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MAYHEWS
ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR.

Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

in 2009 witii funding from

Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation

http://www.archive.org/details/mayhewsillustratOOmayh

MAYHEW'S
ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR

BEmG AN ACCOUNT OF

THE VARIOUS DISEASES INCIDENT

TO THE EQUINE RAGE;

WITH THE LATEST MODE OF TREATMENT
AND REQUISITE PRESCRIPTIONS.

FOUR HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.

BY

JAMES IRVINE LUPTON, F.R.C.V.S., ^\.

AT'THOR OF SEVERAL WORKS ON VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ART.

',; ' • 'WILLI'AM • R.. ■ JEX^KINS, ^.

VETERrNART T\J3Lis«E'R'- AT^D BbOK;?ELLER,

85 1 tyJ,XTR^ ^A VEIVUE; NF,^^T YORK.

)/(0

HEW BOLTOM
CENTER

The nights <i/< 2<j|3(f/M(ufoWa?'v«^\f/J?ei^ aie Beserved.

PREFACE,

Since the first issue of Mayhew's Illustrated Horse Doctor, several
works on veterinary pathology have emanated from the press,
which through the medium of scientific investigation and
practical experience have added largely to our knowedge of
equine maladies, but have not drawn attention to the ease
with which disease might be prevented by a due observance
of hygienic laws, and a greater regard to the wants of horses
during their efforts to serve man. This, in the book under
revision, constitutes an especial feature, and has been retained in
the present issue, to prove that kindness to animals should be
more commonly practised, if not from any higher motive, certainly
because it is the truest economy ; to convince the public by appeal-
ing to the eye and understanding, through the means of the
engravings and letterpress, that the equine race inherits higher
feelings than the vast majority of mankind are prepared to admit;
and, by informing men of their liabilities and their duty to dumb
creatures, to induce horse-owners not only to be masters but
protectors of the timid life which is disposed to serve and willing
to love them.

To attain this end suggestions have been made relative to the
construction, ventilation, and drainage of stables; the unwise
system of stabling horses in stalls has been inveighed against, and
the rational plan of housing them in loose boxes has been pro-
claimed. In revising the Illustrated Horse Doctor, it has been my

viii PREFACE.

endeavour carefully to retain the pith of May hew teaching, but at
the same time to eliminate what was antiquated and contrary to
my experience. The ignorance of the old farriers who propagated
the notion that bleeding was of the first importance in treatment
of almost any kind of disease, and that salutary effects were pro-
duced by letting blood even from animals in health, was prosecuted
not only in this country but throughout the Continent, to the
middle of the current century, and we find that Mayhew too
frequently adhered to this practice, and advised it in cases where
its adoption would tend rather to retard than effect cure. Bleed-
ing is seldom, if ever, required, as the results which it is said to
induce can be procured by simpler and safer means, without
depletion and consequent systemic weakness ; and for this reason
the revision, although it explains how " to bleed a horse," seldom
advises the practice of phlebotomy as a remedial measure in the
treatment of disease.

The strides that have been taken in scientific research have
taught lessons which have given a quietus to ignorance and
superstition, and with them charms and incantations have ceased
to occupy the attention of sensible minds. Such being the case,
it is surprising to find that still those are to be found who are
advocates for the barbarous practice of firing. N"o one has yet
been able to describe in what way it can act beneficially. Some
assert that, by producing intense inflammation, it creates excited
vital action, which, on subsiding, causes absorption or partial
absorption of diseased tissue ; or, in other words, by firing a horse
for bony spavin, we do so with intent to disperse it. Does firing
any kind of bony tumour restore the affected part to its normal
condition ? Again, horses over at knee are sometimes fired, the
operators telling us they do so to strengthen their legs, i.e., would
have us believe that by scoring these parts with a red-hot iron,
weakened possibly by hard work, the bent limbs will become straight;
and they say this expected change may exert a beneficial effect by
contracting the skin, which has been mutilated by the operation,
and thus form a permanent bandage and an adjuvant during

PREFACE. ix

locomotion. Allowing firing, for the sake of argument, to be useful
in certain cases, what can be advanced in defence of this practice
when applied to colts and horses as sound as when foaled ? yet
some men so allow their horses to be tortured, and declare that it
strengthens the parts operated on, and prevents diseases consequent
upon severe strain. No doubt that wliich is denied by nature can
be supplemented by art, but no good can arise by tampering with
tissues which nature has wisely and sufficiently formed for the
performance of those functions for which Omnipotence ordained
them. Neither can there be any art in injuring a healthy structure
with the idea of increasing its tonicity. Blood letting and firing
were thought useful in the past, and ignorance has perpetuated
the adoption of the red-hot iron, "even unto this day." The torture
inflicted on horses by the use of the bearing rein, and the painful
disease it induces, has been explained and placed before the public
in a distinct but, at the same time, in no exaggerated light, and it
is trusted humanity will overcome ignorance and fashion by
banishing from the harness-room this instrument, which is not
only provocative of pain but of an incurable malady. A chapter
on anaesthetics and the modes of exhibition have been added to the
present Edition, not only because most operations are more easily
performed upon animals whilst rendered comatose and insensible
to pain, but also for the sake of humanity, as it is the duty of man
to alleviate the sufferings both of man and the animals under his
protection, and especially when necessity demands the employment
of the surgeon's knife.

Veterinary science, like other branches of learning, has ad-
vanced in knowledge, and receives at this day greater public
support than it did only a few years ago. Yet, although among
its members are to be found *Qien of culture and refinement, it has
not attained to that universal recognition that its importance
deserves. Servants to veterinary surgeons, coachmen and grooms,
persons innocent of science, incapable of diagnosing disease and
ignorant of the nature of drugs, are still considered by some people
competent to treat their sick or injured animals, who, by employing

X PREFACE.

them, retard the progress of a useful profession. Is it possible that
the uneducated can practise a calling which, to be successful in,
requires years of study, an accurate knowledge of the conterminous
sciences — anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology, etc. ?
Yet sometimes cunning is preferred to intelligence, and ignorance
is allowed to block the pathway of knowledge. Similarly as in
the past the old farriers imposed upon the public, so at this day
the cunning doctors, as they are called, trespass upon ground
dangerous to themselves and injurious to their patrons.

An attempt has been made to place before my readers the
cause and effect of disease, and to show in many instances
how by justly recognising the natural propensities of horses,
their habits of life in a wild state, and by a due attention to
the construction of stables and sanitation, life can be prolonged
and disease prevented. " Prevention is better than cure," and
disease can to a great extent be kept from the stable if the groom
understands his business and performs his duty ; but, when it
makes its appearance, the master should be told of the fact,
when he will best consult his own interests by at once seeking the
services of an experienced and duly qualified veterinary practitioner.
The life a horse is compelled to endure under subjugation exposes
him to accident, and renders him an easy recipient of disease.
Hard work, especially that imposed upon young animals before
their bones are thoroughly cemented together or their tissues
sufficiently developed, unstrings the animal machinery. Immature
structures cannot withstand the ill effects of severe physical strain
without running risks, terminating in disaster. The constant
reports of colts breaking down in their training, and of young
horses going lame soon after sale, is sufficient to prove the truth
of this assertion. We act contrary to common sense and humanity
in subjecting horses to work too early in their youth, and causing
them to perform the most laborious tasks during their old age.
The gentleman's brougham horse in his declining years is banished
to the cab rank, and the worn-out cart horse is sold to the slavery
of the poor contractor's brick cart. It is to our interest, as

PREFACE. xi

certainly it is our duty, to protect from injury and suffering the
creatures who minister to our necessities and pleasures, and
whose lives are engaged in one incessant round of toil for the
benefit of man, who in return for such services often maltreats,
and seldom recognises the necessity of that tender care and
judicious management which is calculated to preserve horses in
health, and to protect them from disease.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR

DISEASES.

PACK

I Phrenitis— Abscess within the Brain— Staggers : Sleepy Staggers and
Mad Staggers— Megrims — Rabies —Tetanus— Stringhalt— Partial
Paralysis — Gutta Serena, . . . • . 1-31

CHAPTER II.

THE EYES — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR DISEASES.

Simple Ophthalmia- Specific Ophthalmia— Cataract— Fungoid Tumours
within the substance of the Eye— Lacerated Eyelid— Impediment in
the Lachrymal Duct, ...... 32-55

CHAPTER III.

THE MOUTH — ITS ACCIDENTS AND ITS DISEASES.

Excoriated Angles of the Mouth — Parrot-Mouth — Lampas — Injuries to

the Jaw— Aphtha— Lacerated Tongue— Teeth— Scald Mouth, 56-77

CHAPTER IV.

THE NOSTRILS — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR DISEASES.

Cold — Nasal Polypus— Nasal Gleet— High bloAving and Wheezing, 78-91

CHAPTER V.

THE THROAT — ITS ACCIDENTS AND ITS DISEASES.

Sore Throat — Cough — Laryngitis — Roaring — Choking — Rupture and

Stricture of the ^Esophagus — Bronchocele, . . . 92-131

13

THE

ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR.

CHAPTER I.

THE BEAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM — THEIR ACCIDENTS
AND THEIR DISEASES.

PHRENITIS.

Tiffi animal body is composed of various tissues intimately con-
nected with one another, which perform their functions under
direction and control of the brain, and which are carried into
effect by its electric wires — the nerves; the motory control
every action of the body, and exert a protective and preserva-
tive influence upon the tissues over which they preside ; the
sympathetic govern tlie internal structures, the glands, intestines,
heart, and those which assist in supporting the body and giving
lone to its development. Any injury to the brain or nervous
system, whether it be the result of accident or disease, is sure
to give rise to symptoms of a most marked character. Pressure
on the brain, whether it be from tumour or any other cause, is
sure to produce symptoms indicative of madness, and usually
occurs as the result of cerebral congestion. A horse when so
aflfticted exhibits symptoms of madness, and is said to be affected
with the disease known as phrenitis. The animal in this con-
dition disregards all recognitions and, apparently, loses all
timidity. It suffers the greatest agony, and no terror can appal
it ; it rushes and bites at every object within its reach, and even

2 PHRENITIS.

tears the flesh from its own body. Every movement seems
designed to end its own existence ; but the furor has no malice
in it. The creature strives only to injure itself. It may in its
efforts shatter and demolish the structures which surround it;
but it does so without intention. That is merely the result of
its being carried away beyond the things of this world by a
mighty anguish. It desires harm to no one ; but it cannot

A HORSR MAD, OR WITH INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIiT.

remain quiescent, and endure the torment which rages within
its skull.

When this stage of the malady appears, the best thing is to
anticipate the evident wish of the animal. It is idle to prescribe
treatment for an infuriated animal, but there is a time early in
this disease before the violent symptoms have manifested them-
selves— i.e., when the horse is dull, drops his eyelids, takes no
notice of surrounding objects or of noises, and grinds his teeth —
then treatment may be attempted: consists in giving purgatives
of double strength, and repeat them every three hours, till the
bowels are copiously relieved or the pulse changes, or the general
appearance indicates improvement.' Afterwards, administer seda-

ABSCESS WITHIN THE BRAIN. 3

tives, always as infusions. Half a drachm of aconite root, or a
drachm of digitalis, should have a pint of hot water poured upon
it. When the liquid is nearly cold, it should be strained and the
dose may be repeated every half hour, until its operation is wit-
nessed in the more quiet behaviour of the animal.

In the generality of cases, however, no opportunity for such
treatment is presented. The disease is most common in the
agricultural districts, and is usually seen where carters indulge
their passion in the butt-end of the whip employed upon the
horse's head. The cause is, however, carefully concealed, and
after the violent stage has set in the original wound is generally
mistaken for some self-inflicted injury.

Should the animal, by such means, recover, treat it gently ; do
not excite it ; for phrenitis is apt to return. Even recovery is not
always to be wished for. The depletion, imperative for the cure,
too often engenders the weakness which no care can eradicate ;
and the animal survives only to change from the willing servant
into a troublesome valetudiiiarian.

ABSCESS WITHIN THE BRAIISr.

This sad affection is often produced by external iujury. A
horse runs away and comes in contact with some hard substance.
The blow is of sufficient violence to fracture the strong cranium of
the quadruped and to smash all that remains harnessed to the
animal. Here we have a reason why man should establish more
than a brutal mastery over the animal he possesses. The horse is
the most timid of creatures. It, however, quickly learns to recog-
nise the voice of its owner. In its vast affection, it soon trusts
with confidence to the person who is kind to it. An occasional
word thrown to a patient and willing servant, spoken softly to the
animal which is putting forth all its strength for our pleasure,
would not be cast away. When dread overpowers the horse and
it begins to run at its topmost speed, do not pull the reins : the
first check should be given by the voice. Speak cheerfully to a
timid creature. If the first word produces no effect, repeat it.
Watch the ears. If these are turned backward to catch the
accents, talk encouragingly to the horse. The voice of one it
loves will restore its confidence. The pace will slacken. Talk

4 ABSCESS WITHIN THE BRAIN.

on, but always in a tone calculated to soothe distress. Then
gently touch the reins. The first gentle movement may not
be responded to, but the second or the third will be; and the
animal, released from terror, is once more under your control.

This is much better than tugging and flogging, which obviously
are thrown away upon a body that horror has deprived of sensa-
tion. The noise and the resistance but feed the wildness of the

A nORSE DYING FROM ABSCESS WITHIN THE BRAIN.

fear, and, in the end, the driver is carried to a hospital, the horse
being laid prostrate among the ruins it has made.

When led back to the stable, a wound is discovered on the
animal's forehead. It is so small it is deemed of no consequence.
A little water oozes from it — that is all — it does not send forth
matter, or it might deserve attention. However, in a short time
the horse become dull. It will not eat. Soon it falls down and
commences dashing its head upon the pavement. There it lies,
and, day and night, continues its dreadful occupation. One side
of the face is terribly excoriated, and must be acutely painful ;
but the animal still continues to dash his head against the ground,
each stroke shaking the solid earth, which it indents. At last
death ends the misery, and a small abscess, containing about half
a drachm of healthy pus, is discovered in the superficial substance
of the brain.

Physic or operation is of no use here. The cranium of the
liorse is covered by the thick temporales muscles. This alone

STAGGERS. 5

would prevent the trephine being resorted to. Blood would
follow the removal of any portion of the skull. Besides, what
or who is to keep the head still during the operation ? and, were
the operation possible, who would own an animal with a liole in
its skull ? The only means of cure would be to afford exit to the
matter ; and, to do that, is beyond human ingenuity.

STAGGERS. SLEEPY STAGGERS AND MAD STAGGERS.

Staggers means no more than a staggering or unsteady gait —
an incapacity in the limbs to support the body. It therefore, by
itself, represents only that want of control over voluntary motion,
which generally accompanies injuries to the brain. Mad and
sleepy staggers represent only different symptoms or stages of
cerebral affection. Sleepy staggers implies the dull stage, which
indicates that the biain is oppressed. Mad staggers denotes the
furious stage, when the brain has become acutely inflamed.

There is but one origin known for staggers, and that is over-
feeding. Carters take the team out, and forget the nose-bags.
The omission is not discovered till far on the road. No thought
is entertained of turning back. The poor drudges, conse-
quently, have to journey far, to pull hard and long upon empty
stomachs.

When home is at length reached, the driver thinks to make
amends for neglect : the rack and manger are loaded. Such
animals as are not too tired to feed eat ravenously. The stomach
is soon crammed ; but fatigue has weakened the natural instincts,
and domestication has taught the horse to depend entirely on
man. The creature continues to feed, till a distended stomach
produces an oppressed brain. An uneasy sleep interrupts the
gormandizing. The eye closes and the liead droops. Suddenly
the horse awakens with a start. It looks around, becomes
assured, and takes another mouthful. However, before mastica-
tion can be completed, sleep intervenes, and the morsel falls from
the mouth, or continues retained between the jaws.

This state may continue for days. The horse may perish
without recovering its sensibility ; or mad staggers may at
any period succeed, and the animal exhibit the extreme of
violence.

6 STAGGERS.

Mad staggers equally results from carelessness in the horse-
keeper. The animal, which gives itself up entirely to the custody
of man, too often experiences a fearful return in recompense for
its trustfulness. Any neglect with regard to the feeding of a
horse may entail the worst ; and a most cruel death upon the in-
habitant of the stable is too often its reward. The groom, perhaps,
may have, on leaving the stable, neglected to close the lid of the
corn bin. The horse in his stall, with his exquisite sense of smell,
scents the provender and becomes restless. His desire is to escape
from the halter. With fatal ingenuity the object is accomplished,
and the next moment the animal stands with its nose among the
coveted oats. It eats and eats as only that being can, whose
highest pleasures are limited to animal enjoyments. After a time
it becomes lethargic ; but from that state it is soon aroused by a
burning thirst. The corn has absorbed all the moisture of the
stomach, the viscus being dry and distended. Pain must be felt,
but thirst is the predominant feeling. Water is sought for. None
is to be found ; and the sufferer takes his station near the door, to
await the appearance of his attendant.

No sooner is the entrance opened, than the quadruped dashes
out. With all speed it makes for the nearest pond. There it
drinks the long and the sweet draught few in this life can taste;
but to know which, is to die a terrible death. The corn swells
more with the liquid imbibed. The stomach is now stretched
to the uttermost. Continued tension causes inflammation. The
brain sympathises, and the horse speedily becomes acutely
phrenitic.

There is, however, a strange symptom, in which the two dis-
orders appear mingled. The sleepy fit is not entirely removed,
nor are the violent symptoms fully developed. The horse in this
condition will press its head against a wall. In doing this, it only
displays an impulse common to most animals in the sleepy stage ;
but the peculiarity is, that the eye may be half unclosed and
the limbs vigorously employed, as though a trotting match were
going forward. The breath will quicken and the creature be
coated with perspiration. This attitude and motion may subside,
and recovery may ensue; but commonly the quadruped drops,
moves the limbs as it lies upon the ground, and is only quieted
by death.

STAGGERS. 7

When corn has been gorged during the night, the animal nnist
1)6 rigidly kept from drinking. A quart of any oil should be im-
mediately administered. A pint of oil is the ordinary dose ; but
here there exists more than an ordinary disease. Besides, much of
the fluid will sink between the grains and, probably, not half of it
will reach the membrane of the stomach.

Oil is preferable to the solution of aloes, which is generally
given, inasmuch as it will not act upon or swell the corn, so readily
as any medicine dissolved in water. Should no amendment be
detected, in six hours repeat the dose. In another six hours, give
another dose with twenty drops of croton oil in it. When another
period has elapsed, should no improvement be noted, give thirty
drops of croton in another quart of oil. Should none of these
drinks have taken effect, the round must once more be gone over.
However, at the slightest mitigation of the symptoms, or even
suspicion of amendment, stoj:) all medicine at once. The altered
aspect of the horse is the earliest symptom that the distension is
relieved.

SLEEPY STAG0ER3, KnOM OVBR-flOTlGlNQ

In sleepy staggers the head hangs pendulous, or is pressed
firmly against some prominence ; the pulse throbs heavily, tlie
breathing is laborious, and the animal snores at each inspiration ;
the eye is closed ; the skin cold and the coat staring ; the nasal

STAGGERS.

membrane leaden ; the mouth clammy ; the ears motionless ;
the tail without movement ; and the breathing alone testifies that
it is a living animal we look upon.

The signs that announce the advent of mad staggers, from
whichever cause the disease may arise, are always alike. The lid
is raised, and the eye assumes an unnatural brightness. The nasal
membrane reddens ; the surface becomes as hot as it was previously
deficient in w^armth ; the movements are quick and jerking. The
breath is no longer laborious ; it is rapid, sharp, and drawn with a

THE HORSE DURING THE MAD STAGE OF STAnOERS.

kind of panting action. The whole appearance is altered. The
characteristics of approaching frenzy can hardly be mistaken.

Then comes the most painful duty of ownership over life. The
proprietor has then to make a speedy choice, whether his dumb
servant is to take a desperate chance and undergo a torture, for
which the concentrated pleasure of many lives could not atone,
or be deprived of the fatal power to injure others and itself.
Humanity would unhesitatingly pronounce for death ; and, in
this case, there is need of haste. The symptoms are so rapidly
matured that, in ten minutes, the poor horse may be sadly hurt
and bleeding, panting and rearing in the centre of a desolated

MEGRIMS. 9

stable. A mad horse is a terrible object ! Its strength is so vast,
that ordinary fastenings yield before it ; but the animal, even when
deprived of reason, wins our respect. Suffering will find expression
in energetic action. Man, when a tooth is about to be extracted,
generally clenches something ; but what were a hundred teeth to
the agony which causes every fibre in the huge framework to
quiver. The perspiration rolls off the creature's body. The eye
glares with anguish, not with malice ; the body is strangely con-
torted, but there is no desire to injure. Who, contemplating such
a picture, could forbear speaking the word which should grant
peace to the sufferer, although the order necessitate some violence
to the feelings of him who is invested with power to command ?

MEGRLMS.

It is only within the last few years that comparative pathology
has been studied with any effect ; before this period either it was
thought to be impossible for animals to be affected with the same
or similar diseases to man, or it was of too little importance for
consideration. The study of helminth ology has opened the eyes of
physiologists, and great discoveries in this as in other directions
have been made, how diseases can be transmitted from one animal
to another, and to man himself, or how the same cause will produce
the same malady in man as animals. MegTims, evidently, is a
form of epilepsy ; yet, to speak of an epileptic horse would, pro-
bably, induce laughter in any society. Notwithstanding which,
man is not isolated in this world : he is associated with the crea-
tures of the earth, not only by a common habitation, but by similar
wants and like diseases. He is united by Nature to every life that
breathes. His heart should feel for, and his charity embrace, every
animal which serves him. He has his duty towards, and is bound
by obligations to, every creature placed under his control. None
are so subject to his will as is the horse ; none have such powerful
claims to his kindness and forbearance. The noble animal is
begotten by man's permission ; its course in life depends upon his
word: for liis service it is compelled to surrender everything —
freedom, companions and paternity. Its owner's pleasure becomes
its delight ; its master's profit is its recreation. It is the perfect
type of an abandoned slave; body and life, it devotes itself to

10 MEGRIMS.

captivity. It is sad to think how bitter is its recompense, when
an obvious similarity, even in affliction, has not to this hour been
recognised.

Megrims is sometimes caused by the existence of tumours on
the brain, and like all permanent pressures to this organ, will from
time to time induce symptoms of mania, but not of the permanent
nature noticed in phrenitis, but, like epilepsy in man, will manifest
itself only on occasions, perhaps in certain subjects only during
some kind of exertion. In others, it will be present only during
particular states of rest. It may occur from pressure of the collar
to the blood vessels at the root of the neck, which impedes the flow
of blood to and from the brain, thus causing temporary congestion
of this organ, and the resulting epileptic fit.

All horses may show megrims ; some when at work, and some
only while in the stable ; others in the glare of day, and a few
during the darkness of night : but of all, draught horses are the
most liable to the malady. This may be because harness horses
are subjected to the most laborious and most continuous species of
toil. A horse fettered to a vehicle, obviously must strain to propel
as much or as long as the person entrusted with the whip thinks
the animal should draw. Men's consciences, where their own con-
venience and another's exertions are the stake, generally possess an
elastic property. It takes a great deal to stretch them to the
utmost. An Arabian proverb says, " It is the last feather which
breaks the camel's back ; " but the English driver knows the entire
pull is upon the collar, and he is moved by no considerations about
the back. If the whip cannot flog the poor flesh onward, a shout
and a heavy kick under the belly may excite the spasm, which, in
its severity, shall put the load in motion.

Age does not influence the liability to megiiras. The colt,
winch has done no work, may exhibit the disease, and the old
stager may not be subject to its attacks. One horse may die in
the field from exertion and never display the malady ; another
shall be led through the streets and exemplify megrims in all its
severity. One shall be merely dull — the disorder shall never get
to the acute stage, though the fits may be repeated. This last, to
the surprise of its master, shall every now and then stop, stare
about, and proceed as though nothing were the matter. A second,
when mounted, will be seized by a sudden impulse and run into

MEGRIMS. II

shop doors; while a third, being between the shafts, will be pos-
sessed with an irrepressible desire to inspect the driver's boots.

The horse often becomes suddenly stubborn. The reins are
jagged and the whip applied to no purpose. The animal will only-
go its own way, which is commonly beset with danger. Perhaps,
it may persist upon galloping, head foremost down an open sewer ;
probably it will rush up the steps leading to some mansion, and
beat the door in with tremendous knocking.

Then come convulsions, followed by insensibility. If such a
scene occur in a city, of course a crowd collects. Opinions are
noisy and various ; but a majority incline towards bleeding from
the mouth. It is only to cut the palate, and a dozen knives,
already opened, are proffered for the purpose. However, let the
person in charge attend to no street suggestion. Let him at once
seat himself upon the horse's head and remain there, till conscious-
ness returns ; then speak kindly to the sufferer, loosen the harness,
and take care that the animal is perfectly recovered before it is
permitted to rise.

Dealers pretend that a horse subject to megrims is to be readily
told. A horse, after repeated fits, is easily singled out ; but tlie
animal which has experienced only a
single attack, no man could challenge.
One attack, however severe may be its
character, will not necessarily leave its
impress upon the countenance. But
the creature subject to such visitatioiis
soon assumes a heavy, flaccid, and
stupid expression. The disease dis-
torts no feature, but it leaves its mark
behind ; and any man, acquainted with
the subject, would have no difficulty
in picking from a drove the horse
which has endured repeated fits of this the expresstox characteristic of

^ REPEATED ATTACKS OF MEORIIIS.

disorder.

Another class of knowing ones pretend they can drive a
megrimed horse any distance, by simply keeping a wet cloth over
the brain. This last experiment is, however, not inviting ; and the
author has yet to be assured by science that a wet rag over the
brain would repose upon the primary seat of the disease.

12 RABIES.

When a horse has the first fit of megrims, at once throw the
anhnal up. Do not strive to sell the diseased creature, as such a
sale is illegal. The law presumes everything sold to be fit for its
uses. Thus, a person buying rotten eggs can recover at law, be-
cause eggs are sold for human food, and no man can eat a tainted
egg. So a megrimed horse is unfit for employment. Kecovery
in this disease is always doubtful. A chance is best secured by
throwing the horse up on the first attack. Do not turn a sick
animal out to grass. Keep in a loose box, covered with plenty of
straw. Feed liberally, and with the best food. Have the body
regularly dressed, and the animal led to, not ridden to, exercise.
Allow a quart of stout every morning and half-a-pint of oil every
night. Above all things, attend to the stabling. Let the box
be large and well ventilated. Air is as essential as more sub-
stantial nutriment to life, and is consumed night and day. Food
has to undergo a complicated change, and to travel far before it
joins the blood. Air is no sooner inhaled than it is immediately
absorbed by the blood. After such a statement, it is left to the
reader's reason to decide upon the importance of pure air towards
sustaining health. Probably, were stables erected with a little less
regard to the proprietor's expense and the builder's convenience ;
probably, were they made in some degree proportioned to the
magnitude of their future inhabitants, and were the comfort of the
captive a very little considered in their construction — the health
of a horse might not be so very telling a proverb ; while megrims,
under a better treatment, if it did not disappear, might not be so
very common. The system persisted in of placing an animal, by
nature gregarious, who in a wild state would travel miles in the
(piest of food, in a stall, confined by the halter from day to day to
almost immobility, must act most injuriously to its wellbeing. The
horse goes bent in front, and the constant stationary position robs
its limbs of that activity to which nature ordained them. Its
health suffers and limbs stiffen, as much from limited and re-
stricted motion as from hard work.

RABIES

May affect any living animal. It is propagated by contagion, the
infliction of a bite from a rabid dog or cat is nearly sure to pro-

EABIES. 13

diice rabies in the creature bitten. Until quite recently it was
thought to be incapable of transmission between herbivorous tribes,
or from them to carnivora or omnivora, but our recent experience
with deer in Kichmond Park, and the experiments which the out-
break among them necessitated, has been the means of affording
valuable information on this subject. Eabies may be communi-
cated through the medium of a bite of one species of animal to that
of another — by the dog to the fowl, by the deer to the dog ; and this
has only lately been established as a fact. It is essentially a nerv-
ous disorder. From the first, it influences the brain to a degree
which no other malady seems capable of exercising. The animal
constantly licks some portion of the body. The place appears to itch
violently, and the tongue is applied with an energy and a persever-
ance highly characteristic of an overwrought nervous distemper.
The appetite always is affected ; sometimes it is ravenous. The
rack is not only emptied with unusual speed, but the bed, however
soiled, is also consumed with more than apparent relish. Generally,
however, the desire for provender is destroyed. Sometimes the
longing for fluids is morbidly increased. The horse plunges his
head to the bottom of the pail, will bite at the groom, who endea-
vours to interrupt the draught, or seize the wood between its teeth
and crush it with a powerful gripe. Sometimes water will cause
spasm, and be avoided with horror. The animal's likings may be
morbidly changed : it will occasionally devour its own excrement,
and lick up its emissions.

The nervous system is always highly excited. The horse
starts at the smallest sound, trembles violently without a cause,
flies backward, hangs upon the halter, stares wildly, and bursts
into a copious sweat without any apparent reason being detected.
Its voice is also changed, and the expression of the countenance
invariably altered. The neigh is squeaking, and the face is at the
commencement characterized by immense anxiety, which is soon
changed for a peculiar aspect of cunning, mixed with a grinning
ferocity.

Earely, however, all the foregoing symptoms are absent. The
horse is harnessed and taken to work. Suddenly it stops, appears
stupid, and threatens to fall. In a short time it recovers, and the
labour is proceeded with. The fits occur again and again. At
length they end in violent shivering. When the tremor ceases,

14

RABIES.

the recognition is not ^^erfectly recovered. The breathing is quick
and sharp ; the eye bright and wild. The animal is turned home-
ward, but seldom reaches the
stable before the furious stage
be^rins.
( //»^,«i!Hll^^^^^^^^^r Eabies is commonly matured

before the expiration of the sixth
week. A fortnight is the earliest
period of its appearance; but
writers have asserted, that the
imbibed virus will remain dor-
mant for twelve montlis. Itisvvell
known that these periods of in-
cubation vary ; but the cause can
in some measure be explained.
There is no doubt tliat the disease does not declare itself until
the rabid virus or parasite has invaded the brain ; until, if the disease
be caused by a microbe, this organism has taken possession of its
proper habitat — the brain or spinal marrow ; and both experiment
and observation favour this idea of parasitic invasion. And if
this be the case a short or long period may be passed before such

THE COUNTENANCE OF A HORSE WITH RABIES.

rnE DESTEUCUVE IMPULSE OF RABIES.

life Gian find its way from the bitten sl<in to the brain. We
know well that the virus, whatever it may be, never alfects an

TETANUS. 15

animal until the brain or nervous system is involved ; it remains
inoffensive in any other tissue. It is only when the nidus for its
development has been reached that the violent symptoms occur.
It may remain dormant in the injured tissue for weeks or months,
or may escape from control in a few days ; and in this way the
variation in the periods of incubation may be explained.

The subject of this disease always evinces most violent
symptoms, and is a danger to himself and all living creatures
near him ; and for this reason, wlienever a suspicion of this in-
curable and horrible disorder is entertained, place the horse by
itself in a building with bare walls, but capable of being looked
into through a window. Put food and water in the house, and,
if the door be not strong, have it barricaded. Let no one enter for
at least three days, as, during this disease, the horse is both
mischievous and dangerous. The pain is such that it seeks
relief in destruction. All breathing and moving creatures first
attract its rage ; but, wanting these, its frenzy is expended in
breaking, rending, and scattering inanimate objects. Its ability to
destroy is only limited by the duration of tlie disorder.

Let as few peoj'le as possible be near the rabid horse. The
quadruped's nerves are then alive to every impression. The
presence will be detected, though the person be assiduously con-
cealed. The sound of breathing even adds to the torture. Keep
all people away but one ; and that one should be the best shot in
the neighbourhood. Let him approach, aim steadily, and pull the
trigger ; for a bullet well placed is the only remedy the autlior
knows which can stay this fearful disorder.

TETANUS.

Tetanus is defined to be spasm of the muscles of voluntary
motion. That definition is right, as far as it goes. The disease,
liowever, is the same in man and horse. The human being com-
jjlains of tlie breathing being much oppressed, and of pain at the
pit of the stomach. Such complaints show the diaphragm to
be involved, while tlie large doses of strong medicine, which can
be swallowed with impunity, prove the abdominal contents have
not escaped. Therefore, the author regards tetanus as spasm of
the entire muscular system.

16 TETANUS.

A horse of any age may exhibit tetanus. Colts, newly
dropped, have displayed the disorder, and all animals are liable
to its attacks ; but the very aged are least subject to this malady.
Animals of a highly nervous temperament are most inclined
towards it

It is said to be of two kinds : Traumatic tetanus, when it
springs from a wound ; idiopathic tetanus, when it appears without
there being any known lesion to account for its presence. That
this disease is caused from infliction of a wound is a fact beyond
all doubt, and that it occurs more from injury that tears a part
than from a cut from the surgeon's knife ; and for this reason it has
been supposed that the manner in which nerves may be torn
accounts somewhat for the appearance of tetanus. Yet although
we recognise a cause of its traumatic character, its idiopathic is
involved in mystery, simply because we are unable to detect the
existence of any wound or external injury. But, though such is
the case, it can easily be understood how easily a laceration or
rupture of some internal tissue would become provocative of this
disorder, as that of a broken knee. And in our opinion tetanus
nearly always results from some lesion, either on the outside or
within the living body. Tetanus is distinctly a nervous affection,
and may arise from the imposition of some depressing influence
upon the nerves.

Cold, rain, draughts of air, are all likely to originate it. Their
potency, perhaps, ranges in the order they are placed. A gentle-
man is apt to dismount at some hospitable house and to leave the
animal, which has quickly borne him thither, shivering in tlie
night air. The master enjoys himself, probably, more than is good
for his health. The patient steed waits and waits, more quietly
than the most faithful of human slaves. It shivers in the night
air ; its limbs become cramped with the cold. The wind gets up,
as the owner, before a cheerful fire, mixes another glass and takes
another cigar. Still the horse remains almost in the spot where it
was placed. The perspiration which covered the body dries in the
darkness ; evaporation quickly chills the blood which violent ex-
ercise had heated. The pulse sinks; spasms creep over the frame
— but there is none near to note them. In solitude and discomfort
the most painful of maladies is imbibed : in due time it breaks
forth, to the astonishment of the proprietor.

TETANUS. 17

Anoiher man rides far and fast through a heavy shower. He
reaches a distant house and flings himself from the saddle,
fastening the horse to the door-post. Cordials are ready for the
man, and business is discussed over a glass. No one thinks
seriously of the poor life fastened to the door-post. " The horse is
Avet and can take no harm." " The gallop home will warm it," and
so forth. Therefore, the animal remains, to be drenched by the
rain and to creep as near to the house as it may for partial
shelter ; the posterior part of the body, however, projects, and the
drops fall, lieavy and cold as lead, upon the loins of the patient
beast. The blood loses its warmth and the limbs their elasticity.
When the owner again crosses the saddle he may be jolly ; but it
needs both spur and whip to cause the dripping and frozen
animal to move.

When tetanus originates from a visible wound, the horse is
generally nervous from the first ; although sometimes the
appearance of the symptoms may be delayed from fourteen days to
six weeks. But at whatever time displayed after accident — either
noticeable, hidden, or systemic — they are similar : the horse fidgets
in the stall and lacks the repose which usually sits so beautifully
upon the sick horse's frame. It is excited at the approach of any
person and, commonly, very obstinate when given physic. The
wound may, nevertheless, be healthy. Sometimes, as the outbreak
draws near, the wound may rapidly close, become morbidly dry,
or, instead of pus, send forth only a foul and scanty serum.
Instances are narrated of tetanus supervening upon mortification ;
but such reported cases are, in the horse, very rare. Commonly,
the wound presents no appearance by which any man, however
profound his knowledge, could guess the consequence to which it
had given rise.

Tetanus is announced by an appearance of excitement. The
tail is erect ; the ears pointed forward ; the head elevated ; the
legs stiffened and stretched out. This aspect of excitement is not
temporary. The groom passes through the stable and the attitude
is maintained. He wonders " what ails the horse ? " It seems all
alive ; yet, though the groom shouts out, " come over," the order is
obeyed with difficulty. The food is not eaten. It is picked and
strewn about, but not devoured. When njaster returns home, the
groom wishes he would "jiist looJc" at the horse. It is very

18 TETANUS.

strange indped ! Why, the tail is quivering and the body feels
quite hard — not like flesh. Hopes are expressed and the

" veterinary " sent for. He
proceeds at once to the
manger, observing the animal
as he approaches. With one
//f/i||f/Mfflf W;^ hand he raises the horse's

head. The haw is projected
over the eye, and a case of
tetanus is recognised.

Most persons know what
belly-ache and cramp are.
Well, these are but spasms
THE TEST FOR TETANUS, WHEN NOT FULLY DEVELOPED, affccting different parts of thc

body : tetanus is spasm affecting every part of the body at the same
time. The spasm is always present; but it admits of aggravation.
Any painful operation, any sudden fright, or the plightest sound,
will produce a paroxysm, during which the horse's body is fearfully
contorted ; and the animal writhes as it falls to the ground. Left
alone, however, the horse may rise after some time; for nothing
causes the quadruped so much dread as an inability to stand. It
may totter or fall about, but it refuses to lie down, even though
rest must be greatly needed and would act as the best of medicine.
It stands day after day in the same spot. It does not move, as
any motion may bring on one of those terrible paroxysms. The
matter is rendered worse by the brain, during the entire period,
being sensible. Every pain is felt, and the wretched animal has
leisure to appreciate its agony. This is bad enough ; but the
torture is aggravated by the appetite of the animal not being
dormant. Hunger still exists, and a sense of starvation augments
the suffering. The jaw is closely locked. The creature cannot
feed ; but the presence of hunger is no supposition, for if a
mash be held to the mouth, with a look of piteous gratitude,
the liquid portion is often drawn through the closed teeth.
Hunger frequently impels the horse to make a desperate effort.
The jaws are forced a little way asunder ; a morsel is seized
between the incisors ; mastication commences, but cannot be
perfected. The agony attendant upon motion forces the famishing
creature to desist ; and the poor horse is often found with

TETANUS.

19

a mouthful of hay firmly clenched and hanging from the
mouth.

The animal may have been conspicuous for its beauty. The
harmony of form may, in it, liave been united to agility of limb.
Tlie creature may have been the pride of its proprietor ; but a few
days of this disease will work a mighty change. The limbs are
moved with difficulty ; the body has lost all its undulating grace ;
and the flesh has parted with its elasticity. The master in vain

BHOWINR HOW FAR AN AMjrAI- WITH THE DISEASE IS CAPABLE OF MOTION

seeks for the object of his admiration, in the painful sight which
he then looks upon.

One peculiarity of tetanus is too marked not to be noticed.
Persons have complained of the wooden appearance of the body ;
but, in severe cases, the heioht of the animal seems diminished and
the length shortened. This appearance is more than the result of
mere imagination. Many of the bones are divided by a fibro-carti-
laginous substance : this substance force can compress. For that
reason a man is shorter when he retires at night than when he rises
in the morning. No weight, however, can act with the energy of

20 TETANUS.

excited contractibility, and of that tetanus is composed : all tlie
muscles are violently in action or energetically contracting. A
single muscle, when excited, sliortens to that degree, which moves
some portion of the body; but, when the entire mass of muscles
sinmltaneously contract, they compress the frame, as in a vice.
The grace of the animal is lost ; the height is diminished, and the
length is lessened under so powerful and general an action.

All kinds of treatment have been tried for tetanus, and it is
said that each has resulted in success. The majority of these
popular methods, however, are sheer barbarities ; and if they were
successful, they were so against probability. The plan at present
adopted is much more humane : the animal's shoes are removed,
that no sound may follow the tread, and a solitary shed is strewn
with refuse tan. Food, in the form of an ample malt mash and a
pail of thin gruel, is placed within easy reach. The shed must be
approached but once daily — then by the man most accustomed to
the horse ; and he speaks soothingly as he nears the building to
change the provender.

This species of treatment, when preceded by a large doze of
purgative medicine, is usually successful. Mix four drachms of
aloes or six drachms of aloetic mass, and four drachms of extract of
gentian, with one scruple of croton ferina. This tremendous purga-
tive may be confidently given, as everything during this disease
depends upon the maintenance of quiet, and upon getting the
bowels open.

As all people, however, may not live where solitude can be
commanded, then give the purgative, render the room dark, and
allow as few curious visitors as the pleading of sincerity cannot
prevent intruding upon the sick and disabled quadruped. Pulling
the animal about to administer medicine seems to do more harm
than the most powerful drugs can counteract. Permit no blisters ;
sanction no firing : counter-irritants, however beneficial in other
cases, are positive irritants when applied to a body nervously
excited to the highest degree. Grant permission for no operation
to be performed, as any person of ordinary imagination may picture
the effect of bustle, followed by sharp pain, upon a creature which
cannot endure even the slightest sound.

Should, however, the case last so long as to warrant fear of the
life sinking through starvation, food may be given even in quantities.

STRINGHALT.

2i

Blood- warm linseed gruel should be procured — a gallon will be
sufficient. The horse could swallow more ; but after a prolonged
fast there is danger in loading tlie stomach. Fix the horse catheter
to the stomach-pump ; then place the free end of the catheter in
the nostril of the quadruped and push it forward, having previously
slightly bent the end of the tube downward. Should the insertion
provoke coughing, withdraw the catheter and commence afresli.
Two feet of the instrument having disappeared, and no alarming
symptom being present, begin to pump; do this as fast as possible.

THE MODE OF FEEDING A HORSE WITH CHRONIC TETAXC8.

till the gallon of linseed gruel has been exhausted : such a resort
is, how^ever, better adapted to tetanus of the chronic description.

Medicines seem to have little effect. All endeavours should be
to excite as little as possible a highly nervous and timid tempera-
ment like the horse ; to reduce to inaction all the special senses by
excluding from the sick box all noise and light, etc., by putting a
shutter against the windows and by locking the stable door. Leave
the patient by himself to quietude, as good nursing is of more
avail than medical aid.

STRINGHALT.

Stringhalt is the imperfect development of that form of disease,
which, in man and in dogs, is called chorea, or St. Vitus' dance.
In dogs it jerks the whole body, even to the face. The lower jaw
will continue moving and the eye twitching, while the animal is

22

STRINGHALT.

prostrate and asleep. In tlie horse, however, it is seen only in the
hind extremities. In the dog it will continue during progression,
sometimes shaking the creature from its balance, and it often
terminates in death. In the horse it is never fatal; and, save
when about to start, is seldom to be detected. Then it causes the
hind limbs to be quickly raised in succession. The movement
is rapid, full of energy, and entirely involuntary. These motions
over, the horse proceeds nor is the symptom usually witnessed

A UORSE HAVING STRIXOUALT MUPT >'AKE SEVERAL INVOLUNTARY liuVEMENTS WITH THE HIND

LEOS bEl-uUE IT CAN PROGRESS.

again till the animal has once more to start ; although a few
exceptional cases are on record where stringhalt was perceptible
at every step.

Guilford, the racer, exhibited the disease in its worst form. In
that animal stringhalt was present in such severity as prevented
the signal being obeyed before the several eccentric movements
had been performed. The horse was esteemed good for its pur-
poses ; but the ground lost at starting gave away its chances, and
it was consequently sold. From the pampered stable of the race
horse, it descended rapidly through various grades until the

STRINGHALT. 23

creature came to be harnessed to a London omnibus. While in
that position, the disease was so aggravated that the pastern used
to hit violently against the belly, till the hair of both was partially
removed by the repeated blows. The Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty then purchased the miserable carcase for £3, and had
the life and the suffering extinguished.

The body was given to the Eoyal Veterinary College for dissec-
tion. Professor Spooner relates that he found blood effused on
the sheath of the sacro-sciatic nerve. This, however, must have
been an accident produced by the death struggle : that nerve
moves the flexor muscles. Stringhalt is the disease of the extensor
muscles only ; tlierefore, the condition of the nerve alluded to by
Professor Spooner could in no way influence the motions of the
limb. Messrs. Percivall and Goodwin both appeal to instances,
where, in animals affected with .stringhalt, pressure existed upon
the posterior portion of the spinal column. The last observation
accords much more with the writer's notions of cause and
effect.

Nevertheless, the inexperienced reader may ask, How can the
posterior portion of the horse's spinal column become affected ?
Of all the vertebrae, those of tlie lumbar region are endowed with
the greatest motion, and consequently are the most exposed
to injury. The uses to which man puts the animal are not so
very gentle, but a delicate structure, however deeply seated, might
be hurt. However, grant all these are harmless, which is indeed
to allow a great deal to pass, the stables are enough to provoke
stringhalt in half the horses now resident in London. Has the
intelligent reader visited these places ? He knows the holes in
which poor humanity is obliged to stive. Well, any place not
good enough for a man to live in is esteemed luxurious lodging
for a horse. Many of the places are undrained ; frequently have
light or air admitted only by the doorway, and the stalls are seldom
more than 4 ft. wide. The wretched captives cannot turn their
bodies round in the allotted space. A horse being in, when
wanted abroad, must be backed into the gangway, and thus made
to " face about." It is not creditable to human nature when we
perceive its most valuable and willing servant is begrudged the
space in which its useful body rests. The labour of the day
should at least earn for the horse a sufficient bed. Too much

24 STIIIXGHALT.

cannot be said against the evils resulting from tlie use of narrow
stalls. They are too small for a horse to rest in comfort within
them, and the injuries they give rise to are innumerable; the
continuous standing in a restrained position interferes not only
with the general health of the animal, but also stunts the growing
capacity of the young horse ; the head always being haltered to the
manger is an incentive to crib biting. It certainly is marvellous
that men who know, equally with the writer, how horses should be
housed and treated in health have so long condemned them to lie
upon beds too narrow to give accommodation to their outstretched
limbs, and too small for them to turn round in without risking
some slight or severe accident.

The exhaustion of the toil — for man has nicely calculated
the work a horse can perform, and generally exacts the quotum to
the full — has merited the night's repose, which shall fit for the
morrow's fatigue ; but man is most particular in all that concerns
the quadruped. He has reckoned up the food it may eat, the
water it may drink, the space it may occupy; the keep, the
keeper, the lodging, and the very harness that fastens it to the
load, — all are precisely calculated. There is no law to interpose
between man and horse, even should the estimate be run "too
fine." Against sore shoulders there is some enactment, which is
only enforced through a constable specially retained by a private
association. No clause teaches man his duty towards his
inferiors. The lower animals have no protection against the
exhausting labour and inadequate provision that maims a body or
wastes a life.

The servant, observing the master to be without feeling, apes
his better. A bad example always finds plenty of imitators. The
horse may be wanted in a hurry ; the groom commands it to
" come round." It is too much trouble to back the animal as
usual ; the master is in haste and the servant has no time to lose.
The poor animal endeavours to obey ; it squeezes and twists its
body : the head is seized, a blow is given, and the difficulty is
vanquished. But at what a cost ! One bone of the spine has been
injured. Bone is .slow in its developments. No immediate conse-
quence results. But months afterwards the injured place throws out
a spiculum of bone, no larger than a needle's point, perhaps, but it
presses upon the spinal marrow, and lasting stringhalt is the effect.

PAKTIAL PARALYSIS.

25

Of course no drug Ccan reach tlie part affected; no cunning
preparation can remove even a needle's point from the interior of
the spinal canal. The stringhalt, once exhibited, is beyond cure,
and never disappears but with the life. However, it mostly
affects high-spirited, nervous horses, some of which are fine
movers, and fast ; and as they do not exhibit this eccentric action
markedly during rapid locomotion, they often sell for large
sums.

PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

Paralysis in the horse, save when it appears towards the
termination of violent disorders, is never more than partial. It

THE UNSTEADY WALK OF A HORSE WHEN SUFFKRING VNIiER PARTIAL PARALYSIS OF THE HIND LEOSi

locates itself in the hind limbs, and, though it does not destroy all
motion, yet it destroys all strength or utility. The power to move
with speed is entirely lost, nor is the ability to progress at a slower
pace by any means assured. One hind foot is perpetually getting
in the way of the other, and consequently threatening to throw
the a)iimal down, whose walk already is rolling or unsteady.

26 PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

This affection is the property of matured animals : so rarely as
to be exceptional is it to be seen attacking colts. Fast trotters,
omnibus horses, hunters, and creatures subjected to extreme exer-
tion, are most lialjle to it. It creeps on insidiously. At first the
pace is as fast as ever ; but something is suspected wrong in the
manner of going. After a time the creature is brought to a
veterinary surgeon as a lame horse. The suspicions are tlien
destroyed and the real malady is announced.

The decay of the more showy powers seems to bring forward
the gentler qualities of the horse's nature. The animal, which
once was dangerous, loses all its dreaded attributes : with paralysis,
it becomes meek or tame, as though the big life felt its great
affliction and sought to compensate, by amiability, for the trouble
it necessarily gave, or in other words, that the animal was mildly
pleading for existence. No doubt much of such a sentiment, if
not all, resides in the mind of the spectator, the animal only being-
subdued by sickness. Still, it is very sad to contemplate the
horse, which once could outstrip the sparrow in its flight, reduced
to a pace which the tortoise might leave beliind ; to behold the
beast, once powerful and proud of its strength, humbled to a
feebleness which the push of any child might overthrow. It is
more sorrowful, when we think its hurt was received from him to
whom its welfare was entrusted; that its injury was the conse-
quence of an over anxiety to please and to obey. It may well be
doubted whether, when man was given dominion over the beasts
of the field, he was invested with an absolute authority over God's
creatures, which had no moral duties nor any obligations attached
to it. At all events, it would be difficult to find an object more
suggestive of pity, or better calculated to excite our inward reflec-
tions, than a horse suffering under partial parah'sis.

Paralysis is generally past all cure ; occasionally, however, it
admits of relief. It is an eccentric disorder, and it is difficult to
say, positively, what medicine will be of use. The horse, how-
ever, during paralysis, should enjoy absolute rest. In its disabled
state, a little walk is as great an exertion as once was a breathing
gallop ; and it was over-exercise which induced the disorder. The
animal should receiv^e only strengthening physic and the most
nourishing of food. The following ball should be administered,
night and morning : —

GUTTA SERENA. 27

Stryclmia — half a grain, gradually, or in six weeks, to be
worked up to a grain and a half. Iodide of iron — one grain. Quassia
powder and treacle — a sufficiency: to be given night and morning.

Friction to the body is all important, as it generates electric
action, and for this reason grooming should be persevered with,
the animal being carefully dressed twice each day, and the
process ending by dressing the quarters thoroughly with a hard
brush. The bed should be ample ; the box should be padded, and
a warm cloth always kept over the loins. A piece of wet flannel,
covered with a rug, placed over the lumbar region, has on occa-
sions induced a return of warmth. The bowels should be regu-
lated, if possible, with mashes and green meat; but, when
costiveness exists, a pint of oil is to be preferred to even three
drachms of aloes. The one exhausts, the other nurtures as well
as relaxes the body. The application of electricity to the affected
pai'ts, or to the body generally, has been applied with wonderful
effects to the human subject, and so it has to our domestic
animals ; but the importance of its curative or more properly its
restorative influence on nervous tissue has not as yet been suffi-
ciently recognised so as to insure its more universal adoption in
the treatment of diseases common to the lower animals.

The hope of amendment must, however, be indulged with
caution. The disease is of chronic growth, and therefore will be
of long duration. At all events, it is not one horse in four which
recovers from an attack of partial paralysis ; and not one in
twenty that is afterwards fit for its former uses.

GUTTA SERENA.

Gutta serena is fixed dilatation of the pupillary opening,
owing to paralysis of the optic nerve ; the affection is, conse-
quently, accompanied by permanent blindness.

The causes of this malady are blows upon tlie head, quick
driving, excessive haemorrhage, stomach staggers, unwholesome
stables, poor food, exhausting labour, or anything which may
decidedly undermine the constitution.

The majority of these causes are inflicted by man, the
remainder are within his control. Any person has but to reflect
how very precious eyesight is to mankind. Having settled that

28 GUTTA SEEEXA.

point, he has only to conjecture how much more dear it must he
to a creature forbid to enjoy the pleasures of conversation. To
take away sight, is to deprive the animal of a faculty with which
it is endowed to perfection, in some measure to compensate for
the absence of reason and the deficiency of speech. A horse can
see farther than its master. The human eye is frequently
dormant, when the thought is active ; the healthy, equine eye
never rests. The creature sleeps so lightly that very seldom is it
caught napping. We may imagine, therefore, the gratification
bestowed by an organ so constantly employed. To blind a horse
is to deprive a breathing body of half its life's pleasure. It is
more, when we consider the natural disposition of the quadruped :
it is to deprive timidity of its watchfulness, fear of its protection.
It is even yet more, when we think upon the habits of the horse ;
— its spirits, its pleasure, its joy — all are expressed by means of a
gallop. But what speed can the horse indulge in, when cruelty
has taken away the power to guide with rapidity ? To destroy
the horse's sight is to condemn a creature to live on, but to take
from life the gaiety of existence.

The eye recently afflicted with gutta serena, or rather the eyes
(for this deprivation commonly affects both orbs), is, to the unin-
formed inspection, perfect. The in-
ternal structures are in their proper
places, and the pupil is beautifully
dilated. A very little instruction,
however, enables the spectator to
distinguish between fixedness and
dilatation. A trifle more tuition
will point out that the pupil is not
so dark as in the organ of the healthy
animal ; that it has an opaque milky
cast, accompanied very frequently
AN EYE AFFECTED WITH QUTiA sERi NA. wlth a bright licflit ffrcen shining

through it, as though a piece of
tinsel were within the posterior chamber. After gaining such
information, probably the notion before expressed about beauty
may be changed. Most things are most beautiful as nature
formed them, and no little expression resides in the ever-changing
dimension of the pupillary opening.

GUTTA SERENA. 29

Tlie symptoms of blindness are equally pathetic and charac-
teiistic. The nostrils are constantly at work, and the ears per-
petually in motion — life is endeavouring, by exercising other
senses, to compensate for the one lost. Then, the movements are
peculiar. A blind man commonly shuffles along, endeavouring
" to feel " his way. The horny hoof lacks the human faculty, but
the horse endeavours to surmount objects by stepping high. A
blind man turns the sightless face heavenward ; the animal.

TUE MODE IN WHICH A HORSE, WHEN QUITE BUND, PROGRESSES.

likewise, raises its head in a similar manner ; but this is done in
order that any near or approaching object may be avoided by tlie
faculty of hearing, which is more acute and intense in the blind
than in those possessing this faculty. The sightless horse can
hear the wind passing by the stump of a tree, and will avoid it
owing to this indication alone ; and other signs give evidence that
with loss of sight the power of hearing becomes greater, and the
other senses more keen ; and the horse, in order to gain a better
chance of hearing, elevates his head and pricks his ears from
side to side so as to render him more capable of recognising

30 GUTTA SERENA.

approaching objects. There is another strange peculiarity, also,
exemplified by the blind horse. The sightless quadruped, contrary
to the majority of its species, generally carries a rough coat in
summer and a blooming coat in winter. The cause of this
peculiarity is involved in mystery, although many reasons for it
have been assigned. There is no doubt that the loss of sight
affects the brain, which is always acting for the benefit of every
living tissue ; and this impression is conveyed throughout the
nervous system, which, influencing the skin, causes the existence
of a long coat during the summer and a short glossy one in winter,
but in what way it is impossible to explain. The late Mr. William
Mavor, one, if not the most eminent veterinary practitioner of the
century, was of opinion that the long coat was given as a protec-
tive against the ravages of flies which were so prevalent during
the hot months, which a horse, with sight, could have avoided,
but without was unable to escape from. During the winter, flies
not being in existence, the long coat was not needed ; and Nature
being bound to make arrangements for two coats, one at the spring
and another at the fall, gave the blind horse a long one during
the warm period, and a short during the cold,

Now, a high stepper, a well-carried head, a lively ear and a
blooming coat, are great points in a horse, especially about
London, and with gentlemen of little information. To prevent
imposition, always place the horse in a full light. Should the
pupils continue large, have the horse put into a dark house. A
quarter of an hour afterwards, take a candle, and by its light
regard the eye. If the pupil is still dilated, hold the candle near
to the eye. The iris will not contract quickly upon artificial
light, but in five minutes it ought to move. However, suppose
you imagine it to remain stationary ; then, placing yourself by
the head, have the horse led out into sunshine. If it exhibit no
change to mark the passage from darkness to daylight, you may
certainly conclude the optic nerve is paralysed.

There are other tests, but these are not satisfactory ; such as
covering the eye with the hand or a hat. The hand is semi-
transparent, and so can otdy induce partial darkness ; the hat
does not fit the inequalities of the horse's countenance, therefore
it is useless. Of the same nature is aiming pretended blows at,
or moving the hand before, the suspected eye. The other senses.

GUTTA SERENA.

31

by constant exercise, become so very acute during loss of si^ht,
that winking is no proof of vision: the lid may move, and,
nevertheless, the horse be stone blind.

Nothing can be done for paralysis of the optic nerve. The injury
once established, its effects are last-
ing. Butchers and other people, who
foolishly pride themselves upon their
i'ast trotting steeds, and whose na-
tures are not unpleasantly suscep-
tible, often induce the affection. It
lessens the value of the horse, dooms
it to a lower class of proprietors, and
takes from the creature's life much of
the pleasure which otherwise might
lighten the animal's existence.

After death, an anatomical pecu-
liarity is observed. The optic nerves,
subsequent to leaving the brain, unite
and exchange fibres. Neither nerve
pursues an absolute course ; yet, con-
sequent on decease, if the right eye
were blind from gutta serena, the left
nerve, or the nerve originating from
the left side of the brain, alone is
affected : the disease seems confined
to that part. The opposite nerve is
perfectly white and healthy; but
the one affected with paralysis is of a yellowish colour, softer
nature, and sensibly diminished in bulk. So, if blindness affiict
both eyes, lioth optic nerves are then of diminished size and of a
yellowish hue.

THE BASE OF THE BRATN\

a. The point of junction between the
rij,'ht and left optic nerves.

h 6. The healthy opt'C nerve, of a
white colour, originating on the right
side and proceedinf; to the left eye.

c c. The paralyzed or unhealthy optic
nerve, diminished in size and darker in
colour. It rnn to the left eye; but its
diseased condition can be clearly traced
to originate from the right side of the
brain.

CHAPTER 11.

THE EYES — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR DISEASES.

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

The following engraving illustrates some of the accidents which
attend upon injured sight in the horse. The eyes are probably
more important to the safety and pleasure of the master than any
other portion of the quadruped's frame. Let the sn)allest impedi-

BOME OF THE RESULTS OF IMPERFECT VISION.

raent exist, and there is no telling in what way it may operate.
Certain horses are most affected by near objects ; others exhibit
alarm only when bodies are approaching them ; another class of
creatures will look upon most forward sights with indifference, but
will invariably be horror-struck whenever the view is extensive ;
while a fourth group will shy violently without mortal vision being
able to recognise any cause for terror. In every case the dread

82

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA, 33

excited overmasters all other feelings. The presence of extreme
fear releases the horse from the dominion of its proprietor; its
movements are sudden, jerking and eccentric ; the animal has lost
all self-control, and there is no saying in what direction it may
move, or what it may attempt to do. It is regardless of its own
life, therefore it is careless about the welfare of others, and he is
very fortunate who possesses such a servant and escapes without
accident.

There is no cure for a disposition depending upon a change of
structure ; but there may be a preventive. Would all horse-owners
preserve their tempers and forbear from slashing a horse over the
head, they would be vast gainers in a pecuniary sense, and would
certainly escape very many of those ills now commonly attendant
upon equestrian exercises.

Simple ophthalmia is inflammation of the fine membrane which
covers the horse's eye ; it reaches no deeper, it does not affect the
internal structures of the organ, and it is not so much to be dreaded
in its immediate as in its after consequences. It is caused by
accident and by the violence of man.

As the reader has walked the streets, he surely must have seen
men indulge their temper by cutting a horse over the head with
the whip. The animal capers about and shakes the ears, endea-
vouring to avoid the chastisement ; the man becomes more enraged ;
the reins are pulled tight, while the master stands up in the gig,
and for minutes continues chastising a creature that is bound to
the shafts and comparatively at his mercy. Were the horse, thus
tortured, to run away, the person who abused his authority would
have provoked a severe retribution ; but the animal has no such
intention. The fault may be far more imaginary than real. The
timidity of the horse prevents it from wilfully inviting the dreaded
lash ; possibly the offence resides more with the individual invested
with trust over life than with the creature that patiently submits to
most unAvorthy control. At all events, the thong curls about the
face ; now it cuts the lips, in which the sense of touch resides ; the
pain is maddening, the horse capers and shakes its head, striving to
avoid a repetition of the torture. The next slash, however, turns
sharply round the blinkers and lights upon the eye ; the horse is
held tight, the man feels happy, he has discovered a tender place ;
the whip is plied again and again, always falling true. It hits the

34 SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

mark. "When the animal reaches home, the lid of one eye is closed,
and many tears have wetted the cheek, while scars remain after the
immediate consequences have passed ; the vision is interfered with,
and timidity becomes an inveterate shyer.

Also, from the manner in which the rack is placed, a hay-seed
frequently falls into the eye. The hay is always kept in the loft
above the stables, and a narrow trap-door opens into the rack. This
is very convenient for the groom; how could any architect be so very
" maudlin " as to design a stable with the slightest consideration
for a horse ? At every mouthful the head has to be raised and the
provender pulled out. Probably human ingenuity could not invent
a machine more likely to be attended with injury. The head up-
lifted, the eye open to direct the bite, the dry grass shaken to pull
out the morsel, of course the loose particles are dislodged, and
what wonder if one of the hay-seeds should fall into the open eye ?
This body is small, dry, harsh and sharp. Moved about by the
motion of the lid it coumiits fearful ravages upon the tender organ
to which it has found admittance, and simple ophthahnia is the
consequence.

Man is too proud to learn from nature, or he might observe
horses always depress their heads wlien in the field. The common
parent, with care for all her children's comfort, makes the animal
stoop to crop the herbage ; man causes the creature to upraise and
outstretch the neck to reach its sustenance. However, the horse
is not always free from accidents when it quits the stall. Carters
often amuse the weary way by striking what they term a " stubborn
and foolish horse " over the head with the butt-end of the whip.
This action, tliough most irritating to witness, is generally less
important in its results than any of the injuries previously
remarked upon. The lid shields the eye ; consequently, a largely
swollen covering and a slightly injured membrane are the con-
sequences.

Many brutal drivers have " a happy knack " of kicking at the
head of a fallen animal to make it rise. This act may extinguish
vision or provoke simple ophthalmia ; but it is hoped all such are
exceptional cases, therefore these are willingly not remarked
upon.

Frequently horses try to while away the long hours of confine-
ment by playing with one another ; one horse will lean its head

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

35

over the division to the stalls, and for hours together lick its fellow-
prisoner's neck. Sometimes a day's rest begets high spirits, and
tlie animals indulge in a more boisterous amusement ; they bite and
snap at one another's heads. Domestication has, however, disabled
the creature to nicely measure distances. Standing all day long
with the nose close to a glaring white wall has probably impaired
the vision. One horse projects its teeth too far ; they simply graze
the eye ; but a small flap of membrane is the consequence. The
bite of an enraged horse is fearful ; and were not the animal gently
inclined, more than a minute portion of fine skin would testify its
intention. Simple ophthalmia, accompanied with a small abscess
upon the cornea, is the result.

The treatment of simple ophthalmia is somewhat homely. Put
on a bridle or a leather head-stall — or a halter will answer the
purpose ; fasten a cord loosely to either
side, so that it may cross the forehead.
On this line suspend a cloth several
times doubled ; but mind it is large
enough to cover both eyes, for the
visual organs are so sympathetic that,
when one is inflamed, the other is very
likely to exhibit disease. Keep the
cloth continually dripping with the
following lotion : —

Fill a two -quart saucepan with
poppy heads, cover these with water ;
boil till the poppy heads are quite soft,
pour off the liquor, strain, filter, and,
adding thereto one ounce of tincture of arnica, the preparation
when cold is fit for use.

On the first morning, an inspection should be gently attempted;
for the eye is generally so very tender, and the animal so resistful,
that no examination at that time is generally satisfactory. On the
following day, however, the lotion will have reduced the swelling,
mitigated the agony, and have enabled the horse to be more obe-
dient ; then make another and a thorough examination. The skin
upon the eye will be white and opaque, tlie lining of the lid
inflamed, while numerous tears will pour down the cheek accord-
ing to the severity of the injury. Eemove any substance found

A EEADT MODE OF BLINDING A HORSE,
AND OF APPLYING A LOTION TO THE
EYES IN SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

36 SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

underneath the eyelid. If the hay-seed or sharp particle shaken
from the provender stick firmly into the outer covering of the eye,
grasp it tightly with a pair of forceps,
and endeavour to pull it out. Should it
be fixed too deeply for any ordinary force
to move it, do not exert all your power,
but take a sharp-pointed knife, which is
better than a lancet, because more under
command, and placing its tip below the
obstacle, with a motion of the wrist oblige
AS EYE RFXENTLY AFFECTED WITH it to ciult Its situatioH or to comc fortli

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

between the ends of the forceps.

Should a flap of the cornea be left by a bite, probably pus will
be secreted beneath it ; the place must be watched till the local
inflammation has subsided, and a spot of yellow, opaque matter
can be detected under the transparent membrane. With a slight
incision the pus must be released, and the eye bathed with a
lotion composed of water and chloride of zinc, one grain to the
ounce.

Other eases will rather be known by the variety of marks left
behind than by any difference in their necessary treatment. A
lotion is generally everything required ; however, should tie in-
flammation become excessive, it may be necessary to open the
eye-vein or the vessel which, journeying towards its larger trunk,
runs directly beneath and from the eye. When this prominent
and visible vein is pierced, it frequently, althougli distended, will
not bleed. Then place some favourite food upon the ground — the
bending of the head and the movement of the jaw will cause the
current to flow forth freely.

It is among the most beautiful attributes of the horse tlmt,
though so very timid, it never suspects nor can it understand
actual injury. Thus, the flowing of its own blood does not affect
it ; it is otherwise with other animals not more intelligent. If a
dog or cat be hurt, no delicacy can tempt the creature to feed.
The horse, when in battle deprived of its limb, is so accustomed to
restraint and so unsuspicious of harm, that it has been found, after
the strife was ended, maimed, and yet cropping the herbage about
it. The generous beast, when domesticated, retains its gentle dis-
position, and soon forgets to recognise danger; it becomes attached

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

37

to its superior, and though its treatment be coarse and its usage
brutal, it can pardon all.

The consequences of simple ophthalmia are little, white, opaque
spots upon the membrane. Streaks of the same sort are occasion-
ally left upon the organ by the abuse of the whip ; the amount of
blemish, of course, will be decided by the original injury. Never
purchase an animal thus disfigured ; better
buy a blind horse. The opaque places
prevent many rays of light from reach-
ing the optic nerve ; the sight is irre-
parably impaired; the horse sees im-
perfectly ; it may behold the head of a
man, while the opaque scar conceals the
body. Timidity takes alarm at the
apparently spectral object. It has no
reason to explain, and it wants intelli-
gence to understand. The poor abused quadruped becomes a
dangerous shyer.

HORSE S ETE INJURED BY THE

LASH.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

Before we touch upon the subject which forms the heading to
this article we wish to establish one proposition, because it will
smooth the way to an understanding between author and reader.

Man cannot make a property of life ; he has no power over its
continuance ; it may cease to-morrow without his permission and
against his wishes ; it is removed from and independent of his
control. Man can have nothing like a property in that which is
altogether above his sway. He then, obviously, has no right to
enslave any living creature, and take no care of the existence
which he has deprived of liberty to provide for itself. When he
captures a wild animal and retains it in captivity, he entails upon
himself the duty of providing for its wants, and becomes answer-
able for its welfare. He violently usurps nature's province —
obviously, he adopts nature's obligations ; if he rebel against such
a moral contract, and persist in viewing dominion as absolute
authority, as something which invests him with power to feed or
starve at his pleasure, house or turn into the air according to his
will, nature opposes such arrogance, and, releasing the life by

38

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

death, takes the oppressed creature from the tyranny of the
oppressor.

Under some such compact the horse is given to man. The
implied, not written obhgation, may not be acknowledged or under-
stood ; but, nevertheless, it exists, and the terms of the bond are
rigidly exacted. Let us regard this matter in relation to specific
ophthalmia. A gentleman possesses five horses ; he builds a stable
twenty feet long, twelve feet wide, and nine feet high ; into this
place he crams the five huge lives. We
will suppose the place to be good of its
kind, to be paved with Dutch clinkers,
and to be perfectly drained. Still, each
horse stands in a stall five feet wide ; in
this it has to remain all night and the
major portion of the day. In this space it
it has to relieve its body; the liquid, to be
sure, may run off by the drain, but it has
to fall upon straw, which imbibes some, and
to flow over bricks, which absorb more; the
solid excrement is during the day removed
by the groom as it falls, but it remains in
an open basket to taint the air of the place.
We will suppose the horses and their at-
tendants, occasionally, are the sole inhabitants, and the building
contains none of those things, living and otherwise, which ladies
are pleased to order should " be carried into the stable."

Will the sane reader assert that the space is large enough for
its purposes ? The stable never can be sufficiently ventilated : it
will smell of impurity ; of hay, straw, oats, ammonia, and of
various other things. The air feels hot. Can it be wondered at ?
Ten large lungs have been breathing it for weeks and years, during
twenty out of every twenty-four hours. Five huge creatures have
been cabined there, living by day, sleeping by night, feeding and per-
forming all the other offices of nature. Is it astonishing that the
air feels and smells close ? Ought we not rather to wonder that
animal life can exist in such an atmosphere ? The chief contami-
nation is ammonia ; ammonia will not support vitality. The
reader has inhaled smelling salts ; those are purified carbonate of
ammonia; have these not made the eyes water ? The ammonia of

THE SPECIES OF EYE WHirH 13
GENERALLY SUPPOSED TO BE
MOST LIABLE TO OPHTHALMIA.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. 39

the stable affects the eye of the horse; it also undermines the
constitution; but by constantly entering upon the lungs and
stimulating the eyes, it causes the constitutional disease to
first affect the visual organs — in short, specific ophthalmia is
generated.

Now, to prove the case here stated. In the south of Ireland,
where poverty prevails, humanity is obliged to shelter itself in
strange places, and any hole is there esteemed good lodging for a
horse. In that part of the kingdom ophthalmia affects the majority
of animals; it not only preys on horses, but it seizes upon mankind,
for the author, a few years ago, was much struck by the quantity of
blind beggars to be encountered in the streets of Cork. Numerous
instances could be cited of ophthalmia having occurred, not only to
the horses, but to the grooms who have attended them in the same
stable; the disease in the one and the other having originated
from the same cause, namely, imperfect drainage and ventilation.
Here we have the conclusion of the argument — its moral exempli-
fied and enforced. If animals are foully housed and poorly kept,
they generate disorders, which at length extend to the human race ;
therefore, he who contends for a better treatment of the horse,
also indirectly pleads for the immunity of mankind from certain dis-
eases. Man cannot hold life as a property, or abuse life without
his ill deeds, by the ordinances of nature, recoiling on himself.

Specific ophthalmia is a constitutional disease affecting the
eyes ; it has been submitted to all kinds of rude treatment ; no
cruelty but has been experimented with ; no barbarity but has
been resorted to. It has been traced to
various sources ; its origin has been fre-
quently detected; but the real cause
of the disease, to this day, has not
been recognised. The veterinary surgeon
is often sent for to just look at a horse
which " has got a hay-seed in its eye."
This mistake is very common, as ophthal-
mia generally breaks forth during the lonjj thr first appearance of

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA,

night hours, whilst the stable is made

secure and the confined air is foulest. The groom sees an animal
with a pendant, swollen lid, and with a cheek bedewed by copious
tears ; he can imagine only an accident ; but the medical examiner

40

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

must obey the summons with an unprejudiced mind, because
simple ophthalmia is a mere misfortune, specific ophthalmia is a
constitutional disorder.

The veterinary surgeon, firstly, in the groom's convictions,
makes a grievous mistake. He goes up to the horse on the
opposite side to the affection ; being there, he takes the pulse,
remarks the breathing, observes the coat, feels the feet, examines
the mouth, and looks at the nasal membrane. If simple
ophthalmia be present, some of these may be altered from long
endured pain ; but if specific ophthalmia exist, the general disturb-
ance denotes a constitutional disorder. The pulse is hard, the
breathing sharp, the coat staring, the feet cold, the mouth clammy,
and the nasal membrane inflamed or leaden-coloured.

The horse is next ordered round to the stable window, with the
diseased eye towards the light. A pretence is then made of
forcing the lid open ; if simple ophthal-
mia be present, the resistance is ener-
getic, but not violent. Should specific
ophthalmia be the affection, the horse
struggles against the intimation with
the wildness of timidity, striving to
escape a terrible torture. The animal
is, thereupon, brought into some shady
corner; its fears are allayed, and it
permits the lid to be raised with little
difficulty. Should the eye have been

injured by an accident, the most prominent part of the ball is
likely to be hurt. The internal structures are unaff'ected ; the

RAISING THE UPPER LTD OP AN EYE AF-
FECTED WITH SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

DIAGRAM OF THE EYE IN SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.
THE DARK LINE INDICATES THE EXTENT TO
WHICH HAW MAY PROTRUHE.

BtAilRAM OF THE HORSE'S EYE WHEN StVF-
FERINO FROM SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA^

pupil generally is larger than usual, and the iris is unchanged. Tiie
haw may be or may not be projected; but the colour, form, and

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. 41

aspect of the iris is unaltered. During the commencement of
specific ophthahnia the centre of the cornea may be transparent,
hut the circumference of the ball is violently inflamed ; the reason
being that a constitutional disorder always first attacks the more
vascular structures, and therefore commences in the loose con-
junctiva, covering the white of the globe. In specific ophthalmia,
the colour of the eye has changed to a lighter hue, and the
pupillary opening is firmly closed, to prevent the entrance of the
dreaded light.

Weakness increases as specific ophthalmia progresses. The
attack, however, is seldom stationary ; the eye first involved may
suddenly become clear and healthy ; and the opposite organ may
exhibit the ravage of the disease ; thus, the afi'ection keeps rapidly
moving about; when it suddenly quits both eyes, the inflammation
commonly fixes upon some distant part of the body, as the lungs
or feet. No one can predict how short will be its stay or how
long the attack may last; it has disappeared in a week, it has
continued two months. It seldom reaches its climax during the
first assault. It will occur again and again ; generally it ends in
the destruction of one or both eyes. Like scrofulous aftections
in the human being, which it greatly resembles, it generally is the
inheritance of youth ; after maturity, or after the eighth year has
been attained, it is rarely witnessed.

When this terrible affliction visits a stable, let the proprietor
firmly oppose all active measures. A shed ouglit to be pro-
cured, cool or shady, and screened on every side, excepting on
the north. Every hole, however minute, should be stopped,
because light shines through a small opening with a force pro-
portioned to its diminutiveness. The stars and candles in
the once popular London Diorama were only small holes cut in
the canvas.

The eye-vein is then to be opened, and the lid, if much
enlarged, punctured in several places ; when the bleeding has
ceased, a cloth, saturated in cold water, is to be put over both
eyes. As to other remedies, they must be regulated by the
condition of the animal. Should it be poor, oats and beans,
ground and scalded ; cut green-meat ; gruel made of hay-tea, etc.,
should be given. No dry fodder must be allowed ; all the
provender must be so soft that mastication may be dispensed with.

42 SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

The movement of the jaw, sending blood to the head, is highly-
injurious during an attack of specific ophthalmia.
Let the following ball be given twice daily : —

^ Powdered colchicum . . Two drachms.
Iodide of iron .... One drachm.
Calomel One scruple.

Make into a ball with extract of gentian.

As soon as this medicine begins to take effect, which it will do
soonest upon the weakly, change it for —

Liquor arsenicalis , . . Three ounces.
Muriated tincture of iron Five ounces.

Mix, and give half an ounce in a tumbler of water, twice daily.

Do not bother about the bowels, endeavour to regulate them
by mashes and with green-meat ; if they should not respond, do
not resort to more active measures. Should the pulse be in-
creased, a scruple of tincture of aconite root may be administered
every hour in a wine-glass of water; should the pain appear
to be excessive, the like amount of extract of belladonna may be
rubbed down in a similar quantity of water, and be given at the
periods already stated; only always be content with doing one
thing at a time. Thus, reduce the pulse, for, with the lowering of
the vascular action, the agony may become less intense ; however,
so long as the beats of the artery are not more in a minute than
sixty-five, and not very thin or hard, the aconite should be with-
held, for during an acutely painful disorder the heart must be in
some degree excited.

The grand measure, however, remains to be told. Eemove
every horse from the stable in which the attack occurred ; then
elevate the roof, widen the gangway, and enlarge the stalls ;
improve the ventilation, overlook the drains, lay down new pave-
ment, in fact, reconstruct the edifice. It is felt, that in giving
these directions, a proposal is offered to demolish a building.
The author is fully alive to the expense of such a transaction ;
but one valuable horse will pay for a great deal of bricks and
mortar. Experience has decided that the most humane way is, in
the long run, the cheapest method of proceeding. Ophthalmia

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. 43

is a teasing and a vexatious disorder. If the owner has no
feeling with the inhabitants of his homestead, still, let him
study his own comfort, for it is astonishing how very much
good stabling adds to the appearance and to the happiness of
a mansion.

Specific ophthalmia does not terminate in death; it usually
leaves the victim blind in one or both eyes. In England, however,
it is mostly satisfied with the destruction of one organ ; the
strength of the other becoming, after its departure, considerably
improved. At the same time, having caused the lids to swell, it
leaves them in a wrinkled or a puckered state ; the remaining eye
is likewise somewhat sensitive to light. To gain in some measure
the shadow of the brow, and to escape the full glare of day, the
eye is retracted ; all the muscles are employed to gain this end,
but the power of the levator of the upper lid causes the eye to
assume somewhat of a three-cornered aspect.

It is always desirable to recognise the animal which may be
or may have been liable to so fearful an ^

affection. One symptom of having expe-
rienced an attack is discovered on the
margin of the transparent cornea. The
inflammation extends from the circumfer-
ence to the centre. The margin of tlie
transparent ball is generally the last place
it quits ; here it frequently leaves an
irregular line of opacity altogether different
to and distinct from the evenly-clouded an eye, displaying the ravages

*' 01' SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

indication of the cornea's junction with

the sclerotic, which last is natural development.

Nevertheless, the internal structures best display the ravages
of specific ophthalmia; it is upon these the terrible scourge
exhausts its strength. The eye becomes cloudy ; loses its liquid
appearance ; the black bodies attached to the edges of the pupillary
opening, either fall or seem about to leave their natural situation.
The pupil becomes turbid, then white; the iris grows light in
colour, and at last remains stationary, having previously been
morbidly active. The whiteness of the pupil grows more and
more confirmed, and every part grows opaque ; by this circum-
stance, the total cataract, arising from specific ophthalmia, is

44

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

TERMINATION TO SPECIFIO
OPHTHALMIA.

frequently to be challenged. The lens, moreover, is often driven
by the force of the disease, from its position ; it lodges against
the inner surface of the globe. Very common is a torn or
ragged state of the pupil witnessed, as
was stated, during the intensity of the
attack, the iris contracts to exclude the
light ; remaining thus for any period, it
becomes attached to the capsule of tlie
lens ; when the disease mitigates, it often
rends its own structure by its efforts to
expand. Should those efforts prove un-
availing, the pupillary opening, as some-
times happens, is lost for ever.
In the previous description of disorder no mention has been
made of the cartilago nictitans, or haw, or third eyelid, as it has
been called. This thin body is very active, and resides at the inner
corner of the eye ; of course, in a disease under which the eye is
pained by light, the haw is protruded to the utmost. In ophthal-
mia, however, it is covered by an inflamed membrane, and though
in health its movements are so rapid that it may easily escape
notice, yet in this disease it lies before the eye, red and swollen ;
this substance it was once common for farriers to excise, under a
foolish notion of removing the cause of the disorder.

The use of the cartilago nictitans in the healthy eye will now
be explained. Let the reader inspect any of the illustrations to
this article ; he will find the outer corner represented as being
much higher than the inner corner of the eye, where the active
little body resides. Under the upper lid, near to the outer corner,
is situated the lachrymal gland, which secretes the water or tears
of the eye.

Suppose any substance " gets into the eye," being between two
layers of conjunctiva, it creates much anguish, it provokes constant
motion of the lid, which in its turn causes the lachrymal gland to
pour forth its secretion. Liquid flowing over a smooth globe of
course gravitates; the substance " in the eye " is thus partly washed
and partly pushed towards the inner corner.

Now, the base of the cartilago nictitans rests upon the fat at
the back of the eye. Pain causes the globe to be retracted by
spasmodic jerks ; adipose matter cannot be compressed, and it is

CATAKACT. 45

therefore driven forward every time the muscles act. The fat
carries with it the cartilago nictitans, and the edge of the body-
being very fine and lying close to the globe shovels up any foreign
substance that may be within its reach, to place it upon the
rounded development at the inner corner of the eye. Still may
the reader inquire, if the cartilago nictitans is covered with con-
junctival membrane, and the inner corner of the eye is enveloped
in the same, does not the foreign substance occasion pain to these
as it did to the globe of the eye ? No ; it was just hinted that
conjunctiva is not sensitive except two layers of the membrane are
together, as the ball and the inner surface of the eyelid. The haw,
therefore, has no sensation upon its external surface, neither has
the inner corner of the eye, whence all foreign bodies are quickly
washed by the overflow of tears.

Farriers, however, are not an extinct race ; many of the frater-
nity still exist, still practise, and are, it is to be feared, very little
improved. Should one of these gentlemen offer to cure specific
ophthalmia, it is hoped the owner, after the foregoing explanation,
will now allow the " haw " to be excised.

Let every man treat the animals over which he is given autliority
with kindness, as temporary visitors with himself upon earth, and
fellow-inhabitants of a striving world. Let him look around him ;
behold the owner of a coveted and highly prized racer to-day, in a
week reduced to the possessor of a blind and wretched jade ; then
ask himself what kind of property that is to boast of, which may
be deteriorated or taken from him without his sanction ? Haviucc
answered that question, let him inquire whether it is better to pro-
pitiate the Higher Being by showing tenderness towards His crea-
tures, or to defy the power which can in an instant snatch away
his possessions.

CATARACT.

Cataract is a white spot within the pupillary opening. The spot
may be indistinct or conspicuous — soft, undefined or determined ;
it may be as small as the point of a needle, or so big as to fill the
entire space : in short, any indication of whiteness or opacity upon
the pupil is regarded as a cataract.

Cataracts are designated according to the parts on which they
reside. The lens of the eye is contained within a capsule, as an

PARTIAL CATARACTS OK SMALL WHITE
SPECK WITHIN THE PUPIL OF THE
EVE.

46 CATAKACT.

egg is within its shell. Any whiteness upon this capsule is termed
a capsular cataract. The lens floats in a liquor which surrounds

it, as the white does the yoke of an
egg. Any turbidness in this fluid is
termed a milky cataract ; any speck
upon the lens is a lenticular cataract ;
and any little glistening appearance
behind the capsule is spoken of as a
spurious cataract.

Prevention being better than cure, an
attempt will be made to show the reader
the causes which operate in inducing
this painful affection. Then will the gentleman be kind enougli to
hold a sheet of white paper close to his nose, so that the eyes may
see nothing else for a single half-hour. Let us suppose the trial has
been made. With many people the head has become dizzy and the
sight indistinct. In some persons singing noises are heard and a
sensation of sickness has been created. Let the author strive to
explain this fact. Travellers passing over the Alps wear green
veils to prevent the strain or excitement which looking upon a
mass of white snow occasions the visual organs. Any excitement
is prejudicial to the eye. Workers at trades dealing in minute
objects often go blind, and the use of the microscope has frequently
to be discontinued. But to look continuously upon a white mass
is the most harmful of all other causes.

This fact must be considered as established. And what does
the horse proprietor have done to his stable ? He orders the
interior to be whitewashed. It looks so clean, he delights to see
it; but do the horses — does nature equally enjoy to look upon
those walls of " spotless purity ? " Before those walls, with its
head tied to the manger, stands the animal through the hours of
the day. Close to its nose shines the painful whiteness which the
master so enjoys. Is it, then, surprising (seeing how nature for
its own wise purposes has connected all life) that the equine eye,
doomed to perpetual excitement, sometimes shows disease ?

A horse with imperfect vision is a dangerous animal. A small
speck upon the lens confuses the sight as much as a comparatively
large mark upon the cornea. To render this clear, let the reader
hold a pen close to the eye, it prevents more vision than yonder

CATARACT. 47

huge post obstructs. So impediments are important, as tliey near
the optic nerve. The lens is nearer than the cornea, aud therefore
any opacity upon the first structure is more to be dreaded.

However, let it be imagined a horse, with an opacity upon the
pupil, and the sight confused by staring at a white flat mass spread
out before it, is led forth for its master's use. By the aid of the
groom and its own recollections it manages to thread the gangway,
and even to reach the well-known house door in safety. The
owner, an aged gentleman of the highest respectability, comes forth
in riding costume. He mounts, and throwing the reins upon the
neck of the animal, sets his nag into walking motion, while he,
erect and stately, looks about him and proceeds to pull on his
gloves. The horse, however, has not gone many steps before the
cataract and the confused vision, acting conjointly, produce alarm.
The steed shies and the gentleman loses his seat, being very
nearly off. The passengers laugh, the proprietor suffers in his
temper, but the whip is used, and the equestrian is soon out of
sight.

The man and horse proceed some distance ; the gentleman
becomes much more calm and the horse recovers sufficient com-
posure to try aud look around it. The pace now is rather brisk,
when the horse thinks, or its disabled vision causes it to imagine,
it sees some frightful object in the distance. The timid animal
suddenly wheels round. The rider is not prepared for the eccentric
motion : he is shot out of the saddle. He falls upon his head ;
he is picked up and carried home ; but afterwards he avoids the
saddle.

Never buy the horse with imperfect vision ; never have the
interior of your stable whitewashed. Then what colour is to be
employed ? Probably blue would absorb too many of the rays of
light ; at all events, it seems preferable to copy nature. Green is
the livery of the fields. In these the eyes take no injury, although
the horse's head be bent toward the grass for the greater number
of the hours. Although such is the case, nature displays a variety
of colours, and the internal disposition of stable painting should
imitate her as much as possible. Drab, blue and green, and sliades
of them, blended in artistic design the one with the other, would
form colourings calculated to ease and not oppress the vision of
the inmates, like whitewash.

48

CATARACT.

COMPLETE CATARACT.

For complete cataract nothing can be done. In man, operation
or couching may be performed with success ; but the horse can

retract the eye and protrude the carti-
lagino nictitans. Thereby difficulties
are created ; but these may be over-
come. However, when an opening
through the cornea is perfected, the
spasmodic contraction of the muscles
of the eye, acting upon the fibrous
covering of the globe, is apt to drive
forth the liquid contents of the organ
in a jet : this is irreparable, of course. When so fearful a catas-
trophe does not ensue, still the capsule of the lens is always
difficult to divide, and the lens itself cannot easily be broken
down. The lens, therefore, must be abstracted ; but that necessi-
tates a lai'ge incision, which the previously named probability
forbids. Displacement is the only resort left ; but the lens, when
forced from its situation into the posterior or dark cavity is, by
the contraction of the muscles, forced up again. The uncertainty
of the result, even when the operation is successfully performed,
is peculiarly disheartening. Half lose their eyes in consequence
of the attempt ; half the remainder are in no way benefited ; to
the rest, as these cannot wear spectacles to supply the place of the
absent lens, of course the pain endured be-
comes useless torture.

Where partial cataract is feared, but can-
not be detected, then artificially dilate the
pupik Eub down two drachms of the extract
of belladonna in one ounce of water. Have
this applied, with friction, to the exterior of
the lids and about the eye : mind none gets
into the eye. The belladonna, acted upon
by the secretions, turns to grit ; inflamma-
tion is the consequence, and the clearness
of the cornea is impaired. When the bella-
donna is properly used, it dilates the iris and
exposes the margin of the lens, thus enabling
the practitioner to inspect the eye in a full light.

To tell a spurious cataract, which defect is never permanent,

DIAORAM ILLUSTRATINO THE
ACTION OF BELLADONNA.

The innPT space represents
tlie natural pupil, on which
no cataract is to be observ- d.
The second space represents
the pupillary opening as it
may be enlarged by the appli-
cation of r.elladonna. whereon
two partial cataracts are to be
remarked. The outer space
merely represents the dilated
pupil.

CATARACT.

49

first observe tlie spot. Note if it present any metallic appearance,
and try whether, as the horse's liead is moved, it alters in shape,
catching irregular lights. Then inspect the exterior of the eye,
see if it retain any signs of recent injury. Subsequently endeavour,
so far as may be possible, to ascertain the exact position occupied
by the defect; upon all this evidence put together, make up your
opinion.

To distinguish between the different kinds of cataract, apply
the belladonna. Next, place the horse near a window or under a
door. Should the sun shine, have the animal
led into the full glare of day. Look steadily
into the eye from different points of view.
Then have the horse's head moved about,
all the time keeping your sight fixed upon
the part you are desirous of inspecting.

Should one spot continue in every posi-
tion, of one bulk and of one aspect, never
becoming very narrow and always occupy-
ing one place tliroughout the examination,
it is a lenticular cataract that is beheld.

If the whiteness changes appearances, in
some positions seeming very thin or percep-
tibly less bulky, it is assuredly a capsular
cataract which is inspected.

Most cataracts may be either partial or
complete ; but a spurious cataract is always
partial, never permanent, and invariably
caused by violence.

For spurious cataract, treat the injury to the exterior of the
eye. For other cataracts do nothing ; there is no known medicine
of any beneficial effect. However, it is well to add, the author's
and the general opinion favours the absorption of cataract, or that
these opacities may appear, and, after a time, go away without the
aid of medicine. Nevertheless, to hasten such a process, have the
interior of the stable coloured. However much in favour a clean,
white wall may be with grooms, or with the lower order, exercise
an informed -judgment; have the wall shaded of the tint most
pleasant to the inhabitants'__^«ht, and the prospect of recovery
will, by so triviiH^JlJleutlay, rially facilitated.

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE
DIFFERENT KINDS OF CATA-
RACT.

1. A capsular cataract or
an opacity, situated on the
tuvelope of the lens.

2. A lenticular cataract or
an opacity, within the sub-
stance of the lens.

3. A spurious cataract, or
a particle of lymph arttiering
to the inner surlace of the
lenticular capsule.

ao

FUNGOID GROWTHS.

FUNGOID TUMOUKS WITHm THE SUBSTANCE OF THE EYE.

ru-vrsus h^matoides, or can-

CEROtlS GROWTHS WITHIN THE
SUBST^NCK OF THE EYE.

These, fortunately, are rare affections. We know of no imme-
diate cause for their production. No man can prophesy their
appearance. The horse, to human judgment, may enjoy the top of
health, may be in flesh and full of spirit— altogether blooming.

Nevertheless, the action of the legs may
perceptibly grow higher, and the ears
become more active. The animal will
wait to be urged or guided when the
road is clear. Also, it may run into
obstacles when the rider does not touch
the rein. Should anything be left in the
gangway of the stable, it is certain to be
upset by what the grooms term " that
clumsy horse." Sometimes it will stand
for hours together neglecting its food,
with the head held piteously on one side. Occasionally, when at
grass, it may be found separated from its companions, alone and
dejected, with the head as before, held on one side, while the waters
of the eye copiously bedew the cheek.

At last the eyes are examined. The eyeball may lie clear, but
some brilliant yellow substance may be discerned shooting from
the base of the interior, and the horse is declared contaminated by
a cancerous disease.

All is now explained : the sight is lost ; the horse is blind.
There are three terrible decisions now left to the master. Is the
life to be shortened ? The thought shudders at taking existence,
when misery pleads for consolation. Is the animal to live on, and
nurture to maturity the seeds of a cancerous disease ? The mind
shrinks from subjecting any creature to the terrible depression and
hopeless agony attendant upon such disorders. Is an operation to
be performed ? Shall the surgeon extirpate the eye ? This last
proposal seems the worst of all ; nor does inquiry improve the
prospect. The cancer does not entirely reside within the eye; it
is not limited to that part. The taint is in the constitution, and
the operation can do no more than retard its eflect. The eye
removed, the cancerous growth will soon ii]l the vacant orbit.

FUNGOID GROWTHS.

51

After two or several months of dreadful suspense, the life at last
will be exacted, and the animal, worn out with suffering, will
expire.

Under such circumstances, the writer recommends death, before
the full violence of the disease is endured. Should, however, the
reader think differently, and prefer the extirpation of the eyeball,
the operation will here be described. First, mind the operator has
two knives not generally kept by veterinary surgeons : one of
small size and slightly bent to one side ; the other, larger and
curved to one side till it has nearly reached a semi-circle. Mind
the operator has everything ready before he begins : a sharp scalpel,
two straight, triangular-pointed needles, each armed with strong
twine ; one curved needle, similarly provided ; sponge, water,
injecting tube, bellows, lint, when all these requisites are at hand.

Cast the horse ; impale both eyelids, each with one of the
straight needles, and leave the assistant to tie the thread into loops.
Through these loops the assistant
places the forefinger of each hand,
and then looks toward his supe-
rior. The sign being given, the
man pulls the eyelid asunder,
while the surgeon rapidly grasps
the straight knife, and describes
a circle round the globe, thereby
.sundering the conjunctival mem-
brane. The knife is then changed,
the small curved blade being
taken. The assistant again makes
traction, and the knife, being
passed through the divided con-
junctiva, is carried round the
eyeball, close to tlie bone ; the
levator and depressor muscles are detached by this movement.
The assistant again relaxes his hold, the operator relinquishing
the knife, and selects the curved needle. With this the cornea is
transfixed. The thread is drawn through, and is then looped.
Into this loop the surgeon puts the forefinger of his left hand, and,
frivincrthe sian once more to his assistant, takes hold of the large
bladed knife. Traction is made on all the loops. The curved

EXTIRPAllON OF THE EYE.

52 LACERATED EYELID.

knife is inserted into the orbit, and, with a sawing motion, is
passed round the organ. The posterior structures are thereby
divided, and the eye is drawn forth.

The operation ought to be over in less time than five minutes ;
but speed depends on previous preparation. The assistant, during
the operation, should rest his hand upon the horse's jaw and face —
sad accidents by that means are prevented ; but, above all things,
he should be cool, doing just what is sufficient and no more.

Some hsemorrhage follows the removal of the orb. To stop it,
inject cold water into the empty socket ; should that have no effect
drive a current of air from the bellows upon the divided parts ; if
this be of no avail, softly plug the cavity with lint, bandage the
wound to keep in the dressing, and leave the issue to nature.

Such is the undisguised operation for extirpating the horse's eye.
The reader is confidently asked whether a few months of miserable
existence, with the certainty of a fearful death, are not dearly
purchased by so great a suffering ?

LACERATED EYELID.

Horses frequently endeavour to amuse the weary hours by a
playful game with one another. If accident results, it is not wholly
the fault of the guileless animals ; they are tied to the mangers ;
they cannot exert their activity ; otherwise their principal enjoy-
ment resides in the freedom of their heels. And looking at a blank
mass of monotonous white for many hours may have disabled the
sight or have confused the judgment.

The groom being absent, advantage is taken of the event to have
a romp. The animals snap at one another over the divisions to
their stalls. Often the amusement extends, and four or five heads
may be beheld united in the sport. Generally, however, the game
is confined to two players; but, either way, no injury is meant;
the teeth rattle, but they are intended to close upon empty space.
However, man has to bear the consequences which his errors pro-
voke. That species of confinement to which horses are subjected
renders the judgment uncertain and the sight untrue. The animal
pretends to snap ; but, either from one head not being removed
quick enough, or from the other head being protruded too far, the
teeth catch the eyelid and divide it through the centre. The injury

LACERATED EYELID. 5S

is not very serious, for had malice impelled the assault much more
than an eyelid would have been grasped between the jaws.

In other cases, the groom has driven nails into the wall of the
gangway. Grooms are fond of seeing the stable decorated with
pendant objects of various kinds. So long as
the nails are occupied little danger ensues ,
but they are apt to be left vacant, and horses
are constantly passing along the gangway.
To leave room for the servant obliges the
animal very often to keep close to the wall ;
the projecting nail catches the lid of the
eve, and a long rent, commencing upon the

•' o ' o J. EYELID TORN BY A NAIL.

outer side, usually results.

Such an injury creates great alarm, but it is less serious than it
appears to be. Let the wound, from whatever cause it springs, be
well bathed with a soft sponge and tepid water, in order to remove
all grit or dirt should any be there. This done, procure a long
piece of strong thread, having a needle at each end. The needles
should be new, very sharp and strong. Let all the punctures be
made from within outward, to avoid injuring the eyeball, and a
separate needle be employed for each divided surface. The thread
being brought through, cut off the needles, and loop but do not tie
the thread. Proceed with another suture, and do not tie that ;
then with another, observing the same directions, and thus till
the eyelid has a sufficient number of sutures. Then proceed to
draw all to an even tightness — none should be absolutely tight.
The parts ought only to be approximated, not tied firmly together.
Well, all the sutures being of equal size they are fastened, and the
operation is concluded.

But as the wound begins to heal it is apt to itch. The horse
will attempt to rub it, and in so doing make the wound larger by
removing the sutures, and with the lid is likely to do harm to it
beyond repair. Consequently, to prevent this it will be well,
immediately after the operation, to fasten the animal to the pillar-
reins of its stall, and let it remain there till the wound has healed.
The injury will in a short time close, but the sutures should be
watched. When the holes begin to enlarge, the thread can be
snipped. If the punctures be dry, let the divided sutures remain
till nature shall remove them. If they are moist, and the wound

54

IMPEDIMENT IN THE LACHRYMAL DUCT.

appears united, you may try each thread with a pair of forceps.

Should any appear loose then withdraw it, for after division it can

be of no use and may provoke irritation. However, should it be

retained, employ no force ; have patience, and it will come forth

without man's interference.

Feed liberally ; regulate the bowels by mashes and green-meat ;

smear the wound with oil of tar to dispel the flies ; for should the

accident happen during the warmer
months, these pests, biting and blow-
ing upon so delicate a part as the
eye, may occasion more harm than
our best efforts can rectify. When
the lid is bitten through, the opera-
tion is precisely similar ; the divided
edges are to be brought together by
sutures. To prevent needless repe-
tition, an engraving of the bitten lid,

after the operation has been performed, is here presented.

THE LID, WHEN DIVIDED BY THE TEETH
BROUGHT TOGETHER BY MEANS OF
SDTURE3.

IMPEDIMENT IN THE LACHRYMAL DUCT.

The lachrymal duct in the horse is a small canal leading from
the eye to the nostril. It commences
by two very minute openings near the
terminations of the upper and lower
lids at the inner corner of the eye ; it
emerges upon the dark skin which lines
the commencement of the horse's nos-
tril, being on the inner side of the
internal membrane. Its use is to carry
off the superflux of tears ; hence, with
human beings, who have a like struc-
ture, " much weeping at the theatres
provokes loud blowing of noses."
The channel being so minute, any substance getting into it soon
becomes swollen with the moisture and closes the passage. The
tears cannot escape, and being secreted flow upon the cheek. The
perpetual stream pouring over a part not designed for such uses
causes the hair to fall off, and thus form gutters alon^^ which the

HORSES HEAD, DISPLAYING OB-
STRUCTION OF THE LAIHRVIIAL
GLAKD.

IMPEDIMENT IN THE LACHRYMAL DUCT. 55

fluid continues to run. The flesh at length excoriates, and numer-
ous sores are established ; the lids swell and become raw at the
margins; the conjunctiva reddens, and the transparency of the
cornea is greatly lessened by the spread of inflammation.

The wretched animal in this condition presents a very senti-
mental appearance to a person ignorant of the facts of the case.
The swollen lid, because of its weight, is permitted to close over the
eye, while the tears, flowing fast upon the cheek with the general
dejection, gives the creature an aspect of weeping over some heavy
affliction.

Like the late William Percivall, whose works on veterinary
subjects remain a monument to his memory, the author has en-
countered but a single case of this description ; it was in a matured
but not a very aged animal. The report was, that a year ago it had
been attacked by influenza. The lid then enlarged, and the near
cheek had been wet ever since.

Eeferring to the pages of Percivall's Ilip'poipatliolocjy , the author
procured a thin, elastic probe, about twelve inches long. The
horse being cast, and an assistant holding the upper lid, the probe
was introduced at the inner corner of the eye, by the lower open-
ing to the duct. The entrance was easy enough, but the passage
was soon obstructed ; then the probe was inserted at the opening
of the duct witliin the nostril. The way in this direction was
longer, but the end came at last without any good being eflected.
iSText, a syringe being charged, the fine point was introduced up
the nasal termination of the duct, the power of the jet effectually
removed every impediment, the water streamed through the upper
openings, and the horse was sent home cured.

The writer saw the animal six months subsequent to the opera-
tion. It was apparently in excellent health, and obviously in
amended condition. The owner said the horse soon got well after it
reached home ; but, being pressed to say how great a duration
" soon " represented, he rejoined, " About six weeks perhaps."

Three months afterwards, however, the horse was once more
brought with " watery eye," and again operation was successful.
The proprietor then received back and soon sold the creature,
which being past the age when horses are most valuable, seemed
likely to become an expensive retainer.

CHAPTER III.

THE MOUTH — ITS ACCIDENTS AND ITS DISEASES.
EXCORIATED ANGLES OF THE MOUTH.

Let no man punish a horse for M-aut of obedience ; the sole use of
the creature and its only delight is to obey. Let no person abuse
it for having a hard mouth, or for not answering to the rein. The
mouth has been rendered hard by the injudicious application, or
too severe use, of the bit during early training. The horse's plea-
sure is the gratification of its master. Observe the antics of the
nag thoroughly trained and perfectly up to the rider's point of
jockeyship. Does not every fibre seem to quiver with excess of
happiness ? There is a tacit understanding between man and
horse; the pretty arts and graceful prancings of the animal tell how
joyful it is made by the conviction that it is sharing man's amuse-
ment. But let the equestrian dismount, and another, above or
below the horse's educational point, assume the saddle, that under-
standing no longer exists. The harmony is destroyed ; there is
no intelligence between horse and man. All the playfulness dis-
appears ; the entire aspect of the animal is changed, and it sinks
to a common-place " ugly brute."

The majority of drivers are very particular about the horse's
mouth ; yet they all abuse the animal, as though it was their desire
to destroy that which each professes to admire. Every supposed
error is punished with the lash, but the whip can convey no idea ;
the lash does not instruct the animal ; beat a horse all day, and it
will only be stupid at sunset. All the horse can comprehend from
the smart is a desire that the pace should be quickened ; that wish
it endeavours to comply with. The person who guides the vehicle
generally becomes frantic at such perversity; he begins "jagging "
and " sawing " the reins. The iron is violently pulled against the
angles of the mouth, or rapidly passes from one side to the other.

EXCOEIATED ANGLES OF THE MOUTH.

67

Would the owner or driver take the trouble to instruct his dumb
servant in his wishes, the poor drudge would rejoice to exhibit its
accomplishments. But no information is communicated by first
urging and then checking; the timidity is increased by the one, the
angles of the mouth are excoriated by the other.

I,adies' horses invariably have admirable mouths. The gentle-
ness of the woman, or the sympathy existing between two gentle
beings, produces this efTect. The horse is never dangerous when
not alarmed; the feminine hand pats the neck of the steed; the

VARIOUS MODES OF F0R1^^■G THAT WHICH ALL MEN SPEAK OF WITH ADMIRATION AS "A GOOD MOUTH.

feminine voice assures the timidity ; the whip never slashes ; the
reins are never converted into instruments of torture; the weight
is usually light and the pace is easy. A perfect understanding is
soon established between the two, and the rider, notwithstanding
her weakness and her flapping dress, sits the saddle in safety,
while the animal increases in value under her care.

Man certainly does not gain by the contrast ; the male treat-
ment does not improve the animal. The horse's memory, like that
of most dumb creatures, is very tenacious ; the quadruped is not
made more steady by ill-usage ; the sore corners of the moutli
oblige the animal to be laid up " for a time," and the expense of
medical treatment increases the sacrifice consequent upon loss of
services.

5S

EXCORIATED ANGLES OF THE MOUTH.

EXCORIATED ANOLKS OF THK
MOUTH.

Trouble attends tlie circumstance, at which the favourite groom
is sure to grumble, even if tlie master does not receive " notice."
The food must be prepared ; a few oats thrown into the manger
and a little hay forked into the rack will not
now suffice : all the provender must be care-
fully prepared. At first, good thick gruel
and hay-tea must be the only support. In
a few days, boiled and mashed roots may be
introduced ; these may be followed by cut
roots boiled but not mashed, the whole being
succeeded by scalded hay with bruised and
mashed oats. When all is done, however, the
horse's temper is not improved, and its mouth is decidedly injured.
Such results will vex the temper of any good groom, and very many
it will anger to the throwing up of their situations. They " will
not get a horse into beautiful condition for master only to spoil."

When the horse is thus injured, ignore all filtliy ointments ;
such things consist of verdigris, carbonate of zinc, horse turpentine,
blue, green or white vitriol, mixed up with dirty tallow or rank
lard. Now, to grease a horse's teeth is not much worse than to
tallow its lips ; if the former prevent it from feeding, the latter is
not calculated to improve the appetite.

Discarding all unguents, have the following lotion prepared : —

Chloride of zinc
Water ...
Essence of aniseed

Two scruples.
Two pints.
A sufficiency.

Pour some of this into a saucer and, with anything soft, appl}'-
the lotion to the sore places ; do not rub or
scrub ; do your ministering gently ; so the
parts are wet, no further good can be accom-
plished ; use this wash after every feeding or
watering. In a little while amendment is
generally perceptible; where violence has been
used, it is impossible to foretell the extent of
the injury. A superficial slough may be cast
off; this process is attended with foetor —
that; the lotion will correct, and thus add to the comfort of the
horse. The cure, however, will possibly leave the horse of a

rEHMANENT BLEMISH AND
DKSTBUCTION OF THE
MCE SENSIBILITY OF THE

Moura.

PAEROT-MOUTH. 59

lessened value. Where the skin has been destrovecl it is never
reproduced ; the wound will, therefore, probably blemish, and may
lead a future purchaser to suspect " all sorts of things." The
horse is certainly deteriorated ; with the skin the natural sensi-
bility of the part is lost. A cicatrix, consisting only of condensed
cellular tissue, must form upon the spot ; this structure is very
feebly, if at all, nervous, and when compared to the smooth and
soft covering of the lips, may be said to be without feeling, and
is very liable to ulceration.

PAEROT-MOUTH.

This, strictly speaking, is not a disease — it is a malformation.
The upper incisors, from those of the lower jaw not being sufficiently
developed, meet with no opposing members ; they, consequently,
grow very long, and from their form are likened to the bill of a
parrot.

This formation is not unsoundness, but it cannot be a recom-
mendation ; the horse can only gather up its corn imperlectly ;
much falls from the mouth during mastica-
tion. The animal which requires four feeds
and a half daily to support the condition
another maintains upon four feeds must be
the more expensive retainer of the two.
Moreover, it is a virtue in a horse to
thoroughly clear out the manger ; a healthy "Z^" ^ENT^LEr- xu'

1 i. 1 1 • 1 . j_ .1 horse's mouth," pub-

animal not only licks out corners to catch usHtD by messbL forks,
stray grains but hunts among the straw for Piccadilly.
any corns that may have fallen. This duty the parrot-mouth
disables a horse from performing; the good feeder alone is equal
to full work.

Besides, a rider is always pleased when sauntering down the
green lanes during the spring of the year to see the horse's' neck
stretched out to catch a twig of the shooting hedge — this can do no
harm ; but it is hard alike upon horse and man to always have a
tight hold of the rein when the Iresh scent of the budding thorn
tempts the mouth to its enjoyment. And yet, in the majority of
instances, it would be cruelty to yield and permit the parrot-mouth
to bite ; the under teeth very often rest against the palate. I^o

60 LAMPAS.

more need be said to caution owners possessed of an animal thus
afflicted against a natural indulgence. The parrot-jaw is a defor-
mity for the perpetuation of which man is responsible; dispositions
and formations are hereditary. "Would the owners of stock only
exercise some judgment in their selections, this misfortune might
speedily be eradicated.

LAMPAS.

The horse's lot is, indeed, a hard one ; it is not only chastised
by the master, but it also has to submit to the fancies of the groom.

" Lampas " is an imaginary disease, but
^^■^PiJ-^i^r'T^" 9 it is a vast favourite among stable

attendants. Whenever an animal is

THE LAMPAS IKON.

" off its i'eed," the servant looks into the
mouth and, to his own conviction, discovers " the lampas." That
affection is supposed to consist of inflammation, which enlarges the
bars of the palate, and forces them to the level of or a little below
the biting edges of the upper incisor teeth.

Would the groom take the trouble to examine the mouths of
other young horses which " eat all before them," the "lampas" would
be ascertained to be a natural development; but the ignorant
always act upon faith, and never proceed on inquiry. Young horses
alone are supposed to be subject to " lampas ; " young horses have
not finished teething till the fifth year. Horses are " broken "
during colthood ; they are always placed in stables and forced to
masticate dry, artificial food before all their teeth are cut ; shedding
the primary molars is especially painful ; of course, during such a
process, the animal endeavours to feed as little as possible. A
refusal to eat is the groom's strongest proof that lampas is present.
But, putting the teeth on one side, would it be surprising if a change
of food and a total change of habit in a young creature were occa-
sionally attended with temporary loss of appetite ? Is " lampas "
necessary to account for so very probable a consequence ? The
writer has often tried to explain this to stable servants ; but the
very ignorant are generally the very j^rejudiced. While the author
has been talking, the groom has been smiling ; looking most pro-
vokingly knowing, and every now and then shaking his head, as
much as to say, " Ah my lad, you can't gammon me."

LAMPAS.

61

Young horses are taken from the field to the stable, from
juicy grass to dry fodder, from natural exercise to constrained
stagnation. Is it so very astonishing, if under such a total change
of life, the digestion becomes sometimes deranged before the
system is altogether adapted to its new situation ? Is it matter
for alarm should the appetite occasionally fail ? But grooms,
like most of their class, regard eating as the only proof of
health. They have no confidence in abstinence; they cannot
comprehend any loss of appetite ; they love to see the " beards
wagging," and reckon the state of body by the amount of pro-
vision consumed.

The prejudices of ignorance are subjects for pity ; the slothful-
ness of the better educated merits reprobation. The groom always
gets the master's sanction before he takes a horse to be cruelly
tortured for an imaginary disease. Into the hands of the proprietor
lias a Higher Power entrusted the life of His creature ; and surely
there shall be demanded a strict account of the stewardship. It
can be no excuse for permitting the living sensation to be abused,
that a groom asked and the master willingly left his duties to
another, Man has no business to collect breathing life about him,
and then to neglect it. Every human being, who has a servant,
a beast or a bird about his homestead, has no right to rest content
with the assertions of his dependants. For every benefit he is
bound to confer some kindness. His liberality should testify to
his superority ; but he obviously betrays his trust and abuses the
blessings of Providence when he permits the welfare of the crea-
tures dependent on him to be con-
trolled by any judgment but his
own.

The author will not describe
the mode of firing for lampas. It is
sufficient here to inform the reader
that the operation consists in
burning away the groom's imagin-
ary prominences upon the palate.
The livinsc and feeling substance within a sensitive and timid
animal's mouth is actually consumed by fire. He, however, who
plays with such tools as red hot irons cannot say, " Thus far shalt
thou <ro." He loses all command when the fearful instrument

BtTRNINO KOK LAJIPA3.

62 INJURIES TO THE JAW.

touches the living flesh : the palate has been burnt away, and
the admirable service performed by the bars, that of retaining the
food during mastication, destroyed. The bone beneath the palate
has been injured ; much time and much money have been wasted
to remedy the consequence of a needless barbarity — and, after
all, the horse has been left a confirmed " wheezer." The animal's
sense being confused, and its brain agitated by the agony, the
lower jaw has closed spasmodically upon the red-hot iron ; and
the teeth have seized with the tenacity of madness upon the
heated metal.

When the lampas is reported to you, refuse to sanction so
terrible a remedy as burning ; order the horse a little rest,
cooling and soft food, and the adoption of slight remedial
measures.

More than twenty years back the reviser wrote against the cruelty
in burning, as it was called, for the lampas. But strange to say, even
at this date, 1891, men exist who believe that there is such a dis-
ease as lampas, and that horses need the barbarous treatment in-
A'eighed against for its eradication. No such disease exists as lampas.
The full development of the bars of the palate represents a well
formed and healthy condition of the part, which man should do all
in his power to conserve ; and anyone operating, as above described,
displays ignorance, and is guilty of most horrible cruelty and
sin.

INJURIES TO THE JAW,

Save when needless severity urges timidity to madness, the horse
is naturally obedient. This is the instinct of the race. The strong
quadruped delights to labour under the command of the weaker-
biped. Its movements are regulated by him who sits above or
behind it. It often waits for hours with its head pulled backward,
its mouth pained, and its eyes blinded. All its learning is attention
to the sounds of the human voice. It is guided by touches. It
submits to the whip when it might easily destroy the whipper. It
eats, it drinks, it rests only by man's permission. Yet there are
such words as " vice " and " spite " connected with the horse ; but,
there remains to be spoken the word which shall fitly characterize
the self-sacrificing life of the noble animah

Man could not endure such tyranny, nor does the horse, notwith-

INJURIES TO TflE JAW. 63

standing its submissive instinct, live under it very long. The ma-
jority ))erisli before they are eight years old. They are worked to
an early grave — often they are distorted before the body's growth
is completed. Is there any other life so serviceable ? Is there any
other life wliich reads so sad a moral ? For the time it is allowed
to breathe and labour, the horse patiently obeys its tyrant. It aids
his vanity ; it conforms to his pleasure ; it devotes strength, will,
and life to man's service.

Let every owner of a horse treat his slave with gentleness. Above
all things, let no individual employ the reins as instruments of
torture. The horse will neither be wiser
nor better for such a mode of punishment.
Besides, the man may deteriorate his own
or another's property. With the bit a jaw
has been broken, and with the snaflle the
bone has been injured. An animal with
a good neck carries the chin near to the
chest. The iron of the snafHe, therefore,
cannot pull against the angles of tlie
mouth. It rests upon the gums, a point
disputed by some, althouqh Cuvier, the the snaffle bfarino upon the

^ "^ . LOWER JAW.

great French naturalist asserted that the

horse never would have been rendered serviceable to man had it
not been for the existence of the bare space which occurred between
the tusk and the molar teeth. Of course, he meant to convey the
idea that the bit made its impression upon the gums and not upon
the teeth nor angles of the mouth. To the truth of this statement
the following illustration will testify: —

The cruel bit is, however, in general use with carriage horses.
Fashion delights in a vehicle stopped smartly at a door. The
greatest noise possible, then, announces the new arrival. The
wheels grate — the horses struggle. The coachman pulls hard —
the vehicle sways to and fro. The footman jumps down and pulls
at the bell, as though life and death depended on a speedy answer
to his summons.

All this is, doubtless, very pleasant, but how does it operate
upon the poor horses ? These, to be pulled up suddenly, must be
thrown upon their haunches by the unscrupulous use of the bit. The
pressure often wounds more than the gums ; frequently the bone

f4 INJURIES TO THE JAW.

of tlie lower jaw is bruised. The gum then must slough, and a
portion of bone must be cast off. The exfoliation of bone is a
tedious process accompanied with an
abominable stench. The surgeon must
be constantly in attendance ; otherwise
the gum might close over the exfoliating
bone, and numerous sinuses might be
established within the mouth. The ex-
THE EFFECTS PRODUCED ON THE follatcd substaucB must comc away. The

LOWER JAW BY THE ENERGETIC

USE OF THE SNAFFLE OR BIT. abscBSS, wlilch wouM aunouncc its reten-
^,a';'k^Sy°sThe1B!«yru1S tiou, would be' more painful than the
TrmVbacKVd^'rkTiace opcu wouud, and ultimately would turn

indicates the spot where tuecinft xrii Ji oi ••

at the bit bruises the bone oithl to a foul and ragged ulcer, huch an injury
owei jaw. ^^^ occur whercvcr the bit rests, before

or behind the tush, and a similar injury, though not to the same
extent, will result from an unscrupulous use of the snaffle.

Supposing a case of this description is submitted to your
notice upon the day succeeding its occurrence. No change is
anticipated, such as would denote a bruise to other structures.
The covering to the gums is thick and hard, and it will conceal
much that may be taking place beneath it. If any spot be
darker, redder, or whiter in colour, — if any place be more sensitive
than the adjacent parts, the knife is there inserted till it grate
upon the bone. The extent of the necessary incision is decided
by the efforts made in resistance. A thin fluid may issue from
the orifice ; but when the knife grates upon the bone then the
animal's struggles announce the extent of the bruise. Sound bone
may be cut, scraped, or even burnt with impunity ; but, when
bruised or otherwise diseased, the structure is most acutely sensitive.

When the wound emits its characteristic odour, a lotion
composed of chloride of zinc, one scruple, — water, one pint, — ess :
of aniseed a sufficiency, should be syringed into the openings,
several times during the day. The lotion, also, has a tendency to
heal the sores, which must be counteracted by the employment of
the knife. Occasionally, however wide the incision, it may be too
Email for the cast off bone to escape from. The knife again must
enlarge the orifice, and the forceps be inserted to grasp the
exfoliated substance. That taken away, the lotion is continued,
and the injury left to heal at nature's pleasure.

INJURIES TO THE JAW.

65

INJURY SOMETIMES ACCOMPLISHED
WITH THE PORT OF THE BIT.

The late W. Percivall, in his excellent work entitled, " Hippo-
pathology," describes horses as sometimes injured under the
tongue by the port of the bit. An en-
graving, representing such an injury, is
given ; but it is hoped no gentleman of
the present day would employ the severe
invention by which alone such a hurt
could be produced. The consequences
may be lasting. The terminations of the
sublingual ducts are included in the
blackness. Were these bruised and iii-
tlamed, their delicate mouths might be obliterated and hopeless
fistula be established.

The bit must be sharply and strongly tugged at before it can
harm the roof of the mouth. Any one who has seen horses pulled
up before a fashionable mansion must have observed them open
wide their mouths. They do this to escape the wound of the bit.
The animals extend their jaws to prevent it
striking the roof of the mouth. Notwithstand-
ing the existing age is more civilised than
those which preceded it, the bits used at the
present time can, without any vast display of
genius, be made to injure the obedient animal, for
whose mouth such ferocious checks are forged.
An injury thus inflicted is sufficiently serious. The bony roof not
only supports the bars, but also forms the solid floor of the
nostrils. As it is not very thick the greater is the danger when it
is injured. The wound, because of the unyielding substance on
which it is inflicted, is more painful than that of the lower jaw.
It is also for the same reason more severe.

The last injury demands the same treatment as has already been
described, only the remedies are far more ditticult to apply. Should
the entire portion of bone exfoliate, and a hole be left behind, the
consequence is not of fatal import. Bone can reproduce itself,
though it is somewhat eccentric in its growth. So after the open-
ing is closed, the surface towards the nostrils may be uneven, and
the horse be rendered an inveterate wheezer.

When the animal is once injured, never, for your own safety,
afterwards employ a bit. If it be ridden or driven, always use a

THE UPPER JAW INJURED
BY THE BARBAROUS USB
OF THE BIT.

66

APHTHA.

snaffle, and use even that most tenderly. The horse has vivid
recollections, and man is naturally forgetful. "When power is
entrusted to the oblivious, danger is apt to be close at hand.

The inferior margin of the jawbone is liable to harm from the
curb chain, and some men will have the curb chain tight. Such
people are commonly very imperious. They shout and slash and
tug when they want obedience from an animal whose delight is
to be allowed to please. Their meaning is seldom comprehended,
and therefore their orders are rarely obeyed ; whereas, they would
be humbly propitiated were their commands only given as though
the animal had no interest to rebel.

