male does not quite fill all the space between
the last pair of ambulatory legs.

77. Hlamena sindensis, n. sp.

Carapace broadly piriform, smooth, flat, with no distinction of
regions: its edge, which is slightly turned up, is entire and unarmed.
Front a prominent broad triangular lamina, somewhat rounded at tip.
No post-ocular tooth. Interantennular septum very prominent. Hyes
not quite concealed beneath the front.

Male chelipeds about 13 times as long as the carapace, palm massive
and somewhat swollen, fingers stout and pointed and meeting through-
out their length. Female chelipeds little longer than carapace, slender,
with a slender palm and longish fingers spooned at tip.

Legs slender, the 1st pair not three times as long as the carapace :
in all, there is a distinct tooth at the end of the anterior border of both
the merus and carpus, and the dactylus is long compressed and falcate
with two or three teeth at the end of its posterior border.

In the Indian Museum are 7 specimens from Karachi: the carapace
of a male is 5 millim. long and 6 in greatest breadth.

78. Hlamena truncata (Stimpson ? ).

? Trigonoplaw truncata, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 109.
Elamena truncata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv, Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 323:
J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 395.

Carapace orbiculate-ovate, smooth, flat, with no distinction of
regions, its edge, which is slightly turned up and entire and unarmed,
shows the faintest traces of angulation in 2 or. 3 places. No post-ocular
tooth ; eyes quite concealed beneath the front. The front, though it
projects slightly beyond the carapace is broadly truncated, having its
free margin cut quite straight. Interantennular septum very prominent.
The female chelipeds and the legs are as in the preceding species, the
anterior border of the merus and carpus of all the legs ending in a
strong tooth.

In the Indian Museum is a female from the Nicobars.

TRIGONOPLAX, Edw.
Trigonoplas, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 224.
This is best regarded as a subgenus of Hlamena, from which it
differs only in the following unimportant particulars :—(1) the edge of
the carapace is not turned up, (2) the interantennular septum is a mere

ridge, (3) the chelipeds in the male, as in the female, are very slender.
728

ae

Carcinological Fauna of India. 387

79. Elamena (Trigonoplax) unguiformis, De Haan.

Elamene unguiformis, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 75, pl. xxix. fig. 1 and
pl. H: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn, Soc. Zool., (2) V. 1898, p. 394.

Trigonoplaz unguiformis, Milne Edwards, Aun, Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853,
p. 224: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 31.

Carapace smooth, flat, lamellar, broadly pentagonal with the
postero-lateral sides about a third as long as any of the others, the
regions not defined, the sides entire, unarmed. Front a broad, hori-
zontal, triangular lamina. No post-ocular tooth: eyes not concealed by
the front, though the eyestalks are. Interantennular septum a mere
ridge.

Epistome as long as broad. Chelipeds and legs smooth and
slender.

Chelipeds not stouter than the legs, about 14 times as long as the
carapace: fingers slender, as long as the slender sub-cylindrical palm,
their tips spooned.

The anterior border of the meropodite of all the legs ends in an
inconspicuous denticle, the dactylus of all is long, subfalciform, and
strongly compressed, and has two or three denticles at the tip of the
posterior border. The 2nd and 3rd pair of legs, which are the longest,
are more than three times the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens from the Andamans. The
carapace of one is 12 millim. long and 14 in greatest breadth.

Hymenicus, Dana.

Hymenicus, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) XII. 1851, p. 290, and U.S. Expl. Exp.
Crust. pt. I. p. 387 : Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (8) XX. 1853, p. 224.

Differs from Zlamena only in the following particulars :—

(1) the front is tridentate and the ridge that defines the edge of
the carapace dorsally is continued across its base between the eyes: (2)
the interantennular septum, as in 7'rigonoplaz, is a mere ridge: (3) on
either lateral border of the carapace teeth are sometimes present: (4)
the external maxillipeds do not quite meet across the buccal cavern and
their exognath is not hidden in its proximal portion.

Rhynchoplaz of Stimpson (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 109)
is probably synonymous.

Key to the Indian species of Hymenicus.

I. Median spine of the rostrum of moderate length:

3 teeth on either lateral border of the carapace .. H. Wood-Masoni,
II. Median spine of the rostrum very long: no teeth on
the lateral borders of the carapace aaa c ... HH. inachoides.

729

388 Careinological Fauna of India.

80, Hymenicus Wood-Masoni, nu. sp.

Body and chelipeds tomentose. Carapace dorsally flat or sunken,
longer than broad, circular without the rostrum, the regions demarcated
by fine grooves.

The front, which is delimited from the rest of the carapace by a
fine raised line running across its base between tlie eyes, is cut into 3
prominent teeth, the middle one of which is somewhat the largest.
The antennules fold beneath the front.

A small post-ocular denticle: a large tooth on the lateral border of
the carapace above the base of the lst pair of legs, another, hardly
smaller, midway between this and the front, a third, much smaller,
midway between this and the post-ocular denticle.

Chelipeds in the adult male more than twice the length of the
carapace, very much stouter than the legs, the palm being specially
massive. When denuded, the upper border of the arm is dentate and
there is a stout spine near the far end of the outer border of this joint :
there are several sharp tubercles on the upper surface of the wrist, the
outer surface of the palm is reticulate in places, and the fingers which
are stout and as long as the palm, have elegantly interlocking teeth.

In the female the chelipeds are considerably shorter and, though
stouter than the legs and formed on the male pattern, are not nearly so
stout as in the male.

The legs have long, curved dactyli, which are armed with small
recurved teeth at the distal end of the posterior border: the 2nd _ pair,
which are a little the longest, are over 25 times the length of the
carapace ; ‘

Carapace of male (including rostrum) 7°5 millim. long and 6 broad.

Specimens were collected by the late Professor Wood-Mason at
Port Blair in the Andamans, and at Port Canning near Calcutta.

81, Hymenicus inachoides, nu. sp.

Carapace somewhat tomentose, flat, elongate-triangular, ending in a
rostrum of three long teeth of which the middle one is about a third the’
length of the rest of the carapace, the other two being more than half
the length of the middle one. The regions are all well defined by
grooves. No spines on the lateral borders of the carapace. Post-ocular
denticle hardly distinguishable. The antennules fold beneath the front.

Chelipeds of the adult male somewhat tomentose, not 1; times the
length of the carapace: arm slender, with a tooth near the distal end of
the outer border; palm short, high, produced and somewhat swollen
below ; the fingers a little longer than the palm, stout, and finely
toothed.

730

Oareinological Fauna of India.

389

Legs long and slender, with long dactyli furnished with hook-like
teeth at the end of the posterior border: the 2nd pair of legs are nearly
three times the length of the carapace.

A single male from Port Canning near Calcutta: its carapace is
8:5 millim. long and 6 millim. in its greatest breadth.

Family GRAPSIDA Dana.
Key to the Indian Genera.

I, The antennules fold beneath the front in the ordinary

way :—

1. No oblique hairy ridge on the exposed surface of
the external maxillipeds :—

1.

li.

A very wide gap between the external maxil-
lipeds, the exopodites of which appendages
are narrow, and the palp of which appendages
articulates at or near the antero-external
angle of the merus: the abdomen of the
male fills all the space between the last pair
of ambulatory legs (Grapsine) :—

A. Front less than half the greatest
breadth of the carapace: merus of
the external maxillipeds longer than
broad :—

a. Fingers with broad spooned tips:
flagellum of exopodite of exter-
nal maxillipeds well developed.

b. Fingers acute, not spooned :
flagellum of exopodite of exter-
nal maxillipeds absent........ ar

B. Front more than half the greatest
breadth of the carapace : merus of the
external maxillipeds broader than
long :—

a, Antennz completely excluded
from the orbit.....5 wcscccce ss

b. Antenne in the orbital hiatus...

A moderate gap between the external maxil-
lipeds, the exopodites of which appendages
are broad, and the palp of which appendages
articulates near the middle of the anterior
border of the broad merus: the abdomen of
the male does not quite fill all the space
between the last pair of legs (Varuninw) :—

A. Exognath of the external maxillipeds
not as broad as the ischiognath: ter-
minal joints of legs thin broad and

compressed ...++++s eee ee tenes Ce rr

GRAPSUS.

GEOGRAPSUS.

METOPOGRAPSUS.
PACHYGRAPSUS,

VARUNA,

731

390 Carcinological Fauna of India.

B. Exognath of the external maxillipeds
as broad as or broader than the ischi-
ognath: dactyli of the legs com-
pressed but not broadened :—

a. Carapace flat and depressed....

b. Carapace deepish, strongly con-

vex in both directions......+0..

2. An oblique hairy ridge on the exposed surface of
the external maxillipeds (Sesarminz) :—

i, Carapace little, sometimes not at all, broader
than long, the pterygostomian regions and
sidewalls with a sieve-like reticulation : lower
border of orbit not abnormally prominent :—

A. Antennz lodged in the orbital hiatus :—

a, Carapace nearly square: front
abruptly and vertically de-
TOKO OR ee mt etal fsloisi\s;« oo ores ajts af

b. Antero-lateral borders of cara-
pace arched: front obliquely
CEHEXGMiamairatel= ccs seca aecewe cos

B. The tooth at the inner angle of the
lower border of the orbit meets the
front, so as to-exclude the antennze
from the orbit :—

a. Carapace dorsally smooth and

MH (2) 55.550) 100 HOBO OONSOnnOOnE
b. Carapace dorsally verrucose 5 baa
densely tomentose............ 0544

ii. Carapace much broader than ieee, the
pterygostomian regions, etc., not reticulated:
lower border of orbit prominent beyond the
front. Front gradually declivous. General
appearance much like Macrophthalmus........

Il. The antennules fold nearly longitudinally in deep notches
in the front visible in a dorsal view (Plagustinz) :—
1. Merus of the external maxillipeds of good size and

as broad as the ischinm...... -....
2. Merus of the external mesalieate el aaa. aniaeat
narrower than the ischimmirpesempeat css. sces o.c+. cepone

Sub-family Grapsina, Dana (pt.).
Grapsous, Lamk., Kingsley.

PTYCHOGNATHUS.

PYXIDOGNATHUS.

SESARMA. L_|4

SARMATIUM, L/ 2_ 6

/

METASESARMA,

Cuistocenroma. jo .¢

Merapiax, 4-50

-PLAGUSIA. ~ Ib

LIOLOPHUS.

Grapsus (part) Lamark, Syst. Anim. Sans Vertebr.: Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust.

et Ins. VI. p. 56, and Gen. Crust. p. 32.
Grapsus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. 1815, pp. 309, 323.

Grapsus (part) Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Craust., p. 129, and Dict. Sci. Nat.
XXVIII. p. 247: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 83, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,

(3) XX. 1853, p. 166: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p, 336.
732

Careinological Fauna of India, 391

Grapsus, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 188 and 192: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 254.

Goniopsis, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 33.

Carapace little broader than long, much depressed, the regions
fairly well defined, the branchial groove particularly clear, the branchial
regions with regular obliquely transverse ridges, the gastric region with
a transverse squamiform sculpture. The lateral borders ave arched and
are armed with a tooth, placed immediately behind the acute outer
orbital angle.

Front about half the breadth of the anterior border of the carapace,
strongly deflexed : along the line of flexion are 4 tubercles, the outer of
which on either side correspond with the supra orbital angles.

Orbits of moderate size, deep, distinctly divided into two fosse :
their lower border is deeply notched near the outer angle: the wide
inner orbital hiatus is filled partly by the antennal peduncle and partly
by a strong isolated tooth that belongs to the inner of the two fossee
into which the orbit is divided.

The antennules fold nearly transversely in rather narrow fosse :
the interantennulary septum is very broad. The antennal flagellum
is short, and lies practically in the orbital cavity : the excretory tubercle
of the basal antenna-joint is singularly prominent.

Epistome of good length fore and aft, well defined ; its wings run
up towards the orbital hiatus. Buccal cavity square with the antero-
lateral corners rounded off. The external maxillipeds are widely
distant, leaving between them a rhomboidal gap in which the mandibles
are exposed: the ischium and merus are both narrow, the merus being
slightly shorter than the ischium, and the palp, which is coarse—
especially as to its carpus—articulates at the autero-external angle of
the merus.

Chelipeds subequal in both sexes and much shorter than the legs,
though, in the male, of a somewhat stouter make: hands and fingers
short and stout, the tips of the fingers broad and hollowed en cuzllére.

Legs broad and compressed, especially as to the merus: the dorsal
surface of some of the joints has a sort of reticulate or squamiform
sculpture, and the dactyli are thorny.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 segments, and in the male
its base is as broad as the sternum between the last pair of legs.

Distribution: rocks and reefs of all the tropical and subtropical
seas.

The Grapsi of Indian seas are found in considerable number
wherever there are rocks. They live out of water and are very cun-

ning and active: if they cannot succeed in dodging their pursuer they
733

392 Carcinological Fauna of India.

‘fling themselves into the sea and in that way escape capture. Their
colour in life is a dark}bottle-green.

82. Grapsus grapsus (Livn.).

Seba, Thesaurus, III, p. 43, pl. xviii. figs. 5, 6.

Cancer grapsus, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 1048: Fabricius, Ent. Syst.
II. p. 488 and Suppl. p. 342.

Grapsus maculatus (Catesby, 1743), Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX.
1853, p. 167, pl. vi. fig. ‘1: Hoffmann, in Pollen and Van Dam, Faun. Madagasce.,
Crnat., p, 21: Broechi, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (6) II. 1875, Art. 2, p. 78 (male
appendages): Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1879, p. 401, and 1880, p. 192 :
de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. VY. 1883, p. 159: Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 518,
544, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 255: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p.
236: R. 1. Pocock, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., XX. 1890, p. 512: de Man, Notes Leyden
Mus. XIII. 1891, p.49: Koelbel, Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien, VII. 1892, p. 114:
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool,, (2) V. 1893, p. 391: A. Milne Edwards and
Bonvier, Hirondelle Crust. (Monaco, 1894) p. 47: de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst, IX.
1895-97, p. 79: Whitelegge, Mem. Anstral. Mus. ITI. 1897, p. 139: Nobili, Boll.
Mus. Torino, XIT. 1897, p. 3. Grapsus maculatus var. pharaonis, A. Milne Edwards,
Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IX, 1873, p. 285.

Grapsus pictus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. VI. p. 69, pl. xlvii. fig. 2, and
Genera Crust. p. 33: Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim, Sans Vert. V. p. 248: Dumeril,
Dict. Sci, Nat. XIX. p. 322: Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crnst, p. 130, pl. xvi. fig. 1:
Milne Edwards, in Cuvier Régne An, pl. xxii. fig. 1, and Hist, Nat. Crust. II. 86:
Milne Edwards and Lucas, Voy. Amer. Merid., Crust. p. 28: Gay, Hist. Fisica Chili,
pt. III. Zool. p. 166: Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 386: PDesbonne and
Schramm, Crust. Guadal. p. 49: Martens, Archiv f. Nat. XXXVIII. 1872, p. 106:
Miers, Cat. Crust. New Zeal. p. 36, and P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 73, and Phil. Trans. 1879,
p. 489, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 310: Smith, Trans. Connect. Acad.
TV. 1880, p. 256: Tenison Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. V. 1880-81, p. 117:
Ozorio, Journ. Sc. Nat. Lisb. XI. 1885-87, p. 227. Grapsus pictus var, ocellatus,
Studer, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1882, Gazelle Crust. p. 14: Grapsus pictus var. Webbi,
Hilgendorf, SB. Nat. Freunde Ges. 1882, p. 24.

Grapsus ornatus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1858, p. 168.

Grapsus pharaonis, Milne Edwards, Aun. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 168:
Heller, SB. Ak. Wien. XLIIT. 1861, i. p. 362: Hoffmann in Pollen and Van Dam,
Faun. Madagase. Crust. p. 20, pl. v. figs. 32-85: Richters, in Mobius, Meeresf.
Maurit. Crust. p. 156.

Grapsus Webbi, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) XX. 1853, p. 167: Stimpson,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p, 102.

Grapsus altifrons, Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. VII. 1862, p. 230.

Grapsus grapsus, Ives, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1891, p. 190: Ortmann, Zool.
Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 703: Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII. 1895,
p. 30: Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXI. 1898, p. 604.

Goniopsis picta, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crnst. p. 33, and Krauss Sndafr. Crust.
p. 46.

Carapace somewhat discoidal in shape, owing to the curvature of

734

Carcinological Fauna of India. 393

the sides: its regions well defined: the transverse and oblique ridges
are salient, and the surface between the latter is coarsely reticulate.

Front deep and almost vertically deflexed, overhanging the epistome
and much concealing the antennules, its free edge crenate,

Length of the epistome one-third or more of its greatest breadth.
The tooth at the inner angle of the orbit is blunt.

Chelipeds in the male hardly longer than the carapace, shorter iv
the female: inner border of ischium and arm strongly spinate, and
there are one or two less acute spines at the far end of the outer border
of the arm: wrist with fine scattered tubercles on its upper surface, and
with its inner angle produced to form a talon-shaped spine : palm nearly
as high as long, its outer surface sculptured, its upper border culminat-
ing in a tooth: the fingers have very broad rounded tips, and the
length of the dactylus in the male is nearly twice the length of the
upper border of the palm.

Of the legs the Ist pair are very decidedly the shortest and the
3rd pair the longest, the latter being about twice the length of the
carapace: the 4th pair are longer than the first by a dactylus,
and shorter than the 2nd by about two-thirds of a dactylus. Only
in the last pair of legs does the breadth of the merus approach
half the length of the same joint: the far end of the upper border of
the merus is spine-like and there are usually 2 or 3 spines at the far
end of the lower border.

In the Indian Museum are 18 specimens from the Laccadives, the
Andamans, the Coromandel coast, and Ceylon. ‘The carapace of a
large specimen is 64 millim. long and 68 millim, broad.

83. Grapsus strigosus (Herbst).

Cancer strigosus, Herbst, Krabben, III. i. p. 55, pl. xlvii. fig. 7. G@rapsus
strigosus, Bose, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. p. 203: Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins.,
VI. p. 70, ete,: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II, 87: Gay, Hist. Fis. Chili, 1H Ble
Zool. p. 168: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. 1. p. 888: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 169: Stimpson, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. VI. 1857.
p. 466: Kinahan, Journ. Roy. Soc. Dubl. I. 1858, p. 840: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 102: Hess, Archiy f. Nat. XXXI. 1865, i. pp. 147, 171: Heller,
Novara Crust. p. 47: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. LV. 1868, p. 71 and
IX. 1873, p. 286 (wbi synon.) : Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken’s Reis. Ost-Afr. ILI. i.
p. 87: Hoffmann, in Pollen & Van Dam, Faun, Madag. Crust. p. 20, pl. v. fig. 31 :
Lockington, Proc. Calif. Acad. VII. 1876, p. 151: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer.,
Crust. p. 60: Miers, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 186, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) II. 1878,
p. 410: Hilgendorf, MB, Ak, Berl. 1878, p. 808: E. Nauck, Zeits. Wiss.,. Zool, XXXIV.
1880, p. 32 (gastric teeth): Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. XXXII. 1880, p. 194;
Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 97: Miers, Zool. H, M.S. Alert, pp. 518, 544, and
Challenger Brachyura, p. 256; Miiller, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, VIII, p 475: de Man,

735

394 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Archiv f. Nat. LILI. 1887, i. p. 365, and Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXII. 1888, p. 148:

Cano, Boll. Soc. Nap. ILI. 1889, p. 286: Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool, XX. 1886-

1890, p. 110: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1898, p. 390: de Man,

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1X. 1895-97, p. 80: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 1893-94, p. 709:
Wedenissow, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1894, p. 415.

Grapsus albo-lineatus, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans Vert. V. p. 249 (jide Edw.).

