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MEASUREMENTS2%
Os fe
gi Swat" Museu he i
S. Prentiss Batpwin, Harry C. OserHorser, — AND
Lzonarp G. WorzLzEY
&
InnusTRATIONS BY JAMEs Manson VALENTINE
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Vol. I, pp. I-IX; 1-165; figs. 1-151 Issued, October 14, 1931 CLEVELAND, OHIO
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
Voutume II
@
CLEVELAND, OHIO
1931
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Votume_ I] PAGE Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History . Iv
MU SChEACIOTIS! a i ck ake da ae ce ae WS Gey Thon ae Vv
Scientific Contributions Measurements of Birds. By S. Prentiss Baldwin, Harry C. Oberholser, and Leonard G. Worley. (Published, Wetouer VAG TOS ee CT Ch, ae ae ne Meola 1
ema to Valuine Eee Pe), BAR RO OMe aid 145
III
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
The publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History appear in six series, as follows:
t.
Scientific Publications, consisting of natural history and anthropological papers of technical character, of varying length and appearing at irregular intervals.
Of this series, all of Volume I, containing numbers 1-5, issued, 1928-1931, has already been published. The present contribution constitutes Volume II complete.
. Popular Publications, which are non-technical articles of
general natural history or anthropological interest, issued also at irregular intervals.
Of this series, numbers 1-2 of Volume I have appeared, 1928-1931.
. Bulletin, containing short popular, educational, or semi-
technical articles on natural history and anthropology; notes on the Museum’s activities; and the Museum’s announce- ments. It is published monthly, except in July and August.
Of this publication, numbers 1-51 have been issued, 1922-
. Pocket Natural Histories, consisting of popular pocket educa-
tional manuals for the information of students in natural his- tory and anthropology, including keys and illustrations for the ready identification of species. Of this series the following have been published: No. 1—Trees of Ohio, 1922. No. 2—Indian Homes, 1925. No. 3—Mound Builders, 1925.
. Annual Report, containing the report of the Director and the
reports of the different departments of the Museum, setting forth their activities during the preceding year. Two of these have been published, those for 1929 and 1930.
. Miscellaneous Publications, comprising educational leaflets;
and such other publications of local or temporary interest as descriptions of the Museum and its work, post cards, cards for games, lecture and other programs, and announcements of other Museum activities.
A considerable number (about 100) of such publications have already appeared.
iv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES MEASUREMENTS OF BIRDS
FIGURE PAGE i Votal length wath feathers: (he airad ahetein. a oxide 2) 2 Sotal lensth without feathers) wii) diversas ve yates 10 oe Peneth of exposed culmeni.)) iii ie sy Site: Wy ahi, > 11 4. Length of exposed culmen without cere... .... 12 ES uenetn Oh total culmeny sso. arte eee ia keene Lata F 13 feionizontallencthof bill, 2 )inhe eran ean Go Ae tee 14 o Penathiof bill frdmyeape) \yisyigin’. (ws sor ayplaundd sy ei Veetap 15 eS weeneth ot dill from noseril will) jis. ys vs. | Sieur. ea wos 3 16 9. Length of bill to feathers on side of maxilla ..... 17
feereleient iat bill ag base a. 0 6. sen iar diane a eee we 18 Pieeiicicht of bill.atmosthils 0.3.6 6 Hoes Halve § 20 PP acieht of bill at angle of gonys.) joy eee eh. 20 pe ith of bil at, base. ee os a) oe Nee 21 Pee Videinof Dill At Sap!) Hii uberis ws whan. go moniemreniabial 21 15. Width of bill at posterior end of dertrum ...... 22 16. Width of bill at widest anterior point... ...... 22 Pcen ath Of Comin key a) oe) ea sen hoe Ga 23 Por ewenctmiOl TICKS). se ak ks PRN be a 23 19. Extent of one mandible beyond the other . . ... . 24 20: Curvature.ofculmen 5... us) Juknl alike ie gues. 25 Ot Greatest heieghtiot manila. 5 4. es Yomtatl Gh a at 26 POR Pienatn OMGeHERUMG io) 60 cla eA oa vole Gad tangs | 26 Co weneth of nail of bill) ion... wy ale i ® 27 OA Greatest width of nail Of bills») wi ¢:).ey one. edital 27 2s. beneeh of cere oahu. gid Ye aah a hey geen ecneeet | 28 Po. Meret ot casquel oii cca We ayh ale die Ghet Hetil is Meets ck 29 Py. aWWidth.of CASGue ae top, <..tkeh subine te ements hore}. 30 2S HVE OivGasdue At DASE wileois: calves a ly Sok. B). More, 30 BO wenethiolcasque 36 top .° ... . Saley carktitsn shee vig eal. 31
VI scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II FIGURE | PAGE 30. Length of casque agbase Pe ea as a eee 31 31. Position of nasal fossa in maxilla, from tip of bill . . 32 32. Position of nasal fossa, from base of culmen ..... 32 33. Position of nasal fossa, from culmen above .... . 32 34. Position of nasal fossa, from tomium of maxilla ... 32 35. Jemethy Gt masal fosea.\ 5) ea. he eae: is da pent 33 36. Hetphit at nasal: fngea? ok bs) Ne leo ies eh 34 37. Position of nostril, from anterior margin of fossa . . . 35 38. Position of nostril, from posterior margin of fossa. . . 35 39. Position of nostril, from upper margin of fossa . . . . 35 40. Position of nostril, from lower margin of fossa . . . . 35 41. Lenethoof nestrtl oo))o0.. 2s SRR Owe) Se 36 42) Heiehtot nestnbs (inn Geu bedi daaleys ee ae 37 a3. Petal length of mandible,;.. . tod, 2° 2).c he 37 44. Leneth of exposed,mandible . . . (YS. 4)e/a 00 38 45. Length of mandible to feathering on chin . ..... 38 46, Greatest height of mandible 2): 2) 202.) /°U 39 47. Width of mandible at\wase )) ole ka oa 40 #8: Leasth of exposed:ramus. / «2 690 0.0. 20 40 a0: Denstl: oneanys 4\\0) «3. Aas de Be 41 50. Distance from angle of gonys to feathers on side of TATU ((a,)\4 of Roe ai deta tna clkenhey hu aun ie 41 51. Distance from angle of gonysto gape ........ 42 52. Jreneth-of ractal Gristles isis). 2 s0 a oe ee 43 53. Leneth of tongue ih eee eee Fe a 43 o4. Widel of coneue! (205) 2 ee ee ee t4 gS. Lenethiot head: 2) 26523. 2.4) a0 ee a =f 56. Greatest widthhot head’ fos) fae ere 45 5/2 Interorbital width of head... 3 .ckeh i kik, ee 45 58,’ Heiht of Read: 5. is 3 Se ee 46 Bo.) FAGAN GR EFE. o.0) eb eg at Yikes 2h SU eae ee 46 GD: Terni OF eye iid fat eit) ods) A ee Min es Oh 47 6t.. Distance from eve fo nostra 2 id adil er 47 62. Distance from eye to base of bill) 2). 2) oe). eee 48 63. Greatest diameter of outerear ........... 49 G4: Least diameter of outer Gar). ./Ps) seh es Re 49 65; Lenath of frontal plate j..').5/5. hice. etd, |e ee 50 66, Widen of frontal plate.) 2 2 LW ee 50
1931 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vil FIGURE , PAGE Re RENEE GS COMED | ho nies hin Wer iad dh eioR Ob he Heldmroka 51 Bese reitre i com 20 aie a) ASP kes ym, Bat alld 51 REP ERIE OL LAR DEE NN asst h i ibluphi ie wiiialdl ys blndll ny) beeyiMiall a2 MRO UV ic EEA CN ATIIGE, 50/6 Si bae cH MMU! Ake) (ey AMOR Ash lh hel 52 See Penetls OF CAPUMele | )))).6 0 oi eile anne alae Wi hha 53 a2) Wensth of frontal antias 6. .< «) debbie) Si) A heal 54 MP IREHEENOH GEESE Wie gf CS) RA Miaka Bhs "ete fale 55 #4. Greatest diameter of facial disc. 6) 5 coe 6 ee a 56 Be MECHELEN ON TCI \ | 4) iii laniss eel aug le WN: cli ial red nel anda arid ’d fe 57 MPP IMETEE GE MOCK lS lh a I Masa h al adeltl 57 77. Length of gular pouch to side of throat... .... 58 78. Length of gular pouch to front of throat. . . ... . 58 gee Depth of ular pouch); «suse Giver didlahian iis hy 59 80. Greatest diameter of tympanum .......... 59 Be Peneen ormachal Wate yy du ysieal @lisinge es beim i 60 MECHEL See eh eR LN oe Qi aad | 61 See teenoth of body £0 COCCYK 65). A A hasten ae olime ian Ss 62 Pee benetnion body. ta pubis. 42.) 8h) 65s) 6) a eu, 63 Ss. tnterhumeral width of Body. oii) iid awe ge oe sie 64 Seeinterpubic width of body)... ae hele ai Ain Ae 65 87. Width of body between tips of pubic bones .... . 66 MURR EMILE DOG, ) i) ie ioe) ie Lee Wha ved i ehigian gl cali le, 67 #2. Worso-ventral diameter of body) |.) (6!) eye) So ee 68 Bee meee ot SCEEMUI 60) ios! (is) ne Sales Bacwere ual & 69 me eneth of contons feather 200) 6) 6) oad Ubi velo ells 70 mee Width of contour feather 444))))4) ya, (ihe ld dee aa ahi es 70 meen rth of altersitagey (i) ie) oc su) Bibaenonue tele eae 71 ee enoth of down feather) i)... 5.) ah seen mike tea. 71 me Rengtiy of plane.) .)4.2 0/6) Pine lets be seleteedy Ba) Pring. 72 M6. Leneth of removed feather: .../(¢) 2.4.6. watt ad’ ’ 72 Be Pennthiot demlapi ve lc. cig 1k) abeod eh wheeling 73 og, extent of wings with feathers: 20...) 46 aca h 74 99. Extent of wings without feathers ......4.2.. 75 foe: Length of closed wine) 6 ig 8 oe ae aha ae h 76 101. Length of closed wing from below ......... 76 Bene ACERT OF PEE A WIFE | (i. kal eu pap eed hele Wane Mey id ba ng 78 103. Breadth of wing at outermost secondary ...... 79 pa. Greatest breadth of wie . 4.) wets dbo & bene & 80
VIII scrlENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
FIGURE PAGE 105. Breadth of wing.atinner marein. . . 06) 2) as 81 | 106. Area OF wink) (UNG OE ee ae eee 82 | 107. Antero-posterior curvature of wing . 77) ) 1 J7aeoe 83 | 108. Intero-exterior curvature of wing . . 2 .). ./ 2% 84 109.. Lenethof upper'arm: 2 0537) 2 84 110. Leneth of forearm) . 2.2 «.. QAO6 Se) 2 85 | 111; Leneth of hand). 3 ee eee ee 86 | 112: Leneth of wingstip)) a) are ea ee 87 ! 113. Distance from tip of longest primary to tip of shortest secondary 2 SVE) Bie Te Lai ee A 87 114. Lensth of primary quill). 3. 4.202 eg) le 88 | 115. Width of primary quill’. 2) Oo a ee 89 | 116. Width of outer vane of primary quill ........ 89 1 117. Width of inner vane of primary quill . ....... 90 f 118. Difference between length of first primary and primary |! BOWELES). (Alertness ig al eS ial eh 91 i 119. Lensth of wine spur’ 9s. 2 2 2°08 NY Pea 92 I 120. Leneth of tad: i. 2 2a RPA OS Se 92 | 121. Length of tail without longest feathers ....... 94 | 129, Width of-tail at base”... . 0.0. (8 2 ee ee 95 ! 123.° Width of expanded tail? {'2).) e014 Gogh ae 95 124, Area of expanded tail: .'2.. 4 . « 29 ee 96 H 125. Area of expanded tail with long outermost rectrices . . 97 126. Depthiol forkof tail. .... 2 + O24) eee 98 127; Graduatomor tails 24.4) Ree Bee 98 128. Leneth of spot-on tail-feather te (ee OP os Pee 100 j 129. Geneth of tatlracket . . 4. 4).2 3, 00") 0 Sa 101 { 130." Width of tatltracket!. . 4... Teer e > Yee 101 : 131) Lenath of upper tail-coverts . ..,, (ec 1a 102 ! 132. Distance from upper tail-coverts to end of tail . . . . 103 | 135. Heneth-oflegs ce sk fm a oe See 104 | 134, Lenech-of thigh® |) +. ROR ee Oe ee 105 155, Length of tibia "is AS Te a ee 106 1 136. “enerh of tarsus) 2" 2h). 2. WO Oe) 2 ee 107 15/7. Diameter of middie oftarsus +) P42 4 A eee 108 } 138. Leneth of bare pottionof les. 2". ee SS 109 i 139. Leneth of middie?) tars Pee, a ee 110
! 140,.. Leneth of middle claw: 4...) dow BVP Ne eee 111
1931 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1x
FIGURE PAGE mr Leneth of middie toe and claw) 5). ek a 111 Peo vvinen or middle toe). 8 i. jake ee ww te Pee eneatm of Outer 6OE ye) se ee ee a 1 ps Pee ence at Mind toe i MOR we ee eae 114 mew erevation of hind toe i) bo ke ele 115 fee Weneth of lobe of hind toe’! ss) ee 115 Bere vice of lobe of hind toe ke 116 148. Greatest length of web between front toes .... . 117 149. Middle length of web between front toes ...... 118 150. Width of web between front toes ......... 119
MEEBO GH IOIOE hii ins aii Me MIE Mayme et 120
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Vou. Il IssueD, Ocrosper 14, 1931 Vou. lt
MEASUREMENTS OF BIRDS
BY
S. Prentiss Batpwin, Harry C. OBERHOLSER,
AND LEonarp G. WorLEY
ILLUSTRATIONS BY JAMES Manson VALENTINE
Contrisution No. 17 FROM THE BaLpwin Birp REsEARcH LABORATORY
Gates Mitts, Onto
| | | 2 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
. | CONTENTS PAGE | IMGroeMCHOR 02) 8 i.e oh eet ak as ee er 3 | Wreasuremenetsy co vet oe ae he ig 9 | Poralteneth Jee Li en ae a 9 Bo ERR eh OE Ph 4 rr 10 Heads gear nn... ® ee err 44 Cl en Oe ae ee ae ee ee 57 BG raya Sete iel es GW alist Gi oo: ae) on 62 WN Te re etre a a tg) 2 nue ne 74 Maile ee eek WW oe eek Ae els crn 92 ) Bd acaba d aaemeie x BUS i teas’ vs) ace eenaiiae 104 GGG Robe ae bade ita ail gic Mae 110 ; Biplieetapnwy fe oe es 2) Mee ) i 121
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 3
INTRODUCTION
The importance of statistical studies in biology does not need much emphasis. Attention may well be called, however, to the great variation—geographi- cal, sexual, seasonal, age, and individual—in the size and proportions of birds, which differences can not be properly evaluated without good series of measure- ments.
Measurements of birds, and the relative propor- tions determinable only by measurements, are used (1) for purposes of generic and even family character- izations, to indicate the differences and similarities between such groups; (2) to show differences between species and between subspecies; and (3) to bring out the many kinds of variation within the limits of species and subspecies. Some measurements are suitable for all three of these purposes; others, by their nature, for only one.
A search of the literature of ornithology for some reasonably complete system of measurements discloses only a surprising meagerness of information on the subject. The reason for such scant reference to any method of measuring birds seems to have been, partly, that a few simple measurements which give an idea of size have, rather remarkably, been considered sufficient for the description and identification of species, and that for such taxonomic purposes no detailed system has usually been thought necessary; although in some families or genera of birds certain
4 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
special features have assumed so much importance that they have required comparison by measurement. Also, authors have apparently supposed that their methods of measurement needed no explanation. However, when the physiology, the life processes, and the close scrutiny of the individual bird as a living organism are considered, the careful comparison of minor variations becomes essential. For the study of individual variations, sexual differences, rate of growth, anatomy, and ecological relationships, a much more extensive series of measurements is required.
For use in the studies of living birds that are being carried on at the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory at Gates Mills, near Cleveland, Ohio, it was found by Baldwin necessary to work out an adequate system of measurements. Originally such measurements were intended to include only those that pertain to the living bird, but even this involved much research into the methods employed by others. Oberholser suggested the addition of detailed explanations of the manner of taking all the principal external measurements that can be profitably employed in ornithology in any part of the world, both of birds in the flesh and of museum specimens as well, exclusive of the skeleton and other internal parts. No effort has been spared to work out as accurately as possible a satisfactory system of measurements, and in view of the lack of such a comprehensive manual,
it has been thought worth while to publish the results ~
of these studies. To make these more clearly under- stood, outline drawings showing the manner in which many of the more important measurements are taken
have been added.
Our purpose in this connection, however, is not
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 5
revolutionary, but rather confirmatory of such methods as exist; and we endeavor in the following pages so to describe and illustrate a large number of measure- ments that may be found useful, as to lead to some recognized standard and consequent uniformity. Since it is evident that differences in method greatly reduce the comparative value of series of measurements, our modest hope is that the present effort may contribute to the uniformity so much to be desired, if only by showing how much more available for comparison measurements are if taken by a uniform method. The need for uniformity in this respect has, indeed, long been recognized. A hundred years ago William Swainson in a footnote on page 44 of the second volume of the immortal ‘Fauna Boreali-Americana’ voiced his own feeling in the following words:
“It is very desirable that authors should adopt one uniform mode of measurement, or at least explain their methods more accurately, until some definite plan is adopted.”
There is, it 1s encouraging to note, evidence to-day of an increasing desire on the part of ornithologists for uniformity in the method of taking measurements.
The measurements that are useful for the majority of birds, or are most often necessary for general study, are, in the present publication, set in larger type. In order, however, to aid in promoting further agreement or standardization many measurements are described here which may be needed only for studies of certain genera, or for investigations requiring great detail. These are set in smaller type. . .
While many of these will not often be used, and probably not all of them by any one investigator, yet
NOV 1) 1931
6 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
they may serve for suggestion and help should they be needed. Many measurements could, of course, be added to those given in the following pages, but it seems best to leave further refinement to the exigency of any special investigation that may in future be undertaken. However, when measurements of many more kinds and in much greater detail than at present are employed in all kinds of ornithological studies, it is very probable that many hidden differences will be brought to light, and that many interesting, not to say important, ornithological discoveries will be made. We have, in fact, perhaps in part on account of the labor involved, made altogether too little use of measure- ments in ornithological research.
For ordinary taxonomic purposes in the laboratory or in the field, the few subjoined measurements are in most general use, usually in the same sequence as given below; and to follow this order, when only these measurements are furnished, will facilitate their use:
(1) Total length (‘length’).
(2) Extent of wings (‘extent’).
(3) Length of closed wing (‘wing’).