The result of such violence is, from the curb chain being ruth-
lessly jerked, the jawbone soon en-
larges. A portion of the bone having
been bruised, has to exfoliate; a foul
abscess forms; tumour speedily suc-
ceeds to tumour; osseous structure
is thrown out, and a swelling is ma-
tured before the enlargement heals.
The treatment of such a case is
similar to that already directed. Keep
the wound freely open, to permit the
unimpeded exit of exfoliated bone.
Use the lotion, previously directed,
liberally and constantly. The healing process may then take
place without deformity being left behind.

TUMOUR PROVOKED BY THE ABUSE OF THE
CURB CHAIN.

APHTHA.

Nothing proves the sympathy which binds nature more
strongly than the sameness or similarity of the diseases that
affect man and animals. Tetanus, pneumonia, enteritis, etc., etc.,
are so alike as to be the same in the human being and in the
horse.

It is a sad proof of the stubbornness of pride that a unity,
thus enforced by suffering, should be ignored, as though it were
an insult to the superior. No compact, founded by nature, can be
dependent upon man's liking. The terms may be laughed at,
scorned or denied, but these exist. Man is declared in affliction

APHTHA. 67

to be the companion of other life. When will this truth be
acknowledged, and the entire family of nature live in one
brotherhood.

Aphtha is a human disorder as well as an equine disease. It
generally appears in spring and autumn, being produced by heat
of body. The groom will often mistake this
disease for his pet malady, lampas. At all
events, aphtha is accompanied by dulness and
a refusal to feed. Both lips commonly swell
as the lethargy increases ; the tongue tumefies,
becomes decidedly red, and generally hangs
out of the mouth, partly for the sake of cool-
ness, partly to accommodate its enlarged size.
Around the mouth little lumps break forth,
which at first are stony hard, and others,
though of a larger size, may be felt upon the aphtha.

tongue. Vesicles are soon developed from these
spots, and each contains a small quantity of clear gelatinous fluid.
The bladders burst ; crusts form ; and by the time these fall off,
the complaint has disappeared.

Some good thick gruel and a few boiled roots, which should
be repeatedly changed, must constitute the nourishment while the
disease lasts, or during the period that the mouth is sore. No
medicine — a little kindness is now worth a ship-load of drugs.
When the pimples are about to burst, the following may be
prepared : — Take —

Borax Five ounces.

Boiling water .... One gallon.
Honey or treacle . . . Two pints.

When the mixture has cooled, hold up the horse's head and
pour half-a-pint into the mouth. Half-a-minute afterwards
remove the hand ; allow the head to fall and the fluid to run out
of the lips. This mixture should be used several times during the
day. Beyond this nothing is needed, excepting a cool, loose box,
a good bed, body and head clothing, with flannel bandages not too
tight about the legs. Work should on no account be sanctioned
until the last vestige of the disorder has vanished, and its attendant
weakness has entirely disappeared.

63

LACERATED TONGUE.

LACERATED TONGUE.

Men, who become proprietors of animal life, undertake a larger
responsibility than the generality of horse owners are willing to
admit. They are answerable for their own conduct towards the
dumb existence over wbich they are legally invested with the right
of property ; they are also morally accountable for the conduct of
those to whose charge they entrust their living possessions. There
is nothing about horses but nobility, although the men who attend
them often do not possess their good qualities. Grooms do not as
yet appreciate how little they know and how much they have to

STICKING TO A HORSE.

learn in equine lore. There are few stablemen who are without a
prescription for the composition of what they call a " condition
ball ; " that is, a certain mixture of drugs, which shall bring a
living body suddenly into " tip-top " health. A bevy of com-
panions are invited to see " Jim give a ball." They duly arrive, and
part of the horse's tongue is speedily made to protrude from the
mouth — this portion being firmly held by " Jim's " free hand. The
condition ball is in " Jim's " other hand, and the exhibition consists
in the marvellous adroitness with which the ball can be intro-
duced between the animal's jaws. The horse soon sympathises
with the excitement that surrounds it. Jim, " quick as lightning,"
makes a thrust with the ball, whereupon the startled animal raises
the head and retreats. " Stick to him, Jim," " Stick to him," shout

LACERATED TONGUE. $9

the visitors. Jim does stick to him until his hand is covered with
blood, or, without quitting its gripe, suddenly loses the resistance
which constituted its hold. Should it be the former, the froenum
of the tongue is ruptured, and a wetted sponge soon clears the
hand of the groom as well as the mouth of the horse. A general
curse and a kick under the belly of the rebellious steed end the
amusements for one day. Should it be the latter, Jim finds the
larger portion of the quadruped's tongue left in his hand. This is
an awful accident. The blood is wiped off, and the groom next
morning goes to his master with, "Please, sir, see what 'Fugleman'
has done in his sleep."

A farmer engages a pretty-looking stable boy. The young
scamp is sufficiently a groom to glory in nothing so much as
deception. The farmer, however, takes this pretty boy to the fair,
where an additional horse is purchased. With the new " Dobbin "
the boy is entrusted, being cautioned to lead it gently home.
With numerous protestations boy and horse depart, but have
barely reached the suburbs before the knowing youngster stops
" Dobbin," and twisting the halter in " a chaw," leads the animal
to the nearest gate, where the lad climbs upon its back.

" A chaw " is the slang short phrase for something to chew.
This is made by twisting the halter into the animal's mouth so as
to encircle the jaw. In this position the rope is thought by some
knowing people to answer the purposes of a bridle. To this rope
the boy hangs, rolling to either side ; now, nearly off — and now,
jerked from his seat, as " Dobbin," after repeated urgings, starts off
into the lazy pretence at a trot.

Anything inserted into a horse's mouth provokes the curiosity
of the animal. It is felt and poked about with the tongue, till at
last the lingual organ is, by the exercise of much ingenuity, in-
serted beneath the obstacle. In this state of affairs " Dobbin " and
the pretty boy finish the latter half of the journey ; the youngster
laughing, as the rough action of the horse bumps him up and
down, he all the time dragging at the halter. Before home is
reached, night has set in ; the boy dismounts, and, w^ith all the
simplicity his face can assume, leads " Dobbin " to the homestead.

The boy is protesting about being so very tired after his long
walk, when the horse's mouth is discovered to be stained with
blood. The youthful expression of surprise exceeds that of the

7!) LACERATED TONGUE.

elder's. Next tlie halter is found to be rich with the same fluid.
The horse's mouth is then opened — it is full of blood, and the
tongue nearly cut through. Accusations are made against the
lad. At first they are replied to with defiance ; at last, they are
propitiated with tears, drawn forth by the idea of honesty being
suspected. Youthful knowing, however, is not in the long run a
match for the self-interest of age ; and perseverance is rewarded
by a full confession.

" The chaw " is an artifice recognised in every stable. Grooms
have their tastes. It is very unpleasant to these gentry when they
behold some unmannerly horse hang back in the halter. Stalls
are drained into a main channel, situated at the edge of the gang-
way. The pavement on which the animal stands consequently
slants from the manger to the footpath. This nice arrangement
obliges the horse always to stand with the toes in the air, and
throws the v/eight of the body upon the back sinews. To ease its

aching limbs the animal is apt to go
to the extent of its rope, so as to place
the hind feet upon the gangway, and
even occasionally to give the toe an
opposite direction by allowing it to
sink into the open drain. Such pre-
sumption horrifies the groom's sense of
propriety. The ignorant mind's idea
of beauty is " everything to match."
He thinks all is so nice when the animals dress to a line, like
soldiers on parade. To have this line preserved even in his
absence he puts " a chaw " into the refractory " brute's " mouth.
This chaw is to be preserved night and day. The tongue soon gets
under the rope. Timidity is rendered yet more fearful by persecu-
tion. The voice of the groom has become a terror to the quad-
ruped. It hangs back for ease, and is surprised by the vehement
exclamation of the tormentor. Back goes the neck and up goes
the head. The animal runs to its manger, but something has
fallen upon the floor ! The horse was luxuriating in hanging back
to the full extent when surprised. The sudden start jerked the
halter rein, and the result is the free portion of the tongue falls
from the mouth severed by the rope.

These are lamentable instances of the general behaviour of

ABUSE OF THE HALTER.

TEETH. 71

grooms to the creatures entrusted to their care. Nothing is so
corruptive as misplaced authority. A little mind knows no
difference between the possession of power and the indulgence
of tyranny. The use and the abuse are synonyms to the
ignorant ; and the sins committed principally reside with him
•who places the life Heaven has entrusted to his care in such
unworthy custody.

When a tongue is partially divided do not insert sutures of any
kind. Metallic sutures wound the fleshy palate, and silk sutures
soon slough out. Neither, therefore, does good, and each serves to
confine the food which enters the division. Foreign matter irritates
a wound and retards its healing. Consequently, do nothing to the
tongue when partially divided. Feed the patient on gruel until
the healing is complete, and wash out the mouth thrice daily, with
some chloride of zinc lotion, one scruple of the salt to a pint of
water, after the manner described in the preceding article.

Should the tongue be separated to that extent which divides
the vessels, then with a knife remove the lacerated part, which
otherwise being deprived of support
must slough off. Still do nothing
to the tongue afterwards. Feed on
thick gruel and wash out the mouth
with the lotion. A horse with half a
tongue will manage to eat and drink,
but some food is spilt and some left

,, .-,, , , 1 •! 1 !• TH*^ TOKOIE HEALED AFTKR HAVING BKKX

in the manger. Constant dribhlmg deeply cut but not su.vderkd.

of saliva is the chief consequence of ./.'JeV^o" S. asTt wudlp^a' i,T ti.:

such an injury. This is unpleasant, T'^;eindent,ationat the seat of injury.

and arises from deglutition being andjvMch win remain so io«g as iife shaii
injured. A horse which has had the

tongue lacerated only, but not divided, for ever retains the evi-
dence of the injury ; and as the food is apt to accumulate at the
point of union, the animal ever after demands attention subsequent
to every meah

TEETH.

Cutting the permanent teeth seems, in the horse, to be effected
at some expense to the system ; it was a favourite custom with
the farriers of the last century to trace numerous affections to the

72 TEETH.

teething of the animnl. Further inqunies have proved our grand-
fathers knew positively nothing about those growths, concerning
which they assumed so much.

The cutting of the tushes and incisors may he associated with
acute inflammation of the membrane covering the jaw. When such
is the case the congested spot should be lanced ; if this trivial
operation be not resorted to at once, the membrane is likely to
thicken and imprison the tush within it, when constitutional
derangement or chronic irritation of the part is likely to supervene.

Neither tushes nor incisors are known to be exposed to other
accidents ; it is, however, different with the molar teeth. These
teeth consist of three components ; bone or ivory constitutes the
chief bulk of the organ, and over that is spread a thin covering of
inorganic enamel, the whole being invested with a fibrous coating
of crusta petrosa. The enamel is the material on which the tooth
depends for its cutting properties ; the manner in which the edge
is preserved deserves attention, for the bricklayer's trowel appears
to have been suggested by it. A thin coat of hard but brittle
enamel is held between the two other bulky and tough substances,
just as a thin layer of steel is protected by coatings of yielding iron
in the house-builder's instrument.

The highly organised crusta petrosa is often injured. To under-
stand this, we must first comprehend the vast power which urges
the jaw of the horse. The motion resides entirely in the lower
portion of the skull, which is moved by strong, very strong muscles,
ffoinfT direct from their attachments to their insertions. No force
is lost by the arrangement, and no less a motor power was required
to comminute the hay and oats on which the horse subsists. The
machinery seems to be admirably adapted to its purposes, and to
be so strongly framed as to defy all chance of injury. Man, how-
ever, has a mighty talent for evil ; it does not always suit the
convenience of the groom to sift the pebbles from the grain ; corn
and stones are hastily cast into the manger, and the poor horse,
having no hands to select with, must masticate all alike. The
reader can imagine the wrench which will ensue, when a flint
suddenly checks the movement of the molar teeth. The crusta
petrosa is bruised upon the large fang of the tooth. Disease is
established, and sad toothache has soon to be endured.

Then there are the effects of the powerful acids in much favour

TEETH.

73

A HORSE WITH TOOTHACHE.

with most grooms and too many veterinary surgeons ; moreover,
there are the sulphates, which in every possible form enter into
veterinary medicine ; the nitrates, like-
wise, are much esteemed and are given
in enormous doses. All of these must
affect the crystalline enamel of the
molar tooth. A small hole is first /'\
formed, into this the food enters and
there putrefies — caries and toothache
are the result.

A horse, with toothache, upon cer-
tain days sweats and labours at its
work ; saliva hangs in long bands from

the under lip ; the countenance is utterly dejected ; the head is
carried on one side or pressed against some solid substance, as a
wall. The food is " quidded,"
that is, it is partially masticated,
when, Irom acute agony, the jaws
relax, the teeth separate, the lips
part, and the morsel falls from the
mouth, more or less resembling
what is termed " a quid of tobacco." : ns

Upon other days the animal
is bounding with life and spirits ;
the movements are light, and the
motions are expressive of perfect

happiness. The head is carried jauntily ; the lips are compressed ;
the saliva ceases to exude ; the food is devoured with an evident
relish, and the general health appears to be better than it was
before the strange disease. The continuance of such bliss is, how-
ever, very doubtful ; the different stages often will succeed one
another with vexatious rapidity.

If nothing be done, the horse alternates between anguish and
happiness for an unascertained period, when all acute symptoms
apparently cease. The lips, though no longer actually wet, are not
positively dry ; the food is often eaten, but as time progresses a
sort of gloom hangs about the animal, and deepens every day.
The horse seems never free from some unaccountable torture ; more
time is now occupied in clearing the manger ; then the hay may

A HORSE QUIDDINO, OR ALLOWING THE FOOD
TO KALL FROM ITS MOUTH SUBSEQUF,NT TO
MASTICATION.

74

TEETH.

be consumed, but the oats remain untouched. These last are found
soaked in apparent water; the fluid turns out to be saliva; the
symptoms by degrees become more severe ; a strangely unpleasant
odour cbaracterizes the breath ; the flesh wastes, and the animal
ultimately exhibits hide-bound.

This stage being attained, and the proprietor becoming much
perplexed, he is one morning informed by the groom, who displays
many nods and winks, of a certain mysterious recipe for a wonderful
ball that never fails, but always cures. The potent bolus is sent for
to the chemist, and after sundry explanations is compounded. Tiie
groom, stiff with pride, takes the magic morsel ; it is pushed rapidly
into the horse's mouth ; an exclamation from the man follows the
disappearance of the hand, which is retracted bathed in blood.
To afford time for the writer to explain this incident, the reader

must vouchsafe some patience. The
horse's molar teeth are miniature
grindstones. To supply the wear
and tear of so violent a service,
the molar teeth, originally, have
enormous fangs, and as the eating
surface is worn away, the fangs are
thrust into the mouth by the con-
traction of the jawbones.

Caries at first pains but at last
destroys all feeling or life in the tooth ; the dead organ ceases to
possess any vital quality; it loses all power of self-preservation,

and is a mere piece of dead
matter opposed to a living agent.
In consequence, it breaks away,
while the opposing molar projects
more forward i'rom the absence
of attrition. The healthy tooth
at last bears against the unpro-
tected gum, upon which it presses
severely, and provokes the greatest
agony. The animal endeavours to
prevent the prominent tooth from paining the jaw l)y masticating
entirely upon the sound side. Hunger is slowly, and perhaps
never, satisfied by such imperfect comminution ; the outside of the

A MOLAR TOOTH HAS BECOME VERT LONG
FROM THE WANT OF ATTRITION IN THE
OPPOSING JAW.

THE MOLAR TEETH HAVE BERN GROUND SLANT-
ING, AND HAVE SHARP KDGE8, FROM THE
HORSE MASTICATING ONLY UPON ONE SIDE.

TEETH. 75

upper molars and the inside of the lower molars become slanting ;
the first, being almost as sharp as razors, wound the membrane of
the mouth and lay open the hand which is thrust into the cavity.

If the disease be still neglected and permitted to increase, the
stench grows more formidable ; nasal gleet appears ; the discharge
is copious, accompanied by a putrid odour ; osseous tumours com-
mence ; the bones of the face are distorted ; the eye is imprisoned,
and ultimately obliterated within the socket by actual pressure ;
eating becomes more and more painful, until starvation wastes the
body and reduces the horse to a hide-bound skeleton.

If such a case be taken early, its cure is easy and certain ; the
dead tooth must be extracted, and the prominent molar shortened
by means of the adjusting forceps and the guarded chisel. Then
the sharp edges must be lowered by the tooth-file, and, if these
things appear to occupy time, it is better done at two or even
three operations than unduly prolong the agony of a sick animal.
This being accomplished, all is not ended. The horse's mouth must
from time to time be again and again operated upon ; nor will the
creature offer much opposition to the proceeding, if only proper
gentleness be observed.

Aged horses, from the contraction of the lower jaw (which
change is natural to increase of years in the equine race), frequently
have their upper molars ground to a knife-like sharpness. They
wound the inside of the cheeks, cause a disinclination to eat, and
provoke a dribbling of saliva. The cure is the tooth-file, whicli
should be applied until the natural level is attained. This sliould
be followed by the frequent use of the wash recommended for
aphtha or by the chloride of zinc lotion.

It may probably provoke a laugh among gentlemen and horse-
men to read of toothache in the horse. Few, very few grooms
may have witnessed or have noticed such a disease, but the fact
exists ; it is, indeed, a cruel reality to the animal which experiences
it. The ignorance of stablemen can establish nothing, for they
are, as a class, equally presumptuous and ignorant ; they have seen
the horse for years, and yet are acquainted with neither the natural
ailments nor the proper treatment of the animal. The toothache
is to the creature a most agonizing disorder. We have only to
look at the healthy horse to observe how exquisitely it is clothed,
how finely it is framed, to imagine how sensitive must be the body.

•76 SCALD MOUTH.

In fact, fear would be the proper name for what horsemen commonly
call courage — the fast trotter and galloper, when going at top
speed, does so through fear. The highly nervous temperament
should convince any man of the truth of this assertion. The horse,
when he shies, often makes a rush immediately afterwards ; it is
not courage but fear that causes him to increase his speed. He was
made an animal capable of rapid hearing and quick locomotion, in
order that, in a wild state, he might perceive the approach of wild
beasts, and escape them by his swiftness. The horse is one of our
most timid animals — although, perhaps, to the non-observant he
may appear to be a creature of great courage; but, as before said,
those features which seem to denote courage are in reality a
timidity which the most cowardly of mankind never conceived.

SCALD MOUTH.

This is an accident which occasionally occurs where grooms are
too ignorant, or too thoughtless, to read the direction labelled upon
every bottle sent into the stable. Potent fluids are sometimes
transmitted pure, in small bottles, though the custom is highly
reprehensible, nor is the practice bettered because the label orders
the contents to be mixed with water before the medicine is ad-
ministered to the horse. Grooms are generally careless, and pro-
verbially in a hurry. One of them enters the stable to give the
drench, sees the bottle, seizes it in haste, calls the helper nearest
the stable door, and, with such assistance, pours the liquid fire
down the animal's throat.

The mouth is, by the potent drug, deprived of its lining mem-
brane, and the stomach is lastingly injured ; even if the dose be too
small to occasion death the interior of the mouth is rendered raw.
Fortunate is the man who can be certain the evil there begins, and
extends no further ; but who can calculate the effect upon delicate
internal organs ? The mouth may be healed ; but who can ascer-
tain the state of the deeper injury ? Animals are treated as though
their sensibilities were not affected by any medium pain ; some-
thing must be visible before the groom sanctions the right in his
charge to be restless. All signs and motions denoting a gnawing
agony, but not expressive of overpowering anguish, are visited with
chastisement.

SCALD MOUTH. 77

The groom is not entirely to blame. The fault resides with his
superiors, whom the servant apes. The sin rests with those who
(unable to keep a stud-groom) think their duty is discharged by a
daily scamper through the stable before they go to business ; with
those who, by their manners, corrupt the groom's simplicity, while,
by a strange costume, they induce the ignorant fellow to regard
the badge of his disgrace as the upholder of his pride. To the
upper classes, the shortcomings of stablemen cling ; with the
superiors, whose example should instruct, rests the real blame of
the servant. With educated men abide the errors of the ignorant.

After a scalding drench, an unusual redness declares the state
of the mouth ; a quantity of saliva flows
from the restless lips, which are con-
stantly in motion ; they are being moved
perpetually up and down, and are always
parting with a smack. The food, for a
time, is rejected, but good gruel, if cold,
is generally taken freely. Boiled roots
should constitute the nourishment for two
months afterwards, the mouth being all
the while washed with the application recommended for aphtha.

No immediate danger is to be apprehended from scald mouth.
The stomach is more disposed to assume chronic than acute disease.
Probably, the temporary services of the animal might well be dis-
pensed with, and much might be gained by an extra month's con-
tinuance of the prepared food. At all events, the experiment
would be intended to ward off a possible evil ; and, if we are to
believe at all, the motive, being based on goodness, the act would
not be without its reward.

SCALD MOUTH.

CHAPTER IV.

THE NOSTRILS — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR DISEASES.

COLD.

It should not excite surprise if the horse, though generally strong
and exposed to every abuse^ is occasionally subject to the disease,

EELLINO "a CAPTAIlf, ' AS ANTT HORSH WITH A THA'^Kh DISCHARGE IS CALLKD BY THE LOW DEALERS.

which in man is almost the property of the delicately nurtured.
The animal exists in a stable commonly kept at a high tempera-
ture by means of contaminated air; it is taken thence into a wintry
atmosphere to stand for an uncertain period before the master's
door. There it has to remain, inactive, shivering in the blast,
until it suits the proprietor's convenience to come forth ; next, it
is pushed along till the perspiration bedews tlie sides. Then it has

78

COLD. 79

to remaiD, generally unprotected, in the cold, until some business
is transacted, when it is flurried home again, and often has to wait
afterwards till it suits the groom's leisure to dry the reeking
frame.

Can it create astonishment if an animal so treated exhibit that
nasal affection denominated " cold ? " The case is similar with
hunters. They leave hot stables to join the distant meet. Game
may be soon started, or " the find " may occupy hours. At last
men, horses, and hounds scamper off; the fences are cleared; the
fields, though they be swampy or ploughed, are crossed at the
longest stride. The pace is killing while it lasts ; at length comes
a check. That saves many a steed whose breathing ability was
well nigh exhausted ; but every animal has to shiver till the " view
holloa ! " again summons the assembly to motion.

How often does my lady's " carriage stop the way ? " And how
long have the horses to stand in the rain before it ceases to do so ?
How frequently does the gig or brougham linger near the curb, while
another glass to good fellowship is drained ? Then, we have to
reflect upon the breathing forms harnessed to hired carriages ; how
the street cab rests in storms ! How, day or night, the horses must
be exposed to all the varied seasons ? Unsheltered from the sun ;
with no protection from the frost ! Let the reader reflect upon
this and say, not if it be wonderful that a few horses exhibit the
affection denominated cold, but whether it is not a legitimate
matter for surprise every second horse is not thus affected. At
the same time, we all know that habit becomes second nature, and
that horses get used to exposure : it is noticed among cab-horses,
and, strange to say, these animals, sometimes old too, are among the
healthiest of equine species, and are the hardest worked. The late
Admiral Eous once told the reviser that, in his opinion, the reason
cab-horses were always in such good health was owing to the fact
that their exposure in tlie cab rank necessitated their breathing
fresh air for a longer period during the day than other animals.
It is, moreover, a fact that colds are induced, not by going from a
warm to a cold medium, but being taken from a chilly atmosphere
to a hot stable : by being removed from a bracing medium to a
depressing influence. The highly fed and seemingly well cared for
horse is more prone to cold than the animal that has to rough it,
and is, to a certain extent, neglected. Colds arise more from ill

80 COLD.

effects produced by bad drainage, ineffective ventilation, and over-
heated stables, than from outdoor exposure ; consequently it is
better to let stables be cold than badly ventilated, for within such
the inmates' bodies can be kept warm with extra clothing.

A mild cold, with care, is readily alleviated. A few mashes, a
little green-meat, an extra rug, and a day
or two of rest commonly end the business.
When the attack is more severe, the horse
is dull ; the coat is rough ; the body is of
unequal temperatures, hot in parts, in
places icy cold. The membrane of the
nose at first is dry, and pale or leaden
coloured ; the facial sinuses are clogged ;
the head aches ; the appetite has fled ;
often tears trickle from the eyes, simple
ophthalmia being no rare accompaniment
to severe cold, till at leniith a copious de-

A horse's head exhibiting a . ^ .

COLD. fluxion falls from the nostrils without

immediately improving the general appearance of the animal.

The treatment is plain. Cold is due to the devitalisation. The
nerves at the part affected lose much of their influence, owing to
which the mucous membrane becomes congested, and the adjacent
tissues are soon similarly involved. All depletion must be
avoided. The invalid should be comfortably and warmly housed,
should have an ample bed, and the body should be plentifully
clothed, and perfect ventilation must be insured. Then, a hair
bag, half as long and half as wide again as the ordinary nose-bag,
should be buckled by a broad strap on to the sick horse's head ;
into the bag should be previously inserted one gallon of yellow
deal saw-dust ; upon the saw-dust, through an opening guarded
"with a flap upon the side of the bag, should be emptied a kettle of
boiling water, the superfluity of which may run or drain through
the hair composing the bag.

The boiling water ought to be renewed every twenty minutes,
as the bag should be retained upon the head for an hour each
time. Should not yellow deal sawdust be obtainable, procure
some of common deal, upon which last pour one ounce of spirits of
turpentine. Mix well and thoroughly before you apply the bag
to the head ; but, should not a proper apparatus be in the stable,

COLD.

81

STEAMma THE NOSE OF A HORSE
WITH COLD.

then it is better to forego the steaming, as the common nose-bag

is far too short and too tight for safety. The cloth, moreover, is

apt to swell and not to allow the free

passage of the water. Sad accidents have

ensued upon the incautious employment

of the ordinary nose-bag for steaming

purposes.

If the horse appears to be weak, and
there is the slightest suspicion that the
weight of the appliance for the time
directed may tax the strength, let some
substance, as a stool, a form or chair be
placed beneath the bag. The animal will
require no teaching to understand the
use of the intended resting-place. As
the weight begins to drag, the head will
be lowered, and after a very brief space
the steaming apparatus will be found
reposing upon its intended support.

While the membrane is dry, use the steaming-bag six times
daily. When a copious stream of pus flows from the nose, its
application thrice daily will be sufficient. At the same time, let
the food consist of grass with mashes, to regulate the bowels and
subdue the attendant fever. Give no medicine ; but the discharge
being established, three daily feeds of crushed and scalded oats,
with a few boiled carrots added to them, will form an easily digest-
ible diet. Likewise, should the weakness be great, give night and
morning, in a pint of thin oatmeal gruel, one drachm of carbonate
of ammonia. Good nursing, a loose box, fresh air, warmth, and
not even exercise till the disorder abates, are also to be com-
mended. It will also sometimes lead to other diseases, as those
of the larynx, air passages and lungs. Should the symptoms
deepen, the treatment must be changed ; the lesser affection
{cold) being swallowed up by the greater disorder, which is
superadded ; consequently, disregard the original ailment, taking
those measures requisite to relieve the new and more important
affliction.

Animals with chronic cold, or with a constant running* from
the nose, soon exhibits excessive weakness

V

Nothing taxes the

82 COLD.

strength so much as the prolonged disorder of any mucous

surface.

All which ignorant people know of glanders is, that the disease

is accompanied with a nasal
defluxion. The more cunning
in horse flesh, likewise, are
aware that glanders causes the
lymphatic gland within the jaw
to swell, or, that a glandered

THE HEAD OF A HORSE WITH ' A JUG,' OR WITH ONE horsc Is alvvays, as such people

OF THE LYMPHATIC GLAND3 OF THE THROAT . ,

SWOLLEN. assert, jugged.

1. The enlarged lymphatic within the jaw. ]^^^^^ -^^^^^1 the discharge and

the enlargement are generally present during inveterate cold.
Animals of this kind are sold to the unwary as sound horses.
The vendors believe the quadruped to be glandered, or to be
affected with the most terrible of equine diseases, and the pur-
chaser wants knowledge to perceive the contrary.

Let, therefore, no man who buys " a captain " (which is the
slang for a horse with nasal discharge), become alarmed and, to
some member of the gang from whom it was bought, re-sell his
bargain for a few shillings. Large sums are often made by thus
disposing of a diseased animal for a high price; then, directly
afterwards, frightening the purchaser with a view to buying back
at a cheap rate the supposed glandered horse. Always take the
animal to the nearest veterinary surgeon. Have the quadruped
examined; and, if really glandered, order it to be immediately
destroyed. Listen to no offer ; but have the order obeyed.

A gentleman, once attending a sale, bought for a large price a
fine black horse. No sooner had the money been paid than a
man came up and informed tlie purchaser of the real character of
his recent acquisition, offering to take the bargain off the new
owner's hands for fewer shillings than pounds had just been
given. The proposal was indignantly refused. Others came, but
all encountered the same answer. The terms were gradually
heightened, till double the money expended was tendered. The
horse, however, was destroyed ; thus, a gang of swindlers were
deprived of a property which they owned had, for the last year,
earned them an easy thousand pounds.

Every man, however, must not anticipate so favourable a pro-

NASAL POLYPUS.

83

posal. The animals, mostly, are worthless, and would only be
re-bought for a very trifle ; the swindlers, generally, being per-
fectly indifferent whether their eyes ever again behold a creature
which can be easily replaced.

A POLYPUS.

NASAL POLYPUS.

A polypus, when not otherwise distinguished, represents a
pear-shaped body, which has little sensation but great vascularity.
It is not malignant, and its growth is generally rapid.
By the increase of its weight, the polypus ultimately
hangs from the spot where it grew and becomes
pendant by a sort of stalk, formed principally by the
blood-vessels enveloped in the membrane which coats
the tumour. Such growths are peculiar to mucous tissues,
or to all the cavities of the body which communicate
with the external air. With regard to the horse,
polypus is mostly met with in the nostrils.

The growth can be removed in more ways than one, but
what kind of instrument is required for the operation cannot be
determined until the exact position and extent of the polypus has
been ascertained. The late Professor Varnell used to employ a
knife with an angular blade. By employing this instrument he
could excise the tumour with a single cut, and no doubt when this
knife can be used it represents a quick and efficient means of
eradication.

Torsion is more repulsive in appearance than in reality. A
pair of scissors having sharp curved claws, at
the expanded ends of blunt blades, are em-
ployed. The tumour is seized by the claws, a
little pressure is made, and, at the same time,
the scissors are drawn slightly forward. By that
means the points are driven into the substance
and a firm hold is obtained. The handles of
the scissors are next fastened together with
wire, or not, at the pleasure of the operator.
The scissors are afterwards made to revolve
several times, and with each revolution they oblige the polypus to
turn upon its pedicle, which motion first twists and ultimately

POLYPI'S FORCEPS OR
SCISSOKS.

84 NASAL POLYPUS.

ruptures it. The growth is thus removed. As the polypus is not
very sensitive, and the operation should be soon over, small suffer-
ing is inflicted, when compared with the permanent ease which the
proceeding ensures.

The operation of traction, or dragging the tumour out of the
nostril, has been practised by some practitioners with success. It
consists in the passing up the nostril an instrument, not very
dissimilar to the scissors above depicted, and grasping, as with a
pair of pincers, the tumour, and then by force removing it bodily
from its base of insertion. This is, however, a cruel and barbarous
operation, and is seldom, if ever, adopted nowadays. At the same
time, polypi are represented in so many forms and disposed in
so many modes that sometimes the use of cruel instruments is
necessary. Ligature however, where it can be used, is generally
preferred ; because the employment of it is not so sudden and,
consequently, not apparently so violent; because no blood,
generally, follows the removal, and therefore there is no visible
evidence of pain. The writer is not certain it is the least painful
of the methods proposed; the relief is delayed, although the
appearance and the appetite of the animal are assurances that
nothing approaching to agony is inflicted.

For ligature procure a fine, hollow tube, having at one end a

DIAGRAM OF A TUBE FOR THE REMOVAL OF NASAL POLYPUS.

cover made to screw on and off; the opposite extremity must be
open, and should have a cross bar attached externally, one inch
from the termination. Upon the cover two holes must be bored,
each large enough to admit a fine wire ; to arm this instrument,
which should be about eighteen inches long, procure a piece of
zinc wire one yard and a half long ; push this through one of the
holes on the unscrewed cover and down the tube ; screw on the
cover; fasten the projecting end of the wire to the cross bar;
return the wire through the other hole, and, passing it down the
tube, leave it hanging free. Form of the wire a loop, large enough
to surround the polypus; pass it gently over the head of the

NASAL POLYPUS. 85

growth ; by means of the tube, work the loop upward, tighteuing
the wh'e as the size of the polypus diminishes. When the wire is
round the pedicle, lix it by winding it also over the cross bar;
then slowly make turns with the tube, observing the growth while
so doing. When the tumour changes colour, or the animal exhibits
pain, discontinue all further movements ; release the wires from the
cross bar and withdraw the tube, leaving the ends of the ligature
protruding from the nostril and turned up on one side of the
face.

Order the horse to be fastened to the pillar-reins that night,
and to be watched while feeding. The next day, if the tumour do
not feel sensibly cold and has not evidently lost the living hue,
reinsert the wires into the tube, fix them again on the cross bar,
and give another turn or two. If small alteration be subsequently
observed, the same evening the proceeding may be repeated ; but,
when death appears confirmed in the tumour, twist the tube till
the pedicle gives way.

The advantages possessed by this invention are, firstly, the
ability of twisting a ligature tight when the growth is partly
removed from view. Also, in the adoption of wire, which will
retain the form it is placed in and remain unaffected by the
moisture natural to the nostrils. Moreover, the tube can be made
without the screv/ing head-piece, and answers quite as well, or
even better, when solid. If made without the screwing head-
piece, it can assume a flattened form, and it is somewhat easier to
introduce ; but the wire, in that case, must have both ends pushed
through the holes down the tube.

The bleeding polypus is not met with in the horse. For that
polypus which sprouts from the nasal membrane and extends to
the fauces, impeding respiration and deglutition, appearing like a
disease of the structure, to which it is attached by a broad base?
nothing can be done. It grows fast, and in a short time renders
longer life a larger misery.

The polypus, which admits of removal, is a smooth, moist,
glistening and vascular body. It greatly impedes the breathing.
These growths have been known to push out the cartilaginous
division of the nostrils until the once free passage was all but
obliterated. They provoke a constant discharge of pure mucus,
and on that account the horse, thus affected, has been condemned

86

NASAL GLEET.

as glandered. However, the truth may be at once recognised by
closing the nostrils alternately. It is then easy to discover which
cavity is affected, as a resistance is provoked by stopping the free
channel, which bears no resemblance to glanders. To bring down
the polypus, cough the horse, by making gentle pressure upon the
topmost part of the windpipe ; for, during the stages of glanders,
any appearance at all resembling polypus is never present. It was
usual, the instant the growth was visible, to transfer it with a
tennaculum. This, however, like other barbarities, only did harm.
The substance of a polypus is easily rent, and it bleeds freely.

A TENNACtTLTOI.

The bleeding concealed much which after proceedings rendered
necessary Lhould be plainly seen. It is better, when sufficient
room is not left for operation or inspection, to proceed with greater

boldness, so as to ascertain the advan-
tages likely to result from further
measures. Then throw the horse, and
with a probe-pointed, straight bistoury,
slit up the nostril upon the outer side.
That done, release the animal till all
bleeding has ceased, when the endea-
vours may be renewed with a better
prospect of success. Afterwards, close
the incision with a double set of sutures
(one set to the true nostril and another for the false nostril). Apply
to the wound the chloride of zinc wash, and in a short time all
will be healed.

NASAL POLYPUS.

NASAL GLEET.

This terrible affliction is suppuration of the mucous membrane,
lining the facial sinuses. It rarely occurs in the stable ; but when
it does the cause mostly is to be traced to the projection of some
molar tooth, and the disease is then generally hopeless. The

NASAL GLEET. 87

pressure of the tooth has provoked irritation of the bone. The
sinuses are no longer hollow spaces, but have been converted into
cavities crowded with bony network. To cleanse them in that
condition is impossible, and death is the only resort left to a
humane proprietor.

The malady seldom, excepting as the result of injuries caused
by blows inflicted on the skull in the region of the nasal sinuses.
At grass, horses during their frolics may kick one another, and the
hoof may find its way to a companion's head ; and if a shoe be on
it at the time a serious wound will give evidence of the mishap.
A blow with the handle of a whip, or any kind of heavy implement,
will have the same effect in ultimately inducing soft and swollen
faces, when percussion draws forth the same sound
as that we notice by tapping on a pumpkin.

Besides the distortion, the next prominent
symptom attending nasal gleet is fcetor. Dis-
charge is not always present. It is irregular in
its appearance, but can generally be made to flow
by a brisk trot or by some tempting food being
placed upon the ground. Stench and discharge,
often coming only from one nostril but occasion-
ally from two, are likewise symptomatic of the
same disorder.

Pus is, naturally, the blandest secretion of the
body ; but being confined, it corrupts, and then nasal gleet.
smells abominably. The blow which started up
the secretion injured the bones forming facial sinuses. Those
cavities open to the nostril on either side by two comparatively
small flaps, slits, or valves. These are their only means of com-
munication with the external atmosphere ; and through these
valves all the pus must flow. Is it surprising if such structures
occasionally become clogged, till the accumulated secretion, or the
increased breathing or the position of the head, obliges the passage
to give way ?

The chances likely to result upon treatment are about equal,
but the process is generally slow. The trephine has to be em-
ployed upon the facial sinus, and circular portions of bone have to
be removed. Into the openings thus made is to be injected, by
means of a pint pewter syringe, half a gallon of tepid water, or

88

NASAL GLEET.

water heated to 96 degrees, in which half a drachm of chloride of
zinc is dissolved. The chloride of zinc not only destroys the fcetor,
but also disposes the membrane to take on a new action.

The injection, however, only cleanses the sinuses, and the nose
also becomes involved by the disease. It is usual to describe

THE TREPHINE, BY MEANS OF
WHICH A CIRCULAR 1-1 ECE OF
BONE MAY BE REMOVED.

INJECTING THE HEAD OF A HORSE FOR NA3AL GLEET,

Copied from a work by La Fosse.

the turbinated bones, or the fragile bones situated within the
nostrils, as thin osseous structures, making numerous convolutions

THE TURBINATED BONE WITHIN THE NOSTRIL
OF A HORSE AFFECTED W ITH NASAL GLEET ;
PARTLY ABSORBED BY PRESSURE AND PARTLY
DISTENDED BY AN ACCUMULATION OF CON-
CRETE PUS,

PART OF A horse's HEAD WHICH FAS
THE BONE TREPHINED SO AS TO ENABLE
THE SURGEON TO EMPTY THE TURBIN-
ATED BONE. THE COURSE OF THE
NERVES IS SHOWN.

upon themselves. They favour such an opinion when viewed in
situ; but, being removed, are found to consist of ample sacs or
bags which the external layer concealed from view. These hidden
spaces soon fill with pus. Here it remains ; the position of the
head even cannot entirely dislodge it, as the head is seldom carried
perpendicularly. Here the pus hardens or concretes, until by
degrees the cavities are filled with a foul and solid matter.

NASAL GLEET. 89

Such a storehouse of disease may thus be opened and cleansed.
Mark with chalk or charcoal the spot in a line with the infra-
orbital foramen, and a little anterior to the third molar tooth. The
positions of both may be clearly ascertained by feeling externally
upon the head of the living horse. At that place cut through the
skin, but no deeper. Make a T incision, only reverse the letter ±.
Withdraw the two flaps of skin ; remove by means of blunt hooks
any structures that conceal the bone, upon which last, when clear,
employ the trephine.

The side of the face being opened, insert through the opening a
steel probe. Thrust it through the concrete pus, and strive to
discover the most depending portion of the sac. To this spot, if
possible, apply a hollow metallic tube about twelve inches long.
This instrument has a horn-shaped mouth at the blunt extremity
and a fine sharp steel saw at the other. The saw being fixed upon
the spot indicated by the probe, and a few revolutions being given
to the horn-shaped end between the palms of the hands, a circular
portion of the bony network which characterises the turbinated
structures is removed*

Fig. 1

Fig. 1. The holloiv metallic tube, having at one extremity a horn-shaped mouth for the convpnt-
ence of inserting a gum elastic probe, and at the other end a fine saw tor cutting through the tur-
binated bone.

Fig. 2. a. A gum elastic probe to be threaded through the metallic tube, and so forced out of the
nostril, h. A portion of string passed through the eye of, the probe and forming a loop. c. The
tape which constitutes the seton passed through the looped string.

Now, so soon as this is accomplished, force through the hollow
instrument last employed an elastic probe armed with a piece of
linen tape. The probe being about eighteen inches long will, by
the application of very gentle force, soon glide through the opening
last made and out of the nostril. The tape is by traction made to
follow, and the ends being tied a seton is established. By the
daily movement of this last contrivance, the concrete matter may
effectually be displaced.

This being finished, the syringe is to be daily employed in fore-

90 HIGHBLOWING AND WHEEZING.

ing the air from the lungs, when the noise emitted is noticed during
expiration — the effort made in expelling the used-up gases from
the lungs.

The lymphatic glands under the horse's jaw occasionally en-
large ; but as the affection is destroyed the swelling will disappear,
and half-an-ounce of liquor arsenicalis sprinkled twice daily over a
feed of crushed corn will, together with liberal food, commodious
and healthy lodging, expedite cure.

HIGHBLOWING AND WHEEZING.

In order that the various sounds emitted through the air passages
during the function of respiration may be understood, it will be
necessary to give a brief description of these respiratory efforts.
The lungs exist for the purpose of inhaling oxygen gas contained
in the air, which, on entering the lungs, unites with the carbon of
the system to form carbonic acid, which, with other spent gases,
is expelled from the lungs. The effort of inhaling oxygen is that
of inspiration ; that of expelling the used-up gases has been deno-
minated expiration — their combined action that of respiration.
The entrance of oxygen into the system cleanses the body of its
impurities, by oxygenating the lungs and removing the carbon
from them, which is expelled during the act of expiration. The
sounds emitted during these two efforts are different and distinct
the one from the other; and in disease the difference is more
marked, for instance in highblowing and wheezing. Both affections
are known by the noises to which they give rise.

Highblowing consists in a noise caused by the violent expiration
of air during its passage through the nostrils, whereby a bur-r-r-r-
ing kind of noise is made. This sound children are fond of imitat-
ing when they play " horses ;" but in the animal it is unpleasant
to the equestrian, because by it the nostrils are cleared, and by it
the trousers of the rider are often soiled. Besides, fashion at pre-
sent favours a quiet steed. For this habit there is no remedy
except throwing up the horse for harness purposes, in which
employment the habit is not generally regarded as objectionable.
Highblowing can only be regarded as possibly arising from a
derangement of form, and not from disease ; in fact, highblowers
possess the finest wind, and we have known some great stayers

IIIGHBLOWING AND WHEEZING. 91

The celebrated Eclipse was a highblower, and, as is well known, he
was the most famous horse of his day.

Wheezing is a thin, whistling noise, heard only during inspira-
tion. It is provoked by some impediment to the breathing, and
the cause always resides in the nasal chambers. It is astonishing
how small an obstacle engenders this affection. This, like the
former peculiarity, is equally incurable. It is easy to stop each
nostril and thus to tell from which the noise proceeds ; yet, for its
removal, the affection demands a purely experimental destruction
of parts, so ample that even veterinary science shrinks from the
attempt.

However, to such chances the life of a horse is exposed. The
indulgence of a habit which adds to the animal's beauty in the eyes
of the foot passenger is regarded as objectionable in one position,
while it is admired in another situation; the advent of the smallest
excrescence in a large cavity can deteriorate the value of a life.
A loss of value entails loss of caste. The life descends to harder
work and lessened care. The first step taken, the others rapidly
succeed ; for it cannot be asserted that, as a general rule, the lower
classes appear to advantage when the custody of a beautiful animal
is morally considered.

CHAPTER V.

THE THROAT— ITS ACCIDENTS AND ITS DISEASES.
SORE THROAT.

There is, among horse-owners, much dispute as to the proper
mode of harnessing a horse. Gentility has no feeling either for
itself or with any of the many lives by which it is surrounded ;

WITH AND WITHOOT THE BEARINO-HEIN.

this vice of modern time delights in laboured imposture, and is
always best pleased when it is mistaken for something that it is
not. Gentility favours the use of a bearing-rein in the horse's
harness. The object is to keep up the head, and to give to an
animal with an ewe neck the aspect of one having a lofty crest.
The artifice is very transparent ; it should deceive nobody save

SORE THROAT. 93

him who is foohsh enough to adopt it, but it deprives the poor
horse of no little of its natural power. Gentlemen's coachmen
complain of the work when their horses are driven ten miles
daily, although the distance may be repeatedly broken by visits
and by shopping. The cabs of London can only employ the
horses which gentlemen have discarded ; with these last vehicles,
however, no bearing-reins are adopted. The cast-off animal that
previously fagged over ten miles, when reduced to the rank, has to
pull loads which no genteel carriage would carry, and to travel a
sufficient distance to pay horse, driver, conveyance and proprietor.
In the possibility of such a contrast is, perhaps, best exemplified
the cruelty of the bearing-rein.

"When the fine structure of the horse's body is regarded, and
we reflect that a creature of so beautiful a frame is by man's will
taken from the fields, where every bite of grass is of a different
flavour, now hot and pungent by an admixture of the buttercup,
then cool and bland by the marsh-mallow mingling with the
morsel, where, unknown as yet to toil, such sustenance is sufficient
for growth and idleness; when we consider that an animal is
suddenly snatched from such a diet, every mouthful of which was
endowed, not only with a varied taste, but with a change of per-
fume ; when we feebly conjecture how grateful this ever-varying
savour must have rendered herbage to any being possessed of the
admirable sense of smell, with which the equine species are gifted,
it can create but small surprise that, when taken into stables, put
to exhausting labour, and day after day made to eat a stinted
allowance of dry food, the sameness of the diet and the change in
habit should occasionally derange the digestion. Sore throat is,
however, frequently a sign of some graver disorder ; the affection
should, therefore, be cautiously treated as a local malady.

When it is present, the symptoms are a constant deglutition of
saliva, a want of appetite, accompanied by an inability to swallow
liquids. The pail being presented, the act of drinking is accom-
])lished with evident effort ; the drops are forced down by a series
of jerks, which are often made more emphatic by an audible
accompaniment. Notwithstanding this labour, only a portion of
the fluid enters the gullet, the greater part returning by the
nostrils.

So soon as this is observed, throw the horse up, for sore throat

94

SORE THROAT,

is always attended with weakness. Clothe fully, bandage the legs,
place in a well-ventilated and amply-littered loose box; feed
upon green meat for a couple of days at the same time, always
having present a pail of tliick, well-made gruel, which should be

A HOESE WITH SORE THROAT ENDEAVOURING TO DRINK.

regularly changed thrice daily. Morning, noon, and night, a
pottle of scaled, bruised oats, intermingled with two or three
boiled carrots, should be placed in the manger.

Trequently this is all required, and the disorder is well cured
which yields without medicine. Should the bowels prove obstinate,
and after the second day continue constipated, a mild dose of solu-
tion of aloes should be administered.

Solution of aloes
Essence of aniseed
Water .
Mix, and give.

Four ounces.
Half-an-ounce.
One pint.

This, with the diet previously recommended, is rarely required,
as the food alone seldom fails in relaxing the body. However,
should the sore throat remain, dissolve half-an-ounce of extract of
belladonna in one gallon of water. Hold up the head of the
animal, and put half-a-pint of this liquid into the mouth ; allow
the fluid to be retained for thirty seconds ; then take away tlie
support, and the medicine will run from the lips. Eepeat this
frequently, or from six to eight times during the day.

If the soreness of the throat should appear indisposed to heal.

SORE THROAT. 95

but, on the contrary, should seem inclined to spread, lose no time in
resorting to the next preparation. Permanganate of potash, half-
a-pint ; distilled water, one gallon — half-a-pint to be used to cleanse
the horse's mouth, in the manner just directed for diluted bella-
donna six times daily, or —

Chloride of zinc . . Three drachms.
Extract of belladonna . Half-an-ounce.
Tincture of capsicums . Two drachms.
Water .... One gallon.
Mix, and use as directed for the previous recipe.

Occasionally the disease does not spread, but, spite of our best
endeavours, it will remain stationary. Should no change be re-
marked in forty-eiglit hours, blister the throat. Do this with
one part of powdered cantharides soaked for a month in seven
parts of olive oil, adding to the whole one part by weight of
camphor. Eub this oil, when filtered through blotting paper,
into the throat for ten minutes in summer and a quarter of an
hour in winter.

All the endeavours may be useless. Then cast the horse.
Have ready some nitrate of silver dissolved in distilled water —
five grains of the active salt to one ounce of the fluid. Saturate
in the solution a sponge four inches wide, tied on to the end of a
stick eighteen inches long. Have the sponge made as dry as
possible without squeezing it. Put a balling-iron into the mouth.
Insert the sponge through the iron, and, having pushed it down
to the back of the tongue, rapidly press it against the side of the
cavity. Be prepared for what you are about to do, and do it
quickly. The operation stops the breathing, and calls forth the
resistance, which is natural to impending suffocation.

The horse being released, give the following ball, in addition to
the stout, twice each day : —

Powdered oak, bark and treacle, a sufficiency of each to
form a mass.

If none of these measures are successful, the sore throat must
be the symptom only of some greater disorder, and all local
remedies, in that case, must be engulfed in the general treatment.
However, it is not every measure which will cure every sore
throat. In young horses, when first taken from the pure air into

96 COUGH.

the contaminated atmosphere of most stables, such affections are
common. For this reason well-ventilated stables are the most
important adjuncts in the case of all diseases, but more particularly
with regard to sore throat. Horses, when their air passages are in
any way affected, will be the better in being allowed to hang their
heads over the door of their loose-box during warm weather and
sometimes even in cold, for the necessity of pure air to the lungs
cannot be too strongly advocated, for by it we " live, breathe, and
have our being." After recovery from this affection the patient is
constantly left in a prostrate condition, when, should the weather
be warm, turn out into a fair pasture night and day ; and allow
one feed of corn, plus chaff daily. If winter be present, give every
comfort to your horse in a loose-box, and supply a liberal diet. Be
careful that the drainage and ventilation is perfect, for pure air
will restore health better than medicine, and is quite as important
as good food.

COUGH.

Cough is too often caused by unhealthy lodging. Few stables
are perfectly drained and ventilated ; the very great majority are
close with impurity. No surprise then need be exhibited if the
entrance to the air passages should display disease, when an
animal, so naturally cleanly, is imprisoned in the space man is too
thoughtless to keep uncontaminated.

The larynx is the seat of cough, when the affection exists by
itself, although the annoyance is often a symptom of some other
derangement, and may then spring from laryngeal sympathy
with some comparatively remote organ. It may arise from a very
trivial cause, as teething ; or it may be a sign attendant on the
worst of disorders, as farcy and glanders. Broken wind, roaring,
laryngitis, bronchitis, chronic diseases of the lungs, stomach,
bowels, worms, etc., etc., all attended by cough, which is more
frequently present as a symptom than as a disease. Hot stables,
coarse and dusty provender, rank bedding and irregular work, are
the general provocatives of cough, as a distinct affection.

The name is evidently derived from the noise which constitutes
the chief symptom of the disorder. Cough consists in spasm of
all the muscles of expiration. The air is violently expelled, and an

COUGH. 97

explosive sound is the consequence. During this spasm, the soft
palate is raised, and the breath is allowed to pass through the
mouth as well as through the nostrils ; the horse, as a rule, being
able only to respire through the nostrils.

The characteristic noise is generally annoying to the master.
AVarmth, however, is popularly esteemed the cure for cold. The
horse proprietor, therefore, thrusts his animal into an abode heated
by impurity, only to find the annoyance aggravated. This fact is
soon explained. Stables are not heated by fire or by water ; their
warmth is entirely derived from the fermentation of excrement.
Were they well ventilated, efficiently built and cleanly kept, these

■IHE ACT OF COUOniNO.

places, having no artificial heat, must be cold ; but the owner
loves warmth ; it feels so comfortable ; it is so nice ! He does
not inquire if it is derived from the right source ; he hates the
bother of investigating. Nothing can be proper if you are to
consult medical men ! They talk and discuss, but no good comes
of their verbosity ! And by such sayings the horse proprietor
blinds his judgment, permitting to continue the evil which ignor-
ance institutes. Chronic cough, cannot, when thus treated, amend.
It continues till the membrane covering the larynx be thickened
and morbidly sensitive ; then the cough is an appendage to the
life, and roaring is its companion.

For the cure of chronic cough, scald and crush the oats, damp
the hay, and give thin gruel or linseed tea for drink. At the same
time see that the air is pure ; the human nose is a sufficiently good

G

93 COUGH.

test of atmosphere — that of the stable should not smell of horses,
or of any taint whatever. If the ventilation is good, the drainage
clear and the bedding clean, the interior of a stable should be as
odourless as any lady's apartment.

Cough, or the noise which accompanies stages of different
disorders, will be described, as the various affections of which it is
a symptom are passed before the reader. Chronic cough, or the
sound that follows a draught of cold water, and is heard when the
horse quits the stable for the open air, is most distressing. It is a
constant accompaniment during the commencement of a journey,
and requires that food and lodging should be looked to. Clothe
warmly, and give half-a-pint of the following, in a tumbler of cold
water, thrice daily : —

Extract of belladonna (rubbed down

in a pint of cold water) .... One drachm.

Tincture of squills Ten ounces.

Tincture of ipecacuanha .... Eight ounces.
Mix.

If no beneficial change be witnessed, try the subjoined : —
Barbadoes tar (or corcmon tar if none

other be at hand) Half-an-ounce.

Calomel Five grains.

Linseed meal A sufhciency.

Mix, and give as one ball, night and morning.

Should no improvement result, the next may be substituted : —

Powdered aloes One drachm.

Balsam of copaiba Three drachms.

Cantharides Three grains.

Common mass A sufficiency.

Mix, and give first thing in the morning.

A bundle of cut grass, every day, has done much good in the
spring; so, also, has a lump of rock salt placed in the manger,
during any season of the year. The horse, however, should be
observed. If it eat the litter, no straw, during the day time, should
cover the stall ; and, at night, a muzzle should be fixed upon the
animal. The cough must be more than of a simple character
which does not vanish before the proposed measures are exhausted.
Cut roots, also, are beneficial during this disease. The hay should

LARYNGITIS. 99

not be abundant, and should always be moistened. But, above all
things, attend to the drainage and ventilation of the stable — as it
is a fact beyond dispute that coughs are the result of ill-drained,
badly-ventilated and impure stables, and diseases of the air
passages, nine times out of ten.

LARYNGITIS.

The common cause of this disorder is foul stables. When we
see the animal associated with the nobleman in his pride, and
linked as the willing slave of the merchant for his profit, it does
seem strange that a creature, thus connected, should be subject to
disease from scant and tainted lodging. When we consider the
subject from another point of view, and regard the beautiful frame-
work, animated by the affectionate disposition of the horse, it
sounds more than cruel to say the most valuable and amiable
assistant man has on earth, dies neglected in age, and, during the
vigour of its prime, encounters disease from the niggard provision
made for its welfare. The devotion of a life ought to entitle the
labourer to breathing space after tlie labour of the day has ended.
]>ut noblemen, professional men, merchants, tradesmen, mechanics,
all sin in this respect alike. The horse, when not toiling, is
pushed away into the narrowest possible limits. The prisoner is
permitted only to breathe a limited quantity of the air, which
nature has supplied in so great abundance and in such purity.
That quantity must, from the time of close confinement, be fre-
quently respired during the night ; and, when the air of the place has
become hot and heavy, the quadruped, at the command of its attend-
ant, quits its abode for the cold atmosphere without the walls.

The pure air, which circulates about our globe, is certainly
nmch to be preferred to the close interior of the stable. Yet, the
sudden draught of fresh air acts banefully upon a part rendered
delicate by abiding in a morbid medium. It operates violently
upon a structure which ,ha.s -bi?en dovitaiised ,3o long and con-
tinuously by the ico^puTe assoQialioiis of the stable. Jnflammation
is the result, and laryngitis is establishet^. '; -

The symptstas 'ire broadjy maTke,d and prominently characterised.
Dulness is present. There is a slight enlargement, which may be
observed externally; and <.\v^(iF ,the risgioii.of the larynx. The most

100

LARYNGITIS.

distant attempt to handle the throat produces energetic resistance.
The head is carried awkwardly, as though the neck were " stiff."
A short cough is frequently to be heard almost at every inspiration.
At the same time, there is often to be detected a hoarse sound,
which becomes a sort of grunt, when the ear is placed against
the trachea. The breath is hurried and catching ; the pulse is
full and throbbing; while the nasal membrane approaches to a
scarlet hue.

The pulse requires the first attention. It must be rendered
less frequent and more soft, by drachm
doses of tincture of aconite root in wine-
glasses of water, which should be repeated
every half hour.

After the pulse, the breathing next de-
mands our care. Warmth and moisture are
curative and pleasant to an inflamed sur-
face. Procure the steaming-bag, and keep
it almost constantly applied. The steaming-
bag in laryngitis iff of the first importance.
A day's delay in its use may so aggravate
the disorder, as to oblige the resort to
tracheotomy.

Should the steaming apparatus appear
to distress the animal it must be used only
for a limited period, and be reapplied after
To aid its operation, some soft hay must be
obtained. Soak this in boiling water and fix it upon the throat,
by means of an eight-tailed bandage, a representation of which is
jriven below.

THE STEAMINO-BAO.

For a full description, see p. 79.

its effect has subsided.

'•i , ETOHT-f AILED* s'V^^eE. '°,''<- <•

A piece of sCt.Jut' can\la,'i or flacitiel", -T.ia ynrd and a qunrter long arid nine inches wide, is pro-
cured. Three slits are to ue iiridf a*" eitli'T evu ; eaoii sii(i\,k'. be a quarter of a yard deep. This is
placed round the throat and the endance l^d, foiiOnJrjjit'Oj", and tout oeliioj the ears.

So soon as tile, ft^iinal* appears cap^ble^of enduring interference,
the appended drink'^should' be giveii/>'hiiec'" dally. While adminis-

LARYNGITIS. 101

tering it, watcli the horse with the utmost attention. If the
shglitest inclination to cough be exhibited, immediately lower the
head, or the liquid may, during the spasm, be drawn down the
windpipe. It is far better to lose much physic than to kill one
animal. It will, generally, be more readily swallowed, if made
blood-warm ; on no account should the twitch be used or the jaws
be forced widely asunder. The neck of the bottle should be
inserted into the corner of the mouth, and the quadruped should be
permitted to use its discretion as to the time occupied before each
gulp is swallowed.

Infusion of squills .... Two ounces.
Infusion of ipecacuanha . . Two ounces.
Infusion of aconite . . . Half-an-ounce.
Extract of belladonna . , One drachm, rubbed down

with a pint of warm water.
Mix, and give thrice daily.

The lodging should be a cool, well-aired and thickly-littered
loose box. The legs ought to be bandaged and the body fully
clothed. The food, during the violence of the disorder, must
consist only of well-made gruel. It may be untouched; but,
nevertlieless, it must be changed thrice daily, for no one can tell
when the appetite may return.

The signs of the disease becoming worse are, increased noise in
the breathing ; the respiration and the pulse quicken ; the cough
is suppressed ; the nasal membrane changes to a leaden hue ; the
standing becomes unsteady; the horse moves about; partial sweats
break forth, etc., etc.

The symptoms of improvement are, the membrane becoming
paler, or more natural in colour; the cough growing freer or
louder ; a white, thick discharge flowing from the nostrils ; the
breathing, also, is easier and less noisy ; together with the general
demonstrations of health.

Then a little moist and succulent food may be allowed, but
nothing harsh or fibrous should be presented. When the amend-
ment is confirmed, a seton, or in other words a piece of tape, may
be put between the skin and flesh, in the place indicated by one
of the next engravings.

The seton should be moved daily, and ought to be kept in so

102

LARYNGITIS.

long only as is necessary for the secretion of healthy pus. That
object being obtained, cut off one of the knots, and by pulling at
the other, withdraw the agent. Some slight alteration is next
made in the solidity or dryness of the food ; and then the neck or
throat is blistered, the size and extent of the blister being indicated
in a subjoined illustration.

A SETON n> THE THROAT OF A HORSE.

A HORSE WITH THE THROAT BLISTERED.

The action of the vesicatory having subsided, the natural food
may be returned to, only with certain cautions. The hay must be
shaken out to remove dust, and it should also be picked to take
away any harsh substances, pieces of stick or thistle leaves. Then
the fodder, being perfectly clean, should be sprinkled with water
and allowed to remain soaking at least six hours prior to its being
placed before the animal. The oats, likewise, should be twice
sifted, and once examined thoroughly by the hand. Afterwards,
warm water ought to be freely poured upon them, and the grain
be permitted to soak six hours before being put into the manger.
The popular opinion declares sore throat to be always present

during laryngitis. That notion
springs from the horse always
quidding, or rejecting the pellet it
has masticated, while suffering
under an attack of the last men-
tioned disease. The two disorders,
however, are distinct; likewise the
remedies for each are separate.
The quidding, during laryngitis,
springs from the act of deglutition,
obliging the sore and inflamed larynx to rise and press the pellet
against the roof of the fauces. That act occasions much pain;

A BORSE IN THE ACT OF QUIDDINO.

LARYNGITIS. 103

hence the aversion to swallow solid substances. Sore throat is,
however, by no means the necessary accompaniment of laryngitis.
Neither are the bowels invariably confined during the disease. It
has been known that the purgation existed in such energy as to
require remedies. Consequently, no absolute plan of treatment
can be laid down. However, depletion should be avoided to every
extent which may be possible. The chronic form of the malady,
consequent upon debility, is to be much dreaded. Effusion into
the membrane, covering the rim of the larynx and its attendant
roaring, is too frequently the result of that weakness which is
ju-oduced by active measures. Among the lesser evils are cough,
which not unfrequently proves but the precursor of more potent
ills. Therefore, while laryngitis lasts, rather check the fever by
gentle measures than resort to antimonials, nitre, or the host of
lowering agents.

So soon as the case is observed, change the stable ; the horse
will do far better in the open air than in the foul atmosphere
which originated and must aggravate the disorder. Eain, snow or
frost, are more wholesome than the polluted warmth man's most
humble slave is too often doomed to inhale. The roofs of many
stables are terribly low; in no building of this kind is the covering
too high. Tlie welfare of the horse seems always sacrificed to the
imaginary interests of its master. Thus, above the stable is built a
loft for the hay and a residence for the groom. To save expense,
the building is raised as small a distance from the ground as
possible. The height of modern buildings would be by no means
extravagant, were an entire stable of ordinary dimensions left free
for a single quadruped to breathe in. A puerile parsimony, how-
ever, denies the huge lungs of the animal the only food life cannot
do without, for even a short space. Disease and death, conse-
quently, soon waste treble the money ample accommodation would
not have consumed. Ignorance is the most expensive quality a pro-
prietor of horse-flesh can indulge ; for Nature invariably refuses
to be made subject to man's convenience.

EOARING.

A hoTse is said to roar when, during progression, he emits any
unnatural sound. The noise is not exactly of the same intensity

104 ROARING.

in any two animals. Some creatures roar so loud as to attract
attention from the foot passengers ; others have so trivial a
defect in this particular that it can only be detected after a
breathing gallop. In all, however, it materially lessens the
value.

It is usual to cough horses suspected of being roarers ; this,
however, is wrong. The constant pinching of the larynx may in-
duce the affection. The cough of a confirmed roarer, however, is
peculiar. It consists of a double effort ; a spasmodic expulsion of
the air, followed by a deep and audible inspiration.

The best mode of detecting a roarer, where exercise is forbidden
or impossible, is to get a stick and to quietly approach the sus-
pected animal. Having reached the head, take a short hold of the
halter, and all at once display the weapon, at the same time mak-
ing a pretence as though about to use it violently upon the
abdomen. The horse in alarm will run towards the manger, and,
if a roarer, the action will be accompanied by an audible grunt.
This proof, taken with the refusal to allow the horse to be tried, is
generally conclusive ; though by itself the test is by no means
satisfactory. Many horses that are not roarers will sometimes
grunt under the emotion of fear. The only satisfactory way of
testing a roarer is to cause a horse suspected of it to be galloped
or trotted, at whatever pace and for as long a distance as the
veterinary examiner may dictate, during which examination the
noise emitted during the respiratory efforts will soon give evidence
to an expert of the existence or non-existence of roaring. An
animal being the subject only of incipient roaring will often escape
the notice of practical horsemen. It requires the knowledge and
experience of highly qualified veterinary practitioners, when the
disease in its early stage is detected by them, not so often when
the animal passes them at full speed, as by listening to the respira-
tory sounds five minutes after such gallop, i.e., when the efforts of
expiration and inspiration are becoming tranquil, at which time
the inspiratory murmur will by its sound give evidence of the
soundness or unsoundness of the throat.

Of roaring there are two kinds, acute and chronic. Acute
roaring is that which is merely symptomatic of a disease. It
may be produced by the tumour of strangles compressing the
larynx, or by any impediment, such as a polypus, etc., existing in

EOARING.

105

the air passages. In tliese eases remove the excitant, and the
effect will immediately cease. Acute roaring is, therefore, a very
trivial affair, excepting so far as it indicates the severity of the
complaint, which generates the affection.

Chronic roaring is a very different business. This mostly
results from the abuse to which a generous animal is subject, dur-
ing the early period of its domestication. A carriage horse may
be serviceable and even dashing when the twentieth year has
passed, but the vast majority of these animals perish before
maturity is reached. A handsome pair of Cleveland bays pull
some fashionable lady round the park before their bones are formed
or the teeth perfected. The animals have also to take their mistress
the circle of morning calls, and to be smartly stopped short at the

A BORSE S HEAD PULLED UP BY THE
BEARING-REIN.

A HORSE S HEAD WITHOUT THE BEARINO-REIN.

door of every house she visits, while their sinews are still soft and
yielding. They have to " go faster," when their mistress is in a
hurry, and have to wait her pleasure when she is disposed to linger.
They have to do all this, while their bodies are distorted by the
bearing-rein ; the balance of their frames being violently made to
conform to the capricious notions of modern fashion. For the
illustration of this subject, an animal, with a head rather well put
on, has been chosen. The engraving represents a horse undergoing
the torture of the bearing-rein. The next illustration exhibits the
horse carrying its head as it would, were it free to exercise a
choice. The reader is not asked which delineation looks the best.
Any appeal to his taste is forborne, because the generality of eyes
are perverted by the dictates of custom.

But he is asked to inspect the representations. Let him look well
and long at them, then declare which appears most at ease. Let

106

ROARING.

his heart instruct his eyes, and, to its teaching, let him subject his
liking ; for there can be no beauty where constraint is perceptible.
lu the most vigorous of the ancient statuary repose may be absent,
the muscles may be strained and the attitude violent; still all the
parts balance. " Yes," it may be replied, " but in the Elgin marbles
the horses' heads are thrown back." So they are, but not fixed
back. The horses are ridden without bridles. The elevation of
the head, therefore, denotes spirit, and represents no more than
the action of a moment. Tlie modern carriage-horse, whether
galloping, trotting, or standing still, always has the head in one
attitude, save when the muzzle is thrown into the air to ease, for
an instant, the pained angles of the mouth, inhumanly tugged at
by the bearing-rein.

Which of the foregoing engravings looks most at ease ? Does
not the fashionable horse appear suffering constraint and torture ?
The face is disguised and concealed by the harness, but enough is

THE HEALTHY LAKTNTC.

1. The thyro-hyoideus muscle.

2. The crico-thyroideus muscle.
8. The arytenoideus muscle.

4. The crico-arytenoideus posticus muscle.
a a. The thyroid bone.

A. The epiglottis (a cartilage).

B. The arytenoid cartilages.

C. The thyroid cartilage.

D. The cricoid cartilage.

E E E. The commencement of the trachea.

The ebfect produced by the bearing-rein.

a. The healthy arytenoideus muscle.
6. The healthy crico-arytenoideus posticus
muscle.

A. The arytenoideus muscle paralysed and

partially absorbed by the constant use
of the bearing-rein.

B. The crico-arytenoideus posticus muscle

rendered pallid, and deprived of power
by the use of the bearing-rein.

left visible to suggest the agony compulsion inflicts. " Pride," says
the proverb, " has no feeling." Therefore, no expectation is formed
of any appeal to the fashionable circles ; but by the ignorance of

ROARING. 107

the public is this barbarity licensed. Were the mass properly in-
formed, the hooting of the populace would soon drive fashion into
a more humane usage.

The left engraving represents the larynx in a state of health.
The larynx is the most sensitive organ in the body. If a crumb of
bread, a particle of salt, or a drop of water " go the wrong way," or
enter the larynx, everybody has felt the convulsive coughing that
immediately ensues. Yet this larynx, so exquisitely sensitive and
so resentful of the lightest touch, is forced out of place and sliape
by the adoption of the bearing-rein. The wliole weight of the
head is made to press against the larynx ; the action of the part is
stopped ; certain muscles are thrown out of use. Now, doom a
part to constant rest, and paralysis soon results. This is exactly
what follows the often long stoppage of that freedom which is
necessary to the health of any structure. Certain of the muscles
are absorbed ; they lose their bulk and part with their colour ;
their function is destroyed : the consequence is, the horse becomes
a confirmed and an incurable roarer.

So fearful a result, as a life of anguish to any creature, might
be thought sufficient to amend a triviality like the whim of fashion.
Still, sad as that consequence is, it is not all which this folly
engenders.

The larynx, sensitive and delicately constructed, is formed upon
different pieces of cartilage. This sub-
stance is slowly organised and very yield-
ing. The structures of the youthful horse's
frame are not confirmed. All are soft,
especially a substance naturally semi-
elastic. The bearing-rein forces the head
upon the neck ; the larynx thereby is
compressed. It assumes strange forms,
when it is forced from its natural position.
As maturity arrives, the various struc-
tures harden. Then distortion of the
larynx becomes fixed. This organ has
been taken from the bodies of old animals Toa^rHnVrH th ™sx";^.
of the shape here depicted. The morbid t^sE of tue mabinq-re.n.
specimen, from which the following was copied, is unfortunately
too common. ^lany similar specimens could be obtained. What

108 ROARING.

a price is this to pay for fashion ? To sit for hours behind a nohle
creature, whose exertions are adding to our pleasure, and at the
same time to be entailing defoimity upon the animal ! Physical
soundness is of far more importance to the horse than to the human
being. The value of the quadruped, its manner of life, its kind of
treatment, the sufficiency of its food, and the comparative comfort
of its lodging, — all are regulated by the soundness of its body.

There are those who assert roaring is no injury to the powers
of a horse. Certain animals, to be sure, can hunt and keep a good
place, although thus afflicted ; but "Nimrod" (as the well-known,
late sporting writer called himself) soon found out to his cost that
all roarers were not fit to ride across country. The writer has
seen a sailor, deprived of one leg, dance a hornpipe with wonderful
agility ; but it would be folly, therefore, to say, sailors were not
injured as dancers by the loss of a limb. That which impedes the
free passage of air to the lungs must be a rather serious detriment
to exertion. The cab proprietors of London, who cannot afford to
purchase very sound animals, and then to let them out at so much
per day to strange drivers, have discovered a way to prevent the
noise generally made by roarers. This end is attained by placing
a pad under a portion of the harness. In the following engraving

pad is indicated by a white mark ;
though in reality it is so coloured as to
blend with the coat of the horse. It
presses upon the nostrils near to their
openings, and by thus limiting the ex-
tent of their expansion, by controlling
the space through which the air has to
pass, it also commands the quantity of
atmosphere which is inspired. Thus

THE cabman's remedy for roarino. ,,,„..

the bulk or air is regulated to the
diminution of the respiratory organs. The horse breathes freer,
and no noise is made during the act. Yet, although such a
contrivance may do very well for a London cab, the pace of which
is regulated by Act of Parliament, it evidently is un suited to the
field, where everything depends on the capacity of the lungs, and
nothing upon the sound made during inspiration.

Other causes are mentioned by different writers as provocatives
of roaring, besides tight reining. Some of these, like thickening

ROARING. 109

of and ulceration of the membrane lining the larynx, are the after
consequences of acute disease, and, as such, are to be prevented
only by judicious treatment during the existence of the primary
disorder. Among other causes, bands of coagulable lymph in the
trachea and congenital deformity are too rare to deserve the
attention they have received.

There is one consolation, however, connected with the subject
which breeders may accept with confidence. Eoaring is not
necessarily hereditary. There is, moreover, a caution which,
associated with roaring, may be given to purchasers. When
trying a horse at the top of its speed never hold in the reins
tightly. By so doing you draw the head upon the neck, compress
the larynx, and may make almost any animal, however sound,
" roar like a bull." Eather wait till the animal has stopped.
Then dismount, place your ear against the windpipe, and, if the
horse is a roarer, the deep inspirations, necessary to tranquillise
the system, will inform you plainly enough of the fact. From the
above it will be observed that roaring is the name given a sound
which is emitted through the nostrils during the inspiration of air
into the lungs, and that this sound is caused by an impediment
which acts as a barrier to the ingress of air. Polypus, thickening of
mucous membrane, constriction of the trachea, distortion of its
rings or fusion of one with the other, all less or more diminish the
area of the windpipe, make breathing more laborious, or may
induce roariiTg. But the most common cause of this aliection is the
paralysis of the muscles on the left side of the larynx, which, with
the loss of power, can no longer dilate the throat ; the diameter
becomes contracted upon itself, the tube grows constricted, and the
notes sounded through it are altered in tone — it plays with violence
the unfortunate note indicative of roaring. As before stated,
roaring is a noise emitted from the horse during the effort of
inspiration, which is produced owing to the existence of some
obstruction in the air passages, either in the nostril, windpipe, or
larynx ; but the most usual cause of this affection is owing to the
paralysis of the muscles on the left side of the throat. Man is
afHicted similarly as the horse, but in man it sometimes occurs on
both sides of the larynx, whereas in the horse it is confined to the
one side only. Mr. Clarke, who has experimented largely upon
this subject, considers that the most plausible theory for explaining

no ROARING.

the reason why the left side of the throat is involved in this
disease, exists in the fact that the left recurrent nerve, as it passes
between the heart and the aorta, is likely to suffer from pressure
when these structures are dilated or hypertrophied. Mr. Clark
writes : " In several roarers that I have examined post mortem
there has been marked hypertrophy of the heart and aorta.
I have not observed enough cases to speak at all positively as to
the proportion in which this condition is found, but it has been
present more or less in all cases I have seen, and I think it must
be common. Hypertrophy of the heart is also common in racers
and hunters, and these horses often become roarers ; and I think
there may be some connection between hypertrophy of the heart
produced by violent exertion in young horses and left abductor
paralysis."

For years past it has been thought that the position of the left
recurrent nerve and its relation to the aorta placed it in a
position of likely pressure, should any enlargement of the heart or
aneurism occur. Mr. Clark informs us that such pressure has
existed, for in all the cases he has examined post mortem, " there
lias been marked hypertrophy of the heart and aorta."

It is well-known that pressure upon a nerve interferes with
its action, and prevents it from conveying energy to the parts
over which it presides. There is no dispute tiiat the laryngeal
nerve is at fault and that paralysis of the abductor nmscle
(crico-arytenoideus Posticus) leads to complete atrophy of it ;
and this is the common pathological state produced among roarers.
The abductor muscles fail in operation or cease to act ; the area of
the larynx is diminished ; the air cannot pass in or out of the lungs
with that freedom which the healthy condition permitted ; the
diseased tube, being less in diameter than the normal one, allows
the cartilages, etc., therein to form so many obstructions to the
function of respiration — and roaring is the result.

Sometimes abductor paralysis involves the adductor muscles in
the same disease, i.e., the dilators and constrictors become equally
involved in this affection. When such takes place it can easily be
seen that a palsied throat is unable to perform those important
functions which healthy respiration demands. Mobility of parts
ceases, the passage of air will not stimulate to action parts over
which the nervous force has lost all control, and laryngeal

ROARING. Ill

obstruction becomes permanent. Tlie derangement of the breath-
ing power of roarers is due to inability of the paralysed muscles,
the dilators on the left side of the throat, to open the left flap of
the glottis, which is composed of a right and a left flap, and, like
folding doors, open and shut as air passes to and from the lungs —
each flap being formed by a cartilage and vocal cord.

External applications to the throats of roarers have met with
no success. The introduction of electricity to the palsied muscles
might exert a restorative effect in the incipient stage, but
mechanical relief is alone of any service, and is obtained by
removal of any obstacle which blocks the free passage of air
through the respiratory organism, or by placing an artificial larynx
in the trachea below the natural one involved in paralysis, which
consists in tracheotomy — the advantages and disadvantages of
which have been elsewhere fully considered. With roarers it will
enable them to respire without making a noise, and no doubt
assist them in breathing with comparative ease ; but it has no
influence for good or evil upon the palsied throat, and, conse-
quently, extirpation of the offending obstacle seems the only
mode of cure. But the operating on so delicate and complicated
a structure as the throat necessitates not only great skill, but
comprehensive knowledge of the parts involved in disease ; and,
fortunately, operations in this direction have been under the
immediate care of two eminent surgeons, namely, Messrs. Horsley
and Clark. The flrst case was a bad roarer. The larynx was
opened " in the middle line between the vocal cords ; the left cord
was divided with a pair of scissors, close to the processus vocalis ;
the intra-arytenoid ligament severed, and the fleshy mass of mucous
membrane enclosing the left cartilage of Santorini excised with
the superior angle of the arytenoid cartilage ; the actual cautery
was applied to the mucous membrane at the outer and back parts
of the arytenoid towards the crico-arytenoid joint so as to
produce cicatricial contraction in that direction."

By the rem^oval of any obstacle in the throat giving rise to the
abnormal sound noticed in roarers, it would seem that by such
means healtliy respiration might be re-established. But wounds
always have a tendency in reuniting their cut edges to thicken,
and sometimes to so great an extent as to cause permanent
enlargement of the parts operated upon ; and this operation forms

112 ROAEING.

no exception to the rule. But Mr. Clark thinks that, in order to
avoid unnecessary injury to the mucous membrane, the obstacles
in the larynx need not be removed, but can be dealt with by
fixing back the offending parts, i.e., by placing them in a position
of normal abduction. But this experiment has not as yet been
tried, and should it be, in the reviser's opinion it is not likely to
prove any more successful than entire extirpation of the arytenoid
cartilage, for the after thickening would be certain to supervene, and
most likely of a permanent nature. The rationale of the operation
is simple enough. Certain parts in the throat cease, from being
paralysed, to act ; their natural movements are no longer under the
control of nervous force, and the doorway no longer sufficiently
opens and shuts so as to accommodate the ingress and egress of
air. It is therefore expected that, by taking down one of these doors,
enlargement of the opening may be obtained, and easy breathing
power reinstated. As long ago as the year 1858, Professor John
Gamgee removed the arytenoid cartilage from the throat of a
roarer, and this he effected by making an opening in the front of
the larynx. The result of this operation was not satisfactory, and
further attempts were not persisted in — as the professor thought
that no good could ever be derived from this or similar opera-
tions.

In operating upon a horse for the removal of obstruction, it is
necessary lirst to place the animal under the influence of chloro-
form, and to throw it in such a manner as to rest upon its back.
The head should then be slightly raised and extended, and the
throat exposed to enable the operator to select the exact spots
where to begin and terminate this incision. The skin and the
subscapulo-hyoideal muscles having been divided along the median
line of the throat, the knife must be inserted into the crico-thyroid
ligament and the incision extended as far as the first three tracheal
cartilages, when the division of the cricoid ligament can be com-
pleted as far as the pomam Adami, the tampon-canulte provided
with an india-rubber sac (which is inflated with air so as to pre-
vent the blood from escaping on to the lungs), when the opera-
tion for the removal of the obstruction can be proceeded with.
Professor Axe, who has had extensive experience in the modes of
operating, thus explains his modus operandi : —

" The wounds, both superficial and deep, are to be forcibly drawn

EOARING. 113

apart by spreaders, when an opportunity is afforded for inspecting
the vocal ligament, in order to determine wliether the roaring is
the result of left recurrent paralysis or some other laryngeal cause.
In the one case the vocal ligament of the affected side will remain
unmoved during the ingress and egress of air, whilst the other
" will move freely with each inspiratory and expiratory effort."

" Should the mobility of the left ligament be restricted, and its
movement tardy, the operation may be proceeded with.

" Here the index finger of the left hand is inserted into the left
ventricle, and the vocal ligament drawn towards the centre of the
larynx.

" While thus stretched, an incision is made across its thyroitl
attachment, taking care not to cut through the posterior constrictor
muscle which lies immediately beneath it. By means of a pair of
Vulsellum forceps the divided ligament is seized and a little
traction made upon it, while with the rectangular knife the
mucous membrane is divided along its posterior border, and the
section then continued downward on the edge of the arytenoid
cartilage, as far as the posterior or articular angle. The posterior
constrictor is now dissected away from the arytenoid, and the
cartilage pulled gently upward with the Vulsellum forceps, and
by means of the lancet-pointed scalpel disarticulated from the
thyroid.

" In performing this part of the operation a careful light prick-
ing movement is made over the joint with the point of the knife
imtil the capsular membrane is punctured. The knife is then
carried round the articular border, with the cutting-edge directed
towards the joint surface of the arytenoid. By adopting this mode
of procedure the danger of damaging the thyroid is much diminished,
and the untoward results of cartilaginous new growth materially
obviated.

" Having accomplished this, w Inch by the way needs a little
practice, the posterior angle of the arytenoid is altogether freed
from the cricoid by dividing the two abductor muscles (crico-
arytenoideus posticus and lateralis) at their point of insertion.
This is done by passing the probe -pointed bistoury across the
articulation, and describing a crescentic movement backward
round the muscular tubercle of the arytenoid cartilage.

*• This done, the dissection is now carried on in a forward

H

114 ROARING.

direction — separating the anterior constrictor and dividing the
arytseno-epiglottidean fold. The latter section should be made
close to the cartilage of Santorini, in order to save the mucous
membrane as far as possible.

" It only now remains to divide the inter-arytaenoid ligament
to free the cartilage from its fellow, and this is done by means of
curved or rectangular scissors.

" Altogether the actual operation occupies about ten minutes,
and it need hardly be said that it is greatly expedited and
facilitated by the employment of an electric lamp. This is con-
nected with a neat portable battery, and supplies an excellent
light. It was supplied by Messrs, Maw & Co. The instruments
used in the operation were specially made for me by Messrs.
Arnold, and they now supply a battery similar to the one referred
to above.

" In some instances the haemorrhage is considerable, and on all
occasions free sponging of the interior of the larynx is necessary
during the dissection, and one or two small vessels may require to
be twisted.

" Should the horse rally from the effects of chloroform before
the operation is completed, as may happen, it must be borne in
mind that the readministration of the ansesthetic cannot be
effected through the nostrils, but must be carried on through the
canula which is now the respiratory outlet.

" At the close of the operation the head should be slightly
raised in order that the blood -clot lodged in the fauces and
pharynx may escape from the surgical wound, and after the
organ has been freely sponged the dissected surface should be
carefully scanned, and any loose shreds of mucous membrane
carefully removed. The larynx is now well sprayed with anti-
septic solution, and the animal is allowed to rise.

"After-Treatment. — Twenty-four hours after the operation the-
tampon - canula is removed. It is my practice to allow the
patient food and water, as usual, from the time when the opera-
tion is completed. No difficulty appears to be experienced in
swallowing solids, but a certain quantity of fluid will now and
again pass into the trachea and produce slight paroxysms of
coughing, should water be given with the head in an elevated
position. When taken from the ground small quantities will

ROARING. 115

flow down the nostrils, but I have not experienced any ill effects
from either of these derangements. To guard against food being
washed either into the one channel or the other, watering the
animal before feeding is strictly observed. In cases where marked
difficulty of swallowing water occurs it is good practice to feed
largely on carrots for a time, so as to render its use well nigh
unnecessary.

" Three or four times each day antiseptic spray is thrown into
the larynx, and the external wound is kept scrupulously clean.
Yov the first two or three days a copious flow of mucus is dis-
charged from the orifice in the throat, and later on muco-pus in
increasing amount.

" About the sixth or seventh day the horse should be cast and
the interior of the larynx inspected by means of the electric light,
and this should he repeated again a few days later. Where
exuberance of granulation is found to exist the part must be
cauterized and inspected again if deemed necessary.

" After the first week, walking exercise for half-an-hour each
day may be allowed, and the period increased as time passes on.

" In from four to six weeks the wound is completely healed, and
a little trotting exercise may now be enforced.

" It may be pointed out that it is not desirable to submit the
horse to severe exertion at this time for the purpose of testing his
wind.

" At least ten weeks should be allowed to transpire from the
date of the operation before such a step is taken.

" This period has not yet been reached by any of the cases upon
which I have operated, but I am pleased to say that such trials as
some of them have undergone fill me with hope of great success."
— Professor Axe on Laryngeal Tracheotomy.

During the time Drs. Horsley and Clark were experimenting
on roarers' throats. Dr. Fleming, chief veterinary surgeon of the
army, was similarly engaged in operating upon diseased horses.
Fleming's operation differs little from that of Clark, in that both
seek to remove the obstacles, namely, the left arytenoid cartilage
and vocal cord. With both, the results from the operation have
not been rewarded with success, although, according to the
reports published in the Veterinary Journal for 1889 and 1890
and the Annual Bcports of the Annual Veterinary Department,

116 ROARING.

some few cases have been cured, and relief has been afforded in
many. But the operation has failed to effect any good among the vast
proportion of those animals that have been subjected to the surgeon's
knife. Operations for the relief of roarers are still being conducted,
and from remarks previously made it will be seen that good results
may be anticipated by fixing back the offending parts, so as to keep
the doorway of the throat permanently open for the easy ingress
and egress of air. If this mode of dealing with the palsied larynx
should ever meet with success, tlien a great boon for horse-llesh has
been gained. But this we very much doubt, although it is well
known that in every operation good results cannot of a certainty
be predicted ; and, in the one under consideration, difficulties,
not only in regard to the mode of operating but in the results
which supervene, make it manifest that the surgeon has more
to contend with than usual. For, in the first place, a throat in a
partial state of paralysis has to be encountered, which seems to be
incapable of being restored to a healthy condition — at any rate, it
has as yet defied the physician's skill; consequently, as a last
resource, the larynx has been operated on, and could the obstacles
therein be removed and the clearance of the impediments to the
free passage of air be thereby insured, then a remedy for roaring
would have been discovered, but this desired end has not yet been
attained. Experiments have proved that mucous membrane cannot
with impunity be removed, and that the rings of the trachea, imme-
diately after being cut through, collapse upon one another ; their
edges do not meet, but in uniting overlap, and thickening occurs, and
when the healing process has been perfected the windpipe is found
to be decreased in diameter, caused both by the thickening and the
abnonnal condition of the trachea ; and in operating upon the
throat directly, that is, by cutting into the larynx without inter-
fering to such an extent with the windpipe as above indicated,
even then the baneful results of the operation are constantly met
with. The healing process is effected by causing thickening which,
like the removed arytenoid cartilage and vocal cord, represents a
similar obstacle to the performance of easy respiration. Such con-
ditions often trouble the skill of the operator, but in most cases
such can be controlled. In dealing with the throat a most
sensitive and delicate structure has to be encountered, and the
removal of mucous membrane is sure to set up inflammation,

ROARING. 117

sometimes of a dangerous nature, when tlie curative process
is sure to be effected by extra growth, i.e., by enlargement;
and the same results are to be anticipated after the extirpation of
cartilage or any other laryngeal organism : consequently, the con-
sideration of the subject is not so encouraging as to make us
believe an operation has been discovered for curing this affection.
Dr. Fleming states that last year he succeeded in curing eight cases
of roaring, and relieved eighty, — that is, their breathing powers
were greater after operation, — and that they subsequently made
little noise during respiration, but failed in more than 100 cases.
Eeports from all other sources, however, give us little encourage-
ment. Professors Brown and Axe have ceased to anticipate any
favourable results, and certainly, until the mode of operation can
l)e varied, no permanent cure for roaring is likely to be obtained.
Dr. Fleming, however, is sanguine, and intends to prosecute his
researches further, as he considers that, knowing the obstacles
which interfere with the respiration of roarers, we can remove
them, and it only awaits more expert investigation to guide the
knife in such a manner so as to make as small an opening as
possible through the front of the larynx, and thus avoid extensive
lacerations by cutting away as little mucous membrane, and only
extirpating or fixing back the actual impediments. May success
attend the brave ! Difficulties in way of success are not dependent
on the operation, which is simple enough to a good surgeon, but in
the results of it; and it is not easy to understand how the arytenoid
cartilage, etc., can be exposed without injuriously lacerating the
tissues in vicinity of the larynx, when such extensive surgical
interference must, of necessity, cause congestion of the parts which
nature, in effecting cure, involves in thickening, thus setting up a
permanent barrier to the function of respiration.

The experiments upon roaring horses have established the cause
of the disease, namely, pressure on the left recurrent nerve caused
by hypertrophy of the heart and aorta, and, in every case ex-
amined by Clark, this pathological state was manifest. The
question now comes. What gave rise to this cardiac hypertrophy ?
No doubt, violent and oft repeated physical exertion ! Injuries to
the heart and blood-vessels are by no means uncommon to athletes,
especially to sprint runners, who violently exert themselves from
start to finish. When the blood is driven with too great force

118 ROARING.

through the arteries and veins some portion or portions of the
cardiac tissues within the chest give way, lacerations occur, and
cure is effected by hypertrophy. With man the effect of severe
strain has long been recognised, but in the horse it was left for
Clark to discover the cause of roaring, namely, the pressure on the
left recurrent nerve obtained by thickening of the walls of the
heart and coats of the aorta, in both man and the horse cardiac
hypertrophy, etc., is caused by too severe physical exertion. Clark
finds that race-horses and hunters are more prone to this malady
than any other section of the equine tribe ; and this is accounted
for by the fact that they have so constantly to gallop at top speed
either on the downs or in the hunting-field, when the circulatory
system is exposed to the ill effects induced by too excessive exer-
cise, which, being oft repeated, ultimately terminates in chronic
disease, or, in other words, hypertrophy of the heart or its blood-
vessels. Early racing and overtaxing young horses leads to more
disasters than one. That of roaring, as a rule, puts a stopper upon
the future career of a promising young race-horse ; and a hunter,
when affected, is unable to perform any longer with comfort to
himself or his rider. " Prevention is better than cure ; " and roar-
ing might, certainly as regards young race-horses, be reduced to a
minimum. The system of running two-year-olds has been in-
veighed against for years past, and the greediness of gain and the
gambling table added, perpetuates its continuance; the injuries in-
flicted upon immature animals being considered manly ! No sym-
pathy is ever manifested for the numerous colts that break down,
and, after being ruined for life, are banished from the turf to the
cab rank. It certainly is strange that the great race of the world
is run for by not fully developed animals, and it is not generally
known how great a number of the entries for this race are injured,
by their preparation, to so great an extent as to incapacitate them
for ever again competing at race meetings ; yet, although this fact
is established, men still, for the sake of sport, indulge in acts of
cruelty. Eoaring, as Clark states, is due to hypertrophy of the
heart or aorta, and this pathological state is produced by severe
physical strain, and is more likely to afflict young than old horses,
for the simple reason that the tissues of youth are unformed, and
not sufflciently developed to withstand with impunity the constant
strain imposed upon them at training quarters. Machinery weak,

ROARING. 119

in any point unfinished, cannot work with safety, neither can a
not fully developed horse race without coming to disaster. The
harp of a thousand chords gives way somewhere, rupture of blood-
vessels, and injury to walls of the heart not only occurs, but these
mishaps lead to hypertrophy, which, pressing upon a nerve, pro-
duces paralysis of the horse's throat, or in other words " roaring."
It is not our intention in these pages to expose the evils attendant
upon early racing, although, certain it is that if horses were allowed
to mature before they were severely trained, many valuable animals
would be preserved from disease, injury and death, which now
drag out a miserable existence, or prematurely die from the effects
of injuries resulting from too early training. Our American
brothers train their horses in a much more humane manner than
we do. They begin little by little, and from year to year gradually
increase the speed until the sixth or seventh year, when they try
to make the fully matured horse attempt to break records. Main-
brino Sparkle, the property of the well-known American trainer of
trotters, John Splan, was an example of what kind and judicious
treatment will effect. This mare, now seven years old, is sound in
wind and limb, and had she returned to America would have
astonished the world with her performances ; and this perfection
of form has been obtained by never exacting too much at a time.
As Splan told the reviser, we begin to train young, but then it is
merely play ; we never let a three-year-old trot his mile in anything
like good time, and we never take liberties with trotters until they
are fully matured ; and pace is always got out of horses by kind-
ness. No good horse wants whip or spur, he only wants to know
what you wish him to do, and he will do it. " I shall never
forget," said Splan, " when Maud S. broke record. She knew what
she had to do, and when she came to the last lap, she would not
be interfered with ; she went like an arrow from a bow. If slie
had been going for a man's life she could not have gone better.
The truth is, I love horses. I never strike them ; always talk to
them with kind words ; they always respond with their ears, the
movements of which indicate to me how fully they appreciate my
remarks. I am afraid to strike a horse ; in fact, a trotter never
wants it. He is always trying to do too much, and he should be
as much kept back by the voice as with the bit. At a close finish,
one shout of encouragement will make him win." England should

120 CHOKING.

read John Splan's Life, with the Trotters, and learn a lesson upon
training from America. It will prompt Englishmen to show
" more mercy to their young horses," and teach horsemen to
recognise how seldom roaring is of a hereditary nature, and how
constantly it is one of the evil results of excessive work, caused by
too early training.

CHOKING.

Gentlemen should look after their horses' welfare as much as
their own, and, in so doing, grooms and too knowing persons must
never be allowed to administer drugs. It has caused more disaster
than most horsemen are aware.

The men who congregate about a mews are constantly longing
for something which shall magically do their work for them. They
have a firm belief in charms and an utter hatred of labour. They
sigh for some spell which shall marvellously improve the appear-
ance of their master's property without exertion on their parts.
Their pride centres in the blooming coats of their charges. They
have a large confidence in all sorts of " condition balls." Such
secrets constitute the mystery of their craft. As a general rule,
the faith is proportioned to the strength of the ingredient. Arsenic
is, by the lower order of stable-keepers, contemplated with positive
love. Vitriol, in the uneducated groom, engenders the warmth of
passion. Nitre breeds delight; and confidence is, by the better
sort of horse attendants, bestowed on any filth or trash. Eaw
tobacco has some repute, but the ashes of the weed, collected and
wrapped in several papers, are much more esteemed in the gene-
rality of stables. Half-a-pint of human urine, forced down the
cleanly throat of the horse, is not an unfrequent benefit bestowed
upon the animal ; but, happily, this specific is recognised only by
the more learned of the class. Of all things, however, to amend
condition, perhaps a raw egg driven into the horse's oesophagus,
before any food has been consumed, may be honoured by the most
universal regard.

Nevertheless, be the condition-worker what it may, the gi'oom
generally keeps his own counsel. Arsenic and vitriol are commonly
favourites with agricultural carters, who poison their horses with
the intention of over-much kindness. Tobacco ashes and eggs are
popular with the more refined of the order. Both classes, however.

CHOKING.

121

are too self-confident and too ignorant to have any fear of
consequences. The groom thrusts an egg into the horse's
gullet. Its size excites the contractibility of the muscular fibre ;
the substance is soon grasped by the living tube with spasmodic
tenacity. There it is retained. The symptoms consequent upon
choking are soon exhibited, but the groom looks on unmoved. At
first, he thinks the evidence of agony is proof in favour of liis
charm ; subsequently, he resolves, with the cunning of ignorance,
" not to split upon hisself."

Now, in a case of this description, never depend upon any
report you may have received, Eecollect choking may spring
from two opposite causes. The symptoms may result from disease,
as strangles ; or they may arise from any tumour pressing against
the respiratory channel. In that instance, however, remove the
cause, and the effect will cease. Of genuine choking, during
health, there remain two sorts — the high and the low choke.
Thus, if the substance has become fixed in the pharynx, or lias
only passed six inches down the oesophagus, the symptoms are
urgent. The remedy must be at hand, else the life is quickly lost.

THE HIGH CHOKE.

In the high choke the head is raised ; saliva bedews the lips ;
a discharge soils the nostrils ; the eyes are inflamed and watery ;
the countenance is haggard ; the breathing audible ; the muscles
of the neck are tetanic ; the flanks heave ; the body is in constant
motion ; the fore legs paw and stamp ; the hind legs crouch and
dance ; perspiration breaks forth ; every movement expresses

122 CHOKING.

agony : wherefore, if relief be not quickly afforded, the horse falls
and dies of suffocation.

Sometimes tracheotomy must be resorted to previously to
attempting the necessary means for the removal of the obstiuctiou
in the gullet. In order to unchoke a horse, first fix a balling-iron
in the mouth, and pass the hand to the region of the pharynx.
Sometimes the impacted substance can be felt, but cannot be

AN EXTEMPORISED HOOK TO RELIEVE HIGH CHOKING

grasped. In this last case, a rough hook is to be extemporised out
of any wire which may be at hand. It should be of the shape
indicated in the preceding engraving, and of sufficient length to
reach behind the obstruction. The hook is to be gently worked
into its situation, and, with a sudden jerk, the foreign body is to
be removed from the oesophagus.

Occasionally, the substance is so firmly embraced as not to
permit any instrument to pass beside it. Sulphuric ether must
then be inhaled, in the hope of thus overcoming the spasm. The
ether, however, does not in every instance prove successful ; and,
as an egg, probably, alone could be of sufficient size to resist all
the measures adopted for its removal, a large darning-needle must
then be procured. That, being first armed with a piece of strong
twine, must be driven through the skin, and made to enter the
globular impactment. There is no danger of injuring nerves or
arteries while doing this ; all vessels are pushed on one side by the
enlargement caused by the choking substance. The integrity of
the shell being destroyed, the egg may easily be broken by
external pressure. Another plan proposed is to insert a fine
trochar, and draw oft' the contents of the egg. Either method
would answer, but it is always well to wound the lining mem-
brane of the oesophagus as little as may be possible.

The employment of the cow probang has been advocated, the
egg being to be broken, if this recommendation is adopted, by
the employment of the whalebone stilet. The oesophagus of the cow

CHOKING.

123

and horse, however, are of such different construction that he must
be a very bold or a very ignorant person who dare employ an in-
strument made for the first to remove an obstruction within the
gullet of the last.

THE COW PROBAJJG, USED TO BREAK AN EGO.

An old and hardened ball may provoke this accident, but then
the impactment is not complete, because such substances are
seldom of a perfect round. The sides are angular, and the
obstruction is, therefore, more easily removed. Horses are not,
like the bovine race, so greedy as to swallow potatoes or small
turnips without mastication. Besides, man's favourite is more
under domestication, and therefore less exposed to such accidents.

When the choking occurs low down, or within the thoracic

THE LOW CHOKE.

portion of the oesophagus, the symptoms are less urgent. The
animal ceases to feed. If water is attempted to be swallowed, it
returns by the nostrils. The countenance expresses anguish, but
the head is not held erect, neither are the muscles of the neck
spasmodically contracted. Saliva flows from the mouth, and
a copious discharge runs from the nose. The breathing is

124 CHOKING.

laboured, but it is seldom noisy. The back is roached, the flanks
tucked up, and the horse often stands as if desirous of elevating
the quarters.

After two or three days Cfor the low choke may continue such
a period), the accumulation of wind within the abdomen becomes
excessive ; the breathing quickens ; the pulse fails, and the
animal (if not relieved) perishes from suffocation, induced by
tympanitis.

For low choke, more time than nature allows, when the impedi-
ment is situated near to the mouth, may be occupied. No hurry
nor any speedy remedy is required. Give oil by the quarter of a
pint every hour. In the intermediate half-hours give strong anti-
spasmodics, using the horse probang after every dose of the latter.
Sulphuric ether, two ounces ; laudanum, two ounces ; water, half-
a-pint, will constitute the proper drench. Should the whole be
returned, chloroform must be administered by inhalation till total
insensibility results. Then, the head being extended, the probang
should be introduced, and gentle but steady pressure made to
force the obstruction onward. If success come^ early, it is
easily welcomed; but it is well not to expect success before
the expiration of twenty minutes. When movement is felt,
do not increase the force. Maintain a steady pressure, never
relaxing and never augmenting the power exerted. Drive
the substance slowly before you, but do not, by sudden energy,
risk either the provocation of spasmodic action or a rupture of
the oesophagus.

Before using the probang, always calculate the length of the
whalebone, so as to judge when the end has nearly entered the
stomach. It is always well, if possible, to avoid forcing the end
of the probang through the cardiac opening, as the termination of
the oesophagus is called. The muscular fibres here are strongly
developed, and are formed to resist the passage of any sub-
stance out of the stomach. To be sure, the animal is under
the influence of chloroform ; but that powerful agent seems
more particularly to exert its action upon the voluntary muscles,
whereas the cardiac orifice is guarded by white involuntary
muscular fibre.

A few days subsequent to the removal of the obstruction, no
matter where it may have been situated, feed on soft boiled food.

CHOKING. 125

not bran mashes ; and, in case of roots not being at hand, sustain
the life with smoothly-made gruel. Let the animal be observed
when watered. Should the liquid be returned by the nostrils,
injury to the lining membrane of the oesophagus is indicated ;
stricture may then be anticipated. Though it be not probable that
any medicine will now be beneficial, nevertheless, as an experiment,
administer, thrice daily, four ounces of water in which four grains
of chloride of zinc have been dissolved.

Such is a true and brief history of the terrible mishaps that
result from the mingled knowingness and ignorance which charac-
terise the majority of grooms. A good or simple lad would be
sadly out of place in a modern stable, though the writer should
recommend the employment of such to become more general. The
tricks and arts of professed grooms are all worthless or injurious.
To such men, however, is the timid horse entrusted ; and so much
are our minds enslaved by custom, that the hint only of employing
women in the stable will no doubt be received with general indig-
nation. Let us, however, endeavour to view the matter without
prejudice. Women work in the fields ; women fill the situations
of men as domestic servants ; women carry heavy loads ; women on
the continent perform the duties of men ; women commonly tend
an animal of inferior intelligence, the cow ; women are subordinate
to men only where strength is concerned. In the stable no strength
is required. Courage even is out of place there. Gentleness is
the only quality imperative, and gentleness so habitual that it
never will alarm timidity. This attribute seems to reside in the
feminine mind ; and, however opposed it may be to custom, the
author cannot but lament the barrier which prevents the horse
from becoming known to its natural attendant.

There is no doubt that women might occupy more positions in
everyday life than they do. Their temperaments of patience and
longsuffering well fit them for the position of nurses in the sick
chambers of man ; and their supervision of stables would no doubt
cause such places to be kept in a more sanitary condition. Their
gentle influence, too, might have an effect in causing men to be
more careful and affectionate to the horses under their care, whilst
harsh words and badly-sounding sentences would not be indulged in
so much in the presence of women. But the hard work, sometimes
necessary to the stable, would be too exacting for them, and their

126 RUPTURE AND STRICTURE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS,

style of dress ill adapted for a groom. Women, however, of the
higher class might supervise the stahle economy. They even do so
now, and the reviser knows of an equine establishment now where
a lady manages her stud with an earnestness that ensures perfec-
tion in every detail.

RUPTURE AND STRICTURE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS.

The gullet or oesophagus of the horse is, perhaps, the most com-
pact and delicate structure in a beautiful body. Its mucous lining
membrane is thrown into minute folds, thereby announcing to the
studious anatomist the degree of extension the tube w^as designed
to endure. Its exterior is enveloped by a large mass of cellular
tissue, by which means the independence of its motion is secured ;
it will permit of less violence than almost any other part. Small
as its channel and delicate as its lining membrane are, the tube is
amply large and strong enough for a creature which masticates
long before it deglutates once, and which is by nature forbidden
to regurgitate.

However, stablemen seek not to understand but love to master
the quadruped entrusted to their charge. The butt-end of a carter's
whip is a favourite resort with these people, whether serving some
farmer or acting as grooms to some lord. When any mighty spe-
cific happens to stick in its passage to the stomach, the butt-end
of the whip is employed to drive the obstinate charm onward.
Should the obstruction be situated low down, the whip is neither
small enough nor pliable enough to touch the offending matter.
Should the choking mass be lodged high up, by compelling it beyond
the reach of human hand, positive injury is done, and ultimate
relief is rendered very problematical indeed. However, ignorance
is not often to be deterred by difficulties. As the passage narrows,
greater violence is resorted to ; the men push and strive till at last
the whip moves onward, and the stablemen congratulate each
other upon " all being right at last."

When the whip seemed to yield, something more than the
obstruction gave way — the walls of the canal were ruptured : an
almost inevitable death then awaits the unfortunate animal. The
food is rejected ; drink is refused ; the creature stands motionless,
the picture of horror ; it seems to comprehend and to await its

RUPTURE AND STRICTURE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS.

127

The dilated oesophagus or sac
superior to the stricture.

approaching fate. The neck begins to swell ; the swelling creeps
on till it invests the entire body. Gas has found entrance into
the cellular tissue through the divided gullet. Death at last
ensues, because the inflation impedes the vital functions, and,
being corruptive, is incompatible with the preservation of living
organism.

More often, however, the whip only tears the internal mem-
brane ; the obstruction has been dislodged and removed, but a worse
evil has been created. The horse for a time refuses food, and the
anxious master wonders " what can be the matter ! " At last the
pain may cease, the appetite return — for
nature may strive to repair the damage.
The whip usually tears a flap of mem-
brane, which, obedient to the laws of
gravity, hangs pendant within the oeso-
phagus. Our common parent, however,
does not, after the human pattern, repair
the evil which man induces. She has no
mortal hand wherewith to restore the rent
membrane to its place. The sides of the
wound, however, strive to unite, and by
tlie date when this junction is accom-
plished the mucous membrane, being
inelastic, the magnitude of the canal is

seriously diminished. Nature seems to feel that the chief strain
of deglutition will be upon this lessened spot, which therefore she
endeavours to support and strengthen. Lymph is deposited about
the place, till ultimately a firm and solid stricture is formed.

This, however, though bad enough is not the worst. Lymph
after a time has a tendency to contract. With the diminution of
the external ring, of course the internal canal decreases. It is
strained at every meal, but straining only provokes its contractive
power, till at length hardly the best comminuted morsel could
pass the opening. Such, however, rarely enters tlie strictured
oesophagus ; the difficulty of deglutition renders it impossible for
the appetite to be appeased. No sooner is the food placed before
the animal than, because of hunger induced by long starvation,
it is bolted almost unprepared by mastication and insalivation.
Nourishment in that state cannot pass the stricture ; it lodges

The Stricture.

The tube of its natural size.

STEICTUKE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS.

128 EUPTURE AND STRICTURE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS.

above the contraction ; still hunger impels the horse to eat on. It
does so till the oesophagus becomes distended. Gullets have been
taken from animals, stretched till they are thinner than the paper
upon wliich this book is printed, and so much enlarged as to admit
a boy's clenched fist.

After the afiectiou reaches this stage, the swollen oesophagus,

when loaded, presses upon thetrachea
and larynx so severely as materially
to impede the breathing, and it is at
this period that instinct develops a
strange artifice. The horse has no
power to vomit, the fibres of the
healthy oesophagus impel but in one
direction ; still, no sooner has the
gullet become distended than the
impaired breathing creates a desire
to remove the obstruction. The chin
is lowered; the crest is thus curved to
the utmost, when the muscles of the
neck are brought into violent action,
and the impacted provender is shot
back through the mouth and nostrils.
This description reads bad enough, but regard for veracity obliges
the statement that it is not yet complete. Hunger when excessive
causes the stomach to pour forth its acid secretion. This effect is
produced by the sight of provender; but the gastric juice not being
given food to act upon, passes into the intestines. There it pro-
vokes the most intense spasm, so that it is common to see the hind
legs raised to violently strike the aching belly, while the laboured
breathing announces that abstinence from any kind of exertion has
become a primary necessity of life.

The only palliative for so pitiable a condition is carefully prepared
food — gruel and such substance given in small quantities at a time.
The horse, however, when it requires such support, generally has
been so much lowered by disease as not to be worth its ordinary
keep, when humanity suggests that the sufferer should be destroyed.
Before quitting this subject, a caution must be given against all
probangs as at present made. The cow probang is evidently un-
suited to the equine gullet. The horse instrument has the bell of

THE HORSE ENDEAVOURING TO CAST TTP THE
PROVENDER WITH WHICH THE SAC OF A
STRICTUREO CESOPHAQUS IS LOADED.

BRONCHOCELE, 129

the cow probang attaclied to a piece of whalebone. When a narrow
channel is to be entered, the bulk of the leading substance is of
all importance. That which goes in front, not that which lies
behind, has then to be considered ; so, in spite of the whalebone,
the present horse probang is nothing more than the cow instrument
in disguise.

The ])robang intended for the horse should be formed like that
employed upon the human subject. It should consist of a long

The horse probaug as at present made.

Tliat which should be employed.

THE HORSE PROBANO, AS IT IS AND AS IT OUGHT TO BE.

slip of fine whalebone, having a sponge fixed to one end; when re-
quired, the sponge should be thoroughly saturated in water or in
oil (according to the circumstances), then squeezed dry and forced
down the oesophagus. The material would adapt itself to every
cavity, would fill the largest, but could not harm the smallest ;
would as effectually remove every obstruction, but would not be so
difficult to retract, if the head should by accident pass the cardiac
orifice.

BRONCHOCELE.

This disease, which entails much suffering upon the human
species, under the name of " goitre," is, in the horse, a very trivial
affair. The cause of its origin has not yet been made plain. It is,
however, a sign that nature suffers in some essential particular. In
the sunless depths of the valleys about the Alps it is, with man, a
frightful deformity. May not the dark and close stables, in which
horses too often are confined, have something to do with its produc-
tion in these animals ?

It is an enlargement of a substance, anatomically called the
thyroid gland. This body resides upon the larynx, immediately
under the jaw. It is occasionally as large as a hen's egg, but
seldom is of greater magnitude. Its natural size is that of half
a chestnut. The enlargement appears to occasion no inconvenience,
and is only objected to because horsemen consider it unsightly.

130

BRONCHOCELE.

Purchasers, moreover, are fastidious about buying an animal which
exhibits any unusual development.

It, however, generally yields to treatment, and the animal need
not be taken from gentle work during the time occupied by the
cure. Let the following drink be given night and morning : —

Iodide of potassium .... Half-a-drachm.

Liquor potassfe One drachm.

Distilled water Half-a-pint.

At the periods stated for giving tlie medicine, rub into the en-
largement a portion of the annexed ointment. Eeniember, any
of the unguent being left upon the hair is proof positive that suffi-
cient friction has not been employed. The ointment can in no way

A HORSE WITH BRONCHOCELE.

benefit the external covering. The object of friction is to get the
ointment absorbed. This it effects by promoting warmth, and
thereby inducing dryness, both of which stimulate the pores of the
skin to take up outward moisture.

When this is being accomplished, there is no necessity for extra-
ordinary care or excessive attention. The tumour, which constitutes
bronchocele, is certainly not endowed with morbid sensibility.
Sufficient force for the purpose in view, therefore, may be safely
exerted ; but, at the same time, it is always well, where horses are
concerned, to discard anything approaching to violence. Conse-
quently, exercise a proper discretion when employing the following
ointment : —

Iodide of lead One drachm.

Simple cerate One ounce.

BRONCHOCELE. 131

Supposing the tumour to be present only upon one side, a piece
of the ointment as large as a hazel nut will be sufficient, if well
rubbed in each time. Twice the quantity will be necessaiy when
the swelling is to be seen upon both sides of the neck : and should
the part become sore, of course all application must be stopped for
the time necessarily occupied by the healing process.

CHAPTEE VI.

THE CHEST AND ITS CONTENTS — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND
THEIR DISEASES.

CONGESTION IN THE FIELD.

It is a dangerous thing to trust a dumb animal to the guidance of
an ignorant man. Such a person is dangerous because he does not
understand that certain preparation adapts vitality to particular

A nOESE rROSTKATE FROM BEING OVERRIDDEN.

usages. A racer may be a mysterious creature, about which he
dares to think nothing, excepting that it is a horse, very beautiful
and very fleet ; a hunter, in his notion, is any horse running after
hounds ; he takes the stable favourite out for a morning canter,
crosses the hunt, and immediately, with no thought of harm, joins
the field. For the first few acres a very uiigentlemanly person

132

CONGESTION IN THE FIELD. 133

may, in a veiy gruff voice, request him to " hold hard and not to
ride over the dogs ; " but the first three fields passed, there is no
need of such a caution. The horse, with that perfect abandon-
ment of self which makes its will its master's choice and converts
the rider's pleasure into its delight, strains every nerve ; its head
is protruded and its legs outstretched ; it struggles hard, but can
make no way. Voice, whip and spur by turns urge the animal
onward, but it has been taken suddenly from its uses ; the horse
thinks not of that, it only seeks to gratify the being who for a time
has become its ruler. To his amusement it devotes itself, and
obedient to this idea it runs, or endeavours to run, till its limbs
are with difficulty lifted from the ground ; it reels, it falls, and the
would-be huntsman stands over a prostrate steed.

The horse has congestion of the lungs. Yes ; but what caused
it ? Over-exertion, causing devitalization of nervous force, and
consequent congestion, thus preventing the lungs from absorbing
a sufficient amount of air for the oxygenation of the blood. Defi-
cient oxygen causes the frame, spite of violent exertion, to feel
clammy cold. The brain being supplied with impure blood, produces
temporary insensibility. Vitality seems to be contesting with death.

The animal after some time somewhat recovers, and with diffi-
culty is led to shelter. Do not be led astray by that worse than
ignorance which advises you to administer gin and pepper, strong
ale or brandy. You can do no good, excepting rubbing carefully
the limbs and body, so as to tranquillise the circulation. Send at
once to the nearest chemist for a few drachms of carbonate of
ammonia, and administer as quickly as possible in a pint of gruel
two drachms of it, and repeat the dose every hour until the assist-
ance of a veterinary surgeon can be obtained.

Firmly as nature may have united man and horse, gentility would
dissever them ; it is not polite in society to speak of man's most
patient companion and most faithful slave. Gentility condescends
to use animals, but loves to prate only of frivolity. The education
of the young, which should be directed by the conversation of the
matured, is thus neglected. Boys, London boys especially, regard
the stable as a place to be avoided ; they view horses, not as the
gentlest of created beings, but as creatures it were a breach of good
manners to speak of " before ladies." They learn to consider these
animals and all that concerns them as subjects to be forgotten the

134 CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

instant " society is entered." From the ignorance thus fostered,
and from the fashion which prefers to talk about trifles to con-
versing of those matters which constitute the facts of reality and
involve the instruction of tlie youthful, springs that mishap which
has been described as congestion of the lungs.

A noble animal is thus, by prejudice, denied the benefit which
would otherwise result from social opinion. Woman, whose gen-
tleness fits her for the companionship of the timid horse, is, as by
design, kept in perfect ignorance of her lawful possession. The
creature is separated even from those benefits which would result
from" the expression of feminine sentiment. A being that seeks
protection, that with a submission amounting to a perfect denial of
self, entreats for shelter and begs to serve, is handed over to the
harshest order of the human race. Much more than this, it is
transferred to the custody of the ignorant, who view its nature as
requiring to be subdued, and think they display spirit when they
treat the most fearful of living creatures as though it were a car-
nivorous brute bent upon ravening and destroying.

AVhen a horse sinks in the field, clothe him as warmly as
possible, and lead him gently to the nearest stable. There heap
hot rugs upon the body; the desire is to relieve the lungs by
determining the blood to the surface ; bandage the legs and cover
the neck, warm the stable either with fire or by means of tubs full
of boiling water. This being done, if a chemist lives in the neigli-
bourhood, procure one ounce of ether and half- an -ounce of
laudanum, which dose in rather better than half-a-pint of water
should be given, without any noise or bustle, every half-hour.
Should no chemist be near, take two table-spoonfuls of turpentine,
which beat up with the yolk of an Qgg, and give in half-a-pint of
water. Place a pailful of cold gruel within easy reach of the
horse, and see that there is an ample bed under it. These things
being done, do not leave the place before the fate of the horse is
determined, which it invariably is before thirty hours have expired ;
for the proprietor's presence is the only surety that orders are
obeyed, where horses and the uninstructed are concerned.

CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

This affection mostly attacks debilitated or fat horses. These
creatures are driven far in a four-wheeled carriage, heavily laden.

CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

135

One animal, of small size, has to drag an entire family. Else, the
quadruped has to journey fast to avoid a shower of rain. The
horse is flogged onward. A horse whose motions are quickened
by the lash is not likely to be very closely observed. It is much
more probable the speed will be blamed as laziness than the
labouring life be pitied for exhaustion. Yet, when congestion
follows, it is proof positive that the powers of nature were over-
taxed.

The wretched slave, after the distance is accomplished, is taken
from the shafts and led into the stable ; it is hardly tied to the
manger before a sickening sensation seizes on the body. The head

CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

hangs down ; the furnished rack and manger are not glanced at.
This alarms the groom's prejudices. At length the man imagines
it must be thirst which prevents his charge from eating. The
attendant hastens for water, but on his return he finds the horse
blowing ; that is, panting or breathing quickly.

This symptom, which only denotes exhaustion, used to be re-
garded as the forerunner of inflammation of the lungs. Doubtless
it would terminate thus seriously, were nothing done to arrest
the progress of the affection. The change from extreme labour to
perfect rest produces a revulsion of the system. The capillaries
contract and soon become in a congested condition. Not only does
this state affect the lungs, but it is present all over the body.
Should the pulse be now taken, the artery will be round and gorged.
The beat may be either quicker or slower than most books fix the

136 CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

number at; but it will be very feeble and will convey no idea of
vital activity. It hardly stirs, suggesting the surging of a tranquil
summer sea upon a sandy shore. Partial perspirations may break
forth, and the body may become wet with a fluid of no higher
temperature than the skin from which it exudes. The feet are
cold; the eye is fixed; the living type of obedience moves not
when commanded ; hearing is lost ; all natural functions appear to
be arrested, except the breathing, and that being involuntary,
nevertheless, is evidently disordered.

If this condition be immediately attended to, it will disappear
almost as quickly as it was exhibited. Take two ounces each of
sulphuric ether and of laudanum ; cold water, one pint. Give this
drink with caution, as the animal to which it is administered is not
conscious. Have patience with sickness and the whole will be
swallowed ; or the fumes will be inhaled and do almost as much
good as the imbibition of the fluid.

The drink being given, do not leave the stable. Wait by the
side of the horse, watching the effect of the draught. If in ten
minutes the horse has not perfectly recovered, or be but partially
restored, let another similar portion be poured into the body.
More will seldom be required ; but, notwithstanding, watch for
twenty minutes after the last drink, as such fits occasionally vanish
and reappear.

The rack and the manger must be emptied. Gruel is all we
dare at present trust within reach of an exhausted frame. Though
the animal would eat, solid food must be withheld. The body
should be lightly, but well clothed ; and a pail of gruel should be
suspended from the manger, so that a heavy head need not be
raised high to partake of it.

The next day the creature, thus treated, may return to its
customary food and be as well as ever. But when the animal
reached home, should the groom have been in a hurry, if company
should have been waiting for dinner, and the horse should be
hastily turned into the stall by the only servant kept by gentility ;
then the congestion is unseen, and any disease may follow it. This
condition used to be, as fainting in the human being once was,
treated by the abstraction of blood. But to bleed a debilitated
horse, is to increase the cause of the affection, which it should be
the province of physic to destroy. By the stimulant, which leaves

BRONCHITIS. 137

behind no inflammatory tendency; by the subtle distillation,
which speedily traverses the frame, we revive the system and
awaken lagging nature once more to vital activity.

When congestion is not noticed in the first instance, and has time
to become confirmed, the original disorder is invariably swallowed
up in some greater evil. Pneumonia and pleurisy are the favourite
shapes which it assumes ; but it has terminated in fatal enteritis.

BRONCHITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE AIR PASSAGES.

This serious affection is, mostly, the consequence of man's
neglect. The master rides far and fast. He dismounts at some
pleasant threshold and remains long under the roof. During that
time the horse stands outside, either shivering in the cold or
pelted by the storm. The general treatment seems to say, that
life and machinery, being equally subservient to man's will, are,
in fact, the same things in man's regard. Even the wheels and
bars of polished iron, however, require care or they soon become
useless ; the thews and sinews of a living body cannot be abused
with impunity. So plain a truth should be acknowledged by
something more than words. Life and functions connect men and
animals. Their habits may be dissimilar and their food not alike ;
but, when we consider the wants of each, their liabilities and their
diseases, the approach to actual sameness becomes almost startling.
The man who can enjoy himself without bestowing a serious
thought upon the unfortunate steed, which has carried him hither
and will bear him hence, deserves to lose the life of which he is so
culpably careless. Change the places of the two existences. Let
the horse be rendered comfortable and the man be stationed out-
side. The result would be the same : the man would in that case
probably suffer from bronchitis. Does intelligence require a more
startling evidence of the link which binds master and servant
while sojourners upon this earth ?

Bronchitis is indeed a painful malady. Originally situated upon
and confined to the membrane lining the air tubes it has an
aptitude to involve the entire contents of the thorax. Being the
ailment of mucous membranes it requires cautious treatment. A
small blood-letting may induce the prostration no tonics can
remove; a slight dose of aloes often starts up the purgation no

138

BRONCHITIS.

astringents will check. It creeps on insidiously, and comes in so
gradual a form, as if it intended to deceive the groom. The
appetite, during the primary stage, is often unaffected — nay, is
sometimes increased. Stablemen have a strong prejudice where
feeding is concerned. The most educated of the class can imagine
nothing more than a slight cold, while the corn is only partially
consumed. Thus the disease, in consequence of dela}^, mounts
into fury, before its presence is fully recognised, and it often
leaves behind it evidence of its visitation.

Very rarely is the groom's attention excited during the approach
of the disorder, or while a short cough simply bespeaks irritation ;
while the breathing is merely excited ; while the legs are warm ;
while the mouth is moist, and the nasal membrane only a little
deeper in hue than is positively consonant with perfect healtli.
No ! The stableman is content while any desire for food remains.
Let appetite be quite gone ; let the horse be averse to move ; the
cough sore, but evidently suppressed and painful ; the breathing
quick and audible ; the nasal membrane violently scarlet ; the
mouth hot, dry, and clammy; the legs and body of uneven tempera-
tures— here, cold as ice, there, of a dusty heat. When danger
cannot be mistaken, and hope has almost fled — then, and not until
then, does the groom acquaint the master th.at his horse is ill.
In a case of such a description, abstract no blood. Depletion is
fobidden, when mucous membrane is
disordered. The first thing is a large
loose box. Into this is put the machine
represented in the aniiexed engraving.
It is a portable boiler, having a cover-
ing of iron wire. The steam, generated
by the charcoal fire, soon renders the
air of the place moist and warm. It
must be kept boiling day and night. It
is of more service during night than
day, and it should be very gradually
withdrawn.

The water, as it is exhausted in the
above boiler, should be supplied with more at the full temperature.
Very little fire will then keep up the steam, though, as the fumes
of charcoal are decidedly unhealthy, it is always well when those

J^V vC

8TEAMIN0 APPARATUS FOR HORSES
WITH BB0MCH1TI3.

BRONCHITIS.

139

fumes can, by means of a pipe, be conveyed to the outside of tlie
building ; if that be impossible, let every door and window be left
open, the necessary admission of air may impoverish the steam, but
the vapour is too dense to be entirely dispelled. The steam acts
upon the lungs ; warm, moist air being soothing and curative to
the thorax affected with bronchitis. When the apparatus cannot
be obtained, the large nose-bag should be frequently applied
during the day.

Some scalded hay is also to be fixed under the throat by means

EIGHT-TAILED BANDAGE FOR RETAINIXO ANV SUBSTANCE AOAINST THE THROAT OF A. HORSE.

of an eight-tailed bandage. A Mackintosh jacket is then laid on
floor, and the horse gently led forward till one leg rests within one
arm-hole. The opposite leg is to be raised and put through the
other opening ; the cloth is next lifted up and temporarily fixed
upon the animal; afterwards, have six pieces of flannel, two three
yards long and the entire width of the fabric, the others half-a-yard

A HORSE DRESSED FOR BRONCHITIS!.

long and a foot wide. Saturate thi ee of these with cold water ;
having folded the long piece, apply it over the back, equally to
either side; the short pieces place upon the sides of the chest;

140 BRONCHITIS.

fasten the jacket over the spine ; when the flannel is warm remove
it ; replace it immediately with other flannels, which should be
ready for this purpose. Do this continuously for at least a couple
of hours, after which time the flannel may remain on ; but must,
on no account, be suff'ered to become dry. The jacket and flannel
should be worn for a week subsequent to restoration.
Then prepare the following : —

Burgundy pitch .... Half-a-pound.
Powdered camphor . . . Two ounces.
Powdered capsicum . . Half-a-drachra.

Melt the pitch. Take the vessel which contains it off the fire ;
throw in the other ingredients, stir well, and apply while warm to
the front of the neck, as low as the jacket will permit.

For bronchitis, consisting principally of aggravated congestion,
prepare the following drink, and repeat it every half-hour, until
the pulse has regained its tone ; then give the drinks at longer
intervals, and ultimately reduce them to three during the day,
which continue till restoration is perfected.

Sulphuric ether . . . One ounce.

Laudanum One ounce.

Water One pint.

Should no effect be produced after the third drink, discontinue
the frequency of the ethereal medicine, and substitute the
following : —

Infusion of aconite . . Half-an-ounce.

Extract of belladonna
(rubbed down with one
pint of water) . . . Half-a-drachm.

Persevere with the above till the pulse amends, M'hen withdraw
the aconite, but keep on with the belladonna, half-a-drachm of
which may be added to each dose of the ethereal drink ; which
ought to be resumed, should amendment ensue upon the adminis-
tration of the aconite draught.

Let the food consist entirely of thick gruel. The appetite
occasionally is unaffected during bronchitis ; but, however pleasant
it may be to behold a horse masticate, all solids should be with-

BRONCHITIS.

141

held, especially during the acute stage. Nothing is so injurious to
respiration as a loaded stomach, and a single meal (if permitted)
would speedily aggravate the symptoms of this disease. When the
disorder has subsided, food must be carefully introduced; the
water should be, as grooms say, " chilled," or, in ordinary language,
should have the chill removed. Boiled roots or crushed and
scalded oats should constitute the earliest approach to natural diet.
Hay should be given with extreme caution, the desire being to
nourish the body, not to load the stomach, A bundle of grass each
day may be allowed upon recovery being assured ; and when hay
is at length presented, mind that for the first month it is thoroughly
damped ; for nothing more retards recovery after bronchitis than
the inhalation of those dusty particles with which hay too often
abounds.

When the disorder is to terminate fatally, the proprietor, in the

THE COUGH OF INCURABLE BRONCHITIS.

majority of instances, speedily learns the fact. The pulse con-
tinues unamended at first, but soon grows very quick and tremu-
lous ; the breathing becomes more painful even to the spectator.
Every inhalation appears to shake the body ; yet, so eager is the
desire for air, that the haste and violence of the respiration
evidently defeat their object. The nasal membrane assumes a
bluish tint ; a foul, bloody froth hangs about the nostrils ; the eyes
are dull and fixed. The cough is the most distressing sym]jtom.
It occurs in fits, and during the paroxysms the wretched animal
reels about. The noise cannot now be restrained ; the horse has

142 PNEUMONIA.

110 strength to struggle with disease. The sound which shakes the
sore lungs and checks the breathing that was ah-eady short to
suffocation cannot now be suppressed. It continues until a
(|uantity of discoloured fluid is ejected from the nostrils, then a
brief respite ensues ; but, as time progresses, the fits grow more
severe and much longer, while the strength to endure them even
more rapidly decreases.

It reads sadly, that hundreds of horses have thus perished
without making any impression upon either masters or men.
The directions, which have been given at some length, will j)ro-
bably be discarded by grooms as far too troublesome ; they like the
man who can give physic to a horse when the animal is sick, and
" wants no more bother made." Tlie pro^jrietors will object to the
personal superintendence which is necessitated. They seldom
exercise that supervision over their sick horses which common
sense dictates ; all is left to others. The veterinary surgeon sends
medicines, and gives his instructions to the groom, who constantly
thinks he knows better how the patient should be treated, which
is usually at variance with that which has been prescribed. This
difference of opinion is by no means a guarantee that the advised
treatment will be carried into effect ; and for this reason, it is the
duty of the owner to constantly inspect his horses when suffering
with disease, as the " eye of the master will not only fatten," but
sometimes save the life of the horse.

PNEUMONIA — INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

Under this title our grandfathers congregated all affections of
the lungs. Congestion, bronchitis, pleurisy were all regarded as
stages of pneumonia. True pneumonia is, consequently, now more
rarely encountered ; such a result accords with the knowledge
gained by anatomical investigation concerning the structure of or
the substance of the lung. The bronchial tubes constitute a large
portion of these organs, but their disease is termed bronchitis.
The pleura covers the lungs ; but its inflammation is called pleurisy.
The blood is affected during all disorders, but the vessels them-
selves are rarely implicated ; involvement of the absorbents
constitutes glanders and farcy. Yet, when the tubes, covering
veins, arteries and absorbents are abstracted, there remains only

i

PNEUMONIA.

143

cellular tissue. That structure is not apt to take on inflammation,
and when it is so implicated, the inflammation of cellular tissue is

■'"-'--:>^<=^->>^-5*5Ss?^<*^

THE COMMENCEMENT OF PNEUMONIA.

regarded as rheumatism : consequently, there remains only a species
of general disorder of all the constituents to stand for pneumonia.

Horses supposed to have perished from pneumonia, not unfre-
quently, when examined after death, present hydrothorax or
dropsy of the chest ; thus proving the pleura to have been affected.
However, such vivid descriptions of pneumonia are bequeathed us
by our ancestors, that we are, to a certain degree, overpowered by
the authority of assertion.

When acute pneumonia (as it is called, which really represents

THE POSITION ASSUMED BY THE HORSE DURING AN AGGRAVATED ATTACK OF PNEUMONIA,

a sub-acute disorder of all the contents of the lungs) does occur, it
is rather liugering in its development ; the breathing is laboured

144 PNEUMONIA.

and slightly accelerated ; the pulse is less increased than would be
expected ; the artery is full, and the beat seems driven by some
hidden force through a gelatinous obstacle ; it bulges out, and then
all is still for an interval, after which the operation is repeated.
The horse has lost all spirit ; indeed, a considerable portion of its
consciousness has evidently departed. It stands as though from
giddiness it feared to fall ; its legs are separated and strained out-
ward to the furthest limit.

The head and ears are dejected ; the coat rough ; the extremi-
ties cold ; the body without warmth ; the visible membranes
discoloured, and the bowels costive — in short, the animal appears
oppressed by some heavy misfortune. Teeling seems half dead,
thus we are warranted in imagining that the attack has embraced
all the component structures of the lungs, and that it consists in
no small degree of congestion.

Some years ago horses with this disease were bled to fainting
point ; and as the pulse was quickened by such abstractions, phlebo-
tomy was again and again resorted to until the animal, not able to
withstand the effects of such repeated depletion, has at last fallen
dead, the victim of ignorant and cruel j)ractice.

When you first behold the horse, carefully examine it ; place
your ear to the side. In health there is only a gentle blowing
sound audible; if more than that is heard; if something within
the chest seems to grate or suck ; if, in addition, any noise, as of
a huge pair of bellows at violent work is detected, make up your
mind to a case of pneumonia. No time is to be lost ; procure a
large and airy loose box; strew it thickly with tan. Do this,
because pneumonia has an aptitude " to fall into the feet," as
grooms say, or, in other language, the disease is subject to metas-
tasis, and the inflammation will sometimes quit the lungs to
reappear in the feet. Something soft and cool is most likely
to prevent such a mishap ; therefore, when the tan is strewn upon
the floor, moisten it with a watering-pot, and have the iron shoes
taken off the animal.

Place a pail of water within easy reach of the horse. Food,
even gruel, is not now required. If it is winter, put a hood upon
the head and throw a loose cloth over the loins and quarters ;
then introduce the steaming apparatus, and set it to work with all
speed, leaving every window and door open, while the vapour is

PNEUMONIA. 145

generated. The air being loaded with vapour, take off all cloth-
ing ; but give in the first instance, so soon as it can be procured,
the following drink : —
Solution of aconite root Half-an-ounce.
Sulphuric ether . . Two ounces.
Extract of belladonna

(rubbed down in half-

a-pint of water) , . A drachm.
Repeat this dose three times in the
course of the day and once during the
night, keeping up the steam all the
time. Watch the pulse and observe
the breathing. When the first amends,

. . , , . . ■^ STEAilINO APPARATUS.

the quantity of aconite may be dimin-
ished; when the last grows easier, the amount of belladonna mny
be decreased.

These medicines should be persevered with, increasing the in-
gredients or diminishing them, as the symptoms warrant. Thus,
if the pulse prove very obstinate, six, or even nine doses of
half-an-ounce of solution of aconite in a little water, without
other ingredients, may be exhibited in the twenty -four hours.
Should the breathing be severe, the belladonna may be augmented
in a similar proportion. Until the symptoms are more than
merely amended, the nourishment ought entirely to consist of
hay-tea, with a little oatmeal boiled in it. When improvement
decidedly takes place, the hay-tea may be made a little thicker,
and a couple of pounds of boiled potatoes allowed per day. So
soon as the appetite seems to be eager for food, a pint of crushed
oats, thoroughly scalded, may be given six times during the day.
Great care must, however, be taken not to overload the stomach,
or to permit a full meal : a single gorge is likely to provoke a
return of the disorder. Little and often must be the rule at first ;
and the quantity may be increased while the frequency is dimin-
ished, as recovery is confirmed. Let some days elapse, however,
before any hay is presented : this substance rather amuses the
horse and fills out the stomach than nourishes the body.

Order the cook to prepare the gruel, and see that she does it
with as much care and cleanliness as she would exercise for any
Christian, The groom's gruel is hot water, which may or may not

146

PNEUMONIA.

be boiling, stirred upon a certain quantity of meal. A lady may
conjecture how she would relish such a composition sent to her
sick chamber ; and the horse is as nice in its taste as any human
being possibly can be.

Neither permit any grass to be put before an animal which is
recovering from pneumonia. Grasses of all kinds contain the
least possible nutriment in the largest possible bulk. The object

A MUCH WISnED-FOR SIGHT DURING DISEASE OF THE LUXQS.

now is to accomplish the introduction of nutriment in the most
concentrated form. A distended stomach impedes the action of
the diaphragm, and thereby is most injurious to the breathing.

The first marked sign of improvement during pneumonia is the
animal lying down. When this wished-for sight is before your
eyes, do not enter to disturb the prostrate horse. It has, under
disease, stood for several days. Its limbs must ache and its feet
feel sore: make no noise, therefore. Eespect the repose of the
sufferer, and be grateful that your horse, probably, has escaped from
danger.

If, subsequent to recovery, the restoration to perfect health is
not so rapid as you could desire, be very particular about the feed-
ing. At the same time apply a strong blister upon the front of
the throat, down to the chest and between the legs. That blister

PNEUMONIA.

147

ADHESION ]. THE PLEURA PULM0NAU3
UNITED BY DISEASE TO THE PLEURA
COSTALIS.

a a. The pleura pulmonalis, or the
natural covering of the lung.

6 b. The pleura costalis, or the lining
membrane of the chest.

c. The false adhesion, fixing the

lung and preventing its full
pxjiansion.

d. The divided surface of the lung.

having worn itself out, apply another upon the sides of the throat

and the upper i^ctrt of the ribs ; but respect the sides of the thorax ;

because the animal rests on these

parts, and, during recovery, rest is of

more value than medicine. ISTothing,

therefore, should be permitted that is

likely to prevent so beneficial a state

from being indulged in. Abjure all

purgatives — these favourite potions

are too debilitating for pneumonia;

forbid all mashes. Nature, as she

permits recovery, will, at her own

time, relieve the body ; adhere to the

treatment which has been laid down ;

permit no tonics ; care and good food

are the best restoratives. But, above

all things, be certain the health is

thoroughly recovered before the horse,

which has been seriously ill, is again

compelled to labour.

Several states are mentioned as the
consequence of pneumonia. Adhesion of the lung to the covering
of the thorax is alluded to as one result of this disease ; but before
adhesion could take place, inflammation must have existed in the
pleura, which lines the interior of the chest and envelops the lung
itself; consequently, pleurisy must have been present before the
pleura could be sufficiently inflamed for adhesion to ensue. The
other condition is the result of congestion ; the tubes and vessels
are clogged alike ; the lung is converted from its soft and spongy
natural texture to a firm and solid substance resembling liver.

And now the important question as to the cause of this malady.
Nature, in mercy, spares the peasant those visitations which are
heaped upon the rich.

The horse which is pampered, or has much to eat and little work
to do ; the creature, which for days may stagnate in the stable and
then be suddenly brought forth to extraordinary exertion ; the
horse, whose owner is capricious ; the animal, whose work is un-
certain ; the quadruped, which now is idle and now is re-
quired to make good the lost time, is the living being prepared

HEPATIZATION 2 ; OR THE LUNO BY DIS-
EASE CONVERTED INTO A SUBSTANCE
RESEMBLING LIVER.

143 PLEUKISY.

to exhibit any slow disorder — to consume itself with the disease
which an existence, properly treated, would possess the energy to
resist.

Is it strange that a creature doomed to so much and such deep
subserviency occasionally fails, even when possessed by what men
call the best of masters ? Is it just reason for wonder that flesh
occasionally rebels against the treatment which human ignorance
subjects it to ? Were the horse not a very hardy animal — were
not the life implanted as firmly as the frame is set — it would not
survive a tithe part of the usage it now endures, and, notwithstand-
ing, continues to live on and to obey.

PLEURISY.

This most painful disease, like those of the lungs generally, visits
valuable horses during the years when they are most esteemed.
The unbroken colt is seldom attacked, and the aged animal is, to
an almost equal degree, exempt. The young steed, newly stabled,
is liable ; and that liability remains up to the sixth year, when it
gradually subsides. It is a terrible affliction. Its anguish is local-
ised and concentrated. It is inflammation of the fine, glistening
membrane, covering the lungs and lining the inside of the chest.
At every inspiration and at every expiration the inflamed surfaces
must move upon each other. To breathe is the primary necessity
of the creature's life. It cannot exist and refuse to inflate the lungs ;
yet is existence purchased at a price worth many years of happi-
ness. The inflamed surfaces cannot remain quiet ; yet, to render
the condition of motion the more acute, inflammation stops the secre-
tion, which, during health, smoothed and lubricated the passage of
the membranes. During disease the pleura is swollen, rough and
dry ; it grates or scratches as one surface is, by the necessity to
breathe, dragged over the other.

Membranes are sensitive in disease in proportion to the fineness
of their structure, and to their insensibility during health. The
pleura belongs to what are termed serous membranes. These line
closed cavities — as the chest, the abdomen, and the joints. Of the
existence of none of these are we conscious while they are free from
disease ; but, let the inflammation set in, and it would be difficult
to decide which of them is the most painful. Fortunately, how-

PLEURISY.

149

ever, pleurisy, when concentrated or singly present, terminates
generally by the second day.

The symptoms, therefore, are quickly developed. The violence
on their first appearance has been so great, that an attack of pleu-
risy has been mistaken for a fit of spasmodic colic. A little care
will guard against so fatal an error. The pulse, in colic, is always
natural at the commencement, and the fits, when they first occur,
invariably of short duration. In pleurisy, the vessel strikes the
fingers ; the blow is strong, and the artery is thin ; the pain is
continuous ; the agony never remits or ceases ; the horse never
feeds ; the body is hot, and indicates the fire within ; the feet are

A HORSE SUFFERIKO UN'DER PLEDRISV.

icy cold ; the muscles are frequently corrugated in patches, and
partial perspirations break forth upon tlie surface ; a cough is often,
not invariably, present ; it is always suppressed and dry ; it suggests
no notion that the intent is to clear the throat ; the inclination to
cough, from the larynx sympathising with the lungs, is great ; the
feeling cannot be entirely mastered, — but the horse is fearful of
indulging an impulse, which would violently shake the inflamed
chest. The ear, placed against the ribs, detects a grating sound,
and the respiratory murmur is less clear than usual. Pressure
made on the free interspaces between the ribs sometimes deprives
the animal almost of consciousness; it shrinks, and were the
torture continued it would fall. At other times anguish maddens
even timidity, — tlie foot is lifted, or the teeth are displayed, to

150 PLEURISY.

repel the tormentor. "When left alone the head is frequently
turned toward the side, with a piteous stare of wonder and inquiry.
Altogether, the animal is, as it were, inspirited by the disorder.

The fore foot is scarcely ever quiet, it constantly paws, which
action in the horse always expresses impatience or pain. The
breatliing, of course, is peculiar ; a full inspiration the animal dare
not take. Before inhalation is half completed the ribs fly back-
ward. However, the backward action has hardly been accom-
plished before anguish once more compels a change ; thus, the
breathing, to a looker-on, appears short, jerking, quick and always
imperfect.

The treatment must be active, as it is likely to be short. At
the first outbreak, place the sufierer in a cool, loose box; put
w^ooUen bandages upon all the legs, but leave the body unclothed ;
give, every quarter of an hour, a scruple of tincture of aconite in a
wine-glass of warm water. Feel the pulse before each dose ; when
that has softened, discontinue the aconite ; every second hour
then administer one ounce of sulphuric ether and of tincture of
opium in a tumbler of cold water, to dispel any congestion that
may lurk about the pleura, and also to lend smoothness or fulness
to the pulse.

Pursue these measures for the first day and night. When the
jiulse and pain are amended, should the cough remain, introduce
the steaming apparatus twice described under the headings of the
two previous articles. The bowels are generally costive ; be not
alarmed ; with the departure of the disorder they will relax. Place
luke-warm water within the easy reach of the horse ; but before
the symptoms abate, introduce nothing of a more stimulating
nature. When the disorder lessens, hay-tea may be allowed ; as
improvement increases, the diet may be gradually augmented after
the manner described, when considering the treatment of pneu-
monia. Such care is essential, because any violent disorder in a
cunfined part of the body has a tendency to involve other structures,
and the danger of this increases as the inflammation is removed
from the surface.

The tranquillising of the respiration, the softness of the pulse,
and the return of the appetite will announce the departure of
pleurisy. When these longed-for indications are remarked, blister
the throat and chest ; should any seeds of the malady appear to

PLEURISY. 151

be not entirely removed, repeat thfe blister to the throat and chest.
Should the bowels not be relieved, throw up copious enemas of
blood-warm water; nothing more must be attempted. Aloes or
salts are poisons during pleurisy. Wait patiently, and in time the
establishment of health will restore all the natural functions ; or, if
they are very confined, a bundle or two of cut grass may be pre-
sented with the usual food.

A yellow, transparent discharge from the nostrils, occasionally
streaked with blood, and more or less otherwise discoloured ; a
horrible anxiety of countenance, which seems to appeal mutely to
every human being the saddened eye rests upon ; quickened
breathing, a more rapid but a sinking pulse, and a leaden state of
the nasal membranes declare the probability of a fatal termina-
tion. Pleurisy, however, mostly ends in hydrothorax, for the
character of which the reader is referred to the succeeding
pages.

Now comes the sad inquiry. What is the cause of pleurisy ?
All kinds of things may excite it ; but those things which lead to
so much suffering in an inoffensive animal are under the control
of man. Over exertion, being driven or ridden far and fast, the
spirit being stimulated, and the energy promoted by potent
drinks ; for men will give the contents of the public-house to the
horse when a wager is at stake, and will lash, while the limbs can
move, to win any pitiful bet — these circumstances not unfrequently
provoke pleurisy. Injuries received externally not unseldom
start up internal inflammation. Hurts calculated to lead to so
serious an evil, together with broken ribs, will not be surprising
to those who have seen the unseemly instruments which man
will, in his rage, seize upon to strike the animal with. Colds,
aggravated by change of temperature, as waiting long in the rain
and being flurried home afterwards ; inattention in feeding, thus
generating a plethora, is apt to disorder any internal organ, and
many other such like causes will generate the disease.

And what right has man to inflict so much agony upon any
life entrusted to his care ? What right has humanity to complain
of tyranny in its superiors, when the human race can neglect and
entail such anguish upon the beings beneath them ? The greed of
gain or the pride of winning are the first motives assigned as the
promoters of this terrible affliction ; next comes the gratification

152 HYDROTHORAX.

of passion ; then follows carelessness for another's welfare, etc.
etc. Which of these several causes is worth the torture of a
living body ? such torture, too, as the rack cannot equal, and
human malice is happily forbidden to rival !

A little self-restraint instilled by a better plan of education ; a
little more humanity enforced by the teachers of religion, to
instruct that man should not view himself as the owner of the
earth which he temporarily inhabits ; that man should not con-
sider himself the proprietor of the lives which share the globe
with him ; that man should be actuated by genuine Christian
LOVE towards all animated nature, feeling kindly for the lives
akin to his own, and acknowledging, as fellow-sojourners, the
creatures by which he is surrounded ; — then how much affliction
might be eradicated from that which wickedness alone renders a
" vale of tears ? "

HYDEOTHOKAX.

This is the consequence 6f the latter stage of pleurisy ; or
rather, to speak with caution, we fear it is often the result of the
severe treatment adopted to dispel that malady.

Man leaves his property, which is very ill of pleurisy over
night, hopeless that the animal can survive till morning. On
returning, however, to the stable early on the following day, to his
surprise he beholds the horse actually looking better. The pain
has evidently abated, if not altogether departed ; the eye is more
cheerful; the manner more encouraging. Having observed this,
attention rests upon the flanks. The motion of these parts is
greatly increased. They are now forcibly brought into action.
The suspicion is awakened. The ear is applied to the chest.
Near the breast-bone, or low down, all is very quiet. A little
higher up nothing can be heard, but rather past the middle of
the ribs the sound of breathing is once more detected. Again and
again is the experiment repeated, until the disappointed proprietor
is forced to believe that which is against his hope.

Still clinging to chance, after conviction has gained possession
of his mind, there is another trial he will make to render despair
a certainty. He seeks some man — any one will do ; and having
found a loiterer, he returns with him to the stable. He places
this individual upon one side of the horse, and tells the man to

HYDROTHORAX.

153

slap the side of the animal with the open palm, when the word
" now " is spoken. This being arranged, the master goes to the
opposite side. He puts his ear to the place where the silence
ceased. Having assured himself the spot he has chosen is correct,
he pronounces the monosyllable " now." Directly afterwards a
dull sound is heard, and a metallic ring or splashing noise is soon
afterwards audible.

All now is confirmed ; yet, " to make assurance doubly sure,"
the owner tries to take the pulse at the jaw. There is none to be
felt ! The hand is then placed near the chest, upon the left side
and over the region of the heart. The sensation of a throb, coming
through water, is perceptible. The last requirement is confirmed.

A UOKSE DYIN'O OF HYDROTHORAX.

The horse has dropsy of the chest, and the termination of the
disorder is all but certain.

The first thing to be done, in these cases, is to draw off the
liquid before it soddens the pleura and further distresses the
already laboured breathing. The manner of performing this
operation is very simple, and the operation itself remarkably safe.
A spot near the inferior margin of the chest being selected, a small
portion of skin, between the eighth and ninth ribs, is pulled
forward, and then a narrow slit with a sharp knife is made upon
the place which the skin originally covered. A trochar, armed
with a stilet, is then inserted into the opening, and so much force
apphed as suffices to propel it onward. The moment all resistance

154

HYDROTHORAX.

ceases, the trochar is within the cavity of the thorax. The stilet
is then withdrawn, and the water usually Hows forth.

There is in this operation no danger of piercing the lung. The
trochar must be driven upward and onward, very far and very
forcibly, to induce such an effect. The lung is protected from all
lawful violence by the water, on the top of which it floats.

There is, however, a dispute concerning how much of the fluid
should be extracted. It is a good rule to take all you can get, or
all the condition of the horse will permit to be abstracted. Do
not commence the operation \\ith any determinate quantity in
your mind. Take all, if the horse will suffer so much to be

KiJXIJrO THE PRIMARY IXnSION FOR TAPPINa
THE CHEST.

A TROCHAR WITH THE STILET rPON IT.

REMOVING THE FLUID IN
HYDROTHORAX.

withdrawn ; but if the animal, after the loss of a quart, shows
signs of approaching faintness, withdraw the trochar, let the skin
fly back, and wait a more favouraltle opportunity for the next
attempt.

In an hour or two the trial can be repeated. Make a new
opening, — for never risk exciting irritation in the original wound
by again thrusting the trochar through it. There are but few
precautions to be observed during the performance of tapping
the chest. It is usual to teach that the posterior border of
the ribs is to be avoided, because this portion of the bones is
grooved for the reception of the artery. Anatomy, however, shows
that such vessels are amply protected by the grooves in which
they travel.

HYDROTHOEAX. 155

There is also some selection to be made in the trochar
which shall be employed. If the tube be of too great a size and
permits the fluid to gush quickly out, nature may sink under the
sudden change induced : the water, consequently, ought to be very
gradually abstracted. For this purpose, the instrument cannot
well be too small. The most diminutive of those made for human
practice will be quite large enough, so that the bulk of liquid
within the chest may be insensibly removed, and the horse be
scarcely aware of the change. Those trochars, however, which
are made for the human practitioner will not be long enough ;
therefore one must be procured longer, but of the like bore.

Sometimes, after the trochar is properly inserted, no fluid will
pour forth ; the operation is then all but hopeless. It must have
been so long delayed that various substances have been secreted.
These cover the interior of the chest. They obstruct the mouth of
the cannula and prevent the liquid issuing by the tube.

It is customary in these cases to employ a whalebone probe.
This is inserted up the trochar, and then moved about in different
directions. The intention is to break down the layer of pus or
lymph lining the thorax, and to allow the water to leave the cavity.
But this is almost needless, as the author does not recollect a single
case of this description which ultimately survived.

It is also advisable to draw off the fluid from both sides at the
same time, so there may be no pressure upon the delicate divisions
ol the chest, and upon the important vessels within them. But
happily the fluid is, in the first instance, generally confined to one
side only.

Always pull a piece of skin either backward or forward before
the incision is made through the integument. The reason fur doing
this is because, when the trochar is removed, the skin may resume
its proper place and act as a valve, keeping out the atmosphere
from the cavity ; for external air, getting into the interior of the'
chest, is proved to be most injurious to life.

There is to be tendered but one last admonition ; even this has
lieen in a great measure anticipated by the previous observations.
The animal must not be left during the operation. Whatever time
may be consumed by the withdrawal of the liquid, the operator
must remain a patient spectator of the slow abstraction. For, if
the horse should be left, syncope may come on during such absence,

156 DISEASE OF THE HEART.

and the animal on the person's return be found prostrate upon the
ground. On the first sign of weakness the cannula should be at
once removed ; for, should it be suffered to remain regardless of
this caution, the horse may even die through sudden collapse.

The treatment after the withdrawal of the fluid is entirely
changed ; pleurisy has now departed and weakness is left behind.
The most nourishing but carefully prepared food must be given ;
boiled oats and boiled carrots may be allowed in any quantity
which the animal will consume, while the following ball should be
administered night and morning : —

Iodide of iron One drachm.

Strychnia Half-a-grain.

Sulphate of zinc .... Half-a-drachm.
Extract of gentian and pow-
dered quassia .... Of each a sufficiency.

That which will denote a fatal termination is restlessness, neigh-
ing, partial sweats, swellings under the region of the chest, and a
distressed breathing which nothing can relieve. The death struggle
is as short as the disease has been painful.

DISEASE OF THE HEART.

This affection is characterised by various names in scientific
books — as carditis, pericarditis, hydrops pericardii, inflammation of

the pericardium, etc., etc. All such
conditions in the horse were dis-
covered by examinations instituted
after death, when, unfortunately, all
I'^^^^B^^^^^^ opportunity of observing the symp-

toms had ceased. Veterinary science
^it?^ :::) "^^^^'-1 cannot distinguish one state from
^^^' ^M : \ another while life exists. Probably
this deficiency may be attributed to
the inutility of such discrimination.
DISEASE OF THE HEART IN THE HORSE. Diseasc of thc licart lu liorscs is incur-
able. In man, who can strictly con-
form to his physician's orders, avoid excitement, abstain from
exertion, eat only such a quantity of such a food prepared after

DISEASE OF THE HEART. 157

such a manner, feed at such an hour and rest at such a time, who
can live by rule ; in man the diseases of the heart are only to
be delayed, not driven from their certain issues.

Practically, therefore, so the heart be diseased it is of small
import what shape the disorder may assume. The death is always
sudden. It is likely to occur when the horse is journeying at its
topmost speed, when accident generally follows. Consequently,
it is perhaps wiser to take the life thus afflicted and thus danger-
ous. The horse may appear blooming, may even be skittish, yet
the existence may at any moment be cut short. Auscultation
affords the surest means of detection. Place the ear close to the
left side and lower part of the chest. If any unusual sound be
audible, conclude the heart to be diseased.

The signs visible externally are sometimes sufficiently emphatic
to admit of no doubt. The eye is expressive of constant anguish ;
the countenance is haggard ; the pulse is feeble and irregular, but
the heart throbs. Its throbs are visible, and frequently they are
to be seen as plainly on the right side as on the left. The beat is
occasionally so violent as to shake the body. The carotid artery
can be felt to pulsate in the neck. The regurgitation within the
jugular vein is nearly always excessive — it often reaches almost to
the jaw. It takes place by jerks, which ascend higher and higher,
each becoming less and more weak as it mounts upward.

An attempt to represent this has been hazarded in the illustra-
tion. It is, however, impossible to truthfully depict action ; and
the reader will comprehend the jerks in nature do not all occur at
the same period, but the first subsides before the second can be
exhibited.

The appetite is sometimes ravenous ; more often it is fastidious.
The breathing is not accelerated, excepting during the existence of
pain; lameness is occasionally witnessed in one fore leg; dropsical
swellings and abdominal pains have been observed. The animal,
when progressing, will suddenly stop, tremble and appear about to
fall; as suddenly it M'ill recover and proceed upon the journey.
Noises expressive of acute anguish are, under the impulse of the
moment, occasionally uttered. Sometimes the horse cannot be
made to move, and it is always averse to turn in the stall. Often
it is seen to yawn, but more frequently has been known to heave
long and deep-drawn sighs. No ascertained sign, however, an-

168 DISEASE OF THE HEART.

iiounces the climax of the disorder to be near at hand. Death is
always unexpected, and therefore is a surprise.

There is no doubt that diseases of the heart are more common
to those horses who are compelled to gallop or trot at top speed,
or strain hard in drawling heavy loads, than to horses whose work
is not so exacting. In fact, excessive physical exertion of any kind,
whether that of pace or of heavy draught, excites the circulation
and forces the heart to increased action, when the currents of blood
pass uneasily througli the arterial and venous trunks, and in so
doing exert a baneful action on the heart.

The veterinarian is seldom called upon to treat heart disease,
and has not the same experience of these diseases as the physician,
for the reason that man, even with an incurable disease, must be
treated, but the horse with such is usually sent to the knacker's ;
conse(|uently it is from human medicine that valuable information
has been received. Although cardiac disease with man is incapable
of cure he may, by a careful system of life, by avoiding excite-
ment, etc., live to make old bones ; but the once ruptured vessel
must never be strained ; the enlargement of the heart or the injury
of the valves, etc., must never be imposed on — he must live quietly
if he wishes to prolong his days. The men most prone to heart
disease are athletes. It matters little what kind of sport they
follow, although perhaps runners are the most liable. From this
it will be observed that violent physical exertion injuriously affects
both man and the horse, and it involves in disease the heart, the
cause and effect being the same to the one as the other.

Many racehorses have died from cardiac affections, \yhich during
life have never been recognised ; many a thoroughbred, said to have
been a roarer, has made a noise like one, but has not been the
subject of throat paralysis. Other cases could be cited ; but, as
heart disease is incurable, we advise our readers to gradually, httle
by little, introduce their young horses to work, and never impose
upon them until they are inured to it. Two-year-old racing is a
sin which common sense recognises. It not only makes unformed
machinery work, but induces diseases, the worst of which is heart
disease.

CHAPTER VII.

THE STOMACH, LIVER, ETC. — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR

DISEASES.

SPASM OF THE DIAPHEAGM.

This is generally provoked by tlie heedlessness of the rider. A
horse is " overmarked," as the condition is technically called, when
the animal is urged onward to the point of falling. The person

'^^ftj^^^

- l_ — <^

THE yOUNQ OENTLEMAJT A^^) TOE OLD DORSE.

who may occupy the saddle then becomes conscious of a strange
and loud noise coming from the body which he strides. It appears
to the equestrian as though some demon were located witliin the
carcase, and were violently striking the sides. Siiould the indica-
tion be observed, the noise will be found to proceed from behind, or
immediately under, rather than from any part anterior to the rider.

159

IGO SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM.

The noise is produced by spasm of the diaphragm. The horse
must, as the word " overmarked " seems to imply, have been pushed
far beyond the point where man should have pulled the rein. A
little distance further, after the symptom is developed, will bring
the animal to the ground. Let the check, therefore, be immediately
given ; the rider should dismount ; the loins be covered with the
gentleman's coat, if nothing better be at hand : he who has caused
the misery is bound to make any sacrifice for its alleviation. The
girths should be loosened, the bridle removed, and, when time has
passed for the system to become sliglitly tranquillised, the sufferer
should be very gently led to the nearest shelter. So soon as it is
under cover the following drink should be administered, but time
should be taken to give the medicine, as the condition of the horse
forbids all haste : —

Sulphuric ether Two ounces.

Tincture of camplior . . . Half-an-ounce.

Tincture of opium .... One ounce.

Cold water or gruel . . . One pint.

This should be repeated every quarter of an hour till four
drinks are swallowed ; then the intervals should be lengthened to
half an hour ; and, as the symptom decreases, the medicine ought
to be administered at still longer periods, and ultimately, but
gradually, withdrawn.

When the animal is first brought in, bandage the legs or
sponge with cold water the mouth, nose, eyes, and anus ; this
done, the body is to be superficially cleaned. Sweat is to be
removed, and dirt taken off; the ears pulled, and the head made
comfortable ; the tail and mane having been previously combed, a
hood and body clothing should be put on.

All this should be well understood beforehand. While it is
being accomplished not a word should be spoken ; nothing is
more soothing to an agitated system than perfect silence. Wet
swabs should then be placed upon the feet, a pail of gruel sus-
pended from the manger, and a man left to warn off all noisy
strangers from the exterior of the building, for during spasm from
over-exertion perfect quietude is quite as essential as medicine.

Spasm of the diaphragm, if taken in time, is not generally
fatal ; and no man, however determined a " Nimrod " he may be,

ACUTE GASTRITIS. 161

is justified in proceeding after having recognised so mysterious a
warning. The sound before alluded to must emphatically inform
him all is not right with the animal on which he is seated. It is
folly to urge that the horse enjoys the chase as much as the rider ;
no life would, for its own pleasure, run itself to a spasmodic
exhaustion. Old hunters may have left the field to follow the
hounds ; the animals, however, obey only the impulse of educa-
tion, and did what they imagined would gratify their superiors.
The horse is given as a servant to man ; the creature is obedient
to its destiny ; to serve is its lot ; to please is its reward.

When spasm of the diaphragm terminates fatally, approaching
dissolution is announced by easily-recognised signs. The pulse
cannot be felt at the jaw ; the heart only flutters ; the feet are icy
cold ; a yellow discharge drains from the nostrils ; the breath
becomes fcetid ; the pupil of the eye enlarges ; the horse wanders
round and round its box ; it soon sinks and perishes.

ACUTE GASTRITIS.

This most painful affliction is only known in the horse as the
consequence of some poisonous substance being swallowed.
Poisoning entire teams of valuable horses has followed the
use of certain powders, these being mixed with the corn; the
intention was to improve the personal appearance of the animals
to which the drug was administered. Carters have a large faith
in condition powders, and a distant belief in the magic of medi-
cine. In their ignorance, they spend their hard-earned wages to
procure the stuff, too often compounded of agents which never
should be trusted in the hands of the uneducated. The men
argue, if these powders, say one spoonful given each night, will
make the horse bloom in a fortnight, two spoonfuls must do the
same thing in a week ; the spoonful possibly contains the utmost
limits of the dose ; that quantity exceeded may endanger or
destroy life. But ignorance is always impatient. It ever desires
the speediest results; and, if accidents attend its eagerness,
indignation should be visited upon those who put responsible
trusts in such keeping — upon the men who, for gain, sell poison-
ous drugs to the obviously uninformed.

Books and charts are published explaining the various anti-

162

ACUTE GASTRITIS.

dotes and tests to be employed for the detection and counter-
action of the different poisons. Such authorities are of little
service in the stable; the tests require care and time for their
application ; the symptoms are mostly so urgent as to permit no
leisure for scientific inquiry. In an acute case, dependence must
be placed on general principles, and Fortune must be relied on to
guide the result.

Certain poisons act instantaneously and without any warning
sufficiently energetic to be interpreted, as the twigs or leaves of
the yew tree.

Other agents immediately establish the lesson which some-

▲ HORSE SUFFERING FROM ACUTE GASTRITIS.

times speedily kills, but more often produces consequences which
will ultimately destroy life, though death may be some time before
it occurs — as the mineral acids, etc.

The presence of particular kinds is announced only by violent
disorder — as powerful diuretics and potent purgatives.

The symptoms, therefore, are not decided ; the carter has his
motives for silence, and the inability of the horse to vomit forbids
the earliest announcement of deranged stomach. The time for
antidotes has generally passed before attention is excited; to
support the life, in the hope that it may survive the destroyer, is
evidently the best thing which can, under such circumstances, be
adopted. Chloroform, ether, and opium, render the body insensible ;
and, by sparing the nervous system, certainly existence will be
prolonged. Purgatives had better be withheld. They may already

ACUTE GASTRITIS. 163

have been administered in enormous doses ; fearful amounts of
aloes destroy life, without purgation being exhibited.

Against alkalies there does not exist the same objection. Car-
bonate of magnesia, carbonate of soda or of potash may, in
quantity, be mixed with gruel and horned down ; both opium and
ether may be blended with the drink. Should the pulse be low, a
drachm of carbonate of ammonia may be added to each dose of the
other ingredients. Should corrosive sublimate be in any degree
suspected to be the agent employed, mix one dozen eggs with the
other components ; these will in no way detract from the opera-
tion of the drench.

The mixture should be given in as large quantities as the
animal can be induced to swallow. The gruel should be quite
cold, and one quart should constitute a dose. No bleeding should
be permitted; the abstraction of blood promotes absorption; to
prevent the absorption of the poison is the present endeavour.
The following draught contains all that can be recommended, so long
as ignorance of the actual poison it is desired to counteract exists.

Sulphuric ether and tinc-
ture of opium .... Of each three ounces.

Carbonate of magnesia, of

soda or of potash . . . Four ounces.
Gruel (quite cold) . . . One quart.

To these may be added, should the pulse be of a sinking
character : —

Carbonate of ammonia One drachm.

If corrosive sublimate is known to have caused the agony, one
dozen raw eggs ought to be blended with the drench.

Use discretion in the administration ; but repeat the drinks as
often and as quickly as can be accomplished without adding to the
distress of the horse. Eegard the state of the animal, and, if
weakness be present, take time when giving the drench. Should
delirium be displayed, do not trust to the natural functions;
employ Head's pump, with the horse catheter attached, and inject,
with all despatch, the whole quantity at once through the nostril.

The symptoms of poisoning are various ; they are also modified
by the strength upon which they act. The annexed list, however,
contains the general appearances by which poisoning is announced,

164 ACUTE GASTRITIS.

though the whole of the symptoms are never simultaneously
exhibited: — Loathing of all food; extreme thirst; redness of
the nasal and conjunctival membranes ; discharge of ropy saliva ;
frequent eructations, which smell pungently fcetid ; colic, rolling
on the ground, pawing, striking at the abdomen, etc. etc. ; tucked-
up flanks ; heaving ; panting ; small, quick pulse ; superpurgation ;
violent straining ; passing of mucus in large quantities ; protrusion

HOW TO GIVE PHYSIC, WHEN THE USUAL MODE OF ITS EXHIBITION 13 ATTENDED WITH DANGER.

and inflammation of the opening ; glances at the abdomen ; pros-
tration of strength ; convulsions ; madness and death.

And now, whence is derived the source of this evil ? It
springs from the ignorance of the age. Is it not, at the present
day, a common saying, that "intelligence goes begging, while
handicraft finds employment ? " Goodness, education, and in-
dustry, cannot, at this time, ensure the bread which will support
existence. The cunning and the knowingness of the uninformed
is much preferred. There is no mystery in the groom's office
which might not be acquired in a week. Tlic horse would fare
better and be more safe in the custody of a person, who possibly
might sympathise with its solitude and appreciate its disposition.
A higher class of servants would involve a higher rate of wages.
But these might be paid and, notwithstanding, the horse proprietor
be, in the long run, an evident gainer. To put the wounds
inflicted on the sensibility of a feeling man out of the question, it
is a heavy misfortune to look upon three or four valuable horses
stretched out in death. Add to this, there are other accidents that

CHRONIC GASTRITIS.

165

ignorance, without malice, commits, and all of which must he paid
for by the master. Then there are the petty frauds and under-
standings in which cunning delights, and all of which are indulged
at the master's cost. On the other hand, there is the certainty, or
all but certainty, that intelligence would perform its duty. The
horses would thrive better and last longer when confided to proper
custody. The losses, attendant upon ignorance, would be avoided,
— not to mention the ease of mind secured by confidence in the
probity of the person to whom authority is entrusted. What a
mockery it is to cry up education and then to shun the educated !
A stimulus would be given to the ignorant, when it is recognised
that the informed will be alone engaged to fill offices of trust.

CHKONIC GASTRITIS.

This affection is more general than is commonly understood.
The horse being unable to vomit, of course the first positive proof
of disordered stomach cannot be exhibited. Thus, little attention
is generally paid to its digestion, when primarily diseased.

Chronic gastritis is usually said to be provoked by rearing upon

A HORSE WITH CHRONIC GASTRITIS INDULGING ITS MORBID APPETITE.

sour or soft land ; but well-bred animals are often subject to the
malady. The ailment is frequently first displayed at the period
when the services are esteemed most valuable, or between the
fifth and sixth years, long after the mode of rearing must have
ceased to operate. The symptoms are various, and hardly ever
alike. The stomach may affect the nervous system ; then its

166 CHRONIC GASTRITIS.

complications become difficult to disentangle. The affection is
mostly declared by an irregularity of bowels and a capriciousness
of appetite. The animal starts off violently purging. The loose-
ness stops as suddenly as it commenced. Obstinate eostiveness
then sets in, and each state can be traced to no obvious reason.
The straw or litter may be eaten ravenously, but all the wholesome
provender obstinately refused. The dung shows the condition of
the appropriating functions ; it crumbles upon the slightest force
being imposed; it appears to consist of fibres not agglutinated
together. Sometimes it is coated with mucus, and always smells
abhorrently. A dry cough may be present ; the visible membranes
are pallid ; the mouth feels cool ; the breath is tainted ; the eyes
are sunken; the respiration is catching; the belly is pendulous ;
the anus is lax and prominent ; the coat dry and ragged ; while
the body quickly becomes emaciated.

The slightest exertion produces a thick and copious sweat. The
symptom, however, which is most remarkable, when the cleanly
habits natural to the animal are considered, is the peculiarity of the
appetite. The rack and manger are generally neglected, but every
unnatural or offensive substance, within reach of the extended jaws,
is devoured with avidity. Woodwork has largely disappeared.
Soil and stones have been removed from the stomaclis of creatures
destroyed for incurable disease. Either of the substances last-
named, however, are usually spared, so long as a morsel of plaster,
a portion of mortar or of brick, is within reach. Animals, when
in the field, will leave the grass and enter any ditch to gnaw at
bricks and mortar. When confined, they will, under the morbid
influence of this affection, employ themselves for hours searching
for a morsel of either amongst the straw.

The old custom of purging and bleeding for a case of this kind
is positively injurious. It is better to administer bitters, alkalies
and sedatives — the first, to amend the appetite ; the second, to
correct the acidity of the morbid secretion ; the third, to destroy
the uneasy sensation which provokes too many of the symptoms.

Powdered nux vomica . One scruple.

Carbonate of potash . . One drachm.

Extract of Belladona . Half-a-drachm.

Extract of gentian and

powdered quassia . . Of each a sufficiency.

BOTS. 167

Or—

Strychnia Half-a-grain.

Bicarbonate of ammonia One drachm.

Extract of belladonna . Half-a-drachm.

Sulphate of zinc . . . Half-a-drachm.

Extract of gentian and

powdered quassia . . Of each a sufficiency.
Give morning and night.

One of the above balls may be given daily. When their benefits
seem exhausted, give, instead of a ball, half-an-ounce each of liquor
arsenicalis, the same of tincture of ipecacuanha, with one ounce of
muriated tincture of iron and of laudanum, in a pint of water.
Also, damp the food and sprinkle magnesia freely upon it. Then,
as the strength improves, introduce sulphuric ether; one ounce
water — one pint, daily.

Before concluding, there remains to point out the cause of this
lamentable affection. Ignorance views each part of the body as dis-
tinct ; it cannot see that the various components are connected, and,
in the mass, constitute one whole. Thus, medicine appears to the
uninformed as thrown away when internally administered for a
skin disease. So it may to such persons appear strange liow the
air inhaled can disorder the digestion ! To those better informed,
however, it will only seem a natural consequence, that impure
atmosphere, inspired day and night, should impair the body's
health. It will, with such people, be recognised as likely that the
disorder should break forth when the frame is on the eve of beinfr
matured. The cause of indigestion is close and unhealthy stables.
What loss will instruct mankind that they cannot enslave life and
treat it according to their convenience ? Life has its natural rights:
these cannot be disregarded — the requirements of breathing crea-
tures must be fulfilled. The ability of the enslaver to use accord-
ing to his pleasure must not be selfishly regarded, else nature is
outraged, and in its deprivation pride learns the impossibility of
forcing all thini'S to conform with its inclinations.

BOTS.

No animal which has not been turned out to !];raze during the
summer months can possibly be troubled with these parasites.

168 BOTS.

Such annoyances form no light argument against the benefits
accomplished by that which is in slang phrase termed " Dr. Green."
The appearance of the coat and aspect of unthriftiness, after a run
at grass, generally declare bots to be present within the body.

Uninformed persons are always desirous to possess some medi-
cine which will destroy bots ; they wonder that science lacks
invention sufficient to compound such an agent. An anecdote may
probably dispel such astonishment.

A patron of the Eoyal Veterinary College was once conducted
by a pupil through the museum belonging to that establishment ;
the pair at last stood before the preparation of a horse's stomach,
eaten through by, and also covered with, bots.

" God bless my soul ! " exclaimed the visitor, after the nature of
the specimen had been explained. " What a spectacle ! What a
myriad of tormentors ! And have you no medicine to remove such
nuisances ? Can veterinary science discover nothing capable of
destroying those parasites ? "

" Why, sir," replied the student, " only look at that preparation.
To my knowledge, it has been put up in spirits of wine, and corked
air-tight for two years. The creatures must be either very dead
or very drunk by this time ; yet, as you witness, they hold on.
What sort of physic could accomplish more than is already effected
by the spirits of wine and close confinement I am at a loss to
conjecture ! "

Bots, once within the stomach, must remain there till the fol-
lowing year, when, being matured, their hold of the lining mem-
brane of the viscus will relax, and in the form of a chrysalis they
are ejected from the system. No medicine can expedite the trans-
formation. It has hitherto appeared easier to kill the horse than
to remove the parasite.

To the investigation of Bracy Clark, Esq., V.S., the public owe
all their knowledge of the fly, whence the hot is derived. The
common parent, according to the above authority, is the cestrus
equi ; and the author gladly avails himself of the original description
by the above-named talented gentleman.

"ON THE CESTRUS EQUI, OR THE STOMACH EOT.

" When the female has been impregnated, and the eggs suffi-
ciently matured, she seeks among the horses a subject for her

BOTS.

169

purpose, and approaching him on the wing, she carries her body
nearly npright in the air, and her tail, which is lengthened for the
purpose, curved inwards and upwards. In this way she approaches
the part where she designs to deposit the egg, and suspending
herself for a few seconds before it, suddenly darts upon it and
leaves the egg adhering to the hair : she hardly appears to settle,

THE CESTRUS EQT7I.

Copied from the Work on Bots, by Bracy Clarlc, Esq.

1. The female fly about to dei^osit an egg.

2. The male fly.

3. The egg, its natural size.

4. The egg, magnified.

5. The newly-hatched bot.

6. The bot full-grown.

7. The head of a bot magnified.

8. The chrysalis.

but merely touches the hair with the egg held out on the projected
point of the abdomen. The egg is made to adhere by means of a
glutinous liquor secreted with it. She then leaves the horse at a
small distance, and prepares a second egg, and, poising herself
before the part, deposits it in the same way. The liquor dries, and
the egg becomes firmly glued to the hair : this is repeated by these
flies till four or five hundred eggs are sometimes placed on one
horse.

"The skin of the horse is usually thrown into a tremulous
motion on the touch of this insect, which merely arises from the
very great irritability of the skin and cutaneous muscles at this
season of the year, occasioned by the heat and continual teasing of

170 BOTS.

the flies, till at length these muscles appear to act involuntarily on
the slightest touch of any body whatever.

" The inside of the knee is the part on which these flies are
most fond of depositing their eggs, and next to this on the side
and back part of the shoulder, and less frequently on the extreme
ends of the hairs of the mane. But it is a fact worthy of attention
that the fly does not place them promiscuously about the body,
but constantly on those parts wliich are most liable to be licked
with the tongue ; and the ova, therefore, are always scrupulously
placed within its reach.

" The eggs thus deposited I at first supposed were loosened
from tlie hairs by the moisture of the tongue, aided by its rough-
ness, and were conveyed to the stomach, where they were hatched ;
but on more minute search I do not find this to be the case, or at
least only by accident ; for when they have remained on the hairs
four or five days, they become ripe, after which time the slightest
application of warmth and moisture is sufficient to bring forth
in an instant the latent larva. At this time, if the tongue of the
horse touches the egg, its operculum, is thrown open, and a small
active worm is produced, which readily adheres to the moist
surface of the tongue, and is from thence conveyed with the food
to the stomach.

" At its first hatching it is, as we have observed, a small active
worm, long in proportion to its thickness, but as its growth ad-
vances it becomes proportionably thicker and broader, and beset
with bristles.

" They are very frequent in horses that have been at grass, and
are in general found adhering to the white insensible tissue or coat
of the stomach.

" They iisually hang in dense clusters to this white cuticular
lining of the stomach, and maintain their hold by means of two
dark brown hooks, between which a longitudinal slit or fissure is
seen, which is the mouth of the larva. When removed from the
stomach by the fingers by a sudden jerk, so as not to injure them,
they will, if fresh and healthy, attach themselves to any loose
membrane, and even to the skin of the hand. For this purpose
they sheath or draw back the hooks almost entirely within the
skin, till the two points come close to each other; they then
present them to the membrane, and keeping them parallel till it is

BOTS.

171

pierced through, tliey expand them in a lateral direction, and
afterwards, by bringing the points downwards towards themselves,
they include a sufficient piece of the membrane, to remain firmly
fixed for any length of time as at anchor, without requiring any
further exertion.

" These bots, as is also the case with two or three other species,
pass the autumn, winter and spring months in the stomach, and
arrive about the commencement or middle of the summer at their
full growth, requiring a twelvemonth fully to complete their
structure."

" ON THE CESTEUS HiEMORRHOIDALIS, OR FUNDAMENT EOT.

" The part chosen by this insect for this purpose is the lips of
the horse, which is very distressing to the animal from the exces-

THE CESTRTT3 H.EM0RRH0IDALI8.

Copied from the work by Bracy Clark, Esq.

1 The female fly about to deposit an egg.
2. The egg, maguified.

5. The male fly.

8. Thebot.

4. The chrysalis.

sive titillation it occasions; for he immediately after rubs his
mouth against the ground, his fore-legs, or sometimes against
a tree, with great emotion, till at length finding this mode of
defence insufficient, enraged he quits the spot, and endeavours

172 BOTS.

to avoid it by galloping away to a distant part of the field ; and if
tlie fly still continues to follow and tease him, his last resource is
in the water, where the cestrus never is observed to pursue him.
These flies appear sometimes to hide themselves in the grass, and
as the horse stoops to graze they dart on the mouth or lips, and
are always observed to poise themselves during a few seconds in
the air, while the egg is preparing on the extended point of the
abdomen.

" When several of these flies are confined in a close place they
have a particularly strong, musty smell ; and I have observed both
sheep and horses, when teased by them, to look into the grass and
smell to it very anxiously ; and if they by these means discover
the fly, they immediately turn aside and hasten to a distant part of
the field.

" I once saw in a meadow or field upon the cliffs at Margate a
fly of this sort teasing a horse that was confined to a small space
by a spike stuck in the ground, to which a cord was tied. He
could not get away from its attack, and became quite furious ; for
in kicking at the fly with his fore-foot, which he did vehemently,
he often struck the bone of the lower jaw, creating excessive pain,
for in that direction, while grazing, the fly comes to the beard of
the lower lip.

" The eggs of this species are difficult to be seen upon the
horse's skin or beard, owing to the agitation of the beast, and from
the colour of the egg being dark like that of the skin of the horse.
The animal has been generally too impatient while undergoing this
operation for to let me examine them very well. I ascertained,
however, its form by pressing one of these eggs from the abdomen.

" The larva or grub of this species inhabits the stomach as the
former, generally adhering to the white lining, and is disposed
promiscuously in dense clusters, after the same manner ; they may,
however, be distinguished from them by being in general smaller,
and longer in proportion to their bulk.

" The larva of this species may be obtained from almost any
horse that has been much the preceding year at grass, and exposed
to these flies, and will be found during the summer months stick-
ing more or less within the verge or opening of the anus, adhering
to its soft lining, and producing considerable irritation and uneasi-
ness. Indeed, I once well remember being on a tour of pleasure

BOTS. 173

in the Isle of Wight, and experiencing much annoyance from these
larvie. The little horse I had hired for the journey became so lazy
and unwilling to go on, and moved so awkwardly, that I could not
keep pace with my companion, and I was at a loss how to proceed ;
but on casually taking up the tail, I discovered three or four of
these insects hanging to the rectum, and their removal instantly
proved a cure."

Tor more ample particulars the reader is referred to the book
itself, which is entitled. An Essay on Bots in the Horse and other
Animals. It will, in the pages of the original work, be seen that
Mr. Clark more than suspected the existence of other species of
the same family ; but, as no positive knowledge has yet been
gained, we must await patiently the inquiries of those to whom
this branch of science belongs.

However, the writer must dissent to Mr. Clark's conclusion,
that " bots are harmless, if not beneficial." How far does such a
supposition agree with the perforated stomach preserved at the
Eoyal Veterinary College ? How far does it accord with the ragged
coat and unthrifty aspect by which the presence of the parasites
is ascertained ? How, when crediting such a conjecture, are we to
account for the horror exhibited by the horse at the approach of
the fly ; and how can we interpret Mr. Clark's experience in the
Isle of Wight ?

Eots are known to be injurious ; healthy bodies are seldom
troubled with parasites ; but, at the same time, bots do not create
so much harm in this country as they do in warmer climates.
Some years back the reviser was informed by Mr. Garagee, senior,
a most able and observant veterinarian, that in Italy bots played
great havoc with horses ; they were unable to train animals suffer-
ing with them, and could never even get them into any kind of
condition until after these parasites had been evacuated in the
spring. A winter's work was lost. Such being the case, we can un-
derstand that in whatever clime the horse, the subject of bots, is in,
it is to say the least, in a less favourable position than the one whose
stomach is free from them. In England horses have come under
my notice in bad condition, and almost ansemic, caused by the pre-
sence of bots ; but in the colder climes bots do not as a rule occur in
such numbers, neither do they attain so great a size as they do in
southern Europe, and this may in some way account for the fact

174 CHRONIC HEPATITIS.

that in Great Britain horses are not so badly affected with hots as
they are in the sunny South. No medicine will force these crea-
tures from their grasp upon the stomach, therefore any treatment
is useless. Give plenty of nourishing food, have patience, and
await the period when the obnoxious parasite surrenders his
stomachic citadel.

CHKONIC HEPATITIS.

Chronic hepatitis is peculiar to maturity. Brewers' horses —
huge animals, fattened upon refuse of the mash-tub, and which are
paraded, in all the pride of obesity, drawing one small cask over
the stones of London — are often attacked by this malady. All
horses which consume much provender, without absolute regard
to work, are exposed to it. Gentlemen's carriage-horses are very
liable to it. A private vehicle is started, and at first much used ;
but after a time it is equally neglected. The individual does not
want the carriage to-day, when the coachman comes round " for
orders." Neither is it required on the next occasion. Often a
week passes without the fashionable plaything being uncovered.
The animals, during that time, depend on the groom for exercise.
The coachman may be fond of his horses, and, in his ignorance,
may think they cannot have too much rest, or himself too little
work. Let the master neglect his duty, and the servant soon
follows the example.

The word " duty " was employed in the last sentence. It is of
an unpleasant signification, and was used in its harshest sense.
Kings owe a duty to their subjects ; the rich owe a duty to the
poor. All authority has some obligation connected with it.
There is nothing like perfect freedom in this \vorld of dependence.
Man is the king over living things. He may claim his rights, but
he at the same time must adopt the weight of his office : he
cannot assume the one and discard the other. A monarch is
invested with dominion and authority over men ; but the stability
of the throne is dependent upon the righteousness of the ruler.
If he who wears the crown abuses his trust, he may possess
"a right divine," but he is speedily without subjects. So, if
man is unjust to the creatures over which he is placed, nature
snatches them from his grasp ; and he may be invested with every
power, but he soon wants animals upon which to exercise it.

CHRONIC HEPATITIS. 175

View the matter in another light, as an affair only of worldly
prudence. Knives, formed of the hardest steel, if purchased
and put away, in a short time are worthless, because of rust.
A house wears faster when untenanted than when properly
inhabited.

A horse cannot remain for days in the stable and retain its
condition. The carriage proprietor has not only to find food, but
he is equally bound to support the health of his animals, or the
service for which he bargained will be rudely terminated. Too
many do not think of this. Too many take out the carriage
to-day, only because it accords with their convenience. All
however, complain of the uncertainty which appertains to horse-
flesh. The frame of the horse is stronger than machinery; but
it cannot resist the wilfulness of human misrule. Let that
man, whose stable troubles him, question his own conduct.
Let him examine the house in which he has thrust life. Let
him see to the servants he has engaged, and to the food for
which he pays ; and, after all, let him inquire into his own
behaviour : the error will be found, not in the creatures over
which he exercises dominion, but in those who are invested with
authority.

If people will start carriages, the vehicle must be taken
out every day, let the weather freeze, rain, or shine. The hard
earth of sunshine is frequently more injurious to the feet than
either cold or wet are to the body. The lady, when out visiting,
has more than her own pleasure to consult; for all horses fed
on the best and underworked, or retained standing long before the
street door, are exposed to chronic hepatitis. The gentlemen's
delight is almost as liable as the brewer's pride. Even moderate
food and too little work will engender the disease.

The primary symptoms are not well marked, and do not,
generally, attract attention. The animal is dull and averse to
move. It appears to have imbibed a fondness for the inactivity
to which it has been accustomed. The appetite is either nice,
altogether lost, or unscrupulously ravenous; the bowels are
constipated ; the dung is black, and coated with bilious-looking
mucus ; it is friable, and imperfectly digested. If a white paper
be pressed upon it, a greenish yellow stain is imparted. The
urine is scanty, and commonly highly coloured ; while the pulse

176 CHRONIC HEPATITIS.

has a heavy beat, as though treacle, instead of blood, circulated
within the artery. In the early stage, administer for two or three
days a ball containing two drachms of aloes and five grains of
calomel, and feed on sloppy food. Keep the horse in a warm and
well-ventilated loose box.

The signs which indicate a confirmation of the disorder are : —
The mouth feels cold ; the nasal membranes are unnaturally
pallid ; the whites of the eyes are ghastly, displaying a yellow
tinge ; sometimes the horse looks at the right side ; usually, it lies
upon the left ribs, but never for any long time ; tenderness may
be exhibited, if the right side be pressed upon. However, the
last symptom is rarely present, and lameness in either fore leg is
seldom witnessed.

The disease is, for the most part, obscure, and is best recog-
nised when medicine has become powerless. If early detected,
a limited, but sufficient supply of nutritious food ; plenty of,
but not exhausting labour, with a long course of iodine in
alternative doses, are calculated to work some beneficial change.

Iodide of potassium . . Two ounces.
Liquor potassae . . . . One quart.

Mix, and give two table-spoonfuls night and morning, in a pint of
water.

Commonly, however, bleeding from the liver is the earliest
recognised indication of disease. Then the horse, with depressed
head, is found standing before untouched food ; often it staggers ;
sometimes it supports itself against the partition to the stall;
it always maintains the erect position with extreme difficulty ;
the pupil of the eyes are enlarged ; if the hand be moved before
the sight, the lid does not close ; the vision is lost ; the pupils are
much dilated; the breath, denoting weakness, is short and
catching ; the jaw is pulseless, and the heart flutters ; the visible
membranes are deathly ; and the bilious nature of the disorder is,
in these last parts, apparent. Should the head, only for a minute,
be raised, the animal threatens to fall.

The first attack is seldom fatal, and possibly might, by proper
usage, be recovered from. The bleeding, then, is from the sub-
stance of the gland, and does not generally burst Glisson's capsule.

CHRONIC HEPATITIS.

177

or the first and fibrous covering of tlie liver. Glisson's capsule
is, however, by the pressure of fluid, bulged out. The haemorrhage
stretches the peritoneum, which is the second or last envelope,
and nature, striving to repair the injury, causes the serous invest-
ment to inflame — to become white, opaque, considerably thicker,
and altogether stronger than in its normal condition.

There may be an indefinite number of attacks ; or the horse,
possibly, may succumb to the first assault. Commonly, there

TaR HE*P or A HORSE SIIFrERmO
INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE.

IHS TEST KOR HiBMORRHAOE FROM THE LlVtB,

nre several fits of the same character. Treatment is generally
adopted. A dose of aloes is given, though with what intention
the author is not aware. Quiet is enjoined ; and styptics, as
sugar of lead, alum, etc., are administered ; and the horse com-
monly, under sucli treatment, seems to recover.

It is, however, difficult to change a fixed habit, or to perceive
the reason for an alteration after all danger has disappeared.
The gentleman again indulges his inclinations. The coachman,
to keep up his horse's flesh, fills the n)anger; the master very
rarely orders the carriage — now he can ride, walking is preferred
for his own exercise. Soon, a second fit takes place; this time
Glisson's capsule usually yields; but the thickened peritoneum,
although pushed further out, still resists, and now remains the
single stay between human perversity and certain death.

With recovery, the former custom is again resumed. The man
chooses to think a sick hor^e must require support ; the master
pleases to imagine rest must be beneficial to an animal which has

178 CRIB-BITING.

been seriously ill. Another fit ensues ; no one is much alarmed
this time. The people have become accustomed to the sort of
thing; men soon grow used to other's agony. However, some-
thing is now present which has not been witnessed before. That
circumstance rather disturbs the reigning equanimity ; the horse
is evidently much disposed to quietude, but some hidden cause
excites it ; it rolls, flings itself down, struggles up again, paws
with the fore feet, kicks with the hind legs at the belly, and
breathes with nmch more difficulty than formerly.

Often it lies upon the back for some minutes ; the result,
when such symptoms are observed, generally is invariable. After
death, the abdomen is opened. The cavity is full of black blood,
which, commonly, does not coagulate ; though, should death
occur upon the first attack, dark cluts may be found among
the intestines.

The treatment depends very much upon circumstances in the
early stage before great debility has set in. Administer a purga-
tive calculated to clear out the liver and thus lessen its bulk ; but
such medicine must be given with discretion and under good
veterinary advice. Afterwards, give the mixture above recom-
mended, allow plenty of exercise, and when at home attend
well to the patient's comforts, and feed not too largely upon a
nutritious diet. Stint rather than overfeed.

CKIB-BITING.

Cribbing is very common among horses which have been long
inhabitants of the stable ; the many hours of stagnation the
domesticated horse is doomed to pass may induce the animal
readily to seize upon any solitary pastime. Or, the perpetual
consumption of oats and hay may disarrange the digestion, which,
experience teaches, is in ourselves much benefited by a moderate
change of diet. Or, the constant inhalation of close and impure
air, such as will taint the clothes of the groom who is much
exposed to it, may disorder that part of the body, which is the
most sympathetic of the entire frame.

Adopt which of these theories the reader may be inclined to,
all of them can be brought to bear upon the horse so affected.
That cribbing is a habit, is seemingly proved by the young horse,

CTvIB BITING. 173

stalled next to an old cribber, soon acquiring the custom. That
cribbing is provoked by idleness, appears to be in some measure
confirmed by tlie horse never exhibiting the peculiarity before
it has been handled and become an occupant of the stable.
That it arises from acrimony, induced by the food, is apparently
shown by the colt, while at grass, never displaying the symptom.
That it will be witnessed in the old horse, when turned out
for a month's run at grass, establishes nothing. The temporary
visitor to the field may often be seen galloping towards some
gate, which, having reached, the horse there commences a long
game at crib-biting. This circumstance can settle nothing,
except that the digestion is chronically deranged — the stomach,
when thus affected, being peculiarly retentive of its morbid
condition.

Crib-biting consists in resting the upper incisor teeth against
any solid or firm substance. A fixed
point is thus gained, and, after much
effort, a small portion of gas is eruc-
tated. The perpetual emission of heated
air is, in man, one of the symptoms
attendant on indigestion; and the act
in the horse, appears to be impelled by
something stronger than habit, since tlie
animal will leave the most tempting pro-
vender fur its indulgence.

The premonitory symptoms, more-
over, seem to declare heartburn to be a horse in the act of crib-
the cause of this much-dreaded in- bihno.

dulgence. The custom is always preceded by licking of the manger.
If on that there should be iron, or should any part be cooler than
the rest, to that particular spot attention will be paid. The licking
of cold substances is a symptom of disordered stomach with otliei
dumb creatures. It is prominently displayed by the dog when
the viscus is inflamed. But crib-biting may be prevented, if
attacked during the premonitory stage. Any substance, which
acts as a stimulant to the stomach, is said to be beneficial. Salt
is known as an almost necessary condiment, aiding the healthful-
ness of human food. The deprivation of salt was an old criminal
punisliment among the Dutch ; and a lump of rock-salt, placed iu

180 CRIB-BITIXG.

the manger, will often enable the horse's digestion to recover its
lost tone.

Crib-biting has, in submission to general opinion, been alluded
to as a habit learnt within the stable. But, may not that which
man designates a habit in a dumb creature, be no more than the
influence of one atmosphere acting similarly on two bodies, both
caged in the same stable ? The air is much more than inhaled.
A large quantity is swallowed with the saliva. No slight amount
is deglutated with the masticated food. The water is generally
kept in the stable some hours before the horses are permitted to
imbibe it. Water has a large affinity for atmosphere. Air,
therefore, enters largely into the body, besides being continually
absorbed by the blood during respiration. And moreover, is it
not strange that all horses, when indulging an imitative faculty,
should always precede the display by the same licking of the
manger, which assuredly is not learnt, because that stage has past
before the young horse is placed near the one it is supposed to
imitate ? Is it not also surprising that applying the tongue to
cool substances should, in other domesticated but dumb creatures,
be a symptom of derangement of the stomach ? Observation
and evidence both go to prove that cribbing is caused by some
affection of the stomach, although when once this habit has been
acquired it is seldom if ever given up during the life of the animal.
The existence of both in the stomach and the accumulation of the
gases disengaged from food have been named the culprits. Cribbing
seems to be an attempt to eructate, but this the horse cannot do ;
neither can he vomit, unless the stomach becomes ruptured, when
he does so with great violence. The habit can be prevented by
placing the horse in a loose box within four plain walls, without
manger or racks, and allowing him only a movable tub to feed from.
If he attempts to crib on such tub it will move from his grip, and
he will thus be unable to exert that pressure upon it which is
necessary to the action constituting cribbing ; and in a few hours
after such stabular arrangement the habit will be given up,
because impossible of performance.

When the horse cribs, the manger is not bitten. The incisors
are merely placed against the wood-work, and, from this fixed
point, the animal strains backward the body; thereby the muscles
of the neck are the more readily excited, and a small portion of

CRIB-BITING. 181

air, accompanied by a slight sound, is forced up a canal which
does not of itself favour regurgitation. When the inability to
vomit is considered, the necessity of some such stratagem, to
relieve the stomach of its burning acidity, must at once be
admitted. We are still further reconciled to the necessity
which prompts the action when the case afforded to human
dyspeptic subjects, by the expulsion of " the wind," is properly
regarded.

To relieve crib-biting, first attend to the atmosphere of the
stables; render that pure by ample ventilation. Place a lump of
rock-salt in the manger ; should that not effect a cure, add to it a
large piece of chalk ; should these be unavailing, always damp the
food, and, at each time of feeding, sprinkle magnesia upon it, and
mingle a large handful of ground oak-bark with each feed of corn.
Should none of these measures prove beneficial, treat the case as
one of chronic indigestion or yastritis.

CHAPTER VIIL

THE ABDOMEN ITS ACCIDENTS AND ITS DISEASES.

THE NOSE STR/VINED VIOLENTLY tTPWARD IS
A QESERALSTJIPTOM OF ABDOMINAL IRRI-
TATION.

ENTERITIS.

The nose turned forcibly upward, in horses, is only expressive of
general abdominal disease. It is frequently exhibited when no

disturbance calling for treatment is
known to be present, or can be sub-
sequently observed. Still, because
it is sometimes the earliest warning
of intestinal disorder, all horses dis-
playing such a peculiarity should
receive pointed attention.

Enteritis is a fearful disease,
creating the greatest possible agony.
Aged horses are specially exposed to
this scourge, which can rage with ungovernable fury from the
commencement, and consume the life in eight hours. Its causes,
unfortunately, are in a great measure purely conjectural — such as
drinking cold water, etc., etc.

These incentives are formerly recounted in books, but surely
something is wanted to complete the catalogue. If all the animals
exposed to the operation of such provocatives were to have enteritis,
two-thirds of the horses inhabiting Great Britain would be dead
by to-morrow morning. The principal thing, therefore, is the pre-
disposition; incline towards a particular malady, and any triviality
may start up the disease ; yet this predisposition we, at present,
are too ignorant to recognise.

A severe fit of colic, long continued, may end in enteritis. This
is well known ; yet it was not the colic which induced enteritis,
but the real cause was that which originated the first affection.

ENTERITIS. 183

The predisposition must he present before the bowels would
exhibit that inflammation into which the colic merged ; the in-
judicious and cruel treatment most horses receive from those to
whose service the life is devoted may probably be accused as the
root of all these evils : disease is the loudest proof that the life is
stinted in some essential particular. The same food is placed
before all horses. One animal will, however, purge upon exertion ;
labour, on the other hand, may constipate the fellow-occupant of
the same stable. "When the same effect has produced such opposite
causes, all the bodies cannot be alike. An old proverb asserts,
" That which is one man's food is another man's poison." The
diet which supports one animal in health may loosen or constringe
its companion ; yet we are too ignorant to practically use such
distinctions.

Again, there is no practice more general than to load the rack
and pile the manger after any uncommon toil has been endured.
The practice may originate in the best intentions, but no intention
can convert that which is evil into a positive good. The wretched
animal is tempted to cram the stomach when excessive labour has
weakened the vital functions. Horses which are brought home
late at night do not usually receive much notice; the grooms are
sleepy and eager for their beds. The dressing of the animal,
however much such attention might conduce to health, is conse-
quently left to the following morning. Eapid motion quickens
the circulation ; the blood is sent to the skin, and copious per-
spiration is the result. However warm the stable may be, warmth
only promotes evaporation ; cold of the lowest degree results from
evaporation. The consequence is, the body of the quadruped
speedily shivers ; the blood is repelled to the internal organs ; the
bowels are prepared for inflammation, and thus enteritis oftun
follows upon the midnight return from a long journey.

Moreover, when the frame is exhausted, rest is far more essential
than food ; the nourishment then should be very light, and such
as can be quickly swallowed. A quart of thick flour or of oatmeal
gruel should be first offered after the return. When the cleansing
of the animal's body is finished, another quart ehould be given ;
these will occupy little time in being put out of sight, and the ad-
ministration need not interfere with tlie repose which is desired.
The gruel being swallowed, a feed of crushed and scalded oats may

184 ENTERITIS.

be placed in tlie manger — no hay should be allowed; the wish is to
sustain a debilitated body, not to blow out an idle stomacli. Then
the creature should, after being fully clothed, be lelt to itself, and
no more nourishment be provided for that night. The danger of
introducing substances into a stomach dead to its functions would
thus be avoided ; nothing likely to irritate or to operate as foreign
bodies upon the bowels would be set before the debilitated horse.
Besides, the groom would be obliged to remain up for some space,
and, as a good servant always finds time hang heavy when without
occupation, the animal is more likely to be dressed before the man
retires. Moreover, the clothes would prevent the cold which
ensues upon unchecked evaporation.

Constipation, if permitted to exist for any period, is always
dangerous ; hardened faBces are one of the surest causes of enteritis.
Musty hay and dusty oats and chaff sometimes find their way to
the horse's mouth. This represents an injurious form of diet which
should never find a place in the rack or manger of any stable ;
but when it does, it is certain to make a dangerous impression on
the bowels. It is folly to seek for profit from a life, and to stint
the nourishment which feeds the strength, or to view cheapness as
desirable where the service is unlimited. It is wicked to imprison
a living being and then to regard it only in connection with our
conveniences ; " much care and no spare " is a good stable proverb.
The food makes the work. Omnibus masters know this fact; their
horses perform hard work and eat of the best, however abominably
the generality of these slaves were once lodged. The home of a
London horse is mostly a miserable hole ; heated only by fermenta-
tion, too often undrained, nearly always without sufficient venti-
lation. The stall of such a building is large enough for the animal
to stand in, and not wide enough for the recumbent frame to rest
in ; the roof is low, and the refuse of the body is piled near the
entrance. "When will man learn that his interest is best consulted
by the proper observances due to vitality in every form ? A horse
cannot be treated as though it were a jug; it cannot be placed
upon a shelf and taken down when required. The functions
which nature has placed within a beautiful and exquisitely framed
body will, if thus regarded, soon become deranged. Sickness will
soon cost more money than health would have required for its
sustainment ; and, in the end, he wlio strives to blend the animate

ENTERITIS. 185

and the inanimate will speedily find himself possessed only of the
last description of property.

The predisposing cause may, in most instances, be difficult to
discover; but the premonitory symptoms of enteritis are well
marked. The animal is dull and heavy. It may not notice aught
about it, or it picks at its food ; repeated and violent shivering fits
usher in the attack. "When the above characteristic signs are
observed, at once take away all hay and corn. Bandage the legs,
wliich will be cold ; clothe the body, and, if already diessed, loosen
the surcingle. Litter well the stall, or remove the horse to a loose
box ; give two or three drinks, one every quarter of an hour, con-
taining sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each, one ounce ; water
half-a-pint, and observe the animal without disturbing it. These
symptoms are, however, generally unseen, because the groom is
between the bed-clothes while his charge is suffering.

The primary symptoms of decided enteritis are sometimes mis-
taken for colic, as the early symptoms of the disease are somewhat
similar, in that the animal evinces signs indicative of pains in tlie
intestines. This is unfortunate, for many grooms will attempt
cure by administering gin and pepper, and other potions, useless as
treatment for enteritis. By so doing, valuable time is lost, and
the proper medical measures are deferred until too late to correct
the bad effects produced by injurious medicines.

The primary symptom, to an uninformed observer, may simply
announce a mild fit of gripes. When the shivering has subsided,
the horse rolls, plunges, kicks, etc., as he does in spasmodic
colic. The struggles, however, are less
abandoned and far more mannered in
inflammation of the bowels than in
genuine spasm. The pain, moreover,
which in enteritis accompanies all
movements of the diaphragm, throws
the labour of respiration upon the walls
of the thorax. The ribs can only par-
tially dilate the lungs; nature endea-
vours by quickening the motion to the test for enteritis at the com-
supply the deficiency. In colic, the "encoient or the attack.

breathing is at first only excited by the exertion ; it is deep and
full. At the commencement of spasm the mouth is moist, and in

186

ENTERITIS.

temperature natural ; during enteritis the breathing is very short,
and the mouth is always hot and dry.

The pulse is disturbed only as colic progresses ; in enteritis it
is quick, hard, and wiry, before the disorder is fully established.
The term " wiry " well represents the kind of pulse which accom-
l)anies enteritis. If a thin metallic cord were to strike the finger-
ends somewhat gently, and about seventy times in a minute, it
would impart the same sensation as is communicated by the beat
of the artery during inflammation of the bowels. Besides, by
pressure to the abdomen, a marked distinction between the two
diseases is noticeable : in colic it seems to ease the anguish ; in
enteritis, the horse often cannot bear to have it touched. In

•J HE TEST OF PKESSURE TO THE ABDOMEN TOR ENTrKITIS,

.abdominal disease so many organs are influenced, that everything
becomes, in a vast degree, mystery and confusion. Notwithstand-
ing this, pressure in enteritis never affords relief; sometimes,
however, the hand placed upon the belly will elicit the most
energetic response. The horse will kick with the hind leg, turn
round the head, and violently snap the jaws together. Then, he
who applied so rude a test must stand out of the reach of the
hind foot, at the same time watching the head. Thus, all danger
is readily avoided ; because the ears, the eyes, and nostrils of the
horse express its intentions before these are carried into effect.

All the tests will, however, not warrant certainty. The heat
and dryness of the mouth may proceed from bodily exhaustion ;
the pulse, though highly suspicious, may merely denote general

ENTERITIS. 187

(31811111)91106 rather than declare the particular locality of a dis-
order. The peculiarity of the breatliiiig may only express tempor-
ary faintness; the resistance to pressure is common to many
horses while in health, and the restrained method of the plunges
may be consequent upon the absence of any incitement to greater
energy. Still, when all are put together, they imply a great deal.
Faintness and exhaustion are not to be reconciled with a liard
pulse; the heat of the mouth and the resistance to pressure,
especially M'hen united to the voluntary restraint imposed upon
the motion, certainly warrant a strong inference, and sanction no
belief that colic is the sufferer's complaint. Happily, however,
there remains a mode of assuring the most hesitating individual.
The coat must be pulled off, the shirt-sleeves rolled up, and the
arm be well greased or thoroughly
soaped. About this there must be no /?*?°% jF^

false delicacy; in human surgery and ^=— ""^^^^^V-^fe^
in veterinary practice many things v^"^-. ' ' WT^^^i^P

have to be surmounted which do not v>; /IiIwrS^

read well when described in cold print. ^-^ — -^^ „ J J f^^m
In this instance, the intention is to >)\ \^ 11^^

relieve a suffering life — the motive will '^wW^^^m

elevate the act. The fingers of the jfn H ^

right hand are to be compressed, while / / ' 7 \^ ^

the left hand raises the tail; the pusi- ~~~'^^S^^^^^^^
tion is on the left side, as near to the ^ otmain test for entef.itis.
feet as may be possible. Being there,

the points of the compressed fingers are brought to bear upon the
centre of the anus ; gentle and equable pressure is maintained
until the resistance of the sphincter muscle is tired out; even
then no haste is warranted. Upon the hand penetrating tlie body,
a cavity is entered ; here there is generally some dung, the removal
of which constitutes what is called " back-raking." In enteritis
the excrement is hard, dry, offensive, in small and dark lumps,
upon the surface of which lie streaks of white mucus. This being
done, the arm must be re-greased or again moistened with water,
and the hand gradually advanced to ascertain tlie temperature of
the intestines. If the health be undisturbed, the operator will be
conscious only of a genial glow ; should inflammation exist, the
augmentation of the natural heat will be most decided.

188

ENTERITIS.

All is then certainty ; no further doubt is justifiable, and no
additional symptom need be looked for. The nature of the case is
determined ; and should it be enteritis, every moment is indeed
precious.

Administer at once the followincr mixture : —

Aconite root, in powder
Sulphuric ether . . .
Laudanum . . . .
Extract of belladonna .

Half a drachm.
Three ounces.
Three ounces.
One drachm.

(Rubbed down in water) One pint and a half.

These driuks should be administered as the pain, pulse, and
the general appearance seem to demand them ; they may be
employed every half-hour if requisite. When the pulse is quiet,
withdraw the aconite ; should the pain subside, remove the bella-
donna. The ether and laudanum may be diminished as the horse
appears to be more comfortable.

Should the symptoms denote a dead, lingering pain in the
abdomen after the administration of the eighth drink, procure
some strong liquor ammonia. Dilute this with six times its bulk
of cold water. Saturate a stout cloth with the dilution; lay the

THE APPLICATION OF AV AMMONIACAL BLISTER IN ENTERITIS.

cloth upon several folds of rug ; obtain four resolute men with not
very sensitive eyes or noses, and let them hold the cloth close to
the animal's abdomen.

The action of the ammonia must be from time to time observed.

ENTERITIS. 189

It is a most powerful agent. In certain states it can blister in ten
minutes ; in other conditions it requires half an hour to take that
effect. It is very uncertain ; but, if held too long, it may dissolve
the skin, and leave behind a fearful sore, which will establish a
lasting blemish. He who employs it will understand he is using
that which must not be abused. The removal of the cloth allows
the ammonia to evaporate and, consequently, at any moment,
effectually checks all further action.

When all is accomplished, should the progress of the disease
be effectually stayed, but the cure not be complete, administer
every other hour two drachms of carbonate of ammonia in a pint
of thin linseed tea. But stop all the other medicine as soon as
the subsidence of the symptoms will permit. The food is now of
all importance. Bran mashes and hay tea would act injuriously ;
thin oatmeal gruel must alone sustain the body for the first day
after recovery. On the next day, a feed of boiled roots may be
introduced ; but not the whole quantity at once — that must be
divided into three meals. Then the amount may be doubled, and
thus the full bulk of provender be by degrees attained ; afterwards,
a few crushed and scalded oats may be mixed with the rest at
each meal, but it should be some time before hay is permitted to
irritate and distend the lately inflamed surfaces.

Enteritis is a fearful disorder ; he who has witnessed one death
by that terrible malady should have received an awful rebuke.
The post-mortem examination best describes the violence of the
affection. The intestines, generally the large intestines, are black
and swollen ; often, in colour, they approach to a green. Their
structure is destroyed ; they tear upon a touch, and are so loaded
with inflamed blood that one division of the bowels may form no
inconsiderable burthen for a strong man.

The above directions, the intelligent reader will fully com-
prehend, are not pronounced in any absolute sense. No two cases
of any violent disorder are precisely similar ; the forms, therefore,
prescribed in these pages admit of variations. They are given
only as suited to the generality of attacks ; they may be lessened
or augmented, as circumstances demand, or as discretion dictates.
It would be as easy to make a shoe which should fit all feet as to
name medicines, or point out the quantities which should be
adapted to all maladies.

190 ACUTE DYSENTERY.

ACUl'E DYSENTERY.

Diarrhoea may be banished from the list of diseases to which
horse flesh is liable. Certain animals will purge during work,
others will scour upon the slightest change of diet ; such pecu-
liarities, however, mostly check themselves — they demand very
slight or no remedial treatment. Unlike diarrhoea in the human
subject, they never terminate in death ; but dysentery is as violent
as diarrhoea is mild. The length and size of the intestines renders
any disease within them a very serious affair. There are two
kinds of dysentery, the acute and the chronic ; the acute form of
disease will constitute the subject of the present article.

The cause of acute dysentery is always some acrid substance
taken into the stomach ; generally aloes, combined with some
preparation of croton: other substances will, however, induce
an inflammatory purgation, v/hich is usually designated super-
purgation. Such a result may ensue upon the injudicious use
of arsenic, corrosive sublimate, tartar emetic, blue stone, etc., etc.
Many of these substances will be eaten if mixed with the corn —
the instinct which protects the lives of other animals being
destroyed in the horse by ages of domestication. Others may be
ignorantly administered with the very best of intention.

The symptoms often are obscure at the commencement ; there
is abdominal pain ; so there is in most intestinal disorders. The
agony may readily be mistaken for the pangs attendant on
spasmodic colic. On other occasions the suffering may be slight,
not even sufficient at first to destroy the appetite, No poison acts
upon two bodies in precisely the same manner ; violent purgation
is generally the first marked sign which makes known the nature
of the disorder. The ficces soon become mere discoloured water ;
the thirst is then excessive ; the stench is most offensive ; the
jmlse, from being hard, shortly becomes thick and feeble, and
ultimately it is intermittent ; the countenance is haggard ; the posi-
tion of the body expresses abdominal pain. Perspirations break
forth in patches ; tympanitis starts up, and death speedily ensues.

It is of little use to inquire, while the animal is suffering,
what has provoked the super-purgation ; it is then most desirable,
if possible, to remove the effect. The best chance of accomplishing
this is by destroying the pain that exhausts tlie strength, thereby

ACUTE DYSENTERY.

191

affording nature the better chance of vanquishing the irritation.
Ether, opium, belladonna, chalk, and catechu present the best means

A HORSE SUFFERING FROM DRASTIC POISON.

of doing this. These agents, when combined, support tlie body, allay
the anguish, and check the purgation ; blended with thick linseed-
tea, which will in some measure supply the mucus lost to the
bowels. They, tiierefore, form a good drink for most occasions : —

Sulphuric ether One ounce.

Laudanum Three ounces.

Liquor potassas Hidf-an-ounce.

Powdered chalk One ounce.

Tincture of catechu .... One ounce.

Cold linseed tea One i)int.

Gi\e, throughout the acute stage, every quarter of an hour.

At the same time, cleanse the quarters, plait up the tail, and
throw up copious injections of cold linseed-tea. Expect the horse to
become greatly prostrated when amendment commences. The entire
of the irritating agent must be expelled from the body before im-
provement can be witnessed. The subsequent recovery is announced
by a pause in the symptoms ; the disease appears to be stationary ;
whereas, previously, everything denoted a htistening termination.

That pause is one of suspense, for no one can say what wiJJ^

192 ACUTE DYSENTERY.

follow; sometimes the cessation of agony precedes immediate
dissolution ; sometimes recovery dates from that event. The
animal, upon the slightest change being exhibited, must still
be assiduously attended. Care must never cease ; and, after
recovery is confirmed, the food, for a week, must consist of linseed
tea, hay tea, and gruel. On the expiration of the week, a few
boiled roots may be added, three of the drinks previously ordered
being administered every day. Do not bother about the bowels ; no
matter should the animal be constipated for a fortnight subsequent
to the thorough emptying of acute dysentery. Upon the termina-
tion of a fortnight, stop all medicine, and allow some crushed,
scalded oats and beans ; withdraw some of the slops as the solids
advance ; but let a full month expire before a drop of cold water
or a mouthful of hay are permitted to be swallowed.

To escape the loss of so large a piece of property as a living
horse, it is imperative the notion should be abandoned which
asserts that, because the horse can swallow most opening medicines
with impunity, a strong purgative cannot otherwise than benefit
the animal ; the deduction is not fairly drawn. But not to follow
up too closely so lame a prey, aloes is the general purgative in the
stable ; it is a drug which should never be entrusted to the hands
of the groom. The difference between the necessary and the
poisonous dose is too close for the uneducated to comprehend it ;
more horses have been slaughtered with aloes than have perished
from all the other poisons conjoined. Yet, grooms are particularly
fond of this medicine ; the dangerous drug enters into every ball
which is popular in the stable. No matter how opposite the end
desired may be — in the groom's opinion, aloes must produce it.
Like the majority of the uneducated, the stableman rejoices in a
strong purge. Tenesmus is his delight ; he loves to see sixteen or
eighteen full motions, and then he cannot comprehend why the
horse is weak, since the physic passed beautifully through him !

Of all persons living, grooms generally are the most prejudiced
and the worst informed. All advice is disregarded. Should the
master speak, the groom shakes his head, and after the lecture is
ended, inquires of himself, "What the old buffer can know about
ii?" Here is the curse of horses! Gentlemen transfer them to
the custody of the uneducated. The groom is accepted as an
authority ; the master asks for, and is mostly governed by, the

CHRONIC DYSENTERY. 193

opinion of an inferior. No other servant possesses s'ncli a power ;
no domestic more abuses his position ; the carriage and the harness
maker, the corn mercliant and the veterinary surgeon all pay this
person five per cent, upon the employer's hills ; nothing comes on
to the premises but the man claims a profit from it ; nothing
leaves the stable but is regarded as his perquisite. He thus,
while occupying a situation of trust, has an absolute interest
in the extravagance of the expenditure. Wear and tear of the
articles over which he watches bring to him actual emolument ; his
interest and his duty are at war ; and when a weak person has to de-
cide the battle it is easy to understand on which part the victory
will be declared.

CHRONIC DYSENTERY.

This affliction is not so common amongst horses as it is with
cattle ; neither is it so frequent at the present day as it appears to
have formerly been. Once it was termed " molten grease," from
an unfounded notion that liquid fat was discharged with the
faeces. Now it is known that what our ancestors took for grease
is no more than the mucus which is expelled during every form of
severe intestinal irritation.

The cause of chronic dysentery among horses is not well
understood. It is said to follow diarrhoea ; but such an explana-
tion seems to confound the commencement of one disorder with
the establishment of another disease. Horses having chronic
dysentery are generally old animals, which are subject to the will
of a very poor or a very penurious man. They are badly kept,
and may have to grub a scanty living from lanes and hedgerows ;
also, they are goaded to hard work, upon watery food and sour
grass. In such cases, disturbance of the bow^els should be early
attended to. The food should be immediately changed. Good
sound oats and beans should be freely given, while the following
drink is administered thrice daily : —

Crude opium .... Half-an-ounce.

Liquor potassse .... One ounce.

Chalk One ounce.

Tincture of allspice . . One ounce.

Alum Half-an-ounce

Mix, with a quart of good ale, stir briskly, and give.

194

CHRONIC DYSENTERY.

Shoukl the primary symptom not be attended to, profuse
purgation may ensue without excitement, but always will happen
upon any exertion, or the drinking of cold water. Violent strain-
ing often follows ; the belly enlarges ; the flesh wastes ; the bones
protrude ; the skin is hidebound ; the visible mucous membranes
become pallid ; weakness increases ; perspiration often bursts
forth without occasion ; the horse will stand still for hours, not
grazing nor seemingly being conscious that grass was within its
reach.

At length, a living skeleton alone remains of that which was a

"-^-fer^^-^^^^x^^-^^w^^^^^^^

A HORSE SUFFERINO UNDER CHRONIC DYSENTERY.

horse. The eyes have a sh-epy, sad, and pathetic expression ;
the head is often turned slowly towards the flanks; the sight
remains fixed for some moments upon the seat of pain ; the horse
stands on one spot, or only changes it when the bowels are about
to act ; colic at length sets in, though frequently it is pre-
sent earlier; and the wretched quadruped then fades speedily
away.

It is a general practice to turn animals, suffering from chronic
dysentery, upon some village common. The horse is put there
with scanty food and no shelter, under a plea of humanity, or, " to
give the old 'oss a last chance." There can be no feeling in placing

CHRONIC DYSENTERY. 195

a diseased animal far away from sight or help, where it must pine,
shiver and starve, in a dreary solitude.

Supposing tlie affected life to be claimed by a generous master,
either of the following drinks may be given, thrice daily: —

Sulphuric ether One ounce.

Laudanum Three ounces.

Liquor potassie Half-an-ounce,

Powdered chalk One ounce.

Tincture of catechu .... One ounce.

Cold linseed tea, .... One pint.

Chloroform Hnlf-an-ouuce.

Extract of belladona . . . Half-a-drachni.

Carbonate of ammonia . . . One drachm.

Powdered camphor .... Half-a-drachm.

Tincture of oak bark . . . One ounce.

Cold linseed tea One pint.

The above drinks may be changed, as either appears to have ceased
to operate. The food should be of the best and lightest description.
Boiled roots, boiled linseed, boiled rice, crushed and boiled malt,
etc., etc. : no hay. The body should be frequently dressed, and
always clothed. A good bed ought to be allowed. The lodging must
be well drained and roomy.

Yet, after all this trouble, a speedy cure is not to be expected ;
and rarely does an old horse, should it recover, prove highly useful ;
and it is unfortunate to know thai such disablement is broucfht
about in nine cases out of ten by excessive labour, hlthy lodging,
and innutritions diet. Each of these causes increases as the age
advances.

Prior to its domestication the horse might not have found on
every spot an abundance of excellent fodder ; but then it was at
liberty to seek a better fare in another place. Man has taken away
all power of choice ; he forces the creature to toil, and obliges it
to eat only that which parsimony may afford to throw before it.
When so vast and so absolute a power is claimed, it becomes a
positive duty to see the mere animal necessities are satisfied : it is
cruel folly to tax the powers and to stint the body. It is a crime
to undertake a trust and then confide the fulfilment of its respon-

19G ACITES.

sibility to an ignorant inferior. It is a sin to seize on life and to
neglect the prisoner you hold in captivity. Where existence is
claimed as a property, and animation is forced to wear out being in
labour for the master's profit, surely the least obligation the
superior could own should be the provision of ample lodging and
fitting sustenance. Both are withheld from the a2;ed horse !

ACITES, OR DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.

In the horse acute peritonitis is unknown, save as the result of
operation ; then its fury takes possession of the cavity and generally
refuses to yield to medicine. It is different, however, with chronic
peritonitis, Avhich, though not a common disorder, is too often
encountered to be esteemed a rare disease. It is, when early
noticed, tractable ; but the earlier symptoms are generally not
understood. The first sign is a ragged coat and a tender state of
the abdomen; the horse, which was passive previously, now shrinks
from the curry-comb, snaps and kicks at him who dresses it. Such
actions are viewed as denoting a return of spirit. Intending to
encourage the favourite quality of the stable, the flank is violently
struck or slapped by the servant ; and the indication forced from
a dumb animal by agony is by grooms regarded as the proof of
reviving animation.

Masters should, in justice to themselves if from no higher
motive, visit the stable more frequently than is their custom. The
horse is all gentleness and simplicity; a groom only knows less
about the animal than a child, for he has acquired notions which
induce him to misinterpret plain actions. Every owner of a stable
should learn to feel and count the horse's pulse ; he should be
acquainted with the normal standard and its healthy character ;
clu'onic peritonitis might then early be discovered. The pulse
"under this disease is hard and small, it vibrates about sixty times
in a minute. The head is pendulous ; the food is oftener spoiled,
rather scattered about than eaten ; the membranes are pale and
the mouth is dry ; pressure upon the abdomen elicits a groan, and
turning in the stall always calls forth a grunt.

When such symptoms are observed, the food should be small
in bulk, but nutritious in quality ; no work should be imposed ; the
medicine should be tonic and alterative: —

ACITES.

197

Stiyclmia . . . . . A quarter of a grain, worked gradually

up to one grain.
Iodide of iron . . . Half-a-drachm, worked gradually up to

one drachm-and-a-half.
One scruple.
A sufficiency.
A sufficiency.

Extract of belladonna
Extract of gentian .
Powdered quassia .

Make into a ball ; give one at night and at morning.

Slight blisters to the abdomen may from time to time act
beneficially in preventing dropsy of the abdomen ; its existence is
usually of an incurable nature.

The symptoms that announce that the serous membrane has
effused water into the abdomen are a want of spirit, constant lying
down and remaining in one position for a long period, perpetual
restlessness, thirst, loss of appetite, thinness, weakness, enlarged
abdomen, constipation, and hide-bound.

The enlargement of the lielly has something peculiar in it ; the
swelling lies towards the inferior portion of the abdomen. Near

v^

A HOIiSE WITH ACITKS, OB ABDOMINAL DKOrSV.

the loins tliere is apparently an enq)ty space ; if the hand be placed
on the enlargement, and another jieison strikes the belly on the
opposite side, a sense of fluctuation can be distinctly felt. If the

198 INFLUENZA.

horse be thrown upon its back the swelling will, with the change
of position, gravitate towards the loins. At length small bags con-
taining fluid depend from the chest and the inferior surface of the
belly. Should the disease be suffered to progress, the sheath and
one leg generally enlarge ; the hair of the mane breaks off, and is
easily pulled out. Where once hung the tail now remains little
more than the dock with a few scattered hairs. Ultimately purga-
tion starts up, which terminates the suffering.

Of course, after effusion, all treatment is powerless — creatures in
the last stage of dropsy presenting sights which the mind shudders
to contemplate ; objects of this kind are sometimes to be seen on
commons in the neighbourhood of London. They are turned out
to die miserably, under the plea of humanity ; the utmost limit of
cruelty is justified or made pleasant by a pretence to sympathy.
The poor horse literally starves ; were there food to eat, the
remaining strength would not serve to collect it. Still, the pro-
prietor is so very humane, he cannot endure to destroy the property
he has paid for ; the poor animal is therefore thrust forth to cheaply
live or to die without trouble to its owner.

INFLUENZA

Eages as an epizootic. It may confine itself to circumscribed
spots, but usually takes a line of its own from north to south, being
bound to the east and west by an easily recognised boundary, and
is caused by waves of air within which some injurious influence
or parasitic life is conveyed to the equine system. It may rage
throughout the kingdom, or it may be located upon a very circum-
scribed spot. In a disorder so eccentric it is very difficult to decide
the question whether or not it is contagious. It commonly runs
through the stable in which it appears, but it does not invariably
attack every animal within the building. It may, in a large edifice,
first seize the horse nearest the door, then travel to the stall furthest
from the entrance ; thus, it skips about without regularity, and
often spares many individuals.

Any devitalising cause is calculated to produce this affection.
Bad drainage and ineffective ventilation, insufficient breathing space,
etc., all tend to deplete the equine systems, and render them easy
recipients of disease, and of influenza in particular, which is

INFLUENZA.

199

ushered in by the animal becoming dull, and exhibiting a dislike to
move. Local swellings occur, associated with heat and a pain at
the joints ; the muscular and digestive functions are acutely dis-
ordered ; and the rapid wasting of flesh demonstrates not only
that the absorbents are excited, but that the whole system is
deranged.

Youth, or rather the approach of adultism, is the favourite season
for the attack, which is most prevalent during the spring-time of the
year. There is, however, no period or any age altogether exempt
from its influence.

All kinds of treatment have been experimented with. Bleeding,
purging, blistering, setoning have all been tried, and each has de-
stroyed more lives than the ^^'hole can boast of having saved ; expe-
rience has, by slow degrees, shown the inutility of active treatment.
Bold measures, as those plans are termed, which add to another's
suffering, commonly end in hydrothorax or water on the chest.

Injection or redness of the conjunctiva, or white of the eye, is a
very characteristic sign of this disorder. Whenever seen, associated
with weakness, caution should be practised, for it is ten to one that
the pestilence is approaching.

The primary symptoms of local and more general congestion are
rapidly succeeded by short breatli, inflamed membranes, swollen

CONFIRMED INFLOENZA.

lips, dry mouth, enlarged eylids, copious tears, sore throac, tucked
up flanks, compressed tail, filled legs, big joints, lameness and hot
feet. Auscultation may detect a grating sound at the chest, or a

200 INFLUENZA.

noise like brickbcats falling down stairs at the windpipe : whenever
this last peculiarity is audible there is a copious nasal discharge.
Sometimes one foot is actually painful, and, notwithstanding the
weakness, the leg is held in the air. Purgation has been witnessed,
although constipation usually prevails, and the animal generally
stands during the continuance of the disorder.

Move the horse slowly to a well-littered, loose box ; mind the
door does not open to the north or to the east. No food will be
eaten ; but suspend a pail of well-made gruel within easy reach of
the animal's head. Let the gruel be changed, or the receptacle re-
plerushed at stated periods, thrice daily.

All physic must be administered with great caution, as the
system is too devitalised to bear even the slightest exhibition of
medicine. In the early stage, as the patient will not eat, give
thrice daily, in a quart of gruel, one drachm of carbonate of
ammonia, and continue this simple treatment fur two or three
days, and afterwards, should the symptoms abate, increase the
allowance of gruel and mix in it, in addition to the ammonia, half
a drachm of cinchona bark. This may be continued until the
patient begins to eat. The reviser has little faith in medicines for
iniluenza — good nursing is the most useful remedy. The malad-
ministration of medicine has killed thousands of horses, which a
proper system of dietary, due attention to hygienic laws and care-
ful nursing would have prevented.

The very simple treatment prescribed has been the means of
curing hundreds of cases which have occurred in the reviser's
practice. He therefore confidently recommends it to his readers.
When the horse begins to take manger-food start by giving oat-
meal gruel, tlien crushed oats and boiled carrots. Give only a small
(quantity at a time, just as much as the animal will eat at a meal;
do not let any provender be left in the manger to get sour. If you
have fed at one o'clock, and find any food left in the manger at
four, clear it away and well cleanse out the trough. Keep the
liorse and the loose box scrupulously clean and, when necessary,
use disinfectants. This treatment, if conscientiously carried out,
will be attended with beneficial results in effecting cure.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

201

ABDOMINAL INJURIES,

These are of various kinds. They difier materially, but they all
provoke inflammation of the vast serous membranes lining the ab-
dominal cavity ; and their symptoms are, therefore, too nearly alike
to be distinguished from each other. A mere list of such perils
must astonish the reader; and his pity will be excited when he
learns that such accidents, numerous as they are, generate the
most violent agony, ruptured spleen, ruptured intestines, strangula-
tion, intro-susception, impactment, and calculus.

Euptured diaphragm is attended with a soft cough, and symp-
toms of broken wind (occasioned by the almost sole employment of

AN UNNATURAL BUT USUAL ATTITUDE, INDICATIVE OF RUPTURE OF THE DIAPHRAQM.

the abdominal muscles) with sitting on the haunches. Still, Pro-
fessor Spooner, late of the lloyal Veterinary College, mentioned in
his lectures that an animal, belonging to the Zoological Society,
lived two years with a ruptured diaphragm, through which the bowel
protruded into the thorax. In the horse such a lesion is speedily
fatal.

A position so imnatural as that of sitting on the haunches may
denote something very wrong to be present ; but thougii a common
sign of this injury, it must not be looked upon as a never failing
symptom of it, as animals are known to have assumed it and sub-

202

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

sequenlly to have recovered. The diaphragm, when it yields,
generally gives way upon the tendinous portion. Through the
opening the peristaltic action soon causes the bowels to obtrude ;

A POSITION OFTEN ASSUMED BY THE HORSE SUFFERINO FROM ABDOMINAL INJURT.

and death is produced by displacement and strangulation of the
intestine. The posture, previously delineated, is noticed in other
injuries of the abdomen ; so is the opposite peculiarity — or the
horse remaining upon its chest. The last attitude may not, to
most persons, appear so strange, seeing that the creature assumes it

TEST FOK U.i;MOHKHA(jK KKoM lllE SPLEEN.

whenever it rises or lies down. Then, however, it is only momen-
tary. When it denotes abdominal injury it is comparatively of
long continuance. At the same time, the breathiug and the
countenance bespeak the greatest internal anguish.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES. 203

Ruptured spleen is the gentlest death of all those which spring
from abdominal injury. It has been discovered, after death, of
enormous size ; but the symptoms, during life, had not led to the
expectation of any very serious disorder. Euptured spleen and rup-
tured liver are both productive of similar symptoms ; both answer
to the same tests, and the termination of each is alike.

Ruptured stomach mostly happens with old and enfeebled horses.
Night cab-horses are very liable to it ; so, also, are animals of heavy
draught. The drivers often neglect to take out the nose-bags.
The horse's most urgent necessities always yield to man's passing
convenience ; so the creature has to journey far or to remain out
till the empty stomach grows debilitated. It is then taken home
and placed before abundance. Elsewhere this folly has been com-
mented upon. It was shown that light food and perfect rest
were the best restoratives for an exliausted frame. The drivers,
however, refuse to be taught. The
horse eats and eats. No contraction
of the exhausted stomach warns the
animal when to stop. The viscus is
crammed. Then digestion endea-
vours to commence. With rest, tlie
organ recovers some tone. The mus-
cular coat of the sac starts into action,
and, encountering opposition, the
vital powers exert themselves with the greater energy. The stomach
is thus burst by its own inherent force; the largest division of its
various structures always being exhibited by the elastic peritoneal
covering, the lesser rent being left upon the inelastic mucous lining
membrane. Excessive colic, followed by tympanitis, are the only
general symptoms which attend ruptured stomach. The history of
the case, if it can be obtained, is however a better guide ; but there
are too often interested motives for distorting the facts. Vomition
through the nostrils has been thought to particularise ruptured
stomach; but experience has ascertained that vomition may be
induced by any lesion which is sufficiently great to cause revulsion
of the system.

Intro-susception is always preceded by colic. The last-named
affection causes portions of the bowels to contract. Such contracted
intestines become small, firm, and stiff. Tliey are, while in that

A RVPTCRED STOMACH.

204

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

THE INTESTINE DIVIDED
SO AS TO CLEARLY SHOW
THE NATURE OF INTRO-
SUSCEPTION

condition, by tlie peristaltic action, readily pushed up other portions
of the canal, which are of the natural size. The entrance of the
contracted bowel acts upon the healthy tube,
as it were a foreign substance. Contracti-
bility is excited. The displaced and intrud-
ing bowel is grasped as by a vice, and the
accident is of that kind which provokes its
own continuance. Cure is hopeless while
consciousness remains ; the only hope is the
administration of chloroform in full and long
continued doses ; thereby to arrest vitality
and chance the release of the imprisoned gut.
While intro-susception lasts, all passage is effectually stopped.
Inflammation soon commences, and the symptoms of outrageous
colic are exhibited.

Invagination is here used to express the entrance of one entire
division of the bowels within anotlier. In this sense it is chiefly

witnessed upon the large intestines ;
whereas intro-susception is mostly
present upon the smaller bowels.
The mesentery must be ruptured
lu'fore such an accident can take
place ; but then the agony attendant
upon the previous derangement is so
])0\verful that it is impossible for the
hugeness of this lesion to increase
the violence of the torture ; nor is
there any sign by which so sad a
catastrophe can be predicated.

Before strangulation can possibly occur, the mesentery must be
sundered. It almost always happens to a portion of the small in-
testines. The bowel, freed from its support, soon involves itself
with numerous complications ; or the rent membrane may twine
round a knuckle of tlie gut.

The above illustration, however, shows one of the simplest forms
in which the accident can possibly take place ; but no person,
however acute, could distinguish between strangulation from rupture
of the intestines. The last generally occurs upon the smaller bowels
and happens to the interspaces upon the superior portion of the

TriE OCECUM INVAGINATED WITHIN THE
COLON, AND BLACK FROM INTENSE
INFLAMMATION.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

205

tube, between the vessels wliich nourish the digestive canal.
The ingesta is, consequently, forced between the layers of the

A KNUCKLE OF INTUSTiyE
STRANGULATED BY THE
RUPTURED MESENTERY.

iCWURE OF THE SMALL

INTESTINES.

mesentery. The most intense anguish, inflammation and death,
are the consequences.

Calculus or stone may be present, eitlier in the stomach or in
the canal. Those in the stomach are of small size ; those within
the intestines may attain the weight of more than twenty pounds.
Those of the stomach are always smooth, as, also, may be those of
the bowels. To the intestines, however, there are common three
kinds of, or differently composed, calculi: the triple phosphate, or
the earthy ; one formed of the minute hairs which originally sur-
rounded the kernel of the oat ; and another composed of dung,
held together by the mucous secretion of the bowel. Any of these
calculi may, as the size increases, gradually stretch the intestine ;
thus forming a living sac, within which the stone abides. While
it remains there, the food passes over it and no injury is occasioned.
But, by any movement, it is likely to be dislodged and thrown into
the healthy channel. There it is tirmly grasped with such force as
to produce rupture of the intestine,
and the hold is only relaxed after
inflammation has ended in morti-
fication and in death. The bowels,
in truth, are impacted by calculus.
The passage is stopped. However
different the causes of abdominal
injury may appear, they are each
generally characterised by the
severest possible abdominal pain.
This symptom is often so violent that the agony conceals all
other indications ; or, if any others can be exhibited, they are so

THE SAC FORMED IN THE BOWEL : THIS THE
CALCULUS HAS QUITTED, WHILE ANOTHER
PORTION OF THE INTESTINE HAS SO FIRMLY
GRASPED IT AS TO RUPTURE ITSELF.

206 ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

partially shown and displayed for so very biief a space as not to
permit of their being rightly interpreted.

Of all horses, miller's are the most subject to the accumu-
lation of intestinal calculi. This is owing to the fact that small
pieces of the mill stones find their way into the bran, etc., that their
horses are fed upon, and are conveyed by sucli food to the intestines,
where they act as so many nuclei around which the phosphate of
lime aggregates to form calculi. It is seldom a calculus is without
a nucleus or centre fragment, whether it be a nail, a small piece of
wood, or some foreign agent that does not act as an incentive to
the creation of calculus concretions. This proves how cautious
horse-keepers should be in having all dust, grit, etc., well sifted
from the provender they are about to feed their horses on. By so
doing, the nuclei would have little chance of entering the equine
stomach, and the occurrence of calculi would not be so frequent.

Abdominal injuries are, probably, the sources of the greatest
agony horse-flesh can endure. To account for the generality of such
lesions, it is merely necessary to regard the places in which horses
are housed, and the manner in which they are fed. In the owner's
estimation a horse seems to be a horse in the same sense as a table
is a table. Both objects are necessary to his comfort, to his pride,
or to his profit. Neither have higher claims. Both are to be used
and to be flung aside. The one is to be cleaned and repaired at
the cheapest rate ; the other is to be lodged and supported at the
lowest cost. "When either grows old in his service, each is equally
to be discarded. The two things apparently rank in man's estima-
tion as simple chattels, subject to his will and made to please his
fancy. That there is a huge life, a breathing sensibility attached
to one of these articles ; that it delights in its master's pleasure,
and, if properly trained, it is capable of sharing its master's
emotions, is so preposterous a sentimentality as to be "with scorn
rejected."

Nobody speaks of the horse as a creature enjoying man's highest
gift — as a living animal. Everybody talks about his or her consti-
tution, but no one imagines the horse has a constitution which can
be destroyed. All horses are expected to thrive equally. They
are regarded as things to be used, and to be sold or packed away
when not required. They are obliged to live by man's direction,
and are expected to display the highest spirit whenever they are

WORMS. 207

talven abroad. Should it be astonishing if the framework Nature
has so exquisitely balanced occasionally becomes deranged under
man's barbarous and selfish sway ? Is it cause for legitimate won-
der if, under so coarse a rule, disease sometimes assumes strange
forms, or attacks parts which are beyond the reach of human
science ?

WORMS.

Worms are of various kinds ; but all, according to the notions
of ignorance, announce their presence by particular symptoms.
The parasites, when really present, can however cause no more
than intestinal irritation, the continuance of which may give rise
to several disorders. Chronic indigestion is, by the groom, always
recognised as a " wormy condition."

The only certain proof of the existence of such annoyances is
visible evidence. Upon suspicion, careful horse-proprietors may
administer certain medicine, because some physics only cool the
body and cleanse the system. The generality of worm-powders
are, however, too potent to be safe. Like all drugs sold as " certain
cures " they are so powerful that tliey frequently do more than
remove the disorder which they pretend to eradicate — for they
also destroy the animals to which they are administered.

Having premised thus much, the author will now commence to
describe the usual form of irritation to which worms of different
kinds give rise.

The parasite especially inimical to colts is the toenia, or tape-
worm, whicli is the result of metamorphosis ; its ])rimary generation
being noticed in bladder worms, whicli are usually met with in the
brains of other animals. ]\Iuch in the past has been written on
parasitic life ; their existence in the intestines has been attributed
to the accumulation of filth, to the poor condition of the recipients
of these creatures ; and many other causes have been mentioned
as favourable to the development of intestinal worms. But our
knowledge now, although by no means perfect, is more advanced
than it was thirty years ago, and the researches in this subject go
to prove that worms are a secondary creation, that their primary
origin exists usually in a bladder worm. For instance, tape-worm
in the dog proceeds from the coenusus cerebralis of the sheep. This
parasite consists of a worm within a bladder, being situated in the

208

WORMS.

THE TCENIA, OR TAPE-WOKM.

ovine braii., and causes the disease known as " sturdy " among sheep.
If this worm be given to the dog it will become a complete indi-
vidual or tape-worm. Again, if a few segments of the taenia — for

they are all self-generating — be given to
the sheep, they will find their way to
the brain of this animal, and cause
there its primary generation — namely,
the coenusus cerebralis : consequently,
it can be understood how involved in
mystery these metamorphoses are ; yet
we can trace many, and therefore the
cause and effect being known, can in
great measure prevent the recurrence
of tapeworm — i.e., by removing the
cause. It is well known that parasites
are more likely to affect animals in
poor condition than those well favoured.
Lice will live and thrive on a poor horse,
but whilst the same creature is getting fat they die out from his
coat, and disappear without even the assistance of any outward
application for their removal ; and internal worms also are usually
found among poor animals, and it would seem that horses in con-
dition are able to withstand the inroads of parasitic life. Although
such is the case, parasites will enter the best regulated constitu-
tions, and their presence is most injurious to all conditions.

The development of the young, when afflicted with the above

parasite, is checked. Though
the appetite, during the time of
rearing is more than good,
the ribs, nevertheless, are not
covered with flesh ; the dung
is not well comminuted — it is
friable, and sometimes partially
coated with slime ; the anus
projects — occasionally it is
soiled by adherent strips of
tenacious mucus, almost like
to membrane ; the coat is unhealthy ; the breath foetid ; the
animal njay rub its nose violently against a wall, or remain straiu-

i-jJ^"

lEBITATION CAUSED BT WORMS. THE NOSE
RUBBED VIOLENTLY AGAINST A WALL.

WORMS.

'209

ing it upward for a considerable time ; the eye becomes un-
naturally bright ; the colt begins to pick and bite its body, often
pulling off hair by the mouthful.

3.\:k£ ^'^/^-

A COLT PICKING THE HAIK FROM ITS LEO BECAUSE OF WORMS.

All this agony and the deprivation of a life depends on the
parsimony of man. Women know that tlie body, during certain
times, requires extra nutriment. Thus, delicate ladies, in peculiar
states, are accustomed to take " hearty pulls " at porter or at stout.
It is very general for physiologists to argue from animals up to
man. Why should not the custom be reversed ? Why should not
veterinary science reason from the human being down to the horse,
and thereby instruct the stolid in the necessary requirements of
the mare during particular states ? " Stint the dam and starve the
foal," is certainly a true proverb.

Toenia is best destroyed by areca nut powder. Powder the
nut yourself, and administer a drachm of it in butter wrapped
in paper, twice in one week. Sometimes such exhibitions
will clear the intestines of this worm. If they do not, repeat
the doses. For older animals the quantity of the nut may be
doubled.

This probably may kill the worms ; but as every link of the
toenia is a distinct animal, of both sexes, and capable of producing
itself, the eggs must be numerous. For the destruction of these,
nourishing prepared food is essential, such as gruel, scalded oats

'210

WORMS.

etc. ; but little or no hay. At the same time, a tonic will be of all
service. Take —

Liquor arsenicalis . . .
Muriated tincture of iron

Extract of belladonna
Ale or good stout . . .

From one to eight drachms.
From one-and-a-half to twelve
drachms.

From ten grains to two drachms.

Half-a-pint to a quart.

Mix. Give every morning to the animal (strength being propor-
tioned to age), till the coat is glossy.

Lumbrici are more dreadful to contemplate than they appear
to be fearful in reality ; specimens are not rare which measure
eighteen inches. This worm preys upon the weakly, be they old
or young. One tcenia will produce immense disturbance, whereas

THE LUMBRICUS, A WORM NOT
PECULIAR TO HORSES. ONE-
FOURTH OF THE NATURAL SIZE.