Gonioposis flavipes, Macleay, Ill. Ann. 8, Africa;"p. 66, and Krauss, Sudafr. Crust.
p. 46 (apud Miers).

Goniopsis strigosa, De Haan, Faun, Jap. Crust. p. 33: Macleay, loc. cit.: Krauss,
loc. cit.

Grapsus granulosus, pelagicus, aud Peroni, Milne Edwards, Aun. Sci. Nat. (3)
XX. 1853, p. 169 (fide A. M. E,).

The chief differences between this species and G. grapsus are the
following :—

The branchial grooves of the carapace are not so well cut, the
transverse and oblique ridges are low and smooth, and the surface
between the oblique ridges is quite smooth.

The front is not so deep and is obliquely deflexed, hardly overhang-
ing the epistome and not concealing the antennules, and its free edge
is not so distinctly crenulate. The tooth at the inner angle of the orbit
is subacute. The length of the epistome is not nearly a third its
greatest breadth.

In the chelipeds, the tooth at the inner angle of the wrist is
nearly straight, not talon-like, the length of the upper border of the
palm is nearly two-thirds the length of the dactylus, and the tips of the
fingers are not so broad and blunt.

In the legs the meropodite is broader, its greatest breadth being
half its length. Moreover the difference in size between the Ist and
4th pairs of legs is much less marked.

In the Indian Museum are 76 specimens, from the Baluchistan and
Sind coast, the Malabar coast, Ceylon, the Coromandel coast, the
Arakan and Tenasserim coast, Mergui, the Andamans, and the Nicobars.

The carapace of the largest specimen (a female) is 59 millim. long
and 68 millim. broad.

Geoarapsus, Stimpson.
Geograpsus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 101: Kingsley, Proc.
Ac, Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 188, 195: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 260.
Orthograpsus, Kingsley, 1. c. pp. 188, 194.
Closely resembles Grapsus, but differs in the following important
particulars :—
The carapace is more quadrate, the sides being very little arched,

it is also broader and less depressed. The lobe at the inne inferior
736

Carcinological Fauna of India. 395

angle of the orbit is not so completely isolated. The antennal peduncle
is not so massive, nor is its “urinary tubercle” conspicuous. The
epistome is shorter fore and aft, and is much less well defined.

The chelipeds are altogether of a different type, being vastly more
massive than the legs, and in the adult male at least as long as the
longest legs: the fingers are pointed. Though the dactyli of the lees
are thorny, they are not so closely covered with thorns, nor are the
thorns so coarse, as in Grapsus. Between the coxe of the 2nd and 3rd
pair of legs is a narrow fossa fringed with hair leading to the branchial
cavity.

The two Indian species of the genus are land-crabs and are found
in the jungles of the Andaman and Niccbar islands and in the villages
of the Laccadive islands. They are extremely vigilant and active.

84. Geograpsus Grayi (Kdw.).
Grapsus Grayi, Milne Edwards, Ann, Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 170.

Geograpsus rubidus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 103.

Geograpsus Grayi, A. Milne Edwards, Nonv. Archiv. du Mus. 1X. 1873, p. 288 :
Miers, Phil. Trans. 1879, p. 489, and Zool. H. M.S. Alert. pp. 518, 545, and Chal-
lenger Brachyura, p. 261: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 196:
Kkichters, in Mobius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 156: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 98:
Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 707: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. IX.
1895-96, p. 80: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) XX. 1899, p. 266.

Carapace subquadrilateral, a little convex, the lateral borders well
defined anteriorly, ill defined and slightly convergent posteriorly :
transverse markings fine, curved or oblique on the branchial regions,
almost invisible on the gastric region.

The four tubercles along tlie line of flexion of the front are not
salient ; the edge of the front in a dorsal view is concave. The notch
near the outer end of the lower border of the orbit is small and narrow.
The epistome is rather ill defined.

Chelipeds in both sexes a little unequal: squamiform markings
are present but, except on the arm, are indistinct, as also are the scat-
tered granules on the upper surface of the palm. The larger cheliped
may be a little under or a little over twice the length of the carapace.
The inner border of the ischium is denticulate, the inner border of the
arm is expanded to form a dentate lobe, and the inuer angle of the
wrist is spiniform.

The greatest breadth of the meropodites of the legs is less than
half their length. The first pair of legs are slightly shorter than the
4th: the 2nd pair are the longest of all, being about twice the length
of the carapace. The last 3 joints of all the legs are bristly.

737

396 Careinological Fauna of India.

Colours in life yellow-ochre, the greater part of the dorsum of the
carapace livid bluish or purplish.

In the Indian Museum are 24 specimens from the Andamans,
Nicobars, and Laccadives.

The carapace of a large male is 40 millim. long and 49 broad.

85. Geograpsus crinipes (Dana).

Grapsus crinipes, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1851, p. 249, and U.S.
Expl. Exp. Crust., pt. I. p. 341, pl. xxi. fig. 6.

Geograpsus crinipes, Stimpson, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p, 101: Heller,
Novara Crust. p. 48: Streets, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. VII. 1877, p.115: Kingsley,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1880, p. 196: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94,
p. 706: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. IX. 1895-97, p. 83: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral.
Mus. III. 1897, p. 139.

Grapsus rubidus, Hilgendorf, in v. d. Decken’s Reisen Ost-Afr. Crust., p. 87, pl.
v.: Hoffmann, in Pollen & Van Dam, Faun, Madagasc. Crust. p. 22.

Differs from G. Grayi in the following particulars : —

he carapace is quite flat, and the lateral borders, which are thin
and well defined throughout their extent, are slightly divergent poste-
riorly : the transverse markings are distinct and nearly straight.

The four tubercles along the line of flexion of the front are salient,
and the free edge of the front is quite straight. The notch near the
outer end of the lower border of the orbit is large, and the lobule
external to the notch is denticulate. The epistome is well defined
from the palate by a granular or pectinate ridge.

The chelipeds in the male are nearly equal, but iu the female they
are unequal. ‘The squamiform markings on the arm, wrist, and lower
portion of the hand are distinct, as also are the vesiculous granules on
the upper surface of the palm and dactylus.

The greatest breadtli—near the far end—of the meropodites of the
last 3 pairs of legs is more than half their length.

Colour in life bright red.

In the Indian Museum are 2 males and a female from the Anda-
mans, a male from the Nicobars, and a female from the Laccadives.
The carapace of a female is 40 millim. long and 45 broad.

Mevorocrapsus, Edw.

Metopograpsus, Milne Kdwards, Ann, Sci, Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 164:
Kingsley, Proc, Ac, Nat. Sci. Philad, 1880, pp. 188, 190: Miers, Challenger Brachyura,
p. 207.

Carapace quadrate, little broader than long, somewhat depressed,

the regions not well defined, the branchial groove distinct, fine oblique
738

Careinological Fauna of India. 397

grooves are present on the lateral parts of the branchial regions: the
antero-lateral, or outer orbital angle, is acute, but there are no teeth on
the lateral border behind it.

Front very broad, more than half the extreme width of the
carapace, deflexed: along the line of flexion are four depressed lobes, the
outer one of which on either side sometimes shows a tendency to split
into two.

Orbits of moderate size, occupying the corners of the carapace :
the lower border is hotched near its outer end: the orbital hiatus is
filled by a special lobe which belongs to the inner of the two fossee into
which the orbit is divided and this lobe completely excludes the
antenne from the orbit. The antennules fold nearly transversely in
fossee of good size. The antenne have a short and slender flagellum :
the basal joint of the peduncle is not very massive. ;

Epistome well defined, but short fore and aft. Buccal cavity
square with the anterior corners rounded off. The external maxillipeds
leave between them a rhomboidal gap in which the mandibles are
exposed: the merus is shorter than the ischium, and carries the coarse
palp at or near the antero-external angle.

Chelipeds either subequal or unequal, the larger one much more
massive than the legs but shorter than the 2nd aud 3rd pairs of these:
fingers rather short and stout, with the tip spooned.

Legs broad and compressed, especially as to the merus, which
joint—like the arm of the chelipeds—usually has some squamiform
markings : the last three joints have bristly edges and the dactylus is
thorny.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate seoments, and
in the male its base is as broad as the sternum between the last pair
of legs.

An Indo-Pacific genus.

86. Metopograpsus messor (Forskal) Edw.

Cancer messor, Forskal, Descrip. Anim, in itin. orient. p. 88. Grapsus messor,
Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I1. 88: Krauss, Sudafr. Crast. p. 43: Hoffmann in
Pollen & Van Dam, Faun. Madag. Crust. p. 28: Sluiter, Tijds. Nederl. Ind. XL.
1881, p. 164. Metopograpsus messor, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (8) XX.
1853, p. 165: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p, 362, and Novara Crust. p. 44:
A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71: Kossmann, Reise roth.
Meer., Crust. p. 57: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 808: Miers, Phil. Trans,
1879, p. 489, and Zool, H. M. 8. Alert, pp. 184, 245, 518, 545, and Challenger
Brachyura, p. 258: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus, II. 1880, p. 183, and Journ, Linn.
Soc, Zool, XXII, 1887-1888, p. 144, pl. ix. fig. 11, and Archiy f, Naturges, LITI, 1888,
i. p. 361, pl. xv. fig. 6, and in Weber’s Zool, Ergebn, Niederl, Ost. Ind, II. p, 814:

739

398 Carci nological Fauna of India.

Richters, in Mobius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 156: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1880, p. 190: Lenz & Richters, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. XII. 1881, p. 425: Miller,
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, VIII. p. 475: Ozorio, Journ. Sci. Nat. Lisb. XI. p. 227:
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V, 1893, p. 390: Ortmann, Zool, Jahrb.,
Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 701: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 139:
Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. 1899, p. 265.

Grapsus Gaimardi, Savigny, Descr. Egypt. Crust. pl. ii. fig. 3.

Metopograpsus Eydouxi and intermedius, Milne Edwards, Ann, Sci. Nat., Zool.,
(2) XX. 1853, p. 165 (sec. Kingsley, l.c.).

Pachygrapsus zthiopicus, Hilgendorf, in v. d, Decken, Reisen Ost-Afr., Crust. p.
88, pl. iv. fig. 2 (fide Kossmann, l.c., and Hilgendorf, /.c.).

Carapace about four-fifths as long as broad, the sides distinctly
convergent posteriorly ; besides the obliqne markings on the lateral
parts of the epibranchial regions, there ‘are some fine transverse mark-
ings on the post-frontal region.

Front about three-fifths the greatest breadth of the carapace, its
free edge beaded, thin and prominent but hardly laminar, and slightly
sinuous. Orbits little oblique, their major diameter is a little more than
a third the width of the front: the inner angle of the lower border is
denticulate.

Chelipeds unequal, the length of the larger one about 15 times that
of the carapace: there are wrinkles or squamiform markings on the
upper surface of the arm and wrist and—along with some vesiculous
granules—on the upper and lower borders of the hand. The inner
border of the ischium is denticulate, the inner border of the arm is
spinate and is expanded distally to form a laciniate lobe, and there is a
spine, which may be double, at the inner angle of the wrist: the fingers
have blunt tips, and the dactylus is not very much longer than the
upper border of the palm. .

Of the legs the 1st pair is the smallest and the 5rd pair the longest

—about twice the length of the carapace: in all, the upper border ~

of the merus ends in a spine and the lobe at the far end of the lower
border is spinate: in the last three pairs the greatest breadth of the
merus is half its length.

The terminal segment of the male abdomen is simply triangular.

In the Indian Museum are 56 specimens, from Karachi, Bombay,
the Orissa coast, the Ganges Delta, the Arakan coast, and the Anda-
mans. The carapace of the largest specimen is 235 millim. long and
30 millim. broad.

87. Metopograpsus maculatus, Edw.

Metopograpsus maculatus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853,
p. 165: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 145, pl. x. figs. 1-3,
740

—

Oareinological Fauna of India. 399

Distinguished from the only other Indian species by the following
characters :—

The carapace is much more elongate, its length being seven-eighths
of its breadth, its sides are very markedly convergent posteriorly, and
there are no transverse markings on the post-frontal region.

The front is nearly three-fourths the greatest breadth of the cara-
pace, and its free edge is decidedly laminar and nearly straight.

The orbits are oblique: their major diameter is less than a third
the breadth of the front and the inner angle of their lower border is not
denticulate.

The fingers of the chele, though their tips are spooned, are not very
blunt: the dactylus is much longer than the upper border of the palm.

Except perhaps in the last pair of legs, the meropodites are nar-
rower, their greatest breadth being decidedly less than half their length.

In the male abdomen the terminal segment has a somewhat three-
lobed appearance.

In the Indian Museum are two specimens from Mergui. It seems
to me very doubtful whether they are distinct from M. latifrons, White
(Jukes, Voy “ Fly,” II. 337, pl. ii. fig. 2).

PacuyGrapsus, Randall, Stimpson.

Pachygrapsus, Randall, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1889, p. 126: Milne Edwards,
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 18538, p. 166: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1858, p. 101: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 188, 198: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 259.

Differs from Metopograpsus only in the following particulars :—

(1) the tooth or lobe at the inner angle of the lower border of the
orbit is small and does uot fill the orbital hiatus, so that the antennsz
are not excluded from the orbit; (2) there may be a tooth or tivo on
the lateral border of the carapace immediately behind the outer orbital
angle.

Distribution : West Indies eastwards, through the Mediterranean,
to the American Pacific coast.

88. Pachygrapsus minutus, A. M. Edw.

Pachygrapsus minutus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. da Mus. IX, 1873,
p. 292, pl. xiv. fig. 2: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 201: de Man,
Notes Leyden Mus. V. 1883, p. 158, and Archiv f. Naturges. LIII. 1887. i, p. 368,
and Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 148: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. ITI.
1889, p. 240. .

Carapace a good deal broader than long, its whole dorsal surface
marked with fine transverse and oblique lines: the lateral borders are
741

400 Oarcinological Fauna of India.

' strongly convergent posteriorly, and have no spine behind the acute
outer orbital angle.

Front about three-fifths the greatest breadth of the carapace,
moderately deflexed, its free edge slightly sinuous. Orbits little
oblique, their major diameter more than a third the breadth of the
front, their lower border not denticulate.

The chelipeds in the male are subequal and vastly more massive
than the legs, and are about twice the length of the carapace, and,
except for some squamiform markings on the arm, are smooth: the
inner border of the ischium and both borders of the arm are crenulate,
and the distal end of the inner border of the arm is expanded to form
a denticulate lobe: the inner angle of the wrist is dentiform: the
fingers are stout and blunt.

Of the legs the two middle pairs are the longest, being not twice
the length of the carapace. In all the last three joints are bristly, and
the merus has a spine at the far end of the anterior border and two
largish spines at the far end of the posterior border.

The terminal joint of the male abdomen is simply triangular.

A small species: the carapace of the single specimen (from Mergui)
in the Indian Museum is 6°5 millim. long and 10 millim. broad.

Subfamily Varonina.

Varuna, Edw.

Varuna, Milne Edwards, Dict. Hist. Nat. XVI. p. 511 (1830), and Hist. Nat.
Crust. II. 94, and Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 176: Kingsley, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 188, 205: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 265.

Trichopus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Orust. p. 32.

Carapace very little broader than long, depressed, with thin sharp
edges, the regions fairly well indicated. Front a little more than half
the breadth of the anterior border and a little more than a third the
greatest breadth of the carapace, straight, prominent, sublaminar, little
defiexed. Antero-lateral borders of the carapace arched, cut into 3 teeth
including the outer orbital angle. ;

Orbits small, of good depth, their lower border broken and incom-
plete. The antennules fold obliquely and the interantennulary septum
is broad. Antenne of fair size, standing in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome of good length, well defined. Buccal cavern square.
The external maxillipeds gape, but not very widely: their exoguath is
not nearly as broad as the ischium: their merus is shorter, but anteri-
orly much broader, than the ischium, its antero-external angle being
considerably produced, so that the palp articulates near the middle of
the anterior border,

742

Carcinological Fauna of India. 401

Chelipeds equal, but variable in size. In old males they are consi-
derably longer, and vastly more massive, than the legs: in the female
they are shorter, and though stouter are not vastly stouter than the
legs. The fingers, though sharp pointed, are a little hollow-tipped.

The legs have the three terminal joints compressed, dilated, and
plumed, for swimming: the 2 middle pairs are the longest, the last
pair is the shortest.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments: in the
male it does not completely cover the sternum between the last pair of
legs.

Distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific, ascending estuaries even
into freshwater. Commonly found at sea on drift logs.

89. Varuna litierata (Fabr.) Edw.

Cancer litteratus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 342: Herbst, Krabben, III. i.
58, pl. xlviii. fig. 4.

Grapsus litteratus, Bose, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. p. 208, and Latreille, Hist. Nat.
Crust. et Ins. VI. p. 71.

Varuna litterata, Milne Edwards, Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XVI. p. 511.

Trichopus litteratus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 32: Dana, U. S. Expl.
Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 336, pl. xx. fig. 8.

Varuna litterata, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. p. 95, and Ann. Sci. Nat.
Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 176: Lucas, Hist. Nat. Anim. Artic., Crust., p. 72, pl. iii. fig.
4: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 103: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 51,
A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71, and IX. 1873, p. 295:
Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) II. 1875, (male appendages): Miers, Cat. Crust. New
Zealand, p. 40, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 310, and Challenger
Brachyura, p. 265: Tozzetti, Magenta Crust. p. 122, pl. viii. figs. 2 a-g: Hilgendorf,
MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 808: Neumann, Crust. Heidelb. Mus., p. 27: Nauck, Zeits.
Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 29 (gastric teeth): Kingsley, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1880, p. 205: Sluiter, Tijds. Nederl. Ind, XL. 1881, p. 164: Haswell, Cat. Austral.
Crust. p. 103: Filhol, Crust. Nouv. Zel. in Miss. ile Campbell, p. 390: de Man,
Archiv fur Nat. LIII. 1887, i. p. 371, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-
Ind, II. 1892, p. 315, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst. IX. 1895, p. 112: Henderson, Trans.
Zool. Soc. (2) V. 1893, p. 391: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 713:
Max Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. X. 1898, p. 157: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX.
1899, p. 267.

Carapace curiously pitted and frosted above, the regions well
enough defined by grooves, which in places are broad shallow and un-
even; the disposition of these grooves in the middle of the carapace
makes a letter H. The borders of the carapace are thin and are sharply
defined and finely beaded or milled: the antero-lateral borders are
arched and are eut into three teeth, including the outer orbital angle :
the postero-lateral boundary of the carapace, on each side, isa dis-

tinct facet.
743

402 Carcinological Fauna of India.

The chelipeds vary, according to sex and age, from a little
over once (in the female) to a little over twice (in old males) the length
of the carapace. The borders of the arm are denticulated, especially
the inner border; the inner angle of the wrist forms a large sharp spine
with some spinules at its base; the inner surface of the palm is more
or less granular, the outer surface has some fine reticulate markings
and —running parallel with the lower border, on to the fixed finger—
a raised line: the fingers are stout and strongly toothed, the dactylus
being longer than the upper border of the palm.

The 2nd and 8rd pair of legs, which are about equal, are over 13
times the length of the carapace: the lst pair are a little more than
a dactyl-length, the 4th pair a little less than a dactyl-length
longer than the carapace. The only armature of the legs, which are
typical swimming paddles, is a subterminal spine on the anterior border
of the meropodite.

In the Indian Museum are 63 specimens from the seas of India.
The carapace of the largest male is 50 millim. long and 56 millim. broad.

PrycHoenatHus, Stimpson.
Ptychognathus, Stimpson, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 104: Kingsley, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 188, 203: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IX. 1895, p. 90.
Gnathograpsus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 180.
Celochirus, Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, pp. 30, 66 (teste de Man).