(4) Length of tail (‘tail’).
(5) Length of exposed culmen (‘exposed culmen’).
(6) Length of tarsus (‘tarsus’).
(7) Length of middle toe (‘middle toe’).
In scientific studies of any kind a measurement for each of these based on a single individual is not suf- ficient; the maximum, minimum, and average of a series of individuals should be given. Furthermore, all measurements should be taken in millimeters. In the
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 7
discussion of methods in the following pages we have departed from the sequence above given in order to bring into juxtaposition the most closely related measurements and to facilitate reference.
In the few cases in which two or more methods have been more or less commonly used for the same measure- ment, we have indicated our preference by prefixing an asterisk to the paragraph of description.
The most essential instruments in taking measure- ments of birds are a pair of plain dividers (those with- out a joint in either arm being preferable) and a ruler graduated to halves of a millimeter. For the larger dimensions this is sufficiently accurate, but for the smaller parts the measurements should be shown to tenths of a millimeter. For ordinary purposes a ruler 500 millimeters long (about 20 inches) will be sufficient, but for larger birds a longer one is desirable. A vertical piece, securely fastened to the left end of the ruler, makes easier and more accurate the measuring of wings that are too long for dividers, but is in the way when taking other measurements. A steel or cloth pocket tape line is often useful, particularly for large birds. For the bill and the other smaller parts a pair of sharp- pointed calipers graduated to tenths of a millimeter will be found useful; and a pair of large wooden calipers for large birds is also an improvement, particularly for convenience and time saving.
The annotated bibliography to be found at the end of the following discussion of measurements includes citations of all publications found to have explained manner or method of taking measurements. It is doubtless not complete, but probably comprises the great majority of essential references. It is, moreover,
8 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
interestingly sufficient to show that ornithological writers ordinarily have used only a very few measure- ments, and that these, in many instances, are not so described as to show the exact method followed in ob- taining them. Furthermore, most of the explanatory comments on measurements have appeared in recent years. |
We, therefore, can not too strongly urge that, in all publications in which measurements are used, the exact method of taking each measurement be fully and clearly described or illustrated.
We wish to express our appreciation of the patience with which Doctor Valentine has applied not only the skill of an artist, but the naturalist’s knowledge of birds, to the illustrating of this paper. For valuable suggestions we need thank Dr. S. Charles Kendeigh, of the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory; Dr. H. H. T. Jackson, of the Biological Survey; and for pains- taking work on the bibliography, Miss Ruth Richards, of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, at Washington, D. C.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 9
MEASUREMENTS
TOTAL LENGTH
Total length with feathers.—*The total length of a bird with its feathers is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail, the bird thoroughly relaxed, lying flat on its back along a ruler, with the head bent dorsally so that the bill is approximately parallel with the ruler, and without stretching the neck beyond a natural position. (Figure 1.) A bird too large for any ruler available may be measured by marking off on table or floor the points reached by the tip of the bill and the end of the tail, and measuring the distance between these points.
Figure 1.—Totraut LENGTH wiITH FEATHERS
The total length may be obtained from either the living or dead bird, but not accurately from a prepared skin, even though taken in exactly the same way. This measurement has been standard for many years. A slight source of error may be encountered in measur- ing a bird in the flesh, since there is some variation in
*When two or more methods of taking the same measurement are explained, the method preferred by the present authors is prefixed with an asterisk (*).
10 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
the stretching to which the neck may be subjected; but after a little practice this will not amount to more than one or two millimeters in the smaller birds, an inaccuracy that is, of course, not serious.’
By some authors the length is measured also to the tips of the shortest feathers of the tail, to show the difference between the lengths of the tail-feathers. This measurement is, of course, not the total length of the bird; and, furthermore, the difference between the long and short tail-feathers is much more graphically exhibited by measurements of the tail alone.
Total length without feathers.—The total length of a bird without its feathers is ascertained by measuring, with the bird in the same position, from the tip of the bill to the posterior end of the coccyx. (Figure 2.) Such a measurement is useful in comparing individual variations in the size of the body itself.
LEE
Ficure 2.—TorTraLt LENGTH WITHOUT FEATHERS
BILL
Measurements of the bill are best taken with dividers, and may be considered the same in the living bird as in the prepared skin, although in the latter the bill may be subject to a slight shrinkage in drying. Differences in the size of various parts of the bill,
*The most generally useful measurements are set in larger type.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 11
particularly the length of the maxilla, the height of the bill at base, and the width, have been used in defining specific and even generic characters of birds since the first days of systematic ornithology. For all bill measurements zt is zmportant to indicate clearly which of the following are used.
Length of exposed culmen.—* The length of the bill may be measured in several ways. Many authors use the exposed culmen as the length of the bill, and measure it from the point where the //ps of the feathers of the forehead impinge upon the culmen (that is, the point at which the feathers of the forehead in their natural position cease to hide the culmen), in a straight line to the tip of the culmen. This is, therefore, really the chord of the exposed culmen. (Figure 3.) This measurement is easy to take; more nearly approximates the visible length of the culmen as viewed from the side; and has besides the advantage that its posterior point of departure is the same as that at which it is convenient to measure the height and width of the bill.
Figure 3.—Lencts or Exposep CuLMEN
|
LS ————— SSS SS —=s
Sa
12 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
In birds that, like coots (Fulica) and jacanas (Facana), have a frontal plate, the measurement of the exposed culmen begins at the anterior end of this bare portion of the forehead.
In the case of birds like crows and ravens (Corvidae), in which the base of the culmen may be more or less hidden by the thick tufts of nasal bristles, or frontal antiae, the point of departure for the measurement of the exposed culmen may be more or less obscure, but the point where the anterior feathers of the forehead cease to overlie the culmen can be ascertained by pushing aside the lateral tufts of bristles.
Length of exposed culmen without cere.—In birds having a noticeable cere, such as hawks (Accipitri- formes), owls (Strigiformes), parrots (Psittaciformes) and pigeons (Columbiformes), the length of the culmen without cere is ascertained in the same manner as is the length of exposed culmen (see page 11), but by measur- ing from the anterior edge of the cere on the culmen to the tip of the bill. (Figure 4.)
se:
A PY ND Si WS ee aa S
Ficure 4.—LenorH or ExposeED CULMEN WITHOUT CERE
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 13
Length of total culmen.—Since there is sometimes consider- able variation in the length of that part of the base of the bill covered by the frontal feathers, due to variation in the length of these feathers, or to accidental injury, the measurement of the total culmen is sometimes more accurate and comparable than the length of the exposed culmen. This length of the bill includes the entire culmen from the point where the integument of the forehead of the bird meets the horny covering of the bill, where the roots of the feathers usually begin (except in cered birds, for which see page 14), in a straight line to the tip of the bill (the chord of the total culmen). (Figure 5.) In birds with a cere, the posterior limit for this measurement should be the point where the feathers begin, or the anterior end of the frontal bones of the skull on the forehead (see page 14).
Ficure 5.—LeEncTH oF ToTAL CuLMEN
In birds the frontal feathers of which do not overlie much or any of the base of the culmen, like the American orioles (/cterus) and Old World vultures (Aegypiidae), this measurement is nearly or quite the same as the length of the exposed culmen.
Some birds, like auks (Alcidae), have the base of the bill so extensively covered with feathers that it is necessary to begin the measurement of total culmen at the anterior end of the frontal bones of the skull on the forehead, even if this be among the feathers. This point, however, can usually be readily deter- mined.
14 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Although we prefer for ordinary taxonomic and other purposes the exposed culmen as the measurement of the whole bill, never- theless, for all other measurements in which the culmen is involved (except height and width of bill at base) we use the extreme base of the culmen, as being the real posterior end of the maxilla, and as such offering a more logical and satisfactory point of departure.
The bill has by some authors been measured along the curve of the culmen instead of its chord, but this is a difficult measure- ment to obtain accurately, and is seldom if ever now employed.
Length of total culmen with cere.—In cered birds the length of the total culmen with cere is found in the manner described for birds without a cere (see page 13), except that in this case the base of the culmen is covered by the integument of the cere, and the measurement begins at the actual posterior end of the culmen as determined by the growth of feathers, or better by the configura- tion of the surface where the culmen ends at the anterior extremity of the frontal bones of the skull on the forehead.
Horizontal length of bill.—Some authors, such as Jonathan Dwight, have determined the length of the bill with a pair of calipers from the base of the exposed culmen, on a horizontal line to a point exactly above the anterior end of the bill, which would give neither the length of the culmen, nor the chord of the culmen, but, in fact, the greatest horizontal measurement that can be taken of the bill. (Figure 6.)
Ficure 6.—HorizontTaL LENGTH oF BILL
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 15
Such a measurement of horizontal length may be useful, how- ever, in comparing sharply hooked bills of such birds as parrots (Psittaciformes) and hawks (Accipitriformes), but it is not a good substitute for the chord of the culmen, as there is considerable difference between these two measurements.
Length of bill from gape.—The length of the bill from the gape is the length in a straight line from the tip of the maxilla to the corner of the mouth; which measurement is, of course, the chord of the distance. (Figure 7.)
This measurement is often useful, supplementing other measure- ments of the bill; and it has been used by Martorelli (1895) and some other authors as the measurement of bill length.
5 fy iN “)
NY coe cS can, \ uw > : wba = Ge 4 1 Cee LAM, oe. ¥) y \ dy a OG
Figure 7.—LeENcTH or BILL FRoM GAPE
ee
16 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of bill from nostril.—The length of the bill from the nostril is often a convenient measurement, particularly in large birds. It is taken with dividers from the middle of the anterior
end of the nostril in a straight line to the anterior end of the max- illa. (Figure 8.)
Ficure 8.—LeEncTH or Britt rrom NostrRIL
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 17
Length of bill to feathers on side of maxilla.—The distance from the tip of the bill (culmen) to the most anterior point of the feathering on the side of the maxilla is useful in birds like ducks (Anatidae), and should be measured in a straight line with dividers, as is the exposed culmen (see page 11). (Figure 9.)
This measurement is, of course, unobtainable in birds like Old World vultures (Aegypiidae) and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), which have no feathers on the maxilla.
Figure 9.—LeEncTH or Bitt TO FEATHERS ON SIDE OF MAxILLA
Length of bill to feathers on side of mandible.—The dis- tance from the tip of the bill (culmen) to the most anterior point of the feathering on the side of the mandible should be measured in a straight line, as is the length of bill to the feathering on the side of the maxilla. This measurement is, of course, not germane in bald-faced birds. Compare this dimension with the length of exposed mandible (see page 38).
18 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Height of bill at base.—* The height of the bill at the base is measured from the base of the exposed culmen (which is usually the highest point of the culmen) to the lower edge of the ramus of the man- dible below, at the point that is antero-posteriorly op- posite, which would almost always be the nearest point. (Figure 10.)
This is, of course, not a vertical measurement, but is the chord of the curved surface of the side of the bill. It is, however, so much more easily taken than the strictly vertical height, and therefore so much more likely to be accurate, that it is favored rather than the vertical height. It may be mentioned, moreover, that this measurement is the one used for height of bill by a great many, if not most, ornithologists, but it does not seem to be generally realized that this is not the vertical height of the bill. Attention has, however, recently been called to this matter by Major Allan Brooks.’
Ficure 10.—HeEIcuHT or BI.tt at BAsE
3The Auk, Vol. XXXVII, No. 3, July, 1920, p. 358.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 19
The measurement of the vertical height of the bill can be taken, however, by placing one tip of the dividers at the base of the exposed culmen and the other tip directly below, under and at the middle of the mandible between the rami.
The difference between the measurement of the height of the bill here recommended (the chord of the lateral surface) and the vertical height is in small birds only a little, but in large species is so great as to amount to an entirely different measurement. It is, therefore, important always to state which of these measurements is used in any investigation.
In obtaining this measurement of the height of the bill care should be taken that the bill is tightly closed, otherwise the result will be more or less inaccurate. In general, the height of the bill at this point (the base of the exposed culmen) is a more satisfactory measurement than that at the extreme base of the culmen, because more easily and accurately obtainable on account of the often rounded character of the extreme basal end of the culmen.
Ridgway, in Volume I of his ‘Birds of North and Middle America’ (1901) used a measurement of the height of the bill taken from the base of the exposed culmen to the lower posterior (malar) angle of the bare portion of the side of the mandible; a measurement which is in some cases approximately the same as the above described measurement of the height of the bill at base (see page 18), but in many birds would be decidedly greater. It was used by Mr. Ridgway for only the Fringillidae, because of their conical bills. At least two or three subsequent authors have made use of the same measurement.
20 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Height of bill at nostrils.—The height of the bill at the nostrils is measured in the same way as at the base (see page 18), from the culmen to the lower edge
of the mandible (gonys or ramus, as the case may be), at the anterior end of the nostrils. (Figure 11.)
—~ or
Ficure 11.—HeEIcuT or Bitit at Nostri.s
Height of bill at angle of gonys.—The height of the bill at the angle of the gonys is found in the same manner as at the base (see page 18), from the angle of the gonys to the ridge of the culmen directly above. (Figure 12.)
The last two measurements are useful in birds like } crows (Corvidae) and gulls (Laridae), respectively.
————— me a ee RE SS ee tet tell
ae |
i i Ree
Figure 12—Heicut or Birt at ANGLE oF Gonys
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 21
Width of bill at base.—* Since the height of the bill at base is most satisfactorily measured at the base of the exposed culmen, the width of the bill at the base is more comparable if taken at the same point (see page 18). This measurement should therefore be taken directly below the base of the exposed culmen, and is the shortest distance from the cutting edge (commis- sure) on one side to the cutting edge on the opposite side. (Figure 13.)
FicureE 13.—WipruH or BIL. at BASE
Width of bill at gape.—The width of the bill at gape is measured with dividers from one corner of the mouth to the opposite corner, with the bill c/osed, since if the bill be open a less measurement will result. (Figure 14.)
Figure 14.—W1prTuH or BILL at GAPE
Width of bill at loral feathering.—This measurement has been used for birds like plovers (Charadriidae), but is not so com- parably useful as are other measurements of the width of the bill. It is taken as is the width of the bill at base (see page 21), but at the point on the side of the bill where the loral feathering ends anteriorly.
|
Ne
i
——s ——
SS
| a i
22 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of bill at posterior end of dertrum.—In birds such as ducks (Anatidae), which have a well-marked nail of the bill or other form of dertrum, the width of the bill at the posterior end of the dertrum (or nail) is sometimes useful. (Figure 15.) It is taken in the same way as the width of the bill at base (see page 21).
Ficure 15.—WuptTuH or BILL at Posterior Enp or DERTRUM
Width of bill at widest anterior point.—In birds such as spoonbills (Plataleidae) and certain ducks (Anatidae), the measure- ment of the width of the bill at the widest point anterior to the nostrils is useful (Figure 16), and is taken in the same manner as is the width of the bill at the base (see page 21).
FicureE 16.—W1ptTH or Britt at WipEst ANTERIOR POINT
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 23
Angulation of commissure.—The measurement showing how much the corner of the mouth is bent downward can be taken by means of a protractor to obtain this angle; and the position of the angle is found by measurement of the length of the tomium (Figure 17) and the length of the rictus (Figure 18). The degree and position of the angle vary in different species of birds.
Ficure 17.—Lenctu or Tomium
Ficure 18.—LeEnoru or Rictus
ect ee Ee a Ee ee
a See Sra, ee SSS ae
ee
ON om
24 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Extent of one mandible beyond the other.—Most birds have one of the halves of the bill, to a varying extent, longer than the other. Skimmers (Rynchops) have the maxilla shorter than the mandible; while in hawks (Accipitriformes), parrots (Psittaci- formes), and many other birds the reverse is true. The distance that one mandible extends beyond the other should be measured in a straight line from the tip of the mandible to the tip of the maxilla, with the bill closed. In birds like parrots this measurement is, therefore, the chord of the distance. (Figure 19.)
Ficure 19.—ExtTent or ONE MANDIBLE BEYOND THE OTHER
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 25
Curvature of culmen.—The curvature of the culmen is found in the same manner as the curvature of the wing (for explana- tion see page 83), by measuring the chord of the total culmen and the sagitta, then finding the ratio. (Figure 20.) Note should be made as to whether the bill is decurved or recurved.
Ficure 20.—CurvVATURE OF CULMEN
Height of maxilla at base.—This is best taken at the same point as recommended for the measurement of the height of the bill (see page 18), that is, at the base of the exposed culmen. It is most satisfactorily measured from the frontal angle of the culmen to the point on the maxillar tomium directly below, which would be usually the nearest point on the cutting edge of the maxilla.
This is, as in the case of the height of the bill, of course, not a vertical measurement, being, in fact, the chord of the laterally curved surface of the maxilla. The strictly vertical height of the maxilla could be taken only by opening the bill and insert- ing one point of the dividers as far as the longitudinal center of the maxilla (palate), while the other point rests on the base of the exposed culmen; or by placing one point of the dividers on the cutting edge of the maxilla and holding the other point vertically above and laterally opposite the base of the exposed culmen. The difference between the chord of the side of the maxilla and the strictly vertical dimension is, as in the case of the height of the bill, so little in small birds as to be immaterial, but in birds like some very flat-billed ducks it is very great.
SE EY Oe SS ee
26 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Greatest height of maxilla.—The altitude of the maxilla is the chord of its lateral surface, not the vertical measurement, but taken where this measurement will be greatest, from the culmen to the cutting edge of the maxilla. (Figure 21.) This point will, of course, vary much in different birds; and in many it will be the same as the height at base.
Figure 21.—Greatest HEIGHT oF MAxILLA
Length of dertrum.—lIn birds like plovers (Charadriidae), which have the terminal portion of the maxilla developed into a well-defined turgid tip, or dertrum, it is often desirable to measure this part of the bill. The length of the dertrum is obtained with dividers from the point where its posterior end joins the culmen, in a straight line to its tip; this measurement being thus the chord of the dertrum. (Figure 22.)
Figure 22.—LeEnNcTH oF DERTRUM
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 2/7
Length of nail of bill.—In birds such as ducks (Anatidae), which possess a dertrum modified into a well-defined nail readily distinguishable on the upper side of the terminal portion of the culmen, it is sometimes desirable to ascertain the length of this nail. Such a measurement is taken with dividers from its posterior end to the tip in a straight line, and is of course the chord. (Figure 23.)
Ficure 23.—LenctTu or Nait or BILL
Greatest width of nail of bill.—This dimension is to be measured with dividers at the widest part of that portion of the nail that is visible from above, at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the nail. (Figure 24.)
Ficure 24.—GreaTest WiptH or Nal or BILL
ie — -—_— eee =
ee es Se eee
Ma eH wY
TS A ee
Sr RS Bh
28 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of nail of bill at its posterior end.—This measure- ment is sometimes used, and is taken in the same manner as the greatest width (see page 27). If the nail is of triangular shape, with the point at the posterior end, or if the nail tapers irregularly to a point, this measurement is of little value. If the nail narrows abruptly at the posterior end, this measurement is best taken at the point where this constriction begins.