AN ASCARIDES,
NATURAL SIZE.

A STR0NGULU3,
NATURAL SIZE.

numbers of the lumbrici will cause little or no effect. Whoever
has remarked the dunghill in a knacker's yard has seen it to con-
sist quite as much of lumbrici as of excrement. The parasites
may be removed by giving areca nut powder as above indicated,
or by administering two drachms of tartarised antimony with a
sufficiency of common mass, as a ball, every morning, until the
parasites are expelled.

ASCARIDES AND STRONGULI.

These parasites inhabit the large intestines. They produce
extraordinary ravages, notwithstanding their insignificant appear-

ASCARIDES AND STRONGULI.

211

ance. The stronguli will sometimes eat through important
structures, but the ascarides are always located within the
rectum. Then, most medicines, being deprived of activity, are
inoperative before they reach the last locality. For this reason,
it is best to commence the treatment with injections of train oil.
Should these be followed by no result, at the expiration of a week

a. The sole opening by
which air can enter. It is
placed upon the ground and
guarded by a valve ; so that
air, after having entered, can-
not leave the instrument by
this opening.

6. The box containing
lighted tobacco, through
which all air drawn into the
instrument must necessarily
pass.

c. The pump.

d. The end of the tube
through which tlie fumes are
driven.

To load the instrument : un-
screw the lid of the box. Fill
that with lighted tobacco.
Fix on the lid again. Rest
the air entrance upon the
ground, and move the handle
of the pump up and down.
By this movement the air is
first drawn through the
lighted tobacco into the
pump, and is then sent
through the tube.

THE APPARATUS BY MEANS OF WHICH A TOBACCO SMOKE ENEMA IS ADMINISTERED.

f water ;
animal.

resort to a solution of catechu — one ounce to the quart o
give that for seven morning.s. Upon the eighth, mash the
and at night administer a mild physic
ball ; about four drachms of aloes and one
drachm of calomel. Eepeat the medicine,
if required; but if not, resort at once to
the arsenicalis and ale or stout, which was
recently recommended.

Tobacco smoke enemas are sometimes
efficacious, when all the previous measures
are powerless. Frequently the posterior
irritation is distressing. It is sometimes
so provoking that the horse will thereby
be induced to destroy its personal a])pear-
ance, by rubbing the tail and quarter
violently against the wall, or any rough
surface within its reach. In such cases the injections of train oil
are most likely to prove beneficial ; the local itching may be in

A HORSE THAT HAS RlIBBEn IT-
SELF VIOLENTLY AGAINST A WALL

212 SPASMODIC COLIC, ETC. "

some measure removed by inserting up the anus a portion of the
following ointment, night and morning —

Glycerine Half-an-ounce.

Spermaceti One ounce.

Melt the last and blend. When nearly cold, add —

Mercurial ointment (strong) Three drachms.

Powdered camphor . . . Three drachms.

SPASMODIC COLIC. FRET. GRIPES.

Spasmodic colic is an affection which every loiterer about a
stable from a postboy to a farrier, imagines he is able to cure.
Many attacks, no doubt, would depart of themselves, others might
be removed by simple motion. Nevertheless such possible remedies
should never be trusted. Neither should gin and pepper, red pepper
and peppermint, hot beer and mustard, rubbing the abdomen with
a broom stick, kneading the belly violently with a man's knee, or
any popular measure be permitted. Such remedies are likely to
get rid of colic by causing enteritis. When inflammation of the
bowels thus originates it is generally fatal, the strength being ex-
hausted and the powers of nature worn out by the previous dis-
order,— not to mention the prepossession of the spectators, which
prevents the more serious disease from being early recognised.
Horses are subject to colic after a long fast. This affection was more
common in the past than at the present time, before the late Pro-
fessor Coleman advised the use of nose-bags, previously to which
period horses were in the habit of going from morning until night
without food. When they arrived home with empty stomachs they
half masticated and half insalivated their food, which, being unpre-
pared for reception into the stomach and thence into the intestines,
caused indigestion of so aggravated a nature as to induce colic.

The horse in a state of nature will keep feeding twenty hours
out of the twenty-four, and that this is his habit can be easily
understood when we remember that his stomach is so small as to be
constantly emptying itself, and therefore requiring more frequent
replenishment with food. If a horse be kept too long fasting, he will,
immediately provender is placed before him, savage it — that is,
he may bolt some portion of it, and imperfectly insalivate the
other. Now, it is a fact that if food be not sufficiently insalivated,

SPASMODIC COLIC, ETC. 213

the gastric juice of the stomach will not act upon it, and conse-
quently one of the first processes of the digestive function is
thereby injuriously interfered with. The ingesta has not been
properly prepared for the bile and other secretions to act upon, and
is therefore unprepared to pass into the intestines with impunity.

Any cause may kindle colic. It is common after fast driving ;
hence many gentlemen take colic drinks to Epsom races. That
affection, which in ladies is designated spasms, in gentlemen is
called pain in the bowels, and
in children is known as the
belly-ache, is, in the horse,
colic ; and, from the largeness
of the animal's intestines, the
affection probably provokes
more anguish in the quadruped
than the same disorder does in ^'^^^^.X^Bf L^^DTcoLr" ""'
the entire human race. Under ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ .^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^„,,^

whatever term it may be reCOg- vascular by the blood being spasmodically driven

•' o out of other portions of the tube.

nised, spasmodic colic is never ^J'- ^ potion of the tube much diminished by

' ^ the presence of abdominal spasm.

more than partial contraction «•. P^ P^U'd appearance, denoting the place

i which colic has recently attacked.

of the muscular coat of the

intestines. The action so compresses a part of the tube as to expel
the blood, and render the natural pink of the tissues for some time
after the disorder has departed a glistening white. The blood,
driven from particular spots, is forced into those parts in which
no disease exists. Excess of blood predisposes to inflammation ;
hence we probably trace the reason why, if spasmodic colic be
suffered to continue, the affection is so apt to end in incurable
enteritis.

Colic most often attacks the small intestines, though the disease
is by no means confined to those parts. It first occurs on a limited
space ; presently it vanishes altogether, and afterwards reappears
on some distant portion of the alimentary canal ; or, in other Avords,
colic dodges about, its attacks becoming more numerous and the
intermissions shorter as the period of its comuencement grows
more distant. Change of water, change of food, getting wet,
fatiguing journeys are all likely to originate it ; but perhaps it is
most frequently exhibited when no known cause is in operation.

Colic always commences suddenly; it starts into life ready

214

SPASMODIC COLIC, ETC.

armed for mischief. The animal may be apparently well and feed-
ing. Without visible cause the head is raised and the occupation
ceases. Should the pfiin last, the hind foot is lifted to strike the
belly, and the fore leg begins to scrape the pavement. The groom,
who has merely left to procure a pail of water from an adjacent
pump, on his return discovers his charge exhibiting evident signs
of uneasiness. As the man stares, wondering what can be the

THE FIRST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

matter, the horse is pawing, and the nose slowly points to the
liank. All then is explained. Fret is the matter, and it would
be "fret" should the disease prove to be of a very different nature.
While the horse is being watched, every indication of disturb-
ance may disappear. The countenance tranquillises, and the nose

TIIE SECOND STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

is again inserted into the manger. A few minutes elapse, and tlie
pangs are renewed. The second fit may last longer, and be slightly

SPASMODIC COLIC, ETC.

215

more severe. Then another, but a more short period of ease fol-
lows ; thus the visitations will ensue uj)on spaces of entire exemp-
tion from anguish. The recommencement of agony usually is
denoted by a disposition to lie down. The animal crouches ; next
it turns round, as though the intention was to stretch out the limbs ;
but, suddenly, the erect attitude is assumed — the design lately so
nearly executed having been forgotten. Then pawing and striking
at the abdomen quickly follow, and while the horse looks towards
the flank, a morbid fire is perceptible in the eye.

No relief being afforded, the pains lengthen, while the inter-
vals of tranquillity become shorter. The action grows more fierce
and the aspect more wild. The pawing is more brief, but more

THE THIRD STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

energetic ; often, during its continuance, the foot is raised and
violently stamped upon the ground. The animal now does not
attempt to feed, but stares for a minute at a time, with an
inquiring gaze, towards the abdomen. At length, without warning
or preparation, the body leaps upward, to fall violently upon the
floor. The shock is often fearful ; but the animal, in its torment,
appears to derive ease from the violence. Being down, it rolls
from side to side and kicks about, until one of its feet, touching
the wall, enables the horse to poise itself upon the back.

Should relief not be quickly provided, colic soon passes into
enteritis. The pulse, from being unchanged, at first, then simply
quickened by pain, grows harder and more wiry. The inter-
missions are lost, and though the anguish may for a space be less,
yet, in its continuity, it is more exhausting.

216 SPASMODIC COLIC, ETC.

On the appearance of colic, the morbid action ought to be
immediately counteracted. Administer six drachms of powdered
aloes, two drachms of carbonate of ammonia in a pint of thin
gruel. Sulphuric ether and laudanum should be in the possession
of every horse proprietor. One pint of each — the two being
mixed together, with one ounce of rank oil floating on the top, to
prevent evaporation or mistakes — will be perfectly safe in any
household. The mixture should, however, be well shaken before
it is employed : two ounces of the combination in half-a-pint of
water constitutes an excellent colic drink. Give three of these,
one every ten minutes. If no improvement be displayed, double
the quantity of the active agents and continue the drenches, at
the periods stated : these medicines should be persevered with
until the symptoms disappear.

Upon the earliest symptom, the horse should be removed to a
loose box, amply protected by trusses of straw, ranged against the
walls. Into this the animal should be immediately led, — for the
reader must understand, colic does not always observe the stages
in which it has been described. Occasionally it commences in the
wildest form ; and if a loose box be not at hand, one can always
be extemporised, by removing the carriage from its house, by
throwing the doors wide open, and by placing a bar across the
entrance.

No disease is more quickly dispelled, if treated at the com-
mencement ; nor is there one which, being left to run its course,
occasions greater agony, is more fearful to witness, or leads to
more terrible results, than spasmodic colic. A single dose of aloes
and carbonate of ammonia may vanquish the malady at the
commencement ; yet, if the attack be allowed to progress, the fit
may set all skill and remedial measures at defiance. The principal
attention of the proprietor must be given to prevent the admin-
istration of the " groom's favourite " or other ignorant nostrums.
The case, when properly treated, is cured for a few shillings ; and
a horse cannot be killed with decency for less money.

FLATULENT COLIC, WINDY COLIC, TYMPANITIS, ETC.

This is peculiarly the affection of old age. Horses, though not
so liable to hoven as are horned cattle, nevertheless, may be blown

FLATULENT COLIC, ETC.

217

out, if permitted to gorge upon moist, green food. Flatulent colic,
in the vast majority of instances, however, is not caused by any
special fodder, but springs from disordered digestion ; living for
years upon stimulating diet, breathing a tainted atmosphere, being
now weakened by a long fast, then distressed by a too abundant
supply ; next exhausted by a tedious journey, and subsequently
cramped by days of enforced stagnation ; — all of these things,
ultimately, tell upon the strong body of our domesticated
quadruped. The stomach, as the earliest evidence of general
debility, loses its tonicity. It cannot digest a full meal ; the
provender ferments, gas is released, and flatulent colic is the
consequence.

A traditionary belief current in the stable asserts this disorder
to be provoked by crib-biting, wind-sucking, etc. Tliis is merely
imagination. It is an impossibility for air to be sucked into the
stomach, and thence make a passage for itself to the intestines ;
or, even if it did, we know flatulent colic is caused by the super-
accumulation of carbonic or hydro-sulphuric acid gases, products
of fermentation and decomposition in no way resembling atmo-
spheric air.

The horse which is to be oppressed by flatulent colic exhibits
uneasiness after feeding ; it hangs the head ; breathes laboriously ;
fidgets ; rocks the body, and rests first on one leg, then on the

THE FIRST STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC.

other. These symptoms are exhibited before any enlargement of
the abdomen is to be detected. With the swelling of the belly

218

FLATULENT COLIC, ETC.

pawing commences; that action is, however, far too leisurely
displayed to be for an instant confounded with the same energetic
movement which characterises spasmodic colic.

The horse will stand in one spot throughout the day ; even
the movement of the foot, before noticed, appears to be an
exertion. The eye is sleepy, the pulse heavy, wind frequently
passes from the body, and in such a condition the animal remains,
slowly becoming worse.

Almost in the same place the horse may stand three or four
days ; then the abdomen is much increased in size ; the animal is

A HORSE DYING OF FLATULENT COLIC.

restless ; the pulse is extremely feeble ; the breathing is very
fast ; the pupil of the eye is dilated, and the sight is lost. A
walk, as in a mill, is commenced ; obstacles are run into or upset ;
delirium begins; weak neighs are uttered in reply to visionary
challenges ; the coat is ragged ; copious and partial perspirations
l)reak forth ; the beat of the artery is lost at the jaw ; an inter-
mittent flutter is to be indistinctly felt at the heart. At last, the
limbs fail ; the body falls ; struggles ensue, and the creature dies
in consequence of the distended abdomen compressing the lungs,
thus preventing the breath being inhaled.

Kelief should be afforded before the distress grows urgent

FLATULENT COLIC, ETC. 219

Wheu the flatulence comes on without green provender being
consumed, the chances favour recovery. Even then, however, the
gas may be confined to the stomach, which obliges entire depend-
ence to be placed upon internal remedies. In the beginning, a
ball composed of two drachms of sulphuret of ammonia, with a
sufficiency of extract of gentian and powdered quassia, may be
repeated thrice, half-an-hour being suffered to elapse between each
administration. No benefit ensuing, one ounce of chlorate of
potash, dissolved in a pint of cold water and mingled with two
ounces of sulphuric ether, may, at the expiration of the time
named, be horned down. After another hour, should no amend-
ment be perceptible, two ounces each of sulphuric ether and of
laudanum, half-an-ounce of camphorated spirits, and one drachm
of carbonate of ammonia may be given in a pint of cold water.
Throw up tepid water injections by means of a clyster syringe,
and repeat them if their action is not responded to.

Should the affection appear to be approaching a fatal termina-
tion, and the size of the belly convince the spectator that the gas
has entered the intestines, a desperate remedy remains. The
situation where the vapour has accumulated may be ascertained
by percussion ; gently cut the skin which covers the abdomen on
the left side, over those places indicated by white spots in the
second engraving. A hollow sound will be emitted when the
piroper point has been struck. Be certain of the last fact, as
mistakes made in this operation are very awkward affairs. When
assured, take a sharp-pointed knife, and drawing the skin tight
over the place selected, nick the integument slightly; then take a

A TROCHAR ARMED WITH A. CAKNTJLA FOR PUKCTURtNO THE A.BD011EN,

fine trochar and push it through the opening which has been
made.

This being accomplished, withdraw the stilet, and the gas
should rush out with violence ; be provided with a small probe
to clear the cannula, in case it should become impacted. The
gas being released, the abdomen is reduced ; withdraw the

220

FLATULENT COLIC, ETC.

THE PLACES wnF-RK THE ABDOMEN
MAY BE PUNCTUKED IN THE LAST
STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC.

cannula, and the skin will fly back, effectually excluding all
atmosphere.

The gas, on rare occasions, will be generated a second time ;
therefore, the points where other punctures may be made are

indicated ; for it is never well to
interfere with those openings which
in the first instance were instituted.
However, should the operation have
to be repeated, pull the integument
in the opposite direction ; so as not
to disturb the original wounds into
the abdomen.

Puncturing the abdomen for flatii-
lent colic has been practised, both in
this kingdom and in foreign lands ;
it is by no means a certain success, neither is it a certain failure.
It assuredly requires boldness to perform it ; but, probably, it is
quite as beneficial and far more speedy in its effects than the great
majority of medicinal remedies.

The duration of flatulent colic cannot be absolutely stated ; it
may continue for days, it may be cured in a single hour. How-
ever, should the abdomen be rapidly distended, then the termina-
tion will be sooner reached ; but, be the attack quick or slow,
neither food nor water should be allowed during its continuance.
The groom, while the disease lasts, should occasionally sponge out
the eyes, mouth, nostrils, etc. Indeed, humanity would dictate
such relief during every serious affection. Subsequent to recovery,
feed for a few days on gruel and mashed oats. Give a ball night
and morning, composed of extract of gentian and powdered
quassia, of each a sufficiency; of extract of belladonna and of
sulphate of copper, half-a-drachm. Continue this medicine and
the above food until the stomach has regained its tone.

Is flatulent colic a disease provoked by domestication ? Cer-
tainly ! The wild horse would have to travel for his food ; in
domestication it is placed ready gathered before the animal.
Besides, the free animal being ever with his provender, the
temptation to gorge the stomach would be absent ; moreover, the
untrained creature is protected by its instincts, which stable
confinement destroys. Little however, is thought of this; the

FLATULENT COLIC, ETC. 221

fact even may be unknown to tlie great majority of educated
liorse proprietors. The sense of repletion is no longer indicated
with such force as to warn the stabled animal. The responsi-
bility thus cast upon the master has, possibly, never occurred to
the mass of mankind, although intelligent care will prevent many
disasters.

CHAPTER IX.

THE URINARY ORGANS — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR

DISEASES.

NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

The straddling gait is not peculiar to any one disorder. It denotes
no more than the region in which the affection is to be sought ;

THE GENERAL SYMPTOM WUICH ATfENDS ALL DISEASES Or THE URINARV ORGANS.

l>ut it does not characterise any special disease. Therefore, so
general a trait is placed at the head of the chapter treating of
ailments confined to the urinary organs ; so that he who perceives
the horse assume this position may at once recognise that part of
the body in which the disorder resides.

Nephritis is not so common at the present time as it used to

NEPHRITIS. 223

1)6 formerly ; the growing information of the people has, in some
measure, altered the practices of the stable. The master is not
quite so much the slave of a groom's ignorance as was once
universally the case ; the animal is no longer regarded as a
mysterious creature which it required a particular education to
understand. Urine halls, therefore, are no longer regularly kept
in every loft. Nitre — one ounce of "sweet nitre," or, to speak
correctly, an over-dose of harsh saltpetre — may, however, be still
permitted, and, by particular horse proprietors, regarded as a
charm against every ill. It is true that such a dose of a powerful
diuretic is four times the strength which science would, under
any circumstances, approve ; but certain people, in remote parts,
are happy in the conviction that an ounce of "sweet nitre" can
possibly do no harm.

The urinary organs of the horse must be little disposed to
disease ; they must be capable of surmounting a vast quantity of
ill treatment. Were not ignorance thereby protected from the
consequences which it provokes, half the horses in England would
be disabled ; inflammation of the kidneys would become the most
common of equine disorders.

The horse has small need of diuretic medicine; it is much
exposed in that direction. Every purge, should it not act as
intended, passes out of the body by stimulating the kidneys ; the
ordinary provender of the animal may operate in the same manner.
Foxy oats, kiln-dried oats, new oats ; musty hay, mow-burnt hay,
new hay ; beans in particular conditions ; grasses, when first in
season, and water of any novel kind will all operate energetically
upon the renal glands. Therefore the horse, in its ordinary food,
Avill possibly imbibe more than a sufficiency of a most debilitating
medicine ; and the knowledge of such a liability may induce some
men to withhold " siccet nitre " from the future diet of the creature.

It may be necessary to inform men and masters that a horse
needs rest when under the operation of diuretic, quite as much as
when subject to the action of purgative medicine. It is never
safe to take the horse from the stable while the animal is passing
any unusual amount of water. Excess of secretion proves the
eliminating organs are excited. Before any part can exhibit
excitement, an extra quantity of blood must circulate within it,
or, it must be in a condition bordering upon inflammation. The

224

NEPHRITIS.

urine is secreted from the blood by the kidneys ; therefore, before
a greater bulk of water can be passed, of course, more blood must
flow through the glands.

The animal in such a state is not fit for work. Every step
taken brings into action muscles which pass directly under the
kidneys, and which must, therefore, when contracted, compress
those organs. During labour, in proportion to the force required,
must be the power of the contraction exerted by the organs of
motion ; in a healthy state such exertion is not always free from
danger. Excitement is, however, far from a healthy state. Then
the glands are gorged with blood. Being squeezed for an hour or
two, while thus swollen or plethoric, they are very likely to be
bruised ; inflammation may, thereby be engendered, or renal
abscess may possibly ensue.

Agriculturists are entreated to pause over the above statement.
Such persons often possess a well-bred and promising colt. The
farmer, however, is mostly uneasy until he has, according to his

A COLT BROUGHT HOME, AtTEB THE FARMER HAS TRIED " WHAT KIND OF STUFF IS IN IT, BY A
HARD DAY WITH THE HOUNDS.

own notions, " tried the beast." He may be a personable man,
riding fully at " eighteen stun." The colt, probably, would be taxed
to carry a third that load. The " sweet nitre " dose is administered
over night, to take all fever out of the body; and, while the

NEPHRITIS.

225

kidneys are excited, the animal is saddled, mounted and ridden to
the hunt. Everybody knows the manner in which most farmers
ride. The horse may have a hard run and be kept out for a long
day. On tiie return, a full rack and a heaped manger are placed
before the overridden quadruped. Neither are touched. The
saddle is removed, and the back appears to be " queerly sticking
up," The large full eyes are repeatedly turned round ; and the
renter of land is in doubt whether the creature is staring reproach-
fully at him or is simply inspecting its own quarters. However,
with the apathy which too many agriculturalists habitually
display, the colt is left for the night. By the next morning the
animal is ruined, even should it survive an attack of acute
nephritis.

The symptoms of inflammation of the kidneys are a hard
pulse, decidedly accelerated ; quickened and short breathing,
suggestive of pain ; pallid mucous membranes ; frequent looking
towards the seat of anguish ; head depressed: back loached; hind

THE TEST FOR KEPHBITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

legs straddled, and the urine scanty. The animal almost refuses
to " come round " in its stall, seldom lies down, and crouches
beneath pressure, when made upon the loins.

Subsequently, as the symptoms alter, pus or matter may
subside in the water. It is indicative of an unfavourable termina-

P

226

NEPHRITIS.

tion, should a foetid odour attend the secretion, and should it be
deeply tinted by the blood. Death is generally close at hand
when the pulse grows quicker, but more feeble, — when pressure
elicits no respouse, when the body is covered with perspiration,
and when an urinous smell is perceptible on approaching the
animal.

The treatment of nephritis consists in applying fresh sheep
skins to the loins. Should the case be urgent, a quantity of
luke-warm-made mustard may be first rubbed in, and the sheep
skin placed over it ; or mustard poultices, in any case, may be
employed, and covered over to prevent them becoming dry, till
sheep skins can be procured. Injections of warm linseed tea
should be thrown up every hour, as these are the nearest approach
that can be made to actual fomentation. Two scruples of croton
farina, mixed with half-a-drachm of belladonna, may be given
immediately, in the form of a ball, the bulk of which should
be made up with crushed linseed and treacle. One scruple
of calomel, M-ith one drachm of opium, may be sprinkled on the
tongue every hour, while the acute stage continues. A pail of

a a a. The spine. h h h. Tlie mesentery. c c c. Tlie rei-tiim.

A Tlie extent to which the rectum may, by very gradual force, be depressed, without injury
to the animal.

B. The rectum, with the natural length of mesentery, when not depressed.

C. The rectum raised, showing that the mesentery is very pliable.

good linseed tea should be kept before the horse ; but, as for more
substantial provender, none is requisite during the agony of the
disease.

Should the sliditest doubt be entertained concerning the

NEPHRITIS.

227

X CERTAIN TEST FOR INFLAMMAHON
OF THE K1L.KEYS.

nature of the affection, immediately insert the arm up the rectum.
This intestine is anatomically spoken of as " a floating gut." It is
suspended from the spine by mesentery,
or a loose fold of thin membrane ; and,
therefore, is easily raised or depressed.
It is situated under the kidneys, and
nothing, consequently, interposes be-
tween tlie diseased organ and the
inserted hand, but the pliable coats of
the bowel and the fatty substances
which immediately surround the glands.
The hand is not conscious of the soft
wall of the intestine, which covers it.
The motion is so free, and the fingers
are so readily moved, that previous knowledge alone assures
the operator his arm is within a circumscribed canal, and not
located in a free space.

By inserting the hand, and moving it gradually upward, an
approach can be made to the immediate vicinity of the inflamma-
tion. Sensitiveness will be exhibited, as the seat of disease is
touched. Heat will also be felt. A lore leg should, howevei-,
be held up on the same side as the operator stands. Should
the horse struggle violently, and denote positive agony, when
the hand is approaching the region of the kidneys, the signs may
be considered conclusive, without attempting further exploration.
Should the animal remam quiet at first, nevertheless, let the
operator be cautious, as the too near vicinity to the inflamed part
provokes resistance, which, in ics utter heedlessness, is closely
allied to madness.

Several reasons will suggest the point at which the hand
should pause. In tlie first place, pressure cannot benefit a
delicately -formed and a diseased organ. In the second place, the
agony of the animal may endanger the safety of the operator.
In the last place, anything approaching to downright resistance
brings the muscles that pass under the kidneys into energetic
action, which circumstance is, by no means, favourable to ultimate
recovery.

Many men can speak of the pain induced by affections of the
kidneys. The torture consequent upon disease of an interi>al

228 CYSTITIS.

organ appears to be so excessive, as at times to destroy reason in
tlie human being. No one can look upon a horse sufiering from
nephritis without feeling that in sensibilities, at all events, the
two creatures are alike.

The additional treatment of nephritis consists more in the food
than in the physic ; linseed, both the seeds and the infusion, may
be given for the body's support. The best oats should be procured
upon recovery, and the quality of the hay, also, should be attended
to ; as for physic, that is almost limited to belladonna and to
aconite. Belladonna is administered, mixed with four times its
amount of opium, so long as the pain is acute : —

Extract of belladonna . . Half-a-drachra.
Crude opium Two drachms.

Make into a ball with linseed-meal and honey ; give three daily,
while the symptoms require them, or, should the pain be excessive,
administer one every hour.

The aconite root is intended to lower the circulation. When
the pulse is quick and hard, a scruple of the powder may be
thrown upon the tongue every half- hour, till the beat of tlie
artery soften, or till the animal appear to be affected by the
medicine. The above measures are to be adopted without regard
to the calomel and opium previously recommended.

A horse having survived one attack of nephritis, can scarcely,
however successful may be the treatment, be restored to its
original condition. The glands which have suffered inflammation
must be left in an irritable state.

CYSTITIS — INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.

This disorder is somewhat rare in the horse. Few cases have
occurred ; even those were not strongly marked. Besides the
general indications present during nephritis, such as quickened
breathing, accelerated pulse, straddling gait, etc., etc., the most
prominent sign concerns the emission of the urine. The bladder
is irritable at the commencement ; the kidneys have not secreted
half-a-pint of fluid before it is violently expelled, and much
straining, accompanied by sounds expressive of pain, follows the
act. As the disease progresses, the bladder is contracted, and the

CYSTITIS.

229

water issues drop by drop, or as a constant dribble. This particu-
larity marks the disease, which is also distinguished from nephritis
by the reached back being absent ; the spine rather being hollowed
more than is usual in nephritis.

Most lecturers direct the student to insert the arm up a horse
with cystitis and to feel the compressed
bladder. This is easily accomplished,
as the engraving demonstrates ; but, is
the operation perfectly safe ? Mucous
membrane, when inflamed, becomes
acutely sensitive. The bladder pos-
sesses a thick coat of that substance,
and the hand, grasping an organ of this
formation when in a state of disease,
would, probably, torture the sufterer to
frenzy. It is not wise to excite a crea-
ture commanding so huge a strength.
There is, however, a test which yields as
certain a response, and, at the same time, is far less hazardous. This
consists in placing the hand under the flank, and keeping it there

A DANGEROUS TEST FOR INFLAMMA-
TION OF THE BLADDER.

A SAi'ER TEST FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER,

till all the action which could be attributable to skittishness has
disappeared ; then press the abdomen, which, should it be hard

230

CYSTITIS.

and resistant, is a convincing proof cystitis is not present ; for
contraction of the recti abdominis muscles would force the contents
of the cavity into violent contact with the inflamed bladder.
Should any doubt be entertained concerning the condition of
the muscle named, a little more pressure will soon ascertain the
fact. However, let the person who applies the test be prepared
for the consequence ; as the application of pressure to a diseased
organ provokes a sudden and energetic resistance, intended to
strike the tormentor backward.

The treatment for inflamed bladder and diseased kidneys are
alike as regards the administration of aconite root, extract of
belladonna, calomel, and opium. The reader is, therefore, in some
measure referred to the article upon nephritis ; there is, however,
a difference in application of counter-irritation by means of a rug
doubled over a cloth, which last is saturated with strong liquor of
ammonia diluted with six times its bulk of water. Should this
not be within reach, hot cloths retained under the belly are the
next best application ; but these require constant change and a
larger supply of heated fluid than most private establishments can
command. Should both recommendations prove useless, then
apply cloths, dripping wet from a cold bath, and keep renewing
them so often as they become warm.

The cause of cystitis is the same as produces many cases of
inflamed kidney, namely, the abuse of medicine or new and

ArPLICATION OF THE AMMONIACAL BLISTER,

unwholesome food ; blows, likewise, may induce it. Kicks under
the belly, the too common mode of expressing impatience among

SPASM OF THE URETHRA. 231

carters, are very likely to provoke it. Horses are frequently seen
in the streets of every town, now whipped to make thetn proceed ;
then, the rein jagged to command the animal's " stand still."
Next, the whip is again applied ; afterwards, the animal's belly is
spitefully aimed at with the heavy boot of the countryman. The
horses know not how to interpret these different signs ; they
become confused ; they turn various ways, as if they hoped by
such devices to please their chastiser. All is in vain ! At length
the animals burst into perspiration and shiver violently ; by their
alarm they are rendered stupid. But so disgusting an exhibition
of folly and of cruelty on the part of the driver mostly creates
small indignation in the wayfarers who behold it. The spectators
generally look on with smiling countenances, and for the most
part move onward without a word of displeasure or rebuke. To
the human mind, a man appears invested with absolute authority
over the life which he has bought. So, also, no man risks
reprobation, who keeps his animals upon poisonous provender.

SPASM OF THE URETHRA.

Tliis affection is commonly designated "spasni of the neck of the
bladder." The part named, however has no fibre capable of ex-
citation ; and it is difficult to understand how the elastic tissue, at
the opening of the receptacle, can display a condition which is
inherent only within the contractibility of muscle. The compressor
urethrte muscle, however, being morbidly excited, is more than
capable of preventing all discharge of urine.

The causes which provoke the spasm are not thoroughly under-
stood. The affection is mostly attributed to some acridity, existing
in the food or water ; else, the supposed agent is said to be developed
during the process of digestion.

The symptoms are, a widely straddling gait ; total suppression
of urine, or small portions forcibly ejected at distant intervals.
The suffering attendant on distension of the bladder is sometimes
so violent that the affection has been mistaken for phrenitis. At
other times, the horse has been imagined to be griped. Both these
blunders are unpardonable. The haggard countenance, copious
perspirations, and the frequent glances towards the flanks, joined to
the straddling gait, and to the desperate, but at the same time

232 CALCULI.

guarded struggles, are all opposed to such conclusions. Were a
proper examination instituted, the real nature of the affection would
at once be made apparent beyond the possibility of error.

Insert the greased arm up the rectum, and when fully advanced,

make pressure downwards ; the
dilated bladder will then be under
the hand. The best remedies are
sulphuric etherand laudanum, which
should be given in large quantities.
Pour ounces of each should, in a
quart of cold water, be administered
by the mouth : the like quantities,
blended with three pints of cold
water, ought to be thrown up as an

MODE TO ASCERTAIN THE DISTENSION OF lUjeCtlOn. 1X16 laSt bCing glVCH, tllC

THE BLADDER. liaud shouW bc placed over the open-

ing vand pressed upon it for ten minutes. Should one dose not
succeed, in a quarter of an hour the injection may be repeated.
Again and again it must be had recourse to, till the spasm is van-
quished or till the urine flows freely forth.

CALCULI.

Stones within the urinary apparatus are designated by various
names, that are derived from the situations in which they are found.
Thus, renal calculus represents a stone which has been discovered
wdthin the pelvis of the kidney. Uretal calculus implies a stone
found within the tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder;
but calculi of this kind are as yet unknown in the horse. Cystic
calculus signifies a stone which resides in the cavity of the bladder.
Urethral calculus denotes a stone which was detected within the
passage leading from the bladder. Of these, the cystic are alto-
gether the largest, and the renal, at a considerable distance, rank
as the next in magnitude. All consist of carbonate of lime or of
common chalk, held firmly together by the secretion of the mucous
membrane.

The symptoms which characterise renal calculus are not well
marked. The urine may become purulent, thick, opaque, gritty,
or bloody. Exertion may provoke extreme anguish, resembling a

CALCULI.

233

severe fit of colic ; but tlie attaclv is distinguislied from genuine
gripes by the back, during the pain, being always roached. How-
ever, the most decided symptom is of a negative nature ; being the
absence of stone in the bladder to account for the diseased urine.
The inference is, moreover, strengthened if, when the hand within
the rectum is carried upward, pain and alarm are elicited ; or if
pressure made upon the loins causes the animal to slnink.

Cystic calculus is denoted, as is the previous kind of stone, by
certain conditions of the urine. Added to these general signs the
water, when flowing forth, will often be suddenly stopped, and every
emission is followed by violent straining. Abdominal pains, also,
are present ; but the back is rather hollowed than roached. Tlie
point of the penis is, in particular instances, constantly exposed :
and the horse, when going down hill, sometimes pulls up short,
either to recover from torture or to relieve the bladder.

The way to ascertain the presence of cystic calculus is to make
an examination per rectum. Make the
investigation with all gentleness. The
foreign body may then be distinctly
ielt; even its size, form, and irregu-
larities can, by this means, be dis-
covered.

Urethral calculus is a small stone,
which, during the flow of urine, has
been carried out of the bladder and is
spasmodically grasped by the muscle of
the urethra. The passage is effectually a certainmethod ok ascertaining if

^ 1 1 i. £C • • • 1 1 THERE BE CALCULUS IN THE BLADDER.

closed, and great suffering is induced.

Should the stone be impacted within the exposed part of the canal
the precise situation is easily told. Behind the stoppage, the
passage is distended by fluid ; while before it, all is natural. The
calculus should be cut down upon and removed ; the wound being
afterwards dressed with a solution of chloride of zinc — one grain
to the ounce of water. This is an easy and by no means a danger-
ous operation. Any person of ordinary skill, having a sharp knife,
may undertake it.

Por renal calculus little can be done. That little, however, con-
sists in mingling two drachms of hydrochloric acid with every pail
of water, and allowing the animal to imbibe as much as it pleases.

234

H.EMATURIA.

Should the medicated drink be refused, the horse must be starved
into accepting it. With this liquid, however, the stone must be
small to be dissolved ; but it effectually checks the further increase
of the calculus.

Lithotomy is the name given to that operation, by which large
stones are removed from the bladder of the horse. It is far too
complicated and too serious a proceeding to be entrusted to any
general reader. No direction, which possibly could be misconstrued,
shall therefore be attempted. When an operation is required for
stone in the bladder, a qualified veterinary surgeon had better be
employed. Mr. Simmonds, late of the Royal Veterinary College,
Camden Town, however, deserves praise for having invented an
instrument by means of which stone can generally be removed
from the bladder of the mare, without resort to the knife being
necessary.

HEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE.

The name fully characterises this affection. The blood emitted
may consist of small clots ; it may congeal after it has left the body ;
or it may be entirely mingled with (giving a brownish tinge to) the
water. Upon the exhibition of this disorder, always treat the symp-
toms first ; when all chance of immediate danger has disappeared,
examine the body, to ascertain whence the haemorrhage proceeded :

A nORSE SUFFZBING FROM H.KMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE.

because, in this affection, the symptoms really constitute the disease ;
and when the first has disappeared, the last is cured.

The extent of the bleeding, of course, regulates the symptoms.

HiEMATURIA. 235

When that is copious, the breathing is short and quick ; the pupils
of the eye are dilated ; the pulse is not to be felt at the jaw ; the
head is pendulous ; and the visible mucous membranes are cold as
well as pallid. Lifting the head produces staggering ; if continued,
the animal would fall. The back is reached ; the Hanks are tucked
up, and the legs widely separated, as though the horse was aware
of its inability to support its body.

The treatment consists in disturbing the sufferer as little as pos-
sible ; in acting upon the report received, for in a case of this kind
it is hardly credible there should be any mistake. Administer, as
gently as it can be done, two drachms of acetate of lead in half-a-
pint of cold water, or as a ball, if one can be delivered. If this has
no effect, in a quarter of an hour, or sooner, should the symptoms
demand haste, repeat the dose ; adding, however, one ounce of
laudanum or two drachms of powdered opium. Give two more
drinks or balls of the like composition ; but should these be followed
by no beneficial result, change the medicine, after the administra-
tion of one ounce of acetate of lead.

When the indications are not alarming, the horse may be left
for a couple of hours, with strict orders that the animal be watched,
but on no account disturbed. Should, however, activity be required,
obtain some of the coldest water, and have several pailfiils dashed
from a height upon the loins. After this, inject some of the same
fluid, allowing the water to flow freely forth from the anus — the
object only being to procure the advantages of excessive cold. For
medicine, a trial maybe made of the ergot of rye. Pour on to four
drachms of the drug half-a-pint of boiling water, and, when cold,
add one ounce of laudanum and four ounces of dilute acetic acid —
not vinegar, as that always contains sulphuric acid, which would
counteract the action of the lead. Two drinks, two enemas (each
lasting twenty minutes), and any quantity of water upon the loins
will serve for the second hour.

If these remedies have produced no change, all further treat-
ment must be suspended for eight hours, at the expiration of
which period the treatment may be resumed, and the previous
measures repeated.

Should the hasmorrhage have ceased, leave the horse undis-
turbed for the night. On the following day, if no blood has been
noticed, have the animal gently led under cover. Then proceed

236 DIABETES INSIPIDUS.

to examine the horse per rectum. If the kidneys are not enlarged,
hardened, or sensitive, and if the bladder is witliout stone, but of
its natural thickness, there is every prospect of a favourable
termination.

Should the bladder be thickened, adopt the treatment laid
down for cystitis ; if stone is discovered, an operation is indicated ;
be the kidneys disorganised, the case is hopeless. If none of
these are present, then any of the following medicines may be
experimented with, it always being uncertain which will prove
beneficial : —

Extract of catechu .... In one-ounce doses, daily.

Strong infusion of oak bark . Three pints, daily.

Alum One ounce, daily.

Sulphate of iron or of copper One ounce, daily.

Muriatic acid Six drachms, daily.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, OR ntOFUSE STALING.

In this affection, which, properly treated, is but a passing
annoyance, the thirst is enormous, but more fluid is voided than
the animal drinks. The strength and condition are quickly lost,
while the flesh fades rapidly away.

Either the horse has been tanipered with by the groom, or the
hay, oats, or beans are unsound. A sudden change of water is said
to produce the disorder, but that, probably, is far more a stable
excuse than an established cause. However, change both food and
water. Take into the stable two slips of blotting paper. Dip the
ends of them into some of the urine, which will always be retained
in the interspaces of the brick flooring. Smell one piece. If it
communicates a scent resembling violets, that is proof positive
turpentine has been administered. Dry the other piece. Should
that, when perfectly dry and a light is applied, prove to be touch-
paper, the evidence is conclusive : " sweet nitre " has been secretly
given to the animal. Should both these tests fail, the groom is
innocent, as other diuretics are unknown in the stable.

The horse should not be taken out while the prominent symp-
tom lasts ; it is languid ; is unfit for work, or even exercise. IS^o
brutality can quicken the body when the vital powers are ex-

ALBUMINOUS URINE. 237

hausted, but inattention to the suggestion of mere humanity may
change a slight and temporary evil into a severe and critical
disorder — nephritis.

A pail of good linseed tea, made by pouring boiling water on
whole linseeds, and afterwards allowing the infusion to stand till
lukewarm, should be constantly before the manger. The animal
may drink according to the dictates of its condition. The linseed,
when strained off and mixed with sound bruised and scalded oats,
may be given as food. No hay or grass should be allowed. Attend
to the grooming, although it is a sick horse and does not go out.
Nothing relieves the kidneys more than the restored action of the
skin. A ball may be given every day. It should consist of —

Iodide of iron One drochm.

Honey and linseed meal . A sufticiency.

Or, should a drink be preferred, dilute-
Phosphoric acid .... One ounce.
Water One pint.

Give niglit and morning.

ALBUMINOUS URINE.

This affection is not of very common occurrence. Two cases
are, however, reported in Percivall's Hippopathology.

The positions of both horses were remarkable. One stretched
the fore and hind legs out, as though it were about to urinate ; the
other roached the back, and brought the hind feet under the body
as far as possible. Turning in the stalls was, in each case, accom-
plished with difficulty, and the straddling gait, remarkable in botli,
indicating the seat of the affection.

Some urine being caught by the groom, it was thick, but clear
— like melted calves' foot jelly — and, when cold, the surface M'as
uneven. Bichloride of mercury being added to a portion of the
fluid, caused a thick, colourless, opaque substance, resembling
coagulated white of egg, to be thrown down, leaving a clear
straw-coloured liquor above the settlement. Another portion,
being first treated with acetic acid, afterwards mixed with
prussiate of potash, and subsequently boiled, became in appear-

238

ALBUMINOUS URINE.

ance like to mil!c. With time, however, a white sediment
occurred, leaving the fluid perfectly clear.

These cases were treated by a depletive system; -mustard was

THE POSITIONS ASSUMED BV HORSES HAVING ALBUMINOUS URINE.

applied to the loins for a brief space. Perfect rest, strict attention
to diet, and repeated doses of opium, constituted the after measures.

THR TESTS FOR ALBUJIINOUS URINE

A. Tho appearance of tlio urine, when cold, being partially rough on the surface. Sonietinips,
however, the fluid is merely thicker than usual, appearing like water in which a portion of guin
has been dissolved.

B. The white precijiitatc jiroduced by tlie addition of a portion of the solution of bichloride of
mercury.

C. Some urine to which a little acetic acid was first added. A portion of the solution of
])ru.ssiate of i)otash was subsequently introduced. The liquid was then boiled, when it became
thick, white and opaque, like milk.

It is also mentioned that diuretics, tonics, and stimulants were
tried, but all proved injurious. Both animals ultimately recovered.

CHAPTER X.

THE SKIN — ITS ACCIDENTS AND ITS DISEASES.
MANGE.

TiiJS troublesome disease, wliich is the itch of the stable, generally
preys upon the poorly nurtured, the aged or the debilitated.

SYMPTOMS OF MANGINESS WHEN CAUGHT IN TUE FIELD.

Neglect is the almost necessary associate of poverty ; loss of pride
attends loss of means — for seldom can tlie spirit of man brave the
frowns of fortune. The want of emulation is always seen most
emphatically without the doors of the home ; the garden denotes
the failure of industry, and the stable languishes under an absence
of activity. The grooming is avoided ; the horse's food is propor-
tioned to the master's means, and is not given at regular hours ;

23y

240

MANGE.

coarse diet and a filtliy abode produce that weakness of constitu-
tion which renders the equine skin a suitable nidus for the mange
insect.

The disease once developed is highly contagious. All horses
standing near the one affected, all that may touch it, or the shafts
to which it was harnessed, or anything that has been in contact
with the contaminated body, are inoculated. The very robust, to
be sure, may escape ; but this circumstance is to be regarded as
the most stringent test of actual health, rather than as the declara-
tion of that state which the majority of mankind are pleased to
term perfect condition. The animal which escapes must be of so
sound a body as to afford no nutriment to the disorder which preys
upon debility. Probably not one horse in ten thousand could
resist so searching a test ; the trial however, after all, would be
no more than a negative proof, or would not allow the fact of its
contagious nature.

Mange depends upon the presence of an insect which is classed
with spiders, though, to the uninitiated, it looks, under the micro-
scope, far more like a deformed crab.
A representation of this parasite, very
highly magnified, is here given.

Tlie parasites are, when attentively
searched for, to be recognised by the
naked eye. Any man, by scratching the
roots of the hair upon the mane of a
mangy horse, may loosen a portion of
scurf; let this scurf be received or cast
upon a sheet of white paper. The paper
then should be subjected to a strong
light ; the glare of the noon-day sun is
to be preferred, as warmth greatly in-
fluences the activity of the parasites.
Numerous very small shining points may thus be seen moving
about the mass in all directions. Those points are the insects,
and, considering the easy means we now possess of demonstrating
their existence, it seems astonishing that veterinary science was so
long before it recognised the true source of the contagion.

In the vast majority of cases this disease first appears in the
mane, among the hairs of which a quantity of loose, dry scurf is

THE MANOC INSECT.

MANGE.

241

perceptible. Before such a sign, however, is to be recognised, exces-
sive itchiness is exhibited. Tlie disease, once established, soon
extends to the head, to the neck, to the withers, to the sides, to the
loins and to the quarters ; only in very exceptional cases are the
legs exposed to its attacks. As the disorder proceeds the hair falls
off, leaving vacant places upon the body ; these have a peculiar,
dry, acrid, and irritable appearance ; they suggest that portions of
the body have been scorched with quicklime, so irregular, patched,
and scabby are the parts just referred to. The integument in
these places greatly thickens, and is no longer soft and pliable as
a lady's glove, but becomes corrugated or thrown into well-defined
folds.

The hairs, however, are not all removed, a few, and only a few,
remain ; these cling with exceeding tenacity to the surfaces which
their fellows have quitted. The force required to pull out one of
these remaining hairs is somewhat surprising, and the hair being
extracted, the roots upon close examination will be discovered
enlarged and far more vascular than is usual.

The above are the broad and more obvious indications of mange.
However, should the diseased locality be more minutely inspected,
a number of small pimples are discerned ; these elevations are
clustered upon different spots. As they mature, the point of each

A MANUY PIECE OF SKIN.

THE HEAD OF AN OLD, MANOV WHITE HORSE.

contains a very slight quantity of gelatinous fluid ; the vesicles
ultimately burst; the contents exude, and become dry through the
absorption of the atmosphere, forming incrustations upon the sur-
face. Add to this, the irritation provokes the diseased animal to
scrub itself against any irregular, projecting surface which may be
at hand. Eaw places, frequently of magnitude, are often occa-

242 MANGE.

sioned by the friction so rudely applied ; from this source another
set of crusts spring up. The places which are denuded, therefore,
may present a very varied aspect, but still the parched appearance
of the scurfy and dry skin affords the best external evidence of the
presence of mange.

An animal, which from being grey in youth has grown white
with age, still retains to its death the signs of its youthful colour
upon its skin. The integument is dark, although the hair may
have lost the last vestige of its original hue ; the chequered appear-
ance established by mange gives to the white horse a particularly
ragged and dejected aspect.

Unfortunately man is not at the present moment sufficiently
enlightened to recognise the symptoms which indicate an approach-
ing attack of mange ; but the animal energetically announces the
malady so soon as the contamination is established. The disorder

THE TEST FOR MAXGE.

being confirmed, its existence is readily ascertained ; the fingers
have only to be inserted among the roots of the mane, and the part
titillated with the nails. The lior.se thus treated will stretch forth
the head and neck, will compose its features into an expression of
excessive pleasure, and will continue motionless so long as the
hand remains upon the crest.

This sign being witnessed may be esteemed conclusive. Let
such an animal be placed in the sunshine for an hour, should the
weather permit; otherwise, allow it to stand in the warmest house
which is unoccupied ; then have the coat thoroughly dressed or
whisked, until all the loose scurf and incrustations are removed;
afterwards have the following ointment well rubbed in. Mind the
man who whisks the horse goes near no other animal for eight and
forty hours. See that every portion of the skin, from the tip of

MANGE. 243

the nose to the point of the tail, is anointed ; mark that no crevice

or irregularity escapes from the bottom of the coronet to the apex

of the ears.

Liniment for Mange.

Animal glycerine .... Four parts.

Creosote Half-a-part.

Oil of turpentine .... One part.

Oil of juniper Half-a-part.

Mix all together, shake well, and use.

Or,

Oleum picis Half-a^pint.

Train oil One pint.

Into which stir a small proportion of powdered sulphur.

It is impossible to state accurately how much will be required
to dress the horse ; the disease, the coat, and the size vary so
materially in different animals. About one pint and a half is,
however, the general quantity employed for one application ; every
portion of the coat must be saturated, and in that condition the
animal should be left till two clear days have expired ; thus, sup-
posing the liniment to be used upon a Monday, it is left on until
the following Thursday. Then have the surface washed with soft
soap and warm water ; dry the body, and allow the animal to
stand in a warm spot, as before, so that every portion of moisture
may evaporate. Afterwards employ the whisk, as has been pre-
viously directed ; subsequently repeat the anointing. That opera-
tion must be again gone through for the third and last time, after
two clear days have once more expired, when the disease ought to
be cured. All the insects should have perished, and the skin have
been benefited by the stimulation to which it has been subjected.

There are many preparations employed to cure mange. All
have some repute, though all (save that already given) are attended
with some danger.

The question has been much debated, "whether man can
derive the itch from an animal ? " Imaginary proofs, favouring
the possibility, are every now and then confidently promulgated ;
but all doubts seem to have been put to rest by the investigations
conducted by M. Bourguignon. That gentleman demonstrated
the unfitness of one creature to support the parasite generated by

244 PRURIGO.

anotlier. Horses may be violently irritated by insects bred by
fowls ; but, remove the birds, the supply ceases, and the irritation
dies away. So an individual, handling mangy horses, may get
some of the acari upon him, and cause vexatious itching ; but let
the man keep away from the contaminated stable, and the sensa-
tion is quickly lost. Frank Buckland placed the acari on his
arm ; they caused some irritation, but not to any great extent ; and
his experiments, when repeated, proved, so he told the reviser, that
these parasites could not even live on the human skin. The
repeated and repeated renewal of the pest gives a seeming
warranty to the popular belief. Certain disorders assuredly are
conmiunicable throughout every species of life, as though to prove
to the stubbornness of mankind that all nature is akin. Such are
hydrophobia in the dog, and glanders in the horse; were all
affections, however, equally interchangeable, the inhabitants of
this world would speedily become one breathing mass of disease.

PRURIGO.

This affection may lead many a gentleman to imagine his
horse has caught the mange; the leading s}'mptom in each
disorder is the same. Excessive irritability of the skin is, in
prurigo, generally exhibited during the spring of the year; the
animal will rub itself with a fury which often removes portions
of the coat, but which never exposes the dry and corrugated
patches that characterise genuine mange.

THE PKOOF OF PRURIGO.

It is very annoying to behold the horse, when in the stable,
scrubbing its neck upon the division to the stall ; it is provoking

PRURIGO. 245

to witness the animal leaving its corn for the same employment
It excites the fancy of the master and conjures up the dread of
every cleanly horse proprietor ; the symptom is, however, easily
eradicated. It only denotes heat of body; let a portion of the
hay be abstracted and a couple of bundles of cut grass be allowed
each day ; let a mash be given night and morning, until the
bowels freely respond, and, without further measures, the
annoyance usually ceases.

The irritation may not, however, subside so quickly as shall
be desired ; to hasten its departure, either of the annexed may be
applied externally.

Washes for Pruricfo.

Animal glycerine One part.

Simple water or rose-water . Two parts.
Mix.

Sulphuric acid One part.

Water . Ten parts.

Mix.

Creosote One part.

Oil Eight parts.

Mix.

Either of these, probably, will answer ; but the writer strongly
recommends the first ; at the same time, it is well to try and
reach the source of the disease, or to improve the blood. Eor
this purpose, the following drink should be given every night
after the last meaL

Drink for Prurigo.
Liquor arsenicalis . . . One ounce.
Tincture of muriate of iron One ounce and a half.
Water One quart.

Mix, and give half-a-pint for a dose.

A week after the irritation has subsided, all medicine may be
withdrawn ; but it is always well to see that a sufficiency of
exercise be given, and to allow an extra feed of oats with a pot of
porter every day. These last will restore the strength ; for every
form of disease is to be regarded as the most emphatic testimony
of weakness.

246

RINGWORiL

RINGWORM.

This affection, at first, is simply a disfigurement; but, if
neglected, it becomes a troublesome disorder. In the primary

instance, the hair falls off in patches,
leaving visible a scurfy skin ; some
say there are pimples under the scurf,
but the author must confess he was
unable to discern them in those cases
which he examined. The scurfy par-
ticles, however, are somewhat large,
and resemble, in no little degree, the
scales which form the bulk of bran.
At first, these pieces or flakes of
cuticle cover the entire surface ; but,
ultimately, they congregate upon the
circumference which, by their numbers, is made to assume a raised
appearance. Should the ringworm not be attended to, the outward
margin, at last, begins to ulcerate, becoming the more difticult to
eradicate, in proportion to the time of its continuance and the ex-
tent of the ulceration.

For the cure of ringworm, a rigid attention to cleanliness is
imperative ; the parts should, at all events, be washed night and
morning with mild soap, and hot, soft water ; the places (these
having been rendered perfectly dry) may be dressed sparingly
with pure paraffin or carbolic acid, and this in most cases will
effect cure ; or, one of the following preparations may be applied
and laid rather thickly upon the denuded spot : —

A REPRESENTATION OP A RINGWORM ON
A HORSE.

Ointments for Ringworm.

Animal glycerine . . . One ounce.

Spermaceti One ounce.

Iodide of lead .... Two drachms.

Eub the glycerine and spermaceti together, and when thoroughly
incorporated, add the iodide of lead, or use any of the appended: —
Nitrate of lead .... Two drachms."
Simple ointment . . . Two ounces.
Mix.

Mix.

Mix.

RINGWORM. 247

Oil of tar Half-an-ouncc.

Simple cerate . . . . One ounce.

Creosote Two drachms.

Simple cerate .... One ounce.

Oil of Juniper .... One drachm.

Simple cerate .... One ounce.
Mix.

Besides the above, which are not one half of the remedies in
general use, some parties are loud in the commendation of a
saturated solution of a sulphate of iron. Others are strongly
prejudiced in favour of pure liquor plumbi ; another class protest
they employ nothing but compound alum water, which invariably
and speedily affords relief. There are people who regard a strong
infusion of tobacco as a charm for ringworm ; while another
set will hear of nothing for that purpose but hellebore ointment.

The following mixture also will greatly assist in effecting cure,
or even an ounce of liquor arsenicalis in place of the following
mixtures may be sprinkled daily over a feed of corn : —

Drink for Ringworm.

Liquor arsenicalis One ounce.

Tincture of the muriate of iron . One ounce and a half.

Water One quart.

]Mix, and give every night, half-a-pint for a dose.

Tliis drink must be continued till every vestige of the disease

has disappeared. However, it frequently happens that after the

central bare spot has been cured, ulceration remains about the

circumference. Treat this with either of the following lotions : —

Permanganate of potash . Half-an-ounce.

"Water Three ounces.

Mix, and wash gently over the part six times, daily, or.
Chloride of zinc .... Two scruples.
■j^,. Water One pint.

The ulcers should be punctually moistened with the last
preparation at the periods already stated, and the horse should be
thrown up during the treatment. The food should be of the best,
and a month ought to be allowed for the cure.

248

SURFEIT.

SURFEIT.

Old practitioners generally entertain very false opinions con-
cerning the importance of surfeit, they being inclined to employ
more stringent measures for its eradication than the real nature of
the disease demands. The affection is rather annoying than
dangerous ; it makes its appearance suddenly, and seldom involves
the entire body. It is a sudden rash or a quantity of heat spots
bursting out upon the skin ; the spots are round, blunt and
slightly elevated ; they resemble the blotches which, during hot

,, ..:^

A HOESE AFFECTED WITH SURFEIT.

weather, often appear upon the human countenance, only, the
horse's integument being so much more active than the skin of
man, the outward affection in the animal may be regarded as
proportionably the more severe. Frequently, during the eruption,
the pulse is tranquil, the spirit and appetite being good; when
such is the case, the lumps mostly disappear in a few hours.
Still, the food should be looked to; about eight pounds of hay
should be abstracted, and two bundles of cut grass allowed per
day ; the corn should be kept up or even increased, and a handful
of sound, old beans, which have been properly crushed, should be

HIDE-BOUND. .249

mingled with each feed. The stable should be airy, and the
following drink should be given every day for a month : —

Liquor arsenicalis One ounce.

Tincture of the muriate of iron . One ounce and a half.
Water One quart.

INIix, and give once, daily, one pint for a dose.

Should the horse be young, and have been neglected through-
out the winter, a surfeit sometimes appears which is of a different
character. The lumps do not disappear ; but an exudation escapes
from the centre of each. The constitution is involved in this
form of disease, and the malady, if unattended to, is apt to settle
upon the lungs.

Should the attack assume the last appearance, on no account
take the animal out, not even for exercise. Attend to the perfect
cleanliness of the bed, and keep every door and window in the
stable open during the day. Feed as directed for the previous
form of surfeit, and allow two or three bran mashes whenever the
bowels appear constipated ; but do not give mashes after the con-
stipation is removed. The desire is not to weaken the system Ijy
purgation, but simply to relieve the body ; administer the drink
recommended above only ; give one night and morning, though,
should the appetite suffer, reduce tlie quantity, or withhold all
medicine.

Clothe warmly ; bandage the legs, and remove from the stall to
a loose box ; if the pulse suddenly sink, two pots of stout may be
given at different times during the day. If the appetite is bad,
good gruel instead of water must be constantly in the manger ; cut
carrots, if presented a few at a time, will generally be accepted.
However, with all such care, a very speedy termination is not to
be expected ; nature is casting forth something irobibed during a
winter of neglect, and no art can quicken the process. The shortest
cases of this kind mostly last a fortnight, during which time the
treatment, and the entire treatment, merely consists in good
nursing, and in liberally supporting the body.

HIDE-BOUND.

Strictly speaking, the condition signified by the above term is
not so much a disease as the consequence of exposure, of poor pro-

250

HIDE-BOUND.

vender, and of neglect. Thrust a horse which has been accustomed
to wholesome food and a warm stable — thrust such an animal into
a straw yard and leave it there, through the long and severe winter
of this climate. Let the creature which has been used to have its
wants attended to and its desires watched — let it for months exist
upon a stinted quantity of such hay as the farmer cannot sell — let
it go for days without liquid, and at night be driven by the horns
of bullocks to lie among the snow or to shiver in the rain — let an
animal so nurtured be forced to brave such vicissitudes, and in the
spring the belly will be down, and the harsh, unyielding skin will
everywhere adhere close to the substance which it covers.

ONE OF TUE CAUSES OF HIDE-BOUND IN HORSES.

Liberal food, clean lodging, soft bed, healthy exercise and good
grooming compose the only medicine imperative for the cure of
hide-bound. The relief, however, may be hastened by the daily
administration of two of those tonic and alterative drinks which
act so directly upon the skin : —

Drink for Hide- Bound.
Liquor arsenicalis , , . Half-an-ounce.
Tincture of muriate of iron One ounce.

Water One pint.

Mix, and give as a dose.

LICE. 251

LICE.

These parasites are the consequences natural to the states of
filth and debility. Insects which have been mistaken for lice
sometimes infest large stables, and almost drive the horses frantic
with the itching they provoke. Application after application
intended to destroy lice is made use of. Every recognised source
of contagion is exterminated. Internal as well as external medi-
cine is resorted to, but every endeavour to remove the annoyance
signally fails. The horses are fat, and feed upon the best ; yet they
seem to breed the parasites peculiar to the opposite condition. At
last some one points to the hen roost which leans against the
stable. That building is pulled down, and with it the nuisance
disappears.

It may to the reader appear strange that the application which
killed lice did not destroy the insects derived from fowls. Those
parasites which were upon the horse doubtless perished ; but the
dressing being washed off the pests came again and again, being
supplied by the source of all the mischief.

Insects breathe through the skin. On that account, a hornet is
more readily destroyed by dropping a little oil upon the exterior
surface, than by immersing the head in hydrocyanic acid. All
therefore requisite for the removal of lice is, smearing the entire
body with any cheap oil or grease, or the body may be washed
with soft soap, carbolic acid, and water. But when the skin is
washed the business is not ended. Generally the horse troubled
with lice is hide-bound, and may have various other affections,
derived from the debility which generated the parasites.

LARVA IN THE SKIN.

These annoyances are the result of turning an animal out to
grass — the fly, whence the trouble is derived, never entering the
stable. The insect rejoices in the freedom of the field, and man,
by turning out his horse, finds the creature a fitting spot for the
deposit of its eggs. This body is carefully deposited upon the back
or sides. The warmth of the animal hatches the larva ; no sooner
is it endowed with life than, with the instinct of its kind, it bur-
rows into the skin. The integument of the horse, however thick

252 LARVA IN THE SKIN.

it may appear, is soon pierced by the active little maggot, which,
thus snugly housed, retains its lodging until the following spring.
During the winter a small lump denotes its abiding place ; but, as
the second summer progresses, a tolerably large abscess is instituted.

a. The winter residence of the larva. h. The Buminer abode of the insect,

c. A drop of tallow falling upon the centre of the abscess.

The interior of the abscess, of course, contains pus. Upon that
secretion the insect lives and thrives. The inhabitant of a warm
abode, and surrounded by its food, the early period of life, no
doubt, is, for an inactive being, highly agreeable. A division of
one of these abscesses, when fully matured, is represented below.

DIAGRAM or THE LARVA ABSCESS, DIVIDED THROUGH ITS CENTRE.

1. The spot through which the larva breathes.

2. The insect, full size.

3. The mouth of the parasite.

4. Tlie ims surrounding the body, and upon which the creature lives.

5. The sac of the abscess.

6. The fat of the horse, or the adipose tissue, much swollen and inflamed.

7. The skin.

8. The superficial muscle.

9. The muscle proper to the body of the animal.

Such swelhngs are acutely painful, and prove the sources of
much annoyance. They mostly occur upon the back. The saddle
cannot be laid on one of these tumours, and, as the spine supports
much of the harness, the proprietor has the vexation of beholding
his horse rendered perfectly useless ; for suffering, should service
1 )e exacted, occasions the creature to excite displeasure ; besides the
pranks thus provoked by torture, often continue after the cause
has been removed.

Upon the summit of the abscess appears a black spot. It is at
this spot the larva receives the air needed to support a dormant

WARTS. 253

existence. This fact being known to certain people, the knowledge
is employed to destroy the parasite. The swelling is first slightly
greased, and then a drop of melted tallow is let fall upon the
breathing place. By such means the insect is effectually suffocated,
and assuredly dies.

Others employ a darning needle as the instrument of execution.
The needle is thrust through the central spot into the swelling, for
three-eighths of an inch. The larva thereby is pierced, and the
life certainly is sacrificed.

Neither methods occasion at the time the slightest pain to the
horse, and therefore may by some persons be esteemed highly
humane ; but, in the end, such plans of cure prove the very reverse.
In either case the maggot dies ; but the business, unfortunately, is
only rendered worse by killing the source of evil. The dead body
putrefies. A foreign and corrupting substance beneath the skin
may enlarge the abscess to many times its original dimensions.
After all, the system has to cast forth the irritating matter; and
for that purpose inflammation, with its attendant fever, must be
perfected. Much suffering is thus occasioned, and the proprietor
is, for several weeks, forced to forego the employment of a valuable
servant.

Tlie safest, the surest, and tlie quickest manner of eradicating
these parasites is, with the point of a lancet, slightly to enlarge the
central opening, and then, with the finger and thumb applied on
either side of the swelling, to squeeze out the intruder. The abscess
rapidly disappears ; and it only requires a few dabbings with the
solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce, to close the
wound.

WARTS.

A wart, when of a fixed cartilaginous nature, should, in the
horse, be eradicated immediately upon its appearance; being
permitted to exist, such growths always increase in number and
in magnitude. By certain people, or rather by a tradition, these
excrescences are imagined to breed, or, it is thought, that one can
produce many. That warts are possessed of any such inherent
property, science refuses to acknowledge ; but the same system
which has generated one may generate several. The faculty of
casting forth such growths may even be encouraged by allowing

254 WARTS.

them to remain ; and it is possible that the slight shock occasioned
by their removal may alter the tendency of the body. Certain it
is, that by some mysterious law, nature refuses to build up only
for human agency to destroy. Youatt asserts that it was once
fashionable to crop tlie ears of horses until animals were ultimately
born with the ears ready shortened.

A portrait of an extraordinary instance of warty disposition,
showing the imprudence of permitting such accumulations to
continue, is given on the next page. The writer's experience
cannot at all equal the disfigurement there represented ; the
animal was the favourite saddle-horse of a lady who could not
bear the idea of the creature being put to pain. One wart first
appeared upon the inside of the thigh ; the motion of the legs
used to chafe the excrescence, and frequent discharges of blood
were the consequence. The growth increased in size, and three
times was it " charmed." However, the cure, said to be potent
over the human being, was inoperative upon the horse ; house-
wife's remedies were next resorted to, but all of these proved
equally unsuccessful.

At length, smaller warts began to show ; it would have been
easy to have removed the original excrescence, but the numerous
after-growths assumed a form which would have rendered them
difficult to destroy. Many of them came with wide bases and
slight elevation ; to have attempted the excision would have
almost necessitated flaying of a living body. The remedy, which
at first was easy, was by time rendered impossible ; the horse
being permitted to exist, could only see imperfectly. It could
not move or feed without haemorrhage being provoked. The
animal, of course, became useless ; but still, its kind mistress could
not consent to its destruction. A country farrier slit up one
nostril to relieve the breathing, which before was much impeded.
Of course, nothing could be done for such an object.

There are three different sorts of growths, all of which are
recognised under the term " wart." The first is of a cartilaginous
nature, and is contained in a distinct sac or shell, which last is
entirely derived from the cuticle of the skin. Upon the sac being
divided, the substance drops out, leaving behind a perfectly clean
cavity, which soon disappears. Little haemorrhage and less pain
attend upon this trivial operation. Tlie second sort, also, is

WARTS. 255

cartilaginous, but, unlike the first, is not contained within a
cuticular sac. It adheres firmly to the skin, and is apt to grow
large; sometimes it becomes of enor-
mous bulk, when regarded simply in
its character of a wart. The crown is
rough and unsightly ; the body is vas-
cular, and the growth, from its magni-
tude and uneven texture, is apt to be
injured, when it never heals but
invariably exhibits the ulcerative pro-
cess in a tedious form. This species of
wart is often to be found, though of a
smaller development, upon the human
hand. The third variety is hardly to portfait of the head of a

J J HORSE WITH WARIS.

be esteemed a true wart, and would not

here be named, were it not universally accepted as one of these
abnormal growths. It consists of a cuticular case, enclosing a soft
granular substance.

It is impossible always to distinguish the first and third from
the second ; therefore, in a case of this kind, it is advisable to cut
into the excrescence as soon as it is large enough to be operated
upon. When the warts are ascertained to be enclosed in a defined
cuticular shell, the quickest and the more humane practice is to
take a sharp-pointed knife and impale them, or run the blade
through each in succession. The edge should be away from the
skin, and the knife being withdrawn with an upward, cutting
motion, the sac and substance are both sundered. This accom-
plished, the interior is easily removed ; and all that can subse-
quently be necessary is to occasionally touch the part with the
solution of the chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water.

"When the growth proves of the fixed cartilaginous kind, no
time should be lost in its removal. The quickest plan (and not,
perhaps, the most painful method) of doing this is by means of
the knife. The excrescence should be thoroughly excised, being
sundered at the base. Some bleeding will follow. This may be
readily commanded by having at hand a saucepan of water
boihng on a small fire. Into the heated liquid a budding-iron
should be placed, by which artifice sufficient heat is obtained to
stimulate the open mouths of the vessels when the instrument is

256 TUMOURS.

applied to the "bleeding surface, without any danger being incurred
of destroying the living flesh.

Should excision be objected to, the next best plan is the use
of caustic. Strong acetic acid, only to be generally obtained as
aromatic vinegar, is the mildest cautery ; the next in strength is
butter of antimony ; after that ranks nitrate of silver, or lunar
caustic ; and, lastly, comes a preparation consisting of sulphuric
acid, made into a paste with powdered sulphur, and applied by
means of a flat piece of wood.

Whichever remedy is adopted, it must be remembered that the
application will occupy time, in exact proportion to the mildness of
the means employed. It may also be proper to hint to the reader that,
as an animal has no foreknowledge to alarm its anticipatory fears,and
as, the anguish past, the mind of the creature does not linger upon
painful recollections, probably the knife is to be very much preferred.

Some people remove warts by ligatures. When the bases are
pedunculated they may be used with good results, but the knife
is to be preferred, because it operates at once and extirpates
in a few minutes that which the ligature would take perhaps
weeks to remove.

TUMOURS.

It is impossible to particularise the nature of every tumour to
which the horse is subject ; such formations being so very various.

Seldom are two cases met with in which
a precisely similar structure is deve-
loped. More seldom are two cases
encountered located upon the same part.
These growths are liable to every pos-
sible change. One may be very small,
but extremely malignant, or of that
kind which seems to resent the slightest
interference. Employ the knife to this
last sort and incurable ulceration may
start up. All remedies may be power-
less, and the life may be sacrificed.
Such growths are, happily, rare in the
equine species. Another shall be of such enormous size as to
impede the motions, yet will be perfectly bland in its nature. A

an abnormal growth upon a
horse's chest.

TUMOURS. 257

portrait, not of tlie largest tumour, but of the most awkwardly
situated, is represented in the preceding page. It was not malignant.
The horse, which carried about this burden, was brought to the
veterinary college some years ago. The animal had previously
been under the treatment of various veterinary surgeons. All had
cut and cauterised the enlargement, but without reducing its
magnitude. The wounds healed quickly, and the constitution
appeared not to be in the slightest manner affected.

Why was not the swelling removed with the knife, when the
kindly nature of the growth had been ascertained ? For good and
sufficient reasons. No operation could, with the slightest prospect
of success, be hazarded. In the lirst place, nature is apt to resent
the loss of so large a substance, or, in other words, although the
surgery may be perfect, the life, from some unexplained cause, is
likely to depart before the operation is finished. In the next
place, most bland tumours, when of magnitude, are of a semi-
cartilaginous nature, and spring either from tendon or from bone —
usually from the latter. This tumour impeded the action, hence
it was inferred that the substance ramified among the fibres of
the pectoral muscles. Those fibres are large, and are divided ;
they present interspaces, between which the abnormal growtli
might readily penetrate. Now, unless every portion of the tumour
were excised, the enlargement would sprout again, and the surgeon
would be disgraced. To remove the pectoral muscle of a man
would be esteemed of little consequence, so that the life was
preserved. But the limbs of the horse constitute the value of the
creature's existence ; and to disable these from being safely moved
would be to return a burdensome life to the proprietor. Therefore,
that which is compatible witli human surgery could not be enter-
tained in veterinary science.

A tumour may be small and soft, yet it must be respected. It
may be hard, or even ulcerated and large, still its excision may be
readily accomplished. The majority of these growths which appear
upon the horse, however, are not malignant. Nevertheless, let every
man consult some duly qualified veterinarian of experience, before he
resorts to measures which, possibly, may lead to the acutest regret.

One caution must be given before the subject is concluded.
Grey horses, which have grown paler with age, or have become
white, are liable to an incurable and malignant disease, termed

258

SWOLLEN OR FILLED LEGS.

melanosis, which hereafter will be fully described. The presence
of this disorder is generally testified by the appearance of some
external tumour. Unless that enlargement be of great size, and
admirably situated for removal, it on no account should be inter-
fered with. Let, therefore, every light grey or white horse, having
a tumour, be submitted to some experienced judgment, and let the
owner be guided by the opinion he receives.

SWOLLEN OR FILLED LEGS.

These are one of the most common troubles of the stable ; the
coachman is very apt to complain piteously, tliat in the morning he
is sure to find such and such a horse with the legs filled. Com-
monly, tlie hinder limbs below the hock are thus affected ; some-
times the fore legs, below the knee, will be involved. The
coachman mostly bandages the parts. In mild cases, this resort

IHE HORSES LEG OF A NATURAL

THE HORSE S LEO WHEN

may answer ; but in bad instances the leg above the bandage is
apt to enlarge. The cloth or flannel, before applied, should be
wetted ; this, however, affords but a temporary relief; the wet
often causes the hair to curl, and the uniformity of the appearance
is thereby spoiled. After some time, the bandage frequently leaves
its impress upon the leg, and it is astonishing how long, in peculiar
cases, this impress will continue.

Swollen legs mostly occur in heavy animals and in overgrown
carriage horses ; such creatures are of weakly or soft constitutions.
They have a vast tendency to become partially dropsical. Fast
work exhausts the system of the carriage horse, while high food

SITFAST. 259

stimulates its natural disposition towards disease. With heavy
horses, the prolonged hours of labour are equally debilitating, and
the Sunday's stagnation generates disorder ; neither have any innate
hardiness to withstand injurious influences ; both, when highly fat,
have the weakness inherent to their constitutions greatly increased.
The quadruped, loaded with the accumulations of many months,
repletion, may please the eye of the master ; but it is rendered
more subject to disease, and less capable of labour or of activity.

Persons who require fast work, should employ light vehicles
and well-bred small horses; the creatures should be principally
supported by grain — a little hay may be allowed during certain
times, when the animal's attention requires to be engaged ; but the
chief sustenance ought to consist of oats or very good chaff. When
the carriage is not wanted for the day, care should be taken to see
the groom gives at least two hours' exercise.

With regard to the heavy animals, the custom of blowing them
out with chaff or hay is not to be commended. A good horse is
surely deserving of good provender, and the best manger food is not
generally deserving of any higher character than the word "good"
may convey. A horse for work should be in sound flesh without
being fat ; when not required, it should not be allowed to remain in
the stable all day.

When a horse is troubled with swollen legs, take it from the
stall and place it in a roomy, loose box ; nothing more quickly
removes this affection than easy and natural motion. At grass,
dropsy generally attacks the abdomen ; but swollen legs seldom
occur to horses in the field, the limbs there being in constant action.
Having placed the animal in a loose box, diet as follows : — Damp
the corn, mix in it chopped carrots, and in place of hay during
the warm months feed upon cut grass, or turn the animal into a
meadow for two or three hours daily. Particularly attend to the
exercise, and should the legs still enlarge do not allow bandages to
be employed, but set both groom and coachman hand-rubbing till
the natural appearance is restored.

SITFAST.

This, whenever it occurs, provokes great vexation. Generally,
it affects animals of the highest value or of fast capabilities, which

260 SITFAST.

are used only for saddle purposes. The affection consists of a patch
of horn, resembling a corn upon the human foot. These patches
are not absolutely large, though of course in size they vary. Neither
are they all similar in form nor in thickness. In one respect, how-
ever, a family likeness runs throughout the
kind. They are not simple corns, but their
different nature is shown by a margin of
ulceration. The situation which they invari-
ably occupy is under the saddle tree. Their
presence, of course, obliges the horse to be
disused, and they are the more annoying
since there is no chance of these compara-
tively trifling ailments disappearing without
A SITFAST AS IT APPEAM treatment. The treatment, moreover, cannot

UPON A HORSE S BACK.

be speedy. Whatever lueasures may be re-
sorted to, time is necessary for the cure ; and, during this space, the
proprietor sees his horse in high health and spirits, but is forbidden
to mount it because of a petty blemish, which, in his eyes, is
perfectly contemptible.

Sitfasts, though all said to be caused by tlie friction of the saddle,
have several distinct excitants. The saddle is without life, and
cannot of itself injure the quadruped. It is common to account for
a sitfast by saying the saddle does not fit. Such may occasionally
be the case ; for a saddle, if badly made, will chafe the skin and
produce a sitfast. But this cause is in operation less often than is
imagined. A retired surgeon, wliom the author had the honour of
visiting at Eeigate, wore a cork leg. That gentleman stated, that
whenever the leg use to chafe the stump to which it was attached,
he always considered his body was out of order. Medicine then
was taken, and the symptom disappeared. We mortals refuse to
think the horse ails anything, unless the animal is alarmingly pros-
trated. All smaller ills are disregarded ; yet that derangement of
the stomach, which caused the stump of a man's leg to become
painful from pressure, may, if not attended to, also cause the skin
of a horse to exhibit a sitfast.

An awkward horseman is the more frequent source of the com-
plaint. Tliere are gentlemen so very energetic as riders that the
best of saddles may be readily moved under them. The saddle
must be well made indeed, M'hich can, under no circumstances, be

SITFAST. 261

stirred upon the back to that extent which is required to generate
a sitfast. Loose girths will likewise establish the nuisance, and so
also may the saddle cloth, whenever it is hastily put on, so as to
become thrown into a fold, when the horse is mounted.

The speediest cure for a sitfast is the knife. The excresence is
quickly removed, and the wound, if treated with the solution of
chloride of zinc, one grain to an ounce of water, soon heals. A
more tedious plan of removal, and one not recommended by any
proper feeling, is to rub into the sitfast, every night and morning, a
small quantity of blistering ointment. Such is the usual direction ;
but the ointment may be applied, for some time, to a layer of com-
pact horn, before the true skin or flesh beneath is affected. The
unguent must tlierefore cover the perhaps ulcerated margin of the
sitfast ; and even then it is a tedious and a painful operation, not
likely to improve the disposition of an animal, which it is so desir-
able to keep free from every excitement.

While the sitfast is being operated upon, the bowels should be
rendered pultaceous, by bran mashes. Four of these per diem will
usually loosen the most constipated body in two days. That effect
being gained, while the food is liberal and the animal is led to
plenty of exercise, give one of those drinks night and morning,
which are tonic to the system, but seem to exhaust their virtue
upon the skin.

Drinlc. for Sitfast.

Liquor arsenicalis .... Half-an-ounce.

Tincture of muriate of iron . Three-quarters of an ounce.

Water One pint.

Mix, and give.

" To prevent is better than to cure," and more than half the
diseases which have and are to be mentioned in this work, might
by a due observance of hygienic laws, be prevented ; and in the
case of sitfast it has been shown how the collar, saddle, etc., at
times injure those parts with which they come in contact ; therefore,
by the removal of pressure or mechanical interference, friction, the
cause of producing injury, will cease to exist. Persistent pressure
and friction of the collar pad, etc., will produce congested spots which
ultimately degenerate into fistulous sores and sitfasts ; this proves
that the harness is at fault. To remedy these evils collars have been

262 GREASE.

eased, the stuffing has been so arranged as to form a bridge over
the injured part, and various appliances, such as false collars, etc.,
have been requisitioned so as to protect horses' shoulders from
further harm. These act well sometimes, but are not to be depended
upon in all cases, and it was owing to this fact that the inventor
of the .Alpha Horse Air Collar brought out his patent, one which
will prove a great boon to horses and owners alike. This company
make saddles, collars, and pads ; these require no stuffing to form
cushions for adaptation to the necks or backs, but are inflated with
air like a balloon, which works with ease over tlie subjacent skin,
and adapts itself to the various muscular movements of the parts
upon which it rides. These collars, etc., are made for all kinds of
horses, from the eleven-hands pony to the seventeen-hands cart-horse,
and they are stronger and better made than the old-fashioned collar ;
air fills the place where stuffing formerly existed, weight is removed,
and a great desideratum is obtained. " The Alpha Patent Horse
Air Collar Company," Charing Cross Eoad, London, deserves the
thanks of horse-owners, for they have brought out Imrness appli-
ances calculated to protect from injury the various parts of the body
to which they are fastened, and in so doing prevent the primary
cause of sitfast, or of any other similar malady.

GREASE.

This filthy disorder is a disgrace to every person concerned with
the building in which it occurs ; it proves neglect in the proprietor,
want of fitness or positive idleness in the groom, and culpable
ignorance or the absence of the slightest moral courage in all
people entering the doors of the stable. It is one of those dis-
orders which it is easier to prevent than to cure. By an ordinary
regard to cleanliness and by an average attention to the necessities
of the animal, this taint may be avoided. Wherever it is witnessed,
it not only argues the human being to whom the building belongs
to be in the lowest stage of degradation, but it also testifies to the
sufferings endured by the poor creatures which are compelled to
drag out life in such custody.

The grease is, in the primary instance, inflammation of the
sebaceous glands of the legs; but it soon extends beyond the limits
of its origin, and involves the deeper seated structures. The fore-

GKEASE. 263

legs are seldom affected with this malady ; it is consequently for
the hind limbs that medical treatment usually is required. The
reason of that exemption is found in the greater proximity of the
anterior extremities to the heart or to the centre of the circulation.
Consequently, the vitality in the fore legs is more active, and the
flow of blood much more energetic ; hence, the anterior extremities
can resist that ailment which fixes with impunity upon the
posterior limbs. Added to this, in the fore legs the vessels describe
almost perpendicular lines, whereas, in the hind members, the
arterial current is impeded by numerous angles : these conditions,
doubtless, operate upon the health of parts. But, above everything
else, ranks the fact that the front legs are not subject to the same
external causes as are the members more backwardly located.
The stalls are drained from the manger to the gangway ; conse-
quently, all the contamination of the space in which the horse is
confined, flows towards the hind feet. There are, moreover, other
reasons, which the intelligence of the reader will not require should
be particularised.

Grease is banished from every decent stable; it may, however,
be occasionally encountered in situations very much secluded ;
there yet remain places whence so foul a disgrace is never absent.
The wretched animals which are employed in brick-yards, in dust-
carts, and in drawing canal boats, are hardly ever free from this
loathsome disorder. These creatures labour incessantly, and are
removed far from the wholesome check which brutality receives
from public opinion; they are resigned to the mercies of men, who,
as a class, are certainly not the most refined, and are seldom incon-
venienced by any excess of feeling. The places, not stables, into
which the miserable quadrupeds are thrust, can rarely be entered
without the pecuhar smell, which announces the existence of grease,
almost overpowering the stranger. The fact is unpleasant to
human sense ; but it is only right tliat the probable effect upon the
creature, which is doomed for the duration of its weary life to
inhale such an atmosphere, should be considered.

Smell is, perhaps, the most acute sense with which the equine
race is endowed; the horse can appreciate that in which the
human being vainly endeavours to detect even the slightest odour.
Not only is the scent far more acute than that of man, but the
two beings have to be compared as regards their habits; the animal

2S4 GREASE.

is more cleanly in its tastes. Flesh it abhors, and all fatty sub-
stance it shrinks from ; men eat such things with appetite. Then,
tlie human subject can dwell and even labour in a tainted atmo-
sphere with comparative impunity. A quadruped may be forced
to toil in such a place, but those who oblige the creature to this
kind of work know the certain consequences of the act. They
Iniy cheap and old horses — animals which have suffered much,
and have but a year or two longer to exist. AVere younger or
dearer quadrupeds purchased, in which an energetic constitution
would render disease more malignant, and were such animals
obliged to breathe such contamination, the loss in every way
would be fearful.

There is, at present, a great fuss made about sanitary laws ; but
the attention of those to whom such subjects are confided seems to
be engrossed by man and his excretions. No one yet appears to
have imagined that the subject involves life in all its varieties; the
horse cannot exist in the air which human lungs have exhausted ;
man cannot live in the atmosphere in which the horse has perished.
The two creatures are not, therefore, entirely distinct ; but the open
nostrils and huge lungs of one horse can consume the oxygen which
would support many men. Then the dung of the horse, which is
always exposed, gives off fumes only slightly less dangerous than
those which emanate from the human body. Yet officers pry into
alleys and into courts ; they enter the habitations of the poor, and
count the number of those who sleep in each room. The impacted
people are pointed to as the source of certain diseases, and society
shudders as the medical report is circulated. No one, however,
visits the stable ; no one inquires whether horses live in the space
which aftbrds sufficient atmosphere to support existence; no one
has yet traced disease in man as probably originating in the close
and contaminated fumes of nearly every London mews. Still, if
the over-crowded rooms of the poor merit an elaborate report as so
very dangerous to society, may not the stifling and reeking condi-
tion of the stables deserve a passing comment in its relation to the
same effect ?

Cutting the hair from and thereby exposing the hinder heels
to the operpttion of cold and of wet, is no unfrequent cause of
grease. Such is a common practice with lazy horsekeepers, when
not stimulated by the proprietor's eye. In v;inter, when the legs

GREASE.

265

most require warmth and protection, the heels are deprived of
the covering which nature intended should protect them ; and
parts where the blood flows most tardily are laid bare to the
effects of evaporation and of frost. When the animal returns
soiled from work most grooms will sluice a pail of cold water
over the legs ; the dirt is thereby washed off, but the legs are
suddenly chilled and soon become more cold, because of the
moisture which they retain, and of the evaporation which ensues ;
for very few stablemen, finding the appearance pleasing to mortal
perceptions, think about the comfort of the creature which is
principally concerned.

Sudden chill striking a part and followed by gradually increas-
ing cold will certainly induce congestion; the foundation of disease
is thus laid. The better plan would be, to instruct the groom that
appearance is secondary to the welfare of his charge. Order the
man not to mind about leaving his horses so very clean and tidv;
never allow the hair, which grows long and luxuriant about the
heels, to be cut off. Leave strict orders that, Avhen the animal
returns with dirty legs, the stableman is to take several wisps of
straw, and rub them until the surface is quite dry. The absence
of wet will greatly add to the comfort of the horse, while the
friction will increase the circulation, and prove the very best
preventive to disease. With the moisture, of course, much of
the dirt must be removed ; any which is left behind will readily
fall out on the following morning upon
the hair being carefully hand-rubbed and
combed.

The earliest symptom of approaching
grease is enlargement of the legs, accom-
panied by considerable heat of the skin.
If the animals be now observed they
will be seen to be uneasy in their stalls ;
the hinder feet are occasionally noisily
stamped upon the pavement. Should the
hair be examined, it will be discovered
loaded with scurf about the roots ; while
one hind foot will be frequently seen em-
ployed to scratch the back of the opposite leg.

Should these indications attract no attention, the hairs soon

HORSE SCRATCTIINO ONE LEO
WITH THE OTHER FOOT ; A SYMP-
TOM OF THE EARLIEST APPEAR-
ANCE OF THE GREASE.

266

GREASE.

begin to stand on end, or to project outward, as though each was
actuated by a separate purpose, and each desired nothing so much
as to avoid its fellows. At the same time, the part begins to
exude a thick unctuous moisture, from which the disease derives
its name. This hangs upon all the hairs of the heel in heavy
drops. It is an offensive secretion. It emits a remarkably pun-
gent and a very peculiar odour, which, once inhaled, is never
afterwards to be forgotten.

Should no regard be now bestowed upon the sufferer, and should
the horse be worked on despite the lameness which it now exhibits,

FIRST STAGE OF CONFIRMED GREASE.
EXUDATION.

THE SECOND STAGE OF CONFIRMED GRKA'iE.

the skin swells, while cracks, deep and wide, appear upon the in-
flamed integument. The lines of division ulcerate, sometimes very
badly ; a thin, discoloured and unhealthy pus mingles with the dis-
charge ; the odour grows still more abomin-
ahle, while the wretched animal becomes
yet more lame.

Should, even at this period, no proper
remedy be applied to check the disease,
the leg enlarges ; proud flesh, or fungoid
granulations, sprout from the lines of
ulceration. The granulations grow in
bunches, and have a ragged surface.
Often the masses are of great size, and
shake as though about to fall with
every movement of the foot. The points,
from exposure, become dry and hard ;
their nature, from that of fungoid granulations, changes to a sub-
stance resembling horn, like which they are, without sensation.

THE THIRD STAOE OF CON-
FIRMED GREASE. HORNY
BUNCHES, WHICH ARE COM-
MONLY CALLED GRAPES.

GREASE. 267

These bunches have been named " grapes," which they are vulgarly
thought to resemble. The likeness, however, is very distant ; the
one being pleasant to look upon, the other forming a painful and
disgusting spectacle.

However insensitive the points of the bunches may become, the
limb itself, throughout the disorder, possesses a morbid sensibility.
The gentlest touch occasions exquisite torture, and the animal will
tremble lest the agony should be repeated. Upon the sliglitest
impression, the leg is instantly snatched up; nor is it trusted again
upon the earth until fatigue necessitates rest, or till the cause of
suffering has departed. Few greasy animals ever have a bed
under them, the straw of which might arrest the liquid in its flight.
Indeed, such a luxury might save them from one source of torture,
but assuredly would start up another. The ends of the straw,
pricking or even touching the disorder, would cause such agony as
must occasion the animal constantly to stand in terror.

One peculiarity, witnessed during grease, has not been indicated
in the above illustrations. It has been purposely omitted ; because,
though invariably attendant upon the disorder, it in reality forms
no part of the malady, being only a sympathetic effect. The cutis
is continuous with the coronet and lamina, which secrete the out-
ward horn of the hoof. Any disease fixing upon the one, of course
cannot but affect the other. The irritation, which involves the
skin of the leg, therefore, necessarily stimulates the gi'owth of the
foot. The hoof of a greasy leg, from this cause, often becomes of
enormous dimensions ; but this peculiarity has not been noticed,
because it was desired to keep the attention of the reader fixed
wholly upon the more immediate symptoms of the loathsome
affection.

The remedy for grease is simple enough. Indeed, did not a
sense of duty oblige it to be resorted to, the smell would, in the
majority of persons, induce it to be employed. In the first place,
clip off the hair, if any remains to be cut off. The natural protec-
tor of the heels now can conserve nothing. It can only heat the
skin and retain the discharge. This being accomplished, if the leg
merely be hot and scurvy, have it thoroughly cleansed with soft
soap and warm water. Afterwards, carefully wash away all
the soap, and dry the part with a soft rubber. Then apply a lotion
consistins of —

268 GREASE.

Animal glycerine .... Half-a-pint.

Chloride of zinc .... Half-an-ounce.

Water Six quart?.

This should be etiected by well saturating a cloth with the lotion,
and surrounding the inflamed integument with it. This should be
removed so soon as it becomes warm, and another, also dripping,
should immediately supply its place. Thus a wet, cold cloth
should constantly cover the part till the heat is destroyed, or at all
events is greatly mitigated. When the part is reduced to a some-
what natural temperature the treatment consists in renewing the
cloths saturated with the lotion so often as the heat returns.

When the cracks, with ulceration, appear, the previous lotion
is too weak to be of much service ; but the same treatment must
be adopted, only one of the lotions subsequently given should then
be used :

Lotion for the ulcerative stage of Grease.

Permanganate of potash or

phosphoric acid .... One pint.
Water Six quarts.

Or,

Chloride of zinc .... One ounce.

Creosote Pour ounces.

Strong solution of oak bark One gallon.

Both to be used after the manner of the previous solution.

Should the spurious granulations have began to sprout, lose no
time in having the horse cast. Have near at hand a small pot,
with a charcoal fire beneath it. Let the vessel be full of boiling
water. Within the fluid, previous to the casting, insert several
irons ; then throw the animal. With a keen knife, excise the
external bunches of proud flesh. As each lump is removed, much
bleeding will ensue ; therefore, before using the knife again, take
an iron and lay it flat upon the raw surface. Should one not check
the haemorrhage, return the first to the saucepan, and apply a
second. If the growths are extensive or numerous, it will be wise
not to remove them all at one operation, but extirpate as many as
the operator may think consistent, when taking into consideration
the age and condition of the animal under his knife.

If a second operation be deemed advisable, the animal should

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. 2G9

be well fed during the intervening period, and the parts should he
dressed with the chloride of zinc lotion, as before prescribed.
After a week's time the horse may be cast a second time, and all
the growth can be removed.

The after treatment will depend much upon circumstances. If
the ulceration predominates, employ the last lotion. Sliould the
granulations appear likely to grow make use of the first solution
of chloride of zinc, only it should be double the strength which was
originally recommended. When both ulceration and granulation
appear equal, the first and last lotions may be alternated.

Such are the chief remedies necessary for the cure of grease.
The other measures are, the removal to a loose box, thickly bedded
with refuse tan ; the food should be liberal ; each feed of oats
should be rendered damp, and a handful of ground oak bark ought
to be thoroughly mixed with it. For medicine, those excellent
tonic and alterative drinks may be thus prepared, andgiven daily : —

Drink for Grease.
Liquor arsenicalis .... One ounce.
Tincture of the muriate of iron One ounce and a half

Porter or stout One quart.

Mix. Give one pint night and morning.

Chopped roots, speared wlieat, hay tea, and a little cut grass,
should it be in season, are all proper in this disease. At the same
time, walking exercise is much to be commended. Motion quickens
the circulation ; but in grease it seems in a manner, which is not
imderstood, also to allay pain. A horse having grease will be led
out of the stable limping lame; but after an hour's exercise it may
return walking firmly and almost soundly. After cleanliness, good
food, and medicine, nothing is so beneficial to grease as moderate
exercise, which cannot be better obtained tlian by a turn-out to
grass in good pasture during the warm months, as it necessitates
natural motion, and removes the animal from the baneful intiuence
of impurities, and places him amidst healthy vegetation and pure
air.

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDEKS.

These names are to be traced to no derivation, but in their
arbitrary signification they denote a certain condition of the parts.

270

CRACKED HEELS.

situated on the points of principal flexion in either limb. Mallen-
ders appear upon the back of the knee ; sallenders are located in
front of the hock. Both, in the first place, are scurfy patches,
exhibiting a roughened state of hair and suggesting considerable
irritability. Either, if neglected, will degenerate into a troublesome
sore, from which a foul discharge will issue. With ordinary care
they neither do much harm, but are regarded as proofs of idleness,

MALLENDERS, OR A SCURVY PATCH AT THE
BACK OF THE KNEE.

SALLENDERS, OR A SCURVY PATCH IN FRONT
OF THE HOCK.

and as eyesores, than as actual diseases, to which importance they
now seldom attain. For their relief, it is essential to pay scrupul-
ous attention to cleanliness, as, when the coat suffers from neglect,
it is very probable the same cause may likewise influence the con-
stitution. Therefore always begin the treatment with the tonic
alterative drinks, described on the previous page ; at the same time
applying with friction a little of the annexed ointment, thrice

daily : —

Ointment for Mallenders and Sallenders.
Animal glycerine . . . One ounce.
Mercurial ointment . . Two drachms.
Powdered camphor . . Two drachms.

Spermaceti One ounce.

Incorporate all thoroughly together, and apply as directed.

When the scurf, through neglect, degenerates into a sore, treat
after the manner subsequently advised for cracked heels.

CRACKED HEELS.

This is produced by the unwise treatment men adopt of denud-
ing their horse's legs of their natural protection — the hair — during

CRACKED HEELS.

271

THE HEEL OF A HORSE IX A
CRACKED CONDITION.

the cold and wet months of the year. Tlie fetlocks are thus ex-
posed to the inclemency of the weather, when too rapid evaporation
from the heel is favoured, and congestion of
the part supervenes, which terminates in
cracked heel.

The liability, induced by removal of tlie
natural covering, exemplifies the folly of
those practices, which have lately become
so very fashionable, as at the present time
to be almost universal. But there has always
appeared to exist in the human mind a rest-
less desire to improve the beauty of the horse.
Now, the tail has been docked ; then the
ears have been cut. A short space prior to
these amendments the skin was tampered
with to produce a star, as a white spot upon

the forehead was termed. At the passing hour almost every man
wdio owns a horse must have the body clipped or singed. The
length of hair is given in this climate as a necessary provision.
Nature never forms anything without its use, though man, in his
ignorance, may not always be able to comprehend her intention.
Were finer coats desired it would probably be wiser to obtain them
by warming the stable, increasing the clothing, and avoiding those
long stagnations during which the animal has to remain motionless
before street doors. A long coat is a defence against a cold winter,
and unless man provides against the consequences of our climate,
it is evidently flagrantly wrong to deprive a dumb creature of the
protection which nature has bestowed.

Shortening the coat, if anywhere justifiable, is certainly most
pardonable amongst hunters. Animals, used for this purpose,
always have, or should have, plenty of attendance ; these creatures
also, are mostly required during the autumn and early winter.
Kemoving the coat certainly does stimulate the body. The horse,
assuredly, is capable of greater exertion immediately after the
deprivation. At the same time, however, a greater susceptibility
to disease is engendered, and often the deprived animal falls a
victim to man's fancy, notwithstanding all the care and attention
which the hunting stable can command. A burst and then a
check, when a piercing wind blows from the north-east, invariably

272 CRACKED HEELS.

produces sad effects among the horses, especially at the com-
mencement of the season. A gentleman, who prizes the animal
he rides, should take it to " the meet " undipped ; and, perhaps,
should the run be long, the quadruped may hold a better place
at the death than horses adorned after the prevailing fashion.

The folly of the custom is shown in the animals attached to
London vehicles. These horses are mostly wanted for spring
service. The stimulant of the autumn is purchased at the cost
of debility during the spring. The coat is shed the later, because
of the previous deprivation. When the summer hair is growing,
the creature presents a very uneven and ragged appearance, in
consequence of the points of the new and the roots of the old
coat being of opposite colours. The gentleman (who, therefore,
has his nag and carriage horses shorn of their natural coverings)
at the time when hunters are thrown up, beholds the objects of
his pride deficient in animation and beggarly in aspect, while the
animal that has been allowed to wear its native garments dashes
past him in all the briskness of the season and the smartness of
new apparel.

The question of clipping and of singeing is simply this. Do
you require your servant's services all the year round, or do you
want its utmost exertions for a comparatively short space, immedi-
ately subsequent to the removal of the outer hair ; and, at how
great a hazard are you prepared to purchase your wish ?

Were the legs of horses allowed to retain that adornment
which nature gave, and were the parts not shorn of their shaggy
beauty ; were men not inclined to confound the different breeds
of horses, and, because the thorough-bred has clean legs, to imagine
the cart-horse can be artilicially made to display members equally
fine ; were masters more resolute in resisting the selfish sugges-
tions of lazy grooms, who love to have the bushy heels clipped ;
were the stable-keeper not afraid of doing his duty, but would go
down upon his knees and rub the fetlocks dry, instead of drenching
them with water, and then leaving them to chap in moisture and
in cold ; — were these things attended to, there is no reason why
cracked heels should not speedily become a thing wliicli has been
but no longer is.

For cracked heels, if bad, the animal must rest, at all events,
till the parts are improved. When slight, always wash them with

CRACKED HEELS. 273

tepid water and mild soap, upon the animal's return to the stable ;
dry them thoroughly with a soft leather ; then damp them with
the following : —

Wash for Cracked Heels.

Animal glycerine .... Half-a-pint.

Chloride of zinc .... Two drachms.

Strong solution of oak-bark One pint.
Dissolve the zinc in water, then mix, and use thrice daily.

Should sloughiog and ulceration have commenced, that condi-
tion claims the first attention, as being the most dangerous.

Forbear all exercise while such a state exists. Throw up the
animal. Allow it to rest in the stable. Give a few bran mashes
or a little cut grass if this malady occurs during the summer, if in
the winter a few carrots to open the bowels ; but do not take the
horse out, even for exercise, while such an unhealthy action is in
existence. Ulceration is too dangerous and morbid a process not
to be treated with every consideration ; and it is far too irritable
and painful a state not to necessitate perfect inaction for its
relief. Apply the following to the heels : —

Wash for Ulcerated Cracked Heels.
Animal glycerine or phosphoric acid . . Two ounces.
Permanganate of potash, or creosote . . Half-an-ounce.

"Water Tliree ounces.

Mix, and apply six times, daily.

Upon the ulceration being arrested, tlie last prescription may
be discarded, and the former recipe resorted to. With these,
however, it is always well to attend to the constitution. A drink,
each day, composed of liquor arsenicalis, half-an-ounce ; tincture of
the muriate of iron, one ounce ; water, half-a-pint, should be given
every night. This composition has been often recommended, but
the author knows of none which is more beneficially tonic to the
general system, and which, at the same time, acts so directly upon
the skin.

Stable-men are fond of urging various excuses to hide their
disinclination for exertion. Thus, it is common for such people to
assert that the horse's heels cracked while the animal was out, on
a cold, a wet or a windy day : this is nonsense.

274 CRACKED HEELS.

Were not the heels clipped, nothing short of extreme stable-
neglect could occasion those parts to crack. If the hair is
removed, nothing but excessive good fortune will prevent this
affection. The groom, in the last case, is not to blame, should the
heels become sore. However, the best method of avoiding this
affection, where the hair is cut short, experience has proved to be
the following: — Upon return to the stable, wash the feet scrupu-
lously clean with tepid water ; then dry them thoroughly. Use
several cloths to affect the latter purpose, and do not relinquish
the object, while the slightest moisture remains ; and afterwards
surround the legs with flannel bandages, and allow them to remain
on for two hours.

CHAPTER XI.

SPECIFIC DISEASES — THEIR VARIETIES AND THEIR TREATMENT.

BROKEN WIND.

Broken wind in the horse approaches very near to dry asthma in
the human being. Man, however, can suit his work to his

CONVULSIVE SPASM, INDUCED BY FATIGIIE IN A BUOKICN-WINDED HORSE.

capabilities ; but all horses have only one employment, which, to
be sure, may differ in its intensity ; still, the most afflicted animal
always has to perform the severest kind of draught. Let any
person propose that individuals, having dry asthma, should pull
loaded trucks to earn their bread, or to purchase a right to live ;
the cruelty of such a proposition would be apparent to the dullest
sense. Yet is it the horse's doom that, no matter with what

276

276 BROKEN WIND.

disease it may be afflicted, the animal must work or die. Old or
sick, weak or disabled — still, the body's toil must earn the creature's
food and the master's profit. Spasm or agony can excuse no
pause ; let the sufferer even slacken the pace sufficiently to
mitigate in some degree the pangs it endures, and the long whip,
aided by the harsh voice of the driver, vvill urge the flagging
cripple onward. The horse has no words to plead with ; the signs
of its distress are not understood ; the law which assumes to
protect it is a delusion ; the animal is given up helpless, friendless,
and unpitied to the almost unrestrained barbarity of its master.
It is born doomed to live in solitude ; to wear its life out under
the goad, and to yield up existence in a knacker's yard.

" Broken wind " is a sad affliction ; it is the more sad, because
no men, but the very careless or the very poor, will keep an
animal thus diseased. The malady is usually witnessed after the
adult age has been attained, or during the latter period of life.

It is said to have been produced suddenly. Thus, a man has
been reported to have ridden an untrained horse after the hounds,
and so have provoked the disorder. Another is asserted to have
galloped a nag with a stomach loaded either with food or water,
and thus to have broken the wind. Doubtless, the seeds of
the disorder may by either process have been sown ; but that the
disease was fully developed after either incident is more than
doubtfuh

The seat of this affliction is not confined to any one organ ; its
ravage is universal. No part escapes. That the entire animal
economy can change all at once, like a trick in a Christmas
pantomime, is a circumstance which has yet to be established.
The malady is most general among the agricultural districts ; the
farmer's poor team in many parts of England seldom taste much
of that which can be taken to market. Cut grass constitutes its
chief summer food ; the coat is rarely groomed ; the stable often
left open, and only cleaned when manure is wanted. During the
winter months the animals have sometimes to luxuriate in the
straw-yard, where bad hay may be given, or at any rate that which
is not considered good enough to sell. Such food may sustain life,
but cannot support strength, and consequently general bodily
degeneration is induced.

"Broken wind" comes on insidiously; is of slow and long growth;

BROKEN WIND. 277

any abuse may lay the foundation of such an affliction. "Where
abuse of life is possible, there folly is too often habitual. Thus,
repetition may hasten the development of broken wind, but no
one act could provoke so lamentable a consequence.

There is some dispute whether " broken wind " originates in the
stomach or in the lungs. The mass of evidence would favour the
opinion that originally it was a disease of the digestive organs ;
but, as the disorder proceeds, all parts of the body appear to be
involved.

The symptoms of " broken wind " are a short, dry cough, which
is described as " hacking." It arises from irritability of the larynx,
the mucous membrane of which is directly continuous with that
proper to the lungs, and is joined to that of the stomach, any
disease of which organ is frequently accompanied by cough.

The appetite is ravenously and unscrupulously morbid; the
thirst is insatiable ; the flatus is most abundant ; the food is but
half digested ; the abdomen is pendulous ; the coat ragged, and
the general aspect dejected.

The leading symptom, or that which is looked for as indicative
of " broken wind," is found in the breathing. Eespiration is
accomplished by a triple effort ; inhalation is quick and single ;
expiration is slow and double. The air is drawn upon the lungs
as by a gasp. This being quickly accomplished, the ribs com-
mence to expel the vapour, and move laboriously to their utmost
extent without being able to effect the purpose. The movement
of the chest and the inhalation are counted as two efforts. Then
ensues the third. The abdomen begins to rise, with an evident
desire to aid in emptying the lungs, by driving forward the
diaphragm and thereby diminishing the capacity of the thorax.
These two last efforts are coinparatively laborious ; but the double
effort is only partially completed, before a sense of suffocation
forces the animal to gasp once more for breath.

There certainly are several circumstances which favour the
opinion that " broken wind " is a disease of the digestive organs.
In the first place, the great majority of broken-winded horses are
to be found in those stables where the animals are badly fed ;
moreover, it is no unusual thing for a gentleman to turn his nag
out to grass, or into the straw-yard, and to take it up " broken-
winded." Then, again, low dealers who frequent fairs and public-

27? BROKEN WIND.

houses, have a method of what they term " setting broken wind."
This consists in pouring into the stomach various substances, which
cause the indicative symptom of the disease to be for a time con-
cealed. Grease, tar, shot, and many filths are used for this pur-
pose ; anything which seems to induce nausea appears capable of
producing such an effect. These things may conceal, but they
cannot destroy the characteristic cough ; a copious draught of cold
water, by refreshing the stomach, will induce the restoration of all
those signs natural to the disorder.

For " broken wind " prevention is far more easy than cure ; in
fact, the utmost which science can at present accomplish is to
relieve the distress. To effect this, water should be given con-
stantly, but never immediately before or after work, and in order
that necessary system may be observed, it will be well to keep the
water always in the trough at the side of the manger.

Besides this, allow crushed oats and carrots well soaked, five
feeds each day, with only five pounds of hay ; two pounds in the
morning when being dressed, and the remainder in the rack at
night. All food should be well saturated with water previously
to exhibition, and a lump of rock salt can be placed in some con-
venient place in the stable for the horse to lick.

All other recommendations rather concern the owner than the
stable. A horse thus afflicted should never be pushed hard or
called upon for any extraordinary exertion. Fatigue, when severe,
is apt to provoke alarming spasm, which has been known to
terminate fatally.

After death the body which has suffered from the disease
declares the ravage of the malady ; the lungs are larger than
usual, and always pallid. Small bladders containing gas are some-
times met with ujion their surfaces ; and when taken from their
cavity the organs do not collapse as do the healthy lungs, nor can
the air by compression be entirely driven forth. The hand being
forced upon the surface elicits crepidation or provokes a crackling
sound, induced by the vapour passing out of one cell into another ;
for " broken wind " causes the terminations of the bronchial tubes
to give way or to freely communicate one with another. Now, it
is within these air cells that the blood absorbs the oxygen from
the inhaled atmosphere, and purifies itself by yielding up carbonic
acid. How much must the destruction of their integrity, there-

BROKEN WIND. 279

fore, affect the entire body ? Impure blood cannot nourish a
healthy life ; and the reader, after the above explanation, will
easily account for the ragged and dejected aspect of the horse with
" broken wind."

The diaphragm is also disintegrated ; the fibres of its tendonous
portion are separated. The stomach is distended and thin ; the
bowels are enlarged and blown out with gas ; the muscle of the
anus is flaccid ; the visible mucous membranes are of an unhealthy
tint ; the lining of the windpipe and the bronchial tubes are greatly
thickened ; the muscles are soft and deficient in colour ; and where
fat should have been is found only a gelatinous fluid.

Having related the living and the morbid changes which charac-
terise the malady, it remains now to inform the reader how so
terrible a scourge may be avoided. Never, for cheapness, buy
damaged provender ; never load a famishing stomach ; be generous
in all provision for those creatures which devote their lives to
your service. Never allow your horses to be galloped at racing
pace by your servants, excepting
when you deem it wise to do so
for some express purpose. Be very
careful that water is always before
your horse, and damped food is at
all times presented to him. Never
suffer an animal to quit the stable
soon after it has eaten. Be very
attentive to all coughs; accustom
yourself to the sound of the healthy m^^IiIMI^^

horse's windpipe, that, when the
slightest change of noise indicates ^7nZ ruTnJZ'slTZZT
the smallest change of structure, you

may be prepared to recognise and to meet the enemy before
disease has had time to fix upon the membrane.

MELANOSIS.

A quantity of black deposit, accumulated in large quantities
upon certain parts of the frame and contained within an increased
amount of cellular tissue, constitutes this disease. At an early
period swellings may be detected externally ; they may be as small as

280

MELANOSIS.

a millet seed, or as large and round as a plate. These may remain
dormant for years, or if cut into before they start into activity
are almost white, and very glistening in
parts, much resembling cartilage.

As time progresses, however, all the
white disappears, and its place is filled
with black pigmentary matter. These
growths increase both in number and in
size. Should one be cut into, after it is
fully matured, an inky fluid follows the
knife. The disease is more common to
white horses than those of any other
colour, and the tumours are usually found in abundance upon and
around the anus. It is not, however, simply confined to external

A MELANOTIC TUMOUR DIVIDED,
SHOWING THE INTERIOR IN
THE MIDDLE STAGE OF DE-
VELOPMENT.

THE SPLEEN OF A HORSE LOADED WITH MELANOTIC TUMOURS. THE BLACK SPOT TOWARDS THE
BIGHT HAND REPRESENTS ONE OF THE GROWTHS DIVIDED.

tumours; the coverings to nerves, the coats of arteries, and the
recesses of the closest bones, are each found to bear minute evi-
dences of a melanotic tendency. The deposit, however, seems
principally to attack the internal organs. The interior of the
sheath is not unfrequently clogged to that degree which forbids
the passage of the natural emission ; while the preceding engraving
of a loaded spleen by no means represents an extreme case.

A melanotic tumour is malignant — that is, if once removed,
it may recur, and for this reason no benefit is likely to arise from
operation. Our present knowledge points to no medicine which
can prevent or disperse such deposits, and the tumours appear to
resent the slightest interference. The integrity of one swelling
being violated, seems to start off the disease with enraged intensity.
If let alone, melanosis may exist for years, and cause little incon-
venience to the body in which it resides.

MELANOSIS.

281

Above all, let the master not permit any man to blister, seton,
rowel, fire, stimulate, or slough out the tumour ; such deeds are cruel
folly. Bleeding is worse than useless. Purging weakens the body
which disease is sapping. All medicines used in ignorance are pro-
bable hazards. Let such things, therefore, be discarded ; but, if some-
thing must be done, let the animal have daily an eight-ounce dose
of any bland vegetable oil. Some linseed may likewise be mingled
with the corn, or a decoction of the whole linseed may be presented
as drink, before the seeds themselves are given with the oats.

It is but natural to connect melanosis with the changed aspect
of the skin ; for it is common to the grey horse, not during the time
his coat is of a dark appearance, but when his hairy covering has
become nearly white, owing to the pigment having ceased to
supply its black colour to the skin. From this it would appear
that a tendency existed, as age advanced, for the pigment to con-
centrate upon itself in circumscribed spots, and in so doing to
establish the commencement of melanosis.

When these tumours occur they should be kept as clean as
possible and washed daily with tepid water. No application of
any kind seems to avail ; indeed, washes have been used which
irritated the affected parts, and have operated injuriously.

THE COLOURED HORSES WHICH ALONB ARE EXPOSED TO MELANOSIS. TO THE LEPf IS THE OLD HOKSB
WHICH HAS BEEN GREY j TO THE KIGHT IS THE YOUNG ANIMAL, WHICH WILL WITH AGE BECOME WHITE.

"When melanosis threatens, a tumour no larger than a wren's egg
generally appears upon some part of the body. It may show on
any locality. It has no fixed abode. It is hard to the touch, and
apparently devoid of sensibility. In this state the disease may

282 MELANOSIS.

remain for one, or it may continue stationary for six years. When
the next and the more active stage commences the tumour suddenly
enlarges. It becomes soft in places, and will fluctuate under the
pressure of the fingers. The horse at the same time grows slothful.
The tumour, which previously seemed in no way to affect the animal,
by its enlargement marks the departure of all spirit. This slug-
gishness rapidly increases, till the poorest owner becomes dissatis-
fied with the perpetual use of the goad.

The body, when opened, generally displays a condition which,
from the outward signs, was far from expected. The internal
organs are covered with tumours. Numberless morbid growths, of
various dimensions and in every stage of development, crowd upon
every part. These readily account for that disinclination to move,
which characterised the latter days of existence.

There is one test for melanosis which does not invariably meet
with a response, but which, when successful, seldom deceives.

This is a pimple near to the root of the

dock ; it is very rarely of magnitude ;

there may only be one, or there may

be several, and the largest may not

exceed the dimensions of half a pea.

"When, however, such an indication can

be detected upon a grey horse which is

turning white the evidence is almost

conclusive.

''"f.^lrlZro/^.lZZr The ultimate termination of this

disorder is not known, as horses thus

affected are always slaughtered, when the second stage interferes

with their utility ; but, judging from the similarity of the disease in

man and in the animal, it is conjectured the last stage would in

each be alike.

WATER FARCY.

Water farcy, like so many equine disorders, is the offspring of
weakness, and is the result of a debilitated system, induced by
too excessive labour and old age, and is a warning which nature
gives to human selfishness. It is,when rightly viewed, an intimation,
that, if the owner does not use the life entrusted to him more gently,
the common Parent will speedily take the sufferer to its rest. The

WATER FARCY.

283

complaint proceeds from coDstitutional weakness ; should the cause
of exhaustion be continued, the affection soon changes its character.
Water farcy is dropsy of one hind leg ; very rarely does the malady
involve two members. Such is the form of the admonition ; but
the labour undiminished, or the dropsy removed by means of coarse
and drastic medicines, the local affection speedily becomes a con-
stitutional disorder ; and true farcy releases an ill-used slave from
custody of the tyrant who has abused his power.

Horses that are liable to water farcy are mostly of the heavy
breed, or are animals which perform slow work. It is usual on a
Saturday night for the driver to throw much provender before such
creatures, and then to lock the stable door, satisfied he has discharged
his duty.

Often, he does not visit them on a Sunday ; the creatures pass
" the best of all the seven " confined in a close atmosphere, and
eating food which they have contaminated by breathing upon. The
man observes the day of rest himself, and takes his ease ; for the
" brutes " he has heaped up rack and manger — so they have to eat ;
what more can dumb animals require ? Upon opening the door
on Monday morning, he may see one horse with a swollen leg.

THE CARTERS FIRST APPEARANCE IN THE STABLE ON MONDAY MORNINO.

The drudge generally (not invariably) is lame, and holds the en-
larged member in the air ; the coat stares ; the aspect is dull ; and
much of the abundance which was placed before the animal remains
untouched. The poor creature was too tired and in too much pain
to eat ; but agony has created a consuming thirst, and it will drink
the foulest water.

234 WATER FARCY.

Let every man who keeps cart-horses view a case of water farcy
as a caution, proceeding direct from nature, that the management
of his stable requires immediate change.

Water farcy is, however, an admonition which all men should
understand ; the horse, when thus attacked, announces that farcy
hovers over the stable. Let the work of the team be made less
prolonged and less exhausting; let the provender be improved.
Give none but good hay, as bad may fill the stomach but it brings
down the belly and impoverishes the blood. The team may not
travel fast, but they are out for many hours ; generally, they cover
more ground than horses of a quicker pace ; they also pull weights,
before which none but a cart-horse would be harnessed. On the
appearance of water farcy, therefore, let the distances be shortened,
and the loads lightened.

Then, for remedial measures, let the diet be nourishing, the
bed cleanly, the house drained and airy. As for exercise, let the
horse, so soon as it can bear the motion, be gently led out morning,
noon, and night, for one hour each time ; or, should the disease occur
during the spring or summer, a run at grass in a good pasture will
assist markedly in assisting other curative measures.

As for medicine, when the limb can bear friction, let it be well
and often hand-rubbed; the oftener and the longer the better. Every
morning saturate it with pails of warm water, wipe it dry immedi-
ately, and then set to work hand-rubbing the leg. This is all that
is absolutely necessary, save that, if the lameness continues longer
than the first day, a few punctures may be made through the skin.
These should be equally distributed, each being about three-eighths
of an inch deep and one inch long, so as to divide the skin but not
to wound the muscles beneath. Through these incisions the fluid,
by which the limb is distended, will escape. As for physic, the
following ball should be given every morning, if the proprietor can
think a sick servant merits such trouble and expense : —

Iodide of iron One drachna.

Powdered cantharides

Powdered arsenic . .

Cayenne pepper . .

Sulphate of iron

Treacle and linseed meal . A sufficiency.
Make into a ball and give.

Two grains.
One grain.
One scruple.
One drachm.

PURPURA HiEMORRHAGICA. 285

This should be made as it is wanted ; fcr, by keeping, the
ingredients become hard, and are apt, when given in that state, to
cause injury to the animal.

By such slight and simple means water farcy has generally
been removed ; but no delay should occur in having recourse to
them, as some cases will set all endeavours at defiance, and delay is
always dangerous where health is concerned. A few days of neglect
will often permit the disease to become organised. The parts cease
to pit on pressure. Fibrine has been effused under the skin. The
swollen leg is even harder than is the healthy member. Then the
horse, should it escape true farcy, will carry about an enlarged
member for the duration of its remaining life.

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.

The cause of this terrible affliction is a mystery. The horse
has worked, fed, and looked well when locked up for the night.
The next day the animal is discovered breathing with difficulty,
and having several parts of the body greatly enlarged. The crea-
ture appears by the disorder to be ren-
dered stupid rather than insensible. It
stands erect, but seems not to be acutely
conscious of its condition. Not only are
several portions of the horse's frame
swollen beyond all recognition, but
through the skin there issues streams of
serum, fearfully variegated by the admix-
ture of blood. The openinqs to the nos- a hopse's head DEroRHED

° BV PURPURA ILEMORRHAGICA.

trils and the lips soon enlarge ; then the

tongue likewise increases in size, a portion of it hanging out of the
mouth. The appetite is never entirely lost, though the affliction
prevents deglutition. In this lamentable state the wretched horse
may continue for several days, or the disorder may reach its ter-
mination in a few hours.

As the horse begins to recover, extensive sloughs occur, gener-
ally in those parts which have been much enlarged.

Recovery appears to restore the consciousness in some degree,
and the life is prolonged at the expense of much suffering. The
appetite remains. The power to eat is nevertheless slowly attained.

286

PURPURA H.EMORRHAGICA.

The desire for fluids, however, appears to exist throughout the
attack, and should be taken advantage of to nourish the patient,
by presenting thin gruel in the place of water.

Purpura hsemorrhagica is universal congestion. If the body of
an animal which has succumbed to this disease be examined, the
cellular tissue will be found distended with serum and with blood
of a dark venous character.

Immediately on the recognition of this malady administer half
a pint of linseed oil, and two hours afterwards give thrice daily.

It is imperative to be speedy in adopting the measures intended
to relieve purpura, for the disease rapidly attains its termination.
For that reason, if the breathing is distressed, as is pretty certain
to be the case, at once perform tracheotomy. Impure oxygenisa-
tion of the blood is one of the most active causes of congestion ;
indeed, that state appears only possible during impeded respiration.
The tongue often becomes infiltrated; and, hanging out of the
mouth, renders the appearance of the head most unsightly. It is,
when thus eidarged, a fixture, and is in danger of being injured by
the teeth. So soon, therefore, as the member is protruded several
free incisions should be made through its integument. The organ
should then be manipulated, so as to cause the fluid to exude.
These processes should again and again be had recourse to, so often
as they are required to return the tongue to the mouth.

The sloughing of the skin is a serious matter. It is treated by
the solution of the chloride of zinc — one grain to the ounce of

water — applied by being squeezed from
a sponge on to the denuded part. This
lotion will not only promote healing,
but it will also destroy the foetor which
results from decomposition.

After all, however, these cases are
mostly very unsatisfactory.

The condition of the animal suffer-
ing from this terrible disorder is indeed
dreadful. If the brain be oppressed,
the body is deformed out of all recogni-
tion. The beauty of the animal is lost
and the carcase becomes so misshapen as to be commonly compared
to a hippopotamus. The legs share with the trunk the general

THP; HIMD LEG OF A HORSE ENDUR-
ING PURPURA HyEMORRHAGICA,

STRANGLES. 287

disorder, and from these, as from other parts, blood and serum will
exude.