Very closely resembles Varuna, from which it differs only in the
following particulars :—

(1) the exopodite of the external maxillipeds is of remarkable
breadth, being at least as broad as, and usually much broader than, the
ischium of those appendages : ;

(2) the regions of the carapace are not always so well defined.

(3) the dactyli of the legs, though compressed, are not so broad.

Distribution: Islands of the Indo-Pacific, entering fresh water
above any tidal influence.

Key to the Indian species of Ptychoynathus.

I. Carapace hardly broader than long: front prominent,
straight or hardly sinuous: the antennules fold very
obliquely :—
1. ‘Teeth of the antero-lateral border sharp and salient :
regions of the carapace fairly well defined : fingers
of the female chelz nude :—
i. Inner angle of the wrist dentiform, but not
produced: a large shaggy patch of hairs on
the inner surface of the hand of the male,.. P. dentata.

744

Carcinological Fauna of India. 403

ii. Inner angle of the wrist produced to form a
long spine: a patch of hair on the onter
surface of the hand of the male, near the
GMO CLOG. a... 60. se.

ROR NOR ee See ssinii: cctinese P, onyx.
2. Teeth of the antero-lateral border not salient, in-
conspicuous : regions of the carapace not, or hardly,
indicated :—
i. A subterminal patch of bristles on the outer
surface of the fixed finger of the female...... P. andamanica,
ii. Fingers of female nude ...............c00.0..-.. P, pusilla,
II. Carapace decidedly broader than long : front little pro-
minent and decidedly sinuous: the antennules fold nearly
ENAMISVIGESOlivsrehena)nccieeeliaiiciecsiss+ oositiee occas ies note seeeMeneReeeneeneaen ) ee OGTDaras

90. Ptychognathus dentata, de Man.

Ptychognathus dentatus, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II,
1892, p. 318, pl. xviii. fig. 9.

Carapace inappreciably broader than long, flat but not particularly
depressed, its regions quite distinct, as also are the cervical and bran-
chial groves and a pair of post-frontal tubercles: on the posterior part
of each epibranchial region, obliquely parallel with the postero-lateral
borders, is a fine ridge.

Front prominent, laminar, nearly straight, its extent is two-fifths
the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Antero-lateral borders of the carapace cut into three sharp salient
teeth, of which the first is much the largest, and the third much the
smallest.

Upper border of the orbit very sinuous. The antennules fold very
obliquely. Anterior border of the buccal cavern not granular, but
having a median horizontal tooth.

Exognath oval, with a smooth and strongly convex surface : its
greatest breadth in the male is more than twice that of the ischiognath,
out in the female is only a little more than that of the ischiognath.

Chelipeds of the male more than 1; times the length of the cara-
pace, smooth: inner angle of the wrist acute, but not spiniform: palm
higher than long, inflated at the postero-inferior angle, and having a
tussock of hairs in the middle of its inner surface: dactylus more than
twice the length of the upper border of the palm, longer slenderer and
less strongly toothed than the fixed finger: both fingers though hollowed
at the tip are sharp-pointed. In the female the chelipeds are about as
long as the carapace; the inner angle of the wrist is spiniform; the
palm is not swollen and is nude, and its outer surface is traversed, near
the lower border, by a fine raised line which extends nearly to the tip
of the fixed finger.

745

404, Careinological Fauna of India.

The 2nd and 8rdipairs of legs are about 14 times, the Ist pair are
not quite 13 times, and the 4th pair are are not 1; times, the length of
the carapace: on the anterior border of the merus of the first three
pairs is a subterminal spine.

The sidewall of the carapace and the basal joints of the legs have
little tomentum.

In the Indian Museum are 2 males and an egg-laden female from
“the Bay of Bengal” and 2 young females from Upper Tenasserim.

The carapace of the largest male is 19 millim. long and not quite 20
millim. in its greatest breadth.

91. Ptychognathus onyx, n. sp.

Very closely related to P. spinicarpus, Ortm., and to P. Polleni and affinis, de M.,
if these species are distinct.

This species very nearly resembles P. dentata, from which it differs,
young males being compared with females of the same size, only in
the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace though otherwise similar is much thinner and
more depressed and its markings are not quite so distinct :

(2) in the middle of the anterior border of the buccal cavern is
a slight prominence, but no distinct tooth :

(3) the exognath (in the young male) is, as in the female of
P. dentata, but little broader than the ischiognath :

(4) in the chelipeds of the young male the inner angle of the
wrist is produced to form a long spine; there is no hair on the inner
surface of the palm, but on the outer surface, in the finger-cleft and
extending along the fixed finger, there is a tuft of hair; the outer sur-
face of the palm also, as in the female of P. dentata, is traversed, close
to the lower border, by a raised line, which runs to the tip of the fixed
finger; finally the fingers are blunter, and the dactylus is only about
twice as long as the upper border of the palm.

Practically the chief distinction between this species and
P. dentata is that in the male of this species the inner angle of the wrist—
forms a long spine, and the hair is on the outside mstead of on the
inside of the hand.

In the Indian Museum are two young males probably from Tavoy.
The carapace is a little over 12 millim. long and 13 millim. broad.

92, Ptychognathus andamanica, n. sp.
Closely related to P. pusilla, of which it may be an Andaman variety.
Carapace not much broader than long, quite flat, much depressed,

the regions are hardly indicated, even when the carapace is quite dry,
746

Carcinological Fauna of India. 405

but the H-shaped mark in the middle is always plainly visible, the
whole surface is closely and finely punctate: there are no post-frontal
tubercles, but on the posterior part of either epibranchial region there
is a fine line running obliquely-parallel with the postero-lateral borders.

Front prominent, laminar, slightly sinuous, its extent is two-fifths
the greatest breadth of the carapace.

The antero-lateral borders are cut into 3 not very acute or distinct
lobes (including the outer orbital angle), of which the first is much the
largest, and the last much the smallest.

Upper border of the orbit slightly sinuous: the antennules fold
very obliquely. The anterior border of the buccal cavern is granular
and a little concave.

The exognath is long and elliptical; its breadth in the female, is
nearly twice that of the ischiognath.

The chelipeds in the female (male unknown) are about as long as
the carapace, and their outer surface is very finely reticulate-granular :
inner angle of wrist pronounced, but not spiniform: palm without hair,
but there is a characteristic brush of stiffish hair at the tip of the fixed
finger on its outer surface. The fingers have broad tips, especially the
fixed finger, which is stouter and more strongly toothed than the dactylus:
the dactylus is about twice as long as the upper border of the palm :
the outer surface of the palm and fixed finger is traversed, near the
lower border, by a fine raised granular line.

The legs have not much tomentum on the basal joints, but the
anterior border of the meropodites is rather thickly fringed: the subter-
minal denticle on the anterior border of the meropodites is small, blunt,
inconspicuons, or obsolescent. ‘lhe 2nd and 8rd pair of legs, which are
the longest, are about 13 times, the Ist pair are not 1{ times, and the 4th
pair are little more than once, the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are two young females from a freshwater
stream at the base of Saddle Hill in North Andaman Island, Their
colour is dark mottled green. The carapace is a little over 13 millim.
long and about 14 millim. broad,

93. Ptychognathus pusilla, Heller.

Ptychognathus pusillus, Heller, Novara Orust. p. 60: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat,
Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 204: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. V. 1883, p. 161, and Zool.
Jahrb. Syst. LV. 1888-89, p. 440, and in Weber’s, Zool. Ergebn Niederl. Ost-
Ind. II. p, 325, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst, IX, 1895, p. 99, and X. 1898, pl. xxviii. fig. 22 :
Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 712.

This species, which was first found in the Nicobar Islands, is not

represented in the Museum collection and I have never seen it.
747

406 Carcinological Fauna of India.

94. Ptychognathus barbata (A. M. Edw.).

Gnathograpsus barbatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv, du Mus. IX, 1873, p.

316, pl. xvii. fig. 4.
Ptychognathus barbatus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII, 1893-94, p. 712:
de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 1X. 1895, p. 105.

Carapace decidedly broader than long, flat, depressed, the regions
indistinct: the two postfrontal tubercles are fairly distinct, but there
is no distinct raised line on the posterior part of the epibranchial re-
gions, running obliquely parallel with the posterior borders, such as is
present in all the other Indian species. There is a good deal of tomen-
tum on the sides of the carapace.

Front decidedly sinuous, not prominent, its extent is a little more
than two-fifths the greatest breadth of the carapace.

The antero-lateral borders of the carapace are cut into 3 not very
conspicuous teeth (including the outer orbital angle) of which the
first is much the largest and the third much the smallest, as usual.

Upper border of the orbit little sinuous: the antennules fold nearly
transversely. Anterior border of the buccal cavern finely granular,

The exognath is elliptical, with a shghtly convex surface: in the
male its greatest breadth is more than that of the ischiognath, in the
female it is slightly narrower than in the male.

Chelipeds in the male about 1; times the length of the carapace,
the inner angle of the wrist little pronounced ; the hand massive, with
a tuft of hair in the finger-cleft and running some little distance along
the outer surface of both fingers; the fingers are rather blunt, the dac-
tylus, which is about twice the length of the upper border of the palm
is longer slenderer and less strongly toothed than the fixed finger,
against which it closes rather obliquely. Inthe female the chelipeds are
about as long as the carapace and are not very massive, the inner angle
of the wrist is dentiform, there is no hair on the hand or fingers, and
the outer surface of the hand and fixed finger is traversed near the
lower border by a raised line.

The leg-joints are less expanded and less abundantly plumed than
in the other Indian species, and there is no subterminal spine on the
anterior border of the meropodites. ‘The 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs are
about 12 times, the Ist pair about 14 times, and the last pair a little
over once, the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from Diamond Island off
the Pegu coast and from Akyab, (besides numerous specimens from
Samoa). The carapace of an apparently adult male is 11 millim. long
and 14 millim. broad.

748

Carcinological Fauna of India. 407

Pyxipoenatuus, A. M. Edw.

Pywidognathus, A. Milne Edwards, Bull. Soc, Philom. Paris (7) IIT. 1878,
p. 109: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. V. 1883, p. 160, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.,
XXII. 1888, p. 148.

Hypsilograpsus, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. I. 1879, p. 72 (ipso teste),

This genus is closely related to Varuna and Ptychognathus. It
differs from Varuna in the same particulars that Ptychognathus does,
that is to say, the exognath of the external maxillipeds is much broader
than the ischiognath, and the dactyli of the legs though compressed
ave not dilated. It further differs, both from Varuna and Ptychognathus
in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is decidedly transverse, is deep, and is dorsally
strongly convex in both directions: it is also anteriorly declivous with
the front deflexed, and its antero-lateral borders are hardly arched :

(2) the antennules fold transversely :

(3) the lower border of the orbit is complete, except of course at
the orbital hiatus :

(4) the carpopodites and propodites of the legs are not particularly
broad.

Distribution : Indo-Pacific in fresh or brackish water.

Key to the Indian species of Pyxidognathus.

I. <A single spine on the posterior border of the meropodites
se 1A NE).) IETS) sc eco nc ceca cSoOOO RLU REO ME DEBE De Ereeere. coltonce

II, More than one spine on the posterior border of the mero-
POGILEH OF LHOMGLS ftcccccces+ssnecesicasece->adeiepenactseenuwienersaserdsce 1 pe. CEtAIITas

P. fluviatilis.

95. Pyzxidognathus deianira, de Man.

Pyzxidognathus deianira, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII, 1888, p. 148,
pl. x. figs. 4-6.

Carapace about ? as long as broad, convex, smooth, without
distinction of regions excepting a faintish H-shaped mark in the
middle. Free edge of front sinuous or four-lobed, as in the next species.

Antero-lateral borders of the carapace cut into three prominent
acute teeth (including the outer orbital angle), the first of which is the
largest, and the last of which is spine-like.

Upper border of orbit slightly sinuous, lower border finely denti-
culate.

Exognath of the external maxillipeds, in the male, very much
broader than the ischiognath, and having a smooth convex surface.

- Chelipeds in the young male about 1; times the length of the cara-
pace : inner border of ischium, arm, and wrist denticulate ; inner angle of
749

408 Carcinological Fauna of India.

wrist spiniform ; the upper border of the palm is granulate, a finely
beaded raised line traverses the lower part of the outer surface of the
palm and fixed finger, and there is a very short series of granules near
the middle of the inner surface of the palm: the palm is nearly as
high as long, and the dactylus is much longer than the upper border
of the palm and closes against the fixed finger by the tip only.

The 2nd pair of legs, which are the longest, are not much short of
twice the length of the carapace; the 4th pair, which are the shortest,
are but little longer than the carapace. In all the legs, the meropodite
has some fine rugosities on its upper surface, a spine near the far end of
the anterior border, and some spiues on the posterior border—these being
most numerous in the case of the 4th pair of legs: and in all, the
edges of the 3 terminal joints are hairy but not plumose, nor are these
joints broadened or compressed.

In the Indian Museum are two very small male specimens from
Mergui.

96. Py«idognathus fluviatilis, n. sp.

Carapace transverse, markedly convex, finely punctate, the regions
indicated only by an H-shaped mark in its centre.

Front between two-fifths and a third the greatest breadth of the
carapace, deflexed, sinuous or four-lobed, the two middle lobes broad,
the outer lobes (= inner orbital angles) subacute.

Antero-lateral borders of the carapace slightly arched, eut into
three prominent acute teeth (including the outer orbital angle) of which
the first is the largest and least acute, and the third is spine-like.

Orbits of good depth, the upper border slightly sinuous, the
lower border defined by a granular ridge running close belind the
prominent denticulated ridge that bounds the infra-orbital region of the
carapace.

Anterior border of buccal cavern prominent, finely crenulate.
Exognath in the female broader than the ischiognath, and having a
smooth convex surface.

Chelipeds in the female about as long as the carapace, more massive
than the legs: inner angle of wrist acuminate: a raised line runs along
the outer surface of the palm and fixed finger, close to the lower border:
fingers rather sharp though spooned at tip, dactylus hardly twice the
length of the upper border of the palm, longer and rather less strongly
tootlied than the fixed finger.

All the leg-joints are plumed, and all the dactyli are long compressed
and recurved. In all the legs there is a very strong spine in the distal

7590

Carcinologicul Fauna of India. 409

half of the posterior border of the meropodite, and in the first 3 pairs
there is a smaller subterminal spine on the anterior border of the same
joint. The 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs are about 1$ times, the Ist pair
are not quite 1} times, and the 4th pair are about 1} times the length
of the carapace.

Colour mottled dark green. A single female was found clinging to
the floats of a fisherman’s net in the R. Ichamutty above Bongong in
the Jessore District: its carapace is 15 millim. long and 19 millim.
broad.

The legs are obviously adapted for swimming, and the recurved
dactyli and spiny meropodites appear to be adaptations to a swift
current.

The chief difference between this species and P. detanira—the female
of the former being compared with the male of the latter—is that in
this species the three terminal joints of the legs are more compressed
and the posterior border of the meropodites is armed with a single
spine.

Sub-family Sesarminz, Dana.
Sesakma, Say,

Sesarma, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. I. 1817, p. 76: Milne Edwards,
Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 71, and Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 181: A. Milne
Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 301: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1880, p. 218: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 269: de Man, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst., II. 1886-87, p. 641 and IX. 1895-97, p. 128: Biirger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII,
1893-94, p. 618. .

Pachysoma, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 33.

Holometopus, Milne Edwards, Aun. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 187.

Carapace squarish or actually square (the sides being straight and
usually nearly parallel), usually deep (though occasionally shallow and
much depressed), seldom very convex: the gastric region is almost
always very well delimited, and is commonly divided into 5 subregions,
and in most cases the 4 antero-lateral subregions project as 4 promineut
post-frontal tubercles.

The side-walls of the carapace have everywhere a characteristic fine-
meshed reticulate texture as regular as that of a sieve. This appearance
is due to a multitude of small uniform granules arranged in pairs in
close-set parallel rows: between each pair of granules is a little row of
bristles, one of which in each row is long and points diagonally forwards.

The front occupies half, or more, of the anterior border of the
carapace, and is obliquely or vertically deflesed.

751

410 Carcinological Fauna of India.

The orbits, which occupy the rest of the anterior border of the
carapace, are oval and of good depth: below their outer angle is a deepish
gap leading into a system of grooves which open into a notch at the
antero-lateral angle of the buccal cavern. At the inner angle of the
orbit is the usual tooth, belonging to the inner of the two fosse into
which (as in all the crabs of this subfamily) the orbit is so plainly
divided. The eyes are of no great length.

The antennules fold nearly transversely into rather narrow fosse :
the inter-antennular septum is very broad.

The antero-external angle of the 2nd joint of the antennal peduncle
is a good deal produced: the antennal flagellum, which is slender and
rather short, lies in the orbital hiatus.

Epistome well defined, prominent, rather short fore and aft. Buccal
cavern square. The external maxillipeds leave between them a large
rhomboidal gap, which is a good deal filled up by a hairy fringe: they
are obliquely traversed, from a point behind the antero-external angle
of the ischium to the antero-internal angle of the merus, by a conspi-
cuous line or crest of hairs: the palp, which is rather coarse, is
attached to the rounded summit of the obliquely-directed merus.

Chelipeds massive—not always so in the female—usually subequal,
of no great length: palm high and short, the fingers though subacute,
are hollowed at the tip.

The legs do not usually differ very markedly in length, though the
third pair are the longest and the first and last (4th) pairs the shortest :
the meropodites are thin, and are usually, but not always, broad.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments: in the
male it occupies the whole breadth of the sternum between the bases of
the last pair of legs. In both sexes the second segment, as well as the
exposed portion of the first, are narrow fore and aft. In the female
the last segment is small and narrow from side to side, and is more or
less impacted in the broad 6th segment: in the male also the last seg-
ment is much narrower than the one that precedes it.

Distribution: all tropical and subtropical seas: not found in the
Mediterrauean. ;

I am not inclined to adopt the subgenera proposed by Dr. de Man,
although I must admit that his system is convenient in practice, for
identifying species.

I may also mention here that specific distinctions based merely
on the sculpture of the dactylus of the male chele are inadmissible,
as the sculpturing frequently differs in the two fingers of the same
individual.

752

Carcinological Fuuna of India.

Key to the Indian species of Sesarma.

Carapace deepish, its length decidedly less than its breadth
between the antero-lateral angles, its sides nearly parallel—
never markedly divergent posteriorly :—

1. The inner border of the arm bears, near its far end,

a large acute tooth: on the upper surface of the

palm of the male are at least two characteristic

oblique comb-like ridges: the upper surface of the
movable finger of the mule is milled :—

i, Posterior border of the meropodites of the

legs entire :— ,
a. No tooth on the lateral border of the
carapace behind the orbital angle :—

a. Front more than half the extent

of the anterior border of the

CARAPACE vas .c0:adoetesneaeaeteemerreeeh es

8B. Front exactly half the extent of

the anterior border of the

carapace

tb. A tooth on the lateral border of the

carapace, behind the orbital angle ........

ii. Distal end of the posterior border of the mero-

podites of the legs acutely serrate (no tooth

behind the outer orbital angle)... .....sssseseseeee

2. The inner border of the arm does not end in a large
spine or acute lobe, though it may be a little dilated
distally: there are no oblique pectinated ridges on
the upper surface of the palm, and the upper surface
of the movable finger of the male though it may be
granular is not milled :—

i. A tooth at the inner angle of the wrist (a
tooth on the lateral border of the carapace
behind the orbital angle) :—

a. The breadth of the carapace between
the antero-lateral angles is equal to, or
more than, the breadth between the
epibranchial teeth... .......60---se1 ee. Ah Coa

b. The breadth of the carapace between
the antero-lateral angles is decidedly
less than the breadth between the epi-
branchial teeth, the sides of the carapace
being markedly sinouS............. ..+0

ii. No spine at the inner angle of the wrist :—

a, Carapace and appendages not uniformly
tomentose : two acute teeth—the second
of which is hardly visible—on the
lateral border, behind the acute orbital
B09 (- Bee

411

S. quadratum.

S. pictum.

S. bidens.

S. Anderson.

8S. Edwardsi.