Length of cere.—Whenever a cere is present on the maxilla the length of the cere on the culmen may be measured from the farthest anterior point of the cere on the culmen to the insertion of the feathers at its posterior edge on the culmen (Figure 25), or if the base lacks feathers, to the base of the forehead; and its length on the side of the maxilla from the farthest anterior portion of its edge on the side of the maxilla, in a straight horizontal line to the insertion of the feathers at its posterior edge. The latter measure- ment is not satisfactory in bald-headed birds.
Ficure 25.—LeENcTH oF CERE
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 29
Height of casque.—The height, greatest width, and length of the casque on the bill of such birds as hornbills (Bucerotidae) are the most satisfactory measurements.
The height is taken with dividers in the same manner as the height of bill (see page 18), from the line of juncture with the culmen to the highest point of the central portion. (Figure 26.)
This is, of course, not a vertical measurement, but, asin the case of the height of bill, is much more easily taken accurately than is the strictly vertical height.
=e Th
@' ul if ) , is _ Bs (+) CH \K & Ve ‘yy YZ ZEEE Oy X. .° a ee a nee ee ee ea —— AWLEEE SE ‘ MN = SS bia = LS a LAY ii SSS ST a ‘ A ——— SN RS a Se Ai wWi@) SSS ‘ -_— ‘ ae \\ \ = SS WO Sey en ~~ SSSnid\ = Nort N Nw = = eee ge ‘| ANN SS a GL Z ) PANN . \ \ \ Dp: zi See ad iy ae , ee ee aie NIG UG yank 3F, Oe a5 ya Yi Ye fk nee MG Vit SANIT . 1M ji HORTY Oy, ts | ‘
Figure 26.—HeEicuHT or CAsqueE
2a “me 1
ee
30 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of casque.—The width of the casque is measured at the widest point of the top (Figure 27); but if the top of the casque be so much rounded that the width can not be satisfactorily deter- mined at that place, this measurement should be taken at the widest point between the top and the base, and a statement made to this effect.
pow ZFS
N IN Ni
Mi
— WS MS Figure 27.—WipTH oF CasQuE AT Top
If the width be measured also at the widest point of the base at the line of juncture of the casque with the culmen (Figure 28), it will give a better idea of the shape of the casque. In the figure the indicated position of the dividers is from below, better to illustrate the points from which the measurement is to be taken, but it is sometimes necessary, owing to the size of the mandible, to turn the dividers diagonally forward, or to place them from directly in front, astraddle the base of the casque.
eee ANN SS
Figure 28.—WipTH oF CasquE AT BASE
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
Length of casque.—The length of the casque should likewise be measured at the top (Figure 29), and at the base (Figure 30); and, if neither of these points represents the greatest length, also at such point of greatest length.
|
iH Ay
Y \
ih YZ
(Le
y
ig) CG
= SME SS Wh GL pra ANN " \ i “iy TUDE HAN I Uy pi SVAN CV RAN WN Ficgure 29.—Lenctu oF Casque aT Top ae ee Sa — =\\h SN Se Ny
G,
SERS
: Rees
ora th. < RSs . LMU GNSS
(ph) Mj Brn 7 Y sai Mises
Ficure 30.—Lencru or Casqure aT Base
32 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Position of nasal fossa in maxilla.—The position of the nasal fossa is usually of most interest in birds with a rather high maxilla, such as gallinules, some rails (Rallidae), hawks (Accipitri- formes), sparrows (Fringillidae), and similar forms. It is deter- mined by four measurements, with dividers: the distance from its anterior end, in a straight line, (1) to the tip of the bill (Figure 31); (2) to the extreme base of the culmen (Figure 32) ; (3) to the nearest point, directly above, on the culmen (Figure 33); and (4) to the nearest point directly below on the cutting edge of the maxilla (Figure 34); the latter two measurements taken as is the height of bill at base (see page 18). In case the anterior end of the nasal fossa is rounded, the starting point for measurement should be at the middle of the anterior end of the fossa.
Figure 31.—Position or Nasa Fossa Ficure 32.—Position oF NAsAL In MAXxILta, FROM Tip oF BILL Fossa, FROM Base oF CULMEN
FicureE 33.—PosiTrion or NASAL FicureE 34.—Posirion or NASAL Fossa, FROM CULMEN ABOVE Fossa, FRoM Tomium oF MaxILLa
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 33
Length of nasal fossa.—The length of the nasal fossa is measured with dividers, approximately parallel to the longitudi- nal axis of the fossa, but so as to obtain the greatest length, whether at the middle or some other part of the fossa. (Figure 35.)
In such birds as the mallard (4nas platyrhyncha) and other ducks (Anatidae), the nasal fossa is entirely surrounded by the unfeathered portion of the maxilla, and the length is easily ascer- tainable, as indicated in the preceding paragraph.
Many birds, however, such as the rails (Rallidae) and most passerine birds (Passeriformes), have the posterior portion of the fossa more or less feathered; and in such species the true length of the fossa is difficult or impossible to determine accurately, so that the most practical longitudinal measurement is thus from the anterior end of the fossa to the nearest point of feathering on the posterior portion of the fossa. (See Figure 38 for this posterior point.)
Some birds, as, for example, the true shrikes (Lanius) and the hawks (Accipitriidae) have no true nasal fossae, but have the maxilla more or less directly pierced by the nostrils.
Ficure 35.—Lenotu or Nasa Fossa
————
———
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Height of nasal fossa.—The height (width) of the nasal fossa is determined by measurement at its highest (widest) point, wherever this may be. (Figure 36.)
Ficure 36. Heicut or Nasa Fossa
gn Sn Foe A OO ng he Pa oe
< .- ass
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 35
Position of nostril in fossa.—Four measurements will serve to locate the anterior end of the external opening of the nostril in the nasal fossa: the distance in a straight line from the anterior margin of the nostril (1) to the anterior end of the fossa (Figure 37) ; (2) to the hindmost point of the posterior end of the fossa or to the nearest point of feathering on its base (Figure 38) ; (3) to the upper margin of the fossa directly above (Figure 39) ; and (4) to the lower margin of the fossa directly below (Figure 40); measured not vertically, but as is the height of the bill at base (see page 18).
Detailed studies of the nostril and fossa will probably require the same measurements from their posterior edges.
Ficure 37.—Position or Nostrit, Figure 38.—Position or Nostri_, FROM ANTERIOR MARGIN OF Fossa FROM PosTERIOR MarGIN OF Fossa
Ficure 39.—Position or Nostrit, Figure 40.—Position or Nostri_, FROM Upper Marcin or Fossa FROM LoweR MarcIn oF FossA
36 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Position of nostril in maxilla.— * The position in the maxilla of the nostril opening can be located with dividers by measuring from the same points in exactly the same way as the position of the nasal fossa is determined (see page 32), using the anterior edge of the nostril as the starting point.
This position is sometimes determined from the posterior instead of the anterior border of the nostril, but it is better to use the same point as is used for the position of the nasal fossa, since the meas- urements are thus more comparable.
Length of nostril.—The length of the external opening of the nostril is obtained by measurement of its greatest approximately horizontal length. (Figure 41.)
Figure 41.—LeEencrTu or NostTRIL
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 37
Height of nostril.—The height (width) of the nostril is measured at its widest point. (Figure 42.)
Ficure 42.—HeicuT or Nostrib
Total length of mandible.—Measurements of the length of bill described in literature are invariably measurements of the maxilla, while dimensions of the mandible, as a whole, which is rarely of similar size, have not been taken. The total length of the mandible (the length of the mandible to the gape), may be found by measuring in a straight line the distance (chord) from its tip
to the corner of the mouth. (Figure 43.)
‘ \
" Xv
\
i
4 my
Ficure 43.—Torat Lenctu or MANDIBLE
38 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of exposed mandible.—The length of the exposed portion of the mandible may be measured in a straight line from the tip of the mandible to the anterior point of the covering of feathers or skin on its lateral surface. (Figure 44.)
In some birds this measurement is the same as that of the total length of mandible (see page 37.)
Ficure 44.—LencTH or ExposED MANDIBLE
Length of mandible to feathering on chin.—This measure- ment should be taken with dividers in a straight line from the tip of the mandible to the anterior point of the feathering on the chin. (Figure 45.)
Ficure 45.—LencTH or MANDIBLE TO FEATHERING ON CHIN
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 39
Height of mandible at base.—This should, for purposes of best comparison, be taken at the same point as the height of the bill (see page 18), at a point below and laterally opposite the base of the exposed culmen. It is the distance from the cutting edge of the mandible at this point to the corresponding place below on the lower edge of the ramus of the mandible. As in the case of the height of the bill at base (see page 18) this is not strictly a vertical measurement, but it is the chord of the lateral surface of the mandible.
Greatest height of mandible.—The altitude of the mandible is ascertained by measuring with dividers the greatest dorso-ventral diameter of the mandible, at whatever point this happens to be. This should be taken with the bill agape to expose all of the mandible. (Figure 46.) It is not a strictly vertical measurement, but is taken with dividers in a straight line from the cutting edge of the mandible to the lower edge of the ramus or gonys, directly below.
Ficure 46.—GrReEATEST HEIGHT or MANDIBLE
40 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of mandible at base.—The width of the mandible at the base is a useful measurement, particularly in the finch family (Fringillidae) and in weaver-birds (Ploceidae). It is taken at the base of the exposed (unfeathered) portion of the mandible, from the outside of the extreme posterior end of one ramus to the same point on the other. (Figure 47.)
By a few authors this measurement has been used as the width of the bill, but while this part of the bill is usually wider than the corresponding portion of the maxilla, it is less than the width at gape. When employed, it should be fully explained.
Figure 47.—WIptTH or MANDIBLE AT BASE
Length of exposed ramus.—The length of the bare portion of the ramus is measured in a straight line from the posterior end of the gonys to the edge of the feathers on the base of the ramus. (Figure 48.)
Ficure 48.—LeENcTH or Exposep RAmus
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 41
Length of gonys.—The length of the gonys is measured in a straight line from the tip of the mandible to the point where the rami join to form the gonys. (Figure 49.)
Ficure 49.—Lenctu or Gonys
Distance from angle of gonys to feathers on side of mandible.—This measurement is to be taken from the gonydeal angle, in a straight line to the anterior point of the feathering on the side of the mandible. (Figure 50.)
Figure 50.—DISTANCE FROM ANGLE OF Gonys TO FEATHERS ON SIDE OF MANDIBLE
42 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Distance from angle of gonys to gape.—The distance from the angle of the gonys to the gape should be measured in a straight line from the junction of the rami to the gape (corner of the mouth). (Figure 51.)
Ficure 51.—DIsTANcE FROM ANGLE OF Gonys TO GAPE
Distance from angle of gonys to feathering on chin.— This is measured in the same way as is the distance from the tip of the mandible to the chin feathers (see page 38), but from the posterior end of the gonys to the anterior point of the feathering on the chin.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 43
Length of rictal bristles.—To obtain the length of these, the
longest bristle should be straightened and measured to its tip from its insertion at the base. (Figure 52.)
Figure 52.—LenctTuH or RicTrAL BrRisTLeEs
Length of tongue.—The length of the tongue is measured in a straight line with dividers from the posterior extension of the
fleshy portion, to the tip, while the tongue is held straight. (Figure 53.)
4’ yaw W
Ficure 53.—LEnctTH oF TONGUE
44 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of tongue.—The width of the tongue is measured at its widest point with dividers from one edge of the fleshy portion to the other. (Figure 54.)
pe Maa < Figure 54.—WIpTH or TONGUE
HEAD
Some of the following measurements of the head and its parts may be taken from the bird either in the flesh or from a prepared skin, but several of them only, or most satisfactorily, from the former; and most easily and accurately with dividers.
Length of head.—The length of the head is measured in a straight line from the extreme base of the culmen to the hindmost point of the head, on the occiput. (Figure 55.)
Ficure 55.—LenctH or Heap
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 45
Greatest width of head.—This should be taken at the widest part, just posterior to the eyes, with the tips of the dividers placed at exactly corresponding points on opposite sides of the head. (Figure 56.)
Ficure 56.—GreaTest WiptH oF Heap
Interorbital width of head.—This is taken between the eyes in the same manner as the greatest width of the head, and is the shortest space between the eyes in the bird in the flesh, measured from the middle of the upper lid of one eye to the same part of the upper lid of the other. (Figure 57.) This dimension can be as- certained almost as satisfactorily from a well-made museum speci- men.
Ficure 57.—INTERORBITAL WIDTH oF Heap
46 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Height of head.—The height of the head is the greatest dorso- ventral measurement that can be taken vertically. To obtain this, . one point of the dividers is pressed in against the middle of the throat of the bird, and the other point is brought down against the top of the head at a point exactly above. (Figure 58.)
= - fee, ss *, ®,
e eo? . eo” e e °
e eo?
=. 5S -<
et *@eecer”
e oe oe
. Pan ee
Figure 58.—HeEIcHT or Heap
Height of eye.—The height (greatest vertical diameter) of the eye (Figure 59) is measured in a straight line between the lids of the open eye, in the bird in the flesh.
Eye diameters can not, of course, be taken from the preserved skin.
Figure 59.—HeicutT or EYE
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 47
Length of eye.—The length of the eye is taken with dividers, in a straight line from the hindmost point to the anterior end; be- tween the lids of the open eye, as is the height (see page 46).
(Figure 60.)
Figure 60.—LEncTH or EYE
Distance from eye to nostril.—The distance from the an- terior corner (when the eye is round, the nearest point) of the eye to the posterior border of the nostril is used as a_ specific character in some swans, and may prove useful in other birds.
(Figure 61.)
FicurE 61.—DIsTANCE FROM EYE TO NostTRIL
48 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Distance from eye to base of bill.—A measurement to show the distance from the eye to the bill is taken from the anterior corner (when the eye is round, the nearest point) of the eye to the culmen at the anterior insertion point of feathers (i. e., the extreme base of the culmen) (Figure 62); or, in birds which lack feathering at the base of the bill, to the anterior extension of the skin of the head; except in cered birds, in which the measurement should be taken to the actual base of the culmen, disregarding the cere.
Ficure 62.,—DIsTance FROM EyYE TO BASE oF BILL >
Distance from eye to tip of bill.—The distance from the eye to the tip of the bill is measured as is the chord of the exposed culmen (page 11) with dividers in a straight line from the anterior corner (when the eye is round, the nearest point) of the eye to the tip of the maxilla.
Distance from loral feathering to nostril.—In certain birds the distance from the loral feathers to the nostril is a useful measurement. It is taken with dividers from the point where the loral feathers extend farthest anteriorly on the side of the maxilla, in a straight line to the posterior end of the nostril.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 49
Diameter of outer ear.—The greatest diameter of the outer ear (Figure 63) and its least diameter (Figure 64) will show the variation in its size among birds. Owls (Strigiformes), for example, have the outer ear relatively large. Both these measurements should be taken from the edges of the depression that forms the outer ear; or if these are not discernible, from the edges of the ear opening itself, and a statement made to that effect.
Figure 63.—GREATEST DIAMETER OF OUTER Far
Figure 64.—Least DIAMETER OF OuTER Ear
50 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
| Length of frontal plate.—The greatest length of frontal | plates such as are found on coots (Fulica), gallinules (Gallinula, 1 Porphyriola), and jacanas (facana) is measured in a straight line with dividers. Since the frontal plate is often more or less tri- | angular, or the ends irregular, one extremity may not be exactly
in front or behind the other end, in which case the measurement
q of length should be taken from the farthest posterior point, di- | f agonally in a straight line to the farthest point of the anterior extremity. (Figure 65.)
1
Ficure 65.—LeENGTH oF FRONTAL PLATE
Width of frontal plate.—The width of the frontal plate is measured in a straight line with dividers at its widest point. (Figure 66.)
Other measurements of the frontal plate can be taken, but the length and width seem to be the most useful.
Ficure 66.—WIpDTH oF FRONTAL PLATE
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 51
Length of comb.—Head ornaments, such as the combs of gallinaceous birds (Galliformes), are usually larger and more elaborate in males.
The length of such is measured with dividers either along the base, or at some other point, whichever will give the greatest linear, approximately horizontal, dimension. (Figure 67.)
Ficure 67.—LENGTH oF ComB
Height of comb.—The greatest height is measured from the base where the comb joins the head, to the highest point directly above. (Figure 68.)
In general these two dimensions (length and height) of a comb are sufficient, but, for minute studies, appropriate additional measurements might, of course, be made.
Ficure 68.—HEIcHT or Coms
52 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of lappet or wattle.—The greatest length of lappets or wattles is best taken as is recommended for the length of the frontal plate (see page 50), from one end to the farthest point at the other end, even when this results in a more or less diagonal measurement, as is the case in such birds as the wattled mynas (Gracula). (Figure 69.)
oe 7 ar e- “Pee ee See
Cte. a Sein tay Wie ee <, :
Ficure 69.—LeEncTH oF LAPPET
Width of lappet or wattle.—The width of lappet or wattle should be measured with dividers at its widest point in a straight transverse line. (Figure 70.)
Ficure 70.—WIpTH oF LAPPET
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 53
Length of caruncle.—Some species, such as the bellbird (Vavasouria nivea), possess long fleshy caruncles on the base of the bill or on other parts of the head, and the difference in the size of these is best determinable by measuring. Females in many cases possess smaller caruncles (if any) than males, and the variation in the size of this organ can thus be used as an aid in determining sex.
The length of these caruncles is most easily and accurately ascertained with dividers, as is the spur of the wing (see page 92), from the side of the base to the tip; which measurement is, therefore, the chord. (Figure 71.)
Ficure 71.—LencTH or CARUNCLE
54 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Diameter of caruncle.—The greatest diameter of the caruncle at the base and the diameter at the middle point are the best diameter measurements. These are taken with dividers exactly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the caruncle.
Length of frontal antiae.—The length of the frontal antiae is measured from the base of the culmen, where the culmen meets the skin of the forehead, along the culmen to a point opposite the distal end of the longest feathers or bristles pointing forward from the forehead and overlying the culmen, the nostrils, or the sides of the maxilla, as is the situation in such birds as crows and ravens (Corvidae). This is best measured as here described, since the base of the culmen forms the most definite point of departure. (Figure 72.)
Ficure 72.—LeENcTH oF FRONTAL ANTIAE
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 55
Length of crest.—In determining the length of the frontal crest of birds such as the drongos (Dicruridae), the length of the occipital crest of birds such as the jays (Corvidae), the length of “ear” tufts of owls (Strigi- formes), and the length of the head plumes of herons (Ardeidae), the longest feather is measured from the point where it emerges from the skin, to its tip. In cases where crest feathers are naturally bent or curled, they should be straightened and their greatest length ascertained. (Figure 73.)