STRANGLES.

Strangles, in its effects upon the body of the horse, is similar
to measles in the human being. Both are diseases peculiar to the
young, both sometimes occur after the attainment of maturity, and
both are dangerous, in proportion as their advent is delayed. Both
also are attended with evil consequence if driven inwards, or if
any irregularity warps the even tenor of their course.

Here, however, the similarity ends. Strangles is developed as
an abscess under the jaw ; measles appears as a rash all over the
body. Both, however, are eruptive ; and both are cast outward, at
some expense to the system.

Strangles is a disease as common to horses as measles are to
children. Few escape its visitation, and for this reason it has been
assumed that by it some deleterious agent is removed from the
equine system. It may relieve the body of the high-bred and
tenderly-nurtured animal of something which might prove injuri-
ous, if retained, although it is impossible for us to detect the nature
of the offender which nature is supposed to eject. Still it may be,
and probably is, an effort to adapt the body to a sudden change of
circumstances, though whether these circumstances are natural or
induced still remains to be proved.

Highly-bred horses are cared for from the moment of their birth.
Up to a certain period (varying in different parts of the country
and in different animals) the colt is allowed to roam the field.
All at once, however, it is taken up, and its education commences.
From the dew, and from the grass under its feet and within its
mouth, the colt is suddenly removed to dry food, and is imprisoned
inside a hot and foetid stable. Nature rebels against such treat-
ment. The strangles is the consequence, after which the poor
captive becomes better adapted to its unnatural situation.

Strangles is ushered in by slight general indisposition, which
however does not pass away. Sickness rather hovers over the colt,
than plumps directly upon it. The animal is then, in stable
phraseology, " breeding strangles." After a few days a stiffness of
the neck is conspicuous ; subsequently an enlargement can be per-
ceived. It is at first very hard, hot, and tender. A discharge

288 STRANGLES.

from the nose appears. The symptoms of general disease become
aggravated. The throat is sore; the breathing is oppressed ; the

THE HEAD OF A HORSE WITH STEANOLES.

discharge is copious ; the coat stares ; the appetite is lost ; the
creature stands with eyes half closed, tlie picture of mute distress.

At length the tumour softens. It becomes prominent at a
particular spot. Upon this place the surgeon makes an incision.
A pint or more of pus escapes, and the animal quickly recovers.

Such is the history of a case of strangles, as the disorder gener-
ally develops itself. Of course it will vary in degree, though in
every instance a sufficient similarity will be apparent to guide the
student.

With regard to treatment. Never purge a colt when it exhibits
a dubious sickness. It may be " breeding strangles," and the
strength then will be needed to cast off the disease. Give all the
nourishment the animal can imbibe. If corn, etc., be refused, give
warm bran and oatmeal mashes, and try the animal with green
meat, as such sometimes will entice a delicate appetite. But, if
the colt is not frightened at the approach of a stranger, the food
should be offered little at a time, by the hand, not forked into tlie
rack or cast upon the ground, for the animal to breathe upon and
then turn from with disgust. Corn (crushed and scalded) may be
allowed, if it can be eaten. No grooming must annoy the feverish
body ; the clothing must be light ; the bed should be ample, and
scrupulously clean ; the loose box ought to be large, perfectly well-
drained, with every door and window open during the day, and
only partly closed at night.

The swelling at the throat, which is hard at first, is in a state
of development, and must not be interfered either with too stim-

A HORSE WITH STHANGLES, WEARING AN EIGHT-
TAILED BANDAGE.

STRANGLES. 289

iilating liniments, blisters, or with the kuifej for many cases
have come under our notice where too energetic action, as above
indicated, has led to most disastrous results. The abscess should
be constantly bathed witli hot water, or a poultice consisting of
crushed linseed and bran can be
applied through the medium of
an eight-tailed bandage, as the
illustration depicts. This treat-
ment will sometimes be sufficient
to render the abscess soft, which
indicates that the formation of
pus is steadily increasing ; yet
still continue to poultice until
the swelling pits on pressure —
that is, until the little finger can
be imbedded in its centre ; then an opening, an inch long, can be
made, and less or more pus will escape, and can be thoroughly
evacuated by gentle manipulation. Sometimes the abscess will
not come to a head, when it will be necessary to apply a cantha-
rides blister, consisting of the powdered fly in association with
turpentine, and well mixed with lard. And even when this has
been rubbed into the throat the poulticing must still be continued,
and in nine cases out of ten, within a few days, the abscess will
break and the pus will be discharged.

With some horses, it fortunately is seldom required ; a twitch
has to be used in order to keep the head in a fixed position, so as
to determine the exact spot on which to make the incision, and also
so as to keep the head still during the operation.

The twitch is a long stick with a short loop of cord at one end.
Into this the upper lip of the horse is inserted, the stick is then
twisted round and round until it tightens upon the lip and holds
it securely. The twitch should never be used unless absolutely
necessary, and for opening an abscess situated in the horse's throat
has never been used by the reviser.

If blisters or too stimulating embrocations be applied to the
abscess, or the knife be used before the tumour is ripe, another
class of symptoms will be aroused, caused by either retarding the
development of the tumour and sometimes by the absorption of
pus. Soreness of throat when attempting to drink, refusal of food,

T

290

STRANGLES.

give evi-ience that matters are not progressing favourably. In
such cases tlie food must be carefully prepared. No maslies, made
by merely pouring hot water into a pailful of bran, stirring it
round once or twice and splashing the mess into the manger, will

OPENING THE ABSCESS OF STRANGLES.

now do. Even malt mashes will not answer the purpose. Good
gruel must be carefully prepared and frequently changed. The
drink must also be varied, so as to tempt the sick stomach : as a
general rule, equal parts of grits — not oatmeal — linseed meal, bean,
or pea-flour may constitute the ingredients. Let the drink be
always just warm, when placed before the animal. Sometimes
clover hay, or simple hay-tea, may form the basis of the drink ;
sometimes one or other of the constituents may be withdrawn.
Too much care cannot be taken of the horse at this period. Good
nursing is now the most effectual, as well as the cheapest medicine ;
and all warranted expense at this time is a saving in the end.
The breathing, also, is frequently most acutely distressed. In
severe cases, the symptoms are so alarming as to demand the
immediate performance of tracheotomy. This the surgeon is
Ibrced to have recourse to, although, at the time, he knows it will
only be temporarily required. When, though distressing, the
disease is not of so fearful a character, relief may be sometimes
obtained by mingling steam with the air which the animal
inhales, and casting upon the source of vapour ten or fifteen
drops of the ethereal tincture of phosphorus. This last artifice
may be renewed every quarter of an hour, should it appear to
atford even the sli<][htest relief.

STRANGLES.

291

A BAD CASE OF STRANGLES.

Avoid physic as mucli as possible. In strangles, purge and
kill is the rule. Open tlie bowels, if it be imperative, by green-
meat ; if that should not answer, let them alone, liowever confined
they may be. Let the fever rage ; but do not potter with one
drug and another " to cool " the body.

8ome horses suffer terribly when tliey have strangles. The
reasons for such a difference have not,
hitherto, been ascertained ; but, doubtless,
science will one day discover them. In
bad cases the tumour appears under the
throat, but it is larger than usual, and
longer in maturating than is customary.
Tears, frequently mingled with pus, flow
from the eyes ; a copious discharge runs
from the nose ; the pendulous lips are dis-
figured by long bands of thick saliva ; the
coat is dull, erect, and rusty ; the heavy
lids close the sight ; often the nostrils be-
come dropsical ; the breathing is fearful ;
the tumour presses against the larynx, and a roaring sound is
audible at each inspiration.

For this case, no more must be done than was directed for the
milder form of the disease. The animal may be gently cleansed,
but this office must be tenderly performed ; for the filth will do
far less harm to the horse than the provocation of irritability.
Gruel, repeatedly changed, should always be within easy reach of
the mouth : the pail should be hung upon a hook, so that the head
may not be necessarily raised to reach the nourishment. A little
of the sediment, strained from the gruel, should be placed in the
manger, as some quadrupeds will only eat ; others will only
drink; a third class will be content with such nourishment as
they can suck up from the more solid form of slops ; a fourth may
all but starve — yet no coaxing will induce the sufferers to look at
aught but the dry, hard food, which they dare not swallow.
Most, however, will feed on green-meat, and this should always be
at hand. Should the animal become worse, tracheotomy may be
necessitated. Then stout and treacle should be liberally horned
down — half-a-pound of treacle being mingled with the (piart of
stout, and the whole mixed with a quart of good thick gruel.

292 GLANDERS.

However, give at one time only so much as can be taken witlioat
distress being occasioned.

Besides those varieties ah'eady mentioned there is yet another
form of strangles — that is, where no tumour appears beneath the
jaws, but several form on other parts of the body. They generally
contained about a pint of pus. And if the direction given for the
treatment of strangles be observed, the animal will usually recover
upon these being opened.

The great danger of strangles is, in the disease fixing upon
any internal organ : the horse is of no use afterwards. It sinks
from bad to worse, till it resembles the illustration appended to
" Chronic Indigestion." The best thing which can happen in
such a case, is the death of the wretched ci'eature. To prevent
so lamentable a termination to a generally mild affection, nurse
with every possible care and begrudge no expense which can
add to the comfort of the patient.

GLANDERS.

This is the most loathsome disease to which the horse is
subject ; it is of highly contagious, no doubt parasitic nature ;
but science has not as yet determined the fons et origo of it.
This malady is met with throughout the whole equine family,
more frequently in old worn-out horses than among well-kept and
young animals. Crowded stables and exhaustive labour and
over-stimidating foods are thought to be a fruitful source of
glanders — i.e., any devitalising cause which induces Aveakness ren-
ders the creature so afflicted a ready recipient of disease, and
especially that of a parasitic character. From whatever cause it
may originate, when once established it necessarily becomes a
source of great anxiety to the owner, and especially so if he be
the possessor of a large stud, as it spreads rapidly by contagion ;
and any horse may catch the disease, or its first cousin farcy, which
to a certain extent are similar, in that they are communicable
from one to the other. Farcy may, by inoculation, produce farcy,
and vice vernd.

These disorders have been the scourges of horse-flesh. Men, to
their fellow-men, sometimes confess, without any sense of shame,
that they buy cheap horses to work them up. It is, in some

GLANDERS. 293

case?, esteemed more economical to exhaust the life, tlian to
purchase and to maintain that number of animals which would be
equal to the labour. This horrible system is in daily operation
in a country professing humanity.

Glanders is provoked by human depravity. Had people
common feeling for the life over which they are given authority, —
would they only admit, in its largeness and its truth, that
" the labourer is worthy of his hire," the extension of the disease
might be reduced if not ultimately eradicated.

At present the affection exists as the dread of every horse
proprietor. It is highly contagious — all owners of horses
know this. The stable may be scrupulously clean, yet the
poison may have been lodged there by the last inhabitant. It
is not only contagious to horses, but it is equally dangerous
to men.

Consequently, all men have a selfish interest in opposing any
conduct likely to generate so horrible a scourge. Man is answer-
able for the comtbrt of every creature entrusted to his charge.
He may refuse to accept the conditions of the trust, but he
cannot escape the responsibility. In proof of the truth of this
conclusion, glanders is now recognised as one of those incurable
diseases, to which the human being is liable, in every hospital
throutihout the kingdom.

THE LUNGS OF A HORSE WHLCH HAD PERISHED FROM GLANDERS.

(A portion of the left lung lias been exeised, to sliow the ravage of the disease.)

When glanders exists, a staring coat generally declares the
skin affected, and the customary termination of the disorder
(farcy and dropsy), proves more than the surface of the body to
be implicated. The lungs, or at all events the air-passages, never
escape. Loss of flesh and swelling of the glands demonstrate
the absorbent system to be involved. Absence of spirit and
inability to work, towards the close of the affection, are evidence
the nervous system has not escaped. The pallid aspect of the

204

GLANDERS.

THE HEAD OF A HORSE WHICH HAD BEEN
SLAUGHTERED FOR GLANDERS.

1. The lyiniiUatic ^'and enlarged, hard, and ad
herent firmly to the interior of the jaw-bone.

muscles after death convinces us that they were far from liealth}'.
Of all parts, perhaps, the abdominal contents are least diseased ;
though the marked decay of appetite does not favour such an
opinion.

A horse, full of corn and in the prime of health, if unfortun-
ately inoculated with the virus of glanders, generally has the
disease in its acutest form: the animal may be dead by the expira-
tion of a week. Other quadrupeds, in which the disorder is
provoked by natural causes, may, on the contrary, exhibit glanders
in the most chronic shape. If the exciting cause has a strong

constitution to act upon, espe-
cially if the horse soon after
imbibing the poison be re-
moved to easier work or a more
dry abode, the malady may
exist for years in a subtle,
undeveloped form. A thin
discliarge only may run, irregu-
larly, from one nostril. At
times no fluid may appear, nor
is the liquid ever copious. One of the kernels, or lymphatic
glands, situated between the branches of the channel, may be more
or less fixed. But, otherwise, the horse is active, full of fire, and
exhibits nothing to excite suspicion. During all this time, the
creature may be endowed with a fatal power of communicating
the disease. Horses, having received the taint from such a
source, may die within the week ; while the cause of the
mortality eats well, works well, delights the master's eye by
its thriving appearance ; and in such a condition even may exist
for years.

In the early stage, it is difficult to pronounce positively upon a
case of glanders. Ulceration of the nasal membrane would be con-
firmation of the worst doubt ; but the ulceration may be situated
so high up as to defy all our efforts to distinguisli it. Yet, running
from the nose may be perceptible, and the gland may be fixed to
the jaw. Both of these symptoms, although lawfully provoking
our fears, are frequently attendant upon aggravated or upon pro-
longed colds.

Glanders is mostly ushered in by febrile disturbance. The

GLANDERS.

295

appetite is bad, the coat stares, and the pulse is quickened. A
mash or two, however, apparently sets all right, and the matter is
forgotten. Soon afterward a slight discharge may issue from one
nostril ; but it is so very slight, it excites no alarm. One of the
lymphatic glands, on the same side as the moist nostril, alters in
character. It may remain loose and become morbidly sensitive.
Usually, however, it grows adherent to the jaw ; turns hard, insen-
sitive; and, from being wholly imperceptible in the healthy animal,
enlaro;es to about the size of half a chestnut.

THE PRIMARY DISCHARGE OF GLAND-
ERS ; SIMPLY A SLIOHT WATERY
DEFLUXION.

THE SECONDARY DISCHARGE. A THICK
AND COPIOUS, BUT STILL TRANSPARENT
EXCRETION, CONTAINING PIECES AND
THREADS OF MUCUS.

At a later period the discharge, retaining its clear appearance,
becomes more consistent, and, to a slight degree, the hairs and
parts over which it flows are encrusted. It subsequently adheres
to the margin of the nostril, and then, in the transparent albu-
minous fluid, may be seen opaque threads of white mucus. This
marks the second stage.

The next change takes place more rapidly. The transparent
fluid entirely disappears, and in its place is seen
a full stream of unwholesome pus. At this time
there is some danger of glanders being mistaken
for nasal gleet. A little attention will, however,
rescue any person from so imminent a peril. The
smell of glanders is peculiar. It is less pungent
but more unwholesome, suggesting a more deep-
seated source than characterises the disease with
which it has been confounded. The ejection of
glanders, moreover, is obviously impure; whereas that of nasal
gleet generally flows forth in a foetid stream of thick and creamy
matter.

"When the third stage is witnessed, the disease is rapidly

THE THIRD, OR SUP-
PURATIVE STAGE OF
GLANDERS.

2a8

GLANDERS.

hurrying to its termination. The membrane of the nose changes
to a dull, leaden colour. The margins of the nostrils become drop-
sical, and every breath is drawn with difficulty. The defluxion
exhibits discoloration. Scabs, masses of bone, or pieces of mem-
brane, mingled with patches of blood, next make
their appearance; an^i the inward parts are evi-
dently being broken up by the violence of the
disorder.

The above description of filthy facts is, pro-
bably, sufficiently explicit ; but to render the fore-
going more clear, the following diagram is appended.
The reader will perceive tiiere two kinds of tuber-
cles— the large and the small. One is no bigger
than a grain of sand ; the other is as large as half a pea. The disease
which follows both is the same — is equally contagious and is equally
fatal. It will also be remarked, the membrane appears swollen and
partially discoloured, in the case of glanders. It loses its bright,
fleshy, or healthy hue ; and it assumes a dull, heavy, and dropsical
aspect. There will likewise be observed, that comparatively few
blood-vessels are ramifying upon the affected membrane, which sign,
in a well-marked case, is often so obvious as to become a leading
indication of the disorder.

THE FOURTH, OR LAST
STAGE OF GLANDERS.

THE SEPTUM NASI OF AN OLD HORSE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENT KINDS AND STAGES OF GLANDERS.

1. A large tubercle.

2. The same, in the ulcerative stage, pale in the centre and dark at the edges.

3. The same ulcers after they have united, sloughed in one another, or become confluent.

4. The roughness wliich announces granular tubercles to be beneath the skin.

5. The slightly elevated condition of the membrane, when granular tubercles appear.

6. Granular tubercles in the vesicular .stage.

7. Granular tubercles in the ulcerative stage.

8. Granular tubercles after they have ulcerated and assumed the confluent form.

It is usual for low dealers, when a tubercle in the vesicular
stage is detected, to assert that it is only a piece of mucus. To
test such assertion, wrap a portion of tow, or anything soft, round a
small stick, and wipe the place. If it be mucus, it will be removed;

GLANDERS. 297

but, if it remains, the reader may rest assured as to its nature.
When an ulcer is seen, the dishonest salesman will laugh, and ask
if that is all the inspector can discover? declaring the horse
recently hurt itself against a nail. The interior of the nostril is a
very sheltered part, and therefore very unlikely to be wounded.
Yet, so that the reader may be prepared to recognise such reality,
in spite of the hard swearing and loud jocularity which is designed
to confuse him, a diagram of a portion of the nostrils, covered with
healthy membrane, and showing the veins natural to the part, also
displaying the shapes and appearances of wounds (when they occur),
is inserted.

TUE TURBINATED BONES OF A YOUNO HORSE WHICH WAS FREE FROM GLANDERS • SHOWINCJ THOSE
APPEAKANCES A GLANDERED NOSTRIL 18 OFTEN ASSERTED TO EXHIBIT.

1. A pnncturt'd wound, the skin removed, but darkest towards the centre.

2. A lacera'ed wound, with a flap of pendant membrane.

3. A scratch— long and rough— liaving the edges sliglitly raised.

The reader has been told what constitutes glanders. He has
been instructed how to recognise its more marked indications.
There, however, remains to teach him the manner in which a
suspected horse should be handled or examined.

The animal's head should be turned towards the strongest lioht
obtainable ; if towards the blaze of tlie noon-day sun, so much the
better. The examiner should then place himself by the side of the
creature's head, not in front, but in a situation where, though the
animal should snort, he is in no danger of the ejected matter
falling upon him. With one hand the upper and outer rim of the
nostril should be raised ; when grasping this part between the
linger and thumb no fear need be entertained. The case would be
something more than suspicious, were any risk of contamination
incurred.

The wing of the nostril being raised, the examiner must note
the appearances exposed ; this he will best do by knowing where
to look and what to expect. His eye has nothing to do with the

£98

GLANDERS.

THE PROOF OF GLANDERS.

1. Terniiiiationof the laclirymal
duct — a natural development.

2. A discoloured membrane, dis-
figured by ulcerative patches.

skill, nor with the marks that appear upon it. The opening of
the hichrymal duct often challenges observation by being well
defined and particularly conspicuous ; but that natural develop-
ment does not concern him ; to that no attention must be given.
The inspection must be concentrated upon
the membrane, more internally situated
than the skin seen at the commencement
of the nostrils. The skin, moreover, sud-
denly ceases, and is obviously defined by
a well-marked margin ; there is, therefore,
no difficulty in distinguishing the mem-
brane, by its fleshy and moistened aspect,
as well as by its situation. If, on this
membrane, any irregular or ragged patches
are conspicuous ; if these patches are darker
towards their edges than in their centres ;
and if they, nevertheless, seem shallow,
pallid, moist, and sore, the animal may be rejected as glandered.
Should any part of the membrane (after being wiped as before
directed) seem rough, or have, evidently, beneath its surface, cer-
tain round or oval-shaped bodies, the horse assuredly is glandered.
The membrane may present a worm-eaten appearance, or be simply
of a discoloured and heavy hue. In the first case, the animal
ought to be condemned ; in the second, it is open to more than
suspicion.

No animal should be permitted to slowly perish of glanders.
The disease, as it proceeds, affects the fauces, pharynx and larynx ;
all become ulcerated. Not a particle of food can be swallowed, not
a drop of saliva can be deglutated, not a breath of air can be in-
spired without the severest torture being experienced. As the
disease proceeds, the obstruction offered to the breathing grows
more and more painful. Farcy breaks forth and, as a consequence,
superficial dropsy is added to the other torments. The edges of
the nostrils enlarge ; the membrane lining the cavities bags out,
while the fauces and larynx contract ; the discharge becomes more
copious, and the breathing is impeded. Thus, the difficulty of respi-
ration is increased, just as the condition of the lungs renders the
necessity of pure air the more imperative. Ultimately, however,
laborious breathing induces congestion of the brain, and the

GLANDERS. 299

wretched sufferer falls insensible (it is hoped) to die of actual
suffocation.

Such is a brief description of glanders, to cure which, every now
and then pretenders arise. No medicine, however can restore the
parts which disease has disorganised. There is no cure for glanders,
which is essentially an ulcerative disorder. Every horse being thus
contaminated should be at once destroyed. When this work was
first issued, no law existed to prevent the nefarious traffic in gland-
ered horses. Animals so affected could not be exposed for sale at
Smithfield market, but private sales were permitted. ISTo legislation
had been enacted whereby the blackguards who dealt in contagion
could be prosecuted, but at this day a law exists which prohibits
the exposure, even, of a glandered or a farcied horse in a public
thoroughfare. Anyone noticing a suspicious case can inform the
nearest policeman and have tlie suspected animal detained until a
competent veterinary inspector has examined it ; and it is owing
to the vigilance that has been exercised by the authorities and
veterinary inspectors that the prevalence of this most dreadful
malady has decreased. In the past the sale of glandered horses,
during the passage from one stable to another, rendered possible
the inoculation of them, and consequently a continued stream
of contagion was perpetuated, and fresh centres of this disease
were for ever being established, and by these means glanders was
propagated; and even now the Act might be carried out wilh
greater effect if they were under the distinct control of the
Agricultural Department of the Privy Council Office, as it would
insure unity of action, which is by no means the case now; as
the Local Authorities make laws of their own which, in some
instances, actually interfere with some of the wise provisions of
the Contagious Diseases Animals Act to so great an extent as to
render them dead letters.

These remarks apply to all diseases which, under the Act, are
treated as contagious, and with which the Local Authorities have to
deal ; and in doing so they may be not correctly advised by their
clerks and others who may hold official positions. Such men may be
ever so learned in law, but they lack the scientific and practical
knowledge of disease ; and this defect totally incapacitates them
from thoroughly or correctly informing the authorities on matters
of disease; and in some cases interested motives have caused

300 FARCY.

appointments to be made of no practical use, either in assisting
the law, or in staying the spread of disease. In such cases public
money has been uselessly wasted ; and it is for these reasons that
the sole control of cattle inspection should be placed in the hands
of the Agricultural Department of the Privy Council. If such were
the case a direct and distinct understanding would exist between the
prime authority and the inspectors, who would be in direct touch
with Professor Brown and the Government inspectors, men in whom
the inspectors throughout Great Britain would have confidence,
and from whom laws would emanate to be applied similarly in one
as in another county. Such unity of opinion would lead to more
satisfactory results, prevent the occurrence of divided action, and
establish that uniform control which alone is capable of making
tlie administration of the Contagious Diseases Animals Act
thoroughly effective.

FARCY.

When the horse, which has been the pampered favourite in its
youth, grows old, it generally becomes the half-starved and over-

j^r-'-

T)1E OLD FAVOCKITE AND THE lEW PET.

worked drudge of some equally half-starved proprietor. In the
fulness of its pride and the freshness of its strength, it had to canter
under the airy burden of my lady's figure. When the joints are
stiff; when accident, disease and sores, have rendered every move-

FARCY. 301

ment painful ; and when its energy is poorly fed upon the rankest
provender — then the wretched animal is, by the whip of a thought-
less hireling, forced to toil between the shafts of some creaking cart.
It it sad to watch the vehicles on a London road, and speculate
upon what has been the past fortune, and will be the future fate, of
the animals which propel them !

Farcy is peculiarly the lot of tlie poor man's horse. It is
the consequence of utter exhaustion. It is the horrid friend —
the last and dreadful rescuer of the thoroughly wretched. No
one cause will produce it. To generate farcy, there must be a
congregation of evils : the constitution must be weakly ; the
grooming must be neglected ; the food must be stinted ; the
bed soiled ; the dwelling small ; tlie drainage bad ; the master
unfeeling and the work excessive. All of these things, or so
many of them as nature can endure, must exist, before farcy can
be generated.

It is true, the disease can be communicated by inoculation,
but that source of farcy is of very small importance. Not one case
in a thousand thus originates. Farcy is
essentially a skin disease. It commences
with specific inflammation of the superfi-
cial absorbents. This inflammation leads to
suppuration and to ulceration. Abscesses
first appear. They may cume on any part
of the body. They seem to be, in the
primary instance, lumps or hard enlarge-
ments. Something of the annexed form is
first observed. There may be one of these, ^ r^cv btjd.

or there may be many. Ult mately, they

burst or are opened. Apparently healthy matter then issues from
the interior. But the first discharge being released, the wound
does not heal. The edges grow rough, the centre of the sore be-
comes pale, and moistened by a thin semi-transparent fluid. Then,
if the neighbourhood of the sore be felt, cords, more or less thin,
will be discovered running from it, towards some other lumps on
the body.

Such is the distinguishing sign by which to recognise farcy.
Lumps appear which prove to be abscesses. They, after discharg-
ing, do not heal — they become ulcers. From them run certain

302 FARCY.

cords, which are the swollen lymphatic or absorbents. Till the
enlargement of the absorbents is discerned, a man, from the other
signs, may suspect, but he cannot pronounce, with certainty, the
disease to be farcy.

Tf a recent case of farcy be slaughtered and dissected, the
affection appears to go no deeper than the skin. The cellular
tissue will exhibit indications of dropsy, which invariably is
present. The muscles will be pallid and flabby, suggesting bodily
debility ; but, to most observers, such signs will be all that is
discernible.

Is farcy, then, strictly a local disorder ? Can such be asserted
of a malady which appears to be so constitutional in its origin ?
Is there nothing continuous with the skin ? Yes, there is. Inti-
mately connected with the outward covering of the body, imper-
ceptibly blending with it, and capable, after exposure, of assuming
its appearance, is the mucous membrane. Mucous membrane lines
the interior of the body, and is very abundantly supplied with
absorbents. The French, who are far more minute observers
and more accomplished dissectors tlian the generality of English
surgeons, have, in cases of farcy, detected signs which assure us the
disease is not strictly an external affection. It has an internal and
a deep-seated origin, as is evidenced by the discovery of a few
tubercles upon the mucous membrane of the interior.

The course of the disease would, likewise, teach us to arrive at
this conclusion. The appetite often fails — sometimes it becomes
voracious. The matter is, by pressure, to be squeezed through the
skin. The thirst becomes torturing ; the horse will cry for water.
All it drinks, however, passes quickly through the body, and the
desire for fluid cannot be satisfied. At last (as though to prove the
correctness of our opinion concerning the constitutional nature of
farcy) glanders breaks forth.

Glanders and farcy seem to be the same disease, modified
by certain circumstances to which the animal is exposed. Thus,
a horse inoculated with the matter of glanders, may become
farcied ; or an animal, infected with the taint of farcy, may
exhibit glanders. These results, together with the fact of a
glandered horse displaying farcy prior to death, and of a farcied
animal exhibiting glanders previous to decease, are pretty con-
clusive evidence.

FARCY.

303

Farcy is of two kinds : the large and the small. The large may
appear as one or more abscesses. Generally, it is disposed to select,
in the first instance, those places where the skin is thin, and the
hair all but absent. It breaks, and be-
comes shallow ulcers, which, however, may
heal, upon application of any escharotic.
The abscesses are not, in every instance,
of one absolute figure. They vary in
such respect, and have a tendency, if
neglected, to generate large ulcers, from
which spring unsightly bunches of fungoid
granulations.

The smaller description of this dis-
order has no preference for any particular
locality. It appears, like surfeit, in small
lumps all over the body. These lumps,
from their size and uniformity, have been
likened to buttons; hence the term "button
farcy." Cords soon connect them; they
maturate and burst, like the larger sort,
however, leaves a deeper and a more painful ulcer. It yields
less readily to treatment, and seems to exhibit itself before the
body is utterly exhausted.

How very numerous the ab-
sorbents of the skin are may be
conjectured from the subjoined en-
graving of a prepared specimen —
and not a very successful one either
— of a piece of farcied skin, when
deprived of hair. In this case, the
animal suffered under the large or
common form of the disease. In the
button variety the tumours would
only be smaller, of a more even size,
and far more numerous.

Farcy is, by the generality of practitioners, regarded as a more
tractable disease than glanders. Certainly, the course of the dis-
order is arrested much easier ; but, to cure the malady, there is a
constitution to renovate and a virus to destroy. Is it in the power

farcy, on the inside of the
horse's thigh, where the
skin is thin, and the hair
almost absent.

The "button farcy,"

A PORTION OF SKIN, TAKEN FROM A FAKCIc
HORSE, INJFX'TF.D WITH MERl UKY.

304

FARCY.

of medicine to restore the health and strength, which have been
underfed, sapped by a foul atmosphere and exhausted by over-
work ? Tonics may prop up or stimulate for a time ; but what can
be hoped for, in an animal whose treatment is, generally, an affair
of pounds, shillings, and pence ? Sulphate of copper or of iron,
oak bark, cayenne pepper, cantharides, and corrosive sublimate,
probably, are the chief medicines the practitioner will give.
With such, the horse may be patched up ; it may even return to
work. But at what a risk ? It carries about the seeds of a dis-
order, contagious to the human species, and, in man, even more
terrible than in the quadruped. Is it lawful — is it right — to save

A GENTLEMAN S SERVANT OUT OF PLACE.

an avaricious master the chance of a few shillings, and to incur
the risk of poisoning an innocent person ? The author thinks
not. Therefore, he will give no directions how to arrest the
progress of farcy. The horse, once contaminated, is indeed very
rarely or never cured. The animal, after the veterinary surgeon
has shaken hands with the proprietor and departed, too often
bears about an enlarged limb, which impedes its utility, and,
at any period, may break forth again with more than the viru-
lence of the original affection. The reviser has the credit of
having cured several cases of farcy, but most of these have
found other homes a short time after their supposed recovery ;
consequently, the cases could not be followed, and history of
the horses' lives afterwards has been lost sight of. Other
instances could be cited in which it has been proved how futile

FARCY. 305

all medical effort has been in permanently eradicating from the
system this dread malady. Months have elapsed, when farcy
has reoccurred with greater virulence than on the previous
occasion ; and the knacker, whose services should have been
previously engaged, has been sent for to terminate the sufferings
of a twice afflicted creature.

CHAPTER XII.

LIMBS — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR DISEASES.

OSSEOUS DEPOSITS — SPAVIN.

" One horse could wear out two pairs of legs," is an old jockey's
phrase. Most men, when purchasing a dumh slave, pay great
attention to the lower extremities. If an animal be used up, or

A PARK NAO WITH BONE SPAVIN LED OUT Of TUE STABLE.

has performed hard work, the indications are sure to be found on
those parts ; but w^hat a comment does the language and the act
referred to pass upon the conduct of those masters, the history of
whose treatment, or rather whose abuse of a living creature, is thus
sought for and often found upon a breathing frame !

Before the strength has departed, or the legitimate number of

306

SPAVIN. 307

years are exhausted, cruelty deprives a most obedient drudge of
its power to serve. The history of almost every horse in this
kingdom is a struggle to exist against human endeavours to
deprive it of utihty. Nature, when she made the animal, formed
a creature hardly second to her masterpiece in anatomical per-
fection ; the legs are strong, but, in his impatience and in his blind
obedience to the dictates of fashion, man %vill put them to their
fullest use before their structure is confirmed, liacers go into
training when one year old. Carriage horses, omnibus machiners,
cart horses, nags, roadsters, May-birds, and park hacks generally
come into work about the fourth year. The animal, however, does
not cut all its teeth till the completion of its fifth birthday. It
requires to look upon eight seasons before its adult period is entered
upon ; and yet at the fourth year, or before that period, it is put to
such work as only a mature horse can perform. Two-year-olds
in racing stables are put to work before their muscles are set, before
their bodies are sufficiently developed, to enable them to withstand
the ill effects of severe physical exertion. The same may be said
of the carriage horse ; although he is not worked before his fourth
year, yet he has to undergo that kind of work which only a matureil
animal should be called upon to perform. Such exaction, such
strain upon an unformed animate machine, cannot be imposed
with impunity. The harp of a thousand chords will snap some-
where, and sometimes in parts wluch never again regain that
vitality which existed previously to accident. Too early training
and working makes horses old in appearance when they are
young, and causes those disastrous diseases which incapacitate
them fiom doing, with ease, that amount of work which a more
rational system of treatment would have insured.

When the horse was designed to be only matured, the frivolity
of mankind pronounces the animal to be aged. The life is, indeed,
generally worthless before the eighth year is entered upon. The
young flesh, bones and sinews, long before that time arrives, are
made the seats of poignant diseases. Work, not in the first
instance laborious, but sudden and energetic beyond what the
frame of the young horse can endure, casts it out of the gentle-
man's stable. Once removed from that place, its descent is rai)id.
From the carriage to the cab is a leap often cleared in equine
history ; but every change adds misery to its lot ! It fares worse.

308 SPAVIN.

lodges worse, and works harder with every new proprietor, till at
length, as its years and wretchedness accumulates, nature inter-
poses and takes the sufferer to herself.

At the head of this article stands an engraving of the mildest
form of reward which docility reaps by service unto cruelty.
Wlien will this land, which so loudly boasts its Christianity,
apply in its fulness and its strength the sacred maxim, " Do unto
others as you would others should do unto you " ? When will
churchmen teach that the religion which does not enlarge the
heart towards every breathing life upon the earth is unworthy of
the Christian title ? Men who would rage to hear their faith
called in question, nevertheless feel no shame when they urge the
young steed to that act which probably will cripple the animal
for the short remainder of its life.

Spavin, splint, or ringbone are no more the legitimate conse-
quences of equine existence than noads and anchylosis are the
natural inheritances of human beings ; yet what would the world
look like if men had their motions impeded and their joints firmly
locked by bony deposits in anything like the proportion which
such misfortunes are witnessed in the inferior life ? The most
useful, the most trusting, and the most joyous of animals is the
one towards which man acts, as though his study was to abuse the
authority entrusted to him. Its utility lies in its legs ; its play'
also is a canter ; but before its body is set its limbs are disabled.
Kindness can subdue the creature which, however, is never taken
out of its prison without the whip ; it is treated as a thing with-
out feeling, but its body is not more impressible to brutality

than its feelings are sensitive to gentleness.

The one is often injured, and the others are

frequently vitiated by the master it too literally

obeys.

Spavin and splint both are the change of

ligamentous structure into bone. Spavin occurs

at the inner and lower part of the hock ; splint,

BONE sPAviK. also, may be sometimes found at the same part

■* tumour,' sftuated upon of the Ivuec. The uamc Splint is likcwisc applied

part of The hock jo"nt.'" to any bouy enlargement upon the shins or

below the hocks and the knees.
Splints in the fore leg are mostly seen on the inner side. On

SPAVIN.

309

the hind limb, however, such growths principally favour the outer
side. The advent of splint, when near the knee, is generally
accounted for by saying that the inner side of the joint lies more
under the centre of gravity, and therefore is the more exposed
to injury. Such an interpretation, however, leaves the prefer-
ence for the outer locality (when splints are witnessed on the
hind leg) unexplained. Perhaps the reader will (after having
contemplated the two following woodcuts and subsequent to
having observed that the artery of the hinder limb crosses
the inferior part of the hock, to take its course down the

THE inside of the fore leo, showing

THE VESSELS PROPER TO THAT PART
OF THE LIMB GENERALLY AFFECTED
BY OSSEOUS DEPOSITS.

THE outside of the hind leg, displatinq

THE VESSELS NATURAL TO THAT PART OF
the LIMB WHICH IS COMMONLY THE
SEAT OF OSSEOUS DEPOSITS.

outer side of the leg, while in the fore extremity the vessel con-
tinues along the inner side of the shin bone) conclude with the
author, that in splint the distribution of the blood is more to be
regarded than tlie weight which, originally conveyed through a
ball and socket-joint, can hardly afterwards affect one part to the
release of the rest.

Having explained the peculiarity attending some bony tumours
on the hind extremity, it now becomes our duty to explain what
actually constitutes a spavin. Any bony growth or bony enlarge-
ment, however small, which is to be seen or felt upon the inner
side of the hock, is a " spavin" But of spavins there are three
kinds. The low sort, or the " Jack " of the horse-dealer's phrase-
ology. This answers to the splint of the fore leg, and originates

310

SPAVIN.

in the top of the splint bone. Beneath is a woodcut of a lowly-
situated spavin.

The bony enlargement, should it be located comparatively high
upon the joint, often produces acute and incurable lameness.
When low down, the granules of bone have little to interfere with.
Being placed higher up, the tendons have to play over the osseous
deposit ; and, when that happens, the cure is hopeless.

A SHIN BONE, HAVING AN 0SSE0T7S DEPOSIT
UPON ITS HEAD AND ON THE INNER SIDE,
WHICH MIGHT BE A SPLINT OR A SPAVIN, AS
IT OCCURRED UPON THE FORE OR HIND LEO.

HE INNER SIDE OF THE HOCK AF-
rLICTED WITH HIGH OR INCUR-
ABLE SPAVIN.

The above form of disease, however, does not ensue upon every
case of spavin. Many good racers, and most seasoned hunters,
have spavins, which do not in any way detract from their speed,
however much these growths may interfere with their action.

Bony spavin does, when the quadruped starts, sensibly
deteriorate that grace of motion which should characterise the

THE NATURAI, POSITION OF TirE HEALTHT FOOT,
WHEN RAISED FROM THE EARTH DURING AN
EASY TP.OT.

THE FOOT, INCAPABLE OF BEING FREELY
RAISED FROM THE GROUND, BY A HORSE
WHICH IS BADLY SPAVINED.

action of the perfect horse. During the trot, the leg should be
lifted clear of the earth, while, by an involuntary movement

SPAVIN, 311

within the huck joint, the hoof is inclined outward. This peculi-
arity is exhibited in the woodcut on p. 310, which supposes the
spectator to be standing by the side of the animals.

Exostosis, formed on any part, locks together the bones which
the deposit may involve ; or it unites the several distinct parts
into one osseous mass. By the bones of the hock being thus
joined all movement of the shin is effectually prevented ; the foot
of a spavined horse is, to a spectator who is laterally situated,
always presented in a side view. Moreover, when severe spavin
is present, the entire flexion of the lower portion of the limb is
rendered impossible.

The toes being moved along, instead of being lifted from the
ground, occasions the hoof and shoe to suffer
wear. The hoof generally presents a toe blunted
by perpetual friction ; while the shoe of a spa-
vined horse is, in front, worn to a state of posi-
tive sharpness. These indications of disease
should always be sought for, and, when pre-
sent, they are so obvious as hardly to be mis-

LcllVeU. VINED LIMB, SHOWING

Another test for spavin consists in observa- otthThootLJ^hJe"^
tion made upon the manner of going. A horse, up™ ""dLTc^i'I^g^^he
thus affected, comes out of the stable always Zov^. '""''' ^'^
stiff, and sometimes lame. Exercise, by warming
tlie body, seems to soften the stubbornness of the disease ; and the
same animal, which left the stable in a crippled condition, may
return to it in a state which, to the generality of gentlemen, would
represent soundness. So well are dealers acquainted with this
fact, that it is a custom with these folks to warm a spavin horse
before showing it to a probable purchaser. No person, how-
ever, should hazard an opinion on any quadruped which is not
perfectly cool ; especially when there is a motive to be suspected
of the slightest desire for a favourable judgment. The horse
which, after exercise, should trot past with no obvious sign of
spavin, having stood for an hour in the stable, would come forth
a decided cripple ; or, at all events, with such faulty action, that
a novice would immediately detect something wrong about the
legs. This peculiarity is illustrated by the engraving which heads
the present chapter.

312

SPAVIN.

Should the dealer refuse to exhibit the animal, when cool,
such refusal would be convincing evidence as to the condition of
the horse. The sale should, under such circumstances, be at once
repudiated.

However, when judging of disease, it is always well to divest
the mind of every kind of prejudice. Animals of a certain kind
of conformation are said to be disposed, or to be more than ordin-
arily subject, to spavin. Creatures of the foregoing sort show
what are denominated sickle-hocks or cow's-hocks. A sickle-hock
is not a diseased joint ; but it is one which the majority of horse-
men have stigmatised as very liable to become diseased. Sickle-
hocks are said to represent weak hind limbs. It may sometimes
be the case, as so many horsemen think so ; but the reviser, after
many years' experience, cannot agree in this opinion, as he has
always found the best stayers in the field and the best movers on
the road the possessors of such hocks, and it is seldom they are
affected with spavins.

A SICKLE-HOCKED OR COW-HOCKED HORSE.

It is now our duty to inform the reader how to examine a
horse for spavin. In this operation there are four points of view
to be taken : behind the animal ; in the front, but not close to tlie
horse, yet so near that the examiner must bend to view the hocks
between the fore legs; and from both the sides. In all these
positions it is prudent now to elongate the distance, and now to

SPAVIN. 313

approacli nearer, then to move the head ahout, and occasionally to
step to the right or to the left. In short, it is advisable to get as
many different points of sight as possible ; for in one, and only in
one, may a spavin be detected on the hock, which seen from any
other spot shall look perfectly clean. At the same time, from
every point, care should be taken to compare one hock with the
other ; if the slightest difference in point of size can be detected,
it is fair to suppose one is enlarged by the commencement of
disease. Any indication of this sort is always to be sought for.
The disease may have just begun; but it is impossible to say
where it may stop. The spavin may be very small, yet who can
assert its growth is perfected ? In the examination for spavin,
however, allowance should be made for the age of the horse.
Spavins in young horses may be regarded with alarm ; in old
animals they generally are perfected, and, however large they
may be, probably they will grow no bigger ; on the contrary, as
the years increase, they are usually diminished, being absorbed ;
but the bones, once locked together, are never subsequently
unloosed, although all the swelling should entirely disappear.

THE POINTS OF VIEW WHENCE TO LOOK FOR SPAVIN IN A. HORSE.

Most horses are averse to having the hocks fingered ; such
liberties are apt to call up vehement indignation. It is necessary,
therefore, to guard against this by causing the groom to raise the
horse's fore leg from the ground on the same side as that of the
hock about to be examined, and to keep it thus elevated during
the time the veterinarian is manipulating this joint.

Thus prepared, one hand is laid upon the top of the hock, and
the entire weight of the body is brought to bear upon that part.
The object is threefold — to obtain by this means the earliest intima--
tion of any design on the part of the animal to use the limb ; to
impede in some measure the extension of the leg, and to gain a

THE MANNER IN WUICH TO FEEL FOR
A SPAVIN.

314 SPAVIN.

point of rest on which to lean, while the head is bent forward to
inspect, the free hand being employed to feel the part appropriate

to spavin. Afterwards comes the trot,
the peculiarities to be detected in
which have been anticipated.

Now we encounter the important
question, What can be done for a
s])avined horse ? If the animal be
not lame, let it alone. However large,
however unsightly the deposit may
be, do not run the chance of exciting
a new action in a part where diseases
exist in a quiescent form.

The regular treatment is to purge,
give diuretics, bleed, blister, rowel,
seton, periostoteomy, neurotomy, fire
and punch. The bleeding may be great or small, local or general ;
the blister, mild or severe ; applied over half the joint at a time,
or rubbed in after the limb has been scored by the iron. Eowels
and setons may also be simple, or they may be smeared with irri-
tants, which are made of different strengths. Periostoteomy may
be single, or may be made compound by the addition of a seton
and a blister. Neurotomy is very unsatisfactory, and very often a
most tedious affair when employed to cure spavin. The fire may
be down to the true skin ; it may be through the skin and on to the
tumour ; or it may be inflicted by means of a blunt-pointed instru-
ment, which, when heated, burns its way into the bone itself. The
punch also admits of variety; it may be with or without a blister ;
it may be holes made in a living body, which holes are filled with
a corroding paste. Or the operation may consist of the exposure
of the bone, and cutting off the offending portion with a saw or
knocking away part of a breathing frame with a chisel and a mallet.
All these tortures have for centuries been inflicted ; they have
been practised upon thousands of animals, only for men at this
day to doubt whether the cruelty has been attended with the
slightest service. Flesh, as capable of feeling as our own, has been
cut, irritated, burnt and punched for hundreds of years;, and now,
at the twelfth hour, such operations are not discarded, but their
efficacy is mildly questioned.

SPLINT. 315

Reader, if you have a horse which is lame from spavin, and your
calculations tell you it will not pay to mirse the cripple, have it
slaughtered. Do not consent to have it tortured for a chance ; do
not sell it to the certainty of a terrible old age and of immediate
torment.

The cure for spavin is good food and rest — perfect rest — such
rest or stagnation as a healthy horse submits to in the stable. Tliis,
enjoined for months, with tlie occasional application of a mild
blister, with the best of food to enable nature to rectify man's
abuse, will do more good, cost no more money, and occupy no more
time than the devilries usually adopted, and very often adopted
without success. As an additional motive on the side of humanity,
it may be stated that the horse suffers much more when disease is
located in the hind than when it is exhibited upon the fore leg.
The ravages which in the first case would endanger the life, in the
last would be borne with comparative tranquillity. The posterior
parts of the animal seem to be endowed with exquisite sensibility;
yet, in spite of this, the so-called cure for spavin, and the boasted
treatment of ages, only consists in torturing the hocks of the
animal.

While inflammation exists, apply poultices, and well rub the
part with a mixture of belladonna and of opium ; one ounce of
each drug rubbed down with one ounce of water. Or place opium
and camphor on the poultices ; or rub the enlargement with equal
parts of chloroform and camphorated oil. The pain having sub-
sided, and the heat being banished, apply with friction some of the
following ointment; it may reduce the disease by provoking ab-
sorption ; at all events, it will check all further growth by render-
ing further deposit almost an impossibilty : —

Biniodide of mercury, .... One ounce.

Simple ointment, Eight ounces.

Mix.

SPLINT.

Colts have splints and spavins, but they are, as a rule, inherited
from similarly deformed parents, which in them had been produced
by hard work too early imposed. There are few horses six years
old who are without splints, and in most instances they do not in

316

SPLINT.

the least interfere with their usefulness when once fully developed ;
but when they first make their appearances, and are in their
incipient state, lameness gives indication that an exostosis is
pressing upon the periosteum (the membrane surrounding the
metacarpus), and that inflammation of the part is the result of
splint formation.

A splint is strictly an exostosis or bony tumour on the inner
and lower part of the knee-joint ; but there are found to be others
which this definition will not embrace. Here, for instance, are the
ordinary kinds of splint to be seen, more or less, in every animal,
subject to man's usage.

Number one is unsightly. Moreover, it gives an unpleasant
jar to the rider of the poor horse, thus deformed ; and few men,
when they state this fact, ever think of what
sensation that which jars the equestrian must
occasion to the steed. It will produce lame-
ness at first; but, this surmounted and tlie
tumour fully formed, it causes no inconveni-
ence beyond a loss of elasticity, when in
motion ; and because it provokes no lameness,
man says it is unattended by feeling.

Figure two is a splint on the side of the leg.
It also is unsightly, and produces a disagree-
able sensation to the person in the saddle.
Moreover, it is exposed to accidents. If the
horse has high and close action, the tumour may
be struck when the foot is being raised. Such
a possibility is not altogether free from danger.
The horse, having grazed the swelling, will often
fall down, as though it were shot. That circumstance warrants
the supposition that these growths are not quite so devoid of
sensibility as most horse-owners are pleased to assert they are.

The slight enlargement, opposite which stands figure three,
denotes a growth of small size. It may be of no great consequence,
if it appear on a vacant part of the bone, or on a place over which
no tendon passes ; but it is of serious import if situated beneath a
tendon, as its friction against the part may occasion lameness,
sometimes of an incurable nature.

Yet, there are other sorts of splints, which often are very

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
SPLINT

1. A high splint, near
the knee.

2. A low splint, far
from the knee.

3. A small bony-
growth on the front of
the h'g, which is also
called a splint.

SPLINT.

317

serious affairs. That the reader may comprehend these, let liim
attend to the next engraving.

One — Eepresents a splint, which has involved the bones of the
knee, and which has left the horse only the joint formed by the
lower end of the radius to progress with. This
is a sad business. The action is injured for
life ; and the wretched animal rendered useless
ever afterwards.

Two — Shows fine points of bone, so placed,
that they would impinge upon the suspensory
ligament, if not upon the flexor tendons. Lame-
ness, in its acutest form, would thereby be
caused, wherever the limb was bent. The lame-
ness, probably, would last till death ; as splints,
in this situation, are rarely discovered during
life.

Three — Denotes an enlargement, probably
produced by a blow received during a leap, or
given by an impatient groom. It is placed
directly under one of the extensor tendons.
In consequence of this minute substance, the
severest agony is endured, or the most marked lameness exhibited,
whenever the leg is advanced.

The great majority of these maladies may result from the
present rage for high action, and the too general practice of push-
ing the horse beyond its speed. Eacers and hunters commonly
have splints : almost every roadster exhibits them. Few draught
horses are without them : they are all but universal. It may be
easy to detect or to feel a full-sized splint ; but it is rather difficult
to discover these tumours when they are small, or when they are
just beginning to develop themselves. At that period they are
most painful. They may be mere deformities, when fully formed ;
but when growing, though not to be seen, they are apt to cause
decided lameness.

The cause of such failing action very often can only be guessed
at. To detect a fully developed splint, stand at the side of the
animal's leg and grasp the posterior part of the shin ; then, by
running the thumb down on one side and the fingers on the other,
in the groove formed by the junction of the two small splint bones

SPLINTS OF A SERIOUS
KIND.

1. A splint, involving
the bones of the knee-
juint.

2. A splint, interfer-
ing with the action of the
back sinews.

3. A small splint,
situated under the tendon
of au extensor muscle.

318 SPLINT.

which are joined to the cannon or metacarpus during youth, through
the medium of cartilage, between which and the leg bones a certain
latitude of movement is enjoyed, which
action is destroyed immediately the bony
growth unites the metacarpus with the two
splint bones in exostosis. Horses v.'ith
splints, when lame, generally " dish," or turn
the leg outward, when it is raised from the
ground. That is done, because the bending
of the limb pressed the splint bone down-
ward ; the outward carriage of the shin being
an endeavour to lessen the pain which
attends upon the natural action.

A HORSE " DISHING, OR CAR- ^

RYiNQ THE FRONT LEO OUT- Shoulduo "disluni?" bc remarkcd, ucxt

WARD, WHEN ON THE TROT. '■

observe whether the leg is fully flexed or
advanced ; and after the hints thus received the investigation may
be resumed with a better prospect of success.

The treatment of splint is conveyed in the old maxim, " time
and patience." Eest will do more than physic. A man, therefore,
may as well let his horse rest in his own stable, as pay for rest,
lodging and useless treatment, in another place. Splints, more-
over, if only subjected to rest, accompanied with liberal feeding,
are likely the sooner to attain their maximum magnitude. If they
are interfered with, under the pretence of treatment, the irritation
may cause them to increase ; thus, the proprietor, through his
impatience, may purchase an injury.

When they are acutely painful, a poultice, on which one
drachm of opium and one drachm of camphor is sprinkled, will
frequently afford relief. They may also, at such times, be rubbed
with a drachm of chloroform, combined with two drachms of cam-
phorated oil. Those measures, however simple, aim at mitigating
the present symptoms, — they do not even infer the possibility of
curing the disease. Periosteotomy pretended to do something of
that sort, but has failed so often that it is now seldom recom-
mended by practised veterinarians.

To the inexperienced it might seem easy to open the skin over
the splint and remove the bony excrescence with a knife or saw,
and such treatment has been often attempted, but has always failed ;
in fact, it makes matters worse, bv occasionint: such intense inflam-

RINGBONE. 319

niation as to cause the formation of a fresh deposit of bone greater
in extent and size than that which the operation removed— con-
sequently, such procedure is worse than useless and should never
be attempted.

Splints sometimes occur on the outer side of the hind leg ;
there, however, tliey are little thought of. The hind leg propels
the horse, but does not support its body ; therefore, splints of this
last sort are less unpleasant to the rider. The hind leg, not bear-
ing much weight, splints, when situated on that member, do not
occasion very severe lameness, and the enlargement being located
upon the outside of the shin is thereby removed from the possi-
bility of being struck by the opposite hoof. For these reasons
splints of the foregoing nature are considered trifles, and are
rarely esteemed worthy of much notice.

To check the further enlargement of a splint, with a fair chance
of also removing the deformity (though with no hope of releasing
the parts locked together by bony union), employ an ointment
consisting of : —

Iodide of lead . . . . . One ounce.
Simple ointment .... Eight ounces.
Mix, and apply with friction daily.

KINGBONE.

Eingbone is an osseous deposit — so far it resembles splint and
spavin ; it differs, however, in the kind of horses it attacks. Splint
and spavin are principally witnessed upon quad-
rupeds of speed. Eingbone is all but confined
to the cart-horse. It is caused by the violent
efforts this animal makes in obedience to the
voice of the driver when dragging a heavy load
up some sharp ascent. The entire force is then
thrown upon the bones of the pastern; intiam- „^ „ .„.,„,..„ ,.„

t 1 ' A HORSE STRAIKINO TO

mation ensues ; lymph is effused ; the lymph '^^^^'^ ^ ^^'"='' ""'^•
becomes cartilage, and the cartilage is converted into bone. Then
an exostosis is established, and a ringbone is the consequence.

The disease may implicate one or more bones ; it may involve
one or more joints ; it may, also, be confined to one bone ; it ma}''
be either partial or complete. It may exist as a slight enlargement
in front of the bone, or it may quite encircle it. On p. 320 will be

320

RINGBONE.

seen a specimen of the disease. The exostosis, as in this case, wa?
prominent during life. The disease did not quite encircle the
bones; and though, when the preparation was dried, the different

TIIE PASTERN AND PEDAL BONE OF A HORSE
AFFECTED WITH SEVERE RINOBONE.

1. The joint between the pastern bones, show-
ing the groove in which the tendon of the
extensor pedis muscle reposed.

2. The joint between the lower pastern and
the bone of tlie foot.

THE FOOT OF A LIVING HORSE WITH
AGGRAVATED RINGBONE.

The animal from which the above sketch
was taken, although used to propel a cart,
was by no means of a cart breed. The creature
rather hobbled than- went lame, but all flexion
was entirely lost in the pastern bones.

parts could be slightly moved one upon another, yet, during life,
the joints were firmly locked.

One of the above sketches depicts this disease as it appeared
prior to death. The reader has now to consider the consequences
of such a deformity ; it m,aterially interferes with the value. The
hind limbs are the instruments of propulsion in the horse ; these
are much incapacitated by the presence of ringbone. An animal
thus affected might move an easy load upon even ground; but
wlien the weight had to be drawn up hill, the creature would
obviously be unable to use the toe ; the foot placed flat upon the
ground, or so shod as to have an even bearing, would perceptibly
be of comparatively little use in such a case. So, also, in descend-
ing an inequality, the horse with severe ringbone will be unable to
bite the earth. Eingbone, therefore, does incapacitate the animal
for many uses, besides interfering with the free employment of the
muscular energy ; no persuasion or brutality can induce a maimed
animal to cast its full weight upon a diseased limb. The pace may
be quickened by the lash ; but the horse will, nevertheless, con-
tinue to hop when the affected member touches the earth.

Let mankind, therefore, reflect that the horse is given as their
fellow-labourer. The life of the quadruped is the property of the
master ; but who, being sane, would abuse his own property ?

STRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDON. 321

The being who should destroy chairs and tables (although such
things can be mended) would be speedily confined as mad. Yet,
it has not entered the mind of man, as a reasonable idea, that to
deface a living image — to destroy the value, or to deteriorate the
property which is present in an animal — deserves more than the
very mildest of punishments. The breathing creature, when de-
faced, cannot be made sound again. Horse property is notoriously
hazardous. It should be the care of men to use a tender thing
with a greater gentleness.

When a horse first shows ringbone, seek to allay the pain.
Apply poultices, on which one drachm of powdered opium and one
of camphor has been sprinkled. Eub the disease with equal parts
of oil of camphor and of chloroform. The pain having ceased, have
applied, with friction, to the seat of enlargement and around it,
some of the following ointment, night and morning : —

Iodide of lead One ounce.

Lard Eight ounces.

Mix.

Continue treatment for a fortnight after all active symptoms
have disappeared, and allow the animal to rest ; then apply a
blister to the affected part, consisting of : —

Biniodide of mercury .... One ounce.
Lard Eight ounces.

Feed liberally, and allow perfect rest for at least a month after its
application. When work is resumed, mind it is gentle, and be
very careful how the horse goes to its full labour.

STRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDON.

The flexor tendons of the legs are liable to a variety of
accidents. Injuries to these structures, according to their severity,
are denominated : strain of the flexor tendon ; clap of the back
sinews ; sprain of the back sinews ; and breaking down.

The first accident is common enough, and springs from the
horse being forced to perform extraordinary work on uneven
ground ; by making a false step, or by accident allowing the foot
to fall in a rabbit hole ; by over-pacing horses, especially those in
training, as it is more common to very young than to older horses.

322 STRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDON.

The main cause, however, of the most prevalent of these sad
deformities is that of the shaft horse descending a steep declivity
with a load behind it. The weight would roll down the descent ;
this the horse has to prevent, and the chief stress is tlien upon the
back tendons. The injuries to such parts are generally of a
chronic character. The strain seldom occasions decided lameness.
But the horse being harnessed to the shafts, the cause is in daily
operation. The part injured is being constantly excited. Thus,
without the development of a single acute symptom, the tendons
are stretched, a low kind of inflammation is generated ; and this
action being kept up, the sinews gradually lose their elasticity,
and shorten.

When strain of the fore leg is received the animal goes oddly,
but is not lame. However, if put into the stable and taken out
the next morning, the horse is found to be stiff and apparently
very cramped. The halting action may disappear upon exercise ;
but, assuredly, it will again be present at the following dawn.
The proprietor may resolve to work " the brute " sound. Such a
speculation with disease may occasionally answer ; but, on the
large scale, it is a losing game, for it more often fails than succeeds :
the limb, on work, commonly does not amend. The symptoms are
aggravated in every way ; and what was curable in the first stage
is apt, after the lapse of time, to degenerate into an intractable
malady. The many horses to be seen in the London cab ranks,
with the fore limbs permanently contracted, are evidences as to
the result of such very knowing treatment.

When a liorse slightly strains the flexor tendon, do not expect
to discover the seat of the affection till several hours have elapsed.
Then pass the hand gently down the injured limb. A small swell-
ing may be detected. The enlargement may feel soft, slightly
warm, but hardly tender. Bind lightly a linen bandage round the
leg, well saturated with a lotion consisting of arnica, Goulard's
Extract and water, and administer a ball containing four drachms
of aloes ; attend to the animal's comforts in a well organised
loose box. Do not turn out to grass, as all movements of the legs
should be restrained so as to secure perfect rest to the injured
tendons. Do not attempt to work the animal until soundness has
been regained, and then only with care and caution.

CLAP OF THE BACK SINEWS.

323

CLAP OF THE BACK SINEWS.

When the accident is more severe, and the sprain more decided,
it is spoken of " as clap of the back sinews." This is a serious affair.
The usual fate of the wretched animal, thus maimed, is to be sold to
the highest bidder. It passes from a carefully-tended stable to some
wretched outshed ; and its new master is made happy if the crippled
horse can only limp, and somehow get through a day's labour.

Clap of the back sinews results from violent exertion. It may
be the work of an instant — very often whilst galloping over turf,
when a sinew suddenly gives way or is
broken. The horse sometimes is pulled
up, or in severe cases it falls. If it be
pulled up it refuses to move at a quicker
pace than a hobble, and stands still again
so soon as whip or spur are not applied to
the sufferer's body. The maimed limb is
flexed, and rests upon the toe of the in-
jured leg. There can be no mistake now
about the seat of lameness ; the foot of the
affected limb will hardly be put to the
ground. The seat of the malady is soon
declared. In a short space a tumour dis-
plays itself ; it is small, hot, tender, and

soft in the first instance, though it soon enlarges and grows very
hard. The animal does not exhibit so much con-
stitutional distress as might be expected from so
serious an injury.

Physic is necessary in this case. But the leg
should be wrapped in a stout linen bandage ; day
and night the part should be saturated with the
coldest possible water, until the primary symptoms
liave abated. Cut grass should be the food while
any fever rages ; and although the diet should be
liberal it must not be of a too stimulatinfj nature, as
the inflammation has to be reduced ; but at the same
time the powers of reparation must not be retarded.
The food may consist of bran mash, into which stir
soaked oats intermixed with carrots, and rack up with cut vetches

IE EARLIEST SYMPTOM OF
CLAP OF THE BACK SINEWS,
OR SEVERE SPRAIN OF THE

TENDON.

THE BLEMISH LEJT
BY CLAP OK TllK
BACK S1NEW3.

324

SPRAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS.

or grass. The cold water should be continued till recovery appears
confirmed ; but it will be many months before the horse, thus dis-
abled, will again be fit for full or energetic work. When the integrity
of the parts has been re-established it will be wise to blister with
biniodide of mercury, a drachm to the ounce of lard, and after its
effects have passed off to turn out, during the spring or summer
months, into a rich and well-sheltered pasture, during which time a
feed of oats may be given it daily, as it will in a certain degree
assist to keep up condition. A swelling after such accident is sure
to remain throughout the life of the animal so injured.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS.

Sprain of the back sinews of the hind legs is very general
among amimals which have to perform slow work upon hilly roads.
People in the carrier trade can afford to
bestow small attention upon the lameness
which does not incapacitate. Every
journey, however, aggravates the disease.
The horse works on till his owner is told
by the blacksmith that the animal's legs are
contracting, and higher caulkins are given
as a cure.

At length, however, caulkins become
of no use. The work continues, and the
disease progresses. The position of the
foot is now so altered that the smith dis-
covers his office is unable to render the
animal useful. Perhaps these circum-
stances would little affect the owner, but the horse evidently loses
power.

At last, the horse cannot guide the cart down hill, even when
lightly loaded. Assistance is at first procured ; but very soon the
assistant has to do all the labour. The proprietor cannot imagine
what ails his horse ; it keeps getting worse and worse. He takes
the animal to a farrier. Eemedies — oils and blisters — are applied
to no effect. A veterinary surgeon is consulted, and the master
learns that the only hope left him lies in division of the tendons
of the hind leg. — (See Operation.)

HIGH CAULKINS.

The earliest attention com-
monly paid to sprain of the
back sinews of the hind leg.

SPEAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS.

325

THE SURE RESULT OF CON-
TINUED WORK AFTER STRAIN
OF THE BACK TENDONS.

When a cart horse's heel heightens, always attend to the back
sinews. Feel them gently, to discover if one place is more tender,
harder, softer, or slightly warmer, than the
rest. Should this not succeed, pinch them
hard, and run the fingers down them,
marking the part at which the animal
flinches. Healthy tendon will endure any
amount of pressure : diseased tendon is
acutely sensitive. Having discovered the
locality of the inj ury, order the hair to be
cut short. Put a linen bandage round
the lesion, and see that it is constantly
kept wet ; but do not expect a speedy cure.
Those structures which are slow to exhibit
disease are always tardy in resigning it.
Bone and tendon are of this kind.

Therefore, do not expect any relief before three months have
expired, and it will certainly be six months before the horse is
fit to resume labour. Do not blister, bleed, seton, or fire ; these
things are expensive, and occupy much time. Have patience.
Grant the time which the supposed specifics would employ, and
the effect, with or without their use, is very likely to be the same.
The only remedy for a badly-contracted tendon is an operation,
and to that subject the reader is referred.

The horse, however, which has been subjected to such a remedy,
will never be fit for its former uses. No art can restore the
primary strength of nature, although human intelligence may
arrest the progress of disease. The thought, that the consequences
of ill-treatment are not always to be eradicated, should surely
induce greater care of that property which, once lost to man, can
never be replaced.

When a tendonous structure is injured, the best treatment is
gentleness and patience. Blisters, setons, etc., can only change an
acute disorder into a chronic deformity. Entire rest, with such
applications as ease the attendant agony, and a sympathy that can
afford to wait upon a tardy restoration, are better than all pretended
specifics.

326

BREAKING DOWN.

BKEAKING DOWN.

Breaking down is the severest injury which the tendons can
endure. In proof of this may be cited the general notion that^,
when a racer breaks down, some of the back sinews are ruptured.
This, however, does not often occur ; but though the tendons are,
generally, only severely sprained, some of the finer tissues which
enter into the composition of the leg are in all cases actually
sundered.

The animal is at its full pace — doing its utmost and delighting

BEEAKINQ DOWN.

its rider, who feels confident of coming in first. Instantaneously,
the horse loses the power of putting one fore leg to the ground.
The jockey knows what has taken place. He flings himself from
the saddle, and hastily glances at the animal's foot. It probably is
distorted, or perchance the accident may have taken effect higher
up, and the injury merely be severe clap of the back sinews. Be
it which it may, with a heavy heart at loss of money and credit,
thus suddenly snatched from him, the jockey leads the horse to-
ward the stand, or, by the shortest road, to the stable.

Many horses, after encountering this accident, are instantly shot.

CURB. 327

The poor animals, by such a proceeding, are saved from a

painful cure and a crippled existence. To an animal of motion,

whose every feeling is displayed by means of its limbs, and

which is instinctively more perfect in action than the most

accomplished ballet-master, the encumbrance of a

leg mis-shapen, callous and unwieldy, must be a

serious affliction. The limb is spoiled for life, in

the horse which has broken down. The pain, in

time, departs ; the breathing becomes quiet ; the

pulse sinks to the normal point; the appetite

returns, and the spirits grow to be as high as ever.

But no art can replace the structures which have

been disorganised ; and the limb, after everything

approaching to inflammation has subsided, remains ^^ consequence of

a huge, unsightly object, — an affliction to its pos- Inthehorse?^'''"

sessor.

The treatment of breaking down should be similar to that of a
broken leg in man ; and the reviser has found good results follow
the careful application of a starched bandage, which must be
tiglitly bound round the leg from about three inches above the
injury right down to the hoof ; and the tension of the surrounding
must be the same throughout its entire length. A high-heeled
shoe will assist in easing the leg, and keeping the broken ends of
the tendinous prolongations in apposition. An animal having met
with this injury will never be again fit for racing purposes, neither
will he be able to perform very usefully in any other capacity.
However, should it be a stallion or a mare, it may be as valuable
as a sounder animal for stud purposes. Accidents are not heredi-
tary ; nor is there any reason why the foal of a horse, which has
broken down, should not excel the progeny of a more fortunate sire,

CURB.

This is one of the evils which chiefly are the property of well-
bred horses, and often occurs during the act of rearing, or from
any inordinate strain imposed upon the posterior parts of the
hock. The malady consists of an enlargement, or a gradual
bulging out at the posterior of the hock ; and, when once extant,
a swelling always marks the point where the injury was inflicted.

328

CURB.

There is some dispute about the seat of curb. However, a
slight acquaintance with anatomy assures us that the tendon
must have been stretched when the sheath was
injured, since the last invests and is inserted
into the first. It is well known that synovial
membrane is far more sensitive than tendon.
It is therefore probable that the membrane
would exhibit disease before the tendon dis-
played the slightest symptom of being affected.
A CURB. The membrane is also capable of displaying

the signs of injury long after every trace may
have disappeared from the tendon itself.

Curby hocks, or those exhibiting a rounded appearance at the
back of the tarsus, are said to be liable to this accident, although

A CLEAN HOCK.

A CUBBY HOCK, SLIGHTLY
BULOINU OUT BEHIND.

the accuracy of this assertion has been questioned by many autho-
rities, and a case of a curby hock springing a curb has only once
been met with in the practice of the reviser.
That the reader may fully comprehend what
is meant by a curby hock, one is here repre-
sented, together with a sound or naturally-
formed clean joint.

The custom of blistering a horse the instant
a curb appears is most injurious. Harm is
done in every point of view by such a habit.
The animal should have a high-heeled shoe
put on immediately, so as to ease the over-
strained tendon. The part ought then to be kept constantly wet
with cold water, so as to lower or disperse the inflammation.
It should not be blistered, to heat and increase the vascularity

AN INDIA-RUBBER BANDAGE,
FOR KEEPING WKT CLOTHES
UPON A CURB.

CURB.

329

of the structures. A cloth, doubled twice or thrice, is easily
kept upon the hock by means of an india-rubber bandage, of
the form delineated in the engraving at foot of previous page.
Such a cloth, so placed, is afterwards to be made constantly cool
and wet.

This treatment should be continued ; the animal being confined
to the stall and made to move as little as possible, until the heat
- and swelling are diminished, and the leg is almost sound. The
part being quite cool, a blister should then be
rubbed all over the joint ; and with that the treat-
ment, in the great majority of cases, is ended. On
no account should any man allow his horse's hock
to be fired for curb. This is a very general prac-
tice ; but the author has never witnessed any good
result therefrom. He has, however, seen much
agony ensue upon the custom. The form of the
marks perpetuated upon the skin of a living crea-
ture is shown herewith, and were plainly visible
in the case of curb, which the writer dissected.

Pulling horses up on their haunches is asserted to be a frequent
cause of curb ; yet curb is not an accident commonly met with among
those animals which drag London carriages. These creatures are

THE LINES MADE, FOR
SOME IMAGINARY
BENEFIT, WITH A
HEATED IRON, UPON
THE HOCK OF A
HORSE HAVING
CURB.

'^i.^

THE SUREST MANNER OF rRODUCING CURB.

being constantly thrown upon their haunches, it being considered
by ladies "very pretty and very dashing," to make their servants

330 OCCULT SPAVIN.

tng at the reins, regardless of the living months on which these
operate. Pulling suddenly up, however objectionable for other
i^easons, does not seem to induce curb, as London carriage horses
are all but free from that affection. The disease is mainly caused
by uneven gromid wrenching the limb ; by galloping at the top-
most speed ; by prancing when mounted, or by leaping when after
the hounds. Perhaps more curbs are to be seen in a district on
which several packs are kept than in any other part of the
country,

OCCULT SrAVIN.

The horse is subject to many fearful maladies, but to none
which is more terrible than ulceration between the bones com-
posing the joints. Cartilage covers the articulatory surfaces of
bones, and the synovial membranes surround them ; they repre-
sent so many sacs for confining the joint oil within prescribed
limits. Synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone, are without
sensation during health; but when disease starts up, be it only
the slightest blush of inflammation, the acutest anguish is thereby
occasioned.

Ulceration of the joints is, unfortunately, rather common among
horses ; the animal, while being ridden, usually drops suddenly

THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE LEO IS CAUGHT UP WHEN OCCULT SPAVIN EXISTS ; ALSO THE VIEW OF THE
FOOT PRESENTED TO THE SPECTATOP. WHO IS PLACED AT THE SIDE OF THE HORSE, WHEN, DURING
THIS DISEASE, THE LEG IS IN MOTION.

lame. It has trodden on a rolling stone, or made a false step, or
put its foot into some hole and injured the bone. After a little
time, continuance of the impaired gait causes the rider to dis-
mount ; nothing is to be found in the foot, yet the animal is
taken to the stable decidedly lame. The foot is searched ; the
limb is examined ; pressure, even of the hardest kind, is endured

OCCULT SPAVIN. 331

with provoking complacency. No heat or swelling can be dis-
covered ; but, one thing is to be discerned, the lameness is most
emphatic. After some time, a peculiarity in the trot may be
remarked ; the lame foot hardly touches the earth before it is
snatched up again, and that very energetically. Then, closer
observation notes that the leg, when flexed, is alway carried in a
direct line, as it is when displaying the symptoms of bony spavin.
The hoof is never even partially turned outwards. Still, neither
of these traits are always displayed in so prominent a manner as
to force attention ; frequently, a conclusion is to be drawn only
from negative testimony — as the duration of the lameness, the
soundness of the foot, and the perfect condition of the tendons.
These evidences, taken with the suddenness of the complaint,
cause the practitioner to comprehend he has a case of occult
spavin under treatment.

This disease is usually caused by violent concussion to the
hock. Sometimes the synovial membrane has been ruptured, or
a bone injured or possibly broken. Upon such accidents ulcera-
tion may supervene and involve the part in disastrous disease and
great suffering ; for, at every step the animal takes, the ulcerated
surfaces grate against one another, and at every movement pain is
inflicted. All joints are exposed to ulceration ; every bone in the
fore and hind legs may be thus affected. The small bones of the
hock are those most commonly diseased. Whenever this is the
case, the only termination which can reasonably be hoped for is
that the inflamed surfaces may be united. The bones are then
bound together by osseous union, and are, of course, firmly
locked ; they are no longer capable of the slightest movement one
upon the other. But this is no vast evil — many animals are now
at work having the smaller bones firmly united by osseous
deposit. Horses in that condition are far from useless, even
for the highest purposes.

The man whose animal gets ulceration of the hock-joint ought
to allow the injured quadruped even twelve months of unin-
terrupted rest. The first thing is to get the sufferer into slings.
The earlier this is done the better. It takes off the weight from
the affected joint, relieves the pain, and gives the system full
opportunity to rectify the lesion. To draw blood to the part, and
so promote deposit, rub in, once every two days, some of the

332 RHEUMATISM.

embrocation recommended in the article on " rheumatism," which is
thus composed: — Of soap liniment, sixteen ounces; liquor ammonia,
tincture of cantharides and of laudanum, of each two ounces.
There need be no fear of applying friction ; the utmost pressure
made upon an ulcerated joiut can call forth no response. When
the joint is embrocated, wrap the part loosely in flannel, using an
elastic webbing to fasten the portion above and below the hock,
and not tying any fastening around the painfully - diseased
member; give three feeds of corn, and sweet hay for each day's
support, while the treatment lasts.

The improvement will be denoted by the animal bearing upon
the affected limb. After tliree months, or longer, the slings may be
removed ; in another three months, the horse, should the pace be
sound, may perform gentle work. However, the first three months
must be reckoned from the date when the animal commenced to
bear continuously on the ulcerated joint ; in short, the slings are
not to be removed until long after the quadruped has, by its
carriage, declared them to be useless. Then, for the three sub-
sequent months, the work must not be violent ; time should be
allowed for the union to be confirmed ; for, among the many
diseases the horse is exposed to there is not one more treacherous
or more liable to relapse than occult spavin.

All this is necessary for the treatment of the disorder. Eest
— perfect rest, with food capable of supporting nature in the
reparative process, is absolutely indispensable. A loose box even
does injury, so entire must be the rest, which should be as
near to stagnation as it is possible to make it. The embrocation
is simply recommended to draw blood to the part, and promote
the required deposition. One caution only is necessary — give
no purgative; keep the bowels regular by means of cut grass
and bran mashes.

The principal treatment consists in constant rest, so as to
insure the perfect immobility of the hock-joint.

RHEUMATISM.

This form of disease in the horse is commonly known as follow-
ing more serious affections. After influenza it is very frequent.
It is not rare as coming in the train of thoracic disorders ; most

RHEUMATISM.

333

important organs, being acutely affected, will leave it behind
them. On rare occasions it may appear without any forerunner.

Its advent is announced by swelling about the joints, accom-
panied by the most painful lameness ; the animal may not dare to
put its foot to the ground. Often the disease flies about ; now
seizing upon one or two joints ; next attacking the hitherto free
members ; and generally clinging to similar parts, as the hocks,
knees, etc. Then it will return to its former abode, thus shifting
about to the torture of the animal and the confusion of him who
may undertake its relief.

One almost constant symptom is an increase of synovia. For
synovial membrane, whether in the sheaths of tendons or on the
heads of bones, rheumatism always displays a marked partiality.
This structure is, as has been already noticed, without sensation
during health ; in disease, however, its involvement communicates
extreme agony. The afflicted horse stands with difficulty ; its
pulse and its breathing declare its suffering. Both are quick and
jerking ; the limbs may be greatly swollen, and the parts secreting
joint oil bulged out, soft and puffy, from the increase of their
contents.

No disease is accompanied with such long and extreme pain as
rheumatism ; the remedies, therefore,
should be quick and effective. Pro-
cure the steaming apparatus recom-
mended for bronchitis; fill the warm,
loose box, into which the horse should
be brought, with vapour. While that
is being accomplished get ready the
slings ; put the belly-piece under the
animal, and fix them so as not to take
the entire bearing from the ground,
but so as to relieve the diseased
joints of some portion of their bur-
den, and allow the horse to rest its
body when it is disposed to repose.

Keep up the steam for one hour ; at the end of that period
have several men ready with dry cloths — whisps would be too
exciting. Let the men wipe the horse quite dry with as little
noise and as much speed as possible. This over, order some of the

THE STEAMING APPARATUS USED IN

BRONCUITIS.

334

RHEUMATISM.

assistants to put on the hood and clothing, also wrapping the sound
limbs in flannel ; the disengaged helpers are to go upon their
knees and rub into and about the seat of disorder the liniment re-
mended for occult spavin at page 332.

When tlie liniment has been applied encase the affected limbs
in warm flannel.

Have ready some rings of elastic webbing to fasten over the
members; also procure four pieces of flannel, each rather more
than the length of a limb. To the small ends of two pieces of

A HORSE DRESSED FOR RHEUMATISM.

flannel, one yard and a half long, attach a band of broad elastic
webbing, and fix a buckle and strap at the other terminations. At
similar points of the other two pieces of flannel — only these last are
to be two yards long — likewise fix broad elastic bands, and also
append a buckle and strap. Place the long pieces of flannel by
the hind limbs ; put the shorter flannels by the fore legs ; buckle
the straps, the fore ones over the withers and the hind straps over
the loins. This will keep the flannel up to its proper height ;
fasten it vi'ith the rings of elastic webbing to the hoofs, while the
assistants are wrapping it loosely round the limbs.

The horse being in the slings no surcingle can be put on, nor
is any needed. The animal with acute rheumatism is certain to

RHEUMATISM. 335

stand quiet enough. So much being accomplished, give the horse
a bohis formed of powdered colcliicum, two drachms ; iodide of
potassium, one drachm ; simple mass, a sufficiency.

These measures are to be taken regardless of the condition of
the body. If the attack, however, follow another disease, the bodily
support must not be too low. It should be all prepared or softened
by the action of heat and water ; the oats should be of the best
description ; they should be crushed and boiled ; a few old beans
(also boiled) may be added, and a malt mash occasionally will do
no harm. To open the bowels and likewise to allay excitement
give green meat when required ; but do not make a practice of
allowing this sort of food in quantity, as it blows the animal out,
Aveakens the digestion, and soon loses all laxative efi'ect.

Next morning repeat the steaming, etc., and give a ball com-
posed of three drachms of aloes ; allow only five pounds of hay
during the day. At night again steam, etc., and when the horse
begins to bear upon its legs, should the liniment not have blistered
the joints, the following may be applied with a soft brush, but
without friction : —

Tincture of cantharides . . One ounce.
Camphorated oil .... Half-an-ounce.
Tincture of opium .... Half-an-ounce.

The horse may be of a full habit when affected. In that case,
pursue the measures already recommended, but do not give the
food before advised ; instead, allow bran mashes twice a week, and
a bundle of green meat once a day, and sweet hay must make up
the sustenance for twenty-four hours. Should the horse, however,
appear to lose flesh and spirit, boiled corn must form a portion of
the diet, and the quantity can be regulated only by him who has
charge of the case.

Tlie horse affected with this malady is highly sensitive, and
should therefore be always treated in the most gentle manner.
It must be approached noiselessly, and spoken to softly ;nothing
by word or deed nmst be done to arouse fear. A moment of ex-
citement may do the injury which no physic will remove : nay, in
critical stages, many a life has been lost from want of thought in
the attendants about a diseased horse.

336

WINDGALLS.

DISTENSION OF SYNOVIAL MEMBKANE — WINDGALLS.

Windgalls are generally lightly esteemed by most horsemen,
when the animal is required for actual service — as hunting, racing,
coaching, etc.

Such marks, however, are evidences of hard work having been
performed. They are not natural formations, but are blemishes
which man, in his consideration for a dumb servant, is pleased to
make light of. They do not generally impede the action, and
lameness is the only fact a true horseman cares to notice. He
will not stay to inquire what must have been the kind of work
which could occasion the synovial membrane to bulge out upon
a living body. He does not care to ask whether nature, when
deformity first appeared, instituted the fact without intention ?
He will not condescend to question, whether every unnatural
appearance is not designed to be a warning. But he views
windgalls rather as a proof that the poor animal exhibiting them

THE SITUATIONS AND SHAPES OF WINDGALLS.

WINDGALLS, AS THEY APPEARED TO THE AUTHOR
UPON DISSECTION.

is a seasoned horse, and therefore is bettered by the distortion of
a sensitive structure.

Windgalls are the result of severe work. The back sinews are
encased in a fine sheath, which contains synovia, or, as it is com-
monly termed, "joint oil." The use of the synovia is to facilitate
the motions of the two great flexor tendons one upon the other ;
so, when the pace is too fast or the labour too energetic, the deli-

WINDGALLS.

337

cate membrane wliicli secretes the synovia becomes irritated. The
consequence of irritation is increased secretion. More joint-oil is
poured forth than the natural sac can contain. The membrane,
therefore, bags out at those parts which are weakest. Two such
places are situated above the fetlock and one below it. The
localities, with the size of the tumours, as they generally are
exhibited, the reader will find delineated im the following
engravings.

Windgalls generally appear on the hind leg, and are noticed in
the hollow between the flexor tendons and the suspensory ligament,
in which arteries, veins, nerves, and absorbents reside.

Windgalls usually occur on the hind fetlocks, because the
posterior limbs do the heaviest portion of the horse's work. There
may be one or three on both sides of each
leg. They generally are quiescent ; but occa-
sionally they prove windgalls to be some-
thing more than the simple blemishes which
man is pleased to esteem them. After a
hard run it is not unusual to hear a hunts-
man complain that the windgalls have dis-
appeared, and the back sinews of his hunter
have become puffy. AVhen that occurs, the
entire sheath suffers excessive irritation, and
has enlarged. The horse is then very lame,
but a day or two of rest reduces the sudden
enlargement, and the animal recovers its
soundness.

Sometimes, however, repeated irritation
starts up a new action ; the secretion becomes
turbid, displays enormous floating threads
of cartilage, and occasional sanguineous infiltration; the sac en-
larges ; the walls begin to thicken ; the tumour feels less pulpy
and more firm ; it grows harder ; first becomes cartilage, and
ultimately may be converted into bone. Mr. Gowing, of Camden
Town, has a fine specimen of this species of disease.

During these changes the animal is very lame ; yet, windgalls
are so lightly esteemed by horsemen as scarcely to lessen the price
of a steed. They are, in general, accounted hardly worth men-
tioning, although men have been known to be strangely anxious to

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF WIND-
GALLS AND THE PUFFINES3
OF THE SYNOVIAL MEM-
BRANE, PROPER TO THE
FLEXOR TENDONS, WHICH
ENSUES UPON EXCESSIVE
LABOUR.

338 BOG SPAVIN.

have them removed. This, however, is not easy to bring about ;
all the common methods are worse than useless ; the only treat-
ment which promises any benefit is the application of pressure.
Fold a piece of soft rag several times ; saturate the rag with water ;
lay upon the wetted rag one drachm each of opium and of camphor,
put these upon the enlargement. Upon the moistened rag place
a piece of cork big enough to cover the windgall, and of such
a thickness as may be necessary ; above the cork lace on a
vulcanised India-rubber bandage. Persistent and equal pressure
will by these means be kept up ; however, mind the groom be
strictly ordered to take the bandage off the leg the last thing,
when the horse leaves the stable, and to put it on again first thing
on the animal's return, otherwise the proprietor may chance to
enter the building and find his steed without an application which,
to be beneficial, should be perpetually worn.

Such is the history and the occasional treatment of windgalls.
A horse displaying windgalls is prepared for the advent of the
more serious form of disease ; still, horsemen will persist in
deeming synovial enlargements a trivial affair, when seen in the
body of a creature whose utility resides in its power to move the
limbs with agility.

BOG SPAVIN.

It is well known that the seeds of disease are often sown dur-
ing youth, when the colt is first introduced to work by the breaker,
who, mistaking timidity for ferocity, applies harsh measures — whip
and spur, which induces restiveness — in the place of suasive words
and coaxing, which would give confidence to a naturally timid
animal, and make it well-behaved.

The horse will respond to tender usage, but will resent ill-treat-
ment. By the first, a useful servant can be secured ; by the other,
a wild beast. Man manufactures two commodities. " Utrum
horum mavis accipe."

The cruelty practised on colts by breakers has ruined many
and has injured others to such an extent as to have caused in-
flammation and swelling of the joints, but more particularly of the
hock. In this position it constitutes the disease known as bog
spavin.

thorough-pin:

33D

BOO SPAVIN, OB DIS-
TENSION OP THE PRIN-
CIPAL SYNOVIAL MEM-
BRANE OF THE HOCK
JOINT.

This affection is an increase of synovia in the upper or chief
joint of the hock ; it lies upon the most inward and forward por-
tion of that part. The increase of the contents
causes the membrane to bulge out, after the
manner represented in the accompanying wood-
cut.

It is produced by repeated shocks to the
limb, and in this respect resembles windgalls ;
though situated in a different locality it is also
liable to the same changes. In short, the affec-
tions are the same, and are dissimilar only with
regard to their relative situation.

Bog spavin is thought slightly of by professed horsemen ; how-
ever, the reader must ask himself, if it be viewed as no deteriora-
tion can it be also regarded as a recommendation ? Is a blemished
leg or a limb with disease, which is liable to assume an aggravated
type, properly considered a sound member ? Bog spavin does not,
in its ordinary stage, lame tlie horse ; but can such an unnatural
enlargement add to the pleasure of the animal's existence ?

Applications of various kinds have been recommended as treat-
ment for bog spavin, but they have little avail in dispersing or
absorbing the contents of an over-distended synovial sac, which has
been caused by over-exertion and can be reduced alone by persist-
ent pressure and rest.

THOROUGH-PIN.

This disease is so called because, in some cases, it pierces right
through the thinnest part of the hind leg, or appears on either side
immediately before the point of the hock. It,
however, is often single, and is rarely present
without bog spavin.

It is provoked by the same causes as generate
bog spavin ; it is similar to that disorder in not
being generally accompanied by lameness, and
in being liable to the same fearful changes.
Pressure and rest are the best remedies ; pres-
sure, applied after the manner recommended
for windgalls, may in some cases answer.
The bog spavin and the thorough-pin, however, should not in every

THOROUGH-PIN,

340

THOEOUGH-PIN.

case be treated at the same time ; as a general rule, it is prudent
only to attack one affection by means of an India-rubber bandage.
This should be so cut as to release the bog spavin from all pressure ;
and where the slightest uneasiness is evinced all bandages should
be instantly removed, while the corks and cloths (employed as for
windgalls) are taken off the thorough-pin.

It is never well to attempt to cure the bog spavin first ; the
treatment ought always to commence with the thorough-pin. There-
fore, for a horse which will not endure the bandage, a truss must
be procured from the instrument maker. The truss is of the
ordinary description, only, adapted to bear upon the parts. This
will probably act with efficacy equal to the bandage. When the
truss has performed its office, then a perfect India-rubber bandage
may be safely applied. Only, mind and also employ with the last
the corks and cloths ; else, when endeavouring to remove one dis-
order you may reproduce another. Watch the animal while wear-
ing the bandage ; on the slightest change, either in habit or appear-
ance, remove the India-rubber. Should the pressure affect the skin
(as it will in certain cases), rags, thoroughly wetted, should be
wrapped round the hock, before lacing the bandage up. If the
rags appear to be of no avail, it is better to forbear for a time, and
to renew the attempt hereafter.

The horse which exhibits bog spavin and thorough-pin also,
generally shows windgalls on the hind legs. Let the reader con-
sider the hard usage the limb must have under-
gone before it could have become thus deranged.
Here is a specimen demonstrating the connec-
tion which exists between thorough-pin and bog
spavin, the enlargement called thorough-pin
and the synovial membrane of the hock having i
united so as to establish a free communication
between them.

Thorough-pin is not, in popular estimation,
essentially unsoundness. The subject of it may
not be lame, and therefore move soundly, but
no veterinarian would pronounce such animal sound ; swellings
on the hock, the result of synovial distension, represent decided
unsoundness.

DrSSECTION OFTHOROUOH-
PIN AND BOO SPAVIN,
DEMONSTRATING THE
JUNCTION OF THE TWO
AFFECTIONS.

CAPPED KNEE. 341

CAPPED KNEE.

Capped knee, in the fore limb, answers to bog spavin in the hind
leg ; the diseases are alike in most respects. Both affect the prin-
cipal articulation of a complicated joint ; both may be provoked
by the like causes ; but the fore leg being less exposed to shocks
than the hinder member must have been much abused before it
could become thus deformed.

Blows, also, are common originators of capped knee. This dis-
order is, likewise, peculiar for a course it takes. The fluid within
the swollen joint is, upon excitement, secreted in such quantity as
to tighten the enlargement. Ultimately, it lames
the horse, and at length bulges out, or points, after
the manner of an abscess. If let alone, it would
burst. Much of the surrounding parts would have
to be absorbed, or would be effectually destroyed
before such a termination could ensue. The life
would be endangered, or a lasting blemish would
be left behind. To prevent this, the surgeon draws
the skin to one side, and, holding the point of his
lancet upward, opens the capped knee upon its
lower surface. A quantity of synovia, more or less in a turbid
state, escapes, and an open joint remains. For the treatment of this
contingency, the reader must turn to " Open Joint, p. 447" (Injuries).

Capped knee is, by certain persons, viewed as a trivial accident.
Generally, however, it is regarded in a more serious light, because
it is more conspicuous than bog spavin. We also should object to
it, because, while liable to the same changes as windgalls, etc., it is
also likely to expose the horse to an open joint. It is, like wind-
galls and bog spavin, to be reduced by pressure, though sometimes
pressure will call up aggravated symptoms. Eest is the best treat-
ment ; during the rest, pressure may be safely applied. Pressure
does not answer, however, while the limb is exposed to the irrita-
tion of work. The horse must be thrown up, during treatment, and
gently used after it has been patched up or " cured."

CAPPED HOCK.

When an injury 13 formed near an important part, nature is so
conservative of her creature's welfare that she always has some means

THE SYNOVIAL MEM-
BRANE OFTHE KNEE-
JOINT ENLARGED.

342 CAPPED HOCK.

ready to preserve the utility of the structure. Thus, when from
external violence the hock becomes capped, or a swelling like to
that represented in the following engraving ensues, to prevent the
joint being thrown out of use nature allows the skin to enlarge.
The cap of a hock, originally, was a bursa. A bursa is a little
bladder or round sac, formed of the finest possible membrane, and
filled with a fluid similar to joint oil. Its use is to facilitate
motion ; hence, one eases the tightened skin over the point of the
bony hock. But when it becomes deranged and swollen, the skin,
which was dense, hard and solid, stretches so as to cover the
increase of bulk.

CAPPED HOCK. THE LARGEST SPECIMEN OF CAPPSD HOCK WHICH

THE AUTHOR HAS MET WITH.

The tumour, however, having been produced may in time
subside, should the injury which provoked it not be repeated.
Too often, however, the cause springs from motives over which
the animal has no control ; and the violence being renewed again
and again the swelling enlarges, and that which was soft and
pulpy at first becomes hard to the feel, while all sensation of fluid
disappears. The provocative being repeated, the part first grows
firm— then solid — while its bulk also enlarges to a fearful magni-
tude. There appears to be no limit to the size ; some are very
large, some small.

Any injury or blow to the point of the hock may cause it to
enlarge. By lying with the hocks exposed at their points to
the hard stones, which often happens to horses who are in the
habit of scraping their litter to the sides of the stalls, and thus
leaving a bare place to lie on, this injury caused by constant
hard pressure ultimately involves the horse in the disease under
notice.

Another cause is kicking while in harness ; this habit is always
attributed to vice. To speak of vice, as associated with the ideas of a

CAPPED HOCK. 343

simple animal, is purely ridiculous. Fear is a much more probable
cause. If man would only expand his understanding to comprehend
the motives likely to actuate an unreasoning creature he would see
that vice is far too heroic an impulse, far too human a failing for
the horse to embody. Fear is essentially an animal passion ; that
some mighty influence agitates the quadruped when it begins to
kick in harness is proved by the serious accidents the horse en-
counters through this habit. No life can be careless of its own
existence ; all creatures are conservatives where their own being
is concerned. "Would mankind only admit this fact, and seek to
gain the confidence of, as they now labour to establish authority
over, the horse, gentle Avords, spoken when the impulse was
awakened, might reassure the animal, and would thus frequently
save the owner from impending danger.

A third cause is lazy drivers riding on cart-horses, when un-
hooked, as leaders of the waggon ; the poles, called spreaders,
which keep the chains asunder, frequently hang so low, that at
every movement of the leg, they strike the point of the hock.
The uneven paving of some stables is likewise said to produce the
disease ; in short, anything which may cause the point of the
calcis to suffer violence will produce a capped hock.

The treatment must be guided by circumstances ; the tumour,
when recent, being hot and somewhat painful. At this time, keep it
wet with cold water or with a lotion formed of spirits of wine and
water, in equal parts. When the tenderness has subsided, cause
your groom to rub the cap of the hock constantly, and the tumour,
in three or four days, or in less time, will have disappeared.

Should the enlargement, however, have become hard, the knife
then must be employed ; the horse must be
cast, and the substance must be carefully
dissected out without opening the sac. This
being done, remove none of the skin ; leave
that bagging about the hock ; simply treat
it with a lotion composed of chloride of zinc,
one grain, to water, one ounce, and the integu-
ment will contract. Ultimately, there will thk skin rr.ov beneath

-^ WHEN THE TUMOUR OtF

remain no more than will be required to cover capped hock has beem

■"■ REMOVED.

the part ; whereas, if any be taken away, the

wound, which in these cases never heals quickly, will be very long

344 CAPPED ELBOW.

before it closes, and, in proportion to the skin which has been
removed, there will remain a lasting blemish.

There is another caution we have to give the reader before
leaving this subject : let no advice persuade, no temptation induce
him to puncture, seton, or merely to open capped hock. The
membrane lining the swelling is, when diseased, so extremely
sensitive, that the writer has known the lives of animals en-
dangered by these so-called remedies. Extirpation is the only
remedy, and it should be accomplished without puncturing the
sac ; this is as safe an operation as there is in the entire range of
Veterinary Surgery. There is neither nerve, muscle, membrane,
vessel, or any important structure to avoid ; with ordinary care the
removal is most easy. There is but one thing annoying connected
with the business, and that is the length of time which the heal-
ing of a necessary wound, made upon a point of motion, almost
invariably occupies.

CAPPED ELBOW.

This is very common, especially among cart-horses ; it is attri-
buted to the caulkin of the fore foot ; to the point of the hind
hoof ; or to a stable floor, thinly bedded, and
composed of sharp stones. So, likewise,
blows with the butt end of the whip will
induce it ; but the harness, probably, guards
the elbow, which therefore can be struck
only in exceptional cases.

It consists of a bursa which, as in the
former instance, has been injured, and has
consequently enlarged ; in appearance, and
in its subsequent course, it greatly resembles capped hock, from
which it differs only in a greater liability to ulcerate and become
sinuous when allowed to remain until it is of extreme magnitude.
It is said to derive that unenviable peculiarity from being situated
nearer to the centre of circulation. Capped hock is little disposed
to take on such a form of disease. With a tumour on the elbow,
however, ulceration is unfortunately too common. That pro-
bability should forbid the owner to allow the tumour to attain any
great size ; when large, moreover, it is apt to encircle the elbow
joint. It, however, may be easily extirpated by a competent

A CAPPED ELBOW.

LUXATION OF THE PATELLA. 345

veterinarian, and the after-treatment should be the same as that
prescribed for capped hock.

LUXATION OF THE PATELLA.

Displacement of the patella (the bone which answers to the
knee-cap of the human being) is an accident of rare occurrence
among horses. It is not peculiar to any district; it is not confined
to any special breed ; it may affect all kinds of horses in all sorts
of places.

Colts frequently exhibit luxation of the patella before they are
broken ; but it is always provoked by weakness, and commonly
only seen where the management is faulty or the food is stinted.

When the whirl-bone is displaced, it is always found as an un-
natural lump upon the outer side of the thigh ; it cannot, for three
sufficient reasons, be drawn to the inner part of the leg. The
inner condyle of the humerus, over which the patella plays, is
sufficiently large to oppose any unnatural motion in that direc-
tion ; the inner ligaments are the weakest, and are, therefore,
most readily stretched in the outward direction ; the circumstances
permit the bone to be displaced from the inside of the leg. Then,
moreover, the muscles are altogether more powerful upon the
outer side. Any force acts more energetically as debility increases,
and to favour it there is less resistance in the direction opposite
to which the force pulls ; for these reasons, the bone invariably is
luxated upon the outer side of the animal's haunch.

THE PATELLA, OR WHIRL-BONE DISPLACED.

The symptoms denoting luxation of the patella are : the leg
thrust out behind, and remaining fixed ; the horse's entire frame

346 LUXATION OF THE PATELLA.

is affected ; the head is erect ; the muscles quiver ; the pastern of
the protruded leg is violently flexed ; there is an unnatural swell-
ing upon the outer and lower part of the buttock. If the animal
be forced to move it can only imperfectly hop upon three legs ;
such an accident may occur at any time, and never be repeated.
It may, however, become so common as to be mistaken for a species
of habit ; for luxation of the patella, when by frequency conlirmed,
will take place upon the slightest possible cause.

In stinted colts, the most trivial motion often will give rise to
this accident ; the creature can hardly move without its leg being
thrust out behind it. The cure is in these cases, anything whicli
may flurry the animal. A noise, made by moving the hand quickly
and rather energetically, from side to side, within a hat, — the crack
of a whip, — or any sudden and loud sound, will occasion the bone
to return with apparent ease and the utmost rapidity to its natural
situation. The colt, however, may the next moment exhibit the
misfortune which, in young life, can only be cured by kindly treat-
ment and liberal sustenance.

Probably the author will best describe the nature of the affec-
tion in old animals by narrating a case which, a few years ago,
came under his own observation.

At the request of a friend he visited one of those auction marts
for the sale of horses, which in London are somewhat notorious.
The object of his visit being, if possible, to purchase, his attention
was directed to certain animals. As usual, a glance enabled him
to pass by all the marked " lots," and he had reached the third
stable, when his eye rested on a horse which seemed wrongly
placed among such companions. It was lively, young, clean-
legged, short-backed, well ribbed up, — in fact, one of those rare
creatures, every inch of which seems made for service. The height
was fifteen hands, three inches ; the colour was a dark brown.
The author tried in vain to discover if it had any " vice." It ap-
peared perfectly quiet. He examined the feet : he could detect no
unsoundness. He went to the office and ascertained the price —
twenty-four guineas ! It was too cheap ! Such an animal would
be thrown away if sold for fifty guineas. " Would they give a
warranty ? " " It was not their custom to give any warranty."
" Had the horse megrims ? " " No." " Would they grant a trial ? "
" It was contrary to their rules." Still the author wanted to buy

LUXATION OF THE PATELLA. 34'7

— he would " deposit the cash, and, if all proved right, take the
horse." " They never granted trials ; but there stood the owner —
the writer could talk to him."

The person alluded to was lounging close to the writer's elbow,
and was habited in that half-blackleg, half-blackguard costume
which characterises the low London dealer. The contemplation
of this individual did not improve any previous opinion of the
matter. However, the man's eye M'as firmly fixed upon that of
his would-be customer, and rather than encounter a disturbance
the author approached the fellow, to whom he repeated his requests.
The answers given were too similar to those received from the
clerk for the likeness to be purely accidental. The dealer, never-
theless, saw a trial was imperative to convert the inquirer into a
purchaser ; and rightly judging from appearance that there was
little of the jockey in the writer's attainments, reluctantly consented
to afford the demanded test.

The horse was speedily between the shafts of a very light gig.
The man took the reins, placed the whip behind him, and we
moved off at the gentlest of possible trots. No objection was taken
to the pace : it gave the better opportunity of examining into the
soundness. All was right in that particular. The steps were loud
and even. After some time, during which the man frequently in-
quired if " I had had trial enough noio ? " we left the paved streets,
but no entreaty could cause the pace to be improved. At length
we came to a rise in the ground, when, as it was approached, my
companion turned sulky. Hardly had the horse begun to ascend
the inequality, before it suddenly stood quite still. The gig was
brought to with a jerk, which almost threw both its occupants
upon the footboard. The author was the first out of the vehicle.
There stood the horse, — the leg out, the foot flexed, the head erect, —
displaying the evident symptom of luxation of the patella.

An inn was fortunately near the spot. To the yard of the
hostelry the animal was with difficulty led. Being sheltered in an
unoccupied building a groom was placed at the horse's head. A
long rope, thrown over a beam, was fastened to the fetlock of the
protruded limb. By this rope the owner stood; and whilst he
pulled the leg upward and forward, the writer was by the quarters,
with both hands pushing the luxated bone inward. The patella
soon slipped into its situation, and the horse was afterwards sold

348

BLOOD SPAVIN.

by auction for four guineas more than the author iiad refused to pay
for it.

THE MANNER OF RETURNING THE PATELLA OF AN ADULT ANULAL,

Mr. Spooner, in his lectures at the Koyal Veterinary College,
always recommends his hearers, after this bone has been returned,
to place an assistant by the horse's side, with strict orders to hold
the patella in its situation for some hours. Such advice is most
excellent, to which we can only add perfect rest, and as much
strengthening food as the animal can consume. If such measures
are pursued, and the horse be not used for six weeks subsequent
to the accident, there need be little fear entertained of a second
luxation of the patella.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

This disease is happily seldom met with now. It is more of a

A BLOOD SPAVIN AS IT IS REPORTED TO HAVE ONCE EXISTED.

disease of the past than the present. It consisted of a varicosity'

BLOOD SPAVIN. 349

of the vena saphena, where the vessel crosses the hock. The cause
is said to have been bog spavin, when of magnitude ; this, it is
asserted, opposed circulation within the vessel.

There is no cure for such a disease. The knife may remove the
deformity, but a larger blemish was often left as the consequence
of the operation. Should such a case be known to any of the
present readers, it is best to leave the enlargement alone and trust
to the absorbing powers of nature for its removal.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE FEET — THEIR ACCIDENTS AND THEIR DISEASES.
LAMENESS.

Of all inventions intended to mitigate the sufferings of the horse
none perhaps is so generally useful as the foot-bath; certainly,

A READY MEANS OF SOFTENING THE HORN, WHERE PRESSURE OF THE HOOF AGGRAVATES THE

LAMENESS.

not one is so decidedly beneficial in its operation. It consists
merely of a wooden or iron trough, one foot deep ; the shoes of the
animal should, if possible, be taken off before the hoof is allowed
to tread within the bath ; or, if such a measure be not possible,
then the burden of the horse's body should be counterpoised by
means of weights. This precaution is always prudent, for, should
the shod horse occasion fracture or breakage, an alarm might be

LAMENESS. 351

excited which probably would ever after prevent the employment
Qf the foot-bath with the same quadruped.

Tlie water should always he mixed outside the building ; it is
never well to excite an animal's fears by allowing it to witness
unnecessary preparation. Most people assert the horse has a very
limited comprehension — so it may have ; but it has an active terror
which is apt to misconstrue the simplest of motives. Whoever has
seen the busy eye of the quadruped watching all that takes place
around it, and noting every triviality whenever any unusual move-
ment gives intimation to the animal that something is about to be
attempted, will readily allow the need there is for excessive caution.
The horse may comprehend nothing, but it is not, therefore, the less
to be propitiated. Its terror has to be soothed and its confidence
has to be gained ; the last is soonest won by avoiding anything
which possibly might excite the first.

Always have the heat of the water ascertained by a thermo-
meter. Sensation is only a relative test with regard to the
presence or absence of warmth. Were it not so, the hand of a
groom, nevertheless, might easily endure that degree of tempera-
ture which should pain the foot and leg of a horse. Let the fluid,
in the first instance, stand at 70° ; after the animal has entered
the bath, gradually and without noise increase the temperature up
to 90°.

At that standard the water ought to be maintained : the hoof
should remain soaking from one to two hours at each operation.
The groom, doubtless, will complain of having frequently to fetch
warm water, and, when not so employed, of being obliged to watch
a thermometer ; but the present book is not written to please the
likings of any individual. To contribute to the welfare of the
horse is the object of the writer ; that he has not unnecessarily
imposed an irksome duty upon any human being, the purpose for
which the bath is introduced into the stable should be sufficient
evidence.

The horse's hoof is of considerable thickness. It is far from
unusual with stablemen to saturate the healthy hoof with various
greasy preparations ; therefore, it will require some time before
the heat and water can soften that which is, as it were, prepared
to resist their action. The hoof should be rendered perceptibly
soft when the object is to relieve a painful lameness ; the warmth

352 LAMENESS.

aud moisture should not only saturate the covering to the foot, hut
should also soothe the internal structures. The pressure of the
horn may thus be mitigated, and the deep-seated inflammation
likewise be ameliorated.

When the bath is removed, the foot should not be left exposed
to the air, as the horn then quickly dries ; it soon becomes harsh
and brittle. In this condition it is likely to do more injury to the
sensitive parts than good was anticipated as the consequence of its
immersion. The hoof, when taken from the water, should be en-
cased in warm and air-proof bandages ; the intention being to
retain the heat, while evaporation is prevented. The bandages
likewise answer another purpose: they protect the foot, which,
being without a shoe, and covered by horn that has been deprived
of its resistant property, is therefore much exposed to accidents.

To obtain the full benefit of the bath the foot should enter it
night and morning; the animal should be subjected to its opera-
tion for at least four hours each time, and ingenuity ought to be
exerted to prevent the hoof from becoming dry in the interim.
Perhaps nothing is better for this purpose than the leather case,
which is lined with sponge, and which can be procured of most
tradesmen who deal in veterinary instruments ; it is made to fit
the foot, also to envelop the pastern. The bottom portion is formed
of the stoutest leather, and will afford all desirable protection;
while the sponge will retain the moisture which this material
permits to be renewed, should circumstances, such as the heat of
the hoof, or the warmth of the weather, cause the fluid to evaporate.
However, such additions must always be made with warm water,
cold being unsuited for the purpose.

These particulars have been thus fully detailed because lame-
ness constitutes no inconsiderable portion of equine misery, and
because such ailments are more frequently encountered than
special forms of disease. To judge quickly and surely of such
affections proves, in no small degree, veterinary proficiency ; in
every shade of lameness, the gentleman, unless more than usually
practised in such ailments, had better be guided by an educated
opinion. Where it is possible to mistake another's misery, it
displays no boldness to risk chances upon our own judgment.

Lameness is simply tlie difference of bearing cast, during pro-
gression upon the several legs. Pain in the joints, bones, or tendons

LAMENESS. 353

is most severe. It is even more terrible when inflammation of
such structures is confined within the horny hoof. Of this torture
man can know nothing ; he may rest the angry limb ; may recline
the body ; or may seek consolation in friendly converse and in
mental diversion. From all the higher pleasures the horse is
excluded. It cannot rest the leg ; and the instinctive dread which
the sick animal displays of being unable to rise again prevents the
quadruped seeking that relief a change of posture might afford.

The horse always stands when seriously diseased. Often the
erect position is continued to the last ; for the sufferer ceases to
maintain it only with the relinquishment of life. During severe
lameness in one foot the animal seldom lies down ; it stands and
stands, often for months. How the limbs must ache! Yet the
relief which the slightest motion might induce is avoided with the
tenacity which pain begets when operating upon excessive timidity.
Often one spot is occupied for months ! During this tedious
period, one foot is held from the earth. The mind shrinks from
conjecturing the torture which could prompt such an act; the
reason retreats from contemplating the agony by which the deed
can alone be occasioned ; we shudder, as the imagination remotely
pictures the pains by which it must be accompanied ! Yet, who has
been much among stables, and has not witnessed many such sights ?

It requires small knowledge to recognise those lamenesses to
which the heavy breed of horses is particularly exposed to. Agony,
being excessive, always obliges this species of animal to indicate

THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HORSE PROGRESSES WHEN ONE FORE LEO 13 rNCAPAClTATEDw

the limb, or to attract the attention of the spectator towards it
These creatures, when thus affected, if compelled to move, hop
onward upon three legs ; the weight is never thrown upon the foot
which has been severely injured.

354 LAMENESS.

Illustrating this subject is the preceding figure of a horse which
has been hurt upon the off fore foot ; the figure is supposed to be
desirous of progressing, or to be in the act of bringing the hind
limbs forward. The entire weight having for a certain space to
rest upon a single support, some time is spent in accurately
balancing the body before this action is hazarded. The slightest
mistake would necessitate a fall, of which it has been observed
the sick horse is endued with a particular dread. Therefore,
after a certain time spent in preparation, the legs are wdth much
muscular exertion lifted from the ground, and the sufferer hops
onward.

The wretchedness of the quadruped, however, is not complete,
until one or both hind legs are implicated. From some hidden
cause, the anguish of the animal, great as it may be, is not per-
fected while the lameness resides in front. Tiie horse, suffering
in a fore limb, has even laid on flesh during the period of enforced
idleness. But, when the posterior extremities are injured, the
constitution is involved. The body wastes rapidly, and every fibre
within the huge framework seems to quiver with sensibility.

THE MANNER OF ADVANCING THE UIND MEMBERS, WHEN ONE POSTERIOR FOOT 13 INJURED,

If the creature, thus disabled in one leg, is obliged to advance,
the chief difficulty is to so placing the sound limb upon the earth
that the balance shall not be destroyed. There are the two fore
legs to rest upon, and the head to act as a kind of counterpoise.
Therefore, there is little impediment to raising of the trunk ; but
the obstacle consists in the peril to be surmounted, when the sound
member reaches the ground. A certain shock has then to be sus-
tained, and the fear apparently is lest the slightest want of pre-
paration should bring the body to the earth.

LAMENESS. 355

The next motion delineated necessitates the greatest care and
the mightiest exertion. There are several signs which declare such
to be the case. To advance the two sound fore legs is an effort of
despair always preceded by a pause. During the time the feet are
from the earth, the entire weight, unrelieved by the slightest
counterpoise, must be supported by one sound limb. The muscles
on that side have to raise the trunk, or to perform double labour ;

A HORSE HAVING ONE HIND LEO RENDERED USELESS, BY A SUDDEN EFFORT ADVANCES THE FORE LIMBS.

for the step invariably is a species of leap. The body has not only
to be lifted, but the strain must be maintained to continue or rectify
the balance. A pause of more than ordinary length declares the
magnitude of the approaching struggle. Tlie teeth are clenched ;
the head is thrown backward ; a deep inspiration is inhaled ; the
muscles are powerfully excited ; and, with a spasmodic suddenness,
the feet are projected onward.

The step accomplished, the breath is released in a kind of heavy
sigh ; the animal remains quiescent for a brief space, as though the
greatness of the late effort had partially deprived it of conscious-
ness. It is, however, an exceptional case for a horse of the lighter
breed to be thus " hopping lame." In all animals, nevertheless,
lameness is a heavy affliction. In all, the manner of progressing
is characteristic of pain. Suffering, more or less intense, is declared
every time the injured foot touches the ground.

One fore foot being affected, the head and body drop, or slightly
sink, whenever the sound member rests upon the earth. Tliis
peculiarity a little reflection will readily account for. Of course,
the desire of a lame animal is to spare the disabled foot as much as

356

LAMENESS.

possible. The injured part scarcely touches earth before, with an
effort which raises the head and body, it is lifted again into the air.
The least possible burden is thrown upon the disabled foot. How-
ever, the weight must be cast somewhere ; and by how much less
one leg has to carry, so much more must the other support. Con-
sequently, when the sound hoof comes to tlie ground, the extra

A HORSE IN THE ACT OF TROTTING BEARS THE WEIGHT UPON THE SOUND FORE FOOT.

burden rests upon it ; the head and body perceptibly drop, and the
footfall emits an emphatic sound, the accent of which is increased
by the all but inaudible tread of the opposite member.

The indication, however, is in some measure reversed when the
lameness is situated behind. The movements of the head no longer

A HORSE BEING LAME IN ONE HIND FOOT, RESTS THE WEIGHT DPON THE SOUND LIMB WHILE TROTTINQ.

accompany those of the fore legs ; for, although the head be not
steady, it evidently is not influenced by the forward members. If,
however, the motion be closely observed, it will be found to be
regulated by the movements of the posterior extremities only with
a difference. When the sound hind limb rests upon earth, the
head is raised ; but the sinking or elevation of the whole body is

LAMENESS. 357

never so marked as it is in the previous case of anterior injury.
The movements characteristic of posterior lameness are, how-
ever, well shown in the haunches. When the sound limb reaches
the ground the hind portion of the body obviously drops upon
that side; when the painful member is caught up, that side
of the haunch on which resides the disabled foot is also jerked
upward.

There are other sorts of lameness to be described. A horse is
sometimes returned by the smith lame all round. The gait is
peculiar, because it is caused by the shoes being too small or tight.
It has been likened to skating. There can, however, be then no
difficulty in detecting the cause of the affliction. The horse was, a
short time hence, sent to the forge a sound animal, and it has been
returned a positive cripple.

It is lamentable to remark the number of horses whicli are
driven through the streets of London in a disabled condition.
People appear to be without feeling or observation when the
sufferings of horse-flesh are before them. An animal with
scarcely a sound limb, or else " hopping lame," may frequently
be seen, in broad daylight, attached to some gentleman's carriage
or tradesman's cart, to a hired vehicle or a costermonger's
" all sorts." From the highest to the lowest, all are equally dis-
graced ; the toil of a life seems incapable of purchasing a day's
commiseration.

Other forms of suffering than those confined to the feet affect
the progression of the horse; the "whirl-bone" or hip-joint is

ACUTE LAMENESS, CAUSED BY ULCERATION WITHLN THE HIP-JOINT.

sometimes visited by ulceration. The symptoms then, in a degree,
resemble those exhibited when occult spavin is present ; the affected
limb is, however, after touching the earth, caught up more sharply

358 LAMENESS.

wheu the hip is diseased. The hoof, moreover, is presented more
fully during motion in the last - mentioned affection. The best
method, however, to ascertain the existence of the ulceration is to
hold some soft substance over the joint, then to strike it with a
mallet ; the shock will be communicated to the seat of lameness,
and elicit an energetic response.

Nothing can be done for such a condition. Certain barbarities
are proposed as experiments by continental veterinarians ; but
man obviously has no right to run chances with cruelty practised
upon breathing life. Hip-joint disease is decidedly incurable, and
renders every step a separate agony !

The shoulder is a very favourite seat of injury with those who
pretend to a knowledge of equine ailments. With such simple
folk, if a horse be lame behind, the cause is always traced to the
whirl-bone ; should an animal have partially lost the use of an
anterior limb, the injury is invariably found in the shoulder. The
proof of their correctness is always exhibited in the lessened bulk
of the parts referred to ; but throw a limb out of use, as lameness
in the horse always does, and the absorption of the whole
extremity from want of exercise naturally ensues.

DBAGQINO THE LIMB, THE INDICATION OP SHOULDER LAMENESS.

The shoulder-joint is occasionally ulcerated ; but more often
disease is found upon the tendon of the flexor brachii, a muscle
which, arising from the shoulder-joint, is of service in flexing the
radius. In both cases the seeming length of the arm is remark-
able ; so also is the fixedness of the shoulder and the obstinate
refusal to advance or to flex the arm. The consequence is, that a
horse with disease of the shoulder drags the limb, and never lifts
the toe from the ground.

Ulceration is sometimes, though rarely, witnessed within the

LAMENESS.

359

elbow-joint. A case of this description is recorded by the late W.
Percival. The chief symptom indicated sub-acute laminitis ; the
affection appeared gradually, and without intermission proceeded
from simple bad to the very worst. The foot was, however,
neither hot nor tender. By this sign the affection was distin-
guished from every form of fever in the feet ; although the animal
endeavoured to bear only upon the heels of the fore extremities,
and brought the hind legs as far under the body as was possible.

THE MANNER IN WHICH A HORSE HA\ ING ULCERATION OF THE ELBOW-JOINT ENDEAVOURS

TO PROGPEbS

Disease of the knee-joint, more properly wrist, is manifested
by stiffness and protrusion of the fore leg, and incapacity of flexion
in the diseased limb ; and the subject of it, when standing in the
stall, always knuckles over, an indication either of bony deposit
on the knee or contraction of the tendons at the back part of the
leg. When it lies down, the limb cannot be placed in any easy
position. It is usually stretched out away from the body, or
rested in any way calculated to afford the greatest comfort.

THE HEALTHY LEO WHEN THE HORSE IS
LYING DO\VN.

THE NEAREST APPROACH MADE BY THE
HEEL TO THE ELBOW IN CERTAIN CON-
DITIONS OF THE KNEE-JOINT.

No human lamentation could embody the deep sorrov/ which
the crippled condition of one leg occasions to the horse. The
creature thereby is left a clog upon the earth. Its existence is

360 LAMENESS.

deprived of the power which alone made it pleasant. Progression
is laborious, and even rest is painful. The quadruped, thus dis-
abled, stands motionless on one spot ; the head is lowered ; the
eyes are dejected ; the breathing is fitful ; and the entire frame is
apparently resigned to a huge sense of degradation. All the pride
of life is lost. Every trace of animation has fled. The animal
evidently is, in its own conviction, useless and disgraced. A
horse in such a state is indeed a melancholy spectacle ; and the
feelings of that man who, understanding the image, can contem-
plate it unmoved, are not to be envied ! Still, for how many years
has such a sight been before the eyes of mankind, without any
individual possessing the heart to interpret it !

Sometimes good may arise from evil, as a vicious horse with
acute lameness can be subdued and rendered tractable ; for the
animal, when lame and in suffering, will disregard the approach
of anyone, and allow the legs to be handled. When it finds
that kindness is intended, the gentleness of its nature will respond
to such treatment. It is astonishing how quick affliction is to
comprehend humanity.

Little can be said concerning the cure of lameness. The
causes are various, and of course the remedies are as numerous as
the provocatives. One thing may, however, be advised : have the
shoe taken off and the foot searched. Never mind the horn being
pared away — many a horse limps upon a wliole hoof ; and it is
astonishing upon how small a portion of horn an animal may go
sound. The seat of the injury being ascertained, and so much of
the inorganic covering removed as may be necessary to afford
some relief, always soak the foot in the bath before permitting the
final use of the knife. The water cleanses the part, favours the
discharge of pus, lowers the inflammatory action, softens the
anguish, and destroys the harsh character of the dry horn. This
last substance, as was observed, by the united action of warmth
and moisture, loses its resistant property. It cuts easily when
newly released from the bath ; and, if the knife be sharp, it may
be excised without any of that dragging sensation, which frequently
provokes the animal to snatch away the member while it is being
operated upon.

PUMICE FOOT. 361

PUMICE FOOT,

Is noticed in animals bred on a marshy land, and of a loose
habit of body. They are apt to have weak feet, a specimen of
which is given below, though not of one belonging to the heavy
cart - horse. All the delineations inserted in this book are,
necessarily, extreme cases. It is easy for the imagination to
soften the evil when the mind is impressed with characteristics
of the thing which is depicted, but not always so free from
difficulty for an untutored imagination to magnify a reduced
portrait.