S. Meinerti.

S. intermedium.

753

412 Carcinological Fuuna of India.

b, Carapace and appendages covered with
a short but very dense fur, amid which
are prominent tubercle-like tufts of
hair: lateral borders cut into three
blunt lobes (including the orbital angle)
of equalipizeteescass. =

II. Carapace nearly square, its ieee being little Hose ‘than ats
breadth between the antero-lateral angles: the inner border
of the arm ends in an acute serrated lobe: a very finely
pectinated ridge traverses the upper surface of the palm,
fore and aft, close to the upper border: (a tooth on the
lateral border of the carapace behind the orbital angle) :—
1. Carapace deep, its sides nearly parallel: a transverse
granular ridge on the inner surface of the palm:

dactyli of the legs of good length :—
i. Upper border of movable finger of male with
an elegantly milled crest of 40 to 60 fine

lamelle.. POOR G8. COON
ii. Upper batiee of oe e linge of care ay
a coarsely crenulate crest.. reeiinloe snes susanaie

2. Carapace shallow and deena. eis sides diveneone
posteriorly : no transverse granular crest on the inner
surface of the palm: dactyli of the legs short: (a
milled crest of about 25 very fine lamelle on the
upper border of the movable finger of the male).,...

III, Carapace somewhat elongate (its length being decidedly
more than its breadth at the antero-lateral angles), shallow
and depressed :—

1. No tooth on the lateral border of the carapace behind
the orbital angle: legs with remarkably broad mero-
podite and remarkably short propodite : upper border
of movable finger of male with an elegantly milled
crest of about 40 fine lamelle .. a

2. Two teeth on the lateral papier, tehind as pebite ul
angle: movable finger without any milling :—

i. Post-frontal tubercles of the gastric region
serrated: legs with meropodites of good
breadth and dactyli of good length... .............

ii. Post-frontal tubercles smooth : legs with rather
narrow meropodites and short dactyli.........

IV. The length of the carapace is just equal to its breadth at
the antero-lateral angles: legs long and slender, with
elongate dactyli :—

1, Carapace shallow, depressed, perfectly square, its
sides quite parallel: two little teeth on the lateral
border behind the orbital angle... ...sececesessecseesiee sons

2. Carapace deepish, its sides strongly divergent pos-
teriorly where its breadth is much greater than its
length: two teeth (not including the orbital angle)

754

S. lanatum.

S. teniolatum.

S. tetragonum,

S. Brockii.

8. latifemur,

S. politwm.

S. oceanicum,

S. Finni.

Carcinological Fauna of India. 413

on the lateral border, the posterior one being very
small :—
i, Third pair of legs not three times the length
OUMHHOKCATADACC. csccs vaceesice var acnteenaae
ii, Third pair of legs more than three-and-a-half
times the length of the carapace.......c.s000-0e.0. S. kraussi.

S. longipes.

97. Sesarma quadratum (Fabr.). eine A Nam

Cancer quadratus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 341.

Ocypoda quadrata, Bosc, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. p. 198.

Ocypoda plicata, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust, &c. VI. p. 47.

Sesarma quadrata, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 75, and Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 183.

Sesarma quadratum, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX, 1873, p. 302:
Miers, Phil. Trans. Vol. 168, 1879, p. 490.

Sesarma quadrata, Richters, in Mobius’ Meeresf. Maurit. p. 157: Kingsley,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 217: Lenz and Richters, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. XII.
188/ p. 425: de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. II. 1887, p. 655, pl. xvii. fig. 2 and p. 683,
and LY. 1889, p. 434, and IX. 1895-97, pp. 181, 182, and Notes Leyden Mus. XII.
1890, p. 99, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II. p. 328: Thallwitz,
Abh. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 3, p. 37: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., (2)
V. 18938, p. 392: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIL. 1893-94, p. 724.

Grapsus (Pachysoma) afinis, De Haan, Faun. Jap. p. 66, pl. xviii. fig. 5,

Sesarma afinis, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 45: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.
Zool. (3) XX., 1853, p. 183: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 62: de Man, Notes Leyden
Mus. II. 1880, p. 22: Miers, Ann. Nag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 312: Kingsley, l.c.
supra, p. 213: Ortmann, l.c. swpra, p. 724,

Sesarma ungulata: Milne Hdwards, Ann, Sci. Nat., Zool. (83) XX. 1853, p. 184:
Kingsley, /.c. supra, p. 218.

Sesarma aspera, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 63, pl. vi. fig. 1: Kingsley, l.c. supra,
p. 214: Miller, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, 1886, p. 476: de Man, Zool. Jahrb. II. 1887,
p. 656 and Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XX1I. 1887-88, p. 169.

Sesarma melissa, de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., II. 1887, p. 656, and Journ, Linn.
Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 170, pl. xii. figs. 5-7, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst., IV. 1889,
p. 434.

Carapace hardly convex, decidedly broader than long, its length
being about four-fifths its breadth between the antero-lateral angles,
deep ; the 4 post-frontal lobes prominent equal and a little rngose trans-
versely, the rugex being sparsely tufted with hair; the cardiac and intes-
tinal regions very much less distinct than the gastric: some oblique
striations on the epibranchial regions

Front decidedly more than half the greatest breadth of the
carapace, not very deep, its free margin usually but slightly sinuous.
Lateral borders of carapace nearly parallel, a little divergent ante-
riorly, without any tooth behind the acute orbital angle.

The chelipeds differ in the sexes, being about 1¢ times the length

755

414 Carcinological Fauna of India.

of the carapace in the male and much more massive than the legs, but
in the female hardly 13 times the length of the carapace and not more
massive than the legs. In both sexes the outer surface of the arm
wrist and palm are granular, the granules on the arm and wrist having
a squamiform arrangement, the inner border of the arm bears a
subterminal spine of large size, the upper border of the arm ending
in a much smaller spine, the inner angle of the wrist is not dentiform,
and the inner surface of the palm is more or less granular. In the
male the palm is a little swollen below and has, on its upper surface,
some short oblique crests, of which two are most elegantly pectinated :

\ in the female the palm is not swollen and the crests are simply granular.

The dactylus is less than twice the length of the upper border of the
hand (palm) and its dorsal surface is elegantly milled with from 11 to 19
blunt, rather coarse, transverse lamelle: in the female this milling is
incomplete and very indistinct. In neither sex is there any great gap
between the closed fingers.

The meropodites of the legs are foliaceous, their greatest breadth
in the 2nd and 3rd pairs being more than half their length, their
anterior border ends at an acute subterminal spine, and their dorsal
surface has some fine transverse squamiform sculpture. The anterior
border of the last three joints of the legs, and part of the posterior
border of the last two, is fringed with tufts of bristles. The 3rd pair
of legs, which are slightly the longest, are about twice the length of
the carapace, and their dactylus is about three-fourths the length of
their propodite.

In the Indian Museum are 42 specimens from both coasts of the
Peninsula, Ceylon, the Andamans and the Nicobars.

In a male of good size the carapace is 16 millim. long and 20
millim. broad.

98. Sesarma pictum, De Haan.

Grapsus (Pachysoma) pictus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 61, pl. xvi. fig. 6.

Sesarma picta, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 45: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 184: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 106:
de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 22, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 657,
and IX. 1895-97, pp. 181, 182, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 171:
Biirger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 626: Ortmann, Zool, Jahrb., Syst.,
VII. 1898-94, p. 725.

Agrees with S. quadratum in everything but the following parti-
culars :-—

(1) the carapace is not so broad, its length being about five-sixths
of its breadth between the antero-lateral angles :

756

Carcinological Fauna of India. 415

(2) the front is not so broad, its extent being only half the breadth
of the carapace :

(3) the meropodites of the legs are not so broadly foliaceous, their
greatest breadth, in the middle two pairs, being less than half their
length.

The Indian Museum possesses a single specimen from Mergui.

99. Sesarma bidens (De Haan).

Grapsus (Pachysoma) bidens, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 60, pl. xvi, fig. 4,
and pl. xi. fig. 4.

Sesarma bidens, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p, 353: Milne Edwards,
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 185: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1858, p. 105: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 64: Hilgendorf, in v. d. Decken’s Reisen
Ost-Afr., Crust., p. 91, pl. iii. fig. 3a: Hoffmann, in Pollen & Van Dam, Faun.
Madag. Crust. p. 24: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 318, and Zool.
H. M.S. Alert, pp. 184, 246: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p, 214:
de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II, 1880, p. 28, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 658,
and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II. p. 330: Lenz & Richters,
Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. XII. 1881, p. 425: Biirger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII.
1893-94, p. 628: Ortmann, ibid. p. 726: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) XX. 1899,
p. 269.

Sesarma Dussumiert, Milne Edwards, I. c. supra: Tozzetti “Magenta” Crust.
p. 145, pl. ix. figs, 8 a-f: Kingsley, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 215: de Man,
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. II. 1887, p. 659, and IX. 1895-97, p. 208, and Journ. Linn. Soc.,,
Zool., XXII. 1888, p, 177, pl. xii. figs. 8-12: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII.
1893-94, p. 726.

Sesarma lividum, A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus., V. 1869, Bull.
p. 25, and IX. 1878, p. 303, pl. xvi. fig. 2: Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (6) II. 1875,
Art. 2, p. 83 (male appendages): Kingsley, tom. cit. supra, p. 216: de Man, Archiv.
f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 381, pl. xvii. fig. 1, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. II. 1887,
p. 659, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 180.

Sesarma Haswelli, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 658, and Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p, 175.

This species very closely resembles 9. qwadratwm, from which it
‘differs in the following characters :—

(1) there is a small sharp tooth on the lateral border of the
carapace, immediately behind the outer orbital angle :

(2) the carapace is slightly less transverse (though decidedly broader
than long) :

(3) the transverse ridges on the upper surface of the dactylus
of the male chele are coarser and shorter and more tubercle-like.

In the Indian Museum are 52 specimens from the coasts of the
Bay of Bengal, Andamans, Nicobars and Ceylon. Oe

—

416 Curcinological Fauna of India.

100. Sesarma EHdwardsi, de Man.
Sesarma Edwardsi, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 11. 1887, p. 649, and Journ. Linn.

Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 185, pl. xiii. igs. 1-4: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII.
1893-94, p. 721.

Differs from S. qguadratum in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace is squarer and less transverse, and the four post-
frontal lobes of the gastric region are more prominent; the front also
is slightly, but distinctly, broader:

(3) there is a sharp tooth on the lateral border of the carapace
immediately behind the antero-lateral angle :

(3) the upper border of the arm does not end in a spine, and though
there may be a slight subterminal dilatation of the crenulated inner
border of the arm there is no large spine:

(4) there is a sharp tooth or spine just below the inner angle of the wrist :

(5) the upper surface of the wrist and outer surface of the palm
are covered—usually very closely covered—with vesiculous tubercles ;
and there are smaller and sharper tubercles on the upper surface of the
dactylus and the lower surface of the fixed finger of the chele:

(6) there are no oblique pectinated crests on the palm:

(7) the male abdomen is singularly broad.

In the Indian Museum are 126 specimens, most of which came from
the Burma coast from Arakan to Tavoy, the rest from the Gangetic
delta, the Andamans and Ceylon.

In the variety separated by de Man as crassimana the abdomen is
not quite so broad as itis in the typical form, and the palm of the
male is larger and more swollen.

101. Sesarma intermedium (De Haan).

Grapsus (Pachysoma) intermedius, De Haan, Faun. Japon, Crust. p. 61, pl. xvi.
fig. 5.

Sesarma intermedia, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 186:
Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 105: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 64:
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 216: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5) V. 1880, p. 314: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 25, and Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst., II, 1887, p. 649, and Journ. Liun. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 182: Ortmann,
Zool, Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 721.

Differs from S. guadratum in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace is more quadrate and less transverse, the post-
frontal lobes are less prominent aud much smoother, and the front is
broader :

(2) there is a tooth—and sometimes also a second rudimentary
tooth—on the lateral border immediately behind the orbital angle:

758

Carcinological Fauna of India. 417

(3) there is no large subterminal spine on the inner border of the
arm, nor does the upper border end in a spine :

(4) in the corner of the upper surface of the palm there are in the
male some oblique granular lines, but no pectinated crests; and on the
inner surface of the palm there is a conspicuous transverse granular
crest :

(5) the upper surface of the dactylus of the male chela is granular
in its proximal half, but is not milled with transverse lamelle.

From §. Hdwardsi it is distinguished by numerous characters, but
the absence of a spine at the inner angle of the wrist is sufficiently
characteristic.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens from Mergui.

102. Sesarma Meitnerti, de Man.

Sesarma Meinerti, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, pp. 648, 668, and IX.
1895-97, p. 166: Biirger, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 617, and Ortmann, ibid.
p. 720.

Sesarma tetragona, Edw. (nec Fabr.), Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 73,
and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 184: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv.
du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71, and IX. 1873, p. 304, pl. xvi. fig. 4: Hilgendorf, in v. d.
Decken’s Reisen Ost-Afr., Crust. p. 90: Hoffmann, in Pollen & Van Dam, Faun.
Madag. Crust. p. 23: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 809: Kingsley, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 218.

Carapace convex, especially fore and aft, a little broader than long,
deep: the 4 post-frontal lobes prominent, unequal—the outer ones being
much narrower than the middle pair; the cardiac and intestinal regions
are quite distinct, and the usual oblique striations are found on the
epibranchial regions: the whole dorsal surface of the carapace is rather
profusely covered with tufts of hair.

Front decidedly more than half the greatest breadth of the
carapace, which is just behind the orbital angles, not very deep, its free
edge sinuous. Lateral borders of the carapace somewhat sinuous,
armed with a large tooth behind the orbital angle: there may even be
a trace of a second epibranchial tooth.

Chelipeds subequal, almost equally massive in both sexes, about
twice as long as the carapace. The outer surface of the arm and wrist
is finely rugose, that of the palm is only pitted: neither the upper nor
the inner border of the arm end in a tooth: inner angle of wrist
pronounced but not dentiform: no pectinated crests of any kind on the
palm : the fingers are a good deal arched and meet only at tip, the upper
surface of the dactylus in the male has a row of inconspicuous denticles :
on the inner surface of the palm there is an oblique granular crest.

759

~ SX

Als Carcinological Fauna of India.

The meropodites of the legs are foliaceous, but their breadth is not
twice their length; but otherwise the legs are as in S. quadratum.

The abdomen of the male is decidedly narrow.

In the Indian Museum are 26 specimens from the Andamans and
one from Madras. The carapace of a large one is 33 millim. long and
38 millim. broad : in the female the carapace is not so broad.

103. Sesarma Andersoni, de Man.

Sesarma Andersoni, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 657, and Journ. Linn.
Soc. Zool. XXII. 1888, p. 172, pl. xii. figs. 1-4.

Carapace moderately deep, hardly convex, considerably broader
than long, the four post-frontal lobes of the gastric region only moder-
ately prominent, nearly equal, pitted ; the cardiac and intestinal regions
faintly indicated; the oblique striations of the epibranchial regions
very sharp and distinct, one of them almost projects beyond the lateral
border as a tooth behind the orbital angle.

Front more than half the greatest breadth of the carapace, not very
deep, its free margin a little convex but nearly straight. The lateral
borders of the carapace are slightly convergent posteriorly : except for
the afore-mentioned projection of the first branchial ridge there is no
tooth behind the orbital angle.

Chelipeds much larger in the male than in the female, but the
difference is not so marked as in S. quadratum. The inner border of
the arm ends in a very acute denticulated lobe: the palm is traversed
on the outer surface, near the lower border, by a fine raised line, and on
the upper surface in the male are numerous short parallel oblique strize
one of which at least is most elegantly pectinate: in the female these
crests are less numerous and Jess distinct: the upper surface of the
dactylus of the male is milled, the lamelle increasing in size and coarse-
ness from behind forwards.

At the distal end of the posterior border of the meropodites of the legs
are three or four strong spines, decreasing in size from behind forwards,
but there is no subterminal spine on the anterior border: in other re-
spects, except that the dactyli are slightly shorter, the legs are very
similar to those of §. quadratum. The male abdomen is broad.

In the Indian Museum are 8 specimens from Mergui: the carapace
of the largest is 7 millim. long and 9 millim. broad.

104. Sesarma lanatum, n. sp.

Carapace deepish, dorsally flat, everywhere covered, as also are the

appendages, with a dense fur amid which are freely scattered little dense
760

Carcinological Fauna of India. 419

adherent tufts of hair resembling tubercles. When this covering is
removed the surface of the carapace is smooth and polished, with the
gastric region and its four post-frontal tubercles distinct.

The length of the carapace is considerably less than its breadth
between the antero-lateral angles.

Front a little more than half the breadth of the carapace, obliquely
deflexed, its free margin nearly straight. The lateral borders of the
carapace are nearly parallel and anteriorly are cut into three blunt
lobes of nearly equal size—including the outer orbital angle.

The chelipeds when denuded have a smooth surface and sharp bor-
ders: they are similar in the two sexes, except that they are much
more massive in the male. There isa blunt angular projection at the
far end of the inner border of the arm, the inner angle of the wrist is
pronounced but not dentiform, and the upper border of the palm is
traversed fore and aft by a fine sharp crest: in the male the palm is at
least as high as long: the upper border of tle dactylus is faintly
crenulate in its proximal two-thirds.

The meropodites of the legs are foliaceous, but their breadth is less
than half their length: their borders are entire. The dactyli of the
legs are claw-like, their length being about three-fourths that of the
propodites.

The abdomen of the male is narrow.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens from Bombay and Karachi:
the carapace of the largest is 8} millim. long and 10 millim. broad.

105. Sesarma teniolatum, White.

Sesarma teniolatum, White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1847): Miers, P. ZS.
1877, p. 137, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 313: de Man, Notes Leyden
Mus. II. 1880, p. 26: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 218: de Man,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, pp. 647, 666, and IX. 1895-97, p. 166, and Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool., XXII 1888, p. 181, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II.
p- 330: Birger, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 615, and Ortmann, ibid. p. 720.

Sesarma Mederi, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 185:
Tozzetti, ‘‘Magenta” Crust. p. 136, pl. ix. figs. 1 a-t,

Carapace deep, nearly flat dorsally, square, its length being slightly
less than its breadth between the antero-lateral angles. All the regions
‘are quite well defined, and the 4 post-frontal tubercles—the middle two
of which are not very much broader tlian the outer ones—are very pro-
minent. The whole dorsum of the carapace is covered with tufts of
hair, which are largest and longest anteriorly. There are some oblique
striz on the sides of the epibranchial regions.

Front half, or a little more than half, the breadth of the carapace,

761

420 Carcinological Fauna of India.

not very deep, its free margin strongly sinuous. Lateral borders of the
carapace nearly parallel, armed with one acute tooth behind the acute
outer orbital angle.

The chelipeds are similar in the two sexes, except that they are
a good deal more massive and more sharply sculptured in the male,
They are not quite twice the length of the carapace: the outer surface
of the arm and wrist are granular-rugose, the outer surface of the
palm is granular, and there is a transverse granular ridge on the inner
surface of the palm: the upper border of the.arm is crest-like and ends
in a sharp tooth, and the distal end of the inner border forms an acute
angular serrate lobe: the inner angle of the wrist is dentiform: close
to and nearly parallel with the upper border of the palm runs a fine
and very finely and evenly pectinate crest: along the upper border of
the dactylus runs a very elegantly milled crest of from 40 to 60 fine
teeth. In the male the palm is at least as high as long, the fingers
meet only at tip, and the dactylus is about twice the length of the
upper border of the palm.