Ficure 73.—LENcTH oF CREsT
56 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Diameter of facial disc.—The greatest diameter (Figure 74) and the least diameter of this area, which is present in such birds as owls (Strigiformes), should be taken from the tips of the outer- most feathers on one side of the disc to the tips of the corresponding feathers making up the opposite side, with the feathers in their natural position.
Figure 74.—GREATEST DIAMETER OF FaciAL Disc
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 57
NECK
Length of neck.—To measure the length of the neck, one point of the dividers is placed at the point where the neck joins the head, and the other point is pressed as far back between the neck and shoulder as the investing integument will allow, while the neck is held straight but not stretched. (Figure 75.) The exact posterior limit of the neck, however, can not be very accur- ately found and measured in the whole bird; and, of course, this dimension can not be taken at all from a dry skin.
Figure 75.—Lenoctu or Neck
Diameter of neck.—The diameter of the neck is taken at its middle, and should be the greatest diameter at that point, exclusive of the feathers. (Figure 76.)
Ficure 76.—DIAMETER oF NECK
|
58 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of gular pouch.—tThe size of the fleshy gular pouch of pelicans (Pelecanidae), cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), and other birds varies in different species and between individuals of the same species; and measurements of this part of the bird are obviously valuable, particularly if taken in the flesh.
The length of the gular pouch is best measured with dividers from the point of anterior extension on the under side of the mandible, in a straight, approximately horizontal, line to the point of unfeathered posterior extension on the side (Figure 77), and on the front (Figure 78) of the throat.
Ficure 77. LEncTtH or GuLAR Poucu To SIDE oF THROAT
Ficure 78.—LENGTH oF GuLAR PoucH To FRonT oF THROAT
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 59
Depth of gular pouch.—The depth of the gular pouch is ascertainable by measuring with dividers from the corner of the mouth in a straight line to the point of lowest extension of the pouch, whether on the side or front of the throat. (Figure 79.)
Ficure 79.—Depty or Guitar Poucu
Size of tympanum.—Tympanums, such as occur on the necks of grouse (Tetraonidae), are measured by ascertaining, when deflated, their greatest diameter (Figure 80) and least diameter, and also if possible when artificially inflated. More careful studies of these bare spots can be made by determining their exact area.
Since these spaces shrink after the death of the bird, measure- ments should be taken from a living individual, or one just killed.
ory EUG Neen \) tie Nina oe ORK e* e °” .
Ww wr Wt
sneer ts = cy
TYMPANUM
Ficure 80.—GREATEST DIAMETER OF
60 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of nuchal hair.—Of the nuchal, or occipital, hairs of such birds as bulbuls (Pycnonotidae), or of elongated nuchal feathers, the longest is the important one, to be measured from base to tip, as are contour or other feathers (see page 70), and for this purpose should be straightened. (Figure 81.)
Ficure 81.—Lenctu or NucuHAt Hair
em ok
ee ee
ee ee ee
——_
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 6]
Length of ruff.—The length of a neck ruff such as is present in the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), or a neck tuft as in the prairie chicken (Tympanuchus americanus), is ascertained by measurement of the length of the longest feather, straightened, from the point of its junction with the skin to its tip. (Figure 82.)
i F, a A 27s oy LG 4 Uy, Z 2 ir Z JU Z, Ry GY (y'r¢ we mx i = Pe : A VEZ 3 Gale, Uy ea go “~y 4 F
» yt Yay ’ Aya’ Wy NN) Ny
OTT \\S im we
‘ty Bg Z = 2 = = = =>
My ayant
Ficure 82.—LeEncru or Rurr
Width of expanded ruff.—The width of an expanded ruff is to be measured in the same manner as the width of the expanded tail (see page 95), when it is spread so that the outermost feathers are at an angle of 45° with the central line of the ruff (a total ex- panse of 90°), and straight across the widest part of the ruff thus spread, to the farthest tips of the feathers.
Area of ruff.—The area of the ruff, spread on each side to an angle of 45°, is obtained in the same way as is the area of the tail (see page 96), by outlining the ruff from tip to tip of the feathers, on graph paper, and counting the squares in the area thus enclosed.
62 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
BODY
Measurements of the body can be obtained from the feathered bird, subject to some error caused by the feathers, but more ac- curately from the body when free of feathers; though not at all, of course, from a prepared skin. The body should be fully relaxed when measurements are made.
In the bird in the flesh the bones are so covered with muscle and skin that measurements can not be expected to compare in accuracy with the same measurements of the bones of the skeleton.
Length of body to coccyx.—* This is an approxi- mate measurement of the bird exclusive of head, neck, and the tail-feathers. It is ascertained by placing one point of the dividers at the anterior margin of the shoulder and the other point at the posterior tip of the coccyx. (Figure 83.) We prefer this measurement to the length of the body to the pubis, since it 1s more comparable with the total length without feathers.
Figure 83.—LeEencTH oF Bopy to Coccyx
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 63
Length of body to pubis.—This is also a measurement with- out the feathers, and is taken with one point of the dividers placed at the anterior margin of the shoulder, and the other at the poster- ior end of the pubic bone on the same side of the bird. (Figure 84.)
Ficure 84.—Lenctru or Bopy to Puvusis
64 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Interhumeral width of body.—This measurement is the distance through the body at the widest part of the breast. It can be taken most easily when the bird is lying flat on its back with the wings spread, since then the points of the dividers can be readily placed against the shoulders beneath the wings at opposite sides of the breast underneath the feathers. (Figure 85.)
o*s
Te deoseen = FaRan,
me
*, = =a ———~ 2secer*
ban}
Ficure 85.—INTERHUMERAL WIDTH oF Bopy
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 65
Interpubic width of body.—tThe interpubic width is the greatest lateral diameter of the body at a point opposite and outside the tips of the pubic bones, and is taken with dividers. (Figure 86.)
Ficure 86.—IntTeErpusic WiptH or Bopy
66 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of body between tips of pubic bones.—The width of the body from tip to tip of the pubic bones is the distance, across the ventral surface of the abdomen, between the posterior tips, from the inner side, of the opposite pubic bones. The points for measurement may easily be found in birds in the flesh. (Figure 87.) It is best measured with dividers.
Ficure 87.—WiptTH or Bopy BETWEEN Tips oF PusBic BoNnEs
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 6/7
Girth of body.—This is the circumference of the body, meas- ured by a tape at the widest part of the thoracic region. The tape should be drawn tight enough to fit snugly, but not to compress the body. The wings are not included in this measurement, but the contour feathers are. (Figure 88.) A more accurate measure- ment can be taken from a bird devoid of feathers.
Ficure 88.—Girtu or Bopy
68 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Dorso-ventral diameter of body.—This is the thickness of the body in the dorso-ventral plane, from the sternum (usually its middle part) on the ventral side, to the back; and it is measured with dividers through the thickest part of the body, not including the feathers. (Figure 89.)
Ficure 89.—Dorso-vENTRAL DIAMETER OF Bopy
re
os ena” Ply il le al
a
a eae
ne ee a A
= gy SE ea ee
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 69
Length of sternum.—tThe length of the sternum is measured in a straight line from the anterior end of the manubrium to the very posterior end along the mid-ventral line. (Figure 90.) In adult male birds such a measurement can not be more than approx- imate without the removal of feathers from the breast, but this can sometimes be safely practised on the living bird. In females and young birds, which often lack feathering on the middle of the breast, the limits of the sternum are plainly visible through the skin. The sternum measurements can be taken while the breast is covered with feathers, by feeling the ends with the thumb and forefinger of one hand while the dividers are placed with the other. This measurement can be taken from the living bird or body of a dead bird, but not from a prepared skin.
o LY ~ “ e@reoe ee A ee Me = ya BUEN 1) AUIS MM IR rm rm wy oe o* bY Se acto : = = eo o Ca , id * pee od . o * see s 4 = = ~ 2 . —=
ze. eo 2220, o Pon ease os? goo?
2°
2
e
Oy o °
,e@ e °
Ficure 90.—LENGTH oF STERNUM
: t i
70 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of contour feather.—The greatest length of a contour feather is measured with dividers from the point of its emergence from the skin to the farthest part of the tip, when straightened, or flattened. (Figure 91.)
Ficure 91.—LencruH or Conrour FEATHER
Width of contour feather.—The width of a contour feather is taken from edge to edge at its widest point, the feather flattened. (Figure 92.)
Much is yet to be learned regarding the relative size of contour feathers from different parts of the same bird, and from comparison of feathers from the same tracts of different species of birds.
seg hee
Ficure 92.—WiptruH or Contour FEATHER
Length of markings on contour feathers.—The actual length of light or dark areas on an otherwise colored feather can be readily measured as explained for the length of such markings on the tail-feathers (see page 100).
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 71
Length of aftershaft.—The length of the aftershaft of the con- tour feathers of gallinaceous birds (Galliformes) and of some other birds should be measured with dividers from the extreme base of the aftershaft at its junction with the shaft of the main feather, between the latter and the aftershaft, to the tip, with the after- shaft straightened. (Figure 93.)
Ficure 93.—LencTH or AFTERSHAFT
Length of down feather.—A down feather is measured for length in the same manner as contour feathers (see page 70) : from the point of emergence from the skin to the tip, while straightened. (Figure 94.)
In the study of the development of the down plumage in young birds, measurement of the daily growth of down feathers is some- times desirable.
Ficure 94.—LeEncTH or Down FEATHER
72 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of plume.—Pectoral, nuchal, dorsal, and rump plumes, such as those of herons (Ardeidae), as well as ‘wires’ (the naked feather shafts of paradise birds [Paradiseidae]), show both individual and specific variation in size. The length of these is taken in the same way as that of contour feathers (see page 70), from the point of their insertion in the integument to their tips, with the shaft straightened. (Figure 95.)
KS
Ficure 95.—LENGTH OF PLUME
Another method of studying proportions and additional facts about feathers is to remove them from the bird. Measurements of the length of removed feathers should include the entire calamus instead of only the part that in life is outside the skin; but the feathers (except primaries and secondaries) should be, of course, straightened. (Figure 96.)
Figure 96.—LENGTH OF REMOVED FEATHER
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 73
Length of dewlap or other ornament.—Other body orna- ments, such as the dewlap in the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and umbrella bird (Cephalopterus ornatus), offer in many cases taxonomic characters in their size. The length of such an append- age is measured from the point of insertion in the skin, and on the under side between the ornament and the body, to the tip, the ornament straightened. (Figure 97.)
Figure 97.—LencTH or DEWLAP
Width of dewlap or other ornament.—The width of the dewlap or similar appendage is taken at its widest point, with the appendage in its natural position, that is, not spread, nor flat- tened, even if naturally curled.
74 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
WING
Extent of wings with feathers.—The extent of wings is the distance between the tips of the out- stretched wings. It is measured from the farthest primary tip on one side to the farthest primary tip on the other, by laying the bird, thoroughly relaxed, flat on its back, and, by grasping each wing at the carpal joint, spreading the wings out along a ruler as far as possible without injuring the bird or flattening the wing-quills. (Figure 98.) For large birds that exceed any ruler available, the extreme points of extent can be marked on table or floor and the distance between these measured.
This measurement can be obtained from only the living bird or the body of a dead bird. It is subject to some little variation in judgment of the observer as to when the full extent is reached without stretching.
Ficure 98.—ExTent oF WINGS WITH FEATHERS
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 75
Extent of wings without feathers.—This is taken by holding the bird in the same position as for measurement of extent with feathers (see page 74) and measuring with ruler or dividers from the tip of the manus on one side to the tip of the opposite manus. (Figure 99.)
Na, yg Ve y if
Figure 99.—ExtTEent or WINGS WITHOUT FEATHERS
76 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of closed wing.—This is the wing measure- ment most commonly used, and is generally called ‘wing’ or ‘length of wing’ in descriptions of birds. It is preferably taken with dividers in a straight line from the farthest anterior point on the anterior edge of the wrist joint to the tip of the longest primary, without attempting to flatten out the curve of this feather; and it is therefore the chord of the closed (folded) wing. (Figures 100 and 101.)
Ficure 100.—LenctH or CLosep Winc
Ficure 101.—LeEnctH or CLoseEpD WING FROM BELOW
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 77
Since for taxonomic purposes this measurement is ordinarily obtained from prepared skins, it is better taken always in this manner, rather than in part from the bird in the flesh, in order, for comparative pur- poses, to eliminate any possible differences that may be due to shrinkage of the wing in drying. When there is, as sometimes happens, a difference between the length of the right and left wings, it is well to make use of the longer.
Furthermore, in taking this measurement with dividers, care should be exercised to place one point of the dividers exactly at the farthest anterior part of the bend of the wing, and not to allow it to slip by, since this will cause an error in the result. The thumb nail placed at right angles against the bend of the wing is an aid in this operation. The same caution applies to the placing of the other point of the dividers at the end of the primaries. It is well always to measure the left wing; and this is most easily and safely handled from above. (Figure 100.) Ifa ruler is used for wing measur- ing, a vertical end piece firmly fastened to the left end of the ruler will greatly facilitate the work.
*By some European and most American ornitholo- gists the custom has 1n general been to measure the wing as above described, without flattening out the curve of the primaries. For this particular measurement we prefer this method as more likely to be accurate, be- sides being easier to take, unless with a specially con- structed ruler. However, for other measurements of feathers, except those of primaries and secondaries, we recommend straightening the shaft.
By some ornithologists, however, the method often used is to
flatten the primaries along a ruler, and thus to obtain the maximum length of the wing. It is probably unnecessary to mention that
78 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
this method gives a longer measurement than if the primaries are left in their natural position, and that due allowance must be made in comparing measurements taken thus differently.
Another way of measuring the length of the wing is by means of a tape placed along the arc formed by the primaries. This is approximately the same as the measurement of the flattened primaries, but is more subject to error, and therefore unsatisfac- tory. Whichever method is used in wing measurement should in any case be clearly stated.
Length of open wing.—This is the length of one wing from the point of juncture with the body of the bird to the farthest tip of the primaries while the wing is outstretched. It is measured in a straight line by placing one point of the dividers at the point where the anterior edge of the wing joins the skin of the body, and the other point at the tip of the longest primary. This, too, is the chord. (Figure 102.)
This measurement can be taken better from the living bird or the dead body than from the dried wing; and of course not at all from a scientific skin as ordinarily prepared.
Fone ca
Figure 102.—Lenctu or Open WING
719
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
Breadth of wing at outermost secondary.—When the wing is fully extended, with the first primary at approximately right angles to the bird’s body, the breadth (width), of the wing at the outermost secondary can be measured with dividers in a straight line parallel to the axis of the body, from the anterior margin of the wing to the tip of the outermost secondary, without flattening
the feathers. (Figure 103.)
"se *. Ww croc crocs o
. tx Ras . ° a, °.
ae ah IO en eee es
Bin MR yf
Ficure 103.—Breaptu or Winc aT OuTERMOST SECONDARY
80 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Greatest breadth of wing.—* The greatest breadth of the wing is, however, usually not at the outermost secondary, for in most birds the outer secondaries are shorter than some of the others. In birds that have the secondaries longer than the tertials this measurement of greatest breadth can be taken in the same manner as the breadth of the wing at the outermost secondary (parallel to the axis of the body of the bird), from the anterior edge of the wing straight across the secondaries to their tips where the wing is widest, which point may be at about the middle of the secondaries, or near the inner margin of the wing. (Figure 104.) If, however, the tertials be longer than the secondaries, the great- est breadth of the wing will be along itsinner margin. (See Figure 105.)
In case the area of the primaries is wider than that of the secon- daries, this measurement should be taken in the same way across the primaries.
4 ek 00, 5 LAUT foe ee ere cor /, ye , © BS MEY ete | eu % _ <
Btn f %. 1.4
Ficure 104.—GreaTest BREADTH OF WING ;
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 81
Breadth of wing at inner margin.—The breadth of the wing at the edge nearest the body is measured from the anterior margin where the wing joins the body, to the tip of the longest tertial, a measurement that is most different from the middle breadth in birds that, like plovers (Charadriidae), have the tertials much elongated, in which case, however, it does not represent the poten- tial breadth of the wing. (Figure 105.)
If only one measurement of the breadth of the wing be used, it should be preferably the greatest breadth other than the breadth at the inner margin, since, of course, the greatest potential breadth is the most important, the other measurements of breadth being of interest chiefly as showing variations in the contour of the wing. Whichever measurements be taken should, however, be clearly stated.
Figure 105.—Breaptu or WincG at INNER MARGIN
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Area of wing.—* In studies of the wing area of the house wren, the investigators at the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory have taken their measurements from the wing so spread that the first primary is at right angles to the body, with the remaining primaries and the secondaries extended naturally and uniformly without straightening the primaries. The wing may then be out- lined in pencil upon graph paper, the lines passing by the shortest distance from the tip of one feather to that of the next, even if the feathers be separated terminally. (Figure 106.) The area thus enclosed may be ascertained by counting the squares of the graph paper or by use of a planimeter. Another method of determining the area is to cut out from the paper the outline of the wing, weigh it, and compare the weight with the weight of a piece of the same paper of known area, such as 100 square centimeters.
This method of measuring by outlining the wing area from tip to tip of the feathers, thus enclosing small open areas between the tips of the wing-quills, we recommend as the more practical because more easily followed. If desired, however, for more intensive investigations, the exact area of the feathers can be measured by tracing the actual outline of the wing, following around the actual outline of the terminal portion of each of the feathers. This may best be done by means of a planimeter.
Headley in his book, ‘The Flight of Birds’ (1912), has called attention to the fact that the area of wing surface that a bird uses in its effective beat is of great importance in keeping the bird aloft. This writer gives figures from de Lucy, who computed the area of the wings of several species of birds and found a remarkable varia- tion in the weight supported per unit of wing surface.
~~. =
— ————
ee ee
——— —_—_—_—
eS om
—
Sa ~-——_——
=—— Pi
Ficure 106.—AreA or WING
1
—— ee
—
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 83
Curvature of the wing.—When the wings of most birds are spread they display a decided concavity underneath, although those of certain species such as swallows (Hirundinidae) are remarkable for their flatness. This curvature in the spread wing is both antero- posterior and intero-exterior; the former caused by the curve of the secondaries and the inner primaries, the latter by the curve of the outermost primaries plus the curve of the anterior edge of the wing. If the curve of the wing be an arc of a circle, the exact ratio of curvature may be obtained for each wing by measurement of the chord of the spread wing and the sagitta of that chord, and sub- stituting these measurements in the following equation:
it 8S
Ro. eres In which, R = radius of the circle of which the arc is a part; © ="chord:'S = sagitta; + = curvature.
When the curve of the wing is only an irregular arc, the curvature may still be obtained by this method, but the result is only an approximation. In making this measurement the wing is spread in exactly the same manner and to the same extent as in obtain- ing the wing area (see page 82). The chord is measured by means of a ruler, the sagitta by dividers or by a ruler perpendicular to the chord. The antero-posterior chord is taken from the anterior edge of the wing at the wrist joint to the tip of the secondary at the point directly posterior. (Figure 107.) The intero-exterior chord is measured from the point where the wing joins the body to the tip of the longest primary. (Figure 108.)