A weak foot has a long, slanting pastern ; the hoof is marked

A WEAK FOOT. THE SOLE OF A WEAK FOOT.

by rings, showing the irregularity of the horny secretion ; and the
crust is broken in those places where nails have been driven to
fasten on the shoe, proving the brittle nature of the hoof.

Such are the outward signs of a weak hoof; but if the person
beholding that sort of foot be in any doubt let him lift it from the
ground and inspect the sole. That part will also present peculi-
arities which can hardly fail to attract attention.

The sole of a weak foot has a thin and irregular margin of
crust ; a flat surface ; well developed bars, and a healthy frog.
Creatures with this kind of hoof, when brought to work upon hard
roads or London stones, are apt to throw the foot down with heed-
less force at every step, and thereby soon to bruise the sole.
These horses generally have high action, and this circumstance
lends additional force to the blow ; the injury reaches the coffin-
bone, which begins to enlarge, and ultimately ibrces the horny
sole outward. A pumice foot has the appearance of the member

362

PUMICE FOOT.

represented below, though the reader must not anticipate the
illustration will accurately indicate every stage of the dis-
order.

Feet of the above description generally have very weak and
brittle crusts, but the frog almost invariably is large and pro-
minent. There is no kind of foot which so generally exhibits a
healthy frog; and underneath will be seen an engraving of the
ground surface of a pumice foot, in illustration of the fact.

There are many methods proposed for amending a pumiced
foot. One is the removal of the shoe ; tlien allowing the deformed
foot to stand a certain portion of time upon flat flag-stones. But

THE SIDE VIEW OF A PUMICED FOOT.

Showing the swollen or rounded state of the «ole,
with the brittle and uneven condition of the
crust.

THE SOLE OF A PUMICED FOOT.

Displaying a ragged wall, and exhibit-
ing a very healthy frog and a bulg-
ing sole.

as stamping the foot upon stones produced pumice foot, prolonged
stress thereon does not seem calculated to remove the deformity.
A pumice foot is not a lump of pudding, to be flattened by simple
pressure. In the horse's hoof there is bone and flesh to operate
upon. Even supposing the standing upon flag-stones was bene-
ficial, what immediate result could be anticipated from a medicine
which was to be administered once in three weeks and for half-an-
hour only at each application.

Another artifice is to draw a hot iron over the sole at every
shoeing. The intention is to stimulate the horn, and thus render
the sole of greater thickness. But that which may affect the
secreting membrane of the foot may also stinmlate the bone to
which that membrane is attached. Thus, the intended remedy
may turn out to be a positive aggravation. There are also other
methods of intended relief, but all are equally useless.

The only means of real benefit lies in the treatment of the hoof
and in the mode of shoeing. For the last, select what is denomin-

PUMICE FOOT.

363

ated a " dish " shoe, which is a bar shoe well seated out, i.e. having
the web hollowed out like to the sides of a pie-dish. The only
part of tliis shoe which touches the ground is the rim of the
inner circle.

This kind of shoe will protect the bulging sole, and if shod with
leather the protection will be greater, though the shoe will, in that
case, be more diificult to retain. The flat surface, at the posterior
part of the shoe, presents a point for the bearing of the frog, which
can afford almost any amount of pressure. The many nail-holes

A PUMICED FOOT DIVIDED.

Showing the altered state of the internal structures.

A DISH SHOE.

Employed in cases of severe pumice foot.

made around the shoe denote the difficulty the smith encounters
when fixing a protection of this sort upon the pumiced hoof The
crust of the foot is always brittle, and the weight of iron employed
being greater than usual requires an extra number of nails to
fasten it securely. The smith consequently, in such cases, has no
choice. He must drive a nail wherever he can find the horn which
will sustain one.

With regard to the horn, keep that continually dressed with
equal parts of animal glycerine and tar. Moisten the hoof witli
this mixture twice a day. No improvement may be remarked in
a week ; but in two or three months the crust will have become
perceptibly less brittle, and the labour of the smith will be
rendered far less perplexing. For the abnormal condition of the
foot — that is permanent, and nothing can be done beyond employ-
ing such artifices as are calculated to relieve the affliction.

3G4 SANDCRACK.

SANDCRACK.

Any cause which weakens the body of the horse, hy interfering
with the health of its secretions, may induce sandcrack. Treading
for any length of time upon ground from which all moisture is
absent, by rendering the horn hard or dry, may cause the hoof to
be brittle, and give rise to sandcrack. It may arise from debility,
or any cause likely to generate a faulty secretion of horn, which,
lacking that toughness necessary for resisting the effects of con-
cussion, cracks, and the disease is the result.

Sandcracks are of two sorts. Quarter crack, which chiefly
happens among the lighter breed of animals. Toe crack, which
occurs principally with cart-horses, and mostly with those which
work between the shafts.

Quarter sandcrack is of the least importance of the two. It is
oftenest seen upon the inner quarter of the hoof,
where, the horn being thinnest, it is most subject
to motion. Usually, it commences at the coro-
net, extending to the sole, and also to the sensi-
tive laminae.

A horse thus affected should be thrown up ;
sliould be placed in a large, loose box, and
QUARTER SANDCRACK. rcccivc soft uutritious food, such as boiled oats,

Generally met with in boilcd liusecd and SCalded hay. A little green-

fast nor«es, upon the •' o

foot" '''^^ "^^"'^ ^""^^ ™^^^ occasionally should be allowed to regulate

the bowels; greased swabs should be placed

over the hoof, and under the sole. A bar shoe should be worn

upon the affected foot. This treatment should be continued till the

horse has recovered from its debility.

With regard to the crack itself, take a fine knife and gradually
scrape off the sharp edges till the division assumes the appearance
of a groove. If the crack does not reach through to the flesh no
fear need be entertained concerning the lower edges of the crack,
because the horn secreted by the laminae is of a soft nature and
will most readily yield. Besides, paring the outer horn often
prevents the inner layer being cracked by the motion of the foot ;
this being done, should the division not descend the entire lengtli
of the hoof, or reach from the ground to the coronet, with a firing-
iron, heated to redness, draw a line at each extremity of the fissure.

SANDCRACIL

365

The line need not be made so deep as will occasion pain ; it is only-
necessary that the mark should go through the hard outer crust of
the foot to prevent extension of the division.

Should the separation be the whole way down the hoof, it is as
well to draw, with a heated firing-iron, lines from the coronet to the
crack. They should be impressed upon the horn either in a semi-

A PARTIAL QUARTER SANDCRAOlv DRSSSED
AND SHOD.

THE METHODS OF ERADICATING A SANDCRACK '.
EITHER THE SEMI-CIRCLE OR THE ANGULAR
LINES ARE EQUALLY EKFECTIVE.

circular or V-shaped direction. Both methods divert the pressure
of the horn from the crack, whereby, when action occurs, the move-
ments of the foot are prevented from operating upon the newly-
secreted horn.

Sandcrack, when it occurs at the toe, usually extends the entire
length of the foot, and leaves a portion of bleeding flesh exposed.
The laminae, being opened to the stimulating
effects of the air, are very apt to throw out a
crop of luxuriant granulations. These, of
course, are pinched between the two sides of
the division. They bleed freely ; often, from
the pressure, they turn black, and then smell
abominably. The putrid action, having once
commenced, is apt to extend, and portions of
the coffin bone are likely to exfoliate.

Now, to prevent this, so soon as the horse
is brought in with a sandcrack, wash the part
thoroughly with the chloride of zinc lotion,
one grain to the ounce of water. The bleed-
ing having ceased, pare down the outward
edges of the separation, and put on a bar shoe,
eased off at the toe, and with a clip on either
side of the division. If the injury has not extended the length of
the hoof you must make a line at each extremity wuth a heated iron,

A FOOT WITH TOE SANDCRACK.

Illustrating the mode ol
shoeing with clips, and of
easing off at the toe ; also
exemplifyiiis the manner
of paring down the hoof,
and showing the part where
granulations are likely to
appear.

366

SANDCRACK.

as in quarter crack, than which it is also of more consequence that
the coronet should be isolated ; because the external horn, being
thickest at the toe, is the more likely, by its movements, to be
influential upon the new and plastic horn of the coronet.

Should, however, the granulations have appeared, and the
horse — with appetite lost and the head dejected, the pulse thumping
and the injured foot held in the air — appear the picture of a living
misery, first cleanse the wound thoroughly with the chloride of
zinc lotion. Then apply a firing iron, of a black heat, to the hoof,
near to the crack. The intention, in doing this, is to warm and
thus to soften the horn. This effect being accomplished pare
down or scoop off the edges; using the heated iron again, if
necessary.

The horn being lowered, take a very sharp drawing knife and,
with one movement of the wrist, excise the granulation. Set down
the foot and leave it to bleed : the loss of blood will lower the
inflammation and will benefit the internal parts. Give a little
green-meat to cool the system and act upon the bowels. Then,
with the constant use of the lotion, enough has been done for one
day.

The following morning you may again apply the lotion, and
continue to use it afterwards thrice daily. Any further lowering
may also be accomplished to the edges of the crack, as well as the
coronal portion of the horn be separated from the lower part of the
hoof, by means of lines drawn as before illustrated.

If the horse must go to work, remember it should not be in
the shafts, upon long journeys, or with a heavy
load behind it. Before the animal quits the
stable lay a piece of tow saturated with the
lotion within the crack, and bind that in with
a wax-end; tie a strip of cloth over all; give
this bandage a coating of tar ; and, when the
horse returns, be sure to inspect the part.
Should any grit have penetrated wash it out
with the lotion, and do not begrudge a minute
or two to remove that which, if allowed to
remain, may cause the animal much additional
anguish. Then give the suffering creature a nice deep bed, some
scalded hay, and a mash made of bruised oats, into which has been

A noKSK S FOOT DRESSED
FOR TOE SANDCRACK.

Showing the way in
whicli it should be
bound up, when work
is imperative.

FALSE QUARTER. 367

thrown a Imudful of linseed and cut up carrots; moisten these
last constituents with the water drawn from the scalded hay, and
if the horse should not appear hungry throw among the hay half
a handful of common salt.

The poor man may have some excuse for working an animal
with sandcrack ; such a person cannot afford to keep the horse
in idleness for the months which the cure will occupy. But,
when money is no object, it is always more humane and better
for the horse with sandcrack to rest until the hoof horn has
regained its sound condition.

FALSE QUARTEE.

False quarter is the partial absence of the outer and harder
portion of the hoof. The consequence is that the sensitive laminae,
in the seat of the false quarter, are only protected by their own
soft or spongy horn. This is frequently insufficient to save the
foot from severe accident : it is apt to crack, being strained by the
motion of the hoof The fleshy parts are then exposed ; bleeding-
ensues, and fungoid granulations sometime spring up ; these are
often pinched by the two sides of the divided horn, between which
they protrude. When such occurs, the treatment should be the
same as that recommended for sandcrack.

FALSE QUARTER, OP. A DEFICIENCY OF THE ONLY POSSIBLE BELIEF FOR FA1.SE

THE OUTER WALL. QUARTER.

No art can cure a false quarter ; a portion of the coronary suIj-
stauce has been lost, and no medicine can restore it. All that can
be done is to mitigate the suffering ; a bar slioe with a chp at the
toe may be used, the bearing being taken off at the seat of false
quarter. The portion of crust near to the weakened part should
be bevelled off, so to join the soft horn with an insensible edge.
Some persons recommend a mixture of pitch, tar, and rosin to be

368

SEEDY TOE.

poured over the exposed quarter. This application usually acts as
a protective to the quarter, but unless covered with tight bandage,
such as webbing, it in a short time is likely to peel off. A piece
of gutta-percha of proportionate thickness, fastened over the place,
will perhaps preserve the affected parts better than any other
means, as it keeps on longer than any other kind of bracing, and
causes the animal to work with comparative ease.

SECTIONOF A HORSE S FOOT
AFFECTED WITH SEEDY
TOE.

SEEDY TOE,

Decay of the tissues is the result of disease or old age ; and,
soon after the period of advanced adultism, signs
of it are noticed in the grey head and dimness
of sight, and in the brittle and abnormal con-
dition of men's nails. So with the horse, decay,
prematurely caused by hard work, induces that
disintegration of the hoof horn which is known
as seedy toe.

The wall of the foot is composed of two
layers : the outer one, the hardest, the darkest
and the thinnest is secreted by the coronet. The inner layer, the
softest, thickest, and most light in colour, is derived from the
sensitive laminae. These different kinds of horn, in a healthy
state, unite one with the other, so that the two apparently form
one substance. The junction makes a thick, elastic and strong
body, whereto an iron shoe can be safely nailed and whereon the
enormous bulk of the horse's frame may with safety rest.

But when overwork affects the natural functions of the body,
the two kinds of horn do not unite ; their divi-
sion invariably begins at the toe, as it always
commences in the nail of the human being at
the outer margin. If the seedy toe be tapped
or gently struck it emits a hollow sound, and
if the shoe be removed there will be found a
vacant space between the two layers of horn ;
into this space a nail, a piece of broom, or a
straw is commonly pushed to ascertain the
depth of the lesion.
The whole of the detached horn must be cut away ; and the

THE APPEARANCE PRE-
SENTED BY SEEDY TOE
WHEN THE SHOE IS RE-
MOVED AND THE GROUND
SURFACE OF THE WALL
18 INSPECTED.

TREAD AND OVER REACH.

369

THE APPEARANCE OF THE

HOOF ATIER THE SEEDY
TOE HAS BEEN REMOVED
WITH THE KNIFE.

horse should be thrown out of work and turned to grass ; and two
feeds of corn, with chaff, should be allowed daily during the time the
animal is at pasture. The smith should inspect
the foot, and cut away so much of the outer
wall as may still be disunited. It commonly
takes three or more months for the hoof to grow
down or to become perfect ; and rest, with liberal
feeding during this time, is sufficient to reno-
vate an exhausted frame. A new and sound
coverhig for the hoof of the invigorated horse is
secreted by the expiration of the period named.

The ordinary method of cure is to cut away the hoof ; then,
liaviug nailed a shoe on, to send the disfigured horse to resume
labour. Under this form of treatment the seedy division, once
confined to the toe, has extended to the quarters ; the structure of
the hoof being destroyed, the horn was unfitted for its purposes,
the weight of the body forced the sensitive laminae from the
coronary secretion, and the foot, after long treatment, became a
deformity. The cure for a horse with seedy toe, if the best result
be the object of treatment, consists in adopting the measures above
indicated, with rest, until health in the part has been established
and the hoof has regained its natural shape.

TREAD AND OVER-REACH.

Tread is a very rare occurrence with light horses, who are
visually quick movers ; but sometimes at the end of a long journey.

TREAD IN LIGHT HORSES

Tlie liind foot, from fatisue not being removed soon
enoiigli, is wounded by the heel of the fore shoe
being placed upon its coronet.

TRE\D UPON THE HIND FOOT
OF CART-HORSES.

Tlie animal becomes unsteady from exhaus-
tion ; the feet cross, and a wound results.

i.e. wlien leg- weary, this accident does occur, the fore leg, from

fatigue, being unable to escape the tread of the hind foot.

2 a

370 TREAD AND OVER-REACH.

However, amongst cart-horses, such a form of injury is more
frequent. These poor animals have to drag heavy loads, at a slow
pace, it is true, but to long distances ; they are, generally, badly
fed. Farmer's horses, especially, during the spring and summer
months, being supported upon green meat, the watery nourishment
impoverishes the blood, and the exhausting labour undermines the
system. Often the load has to be taken down-hill towards the
end of a tedious journey ; the whole burthen then rests upon the
shafts, and the wretched horse which is between them rocks uuder
the weight like to a drunken man. The legs cross, till at last the
caulkin belonging to the shoe of one hind foot tears away a large
lump of the opposite coronet. A piece of flesh is commonly left
upon the ground ; the hoemorrhage is extreme, and the waggon is
brought to a stand.

The worst case of the kind the writer ever saw occurred after
the preceding fashion ; and the carter (who, by the bye, was pro-
prietor of the sufferer) left the poor horse in a forge, giving orders
that the smith was to do what he could, or to have it killed, as he
pleased. The smith consulted the writer, and he treated the wound
after the method recommended for open joint, or by bathing it
thrice daily with the solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the
ounce of water. In a week, a large slough took place ; this opened
the coffin-joint, and left a portion of the extensor pedis tendon
hanging from the orifice. The treatment was continued ; the lame-
ness, which at first was excessive, gradually grew less ; the piece
of tendon sloughed out, and the wound began to heal. It had
closed when the animal was fetched away by the owner ; but the
writer was unable afterwards to learn whether
false quarter ensued upon the injury. This, from
the extent of the wound, the writer would con-
jecture to have been probable ; indeed, false
quarter and quittor are the general consequences
of severe tread.

Over-reach is confined to fast horses ; it
OVER-REACH, occuRRiNo happcus to tliosc whlch are good steppers.
?ionofiIqht H^oRtEs.' Whcu tlrcd, the feet are apt to be moved irre-
gularly ; thus, one foot is often in its place before
the other has been lifted. The result is that the inner part of the hind
foot strikes the outer side of the fore coronet. A wound, and fre-

COENS.

371

quently a severe one, is the consequence. False quarter or quittor
is likely to ensue ; the treatment must be the same as was before
described. No poultices are required ; these only add to the weight
of the injured limb, and augment the distress of the animal. No
harsh measures should be allowed ; the horse has enough to bear,
a slough has to take place. This is a severe tax upon the strength;
All the good food and prepared water the animal can consume will
not now be thrown away ; the treatment is materially shortened by
the nourishment being sustaining of its kind and liberal in quan-
tity ; but the injury should be treated only with the knife and the
chloride of zinc lotion described in the course of this article.

COKNS.

Corns are of four kinds — the old, the new, the sappy, and the
suppurating ; all are caused by bruises to the sensitive sole. The
shoe is the passive agent in their production, when they occur in
large fleshy feet ; the thick, unyielding, horny sole is the passive
agent, when they are present in contracted feet. The coffin-bone,
in both cases, is the active agent ; the wings, or posterior portions
of this bone project backward nearly as far as the bars, or immedi-

Showing the position of the hindermost
part of the coffin-boiie, when in a
passive state, ' also portraying the
shoe in the fleshy or flat foot.

DIAGRAM

nUistrating tlie relative positions of the
wings of the cotfin-bone, and the thick,
concave, horny sole of the contraoted
foot when not in motion.

ately over the seat of the corn. When the horse is in motion, the
coffin-bone can never remain still ; it rises, or rather, the wings are
drawn upwards by the flexor tendon every time the foot is lifted
from the earth ; and sinks, because of the weight cast upon it, every
time the foot touches the ground. The wings of the bone, thus in
constant action, when the horny sole is weak, often descend upon

372 CORNS.

the fleshy sole and bruise that substance upon the iron shoe ; what
is called a corn is the consequence. In contracted feet, where the
sole is high, thick, and resistant, the horny sole does not descend,
even when the immense weight of the horse's body rests upon it.
It remains firm and fixed during every action of the animal ; not
so, however, the coffin-bone, which is in continuous motion. The
result of course is, the imposed burden forces the wings of the
coffin-bone downward. The horny sole will not yield, and the
fleshy sole is, therefore, bruised between the wings of the coffin-
bone, and the horn bottom of the hoof; a corn is thereby esta-
blished.

Corns in a horse do not answer to those excrescences found upon
the feet of man ; being bruises, they consist of effusion in every
instance. The effusion may either be of blood or of serum ; blood
constitutes the old and the new corn ; serum gives rise to the sappy
corn. The suppurative corn is an after consequence of either of
those just named. When the effusion has been so large as to defy
absorption, a new action is started up. Pus is secreted, and a sup-
purative corn is then created.

An old corn is the least serious, especially when it is easily cut

away. It appears as a black mark upon the surface of the horny

sole, and is little thought of when it can be

speedily removed by the knife; because this

shows the horse had a corn, but at present is

free from such an annoyance. When, however,

a superficial corn cannot be scooped out with

the drawing knife, but becomes brighter and

brighter as more and more horn is cut away,

^"aspect *JfTn old till it assumes the scarlet aspect of a new corn,

r^FooT.^"'"'^ the matter is rather grave, because it denotes

the horse to have had, and not to have been

free from, corns during the growth of the present sole.

Tlie new corn, as has been just intimated, consists of a portion
of blood effused into the pores of the horn, and is of a bright scarlet
colour. The size is of some consequence, as it best intimates the
extent of the injury ; if the stain be small and deep-seated it is of
least moment. (See engraving, p. 373.)

The sappy corn is the consequence of a more gentle bruise,
when serum and lymph only are effused ; the horn being thereby

CORNS.

373

THE DEEPLY • SEATED
AND SMALL SCAKLET
SPOT WHICH DE-
CLARES THE PRE-
SENCE OF A NEW
CORN.

merely rendered moist, not discoloured. This species of corn is
not very common, and by proper shoeing is readily removed.

The suppurating corn is the worst of all ; it engenders heat in
the foot, and causes excessive lameness; it
creates all that anguish, a shadowy taste of
which the human being endures, when pus is
confined beneath the substance of the finger-
nail. The foot cannot be put to the ground ;
the arteries of the pastern throb forcibly ; the
countenance is dejected, and every symptom of
acute suffering is exhibited.

Corns, which in man are found on the
lower members, in the horse are generally
witnessed only upon the fore feet ; but, in
whichever foot they appear, they must be the production of an
instant ; though, probably, the suppurative may be an exception ;
yet, from these always being suddenly observed, even this species
are said to be of instantaneous origin. A horse, wlien progressing,
makes a false step ; a sanguineous or sappy corn is by that faulty
action established. The same horse may trot home perfectly
sound, and be put into the stable for the night a healthy animal ;
but on the following morning it may be discovered standing on
three legs. Pus may, in the interval, have been secreted, and the
corn may have assumed the suppurative character.

The manner to examine for corn is, in the first place, to mark
the age of the horse ; then observe if, in the trot, eitlier leg is
favoured. The animal being
young, splint is the common
cause of uneven action ; if old,
corns are more generally expected ;
the horse is brought to a stand,
and the smith sent for. The man
raises the fore foot, and taking a
portion of crust and sole between
the teeth of the pincers, gradually
increases the pressure ; he thus
proceeds till he has by successive

trials squeezed the sole all round. If the leg, while undergoing
the operation, be withdrawn near either of the nails, it indicates

THE SOLE OF THE HORSE's FOOT BEING TESTED
FOR CORNS.

374 CORNS.

that injury has been inflicted in a different direction to that of corn ;
if one does exist, the fact will be manifested immediately on the
application of pressure near the heel. Should no flinching be
witnessed, the examination is not esteemed satisfactory until the
smith has, with a small drawing knife, denominated a searcher, cut
away a portion of the sole at the seat of corn.

The sensibility will be extreme should suppurating corn be
present ; in that case, the sole must be gradually removed, until
the pus is released. That being done, the shoe should be taken
off, and the foot put into a bran poultice. By this means, the
horn will be rendered more soft, and the wound cleansed. The
smith, on the following day, must again cut the foot, every
portion of detached horn being very carefully excised.

The horn is itself a secretion, and, in a healthy state, is
intimately united with the source of its origin. When, however,
pus is effused, this always lies between the secreting membrane
and the horn, which has been already secreted. The horn, so
displaced by the presence of a foreign substance, is called under-
run or detached ; and all horn, so under-run or detached, must be
removed. When this operation is properly performed all signs of
lameness will have generally disappeared. It is usual, however,
to tack the old shoe on again ; and having dressed the injury with
chloride of zinc and water (one grain to the ounce), there remains
only to examine the foot from time to time till new horn covers the
surface; merely taking precaution for the present to shield the wound
with a little tow, fastened in its place by a couple of cross splints.

When sanguineous or sappy corns are found, the method is,
firstly to thin the sole, so as to render it pliable, especially over
the seat of corn. Should a sappy corn have rendered the horn
moist for any space, or should the discolorisation caused by
sanguineous corn be of any size, it is as well always to open the
centre of the part indicated : no matter should the cut release
only a small quantity of serum or a little blood. Take away a
small portion of horn ; pare the sole till it yield to the pressure of
the thumb. When such a proceeding is necessary the bars may be
entirely removed, and the wounds should be covered with some
tar, spread upon a pledget of fine tow. As soon as the orifice is
protected by new horn, the horse may be shod with a leathern
sole and returned to its proprietor.

CORNS. - 375

Such a course would occupy little time — a week at most.
Yet, the great majority of horse proprietors appear to have " flinty
hearts," as nearly all of them begrudge the necessary day of rest
to the maimed animal which has been injured in their employ-
ment. The cry, where the horse is concerned, is " Toil, toil ! "
The veterinary surgeon is often asked, " If absolute rest is. im-
perative ? " He is frequently solicited to patch up the poor
animal, so that it may do a little work. As day after day passes
onward, the tone becomes more and more authoritative. The horse
is at last too often demanded from the hospital, and taken to
resume ordinary labour before the injury is effaced. Should no
evil effect ensue on such a culpable want of caution, the proprietor
is apt to chuckle over his daring with another's sufferings, and to
blame the science which would not incur risk even to propitiate
an employer.

A horse whether he be lame or not with corn, the existence of
it, with or without lameness, constitutes unsoundness, and no
veterinary surgeon would think of pronouncing a horse sound
with the marks of this disease upon his foot.
When the sole is high, the shoe should
always be accompanied by a leathern sole.
Liquid stopping should be poured into the
open space at the back of the foot ; and, at
every time of shoeing, the smith should pare
the sole quite thin, even until drops of blood
bedew the surface of the horn. When corns
appear in flat or fleshy feet, as shoeing time ^°ot shod with leather.
comes round, only have the very ragged ''''!^!^X^^^
portions of the frog taken away. Have the beVou^Jd.''"'''''"'"'"""'
web of the shoe narrowed, so as to remove

all chance of pressure against the iron. Lower the heels of the
shoe, or try a bar shoe, with tlie bearing taken off over the seat of
corn. Should that not answer, next put on a three-quarter shoe :
many horses, however, will go sound in tips, that cannot endure
any other sort of protection to the foot. By resort to one or the
other of these measures, that injury, which nevertheless may lead
to terrible lameness, or even lay the foundation for a quittor, may
be greatly mitigated.

Bruise of the sole is an accident leading to effusion of blood,

THE POSTERIOR OF A HORPE S

376 CORNS.

— SO far it resembles corn ; but it is dissimilar, in not occurring on
a part subject to the same degree of motion, and therefore is not
so severe in the consequences to which it leads. It is caused by
treading on a stone, and is removed by paring off the horn, which
has been discoloured, or lies immediately beneath the injury. It
seldom leads to great lameness, or gives rise to serious results. It
is treated after the manner directed for corn ; but it is always
advisable to shoe once, with leather, the horse which has suffered
from bruise of the sole. The difference between corn and bruise
of the sole is simply this : the first is an injury produced by a
cause which is seldom within the control of the proprietor, and
which, if neglected, is likely to lead to the most disastrous
maladies; the last is purely an accident, to which any horse at
any time is liable, and with ordinary care is not likely to give rise
to any serious consequences.

Prick of the foot is an injury incurred while the horse is
being shod. There are two sorts of this accident : one, when the
nail penetrates the fleshy substance of the sensitive laminae, and
draws blood ; the other is, when a nail is driven too fine, or
among the soft horn which lines the interior of the hoof, and con-
sequently lies near to the sensitive laminte. The first is of the
more immediate importance, but the last
may be equally serious in its effect. As the
horse works, the strain upon the shoe bends
the nail fixed into soft horn. It thus is
made to press upon the sensitive laminae,
and may provoke suppuration.

To detect whether the smith is in fault
the foot should be first squeezed between the
pincers, as for common corn ; then have the
PRICK OF THE FOOT AND jjails wlthdrawH, one by one, and mark each

BRUISE OF THE SOLE. ' *' '

The smaller opening repre- as it is icmoved. If One appears moist or

sents prick of the foot : i i i c i -t r i

the larger space Indicates wet, haVC the holC Of that nail frCCly OpCUCd.

bruise of tlie sole. The ex-

tent to which the horn may Let the slioc bc rcplaccd, Icaving that nail

be removed, in the gener- , °

aiity of cases, is also in- out. Put a little tow, covcrcd with tar, over

dicated.

the wound and shoe with leather. If, how-
ever, lameness should still be present, the shoe must again be taken
off, and the injury treated as recommended for suppurating corn.
Blame the smith who pricks a horse and conceals the fact —

QUITTOR. 377

punish the fellow to the extent of your power. But the man who
pricks a foot and acquaints you with the circumstance, deserves
civility. The last enables you to take proper measures, such as
paring out, etc., and thereby you avoid all unpleasantness. The
first braves chances with your living property, and deserves to
suffer if the hazard go against him.

QUITTOR.

This is a severe and painful disease. Many a horse is, at the
present moment, working with a suppurating wound above the
hoof, within the interior of which run numerous sinuses.

Quittor is a terrible disorder. To comprehend the full of the
pain which accompanies it, the reader must comprehend the
structures through which it has to penetrate and the substances
it has to absorb. All parts are slowly acted upon, in proportion
as they are lowly organised. Cartilage is the structure, into the
composition of which no blood-vessels enter. Next to cartilage is
bone which, though supplied with vessels, is, on account of its
mixture with inorganic matter, exposed only to slow decay, and
the exfoliation of which is effected at a vast expense to the vital
energy. These substances mainly compose the foot of the horse.
In addition, there is ligament, almost as slowly acted upon as
bone ; disease in which substance is accompanied by the greatest
anguish. Horn is an external protection; but that material,
though an animal secretion, is strictly inorganic : when cut, it does
not occasion pain — neither does it bleed. If a portion of horn
should press upon the flesh, it must be removed by the knife ; for,
unlike to the more highly -gifted structures, there is no chance of
its being absorbed.

The hoof, therefore, being the external covering to the foot of
the horse, and not being liable to the same action as organic
secretions, serves to confine pus or matter, when generated within
its substance. Pus could work through the largest organised
body, but it cannot escape through the thinnest layer of horn.
Now, most of the other substances which enter into the composi-
tion of the horse's foot are such as slowly decay ; but those parts
which slowly decay, being without sensation during health, occasion
the most extreme agony when diseased.

378

QUITTOJR,

The cause of quittor always is confined pus or matter, which, in
its effort to escape, absorbs, and forms sinuses in various directions
within the sensitive substances of the hoof. In the hind feet of
cart-horses quittor generally commences at the coronet; the
coronet is wounded or bruised by the large caulkins or pieces of
iron turned up at the back of the hind shoes, which are universally
worn by animals of heavy draught. Any one who has punctured
or cut the coronet of a dead horse knows this structure is as
difficult to penetrate and as hard to divide as cartilage itself ; the
consequence of an injury to such a part is, the bruise produces
death of some deep-seated portion of the compact coronet. Nature,
after her own fashion, proceeds to cast off that which is without
vitality, or, in other words, she divides the dead from the living
tissues by a line of suppuration ; but the matter thus located
cannot readily escape through the harsh material of the horse's
coronet. It is confined and becomes corrupt, while the constant
motion of the foot and the higher organisation of the secreting
membrane of the horn inclines the pus to take a downward direc-
tion. However, it is more difficult for pus to pierce the horny
sole than to penetrate the coronet. So the effort is renewed above ;
numerous pipes or sinuses are thus formed upon the sensitive
laminas ; the fleshy sole is often underrun, and this mischief goes
on until the coronet, which becomes of enormous size, at last
yields to the increasing evil.

Another cause is pricking the sensitive part of the foot with a

DIAGRAM

Which supposed the outward revering of the
coronet and the horny wall of the hoof
renaoved, to expose the ravages of quittor,
when commencing in the coronet of a heavy
horse.

TliP covering of the coronet and horny crust
supposed to he absent, and exposing the
manner in wliich any suppurating injury
to the sole of the foot ultimately causes a
wound above the hoof.

nail during shoeing ; the wound generates pus, the pus cannot
penetrate the horn, and the motion of the coffin-bone causes it to
absorb upward, until after some time it breaks forth at the coronet.

QUITTOE. 379

Another cause is corn ; the horse's corn is nothing more than a
"bruise ; the bruise, in some instances, is severe, and takes on the
suppurative action. The pus, as before, is confined, and by the
motion of the coffin-bone, it is propelled upward till it breaks
forth at the coronet, which, as before, enlarges to deformity ; in
short, any injury done to the sole of the foot or to the coronet
above it, may produce quittor.

The leading sign of quittor, before it breaks, is a large swelling
at the coronet, attended with heat and excessive lameness. In
cart-horses, it is usually present in the hind feet ; but in the
lighter species it more frequently occurs in the fore feet. It
generally appears upon the inner side of the hoof, though, of

A QUITTOR, AS IT DENOTES ITS EXISTENCE A QUITTOR, AFTER THE PUS HAS FOUND AN

BEFORE THE PUS ABSORBS ITS WAY EXIT AT THE CORONET.

THROUGH THE CORONET.

course, it has often been witnessed upon the outer coronet.
Quittor becomes a huge swelling before it breaks. The amount of
tumefaction symbolises the amount of anguish ; it is, indeed, a
most painful disorder.

The animal, after the pus has found vent, becomes easier ; fever
departs ; the appetite returns, and the enlargement greatly dim-
inishes.

In the cure of a quittor, all depends upon the time during which
the disease has been allowed to exist ; if brought under notice at
first, and from an examination, a belief is confirmed that the
sinuses are wholly superficial. No treatment is comparable to the
plan of slitting them up, the method of doing which will be
described in a subsequent chapter : this at once affords relief.
The horse, which was limping lame, upon getting up, puts the foot
fearlessly to the ground, and trots sound.

If we have reason to believe the matter has burrowed inwardly,
and that one or more sinuses have penetrated the cartilages and

380

QUITTOR.

DIAGRAM.

An attempt to depict the
small size of the trans-
jiarent fluid, Indicating
the existence of a sinus,
when it appears at tne
wound whence issues the
stream of thick and
creamy pus.

threaten the deeper-seated parts, still, we should settle all those
pipes which are superficial with the knife. This gives a better
view of the structures supposed to be diseased;
then if, among the matter thrown out by the
healing wounds, there is seen a speck or two
of fluid, which, being gelatinous and trans-
parent, looks dark among the opaque, creamy
pus, be sure there remains further work to
be accomplished.

Cut a small twig from the stable-broom ;
this is pliable, and where a sinus is concerned
makes the best possible probe. With a knife
render it perfectly clean, as well as round or
blunt at one end ; then, while an assistant holds up the foot, insert
it in the centre of the dark fluid. If it should not at first detect an
opening, you must not give up the trial ; the probe must be moved
about, and even a smaller one procured. A sinus does exist ; of
that you have positive proof. The pipe being found, mix some
powdered corrosive sublimate with three times its bulk of flour ;
then, wet the probe ; dip the probe into the powder, and after-
wards insert it into the sinus. Do this several times till you feel
certain that every portion of the pipe is brought in contact with
the caustic.

The horse, subsequently, will become very dull ; the foot will
grow very painful : thus it will continue for two days. About
the third day a white, curd-like matter is discharged from the
orifice ; the lameness disappears, and the spirits are regained.

The better plan, and infinitely the cheaper for the person who is
regardful of his pocket, is to have every animal inspected by a
qualified veterinary surgeon, so soon as it displays acute lameness.
Were such the practice — corn, prick of the foot, or wound of the
coronet, need not run on to quittor. Grooms, who possess no
scientific knowledge, are consulted, and their advice is taken upon
subjects which the master is better able to form an opinion on
than they are. And when he professes his ignorance about horse
matters, surely greater ignorance cannot assist in the cure of this
or any other disease. Time which allows bad to become worse is
injurious, not only to the well-being of the horse, but also to the
pocket of the owner.

CANKER. 381

CANKER.

Thrush is a disease that causes a certain liquid to be secreted,
which has the property of decomposing the horn. Canker is a
disease which not only is attended with a liquid having a like
property, but the last-named affection also causes fungoid horn
to be secreted. Canker, therefore, appears to be an aggravation of
thrush ; and anybody, who has been much among the animals of
the poorer classes, may have observed these diseases lapse into
each other : thrush will, through neglect, become canker.

Thrush appears to be the commencement of the disorganisation
of the foot. Canker is the total perversion of the secreting powers
belonging to the same organ. In thrush, a foul humour, having a
corruptive property, is poured forth. In canker, something is
superadded to this. The horn itself is sent forth in large quantity,
as a soft, unhealthy material, totally divested of the elasticity and
devoid of all healthy resistance.

Any animal, being exposed to the exciting cause, may exhibit
thrush ; but, before canker seems capable of being produced, poor
living must have undermined the constitution. Old horses (pen-
sioners as they are humanely termed), when turned out to grass,
often have canker — which otherwise should be confined to the
animals of poverty, on which bad lodging, no grooming, stinted
food and hard work, produce sad effects. The stable, in which a
case of canker occurs, is lamentably disgraced.

Canker, like thrush, is not generally attended with much lame-
ness. It often astonishes us that, with a foot in such a condition,
the animal can progress so soundly. It invariably commences at
the seat of thrush, or in the cleft of the frog. A liquid, more
abominable than that of thrush and rather more abundant,
issues from that part. Likewise, it frequently exudes from the
commissures, which unite the horny sole to the frog. The horn,
also, becomes not only disorganised, but more ragged than in
thrush. It bulges out at first, and ultimately flakes off, exposing
a substance not much more resistant than orange peel. The sub-
stance is horn in a fungoid state. Its fibres run from the centre to
the circumference, and between the space of each fibre is lodged a
clear liquid, which becomes tainted and dark-coloured by mingling
with the horn that it dissolves and corrupts.

382

CANKER.

The fungus is secreted in quantity, and always is most abundant
when located about the edge of the sole. Here the papillae are
largest, and here the granulations attain their greatest magnitude.
The unresistant horn of canker becomes somewhat hard upon the
surface of the sole, and large flakes peel off. Cut into, it displays
no sensation ; and this is fortunate, inasmuch as it considerably

THE PRIMARY ESTABLISHMENT OF
CONFIRMED CANKER.

The horn turned back, so as to display the
altered state of the frog, which indicates
a severe attack of the disease.

THE SECOND STAGE OF CANKER.

Showing the great abundance of fungoid
horn sei>reted around the margin of the
foot. No notice is purposely taken of
the frog in this illustration.

reduces the difficulties surrounding the treatment of a badly
cankered foot.

Concerning treatment, when the disease is confined to one hind
foot, or even affects both posterior feet, the case may be undertaken
with some degree of confidence. Wlien it has involved one or
more of the fore feet it is always difficult to eradicate ; and, in the
majority of cases (being guided by the age of the animal), a cure
had better not be attempted.

When a horse is cankered all round, the disease is apt to seem
capricious. It may be cured in three feet ; but it will linger in
the fourth, resisting art's resources. Suddenly, measures before
tried in vain seem to be endowed with marvellous efficacy. The
diseased member, which hitherto no treatment could touch, now
heals as by its own accord. However, before we can express the
full of our satisfaction, canker once more breaks out again in one
of the feet which have been cured ; thus, the affection dodges
about, till patience is exhausted.

Canker has, hitherto, been reckoned an intractable disorder. It
is mostly seen in heavy horses with weak, flat feet. These creatures

CANKER. 383

proverbially receive but little grooming. They are esteemed only
for their labour, and honoured with small attention, which does not
decidedly fit them for their work. Their stables are seldom to be
cited as examples of what a horse's home should be. Their beds
are never too clean ; and a number of foul disorders, as thrush,
grease, etc., are located amongst them. Their food is generally
measured by the scale of profit and loss ; for few cart-horses, in the
generality of establishments, can boast of any extraordinary care
being lavished on their comfort.

For the treatment of canker, the first thing is to attend to the
stable. See that the building is lofty and well drained ; that the
ventilation is perfect, and the bedding unexceptionable. Then
inspect the water, the oats, and the hay. Allow the horse a liberal
support, and with each feed of oats mingle a handful of old beans.
These things being arranged, order the animal into the forge. Cut
away every portion of detached horn. When that is done, pare off
carefully so much of the soft diseased horn as the knife can readily
separate. Then dust a dressing of the following strength on the
diseased parts : —

Chloride of zinc Half-an-ounce.

Common flour Four ounces.

Mix, and apply dry on the foot.
To the sound parts use —

Chloride of zinc Four grains.

Flour One ounce.

Cover over the sound parts before you begin to dress the fungoid
granulations.

Afterwards tack on the shoe. Pad well, so as to obtain all the
pressure possible, and fasten the padding on the foot, by means of
cross pieces of iron, driven firmly under the shoe. Let the hoi-se
be carefully groomed, and receive four hours' exercise daily.

On the second day remove the padding. Cut off so much of the
granulations as appear to be in a sloughing condition. Eepeat the
dressing, and continue examining and re-dressing the foot every
second day. When some places appear to be in a state of confirmed
health, an application of the following strength should be employed
to such parts; but where the granulations continue to sprout, or

384

CANKER.

the horn appears to be of a doubtful character, the caustic mixtures
of the original strength must be used : —

Chloride of zinc Two grains.

Flour ... One ounce.

After some time, the dressings may be lengthened to every third

THE BOTTOM OF A HORSE'S FOOT
WHICH HAS BEEN DRESSED FOR
CANKER, SHOWING HOW THE
CROSS PIECES ARE PLACED AND
FIXED.

AN IMPROVEMENT IN A CANKERED FOOT.

1 . Tliat portidn of a cankered foot which
is advancing towards a healthy condition.

2. Canker in a mitigated form, but still
present.

day, but not for a longer period ; for, if the foul and irritating
discharge be confined too long, injury to the foot may ensue.

In the plan of treatment here proposed, the chief reliance is
placed on the action of chloride of zinc. It is the peculiar property
of that agent to suppress fungoid granulations. The author has
some experience in the use of this salt. Whenever he gave it to a
groom to apply, and subsequently found the wound clogged
with proud flesh, he accused the man of having neglected to
employ the lotion. The evidence on which the charge was made
never, in a single instance, proved erroneous. To suppress fungoid
granulation is to cure canker.

The application here advised is, moreover, cleanly. It is the
most powerful disinfectant. It does not discolour, like the messes
now in general use. It is more gentle in its action than undiluted
sulphuric acid, etc., etc. It will cause none of those terrible fits of
agony, during which all applications have to be removed, while the
foot has to be bathed and poulticed. Notwithstanding, all authors
agree the absence of water and the presence of pressure are indis-
pensable to the cure of canker, the frequent dressings will not
endanger the life, nor leave the foot in that condition which entails
a deformed hoof upon the horse for the remainder of its existence.

THRUSH.

385

THRUSH.

THRUSH IN THE FORE
FOOT WITH A THICK
CRUST, A CONCAVE
SOLK, AND A SMALL
FROG.

. Thrush is a foul discharge issuing from the cleft of the frog,
and attended with disorganisation of the horn. It is derived from
two causes — either internal disease or bad stable
management. When internal disease gives rise
to thrush, it is present in the fore foot. The
quarters of the hoof are strong and high ; the
sole is thick and concave ; the frog small and
ragged. When bad stable management pro-
vokes the disorder it shows itself in the hind
foot, which may be of any shape; but the
frog is generally large, while the discharge
is more copious than in the former in-
stance.

It is sad to think that the creature which lives but to toil, and
whose existence is a type of such slavery that its greatest freedom
is to labour, should be begrudged the bed whereon it reposes, or be
doomed to stand in filth M'hich will generate disease. The horse's
foot is not very susceptible to external influences. It is encased
in a hard and inorganic, yet elastic substance. Thus protected, it
appears like praising the ingenuity of man when we say such a
body is not proof against his neglect. The hoof is made to travel
through mud and through water ; it is created
to canter over sand and over stones. It is cap-
able of all its purposes ; but it only seems not
fitted to be soaking days and nights in the filth
of a human lazar- house. The drainage of the
stable is too often clogged, the ventilation bad,
the bedding rotten, and more than half com-
posed of excrement. All that passes through
the body, from the inclination of the flooring, tends towards the
hind feet. Over this muck the animal breathes. In it the crea-
ture stands, and on it the victim reposes.

No wonder the horn rots, when implanted in a mass of fer-
menting filth. The fleshy, secreting parts, which it is the office of
the hoof to protect, ultimately become affected. They take on a

peculiar form of irritation. From the cleft of the frog a discharge

2b

THRUSH IN THE HIND
FOOT

386

THRUSH.

AN- ILLUSTRATION OF THE
ABUNDANCE OF WHITE
POWDER INVESTING DE-
CAYED HORN, AND OFTEN
FOUND AFTER THE RAGGED
PORTIONS OF A THRUSHY
FROG HAVE BEEN REMOVED.

issues; it becomes coloured and offensive through being mixed
with the decaying horn ; the smell is most abhorrent — frequently
it taints the interior of the place, and to
the educated nose thus makes known its
presence.

The first thing is to clear the stable, then
to cleanse it thoroughly. Bed down the
stalls with new straw, and attend to the
animals themselves. Wash the feet well
with water, in every pint of which is dis-
solved two scruples of chloride of zinc.
The fuetor will thus be destroyed, and the
animal be made approachable. Place some of the fluid, to be
used as required, near to the smith, while the man cuts away tlie
diseased frog. All the ragged parts are to be excised. The knife
is to be employed until all the white, powdery substance is efiect-
ually removed.

The knife must then be used fearlessly. Every particle of the
colourless investment of the frog must be ex-
cised. This is absolutely necessary towards
the cure. It must be accomplished, although
the flesh be exposed, or a large bulging frog be
reduced to the dimensions indicated in the
annexed engraving.

Then the shoe is to be nailed on, and the horse
to be returned to a clean stall.
The cause being removed, the effect will soon cease. No oint-
ments are required. A little of the chloride of zinc lotion, three
grains to the ounce of water, may be left in the stable, and the
keeper should receive directions to bathe the frog with this once a
day, or oftener if required. A piece of stick, having a little tow
wrapped round one end, should also be given to the man, so that
he may force the fluid between the cleft of the frog. No greasy-
dressing need to be employed. The ordinary shoe is to be used.
The diseased part is to be left perfectly uncovered ; so that it may
be the more exposed to the sweetening effects of pure air, while
the earliest indication of any further necessity for the knife may
be readily perceived. When the stench has disappeared, a little of
the liquor of lead, of its original strength, will perfect the cure ;

THRUSH. 387

and all requisite to prevent a return of the disorder is a reasonable
attention to the cleanliness of the stable.

At this place, however, the reader may well reflect that, if the
filth of the stable is capable of rotting the resistant and insensitive
horn of the horse's foot, liow much more is it likely to affect some
of those delicate structures of which the bulky frame of the animal
is composed ? The air in which a man might object to live is
altogether unfit for a horse to inhale. It is true animals have
breathed such an atmosphere and continued to exist. So also is
it true that men have been scavengers, and have followed that
calling on account of what they esteemed its extraordinary health-
fulness. Neither case establishes aught. The animal is by nature
formed for large draughts of pure air. All other sustenance is as
nothing if the primary necessity of life be withheld. Tainted
atmosphere is the source of more than half the evils horse-flesh is
exposed to. Glanders, farcy, inflammation of the air passages,
indigestion, bowel complaints, — in fact all diseases, save those of
a local character, may spring from such a parent. Let every horse-
keeper therefore, if from no higher motive, at all events to con-
serve his property and to promote his pecuniary interest, be
especially careful about the purity of his stables.

When thrush occurs in the fore-feet it is generally significant
of navicular disease, and is most frequent in horses which step
short or go groggily. The hoof feels hot and hard ; a slight
moisture bedews the central parting of the very much diminished
frog. No odour may be smelt when the foot is taken up ; but, by
inserting a piece of tow into the cleft of the frog, the presence of
the characteristic symptom will be made unpleasantly apparent.

In this case it is best to remove tlie ragged thrush and un-
sound horn, doing so, if required, even to the exposure of the
sensitive frog. Afterwards, simply wash the part with a little of
the chloride of zinc and water, previously recommended. Eepeat
the cleansing every morning ; the intention being, not to remove
the thrush, as the horse mostly goes lame the instant that is
stopped, but merely to correct the pungency of the morbid dis-
charge, and thus prevent it, in some measure, from decaying
the horn.

Clay, cow - dung, and other favourite filtlis, employed for
stopping the horse's feet, if long continued, will produce thrush.

388 OSSIFIED CARTILAGES.

Too much cannot be said against this evil practice, as it is provo-
cative not only of this but of other similar diseases of the foot.
If moisture to the sole be necessary, it can be applied by other
means than by the imposition of fermenting filth in close approxi-
mation to living structures. A mixture of soft soap and carbolic
acid is a good dressing for the foot ; it possesses curative properties
which give health, whereas lilth can alone induce disease.

Thrush does not generally provoke lameness. In its more
aggravated forms, however, it interferes with the pace ; and the
horse, having only incipient thrush, is liable to drop suddenly, if
the foot be accidentally placed upon a rolling stone. Now, knowing
our roads are made of stones, and that the bottom of the horse's
foot is, in the ordinary manner of shoeing, entirely unprotected, it
can be understood how easily blows may be inflicted, and con-
gestion supervene, causing lameness. When such occurs, well
foment the foot, treat as above described, and enjoin rest until
the animal is sound.

OSSIFIED CAETILAGES.

This signifies a conversion into osseous structure of the cartil-
ages, naturally developed upon the wings of the cothu bone or the

bone of the foot. Here is a drawing
of the largest specimen of this trans-
formation which the writer ever
witnessed.

In heavy horses, working upon
London stones, so certain are the
cartilages to become ossified, that
OSSIFIED CARTILAGES. scvcral largc firms pay no attention

Thelateralcartiiagesof the horse's foot "" mi ' e

have undergone change and become bone; tO thlS dcteCt. J-hey prefer an
being now continuous with the os pedis. . , . , „ i t

animal with a confirmed disease to
a sound horse, which will be certain to be ill during the change,
and the extent of whose subsequent alteration no one can pre-
dicate. So far these purchasers act wisely ; but, in horses de-
signed for fast work, ossified cartilages are a serious defect. It
frequently occasions lameness, and always interferes with the
pleasantness of the rider's seat. When accompanied by ringbone,
ossified cartilages give rise to the most acute and irremediable
lameness.

ACUTE LAMINITIS. 389

Ossified cartilages are incurable. No drugs can force nature to
restore tlie original structure which has been destroyed. Once let
a cartilage become ossified, and it
remains in that condition for the
creature's life. There is little diffi-
culty in ascertaining when this
change has taken place. The hand
grasps the foot just above the coronet;
the fingers are on one side, and tlie
thumb upon the other. The carti-
lages lie at this place, immediately
under the skin. Cartilage is soft, plia- toe certain test for ossified

ble, and semi-elastic. It yields very

readily to pressure. However, when the thumb and fingers
forcibly press the part, if, instead of feeling the substance under
them yield, the hand is sensible only to something as hard as
stone, or any way approaching to such a character, that is proof
positive the cartilages are ossified, or are approaching change. If the
horse has recently gone lame, and the seat of cartilages feels of a
mixed nature — partly soft and partly hard — apply a blister to the
coronet, so as to convert that which is a sub-acute process into an
acute action, and with the cessation of activity, hope to stop the
deposit. Kepeat the blister if absolutely necessary ; but there is no
occasion to subject more than the coronet, and a couple of inches
above that structure, to the operation of the vesicatory. Indeed,
blisters act more effectively upon confined spaces. This is all that
can be accomplished, save by good feeding and liberal usage : these
are essential, because every abnormal change denotes a deranged sys-
tem ; and this is, in the animal, soonest mended by generous diet and
perfect rest.

ACUTE LAMINITIS, OR FEVER IN THE FEET.

This term implies that the disease is confined to the laminiie ;
the word certainly warrants an inference that the other secreting
surfaces within the hoof are not implicated ; such a meaning is
generally conceived to be intended. The name, by inducing
erroneous opinion, does much injury ; the old appellation of fever
in the feet is, therefore, much more characteristic and altogether
more correct.

390 ACUTE LAMINITIS.

The entire of the fleshy portion of the foot is involved in this
terrible affliction ; any man, who has had an abscess beneath some
part where the cuticle is strong, or who has endured a whitlow,
may very distantly imagine the pain suffered by the horse, during
fever of the feet. Such an individual, if his creative powers be
very brilliant, may vaguely conjecture the torture sustained by the
quadruped; but no power possible can realise to the full the
anguish sustained by the animal, Man does not, like the horse,
rest upon his finger's end, and, if he did, the pain he would then
suffer, could not be likened to the terrible affliction borne by the
animal, for the following reasons. What is the weight of any man
to that of a quadruped ? What is the thickness of his skin or the
substance of his nail to the hardness and stoutness of the horse's
hoof? The human skin is elastic, and the end of the finger
permits some swelling of its fleshy portion; but the secreting
membrane of the horse's foot lies between two materials almost
equally unyielding. Bone is within, and horn is without; the
heat soon dries the last, and deprives it of its elasticity. The first
is naturally unyielding. Thus, the secreting substance, largely
supplied with blood because of inflammation, and acutely endowed
with sensation when swollen and diseased, is compressed between
the two bodies as in a vice. To conceive the amount of anguish,
and to imagine the violence of the disorder, we have only to
recognise the pathological law, that nature is conservative in all
her ordinizations ; she protects parts in proportion to their import-
ance to the welfare of her creatures, and reluctantly allows injury
to be inflicted on any vital organ, though she may even permit
deprivation of those members which are not essential to the animal
economy.

A man may lose a leg ; he can live, enjoy life, and to a certain
extent effect progression with a wooden substitute. Touch the
heart of a man, however, and being ends. The heart is guarded
by the ribs, and so securely is it protected that, even in battle, the
organ is seldom punctured. The hoof of the horse is almost as
important to the animal as is the heart to the human being. In
a free state progression is necessary to the support of the body ;
when domesticated, the horse is valued according to its power to
progress.

Yet, the member so important to the creature is, by the nature

ACUTE LAMINITIS. 391

of laminitis, frequently disorganised; and a valuable quadruped, by
the affliction, may be reduced from the highest price to a knacker's
purchase money.

There is no particular breed of horse, neither is any peculiar
form of hoof more predisposed than another to this disease.
Fleshy, upright, large and small feet, are one and all likely to
suffer with laminitis.

The trotting pony and the fast moving carriage horse, if driven
far and long over hard dry roads, will frequently exhibit this
disease. Cab and post, as well as gentlemen's horses, after a fine
day at Epsom, or at Ascot, not unfrequently display the disorder.
Animals which have to stand and strain the feet for any period — as
cavalry horses upon a long sea voyage, if, upon landing, they are
imprudently used without sufficient rest, will assuredly fail with
this incapacitating malady. Any extraordinary labour may induce
laminitis. Hunters, after a hard run, and racers, subsequently to
heats, are liable to be attacked — especially should the ground be in
the state we have before intimated.

Acute laminitis does not immediately declare itself. The pace
of the animal, when its work is drawing to a close, may be remark-
able, but this is attributed to the effects of exhaustion. The
creature reaches the stable ; the surface of the body is rubbed
over ; the manger and the rack are filled ; a fresh bed is quickly
shaken down, for in the opinion of grooms quiet does horses
extreme good. The animal is left for the night, under the
impression that it has everything one of the race could require.

The next morning the horse is found all of a heap, and the
food untouched ; the flesh is quivering ; the eyes are glaring ; the
nostrils are distended, and the breath is jerking. The flanks are
tucked up, the back is reached, the head is erect, and the mouth is
firmly closed ; the hind legs are advanced, to take the bearing from
the inflamed fore members ; the front feet are pushed forward, so
as to receive the least possible amount of weight, and that upon
the heels ; but the feet thus placed are constantly on the move.
Now, one leg is slightly bent ; then, that is down, and the other is
raised : the horse is, according to a vulgar phrase, " dancing on hot
irons."

The first indications — food untouched, glaring eyes, etc. —
represent only excessive agony ; the position of the body is

392

ACUTE LAMIXITIS.

symptomatic. The hind feet are thrust under the body in order
to take the weight from the front, or the diseased organs ; the

ACUTE LAMINITIS, OR FEVER IN THE FEET.

fore feet are thrust forward, and the head held erect, that the
inflamed parts may be as much as possible beyond the centre of
gravity. In this attitude the wretched quadruped will stand, its
sides heaving, and its flesh creeping with the pain within the hoofs,
and with the fire that burns within the blood. The teeth are
occasionally heard to grind against each other ; expressive sounds
sometimes issue from the throat, and partial perspirations burst
forth upon the body ; — it is a horrible picture of the largest agony !

The fore feet are mostly the seat of the disorder. All four may
be involved, but the author has only witnessed the two front
affected.

Horses do often lie down in laminitis, but they more generally
stand. When down, they should be suffered to remain ; and when
up, the first thing done should be the employment of slings. Place
the cloth under the belly with the least j)ossible noise, — the man
the horse is accustomed to, with orders to soothe the animal when
alarm is excited, should be stationed at the head. The men, who
are arranging the slings, should pause, on the slightest sign of fear,
and only resume their labour when confidence is restored. Tiie
ropes, however, must not be drawn tight and fixed. The ends of
the cords should, by means of two extra pulleys, be carried to some
distance from the animal. To the end of each rope ought to be

ACUTE LAMINITIS.

393

fastened a stout ring, and on this, by means of hooks, weights
should he suspended. As the weights are added, the man should
caress the sufferer, till sufficient counterpoise be attached to take
the principal bearing from the feet without offering much obstacle
to the breathing.

With regard to the shoes we should first soften the hoof, by
allowing the feet to soak in warm water, in which a portion of any

A EORSE IN SLINGS, WITH THE TORE FEET IN EOT "WATER, FOR ACUTE LAMINITIS.

alkali has been dissolved. The slings being applied, the fore feet
are to be placed in a trough of hot, soft water, and allowed to
remain there till the hoof is quite pulpy. Then one foot is to be
gently raised, and the trough partially removed. All this must be
done very quietly, — not a word being spoken, and all operation
suspended at the appearance of the smallest alarm. The man at
the head must not for an instant quit his post.

The foot being released from the water the shoe should be
carefully removed from the horse's foot.

Before the shoes are removed, half a drachm of belladonna and
fifteen grains of digitalis should be placed in the horse's mouth.
Both drugs should be gently introduced, not as a draught or a ball,
but in substance, or in the smallest possible bulk. These medicines
should be repeated every half-hour, till the breathing is easier and
the pulse somewhat altered in character. Then some additional

394 ACUTE LAMINITIS.

weight may be added to the slings ; and, by taking advantage of
similar opportunities, the animal may be eventually lifted almost
off the ground, without displaying any inclina-
tion to resist.

Spread under the animal a well-littered bed,
and place before him a pail of thin gruel with
a bundle of green-meat, and enough has been
done for one day.

THE MANNEB IN WHICH /^ 1 P n ■

THE NAILS, WHICH Qu thc followmg mommof give a dose of

FASTEN ON THE SHOE, 111 ^ PI

ARE TO BE RELEASED ethcr aud laudauum — two ounces of both in a

FROM THE horse's

HOOF, DURING ACUTE pint of Water. Let the horse take his own

LAMINITIS. ■^_ ,

time in swallowing; do not care if half the
drink should be lost. In fact, if the attempt to give the physic
should call forth much opposition, abstain from administering it :
quiet is of more importance than medicine. On that account,
strict orders should be given to admit no visitors ; and the strictest
injunction concerning silence should be enforced.

While the affection lasts, these measures must be pertinaciously
adopted. The feet, the entire time, must be repeatedly put in warm
water, not only to soften the horn, but because the chief pain is
caused by the congested or swollen condition of the secretive
portion of the foot. Congestion, likewise, induces the terminations
to be most feared : heat or warmth is, perhaps, the best means of
relieving loaded vessels.

The termination to be feared is disorganisation; either from
the casting of the hoof, or the descent of the coffin-bone from its
natural situation. The first result is preceded by chronic suppura-
tion. A slight division is observed between hair and horn, and,
from the opening thus occasioned, a small quantity of unhealthy
pus issues, mingled with much bloody serum. Ultimately, the
entire hoof loosens and drops off, exposing the flesh parts beneath.
Now, all these fleshy parts must have been diseased before they
c'^.uld have separated from their secretion, and such fleshy parts
are not the laminae only, but all those represented in the annexed
engravings.

The sudden exposure of parts which, during health, are covered
and protected cannot otherwise than cause an extraordinary effect
upon the body of the sufferer. Persons who have lost a nail
seldom have that substance renewed in all its original integrity.

ACUTE LAMINITIS.

895

Deformity, or an imperfect secretion, is generally retained to mark
the deprivation. Nature appears averse to the restoration of any
of her original structures.

THE SENSITIVE LAMINA AND COBONET DIVESTED
OF THEIR HORNY COVERINOt

THE SENSITIVE SOLE, FROO, AND BARS
DIVESTED OF THEIR HORNY COVERING.

DIAGRAM.

The new horny covering
which invests the foot
of the horse after
sloughing of the hoof,
as a termination to
acute laminitis.

Such a catastrophe is denominated sloughing of the hoof.
After that has occurred, it is useless to prolong
the suffering by permitting the horse to live.
Doubtless, in time, a sort of new hoof would be
produced ; but it would only be a deformity*
It would want the toughness and strength of
the original formation.

Such was the hoof which used to succeed
sloughing, under the old plan of treatment. The
author is happy to state he has not witnessed
such a misfortune since he has followed the
practice which he here recommends.

The suppuration just spoken of was not of the copious kind,
but was a tardy secretion mingled with bloody serum. It is
astonishing such a fact should not have warned veterinary surgeons
against following depletive measures. The effusion, however, of
which the writer has next to speak is entirely the result of weak-
ness. It does appear most strange that exhausting treatment
should have been pursued as with infatuation, despite of so evident
a warning. The parts which in health only secrete horn, during
exhaustion throw out serum, or the thinner portion of the blood.
This separates the coffin-bone from its attachments, while the im-
posed weight forces the loosened bone from its natural position.
To make this more clear, diagrams of a natural foot, and of one
which has suffered distortion from acute laminitis, are here repre-
sented. In the natural foot the pedal bone is situated close to the

396

ACUTE LAMINITIS.

outer crust; in the lamiuitic foot the bone is forced downward
towards the sole, which it ultimately penetrates. There is an artery
running around the lower edge of the coffin-bone ; upon this artery
the animal, if suffered to live, would after displacement of the

DIAORAM.

A section of the horse's foot, showing the
natural and relative situations of the
bones which enter into the formation
of the horse's foot when in a healthy-
state.

DIAUKAM.

A section of the horse's foot after one of
the terminations to acute laminitis,
exposing the interior of the hoof when
the coffin-bone has fallen from its
original situation.

coffin-bone be obliged to tread. The consequence is, that a horse
having a foot thus distorted cannot, by any possibility, take a
sound step ; it lives in torture and moves in anguish.

This formation has been too generally spoken of as pumice
foot, whereas that peculiarity is altogether distinct. Pumice foot

A SECTION OF THE HORSE'S rOOT, ILLUSTRATING THE DISTORTION WHICH CONSTITUTES PUMICE FOOT

does not entirely incapacitate the horse for labour ; it is a chronic
disease leading to a very opposite species of distortion, or to a
bulging of the sole such as is here illustrated.

THE DEFORMITY WHICH
ENSUES UPON DROP-
PING OF THE COFriN-
BONE.

ACUTE LAMINITIS. 397

After dropping of the coffin-bone has taken place, it is com-
monly said that the hoof, struck upon the spot once occupied by
the coffin-bone, emits a hollow sound ; such is
not the fact.

The space supposed to be empty is imme-
diately filled by an impure horn — a soft trans-
parent substance, which, if the animal be
permitted to live, dries or diminishes in bulk,
and the front of the hoof falls in. The author
once beheld, working in a lime pit near Eei-
gate, an aged animal which, some time previous,
had suffered dropping of the coffin-bone ; the
animal was shod with leather, and had a shoe lifted from the
ground by means of large caulkins both before and behind. The
hoof, however, was terribly misshapen ; it hardly admits of such a
description as would readily be understood ; therefore the hoof is
represented from a sketch made upon the spot.

The other terminations to acute laminitis are metastasis and
mortification.

Metastasis is when the fever leaves the feet to fix upon some
other and remote part — as the lungs, bowels, brain, eyes, etc. Or,
fever of the feet is frequently asserted to be caused by the inflam-
mation " dro'p'pi'ng " from those parts into the hoofs. When such
changes ensue, the body being already weakened, the attack is
seldom of a very acute type ; but, nevertheless, it may be attended
by disorganisation, by distortion, or even by death.

It is a bad symptom should no change be observed in the
course of the disorder before the expiration of the fifth day ; some
sad ending may then be expected, but it does not invariably
follow. The animal should be watched night and day. All that
can possibly be done to alleviate its suffering should be put into
practice. Tor that end the writer has found nothing equal in its
soothing effects to perfect quietude and good gruel, made with a
portion of linseed and of beans, mixed with oatmeal. But be sure
that laminitis has departed from the feet before the slings are
removed ; then, even supposing no metastasis to have occurred, do
not suddenly take all support from the horse, but remove a
weight every day, so that the restored parts may become gradually
used to their original functions. On the first sign indicative of a

398 SUB- ACUTE LAMINITIS.

return to the disorder, restore the full counterpoise, and recom-
mence treatment ; for acute laminitis is somewhat treacherous.
Very cautiously exercise the invalid upon a piece of meadow land,
and as the health appears restored gradually return to the usual
method of treatment.

SUB- ACUTE LAMINITIS.

This is a variety of the former disease; the characteristic
differences between the two are thus stated by the esteemed late
William Percival.

"In neither form is laminitis the disease of the unbroken or un-
used horse. Now and then acute laminitis will appear in the four
or five year old horse, when newly taken into work ; more com-
monly it is witnessed incapacitating the horse when at work, and
during the middle period of life. Sub-acute laminitis, on the other
hand, is very apt to select the aged and worked animaL Secondly,
acute laminitis is the immediate effect of labour — hard, either from
its distressful character, or its endurance. Sub-acute laminitis, on
the contrary, will make its appearance in the stable, where the
horse has been fox some time living in a state of idleness or abso-
lute rest. Thirdly, acute laminitis makes its attack directly, or
shortly after the application of the exciting cause ; sub-acute
laminitis approaches so gradually that it is often present some days
before its existence is discovered. Fourthly, acute laminitis is
marked by great suffering and accompanied by raging fever ; in
sub-acute laminitis fever is not to be detected, and the mode of
progression alone indicates suffering. Fifthly, acute laminitis may
terminate in metastasis, suppuration, and mortification ; in sub-
acute laminitis neither of these issues is to be dreaded, for, if we
do not succeed in producing resolution, dropping of the coffin-bone
is the customary ending to the disorder."

The above, quoted from memory, presents a graphic contrast
and an admirable portrait of the disorder. It is so eloquent in its
brevity, that it leaves nothing to be added ; therefore, the author
will at once proceed to state his views on the subject.

Sub-acute laminitis is always first noticed in the manner of
progressing. The master complains that the horse has become
slower ; that the whip has lost influence over the body ; and that
the animal, when progressing, appears to jolt more than usual.

SUB-ACUTE LAMINITIS.

399

This last observation indicates tlie kind of horses to which sub-
acute laminitis is principally confined. Acute laminitis is almost
the property of fast saddle-horses; the sub-acute variety more
especially belongs to harness horses. The author has lately seen
specimens of the sub-acute disease tugging those vehicles which
were once fashionable, and which were called " cabriolets." The
animal suffering this disorder, endeavours to bring the heels only
to the ground. All its fumbling gait, its supposed sluggishness and
want of appreciation for the whip, are to be attributed to this de-
sire, to take the weight as much as possible from the seat of agony.
The success of treatment, in a great measure, depends upon the
disorder being early detected. Get the horse immediately into
slings, as was directed for acute laminitis, and proceed in the same

THE MANNER OF PROOBESSINQ WHEN SUFFEBINa UNDER SUB-ACUTE LAMIN1TI3.

manner with the removal of the shoe. If the bowels are costive
allow a portion of green meat until the evil is removed ; but do
not produce purgation. All medicine, of a debilitating character,
must be withheld. Give, night and morning, two drinks, each
containing one ounce of ether, in half-a-pint of water, during
the day. This, with half-drachm doses of belladonna, as needed'
to allay any symptoms of pain, will constitute the whole of the
treatment.

As regards food, it should consist of sound oats, previously
ground, and a moderate allowance of crushed old beans. The water
should be whitened, and all hay strictly withheld. The animal
should not be left night or day, and gentleness should be enjoined

400 NAVICULAK DISEASE.

upon its attendant. The food, however, should not be without
limit — three feeds of corn are enough for one day, if the horse
will eat so much.

Should dropping of the coflfin-bone end the attack, it is only
charity to terminate the existence, as no human power can ever
again reinstate the diseased tissues, nor bring the pedal bone into
its normal position.

The horse, however, which recovers from an attack of laminitis,
either in the acute or sub-acute form, should ever after be shod
with leather ; and were this admirable practice universal, probably,
by deadening concussion, it might altogether eradicate the disease.
The expense is the objection to its adoption ; but, against the cost,
the horse proprietor has to ask himself, what are a few shillings
extra at each shoeing, to secure immunity from that horrible dis-
order to which the servant of his pleasure is exposed ?

NAVICULAR DISEASE.

This is the scourge of willing horse-flesh. It is the disease from
which favourite steeds mostly suffer ; it is not less fatal in its ter-
mination than vexatious in its course, and painful during its
existence.

The malignancy of the disorder is expended upon the substances
which in health are without feeling, but which occasion the most
acute anguish when afiected by disease — namely, bone, tendon, and
synovial membrane. Strictly confined to these structures, and
frequently limited to a space not half-an-inch in diameter, the
suffering it occasions is such as often provokes the sacrifice of the
life, and invariably renders the animal next to useless.

It is confined to the interior of the foot, being, as its name im-
plies, strictly located upon the navicular bone. The navicular bone
is a small bone attached to the posterior portion of the os pedis, and
resting upon the perforans tendon, which is inserted into the in-
ferior surface of the coffin-bone. A synovial sac is placed between
the navicular bone and superior surface of the tendon on which the
osseous structure reposes. Synovial sacs are t)nly found in places
where motion is great and almost incessant ; thus, the existence of
this formation apprises us that the bone and tendon, in a healthy
state, are designed to move freely upon each other. They do this

NAVICULAR DISEASE.

•401

A DIAGRAM TO KXPLAIN THE SEAT OF
NAVICULAR DISEASE.

a. The perforans tendon running beneath
the bone, and on which the bone
reposes.

6. The comparative size and relative
situation of the navicular bone.

c. The synovial sac which facilitates the
motions of the bone on the tendon ;
upon the superior surface of this
sac navicular disease is alone ex-
hibited.

while unaffected by disease; the foot, indeed, cannot he flexed,
extended, retracted, or placed upon the ground without this busy
little joint being put into motion. It is, perhaps, as essential a
part (though of small size) as any of the larger structures which
enter into the horse's body.

Navicular disease, however, affects only the lower surface of
the bone ; the upper surface shares
another synovial sac, which lubri-
cates the articulation of the coffin-
bone with the lower bone of the pas-
tern. This upper surface is never
affected; the navicular bone may
diminish or wither through disease ;
still the affection remains confined to
its original situation. Disease may
lead to fracture of the bone, or to
rupture of the perforans tendon ; still,
the superior portion of the navicular
bone, to the last, exhibits a healthful
condition.

The horse, when attacked, commonly has a good open foot — in
fact, before disease commences the foot is healthy. An animal,
in this condition, is being ridden or slowly led out of the stable.
In the last case it, being fresh, may rejoice to feel and sniff the
cool air of heaven. It may prance about, and we may admire its
attitudes ; but in an instant it becomes dead lame. So, a horse
may be mounted by a kind master ; the creature may be going its
own pace, when of a sudden the movement shall change, and the
rider will be made conscious that his steed is lame.

In either case the foot is examined. It is cool, quite cool ; no
stone appears to have injured it — nor is any pebble sticking
between the web of the shoe and the sole. Yet the lameness is
acute, and does not pass off. Now, to explain this, let the reader
turn to the illustration, which was last presented.

The portion of the foot, immediately under the navicular bone,
has been placed upon a stone ; the stone has been forced against
the foot by the immense weight of the horse imposed upon it. The
stone, under this impulse, has bruised the navicular bone. Eut
the fleshy frog and the perforans tendon would have to be passed,

2q

402 NAVICULAR DISEASE.

before tliis effect could reach the bone. Are neither of these, ahso,
hurt ? Doubtless they are. But the fleshy frog is a highly or-
ganised, secretive organ, and probably, by its innate energy, soon
recovers from the effect. The tendon is, on the contrar}-, too soft
and yielding to retain any harsh impression. The bone is firm
and solid ; and thus, that which failed to act upon either of the
intervening parts, leaves a lasting injury upon the osseous struc-
ture, which moreover is held stationary by the coronary bone, and
which is disposed to display injury, being covered by synovial
membrane.

The navicular bone belongs to a peculiar class, called " sesimoid,
or floating bones." These are more highly organised than the gene-
rality of osseous structures — in short, quite as much, or rather
more, than the human tooth. Everybody must be acquainted with
the anguish occasioned by unexpectedly biting upon a hard sub-
stance. The tooth, however, is coated with crystalline enamel.
The bone is covered by delicate synovial membrane. The impres-
sion is, therefore, more likely to be lasting with the last than the first.

After expiration of a week, however, the lameness disappears,
and the proprietor fondly hopes all is over. The animalmay work
soundly for months — sometimes it never fails again. Generally,
however, after some period, extending from six to nine months, the
lameness reappears. This time the treatment occupies a longer
space, and the subsequent soundness is of shorter duration. Thus
the malady progresses; the period occupied in curative measures
lengthens, while the season of usefulness diminishes, till in the
end the horse becomes lame for life.

The worst of it is, that the pain in the lame foot occasions
greater stress to be thrown upon the sound member ; the result
generally is, that both legs ultimately become affected with the
like disease : such is ordinarily the case. The horse, with a tender
foot, will always bring it gently to the earth ; but this circumstance
obliges the animal to cast the other foot to the ground with heed-
less impetuosity. The consequence is, the sound foot is sooner or
later forced upon some stone or otlier inequality. From the law
of sympathy, the disease subsequently makes rapid strides, for at
death both feet are usually found in a similar condition.

The effect of these repeated attacks is soon shown. The anguish
has been likened to toothache, only it must assuredly be a tooth-

KAVICULAR DISEASE,

403

ache twenty times magnified. All people know, " there never yet
was philosopher who could withstand the toothache ; " but, think
of the poor horse, with twenty toothaches compressed into one
agony ! The man can seek a thousand changes to divert his
suffering ; the simple horse cannot even drink intoxicating fluids,
and has hitherto not learned to smoke. The suffering, therefore.

Xature has given

A. HORSE, WITH NAVICULAR DISEASE, POINTING IN TUB STAKLE.

continues. And as man strives to spare a decayed tooth, by mas-
ticating on the other side of the mouth, the horse endeavours to
ease an aching foot by leaning all its weight upon the sound limb.
Thus it learns to point in the stable, or to advance one leg beyond
the centre of gravity, leaving the healthy member to support the
entire weight of the body

A foot, thrown out of use, decreases in size.
certain parts for certain purposes ; and if these
purposes are avoided, those parts diminish in
bulk. Wear the arm in a sling for any ex-
tended period, and the arm will sensibly grow
smaller, or become withered. So the horse's
foot, spared in progression and pointed in tlie
stable, obviously changes its shape. The quar-
ters draw inward ; the heels narrow ; the frog-
hardens and decreases ; the sole thickens and
heightens ; the crust becomes marked by rims,
and grows considerably higher. In fact, the foot, from being an open,
healthy foot, becomes a strong, contracted, or diseased member.

IE urninuT rAsrr.r.N

AND HARD UNYIELDING
HOOF, INDICATIVE OK
CONFIRMED NAVICULAR
DISEASE.

404 NAVICULAR DISEASE.

Tlie effect of the disease is speedily shown by the animal pro-
gressing entirely upon the toe, whereby the front of the shoe
becomes much worn, as was shown in the previous engraving.
Indeed, it is not unusual to see shoes taken from horses having
navicular disease with their front edges worn positively to a cutting
sharpness. When the animal is in this stage, the mode of pro-
gression is usually what is termed groggy — that is, the hind feet,
which are never affected, step out as boldly as ever, but the fore
feet are limited in their action. They cannot be advanced far,
because extension causes the perforans tendon to press upon the

THE TROT, PECULIAR TO NAVICULAR DISEASE, GENERALLY TERMED GROGGINESS.

navicular bone ; the leg cannot be bent, because flexion moves the
j)erforans tendon upon the navicular bone. The animal, thus
doubly disabled, endeavours to make up by quickened movement
for that which it lacks in perfect action. It dare not bring the
heel to the ground or take long steps. It therefore progresses
upon the toes, and indulges in very short but cj^uick movements
of the fore feet ; and a horse, thus affected, may be challenged,
though unseen, by the " jjatter, patter, clatter, clatter," which it
makes.

Navicular disease appears to the author to have been entirely
mistaken, as regards its treatment. It is administered to, as though
it consisted in violent and acute inflammation ; whereas it is caused
by a different process — namely, ulceration. Inflammation excites
the whole system, and occurs in strong bodies ; ulceration is a dis-
eased condition, peculiar to the aged and to the weakly. Navicular

NAVICULAE DISEASE.

405

disease is, so far as the writer's knowledge extends, unknown in
the unbroken animal. It mostly affects the adult or the aged. It
is not inflammatory, — for the foot, in the first instance, exhibits no
heat, and in the after stages never becomes more than warm.
Often, the warmth is so very slight that practitioners have to
adopt a kind of stratagem, to determine which is the hotter of
the fore feet. A pail of water is brought forward, and sufficient
to thoroughly wet both hoofs is thrown over the feet. The parts
are then watched, and whichever becomes dry the soonest is
reasonably considered the warmer hoof of the two.

Moreover, the consequence of this disease are absorption, which
it takes years to effect — not deposition, which is accomplished in a
few days. The bone lessens in size, sometimes grows thin, till
ultimately it may fracture ; the tendon loses in substance, and its
fibres separate till at length they may rupture. All internal
structures, which enter into the composition of the foot, grow less
and less, till the hoof becomes obviously small or contracted, for it
is a law of nature that, in the living creature, the contents should
govern the covering. Thus, the brain controls the skull ; the lungs
regulate the chest, etc., etc. The horn alone increases ; but it is a
curious fact that nature always endeavours to protect tlie part she
allows to suffer from disease. Thus, in rickets, with children the
bones of the legs frequently curve ; but nature, true to her prin-
ciples, strives, by extra deposition, to
strengthen the parts which threaten to
break through weakness.

All tokens declare the navicular
disease to be a chronic affection, at-
tended by symptoms of bodily weak-
ness. The accompanying example of
the disorder, taken from the body of a
horse, which was killed for incurable
lameness, will fully illustrate this fact.

In this specimen, the navicular bone
occupies its natural situation between
the wings of the os pedis. That portion
of the tendon which once shared and
concealed the disease is turned back upon the sole of the coffin-
bone. What does the inspection disclose ? Three small holes

A MORBID PRFPARATION, KINDLY LENT
TO THE AUTHOR BY T. W. COWING, ESy.

The diseased surfare of the navicular
hone exposed, and tlie aUected ten-
don turned back upon the lower
part of the os pedis.

406 NAVICULAR DISEASE.

within the bone and a few stains of blood, which denote irritation
upon the tendon. For, as tlie disease progresses, synovia ceases
to be secreted ; the navicular joint becomes dry and is subject to
the most torturing irritation every time the leg is moved.

That the one presented may not by the reader be supposed ac
extreme case, produced to support the writer's opinions, another
specimen of the disease is given ; but, on this last occasion,

TIIS SUPERIOR SURFACE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE. THE INFERIOR SURFACE OF THE SAME BCJJE.

both sides of the navicular bone shall be exhibited. The upper
surface appears perfectly healthy ; the lower surface only dis-
plays a large clot of blood, and a small but comparatively deep
hole.

Supposing the reader to be convinced of the justness of the
writer's views, the treatment which these recommend shall be
stated. Ulceration, in any form, proves the body to be weak or
exhausted. Feed liberally, chiefly upon crushed oats and old
beans. Attend to any little matter, in which the horse's body
may be wrong ; but do little to the foot, beyond every other night
soaking it one hour in hot water, for the first fortnight. After-
wards, apply flannel bandages to the leg, put tips upon the hoofs,
and wrap the feet up in a sponge boot, having first smeared the
horn with glycerine. This, with a very long rest, is all it is
in our power to accomplish. The rest, however, should be pro-
portioned only to the proprietor's pocket, or to his powers of
endurance. In the first instance, six months' rest, in a well-
aired stable, and three subsequent months at slow agricultural
employment, will not be thrown away, but will be likely to
prevent future annoyances. After one relapse, the treatment
is all but hopeless. The horse may be again restored to sound-
ness ; but the disease, which has with time gained strength, will
be all but certain to reappear.

This, probably, may be the fittest place for stating the writer's
reason for objecting to the treatment generally adopted.

NAVICULAE DISEASE. 407

Bleeding from the toe is decidedly objected to, because there
never are any signs of inflammation present, but rather those
symptoms which favour the belief that too little blood circulates
within the foot. Blistering the coronet is more likely to augment
the crusts than to reach the disease ; and the tendency of navicular
derangement is to thicken the horn. The same reasoning applies
to paring out the foot and placing the hoof in poultices — it is
more likely to act upon and lead to activity in the secreting
membrane, which is near the surface, than to operate beneficially
upon a remote joint. Objection is taken to the feet standing in
clay, because the cold, produced by evaporation, is disposed to
drive blood from the parts, which already have too little.

In extreme cases neurotomy, or division of the nerve, is the only
resort. For a detailed account of that operation, the reader is
referred to the next chapter. It permits the horse to be of some
service to the master, and allows the animal an escape from the
agonies of a cruel disease ; it is, however, not final. It conceals
the lameness — it never cures the disorder. The internal ravages
still go on; and though the nerve of the leg has been properly
divided, yet, at an uncertain period, nerves generally reunite,
and the part which was deprived of sensation may become once
more sensitive to pain. Moreover, no eye can look upon the
internal ravage. Sensation, destroyed in a foot, tempts the horse
to throw even more than its proportion of weight on a part
weakened by disease. The bone has fractured, or the tendon has
ruptured, under too sudden a test of their integrity.

For the above reasons, neurotomy is always most successful
when early performed. In the primary state of the disorder,
a restoration of the foot to its healthy functions has seemed to
banish the affection. Pressure being given to the neurotomised
organ, health has occasionally returned ; and when the time has
arrived for the reunion of the nerve, that event has been signal-
ised by no reappearance of lameness.

But when the disorder has continued so long as to weaken the
structures of the foot, operation is always attended with hazard.
The nerve may be properly divided ; the operation may be admir-
ably performed — still the parts, weakened by the joint actions of
active disease and of long rest, have become disorganised. Pres-
sure being suddenly restored, the debilitated structures could not

408 NAVICULAR DISEASE.

Sustain the restoration of that buiden they were originally formed
to endure, when rupture or fracture may result.

For tlie above reasons, and because the sound member is
always disposed to exhibit the disorder which incapacitates one
foot, never delay adopting the only chance of certain relief. If
from pecuniary motives, or from better but mistaken feelings, the
proprietor hesitates to subject his dumb companion to the surgeon's
knife, never afterwards should he repent of such a resolve. Witli
delay, the opportunity of benefit has passed ; the operation, to be
successful, should be resorted to upon the second appearance of
acute and decided lameness.

CHAPTER XIV.

INJURIES — THEIR NATURE AND THEIR TREATMENT,
POLL EVIL.

Poll Evil consists of a deep abscess, ending in an ulcerous sore,
which has numerous sinuses. The situation of the affection is

THE POSITION OF THE HEAD BEFORE AN ENLARGEMENT ANNOUNCES THE EXISTENCE OF
AN ABSCESS ON THE POLL.

the most forward portion of the neck, near the top of the head,
which part is peculiarly liable to injury, especially in agricultural
horses.

The gentlemen who superintend the laying down of stable
floors always make the pavements of the stalls to slant from the
manger to the gangway. They either know nothing about the
habits of the horse, or they disdain to think about so trivial a
matter as the convenience of an animal. Their stables are built
for men ; and it is sufficient if the places will hold whatsoever
man chooses to put into such out-buildings.

409

410 POLL EVIL.

The horse is most at ease when the position takes the strain off
the flexor tendons. That end is accomplished when the hind legs
are the higher portion of the body, or when the ground slants in
precisely the opposite direction to which the flooring of all present
stables incline. Tlie animal finding the slope, which is most
convenient for the builders' purposes, adverse to its comfort
endeavours to compound the matter by hanging back upon the
halter, thus getting the hind feet into the open drain which always
divides the stalls from the gangway.

The rope should be stout which has to sustain the huge weiglit
of the horse ; in proportion to that weight, of course, must be the
pressure upon the seat of poll evil. Pressure, as a natural conse-
quence, stops circulation. Upon circulation being freely per-
formed, health, secretion, and even life itself is dependent. The
flow of blood to any part of the body cannot be long prevented
without unpleasant sensations being engendered. Numbness and
itching are the first results. The horse tries to master these by
rubbing its head violently against the trevise, or division of the
stall. Friction, when applied to an irritable place, is never a
soothing process ; when instituted by the huge strength of a horse,
its probable ill effects may be easily surmised. It is, therefore,
no legitimate cause for wonder if some of the fleshy substances,
compressed between the external wood and the internal bones
of the neck, become bruised, and deep-seated abscess is thus
provoked.

This, however, is not the sole cause ; there are others equally
potent, and generally springing from the same source — namely,
from human folly. How much of animal agony might be spared
if man, in the pride of superiority, would deign to waste an
occasional thought upon the poor creatures which are born and
live in this country only by his permission, and to labour in his
service ? Stable doors are commonly made as though none but
human beings had to pass through them. The tallest of mankind,
probably, might enter a stable without stooping ; but does it
therefore follow that a horse can pass under the beam without
assuming a crouching position ? Many horses learn to fear the
doorway. They shy, rear, or prance, whenever led towards it.
Man, however, refuses to be instructed by the action of his mute
servant; those symptoms of fear, which are the bitter fruits of

POLL EVIL. 411

Experience, are attributed to the patient and enduring quadr.iped
as exhibitions of the rankest vice.

Low doors, such as usually belong to stables, are among the
most frequent causes of poll evil. The horse, when passing
through them, is either surprised by something it beholds outside
the building, or checked by the voice of the groom. The sudden
elevation of the head is, in the animal, expressive of every unex-
pected emotion. Up goes the crest, and crash comes the poll
against the beam of the doorway. A violent bruise is thereby
provoked, and a deep-seated abscess is the sad result.

The horse likewise suffers from the representatives in brutality
of him for whose benefit it wears out its existence. Carters
display their ignorance by getting into violent passions with their
teams. " Whooay " and " kum hup " are shouted out ; the huge
whip is slashed, and the snaffle jagged, till mute intelligence is
fairly puzzled. Were mortals in the like position ; subject to the
same terrible chastisement, and at the same time forbidden to inquire
the wishes of their commander, they would be in no better con-
dition. The panting, sweating, and starting of the poor confused
quadrupeds announce their terror. The driver, too enraged to
understand himself and too impatient to delay punishment upon
the object of his wrath, resorts to the butt-end of his heavy whip.
Some wretched animal is struck upon the poll, for the head is
always aimed at when stupidity quarrels with its own ignorance,
and a dreadful disorder is established.

All the causes of poll evil may, however, be reduced to one —
namely, to external injury. The first result of such a cause is pain
whenever the head is moved. Motion enforces the contraction of
the bruised muscles ; and the agony growing more and more acute
the sufferer acquires a habit of protruding the nose in a very
characteristic manner, long before the slightest symptom of the
malady can be perceived. When forced to bend the head towards
the manger, it generally hangs back to the length of the halter ;
for although so doing occasions pain, the position renders the
necessary angle of the head upon the neck as little acute as
possible. The anguish attendant upon the earlier stages of the
disease is exemplified by the lengtli of time occupied in emptying
the manger. At this stage nothing is apparent; at this period,
also, great cruelty is too often exercised when the collar is forced

412 POLL EVIL.

over the head, regardless of the struggles of the acutely diseased
animal.

Should the seat of poll evil, at this stage of the disease, be
yjarticularly examined, the most lengthened inspection, when
prompted by expectation, may fail to detect even an indication of
probable enlargement. Pressure, or enforced motion of the head,
excites resistance. A few weeks, in some cases, and the swelling
becomes marked, or prominent. In others, the enlargement is
never well developed: instances of this last kind invariably are
the most difficult to treat, for in them the seat of the disorder is
always most deeply seated. The size of the tumour is therefore
always to be hailed as an indication that the injury is tolerably
near the surface, and, consequently, more under tlie influence of
remedial measures.

After pressure has been made, the agony occasioned causes
the animal to be difficult of approach. The common method of
examination is, however, very wrong. No good is done by in-
flicting torture. Something, on the contrary, is concealed. Place
the fingers lightly on the part, and allow them to remain there
till the fear, excited by a touch upon a tender place, has subsided.
Then, and not till then, gradually introduce pressure. The more
superficial the injury the more speedy will be the response. The
longer the time and greater the force requisite to induce signs of
uneasiness, the deeper, as a general rule, will be the centre of the
disease.

In either case, there is little good accomplished by those appli-
cations which are recognised as mild measures. Fomentations and
poultices commonly waste valuable time, and at last prove of no
avail. Therefore, blister over the place. Obviously, the employ-
ment of more active treatment is, at present, forbidden. Do not,
however, give the carter so much liquid blister, to be rubbed in
by his heavy and coarse hand ; but lightly paint over the seat of
the supposed hurt with spirituous or acetous tincture of can-
tharides. Do this daily till copious irritation is produced, and,
before that dies away, repeat the dressing. Keep up the soreness,
but do no more. Never apply the tincture upon active vesication ;
otherwise a foul sore, ending in a lasting blemish, may be the
result. Make the poll merely painful. An additional motive
will, thereby, be instituted to keep the head perfectly quiet, for

POLL EVIL. 413

constant niotion provokes the worst consequences of poll evil,
causing the confined pus to burrow or to form sinuses.

The foregoing treatment has been proposed because the tincture,
when applied by means of a brush, penetrates the hair more
quickly, acts quite as energetically, and is less likely to run down
upon other parts than the oil of cantharides, which the heat of
the body always renders more liquid. It is advised to be used,
because it establishes an external inflammation. Inflammation in
living bodies, like fires preying upon inanimate substances, have
an attraction for each other. All injuries which lead to sup-
puration likewise have a tendency to move towards the surface ;
and these two laws acting together very probably may tend to the
speedier development of poll evil, thereby shortening the sufferings
of the animal. Should they not have that effect, the vesicatory is
beneficial. About the head of the horse are numerous layers of
thin tendon, which are termed fascia. Through this substance,
matter absorbs its way with difficulty. It is, therefore, almost
imprisoned, and motion always disposes tlie pus to seek new
outlets. Thus pipes, or sinuses, are formed ; these constitute one
of the worst symptoms attendant upon poll evil

POLL EVIL DURING THE FIRST STAGE.

As soon as the swelling appears, watch it attentively. "Wait
till some particular spot points, or till it feels softer, if it be not
more prominent than the surrounding substance. Then have the
animal cast. T.eing down, take a keen knife and open the spot
before indicated. That being accomplished, pause while the
secretion flows forth. Afterwards, insert into the cut a small
flexible probe. When its progress is impeded, employ the knife

414 POLL EVIL.

with a director. Continue doing this till the seat or centre of
the disease has heen gained.

Eemember, however, you are not liackiug at the family loaf; it
is living and sensitive flesh you are wounding. Therefore, be very
careful your knife is thoroughly sharpened, and is of sufficient size ;
nnnd, also, that all the cuts run smoothly into one another, so as
to leave clean surfaces for the healing process to unite. Having
reached the heart of the disorder, proceed to empty out all the
concrete matter. That done, wash out the part with a syringe and
the coldest spring water. Afterwards examine the cavity. Excise
any loose pieces of tendon, or of ligament, and cut until a healthy
aspect is everywhere presented. Then rub the sides of the deep-
seated wound with lunar caustic, and let the horse rise. Give orders
that the sore is to be thoroughly moistened, thrice daily, with the
solution of the chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water ;
and, placing a rag dipped in a solution of tar over the wound to
keep off the flies, return the horse to the stable.

If the disease be left to run its course, the swelling generally
increases, while numerous openings at last disfigure the enlarge-
ment. From such drain a glairy discharge. This adheres to the
surrounding parts and, joined to the miserable expression of tlie
countenance, gives to the horse a peculiarly unpleasant appearance.
The flesh wastes under the peipetual anguish, and the half-con-
scious aspect of the creature justifies a suspicion that the brain is
affected.

In that case, proceed as before directed concerning casting the
horse and the knife with which you operate. Have the blade
rather too large than too small.

The horse being down, do not attempt any display of your pro-
ficiency. Look well and long at the part intended to be operated
upon. Decide in your own mind the course in which the knife is
to move. That course should be influenced by the direction in
which you may probably separate the greater number of sinuses.
In the engraving on page 415, there are four holes, each indicat-
ing the presence of a sinus. The supposed direction of the knife
is laid down by dotted lines. The primary and lower incision
includes three of the pipes. That made, anotlier connects the
other sinus with the longer incision ; the after labour necessitates
the cleaning of the central sac, removing all the lianging pieces,

POLL EVIL.

415

also probing the sinuses, and making sure all are fairly opened.
If any are found unopened, a director should be inserted, and the
channel should be connected with the chief Avound, by means of a
smaller knife.

POLL EVIL, IN ITS SECOND STAGE, OR WHEN READY FOR OPERATION.

Two cautions are necessary to be given with regard to tlie
treatment of poll evil ; never permit tlie knife to be applied upon
the root of the mane. Underneath the hair which decorates the
neck of the horse lies an important ligament, the ligamentum
colli, which supports the head and keeps it in a natural position.
Should this structure be divided, the head would immediately
lose its support and fall back towards the chest. All the
evils which might be anticipated may not spring from the divi-
sion of that development; but, it is well to spare it, although
the prostrate animal should have to be turned over and the
operation have to be continued on the other side. Also, when
working the creature subsequent to its recovery, never use a collar.
Wounds, althougli perfectly healed, are apt to remain morbidly
sensitive. Serious accidents, over which the reader M'ould deeply
grieve, may occur from the collar, whilst being put on, touching
the part which once was diseased. A breast-strap is, thei'efore, to
be much preferred.

There are several popular methods of treating this disease.
All, however, are cruel — one is barbarous when properly conducted ;
none are efficient under the direction of a person possessing the
smallest feeling. The injection of potent caustics in solution, or
violent compression upon an exquisitely tender swelling — even
until the force em2)loyed amount to that power which can bring

416 POLL EVIL.

the sides of a distant internal cavity together, drive out the
corruption and hold the part in that position while healing is
established — have been largely advocated. Whoever could increase
the suffering of a mute and patient life to that degree, which the
last method necessitates, would merit a much severer punishment
than the writer can afford space to detail. Of these modes of cure,
the author can profess no experience. He has, however, seen
injections used ; in no instance have they been successful. The
time which they occupied was enormous, and the expense with
which they were attended by no means small. The man who
hopes to eradicate this disease should never have recourse to
them.

Another process, formerly very popular, consisted in slicing the
living flesh in a very coarse and vulgar manner ; that, however,
was merely preparatory. The chief dependence was placed in
boiling liquor, which was inhumanly poured into the wounds.
After such a method were all sinuous sores treated by an ignorant
and uneducated quack, who especially delighted in eradicating such
forms of disease. The writer has heard terrible descriptions given
of the agony produced, and equally revolting has been the picture
of the filth employed by this unqualified horse-doctor. Still, how-
ever the course which has been mentioned is reprobated, our
heaviest condemnation should alight upon those persons who could
so violate the sacredness of their trusts as to surrender any creature
to the torments of so horrible a remedy.

In poll evil the only certainty reposes on the knife. To be
properly employed, however, it should be used as though the
person invested with it was, for the time, divested of all feeling.
He who accepts it must think only upon what he is about to per-
form, and must summon resolution to do it quickly. In surgery,
hesitation is positive cruelty ; the knife, to be curative, should be
gracefully moved through the living flesh.

All operations, excepting those of a very trivial nature, should
be performed upon animals only whilst under the influence of
chloroform, as it enables the operator to take his time, and prevents
those repeated struggles of the quadruped which interfere so much
with the intentions of the surgeon. The inhalation of this anses-
thetic renders the horse insensitive to pain, and the operator at his
ease to use his knife to the best advantage.

FISTULOUS WITHERS. 417

FISTULOUS WITHEKS.

This disease, in its chief characteristics, closely resembles poll
evil. It, however, differs from that disorder in one fortunate
particular — poll evil must come to maturity before its cure can be
attempted with any hope of success. Injury to the withers is
easiest eradicated when attacked upon its earliest appearance ;
both, however, in their worst periods, proceed from pus being
confined, from it decomposing and its establishing numerous
sinuses. When disease has reached this stage, the only certain
cure is the free but skilful use of the knife.

Fistulous withers, in the first instance, is an injury to one of
the superficial bursse, which nature has provided to facilitate the
movement of the vertebral spinal points under the skin. Tiie
hurt is occasioned by badly made saddles, but more especially by
the ladies' saddles. Some fair equestrians delight to feel their
bodies lifted into the air, and enjoy the trivial shock of the descent ;
such movements, however, necessitate the weight should be leant
upon the crutch and stirrup. This kind of exercise is never
indulged in by good female riders, as no saddle, however well
constructed, can resist the constant strain to one side. Friction
is produced ; a bursa is irritated, and the animal will, under the
best treatment, be rendered useless for a fortnight. EoUing in the
stalls is also reported to have occasioned this affection ; so, like-
wise, is the heavy hammer of the shoeing smith, intemperately
employed to chastise the transient movement of an observant
horse.

When first produced, the remedy is certain and easy. A swell-
ing about the size of an egg appears near the withers, upon the off
side of the body. Go up to the horse upon that side ; have with
you a keen-edged and sharply-pointed knife of pocket dimensions.
Stand close to the animal ; then impale the tumour ; and having
the back of the blade towards the quadruped, cut quickly upward
and outward. Mind and stand very close to the centre of the
body, as the pain of this trivial operation is apt to make the
creature lash out and prance. At the spot indicated a person is
perfectly safe; neither hoof nor leg will touch that particular
place, or even come near it. Rest one hand on the back, and by
your voice reassure the startled creature.

2 D

418

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

The swelling being divided, exchange the knife for a lunar
caustic case ; smear over the interior well with the cautery, and
all the business is over. Never, however, attempt to pass by the
heels of a steed which has been pained. The animal may suspect
your motives, and the hind feet of the horse are the most powerful
weapons of offence and of defence. Have the creature backed from

THE SLIGHT ENLARGEMENT WHICH, BADLY TREATED OR UNATTENDED TO, MAY END IN
FISTULOUS WITHERS

the stall ere you attempt to quit it. Subsequently, keep the
wound moist with the lotion composed of chloride of zinc, one
grain to the ounce of water ; also have the part covered with a rag,
moistened with solution of tar. In nine or ten days the incision
will have healed, and after the lapse of a fortnight the animal may
return to its ordinary employment.

Sometimes tiie knife cannot be used on the first appearance of
a swelling on the withers. That is when it is hard, and does not
become soft on the application of hot fomentations and such treat-
ment that is adopted with intent to cause the formation of pus
(commonly called bringing it to a head). Under the circumstances
the knife must be withheld for a time. No tumour should ever be
opened until matter has been thoroughly formed. The hard
swelling is the commencement of an abscess which should be
brought to maturity. If fomentation fails, by applying over and
around it a blister, consisting of cantharides and turpentine, and
twenty-four hours afterwards fomenting three or four times daily —
until the swelling, by becoming soft, pits on pressure — then the

FISTULOUS WITHEES. 419

knife may be inserted, and the treatment the same as before
prescribed.

With all our care, unfavourable symptoms will arise ; numerous
lioles are formed upon the enlargement. These are the mouths
of so many sinuses, and from each exudes a foul discharge. The
poor quadruped evidently suffers greatly; it will almost stand
still and starve, rather than brave agony by violent motion.

A HOESE WITH FISTULOUS WITHERS IN THE WORST STAOE.

The only remedy is by operation. IMake an incision, so as to
embrace the greatest number of holes ; then, cut from the other
openings into the main channel. This done, have the sides of the
wound held back, while the centre of corruption is cleaned out.
Such is a very filthy and unpleasant office: if the bones are
affected, all the diseased parts must be removed. When slight,
the tainted portions may be scraped away ; when of long standing,
the spines of the vertebrce have been sundered with the saw, and
thus taken from the body. At any risk, none but healthy bone
must be suffered to remain ; all discoloured or white portions of
the bony structure must be extirpated, and none but that which
is of a healthy pink colour suffered to continue. If a particle
of unhealthy, osseous growth is left behind, the wound may close,
but it will break out again and the disease become as bad as ever.

The cleansing being accomplished, apply the cloth over the
wound, and keep wet with the lotion, formerly directed to be used.

Sometimes the sinuses will take a dangerous direction, and,
favoured by the action of the shoulder, will burrow from the

420 FISTULOUS WITHERS.

withers to the chest or ell)Ow. Then the knife cannot he em-
ployed. Should a pipe incline to tliis course, but be of compara-
tively short extent, insert a little bichloride of mercury down the
channel. This is best done by powdering some of the salt. Dip
the elastic probe, which has recently been down the sinus, into the
powder. Reinsert it, and continue to repeat this action till all
the bichloride is expended.

If the sinus should have run its entire course, but not have
found an exit below, then employ a long guarded seton needle,
such as can be purchased at all veterinary instrument makers.
Insert tliis in its guarded state, and having pushed it as far as it
will go, give upon the end of the handle a moderately-sharp blow ;
this will force out the cutting edge and drive the point through
the flesh. Pass a long tape with a knot at the further end of it
through the opening near the point, and withdraw the instrument,
leaving the tape in, after another knot has been tied at its other
extremity.

A GUARDED SETON NEEDLE.

THE SETON NEEDLE PROTRUDED, AND SECURED WITHIN THE HANDLE BY MEANS OF A SCREW.

The screw being loosened, the button is struck, and the sharp needle shoots forward, cutting its
way through any interposing obstacle.

Thus, a seton is established, and a depending orifice is insti-
tuted. The tape will act as a drain to the morbid secretion, while
the irritation produced by it will also remove the callous lining of
the pipe. A healthy action will thereby be established ; and, so
soon as the inferior wound discharges a full stream of thick creamy
pus, the seton may be cut out, with a conviction that its ofl&ce is
fulfilled. When recovery has been secured, turn out into a rich
pasture, as the grass acts as an alterative, and the lowering of the
head whilst cropping the herbage necessitates that action of the
neck which exerts a healthy influence on the parts previously
involved in disease.

FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT. 421

FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT.

This is a most serious evil, rather than a quickly-killing disease.
The animal, which is thus afflicted, may endure for years ; but each
meal consumed, and each day survived, rates as a period of misery.
When it is considered how much the happiness of the lower
order of beings depends on merely feeding and living, it will be at
once apparent how much the horse has lost, when all enjoyment
has departed from eating ; when mere existence is embittered by
being a prolongation of the suffering. The digestion becomes
deranged, because the saliva, or a valuable secretion, imperative
to the proper performance of the function, is absent ; while every
moment is a pain occasioned by the agony of a diseased stomach,
and the anguish attendant upon a fistulous sore.

The parotid duct is the tube by which the saliva, secreted by
the gland, is, during the act of mastication, conveyed into the
mouth and mingled with the food. The parotid gland lies at the
spot where the neck joins the jaw ; within the interior of that body
numerous fine hollow vessels unite and unite. These, at each
junction, become larger and fewer in number, till at length they
all terminate in one channel, which is the duct immediately about
to be considered. It leaves the gland and travels for some space
upon the inner side of the jaw ; after which it curls under the
inferior border of the bone and runs in front of the large masseter
muscle of the horse's cheek.

Its injury is frequently occasioned by hay-seeds or particles of
food during the process of comminution, entering the open mouth
of the duct ; these, subsequently becoming swollen, prevent the
free egress of the saliva. The secretion, nevertheless, goes forward
and accumulates within the tube, which it greatly distends. A
confined secretion produces the most exquisite agony. The motion
of the jaw stimulates the gland to pour forth its fluid ; thus, every
mouthful which the animal is forced to eat is not only the cause
of suffering, but likewise occasions additional pressure to a channel
already enlarged to bursting, and which at length bursts.

Another provocative is calculus, or stone, which is sometimes
taken from the cheeks of horses, they being of enormous compara-
tive magnitude ; the natural tube would not admit a pea. Con-

THE PAROTID DUCT DISTENDED BY A
SALIVARY CALCULUS.

422 FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT.

cretions have been removed from this narrow passage as large
as a pullet's egg. Such an obstacle not only impedes the flow

of saliva, but produces additional
anguish by the distension it occa-
sions, and by the hindrance so
hard a substance offers to every
motion of the animal jaw during
the necessary period of mastica-
tion.

Every puncture made into the
substance of the duct, and every
rupture of the canal, speedily be-
come fistulous sores. The saliva
constantly pours througli the open-
ing thus instituted ; the healing
process is thereby prevented, and the edges of the wound rapidly
become callous. It is, however, painful to be obliged to state
that the stable fork in the hand of an intemperate groom is
the instrument by which these punctures are too frequently
occasioned.

Gentlemen, when engaging people to attend upon their animals,
should always be very particular concerning temper. An irritable
person, however smart he may appear, is obviously disqualified for
such an occupation. A man of an evil temper should never be
engaged.

There is an old proverb which, being " the condensed wisdom
of ages," teaches that " the master's eye fattens the steed." Most
of modern masters dislike nothing so much as trouble. The stable
is given over to the servant. No Eastern despot is so absolute as
the groom in his dominions ; he kicks and abuses its inhabitants
at his pleasure. All that comes into or passes out of the building
pays toll to the invested ruler. Five per cent, is levied upon the
hay and corn merchant ; the dung is sold as a legitimate per-
quisite ; the bills of the harness and the coachmaker are taxed
one shilling in the pound by the most ignorant groom, and often
much higher by the properly initiated. Thus, the idle man pays
dearly for his ease. There is no luxury so expensive as a want of
wholesome energy.

The process of mastication causes the saliva to be secreted.

FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT. 423

At each motion of the jaw it is squirted forth with violence ;
every drop of the fluid passes through the false opening — no
portion finds its way into the mouth.
The running of the stream down the
cheek wears away the hair ; while
the absence of a valuable constit-
uent towards perfect digestion
occasions the diet not to nourish
the body. The animal loses flesh,
and quickly assumes a miserable
appearance, which makes the pro-
prietor long to rid his sight of so
pitiable an object.

The cure may be effected by
making an adhesive fluid, by either " "°Sl^J."irxL\cro^'"ILr°"'^
saturating the strongest spirit of

wine with gum mastic, or dissolving indiarubber in sulphuric
ether. Then, when the horse is not eating, by paring off the
hardened edges of the wound till blood issues therefrom. Sub-
sequently allow the bleeding to stop, and place over the orifice a
piece of strained indiarubber. Over that put a thin layer of cotton ;
fasten one end of the cotton to the hair of the cheek, by means of
the adhesive preparation. That being dry, tighten the cotton and
glue down the opposite extremity. Next, attach another layer of
cotton, and subsequently another. Afterwards, fasten more cotton,
some of it crossways ; and, having added as many layers as would
make a good body, saturate the whole with the adhesive solution
before alluded to.

The hair affords a good ground, to which any other substance
can be fastened ; but it is rendered better by being thoroughly
washed with soft soap and warm water. The ablution deprives
the skin of the horse of its naturally unctuous secretion, and
permits the adhesive application a better chance.

The horse should be allowed no food which necessitates
mastication. The head should be fastened to the pillar-reins
during the process of cure. Thin gruel only should be presented
while treatment is progressing, and that should be continued until
the covering falls off. Should the wound not be healed allow a
couple of days to elapse, but give no solid food. Permit the

424 PHLEBITIS.

liorse to rest on refuse tan (not straw, wliich might be eaten),
during all this time. Afterwards, renew the attempt, and repeat
it again, if necessary — though the first trial generally succeeds.

Before concluding, it may be well to arm the reader against
those practices generally adopted by horse doctors. These
practices consist in the use of the red-hot budding iron, which
is among them a very popular application to a fistulous parotid
duct. The theory which induces this resort is a belief that the
heated iron induces an eschar, and the wound closes before the
crust falls off. Red-hot iron is, however, far more disposed to
destroy substance than to favour growth; and probably its
curative properties could have gained faith among no other class.
Possibly there exists no other body which w^ould credit that to
burn a hole larger was the best way to close it. Another artifice
is to inject caustic lotions up the duct, and thereby occasion the
gland to slough out. Against such cruelty the author is pleased
to think little need be said. The operation, when successful, causes
so much irritation as endangers the life ; for the body of the gland
is permeated by so many and such important vessels, as render the
termination always very dubious.

PHLEBITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE VEIN.

Formerly it was the custom to bleed horses for everything and
for nothing. It was not even suspected that a creature, which
exists only to labour unto the limit of possibility, is far more likely
to be the victim of debility than of repletion. It never occurred
to any master that his wretched animal wanted blood putting into
it rather than could endure the smallest quantity of blood
abstracted from it. However, formerly, bleeding was a favourite
resort with the apothecary ; and the old veterinary surgeon seems
to have followed the bad example. Aged people have informed
the writer that they remember the time when, on a Sunday morn-
ing, a long shed was filled with agricultural horses standing in a
row. These victims were all waiting to be bled. The veterinary
surgeon's assistant used to take the fleam and to ojDen a vein in the
first animal's neck. Then he would proceed to the second, and
thus, in turn, he would open the jugulars of the entire number.
No account was taken of the quantity of blood lost — that flowed

PHLEBITIS. 425

forth till the last had been operated upon, when all the creatures
stood simultaneously draining forth their lives.

The veterinary surgeon's assistant subsequently returned and
pinned up the orifice of the first horse ; then he went and per-
formed that office for the succeeding animah Thus, he a second
time progressed down the row, pinning up as he proceeded ; and
the poor horses often tottered before he came. All this was done
for a human fancy. Man thought the loss of blood at spring and
autumn beneficial to all kinds of life. The writer has heard of old
ladies who were very skilful in bleeding cats. Most cats, how-
ever, resist such an application of medical talent. Not so the horse ;
this animal submits itself patiently to the master's wilL The
creature seems to recognise that it has no right to exist, except by
the permission of its owner. There is no living being which
acknowledges so abject a dependence.

In return, it is made a sport of the idlest whims. Hence,
horses, after bleeding, were all thought to be much benefited.
They were expected to perform greater labour, and to continue in
sounder health. In vain did the disease visit the stable more
frequently; to no purpose was diminished capability displayed.
The ungrateful bodies of the " plaguy beasts " were blamed, which
would go wrong, after mortal science had expended its wealth upon
them. Man never doubted his own wisdom — he never questioned
his own conduct ; and it is astonishing the quantity of prejudice
which is from year to year perpetuated, for the want of a small
amount of so cheap an article as mental inquiry !

The worst of the evil still remains to be told. The creatures,
being bled, were esteemed so greatly benefited as to require no
subsequent attention. Phlebitis was, consequently, in other
days, a rather common affection. If neglected, the disease may
terminate in death. In cases aggravated by mistaken measures,
the disorder mounts to the brain, and occasions awful agonies.
Taken early, and properly administered to, this disposition is easily
arrested. It was formerly wrongly treated, and was traced to an
erroneous origin. Phlebitis was, to the perfect satisfaction of
learned judges seated on the bench, attributed to the surgeon's
want of care. So serious an evil was imagined to be caused by
culpable neglect, during a trivial operation. It was thought to
have been provoked by the use of a foul instrument, or by

426 PHLEBITIS.

employing anything else to strike a fleam than a properly made
blood-stick.

Experiments, however, which were instituted at the Eoyal
Veterinary College, have proved, that no want of care, during the
performance of bleeding, can provoke the disorder. Wretched
liorses, in that establishment, have been punctured with dirty,
rusty, blunt, and jagged fleams : all manner of blood-sticks have
been employed in every description of way. These have been
struck violently and tapped in the gentlest fashion. Every
possible sort of pinning up has been adopted; but the utmost
endeavour of intentional perversion could not produce inflamma-
tion of the vein. There appears to be only one ascertained cause :
that is, bleed, do not tie up the head ; but turn the animal into a
field, or present fodder to be eaten off the ground, and it will have
phlebitis. The pendulous position of the head, and the motion of
the jaws, alone seem capable of starting inflammation in the
jugular vein. Bleeding is now almost an exploded operation, and
should never be resorted to excepting in extreme cases, and then
only under able veterinary advice. Of all the various cases that
have been placed under the reviser's treatment during the past
twenty years not one has ever been bled. Horses, which years
ago would have been considered to be subjects of diseases
demanding immediate blood-letting, have yielded to simple and
recuperative treatment which loss of blood would have quickly
destroyed.

There was formerly a grand diversity of opinion concerning a
supposed eccentricity in the facts observed during phlebitis. If
a horse was bled in the neck, and subsequently exhibited the
disease, the brain became affected. If an animal was depleted
from the fore leg, and displayed the disease, the heart became
involved. In one case, the disorder proceeded from the centre of
circulation; and in the other, it mounted directly towards the
organ. A great many hypotheses were published to explain, or
to account for, this imaginary peculiarity. Much nonsense was
spoken, and more was written, to point out the real cause of an
imaginary difference. Yet, calmly viewed, the seeming diversity
appears to agree with the commonest law of nature. Phlebitis
always closes the vessel at the seat of injury. The disease, there-
fore, in each case, is prevented from descending, and consequently

PHLEBITIS. 427

ascends above the orifice, — the only peculiarity being the relative
situations of the structures involved.

This affection is most common after blood has been taken from
the neck. That seeming preference for a particular part may, how-
ever, be nothing more than a circumstance dependent upon the
greater number of animals which have their jugulars opened.
Were the brachial or the saphena veins punctured as frequently as
the vessel which carries the blood from the brain, the apparent
difference might appear in the opposite direction. However, from
whichever vessel the depletion is effected, always tie the quad-
ruped's head up and present no food. A stall is to be preferred
to a loose box, as the confined space is more likely to prevent
action. Motion is the source of all danger. This fact was aptly
illustrated by an anecdote which used to Ije related by the late
Mr. Listen, the eminent surgeon. In his lecture, that gentleman
surprised his class by stating that the last person whom he bled
had perished of phlebitis. Bleeding is the most simple operation
in human surgery. Most surgeons leave this office to the apothe-
cary ; consequently it was rather a condescension in one who
deservedly ranked so high in his profession to stoop to such an
act. What, therefore, could possibly cause disease to follow the
operation when performed by him who was accustomed to surgery
upon its grandest scale.

The cause was soon explained. The person operated upon
chanced to be a lunatic. This insane individual embraced the
notion that the healing process was much favoured by constant
motion ; consequently he kept on flexing and extending his arm
with all the violence which is natural to the demented. In vain
was every effort made to persuade him from so mad an action. He
clung with extraordinary pertinacity to his unwholesome theory.
On the following day Mr. Listen was surprised to find his patient
in bed, but still moving the arm in which disease had already
declared itself. Measures were taken to keep the limb quiet,
but it was found impossible to accomplish this in a satisfactory
manner; and when Mr. Listen again called the patient was no
more !

A vein being about to inflame, the earliest intimation of the
fact is given by the separation of the lips to the wound, while
through the opening drains a small quantity of a thin discharge.

428

PHLEBITIS.

Should tliis warning excite no attention a round and hard swelling
appears. That may be like a hazel nut in size, or it may resemble
half a chestnut in magnitude ; and this is soon followed by a
swollen state of the vein superior to the orifice.

Then supervenes the second stage of the disorder. Unhealthy
abscesses are formed along the course of the vein. As these
mature they burst and send forth an unsightly and filthy liquid
resembling thin contaminated pus. On examination, these tumours

A HORSE, WrTH PHLEBITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE WEN, IN THE SECOND STAGE.

are found to be united. They penetrate to the interior of the
vessel, and are joined together by numerous sinuses. They
literally constitute so many holes in the neck.

THE THIRD STAGE OF PHLEBITIS.

If no attention be now paid to the aggravated symptoms, worse
speedily ensues. In the direction formerly indicated, the vessel
feels hard under the skin. Supposing this sign to be neglected
unhealthy pus issues in quantity from the wounds and soils the
neck. This secretion is soon converted into a dark, impure, and
foetid discharge resembling decayed blood. The horse grows dull
and stupid ; the intiammation ultimately affects the brain, when

PHLEBITIS. 429

the suffering and the life are extinguished in the violent agonies of
phrenitis.

The cure is easy, but everything depends upon the energy of
him who undertakes it. When the lips of the wound which have
been brought together by means of the twisted
suture, "as the pin with tow wrapt round it is
professionally termed," display a tendency to
separate, and instead of being dry, appear moist,
let no prejudice incline towards the ancient prac-
tice of fomenting and poulticing the injury.
Without the loss of a moment in hesitation with-
draw the pin ; remove the substance which was
twined round it, and apply a moderate-sized blister the twisted sutuee.
immediately over and around the puncture. ■*'tbrou\1;heifsof
Should the disease have ascended up the neck, tufn of ™w 'thread'
still rub in a blister, only a proportionate amount ^apt"^ round* the
of surface must then be acted upon. If the case plet'e aii%he poSt
be as bad as possible, and yet the animal is alive, clipped o'ff!^ '^^*^^
still a blister is indicated.

With the progress of the disease, a larger space should
always be subjected to irritation, so as to cover every part
the most active imagination could suppose to be involved.
One blister, moreover, will not suffice; another and another
and another must be employed, till every sign of disorder has
vanished. They must, however, be applied in quicker succession,
as the symptoms are more urgent ; while a greater interval may
be allowed between each when the affection is less serious. In
the worst stage 'of phlebitis, another blister must be put over the
part upon which the irritation of the first has not entirely ceased
to act. In the second stage, the surface must have barely healed
before another vesicatory is resorted to. During the primary
symptom a single application frequently is sufficient, or, at most,
two blisters generally suffice.

When the vessel assumes the corded state, a blister can affect
no more than to check the progress of the disorder ; no agency,
however, which science has placed at the disposal of man, can
restore the uses of the vein. The vessel is lost, and lost for ever.
If a foul and black discharge issue from the openings, insert a
director and enlarge the wounds, joining the holes by slitting up

430 PHLEBITIS.

the sinuses which unite them ; but do not cut the entire extent of
the htirdened vessel, as in that case you may be deluged in blood.
The employment of the knife and the free use of blisters con-
stitute the chief means towards the cure of phlebitis. The sinuses
must be laid open. The probe should then be most patiently
employed, for every sinus must be slit up. This may be done at
once when the hardness indicates the vessel to be closed above the
part which the incision interferes with. To such an extent the
knife may always be employed, while blisters after blisters are
used, regardless of the severe wounds over which they are applied.

Much relief is afforded by the large and pendulous incision,
through which the corruption freely finds an exit. Some horses
however, from the pain occasioned by the raw and inflamed con-
dition of the neck, will not allow the blister to be rubbed in after
the ordinary fashion ; especially when the irritation caused by the
former application has not thoroughly subsided. In cases of this
sort, do not employ the twitch, or resort to greater restraints.
Exercise your reason, Eegard the painful aspect of the wounds.
Ask yourself how you should enjoy the hard hand of a groom,
violently scrubbed over such a part, were the soreness upon your
own body ? Act upon the response. Procure a long-haired brush,
such as pastry-cooks use to egg over their more delicate manu-
factures. Go then into the next stall. Speak kindly to a sick
inferior that is at your mercy. Have the creature led forth, and,
with the brush just described, smear the part with oil of can-
tharides or liquid blister. The extract of the Spanish fly does not
occasion immediate agony, and the application of oil will cool or
soothe the anger of the wounds.