The meropodites of the legs are foliaceous, but their greatest
breadth is not quite half their length: there is a sharp subterminal
spine on their anterior border only. The dactyli of the legs are two-
thirds, or more, the length of the propodites. The 3rd _ pair of legs,
which are the longest, are a little more than twice the length of the
carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 9 specimens, from Mergui, the Anda-
mans, and Penang. The carapace of a large specimen is nearly 38
millim. long and nearly 40 broad. —

106. Sesarma tetragonum (Fabr.).

Cancer tetragonus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Suppl. p. 341.

Cancer fascicularis, Herbst, Krabben ete. III. i. 49, pl. xlvii. fig. 5.

Sesarma tetragona, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 646: Henderson,
Trans, Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 392.

This species closely resembles S. teeniolatum, from which it differs
in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is slightly broader :

(2) the subterminal lobe of the inner border of the arm is smaller,
while the tooth at the inner angle of the wrist is more pronounced :

(3) the fine striated crest along the upper border of the palm is
shorter :

(4) the crest of the upper surface of the movable finger of the
chelss is coarsely crenulate.

762

38

Carcinological Fauna of India. 421

In the Indian Museum are 8 specimens from Ceylon, Madras, tle
Mahanaddi Delta, and the Ganges Delta. The carapace of a large one
is 40 millim. long and 43 millim. broad.

107. Sesarma Brockii, de Man.

Sesarma Brockii, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 1887, p. 651, and IX. 1895-97, p. 171,
and Archiv f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 373, pl. xvi. fig. 3: Thallwitz, Abhand,
Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 3, p. 39: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII.
1893-94, p. 721.

Resembles S. tzniolatum, but differs in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is shallow and much depressed, its length is just
equal to its breadth between the antero-lateral angles, its dorsal surface
is not so hairy, and its sculpture theugh similar is not so deeply cut:
the front is not so sinuous.

(2) the lateral borders of the carapace are slightly divergent poster-
iorly, and there are two teeth—the posterior of which is, however,
extremely small—behind the outer orbital angle:

(3) no subterminal spine on the upper border of the arm: no
transverse granular crest on the inner surface of the palm:

(4) the milled crest along the upper border of the dactylus of the
chelee is lower and has only about 25 teeth :

(5) the legs are longer, their meropodites are narrower and their
dactyli—except in the case of the lst pair of legs—are barely half the
length of their propodites.

In the Indian Museum there is a young male from the Andamans.
In this specimen the chelipeds are not massive and are very little longer
than the carapace.

108. Sesarma latifemur, n. sp.

Closely related to S. elongatum, A. M,. Edw.

This species belongs to the same natural group as 8. txniolatum,
from which it differs only in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is shallow and much depressed, and its length is
decidedly more than its breadth between the antero-lateral angles, its
dorsal surface is not quite so hairy and its post-frontal lobes are
deeper cut :

(2) the lateral borders of the carapace are decidedly divergent
posteriorly and have no tooth behind the orbital angle:

(3) the male chelipeds are little longer than the carapace: the
crest-like upper border of the arm does not end in a spine: the inner

763

422 Carcinological Fauna of India.

angle of the wrist, though well pronounced, is not spiniform: the
transverse beaded ridge on the inner surface of the palm is very
short :

(4) the dactylus of the chele is not nearly twice the length of the
upper border of the palm, and the milled crest on its upper surface con-
sists of not more than 40 teeth :

(5) the meropodites of the legs are remarkably foliaceous, their
greatest breadth, in the case of the 2nd and 3rd pairs, being more than
half their length: all the leg joints are thinner and flatter :

(6) the dactyli of the legs are remarkably short, their length, in
the case of the 2nd and 3rd pairs, being less than half the length of
their propodites.

In the Indian Museum is a single male from the Andamans: its
carapace is nearly 35 millim. long, and a little over 30 millim. broad
across the antero-lateral angles.

109. Sesarma politum, de Man.

Sesarma polita, de Man, Zool. Jahrb, Syst. I. 1887, p, 654: Journ, Linn. Soc.,
Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 189, pl. xiii. figs. 7-9.

Carapace shallow and much depressed, a good deal longer than
broad, all the regions well defined: the four post-frontal lobes of the
gastric subregions are deep-cut and very prominent, their anterior over-
hanging edges are serrated and their surface bears some transversely
arranged sharpish tubercles : the two middle lobes are decidedly larger
than the outer ones. There are no oblique striz on the epibranchial
regions.

Front more than half the breadth of the carapace, its free margin
markedly sinuous. The lateral borders of the carapace are nearly
parallel though slightly sinuous: there are: two well cut teeth behind
the outer orbital angle.

Chelipeds equal, and not so very much longer than the carapace :
the outer surface of the arm wrist and hand are closely beset with
small tubercles, which in places have a squamiform look, and the inner
surface of the palm is granular but has no transverse ridge: the inner
and outer borders of the arm, the inner border of the wrist, and the
upper border of the palm and movable finger are conspicuously serru-
late, and there is also a noticeable dilatation near the far end of the
inner border of the arm. There are no pectinated crests of any sort
on the palm, and the fingers—both surfaces of which are smooth and
polished—have no large gap between them when closed.

The legs are shortish, the 3rd pair being hardly 13 times the length

764

Careinological Fauna of India. 4.23

of the carapace, and rather slender. The meropodites are nearly three
times as long as broad, they have a subterminal spine on the anterior
border and in the case of the Ist pair their posterior border is dis-
tinctly serrulate. The dactyli are rather short, their length, in the
third pair, being less than two-thirds the length of the propodite : they
are remarkably tomentose.

In the Indian Museum there is a single specimen from Mergui :
its carapace is 38 millim. long and 35 millim. broad.

110. Sesarma oceanicum, de Man.

Sesarma oceanica, dé Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IV. 1889, p. 429, pl. x. fig. 9,
and Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891, p. 52.

Carapace shallow, depressed, its length greater than its breadth
between the antero-lateral angles; all the regions are fairly well defined
and the 4 post-frontal lobes of the gastric subregions are prominent, the
middle pair being more than twice as broad as the two outer ones: the
surface of the carapace is granular anteriorly and punctate posteriorly,
and near the sides are numerous short oblique striz.

Front half the breadth of the carapace, deepish, its free margin a
a little sinuous: orbits not at all oblique: the lateral borders of the
carapace have a slight, but distinct, convex curve, and there are two
teeth—the posterior of which is extremely .small—behind the onter
orbital angle.

Chelipeds equal, not much longer than the carapace: the outer
surface of the arm and wrist are rugose and both surfaces of the palm
are studded with sharpish granules: there is a small angular lobe
near the far end of the inner border of the arm, and the inner angle
of the wrist is dentiform: the palm is not quite as high as long, close
to and nearly parallel with its upper border is a fine and finely granular
ridge: the dactylus is about half as long again as the upper border
of the palm, and there are some sharpish granules along its upper
surface.

The legs are slender: their meropodites are more than three times
as long as broad and are not foliaceous, they have a subterminal spine
on the anterior border only: their dactyli are shortish, those of the
3rd pair being less than two-thirds the length of their propodites, and
are densely plumed: the 3rd pair of legs are about 23 times the length
of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Nicobars:
its carapace is 20 millim. long, and 16°5 millim. across the antero-lateral
angles.

765

4.24. Careinological Fauna of India.

111. Sesarma Finni, n. sp.

Near S. maculata, de Man.

Carapace shallow, depressed, flat, perfectly square, its length being
equal to its breadth at the antero-lateral angles and its sides being
parallel: the regions are indicated, but not emphasized, and the 4 post-
frontal lobes are sharply prominent, the middle pair being much broader
than the outer ones.

Front half the breadth of the carapace, deepish, its free edge nearly
straight: two little teeth on the lateral border of the carapace, behind
the outer orbital angle.

In the chelipeds of the female the outer surface of the arm wrist
and hand are granular; the upper border of the arm ends acutely,
and the inner border ends in a spine; the inner angle of the wrist is
pronounced, but is not dentiform; and the upper surface of the palm
is traversed, fore and aft, close to the upper border, by a fine and finely
milled ridge.

Legs long and slender, the 3rd pair being more than 23 times the
length of the carapace: their meropodites are not foliaceous, being about
three times as long as broad, and they have a subterminal spinule on
the anterior border only: their dactyli are long and slender, those of
the 8rd pair being more than three-fourths the length of the propodite:
the propodites and dactyli of all the legs are fringed with short stiff
sharp bristles.

The species is represented by a small female from the Andamans:
its carapace is not quite 11 millim. in either diameter.

112. Sesarma longipes, Krauss.

Sesarma longipes, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 44, pl. iii. fig. 2: Milne Hdwards,
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (83) XX. 1853, p. 199: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1880, p. 216: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 651.

The length of the carapace is equal to its breadth at the antero-
lateral angles, but as the lateral borders of the carapace diverge consi-
derably, from before backwards, the greatest breadth of the carapace (at
the level of the 2nd pair of legs) is considerably more than the length.

Carapace deepish, very slightly convex; its regions are not very
well defined, but the median longitudinal groove of the gastric region is
deep, and the 4 post-frontal lobes are sharply prominent, the middle pair
being much broader than the outer ones.

Front half the extent of the anterior border of the carapace, the
free margin slightly sinuous: the divergent lateral borders of the
carapace have a tooth of good size behind the outer orbital angles.

766

Carcinological Fauna of India. 425

Chelipeds in the female not half as long again as the carapace :
the outer surface of the arm and wrist are rugulose, and both surfaces of
the palm are studded with sharpisk granules: the upper border of the
arm ends acutely, but there is no spine at the end of the inner border ;
the inner angle of the wrist is pronounced, almost dentiform; there are
no granular or pectinated crests of any kind on the palm: the fingers
are little bent and leave no large gap between them when closed, there
are some sharpish granules along the upper border of the dactylus, and
along the lower border of the fixed finger.

The legs are remarkably uneven in length, the third pair being
more than 24 times the length of the carapace; the meropodites are
not exactly foliaceous, their greatest breadth being hardly two-fifths of
their length, and they have a subterminal spine on the anterior border
only ; the dactyli are remarkably long, those of the third pair being as
long as their propodites.

In the Indian Museum are 2 females from the Andamans: the
carapace of the larger one is 18 millim. long and 20 millim. in its
greatest breadth posteriorly.

113. Sesarma Kraussi, de Man.

Sesarma Kraussi, de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 11. 1887, p. 652, and Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 193, pl. xiv. figs. 1-3.

Differs from S. longipes, which it closely resembles, in the following
characters :—

(1) the four post-frontal lobes are not so prominent, the outer ones,
indeed, being very inconspicuous :

(2) the free edge of the front is more sinuous, owing to the depth
of the median notch :

(3) there are two distinct teeth on the lateral border of the
carapace, behind the outer orbital angle :

(4) the outer surface of the wrist and both surfaces of the palm
are nearly smooth, and there is a row of sharp granules along the
outer surface of the fixed finger: the upper border of the arm does not
end acutely :

(5) the legs are even longer and slenderer, the 3rd pair being move
than 32 times the length of the carapace: the meropodites of the legs
are at least 3 times as long as broad.

In the Indian Museum is a single male from the Nicobars: its
carapace is 9 millim. long and 11 millim. in greatest breadth.

Heller (“Noyara” Crust. pp. 64, 65) includes the following species in tho
Indian fauna :—
§. Eydouwi, Milne Edwards, Ann, Sci, Nat., Zool., (3) XX. p, 184 (Madras).
767

426 Carcinological Fauna of India.

S. indica, Milne Edwards, tom. cit. p. 186 (Ceylon, Nicobars).
8. gracilipes, Milne Edwards, tom. cit, p. 182 (Nicobars).

Sarmatium, Dana.

Sarmatium, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) XII. 185], p. 288, and
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1851, p. 251, and U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 357:
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 212: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst, I,
1887, p. 659. :

Metagrapsus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (8) XX. 1853, p. 188.

This genus, which I almost agree with Dr, de Man in regarding
as only a subgenus of Sesarma, differs from Sesarma in the following
particulars :—

(1) the front, instead of being abruptly and vertically deflexed,
is gradually declivous and obliquely deflexed :

(2) the antero-lateral borders of the carapace are usually a little
arched, instead of being in the same straight line with the postero-
lateral borders :

(3) the abdomen of the male does not completely coincide with
the breadth of the sternum at the level of the 5th pair of legs; and
in the female the terminal segment is not deeply impacted in the penul-
timate segment.

Distribution : West Indies, West coast of Africa, Indo-Pacific.

114. Sarmatium crassum, Dana.

Sarmatium crasswm, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1851, p. 251; U.S. Expl.
Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 358, pl. xxiii. figs. 1 a~d: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
(3) XX. 1853, p. 189: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 212: de Man,
Zool. Jabrb. Syst. II. 1887, p. 660.

Carapace deep, broader than long, broader behind than in front,
smooth, with very faint indications of regions and no oblique striz# on
the epibranchial regions : of the post-frontal lobes the two middle ones
alone are distinct, aud they are not prominent, they occupy almost all
the space between the orbits.

The front is half the extent of the anterior border of the carapace,
ius free edge is very little concave in the middle line. The antero-
lateral borders of the carapace are distinctly arched and are cut into
2 broad bluut lobes (one of which is the orbital angle) followed by a
small tooth.

Chelipeds “of male short, hand above transversely four to five-
plicate, externally nearly smooth, moveable finger with four short
rudiments of spines, carpus mostly smooth, a few seriate granules
above.” In the female the transverse plications of the upper surface

of the hand are very indistinct and the dactylus is smooth.
768

Carevmological Fauna of India. 427

Legs not much compressed: the meropodites are not broadened,
there is a spinule at the distal end of their anterior border: the dactyli
are slender but are shorter than the propodites.

In the Indian Museum is a young female from the Nicobars : its
carapace is 8 millim. long and 9 broad.

Henderson (Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 18938, p. 393) describes a variety
of Sarmatiwm indicum (Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p-. 174, pl.
xxvi. figs. 1-5) from Cochin.

Merasesarma, Edw.

Metasesarma, Milne Hdwards, Ann, Sci. Nat, Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 188: Kingsley,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 211: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. IX. 1895-97,
p. 128.

The most marked difference between this genus and Sesarma, which
it closely resembles, is that the tooth at the inner angle of the orbit
meets the thickened angle of the front, so as to completely exclude the
antenne from the orbit:

The regions of the carapace are not defined, and the post-frontal
tubercles are inconspicuous: the front is vertically deflexed as in Sesarma,
but is deeper and overhangs the epistome: the reticulate appearance of
the pterygostomian and neighbouring regions is finer, closer, aud more
confused: the orbits are more open below: the antenne are much
smaller: the legs are not so broad and compressed.

The Metasesarmata are land and fresh-water crabs of the Indo-
Pacific region.

115. Metasesarma Rousseauxii, Edw.

Metasesarma Rousseauxii, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (3) XX. 1853,
p. 188, and Archiv. du Mus. VII. 1855, p. 188, pl. x. figs. 1 a-c: Kingsley, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 211: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IV. 1889, p. 439, and IX.
1895-97, p. 138, and X. 1898, pl. xxix. fig. 28, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl.
Ost-Ind. II. p. 350: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 392:
Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 717.

Sesarma Aubryi, de Man (nec A. M. Edw.), Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888,
p. 168.

Carapace deepish, a little broader than long, smooth to the naked
eye, slightly convex fore and aft: ashort semilunar groove separates the
gastric from the cardiac region, and there is a median longitudinal
post-frontal groove of some depth: the middle pair of post-frontal
tubercles are distinct, though not prominent, but the outer ones are
hardly distinguishable.

769

428 Oarcinological Fauna of India.

Front a little more than half the breadth of the carapace, vertical,
deep, somewhat spathulate, the free edge convex and very slightly
sinuous.

Sides of the carapace slightly curved and convergent posteriorly,
no tooth behind the outer orbital angle.

The chelipeds are longer and more massive in the male, but are
otherwise similar in both sexes: in the male they are less than 14 times
the length of the carapace. To the naked eye they are smooth, except
for a patch of vesiculous granules in the middle of the inner surface
of the palm. The inner angle of the wrist is sharply pronounced, and
the upper border of the palm and of the base of the dactylus have a
few small blunt serrulations. The palm is as high as long, the dactylus
is about 15 times the length of the upper border of the palm, the
fingers, though a little hollowed at tip, are subacute and have no gap
between them when closed. fro

Legs rather slender, smooth and unarmed to the naked eye: the
meropodites are not broadened: the dactyli are as long as their pro-
podites and like them are fringed with dark spine-like bristles. The
drd pair of legs, which are the longest, are less than twice the length
of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 61 specimens from the Andamans and
Nicobars, Mergui, Ganges Delta, Madras, and Minnikoy (Laccadives).
Many of the specimens were taken on land, hiding under timber, in
which situation their curious mottled coloration must be protective.
The largest specimen has a carapace 14 millim. long by nearly 17 broad.

Cuisrocetoma, A. M. Edw.
Clistoceloma, A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 310:
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 219.

Differs from Sesarma only in the following characters :—

(1) the tooth at the inner angle of the lower border of the orbit
meets the front, as in Metasesarma, so as to completely exclude the
antennee from the orbit :

(2) the reticulation of the sidewalls of the carapace resembles _
that of Sesarma, but, on denudation, the lines of granules are found to
be absent, so that the meshwork is made up of hairs entirely :

(3) the merus of the external maxillipeds is shorter.

From Metasesarma this genus is distinguished by the lobulation of
the dorsum of the carapace and the dentate lateral borders.

If Metasesarma is to be classed as a subgenus of Sesarma as it has
been, and with undoubted reason, by Dr. de Man, the same course
might be taken with Clistoceloma.

770

Carcinological Fauna of India. 429

116. Olistoceloma balanse, Edw.

Clistoceloma balanse, A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,
p- 311, pl. xvii. fig. 1.

The whole body and the appendages, except the tips of the dactyli
of the legs, are everywhere covered with a dark dense adherent fur,
amid which, on the dorsal aspect, are numerous clumps of tomentum
that look like tubercles: the legs, in addition, have a shaggy fringe of
coarse hair.

Carapace square, as long as broad, somewhat depressed: when
denuded it is smooth and polished, with all the regions well defined and
boldly and symmetrically lobulated, and the post-frontal lobes promi-
nent, the outer ones being again subdivided into two tubercles.

Front much more than half the breadth of the carapace, nearly
vertically deflexed, deepish, its free margin sinuous and turned up to
form a trenchant horizontal edge.

The lateral borders of the carapace are cut, anteriorly, into three
lobes including the outer orbital angle.

Chelipeds subequal, nearly similar in size in both sexes, not more
massive than the legs, shorter even than the 1st pair of legs, which are
little longer than the carapace. When denuded they are smooth,
except that the upper surface of the wrist is a little lumpy: the inner
border of the arm is a little convex distally, but does not expand into
an undoubted lobe: the palm is higher than long, but is by no means
swollen or massive, and in the male only its upper surface is traversed,
obliquely fore and aft, as close as possible to the upper border, by a
fine microscopically-pectinate crest: the fingers are subacute, though
slightly hollowed at tip, and have no wide gap between them when
closed, and the fixed finger is shorter and deeper than the dactylus, the
dactylus is nearly twice as long as the upper border of the palm, and in
the male its upper. border is milled with about 14 or 15 lamelle.

Legs markedly unequal: the third pair, which are the longest, are
not quite twice as long as the carapace. In all, the meropodites are
thin and broad, and the dactyli are not two-thirds as long as their
propodites.