Ficure 107.—ANTERO-POSTERIOR CURVATURE OF WING
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(s)
Ficure 108.—INTERO-EXTERIOR CURVATURE OF WING
Length of upper arm (humerus).—The length of the upper arm is difficult to measure accurately in a bird in the flesh, alive or dead; but it can be done by placing the bird with its head toward the observer and the breast upward, and taking the measurement from the ventral side, with dividers, from the upper or anterior point of the humerus in the shoulder joint to the farthest projection of the humerus at the elbow joint. (Figure 109.)
Figure 109.—Lencru or Upper ArM
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Length of forearm (radius-ulna).—This, in a bird in the flesh, is measured in a straight line with dividers from the anterior outer end of the ulna, where it joins the humerus, to the farthest posterior point of the ulna or radius in the wrist joint. (Figure 110.) These points may often be readily seen through the skin from the inner side of the wing.
Ficure 110.—Lenctu or ForEARM
————————— 5.
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Length of hand (manus).—This measurement is taken in the same manner as that of the length of the forearm (see page 85), from the proximal end of the metacarpus to the extreme distal end of the longest phalanx. In the bird in the flesh this is from the wrist joint to the tip of the longest papilla to which a
primary is attached. (Figure 111.)
py gee fi : 4,
= ft hele DS af 2 of wie a ae. ¢ ef + be s e en) te ’ (
Me ie -
. coe jit fly 7 . é f
aa! Od
ot
Figure 111.—Lencru or Hanp
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 87
Length of wing-tip.—The length of the tip of the wing is to be measured with dividers when the wing is closed, in a direct line from the tip of the longest primary to the tip of the longest secondary; or, in birds such as plovers (Charadriidae), which have the tertials longer than the secondaries, to the tip of the longest tertial. (Figure 112.)
Ficure 112.—LeEncTH or WING-TIP
Distance from tip of longest primary to tip of shortest secondary.—This measurement is taken in the same way as the length of the tip of the wing. It is often mentioned in descrip- tions of birds; and in the swallows (Hirundinidae) it is used as a family character. (Figure 113.)
Ficure 113.—Disrance rrom Tip or Loncesr Primary TO Tip oF SHORTEST SECONDARY
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Length of primary.—All measurements of primaries should be made in exactly the same way. The /ength of a primary quill should be taken from the point of emergence of the shaft from the skin, to the extreme tip, in a direct line, with dividers, the feather not straightened. (Figure 114.)
Birds have nine, ten, or eleven primaries. In working out wing formulas of relative primary lengths it is often desirable to measure all the primaries to show the exact amount of difference. In some studies, however, it might be sufficient to measure only some of the primaries, such as the first (counting from the outermost); the second, third, fifth, or longest, whether it be the fifth or not; and the last, whether it be the ninth, tenth, or eleventh.
We recommend taking all measurements involving primaries or secondaries with the feathers not straightened, or flattened; but measurements of all other feathers with the feathers straightened, or flattened.
Ficure 114,—LencTH oF PRIMARY QUILL
Length of secondary.—The length of single secondaries is measured in exactly the same manner as the length of primaries (see page 88), the feather not straightened, or flattened.
Since there is often much difference in the length of the several secondaries, the measurements of these are likely to be of interest.
Length of tertial.—The length of tertials should be taken as is a primary or secondary (see page 88), except that they should be straightened, inasmuch as these feathers are, in some birds, such as the black swan (Chenopis atrata), so strongly curved that a measurement otherwise taken would indicate little or nothing.
In recording the measurements of single primaries, secondaries, or tertials by number, explanation should always be made of the
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 89
manner of counting, whether from the outermost or innermost. We prefer to count even the primaries from the outermost, since this method is less liable to error and is more easily used in de- scriptions and comparisons; although the strictly correct mor- phological method would be to count the primaries from the inner- most, at the wrist, and the secondaries (including the tertials) from the outermost at the same point.
Width of primary.—The whole width of a primary quill is taken at its widest point from one edge of the feather to the other, at right angles to the shaft, with the vanes not flattened. (Figure 115.)
Ficure 115.—Wipru oF Primary QUILL
Width of outer vane of primary.—The width of the outer (anterior) vane of a primary is measured at right angles to the shaft at the widest part of the vane, as is the width of the whole feather (see page 89), but from the outer edge to the shaft, not including the shaft, and with the vane not flattened. (Figure 116.)
eZ ae Ze So re eeeeneL lhe NG Sie ¥
Ficure 116.—WiprtH or OuTEeR VANE OF PRIMARY QUILL
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Width of inner vane of primary.—The width of the inner (posterior) vane of a primary is taken at the widest point of this vane, as is the width of the outer vane, and in the same manner (see page 89), not including the shaft of the feather, the vane not flattened. (Figure 117.)
Figure 117.—WiptH or INNER VANE OF PRIMARY QUILL
Width of secondary.—The width of the whole feather and the width of outer and inner vanes of a secondary are measured in the same way as are these parts of the primaries (see pages 89-90).
Width of tertial.—The width of the whole feather, and the width of both the inner and the outer vanes of a tertial, are ascertained in the same manner as for the primaries (see pages 89-90), but with the vanes flattened.
The separate widths of the two vanes of feathers are generally of most interest in the primaries, secondaries, alula, some wing- coverts, and rectrices, since for the most part other feathers will show little or no essential difference between the width of outer and inner vanes.
A great number of measurements might be made of the wing- feathers, as of the other feathers of a bird. Studies to show the growth of the wing-feathers should include measurements of the length and width of primaries; secondaries; tertials; primary, greater, median, and lesser coverts; scapulars; and axillars. For studies of variation between species and among individuals, meas- urements of certain primaries, the longer secondaries and tertials, the longest primary covert, the longest greater covert, the longest median covert, the longest and the shortest lesser covert, the longest scapular, and the longest and shortest axillars are suggested as likely to be of interest.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 91
Length of wing plume.—Wing plumes, which would include the marvelously developed primaries of the pennant-winged nightjar (Macrodypteryx longipennis), are measured from the point of emergence from the skin, to the tip, straightened, in the same manner as down feathers (see page 71).
Difference between length of first primary and primary coverts.—In birds that possess a spurious first primary, the difference in length between this and the primary coverts as they lie in their natural position is taken in a straight line from a point opposite the tip of the longest primary covert to a point opposite the tip of the first primary, so that this measurement will be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the other pri- maries, not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the whole wing. (Figure 118.) In such measurements it should be stated which is the longer, the primary coverts or the first primary.
Figure 118.—DiFFERENCE BETWEEN LENGTH oF First PRIMARY AND PRIMARY CoveERTS
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Length of wing spur.—The length (that is, the chord) of the spur on the bend of the wing in the jacanas (Jacanidae), certain plovers (Belonopterus, Lobivanellus, Hoplopterus, Xiphi- diopterus, etc.) is measured in a straight line, with dividers, from the side of its base to its apex. (Figure 119.)
g
“n'y
417 Vi Ce.
Ficure 119.—Leneru or Wine Spur
TAL
Length of tail.—* The length of the tail is measured with dividers, one point being inserted between the two middle rectrices at the place where their bases emerge from the skin, and the other point of the dividers brought into contact with the tip of the longest tail- feather when the tail is closed. (Figure 120.)
¢ e 4 an
ecceoe? of ed
Ficure 120—LencruH or TAIL
“ ‘ Oe
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If the longest feathers are bent, curved, or curled, they should be straightened for measuring. In such birds as the king bird of paradise (Cicinnurus regius), in which the longest tail-feathers have tightly curled tips, it is well to take the length of the tail also without straightening these feathers, to show the difference.
Note should be made if the tail-feathers show abrasion, since in such case the tips may be worn off and the length thereby considerably changed.
In taking this measurement of the tail, much care is needed in placing the anterior point of the dividers so that this rests exactly at the base of the middle rectrices; since if the point slips beyond, an error will result. Also the other point of the dividers must be exactly in contact with the tip of the tail-feather measured, in order to produce a correct measurement. As in the case of the wing, the tail is best measured from above. If the tail to be measured is too long for the spread of the dividers, place one arm of the dividers at the point of insertion of the middle rectrices, allow- ing it to extend upward at right angles to the tail, and using this as the starting point measure with a ruler to the end of the tail. Or, by parting the feathers at the base of the tail expose the insertion point of the middle pair of rectrices, from which, with a ruler, measurement can be made to the end of the tail. With proper care, the measurement of the length of the tail from the in- sertion of the middle rectrices is without much doubt the most accurate one that can be devised.
Other methods of measuring the length of the tail, such as with a ruler from the tip of the coccyx below, or from the middle of the coccyx above, to the end of the rectrices, are subject to much
greater variation and consequent error, for which reason we prefer the first method described above.
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Length of tail without longest feathers.—In birds that, like tropic-birds (Phaethontidae) and some hummingbirds (Spathura, Topaza, etc.), show great variation in the length of the different tail-feathers, particularly if the outer pair or the middle pair is much longer than the rest, measurement of the length of the tail to the tips of the next longest rectrices should also be made, starting from the point of basal insertion of the middle pair of rectrices in the same manner as the regular length of the tail is taken (see page 92), but to the tips of the particular feathers to be measured, with these feathers straightened. (Figure 121.)
In the case of some birds that have the lateral or other rec- trices very much shorter than the longest, as the woodpeckers (Picidae), the length of the short outermost feathers of the tail may be measured as well as the total length of the tail; but it seems to us that in most other birds the difference in the length of the tail-feathers thus ascertained is better shown by the measurement of the graduation of the tail (see page 98), or by that of the depth of the fork of the tail (see page 98), as the case may be.
Ficure 121.—Lenetru or Tait witHout Loncest FEATHERS
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 95
Width of tail at base.—The width of the tail at base can be measured from the point of insertion of the outer tail-feather of one side to the corresponding point on the other side. (Figure 122.)
ee ~ ny
= Peon - =e =
Nast = » a ‘ a ? AY ° * val bl aoe em ® , = ' ’ otis l= AO e i — a = Seen : = SSeS a) west is an -- . . a > Oe 2 Eas us i ac eae a eT A 2 = Ee ? FOr eteeeneeey ‘ = = : : Se ERIE Team oe el on a) : 3 Fol aa, ‘ ° 7, 2 ° ~ ? se, a ae ee pe Oe it —>- . es = fe ai oo oor-r7 rn tgy ace it Sry. pies fF iene ea. ef
Figure 122.—Wipru or Tait aT BASE
Width of expanded tail.—This is the width of the tail at its widest point, and is best measured with the tail spread on each side to an angle of 45 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the body (a total of 90 degrees), and the distance straight across this ascertained between the ends of the feathers that will give the greatest width. This will usually be from the tip of the outer- most rectrix on one side to the tip of the corresponding feather on the opposite side (Figure 123), unless these feathers are much shorter than the rest.
Figure 123.—WiptxH or ExpanpDED TAIL
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Area of expanded tail.—This is most satisfactory if taken with the tail expanded to an angle of 45 degrees on each side (so that the outermost feathers make an angle of 90 degrees with each other), and the area of the tail outlined on graph paper as in ascertaining the area of the wing (see page 82), by drawing a line around the tail from tip to tip of the feathers. (Figure 124.)
Ficure 124.—AreA oF ExpANDED TAIL
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 97
In the case, however, of a tail with very long outermost feathers, the outline would, of course, not pass from the tip of the long outer- most feather on one side to the tip of the long feather on the opposite side, but around these feathers, and across the tips of the short feathers. (Figure 125.)
If the central feathers be much longer than the others, the line would, of course, pass across the tips and around the lateral margins of these long feathers, and across the tips of the others.
After the area is outlined on graph paper, the area of the figure obtained may be determined by counting the squares, or by weighing the figure as cut out of the paper and comparing it to the weight of a piece of the same paper of known area. As in the case of the area of the wing (see page 82), this measurement is possible from only a living bird or a dead bird in the flesh.
*e> “A
| ars NG oe he
75° Noy
Ficure 125.—AreEA or ExpANDED TAIL witH Lone Ourermost RECTRICES
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Depth of fork of tail.—The depth of the fork of a furcate tail, like the tails of most terns (Sternidae), should be measured from the apex of the fork to the
tip of the longest tail-feather, when the tail is closed. (Figure 126.)
Figure 126.—DeptTH or Fork or TAIL
Graduation of tail.—The graduation of the tail should be measured with dividers from the tip of the shortest rectrix to the tip of the longest, while the tail is entirely closed. (Figure 127.)
Figure 127.—GRADUATION OF TAIL
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 99
Length of tail-feather.—In case it is desirable to measure the length of individual feathers of the tail, such should be measured as are individual contour feathers (see page 70), from the insertion at the base, to the tip, with the shaft straightened.
Width of tail-feather.—The width of each rectrix is best determined at the widest point, with dividers, at right angles to the shaft, from one edge of the feather to the opposite edge, with the feather flattened, but otherwise in the same manner as the width of wing-quills is measured (see pages 89-90; Figure 115).
Width of outer vane of tail-feather.—The width of the outer vane of a tail-feather is taken at the widest part of the outer vane, and at right angles to the shaft, from the outer edge of the vane to the shaft, not including the shaft, as the vane of a wing-feather is measured (see page 89; Figure 116), but with the vane flattened.
Width of inner vane of tail-feather.—The width of the inner vane of a tail-feather is ascertained as is the width of the outer vane, and also at the widest point (see page 99).
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Length of spot on tail-feather.—The length of light or dark spots or other markings on the rectrices should be measured as is the horizontal length of the bill (see page 14), to show the actual linear distance parallel to the shaft of the feather, not the chord of the length of the area. This means that the measurement must be taken in a straight line from opposite one end of the differently colored area to a point opposite the other end. (Figure 128.)
The same method, of course, applies to the measurement of similar markings on the feathers of the wing, or on contour feathers.
Ficure 128.—LENcTH oF Spot oN TAIL-FEATHER
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Length of tail-racket.—The greatest length of a tail-racket should be measured with dividers, the racket flattened, from the extreme base (the proximal end) along the shaft (even though this part of the racket be much narrowed) to the tip. (Figure 129.)
Ficure 129.—LeEncTH oF TAIL-RACKET
Width of tail-racket.—The width of a tail-racket is taken at the widest point, from edge to edge at right angles to the shaft, with the racket flattened. (Figure 130.)
The size of the tail-racket has proved of subspecific importance in the drongos (Dicruridae) and humming- birds (Trochilidae), and may be useful in other birds.
Ficure 130.—W1pTuH or TAIL-RACKET
i
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Length of upper tail-coverts.—In birds that have the upper tail-coverts greatly modified, as in the peacock (Pavo cristatus), the length of the longest feather (that is, the feather the tip of which extends farthest posteriorly) should be measured from the point of emergence from the skin to the tip; but if bent or curled the feather should be straightened. (Figure 131.)
Ficure 131.—Lenotu or Upper TAIL-COVERTS
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 103
Distance from upper tail-coverts to end of tail.—This is the distance in a straight line from the tip of the longest upper tail-covert to the end of the tail, measured with dividers when the tail is closed, and will indicate by how much the upper tail- coverts in their natural position fall short of the tip of the tail. (Figure 132.)
Figure 132.—DiIsTAncE FROM Upper TAIL-COVERTS TO END oF TAIL
Length of lower tail-coverts.—The length of the longest feather of the lower tail-coverts may be measured in the same manner as that of the upper tail-coverts (see page 102).
Distance from lower tail-coverts to end of tail.—The distance that the longest lower tail-covert falls short of the tip of the tail should be ascertained in the same manner as in the case of the upper tail-coverts (see page 103).
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LEG
Length of leg.—The total length of the leg can be measured from the hip joint to the tip of the nail of the longest toe when the leg is straightened as much as possible. It is subject to some error owing to the difficulty of accurately locating the point of measurement in the hip joint; and, of course, can not be taken from a prepared skin. Dividers may be used for a small bird, a ruler for one too large for these. (Figure 133.)
‘ ‘ ™. SS = \ 7 re Pts Se Se “SSS e « e erate \ e
Figure 133.—Lencru or Lec
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 105
Length of thigh (femur).—Since this, the upper segment of the leg, is usually covered by the skin of the body, and the hip joint difficult to define, its length can not be accurately ascertained in the flesh. To take this measurement, the bird is best placed on its side; then, by raising the wing, this part of the leg may be seen through the skin or located by manipulation of the leg under the skin; and one point of the dividers is placed where the thigh joins the body, with the other at the middle of the joint with the tibia. (Figure 134.)
Ficure 134.—Lencru or THIGH
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Length of tibia.—The length of the tibia, the second segment of the leg, or ‘drumstick,’ is ascertained with dividers, but care should be taken in manipulating the joints so that the tips of the dividers measure the greatest length of the tibia from its junction with the femur to its junction with the metatarsus. (Figure 135.)
S
ot
coves” —_—
Figure 135.—LeENcTH oF TIBIA
=>
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Length of tarsus (tarso-metatarsus).—* The length of the ‘tarsus’ is measured from the exact middle point of the joint between the tibia and metatarsus behind, to the lower edge of the lowest undivided scute on the front of the junction of the metatarsus with the base of the middle toe, or to the middle of this articula- tion when such is discernible. This measurement is therefore the diagonal of the tarsus. (Figure 136.)
Some authors measure the tarsus wholly on the anterior side, but this method is not so satisfactory, owing to the difficulty of determining the proper point for insertion of the dividers at the upper (anterior) end of the tarsus. In measuring wholly on the posterior side, it is difficult to determine the proper point at the lower end of the tarsus.
Figure 136.—Lencru or Tarsus
Length of tarsus and middle toe with claw.—A measure- ment of the combined length of tarsus and middle toe with claw has been used, and may be taken from the upper end of the tarsus in a straight line to the tip of the claw of the middle toe; but this is easily obtainable by adding the length of the tarsus to that of the middle toe and claw.
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Diameter of middle of tarsus.—This measurement is the antero-posterior diameter of the tarsus at the middle point. It is to be taken with dividers at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the tarsus. (Figure 137.)
Figure 137.—DIAMETER OF MIDDLE oF TARSUS
Greatest diameter of tarsus.—The greatest measurement of diameter of the tarsus is sometimes useful, and should be taken at the thickest part of the tarsus. A statement should always make clear the particular part of the tarsus measured, and whether taken from front to back or from side to side.
The diameter of other limbs might be useful in special biological or anatomical studies, and can be taken in the same manner as the diameters of the tarsus.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 109
Length of bare portion of leg.—When the tarsus is but partly feathered, or the tibia partly bare, the length of this bare portion of the leg should be measured on the anterior side, from the lower end of the tarsus up to the insertion of the first (lowest) feathers, or to a point opposite these feathers if they happen to be on any other side of the tarsus, even if at this point the leg is but sparingly feathered. (Figure 138.) The length of a bare tibia may be measured alone by be- ginning at the middle of the ankle-joint.