With the jugular vein inflamed, the horse, during the period of
treatment, should consume no solid food. Hay -tea, sloppy mashes,
and well-made gruel should constitute its diet. However, the
gruel must not be given in such quantities, or made so thick as
the same substance would be allowed to a healthy horse. Gruel
may not be very sustaining to the human being ; but it is nothing
more than the oat divested of the shell or refuse part. To the
equine species such food, whether given dry or boiled in water,
is highly stimulating; and as fever invariably accompanies in-
flammation, oats in any form evidently are contra - indicated.
Should the animal, however, become ravenous, a portion of potatoes

PHLEBITIS. 431

having been first peeled, may be boiled to a smash. Some water
and a sufificiency of pollard ouglit to be added, and the whole
presented in such a state as requires no mastication, but in a
condition that will allow the mixture to be drawn through the
teeth. The same thing may be done with carrots and with turnips,
only all mashed roots (except potatoes) should be passed through
a colander and moistened with some of the water in which they
are boiled.

Any animal, during treatment, should be placed in a loose box.
No creature should be turned into the field. It is cheaper to
pasture than to stable a horse ; but the constant motion of the
legs, as the field is traversed, is injurious to the punctured vein of
the limbs ; while the pendulous state of the head and the per-
petual movement of the jaws are most prejudicial when vene-
section has been performed upon the neck. The stable is, in
every point of view, the cheapest and the best residence. The
head of the animal must be tied to the rack throughout the day;
while, at night, the halter may be lengthened, permitting the
creature to lie down ; but the floor should be littered with tan, as
straw might be eaten.

Let the horse remain thus for six weeks subsequent to the com-
pletion of a cure. Then give gentle exercise to the extent which
it can be borne, — the quantity being small, and the pace very
slow at first, but gradually augmented. This exercise should be
maintained for three months. The animal afterwards may return
to slow work ; but if the neck is the place affected it must not
wear a collar, or be harnessed to the shafts for the next six months.
At the end of that time the horse may return to its customary
employment ; but, if ridden or driven, it is always well to bear in
mind the late affliction, and to grant more than the usual time for
the performance of the journey. At the expiration of the year,
the smaller veins, having become enlarged, have adapted them-
selves to the loss which the circulation has sustained, and the
horse may resume full work.

For the first year, gruel, crushed and scalded oats, with two
bundles of cut grass per day, should constitute the diet. The
manger should be heightened, and the halter be so arranged as to
prevent the head being much lowered. Do all in your power to
render useless violent mastication ; and, as the horse never chews

432 BROKEN KNEES.

when the operation is unnecessary, it will obviously second your
endeavours.

At the expiration of twelve months, the animal which has lost
a vein may be sold, and, in law, has been accounted sound. Such
a blemish, however, is far from a recommendation ; in this case,
law and common sense may be at variance. The reader, therefore,
is advised never to purchase a nag in such a condition without
insisting upon a special warranty, in which it is provided that the
animal is to be taken back should the loss of a vessel be productive
of any evil effects within the space of one twelvemonth.

BROKEN KNEES.

These accidents affect the exterior of the central joint of the
fore legs. They may be very trivial or very serious ; they may
simply ruffle the hair or scratch the cuticle, covering the integu-
ment : the same cause may, however, remove the hair and lay bare
the cutis. Moreover, the wound is often aggravated by the nature
of the road on which the animal is travelling. A fall, upon a
very rough surface, might even destroy a portion of the skin, and
deprive more or less of the cellular tissue of vitality.

BROKEN KNEES, OF VARIOUS DEGREES OF INTENSITY.

The hair ruffled, and the The hair removed, and the The skin destroyed, and the
cuticle scratched. true skin exposed. cellular tissue injured.

Accompanying such accidents, there generally is some amount
of contusion. When it falls, the horse is in motion, and the im-
petus lends violence to the descent. Probably, the animal is
being ridden when it comes to the ground. The weight of the
blow is not only, then, proportioned to the heavy body of the
horse, and the rate at which it is progressing, but its effect is
augmented by the load upon its back. These considerations

BROKEN KNEES. 433

render " broken knees " the proper dread of every horse pro-
prietor. An animal may stumble and come down which, prior
to the mishap, would have been sold cheap for several hundreds.
It may be raised from the ground with almost all its worth
demolished. The nature of the hurt is not, however, always shown
at first. The chief danger in broken knees lies in the accompany-
ing contusion. The horse, which rises without a hair ruffled but
which fell with violence, is always, with informed persons, a cause
of considerable anxiety. Contusion is to be more dreaded in its
consequences than is the largest wound, when devoid of anything
approaching to a bruise.

The reason why contusion is thus gravely regarded is because,
when that occurs in severity, the vitality of all the coverings to
the knee is destroyed, and in very bad cases even the bones are
materially injured. All dead parts must be cast from a living
body ; and no man can predicate how deep may be the injury, or
how important may be the structures which shall be opened
when the slough takes place.

Proprietors of horses, thus injured, are commonly very earnest
in their solicitations for a professional opinion as to the extent
and probable consequences of the accident. No certain judgment
can, however, be pronounced, nor should one be given. Any
surgical calculation, notwithstanding it may be most prudently
qualified, is apt to be misconstrued by the anxiety of distress.
The most guarded hint, at a probability of recovery, is too likely
to be seized upon as a positive guarantee of perfect restoration ;
and the possible evils which may have been alluded to, confusion
causes the individual not to remember. Therefore, silence is
wisdom in these cases, however slight the broken knee may r.ppear
in the first instance.

Broken knees are principally caused by the imprudence of him

in whom authority is invested. Certain people imagine the public

admires the man who chastises a horse. Such a person slashes

away for every trivial error. Every imaginary fault is punished

with the whip, which too often curls around parts that should be

respected. The animal, pained and frightened, thinks only of the

slasher behind it, and entirely disregards the path upon which its

eyes should be directed. The flogging is incessant, and the horse's

pace is incautiously fast. An impediment is encountered ; the

2 E

434 BROKEN KNEES.

animal trips ; it is cast to the ground with violence, wliile the man
is probably rendered fitter for a hospital than for the continuance
of his travels.

Other riders and drivers always visit with severity the slightest
indication of weak limbs. A sudden drop, or a false step, is to
such people the signal for the reins to be jagged, the voice to be
raised, and the whip to be freely exercised upon all parts of the
animal's body, — but mostly about the face and ears. The man
likes to behold the poor creature shake its head, and loves to
imagine he is then teaching the terrified quadruped to be careful.
Equine pupils, no more than human scholars, are to be tutored by
barbarity, v/hich may slay the reason long before it can instruct
the mind. Composure is imperative to the acquirement of any
knowledge. Thrashing calls forth terror, and alarm is synony-
mous with confusion of mind. The horse is susceptible of a fear
which humanity, happily, finds it difficult to conceive ; and how
far such a creature is calculated to be educated by cruelty, the
intelligent reader is left to infer.

Could the animal argue, it might plead that the weakness
objected to was caused by exertion made in man's service ; that
the stumbling gait was consequent upon no negligence on its part ;
that it afforded the beaten wretch no pleasure to have the knees
broken ; that if the quadruped might profess a choice, it would
prefer not falling down, etc., etc. If such pleas were properly
considered, they perhaps might still the turbulence of the
punisher.

The great majority of these injuries are consequent upon the
prejudice or thoughtlessness of mankind. Popular admiration is,
in this country, much in favour of a good crest. Every animal,
no matter how nature may have formed the neck, must carry a
good head. The rider, therefore, drags upon the bridle, while the
form of nearly every gentleman's harness horse is distorted by the
bearing rein. The constraint, thus enforced, not only obliges
additional muscular action, but it disqualifies the animal to see
the ground. In England there should be no objection to a blind
horse, since such of the species as have eyes are, by the prejudices
of society, seldom permitted to use them. The horse, being urged
on when virtually blindfolded, must of necessity stumble, upon
any unusual impediment being encountered. Such an accident

BROKEN KNEES.

435

shows no fault in the quadruped ; but the man is truly responsible
for those consequences which his folly has induced.

Wlien a horse stumbles, never raise your voice — the creature
dreads its master's chiding ; never jag the reins — the mouth of
the horse is far more sensitive than the human lips ; never use the
lash — the horse is so timid, the slightest correction overpowers its
reasoning faculties. Speak to the creature ; reassure the palpitat-
ing frame ; seek to restore those perceptions which will form the
best guard against any repetition of the faulty action. When the
legs are weak the greater should be the care of him who holds the
reins. No cruelty can restore the lost tonicity of the linjbs ; there-
fore, all slashing is utterly thrown away. If the reader regard his
own safety let him not, when riding, hold the head up, or, when
driving, sanction the employment of a bearing rein. No inhumanity
can convert an animal with an ewe neck into the creature with a
naturally lofty crest. The disguise of such a defect, as a head
badly placed on the neck, is an impossibility. Therefore, if you
are desirous of a well carried head, think of it when making the
purchase. Pay something more, and any kind of quadruped is
obtainable ; but be above the meanness which purchases for a low
figure, and then endeavours to palm off its cheap article as a jewel
procured at the highest price.

When a horse has been down, never judge of the injury by first
appearance. While the animal stands in the
yard, order the groom to fetch a pail, with milk-
warm water and a large sponge. With these
he is to clean the knees — not after the usual
coarse and filthy fashion now universal; not
by first sopping the part and then squeezing
the soiled sponge into the pail, whence more
fluid is to be abstracted, for the dabbing and
smearing a wound simply irritates it, and the
dirt, having all entered into the pail, renders
the fluid unsuited for after cleanly purposes.

To perform the office properly, the knee
should not be touched. The sponge should be
saturated, then squeezed dry above the seat
of injury. The water thus flows in a full stream over the part, and
by the force of gravity carries away any loose dirt that may be

THE PROPER WAT TO WASH
A BROKEN KNEE.

436 BROKEN KNEES.

upon the surface. Sopping, dabbing, wiping, and smearing occasion
pain, and can remove nothing which may have entered the skin,
and which is protected from the action of the sponge by a covering
of hair. Whereas by the plan recommended the dirt is removed,
the part is not debilitated, neither is its natural energy destroyed.
The last drop of water, moreover, is as clean as was the first ; and
the animal is not irritated immediately prior to a surgical examina-
tion.

If the skin has been cut through, the edges of such wound
should be brought together with sutures ; for this purpose a strong
needle must be used, as the skin at this part is thick, and the after
treatment will be similar to that for other wounds of the knee
about to be described. Other carpal injuries occur where sutures
could not be introduced.

Should the skin be lacerated, the probe must be employed.
Such injuries are very deceptive. They may be much more ex-
tensive than the size of the wound would indicate. The probe,
being of metal, ought not to be thrust violently against every
exposed part. This kind of proceeding can effect no good. The
probe should be held lightly between the thumb and fore-finger ;
no pressure should be made upon it — the instrument ought rather
to fall of its own gravity than be forced into the ilesh. A tliin
piece of wire can be readily driven into soft structures ; but where
an actual division exists, no opposition necessitating force will be
encountered.

Broken knees always occur when the horse is in motion. The
onward impulse is not by the fall immediately destroyed, but after
tlie horse is down there always exists an impetus, which has a ten-
dency to propel the body forward. Should the skin of the knees
be divided by the fall, the after-force, obviously, cannot affect the
upper line of such division ; but the lower edge of the skin will
present an acute obstacle to the roughened ground, and will, by the
grating of the body, in all probability be rent from its attachments.
When the animal rises, the action and the elasticity natural to the
integument will occasion the torn portion of the skin, which has
been driven backwards, to once more assume its original position.
By this means, a kind of bag or purse is formed upon the knee.
Grit, mud, and all kinds of impurities may be retained and con-
cealed within this pouch. These will be disposed to irritate the

BROKEN KNEES. 437

structure with which they are iu contact ; suppuration is certaia
to be established, and sad consequences have followed such sacs
not being early detected.

Such a cavity having been discovered, the next object is to
ascertain its dimensions. This is done by gradually moving the
probe along its sides. Should it be small, it will be sufficient that
a hole be made through its most depending portion with a sharp
seton needle. If it be large, the needle should be armed with a
piece of tape knotted at one end. The sac being punctured, the
needle is to be drawn through the opening, the tape being left in
the cavity, and a seton is thus formed. The seton should be
knotted at the other end, and moved its entire length every night
and morning. It will prevent all premature attempts to heal, will
stimulate the soft parts to suppuration, and will remove the dirt,
as the tape affords a guide to the secretion. When inserting a
seton into the knee always use a large curved needle. The size
of the instruments should never be regulated by any foreign
standard, but should always be proportioned to the magnitude of
the patient and the intention of the operator.

PROBINO THE SAC OP A BROKEN KNEE. A SETON BEING INSERTED THROUGH

THE SAC OF THE KNEE.

Three days subsequent to the full establishment of suppuration
cut off one of the knots, and, laying hold of the other knot, with-
draw the seton. Its advantages by this time are gained, and its
longer stay, by hardening the opening through which it passed,
would occasion lasting blemish.

The reason of its insertion is thus explained. Where foreign
matter is confined, no wound will heal ; the orifice may close, but
soon after abscess forms. This process is repeated until the suffer-

438 BROKEN KNEES.

ing is long protracted. Danger is generally proportioned to the
duration of the evil, where wounds not of a mortal character are
concerned. By the agency of the seton, the foreign matter is
removed, and the healing process thereby considerably expedited.
After the above plan, all blemish may be lost by the expiration of
the third month; and the once injured knee, restored to its uses,
rendered fine as any other part of the body.

Everything being accomplished as it is here directed no attempt
must, in the first instance, be made to poke out any particle of
dirt which the probe may touch. The bagging skin being divided
by the seton having been established in the sac, no further thought
need, for the present, be given to a common but most vexatious
attendant upon the customary treatment for broken knees.

The animal should be returned to its usual stall, and have the
head "racked up." Some cold water should then be procured,
with every quart of which two ounces of tincture of arnica should
be blended. A portion of this fluid ought, with a clean sponge of
moderate size, to be poured into a saucer ; the groom must have
strict orders to take the sponge, and, having saturated it with
the fluid, to squeeze it quite dry, allowing the liquor to run
over the injured knee. This must be applied thrice daily for
one week (after the manner previously illustrated, as washing
the wound).

If, at the expiration of the period named, no swelling appear
and suppuration seem to be thoroughly established by means of
the seton, the halter may be released to a great extent, a cradle
being merely fixed upon the horse's neck ; the animal will thereby
be permitted to lie down and to enjoy its natural rest.

But should the joint be much enlargeol, should the part have
become acutely sensitive, while the horse resolutely refuses to
bear any weight upon the injured limb — then withdraw the seton,
give the animal two pots of stout per day, and all the oats mingled
with old beans which it will consume. Untie the head and place
the horse in slings ; employ the arnica lotion night and day, until
the slough is thrown off, which having taken place, change
the liquid application for the solution of chloride of zinc — one
scruple to the pint of water — and continue to employ this
last lotion after precisely the sane manner as has been previously
directed.

BROKEN KNEES. 439

Probabilities, however remote they may seem to be, are here
endeavoured to be anticipated ; although the author's experience
cannot recall a single case where the arnica lotion has been used
with proper assiduity, and any but the most happy results have
followed. "When an animal has fallen violently to the earth, and
has been, in the first instance, shown to the writer with much
tumefaction and excessive tenderness, a slough has in exceptional
cases followed ; but never has the enlargement or the sensitive-
ness increased under the proper use of the arnica lotion. The
slough, moreover, in such instances has been superficial, only
entailing loss of hair, and never occasioning open joint.

All horses are exposed to these accidents, for the reasons
already stated. Whenever such misfortunes occur, employ the
arnica lotion. Should the skin be divided, still use the arnica
lotion until copious suppuration is established. The secretion
once seen, resort to the lotion — formed of chloride of zinc and
water, one grain to the ounce — which operates most marvellously
upon all suppurating wounds.

No absolute period can be stated, which a case of broken
knees, when severe, ought to occupy. The danger, however, is

AN ORGANISED KNEE, ENSUING AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF THE KNEE SUB-

A LONG COURSE OF THE ORDINARY SEQUENT TO THE HEALING OF THE

TREATMENT. WORST CASE THE AUTHOR EVXR HAD

UNDER HIS CARE.

generally past by the expiration of a week, and the cure com-
monly entails loss of services for a couple of months.

When adopting the foregoing mode of treatment, no bandages
are to be employed. Such wrappers only augment the heat
inherent in every species of inflammation. They dam up the pus,
and speedily become foul and offensive rags ; cleanliness is one of
the primary requisites towards good surgery.

No caustics of any kind are imperative, or even necessary.

440 OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

The two lotions, if used with proper zeal, will accomplish all that
can be desired. The arnica lotion should, however, be in all cases
applied night and day, during the early stage ; the chloride of zinc
lotion ought to be employed only during the time man is usually
out of bed.

The wound, in ordinary cases, should not be washed or
touched. Should proud flesh start up, such is the positive proof
of the negligence of the groom, whose duty it was to apply tlie
chloride of zinc lotion.

If the mode of treatment Iiere laid down be strictly pursued,
a satisfactory and a speedy cure may be insured. To enforce the
value of the measures recommended, the portraits of two knees,
which were subjected to the opposite processes, have been pre-
sented. Both were copied from living subjects in the sixth week
after the misfortune had occurred.

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

The primary cause of these fearful accidents is the pride of
mankind. Gentility is always striving to impose upon credulity ;
it loves to be mistaken for something better than it really is.
After all, this vice of society is nothing more than the child's
game of "Lords and Ladies," played by grown-up persons. A
horse having a naturally defective neck is obtained ; no barbarity
is too abhorrent to repress the hope of making people believe
the steed thus deformed is a creature of extremest value. The
animal, if ridden, has the chin pulled in close to the neck; if
driven, the free carriage of the body is prevented by the cruel
bearing-rein. The horse progresses in agony, while gentility sits
smiling at the result of its artifice. The horse cannot see tlie
ground before it, because of the constraint imposed upon the head ;
it cannot fix attention upon its duty, because of the agony with
which the cunning of gentility inflicts upon the lips. The pace is
always rapid ; the action is high, as in the case of blindness ; and
the animal generally comes to earth with violence. The skin
upon the knees is divided, and the structures beneath are
penetrated. One or more synovial sheaths are opened, while
the cavities formed by the junction of the separate bones may be
lacerated.

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES. 441

Sheath or joint may not be immediately opened by tlie fall,
but either may have their integrity destroyed, through the slougli
induced by the contusion consequent upon a broken knee. More-
over, various accidents will occasionally happen, — misfortune is of
infinite variety. The synovial bursoe, sheaths, or cavities of the
hind legs, are occasionally punctured by the quadruped kicking
violently while in harness. The capsule, embracing the tendon
of the flexor brachii, upon the point of the shoulder has been
opened by the animal drawing a vehicle being run into ; or by
the horse running away and coming in contact M'ith some obstacle.
Any synovial cavity within the body may be penetrated by an
unfortunate combination of circumstances ; or by the ' unbridled
passion of the groom, who may have a pitchfork near at hand.
So also they have been cut into by the arrogance of unskilful
operators. However, it matters not how the misfortune may arise,
the mode of treatment and the manner of cure is in all such cases
exactly the same.

Neither, as regards the primary effect, is it of subsequent im-
portance, whether air be admitted into an opened bursa or sac, a
synovial sheath, or the interior of a joint. All of these structures
are formed into bladders or closed cavities. They all contain a
similar secretion, which is a transparent albuminous fluid, resem-
bling white of egg. They all are of one use, or all serve to facilitate
motion. The bursa is the smallest ; the synovial sheath is the
next in magnitude; and joints may be much the largest. The
secondary effects are proportioned to their size ; but, in the first
instance, much constitutional disturbance will attend the opening
of each.

These structures are not formed to endure the presence of
atmosphere ; if air be admitted, a short time after each displays
inflammation. This creates symptoms of irritability, and air will
enter before we see tlie wound. The secondary effect is, however,
most to be dreaded. Bursa are small bladders, or closed sacs,
distributed over the body, and located wherever the natural
motions possibly might originate friction. Sheaths always
embrace tendons, being essentially closed sacs. The secondary
effects of tendonous sheaths are so much the more to be dreaded
than those attending a punctured bursa, because tlie last generally
lie loosely between highly organised parts ; whereas, a sheath

442 OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

is partly fixed upon a tendon, and tendon, being lowly organised,
is more difficult to cure when it is diseased. However, joints are
much worse than the preceding two, because in these the synovial
membrane is partly spread over the cartilage, which lies upon the
articular surfaces of bones. Now, cartilage is the most lowly
organised substance in the entire body. When disease fixes upon
it, the morbid condition is so slow, so irritating, and so difficult to
eradicate, that science almost despairs of the issue.

The results indicated show that every effort should be made
to ward off the secondary effect. Therefore, when an accident of
this nature occurs, proceed with the utmost gentleness. Having
procured a large sponge and a pail of milk-warm water, saturate
the sponge and squeeze it dry above the injury. Do not touch
the sore, but allow the fluid as it gravitates to wash off all or any
foreign matter. With regard to the wound, dirt seldom enters
that. When it does, the suppuration which must ensue upon the
accident will more effectually remove it than could hogsheads of
water, however unfeelingly it might be employed.

The part having been rendered clean, the wound is to be
attentively observed. Wlien nothing but blood or serum, or thin
discoloured fluid can be seen, this argues the more important
structures are entire. Should there be among, and yet distinct
from, those discharges, a transparent giary liquid flowing fortli,
such is absolute proof some synovial membrane has been severed.
The size of the current and the abundance of the secretion are
also evidences not to be despised. Probabilities may be inferred
from these circumstances. If the amount of synovia be small,
there is hope that a bursa only has been interfered with ; when
the amount is large, it demonstrates that either a sheath is
punctured or the joint itself may have been opened. Synovial
cavitie.s, between bones, may be larger and are much more active
than the sheaths of tendons ; therefore, the magnitude of the
current should be observed ; although, when tlie integrity of many
parts has been destroyed, little, absolute dependence will be placed
upon the comparative quantity of the synovial secretion.

Anatomy is, under the circumstances, a fair guide. Where
numerous structures are involved, a well-grounded learning is
requisite for accurate judgment ; but, as regards the knee of the
horse, the spot whence the synovial discharge issues is of all

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

443

importance. The incision must either be very deep and gaping,
all subjacent structures being divided before the knee-joint can be
exposed, or else the wound must aftect a very circumscribed place.
Beneath will be seen anatomical engravings of the horse's knee.
The reader will remark how closely it is laced about with tendon.
Each of the tendons, when crossing the joint, is embraced in a
synovial sheath. From such information, it will instantly be seen
how far more likely a sheath is to be lacerated than the joint is to
be punctured.

The single point where the joint could be entered, without
severing tendon, lies rather on one side than directly in the centre.
The vulnerable spot is therefore not exposed to the full force of the
blow. To lay bare the joint by an ordinary fall, several parts must
be divided. Earely is an accident witnessed of so fearful an extent.

No. 1.

^'o. 2.

Ti!E TENDONS WHICH CROSS THE OUTSIDE OF THE
KNEE-JOINT.

THE TENDONS WHICH CROSS THE INSIDE OF THE
KNEE-JOINT.

Explanation of No. 1.

1. The Extensor Metacarpi Tendon.

'2. The Extensor Metacarpi Obliquus Tendon.

3. The Extensor Pedis Tendon.

4. 5. 7. Connecting and restraining Bands be-

tween The Tendons,
(i. Tlie Extensor Suflraginis Tendon.
K. The Flexor Metacarpi Externus Tendon
9. The Back Sinews.

Explanation of No. 2.

1. The Extensor Metacarpi Tendon.

2. Tlie Extensor Metacarpi Obliquus Tendon.

3. The Flexor Metacarpi Internus Tendon.

4. The Back Sinews.

The letter a denotes the only spot wh' re
tlie knee-joint could probably be opeiieil
by a fall without lacerating a synovial
sheath or injuring a tendon.

Generally, that which is spoken of as open joint proves to be
no more than punctured sheath : the presence of synovia being
commonly accepted as the proof. But when the joint is really
laid open, the immense flow of synovia — so many sheaths being
severed — should at once prove the fact.

The probe must next be used. In the first instance, it should
be employed to ascertain whether the fall has left any purse or

444

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

PROBING BROKEN KNEE.

the loose flap of skin.

sac at the inferior part of the joint. All which was enforced

respecting the use of a metallic wire to a raw wound must here be

observed. The probe had better be altogether

discarded than employed with the smallest

approach to rudeness.

The suspected sac having been dis-
covered, a large spatula is placed below the
knee. A knife with a keen point, but with
the edge only sharpened for one-third of its
length, is to be used. Upon the cutting
point of the knife a piece of bees'-wax is
firmly moulded. The wax answers the
purpose of a temporary probe ; the blade,
thus guarded, is cautiously inserted beneath
When the bottom of the pouch is reached,
a certain amount of resistance will be encountered ; through this

the knife is driven. The force
cuts in twain the wax, and pushes
through the integument the blade
which the spatula guides from
the leg. This operation should
be performed quickly. The hand
should simply be carried down-
ward, and then brought upward,
when all is concluded ; care, how-
ever, being taken that the with-
drawal of the knife does not injure
any part save those it was de-
signed to cut.

Should the horse be nervous it is advisable to blindfold the
animal, and order the groom to hold up the sound leg; the creature
can then only rear. When thus disabled, that movement is rendered
difficult, and it is proportionably slow. The operation, if properly
performed, should be over before action can be prepared for ; and
by the knife a considerable incision is made in the bottom of the
sac, through which all grit or dirt can, with the pus, readily pass.

The examination concludes with a second resort to the probe.
The instrument is, in surgery, of great use ; but, as it is commonly
employed, reason may doubt whether injured life has been much

THE MANSER OF OPENING THE DIRT SAC, IN
CASE ONE SHOULD BE PRESENT WITH OPEN
JOINT.

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES. 445

benefited by its invention. It generally is roked and poked about
as though the person holding it was determined, at all hazards, to
ascertain the length, breadth, and every irregularity of the wound
he is asked to cure ; much harm is thereby done. Delicate attach-
ments which, if not interfered with, might induce speedy reunion
are thus broken down, and the injury aggravated ; while the operator
thinks he ought to know all about the lesion he is to treat, and
supposes that he can possibly do no harm with an instrument
which the best schools order to be employed.

A good surgeon has no curiosity to gratify ; all he desires to
know is so much as will enable him to benefit the patient placed
under his care. Therefore, never abuse the
probe in cases of open synovial cavities.
Imagine the distance the bones are from the
surface, and, if the probe can enter a very
little beyond that distance, such a fact
demonstrates the cavity to be exposed.
When a horse is before you with synovia
running from a wound upon the knee, have
tlie leg slightly flexed : look for the most free
space, and into that insert the probe. The
bones of the knee-joint are directly under the

skin, and when no opposition is encountered for three-quarters of
an inch, be certain the joint is exposed.

Most of the cases narrated as opened joints were simply
punctures into synovial sheaths; as such, they were sufficiently
serious, but not of so important a character as is assumed for
them. Synovia is placed between the ends of bones, its use being
to prevent the friction which otherwise would be occasioned by
the movement of one hard body upon another. Being confined in
a circumscribed sac and incapable of much compression, the liquid
performs all the uses which could appertain to the most solid
sulistance. When the fluid which, from its thick appearance and
unctuous feel, was formerly termed "joint oil" has escaped, the bones
grate against each other ; inflammation ensues ; all neighbouring
parts sympathise, and the constitution suffers from intense irritation.

Something of this kind happens when a synovial slieath is
punctured. The tendon comes in contact with its investing
synovial membrane ; but there are reasons why that circumstance

PROBING AN OrEN JOINT.

446

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

is not so serious as when the lubricating fluid is released from the
cavity of a joint. Tendons support no weight, and their motion is
with the sick almost optional. The bones are the pillars on
which the body rests. Even while the frame is prostrated a certain
degree of pressure is upon them. For that reason, and also because
tendon is more highly organised than cartilage, the first mentioned
substance is endowed with the greater renovating energy. An open
joint is consequently far more serious than a punctured sheath.
Notwithstanding the serious nature of these accidents, when
wrongly treated, few injuries yield more
kindly to proper measures than do open
joint. However, should the ordinary treat-
ment of caustics and bandages be adopted,
the entire limb, before the expiration of a
week, will be hot, hard, and tense. The
health of the animal will be seriously
affected by the continued irritation, and the
body will rapidly become emaciated. The
foot of the limb will, with evident diffi-
culty, be held from the ground. Should
not death interpose (the animal, being un-
able to lie down, and the entire weight
being cast upon the sound limb), the foot
attached to the healthy member irequently
becomes affected with the worst form of
incurable laminitis.
Even should such a misfortune as laminitis not occur, the

THE INJUREP I.EO — HARD,
HOT, TENSE, AND SWOL-
LEN ; ALL EESULTINQ
FROM THE INJUDICIOUS
EMPLOYMENT OF BAND-
AGES.

OSSEOUS STRUCTURE HAS BEEN THROWN OUT,
CAUSING ENLARGED KNEE AND PERMANENT
BLEMISH : THE RESULTS OF USING BANDAGES.

EXTENSIVE LOSS OF HAIR, GENERAL ENLARGE-
MENT OF THE KNEE AND ORGANISED THICK-
ENING OF THE SCAR, RESULTING FROM THE
USE OF BANDAGES.

after deformity and blemish renders the horse almost worthless.
The bones sympathise in the general disease, and a large osseous

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

447

deposit is engendered to mark the surgical inaptitude. Wlien
bony growth does not follow, the parts lying immediately over the
knee thicken ; the skin sloughs, and the integument never being
restored, a full knee with a lasting blemish is the consequenca

OPEN JOINT, ENSUING
UPON BROKEN KNEE,
AND SOLELY CAUSED
BY THE ABUSE 01'
BANDAGES.

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

The more favourable terminations are never to be anticipated,
when the barbarity of bandages and the cruelty
of caustics are sanctioned. The horse which re-
covers from such treatment is, by an enlarged and
blemished limb, rendered an object painful to con-
template, and is entirely unsuited to any gentle-
man's uses ; while the life of the creature is ren-
dered burthensome. There is nothing in the
proper treatment which a child might not safely
apply. The measures create no pain and require
no force ; they rather soothe than irritate, and
therefore are always submitted to with com-
placency.

The animal, when first brought in, never displays symptoms
indicating the full extent of its injury. The part
which has been wounded generally presents some-
thing like the aspect represented in the annexed
engraving. Commonly, there is an evident flow
of synovia ; but the most careful examination can
seldom detect positive evidence of an open joint.

The full extent of the evil cannot be known
before the slough takes place. This is certain to
follow upon the customary bleeding, physicking,
low diet, bandages, and caustics being employed.
As recovery is wished for, all such aggravations
umst be rejected. Proceed in the first instance as
has been directed for broken knee ; and, these things being done,
give the following drink : —

Sulphuric ether, . . . One ounce.

Laudanum, One ounce.

"Water, Half-a-pint.

Give this without noise or violence.

THE GENERAL APPEAR-
ANCE OF AN OPEN
JOINT WHEN nnsT
SUBMITTED TO THE
NOTICE OF THE SUR-
GEON.

448

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

Treat the frightened animal with even more gentleness and
patience than would be bestowed upon a sick child. A harsh
word may now, when the system is shaken and every nerve
unstrung, do that harm which no medicine can repair.

Having given the drink, look at the animal and take the pulse.
Should the appearance denote inward comfort, and should the pulse
be natural, give no more drinks ; but if the eye is in constant
motion, if the horse breathes hard and starts at sounds, if the head
is held high and the ears are active, repeat the ethereal draught,
and continue repeating it every hour until the foregoing symptoms
abate.

The object of the medicine being gained, have the horse quietly
led into a loose box, a favourite neighbour may be placed near the
patient. But all other quadrupeds which might disturb the sick
animal should be taken out of the building. A good clean bed
should be shaken down, and the diet must be suited to the
symptoms. If the pulse is at all low, no hay should be allowed
till it amends ; should the arterial beat denote oppression, a rather
large proportion of beans may be blended with the oats. If the
breatliing is short, the countenance unhappy, and the eye sleepy,
while a very quick and feeble pulse only is to
be detected, give four of the ethereal drinks in
the twenty-four hours.

The animal being in its box, then apply the
lotion, composed of tincture of arnica, two
ounces ; water, one quart. Use this by means
of a sponge and saucer. Pour some of the
liquor into the receptacle. Saturate the sponge
and squeeze the fluid upon the leg, but above
the injured knee. Do tliis after the manner
which is illustrated, as the proper mode of
washing the wounded part.

Continue with the arnica lotion night and

day, for half a week. No periods can be named

for applying the sponge, as inflammation and,

therefore, the drying powers vary in different

individuals ; but the knee should be always wet. This should be

attended to for the first three days and a-half, during which the

halter should be tied to the rack. At the end of that time turn

THE MANKER IN WHICH
LOTION SHOULD BE AP-
PLIED TO AN OPEN JOINT.

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS. 449

tlie horse very gently round, Eemember the condition of tlie
limb, and allow time for the performance of an action, which is
always an effort to the most agile of the equine species.

The animal being with his face to the door, prepare to place it
in slings. Do not be in a hurry, but by degrees introduce
webbing under the patient's belly, adjust the pulleys, and fix the
straps upon the chest and hind quarters.

When all is fixed, leave a pail of water suspended within easy
reach, and put an elevated trough, charged with favourite pro-
vender, in front of the horse. Let it be watched till a week from
the date of the injury has expired, and never left during that
period, even for an instant. If any restlessness is exhibited, the
attendant should approach and caress the creature. Quadrupeds
— though none comj^rehend the precise meaning of the language —
love to be praised. The hand, fondly applied to the skin, and the
human voice modulated by kindness, seem to convey a purport to
animals, which they will suffer pain to deserve. The writer lately
had a favourite dog, whose aversion was dry bread. It would hold
the detested morsel in its mouth for hours, looking most uncomfort-
able, but making no attempt at mastication. Yet, upon praise
being lavished, the eye would brighten, and, rather than prove
unworthy of so much commendation, the hardest and stalest crust
would be chewed and swallowed.

Watching is necessary, because many horses, when thus im-
prisoned, being left alone, grow terrified, and injure themselves, by
struggling their bodies out of the slings. The presence of any
human being assures the timidity and checks the active imagination
of a solitary animal. The author well knows that the learning of
tlie present time denies imagination to animals. Shying is only
the creature imagining something which is not actually before it.
What are dreams but positive evidences of imagination ? All
people have heard the suppressed bark, and seen the excited limbs
of the dog, as it slept upon the hearthrug. How many grooms
have been surprised, upon their earliest visit, to see the stable
knocked to pieces, and the horse prostrated amidst the ruin it has
created ? How is this to be explained if imagination be not
present in the animal ? This is the author's interpretation of the
mystery. Dreams are active in proportion to the immaturity of

the reason. Children often wake up in tears, and continue scream-

2 F

450

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

ing in terror for long periods if unattended to. The horse starts
out of a fearful vision ; darkness is about it ; the fear augments ;
the animal begins kicking; the sound made by its own feet
increases the creature's alarm ; it lashes out frequently, until it
has pounded part of its dwelling into atoms, and disabled itself
to that degree which makes the highest punishment the greatest
mercy.

A high trough is required to guard against tlie effects of that
itching which attends the healing process, and provokes the animal
to strike its knees. This it would do against the manger were its
head in the customary position. Were a wall before it the knees
might still be laid open ; but with a high trough nothing is within
the reach of its injured joint. Even supposing one of the slender

A HORSE IS SLISGS FOB OPEN JOINT.

supports, by the cunning of excitement to be struck, the substance
should be too light to offer any dangerous resistance, the blow
being far more likely to overturn the machine than to lacerate the
limb.

When the quadruped has remained sufficient time in the slings
to have become familiar with them, pull up the cloth, so that it
may slightly touch, but not press against, the belly. Then well
secure it, and leave the animal to rest its wearied limbs, or not, as

WOUNDS. 451

it pleases. Its suffering joints will soon teach the horse to hear
the entire weight upon such a sujDport, and to sleep comfortably in
the contrivance. With a few, and only a few examples, living in
slings has induced such confirmed constipation, as necessitated a
daily resort to bran mashes. Most horses, however, speedily accept
and grow fat, enjoying the relief thus afforded. Only one caution
need be given ; look well to the tackle. The horse is very heavy,
and should a single fastening prove insecure the result might con-
vert a healing wound into a hopeless injury.

With the employment of slings, change the lotion for one com-
posed of chloride of zinc, one scruple ; water, one pint ; this need
be applied only during the day. It is too weak to occasion pain,
and should be used with the saucer and sponge, after the manner
of washing a broken knee or open joint, which has been previously
illustrated. The strength, nevertheless, is sufficient to coagulate
the albumen of the synovia. Thus, it forms a species of natural
bandage, which excludes the air, while, at the same time, it stimu-
lates the flesh, and causes that to heal under the protection of its
own albvmiinous secretion.

The coagulated albumen frequently accumulates in front of the
knee. The author has seen it attached to the part quite of the
size and very near to the form of the largest
apple. It must on no account be touched,
however large it may grow, or however in-
secure it may appear. Eespect it, and it
will fall off when its service is accomplished.
The cure is nearly completed when the white
ball falls. Shortly after the wounds being
closed, and pressure made with the fingers —
not with the thumb — can be endured, the the albuminous ball,

WHICH FORMS IN FRONT

slings may be removed, though the healing of an open joint when

Tin TREATED WITH A SOLU-

should be further connrmed before the horse tion of chloride of

ZINC.

is allowed to stand opposite to any substance

against which it may strike what recently has been a fearful open

joint.

WOUNDS.

When a horse pauses, always endeavour to ascertain the motive ;
the reason may be groundless. By gentleness convince the creature

452 WOUXDS.

that its fears are without foundation, and you earn a supremacy as
well as win a gratitude which will always be cheerfully acknow-
ledged. Never employ the whip to correct " the obstinacy of the
brute." The horse is naturally very fearful ; were it not so, man
would never have obtained that mastery which is imperative for
domestication. Elderly gentlemen should never thrust their heads
out of carriage windows and shout to the driver to " go on." Such
implied chiding may urge the coachman to display severity, and
the horse is dangerous when alarmed. So long as the animal con-
tinues calm, the superiority of man is submitted to ; but once
excite the terror of the quadruped, and all earthly restraint is
powerless. Dread assumes the form of the wildest fury, and the
horse tears onward, insensible to mortal punishment and blind to
every danger.

It is in this manner the most terrible wounds are produced.
Such injuries, in surgical language, are defined to be " solutions of
continuity," or " separations of the skin and softs parts underneath."
Neither of these definitions, however, include a bruise or a contused
wound. Therefore, for the present purpose, a wound will be inter-
preted— an injury inflicted by external violence.

A LACERATED WOUND may be too trivial to attract the surgeon's
notice — as, a scratch. It may also be a very serious affair — as wdien
a cart-wheel runs against a horse's thigh, tearing the flesh asunder.
Laceration is generally accompanied by contusion ; though contu-
sion forms no necessary part of a lacerated
wound. When such injuries are inflicted, they
are mostly followed by little hoemorrhage ;
yet it is far from unusual for an animal thus
hurt to perish. Shock to the system is the
most serious of the primary effects. Beyond
that, the immediate consequence appears to
be insignificant. Little blood is lost, for the
vessels are stimulated by the violence which
rends these tubes and the soft structures
asunder. Stimulation causes the torn mouths
DIAGRAM OF^A^LVERELACER- ^f ^j^^ arterics aud veins to close or to re-
tract. The ragged coats of the vessels, the
loose fibres of the flesh and the jagged cellular tissue likewise fall
over the orifices, and help to stay the flow of the vital current.

WOUNDS. 453

The dangers attending lacerated wounds spring, in tlie first
instance, from collapse. This possibility being overcome, the
immediate peril has been surmounted ; all injuries of this nature
are commonly attended, however, with more or less contusion.
The force required to tear open a portion of the body will, of
necessity, bruise or kill some part of the flesh. Any animal
substance when deprived of vitality must be cast off by a living
body ; a slough must follow. Now, that process is attended with
hazard in proportion as it is tardily accomplished. The period of
its occurrence is always one of anxiety; for, when this process
takes place, the stimulation that originally caused the vessels to
retract, no longer exists. All mechanical opposition to hsemor-
rhage is, with the loss of the dead matter, generally removed.
Everything, therefore, depends upon the fibrinous deposit ; a sort
of glutinous material secreted by the body, which is, commonly,
largely poured forth when any slough by natural and speedy
action is effected. Should the frame be so far debilitated as to
prevent all secretion of fibiine, the most frightful bleeding must
ensue.

The horse which has not recovered from the original injury
will then sink under the terrible depletion. Therefore it is
impossible to form any opinion of the injurious effects, or of the
consequences likely to follow a lacerated wound before some time
has elapsed.

An INCISED WOUND implies a division more or less deep of the
soft parts. This form of injury produces less shock to the system,
and generally heals more quickly than any
other. The principal danger is encountered
at the moment when the wound is inflicted ;
vessels may be sundered, and they are cut in
twain with the least possible irritation to
the parts within which they are situated.
The veins and arteries, therefore, do not
generally retract any more than do the soft
structures. A gash into a fleshy substance
always produces a gaping wound, which is diaoram of an ikcised
wide in proportion to the depth and length

of the injury. From that hurt the dark coloured venous blood
drains in a stream, while the bright scarlet or arterial blood is

454 WOUNDS.

propelled forth in jets, sometimes to a considerable distance.
These jets correspond with the pulsations of the heart ; but, as
syncope or fainting takes place, the emission ceases with the beat-
ing of the circulatory centre.

The danger consequent upon an incised wound is ever mea-
sured by the extent of the htemorrhage. When large arteries are
divided that fact is easily told by the size and the force of the jets
sent forth. A strong horse may, from that cause, be dead in ten
minutes. To enforce the difference between a lacerated and an
incised wound, the reader is reminded of those painful cases
frequently recorded in the newspapers ; where a limb is by
machinery torn from a poor man's body, and scarcely a drop of
blood marks the deprivation ; also of death by severing a throat,
when sensation ceases ere the stream has flowed forth. The last
is an incised, the first is a lacerated wound.

An abraded wound, in its mildest form, is simply a graze.
The reader will, however, remember how acutely painful such
accidents always are. The horse's sufferings
are not highly estimated by the generality
of people ; nevertheless, an injury of this
description is not to be despised, even when
witnessed on the animal. A broken knee,
as it generally is exhibited, is nothing more
than an abrasion. An abraded wound may
simply mean that the insensitive outer cover-
ing of the skin has been injured ; it may also
imply that the soft structures beneath have
been sundered. Wounds of this kind are
not free from danger when of magnitude.
^%IB^' Little blood may flow, but the cutis is the

DiAaaiM OP AN ABRADED most scnsitivc structure of the entire body.

WOUND. . ■ _ ''

A needle's point cannot enter any part of
the skin without sensation warning the person of a puncture. In
human operations, division of the skin, or separation of the cutis,
is known to constitute the major portion of the patient's agony.

The suffering attendant on the latter class of injuries is
increased, by almost every abrasion forcing grit or dirt into the
substance of the cutis. This, of course, is generally washed out.
The torture accompanying a large abraded surface is, therefore,

WOUNDS.

455

DIAORAM OF A PUNCTURED WOUND.

The engraving supposes the soft
parts to have been divided — in
order to show the ragged
nature and large extent of the
injury, with the comparatively
small opening, by which this
amount of harm is character-
ised.

very great ; and horses, when suffermg from accidents of such a
nature, sometimes sink from the irritation consequent upon the
injury. When the animals survive, the roots of the hair too
often have been destroyed, and a perpetual blemish is the
result.

A PUNCTURED WOUND is always dangerous ; the hazard in this,
as in every species of injury, is greatly
increased, when inflicted on parts liable
to any vast amount of motion. Thus
punctures, occurring over the stifle
joint, too often set our best surgery at
defiance. The muscles of the hind leg
contract with every movement of the
body. Added to that, the part abounds
with fascia.

The majority of these wounds heal
by suppuration. Fascia is a substance
uo pus can penetrate, and which is
more easily rent than punctured. The

exit of the secretion, therefore, is opposed in many directions,
while the ceaseless motion occasions the matter to burrow. The
sinuses thus produced are by the fascia guided to the stifle joint ;
and when once the synovial cavity is polluted by the intru-
sion of the unhealthy pus, all the best efforts of science are
useless.

When a punctured wound occurs, the skin, being elastic,
stretches before the instrument by which the wound is inflicted.
The soft parts beneath the skin, not being elastic to the same
degree as the integument, break down before the penetrating
force. They are torn or lacerated; for generally the muscles
receive a larger injury than would be calculated from the size of
the instrument by which the blow was inflicted. The rent flesh
must be cast off by a slough — corruption generally attends that
process. Much of the pus secreted cannot find an exit through
the opening in the skin ; a large portion of it is confined within
the puncture. There it decays and, being impelled by the motion
of the limb, readily finds its way in all directions, save the
upward one.

No judgment approaching to accuracy can be formed at the

456 WOUNDS.

first sight of a punctured wound. The probe may ascertain the
depth of the injury, but it cannot tell the extent of damage done
to the interior of the body. Therefore, whether the hoof is pierced
by a nail or the muscles are lacerated by the shaft of a cart — be
the instrument large or small — the consequences likely to follow
upon the injury cannot be foretold.

A CONTUSION, in its mildest form, is simply a bruise. Injuries
of this class, when of magnitude, are very deceptive ; the sur-
face is unstained by blood, and there is no flesh exposed. Tor
these reasons the ignorant are apt to disregard such accidents,
and to express surprise when they terminate otherwise than
kindly. When a bruise happens, blood is effused in smaller
or larger quantities according to the extent of the injury. A
small quantity of effused blood, sufficient to
discolour the human skin, may be absorbed ;
but when the amount is large, the powers of
nature are defied. The blood thrown out not
being taken up again, congeals, and ultimately
corrupts. Then an abscess or a slough is neces-
sitated. Both are attended with danger. The
first may be deep-seated or superficial; either
DiAGRAM^oF^A^coNTusED f^^.^^ -^ ^tteuded by much weakness. That

generates considerable irritation, and may even
be the cause of fatal heemorrhage. Or it may lead to sinuses — the
direction, the number or extent of which, when they do occur, is
not to be predicated. A bruise is, consequently, not to be judged
of hastily. The amount of pain which it provokes is even un-
worthy of dependence, as the injury may have hurt the bone or the
tendon, and then, though the accident is rendered very serious,
in the first instance no sign of agony announces the extent of the
evil.

With regard to treatment, when a lacerated ivouncl occurs, the
first attention should be paid to tlie system, which has always been
much shaken. Give, therefore, the drink composed of one ounce
each of laudanum and sulphuric etlier, with half-a-pint of water ;
repeat it every quarter of an hour, till the shivering, natural to
the horse on these occasions, has disappeared, and the pulse has
recovered its healthy tone.

Avoid all poultices of the ordinary kind ; one composed of

WOUNDS. 457

one-fourth yeast and three-fourths of any coarse grain, excepting
bran, may be applied. So, also, may a lotion thus composed : —

Lotion of Lacerated Wounds.
Tincture of cantharides . . One ounce.

Chloride of zinc Two drachms.

Water Three pints.

Mix.

Keep a rag constantly wet over the wound.

Either will stimulate the parts, and probably prevent any
tendency to unhealthy action. The yeast poultice produces this
effect, by giving off carbonic acid ; the lotion accomplishes this
intention, by both its active ingredients. Each is stimulating,
also disinfectant, and will counteract any filthy odour, which may
attend the sloughing process ; but the lotion is, perhaps, to be
preferred, as it is more easily applied. When the slough has
taken place, should hiemorrhage ensue, dash upon the part jug
after jug of the coldest water ; or should no very cold water be
at hand, drive upon the moutiis of the vessels a current of wind
Jrom the nozzle of tlie bellows. Continue to do this till the
bleeding ceases, or until a surgeon can be obtained to take up the
arteries.

The after treatment is simple. Apply, frequently, the solution
of chloride of zinc, one grain to an ounce of water; that lotion
will cleanse the wound and prevent unpleasant smells.

As respects feeding, this must be regulated by the character of
the pulse. Should the beat of the artery be quick and feeble, no
hay should be given ; good thick gruel should constitute the only
drink. Good oats and old beans, both crushed and scalded, should
then constitute the food, and the utmost gentleness should be
exercised towards the animal.

Should the pulse be natural, allow three feeds of oats each day,
as in every kind of injury to the horse, more danger is to be appre-
hended from debility than from any excess of energy.

Lncised Wounds. — When these happen, always dash the part
with plenty of cold water, or blow upon them witli the bellows.
Place the horse in the nearest shed ; motion promotes hcemorrhage,
therefore a walk is not to be hazarded. The bleeding being
arrested — for in severe accidents of this kind there is no time to

458

WOUNDS.

send for assistance — let the animal remain perfectly quiet, until
the exposed surface has become almost dry, but on being touched
by the finger feels sticky. Then draw the edges together and
keep them in that position by means of sutures.

The best means of inserting these sutures is with a curved
needle, fixed into a handle. The handle is wanted to obtain the
necessary power, and the needle's point should be sharp to pene-
trate the hide of the horse, which in places is of considerable

thickness. The needle is thrust
through the integument about one
inch and a half from one margin of
the incision ; it is brought out about
the same distance within the divided
soft parts. It enters the opposite
side of the sundered flesh, even with
the place whence it came forth, and
afterwards it appears through the
skin about equal distance from the
opposite edge of the wound. There
is a hole near the point of the needle.
Tln'ough this opening a piece of strong twine or narrow tape is
threaded — when, the instrument being withdrawn, the twine or

FIXED SUTURE NEEDLE. VERY USEFnii
FOR INCISED WOUNDS OF NO GREAT
DEPTH.

THE MANNER OF USING THE FIXED SETON NEEDLE.

A second person pushes the wound together, and when the point of the needle appears tlireads
it with a piece of zinc wire or soft string. The needle is then retracted and released from the wire
or string, whereby a suture is left in the wound.

tape is pulled into the puncture which has been made,
needle is then released, the suture being left in.

The

WOUNDS.

459

So many sutures as may be necessary are thus inserted. In
small wounds these are about two inches asunder, but in laiger
injuries three inches apart. All are
duly placed before any are tied ; the
whole being ready, the wound is
forced together by an assistant, while
the strings are fastened ; care being
exercised not to bring any of them
actually tight, lest the motion of the
body or the swelling of the part should drag the sutures through
the flesh, and thereby tear them out.

A wound thus united may possibly heal by first intention ; or
the divided parts, when brought together, may join and give no
further trouble to the surgical attendant.

Union by first intention is, however, somewhat rare in the
horse, and should that not take place suppuration will be estab-

DIAGRAM OF SUTURES, WHEN TIED AND
LEFT IN A WOUND.

No. 2.

No. 1.

TWO KINDS OF SUTURES BARELY EMPLOYED UPON THE HORSE,

No. 1. The continuous suture which is employed for sewing up portions of bowel, when the intes-
tines are injured and exposed.

Ko. 2. The deep suture or the quill suture. In the horse pieces of wood are substituted for quills.
The wood is notched in the centre, and upon the indentations the sutures are fixed to pre-
vent the movements of the animal from displacing them. It is sometimes employed to
bring the sides of deep and gaping wounds closer together.

lished. So soon as the pus flows freely forth and the sutures
appear to tighten or drag, cut them out by snipping the twine,
but allow the strings to loosen before you attempt their with-
drawal.

460 WOUNDS.

If this is not done, the sutures will speedily find an exit for
themselves by causing the flesh, against which the tension acts,
to be absorbed ; thus, the original injury will be rendered more
complicated, and the ultimate blemish must be altogether greater.

All that is required after the establishment of suppuration is
to bathe the part with the solution of chloride of zinc, one grain
to the ounce of water. This lotion will suppress any fcetor, and
gently stimulate the healing process, and it will prevent the
sprouting of fungoid granulations ; it is necessary also to attend
strictly to the directions laid down for feeding during the cure of
wounds.

The treatment of an abraded wound chiefly consists in cleans-
ing the surface with plenty of cold water, which should be allowed
by its own weight to wash ofl" any loose particles of dirt. No
cloth or other aid should be employed to scrub the living flesh as
though it were an insensitive board. The matter which cannot
be removed by simply sluicing had better remain to be expelled
by the secretion of pus. The horse, especially when terrified,
endures pain very badly ; indeed, the animal is so timid and so
delicately framed, that it is always good surgery to spare all un-
necessary suffering.

Support the body with laudanum and ether drinks, one ounce
of each to the pint of water, as often as they may be needed. Let
the food be generous, unless fever should arise, when the directions
already given must be attended to.

Punctured Wounds require only one kind of treatment, whether
a nail be driven into the flesh of the foot or the shaft of a cart be
forced into the substance of the thigh. Here the knife must be
employed; and, unless the animal shows evident symptoms of
excessive weakness, it is better, perhaps, to operate while the parts
are partially numbed by the shock than to wait until a morbid
sensibility is provoked. Always enlarge the opening ; do this in
the foot by cutting away the horn of the sole around the small
puncture left by the nail. When the soft parts are penetrated,
probe the wound first; then, if possible, insert a knife to the
bottom of the puncture, and with the edge downwards draw it
forth. By this means a wound resembling a subverted < will be
instituted. It will be narrowest towards the extremity, and
widest at the mouth. A free opening affords a ready egress for

WOUNDS. 461

all sloughs and pus. It materially aids the healing process, and
effectually prevents the establishment of sinuses ; while the clean
incision left by the knife is of small import, when taken into con-
sideration with the other consequences of a punctured wound.

Support the animal, if necessary, or regulate the food by the
symptoms.

A Contused Wound, when slight, may be rubbed with the iodide
of lead ointment, one drachm of the active agent to the ounce of
lard ; when all enlargement will sometimes subside, and the effused
blood may be absorbed. However, the horse commonly receives
injuries of magnitude. In the last case, take a sharp knife and
draw it along the entire length of the swelling. Make a long gash,
only through the integument, at every eighth inch, and be careful
to carry the knife througli the integument, or to the lowest portion
of the detached skin. Any sac that may be left is certain to retain
corruption, and may produce fearful after consequences. The
attendant measures consist in bathing the contusion with a lotion
composed of chloride of zinc, one grain • water, one ounce ; and
diminishing the food or supporting the body as nature demands
such treatment.

The after treatment of all injuries consists in keeping any
external orifices open till all sloughs and pus have disappeared.
In surgery, a large and depending opening, by means of which the
interior may drain, is always to be preserved, and the knife, to this
end, may be employed so often as the healing process threatens to
prematurely close the wound.

Formerly, it was the practice to bleed after every injury ; this
was done to prevent fever. However, observation has shown that
tlie vital powers are more often weakened than increased by the
shock attendant on severe accidents. Whenever the contrary hap-
pens, it is far better to lower the pulse by repeated doses of aconite
than to abstract that which will subsequently be necessary to
repair injury.

It was also once the custom to fill wounds with tents or lumps
of tow, and to bandage every injured part. These habits only
served to confine that which nature was striving to cast out. They
consequently did much harm, and are now happily discarded.

Mr. Edward Mayhew, many years ago, introduced a bandage
which was intended to meet an inconvenience experienced when

462 WOUNDS.

a horse Lad the walls of the abdomen punctured. The annexed is
made like a broad belt, and is buckled round the body. The bars
are composed of vulcanised indiarubber ;
they will yield to the movements of the
abdomen, and yet serve as sutures, support-
ing any pendant flap, while at the same time
they will allow the wound to be dressed
without disturbing the bandage. They also
offer the advantage of permitting the attend-
ant to pull one support aside without remov-
ing the whole.

A BANDAGE DESIGNED FOR

WOUNDS ON THE TRUNK Every part in the horse subjected to much

OF THE HOKSE. .

motion when wounded should have an adhe-
sive plaster placed over it, and retained there until the suppurative
action is confirmed. By this means is excluded the atmosphere
which, when this precaution was neglected, has entered the wound,
penetrated between the muscles, and, by distending the body, in-
creased the suffering as well as led to the worst of consequences.

Wounds in veterinary surgery rank among the most formidable
cases with which the practitioner has to contend. They are not so
because the flesh of the horse is slower to heal than that of the
human being. Indeed, the scale in this respect inclines toward the
animal ; but they are rendered slow to heal and difficult to cure by
two causes. The horse is always impatient of restraint ; any effort
to confine the creature is more likely to provoke dangerous resist-
ance than to induce the slightest symptom of amendment. The
quadruped naturally delights in motion. It was formed for
activity. Even when in its stall the body is never absolutely
still. The position is being changed ; the legs are frequently
stamped ; the head, eyes, ears, and tail are never quiet. This
innate quality retards the union of sundered flesh. It favours the
gravitation of pus between the muscles, and thus generates sinuses.
These are the torments of veterinary surgery. Could the sinus be
anticipated, or in all cases eradicated, the principal difficulty would
be removed ; but intelligent as the horse is, it has been found im-
possible to make it comprehend the necessity for quietude. Hence
any trivial accident may lead to injuries of so extensive a character
and so malignant a nature as will set the best endeavours, or the
most consummate skill, at defiance.

CHAPTER XV.

OPERATION'S.

The veteriimry art is by no means rendered more successful by
the cunning of its stratagems. Many of its objects are accom-
plished after the rudest and the most primitive methods. Not
one, perhaps, is more coarse than the present method of casting or

TtlE PRESE>fT MANNER OF CASTING A UOESE FOR OPERATION.

throwing an animal previous to an operation. The reader has only
to ask himself what condition the body nmst be in when, with
the sight blinded, it is suddenly jerked to the earth ; and how far
it is fitly prepared by so violent a preliminary to be submitted to
the knife of an operator ?

There are few operations in veterinary surgery which a person

463

464 OPERATIONS.

of moderate nerve and average intelligence might not himself per-
form. The author has seen gentlemen with titles, and others
holding high rank in the army, indulge in the strange pleasure of
singeing living flesh with the heated iron. But he has never
beheld horsemen handling the knife. The latter would better
become their hands than the first severe and disfiguring instru-
ment, which, however useful it may have been found in certain
cases met with in human surgery, nevertheless would be well
abolished from veterinary practice, because of its indiscriminate
abuse. Firing is employed for every and for no reason. Now, it
is had recourse to because the joints are weak. Then, it is adopted
because a gentleman is fond of seeing his horses scored. Next, it
is used to gain time and thus prolong the treatment. Generally,
it is brought forward because the practitioner does not know what
else to do. Lastly, it is esteemed the crowning measure of routine
practice.

"We have often sought information from all sorts and conditions
of men — scientific men and cab-drivers ; but neither one nor the
otlier have ever been able to explain in what direction firing acts,
or the good it induces. " My horse was lame," they say, " before
he was fired ; he is sound now." This proves nothing. The long
rest that is necessary after firing gives diseased parts time for
nature's wise processes to exert their influence, which bring about
cure, interfered with rather than assisted by the red-hot iron.
The late Professor Syme, Edinburgh, once remarked to the reviser,
" When will you veterinary surgeons cease to continue the barbarous
system of firing ? " A conversation ensued, and from that moment
to this the firing-iron has seldom been in my hands, and then
always against my advice. No person living can explain its
modus operandi nor its uses. It represents an old farrier's pre-
scription, and a most cruel and barbarous operation.

Already the public, in certain directions, have recognised its
inutility, for very few horses are fired now in comparison with
those of twenty years ago. Blemished horses, M'ith scars on their
hocks and legs caused by the heated iron, are exceptions now and
not the rule ; and the sooner this burning of flesh is altogether
banished from veterinary practice the better will it be for the
suffering horse and the pocket of the horse-keeper.

The knife, especially to the animal, is the most humane of

OPERATIONS. 465

remedies. It affords often instant or immediate relief The animal
seems to suffer more from the restraint imposed than from the
wounds inflicted. The chief sensation, with all forms of life, resides
in tlie skin ; so that the integument be quickly and effectually
divided, the soft parts underneath liave but little feeling. The
interference with these last rather produces faintness or sickness
than acute suffering. The knowledge of this fact will embolden
many a humane person ; though the writer trusts it will not be
credited by all who are of an opposite character, since boldness,
unrestrained by humanity, only renders the individual a savage
without a savage's excuse.

Such operations as embriotomy, castration, and lithotomy are
intentionally omitted, from a conviction that no gentleman would
undertake them ; and because, in every instance, they had better
be entrusted to a regular veterinary surgeon.

Before undertaking any operation, always reflect on what 3'ou
are about to do, and make up your mind how you design to do it.
Irresolution causes more suffering than the most perverted deter-
mination can inflict.

Where you anticipate much bleeding always endeavour, if
possible, to divide the main artery with the first incision. This is
by far the most humane, and therefore the safest practice ; the
vessel, being divided, can be taken up, and all further flow of blood
thereby checked. But if the artery be left to the last it remains
to fill the smaller branches. These are, of necessity, frequently
severed. Each, as it is cut, bleeds more or less freely ; thus the
luemorrhage is far greater, and the operation far more difficult, than
if the main trunk had been secured at the earliest possible period.

If, during an operation, you make an accidental incision into a
vessel, either take it up (which is the better way) or cut it short off
when there is a chance of its retracting, and of the bleeding being
thus arrested. A'essels of large size may, when requisite, be excised
and tied, the vital current being afterwards carried on by the
dilatation of the lesser ducts.

To tie an artery, it is imperative to secure the end of the vessel ;
this, if possible, should be accomplished with the forceps. When
the mouth of the vessel is much retracted, it may be necessary to
employ the knife ; but that practice should be viewed only as the
last resort of the proficient surgeon.

2a

466 OPERATIONS.

The end of the artery being fixed and drawn forth, a piece of
strong silk thrice twisted (after the method represented in the
inferior circle of the annexed illnstration) is
passed over the vessel. The silk is then
drawn tight, and will generally remain fixed.
However, sad accidents have occurred by
operators trusting to so doubtful a security ;
for that reason it is always advisable to make
another twist (as shown in the smaller circle
of the illustration), which will render the
knot secure.

THE I.OOP, BY MEANS OF Evctt Si vcsscl of thc sccoud magnitude

rRTEEiEsTRE secured! ^■'^^^7 ^6 oblitcrated, as the carotid artery or
the jugular vein, without life being neces-
sarily sacrificed. However, it is always well to spare these parts,
or, when either is lost, to arrange so as the absence of them may
entail the least possible inconvenience upon the animal. Thus, if
the carotid artery be lost, place the food low down, and thereby
aid the flow of blood to the head. If the jugular vein be destroyed,
then put the fodder high up, that the current from the head may
be facilitated.

Never, on any account, remove any portion of skin which is
not involved in some fearful injury, or separated from its attach-
ments by the action of disease.

Skin is the part of the body which is never reproduced, and
even the place whence it is absent always heals slowly. However
loose the skin may appear — however disproportioned it may seem,
after some tumour has been removed — respect every particle of
it. Before the wound can heal, inflammation must set in. That
process ended, the skin, under its action, will have contracted, and
in the end there will be only sufficient integument to cover the
j)art. Whereas, if the slightest amount be excised to such an
extent, there will for a long time remain a gaping sore.

Never spare the knife — think well before you touch that tool,
but, having it in hand, assure yourself its edge is sharp, and
never do at two cuts that which might have been accomplished
in one.

Always slit up a sinus, where such a proceeding is possible
When the sinus is too long, supposing the pipe to take an internal

OPEEATIONS. 4G7

direction, as from the withers to the chest, insert a seton with the
guarded seton needle, a representation of which is given below.

THE GUARDED SETON NEEDLE.

The blade of this instrument is generally about two feet long.
Before using it, the cutting head is always retracted, by pulling
backward the nut at the extremity, and securing it in its place by
means of the screw situated on the middle of the handle. The
blade then reposes upon a blunt companion, and may with im-
punity be inserted down any sinus or false canal. Having reached
the bottom of the pipe, and all important vessels being passed, the
screw is loosened, and the projecting end of the blade (at the ex-
tremity of the handle) is struck forcibly, when the sharp point is
driven forward, and this pierces the flesh.

THE SETON NEEDLE PROTRUDED, THE SCREW BEING LOOSENED AND THE NUT DRIVEN DOWNWARD.

Behind the cutting head there is a free space. Through that
opening a long piece of tape is threaded, and the instrument is
withdrawn, pulling the tape into the sinus, in which it remains.
A knot is made at either end of the tape ; thus a seton is with
safety placed in situations where the depth to be penetrated would
defy ordinary measures, and the vessels to be passed would render
such measures more than doubly hazardous.

The use of a seton is to act as a drain, or to stimulate an un-
healthy canal, — to provoke a sinus to secrete healthy pus, instead
of a thin, and often a foul discharge, — and thus to cause the
diseased pipe to heal, or to become obliterated.

When operating, always make your first incision through the
vskin, rather too large, than in the least too small ; remember, the
division from within outward occasions much less pain than the
separation made after the ordinary fashion — from without inward.

Never spare hair — the substance is readily reproduced. It can

-468 OPERATIONS.

be wished to be spared, only to conceal the fact of an operation
having been performed. Always refuse to become a party to dis-
lionesty. Do what is necessary for the proper performance of your
office. The removal of hair, which may otherwise interfere with
your sight, is essential ; therefore, cut it off, regardless of any wish
to the contrary.

Instruct your assistants how to cast the horse beforehand —
leave that business to them — never meddle yourself. The writer
has seen veterinary surgeons, in their operating dresses, push and
haul with the utmost energy. Such silly people have, doubtless,
thought themselves exalted by this exhibition of violence. It
would have been more to their credit had they devoted half the
energy to teaching their people beforehand. But in what condi-
tion must their hands and temper be after having taken a lead in
a struggle with a horse for mastery ?

A surgeon should always be cool — his head should direct his
hand ; his knife should be held lightly ; his eye should be quick,
and his mind prepared to meet any accident. He should do his
office neatly and, if possible, without soiling his person. The
ripping cut and the bloody hands alone distinguish the ignorant
butcher from the scientific operator.

When an animal to be operated upon has not been put under
the influence of chloroform, during every operation enjoin the
strictest silence upon the spectators. The horse is never vicious,
but is always timid. Sounds have a powerful effect upon animals
which cannot understand speech. Every word uttered, even in
a whisper, should be of assurance to the sufferer ; for the horse is
only to be feared in its efforts to escape from some supposed peril.
It becomes mad in its alarm. It then puts forth its strength and
exerts it without regard to consequences.

There are more ways than one by which a horse may be cast.
But the one now in usual operation, if carefully conducted, — i.e. if
the horse be placed over a thick and soft bed of straw or, better
still, be thrown on soft ground, such as is met with in some fields,
and is carried out by four men who thoroughly understand the
work before them, — represents by far the most safe and expeditious
mode of fixing a horse to comparative immobility for any operation.

The late Mr. Rarey introduced a method for taming vicious
horses. It is in reality a system of throwing horses by degrees,

OPERATIONS. 469

leg by leg, until the whole fabric is brought by exhaustion to sub-
mission; the plan adopted is better explained in Earey's own
words.

" Everything that we want to teach the horse must be com-
menced in some way to give him an idea of what you want him to
do, and then be repeated until he learns it perfectly. To make a
horse lie down, bend his left fore leg and slip a loop over it, so
that he cannot get it down. Then put a surcingle around his body,
and fasten one end of a long strap around the other fore leg, just
above the hoof. Place the other end under the surcingle, so as to
keep the strap in the right direction ; take a short hold of it with
your right hand ; stand on the left side of the horse, grasp the bit
in your left hand, pull steadily on the strap with your right ; bear
against his shoulder till you cause him to move. As soon as he
lifts his weight your pulling will raise the other foot, and he will
have to come on his knees. Keep the strap tight in your hand, so
that he cannot straighten his leg if he rises up. Hold him in this
position, and turn his head towards you ; bear against his side with
your shoulder, not hard, but with a steady, equal pressure, and in
about ten minutes he will lie down. As soon as he lies down he
will be completely conquered, and you can handle him as you
please. Take off the straps and straighten out his legs ; rub him
lightly about the face and neck with your hand the way the hair
lies ; handle all his legs, and after he has lain ten or twenty
minutes, let him get up again. After resting him a short time,
make him lie down as before. Eepeat the operation three or four
times, which will be sufficient for one lesson. Give him two lessons
a day, and when you have given him four lessons he will lie down
by taking hold of one foot. As soon as he is well broken to lie
down in this way, tap him on the opposite leg with a stick when
you take hold of his foot, and in a few days he will lie down from
the mere motion of the stick."

There are, besides the hobbles, two other inventions designed to
limit the capability of resistance. One is the side line. A soft
collar is put over the horse's head, and a hobble is fastened to the
foot it is desired to have elevated. From the collar is dependent a
metal loop, ring, or other contrivance. By the side of this a strong
rope is attached. The cord is then passed through the D of the
liobble; afterward it is brought back and run through the side

470

OPERATIONS.

ring or loop. A man then takes hold of the end of the rope, and
by gradual traction causes the leg to be advanced. It is neither
wise nor humane to draci the foot off the ground. A horse which

THE SIDE LINE.

will stand quiet with both feet resting on the earth is rendered
restless when one leg is fastened in the air.

The occasion which makes it imperative to apply the side line
is when the hocks or hinder parts are examined. Many unbroken
horses, though quiet in other respects, will not allow these portions
of the body to be touched. By causing one leg to be advanced.

THE DOUBLE SIDE LINE.

the other is deprived of all power as a weapon of offence. The
horse would obviously fall if he were to project the only free hind
member ; and the timidity of the creature indisposes it to incur so
vast an indignity.

OPERATIONS.

471

The other invention is tlie double side line. A rope is fixed to
a loop on either side. The loop or ring is attached to a soft collar.
The rope is afterwards threaded through a hobble on each pastern.
Both legs are then gently pulled forward, and the animal, having
its posterior supports drawn from under it comes to earth. The
ropes are held tight, while the horse is turned upon its back. The
instant it is in that position somebody seats himself upon the head,
while the body of the animal is propped up by numerous trusses of
straw.

This last is but an imperfect method of casting. In general, it
is rendered still more cruel by the abuse to which it is subject.
The ropes are commonly pulled with an utter disregard to the
living body upon which they operate. The hind legs are often
drawn to the shoulders, and frequently additional cords are
employed to make the poor creatures more distorted and more
fixed.

Should a horse, when under the knife, struggle, do not attempt
to contend with the animal. Immediately leave hold of your
instruments, and withdraw your person out of danger. Allow
your knife, etc., to remain ; it will seldom be displaced or, if cast
out of the wound, can be easily reintroduced ; whereas, did you
endeavour to snatch away or to retain your hold, the most lament-
able consequences might be the result.

Another caution, and this part of the writer's office is con-
cluded. When you operate upon a leg, have that limb uppermost ;

unless your incision is made upon the inner side. Have the foot
placed upon a pillow or sack, stufted with straw, and a strong

472 OPERATIONS- TEACHEOTOMY.

webbing put around the hoof. The webbing give to a man who is
to pull at it. The dragging sensation renders the horse inclined
to retract the member ; therefore, place yourself in front of the
limb, or on the same side as the man who holds the webbing. The
fore leg, when advanced, cannot be readily employed as a weapon
of offence, and the hind limb is always, when used in defence,
projected backward.

TRACHEOTOMY.

This operation is, perhaps, the most humane recourse of
veterinary surgery. Neurotomy may save the horse from greater
and longer suffering ; but tracheotomy is performed, unlike the
former operation, upon an animal in an unconscious state.
Difficult respiration, either from tumour pressing upon the larynx,
— infiltration upon the lining membrane of the larynx, — or
choking from various causes, produces imperfect oxygenisation of
the blood. The vital current being impure, of course the brain,
which it nurtures, is not in a condition of health or activity. The
consciousness is impaired or altogether destroyed ; and immediate
relief is experienced after the performance of the operation. The
recovery is as rapid as the previous symptoms were alarming.
The altered aspect of the animal is as though the body were
resuscitated. In certain cases, where every breath is drawn in
pain, the ease afforded by tracheotomy is most marked. It makes
little difference to nature by what means the air is inhaled, so
that a sufficiency of dilute oxygen comes in contact with the
absorbing membrane of the lungs. This, when the larynx is
closed or diseased, tracheotomy permits to be accomplished. It is
equally beneficial, safe and humane. However ugly its descrip-
tion may read, it is, in practice, to be strongly recommended.

The general fault with veterinary surgeons is the delay, which
commonly pushes off the operation to the last moment. In this
delay the proprietor is, perhaps, equally or even more at fault.
Hope leads the owner on to the very last, and even then it is
with reluctant horror that consent is given "to cut the horse's
throat." Such is the term by which certain practitioners charac-
terise tracheotomy ; and though it is uttered merely as a joke, yet
it creates an impression which acts against a harmless operation.

OPERATIONS— TRACHEOTOMY.

473

In agricultural districts, the veterinarian is frequently knocked
up at night by a messenger, who announces " Farmer Hodges's
liorse be a dying." The farmer may live several miles oft" in the
country ; and the reluctant sleeper hurries on his clothes to obey
the implied summons.

In due time the pair reach Farmer Hodge's homestead. It
needs no finger to point out the stable. The sound of laborious
breathing eflectually notifies it. However, the practitioner, upon
entrance into the place, is horrified to find himself there with no
better company than a boy and a rapidly sinking animal. The
circumstances demand other assistance. The horse doctor cannot
help giving voice to his requirements. The lad hearing this says,
hastily, he will fetch somebody very soon, — hangs up the lantern,
and vanishes into the darkness.

Minutes pass, and no footfall greets the ear. The divisions of
the hour are struck by the village church, and still no sound of
returning steps. The animal becomes worse and worse. In its
disabled state it fears to lie down, as that position impedes the
breathing. In its efforts to stand, it reels about — now falling to
one side, and then to the other. Yet the departed messenger does

TRACHEOTOMY, AS PERFORMED UNDER DIFFICULTIES — A COMMON OCCURRENCE.

not return. The veterinarian finds the limits of delay are passed :
ten minutes more, and the quadruped will be down. He takes out

474 OPERATIONS -TRACHEOTOMY.

his lancet. One foot from the breast bone, and as near the centre
of the neck as the rocking motion of the horse or the flickering
light of the lantern will allow him to aim, he plunges the blade
deeply into the flesh, if possible, at one cut dividing the cartilages
of the trachea. He has little control over the incision. Fre-
quently, a gash results from the tottering of the animal. Mostly,
he divides more than he would have done, had daylight and
assistance been afforded him.

The incision being made, the fingers are thrust into the wound,
to keep the division open. At first this may be difficult ; but, as
time proceeds, the standing of the horse becomes firmer, and the
breathing less noisy. The veterinarian is, however, impatient at
the delay and his enforced position. He is just beginning to
despair, when the messenger returns, accompanied by a sleepy
companion. Both are surprised at the condition of the horse and,
not observing the wound, imagine the animal has been cured by
magic. However, to the demands of the equine medical attendant,
nothing like a tracheotomy tube can be procured. At last the spout
of the tea kettle is thought of ; and the good dame awakens in
the morning to find her kettle demolished and its spout thrust
into the " plaguy horse's throat."

It is the curse of veterinary surgery, that nobody appears to
understand when an operation is required. The practitioner,
therefore, is seldom prepared for its performance. The circum-
stances allow him little time to think, and none to return, or to
fetch the necessary instruments.

However, when he has proper time and choice, he should
always make a free incision through the skin and panniculas
carnosus. Make this opening about one - third up the neck,
measuring from the chest. It is more general to open the wind-
pipe at a similar distance from the jaw, and, assuredly, the
superior incision has this advantage, that there is less to cut
through. But where no important nerves or vessels are endan-
gered, surgery cares little about the depth of a wound ; the chief
attention being given to the probable after-consequences.

The superior portion of the neck is especially the seat of
motion ; it varies with every turn and movement of the head.
Hence, the end of the tube is apt to be brought into constant
contact with the lining membrane of the trachea, and horses have

OPERATIONS— TRACHEOTOMY.

475

Deen slaughtered with huge tracheal abscesses, to all appearance
produced solely by wearing the tracheotomy tube.

To avoid this danger, the author chooses for incision a spot
nearer to the chest, where the motion is less constant and not so
varied. Even at this last place all danger is not entirely sur-
mounted, in consequence of which a horse, while wearing a trache-
otomy tube, should never be permitted to feed from the ground.

At the commencement, when the operator has leisure, he
generally does not cut too deep. The first incision fairly divides
the skin and panniculas carnosus quite in the middle of the neck,
and is rather longer than a bystander would deem to be absolutely
necessary. The elasticity of the skin will somewhat shorten the
opening, while the torture of repeated enlargements will be
avoided, and the more important structures beneath the skin will
be fairly brought into view.

DIAORAM, SHOWING THE STRUCTURES TO BK
INTERFERED WITH DURING THE PERFORM-
ANCE OF TRACHEOTOMY.

THE MANNER IN WHICH THE CARTILAGES
OF THE TRACHEA ARE TO BE EXCISFD.

1. 1. The Sterno Maxillares Muscles (a pair) have to be separated, being joiued by fiue cellular

tissue.
2. The Sterno Thyro Hyoidei Muscles, lying under the first pair, also have to be divided, being

similarly united.
8. The Trachea, which is fully exposed when the above muscles are disunited.

In the centre of your division will appear two long muscles,
joined together by a fine cellular union ; that union you are to
separate ; it consists only of cellular tissue, and will necessitate

476 OPERATIONS— TRACHEOTOME.

more care than exertion. Underneath the divided muscles will
he found two others, smaller and paler, hut also joiued together by
means of fine cellular tissue. These are also to be sundered, and
then the trachea lies exposed. There is neither nerve nor artery
nor vein to avoid, or to take up in the performance of tracheotomy.
All consists in making your primary incision large enough and,
subsequently, in not attempting more than the division of two
pairs of muscles.

The commencement of the incision should be made at the spot
already indicated. After the skin is cut through and the muscles
are divided, two assistants should be obtained to hold them back,
while a circular piece is excised from the cartilages of the exposed
trachea.

The trachea is formed of numerous cartilaginous rings, each
halt-an-inch wide, but so united by elastic tissue that the whole
form one continuous tube, reaching from the head to the chest of
a horse. If possible, only two of these rings are to be interfered
with ; that is, a half circle should be cut out of each, which, with
the elastic connecting medium, will make an opening of one inch
in diameter. Both the rings, however, should be perfectly
divided ; but a half circle should be excised from one, leaving a
portion of cartilage to keep the remainder in its place. This
matter, probably, may be made more clear by the engraving in the
previous page.

After the first half circle is made, or when a portion is cut off
the first cartilage, that piece should be bent outward. The elastic
connecting substance will readily permit this to be done, and the
current of fresh air admitted will considerably refresh the animal.
The cartilage being bent outward it should be leisurely transfixed
by means of a sharp needle armed with strong twine. The string
may be fastened to the button-hole of the operator's waistcoat,
and afterwards the circle be leisurely completed.

The twine is necessary, because the spasmodic breathing has
drawn the excised portion of cartilage upon the lungs, and thereby
done as much mischief as the operator designed to do good. By
bending the half circle outward, some relief is afforded to the
breathing, and the character of the respiration partially benefited.
The process is, however, rendered more safe by the employment of
the loop \ but care should be taken, when subsequently using the

OPERATIONS— TRACHEOTOMY.

477

knife, not to cut the string. Therefore, before the circle is com-
pleted, the cartilage should be bent backward (as shown in the
previous engraving), then laid hold of, and, when firmly grasped,
the excision ought to be perfected.

A tube has to be worn afterwards ; this is put into the opening
and fastened in by means of a strap or tape passed round the
neck. There are many tubes sold at the instrument-maker's for
this purpose ; the majority, however, are far too large. Xone
should be beyond one inch in diameter. The horse only requires
to inhale part of the air through the cannula, the remainder
coming, as before, through the larynx. A free space of one incli
is, therefore, plenty to admit the deficient oxygen ; for no animal
could live through an operation were air, previous to its commence-
ment or during its continuance, altogether excluded.

To insert this cannula, no cartilage need be excised ; a punc-
ture is made with a knife through the connecting medium of the
tracheal rings, and through this puncture the tube is driven. It

TRACHEOTOMY TCTBE.

A. The Canrmla, with a shifting shield, arinrd with the pointed Trochar.
IJ The Trochar withdrawn from the Caunuhi, showing its peculiar construction.
C. The Cannula fitted into the horse's Trachea, showing liow the movable sliield may be adapted,
by meaus of a screw, to the size of the horse or the swollen condition of the parts.

is of all use for temporary or imiuediate service ; but obviously
would not do for a continuance.

The objection to tracheotomy, when designed to last for any
period, is that the cannula, by irritating the lining membrane of
the larynx, is apt to provoke abscess, which impedes the breathing

478

OPERATIONS— PERIOSTEOTOMY.

to a degree that destroys the life. The author has seen some
fearful instances of this effect ; but of all tubes, that invented by
the French seems to be least open to this objection.

PERIOSTEOTOMY.

This operation was first applied to the horse by the late Pro-
fessor Sewell. It is intended to relieve the lameness consequent

A PAIR OF ROWEI.LING SCISSORS. FOS
MAKING SMALL INCISIONS THROUGH
THE horse's skin.

A SETON NEEDLE ARMED WITH A TAPE, A, AND FIXED
INTO A HOLLOW HANDLE BY MEANS OF A SCREW, li.

upon exostosis, situated on the shin-bone. The chapter on perios-
teotomy will be retained in this work, although the reviser con-

A BLUNT SETON NEEDLE.

A TUMOUR BEING CUT WITH A PROBE-POINTED KNIFli

siders it to be an operation calculated to increase the evils rather
than to effect cure of lameness consequent on the existence of
bony growths ; at the same time it is important that horsemen
should know in what the operation consists and the mode of its
performance. A pair of rovvelling scissors are first employed to
snip the skin above and below the tumour. Then a blunt seton
needle being fixed into a hollow handle by means of a screw, and

A horse's leg with

TWO SNIPS UPON
IT, C, C, OUT OF
WHICH HANG THE

OPERATIONS— PERIOSTEOTOMY. 479

armed with a tape knotted at one end, is to be used. The needle
is violently driven through and breaks down the cellular tissue,
which attaches the skin to the tumour. The point is forced to
enter at one snip, and come out at the other; after which the
needle is withdrawn by the first opening. A probe-
pointed knile is then introduced into the space
thus made ; the tumour is sliced into as many
pieces as may please the operator, or the nature
of the growth will admit of. The knife is after-
wards retracted, and the needle released from the
handle is passed through the openings, or in at
one snip and out at the other. The knot at tlie
end of the tape prevents that being drawn after the
needle. The unknotted end is next withdrawn
from the needle and tied into a large knot, the
whole forming a seton. The operation is occas-
sionally varied by smearing the tape with terebin-
thinate of cantharides, and sometimes by blistering
over tumour, seton and all. This last practice IT/^ZTdT^^
may add to the severity of the operation, but it
seems calculated to do little good. Breaking down the attachment
of the skin and slicing the tumour appear designed to deprive
the growth of blood, while a blister seems calculated to draw
to the part an excess of that which the operation was intended
to dispel.

Periosteotomy is not very highly esteemed by the vast majority
of practitioners. For the simple reason that the after-results are
usually disastrous, a horse may be thrown when lame, and may in
a few days after the operation go soundly. The periosteum has
been divided over the seat of the bony enlargement, and thus the
pressure which caused pain, etc., being removed, the lameness
ceases, but the knife and the introduction of the seton sets up
inflammation of the part to so great an extent as to cause the
development of bone in excess of that which caused the primary
lameness : the last state is consequently worse than the first.

A modification of periosteotomy might perhaps be tried. Omit
the seton altogether ; make an inferior snip with the scissors ;
introduce a sharp-pointed needle, and cut a channel. Then insert
a probe-pointed bistoury, and incise the tumour. If periosteotomy

480 OPERATIONS -NEUROTOMY.

were to prove successful, it probably would be so in this shapa
The author has seen small benefit result from the after-use of the
seton, but by operating in the manner proposed all the subsequent
blemish would be avoided.

The motive for the above proposal is to spare the suffering of
the animal. If the hair is cut short previously, and pressure made
above the snip of the scissors the wound need occasion little pain.
A sharp point cutting its way through cellular tissue would not
cause one tithe of the agony which follows the use of a blunt
instrument, necessarily tearing, stretching, and breaking a passage
through a living body. Cartilage or bone, in a state of health,
has small sensibility. The employment of the knife would, there-
fore, provoke no struggle ; while all the after-torture of a seton
applied directly to the surface of a wound would be avoided.

Perhaps it would be best to bind a broad tape with a cork
under it and upon the vessels, round the leg, before the operation,
thereby pressing on the nerve and cutting off the supply of blood.
This would probably deprive the leg of all sensation. The most
severe part of this method of periosteotomy would be the after-
consequences. The incised tumour would inflame ; the vacant
channel would have to unite. The one would occasion agony, the
other be probably attended with violent itching. The limb, there-
fore, should be bandaged, even though a wound upon the horse's
body does not do so well when covered up. The bandage, how-
ever, will prevent the animal from injuring the sore leg with the
opposite shoe, which a horse may be provoked to attempt by that
irritation which attends the healing process.

NEUROTOMY.

Neurotomy is the division of the nerve which supplies the
hoof of the fore leg with sensation. The foot of the horse being
moved through tendons, by muscles from above, and having in
itself no muscular power, obviously has no occasion for a motor
nerve. Consequently, the nerve running to the foot is wholly
sentient. It is the means of communication, through which pain
or pleasure is transmitted from the hoof to the brain.

To take away a portion of this nerve is evidently to separate
the medium of such communication. Feeling can no more travel

OPERATIONS— NEUROTOMY. 481

along a divided nerve than electricity can along a broken wire.
The knowledge of this fact has led to a portion of the nerve being
excised ; and the doing of this has been named neurotomy.

A nerve is a very compound structure. It is composed of
numerous fine filaments, or small threads, bound together by a
cellular sheath, called neuralema. Healthy nerve feels firm, and
has a brilliant white appearance ; unhealthy nerve is of a yellowish
tint, and is of a less solid texture.

The operation of neurotomy is certain relief; but that relief is
of uncertain duration. The divided nerve, after a time, reunites.
The junction thus formed carries on all the functions of the perfect
structure ; but a bulb is left behind at the place of union. This
bulb is to be easily felt by pressing upon the seat of neurotomy,
externally, with the points of the fingers ; and the bulb, being felt,
leads to a knowledge that the horse has been subjected to the
operation. Neurotomy, therefore, can never be concealed if pains
are bestowed upon its detection. The operation, however, is not
successful in every case.

In some animals the wound has just closed, when junction seems
to be formed between the divided ends of the nerve. The lameness
then returns as acutely as ever.

In others, the horse will proceed to work, and continue sound
ever after, the restored power to use the foot having, in the last
case, seemingly destroyed the affection.

Some animals are subjected to operation so late that disease has
had time to weaken the pedal structures. The consequence is
that no sooner does the absence of feeling tempt the horse to throw
his entire weight upon the foot than the navicular bone fractures,
or the perforans tendon ruptures.

Certain horses, from a tingling sensation in the neurotomised
foot — similar to that felt by men in the imaginary fingers of an
arm which has been amputated — will stamp violently, till they
injure it, and provoke suppuration ; while other feet are so
irritable that the head is bent downwards, and large pieces from
the hoof literally bitten off. To accoimt for this last circumstance,
the reader must remember that thouejh the hoof seems to itch, it.
in reality, has no sensation to preserve it from the teeth of the
provoked animal.

Cases occasionally happen of horses having picked up nails, or

2 a

482

OPERATIONS-NEUROTOMY.

having incurred wounds in the foot, which, being deprived of
feeling, the animal wanted the power to recognise. No lameness
Avas exhibited, and the injury was necessarily unattended to. The
foot has been left alone till the hurt has induced mortification.

Weak feet have not been able to endure the consequences of
operation. They have sustained no external injury; but the
heaviness of tread attendant on a loss of sensation has so battered
the senseless member, that suppuration has been induced. The
hoof has, therefore, been cast off and the horse been destroyed
although it was discovered in the stable standing with the utmost
composure upon the bleeding and exposed flesh.

These are a few of the disagreeables attending a most humane
and successful operation. The first requisite for the performance
of neurotomy is a sound knowledge of anatomy. A familiar
acquaintance with the course of the nerve is essential. It descends
in two main branches from the knee, one on either side of the leg.
It travels in company with and behind the artery and vein on the
inner side of the fore limb. On the outer side it is accompanied
by no vessel. About the centre of the leg, however, the two nerves
are united by a branch, which travels over the perforans tendon,
connecting the sentient fibres of either side.
It is, therefore, essential in the performance of
neurotomy to make the primary incision rather
low down, especially if it is meant that the
high operation should be accomplished, or that
all sensation should be destroyed on one side
by a single division.

At the pastern the nerve divides ; the pos-
terior branch runs direct to the frog. The
anterior branch travels in front of the artery
for some distance, when it takes a more forward
course, dividing into several separate branches.
The generality of operators remove about an
inch of the main trunk before the nerve divides,
or above the pastern ; and the result certainly
confirms the soundness of such a practice.

The nerve of the frog is, however, frequently
excised. The objection to this is the junction of a filament of the
'anterior branch with the nerve below the excision. That union

THE COURSE OF THE
NERVE EXPOSED.

a. Denotes the nerve
of the frog.

OPERATIONS—NEUROTOMT.

483

should deprive the operation of all effect; but, notwithstanding,
the division is sometimes beneficial. The operation is, however,
never certain, and to that circumstance the proprietor must make
up his mind when he sanctions its performance.

Always examine minutely any horse submitted to you for
neurotomy. Do this to discover if the operation has been pre-
viously performed, the object being that you may thereby be
prepared for some trouble in mastering the retentive consciousness
of the animal ; likewise, that by such inquiries you may decide
upon the benefit likely to result from the operation. Also, that
you may be warned of a bloody and a tedious job. The leg which
has previously been subjected to neurotomy becomes doubly
vascular. We know of no reason to account for this phenomenon,
excepting it may denote the cost at which nature repairs her higher
order of structures.

Before you consent to operate upon any animal, examine the
feet. If the hoof is weak or even weakly, refuse at once. If the
hoof be strong and thick, the wall upright and the frog small, you

A HOKIZONTAL INCISION, WITH THE HAIB
CLIPPED ABOVE THE OPENING.

A PEBPENDICTTLAR INCISION, WITH THE HATR
CUT OFF ABOVE AND ON THE SIDES OF THE
WOUND.

may consent, with the best hopes of success. Have such a horse
put into the stable, and the diseased foot or feet kept wet for a
week prior to the operation. This frequently has the effect of
constringing the arteries, greatly depriving the part of blood. That
result renders the use of the knife more cleanly, and more easy.
Have the hair cut short over the place or places where you design
to make your incisions. By so doing all chance of hair getting
into and irritating the wound will be effectually destroyed.

Make an incision through the skin, about three quarters to one
inch long. Have a needle and thread ready — a strong surgeon's

484

OPERATIONS— NEUROTOMY.

needle and a stout twine. Pierce tlie divided skin from the inside
to the outside, leaving a moderate piece of twine hanging out of

the wound. Carry the twine
under the leg, and pierce the in-
tegument on the other margin of
the wound ; also, from the interior
to tlie exterior. Then bring the
piece of twine, left hanging out of
the first puncture, and the needle
together at the back of the leg.
Slightly tighten the twine ; fasten
these two ends in a bow, and the
effect will be to keep the sides of the incision asunder.

If you design to perform the high operation, choose a spot a
little above the pastern, and incise the skin at one cut, if possible.
The high operation is most approved of for general purposes, and,
as before remarked, destroys sensation in the entire hoof. Some

THE MODE OF FA.-iTENINO BACK THE SIDE
or A PERPENDICULAR WOUND.

The superior opening represents the place wliere one side of the foot may be deprived of
sensation by a single division.

The two middle incisions denote the part v^here either the fore or after portion of the foot may,
perhaps, be rendered void of sensation.

The two inferior cuts suggest tlie situations where, probably, the parts of the foot toward
which the incisions point may be made insensible.

proprietors think it well to leave a little feeling in the forward
portion of the foot, which is free from disease. This is done to
escape those results that have already been enumerated, as the
effects of total insensibility. The high operation is, therefore,
performed only on one side, and the posterior or low division on

OPEKATIONS— NEUROTOMY. 485

the other. There are two spots at which the low operation may
be accomplished. The author has given the reader a representation
of the anatomy of the leg. He now presents a view of the places
where the incisions can be made.

Either of the lower operations, regarded by itself, is very uncer-
tain in its effect ; and, if taken both together, they present no
advantage over the superior opening.

These remarks may be better comprehended, by comparing this
engraving with the course of the nerve shown in the previous
illustration.

When the skin is divided — supposing the horse is neurotomised
for the first time — nothing is visible but white looking, cellular
tissue. This must be carefully dissected away with a pair of
forceps and a scalpel. Dissect on, until the nerve and artery are
exposed plainly to view. Then take a crooked needle and thread.
Pierce the nerve — this you may do fearlessly. The author has not
known it produce pain. The fibres composing the nerve are so
fine that the needle's point is blunt when compared with them.
It, therefore, glides through them without pricking any of the
filaments.

If the horse has been operated on before, you must expect a
tedious and sanguinary business. It is then of all importance to
obtain a very attentive and equally nimble man to take the sponge-
Blood will follow every movement of the knife. However, with
each cut, you must retract the hand ; and the man who has care
of the sponge must quickly, surely, and forcibly cleanse the wound.
When the sponge is withdrawn, for an instant and for an instant
only is there a clear view of the part. The operator must be
ready to make the most of that glimpse ; for, the next moment,
blood flows over the lips of the orifice, and all is concealed from
view. Thus we proceed, rather snipping than cutting; taking
away particles instead of flakes of cellular tissue, till the nerve
is exposed. Then it is fixed with the needle as before directed.

The nerve being caught, withdraw the needle, leaving the
thread behind. Tie both ends of the thread together, and insert
the first finger of your left hand into the loop thus formed. By
gentle traction, raise the nerve a little, and with the knife release
its inferior attachments. Then let the man who held the sponge
make pressure with all his force upon the artery and nerve, dbo'C&

486

OPERATIONS— NEUROTOMY.

tlie incision. After this has been done about a minute, and by the
stoppage of the circulation, you may conclude the sensation to be

THE LOOP EAISINQ THE NERVE WHILE THE KNIFE LOOSENS ITS INFERIOR ATTACHMENTS.

in some degree numbed, insert the blade of the knife under that por-
tion of the nerve which is nearest the body, and cut boldly upward.
A spasm mostly follows the division ; but it is of short dura-
tion. Afterwards dissect about one inch of the nerve from its
attachments, and remove this inch from the main trunk. No
sign of feeling will follow the excision when made lower down.
All communication with the brain has been cut off by the previous
division, and the sensorium no longer takes notice of any violence
offered to that part of the body which has been isolated.

Next, having sponged the part, close the wound by means of a
pin forced through the lips of the orifice. Then twist a little tow
round it in the form of a figure of 8. That
being finished, so much of the point as pro-
trudes is to be removed with a pair of wire
nippers ; a bandage is then put on ; and, if
both sides of the limb are to be neuroto-
mised, the horse is turned over. All being
accomplished, return the horse to the stable,
but watch the pin which fastens the wound.
If the incision continues dry, the pin may
not be removed till six days have expired ;
but if the slightest appearance of pus be sus-
pected, immediately withdraw the pin, and
remove the tow, treating the part with solution of chloride of zinc
as though it were a common wound.

THE BEST WAT TO CLOSE THE
WOUND CONSEQUENT UPON
NEUllOTOMV.

OPERATIONS— NEUROTOMY.

487

There are various knives used for the performance of neuro-
tomy, but the one invented by Mr. Woodger can be recommended
as the most useful for this operation.

MR. woodqer's neurotomy knife.

To use this instrument. — After the nerve is raised, insert the crooked point, with the edge
towards the body of the horse ; then drive the knife forward. By tliis simple means, the cutting
portion of tlie blade is brought violently in contact with the nerve, which is excised at tlie proper
point, and about an inch is left hanging out below the incision.

The after treatment of neurotomy consists in letting well alone,
if all goes on rightly. Should pus make its appearance, bathe the
wounds, thrice daily, with the solution of chloride of zinc, — one
grain to the ounce of water. Eemove the bandages from the legs
after the horse has entered the stable. The incisions heal more
readily when exposed to the stimulating effects of the air. Place
a cradle round the horse's neck, and feed liberally. Avoid all
purgative medicine ; you now want an injury repaired, and do not
desire to reduce the vital energy.

When the wounds have healed, the horse may be gradually
taken once more to work, but it should not be fully used. Exces-
sive and too early labour is the
cause of the many serious objec-
tions taken to a merciful opera-
tion. The horse for some period
does not feel his foot. He does
not flex the pastern as the hoof
nears the ground. The foot is
placed flat upon the earth, and
with a kind of sensible jar ; as
though the animal had made " a
false step." This peculiarity un-
fits the quadruped to trot upon
stones, or hard roads, until it has

learnt "to handle its feet," or to accommodate the tread to the
new condition of the hoof

TUE AWKWARD TREAD OF A HOF.SE WnEN
NEWLY NEUROTOMISED.

488 OPERATIONS— DIVISION OF THE TENDONS.

DIVISION OF THE TENDONS.

Many horses, when standing, knuckle over to such an extent
as threatens to throw them upon their knees. Others can only
put the toe of the hind leg to the ground. The natural use of the
limb is equally injured in each case; the fore legs of the horse
support the body and the burden ; the hind legs propel the carcase
and the load. Both are deformed by contraction of the perforans
tendon ; and both deformities are generally produced by excessive
labour, inducing strain; though a few cases have come to the
author's knowledge of animals being born thus aflflicted. When
we contemplate the huge frame of the horse, it seems more than
fitted for all man's ordinary purposes. But country carriers have
vans proportioned only to the extent of their custom ; their carts
are enlarged as their trade increases ; but very seldom is the power
which draws the load augmented in the same proportion. The
horse, so agile and so beautiful as long as it can move the cart, is
esteemed to be not overweighted. It labours up-hill, and then
the carrier congratulates himself that the worst of the work is
over ; it may be for him, but it is not for his horse. All the stress
in going down hill lies upon the back sinews ; the animal has to
put forth all its strength to check the downward impetus of the
load. It is the same with other horses in the shafts of other
vehicles. Three or four animals (according to the usual English
fashion) may be attached to a load ; but the weight which three
strengths can draw upon level ground, when descending an in-
equality, then, never bears equally upon the leaders.

Clap of the back sinews is a common accident with all horses.
The equine delight is the pleasure of the master. So entirely is
the horse the slave of man that it, by instinct, puts forth its
utmost strength to attain anything in which its owner takes
enjoyment. It does so regardless of its own probable sufferings.
In racing, in hunting, in all kinds of pastime, the horse will strain
every nerve and even burst its strong vessels, labouring only to
gratify man. Who does not remember the old coaching days ? —
the animals then appeared happy in their vocation. A well ap-
pointed coach trotting by the White Horse Cellar was a sight to
contemplate. However, follow the vehicle to the termination of
the first stage. See the poor panting carcases unharnessed —

OPERATIONS— DIVISION OF THE TENDONS.

489

the perspiration lathering their sides — their veins swelling, their
tails quivering, their nostrils jerking, and their limbs stiffened.
"Who, then, could regret that railroads were invented to indulge
man's desire for speed ? See, as the coach leaves the metropolis
behind it, the cattle deteriorate. At last, behold life with swollen
legs, stiff" joints, and diseased feet made to draw the loaded vehicle.
Who, properly regarding such a spectacle and having a heart to
feel, does not rejoice that a method of travelling has at last been
invented which renders the employment of the lash to overcome
the agonies of breathing flesh no longer imperative ?

These fast abuses induced contraction of the perforans tendon
in the front legs. There is, however, this difference between con-
traction in the anterior and posterior extremities. One hind leg
only may be affected ; but the author remembers no instance of
one fore leg being alone involved.

When a tendon is sprained it is usual to apply stimulating or
fiery mixtures to that part, winding up the treatment with blisters
and the heated iron. Notwithstanding, such measures are very

THE KNIFE EMPLOYED BY MR. VAR-
NEI.L, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT
THE ROYAl, VETERINARY COL-
LEGE.

THE rOSITION OF THF, LEO WHEN
THE KNIFF, IS INSERTED.

seldom successful ; man seems incapable of learning anything
where another has to bear the torture : and he will often endure a

490

OPERATIONS— DIVISION OF THE TENDONS.

great deal of agony himself before au obvious idea can be
awakened.

Such slowness is, however, very lamentable in the case of the
horse. Division of the tendons -was borrowed from the human
surgeon by the veterinary practitioner. The operation however,
till very lately, remained as it was originally adopted. At length
Mr. Varnell came from America, and instructed veterinarians in
an improved mode of operating, which at this date should be
universally practised.

A stout knife with a probed point, a curved blade and a smooth,
rounded back, is first obtained. Before the blade is inserted, tlie
skin is divided at the point selected for the operation, by the slight
puncture of a lancet. (See woodcut on preceding page.)

The leg is then flexed ; the tendons are by the position of the
limb rendered flaccid. The knife is next inserted sideways behind
the nerve and artery, under the tendons. This last act is not,
however, in practice very easy or very safe.

The edge of the knife is now towards the shoulder or haunch,
and the vessels lie upon that side of
the blade which is nearest to the bone.
The operator now, by a simple motion of
the hand, turns the cutting edge of the
knife towards the posterior part of the
linjb. A man at tlie same moment
takes hold of the leg and forces it
straight ; the perforans tendon is thus
dragged against the knife, while the
suspensory ligament and vessels are
safe at the back of tlie blade. If the
tendon be not divided without any
effort on the part of the operator, he
makes a sawing motion as he with-
draws the knife. A slight sensation or a feeble sound often testi-
fies the separation of the structure.

Often, if the contraction be not chronic, the strength of the
extensor pedis muscle, when released from its opponent's force, is
sufficient to straighten the fetlock. When the disease, however,
has existed for any time, it requires some violence to break down
the false attachments which have been formed. For this purpose

THE TENDON DIVIDKD.

OPERATIONS— DIVISION OF THE TENDONS. 4.01

the knee of a strong man is placed in front of the fetlock joint,
and the horse's foot is, by pulling hard, drawn forward.

The wound is then closed with a pin and twisted thread, as in
neurotomy, and the animal, till junction is perfected, should be
kept in the stable, as the shoe to be worn afterwards is not

THE SHOE IS TO BE WORN ONE WEEK THE SHOE TO BE PUT ON SIX WEEKS AFTER

AFTER DIVISION OF THE TENDON HAS DIVISION OF THE TENDON, AND TO BE

BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. WORN UNTIL UNION IS PERFECTED.

favourable to progression. One week after the operation a shoe
with a projecting piece at the toe, about one inch and a-half long,
is to be put on to the foot of the diseased limb. Five weeks
after this the shoe is to be replaced by one having the projecting
point twice as long; and this last is to be worn till union is
supposed to be perfected — till the expiration of three months,
at least.

The horse after having the tendon divided is said to be as
strong as ever. The author would, however, object to such an
animal being put into the shafts with even a light load behind
it ; or to its being again used for saddle purposes. However,
though forbidden these uses, it has still a large field of service
open to it.

This operation is alike effectual and humane. That the last
assertion may not appear based upon a single opinion, the author
presents the reader with an engraving taken from a park near
Lewes. That animal seemed to have all four limbs contracted,
or the hind limbs were flexed and much advanced, to take the
weight off the fore members. A foal ran by the side of the creature
thus crippled ; though it would be supposed no sane person would
select such a dam to breed from.

Now, had this mare been operated upon, slight pain would
have been inflicted. Tendon, unless in a state of inflammation,
has no sensation. Eelief would have been afforded for the
remainder of the life, and though, from her make and shape,

492

OPERATIONS— QUITTOR.

the animal might never have held a high station among her
breed, still, with straight legs, she must have been worth as much
for work as with bent limbs she could be valuable for stock
purposes.

The reviser has known only one horse teneotomised that was of
any use afterwards. In some cases good results have been reported,

ise-A

-in'

-^^^

^■^^^'>--\^

and may have continued for some time after operation ; but whether
they have remained permanent — the after history of these cases
has never been revealed, the animals having found other owners
where the cases could not be followed ; but in every horse operated
upon there is always a tendency to recontraction ; and although
shoes with long toe pieces have been affixed to the hoof so as to
bring the toe forward and prevent the close approximation of the
ends of the divided tendon, thickening has taken place, and nature's
efforts in drawing together the disunited parts have effected it by
causing contraction more marked than before operation.

LAYING OPEN THE SINUSES OF A QUITTOK.

Give no opening medicine to any horse previous to this opera-
tion. Every member of the equine race is more likely to be too
low from excess of work than in any degree inflammatory from

OPERATIONS -QUITTOR. 493

over-indulgence. Therefore, discard the general practice of pre-
paring the horse with a dose of compound aloes. If the bowels
are costive, get them open. But before employing the drastic
drug, try what bran mashes and green-meat can effect. The
entire strength will be needed to repair the injuries inflicted with
the knife.

Give tonics and high feeding, where the symptoms declare the
body to be enervated. It is at all times better to operate upon a
system having a superabundance of vital energy than upon one in
which the powers are at all tardy. Collapse is the greatest enemy
the surgeon has to dread. It is true animals do not, like men,
often "shut up" or die while under the operator; but frequently
the most skilful surgery is defeated by the horse, after it has been
released from the hobbles, never thriving. There may be no
disease to be detected ; but the body seems to want the strength
requisite for recovery. To make this apparent to the reader : sup-
pose two gentlemen each perform neurotomy. One shall bungle,
yet his patient shall do well. The wounds shall heal by the first
intention, and the horse, in a fortnight, be again delighting its
owner. The other shall display the perfection of scientific attain-
ment ; yet the horse shall never thrive. The wounds shall
ulcerate, and the animal either gnaw the foot or cast the hoof.
How can such differences be accounted for but by believing the
horse is subject to a peculiar species of chronic collapse ?

liasp the quarter of the horse's foot which has quittor until the
soft light coloured horn of the lamime is exposed. Then, let the
hair be cut off around the opening on the coronet, and the foot be
carefully cleansed. Afterward, throw the horse. Eelease the
quittored leg from the hobbles, and with a steel director probe
each sinus. So soon as the instrument is well in, take a sharp-
pointed knife and run it carefully down the groove of the director.
Then ascertain with a grooved probe whether the sinus decreased
in diameter, or whether the whole extent of the pipe be laid open.
If the smallest portion remains to which the knife has not reached,
use the groove of the probe as a director and slit it up. Do this
to as many sinuses as may exist.

Next place in each sinus a small piece of tow. These pieces of
tow should be already divided into short and thin skeins. They
should be saturated with chloride of ?inc, dissolved in spirits of

494

OPERATIONS -QUITTOE.

wine, one scruple to the ounce. Put one of these into each sinus,
and let the horse up. In three days such of the pieces of tow as
have not been removed by the sloughing process, may be taken

THE QUARTER RASPED BENEATH THE OPENING OF
A QUITTOR.

THE SINUSES OF A QUITTOR BEING OPERATED
UPON.

from the wounds, and the foot simply dressed with chloride of
zinc and water, one grain to the ounce, squeezed from a sponge, as
in the case of open joint.

This operation, when described, reads abhorrent ; but it is really
most humane. It is a common thing for a horse to be three or
even six months under treatment, on account of an ordinary
quittor. During the entire space, the foot (the tenderest part of
tlie horse's body) is burnt with violent caustics, and has had
heated wires thrust down its sinuses. By the operation proposed,
the affair is settled in a few minutes. The horse seldom evinces
much sensibility while the knife is being employed ; in three days
the animal is so far recovered as to allow the diseased member
almost to be left to nature. The horse should, however, on no
account do any work before the hoof is in some measure restored.
Until the outer covering of dark horn has grown down, a bar shoe,
well eased off the diseased quarter, should be worn. When the
hoof is reproduced, instead of false quarter or other deformities,
the usual results of quittor, it is all but impossible to decide
which has been the affected foot, or which was operated upon.

The author has now stated at length that treatment which the
horse, for its own sake, deserves, and which, for the honour of the

OPERATIONS— QUITTOR.

495

being whom it serves, the animal should receive. He has, design-
edly, rather appealed to the reason of his readers than sought to
enlist their feelings. The subject was, indeed, a wide one. Man
has hitherto been too content to consider animals as something
given absolutely to him, to be treated according to his sovereign
will or merest pleasure. He has not reflected that when he was
created Lord of this earth, he was invested with a title which had
its responsibilities as well as its privileges.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

21

A BEIEF SUMMAEY OF THE
FOEEGOING MATTEE,

ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.

This abbreviation is made for the purpose of hasty consultation,
when the symptoms exhibited by the horse are so urgent, as will
not allow the owner to refer to the body of the book. That, how-
ever, he is earnestly recommended to do, after the lirst anxiety
has subsided ; because, what follows is to be regarded only as
notes of cases, and by no means to be viewed as a substitute
for the more detailed descriptions of diseases and their treatment

ABSCESS OF THE BEAIK

Cause. — Some injury to the head.

Symjytoms. — Dulness; refusal to feed; a slight oozing from a
trivial injury upon the skull ; prostration : the animal, while on
tlie ground, continues knocking the head violently against the
earth, until death ensues.

Treatment. — None of any service.

ABDOMINAL INJUEIES.

Euptured Diaphragm produces, generally, a soft coucjh ; sitting
on the haunches or leaning on the chest, with syujptoms of
distress.

Bttjitured Spleen answers to the testsj described under " Hsemor-
rhaiie of the Liver."

500 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

Ruptured Stomach is characterised by excessive colic, followed
by tympanitis.

I/itro-susception possibly may be relieved by the inhalation of
u full dose of chloroform ; but tlie result is always uncertain.

Invagination is attended with the greatest possible agony.

Strangulation is not to be distinguished, during life, from
invagination.

Calculus causes death by impactment ; but however different
the causes of abdominal injury may be, they each produce the
greatest agony, which conceals the other symptoms, and makes all
such injuries apparently the same while the life lasts.

ACITES, Oli DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN".

Cause. — Chronic peritonitis.

Symptoms. — Pulse, hard ; head, pendulous ; food, often spoiled ;
membranes, pallid ; mouth, dry. Pressure to abdomen elicits a
groan ; turning in the stall calls forth a grunt. Want of spirit ;
constant lying down ; restlessness ; thirst ; loss of appetite ; weak-
ness ; thinness ; enlarged abdomen ; constipation and hide-bound.
Small bags depend from the chest and belly ; the sheath and one
leg sometimes enlarge ; the mane breaks off; the tail drops out.
Purgation and death.

Treatment. — When the symptoms first appear, give night and
morning — Strychnia, lialf-a-grain, worked up to one grain ; iodide
of iron, half-a-drachm, worked up to one drachm and a half;
extract of belladonna, one scruple ; extract of gentian and powdered
quassia, of each a sufficiency ; apply small blisters upon the abdo-
men : but if the effusion is confirmed, a cure is hopeless.

ACUTE DYSENTEEY.

Cause. — Some acrid substance taken into the stomach.

Symptoms. — Abdominal pain ; violent purgation ; the freces
become discoloured and foetid water ; intermittent pulse ; haggard
countenance ; the position characterises the seat of anguish. Per-
spiration, tympanitis, and death.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 501

Treatment. — Give sulphuric ether, one ounce ; laudanum, three
ounces ; liquor potasste, half-an-ounce ; powdered chalk, one ounce ;
tincture of catechu, one ounce ; cold linseed tea, one pint. Eepeat
every fifteen minutes. Cleanse the quarters ; plait the tail ; inject
cold linseed tea. The whole of the irritating substance must he
expelled before improvement can take place.

ACUTE GASTEITIS.

Cause. — Poison ; generally given to improve the coat.

Symptom. — Excessive pain, resembling fury.

Treatment. — Give as often and as quickly as possible the
following drink : — Sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each three
ounces ; carbonate of magnesia, soda, or potash, four ounces ; gruel
{quite cold), one quart. Should the pulse be sinking, add to the
drink carbonate of ammonia, one drachm. If corrosive sub-
limate is known to be the poison, one dozen raw eggs should
be blended with each drench. If delirium be present, give the
medicine, as directed for tetanus, with the stomach pump.

ACUTE LAMINITIS.

Cause. — Often man's brutality. Horses driven far and upon
hard roads are exposed to the disorder. Any stress long applied
to the foot — as, standing in the hold of a ship may generate the
affection.

Symptoms. — The pace seems odd towards the end of the journey;
but the horse is placed in the stable with plenty of food for the
night. Next morning, the animal is found all of a heap. Flesh,
quivering ; eyes, glaring ; nostrils, distended ; and breath, jerking.
Elanks, tucked up ; back, reached ; head, erect ; mouth, closed ;
hind legs, advanced under the belly ; fore legs, puslied forward ;
fore feet, resting upon the heels ; and the limbs moved, as though
the horse were dancing upon hot irons.

Treatment. — Put on the slings in silence. To tlie end of the
cords append weights. Soak the feet in warm water, in which a
portion of alkali is dissolved. Cut out the nails from the softened
horn. Before the shoes are removed, give half-a-drachm of bella-

502 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

donna and fifteen grains of digitalis, and repeat the dose every
third hour until the symptoms abate. Clothe the body ; place thin
gruel and green meat within reach, and let the animal at first
be watched day and night,

Next morning give sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each two
ounces in a pint of water. Should the pastern arteries throb, place
the feet in warm water. While the affection lasts, pursue these
measures ; and it is a bad symptom, though not a certain one, if
no change for the better takes place in five days.

ALBUMINOUS UEINE.

Cause. — Unknown.

Symptoms. — These consist of tlie positions assumed by the
horse. The legs are either stretched out or the hind feet are
brought under the body. Straddling gait, and much difficulty in
turning within the stall. Some urine being caught it is thick and
answers to certain chemical tests.

Treatment. — Give a laxative, and apply mustard to the loins.
As after measures — perfect rest, attention to diet, and repeated
doses of opium.

APHTHA.

Cause. — Unknown.

Symptoms. — Small swelling on the lips ; larger swellings upon
the tongue. As the disease progresses, a clear liquid appears in
each swelling. The bladders burst ; crusts form, and the disease
disappears.

Treatment. — Soft food and the following wash for the mouth :
take, borax, five ounces ; honey or treacle, t\vo pints ; water, one
gallon. Mix.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

A disease seldom encountered at the present time.

BOG SPAVIN.

Cause. — Too exacting work.

Symptom. — A puffy swelling at the front of and at the upper
part of the hock.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 503

Treatment. — Persistent pressure, maintained by means of an
india-rubber bandage, or otherwise.

BOTS.

Cause. — Eggs of the gadfly deposited on the horse's coat during
the summer months, and usually when they are turned out to
grass.

Treatment. — Cannot be expelled by any medicine. Wait till
the following year, and the parasites will be ejected naturally.

BEEAKING DOWK

Cause. — Violent exertion — generally when racuig.

Symptoms. — The horse, when going, suddenly loses power to put
one leg to the ground. The foot is turned upward ; pain, exces-
sive ; breathing, quickened ; pulse, accelerated ; appetite, lost. In
time, these symptoms abate ; but the leg is disabled for life.

Treatment. — Place a linen bandage round the injury, and see
that this is kept constantly cold and wet ; put on a high-heeled
shoe, and leave the issue to nature. The animal is afterwards
serviceable only to breed from.

BEOKEN KNEES.

Cause. — False steps on uneven roads. Pulling in the chin to
the breast, or driving with a tight bearing-rein.

Symptoms. — The horse falls ; the knee may only be slightly
broken, but deeply contused. A slough must then take place, and
open joint may result. Or the animal may fall, and when down
be driven forward by the impetus of its motion. The knee is cut
by the fall, and the skin of the knee may be forced back by the
onward impulse. This skin will become dirty ; but the removed
integument will fly back on the animal's rising, thus forming a
kind of bag containing and concealing foreign matter.

Treatment. — Procure a pail of milk-warm water and a large
sponge. Dip the sponge in the pail, and squeeze out the water
above the knee. Continue to do this, but do not dab or sop the
wound itself. The water flowing over the knee will wash away

604 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

every impurity. Then, witli a probe, gently explore the bag. If
small, make a puncture through the bottom of the bag; if large,
insert a seton, and move it night and morning, until good pus is
secreted : then withdraw the seton. " Eack " up the horse's head,
and get some cold water, to every quart of which add two ounces
of tincture of arnica. Pour a little of this into a saucer, and then
dip a sponge into the liquid. Squeeze the sponge dry above the
joint. Do this every half-hour, for three and a half days, both by
day and night. If at the end of that time all is going on well, the
head may be released ; but should the knee enlarge and become
sensitive, while the animal refuses to put the foot to the ground,
withdraw the seton. Place the quadruped in slings ; apply the
arnica lotion until a slough takes place ; then resort to the chloride
of zinc lotion, one scruple to the pint, and continue to use this as has
been directed. Feed liberally on oats, good chaff, and boiled carrots.

BEOKEN WIND.

Cause. — Old age, prolonged work, and bad food.

Symptoms. — Short, dry, hacking cough, caused by irritability of
the larynx ; ravenous appetite ; insatiable thirst ; abundant flatus.
Dung, half digested ; belly, pendulous; coat, ragged ; aspect, dejected.
Eespiration is performed by a triple effort ; inspiration is spasmodic
and single ; expiration is laboured and double. The ribs first essay
to expel the air from the lungs ; these failing, the diaphragm and
abdominal muscles take up the action. Broken wind can be set or
concealed for a time, by forcing the animal to swallow quantities of
grease, tar, or shot. A drink of water, however, will always repro-
duce the symptoms.

Treatment. — No cure. Eelief, alone, is possible. Always allow
plenty of water ; let it always be within easy access of the horse.
Eemove the bed in the day ; muzzle at night ; put a lump of rock
salt and of chalk in the manger. Never push hard or take upon a
very long journey.

BEONCHITIS.

Causes. — Eiding far and fast ; then leaving exposed, especially
to the night air ; neglect and constitutional liability.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 505

ST/mptoms. — Appetite, often not affected — sometimes it is in-
creased. A short cough, in the first instance ; breathing, only-
excited ; legs, warm ; mouth moist, and nasal membrane merely
deeper colour during the early stage. When confirmed, the appe-
tite is lost; the horse is averse to move; the cough is sore and
suppressed ; the breathing is audible ; the membranes are scarlet ;
the mouth is hot and dry ; the legs are cold ; the body is of uneven
temperatures.

Treatment. — Do not deplete. Place in a large loose box ; fill
the place with steam ; apply scalded hay to the throat ; fix flannels,
wet with cold water, to the back and side, by means of a Mackin-
tosh jacket. "When the flannel becomes warm, change it immedi-
ately. Do this for two hours. After that space the flannel may
remain on, but must not become dry. Prepare half-a-pound of
melted Burgundy pitch, and stir into it two ounces of powdered
camphor, with half-a-drachm of powdered capsicums. Apply the
mixture to the throat. To restore tone to the pulse, give every
half-hour sulpliuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce ; water,
one pint. If no effect be produced by three of these drinks, sub-
stitute infusion of aconite, half-an-ounce ; extract of belladonna,
half-a-drachm, rubbed down in water, a quarter of a pint. When
the pulse has recovered, resume the former physic, only adding
half-a-drachm of belladonna to each dose. Support with gruel.
Introduce food gradually ; " chill " the water ; be careful of hay ;
and mind, when given, it is thoroughly damped.

BRONCHOCELE.

Symptom. — An enlargement on the side of the throat.

Treatment. — Give the following, night and morning : — Iodide of
potassium, half-a-drachm ; liquor potassse, one drachm ; distilled
water, half-a-pint. Also, rub into the swelling the accompanying
ointment : — Iodide of lead, one drachm ; simple cerate, one ounce.

BRUISE OF THE SOLE.
Cause. — Treading on a stone, or some projecting body.
Symptom. — Effusion of blood into the horny sole.
Treatment. — Cut away the stained horn, and shoe with leather.

606 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

CALCULI.

Causes. — Unknown.

Symptoms of Renal Calculus. — Urine, purulent, tliick, opaque,
gritty, or bloody ; back, roached. Pressure on the loins occasions
shrinking ; the arm in the rectum and the hand carried upwards,
provokes alarm.

Treatment. — Two drachms of hydrochloric acid in every pail of
water ; but the result is dubious.

Symptoms of Cystic Calcidus. — Same states of urine as in renal
calculus. The water, when flowing forth, is suddenly stopped ;
every emission is followed by straining ; the back is hollowed ; the
point of the penis is sometimes exposed ; and, when going down
hill, the animal often pulls up short.