In the Indian Museum are a male and two females from the
Nicobars. The carapace of the largest is 19 millim. in either diameter,

117. Clistoceloma merguiense, de Man.

Clistoceeloma merguiensis, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXIT. 1888, p. 195,
pl. xiii, fig. 10, and Notes Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 92: and Zool. Jahrb., Syste,

1X, 1895-97, p. 339, and X. 1898, pl, xxxi. fig. 40.
rye!

430 Carcinological Fauna of India.

This species differs from C. balanse in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace is decidedly broader than long, its lobulations are
not nearly so bold and convex, and the outer post-frontal lobules may
be entire:

(2) the free edge of the front is not turned up to form a trenchant
horizontal crest, although it is well defined :

(3) the chelipeds of the male are far more massive than any of the
legs; the inner border of the arm is dilated distally ; the palm is a good
deal swollen, the pectinate crest that traverses its upper surface is
longer, and its inner surface is more granular; the fingers are more
widely separated when closed, and the lamellar tubercles along the
upper border of the dactylus are more numerous :

(4) itis asmaller species. _

In the Indian Museum are 10 specimens from the Nicobars: the
carapace of the largest egg-laden female is 10 millim. long and 12
broad.

MerapLax, Edw.

Metaplazx, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 161.

Rhaconotus, Gerstaecker, Archiv f. Naturges. XXII. 1856, i. p. 140, and
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1880, p. 213.

Metaplaz, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool., XXII. 1888, pp. 1538-155.

Carapace quadrilateral, somewhat depressed, a good deal broader
than long, the regions well or fairly defined and the cervical and
branchial grooves distinct.

Front declivous, its breadth about a third or a fourth that of the
carapace, the convexity of its free edge impinges on the epistome to
help in forming the broad interantennulary septum.

Lateral borders of the carapace straight, or a little arched anteriorly,
nearly parallel, cut into 4 or 5 teeth of which the last one or two are
very inconspicuous. The posterior part of the sidewalls of the
carapace with some hairs curving towards the incurrent branchial
opening.

Orbits of good depth: their outer wall incomplete, their lower
border crenulate: the eyes do not fill the orbits and the eyestalks are
not prolonged.

The antennules fold nearly transversely: the septum between
them is broad. The antenne lie in the orbital hiatus, their basal joint
is extremely short, their flagellum is of fair length.

Epistome short, but well defined and prominent: buccal cavern
squarish: the external maxillipeds leave between them a large rhomb-

772

Carcinological Fauna of India. 43 1

oidal gap, in which the mandibles are exposed: a broad oblique groove,
bounded internally by a line of hairs, runs from a point behind the
antero-external angle of the ischium to the anterior edge of the merus :
the merus is truncated, and the foliaceous propodite articulates near its
antero-external angle,

The chelipeds differ very markedly in the sexes: in the female
they are shorter and slenderer than the legs, but in the male they are
longer and much more massive than the legs. In the male there is
always a short oblique horny crest, either on or close to and parallel
with, the inner border of the arm, as in many species of Macrophthalmus :
it probably, as Dr. de Man suggests, is scraped against the lower border
of the orbit to produce a musical sound.

Legs slender, the first and last pairs much shorter than the 2nd
aud 3rd pairs—the 3rd pair the longest.

The abdomen in the male does not quite cover the sternum between
the bases of the last pair of legs: it may have all 7 segments distinct,
or, rarely, the 3rd 4th and 5th segments may be fused together: in the
female all 7 segments are separate and the 7th is small and deeply
impacted in the 6th, as in Sesarma.

Distribution: Estuaries and mudflats of the Oriental littoral.

The species of Metaplaz have many points of resemblance with the
Ocypodoid genus Macrophthalmus, and this is all the more likely to lead
to confusion as the two genera share the same habitat and have the
same manner of life; but there is no doubt of the true position of
Metaplax among the Sesarmine.

Key to the Indian species of Metaplax.

I. Anterior border of carpi and propodites of legs spiny:
chelipeds in the male 3 times the length of the carapace....... M. crenulata.
II. Anterior border of carpopodites and propodites of legs
smooth : male chelipeds less than 3 times the length of the
carapace :—
1. Dactylus of chele of male without any prominent
lobe on its dentary edge: chelipeds of male equal :—
i. 8rd 4th and 5th abdominal segments fused
together in the male......seecssseseersssevenzenesersres M. indica.
li. All the abdominal segments separate :—
a. Length of the carapace about three-
fourths the breadth: orbital portion of
lower border of orbit with 4 or 5 teeth... MM. dentipes.
b. Length of the carapace less than three-
fourths the breadth: orbital portion of
lower border of orbit with 9 or 10 teeth... MM. distincta.
773

432 Carcinological Fauna of India.

2, Dactylus of chele of male with a prominent lobe

projecting on the dentary edge: chelipeds of male
markedly unequal :—

i. Palm of larger cheliped of male longer than high. WM. elegans.
ii, Palm of larger cheliped of male higher thanlong. WM. intermedia.

118. Metaplax indica, Edw.

Metaplax indicus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852, p. 161,
and Archiy. du Mus. VII. 1855, p. 165, pl. xi. figs. 2-2c.

Carapace about two-thirds as long as broad, deepish, a little convex,
its surface smooth, the regions and the cervical and epibranchial grooves
faint.

-Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace. Lateral
borders of the carapace nearly straight, cut into 4 teeth, of which the
first 2 are large, the 3rd very small, and the 4th very inconspicuous.

Lower border of the orbit of the male continued to the level of the
first notch in the lateral border of the carapace, unevenly ecrenulate.

Chelipeds of the male equal, more than 2} times the length of the
carapace, smooth and unarmed, to the naked eye: arm long and slender,
projecting far beyond the carapace, its musical crest is almost on the
inner border, close to its proximal end: palm nearly twice as long as
high, increasing in height from its proximal to its distal end: fingers
slender, acute, not noticeably channelled and only moderately incurved,
neither of them have any large lobes on their dentary edge, the dactylus
is hardly shorter than the upper border of the palm, and though it is
deflexed is not hooked.

Legs quite unarmed, the carpopodites and propodites of the two
middle pairs remarkably tomentose: the third pair of legs are a little
more than twice as long as the carapace.

The 3rd 4th and 5th abdominal segments of the male are fused
together—though the sutures are not obliterated on either side, but
only in the middle—to form a single piece.

In the female the chelipeds are very slender, quite smooth, a
little longer than the carapace, and the lower border of the orbit is
finely and evenly serrulate.

In the Indian Museum are a male and a female from Karachi: the
carapace of the male is 10 millim. long and 14°5 millim. broad.

119. Metaplax distincta, Edw.

Metaplax distinctus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XVIII. 1852,
p. 162, pl. iv. fig. 27: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 158, pl. x.
figs. 7-9: Henderson, Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 391.
774

Carcinological Fauna of India. 433

Differs from M. indica in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is more than two-thirds—nearly three-quarters—
as long as broad :

(2) the lower border of the orbit of the male is prolonged to the
level of the second notch in the lateral border of the carapace, and
its orbital portion is cut into 9 or 10 little, blunt, obscurely-bilobulate
teeth, which decrease very regularly in size from within outwards:

(3) the chelipeds of the male are hardly 2} times the length of
the carapace; the arm has denticulate borders—the inner border being
a little dilated distally—and is not elongate and slender, its musical
crest runs obliquely away from the inner border and is nearer to the
middle of that border: the palm is only about half again as long as
high: the fingers are obliquely-truncated and channelled at tip, the
fixed finger has a lobe (though not a very large one) on its dentary
edge, the dactylus is hardly shorter than the upper border of the palm
and has a strong hook-like curve:

(4) the anterior border of the meropodites of the legs is armed,
in the first and last pairs with a single subterminal spine, in the middle
two pairs with several spines; the tomentum on the carpopodites and
propodites of the middle two pairs of legs is not so thick :

(5) the abdomen of the male consists of 7 separate segments.

In the Indian Museum are 8 specimens from Madras, Coconada,
Mergui, and the Nicobars: the carapace of the largest male is 15
millim. long and 21 broad.

120. Metaplax dentipes (Heller).

Helice dentipes, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 62, pl. v. fig. 5: Kingsley, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 220.

Metaplax dentipes, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII, 1888, p. 162, pl, xi.
figs. 1-3.

This is little more than a large variety of MW. distincta, from which
it differs in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace is less transverse, its length being slightly more
than three-fourths of its breadth :

(2) the lower border of the orbit of the male is divided, in its
orbital portion, into 4 or 5 blunt, broad, compressed teeth decreasing
in size from within outwards, and each tooth has a little cusp at its
outer end:

(3) in the chelipeds, the inner border of the arm is more dilated
distally ; the lobe on the dentary edge of the fixed finger is not so
convex, and the dactylus is as long as the upper border of the palm

775

434 Carcinological Fauna of India.

and is not so strongly hooked; the dactylus also sometimes has an
enlarged tooth—not a distinct lobe—near the middle of its dentary
border :

(4) the anterior border of the meropodites of the legs is very often
quite free from spines, but sometimes there are inconspicuous spinules
where spines exist in M. distincta.

In the Indian Museum are 23 specimens from the banks of the
Hooghly, the mud-flats of Arakan and Tenasserim, and Mergui. The
carapace of a large male is a little over 21 millim. long and 29 millim.
broad,

121. Metaplazx elegans, de Man.

Metaplaw elegans, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 164, pl. xi.
figs. 4-6, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 596.

Metaplaz crassipes, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. IT. 1892,
p. 825, pl. xix. fig. 12 (ipso teste),

Resembles M. indica in the form of the carapace, but can be re-
cognized by the following characters :—

(1) the groves of the carapace are fainter :

(2) the lower border of the orbit instead of being irregularly cut
into dentiform lobules is very finely and regularly pectinate :

(3) the chelipeds in the male are not 23 times as long as the cara-
pace and are distinctly unequal, the hand of one being decidedly larger
than its fellow: the arm is not elongate, its edges are granular, and its
musical crest, which is very fine, stands at the middle of the inner bor-
der, running obliquely parallel with that border: the larger palm is
only a little longer than high and its inner surface is granular, its
fingers are obliquely truncate and strongly channelled, and both of
them have a lobe near the middle of their dentary border, the dactylus
also is strongly curved, at any rate in the larger hand:

(4) in the first pair of legs the meropodites have a single subter-
minal spine on the anterior border, in the 2nd pair there are from
three to six spines, and in the 3rd and 4th pairs from seven to ten:
moreover at the extreme distal end of the posterior border of the
meropodites of the two middle pairs of legs there may be two or three
spinules:

(5) the abdomen of the male is broader, and has all 7 segments
separate,

In the Indian Museum are 32 specimens from the Godavari Delta
and from Mergui: the carapace of the largest male is 10°5 millim. long
and 16 broad.

776

Careinological Fauna of India. 435

122. Metaplax intermedia, de Man.

Metaplaw intermedius, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 166, pl.
xi. figs. 7-9.

Differs from M. indica in the following characters :—

(1) In the male the lower border of the orbit is continued a little
beyond the first notch in the antero-lateral border of the carapace, and
at its inner end it is cut into a series of 5 or 6 little even teeth that
decrease in size from within outwards, and then it gradually becomes
minutely and regularly pectinate :

(2) the chelipeds of the male are markedly unequal, the difference
in size being in the hand: their length is about 24 times that of the
carapace: the arm is of no great length and is somewhat broadened
across the middle, its edges are granular, and its musical crest lies in
the middle of the inner border, close to and nearly parallel with that
border: the palm has granular edges and is much compressed at its
antero-inferior corner; in the larger cheliped the hand is at least as high
as long: the fingers are obliquely truncated and strongly channelled ;
in the larger hand the dactylus is hooked and has a lobe on its cutting
edge near the proximal end, while the fixed finger is broad, is thin and
compressed at its basal end, and presents on its cutting edge a notch
(corresponding with the lobe on the dactylus) followed by a high lobe
that descends obliquely to the tip of the finger :

(3) near the far end of the anterior border of the meropodites of
the legs is a spine:

(4) the abdomen of the male has all 7 segments distinct, and is
rather broadly triangular.

In the Indian Museum are 1] specimens from the Godavari Delta,
the Gangetic Delta and Mergui. The carapace of the largest male is
93 millim. long and 15 broad.

123. Metaplax crenulata, |Gerstaecker;

Rhaconotus crenulatus, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Naturges. XXII. i. 1856, p. 142,

pl. v. fig. 5: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p, 213.
Metaplax crenulatus, de Man, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 156, and

Zool. Jabrb., Syst., [V. 1889, p. 439.

Carapace about three-fourths as long as broad, convex, with the
regions well defined and the cervical and epibranchial furrows deep and
coarse, its surface pitted.

Front about a fourth the greatest breadth of the carapace. Lateral
borders of the carapace cut into five teeth, the edges of which are
serrated ; the anterior part of the lateral borders is distinctly arched.

777

436 Carcinological Fauna of India.

The lower border of the orbit, in the male, extends beyond the
first notch of the lateral border of the carapace, its inner end is sharp
entire and sinuous, but all the rest of its extent is elegantly beaded.

’ Chelipeds of the male three times the length of the carapace, the
borders of the wrist and hand, and the inner border of the wrist,
sharply granular or serrulate: arm long and slender, somewhat dilated
at its proximal end, the musical crest close to the proximal end and
almost on the inner border: the palm gradually increases in height from
behind forwards, its greatest height is about half its length, along the
middle of its inner surface is a row of granules ending in a granular
patch: fingers slender, acute, incurved, not channelled, the extreme
length of the dactylus is only about three-fourths that of the upper
border of the palm: there are no prominent lobes on the dentary edges
of the fingers.

Both borders of the meropodites of the legs, as well as the anterior
border of the carpopodites and propodites, are spinulate. The third
pair of legs are nearly as long as the male chelipeds.

In the abdomen of the male, which is narrow, all 7 segments are
distinct, the penultimate segment being square.

In the female the chelipeds are very slender and are about 14
times the length of the carapace, and the lower border of the orbit is
elegantly pectinate.

In the Indian Museum are 11 specimens from the Sunderbunds
and Mergui. The carapace of the largest male is 30 millim. long and
40 broad.

Sub-family Puacustina, Dana.
Puacusia, Latreille.

Plagusia (part), Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. p. 33 (1806) : Desmarest, Consid.
Gen. Crust. p. 126 (part): De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 31: Milne Edwards
(part), Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 90, and Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (8) XX. 1853, p. 178:
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat Hist. (5) I. 1878, p. 148, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 271:
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1880, pp. 189, 223.

Philyra, De Haan, l.c. supra.

Carapace subcircular, depressed, the antero-lateral borders toothed.
The interorbital space is broad, being nearly a third the greatest
breadth of the carapace ; but there is no true front, so that the anten-
nular fosss, into which the autennules fold nearly vertically, are visible
in a dorsal view as deep clefts in the anterior border of the carapace.
The interantennular septum is broad. Orbits deep: the antenne stand
in the wide orbital hiatus, their flagellum is short.

778

Careinological Fauna of India. 437

Epistome short: buccal cavern squarish, its anterior border is
crenate and projects strongly in a horizontal direction. The external
maxillipeds do not meet across the buccal cavern, but the space between
them, which is not very broad, is occluded by bristles : their merus is
as broad as the ischium and carries the palp at its suminit : their
exognath has no flagellum. (< * LA « Pehrbroe

Chelipeds and legs dor Sette rugose. “Chelipeds subequal: in the
male they are more massive than the legs, and longer than those of the
first and last pairs, in the female they are shorter and slenderer than any
of the legs: the fingers are stout and have rounded hollowed-out tips.

Legs very stout, with broad massive meri and short stout serrated
dactyli.

The abdomen of the male is triangular and rather broad: it covers
all the sternum between the last pair of legs, and it may have all 7
segments distinct or the 3rd 4th and 5th fused. In the female the
abdomen is broad and consists of 7 segments, but the 3rd 4th and 5th
do not move independently of one another.

Distribution: all warm seas, and extending into the Mediterranean.

In habit the Plagusiez to a certain extent resemble the Grapsi,
dodging about rocks that are awash at high tide, and hiding in crannies
when pursued. They also resemble Varuna in being able to make
themselves at home on drift timber in the open sea. This will account
for the very wide range of some of the species.

The presence of two species in the Mediterranean implies nothing,
of itself, for they may very probably have been carried there by ships.
On the “ Investigator” one could always see a Plagusia adhering to the
ship’s side near the water-line.

124. Plagusia depressa var. squamosa (Hbst.).

? Cancer depressus, Herbst (nec Fabr.), Krabben &c. I. ii. 117, pl. iii. figs. 35 a-b.

Cancer squamosus, Herbst, I. ii. 260, pl. xx. fig. 113 (v. Hilgendorf, SB. Ges.
Nat. Freunde, 1882, p. 24).

Plagusia squamosa, Latreille, Gen. Crust. p. 34, and Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. XX VI.
p. 583, and (?) Encycl. Méthod. X. 1825, p. 145: Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans
Ver. p. 246: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 94: Krauss, Sudafr. Crust.
p. 42: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 178: Heller, SB.
Akad. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 363, and Novara Crust. p. 51: A, Milne Edwards,
Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 298: Richters, in Mébius, Meeresf. Maurit.
p. 157: Hilgendorf, SB. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1882, p. 24.

Plagusia tuberculata, Lamarck, l.c. p. 247: Latreille, Encycl, Méthod. X. p. 146:
Milne Edwards, l.c. p. 94: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) I. 1878, p. 148:
Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p, 110: Miiller, Verh. Ges. Basal, VIII. 1886, p. 476:
de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. V. 1888, p.168, and Zool, Jahrb., Syst., IX. 1895-97,

779

438 Carcinological Fauna of India.

' p. 358: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 730: M. J. Rathbun, P, U. 8.
Nat. Mus. XXI. 1898, p. 605.

Plagusia immaculata, Lamarck, l. c. p. 247: Miers, 1. c., p. 150, and Challenger
Brachyura, p. 273, pl. xxii. fig. 1: Haswell, l.c.: de Man, Archiv fiir Naturges.
LIII. 1887, i. p. 371: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p. 246: Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1898, p. 391: Ortmann, J. c.: Nobili, Ann. Mus.
Genov. (2) XX. 1899, p. 271.

Plagusia depressa, Latreille (nec Fabr.), Encycl. Méth. X. 145: Milne Edwards,
Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 93, and Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 179: Heller,
Novara Crust. p. 51.

Plagusia orientalis, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 103, and Ann.
Lyc. Nat, Hist. New York, VII. 1860, p. 281.

All the regions of the carapace are distinct, and the surface is
covered with flat pearly or squamiform tubercles which are fringed
anteriorly with little close-set bristles of uniform length.

The tubercles vary: sometimes they are prominent, sometimes
depressed, and sometimes they are almost obsolete on the most convex
portions of the carapace. The little fringes of bristles also vary: some-
times they fill all the space between the tubercles, somtimes they can
only be made out with a lens, sometimes they are absent.

The antero-lateral border of the carapace is armed with four teeth
(including the orbital angle) which decrease iu size from before back-
wards. The epistome is prominent beyond the anterior border of the
carapace and is usually cut into seven lobes.

The chelipeds of the adult male are massive and are about half
again as long as the carapace, but in the female they are slender and
only about as long as the carapace. The inner angle of the wrist is
coarsely dentiform: the tubercles on the upper surface of the palm and
dactylus are arranged in high relief in longitudinal rows, those on the
outer surface of the palm—especially at phe upper part of it—have a
tendency to fall into transverse rows.

On the posterior edge of the dorsal surface of the basipodites
of the legs is a subacute tooth or blunt lobe with entire edges, this tooth
being most conspicuous in the 2nd and 3rd pair of legs: on the anterior
border of the meropodites there is a single strong spine, subterminal in
position: the upper surface of the carpopodites propodites and dactyli is
traversed longitudinally by a dense strip of long bristles. The 3rd pair of
legs, which are the longest, are not quite twice the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 31 specimens from the Bay of Bengal
and Arabian Sea: many of them were taken from drift timber in the
open sea. Old specimens are commonly encrusted with barnacles and
acorn-shells. The largest specimen in the collection has a carapace
54 millim, long and 56 broad.