Figure 138.—LencruH or Bare Portion or Lec
Length of tarsal spur.—The chord of the tarsal spur, seen in turkeys (Meleagrididae) and other gallinaceous birds (Galli- formes), should be measured in the same manner as the chord of the wing spur (see page 92), in a straight line, with dividers, from the base to the apex.
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FOOT
Birds for the most part have three toes in front and one behind, in which case the middle toe is the middle front toe. Most birds which have only two toes in front have two behind, like the cuckoos (Cuculidae) and most woodpeckers (Piciformes), and the middle (third) toe is then really the outer front toe, since it is usually the outer front toe that is rotated backward to occupy a position adjacent to the original posterior toe, where it thus becomes the outer posterior toe; while the original posterior toe becomes the inner posterior toe.
Measurements of all the toes and all the claws are sometimes taken, but those of the middle toe and hind toe are most useful. In all cases the measurement of the length of the claw is the chord of the claw. Care should be taken in all measurements of the toes to make sure that the toe is straight, as otherwise the results will be in error. :
Length of middle toe.—The length of the middle (third) toe is measured on its dorsal surface, with dividers, from its very base at the middle of the meta- tarsal joint, where this is discernible, otherwise from the lower edge of the lowest entire tarsal scute, to its distal end where its integument ends on the base of the claw, and exclusive of the claw. (Figure 139.)
Ficure 139.—Lenctu or MIppDLE ToE
: ‘
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Length of middle claw.—The length of the claw of the middle toe, if taken separately, is measured from the point on its upper surface where the skin of the toe impinges on the base of the claw, in a straight line tothe tip. This is, therefore, the chord of the claw. (Figure 140.)
Ficure 140.—LeEnctH or MippLE CLaw
Length of middle toe and claw.—The middle toe together with the claw may be measured with di- viders, from the base of the toe on its upper surface in a straight line to the tip of the claw. (Figure 141.)
Ficure 141.—Lenotry or MippLe Tor anp CLaw
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Width of middle toe.—The width of the middle toe is meas- ured at the widest part of the toe, whether on upper or lower sur- face, and is inclusive of the sole. (Figure 142.) When there is much difference between the upper part of the toe and the sole, it is sometimes desirable to measure also the width of the toe without the sole for comparison with the total width.
Un SN “Sn — a - on a = ae sap I es ae a a ce a Se
Ficure 142.—Wipty or MippLe Tore
Length of outer toe.—The outer (fourth) toe is usually the outer front toe, but, as explained above, it sometimes is the outer hind toe in birds which have only two toes in front. This is measured on its dorsal surface in the same way as the middle toe (see page 110). (Figure 143.)
Ficure 143.—LencrtruH or Outer Toe
Length of outer claw.—The length of the claw of the outer toe can be measured separately, in the same manner as the claw of the middle toe (see page 111).
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 113
Width of outer toe.—The width of the outer toe is measured as is the width of the middle toe (see page 112).
Length of outer toe and claw.—The length of the outer toe and claw is ascertainable as explained under middle toe and claw (see page 111).
Length of inner toe.—The inner (second) toe is nearly always the inner front toe, and its length is measured in the same way as that of the middle or outer toe (see pages 110 and 112).
Length of inner claw.—The length of the claw of the inner toe is measured separately, or included with the toe as are the claws of the middle and outer toes (see pages 111 and 112).
Width of inner toe.—The width of the inner toe is taken at its widest point in the same manner as is the corresponding measurement of the other toes (see pages 112 and 113).
Length of foot.—The length of the whole foot is measured with dividers in a straight line from the tip of the middle claw to the tip of the hind claw, when both middle toe and hallux are fully extended. It can not successfully be taken from a dry skin unless the toes be relaxed; but can, of course, easily be ascertained from a bird in the flesh.
114 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of hind toe (hallux).—In birds, such as sparrows (Fringillidae), that have three toes in front, there is only one behind; but in birds that have only two toes in front, there are usually also two behind, and in such cases the real hind (first) toe is (except in trogons [Trogonidae]) the inner posterior toe. This is measured with dividers on the upper side, from the point where the upper edge joins the metatarsus, to the proximal end of the claw. (Figure 144.)
Ficure 144.—Lenetru or Hinp Tor
Length of claw of hind toe.—The length of the claw of the hallux is measured separately or with the toe, and as are the claws of the other toes (see pages 111-112 and 113). |
Width of hind toe.—The width of the hallux is measured in ; the same manner as the width of the other toes (see pages 112 and 1743),
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 115
Elevation of hind toe.—When the hind toe is elevated above the position of the others, as in gallinaceous birds (Galliformes), its distance above them may be measured by inserting one point of the dividers at the lower part of the base (sole) of the hind toe where it joins the tarsus, and the other point at the basal end of the lower surface (sole) of the middle toe. (Figure 145.) If the hind toe be webbed or lobed the lobe should be disregarded and measurement made from the base of the toe itself as in other cases.
7777 (1
i Le om wnat 1) LSI | Hy
<7; alloy Mitr pA SUT
Figure 145.—E.evation or Hinp Toe
Length of lobe of hind toe.—The length of the lobe of the hind toe, such as is present in grebes (Colymbidae) and many ducks (Anatidae), should be taken with dividers, and is the greatest horizontal length that can be obtained, beginning basally at the point of juncture of the toe with the tarsus. (Figure 146.)
Ficure 146.—Lencru or Lose or Hinp Toe
116 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Width of lobe of hind toe.—The width of the lobe of the hallux is taken on the upper side, from the outer margin of the sole of this toe to the edge of the lobe, at right angles to the toe, and at the widest part of the lobe. (Figure 147.) In the pied- billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), from which Figure 147 is drawn, the toe is nearly as wide as the lobe.
Figure 147.—WipTH or Lose or Hinp Tor
Length of lobe of front toe.—The length of a single front toe lobe, such as occurs in grebes (Colymbidae), is measured as is the length of the lobe of the hind toe (see page 115), beginning at the base of the toe itself.
In birds like coots (Ful/ica) in which the lobes of the front toes are more than one, the length of each lobe should be measured at its point of attachment along the toe, from the extreme posterior end to the anterior extremity. At the base of the toe the measure- ment should begin at the farthest possible posterior point between the toes.
Width of lobe of front toe.—The width of a front toe lobe is measured at the widest part from the outer margin of the sole of the toe, as is the width of the lobe of the hind toe (see page 116).
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 117
Greatest length of web between front toes.—The greatest length of each web between the front toes of such birds as gulls (Laridae) and ducks (Anatidae) can be measured with dividers from between the toes at the beginning of the webs at the base of
the toes, on the upper surface of the web, to the anterior edge along the middle toe. (Figure 148.)
; Tl
vy) As ary] ran ao ese 4 CHAMETE 0a «
yiit
Win i Th
Figure 148.—Greatest LENGTH oF WEB BETWEEN FRONT TOES
118 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Middle length of web between front toes.—The length of each of the webs between the front toes at the middle point of the web is measured from the same posterior point as for the greatest length (see page 117), but to the middle point of the
(Figure 149.)
anterior edge of each web.
— a ag Test CONE —. Lye = SE PITY HA57) = ) Sn TILIA rh SSE 2 EBD TOI DAR IAS SRE ~ is Aouln = om . Sta e a ul a
vo: 4 bd; rerat
~— ae Samay m7 Fh Sine : — ae ae it : 2 ~ = - : > — == _ y = = = ) _—_— Pcs yy es.
~ ee
Ficure 149.—Mipp.Le LenctH or WEB BETWEEN Front Toes
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 119
Width of web between front toes.—The width of each web between the front toes should be taken on the upper surface from the anterior point of the web on one toe in a straight line to the same point on the next toe, but not including the toes. (Figure 150.)
This measurement should be made when the foot is fully ex- tended, and can not satisfactorily be taken from a dried skin.
HAAS? is 4). aye EK OE IT Ste gt oe tnt art ohaet a Been SS Nie nae a
Ficure 150.—Wipru or WEB BETWEEN Front Toes
120 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Area of foot.—The area of the foot surface with which swim- ming birds stroke the water is of importance to the bird in loco- motion. To ascertain this, trace on graph paper the outline of the whole foot when fully extended, excluding the hind toe (Figure
| 151), except in birds like pelicans (Pelecanidae) and their allies (other Pelecaniformes), in which the hind toe is connected by a web with the other toes. From this the area can be determined by means of a planimeter or by counting of squares as explained under area of wing (see page 82). Figure 151 is drawn from a pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps).
1% SS en ey
— Nin; Sass 2 (ge
Ac
ie A
<el y
CC -S 4 VIN ' ww b Upon t i Sse ea eee: —F At eo oy ae!
Hi Ficure 151.—Area or Foor
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 12]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following bibliography includes such publications as contain some separate explanation of the methods of taking measurements of birds. Articles that give only the measurements themselves, even though the state- ment in connection with the figures often in a way constitutes explanation, are omitted. Furthermore, it has not been considered worth while to include all the editions of books in which the matter pertaining to measurements is simply reprinted without change or addition. The list of titles is doubtless not complete, but will be found to comprise probably all the important publications. In these references only the pages con- taining the measurement data are cited.
A digest of the measurements treated in each publi- cation is added, as of interest in comparison with the method detailed in our own present paper on the subject.
Allen, Joel Asaph.
1889. Remarks on Individual and Seasonal Variation in a Large Series of Elainea from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, with a Revision of the Species of the Restricted Genus Elainea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. II, No. 3, Article XVIII, Oct. 31, 1889, p. 188.
Measurements explained are: J/ength of wing, taken with dividers without straightening the feathers; /ength of tail, from the insertion point of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest; the chord of the exposed culmen; and the width of bill at the nostrils.
122 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Arrigoni Degli Oddi, Ettore.
1902. Remarks on Audouin’s Gull (Larus audouini). The Ibis, 8th Series, Vol. II, No. 7, July, 1902, p. 497. Concerning the measurement of the 4i// this author states that “I
always measure the bill from the feathered space down the forehead to the tip.”
1904. Manuale di Ornitologia Italiana, p. 13.
The only measurement explained is total length, taken from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail.
1929. Ornitologia Italiana, pp. XI-XII.
Illustrations are given of the method of taking the following measure- i@ ments: Jength of wing, on a ruler with the primaries straightened; . length of tail, from the point of insertion of middle pair of feathers to tip of longest (with dividers); chord of exposed culmen; chord of total culmen; chord of culmen without cere; length of gonys, in a straight line from gonydeal angle to tip of mandible; and /ength of tarsus, from middle of ankle joint behind to base of middle toe on upper (anterior) surface.
Bahr, Philip Heinrich.
1912. On a Journey to the Fiji Islands, with Notes on the Present Status of their Avifauna, Made during a Year’s Stay in the Group, 1910-1911. The Ibis, 9th Series; Vol. VI, No. 2, April, 1912, p. 293.
“All measurements of Jills are taken from the anterior part of the nasal aperture to the tip of the bill.”
Bailey, Florence Merriam.
1902. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. XXVII-XXVIII, 2 figs.
The method of taking the following measurements is described: total length, as usual; length of wing, “from the front of the bend of the wrist joint of the wing to the tip of the longest feather, * * * taken with either tape or dividers”; Jength of tail, from insertion point of middle feathers to tip of longest; /ength of bill, the chord of exposed culmen; Jength of tarsus, “‘from heel joint to angle of toe with tarsus,” in front; and length of middle toe without claw, “ from angle of tarsus and toes to base of claw.”
1921. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, Revised Edition, pp. XXVII-XXVIII, 2 figs.
Measurements are described exactly as in previous editions.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 123
1928.
Birds of New Mexico, November 15, 1928, p. 72, 2 figs. Methods are indicated (by figures without text) for only length of
tarsus and of exposed culmen, and are the same as those in the author’s ‘Handbook of Birds of the Western United States.’
Baker, Edward Charles Stuart.
1922.
The Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. I, August 16, 1922, p. 6.
Measurements explained are: otal length, from tip of bill to tip of tail; length of closed wing, with primaries flattened; /ength of tail, from root, ““generally indicated both in the fresh and dried state by the presence of a piece of flesh on the underside, to the tip of the longest feather”’; length of tarsus, “from the center of articulation of the tarsus with the tibia to the base of the middle toe”; and the chord of exposed culmen.
Bannerman, David Armitage.
1912.
1930.
On a Collection of Birds Made by Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe on the West Coast of Africa and Outlying Islands; with Field Notes by the Collector. The Ibis, 9th Series, Vol. VI, No. 2, April, 1912, p. 245.
“The measurement of the ¢ai/is taken from between the base of the middle tail-feathers to the tip.”
The Birds of Tropical West Africa, p. Ixii.
The following paragraphs of explanation are taken verbatim from this work:
“ Total length (in the flesh).—A straight line taken from the tip of the bill to the tip of the longest tail feather when the bird is laid on its back without any undue stretching, the bill parallel with the line of the body. This measurement is of no value if taken after the specimen has been skinned.
“(A useful measurement taken in the flesh is that from the tip of the wing to the tip of the tail, particularly if it is intended to figure the bird or to mount it.)
“ Expanse.—The distance between the tip of the longest primaryin each wing, when the wings are stretched out to their utmost.
“ Bill—The usual method of taking this measurement is with dividers in a straight line from the base of the feathers on the forehead to the tip (never over an arched culmen). When this method is im- practicable a measurement may be taken from the rear of the nasal aperture to the tip, or again from the gape to the tip; this last is not
124 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
to be recommended unless the first two fail. In diurnal Birds of Prey and Parrots the bill is measured from the edge of the cere to the tip.
“Wing—From the bend or carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary, the wing placed on a steel or wooden rule and pressed flat against it, thus obtaining the longest measurement. In very large birds a steel tape has been used, the measurement taken from the carpal joint with the wing pressed on a table and the tape stretched along the under side of the wing, not over the curve.
“ Tail—Measured by inserting one point of the dividers between the central pair of tail feathers and pressing it as far as it will go towards the base, the other point of the dividers at the tip of longest tail feather as it lies naturally; if curly I have not stretched it out to its fullest length.
“ Tarsus Measured from the center of the tibio-tarsal joint, as near as this can be ascertained, to the base of the middle toe where it joins the tarsus.
“‘ Middle Toe——From the base to the tip, including the claw, unless otherwise stated.”
| Barrows, Walter Bradford. ! Ii) | 1912. Michigan Bird Life, pp. 16-17.
The measurements described are total length; extent of wings; length of closed wing, without straightening the feathers (chord); /ength of exposed culmen (chord); length of tail, from the center of the coccyx; and
! ] length of tarsus, on the anterior side. , 1 } Wi an Bates, George Latimer. f r| e e j| 1930. Handbook of the Birds of West Africa, p. VI. ay fl | Directions for taking the following measurements are given: length of A) | wing, from the carpal joint to tip of longest “feather,” with the primaries h | straightened; /ength of tail, from point of insertion of middle feathers
chord, as it is to be taken with dividers; and /ength of tarsus, “the
to tip of longest; /ength of dill, the exposed culmen, apparently the | ) length of the tarso-metatarsal (shank) bone.”
} | Belcher, Charles Frederic.
iN 1930. The Birds of Nyassaland, p. xii.
| | The measurements explained are ¢otal length, from tip of bill to tip i ] | of tail; and length of closed wing, “from the bend to the tip of the longest i a feather [sic].”’
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 125
Bishop, Louis Bennett.
1921. Description of aNewLoon. The Auk, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 3, July, 1921, p. 368.
Mentions that his measurements of wing, tail, exposed culmen, depth of bill at base, tarsus, and outer toe with nail are “taken with dividers except the wing, which was taken with a steel tape following the natural contour.”
Bowen, Wilfrid Wedgwood.
1926. Catalogue of Sudan Birds. Publication No. 1, Sudan Government Museum (Natural History), May, 1926, pl. I.
No explanation is given of the plate, which apparently is intended to illustrate the manner of taking measurements of the /ength of the cul- men, tarsus, and toe.
Brooks, Allan.
1920. Notes on Some American Ducks. The Auk, Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, July, 1920, p. 358.
Description is given of measurement of the height of the maxilla from the base of the exposed culmen to the nearest point on the cutting edge of the maxilla (i. e., the chord of the distance around the curve of the bill); and also the vertical height at the same place.
Buchner, Otto.
1931. Specht-Naumann Die Vogel Europas, Band I, Lieferumg 1, p. 29.
The measurements explained are: total length, as usual; extent of
wings, as commonly taken; length of wing, from bend to tip; length of
- tail, from insertion of the middle pair of rectrices to the tip of the
longest; Jength of bill, from the base of the exposed culmen to the tip;
and /ength of tarsus, “ vom Fersengelenk bis zum Austritt der Hinterzehe.”
Burgess, Lieutenant.
1854. Note on the Indian Weaver-Bird (Ploceus philip- pensis). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XX, for 1852, May 23, 1854, p. 88.
The length of the wing is measured “from the carpal joint to the end of the longest quill-feather.”
126 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Chapin, James Paul.
1924.
Size-variation in Pyrenestes, a Genus of Weaver- Finches. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XLIX, Article IV, September 3, 1924, p. 418, fig. 2.
The method of taking two measurements of the bill is illustrated: length of bill from nostril, the chord of this distance; and width of mandible,
the distance across the chin between the outside edges of the posterior ends of the exposed portion of the rami.
Chapman, Frank Michler.
1895.
1912.
Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, p. 37.
The measurements described are: total length, taken in the usual manner; /ength of wing, “from the ‘bend of the wing’ to the end of the longest primary”; Jength of tail, from insertion of middle feathers to tip of longest; chord of cu/men, “from the anterior base of the feathers on the forehead to the tip of the upper mandible”; Jength of tarsus, “from the base or insertion of the toes, to the end of the tibia.”
Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, Revised Edition, pp. XVII-XVIII.
Measurements are taken in exactly the same way as in the 1895 edition of the same book.
Cory, Charles Barney.
1880.
1890.
1899.
Birds of the Bahama Islands, p. 39.
Measurements described are: total length, taken in the usual manner; length of wing, without straightening the primaries; Jength of tail, “distance from the body to the end of the longest feather”; ength of bill (chord), “from the tip to where it joins skin or feathers on the forehead”’; length of tarsus, “distance in front from the knee-joint [sic] to the root of the middle toe.”
The Birds of the Bahama Islands, Revised Edition, p. 39.
The description of measurements is exactly the same as in the first edition.
The Birds of Eastern North America, Part 1, pp. 8-9, 2 figs. Total length is measured in a straight line with dividers from tip of
bill to end of longest tail-feather; and also to the end of the outermost feather, when thisis much shorter than the middle pair. Other measure-
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 127
1909.
ments are: chord of closed wing (taken without straightening the primaries); ai/, the distance from the tip of the longest rectrix to the point where this same feather enters the skin; chord of exposed culmen; “some curved bills are measured along the curve of the culmen”’; bill from nostril to tip; and tarsus, on the anterior face, from the end of the tibia to the root of the middle toe.
The Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Zoological Series, Field Museum of Natural History, Vol. IX, pp. 20-21, 2 figs.
Measurements are exactly the same as in this author’s ‘Birds of Eastern North America.’
Coues, Elliott.
1872.
1884.
1927.
Crabb, 1930.
Key to North American Birds [First Edition], pp. 55-57.
The manner of taking the following considerable number of measure- ments is carefully explained: total length, obtained as usual; extent of wings, with ruler or tape; length of closed wing, without straightening the primaries (the chord); /ength of tail, from middle of coccyx to end of longest tail-feather; chord of exposed culmen; depth (=height) of bill, at base of exposed culmen, taken vertically; width of dill, taken trans- versely at the same point; 4i// from gape, in a straight line to the tip of the maxilla; /ength of tarsus, on anterior side from middle of joint with tibia to middle of articulation with middle toe; Jength of toes, from joint with tarsus to root of claw, on upper surface; chord of /ength of claws, from base to tip; and length of head, from base of exposed culmen to the farthest posterior point on the occiput.
Key to North American Birds, Second Edition, pp. 24-25.
Measurements are the same as in the first edition, but height of bill, width of bill, and bill from gape are omitted. All are taken as in the previous edition.
Key to North American Birds, Sixth Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 24-25,
Measurements are the same as in the second edition.
Edward Drane.
The Woodpeckers of Oklahoma. Publications of the University of Oklahoma Biological Survey, Vol. II, No. 3, November 10, 1930, pp. 115-116.
The detailed explanations of measurements are reproduced verbatim below.
128 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
“The Jength is the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the longest rectrix, taken as follows: Lay the bird flat on its back on a rule, on the table, then grasp the head with the left forefinger and thumb, placing the ring finger against the end of the bird’s bill in such a way that you can, without even looking, hold the tip of the bill even with the end of the rule. This, of course, requires some practice, or else errors will creep into the length measurements of specimens. Now grasp the feet of the bird with the right hand and pull gently, but firmly, holding the tip of the bill at the end of the rule; the tip of the tail will indicate the length of the bird.
“The extent is the maximum distance from the tip to tip of the ex- tended wings. The bird must be lying on its back on a flat surface, preferably on a rule. Now grasp the left wing at the carpals with the right hand and gently stretch the bird out. The figure indicated by the longest primary of the left wing is the extent of the bird. If the rule is too short the next best thing to do is to mark the extent of the bird on the table and then measure the distance between the marks. Simple as this seems, few beginners are able to measure the same speci- men twice and get even approximately the same results.
“The wing length is the greatest distance from the outside of the bend of the wing (carpals) to the tip of the longest primary taken with dividers or on the underside with a rule, as follows: Lay the specimen on its stomach and grasp the wing near the bend (preferably the right wing), with the left hand, placing a finger at the bend so that the end Hl of the rule, when placed under the wing, will just touch the finger. ie Thus the tip of the longest primary will indicate the wing length. The primaries must not be bent in the least as this will make the wing length appear abnormally great.
“The tail length as recorded in this paper is in reality the length of | the longest tail feather—from the tip to the end of its root. In small
birds, I simply blow the feathers aside so as to expose the oil duct, and then I can easily place the point of the dividers at the root-tips of the rectrices. Place one point of the dividers at the roots of the tail feathers and the other point at the end of the longest feather; then apply the dividers to a rule to get the distance between the points in inches which will be the length of the bird’s tail.
“The Jill length is taken with dividers. I always place one point of the dividers on the merging line of the feathered soft skin and horny covering at the dorso-posterior end of the bill, (which is readily notice- able as a fold of skin) and then place the other point at its tip. I have
| adhered to this method in my descriptions. Many ornithologists
| measure only from the point where the ends of the feathers touch the
bill, and designate the measurement when taken as I have directed, the exposed culmen [sic].
| “The tarsus is the length of the tarso-metatarsal (‘shin’) bone, and is
| taken with dividers. The toes and tibia (‘drum stick’) should be bent
| forward and the points of the dividers placed, from the front side, in
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 129
the bends of the toes and heel in such a way as to give the distance between these two joints.
“The third toe length is the length of the extended middle toe, not including the nail. I use dividers in taking this measurement, but by placing the corner of the rule in the joint of the middle toe and tarsus, from the bottom side of the foot, one may obtain accurate results in the larger specimens.
'“The third toe and claw length is taken as is that of the third toe except that the length of the claw is included.”
Dwight, Jonathan.
1902. Individual, Seasonal and Geographical Variations of the American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis). The Auk, Vol. XIX, No. 2, April, 1902, p. 160.
In this paper the following measurements are explained: length of closed wing, taken with dividers from the bend to tip of longest primary; length of tail, from the point of insertion of middle pair of feathers to tip of longest; tarsus, also middle toe, “along their greatest anterior length’’; dii/, “along the chord of the culmen and alsoits greatest depth.”
1919. Reasons for Discarding a Proposed Race of the Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus). The Auk, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, April, 1919, p. 247, fig. 2.
The illustration shows that the measurement of the length of the bill is taken with calipers and is not the chord of the culmen, but the hori- zontal length; and that the height of the billis taken at the mental apex. No other measurements are described.
1925. The Gulls (Laridae) of the World; Their Plumages, Moults, Variations, Relationships and Distribu- tion. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. LII, Article III, December 31, 1925,
_ pp. 123-124.
In this paper Dwight states that he measures the chord of the /ength of closed wing; the length of tail, from the insertion of the middle rectrix; the chord of exposed culmen; the length of the tarsus, along the anterior margin; the middle toe without claw; depth of bill at base of exposed culmen; and depth of dill, vertically at angle of gonys.
Forbush, Edward Howe. 1925. Birds of Massachusetts and Other New England States, Part I, p. XXXI, 3 figs.
The author describes his methods of taking the following several measurements: /ofal length, as usual, with the bird on its back along a
130 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
ruler; extent of wings, as usual; /ength of wing, with a ruler, the primaries straightened, or with a steel tape “‘along the outer surface”; /ength of tail, with dividers, from the insertion point of the middle pair of rectrices to the tip of the longest; chord of exposed culmen, “from its tip to the feathers of the forehead”’; and Jength of tarsus, on the anterior side.
Funk, Mrs. A. B. 1931. Methods of Bird Study, p. 5.
Two measurements are figured in this work, but with no explanation in the text. These are the /ength of dill, evidently the exposed culmen; and the /ength of tarsus, measured in front.
Grinnell, Joseph; Bryant, Harold Child; and Storer, Tracy Irwin.
1918. The Game Birds of California, December 28, 1918, p. 66, fig. 4.
The measurements described are: total length, taken in the usual manner; length of closed wing, without straightening the primaries; chord of exposed culmen; length of tarsus, on the anterior side from middle of joint with tibia to middle of joint with middle toe; and length
of middle toe, ‘from the angle just below the lower end of the tarsus
to the base of the claw,” on the upper surface. The illustration of “bill along culmen” indicates that the measurement is the horizontal length of the bill, but the text states that it is the chord of the exposed culmen.
| | ! | Gross, Alfred Otto.
1928. The Heath Hen. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. VI, No. 4, May, 1928, pp. 565-567.
Hatt | Of the numerous different measurements recorded in this monograph, HI only the following are explained: “Jody-wing” [length of open wing] is the distance from the thorax to the tip of the longest primary of the outstretched wing; “pinna”’ [length of neck tuft\is the length of the long- est feathers of the “neck-wings”; “pinnae extent” [width of neck tuft] is the distance from tip to tip of the outstretched pinnae; “gape” [length of bill from gape] is the distance from angle of mouth to tip of bill; “width of mouth” [width of bill at gape] is the distance from the angle of the mandibles of one side to the angle of the other side; “eye-dill” is the distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the tip of the bill; “sarsus- toe”’ is the distance from the heel to the tip of the nail of the third toe; tarsus equals the above measurement minus the length of the third toe; “‘body-toe” is the distance from the abdomen to the tip of the third toe-nail; web between toes is the distance “from the angle of the toes to edge of the web”; /ength of dill, “from the base of the frontal bone to the tip of the bill”; and middle toe with claw, taken with a flexible steel
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 131
tape from the first scutellum on the lower end of the tarsus to the tip of the claw.
1930. Progress Report of the Wisconsin Prairie Chicken Investigation, pp. 94-96.
The following measurements are explained:
. “ Length, distance from tip of bill to tip of longest tail feather or down in the case of downy young where no feathers are yet developed. Tail, base of uripigeal [sic] gland to tip of longest tail feather. Bill, tip of bill to base of frontal bone of the cranium. Bi/l-eye, tip of bill to the anterior angle of the eye. Bill-gape, tip of bill to the angle of the mouth when opened. Biil-nostril, tip of bill to the anterior angle of the nostril. Eye, distance from the anterior to the posterior angles of the eyelids. Extent, distance from tip to tip of outspread wings. Wing, distance from bend of wing to tip of longest primary. Foot-body, distance from tip of nail of third toe to attachment of femur. Tarsus-toe, tip of third toe to the heel. Foot, tip of nail of first toe (hind) to tip of nail of third toe (front).
“Toes are measured by bending them at right angles to the tarsus and measuring the distance from tip of nail to tarsus by means of a pair of calipers. The mails are measured by taking the shortest distance from the tip of the claw to the first scale on the dorsal surface of the toe.”
Gurney, John Henry.
1882. Notes on a ‘Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum’ by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874), The Ibis, 4th Series, Vol. VI, No. 22, April, 1882, p. 311, footnote; No. 23, July, 1882, p. 438 and footnote.
_ Describes the measurement of wing length, which he takes with a flexible measure around the curve of the wing from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary. Mentions also (p. 438, footnote) that when the two wings of a bird vary in length he uses the longer one.
1902. On Anser erythropus and Its Allies. The Ibis, 8th Series, Vol. II, No. 6, April, 1902, p. 274.
The author says of his measurement of the cu/men that it was “taken from the tip of the beak to the commencement of the frontal feathers.”
Hartert, Ernst [Johann Otto]. 1903. Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, Band I, Heft 1, November, 1903, p. XII.
Measurements explained are: length of wing, from bend of wing to tip, with the primaries straightened; /ength of tail, from insertion of
132 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. I]
middle feathers to tip of longest; chord of length of exposed culmen; length of total culmen; and length of tarsus, from the middle of the joint with the tibia behind, to the lowest scute in front.
Kennard, Frederic Hedge.
1927.
The Specific Status of the Greater Snow Goose. Proceedings of the New England Zodlogical Club, Vol. IX, February 16, 1927, p. 88.
In this paper the measurement of the “ength of bill is the chord of
exposed culmen; and the 4eight of dill is the vertical measurement “‘at junction of forehead and culmen.”
Kloss, Cecil Boden.
1918.
On Birds Recently Collected in Siam, Part I, Phasianidae—Eurylaemidae. The Ibis, 10th Series, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 22, 1918, p. 103.
This author discusses the relative advantages of measuring the Ji] from the gape, as compared with the measurement from the nostril.
Loomis, Leverett Mills.
1888.
1918.
On the Further Occurrence of Otocoris alpestris praticola in Chester County, South Carolina. The Auk, Vol. V, No. 2, April, 1888, p. 207.
The only measurements explained are the ength of wing, which is the chord (i. e., with the primaries not straightened); and the /ength of tail, which is “the actual length of the longest rectrix.”’
A Review of the Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Series, Vol. II, Part II, No. 12, April 22, 1918, pp. 70-71.
The method of taking certain measurements is described as follows:
“In measuring the wing from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary, the primaries were flattened against the surface of the rule. The length of the culmen is the chord of the exposed culmen, and was taken with dividers. The depth of the upper mandible is the distance between the base of the exposed culmen and a point directly below it on the tomium; and the width of the upper mandible is the diameter at the base of the exposed sides of the mandible; the former dimension being taken with dividers and the latter with a 15 cm. caliper square, The /ength of the tailis approximate, and was obtained by inserting one point of the dividers into the base of the tail between the two middle rectrices and extending the other point tothe end of the longest rectrix.”
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 133
Lynes, Hubert.
1930. Review of the Genus Cisticola. The Ibis, 12th Series, Vol. VI, Supplementary Number, December, 1930, p. 66, pls. I-XIX.
From the text and the figures on the plates it may be inferred that the author of this monograph measures the “/eg” (=tarsus) in front from its upper end to the last scutes on the lower extremity; and the middle toe and claw from the latter point to the tip of the claw (the horizontal length).
Martorelli, Giacinto. 1895. Monografia Illustrata degli Uccelli di Rapina, pp. 10-11.
This Italian investigator measures the ¢otal length, as usual; the length of wing, with a tape around the curve; /ength of tail, to end of the longest feather; length of bill to gape; length of tarsus, from middle of articula- tion with tibia to articulation with middle toe; and length of middle toe, from point of articulation with tarsus to base of claw.
Minot, Henry Davis. 1877. The Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England, p.21.
Measurements explained are: total length, taken as usual; chord of exposed culmen; depth of bill, taken vertically “near the base”; and the length of tarsus, taken in front.
1895. The Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England, Second Edition, p. 19.
Measurements are just the same as in the first edition.
Monchaux, Delamarre De. 1923. Encyclopédie Pratique du Naturaliste, Part IX, Les Oiseaux Chanteurs, p. XLIX, pl. XVII (p. LV).
Only total length and extent of wings are explained, to be taken in the usual manner.
Murphy, Robert Cushman; and Harper, Francis.
1921. A Review of the Diving Petrels. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XLIV, Article XVII, December 23, 1921, p. 505.
The only measurement explained is depth of dill, “taken just in front of the nasal eminences,”’
ii Wat fi Hy | i | Hy) Hill}
134 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Oates, Eugene William.
1889.
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Birds, Vol. I, p. XII.
The following measurements are described: total length, taken as usual; /ength of wing, from the bend of the wing to the tip of the longest primary, with the feathers straightened; length of tail, “the distance from the root of the tail * * * to the tip of the longest feather”; length of tarsus, “the distance from the centre of articulation of the tarsus with the tibia to the base of the middle toe”; and length of bill from gape, the chord of the distance from the gape to the tip of the bill.
Oberholser, Harry Church.
1905.
1912.
The Avian Genus Bleda Bonaparte and Some of
Its Allies. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
Quarterly Issue, Vol. XLVIII, Part II, July 1, 1905. pp. 149-150.
Measurements are described as Pte: length of wing, the distance from the bend of the wing to the tip of longest primary, taken with dividers without straightening the quills; /ength of tail, the distance from the coccygeal insertion of the middle feathers to the tip of the longest rectrix; length of exposed culmen, the chord of the culmen, taken from its tip to the point where the feathers of the forehead impinge on its base; and /ength of tarsus, measured from the center of the ankle joint behind to the edge of the last tarsal scute in front.
A Revision of the Subspecies of the Green Heron (Butorides virescens Linnaeus). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XLII, August 29, 1912, p. 533.
The measurements described in this paper are as follows: length of wing, measured in a straight line from the bend of the closed wing to the end of the longest primary with these feathers in their natural position, that is, not straightened; /ength of tail, taken with dividers from the point of insertion of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest; Jength of exposed culmen, measured in a straight line from the beginning of the feathers on the culmen to the tip of the maxilla, that is, the chord of the exposed culmen; Height of dill, the distance in a straight line from the base of the exposed culmen to the nearest point on the ramus of the mandible; /ength of tarsus, a straight line from the center of the ankle joint on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the meta- tarsus and the middle toe on the anterior side; length of middle toe, measured along the upper side from the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe to the base of the uncovered claw.
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 135
1914.
1918.
A Monograph of the Genus Chordeiles Swainson, Type of a New Family of Goatsuckers. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 86, April 6, 1914, p. 2.
Measurements explained are: Jength of wing, measured in a straight line from the bend of the closed wing to the end of the longest primary, with the primaries in their natural position, that is, not straightened; length of tail, taken with dividers from the point of insertion of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest; length of exposed culmen, measured in a straight line from the beginning of the feathers on the culmen to the tip of the maxilla,—that is, the chord of the exposed culmen; /ength of tarsus, a straight line from the center of the heel joint on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe on the anterior side; Jength of middle toe, measured along the upper side, from the middle of the joint between the meta- tarsus and the middle toe, to the base of the uncovered claw.
A Review of the Plover Genus Ochthodromus Reichenbach and Its Nearest Allies. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Vol. XIX, Part I, December 30, 1918, pp. 513-514.
The measurements explained are: /ength of wing, the distance from the bend of the wing to the tip of the longest primary, taken with dividers without straightening the quills; Jength of tail, the distance from the coccygeal insertion of the middle feathers to the tip of the longest rectrix; /ength of head, the distance from the point where the feathers of the forehead end on the culmen, to the hindmost point of the skull, taken in a straight line with dividers; /ength of exposed culmen (length of bill), the chord of the culmen, taken from its tip to the point where the feathers of the forehead impinge on its base; height of dill at base, the distance in a straight line from the base of the exposed culmen to the nearest point on the ramus of the mandible; width of dill at loral feathering, measured with dividers at the point on the side of the bill where the loral feathering ends; /ength of dertrum, measured in a straight line from the posterior end of the dertrum to its tip; length of tarsus, a straight line from the center of the heel joint on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe on the anterior side; /ength of middle toe without claw, measured along the upper side from the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe to the base of the uncovered portion of the claw; Jength of middle toe with claw, measured with dividers along the upper side from the middle of the joint between the metatarsus and the middle toe, in a straight line to the tip of the claw.
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136 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
1919. The Geographic Races of Hedymeles melanoce-
1919.
1921.
1923.
phalus Swainson. The Auk, Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, July, 1919, p. 409.
Explanation is made of the measurement of the height of bill used by Mr. Ridgway in Volume I of his ‘Birds of North and Middle America,’ where this dimension is taken from the base of the exposed culmen to the malar angle, instead of to the ramus of the mandible directly below.
The Status of Larus hyperboreus barrovianus Ridgway. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. XXXII, September 30, 1919, pp. 174-175.
In this paper attention is called to the difference in results obtained from measuring the Aorizontal length of the dill and the chord of the exposed culmen.
The Anatine Genus Nyroca and Its Nearest Allies. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, for 1920, October 1, 1921, p. 106.
Measurements explained are: Jength of wing, the distance from the bend of the wing to the tip of the longest primary, taken with dividers without straightening the quills; exposed culmen (length of bill), the chord of the culmen, taken from its tip to the point where the feathers of the forehead impinge on its base; height of bill at extreme base, the distance in a straight line from the highest point on the base of the maxilla to the nearest point on the ramus of the mandible; width of bill, measured with dividers at the widest point near the end of the bill; also at base; at point of greatest width; and at the posterior end of the nail where this coalesces with the culmen; /ength of the nail of bill, the chord of the dertrum, measured in a straight line from its tip to the point where it coalesces with the culmen; /ength of inner toe with claw, measured with dividers along the upper side from the middle of the point between the metatarsus and the inner toe, in a straight line to the tip of the claw.