Treatment of Cystic Calculus. — Examine per rectum. An opera-
tion for the horse, or Mr. Simmonds' instrument for the mare, is
imperative. When the stone is small, hydrochloric acid may be
tried.

Symptoms of Urethral Calculus. — Suppression of urine ; great
suffering. If the urethral calculus is impacted in the exposed
portion of the urethra, the passage is distended, behind the stop-
page.

Treatment of Urethral Calculus. — Cut down upon and remove
the substance.

CANKER

Cause. — Old horses, when " turned out " for life as pensioners ;
aged and neglected animals will also exhibit the disease.

Symptoms. — Not much lameness. The disease commences at
the cleft of the frog ; a liquid issues from the part, more abundant
and more abominable than in thrush ; it often exudes from the
commissures joining the sole to the frog. The horn firstly bulges
out ; then it flakes off, exposing a spongy and soft substance, which
is fungoid horn. The fungoid horn is most abundant about the
margin of the sole, and upon its surface it flakes off. This horn
lias no sensation. The disease is difficult to eradicate when one
fore foot is involved. When all four feet are implicated, a cure is

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 507

all but hopeless, and the treatment is certain to be slow and vexa-
tious.

Treatment. — See the stable is large, clean, and comfortable ;
note that the food is of the best ; allow liberal support ; pare off
the superficial fungoid horn, and so much of the deep-seated as can
be detached. Dust on to the diseased parts some of the follow-
ing : — Chloride of zinc, half-an-ounce ; flour, four ounces. Put on
the foot without water. To the sound hoof apply chloride of zinc,
four grains ; flour, one ounce. Cover the sound parts before the
cankered horn is dressed ; tack on the shoe ; pad well and firmly.
When places appear to be in confirmed health, the following may
be used : — Chloride of zinc, two grains ; flour, one ounce. At first,
dress every second day ; after a time, every third day, and give
exercise as soon as possible. Always keep the diseased foot dry,
as the slightest moisture to the part retards the progress of cure.

CAPPED ELBOW.

Cause. — Injury to the point of the elbow.

Symptom. — It is often of magnitude ; and is liable to ulcerate
and become sinuous.

Treatment. — The same as capped hock.

CAPPED HOCK.

Cause. — Any injury to the point of the calcis.

Symptom. — A round swelling on the point of the hock which,
should the cause be repeated, often becomes of great size.

Treatment. — If small, hand-rub the tumour constantly, for a
few days. Should the capped hock be of magnitude, dissect out
the enlargement, without puncturing it. Treat the wound with
the lotion of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water, and
it will heal after some weeks.

CAPPED KNEE.

Cause. — The same as the previous affection.

Symptom. — A soft tumour in front of the knee.

Treatment. — If let alone, it would burst, and leave a permanent

503 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

blemish. Draw the skin to one side, and with a lancet pierce tlie
lower surface of the tumour. Treat the wound as an open joint.

CATArtACT.

Cause. — Looking at white walls, or receiving external injuries.
Specific ophthalmia generates a permanent cataract.

Symptoms. — When partial, shying ; if total, white pupil and
blindness.

Treatment. — Colour the inside of the stable, green, — as cataract,
when not total, is sometimes absorbed.

CHOKING.

Causes. — Something impacted in the gullet ; either high up or
low down.

Symptoms. — High Choke. — Eaised head ; saliva ; discharge from
the nostrils ; inflamed eyes ; haggard countenance ; audible breath-
ing. The muscles of neck tetanic ; the flanks heave ; the fore feet
paw and stamp ; the hind legs crouch and dance ; perspiration ;
agony excessive. Low Choke. — The animal ceases to feed ; water
returns by the nostrils ; countenance expresses anguish ; saliva and
nasal discharge ; laboured but seldom noisy breathing ; reached
back ; tucked up flanks, while the horse stands as though it were
desirous of elevating the quarters.

Treatment. — Make haste when High Choke is 'present. — Insert
the balling-iron, or, with a hook extemporised out of any wire,
endeavour to remove the substance from the throat. If the chok-
ing body is too firmly lodged to be thus removed, sulphuric ether
must be inhaled to relax the spasm. The ether not succeeding,
an egg is probably impacted. Destroy its integrity with a darning
needle carefully inserted through the skin ; then break the shell
by outward pressure. Low Choke. — Eelief should be at once given
by passing a probang through the gullet, and steadily pressing the
impaction into the stomach, and drawing it away.

Subsequent to the removal, feed with caution.

CHRONIC DYSENTERY.

Cause. — Not well understood; generally attacks old horses
belonging to penurious masters.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 509

Symptoms. — Purging without excitement ; always upon drink-
ing cold water ; violent straining ; belly enlarges ; flesh wastes ;
bones protrude ; skin, hidebound ; membranes, pallid ; weakness ;
perspiration ; standing in one place for hours. At last the eyes
assume a sleepy, pathetic expression ; the head is slowly turned
towards the flanks ; remains fixed for some minutes ; the horse
only moves when the bowels are about to act ; colic ; death.

Treatment. — Give thrice, daily, crude opium, half-an-ounce ;
liquor potassfe, one ounce ; chalk, one ounce ; tincture of allspice,
one ounce ; alum, half-an-ounce ; ale, one quart. Should the horse
belong to a generous master, give one of the following drinks thrice
daily, upon the symptoms being confirmed; sulphuric ether, one
ounce ; laudanum, three ounces ; liquor potassa?, half-an-ounce ;
powdered chalk, one ounce ; tincture of catechu, one ounce ; cold
linseed tea, one pint. Or, chloroform, half-an-ounce ; extract of
belladonna, half-a-drachm ; carbonate of ammonia, one drachm ;
powdered camphor, half-a-drachm ; tincture of oak-bark, one
ounce ; cold linseed tea, one pint. Feed lightly; dress frequently;
give a good bed and a roomy lodging.

CHEONIC GASTPJTIS.

Symptoms. — Irregularity of bowels and appetite; pallid mem-
branes ; mouth cold ; a dry cough ; tainted breath ; sunken eye ;
catching respiration ; pendulous belly ; ragged coat and emaciation.
Sweating on the slightest exertion; eating wood- work or bricks
and mortar.

Treatment. — Do not purge; administer bitters, sedatives, and
alkalies. Give powdered nux vomica, one scruple ; carbonate of
jtotash, one drachm ; extract of belladonna, half-a-drachm; extract
of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a sufficiency. Or give
strychnia, half-a-grain ; bicarbonate of ammonia, one drachm;
extract of belladonna, half-a-drachm; sulphate of zinc, half-a-
drachm; extract of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a
sufficiency. Give one ball night and morning ; when these balls
seem to have lost their power, give half-an-ounce each of liquor
arsenicalis and tincture of ipecacuanha, with one ounce of rnuriated
tincture of iron and laudanum in a pint of water ; damp the food ;

510 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

sprinkle mngnesia on it. As the strength improves, give sulphuric
ether, one ounce ; water, one pint, daily.

CHEONIC HEPATITIS.

Causes. — Too good food and too little and irregular work.

Symptoms. — Cold mouth; pallid membranes; white of eyes,
ghastly, displaying a yellow tinge ; looks towards the right side ;
the right side may be tender for a long time, with generally
repeated attacks of this nature, although the horse may perisli
with the first fit.

Treatment. — Hold up the head, and if the horse staggers this
proves haemorrhage from the liver. Give sufSciency of nutritious
food, but only enough of it ; plenty of labour, and the following
physic : — Iodide of potassium, two ounces ; liquor potassse, one
quart. Dose, night and morning, two table-spoonfuls in a pint of
water.

CLAP OF THE BACK SINEWS.

Cause. — Severe exertion.

Symptoms. — The maimed limb is flexed ; the toe rests upon the
ground. In a short space, a tumour appears ; it is small, hot, soft,
and tender, but soon grows hard. Great pain, but attended with
few constitutional symptoms.

Treatment. — Administer physic. Put a linen bandage on the
leg ; keep this constantly wet until the primary symptoms abate.
Cut grass for food while fever exists ; continue the cold water till
recovery is confirmed. The horse will not be fit to work for
many months.

COLD.

If mild, a little green meat, a few mashes, an extra rug and a
slight rest, generally, accomplishes a cure.

Symp)toms of severe cold are duluess ; a rough coat ; the body
of different temperatures ; the nasal membrane, deep scarlet, or of
a leaden colour ; the appetite is lost ; simple ophthalmia ; tears ;
the sinuses are clogged, and a discharge from the nose appears.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 511

Treatment — Give no active medicine. Apply the steaming
nose-bag six times, daily; allow cut grass and mashes for food,
with gruel for drink. If weak, present three feeds of crushed and
scalded oats and boiled carrots, daily. Good nursing, with pure
air, warmth, and not even exercise, till the disease abates, are of
more importance than "doctor's stuff" in a case of severe cold.
Cold, however, often ushers in other and more dangerous diseases.

CONGESTION IN THE FIELD.

Cause. — Ptiding a horse after the hounds when out of condition,
or any cause calculated to devitalise the system.

Symptoms. — The horse, from exhaustion, reels and falls. The
body is clammy cold ; the breathing is laboured ; every vein is
turgid.

Treatment. — Cover the body ; lead gently to the nearest stable ;
keep hot rugs upon the animal ; bandage the legs and hood the
neck ; warm the place, either by a fire or tubs full of hot water.
Give, without noise, every half -hour, one ounce of sulphuric ether,
half-an-ounce of laudanum, half-a-pint of cold water. Should no
chemist be near, give half-a-pint of any spirit in a pint of water, —
or, much better, two drachms of carbonate of ammonia in a pint of
strong ale. Allow an ample bed, and place a pail of gruel within
easy reach of the horse. Do not leave the animal for thirty hours,
as in that time its fate will be decided.

CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

Cause. — A debilitated, fat horse, unused to work, being driven
fast, with a heavy load behind it.

Symptoms. — Hanging head ; food not glanced at ; blowing ;
artery gorged and round ; pulse feeble ; cold and partial perspira-
tions ; feet cold ; eye fixed ; hearing lost, and the attitude
motionless.

Treatment. — Give, immediately, two ounces each of sulphuric
ether and of laudanum in a pint of cold water. Give the drink
with every caution. In ten minutes repeat the medicine, if
necessary. Wait twenty minutes, and give another drink if

512 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY,

requisite ; more are seldom needed. Take away all solid food, and
allow gruel for the remainder of the day.

CORNS.

Cause. — In a flat foot, the heels of the coffin bone squeeze the
sensitive sole by pressing it against the shoe. In a contracted foot,
the sensitive sole is squeezed between the wings of the coffin bone
and the thick horny sole. A bruise results ; blood is effused ; and
the stain of this left upon the horny sole — generally upon the
inner side and anterior to the bars — constitutes a horse's corn,
which is mostly found on the fore feet.

Symptoms. — If the stain is dark, and is to be removed with the
knife, this indicates a corn has been but no longer exists. The
smallest stain of bright scarlet testifies to the existence of a new
and present corn. Corns are of four kinds : the old, the new, the
sappy, and the suppurative. The old and new are j)roduced by
the blood, and are judged by the scarlet or dark-coloured stain.
The old is generally near the surface — the new is commonly deep-
seated. The sappy is, when the bruise is only heavy enough to
effuse serum. The new corn alone produces lameness. The
suppurating corn may start up from either of the others receiving
additional injury. It causes intense pain and produces acute
lameness.

Treatment. — Cut out the stain. If a suppurating corn, place
the foot in a poultice, after having opened the abscess. Then, the
horn being softened, cut away all the sole which has been released
by the pus from its attachment to the secreting surface. Tack on
an old shoe, and dress with the solution of the chloride of zinc,
one grain to the ounce. Afterward shoe with leather, and employ
stopping, to render the horn plastic.

COUGH.

Causes. — Foul stables ; hot stables ; coarse, dusty provender ;
rank bedding ; irregular work, — while the affection may attend
many diseases.

Treatment. — Crush the oats; damp the hay; give gruel or
linseed tea for drink. Clothe warmly and give, thrice daily,

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 513

half-a-pint of the following in a tumbler of water: — Extract of
belladonna, one drachm, rubbed down in a pint of cold water ;
tincture of squills, ten ounces ; tincture of ipecacuanha, eight
ounces. No change ensuing, next try: — Barbadoes, or common
tar, half-an-ounce ; calomel, five grains ; linseed meal, a suffici-
ency. Make into a ball, and give one night and morning. This
being attended with no improvement, employ : — Powdered aloes,
one drachm ; balsam of copaiba, three drachms ; cantharides, three
grains ; common mass, a sufficiency. Mix, and give every
morning.

A daily bundle of cut grass is good in the spring of the year.
A lump of rock salt has been beneficial. If the animal eats the
litter, muzzle it. Eoots are good. Moisten the hay ; and, above
all things, attend to the ventilation of the stable.

CKACKED HEELS.

Cause. — Cutting the hair from the heels, and not drying the
legs immediately after work.

Symptoms. — Thickened skin ; cracks, and sometimes ulceration.

Treatment. — Wash ; dry thoroughly ; apply the following
wash: — Animal glycerine, half-a-pint; chloride of zinc, two
drachms ; strong solution of oak bark, one pint. Mix. If ulcera-
tion has commenced, rest the horse. Give a few bran mashes or
a little cut grass, to open the bowels. Use the next wash: —
Animal glycerine, or phosphoric acid, two ounces ; permanganate
of potash, or creosote, half-an-ounce ; water, three ounces. Apply
six times daily. Give a drink each day, composed of liquor
arsenicalis, half-an-ounce ; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce ;
water, one pint.

CEIB-BITING.

Cause. — Stomach affection, induced by sameness of food and
indigestion.

Symptoms. — Placing the upper incisors against some support
and, with some effort, emitting a small portion of gas.

Treatment. — ^^Place a lump of rock salt in the manger ; if that

is not successful, add a lump of chalk. Then damp the food, and

2 K

514 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

sprinkle magnesia upon it; and mingle a handful of ground oak
bark with each feed of corn. Purify the ventilation of the stable
before these remedies are applied.

CUEB.

Causes. — Galloping on uneven ground ; wrenching the limb ;
prancing and leaping.

Si/mjjtovi. — A bulging out at the posterior of the hock, accom-
panied by heat and pain, — often by lameness.

Treatment. — Eest the animal. Put on an india-rubber band-
age (see p. 329), and under it a folded cloth. Keep the cloth wet
and cool with cold water. When all inflammation has departed,
blister the hock.

CYSTITIS, OE INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDEE.

Causes. — Kicks and blows under the flank. Abuse of medicine
and bad food, with the provocatives generally of nephritis.

Symptoms. — Those common to pain and inflammation. Urine,
however, affords the principal indication. At first, it is at intervals
jerked forth in small quantities. Ultimately, it flows forth con-
stantly, drop by drop. A certain, but a dangerous test, is to
insert the arm up the rectum, and to feel the small and com-
pressed bladder. A safer test, is to press the flank, which, should
cystitis be present, calls forth resistance.

Tixatment. — Give scruple doses of aconite, should the pulse be
excited ; the same of belladonna, should pain be excessive ; and
calomel with opium, to arrest the disease. Place under the belly,
by means of a rug, a cloth soaked with strong liquor ammonia
diluted witli six times its bulk of water. Or apply a rug dipped
into hot water, or loaded with cold water ; change when either
becomes warm.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, OE PEOFUSE STALING.

Causes. — Diuretic drugs or bad food.

Symptoms, — Weakness ; loss of flesh ; loss of condition.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 515

Treatment. — Do not take from the stable ; keep a pail of
linseed tea in the manger ; give no grass or hay ; groom well.
Order a ball, composed of iodide of iron, one drachm ; honey and
linseed-meal, a sufficiency. Or a drink consisting of phosphoric
acid, one ounce ; water, one pint. Give the ball daily ; the drink
at night and at morning.

ENTEEITIS.

Causes. — Greatly conjectural. Prolonged colic may end in it.
Constipation may induce it.

Symptoms. — Dulness ; heaviness ; picks the food ; shivers re-
peatedly ; rolling ; plunging ; kicking — but more gently than in
spasmodic colic. Quickened breathing; hot, dry mouth; wiry
pulse. Pressure to the abdomen gives pain. Eemove your coat ;
insert the arm up the anus. If the intestines are very hot, all is
confirmed.

Treatment. — Give aconite, in powder, half-a-drachm ; sulphuric
ether, three ounces ; laudanum, three ounces ; extract of bella-
donna, one drachm (rubbed down in cold water, one pint and a
half). As the pulse changes, withdraw the aconite ; as the pain
subsides, discontinue the belladonna. The other ingredients may
be diminished, as the horse appears to be more comfortable.
Should the pain linger, after the administration of the eighth
drink, apply an ammoniacal blister. Feed very carefully, upon
recovery, — avoiding all things purgative or harsh to the bowels.

EXCOEIATED ANGLES OF THE MOUTH.

Cause. — Abuse of the reins and too severe bits.

Treatment. — Apply the following lotion to the part : — Chloride
of zinc, two scruples ; essence of aniseed, two drachms ; water,
two pints.

FALSE QUAETEE.

Cause. — Injury to the coronet, producing an absence of the
secreting coronet of the crust.

Symptoms. — No lameness, but weakness of the foot. The soft
horn of the laminae being exposed is apt to crack. Bleeding

516 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

ensues. Sometimes granulations sprout, when the pain and the
lameness are most acute.

Treatment. — In cases of crack and granulations, treat as is
advised for sandcrack. Put on a bar shoe, with a clip on each side
of the false quarter. Pare down the edges of the crack, and ease
off the point of bearing on the false quarter. A piece of gutta-
percha, fastened over the false quarter, has done good.

FARCY.

Cause. — Excessive labour, bad food, and filthy stables ; caused
by ineffective drainage and imperfect ventilation, operating upon
old age.

Symptoms. — It is at first inflammation of the superficial
absorbents. Lumps appear on various parts. If these lumps are
opened, healthy matter is released ; but the place soon becomes a
foul ulcer, from which bunches of fungoid granulations sprout.
From the lumps may be traced little cords leading to other swell-
ings. The appetite fails — or else it is voracious. Matter may be
squeezed through the skin. Thirst is torturing. At length,
glanders breaks forth and the animal dies. There is a smaller
kind of farcy, called button farcy — the smaller sort is the more
virulent of the two.

Cure. — I'reveution — no cure.

FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT.

Cause. — Hay-seeds or rather substances getting into the mouth
of the duct during mastication. Stones being formed within the
canal. The stable-fork in the hand of an intemperate groom.

Symptoms. — The duct greatly enlarges behind the obstacle, and,
becoming swollen, prevents the secretion from entering the mouth.
Great agony is occasioned by every mouthful masticated. The
duct bursts, and a fistulous opening is established, through which
the saliva jerks at each motion of the jaw. From the absence of
a secretion important to digestion the flesh wastes, and the animal
soon assumes a miserable appearance.

Treatment. — Make an adhesive fluid with uymi mastic and

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 517

spirits of wine ; or with india-rubber and sulphuric ether. When
the horse is not feeding, pare the hardened edges from the wound ;
cover the orifice with a piece of strained india-rubber ; over this
put a layer of cotton ; fasten one end to the horse's cheek by
means of the adhesive fluid ; that having dried, fasten the other
end tightly down. Place other layers of cotton over this, allowing
each layer to cross the other, and fastening all to the cheek.
Fasten the head to the pillar-reins ; allow the horse to remain till
the cotton falls off, and only give gruel for food. Put tan under
the feet ; and should the first trial not succeed, repeat it.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

Cause. — External injury, generally the lady's saddle, which
bruises one of the bursse placed above the withers.

Symptoms. — When first done, a small round swelling appears
on the off side. If this is neglected, the place enlarges and
numerous holes burst out, which are the mouths of so many
fistulous pipes.

Treatment. — In the early stage go to the horse's side, impale
the tumour and divide it. Touch the interior with lunar caustic ;
keep the wound moist with the chloride of zinc lotion, one grain
to the ounce of water, and cover it with a cloth dipped in a
solution of tar. If the sinuses are established, make one cut to
embrace as many as possible. Clean out the corruption. Scrape
or cut off any black or white bone which may be exposed. Cover
with a cloth, and keep wet with the solution of chloride of zinc.
Should there exist a long sinus leading from the withers to the
elbow, insert a seton by means of the guarded seton needle.
This seton should be withdrawn so soon as a stream of creamy
pus is emitted.

FUNGOID TUMOURS IN THE EYE.

Canse. — Unknown.

Symptoms. — Blindness; a yellow metallic appearance to be seea
in the eye.

Treatment. — None of any service.

518 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

GLANDERS.

Cause. — Insanitary condition of stables fosters the existence of
this contagious malady, or more properly of that parasitic life
which causes it.

Symptoms. — Staring coat ; lungs or air passages always affected ;
flesh fades ; glands swell ; spirits, low ; appetite, bad. A lym-
phatic gland adheres to the inside of the jaw ; the membrane
inside the nose ulcerates ; a slight discharge from one nostril.
This becomes thicker, and adheres to the margin of the nostril
exhibiting white threads and bits of mucus ; then it changes to a
full stream of foul pus ; next, the nasal membrane grows dull and
dropsical ; the margins of the nostrils enlarge ; the horse breathes
with difficulty ; the discharge turns discoloured and abhorrent ;
farcy breaks forth, and the animal dies of suffocation.

Treatment. — Prevention — no cure.

GREASE.

Cause. — Age ; debility ; excessive labour ; neglect ; filth. Cut-
ting the hair off the heels, and not drying legs immediately on
return from work.

Symptoms. — Scurfiness and itchiness of the legs. Rubbing the
leg with the hoof of the opposite limb ; hairs stand on end ;
moisture exudes, and hangs upon the hairs in drops. Smells
abhorrently ; lameness ; cracks on the skin ; swelling ; ulceration ;
thin discharge ; worse odour. Lameness increases ; leg enlarges ;
granulations sprout in ragged bunches ; their points harden, and
become like horn ; pain, excessive ; horn of hoof grows long.

Treatment. — Cut off all remaining hair. If hnt and scurfy,
cleanse with mild soap and hot, soft water ; saturate a cloth with
the following lotion : — Animal glycerine, half-a-pint; chloride of
zinc, half-an-ounce ; water, six quarts. Lay it upon the leg. When
this cloth becomes warm, remove it, and apply another, also wet
with the lotion ; thus continue applying cool cloths to the limb till
the heat abates ; afterwards moisten the leg thrice daily. When
cracks and ulceration are present adopt the wet cloths ; but subse-
quently use one of the following to the sores : — Permanganate of
potash or phosphoric acid, one pint ; water, six quarts. Or chloride

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 519

of zinc, one ounce ; water, one gallon : employ thrice daily. If
the granulations have sprouted, remove them with a knife in three
operations {full directions are given in the hook) ; likewise, always
place in a loose box. Feed liberally ; give a handful of ground
oak-bark with each feed of oats. Night and morning exhibit
liquor arsenicalis, one ounce ; tincture of muriate of iron, one
ounce and a half; porter or stout, one quart; one pint for the
dose. Chopped roots, speared wheat, hay-tea, cut grass, and
exercise are all good for grease.

GUTTA SEEENA.

Cause. — Over-exertion and constitutional debility.

Symptoms. — Fixed dilatation of the pupil ; a greenish hue of
the eye ; total blindness. Active ears ; restless nostrils ; head
erect ; high stepping ; occasionally, a rough coat in summer and a
smooth coat in winter.

Treatment. — No remedy is possible.

HEAET DISEASE.

Cause. — Oft- repeated severe physical exertion, especially at
racing pace.

Symptovis. — Auscultation. The beat of the heart to be seen
externally ; haggard countenance ; pulse feeble ; heart throbs ; the
beat of the carotid artery is to be felt ; the regurgitation in the
jugular is to be seen. The appetite is sometimes ravenous — often
iastidious ; the breathing is not accelerated excepting during pain ;
lameness of one leg ; dropsical swellings ; stopping short when on
a journey ; averse to turn in the stall ; noises ; yawns ; sighs.
Death always unexpected. No treatment is of any use.

HIDE-BOUND.

Cause. — Neglect, result of debilitating disease.

Treatment. — Liberal food, clean lodging, soft bed, healthy exer-
cise, and good grooming. Administer daily two drinks, composed
of — Liquor arsenicalis, half-an-ounce ; tincture of muriate of iron,
one ounce ; water, one pint. Mix, and give as one dose.

HIGH-BLOWING AND WHEEZING.

Habits which admit of no remedies.

520 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY

H^MATUEIA, OR BLOODY UEINE.

Cause. — Induced by the nature and quality of food, especially
when indigestible.

Symptoms. — Discolorisation of the fluid. When the bleeding is
copious, breathing is oppressed ; the pupils of the eyes are dilated.
Pulse is lost ; head is pendulous ; membranes are pale and cold.
Lifting up the head produces staggering. Back, roached ; flanks,
tucked up ; legs wide apart.

Treatment. — Be gentle. Act upon the report given. Give
acetate of lead, two drachms, in one pint cold water. Or as a ball,
if one can be delivered. In a quarter of an hour repeat the dose,
adding laudanum, one ounce, or powdered opium, two drachms.
Eepeat the physic until one ounce of acetate of lead has been given.
Leave the horse undisturbed for two hours if the symptoms justify
delay. If not, dash pailfuls of cold water upon the loins from a
height. Give copious injections of cold water. Pour half-a-pint
of boiling water upon four drachms of ergot of rye. When cold,
add laudanum, one ounce, and dilute acetic acid, four ounces.
Give two of these drinks, and two cold enemas of twenty minutes'
duration. Suspend all treatment for eight hours, when the
measures may be repeated. {For after 'proceedings, see the article
which is presented in the hody of the hook.)

EABIES.
Cause. — Bite of any rabid animal.

Symptoms. — The horse is constantly licking the bitten place.
A morbid change takes place in the appetite. Eager thirst, but
inability to drink, or spasm at the sound or sight of water is exhi-
bited. Nervous excitability. Voice and expression of countenance
altered. More rarely, the horse (when taken from the stable)
appears well. While at work, it stops and threatens to fall.
Shivers violently, and is scarcely brought home when the savage
stage commences. The latter development consists in the utmost
feroicity, blended with a most mischievous cunning, or a malicious
pleasure in destruction.

Treatment. — No remedy known. Confine in a strong place
and shoot immediately.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 521

HYDEOTHOEAX.

Cause. — The result of pleurisy, or inflammation of the mem-
brane lining the chest.

Symptoms. — The horse is left very ill. The next morning the
animal is looking better; the pain has abated; the eye is more
cheerful ; but the flanks heave. A man is procured ; he is told to
strike the chest when the person listening on the other side says
"now." The word is spoken, and a metallic ring follows. The
pulse is lost at the jaw ; the heart seems to throb through water.
The horse has hydrothorax !

Treatment. — The first thing is to draw off the fluid. A spot
between the eighth and ninth ribs is chosen, and the skin is pulled
back ; a small slit through the skin is made ; into that opening an
armed trochar is driven. When there is no resistance felt, the
thorax has been entered ; the stilet is withdrawn, and the water
flows forth. Use a fine trochar ; take all the fluid you can obtain.
Should the horse appear faint, withdraw the cannula, and in two
hours again puncture the chest. Afterwards the food must be
prepared, and a ball administered night and morning, consisting of
iodide of iron, one drachm ; strychnia, half-a-grain ; sulphate of
zinc, half-a-drachm ; extract of gentian and powdered quassia, a
sufficiency.

IIMPEDIMENT IN THE LACHEYMAL DUCT.

Cause. — A hay-seed or other substance getting into and becom-
ing swollen within the duct.

Symptom. — Swollen lid and copious tears.

Treatment. — Inject, forcibly, a stream of water up the duct.

INFLUENZA.

Cause. — Epizootic ; is generated in closely confined and ill-
ventilated stables.

Symptoms. — "Weakness and stupidity ; local swellings ; heat
and pain in the limbs. Loss of appetite ; rapid wasting ; every
part of the body is diseased. Youth most exposed, but no age
exempt. Spring time the general season, but an att?ck may

522 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

ensue at any period of the year. The following symptoms are
somewhat uncertain. Pendulous head ; short breath ; inflamed
membranes ; swollen lips ; dry mouth ; enlarged eye-lids ; copious
tears ; sore throat ; tucked-up flanks ; compressed tail ; filled legs ;
big joints ; lameness, and hot feet. Auscultation may detect a
grating sound at the chest or a noise, like brickbats falling down
stairs, within the windpipe. When the last is audible, there is
always a copious discharge. Sometimes one foot is painful ; purga-
tion has been seen ; but constipation is generally present, and the
horse usually stands throughout the disease. Always suspect
influenza when it is in the neighbourhood, and the membranes are
yellow or inflamed.

Treatment. — Move to a well-littered, warm loose box. Suspend
a pail of gruel from the wall ; and give twice daily sulphuric ether,
one ounce ; laudanum, one ounce ; water, half-a-pint. When the
pulse loses all wiry feeling, and the discharge becomes copious,
give, from the hand, some bread on which there is a little salt.
Beware of purgatives or active treatment.

INJURIES TO THE JAW.

Causes. — Pulling the snaffle ; abuse of the bit; too tight a curb-
chain.

Symptoms. — Discolorisation before or behind the tush ; bruise
under the tongue, or upon the roof of the mouth ; tumour and
bony growth upon the margin of the lower jaw.

Treatment. — Cut upon the discolorisation till the knife reaches
the bone ; if foctor is present, inject the chloride of zinc lotion ;
keep the wounds open, that the injured bone may come away.

LACERATED EYELID.

Cause. — Nails in the gangway, or the horses playfully snapping
at each other.

Treatment. — Bathe with cold water till the bleeding ceases;
then bring the separated parts together with sutures, place the
horse in the pillar-reins till the healing is perfected.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 523

LACERATED TONGUE.

Cause. — Sticking to a horse when giving physic ; making a
" chaw " of the halter rope.

Treatment. — Insert no sutures ; if the arteries are excised, cut
off the hanging portion of the tongue; should the vessels have
escaped, allow all to remain ; feed on gruel and soft food ; after
every meal wash out the mouth with the solution ordered for
aphtha, or with the chloride of zinc lotion.

LAMPAS.

No such disease. The perfection of anatomical construction
has been mistaken by ignorance for enlargement of the bars.

LARYNGITIS.

Cause — Foul stables.

Symptoms. — Dulness ; enlargement over the larynx ; stiff neck ;
short and suppressed cough. Breathing hurried and catching;
pulse full ; nasal membrane almost scarlet.

Treatment. — Give drachm doses of tincture of aconite in wine-
glasses of water every half-hour, to amend the pulse. Put on a
steaming nose-bag, and keep it almost constantly applied to amend
the breathing. Fix some hay, soaked in boiling w\ater, upon the
throat, by means of an eight-tailed bandage. Give very carefully
the following drink, thrice daily : — Infusion of squills, two ounces ;
infusion of ipecacuanha, two ounces ; infusion of aconite, half-an-
ounce ; extract of belladonna, one drachm, rubbed down with a
pint of warm water. Place in a cool, well-aired, thickly-littered
loose box ; bandage the legs ; clothe the body ; give only gruel for
food, changing it thrice daily. On improvement, a little moist
food may be allowed. When improvement is confirmed, put a
seton under the throat. Blister the throat ; pick and damp the
hay ; sift, bruise, and scald the oats. Employ no lowering agents.

LARVA IN THE SKIN.

Cawsfs.— Turning out to grass. The fly lays its eggs upon the
hair — the warmth of the body hatches it — and the larva enters the

524 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

skin. The next summer a tolerably large abscess is established,
the insect occupying its centre.

Treatment. — With a lancet open the abscess, and squeeze out
the larva. Dab the wound with a lotion made of chloride of zinc,
one grain ; water, one ounce.

LICE.

Causes. — Filth and debility.

Treatment. — Wash with soft soap and carbolic acid, and feed
on a liberal diet.

LAMINITIS (SUB-ACUTE).

Causes. — Age, long standing in the stable, over- work.

Symptoms. — Eirst noticed, by the manner of going upon the
heels of the fore feet.

Treatment. — Get into the slings. Eemove the shoes. If
costiveness is present, open the bowels with green meat, but do
not purge. Allow two drinks per day, each consisting of one
ounce of sulphuric ether and water, half-a-pint. Half-drachm
doses of belladonna, to allay pain. Feed on sound crushed oats,
chopped carrots, and good chaff. No limit to this food ; but five
feeds to be given if the horse will eat so much.

LUXATION OF THE PATELLA.

Causes. — Constitutional weakness, sudden and violent exertion.

Symptoms. — The horse stops short, and has one of the hind legs
extended backwards. A swelling upon the outer side. The
pastern is flexed ; the head raised ; and the animal in great pain.
In colts it will sometimes appear upon the slightest cause.

Treatment. — For colts, any flurry may restore the bone ; but
feed well to eradicate the weakness. For horses, get into a slied,
and throwing a rope, one end of which has been fixed to the pastern,
have the leg dragged forward, while some one pushes the bone into
its place. A man should be put to keep the bone in its situation
for some hours. Give strengthening food, and do not use for six
weeks subsequently.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 525

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS.

Ca use. — Neglect.

Symptoms. — Scurf upon the seats of flexion ; mallenders at the
back of the knee, and sallenders at the front of the hock.

Treatment. — Cleanliness. Give the liquor arsenicalis drink,
recommended for grease ; change the groom. Rub the parts with
this ointment : — Animal glycerine, one ounce ; mercurial ointment,
two drachms ; powdered camphor, two drachms ; spermaceti, one
ounce. If cracks appear, treat as though cracked heels were
present.

MANGE.

Ccniscs. — Starvation; bad lodging and no grooming; renders
the horse's skin a habitat favourable to parasitic life.

Symptoms. — Scurf about the hairs of the mane. The hair falls
off in patches ; the skin is corrugated. A few hairs remain upon
the bare places, and these adhere firmly to the skin. Scrubbing
the body against posts ; sores and crusts. To test its presence,
scratch the roots of the mane, and the horse will exhibit pleasure.

Treatment. — Place the horse in the sunshine, or in a heated
liouse for one liour. Then whisk thoroughly, to remove scurf and
scabs. Then rub in the following liniment : — Animal glycerine,
two parts; oil of tar, two parts; oil of turpentine, half a part; oil
of juniper, half a part. Mix. Leave on for two days ; wash ;
anoint again ; wash, anoint, and wash once more, always leaving
the liniment on for two clear days.

MEGRIMS.

Cause. — Cerebral congestion, sometimes due to the presence of
tumours.

Symptoms. — The horse suddenly stops; shakes the head;
strange stubbornness may be exhibited, followed by a desire to run
into dangerous places. Then ensues insensibility, accompanied by
convulsions.

Treatment. — Throw up on the first fit. Give a long rest, and
try to amend constitution.

626 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

xMELANOSIS.

Cause. — Concentration of pigment, the black colouring matter
of the skin. The disease only attacks grey horses wliilst becoming
white.

Symptoms. — It appears as a lump, of uncertain form, size, and
situation. The swelling, if cut into, discloses a cartilaginous
structure, dotted here and there with black spots. Do not use the
knife, unless the swelling impedes the usefulness, or should be
peculiarly w^ell placed for operation. Feel the tail. A pimple on
the dock is an almost certain sign of melanosis, which disease
affects the internal organs even more virulently than it attacks
the external parts. As melanosis proceeds, all spirit departs;
and the animal is at length destroyed as utterly useless.

Treatment. — Let the tumour alone. Forbid all use of the curry-
comb. Dress very long and very gently, with the brush only.
Keep the affected parts scrupulously clean with tepid water.

NASAL GLEET.

Cause. — Decayed molar tooth ; kicks from other horses ; injuries
to the frontal bones.

Symptoms. — Distortion of the face ; partial enlargement and
softening of the facial bones ; irregular discharge of foetid pus from
one nostril. The discharge is increased, or brought down by feeding
off the ground, or by trotting fast.

Treatment. — Surgical operation, with injection of a weak solution
of chloride of zinc. Also, give daily a ball composed of balsam of
copaiba, half-an-ounce ; powdered cantharides, four grains ; cubebs,
a sufficiency. If the foregoing should affect the urinary system,
change it for half-drachm doses of extract of belladonna, dissolved
in a wine-glass of water. Give these every fourth day, and on such
occasions repeat the belladonna every hour, until the appetite has
been destroyed.

NASAL POLYPUS.

Symptoms. — An enlarged nostril ; a copious, mucous discharge ;
signs of suffocation if the free nostril be stopped ; a cough generally
forces down the growth.

Treatment. — Gurgical operation, which removes the tumour.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 527

NAVICULAR DISEASE.

Causes. — Undue strain to the tendon of the foot bone ; treading
on a rolling stone.

Si/mjytoms.—Acnte lameness ; this disappears, but may come
again in six or nine months. Acute lameness is then present for a
longer time, while the subsequent soundness is more short. Thus,
the disease progresses till the horse is lame for life. The pain in
one foot causes greater stress upon the sound leg, and from this
cause both feet are ultimately affected. The foot is pointed in the
stable. The limb diminishes, while the hoof thickens and contracts.
The horse, when trotting, takes short steps, and upon the toe, going
gToggily.

Treatment. — Feed liberally upon crushed oats. Soak the foot
every other night in hot water. Afterwards bandage the leg, fix
on tips, and, having smeared the horn with glycerine, put on a
sponge boot. Eest very long; six months in the first instance,
and then give three months' agricultural employment. In bad
cases resort to neurotomy, but do so upon the second attack of
lameness, because continued disease disorganises the internal
structures of the hoof, and also occasions the sound foot to be
attacked by navicular ulceration.

NEPHEITIS, OE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

Causes. — Bad provender, or nitre in a mash, and long or fast
work upon the following day.

Symptoms. — Hard, quick pulse ; short breathing ; pallid mem-
branes ; looking at the loins ; depressed head ; roached back ; hind
legs straddling ; scanty urine ; refusing to turn in the stall ; and
crouching under pressure on the loins. Subsequently, pus is voided
with the water. If the urine has a foetid odour, if blood be present,
if the pulse grows quicker, if pressure gives no pain, and if the
perspiration has an urinous smell, death is near at hand. To be
certain of nephritis, insert the arm up the rectum, and move the
hand towards the kidneys.

Treatment. — Eub mustard into the skin of the loins. Cover it
over to prevent it becoming dry. Apply fresh sheepskins as soon

528 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

as these can be procured. Inject warm linseed-tea every hour. A
ball composed of croton farina, two scruples ; extract of belladonna,
half-a-drachm ; treacle and linseed meal, a sufficiency should be
given immediately. A pail of linseed-tea may be placed in the
manger. Feed on linseed-tea, and mind the oats (when allowed)
are very good. While the pain is acute give thrice daily a ball
composed of extract of belladonna, half-a-drachm ; crude opium,
two drachms ; honey and linseed-meal, of each a sufficiency.
When the pain is excessive, repeat the above ball every hour.

OCCULT SPAVIK

Causes. — Any severe strain imposed upon the hock.

Symptoms. — Sudden lameness, which never departs ; but in the
end becomes very bad. The disease is always worse after work,
and better after rest. The foot is without disease, and the leg is
not hot or painful; yet the lameness continues and gets worse.
The leg is snatched up in the walk, and the foot is not turned
outward.

Treatment. — Get the horse into slings. Eub the front of the
hock with an embrocation, composed of compound soap liniment,
sixteen ounces ; tincture of cantharides, liquor ammonise, and
laudanum, of each two ounces. After the joint is embrocated,
wrap it round with flannel, held upon the hock with elastic rings.
Give three feeds of corn and sweet hay daily. After the horse
bears upon the diseased limb, allow the slings to remain for three
months. Three months after it has left the slings put to gentle
work, but mind the labour is not in any way exhausting. The
work must not be full till six months have elapsed. Keep the
bowels regular with bran mashes and green meat. If all treatment
fails, cast the horse ; retract the injured limb ; make a small punc-
ture, and inject one ounce of dilute spirits of wine, in which half-
a-drachm of iodine has been dissolved. Place the horse in slings,
and apply cold water to the hock. When the pulse is quiet, feed
very liberally.

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

Causes. — Wounds inflicted by kicking in harness, running away,
and being run into ; or restraint caused by the use of the bearing-

"ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 529

rein, which incapacitates the horse from those movements of the
head so important in preventing a fall and other accidents.

Symptoms. — Bursse are attended with least danger when punc-
tured ; sheaths of tendons are more dangerous ; joints are by far
the most serious. Judge which is opened by the extent of the
wound and the quantity of synovia released.

Treatment. — Exercise gentleness towards the injured animal.
Wash, as was directed for broken knees. Examine if there be any
sac or bag into which dirt could have entered. If one exists, place
a large spatula under the knee ; then take a knife with a sharp
point, but with its edge blunted the two posterior thirds of its
length ; guard the point with a lump of bees' wax ; introduce this
into the sac, and drive the point through the bottom of the bag.
An opening will thereby be created, through which the pus and
dirt will gravitate. If the probe enters the knee of the flexed leg
unopposed three-quarters of an inch, push it no further • be satisfied
the cavity is opened.

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

Treatment. — Proceed, in the first instance, as for broken knees.
Then give a drink composed of sulphuric ether and laudanum, of
each one ounce ; water, half-a-pint : look to the comfort. Use the
arnica lotion as for broken knees during the first three and a half
days. At the end of that time, turn the horse gently round in the
stall, and let it stand with its head towards the gangways. Place
the slings before the horse, and leave the animal to contemplate
them for half-an-hour. Then, with extreme gentleness, fix them ;
but do not pull the cloth up to the abdomen. Leave a pail of
water suspended from one pillar, and feed from a high trough,
supported upon light legs. Let the horse be watched night and
day for the remainder of the week. When the animal is at ease
in the slings, these may be heightened till the cloth lightly touches,
but not presses, against the belly. With the slings, change to the
chloride of zinc lotion, one scruple to the pint of water ; have this
frequently applied during the day. It will coagulate the albumen,
and promote the healing of the wound. The albumen will accu-
mulate as a large ball in front of the injury; do not touch it

530 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

Allow it to fall off. The cure is nearly perfect when it falls.
When pressure can be endured, the slings may be removed,
though the healing process should be confirmed before the auimal
is allowed to stand near anything against which it could strike the
knee.

OPERATIONS

Admit of no ahhreviation ; they shoidd never he hastily under-
taken; they shoidd he only resorted to after the time has heen allowed
for thought, and opportunity has heen afforded for more than one
perusal of the directions detailed, in this hook.

OSSIFIED CAETILAGES.

Cause. — Battering the foot upon hard roads.

Syynptoms. — Of little consequence in heavy horses, unless
accompanied with ringbone. The disease causes lameness in light
horses used for fast work.

Treatment. — Rest ; liberal food ; and small blisters to the foot
immediately above the sides of the hoof.

OVER-REACH.

Cause. — When a good stepper is very tired, this accident some-
times happens, the coronet of the fore foot upon the outer side
being severely wounded by the inside of the hind shoe.

Symptoms. — A severe wound and a large slough, probably
followed by a false quarter.

Treatment. — Feed liberally, and bathe the injury thrice daily
with the chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce of water.

PARROT-MOUTH.

Cause. — Natural malformation, usually noticed in old horses,
where teeth have grown to an inordinate length.

Symptoms. — Projecting upper teeth; an inability to graze, or
to clean out the manger. '

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY 631

PAETIAL PAEALYSIS.

Causes. — Violent exertion ; often the result of general debility.

Symptoms. — One hind leg gets in the way of the other, and
threatens to throw the animal down.

Treatment. — A loose box ; warm clothing ; good grooming ;
warmth to loins ; regulate the bowels with mashes and green
meat ; absolute rest. Give the following ball, night and morning :
— Strychnia, half-a-grain (gradually work this medicine up to one
grain and a half) ; iodide of iron, one grain ; quassia powder and
treacle, a sufficiency.

PHLEBITIS, OK INFLAMMATION OF THE VEIN.

Cause. — The result of bleeding in the neck or from either of
the limbs, when inflammation of the wound supervenes.

Sym'ptoms. — The earliest indication is a separation of the lips
of the wound and the presence of a small quantity of thin dis-
charge. A small swelling then takes place, and the vein hardens
above the puncture. Then abscesses form along the course of the
vessel. These mature ; burst ; send forth a contaminated pus.
The abscesses are united by sinuses. If these signs are neglected
a dark discharge, resembling decayed blood, issues from the
numerous wounds and soils the neck. Dulness ensues ; the brain
becomes affected ; and the horse perishes phrenitic.

Treatment. — Kemove the pin and apply a blister. Another
may be required. In bad cases, blister must follow blister, but
not be rubbed in. A little oil of cantharides should be put over
the sore with a paste brush. Place in a loose box and litter with
tan ; feed on slops, which require no mastication. Let the horse
remain there, and be so fed for six weeks subsequent to the
cessation of all treatment. Then give a little exercise at a slow
pace, gradually augmented.

PHEENITIS.

Cause. — Pressure to the brain, obtained by slight enlargement
of blood-vessels or by the presence of tumours.

532 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

Symptoms. — Heaviness, succeeded by fury in excess, but with-
out any indication of malice.

Treatment. — Give a purgative of double strength, and ad-
minister half-drachm doses of aconite root, or drachm doses of
digitalis, whichever is soonest obtained. But, whichever is pro-
cured must be infused in a pint of boiling water, and, when cool
and strained, ought to be given every half-hour till the animal
becomes quiet.

PLEUEISY.

Causes. — Over-exertion ; blows ; injuries ; cold ; or any cause
calculated to devitalise the system.

Symptoms. — These are quickly developed. The pulse strikes
the finger ; pain, continuous ; agony, never ceases ; horse does not
feed. Body, hot ; feet, cold ; partial perspirations. Muscles,
corrugated in places ; cough (when present) suppressed and dry ;
auscultation detects a grating sound and a dull murmur at the
chest. Pressure between tlie ribs produces great pain, or makes
the animal resentful. The head is turned very often towards the
side ; the fore foot paws ; the breathing is short and jerking.

Treatment. — Should be active. Place in a loose box ; bandage
the legs ; leave the body unclothed. Give every quarter of an hour
a scruple of tincture of aconite in a wineglass of warm water.
When pulse has softened, give every second hour sulphuric ether
and laudanum, of each one ounce ; water, half-a-pint. When the
pulse and pain are amended, introduce the steaming apparatus.
Do nothing for the bowels. Place lukewarm water within easy
reach of the head, and give nothing more while the disease rages.
When the disease departs, return with caution to full food.
After the affection subsides blister throat and chest. If the horse
is costive, administer enemas ; or a bundle of cut grass may be
presented with the other food.

PNEUMONIA.

Causes. — Pat ; irregular work, and sudden exertion.
Symptoms. — Breathing laboured ; oppressed pulse ; partial con-
sciousness ; giddiness. Standing with outstretched legs ; head

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 533

and ears, dejected ; coat, rough ; extremities and body, cold ;
visible membranes, discoloured ; bowels, costive ; feeling, half-
dead ; and general oppression.

Treatment. — Place in a loose box strewn with damp tan ; take
off the shoes ; place water within easy reach ; no food. If winter
clothe ; then introduce steam — when the steam is abundant, take
off the clothes. Give solution of aconite root, half-an-ounce ;
sulphuric ether, two ounces ; extract of belladonna (rubbed down
with half-a-pint of water), one drachm. Eepeat the drink three
times each day. When the pulse improves, withdraw the aconite ;
when the breathing amends, abstract the belladonna — or increase
either, as pulse or breathing become worse. Allow only hay-tea,
with a little oatmeal in it, until the disease abates. On amend-
ment, cautiously increase the food. Lying down is the first sign
of improvement. Do not disturb the animal — it must require rest,
having stood throughout the attack.

POLL EVIL.

Causes. — Hanging back in the halter ; hitting the poll against
the beam of the stable door ; blows on the head ; and any external
injury.

Symptoms. — The nose is protruded, and the head kept as
motionless as possible ; the animal hangs back when it is feeding
from the manger. Pressure or enforced motion excites resistance.
Swelling. The swelling bursts in several places, from which exudes
a foul, fistulous discharge. Pus has been secreted ; confinement
has caused it to decay ; while motion and fascia have occasioned it
to burrow.

Treatment. — Paint the part lightly with tincture of canthar-
ides, or acetate of cantharides. Do this daily till vesication is
produced ; then stop. When the swelling enlarges, open the
prominent or soft places. Allow the pus to issue ; then cut down
on the wound, till the seat of the disease is gained. Use a proper
knife, and include as many pipes as possible in one clean cut.
All others should join this. Empty out all concrete matter.
Wash the cavity with cold water. Excise all loose pieces of
tendon, and all unhealthy flesh. Moisten the sore with the

534 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce, and cover the
wound with a cloth dipped in the solution of tar. If the disease
has burst, still include the pipes in one smooth incision ; clean
out the concrete pus, and treat as has been directed. Spare the
ligament which lies under the mane ; and work in a breast strap
after recovery.

PEICK OF THE SOLE.

Cause. — Generally the smith's carelessness when shoeing the
horse.

Symptom. — Great lameness.

Treatment. — "Withdraw the nails of the shoe. If one is wet,
cut down on that hole until the sensitive sole is exposed. If
not very lame, treat with lotion of chloride of zinc, one grain
to the ounce of water. If very lame, treat as if the injury were
a suppurating corn.

PEUKIGO.

Cause. — Heat of body.

Symptom. — Itchiness. The horse rubs off hair; but never
exposes a dry, corrugated surface.

Treatment. — Take away some hay. Give two bundles of grass
per day. Allow two bran mashes each day, till the bowels are
open. Apply the following wash : — Sulphuric acid, one part ;
water, ten parts. Drink : liquor arsenicalis, one ounce ; tincture
of muriate of iron, one ounce and a half ; water, one pint, — half-a-
pint to be given every night. Withdraw the drink a week after
the disease has disappeared.

PUMICE FOOT.

Cause. — An animal reared on marshy land, having high action,
batters the feet upon London stones.

Symptoms. — Bulging sole ; weak crust ; strong bars, and good
frog.

Treatment. — The only relief possible is afforded by a bar-shoe,
of the dish kind, and a leathern sole. The constant use of equal
parts of animal glycerine and tar is also beneficial to the hoof.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 535

PUEPUEA H^MOEEHAGICA.

Cause. — Defective nervous force inducing universal congestion.

Symptoms. — The attack is sudden. The body, head, and limbs
enlarge ; consciousness is partially lost. The horse stands, and
the breathing is quickened. Through the skin there exudes
serum with blood. The nostrils and lips enlarge, and part of the
swollen tongue protrudes from the mouth. The appetite is not
quite lost, although deglutition is difficult. Thirst is great.

Treatment. — Give half an ounce of chloroform in a pint of
linseed oil, in the first stage. Eepeat the dose in half-an-hour.
No amendment following, give two ounces of sulphuric ether in
one pint of cold water. In half-an-hour repeat the dose, if neces-
sary. Incise the protruding tongue. Squeeze out the fluid, and
return the organ to the mouth. Should the skin slough, bathe
the part with solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce
of water.

QUITTOE.
Cause. — Confined pus from suppurating corn ; or prick of the
sole ; matter results, and this issues at the coronet. Or from
injury to the coronet, generating pus, and this burrowing down-
ward, as it cannot pierce the coronary substance. The secretion
may also penetrate the cartilage, and thus establish sinuses in
almost every possible direction.

Symptoms. — The horse is very lame. The animal is easier after
the quittor has burst. Probe for the sinuses. If, after the super-
ficial sinuses are treated, among the creamy pus there should appear
a dark speck of albuminous fluid, make sure of another sinus, pro-
bably working towards the central structures of the foot.

EHEUMATISM.

Cause. — Generally follows other disorders — as influenza, chest
affections, and most acute diseases. Very rarely does it appear
without a forerunner.

Symptoms. — Swelling of particular parts, generally the limbs ,
heat and acute lameness. The disorder is apt to fly about the body.
The synovia is always increased when the joints are attacked. The
pulse and breathing are both disturbed by agony.

536 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARr.

Treatment. — Lead into a loose box ; fill the place with steam
(see p. 333). Get ready the slings ; put the belly-piece under the
horse, but do not pull it up so as to lift the legs from the ground.
Keep the steam up for one hour. Then, with cloths ready, wipe the
animal thoroughly dry. Next, rub into the diseased parts the fol-
lowing— Compound soap liniment, sixteen ounces; tincture of
cantharides, liquor ammonia, and laudanum — of each, two ounces.
Afterwards, encase the limbs in flannel (see p. 334). Then give a
bolus composed of powdered colchicum, two drachms ; iodide of
potassium, one drachm ; simple mass, a sufficiency. Should the
attack succeed upon other diseases, the diet must be supporting,
everything being softened by heat and water. Next morning
repeat the steaming, and give calomel, a scruple; opium, two
drachms. At night steam again, and repeat the first bolus. Should
the horse be fat withdraw all corn, if the strength can do without
it. Give good food, and that easy of digestion.

EING-BONE.

Cause. — Severe strain to the pastern joint by dragging heavy
loads up steep hills.

Symptoins. — A roughness of hair on the pastern, and a bulging
forth of the hoof. A want of power to flex the pastern. An in-
ability to bring the sole to the ground, save upon an even surface.
Loss of power, and injury to utility.

Treatment. — In the first stage apply a poultice, with one
drachm of camphor and of opium. Afterwards, rub with iodide of
lead, one ounce ; simple ointment, eight ounces. Continue treat-
ment for a fortnight after all active symptoms have subsided, and
allow liberal food and rest ; work gently when labour is resumed.

EING-WORM.

SymjJtoms. — Hair falls off in patches, exposing a scurfy skin.
The scurf congregates on the bare place about the circumference,
which is apt to ulcerate.

Treatment. — Be very clean. Wash night and morning, and
afterwards apply the following ointment. Animal glycerine, one

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 537

ounce ; spermaceti, one ounce ; iodide of lead, two drachms. Many
other things are popular. For a detailed list of these, see the body
of the book. A drink is likewise of use when employed with the
ointment. Liquor arsenicalis, one ounce; tincture of muriate of
iron, one ounce and a half; water, one quart. Mix, and give every
night, half-a-pint for a dose. Should the ulceration prove obsti-
nate, apply permanganate of potash, half-an-ounce ; water, three
ounces. Or, chloride of zinc, two scruples ; water, one pint.
Moisten the parts with a soft brush six times daily. Teed well,
and do not work for one month.

EOAEIKG.

Causes. — Paralysis on the left side of the larynx, which the
bearing-rein actively assists in producing.

Symptom. — A noise made at each inspiration.

Treatment. — No human power can restore the affected parts to
their vitality. An operation to remove the obstacles that cause
the roaring noise has been attempted, but has not proved successful.

EUPTUEE AND STEICTUEE OF THE (ESOPHAGUS.

Cause. — The use of the butt-end of a carter's whip, which either
rends the lining membrane of, or ruptures the gullet.

Sym]ptom of Rwpture. — The body becomes distended with gas,
and death ensues. Of rent Membrane. — This induces a disinclina-
tion to feed, as the first symptom. A stricture is formed ; excessive
hunger ; distension of the tube. A large sac is developed out of
the stretched membrane above the stricture. Then, after feeding,
the animal fixes the neck, and returns the masticated food through
the throat and nostrils. Accompanying loss of condition, and
failure of strength.

Treatment. — Feed on prepared, soft food ; though the horse is,
generally, not worth its ordinary keep at the stage when this is
required.

SANDCEACK.

Cause. — Bad health, provoking imperfect secretion.
Symptoms. — Quarter crack occurs on light horses upon the inner
side of the hoof. It usually commences at the coronet, goes down

538 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

the foot, and reaches to the laminae. Toe crack happens in heavy-
wheelers, and is caused by digging the toe into the ground when
dragging a load up-hill. From the sensitive laminije, when exposed,
fungoid granulations sometimes sprout, which, being pinched, pro-
duce excessive pain and acute lameness.

Treatment. — Always pare out the crack, so as to convert it into
a groove. "When the crack is partial, draw a line with the heated
iron above and below the fissure. If granulations have sprouted,
cleanse the wound with chloride of zinc lotion — one grain to the
ounce of water — and then cut them off. Afterwards place the foot
in a poultice. Subsequently pare down the edges of the crack
while the horn is soft. Use the lotion frequently. Draw lines
from the coronet to the crack, so as to cut off communication be-
tween the fissure and the newly-secreted horn. Shoe with a bar
shoe, having the seat of crack eased well off and also a clip on
either side. If the horse must work, lay a piece of tow, saturated
with the lotion, into the crack : bind the hoof tightly with wax end.
Tie over all a strip of cloth, and give this a coating of tar. When
the horse returns inspect the part. Wash out any grit with the
chloride of zinc lotion. Feed liberally on prepared food.

SCALD MOUTH.

Cause. — Powerful medicine, which burns the lining membrane
of the mouth.

Symptoms. — A dribbling of saliva, with constant motion and
repeated smacking of the lips.

Treatment. — Give soft food, and use the wash recommended for
aphtha.

SEEDY TOE.

Cause. — Weakness, inducing an imperfect secretion of horn.

Symptom. — A separation between the crust of the coronet and
the soft horn of the laminte, commencing at the toe of the foot.

Treatment. — Eemove the shoe. Probe the fissure which will be
exposed. Cut away all the separated crust. Throw up until the
removed portion has grown again. Feed liberally.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMAKY. 539

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

Causes. — Slashing with the whip over the head ; hay-seeJs
falling into the eyes ; horses biting at each other in play ; blows,
etc.

Sijmptmns. — Tears; closed eyelid; the ball of the eye becomes
entirely or partially white.

Treatment. — Eemove any foreign body ; fasten a cloth across
the forehead ; moisten it with a decoction of poppy heads, to which
some tincture of arnica has been added. If a small abscess should
appear on the surface of the eye, open it, and bathe with chloride
of zinc lotion. Should inflammation be excessive, puncture eye-
vein, and place some favourite food on the ground.

SITFAST.

Causes. — 111 health ; badly-fitting saddle ; too energetic a rider ;
loose girths ; ruck in the saddle-cloth.

Symptom. — Like a corn on the human foot, but the hard, bare
patch is surrounded by a circle of ulceration.

Treatment. — The knife should remove the thickened skin.
Chloride of zinc, one grain ; M'ater, one ounce, to the wound.
Attend to the bowels. Feed liberally ; exercise well, and give
night and morning. Liquor arsenicalis, half-an-ounce ; tincture of
muriate of iron, three-quarters of an ounce ; water, one pint. Mix
and give.

To prevent the occurrence of sitfast, use the Alpha air collar
and pad.

SOEE THROAT.

Causes. — In colts, change from freedom to work, from the field
to the stable, is the cause. Sore throat, however, may be caused
by close stables, or be an indication of some greater disease.

Symptoms. — Perpetual deglutition of saliva ; want of appetite ;
inability to swallow a draught of liquid, the fluid returning partly
by the nostrils, and each gulp being accompanied by an audible
effort.

540 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

Treatment. — Forbear all work ; clothe warmly ; house in a large,
well-littered, loose box. Gruel for drink ; green meat, with three
feeds of bruised and scalded oats ; also beans, daily. If the bowels
are obstinate, administer a drink composed of — Solution of aloes,
four ounces ; essence of aniseed, half-an-ounce ; water, one pint.
Should the throat not amend, dissolve half-an-ounce of extract of
belladonna in a gallon of water ; hold up the head ; pour half-a-
pint of this preparation into the mouth ; and, in thirty seconds, let
the head down. Do this six or eight times daily. No improve-
ment being observed, try — Permanganate of potash, half-a-pint ;
water, one gallon — to be used as directed in the previous recipe.
Still no change being remarked, prepare — Chloride of zinc, three
drachms ; extract of belladonna, half-an-ounce ; tincture of capsi-
cums, two drachms ; water, one gallon.

All being useless, blister the throat.

No alteration ensuing, cast the horse, and mop out the fauces
with a sponge which is wet with nitrate of silver, five grains ;
water, one ounce. Give a ball daily, composed of oak bark and
treacle.

If none of these measures succeed, the throat must be compli-
cated with some other disease.

SPASM OF THE DIAPHEAGM.

Cause. — Imprudently riding too far and too fast ; sudden and
violent exertion.

Symptom. — Distress, and a strange noise heard from the centre
of the horse.

Treatment. — Pull up ; cover the horse's body ; lead to the
nearest stable. Give, as soon as possible, a drink, composed of —
Sulphuric ether, two ounces ; laudanum, one ounce ; tincture of
camphor, half-an-ounce ; cold water, or gruel, one pint. Give four
drinks, one every quarter of an hour ; then another four, one every
half-hour ; and then at longer intervals, as the animal recovers.
When the animal is first brought in, bandage the legs and sponge
the openings of the body. This done, sweat and dirt removed,
clothe perfectly after the skin is quite dry, and continue treatment.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMAEY. 541

SPASM OF THE UEETHEA.

Cause. — Acridity in the food or water.

Symptoms. — Small and violent emissions ; straddling gait.
Eoached back ; pain ; total suppression of urine.

Treatment. — Insert the arm up the rectum, and feel the gorged
bladder. Give, by the mouth, four-ounce doses of sulphuric ether
and of laudanum, mixed with a quart of cold water; and as
injection, mixed with three pints of cold water. Eepeat these
medicines every quarter of an hour until relieved. Give a ball
containing four drachms of aloes. Should not the urine then flow
forth, insert the arm, and press upon the bladder.

SPASMODIC COLIC. FEET. GEIPES.

Causes. — Fast driving ; change of water ; change of food ; getting
wet ; fatiguing journeys ; aloes ; and often when no cause can be
traced.

Symptoms — First Stage. — Horse is feeding; becomes uneasy;
ceases eating ; hind foot is raised to strike the belly ; fore foot paws
the pavement ; the nose is turned towards the flank, and an attack of
fret is recognised. Second Stage. — Alternate ease and fits of pain ;
the exemptions grow shorter as the attacks become longer ; the horse
crouches, turns round, then becomes erect ; pawing, etc., follow ; a
morbid fire now lights up the eyes. Third Stage. — Pains lengthen ;
action grows more wild ; often one foot stamps on the ground ;
does not feed, but stares at the abdomen ; at last, without warning,
leaps up and falls violently on the floor ; seems relieved ; rolls
about till one leg rests against the wall. Should no assistance be
now aflbrded, the worst consequences may be anticipated.

Treatment. — Place in a loose box, guarded by trusses of straw,
ranged against the walls. Give one ounce of each of sulphuric
ether and of laudanam, in a pint of cold water, and repeat the dose
every hour if the symptoms do not abate. If no improvement be
observed, double the active agents, and, at the periods stated,
persevere with the medicine. Soft soap, dissolved in a quart of
water, as an enema, has done good. No amendment ensuing,
dilute some strong liquor ammonise with six times its bulk of

542 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

Wtater, and saturating a clotli with the fluid, hold it, hy means of
a horse rug, close to the abdomen. It is a blister ; but its action
must be watched, or it may dissolve the skin. If, after all, the
symptoms continue, there must be more than simple colic to con-
tend with.

SPAVIN.

Causes. — Hard work ; slipping on the road ; and sudden exertion
of any kind.

Symptom. — Any bony enlargement upon the lower and inner
side of the hock. Prevents the leg being flexed. Hinders the hoof
from being turned outward. Causes the front of the shoe to be
worn, and the toe of the hoof to be rendered blunt by dragging
the foot along the ground. Leaves the stable limping ; returns
bettered by exercise.

Treatment. — View the suspected joint from before, from behind,
and from either side. Afterwards feel the hock. Any enlarge-
ment upon the seat of disease, to be felt or seen, is a spavin. Feed
liberally, and rest in a stall. When the part is hot and tender,
rub it with belladonna and opium, one ounce of each to an ounce
of water. Apply a poultice : or put opium and camphor on the
poultice ; or rub the spavin with equal parts of chloroform and
camphorated oil. The heat and pain being relieved, apply the
following, with friction — Iodide of lead, one ounce ; simple oint-
ment, eight ounces.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

Cause. — The fumes of impure stables, caused by imperfect
ventilation and drainage.

Symptoms. — A swollen eyelid; tears; a hard pulse; sharp
breathing ; a staring coat ; a clammy mouth ; the nasal membrane
is inflamed, or leaden-coloured ; the lid can only be raised when
in shadow. The ball of eye reddened from the circumference ; the
pupil closed ; the iris lighter than is natural. The disease may
change from eye to eye ; the duration of any visitation is very un-
certain ; the attacks may be repeated, and end in the loss of one
or both eyes. If one eye only is lost, the remaining eye generally
strengthens.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 543

Treatment. — Eemove from the stable, and place in a dark shed.
Open the eye-vein, and puncture the lid if needed ; put a cloth,
saturated with cold water, over both eyes. If the horse is poor,
feed well ; if fat, support, but do not cram ; if in condition, lower
the food. Sustain upon a diet which requires no mastication.
Give the following ball twice daily : — Powdered colchicum, two
drachms ; iodide of iron, one drachm ; calomel, one scruple ; make
up with extract of gentian. So soon as the ball affects the system,
change it for — Liquor arsenicalis, three ounces ; muriated tincture
of iron, five ounces. Give half-an-ounce in a tumbler of water
twice daily. See the stable is rendered pure before the horse
returns to it.

SPLINT.

Cause. — Early and hard work.

Symptom. — Any swelling upon the inner and lower part of the
knee of the fore leg, or any enlargement upon the shin-bone of
either limb. On the knee they are important, as they extend high
up. On the shin they are to be dreaded, as they interfere with
the movements of the tendons. All are painful when growing,
and in that state generally cause lameness.

Treatment. — Peel down the leg. Any heat, tenderness, or
enlargement is proof of a splint. If, in the trot, one leg is not
fully flexed, or the horse " dishes " with it, it confirms the opinion.
Time and liberal food are the best means of perfecting them.
When they are painful, poultice, having sprinkled on the surface
of the application one drachm each of opium and of camphor. Or
rub the place with one drachm of chloroform and two drachms of
camphorated oil. To check the growth of a splint, rub it well and
frequently with iodide of lead, one ounce ; simple ointment, eight
ounces.

SPEAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS.

Cause. — Cart-work upon a hilly country.

Symptom. — Gradual heightening of the hind heel.

Treatment — The only possible relief is afforded by an opera-
tion, "division of the tendons," and from this operation good
results are seldom obtained.

544 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

STAGGERS.

Sleepy Staggees and Mad Staggers are only different stages of
the same disorder.
Cause. — Over-gorging.

Symptoms. — Excessive thirst ; dulness, or sleepiness ; snoring ;
pressing the head against a wall. Some animals perish in this
state ; others commence trotting without taking the head from the
wall, and such generally die, but sometimes recover. Other
horses quit the sleepy state ; the eyes brighten ; the breath
becomes quick. Such animals exhibit the greatest possible
violence, but without the slightest desire for mischief.

Treatment. — Allow no water. Give a quart of oil. Six hours
afterwards give another quart of oil, with twenty drops of crotou
oil in it, should no improvement be noticed. In another six
hours, no amendment being exhibited, give another quart of oil,
with thirty drops of croton oil in it. After a further six hours,
repeat the first dose, and administer the succeeding doses at the
intervals already stated, until the appearance changing indicates
that the body has been relieved.

Eor the full development of the mad stage no remedies are of
the slightest avail.

STRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDON'S.

Cause. — Severe strain imposed by persistent hard work.

Sym2Jtoms. — The animal goes oddly, not lame. The defective
action will disappear upon rest ; but stiffness is aggravated by
subsequent labour. Any attempt to work the horse sound induces
incurable lameness, or contraction of the tendons.

Treatment. — Allow several hours to elapse before any attempt
is made to discover the disease, A small swelling, hot, soft, and
sensitive, may then appear. Bind round it a linen bandage, and
keep it wet with cold water. Throw up the horse. Give four
drachms of aloes. Do not turn out, but allow two feeds of corn
each day. Keep in a stall, and do not put to work till more than
recovered.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 645

STRANGLES.

Cause. — Something requiring to be cast from the system so as
to suit the young body to a sudden change.

Symptoms. — A slight general disturbance which, however,
remains. The colt continues sickly. After a day or two the
neck becomes stiff, and a swelling appears between the jaws. The
enlargement, at first, is hard, hot, and tender. A discharge from
the nose comes on. The symptoms increase ; the throat becomes
sore. Breathing is oppressed ; coat stares ; appetite is lost ;
tumour softens, and, being opened, the animal speedily recovers.

Treatment. — Neither purge nor bleed. Give all the nourish-
ment that can be swallowed. If all food is rejected a little cut
grass may tempt the colt. Corn, ground and scalded, may be
offered, a little at a time from the hand. No grooming ; light
clothing ; ample bed ; door and window of loose box should be
open. Gently stimulate the throat with the following : Spirits of
turpentine, two parts ; laudanum, one part ; spirits of camphor,
one part. Apply with a paste brush, morning, noon, and night,
until the throat is sore. After every application take three pieces
of flannel, place these over the part, and bind on with an eight-
tailed bandage. So soon as the tumour points apply the twitch,
and have one fore leg held up. Then open the swelling with an
abscess-knife. It may be necessary to make another incision.
There are other occasional varieties of strangles, for which consult
the substance of the work, pp. 287-292.

STEINGHALT.

Cause. — Defective nervous action, owing to over- exertion.

Symptom. — liaising botli hind legs, one after the other, previ-
ous to starting.

Treatment. — None is possible.

SUEFEIT.
Canse. — Heat of body.

Symptom. — An eruption of round, blunt, and numerous spotsL

2 M

546 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

Treatment. — If tlie pulse is not affected the symptom may
disappear in a few hours. Look to the food. Abstract eight
pounds of hay, and allow two bundles of cut grass per day. Even
increase the oats, among which mingle four or five chopped carrots.
The following drink will be of service : — Liquor arsenicalis, one
ounce ; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce and a half ; water,
one quart. Mix. Give daily — one pint for a dose.

Symptoms. — If a young horse has been neglected through the
winter, the surfeit lumps do not disappear. An exudation escapes ;
the constitution is involved, and the disease is apt to settle upon
the lungs.

Treatment. — Do not take out. Keep the stable aired, and
attend to cleanliness. Feed as previously directed, and allow
bran mashes when the bowels are constipated. Administer the
drink, recommended above, night and morning. Clothe warmly ;
remove from a stall to a loose box. If the appetite fails, give gruel
instead of water, and x^resent a few cut carrots from the hand.
The shortest of these cases occupies a fortnight.

SWOLLEN LEGS.

Cause. — Debility.

Treatment. — Place in a loose box. Eeed upon cut grass instead
of hay. Damp the corn, and sprinkle a handful of ground oak
bark on each feed. Attend to exercise. If the legs continue to
enlarge, hand-rub them well and long.

TEETH.

Cause. — A thickening of the membrane sometimes conceals the
upper tushes, and provokes constitutional symptoms.

Treatment. — Lance the membrane.

Symptoms of Toothache. — Head, carried on one side or pressed
against the wall; saliva, dribbles from the lips; quidding, or
partial m.astication of the food, and allowing the morsel to fall
from the mouth. Appetite, capricious ; sometimes spirit is dis-
played— then the horse is equally dejected. The tooth dies ; the
opposing tooth grows long. The opposite teeth become very

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 547

sharp, from the horse masticating only on one side. The long
tooth presses upon the gum and provokes nasal gleet.

Treatment. — Chisel off projecting tooth ; file down the sharp
edges of the opposite teeth, and look to the mouth frequently.

TETANUS.

Causes. — Cold rain ; draughts of air ; too much light ; wounds,
or anything that injuriously affects the nervous force.

Symiotoms. — The wound often dries up. The horse grows
fidgety. Upon lifting up the head, " the haw " projects over the
eye. The tail is raised ; the ears are pricked ; the head is
elevated ; the limbs are stiff; the body feels hard. Any excite-
ment may call up a fearful spasm.

Treatment. — Give a double dose of purgative medicine. Place
in solitude and in quiet. Put a pailful of gruel and a thin mash
within easy reach of the head. Let nobody, excepting the favourite
groom, approach the place ; and allow him to enter it only once a
day.

THOEOUGH-PIN.

Cause. — Excessive labour.

Symptoms. — A round tumour going right through the leg, and
appearing anterior to the point of the hock. It is nearly always
connected with bog spavin.

Treatment. — Never attack thorough-pin and bog spavin at the
same time. Eelieve the thorough-pin first by means of rags, cork,
and an india-rubber bandage, cut so as not to press on the bog
spavin. If the corks occasion constitutional symptoms use a
truss to press upon the thorough-pin, which, being destroyed, apply
a perfect bandage and wetted cloths to the bog spavin. When
attempting to cure bog spavin, however, continue the remedy
to the thorough-pin, or the cure of one affection may reproduce
the other.

THEUSH.

Cause. — Standing in filth, and contaminated stables.

Symptoms. — A foul discharge running from the cleft of the
frog. This decomposes the horn. The surface of the frog becomes

648 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

ragged, and the interior converted into a white powder. The
affection does not generally lame ; but should the horse tread on a
rolling stone it may fall as though it were shot.

Treatment. — Pare away the frog till only sound horn remains,
or until the flesh is exposed. Then tack on the shoe, and return
to a clean stall. Apply the chloride of zinc lotion, three grains to
the ounce of water, to the cleft of the frog by means of some tow
wrapped round a small piece of stick. When the stench has
ceased a little liquor of lead will perfect the cure. For con-
tracted feet pare the frog, and every morning dress once with the
chloride of zinc lotion ; but do not strive to stop the thrush.

TEEAD.

Cause. — Fatigue and overweight.

Symptoms. — In light horses it occurs towards the end of a long
journey. The hind foot is not removed when the fore foot is put
to the ground. The end of the fore shoe, consequently, tears off a
portion of the coronet, from the hind foot. In cart horses, after
the horse is fatigued, the load has to be taken down a steep
hill ; the animal, being in the shafts, rocks to and fro ; the legs
cross, and caulkin of one shoe wounds the coronet of the opposite
hoof.

Treatment — Bathe the sore with the chloride of zinc lotion,
one grain to the ounce of water. Continue to do this thrice
daily ; feed liberally. A slough \\ill take place, and the animal be
well in about a month ; the only danger being the after result of a
false quarter.

TUMOUES.

These are so various, and of such different natures, that in every
case a surgeon should be consulted.

WART.

Cause. — Unknown.

Symptoms. — There are three kinds of warts. 1st. Some are
contained in a cuticular sac, and upon this being divided shell
out. 2n(l. The second are cartilaginous and vascular. These grow

ALPHABETICAL SUMMAEY. 549

to some size, and are rough on the surface. They are apt to
ulcerate, ord. Consists of a cuticular case enclosinG: a soft Qranular
substance.

Treahnent. — When of the first kind slit up, and squeeze them
out. The second kind excise, and apply a heated iron to stop the
bleedincr. The third kind are better let alone.

WATER FAECY.

Caufse. — Overwork and coarse feed, succeeded by periods of
stagnation. It is the warning that true farcy threatens the stable.

Symptoms. — The horse is found constitutionally ill with one
leg greatly swollen.

Treatment. — Improve the diet, and never allow the horse to
remain a day in the stable without exercise. Saturate the swollen
limb with cold water every morning, and have it afterward
thoroughly hand-rubbed until it is perfectly diy. Should lame-
ness remain after the first day, a few punctures may be made
into the limb, but only through the skin. Give the following ball
every morning : — Iodide of iron, one drachm ; powdered canthar-
ides, two grains ; powdered arsenic, one grain ; cayenne pepper,
one scruple ; sulphate of iron, one drachm ; treacle and linseed
meal, a sufficiency. Mix. The delay, even of a day, in treatment
is attended with danger in this disease.

WINDGALLS.

Cause — Continuous hard work.

Symptoms. — Small enlargements, generally upon the hind legs
and below the hocks ; no lameness ; two windgalls appear above
the pastern, one beneath that joint. After extraordinary labour
the round swellings disappear, and the course of the flexor tendons
becomes puffy. Sometimes continued irritation will cause the
windgalls to greatly enlarge, and ultimately provokes their case
to change into bone. During these changes the horse is very
lame.

Treatment. — Fold pieces of rag ; wet them ; put these on the
windgalls ; place on the rags pieces of cork, and over the cork lace

550 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

on an india-rubber bandage. Mind this bandage is constantly
worn, save when ridden or driven by the proprietor. Eest is the
only alleviation for the change of structure.

WINDY COLIC.

Causes. — Gorging on green food ; but more commonly impaired
digestion, consequent npon severe labour and old age.

Symptoms. — Uneasiness ; pendulous head ; cessation of feeding.
Breathing laborious ; fidgets ; rocking the body ; enlargement of
the belly ; pawing. Standing in one place ; sleepy eye ; heavy
pulse ; flatulence ; the abdomen greatly enlarged. Breathing very
fast ; pulse very feeble ; blindness ; the animal walks round and
round till it falls and dies.

Treatment. — Three balls of sulphuret of ammonia, two drachms,
with extract of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a sufficiency,
may be given, one every half-hour. Next, one ounce of chloride
of potash, dissolved in a pint of cold water, and mingled with
sulphuric ether, two ounces, should be horned down. In an hour's
time two ounces each of sulphuric ether and of laudanum ; half-
an- ounce of camphorated spirits; enemata of cold water maybe
thrown up the rectum, and the above remedies continued until
relief has been afforded ; one drachra of carbonate of ammonia may
be administered.

WORMS

Are of four kinds — the Tcenia, the Lumbrici, the Strongulus, and
the Ascarides.

The Tcenia mostly affect the young.

Cause. — Starving the mare when with foal, and breeding from
old animals.

Symptoms. — Checked developmen*"- ; large head ; low crest ;
long legs, and swollen abdomen. Appetite, ravenous ; body, thin ;
coat, unhealthy ; breath, fcetid. The colt rubs its nose against
a wall, or strains it violently upward ; picks and bites its own
hair.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 551

Treatment. — Give every morning till the coat is glossy — Liquor
arsenicalis, from one to eight drachms ; muriated tincture of iron,
from one and a half to twelve drachms; extract of belladonna,
from ten grains to two drachms. Dose for young animals must be
considerably reduced, and such medicine as prescribed should be
administered under the advice of a veterinarian.

The Lumhrici prey upon the old and the weakly.
Treatment. — Tartarised antimony, two drachms ; common mass,
a sufficiency to make one ball ; give one every morning.

The Stroiujulus, during life, is generally not known to be
present.

The Ascarides cause great itching posteriorly, which provokes
the horse to rub its hair off against the wall.

Treatment. — Try injections of train oil for one week. Then
use infusion of catechu, one ounce to one quart of water. On
the eighth morning give aloes, four drachms; calomel, one
drachm. Tobacco-smoke enemas are sometimes useful, and the
following ointment may be placed up the rectum, night and
morning : — glycerine, half-an-ounce ; spermaceti, one ounce. Melt
the spermaceti, and blend ; when cold, add strong mercurial oint-
ment, three drachms ; powdered camphor, three drachms.

WOUNDS.

A Lacerated Wound is generally accompanied by contusion,
but with little haemorrhage. Shock to the system is the worst of
its primary effects. The danger springs from collapse. A slough
may probably follow. The slough is dangerous in proportion as
it is tardy. The horse may bleed to death if the body is much
debilitated.

Treatment. — Attend first to the system. Give a drink com-
posed of sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce ;
water, half-a-pint. Eepeat the medicine every quarter of an
hour if necessary, or till shivering has ceased and the pulse is
healthy. A poultice made of one-fourth brewer's yeast, three-
fourths of any coarse meal ; or a lotion consisting of tincture of
cantharides, one ounce ; chloride of zinc, two drachms ; water.

552 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

three pints ; may be employed. When the slough has fallen,
apply frequently a solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the
ounce of water ; and regulate the food by the pulse.

An Incised Wound produces little shock. The danger is im-
mediate, as the horse may bleed to death.

Treatment. — Do not move the horse. Dash the part with cold
water, or direct upon the bleeding surface a current of wind from
the bellows. When the bleeding has ceased and the surfaces are
sticky, draw the edges together with divided sutures. When the
sutures begin to drag, cut them across. After copious suppuration
has been established bathe frequently with the solution of chloride
of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water.

An Abraded Wound, generally, is accompanied by grit or dirt
forced into the denuded surface. The pain is so great, the animal
may sink from irritation.

Treatment. — Cleanse by squeezing water from a large sponge
above the wound, as was directed for broken knees, and allow
suppuration to remove any grit that is fixed in the flesh. Support
the body and use the chloride of zinc lotion.

A Punctured Wound is dangerous, as tlie parts injured are
liable to motion. On this account, those above the stifle are very
hazardous. Sinuses form from the torn fascia opposing the exit of
the pus ; also because the small hole in the skin generally bears
no proportion to the internal damage.

Treatment. — Always enlarge the external opening, to afford
egress to all sloughs and pus. Eegulate the food by the symptoms,
and use the chloride of zinc lotion.

A Contused Wound, when large, causes more congealed blood
than can be absorbed. This corrupts, and a slough must occur or
an abscess must form. Either generate weakness, produce irrita-
tion, and may lead to fatal hoemorrhage. Or sinuses may form.
Wherefore, such accidents are not to be judged of hastily.

Treatment. — When the contusion is slight, rub the part with
iodide of lead — one drachm of the salt to an ounce of lard.
When large, divide the skin every eighth inch, the entire length
of the swelling. Bathe the injury with the chloride of zinc lotion.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY. 553

and support the body, as the symptoms demand liberality in the
matter of food.

In all wounds, j^ain if possible a large depending orifice, and
cover the denuded surfaces with a rag saturated with carbolic
acid.

This Summary has been appended in order that advice in
emergencies may be immediately obtained, but at the same time
the reader will always best consult his interests and pocket by at
once consulting a qualified veterinarian. Coachmen and grooms
possess, to a certain extent, some practical knowledge in the treat-
ment of horses, but are totally unable to recognise the cause and
effect of the various affections which they often attempt to pre-
scribe for and sometimes render worse by their interference.

In all diseases there is a right and a wrong method of treat-
ment,— the one tends to induce bad results, the other leads to cure.
Men unacquainted with scientific research cannot successfully deal
with those subjects which require that knowledge which the
pathologist alone commands. Always send, even in trivial cases,
for a veterinarian, remembering that a stitch in time saves nine,
and prevention is better tiiau cure.

ANESTHETICS.

The knowledge that certain medicinal agents had the power of
inducing sleep during lengthened periods was possessed by the
ancients. Both lay and medical writers of the past have recorded
how persons, after the imbibition of soporifics, have been rendered
insensible to the inlliction of pain.

Pliny narrates that certain plants have "the power of causing
sleep in those who take them."

Dioscorides mentions how surgeons administer a preparation
made " from mandragora roots to those patients whom they are
going to cut or burn."

Galen recognises the power this root has " to paralyse sensation
and motion,"

Isodorus recommends mandrake. He writes, — " A wine from
the bark of this root is given to those about to undergo an opera-
tion, that, being asleep, they may feel no pain."

In the reign of Henry VIII., his physician, William Bullen,
gives a prescription for a preparation for rendering patients
insensible to pain : " The juice of a certain herb " (it is supposed
to have been mandragora) " pressed forth, and kept in a close
earthen vessel, according to art, bringeth deep sleep, and casteth a
man into a trance or deep terrible sleep, until he shall be cut of
the stone."

Not only were the ancients cognisant of the soporific effects of
medicines taken by the mouth, but they also knew how the
inhalation of vapours would render persons oblivious of anything
that might occur to them during the periods of their exhibition.
The somniferous sponge of Ugone da Lucca may be cited in proof of
this assertion. Ugone mixed in a brazen vessel certain ingredients,
consisting of opium, hyoscyamus, lettuces, etc., with which a sponge
was placed; the mass was then boiled until the juices extracted

ANAESTHETICS. 555

were absorbed by the sponge. " As oft as there shall be need of
the sponge, place it for an hour in hot water, and let it be applied
to the nostrils of him who is to be operated on, until he has fallen
asleep, and so let surgery be performed."

We are indebted to the Turks, who introduced into Europe the
process of distillation, which gave a great impetus to the advance-
ment of chemical research, and through the medium of the still
caused the manifestation of those gaseous eliminations which, by
inhalation, produced both remedial and soporific effects.

It may seem strange that, although the means were known
whereby insensibility to pain could be procured, the use of
an?esthetics was not universally adopted until the second half of
the current century. It was not imtil after the discovery of
oxygen by Priestley that the importance of the inhalation of gases
as curative agencies was brought to light.

In 1799 Sir Humphrey Davy was the first to discover that the
inhalation of nitrous oxide gas was capable of destroying pain, and
in 1818 Faraday showed that the vapour of sulphuric ether,
" when inhaled, produced excitant effects similar to those
produced by nitrous oxide gas." Yet, although the anaesthetic
properties of the above were known to the bulk of the medical
profession, their assistance in cases of operations were seldom
brought into requisition, either by the surgeon or dentist, the fact
being that the influence their advocates claimed for them had not
been sufficiently tested, or had been unskilfully applied; and
there were some who stated that the inhalation of ether was
incapable of inducing that degree of oblivion which a patient
should be placed under, so as to render him insensitive to pain,
and for this reason experimenters were on the alert to discover a
more potent aniesthetic than ether.

An American, Samuel Guthrie, in 1831 first discovered that a
very agreeable diffusible stimulant was obtained by distilling three
pounds cf chloride of lime and two gallons of alcohol from a clean
copper still. " From this distillation about one gallon of ethereal
spirit" was obtained. In 1831 Soubeiran submitted to distillation
a mixture of chloride of lime and alcohol, when he named the
product obtained bichloric ether, because it contained "twice as
much chlorine as that found in the chloride of defiant gas."
Liebig also about the same time carried out similar experiments

556 ANESTHETICS.

l)y distilling diluted alcohol and chloride of lime, from which he
])rocured a diffusible stimulant, which was named chloride of
carbon. In 1834 the product obtained by distillation from
chloride of lime and alcohol was submitted to Dumas for analysis,
who, on account of its relation in composition " to that of formic
acid, denominated this liquid chloroform." From the above it will
be seen that three experts, independently one of the other, dis-
covered almost at one and the same time a new diffusible
stimulant, to which Dumas gave the name of chloroform.

It is usually reported that the late Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh
was the discoverer of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform — in
fact, Simpson thought so himself, for, in a pamphlet, published
November 10, 1847, he writes: — "Chloroform was discovered by
Soubeiran 1831, and Leibig 1832. It has been used by some
practitioners internally. Guillot prescribed it as an anti-
spasmodic in asthma, etc. ; but no person, so far as I am aware,
has used it by inhalation, or discovered its remarkable anaesthetic
properties, till the date of my own experiments." There is no
doubt that Simpson discovered, quite independently of others, the
anaesthetic properties of inhaled chloroform ; although Jacob Bell,
several months before, in the Pharmaceutical Journal for February
1847, wrote : — " Chloric ether as an anaesthetic has been tried in
some cases with success"; and M. Flourens, in March 1847, made
a communication to the French Academy of Sciences, which
was published in the Comjytes Rendus, that "hydrochloric ether
produced the same effect as sulphuric ether. The action of
hydrochloric ether has led me to test the properties of the new
compound known under the name of chloroform. In a few
minutes, from four to six, an animal exposed to the respiration of
the vapour of this liquid became perfectly etherised. The spinal
marrow was then laid bare, and the posterior roots were found
insensible." It is most likely that Jacob Bell, M. Flourens, and
Simpson experimented independently one of tlie other, although it
must be conceded that the world is more indebted to the last
named for the diffusion of that knowledge which led to the
universal adoption of the inhalation of the vapour of chloroform,
in order to render animal bodies about to undergo surgical
operations insensitive to pain. Soon after the issue of Simpson's
pamphlet chloroform was extensively used, and, as can easily be

ANAESTHETICS. 557

imagined, was abused, as the practical knowledge of its effects had
not been sufficiently tested, and more had to be learnt regarding
not only the anaesthetic itself, but also the condition and tempera-
ment of the subjects to whom it was to be administered. By
some patients it was inhaled too largely, by the sponge being
placed too near the nostrils ; or the vapour was not allowed
sufficient admixture of air, which, in some instances, caused
suffocation and sometimes death. It was exhibited, too, often by
persons ignorant, not only of the properties of the vapour, but of
the very elements of anatomy and physiology ; and, consequently,
the early introduction of this potent anaesthetic had difficulties to
contend with ; and a valuable agent in alleviating pain was brought
into disrepute.

In 1847, Mr. Stapleton, in an address to the medical profession,
inveighed against the indiscriminate use of this drug, which had,
in some instances, produced fatal effects, owing to maladministra-
tion, or to the lack of knowledge regarding the physical organisa-
tion, temperament, and condition of those persons who had been
placed under the influence of chloroform : — " It was found that
certain persons could not inhale chloroform vapour with impunity,
and that an examination of the physical condition of the patient
about to be aniesthetised was necessary ; precautions were taken
to remove all impediments to free respiration, stays were undone,
waist-belts unloosened, etc." Disaster taught lessons which
warned future operators of the evils likely to occur, unless they
used those precautions neglected by previous experimenters.

Other ana'sthetics than chloroform are used, which seldom if
ever are applied to domestic animals, and for this reason will not
be narrated in the present notice. Moreover, as chloroform com-
bined with ether is most commonly used in human, and is
universally adopted in veterinary practice, it is only necessary to
detail the mode of exhibiting it, and the precautions to be taken
in its administration, and, in doing so, much of our experience
must be gained from the effects produced on man. Dr. M'Guire
asserts that chloroform "is an unsuitable anaesthetic in cases
where there is a nervously weak heart, or where weakness results
from fatty degeneration or from loss of blood, or great anaemia
from other causes." These remarks apply with equal force to all
animals about to be placed under the influence of chloroform, and

558

ANESTHETICS.

it is therefore, as regards successful ojjeration, as important for the
veterinarian to carefully examine his patient previously to the
administration of chloroform as it is for the human surgeon before
he exhibits this anaesthetic.

Previously to the inhalation of chloroform it is always desirable
that the patient be cast, when the aniesthetic can be applied in the
same manner as depicted below, there being no difference in the
mode of procedure ; the anaesthetist will only have to adapt his
operations to an animal in a recumbent instead of a standing
position. Always place a horse's head in a slightly raised position ;
and, whatever means may be employed for bringing the sponge
saturated with the anai-sthetic to the nostrils, never allow it to
come within three inches of the animal's nostrils, nor touch the
lips ; and be careful to dilute the vapour with air, by causing free
access to be given for its admission. Chloroform may be inhaled
either throvigh the medium of a towel, folded in such a manner as
to form a cup or cone, at the apex of which the sponge can be in-
serted, and then may be introduced to the animal's nostrils. It is
well to bring the anaesthetic gradually to the nose, so as not to let

its influence be too
quickly experi-
enced ; for, if an
effort be made to
induce anaesthesia
too rapidly, the
animal will struggle
against this inter-
ference with its
respiration, and re-
tard, rather than
expedite, the period
necessary for ren-
dering a patient
insensitive to the
infliction of pain :
whereas, by gradual
exhibition, i.e. by
bringing the sponge by short degrees nearer and nearer to the
nostrils, insensibility is induced witli hardly any opposition on

A sponge containing cliloroform, which should be held in the
palm of the left hand at tlie point A, the right at the same time
grasping the facial strap of the head collar.

ANAESTHETICS.

559

the part of the patient being offered to the administration of the
vapour.

The surgeon, immediately after an animal is brought to a state of
anaesthesia, can commence any operation, but lie nnist act totally
independently of the anaesthetist, whose duty it is to watch the
patient during the inhalation of the vapour, to see that it is kept
well under its influence, and to notice that the breathing and action
of the pulse are not injuriously affected. Uneven and stertorous
respiration, and an unsteady or failing pulse, are indications of
something amiss, which necessitates the immediate removal of the
apparatus, so as to allow free access to the atmosjjheric air ; and the
operation must be deferred until after normal breathing and circula-
tion have been restored.

This simple method of administering chloroforjn vapour with a
cone-shaped towel is preferable to any apparatus designed for this
purpose; but, when some operations are about to be performed,
the intervention of a mechanical contrivance may prove of assist-
ance. The various inventions that have been introduced to the
medical world differ little one from the other. They have each
the same object in view, namely, the
formation of an instrument best adapted
for the admiuistration of chloroform.
The form of one is here depicted, the
lower side of which has been removed
in order to show the internal arrange-
ments, which are hereafter described.

It consists of a nosebag into which
the horse's head can be introduced, and
can there be fastened ; the inside is
well padded, by which the jaws, mouth,
and face are protected from blows ; and
the vapour cannot fail to exert its
influence so long as the apparatus
remains on the animal's head. A
represents a tin trough intended for
the reception of a sponge, and B shows
the position of certain bars, separated
about an inch one from tlie other. These are raised above the
sponge about two inches, so as to prevent the lips from touching

6G0 ANiESTHETICS.

it, and insure the existence of a sufficient space between the nostrils
and the sponge. C points to a slide which can be closed or with-
drawn at the discretion of the operator, so as to exclude or admit
air as circumstances demand. It matters little how ethereal
vapours are applied. The chief object is to make provision against
those disasters which experience has taught us how to avoid, and
have been above detailed.

There are few operations that take more than half-an-hour for
performance, and consequently anaesthesia need not be main-
tained for any longer period than this ; but, should circumstances
occur necessitating the continued application of chloroform vapour,
there is little fear of its protracted maintenance causing disaster.
Dr. Mapother kept a patient under the influence of chloroform
during twelve consecutive hours ; Dr. Murray, of Durham, during
five hours, " without any unpleasant results " ; Mr. Heath, of the
Newcastle Infirmary, " maintained chloroform anesthesia for seven
hours " ; and horses, dogs, and cattle have remained for longer
periods under anaesthetic influence.

liOCAL ANESTHESIA BY
ETHEE SPEAY.

The ether spray, invented by Dr. Eichardson, possesses the power
of rendering animal structures insensitive to pain, and has an
advantage over chloroform in that it is applied with greater ease,
and its exhibition is not likely to cause dangerous results.

The fluid from which the ether spray is obtained " is made by
distilling together a light hydrocarbon with absolute ether, so as
to produce a common fluid boiling at 84° Fahrenheit." For the
human subject the best ether is employed, but in veterinary practice
methylated ether answers the purpose quite as well as the purer
variety.

The apparatus for the ether spray, and the whole detail for its
application, has been so ably and clearly expressed in a pamphlet
written by my friend, Dr. Eichardson,^ that a portion of it is trans-
cribed in cxtcnso : —

" The apparatus for the etiier spray consists first of a bottle for
lioldiug the ether. Through a perforated cork a double tube is
inserted, one extremity of the inner part of which goes to the
bottom of the bottle. Above the cork a little tube, connected with
a small hand bellows, pierces the outer part of the double tube,
and communicates by means of the outer part, through a small
aperture, with the interior of the bottle. The inner tube for
delivering the fluid runs upwards nearly to the extremity of the outer
tube. When the bellows are worked, a double current of air is
produced, one current descending and pressing upon the ether to

^ Ether Spray as a Means for the Extinction of Pain in Operations on the
Inferior Animals. By Benjamin W. Richardson, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.

2 x\

562 , LOCAL ANESTHESIA.

force it along the inner tube, and the other ascending through the
outer tube and playing upon the column of ether as it escapes
through a fine jet into the air.

" The fluid is thus dispersed from the fine jet into the air in the
form of spray ; it is still in that condition which we call fluid, but it
is so finely distributed or sprayed out that it looks like a vapour of
water — steam — issuing from the tube. In this finely divided state
it easily volatilises on coming in contact with a surface, the tempera-
ture of which is higher than its own ; it is thus transformed into
the form or condition of matter called vapour, the transformation
depending upon the heat it has extracted from the part upon which
it has been directed.

"PAINLESS OPEEATIONS.

"For Nekving.

" Perhaps the most painful surgical operation that can be per-
formed on any animal is that of dividing a large nerve. To effect
the operation on a horse without the aid of an anaesthetic, the
animal has not only to be securely tied down, but the twitch has
usually to be put on the nose so as to overcome the pain and the
resistance of the subject by a process probably in itself more ex-
cruciating and more exhausting than the operation itself. Now,
no more is required than to fix the animal without any pain, so
that the limb may be kept steady. The surface to be divided is
next cleared of hair with the comb and scissors, and the spray is
then directed upon the part. The period of complete insensibility
of the part is marked in the horse by a hardening of the tissues
and a peculiar blue colour of skin. The operator proceeds to
divide the skin in the line of the nerve, and as there is no bleeding
the nerve is readily exposed. The nerve being laid bare, the spray
is directed upon it until it has become hard and almost like metal ;
then a spatula is passed under the nerve fairly to isolate it, a little
more spray is applied, and the nerve is cut through with the knife.
"When the operation is perfectly effected, the division of the nerve
is made without a tremor on the part of the subject. The wound
is closed and the operation is completed.

LOCAL ANESTHESIA. 563

"For the Seton.

" When a seton has to be inserted, as in the leg of a horse, the
hair is removed in the line of skin along which the needle must
pass. Then the spray is applied like a brush in the course of the
line until the skin is quite insensible. Next, at the point where
the skin is transversely cut by the seton-scissors, the anaesthesia is
carried a little more deeply and over a wider surface. The clip
through the skin is made and the needle is introduced. As the
needle is puslied slowly beneath the skin, the ether spray should be
applied externally in advance of the point of the needle so as to keep
up the insensibility ; but when the needle has traversed the re-
quired length, and the point is brought out, the ether may be safely
withdrawn ; the seton-thread itself will pass quite painlessly if it
has been well oiled, and the operation is accomplished,

"For Firing.

" Both on the human subject and on the horse, the local ances-
thesia gives all that can be desired for the operation of firing. To
carry out the operation on the horse, the hair over the part to be
fired is first carefully removed. Next the ether is directed in full
and large spray, in such way as to render insensible a space from
three to four inches long, and as wide as may be necessary. Very
deep angesthesia is not required, and indeed is objectionable, as it
cools the iron too rapidly, and impedes the course of the operation.
The firing iron has itself to be sharp, and not at all heavy, and the
strokes made with it must be quick and fine, but decisive. During
the time when the iron is being used, the ether must be withdrawn,
otherwise the vapour takes fire, and the operator is, for a moment,
perplexed.

" It is worthy of remark that the local anaesthesia not only pre-
vents the pain of the cautery at the period of burning, but prevents
the after pain. This is the fact both in the human subject and in
the horse.

" I have seen a surl'ace of skin six inches long by three broad, cau-
terised in the human subject with a glowing iron without the least
trace of pain ; and I have seen a horse in which ]\Ir, F. Mavor, in

664 LOCAL ANAESTHESIA.

the same painless manner, has made at least forty lines with the
cautery, each line being from three to four inches long.

"For Eemoval of Tumours.

" For the removal of tumours from any of the inferior animals, if
the tumour is within reach of the knife or scissors, the local anaes-
thesia is quite perfect. The hair over the part must he carefully
shaven off, and then the whole surface must be made completely
insensible. As the knife descends for the dissection of the tumour,
spray must be made to precede the instrument. In a similar
manner the frequent operation of castration may be easily and
painlessly carried out.

"For Internal Operations.

" In the human subject, the spray process has been successfully
used in the operation for hernia, for the removal of ovarian
tumours, and with nnprecedented success for the greatest of all
operations — CaBsarian Section, In cases of animals such as the
horse and cow, I see no reason whatever why it should not be
applied for similar operations. In cases of mechanical obstruction
of the bowels, a painless incision, large enough to admit the hand
into the peritoneum, might readily be performed, and with far more
chance of success tlian befalls the human subject, who though
much less resistant to such operations, does nevertheless often
recover from them. Again, in cases of parturition, where the
function in the natural way is impossible, I see no reason why the
delivery should not be promptly and painlessly effected by a lateral
section into the womb. I have seen animals lingering for liours in
the pains of labour, and dying at last from pain and exhaustion ;
animals so placed might, I think, now be relieved at once, and
with a very fair chance of recovery, without pain.

"For Applying Caustics, or Esciiarotics.

" For applying caustics or escharotics to open and irritable sur-
faces, the local anaesthesia can in every case be employed. I have
thus seen even strong nitric acid applied to an open sore without
pain.

LOCAL ANESTHESIA. 56&

"For Eelievikg General Pain.

" In addition to the application of ether for preventing the pain
of cutting operations, it may be used in cases where there is severe
local suffering, as in acute pleurisy, in inflammation of joints, in
neuralgia, and in cases of great irritability of joints. In horses
suffering from foot lameness, it would be good in the early staore,
to treat by simple rest and frequent local benumbing of the nerve
with the spray without dividing the nerve at all. I believe in this
way many valuable horses might be rapidly cured of temporary
lameness.

"Application to Diagnosis, or Detection of Diseases.

"The Messrs. Mavor have used the ether spray with great
success as a means in diagnosis, especially in one form of lameness
— I mean knee lameness. When a horse is evidently lame in the
knee, there may be disease there causing pain ; but it is not neces-
sary that the disease should be in the knee, for the disease may be
remote, and the knee itself may be sound. It is therefore very
important in such cases to determine the precise fact. To test
this, the Messrs. Mavor, when in doubt, make the joint very
deeply insensible, and then have the animal gently trotted. If the
animal with the knee joint thus temporarily benumbed trots with
perfect freedom, that is to say, without lameness, the lameness
returning as the sensibility returns, the evidence is conclusive that
the disease is in the joint — local irritation. But if, when the knee
is quite insensible, the lameness remains, the evidence is largely, if
not conclusively, in favour of the view that the disease is remote,
and that the knee itself is sound.

"OF THE DEGEEES OF SENSIBILITY IN
DIFFEEENT ANIMALS.

" Observations made as to the periods of time, and the degree of
amesthesia required to destroy locally the sensibility of animals,
have taught me some curious and interesting facts respecting the
degrees of sensibility in some animals. The first fact observed is

566 LOCAL ANAESTHESIA.

that in all animals the sensibility is lower than in n:en. Amon;^st
common domestic animals, the horse and the dog possess the
highest sensibility, and after them the guinea-pig. The sensibility
of the rabbit is low by comparison, and so is that of the cat and
the pigeon.

" Descending in the scale of the animal creation, the reduction is
still more marked ; and in the frog the whole sensibility is more
easily extinguishable than is that of the finger of a man. In fine,
common sensibility altogether rests on the production of thermal
force, and on the condensation of such force, in the animal, by the
nervous centres which act as storers, multipliers, and feeders of
sensation."

We consequently possess most potent agents to alleviate pain,
and valuable assistants in surgical operations ; for the inhalation
of chloroform not only renders an animal incapable of experiencing
suffering, but also places it in a condition of immobility, wliich
always allows the surgeon to use his knife without let or hindrance,
and thus enables him to take his time wliere delicate and intricate
operations have to be performed. The ether spray, by acting
locally, i.e. only upon structures over which its influence is directed,
induces in such regions insensibility to pain, and for this reason is
constantly used in human surgery ; but unfortunately anaesthetics
are not so extensively employed by veterinarians as they should be,
considering the assistance they afford them by rendering dumb
animals insensible of suffering during protracted and painful
operations.

IlfDEX.

A.

PAGE

PAGE

Best treatment for

megrims . . 12

Abdomen, the, disease of

. 182

Bloody irrine .

. 234

Abdominal injuries

. 201

Blood spavin .

. 348

ruptured diaphragm

. 201

Bog spavin .

. 338

ruptured spleen

. 203

cause of .

. 338

ruptured stomach .

. 203

treatment for

. 339

iutrosusception

. 203

Bots

. 167

invagination .

. 204

causes of

. 168

strangulation .

. 204

Brain, abscess of

. 3

ruptured intestines

. 204

Brain and nervous

systems : their

calculus .

. 205

accidents and dis

eases ... 1

Abraded wounds .

. 454

Brain, the disease c

)f . . . 1

Abscess of the Brain

, 3

Breaking down

. 326

symptoms of .

. 4

cause of .

. 326

Acites . . , ,

. 196

treatment for

. 327

— — symptoms of .

. 196

Broken knees .

. 432

treatment of .

. 196

• contusion gen

eral accompanies 432

Acute dysentery

. 190

■ cause of .

. 433

cause of .

. 190

proper mode t

0 wash . . 435

symptoms of .

. 190

how to probe

. 437

treatment of .

. 191

treatment for

. 438

Acute gastritis

. 161

Broken wind .

. 275

causes of

. 161

cause of .

. 276

treatment of .

. 162

symptoms of

. 277

symptoms of .

. 162

■ treatment for

. 278

Acute laminitis

. 389

Bronchocele .

. 129

cause of .

. 391

remedies for

. 130

symptoms of .

. 391

Bronchitis

. 137

■ treatment for .

. 392

symptoms of

. 137

Albuminous urine .

. 237

remedies for

. 138

All kinds of treatment have

been

Bruise of the sole

. 375

tried for tetanus ,

. 20

Buying a captain

. 78

Alphabetical summary .

. 497

Alteration in shape consequent

upon

c.

tetanus

. 19

Anaesthesia, local, by ether sp

ray . 561

Calculi .

. 232

Ansesthetics .

. 554

Canker .

. 381

Aphtha ....

. 66

cause of .

. 381

treatment of .

. 67

symptoms of

. 381

Ascarides and stronguli .

. 210

treatment for

. 382

Attention to the feeding of

lorses

Capped knee .

. .341

most important .

. 6

hock

. 341

elbow

. 344

B.

Cartilages, ossified

. 388

Back sinews, clap of

. 323

Cataract

. 45

s])rain of

. 324

kinds of.

. 45

Bandage for punctured abdom

en . 462

preventative f<

)r . . . 46

667

568

INDEX.

PAGE

Cataract, no remedy for complete . 48

use of belladonna in

. 49

no medicine can cure

. 49

Cavities, synovial, open .

. 440

Chest, the diseases of .

. 132

Choking ....

. 120

causes of . . .

. 121

different kinds of .

. 121

high, most important

. 121

remedy for

. 122

low ....

. 123

treatment for .

. 124

Chronic dysentery .

. 193

cause of .

. 193

symptoms of .

. 194

treatment of .

. 195

Chronic gastritis .

. 165

symptoms of .

. 165

treatment of .

. 166

Chronic hepatitis .

. 174

Clap of the back sinews .

. 323

Cold .....

. 78

its causes

. 79

symptoms of .

. 80

treatment of .

. 80

Colic, windy .

. 216

Colic, spasmodic

. 212

cause of.

. 213

symptoms of .

. 213

treatment for .

. 216

Congestion in the field .

. 132

remedy for .

. 133

Congestion in the stable .

. 134

remedy for

. 136

Corns ....

. 371

causes of

. 371

old and new, how tc

dis-

tinguish

. 372

treatment for .

. 374

Contused wounds .

. 456

Cough ....

. 96

symptoms of .

. 96

treatment for .

. 97

medicines for .

. 98

Countenance of a horse

with

rabies.

. 14

Cracked heels

. 270

cause of .

. 270

symptoms of .

. 272

treatment for .

. 272

Crib-biting .

. 178

symptoms of .

. 179

treatment of .

. 181

Curb ....

. 327

cause of .

. 329

treatment for.

. 328

Curb-chain may injure the jav

V . 66

Cystitis ....

. 228

— — • causes of

. 230

symptoms of .

. 228

treatment for .

. 230

D.

Diabetes, insipidus . . . 236

causes 236

— — - treatment for . . . . 237
Diaphragm, spasm of . . .159
Disease of the heart . . . 156
Division of the tendons . . . 488

■ the necessity for, how provoked 488

• how to perform . . . 489

— — after-treatment required for . 490
Do not whip a runaway horse . . 4
Dropsy of the abtlomen . . . 196
Dysentery, acute .... 190
chronic 193

Enteritis . . . . .

182

causes of ... .

183

symptoms of .

mode of, make sure that it is

185

present . . . .
treatment of . .

187
188

Excoriated angles of the mouth

56

causes of ... .

56

treatment for ....

58

Expression of a horse changed by

repeated attacks of megrims
Extirpation of the eye .
Eye, fungoid tumours in

11

51
50

Eyes, the diseases of .

32

F.

Face of a horse with hydrophobia .

False quarter

cause of . . .

14
367
367

treatment for . . . .

367

Farcy

300

cause of

301

symptoms of .

301

Feeding a horse with chronic tetanus

21

Feet, their accidents and diseases .

350

Fever in the feet . . . .

389

Filled legs . . . . .

258

Fistulous parotid duct .

its causes . . . .

421
421

symptoms of .

treatment for.

423
423

Fistulous withers . . . .

417

its causes . . . .

417

symptoms of, and treatment for 419

Flatulent, colic . . . .216
Foot, prick of . . . .376

pumice ..... 361

Fret 212

Fungoid tumours in the eye . . 50

symptoms of . . . .50

horrible alternatives left by , 51

INDEX.

569

G.

Gastritis, acute . . . .161
— — chronic . . . . .165
Glanders 292

cause of . . . . . 292

symptoms of . . . . 294

Gleet, nasal . . . . .86
Grease ...... 262

prevention of . . . . 262

■ nature of ... . 262

cause of . . . . . 264

symptoms of . . . . 265

treatment for .... 267

Gripes 212

Gutta serena . . . . .27

causes of . . . .27

symptoms of . . . .28

peculiarities of . . .29

effect upon the optic nerve . 31

H.

Hematuria 234

symptoms of . . . . 234

treatment for .... 235

Harness horses most subject to me-
grims ...... 10

Hay-rack, evils ofits general position 34
Heart, disease of . . . .156
Heels, cracked . . . .270
Hepatitis, chronic . . . .174

causes of . . . .174

treatment for . . . .176

Hide-bound 249

treatment for . . . . 250

Highblowing ..... 90
Horse quickly learns to recognise

the voice of its owner ... 3
How to treat a runaway horse . 3

Hydrothorax . . . . .152

symptoms of . . . .152

treatment of . . . .153

I.

Incised wounds .... 453
Idiopathic tetanus . . . .16

causes of . . . .19

— — treatment for . . . .20
Imjiediment in the lachrymal duct. 54

causes of . . . .54

treatment for . . . .55

Inflamiiiatiou of the kidneys . . 222

of the bladder . . . 228

of the vein .... 424

InHufuza 198

probable cause of . . .198

symptoms of . . . .199

treatment of . . . . 200

Injuries, their nature and their
tnatnient . . . - .109

Injuries of the abdomen .

Injuries to the jaw ....

the snaffle may cause, and often

does produce

• treatment for .

Injuries produced by London stables

PAGE
201

62

63
64
23

Joints, synovial, oi>en

Knees, broken

. 447

432

Lacerated eyelid . . . .52

• causes of . . . .52

treatment for . . . .54

Lacerated tongue . . . .68

causes of . . . .69

treatment of . . . .71

Lacerated wounds .... 452
Lameness ..... 350
Laminitis, acute .... 389

sub-acute .... 398

Lampas ...... 60

an imaginary disease . . 60

Larva in the skin .... 251

cause of . . . . . 251

cure for . . . . . 253

Laryngitis ..... 99

cause of . . . . .99

symptoms of . . . .99

treatment of . . . . 100

Lash, effect of on the eye of the horse 37
Laying open the sinuses of a fjuittor 492

how to accomplisli . . . 493

intention of . . . . 494

Lice ...... 251

Limbs, the diseases of . . . 306
Liver, the diseases of . . .159
Local antesthesia liy ether spray . 561
London stables . . . .23

M.

Madness ..... 1

Mad staggers ..... 6

Mallenders and sallenders . . 269

treatment for .... 270

Mange 239

causes of ... . 240

symptoms of . . . . 240

treatment for .... 242

Megrims ..... 9

a form of epile])sy ... 9

when the attacks may aj>pear. 10

symptoms of . . . .10

Melanosis ..... 279

570

INDEX.

PACE

Melanosis, symptoms of . . . 279

treatment for . . . .281

Mode of feeding a horse with chronic

tetanus . . . . .21
Mouth, tlie, its accidents and diseases 56

excoriated angles of , .56

roof of, may be injured hy the

bit . ' . ■ . .' .65

Nasal gleet 86

its causes . . . ,86

its treatment . . . .87

Nasal polypus . . . .83

its nature . . . .83

• its treatment . . . .83

Navicular disease .... 400

seat of 400

symptoms of ... 401

treatment for .... 404

Nephritis 222

• causes of .... 223

symptoms of . . . . 224

treatment for .... 226

Nervous system, its accidents and

its diseases ..... 1
Neurotomy ..... 480

its results .... 481

manner of performing . . 483

Nostrils, their accidents and their

diseases . . . . .78

0.

Occult spavin .... 330

cause of . . . . . 331

symptoms of . . . . 331

treatment for .... 331

()])en synovial joints . . . 447

primary treatment for . . 447

general treatment for . . 449

Open synovial cavities . . .440

cause of . .... 440

nature of ... . 441

what is generally spoken of as 443

treatment for .... 442

Operation, of no use in abscess of

the brain ..... 4
Operations ..... 463

■ aids to fetter the horse for . 469

Ophthalmia, simple . . .32

specitic . . . . .37

Optic nerve, the effect of gutta serena

upon ...... 31

Osseous deposits .... 306

Ossified cartilages .... 388

Over-reach ..... 369

treatment for .... 371

Parotid duct, fistulous . . . 421
Parrot-mouth . . . . .59

evils of . . . . .59

Partial paralysis . . . .25

symptom of . . . .25

the disease of fast horses . 26

generally past all cure . . 26

the only hope of remedy for . 27

Patella, luxation of the . . . 345
Perio.steotomy .... 478

• the intention of , . . 478

its advantages considered . 479

Phlebitis . . . . . 424

experiments with regard to . 426

• cause of . . . . . 426

symptoms of . . . . 427

treatment for .... 429

Phrenitis ..... 1

■ symptoms of its approach . 1

remedies for the early symptoms

of 2

Physic of no use in abscess of the

brain ...... 4

Pleurisy 148

symptoms of . . . .148

■ treatment of . . . . 150

causes of ... . 151

Pneumonia . . . . .142

doubts concerning . . .142

• symiitonis of . . . .143

treatment of . . . . 144

Poll evil 409

its causes .... 409

■ symptoms of . . . . 412

treatment for . . . . 412

Polypus (nusal) . . . .83
Prick of the foot . . . .376
Profuse staling .... 236
Prurigo ...... 244

symptoms of . . . . 244

treatment of . . . . 245

Pumice foot 361

causes of .... 361

symptoms of . . . . 361

treatment for .... 362

Punctured wounds .... 455
Purgative and quiet, best remedies

for tetanus ..... 20
Purpura hremorrhagica . . . 285

■ symptoms of . . . . 285

treatment for .... 286

Q.

Quarter, false .... 367

Quidding . . . . .73
Quiet and a strong purgative, tlie

best remedies for tetanus . . 20
Quittor . . . . . .377

INDEX.

571

Quitter, cause of ,

PACE

. 378

Sore throat . . . .

PAGE

. 92

symptoms of .

. 379

symptoms of .

. 93

treatment for .

. 380

treatment for .

. 94

sinuses of, lay

ng open . . 492

Spasm of the diaphragm

. 159

symptoms of .

. 159

treatment of .

. 160

R. 1

Spasmodic colic . .

. 212

causes of

. 213

Eabies .

. 12

symptoms of .

. 214

propagation ot

. 13

■ treatment for .

. 216

symptoms of

. 13

Spasm of the urethra

. 231

treatment for

. 15

causes of . . .

. 231

Rack, hay, evil of

its general posi-

symptoms of .

. 231

tion .

. 34

treatment for .

. 232

Rheumatism .

. 332

Spavin

. 306

cause of .

. . .332

cause of .

. 308

symptoms of

. 333

symptoms of .

. 308

treatment for

. 333

treatment for .

. 314

Ringbone

. ... .319

how to examine for

. 312

cause of .

. - . .319

occult .

. 330

symptoms of

. 320

Specific diseases, varieties of

. 275

■ treatment for

. 321

Specific ophthalmia

. 37

Ringworm

. 246

eyes supposed most s

abject

symptoms of

. 246

to . . .

. 38

treatment for

. 246

small stables, the cause c

f . 39

Roaring .

. 103

symptoms of .

. 39

Roaring (chronic) i

3 a serious affair . 105

contrasted with simple op

hthal-

causes and eff

ects of . . 105

mia

. 40

remedy for

. 108

treatment for .

. 41

treatment for

. 109

preventative for

. 42

Roof of the moutt

may be injured

ternanations of

. 43

by the bit .

. 65

Splint ....

. 315

Rupture of oesopha

5US . . .126

cause of .

. 317

how caused

. 126

symptoms of .

. 317

treatment of .

. 318

Sprain of the back sinews

. 324

S.

cause of .

. 324

treatment for .

. 325

Sallenders

. 269

Staggers

. 5

Sandcrack

. 364

treatment for .

. 7

causes of

. 364

origin of

. 6

symptoms of

. 364

sleepy .

7

treatment for

. 365

Strain of the flexor tendon

. 321

Scald mouth .

. 76

Strangles

. 287

causes of

. 76

cause of .

. 287

symptoms of

. 77

symptoms of .

. 287

treatment of

. 77

treatment for .

. 288

Seedy toe

. 368

a bad kind of.

. 291

treatment for

. 3,69,

Stringhalt .

. 21

Shying . ' ■..' ', !

." : '-'!,'/'''. :i\2:

-' A-^ s fmptam of .

. 22

Simple ophtb'altlia

•\ i, .::•,.'.•''».' s*?;

',— '. — caiurie'of .

. 23

nature of

.33

Stomach, the, diseases of

. 159

caiis.e? , . , .

•• ;•.. '.'.'t ::•• ^

' Strl'ituVe .'of oist'pliagus .

. 126

treiitiDeht.of

•• -.".n^/:: »^

'•;-; — '. itS'ieffec'is .' ; .

. 127

syriptoiiis- af

.'• • •.'•'.• • : • ^6'

' Strohguli and ascarides .

. 210

Sinuses of a qui.tto

r, laying open . 4p2

w.;:.::-'-\j:''25?.

,Srib-.^Oute laminitis

. 398

Sitfast . . ; . '■

.■"T-rVr^V,' Percivall's account o

f . 398

cause of . ;

'-' •'.'•••:-/. :-*.?^3/

'-TT-^-;fr^a:t^ient for .

. 399

treatment 'for

V . . . 261

Summary, alphabetical .

. 497

Skin, the, diseases

of . . . 239

Surfeit ....

. 248

Sole, bruise of

. 375

treatment for .

. 248

572

INDEX.

FACE

Surfeit, a severe kind of . . . 249

treatment for . . . .249

Swollen legs . . . . .258

symptoms of . . . . 258

treatment for .... 259

Synovial cavities, open . . . 440
joints open .... 447

Tapping the chest . . . .153
Teeth, disease of . . . .71

symptoms of their disease . 73

■ • treatment of . . . .75

Tendons, division of . . . 488
Tetanus. . . . . .15

Thorough-pin , , . .339

treatment for . . . . 340

Throat, its accidents and diseases . 92

sore 92

the diseases of . . .92

Thrush 385

cause of . . . . . 385

treatment for . . . .386

Toe, seedy ..... 368
Tooth-ache . . . . .73
Tooth, components of . . . 72
Tracheotomy . . . . .472

how to perform . . .474

Traumatic tetanus . . . .16

causes of . . . .16

test for 18

Tread 369

causes of, in light and heavy

horses ..... 370

treatment for .... 370

True cause of stringhalt . . .23

Tumours 256

nature of . . . .257

Tushes, a cause of sickness . . 72
Tympanitis . . . . .216

U.
Universal spasm in tetanus . .18
Urinary organs, the, diseases of . 222

Vein, inflammation of the

W.
Warts ....

kinds of.

treatment for .

Water, certain death, after

gorging
Water farcy .

cause of .

symptoms of .

treatment for .

Wheezing
Windgalls

symptoms of .

treatment for .

Windy colic .

causes of

symptoms of .

treatment for .

Withers, fistulous .
Worms ....

cause of .

symptoms of .

treatment for .

Wounds

lacerated

their treatment

• incised .

their treatment

abraded .

their treatment

punctured

their treatment

contused

their treatment

424

253
254
255

6

282
283
283
284
90
336
337
338
216
217
217
219
417
207
207
208
209
451
452
456
453
457
454
460
455
460
456
461

R. N MANHEY,

I

I.

MORRISON AND OIBB. PRINTERS. EDINBITRGH.