780

Careinological Fauna of India. 439

Liotoruus, Miers.
Leiolophus, Miers, Cat. Crust. New Zealand, p. 46 (1876), and Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (5) I. 1878, p. 153.
Acanthopus, De Haan, Faun, Japon. Crust. p. 29: Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust.
pt. I. p. 372 : Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci, Nat., Zool., (3) XX. 1853, p. 180 (nom. przocc.).

As in Plagusia, the antennx fold nearly vertically in deep slits—
visible in a dorsal view—cut in the anterior border of the carapace, the
slits dividing the interorbital space into three deep lobes; and the
exognath of the external maxillipeds has no flagellum.

The difference from Plagusia is as follows :—

The carapace is extremely flat and depressed—being quite disk-
like—and is longer than broad: the interantennular septum is of no
great breadth: the epistome is almost linear: the merus of the external
maxillipeds is very small, being much narrower than the ischium, and
is disposed obliquely in repose: the chelipeds and legs, though in
places spiny, are not rugose: the legs are much slenderer, and though
the meropodites are broad they are very thin: the copulatory organ
of the male ends in a claw: finally, the exognath of the external maxil-
lipeds is extremely short and slender.

As in the Indian species of Plagusia, the abdomen of the male
consists of 5 segments, the 3rd 4th and 5th being fused. The abdomen.
of the female is similar in this respect to that of the male,

Distribution: as Plagusia, but not in the Mediterranean.

125. Liolophus planissimus (Hbst.).

Cancer planipes, Seba, Thesaurus III. p. 49, pl. xix. fig. 21 (1758).

Cancer planissimus, Herbst, Krabben &e. III. iv. 3, pl. lix. fig. 3 (1804).

Plagusia clavimana, Latreille, Gen. Crust. p. 34: Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim,
Sans Vert., Crust., p. 247: Desmarest, Dict. Sci. Nat. XXVIII. p. 246: Latreille,
Encycl. Méthod. X. p. 146: Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 127, pl. xiv. fig. 2:
Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 92, and in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Crust, pl.
xxili. fig. 8: Hess, Archiv f. Nat. XXXI. 1865, i. p. 154: Desbonne et Schramm,
Crust. Guadaloupe, p. 50: Richters in Mébius’ Meeresf. Maurit. p. 157.

Plagusia serripes, Lamarck, loc. cit. : Latreille, Eneyel. Méthod. Loe, cit.

Acanthopus planissimus, De Haan, Faun, Japon. Crust. p. 30: Dana, U.S. Expl.
Exp. Crust. pt. I. p.372: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (3) XX. p. 180: Heller,
SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 364: Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VII.
1862, p. 232: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 51: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du
Mus. IX. 1873, p. 299: Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (6) II. 1875, Art. 2 (male appen-
dages): Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 31 (gastric teeth).

Acanthopus clavimanus, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust., p. 42.

Acanthopus Gibbesi, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. loc. cit.

Leiolophus planissimus, Miers, Cat. Crust. N. Z. p. 46, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5) I, 1878, p. 153, and P, Z, 58, 1879, p. 88, and Zool. H. M.§. Alert, pp. ee 545:

1

440 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Filhol, Crust. N. Z., Miss. Vile Campbell, p. 894: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust.
p, 112: Miller, Verh. Ges. Nat. Basel, 1886, p. 476: de Man, Arch. f, Nat. LIII. 1887,
i. p. 372, and Notes Leyden Mus. XV. 1893, p. 287, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., IX.
1895-97, p. 358: Pocock, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1890, p. 513: Henderson,
Trans, Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 891: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-
94, p. 731: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p.189 :M.J. Rathbun, Ann.
Inst. Jamaica, I. 1897, p. 36.

Carapace thin, disk-like, covered with little short bristles which,
however, leave certain symmetrical raised linear patches bare: the
meropodites of the legs are clad in the same way, and have two long
bare stripes.

The front, the antennular and supra-orbital angles, and the epis-
tome are all acutely spinous: the antero-lateral border of the carapace
is armed with 4 acute spines: the middle of the upper border of the
orbit is more or less serrate. The eyes are large and reniform.

The chelipeds vary according to age and sex, but the arm and
wrist are always armed with spines; the palm is smooth, nude, oval,
and somewhat compressed; and the fingers are short, blunt, and hol-
lowed at tip. In the adult male the palms, or one of them, are remark-
ably deep.

The anterior border of the meropodites of all the legs is armed
along its whole length with remarkably large and even spines, the pos-
terior border ends in a spine: in the case of the first two meropodites
there is a second row of spinules parallel with the anterior border, but
this is very indistinct in the meropodites of the 3rd pair, and quite
absent in those of the 4th.

The colour in life is dark green, the nude streaks being bright
green. In the Indian Museum are 36 specimens from the Andamans,
Ceylon, and Laccadives: the carapace of the largest is 23 millim, long
and 21 broad. ;

Family GEOCARCINIDA, Dana.
Key to the Indian Genera.

I. Fronto-orbital border more than half the maximum breadth
of the carapace: interantennular septum broad: epistome
well defined and prominent: dactyli of legs with 4 rows of
spiues :—
1. Buccal cavern not elongate: exognath of external
maxillipeds without a flagellum : opposed edges of the
basal joints of the 2nd and 8rd pairs of legs heavily
fringed with hair much as in Ocypoda :—
i. Antero-lateral borders of carapace dentate..... GRAPSODES,
ii, Antero-lateral borders of carapace entire.....,,.. HPIGRAPSUS,

782

Carcinological Fauna of India. 441

2. Buccal cavern elongate; exognath of external maxil-
lipeds with a flagellum: no hairy fringe on the basal
joints of the 2nd and 8rd pairs of legs........ poconehacsnep CaARDIOSOMA,

{I. Fronto-orbital border less than half the greatest breadth of
the carapace: interantennular septum narrow: epistome
ill-defined and sunken: dactyli of legs with 6 rows of
spines: exognath of external maxillipeds without a

fl APO Map er emateteeclons ance ciisisscsc oes vsaesceerteatioee caseenean es sGse eee LE UG AMG LNPOHE

Grapsopes, Heller.

Grapsodes, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 58: Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1880, pp. 188, 197.

Carapace depressed, little broader than long, declivous anteriorly,
the regions faintly indicated, the dorsal surface without ridges or
wrinkles, the lateral borders well arched and irregularly dentate.

Front about half the width of the anterior border, or about a third
the greatest breadth of the carapace, strongly deflexed, its free edge
nearly straight.

Orbits small, sballow, the lower border is wanting except for the
tooth at the inner angle. The antennules fold nearly transversely in
fossee which are widely open externally; interantennular septum very
broad. Antennal flagella slender and very short, standing in the
orbital hiatus.

Epistome of moderate length fore and aft. External maxillipeds
having a rhomboidal gap between them, in which the mandibles are
visible: the merus is narrower than, but about the same length as, the
ischinum, and is a little oblique: the palp, which though coarse is small,
articulates at the antero-external angle of the merus.

Chelipeds in both sexes subequal ; in the male they are very much
more massive than the legs and longer than the first and last pairs: in
the female they are relatively shorter and much less massive than in
the male. The tips of the fingers are acute.

Legs stout, their joints are not particularly broad or compressed
but have their edges armed with stout bristles: the dactyli are long,
acute, and thorny. The 2nd and 3rd pair of legs are the longest, and
between their bases is a recess fringed with hairs resembling that found
in Ocypoda and Gelasimus, and probably indicating terrestrial or
amphibious habits.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of seven segments, and in the
male its base covers all the breadth of the sternum between the last
pair of legs.

Distribution: Islands of Hast Indian Archipelago.

783

442 Caremological Fauna of India.

This genus is really identical with Hpigrapsus (= Nectograpsus),
frem which i only differs in having the regions of the carapace even
more indistinct, the lateral borders of the carapace entire, the male
chelipeds remarkably unequal, and the dactylus of the legs alone
hirsute.

126. Grapsodes notatus, Heller.
Grapsodes notatus, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 58, pl. v. fig. 2: Miers, P. Z. S. 1877,
p. 136: J, S. Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 197: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. V. 1883, p. 160.

Carapace five-sixths as long as broad, the regions defined, though
faintly, the surface smooth except sometimes for some granules near
the lateral borders. The antero-lateral borders are cut into three
shallow teeth or lobes behind which are some inconspicuous crenula-
tions. On the line of flexion of the front are two eminences separated
by a notch. Hpistome and pterygostomian regions tomentose.

The chelipeds differ considerably in the sexes, though always
smooth. In the adult male they are nearly twice the length of the
carapace, the inner angle of the wrist is pronounced but not spiniform,
the palm (which is as high as long) has a strong bulge at the infero-
posterior angle, the dactylus (which is twice as long as the upper
border of the palm) is much longer than the immobile finger and
closes very obliquely, and there are two molariform teeth, one near
the base of the dactylus, the other nearer the tip of the immobile ©
finger.

In the female the chelipeds are hardly 13 times the length of the
carapace, the inner angle of the wrist is dentiform or spiniform, the
palm is not enlarged or inflated, and the fingers are of nearly equal
length, meet in the greater part of their extent, and are finely denticu-
lated except near the tips.

The second pair of legs, which are the longest, are about twice the
length of the carapace, the third pair are a little shorter than the
second, and the first and last pair are about 15 times the length of the
carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 8 specimens from the Nicobars. The
carapace of the largest male is 25 millim. long’and 30 millim. broad,
but a female is somewhat larger than this.

That this species is probably terrestrial is evidenced by the vaulted
branchial cavities, and also by the folding of the membrane that lines
them, which is practically the same as that of Ocypoda, Cardiosoma, and
Pelocarcinus.

784

Carcinological Fauna of India. 443

Ericrapsus, Heller.

Epigrapsus, Heller, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XII. 1862, p. 522: Kingsley,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, pp. 188, 192: Miers “Challenger” Brachyura,
p. 265.

Nectograpsus, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 56.

This genus is really identical with Grapsodes, from which it differs
in no single point of importance.

The trivial characters that separate it from Grapsodes are the
following :—

The regions of the carapace are hardly distinguishable, and the
lateral margins are entire: the chelipeds in the male are markedly
unequal, one of them being longer and vastly more massive than the
legs, the other being hardly larger than those of the female (which
resemble those of Grapsodes): though the legs resemble those of
Grapsodes in proportions and in the singular length of the dactyli, they
differ in having only the terminal joint hirsute.

Distribution: Islands of the Hast Indian Archipelago and Polynesia.

127. Hpigrapsus politus, Heller.

Epigrapsus politus, Heller, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XII. 1862, p. 522:
Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1880, p. 192: Miers, Challenger Brachyura,
p. 266: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 708: de Man, Zool. Jahrb.
Syst. IX. 1895-97, p. 79.

Nectograpsus politus, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 57, pl. v. fig. 3.

Carapace about seven-eighths as long as broad, perfectly smooth,
the outer orbital angle not pronounced and the lateral margins entire
in the adult. The line of flexion of the front is a little concave in the
middle. Hpistome and pterygostomian regions tomentose.

Chelipeds smooth, equal in the female, markedly unequal in the
male. In the male the larger cheliped is more than twice the length
of the carapace, the inner angle of the wrist is not pronounced, the
palm is about as high as long and has a strong bulge at its postero-
inferior angle, the dactylus is much longer than the immobile finger,
and the dactylus has 2 or 3 small molariform teeth while the immobile
finger has a single one.

In the female the chelipeds are little longer than the carapace,
have the inner angle of the wrist pronounced, the palm not enlarged
or inflated, and the fingers finely and inconspicuously toothed and nearly
equal in length.

The smaller cheliped of the male is but little larger than those of

the female.
785

444 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Of the legs the 2nd pair are the longest, being twice the length of
the carapace, and the 3rd pair are slightly shorter: the lst pair are
nearly 14 times, the 4th pair about 13 times the length of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens, from the Andamans and
Nicobars: the carapace of the largest male is 14 millim. long and 16
millim. broad.

Carpiosoma, Latreille.

Cardisoma, Latreille, Encycl. Méthod. X. p. 685 (1825) : De Haan, Fann. Japon.
Crust. p. 27: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, II, 22, and Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3)
XX. 1853, p. 203: Smith, Trans. Connect. Acad. Sci. II. 1870, p, 142: Miers,
Challenger Brachyura, p. 219: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p, 732.

? Discoplaz, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (4) VII, 1867, p, 248,
and Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 293.

Carapace deep, convex fore and aft, transversely oval, with the
lateral borders tumid and strongly arched owing to the vault-like
expansion of the gill-chambers, the pterygostomian regions densely
tomentose.

The fronto-orbital border is much more than half, and the deflexed
and nearly straight front is about a fourth, the greatest breadth of
the carapace. Orbits deep, with the outer angle defined by a denticle,
and with the tooth at the inner angle well developed but distant from
the front: the eyes are very loose in the orbits.

The antennules fold obliquely beneath the front, by which they are
a good deal concealed: the inter-antennular septum is very broad. The
antenne lie in the orbital hiatus, which their broad basal joint nearly
fills: their flagellum is very short. .

Epistome short, prominent and well defined: buccal cavern elon-
gate squarish, the external maxillipeds do not close it but leave between
them a rhomboidal gap in which the mandibles are exposed. In the
external maxillipeds the merus is a longish joint and carries the
palp, which is large and not at all concealed, at its antero-external
angle: the exognath, which carries a flagellum, is exposed in much the
greater part of its extent. The exognaths of the other maxillipeds are -
heavily fringed with coarse hair.

The chelipeds, which are much more massive than the legs, may
either be equal or markedly unequal, differing little in the sexes: they
alter considerably with age—one or both—the arm and fingers becoming
elongated, and the whole hand increasing in size until it becomes longer
than the carapace is broad and more than half as high as the carapace
is long.

The legs are stout: some of their joints are fringed with bristles, and

786

Carcinological Fuuna of India. 44.5

their long strong dactyli are square in section and have a series of
spines along all four edges.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments, and in
the male its base covers the whole width of the sternum between the
last pair of legs.

The branchiz are eight in number on either side: the gill chambers
are vaulted and remarkably capacious, and they are lined by a thick
vascular membrane folded to form a sort of pocket, and as in several
other crabs—such as Gelasimus and Ocypoda—that spend most of their
time out of water, a sort of “choroid process” of this membrane,
shaped like a gill-plume, projects laterally over the pleura of the
penultimate pair of legs.

The species of this genus live on land. They are very common in
the jungles of the Andamans where they may be found in the day time
crouching under roots, fallen logs, &c., sometimes in burrows near the
shore.

Distribution: West Indies and neighbouring coasts of America,
Cape Verde Is. and West Coast of Africa, Indo-Pacific from Madagascar
to Chili.

Key to the Indian species of Cardiosoma.

I. Carapace very strongly convex fore and aft, the regions
indistinct : breadth of the orbit not much more than half
its length: merus of the legs with bristles only at its
Gib eee re bsans (a4'-40., + oor saveerse srsssisesss C. Carnifer.

II. Carapace very moderately convex fore and aft, the
regions distinct: breadth of the orbit about two-thirds
its length: merus of the legs with bristles along its whole

eter sentences ereeeeere

Pernpeo la ese Ae sasaca co. coe u0s acs senavuchovavstsvncsndbeepanseeesatee (Os Nérttiaeut = ve),

Sies
128. Cardiosoma carnifex, (Hbst.). ae

Cancer carnifer and hydromus, Herbst, Krabben ete, II. v. 163, 164, pl. xli. figs,
1, 2 (1794).

Cardisoma carnifex, Latreille, Encycl. Méthod. X. p. 685: Milne Edwards, Hist.
Nat. Crust. If. 23: Guérin, Icon. Régne An., Crust. pl. v. fig. 2: Dana, U.S. Expl.
Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 877: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX, 1853, p. 204
Heller, Novara Crust. p. 85: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv, du Mus. IV, 1868,
p. 71, and IX. 1873, p. 264: Hoffmann, in Pollen and van Dam, Faun, Madagasc.,
Crust. p. 12: Broechi, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (6) II. 1875, Art, 2, p. 85, pl. xvii.
figs. 117, 118 (male appendages): Miers, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 187, and Phil. Trans. 1879,
p. 490, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 220: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 801;
de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 31, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl.
Ost.-Ind. II. p. 285: Richters, in Mébias, Meeresf. Maurit. p, 157: Lenz and
Richters, Abh, Senck. Nat. Ges. XII, 1881, p. 422: Taschenberg, Zeitschr, f,
787

m | !
re |GAdveE,

re

fry -
CARO er aes ro

446 Carcinological Fauna of India.

Naturwiss. LVI. 1883, p. 171: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893,
p. 380: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. 1899, p. 271.
Cardisoma Guanhumi var. carnifex, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94,

p- 735.

Cardisoma obesum, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. V. 1851, p. 252, and U.S.
Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 375, pl. xxiv. fig. 1: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., t.c.
p. 205: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 100: Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. VII. 1877, p. 114: ? de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 35.

Cardisoma Urvillei, Milne Edwards, Ann, Sci. Nat. t.c. p. 204: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. t.c., p. 33.

Carapace strongly convex fore and aft, especially in the young,
the regions are indicated by inequalities of level, but the posterior
limit of the gastric region and the ecardiaco-intestinal region are
defined by grooves: the posterior areola of the gastric region is always
tumid.

The antero-lateral border of the carapace is defined by a fine raised
line, becoming indistinct with age, which is not continuous with the
small tooth at the outer orbital angle, but starts at a little denticle of
its own. ay

The sides of the front (inner boundaries of the orbit) are very
oblique: the sinuous upper border of the orbit runs very slightly back-
ward to the base of the outer orbital tooth: the greatest width (height)
of the orbit is little more than half the length of that cavity. The
basal antenna-joint is large, touching the front.

The breadth of the buccal cavern, measured across the middle of
the external maxillipeds, is equal to its length in the middle line.

In both sexes the chelipeds are unequal: they are smooth, except
for a few small tubercles or wrinkles or denticles or granules along the
edges of some of the joints: the inner angle of the wrist is dentiform,
the palm is higher than long, especially in the larger hand, the stout
fingers meet only at tip, especially in the larger hand.

The size of the larger cheliped varies with age. In adults of
moderate size it is about twice the length of the carapace, the ischium
hardly projects beyond the carapace, and the length of the dactylus is
about equal to the height of the palm. In old specimens, especially in -
the male sex, it is about 2% times the length of the carapace, the
ischium projects far beyond the carapace, and the length of the dactylus
is 14 times the height of the palm.

In the legs there are stiff bristles, not very thickly set, at the
distal end of the merus, on the anterior border and surface of the
carpus and on both borders of the propodite.

The 7th segment of the male abdomen is half or less than half the
length of the 6th, measured in the middle line.

788

Carcinological Fauna of India. 44,7

In the Indian Museum there are 13 specimens from the Andamans
and the Coromandel coast (besides specimens from Tahiti and Mada-
gascar).

Ortmann considers that this form is only a variety of the West
Indian C. Guanhumi, with which he regards the West African
C. armatum as synonymous. So far as I can judge from single speci-

mens of these two supposed species, I should think that this view is
correct.

129. Curdiosoma hirtipes, Dana.

Cardisoma hirtipes, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1851, p. 253, and U. 8S.
Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 376, pl. xxiv. figs. 2, a-d: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Zool., (3) XX, 1853, p. 205: Hess, Archiv f. Naturges. XXXI. 1865, i. p. 140:
Heller, Novara Crust. p. 35: Miers, Cat. Crust. New Zealand, p. 53: de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 34, and Archiv f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 349, pl. xiv.
fig. 3: E. Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 26 (gastric teeth) : Filhol, Crust.
N. Z. in Miss. Pile Campbell, p. 460: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94,
p. 737: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 188: Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov.
(2) XX. 1899, p. 271.

Discoplaz longipes, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, (4) VII.
1867, p, 284, and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 294, pl. xv. (sec Ortmann, J.c.).

This species is easily distinguished from (. carnifex by the
following characters :—

(1) the carapace is much less convex, the regions are much more
distinctly defined, and the gastric region is distinctly subdivided, by
grooves, into 3 areolee: moreover there are some fine oblique striz on
the sides of the epibranchial regions :

(2) the sides of the front, or inner boundaries of the orbit, are
not nearly so oblique: the upper border of the orbit is less sinuous and
runs slightly forwards to the outer orbital angle: the greatest width of
the orbit is nearly two-thirds the length of that cavity. The basal
antenna joint does not touch the front:

(3) the breadth of the buccal cavern, measured across the middle
of the meri of the external maxillipeds, falls considerably short of the
length measured in the middle line:

(4) the chelipeds may be unequal but are far more commonly
equal, even in old specimens in which the palms and fingers have grown
long and the palm become enlarged :

(5) the bristles on the legs are more thickly set, and they occur
along the whole of the anterior border of the merus :

(6) the 7th segment of the male abdomen is more than half the
length of the 6th, measured in the middle line,

789

44.8 Carcinological Fauna of India.

In the Indian Museum are 18 specimens from the Nicobars and
Andamans (besides 4 from the ‘ South Seas” and Madagascar).
Tn life the carapace is dark violet and the chele bright cinnabar red.

PrLocarcinus, Edw.

Gecarcoidea, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. 25 (1837).

Pelocarcinus, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3) XX. 1853, p. 203, and:
Archiv. du Mus. VII. 1854-55, p. 183: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.
(3) II. 1890, p. 171 (et synon.).

Hylzocarcinus, Wood-Mason, J.A.8.B. XLII. 18738, pt. 2, p. 258, and Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (4) XIV. 1874, p. 189.

Limnocarcinus, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. I. 1879, p. 65.

Gecarcoidea, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 732, 738.

Carapace transversely oval, somewhat depressed, with the lateral
borders tumid and strongly arched owing to the vault-like expansion
of the gill-chambers: the gastric region particularly well defined.

The extent of the fronto-orbital border is less than half the great-
est breadth of the carapace, that of the strongly deflexed and nearly
straight front is from a sixth to a seventh the greatest breadth of the
carapace.

Orbits deep, broadly oval, demarcated dorsally by a sharpish slightly
raised border, their outer angle not defined, a wide gap in their lower
border: at the inner angle there is a strong tooth which may or may
not, even in the same species from the same jungle, meet the front :
if it does so, the autenns, which are much reduced in size, are excluded
from the orbit.

The antennules fold obliquely beneath the front, and the inter-
antennular septum is not very broad.

Epistome sunken, hairy posteriorly so as to appear ill defined from
the palate. Buccal cavern rounded anteriorly, not nearly closed by the
external maxillipeds, which leave between them a wide rhomboidal gap
in which the mandibles are exposed.

The external maxillipeds are rather skort: their merus lies oblique-
ly, and its anterior edge is excavated for the insertion of the palp,
which is short and coarse and is completely exposed: their exognath
is very short and almost entirely concealed and is without a flagellum.
The exognaths of the other maxillipeds are heavily fringed with hair.

Chelipeds much more massive than the legs, usually equal in both
sexes, though larger and longer in the male than in the female,

Legs stout: in all, the anterior border of the carpus and all the
borders of the propodite and dactylus are spiny, there being six rows
of spines on the dactylus.

790

Oareinvlogical Fuuna of India. 44.9

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments, and
in the male its base covers all the breadth of the sternum between the
last pair of legs,

The gill-chamber and its lining membrane, and the number of
branchie, are as in Cardiosoma.

The Pelocarcint are land-crabs. The single Indian species is very
common in the jungles of the Andamans, where, especially on the
smaller islets, it grows to a large size.

Distribution: Brazil, Andamans and N Niches Celebes, Philippines,
New Guinea, Loyalty Is.

Ortmann (l.c.) throws doubt on the locality Brazil, but, as it
appears to me, without sufficient reason, seeing that the elder Milne
Edwards states definitely that the type of the species was found in
that country by a collector of the Paris Museum. Pelocarcinus is by
no means the only form of animal life that has this very curious and
suggestive distribution, which we also find, among Mammals in the
Tapirs, among Birds, as Mr. Finn informs me, in the Piculets of the
genus Picwmnus, among Reptiles in the Ilystide, and among fishes in
the freshwater eels of the genus Symbranchus.

130. Pelocarcinus Humet (Wood-Mason).

Hylzocarcinus Humei, Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. XLII. 1873,
pt. 2, p. 260, pls. xv, xvi, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XIV. 1874, p. 190.

Carapace transversely oval, becoming broader with age, its lateral
borders tumid and ill defined. The gastic region is particularly well
delimited and is divided into three subregions—two antero-lateral and
one postero-median—the anterior two of which are separated from one
another by a deep groove: the cardiac-intestinal region is fairly well
defined.

In adults the carapace is smooth, except for some oblique striz on
the lateral borders, which become squamiform markings on the ptery-
gostomian regions, these regions being devoid of tomentum,

Front nearly vertically deflexed, somewhat spatulate but with the
free edge straight. The tooth at the inner angle of the orbit does not
usually touch the front, but sometimes it does and excludes the small
antennez from the orbit.

The chelipeds in the adult male are usually equal and are about 23
times the length of the carapace: the arm projects a long way beyond
the carapace, and its upper and inner borders are rugose or irregularly
tuberculate; the inner angle of the wrist is truncated; the palm is en-
larged, its length is about 1} times its height and about as ro ‘i the

9

450 Carcinological Fauna of India.

dactylus ; the fingers, though they only meet at tip, are not widely
separated,

In the adult female the chelipeds are about 13 times the length of
the carapace : the arm projects but little, the hand is not much enlarged,
and the fingers almost meet throughout their length.

In many young females the inner edge of the wrist is serrated and
there are also a few denticles along the upper border of the palm.

The second pair of legs, which are the longest, are hardly twice the
length of the carapace.

Colours in life: carapace violet with some dirty yellow markings:
chelipeds and legs yellowish with a livid reddish tinge.

In the Indian Museum are specimens from the Nicobars and from
numerous islands of the Andaman group. The largest one has a carapace
82 millim. long and 110 broad.

Family PALICIDA, Rathbun.
Pauious, Philippi.

Cymopolia, Roux, Crust. Médit. pl. xxi. 1828: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust.
II. 158: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 333 (nom przocc.).

Palicus, Mary J. Rathbun, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, XI, 1897, pp. 93, 165
[‘‘ Philippi, Zweiter Jahresber. d. Vereins f. Naturk. in Cassel, 11, 1838.” ].

Carapace depressed, broader than long, covered with granules and
with symmetrical tubercles or rugosities that have a tendency to fall
into transverse series.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, little or
not at all deflexed, usually lobed or toothed. Lateral borders of the
carapace hardly curved, serrated anteriorly.

Orbits deep, the upper border is cut into several teeth by deep
clefts, and there are usually two clefts in the lower border.

The antennules fold nearly transversely beneath the front: the
interantennular septum is a narrow plate. The antenne commonly
have the basal joint, which stands in the orbital hiatus, enlarged: the
flagellum is well developed.

Epistome sunken, not defined. Buccal cavern square. The exter-
nal maxillipeds do not close the buccal cavern anteriorly: their merus
is very small and is much narrower than the ischium: the ischium has
its antero-internal angle and the merus its antero-external angle much
produced: the palp articulates near the middle of the concave summit
of the obliquely-placed merus.

Chelipeds short and usually slender in the female: in the adult

male one of them may be enlarged—rarely both.
792

Garcinological Fauna of India. 451

The two middle pairs of legs are much the largest: the first
pair, except that they are much shorter and slenderer, resemble the
middle pairs, but the fourth pair are weak, sometimes filiform, and are
elevated above the third pair as in Dorippe, ete.

The abdomen in both sexes consists of 7 separate segments, the
basal segments being very narrow fore and aft and the Ist linear.

In the female the genital openings are on the 2nd segment of the
sternum close to the suture between it and the first.

Distribution: Atlantic coasts of Central America and of the United
States, Cape Verde and Mediterranean, Indo-Pacific from S¢ychelles to

A 1 7
SoweCalifornia.

The Indian species of Palicus live among coral shingle at a depth
of from 10 to 40 fathoms, where their mottled coloration and granular
rugose carapace afford a good concealment.

Key to the Indian species of Palicus.

I. Posterior border of the propodites and dactyli of the first
3 pairs of legs entire :—
1. Front cut into two lobes :—
i. Lobes of front broad: propodites and
dactyli of the two middle pairs of legs
BUD TONACCOUN sesse0sae-seserleerseaant sosveces LP. Jukesis.
ii. Lobes of front euhapnta: pinnae: and
dactyli of the two middle pairs of legs

compressed but not broadened ...... esereeeee P. Whites,
2. Front cut into four lobes, the middle two gub:
acute, the outer ones broad.. Sera sone “6c P. Wood-Masoni.

II, Posterior border of the piowodites arid dactyli of die
first 3 pairs of legs elegantly serrate :—-
1. Front cut into four blunt teeth: propodites and
dactyli of the two middle pairs of legs broadly
Foliaceous 2.4... ... see soteesssecsessoeoseeres P, SerrIpES,
2. Front cut into fey arte teat’ 4a anaaitee dna
dactyli of the two middle pairs of legs compressed
but not foliaceous ...........:ssessscersesecsrsvserscssesess Ls tnvestigatoris,

131. Palicus Jukesii (White).

Cymopolia Jukesii, White, in Jukes’ Voy. H. M.S. “Fly,” p. 338, pl. ii. fig. 1:
Miers Zool. H. M.S. “Erebus” and “ Terror,’ Crust. p. 3, pl. iii. figs. 4-4c, and
Challenger Brachyura, p. 335: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 188: Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 405.

Carapace with the regions well defined, and with the surface
thrown into four transverse wrinkles, the two middle ones of which

are the most convex and best defined: the whole surface is also closely
793

452 Carcinological Fauna of India.

covered with vesiculous and crystalline granules, which are largest
on the convexities.

Front divided into two broad rounded lobes: antero-lateral border
of the carapace cut into three teeth including the orbital angle:
posterior border of the carapace raised, but not cut into well-spaced
lobules.

Upper border of the orbit with two deep notches between the
inner and outer orbital angles, both of these angles having a concave
margin: lower border with two deep notches. There is a leaf-like
lobule on the granular eye-stalk, another at the outer angle of the basal
antenna-joint, and another in the gap between the antenna and the
outer angle of the buccal cavern. The exposed surface of the ischinm
of the external maxillipeds is obliquely traversed by two ridges which
meet at the produced antero-internal angle of the joint.

The chelipeds of the adult male are granular and downy and
are usually markedly unequal. The larger one is stout, is more than
15 times the length of the carapace and has a swollen (subcylindrical)
club-shaped palm of which the length is not twice the greatest height:
the fingers are short and stumpy, the dactylus being little more than a
third the length of the palm, and meet only at tip: the smaller
cheliped of the male is short and slender, sometimes however it is
almost as large as its fellow.

In the female the chelipeds are equal, are hardly longer than the
carapace and hardly stouter than the last pair of legs: they have a
palm which is as slender and nearly as long as the ischium, and
incurved fingers which nearly meet throughout their length.

In the first 3 pairs of legs the merus is stout and broad with a
granular dorsal surface and coarsely and unevenly serrulate edges, the
anterior edge ending in a crest-like tooth;. the carpus is dorsally
carinate, and its anterior border has the form of a two-lobed carina;
and the propodite and dactylus are subfoliaceous owing to the depth of
the thin sharp carinz of their edges—these carine being plumed. The
Ath pair of legs are short weak and granular as far as the dactylus,
which is much shorter than the propodite.

The lst pair of legs are a little longer, the 4th pair a little shorter,
than the carapace: the 2nd and 3rd pairs are about 13 times the length
of the carapace.

In both sexes all the abdominal terga, except the last, are trans-
versely carinate, the carine of the 2nd and 38rd terga being most
conspicuous. Also on either side of the sternum there are two crests,
one behind the base of the last pair of legs, the other almost in a line

with the 3rd abdominal carina,
794.

Carcinological Fauna of India. 453

In the Indian Museum are 32 specimens, from the Andamans (up
to 36 fath.), the Maldives (15-30 fath.), and Ceylon (34 fath.). The
carapace of the largest female is 13 millim. long and 15 broad.

132. Palicus Whitet (Miers).
Cymopolia Whitet, Miers, Zool. H. M. 8. “ Alert,” pp. 518, 551, pl. xlix. fig, C.

At once distinguished from P. Jukesti, which it closely resembles,
by the sharper and more prominent lobes of the front, and by the
slenderer form of the first 3 pairs of legs, in which the edges of the
meri are not serrated, the anterior borders of the carpi are not cristiform,
and the propodites and dactyli are not in any way subfoliaceous, their
edges not being produced to form high thin carine.

Other differences, to be noted on closer inspection, are the follow-
ing :—

The transverse arrangement of the rugs of the carapace is not
marked: the faint transverse carine of the 5th and 6th abdominal
terga are absent.

In the Indian Museum are 2 adult females and a non-adult female,
from the Andamans.

133. Palicus Wood-Masoni, n. sp.

Carapace with the regions distinct and areolated in high relief:
except posteriorly, the areolz have no tendency to arrange themselves
transversely: the convexities of the areole, but not the interspaces,
bear clumps of crystalline granules.

Front cut into 4 teeth, the middle pair narrower, slightly more
prominent, and on a rather lower plane than the others: lateral border
of the carapace cut into three teeth, including the very large and acute
orbital angle: posterior border raised and irregularly lobulate.

In the upper border of the orbit there are three deep notches, in -
the lower border a notch and a fissure.

There is only one cheliped in the single specimen known: it is
short, not stouter than the legs, and has some blunt denticles on the
far end of the arm, on the wrist, and on the upper surface of the hand.

In the first 3 pairs of legs the meri are stout and have a granular
dorsal surface and coarsely serrulate edges, the anterior edge ending in
a coarse spine; the carpi are dorsally carinate, and their anterior edge
has the form of a two-lobed crest; while the propodites and dactyli are
elongate and compressed with thin, but not cristiform, plumed edges.
The filamentous 4th pair are granular up to the dactylus, which is not

much shorter than the propodite.
795

454 Carcinological Fauna of Tndia.

The lst pair of legs are about 15 times, the 2nd and 3rd pairs are
about 21 times, the length of the carapace, while the 4th pair are about
as long as the carapace.

In the male (female unknown) the first 5 abdominal terga are
transversely carinated, but the 4th and 5th carine are faint. The
sternum is also carinated on either side of the abdomen, as in P, Jukesii,
but the crests are much lower.

In the Indian Museum is a single male specimen from the Anda-
mans: its carapace is 9 millim. long and 11 broad.

134. Palicus serripes, Alcock & Anderson.

Cymopolia serripes, Alcock & Anderson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LXIIT.
pt. 2, 1894, p. 208: Illustrations of the Zoology of the Investigator, Crust. pl. xxiv.
fig. 7.

Carapace with the regions well defined and cut up into a multitude
of symmetrical convex areole, its whole surface is covered with crystal-
line granules which are enlarged on the convexities of some of the
areolee.

Front cut into 4 teeth, the middle two of which, though deflexed
and on a lower plane, are much sharper and more prominent than the
others: lateral borders of the carapace posteriorly divergent, cut into
five ragged teeth, inclusive of the orbital angle: posterior border cut
into from eight to ten well spaced even tooth-like lobes.

Upper border of orbit with 3 deep notches, lower border with a
notch and a fissure: eyestalks sharply granular. Ischium of the
external maxillipeds longitudinally grooved.

The chelipeds of the female (male unknown) though shorter than
the carapace are stouter than the first pair of legs: they may be sub-
equal or unequal: the arm, wrist, and the upper surface of the palm
are sharply granular, the palm is rather full and is not elongate, being
about half again as long as high and less than half again as long as the
fingers. :

The Ist pair of legs are about as long as the carapace: their merus

is sharply granular and its anterior border ends in a spine: their -

propodite and dactylus are thin and compressed but not broadened, and
their posterior border is evenly serrated.

The 2nd and 8rd pair of legs are a little over 1 times the length of
the carapace: their merus is very stout and broad, with a granular
dorsal surface and sharply though irregularly serrated edges: their
carpus has the anterior border cristiform and irregularly serrate, and
the posterior border subcristiform up to a terminal spine: their pro-
podite and dactylus are short and broadly foliaceous, with the posterior

796

Carcinological Funna of Tnidia. 455

border elegantly and evenly serrated and the anterior border fringed
with long hair.

The 4th pair are filiform, not nearly as long as the carapace, and
are granular up to the dactylus which is slightly longer than the pro-
podite.

In the female the first 5 abdominal terga are transversely carinate :
the carina of the first tergam, which alone is prominent, ends off in a
sort of scroll, which flanks the postero-lateral angles of the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 9 specimens, all adult females, from
off the Madras coast in the neighbourhood of Palk Strait and from off
Ceylon 34 fathoms. The carapace of the largest is 9°5 millim. long and
11 broad.

135. Palicus investigatoris, n. sp.

This species is closely related to P. serripes, but differs in the follow-
ing characters :—

The areolz of the carapace are capped, not by clusters of granules,
but by sharp little tubercles between which the surface is smooth ;
except on the lateral regions of the carapace there is only one such
tubercle to each areola :

(1) the four teeth of the front are all equally acute: the five teeth
of the lateral borders of the carapace, though irregular in size, are all
very sharp and clean cut: the teeth of the posterior border are smaller
and sharper :

(2) there is no fissure towards the inner end of the lower border of
the orbit :

(3) there are denticles or sharp tubercles, instead of granules, on
the arm, wrist, and upper surface of the hand:

(4) the legs only differ in the case of the 2nd and 3rd pairs in which
none of the joints are so broad: the serration of the edges of tle merus
is different, the terminal spine of the anterior border being greatly en-
larged ; the anterior border of the carpus has a spine at each end, but is
not otherwise serrated; and the dactylus and propodite, though thin
and compressed, and otherwise quite like those of P. serripes, are not
broadened, being much less foliaceous.

In the Indian Museum is a single non-adult male from off the
Andamans: its carapace is nearly 7 millim. long and 8 millim. broad.

Family PTENOPLACIDA.
Prpnopniax, Alcock & Anderson.

Archeoplav, Aleock and Anderson, Journ, As, Soc, Bengal, Vol. LXITI. pt, 2,

1894, p. 180.
797

456 Carcinological Fauna of India.
Ptenoplaz, Alcock and Anderson, Illustrations of the Zoology of the Investigator,
Crust. pl. xv. 1895: Alcock, Investigator Brachyura, p. 78.

As the generic diagnosis has already been published in this Journal
(loc. cit. Archeoplax) the above references are sufficient.

136. Ptenoplax notopus, Alcock & Anderson.

Archxoplax notopus, Alcock and Anderson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, LXIIT. pt. 2,
1894, p. 18], pl. ix. fig. 3.

Ptenoplaz notopus, Alcock and Anderson, Ill. Zool. Investigator, Crust., pl. xv.
fig. 2: Alcock, Investigator Brachynra, p. 79.

798

[Reprinted from the “ Journal, Asiatic Sociely of Bengal; ay
» oVal. LXIX, Part I, No. 3 , 1900.)
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