A Review of the Genus Prionochilus Strickland and Its Closest Allies. Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XXIII, No. 6, December 21, 1923, pp. 287-294.
The following explanation is given of measurements: “‘/ength of wing, measured in a straight line from the bend of the closed wing to the end of the longest primary, with the primaries in their natural posi- tion,—thatis, not straightened; exposed culmen (length of bill), measured in a straight line from the beginning of the feathers on the culmen to the tip of the maxilla,—that is, the chord of the exposed culmen; width
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 137
of bill at base, taken with dividers at the beginning of the feathers on the culmen: Jength of tarsus, a straight line from the center of the ankle joint on the posterior side to the middle of the joint between the me- tatarsus and the middle toe on the anterior side.”
Paris, Paul. 1921. Faune de France, 2, Oiseaux, pp. 38-39.
Measurements described are as follows: total length, as usual; extent of wings, the ordinary dimension; /ength of wing, “prise de sa courbure au bout de la plus longue remige”’; length of tail, from the root of the middle retrices to the tip of the longest; /ength of dill, the chord of exposed culmen; length of tarsus, from the tibio-tarsal articulation behind to the articulation with the middle toe in front; /ength of middle toe, ‘depuis son articulation avec le tarse 4 son extrémité, sans l’ongle (doight nu) ou avec l’ongle (doight armé).”
Pearson, Thomas Gilbert; Brimley, Clement Samuel; and Brimley, Herbert Hutchinson. 1919. Birds of North Carolina, p. 14.
The only measurements explained are: fotal length, taken in the usual manner; and length of wing, “from the last bend of the wing to the tip of the longest wing-feather.”
Phillips, E. Lort.
1898. Narrative of a Visit to Somaliland in 1897, with Field-notes on the Birds Obtained during the Expedition. The Ibis, 7th Series, Vol. IV, No. 15, July, 1898, p. 407.
_ Measurement of the Jength of tail is described as of “the actual feathers measured from the base to the tip,” not including the root of the tail.
Prjevalsky, Nicolas Michaelovich. 1887. On New Species of Central-Asian Birds. The Ibis, 5th Series, Vol. V, No. 20, October, 1887, p. 402, footnote. Total length is said to be taken “from the point of the bill to the end of the tail.” Ramsay, Robert George Wardlaw. 1923. Guide to the Birds of Europe and North Africa, p. vi. Length of bill used in this work is the horizontal length “from the
level of the end of the frontal feathers in a straight line to the tip of the bill.”
’
138 scCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
i e ® i Reichenberger, Elsie M. B. 4 1923. Remarks on Methods in Measuring Birds. The WMH i Discusses “American” and ‘‘European” methods, and suggests
that the method of measuring wing length by straightening the primaries, and the method of measuring ¢ai/ /ength from the insertion of the middle
| Auk, Vol. XL, No. 2, April, 1923, pp. 244-247.
|
uti feathers to the tip of the longest be universally adopted. iy | Reichenow, Anton. aii is : . Al 1905. Benennung der dusseren Teile des Vogelkorpers und
i I Messungen. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, Vol. ht XIII, No. 3, March, 1905, p. 47. HM
I if | Reichenow here describes measurements of total length, taken in the Hi) ordinary manner; /ength of wing, with primaries straightened; length of tail, from the beginning of the insertion of the lower tail-coverts to
i | end of longest rectrix; chord of exposed culmen; chord of culmen without cere; length of tarsus, from upper end behind to lower end in front; chord
| ii i Hi) of length of middle toe and claw, beginning on upper surface; and chord ; of middle claw. All of these except wing and tail are taken in the same | {| manner as we suggest in the present paper. Six of them are illustrated.
i i 1910. Die Vogel Afrikas, Band I, erste Halfte, p. 3.
| } | Measurements here described are exactly the same as those indicated il} | in the same author’s paper in the Ornithologische Monatsberichte, ah 1905, p. 47, above cited, with the addition of extent of wings, taken in
the usual manner.
| i 1913. Die Vogel; Handbuch der Systematischen Ornith- | i ologie, Vol. I, pp. 64-66, figs. 59-64.
Measurements used here are taken in identically the same way as
| Hi those of the author’s paper in the Ornithologische Monatsberichte for Mil 1905, p. 47.
Hh
Hi) Rhoads, Samuel Nicholson.
iH | 1893. The Vireo huttoni Group, with Description of a Hii | New Race from Vancouver Island. The Auk, Vol. i | X, No. 3, July, 1893, p. 240.
‘| | This author explains that the measurement of the 4i/] was “taken
with dividers from pit of nostril to tip of upper mandible.”
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 139
Ridgway, Robert.
1887.
1895.
1900.
1901.
A Manual of North American Birds, September 26, 1887, pp. IX-—X.
In this work the following measurements are explained: total length, as usual; length of wing, with the primaries straightened; /ength of tail, “from tip of longest feathers to their apparent base’’; length of total
‘culmen, the chord of the curve from its extreme base; chord of exposed
culmen, from point where feathers close over the base of the culmen to the tip; depth (height) of dill, “measured with dividers, and is a measurement requiring extreme care”’; length of tarsus, from the tibio- tarsal joint “‘on the outer side” to the lowest scute in front, or to the middle of the joint with middle toe; and /ength of middle toe, along the upper surface, from the point at its base where it joins the tarsus, to the base of the claw.
A Manual of North American Birds, Second Edition, pp. XI-XII.
Measurements are explained exactly as in the first edition.
A Manual of North American Birds, Fourth Edition, pp. XI-XII.
The explanation of measurements is exactly the same as in previous editions.
The Birds of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 50, Part I, October 24, 1901, pp. XV—XVI.
The following measurements are explained: total length, from tip of bill to tip of tail; length of wing, taken without straightening the pri-
~ maries; length of tail, from point of insertion of middle pair of rectrices
to tip of longest feather; /ength of exposed culmen, the chord of the dis- tance from the point where the feathers of the forehead cease to hide the culmen, to its tip; ength of total culmen, the chord of the culmen to its base where the skin of the forehead ends; depth (height) of bill at base, “measured with dividers from lower edge of mandibular rami to highest portion of the culmen’”’ (in this, the first part of the ‘Birds of North and Middle America,’ however, Ridgway actually measured the height of bill from the culmen to the lowest posterior angle of the exposed horny portion of the side of the mandible); width of dill at base, “ meas- ured across the chin between the outside of the gnathidea at their base”’ (i. e., width of mandible); length of tarsus, ‘‘measured from the tibio- tarsal or heel joint on the outer side to the lower end”; length of middle toe, “from the lower end of the tarsus to the base of the claw”; gradua- tion of tail, the distance from the tip of the outermost rectrix to that of the longest.
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140 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Roberts, Austin. 1913. The Grass Warblers of South Africa. Annals of the
Transvaal Museum, Vol. III, No. 4, January, 1913, p. 229.
The length of the closed wing is taken with the feathers straightened along a ruler; the /ength of tail, from base of middle feathers to tip; the chord of the total culmen; the length of tarsus, “posteriorly, from the top of the bone to the base of the hind toe”; the Jength of middle toe without claw, on upper surface; the /ength of first primary, from base to tip with- out straightening; and the /ength of second primary, without straighten-
- ing, from the base of the first primary to the tip of the second.
Sharpe, Richard Bowdler. 1879. A List of the Birds of Labuan Island and Its Depend-
encies. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1879, Part II, August 1, 1879, p. 327.
Mentions that the /ength of the wing is “measured in a straight line from carpal band [bend] to tip of longest primary.”
Stark, Arthur Cowell. 1900. The Birds of South Africa. Vol. I, p. x.
The following measurements are explained: total length, taken in the usual manner; chord of length of closed wing; length of tail, “from the root of the tail, whence the quills spring, to the tip of the longest feather”; length of tarsus, from articulation with tibia to articulation with middle toe (whether in front or behind is not stated); and length of exposed culmen (presumably the chord).
Stearns, Winfrid Alden; and Coues, Elliott.
1881.
New England Bird Life, Part I, p. 24.
Measurements explained are: fotal length, obtained as usual; extent of wings, also as commonly taken; length of wing, “the distance from the “bend of the wing’ to the end of the longest primary”; length of tail, “from the insertion of the feathers in the coccyx to the end of the longest feather”; length of dill, “the straight line from the base to the tip of the culmen”’; /ength of tarsus, “the distance from the ankle joint to the base of the middle toe.”
1883. New England Bird Life, Second Edition, Part I, p. 24.
Explanation of measurements is just the same as in the first edition.
?
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 141
Stejneger, Leonhard.
1884. Remarks on the Type Specimen of Limicola hart- laubii Verr. Zeitschrift fur die Gesammte Ornithologie, Jahrg. I, Heft 2, 1884, pp. 84-85.
The measurements used were taken with dividers, and are described as follows: length of exposed culmen, “from the border of the feathering of the forehead to the tip”; /ength of tarsus, “from the tibio-tarsal joint, on the outside, to the joint with the middle toe”; length of middle toe, from the latter point to the tip of the claw; length of wing, “from the bend to the tip of the first [sic] primary without flattening the wing”’; and length of tail, from the insertion of the middle pair of rectrices to the tips of the same pair.
1885. Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Com- mander Islands and in Kamtschatka. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 29, December 16, 1885, pp. 7-8.
Measurements explained are total length, taken as usual; and /ength of tail, from insertion of the middle pair of feathers to end of longest rectrix.
1887. Contributions to the Natural History of the Com- mander Islands, No. 7—Revised and Annotated Catalogue of the Birds Inhabiting the Commander Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X, July 2, 1887, p. 120.
Mentions two methods of measuring the tarsus—‘‘in front,” and “from the side.”
Swarth, Harry Schelwaldt.
1920. Revision of the Avian Genus Passerella with Special Reference to the Distribution and Migration of the Races in California. University of California Publica- tions in Zoology, Vol. XXI, No. 4, September 11, 1920, pp. 83-84, figs. A and B.
Measurements used in this article are as follows: chord of /ength of wing, with the primaries not straightened; Jength of tail, from the point of insertion of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest; chord of exposed culmen; depth (height) of bill, from the base of exposed culmen to the posterior angle of exposed portion of mandible; width of “‘diil” (i. e., of mandible), at the widest part of the exposed portion of the rami of the mandible; /ength of tarsus (diagonal), from middle of ankle joint
142 scCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
fil | | behind to the joint with the middle toe on the anterior side; /ength of it " middle toe with claw, along upper surface from joint with metatarsus to a iy f point opposite the tip of the claw (thus not the chord, but the horizontal yi | length); and length of hind toe with claw, “measured along the under side, {Hl | from the joint between the hind toe and the metatarsus to the tip of the
) claw” (thus the chord of the hallux and claw; but the illustration shows
it a measurement beginning at the basal portion of one of the anterior il toes instead of the hallux).
al HL
il Taverner, Percy A.
Iii ° ° : . i 1919. Birds of Eastern Canada. Memoir 104, Biological alii Series, No. 3, Geological Survey, Canada, Department iN of Mines, p. 3.
"il The only measurement mentioned is fotal length, taken in the usual
r manner.
M 1926. Birds of Western Canada. Museum Bulletin No. 41, "yi Biological Series, No. 10, Victoria Memorial Museum, i Canada, Department of Mines, October 12, 1926, p. 3.
Wii | = = Hy No mention is made of any measurement other than /otal length, ait taken as usual.
i i
| van Rossem, Adriaan Joseph. eh 1926. The California Forms of Agelaius phoeniceus il Linnaeus. The Condor, Vol. XXVIII, No. 5, Septem- fH ber 21, 1926, p. 218.
{| il i The only measurement explained is the depth (height) of dill at base, Hii which is “‘the distance from the posterior lower corner of mandible to
the highest point of the culmen.”
ih Wait, William Ernest. 1925. Manual of the Birds of Ceylon, p. 8.
Measurements explained are: total length, taken as usual; length of
| i tail, from root on under side to tip of longest feather; length of wing, Wi with primaries straightened; /ength of tarsus, “from the center of the iM | joint between the tarsus and the tibia to the base of the middle toe”; lit stud leneth of Bl fram sank.
is Wetmore, [Frank] Alexander.
ti 1921. Three New Birds of the Family Tinamidae from | South America. Journal of the Washington Academy Hi of Sciences, Vol. XI, No. 18, November 4, 1921, p. 436. lin Measurement of the length of tail “is taken from coccyx to tip of i
longest filaments of the mixed rectrices and tail coverts.”
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 143
1926. Observations on the Birds of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 133, February 1, 1926, pp. 22, 397.
The measurements explained are: /ength of closed wing, taken without straightening the primaries, i. e., the chord; /ength of tail, from the base of the middle rectrices to the tip of the longest; total length of culmen, the chord from the extreme base to the tip; /ength of culmen from cere, the chord from the cere to the tip; /ength of tarsus, from “the upper end of the tarsus on its posterior side” to “the end of the middle trochlea of the metatarsus”; and height of dill, ‘from posterior end of gonys to highest point on culmen.”
Witherby, Harry Forbes (edited by); et al.
1919. A Practical Handbook of British Birds, Vol. I, Part I, March 3, 1919, pp. XIII—XIV, 6 figs.
Measurements described and illustrated are: length of wing, with primaries straightened; Jength of tail, from insertion of middle pair of feathers to tip of longest; chord of exposed culmen; chord of total culmen; chord of culmen without cere; and length of tarsus, from middle of joint with tibia behind to longest scute in front. For large birds the wing is measured with a tape around the curve of the primaries.
1931
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY-—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
145
INDEX TO VOLUME II
Principal references to explanations of measurements are indi-
cated by bold-faced page figures.
References to authors and
titles in the bibliography are followed by the abbreviation (bibliog.).
Accipitres, 131 Accipitres in the British Museum by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874), Notes on a Catalogue of the, John Henry Gurney (bibliog.), 131 Accipitriformes, 12, 15, 24, 32 Accipitriidae, 33 Aegypiidae, 13, 17 Airica, Handbook of Birds of West, George Latimer Bates (bibliog.) 124 Africa, The Birds of South, Arthur Cowell Stark (bibliog.), 140 Africa, The Birds of Tropical West, David Armitage Bannerman (bib- liog.), 123 Africa and Outlying Islands, On a Collection of Birds Made by Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe on the West Coast of, David Armitage Banner- man (bibliog.), 123 Afrikas, Die Végel, Anton Reichenow (bibliog.), 138 Aftershaft, length of, 71 Agelaius phoeniceus, 142 Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus, The California Forms of, Adriaan Joseph van Rossem (bibliog.), 142 Albatrosses, 132 Albatrosses, Petrels, and Diving Petrels, A Review of the, Lever- ett Mills Loomis (bibliog.), 132 Alcidae, 13 Allen, Joel Asaph, Remarks on Indi- vidual and Seasonal Variation in a Large Series of Elainea from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (bibliog.), 121 alpestris praticola, Otocoris, 132 Altitude of mandible, 39 of maxilla, 26 Alula, width of vanes of feathers of, 90 American ducks, 125 goldfinch, 129 orioles, 13 americanus, Tympanuchus, 61
Anas platyrhyncha, 33 Anatidae, 17,22, 27, 33, 115, 117 pasty gonys, height of bill at, 20,
of gonys to feathering on chin, distance from, 42 of gonys to feathers on side of mandi- ble, distance from, 41 of gonys to gape, distance from, 42 Angulation of commissure, 23 Anser erythropus, 131 Anser erythropus and Its Allies, On, John Henry Gurney (bibliog.), 131 Anterior edge of nostril, position of nostril in maxilla from, 36 margin of fossa, position of nostril from, 35 point, width of bill at widest, 22 Antero-posterior curvature of wing, 83 diameter of middle of tarsus, 108 Antiae, length of frontal, 54 Ardeidae, 55, 72 Area of expanded tail, 96-97 of feathers of wing, exact, 82 of foot, 120 of ruff, 61 of tail, 61, 96-97 of tympanum, 59 of wing, 82, 83, 97, 120 Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile, Observations on the birds of, Frank Alexander Wetmore (bibliog.), 143 Arm, length of upper, 84 Arrigoni Degli Oddi, Ettore, Manuale o rcee Italiana (bibliog.), Degli Oddi, Ettore, Italiana (bibliog.), 122 Degli Oddi, Ettore, Remarks on Audouin’s Gull (Larus audouini) (bibliog.), 122 Astragalinus tristis, 129 atrata, Chenopis, 88 audouini, Larus, 122 Audouin’s gull, 122
Ornitologia
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146 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Audouin’s gull (Larus audouini), Re- marks on, Ettore Arrigoni Degli Oddi (bibliog. }, 122
Auks, 13
Axillar, length of, 90
measurements of longest, 90 measurements of shortest, 90 width of, 90
Bahama Islands, Birds of the, Charles Barney Cory (bibliog.), 126 Bahama Islands, The Birds of the, Revised Edition, Charles Barney Cory (bibliog.), 1 Bahr, Philip Heinrich, On a Journey to the Fiji Islands with Notes on the Present Status of Their Avi- fauna (bibliog.), 122 Bailey, Florence Merriam, Birds of New Mexico (bibliog.), es: Florence Merriam, Handbook of Birds of the Western United States (bibliog.), 122 Florence Merriam, Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, Revised Edition (bibliog.), 122 Baker, Edward Charles Stuart, The Fauna of British India, Birds (bibliog.), 123 Bald-faced birds, 17 Bald-headed birds, 28 Baldwin, S. Prentiss; Oberholser, Harry C.; and Worley, Leonard Measurements of Birds, 1-143 Bannerman, David Armitage, On a Collection of Birds Made by Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe on the West Coast of Africa and Islands (bibli- og.), 123 David Armitage, The Birds of ae West Africa (bibliog.), Kae | Bare portion of leg, length of, 109 portion of tibia, length of, 109 barrovianus, Larus hyperboreus, 136 Barrows, Walter Bradford, Michigan Bird Life (bibliog.), 124 Base, depth of bill at, 125, 18-19, 125, 127, 129, 139, 142 greatest diameter of caruncle at, 54 height of bill at, 11, 14, 18-19, 20, 24, 25, 32, 35, 39, 125, 127, 129. 135, 136, 139, 142 height of mandible at, 39 height of maxilla at, 25, 26 length of casque at, 31
Base, width of bill at, 11, 14, 21, 22, 136, 136-137, 139 width of casque at, 30 width of casque at widest point of, 30 width of mandible at, 40 width of tail at, 95 Base of bill, distance from eye to, 48 of culmen , height of bill at extreme, 19 of culmen, position of nasal fossa from, 32, of exposed culmen, depth of bill at, 127, 129 of exposed culmen, height of bill at, 14, 18-19, 21, 25, 127, 129 of exposed culmen to lower posterior (malar) angle, height of bill at, 19, 136, 139 of exposed culmen, width of bill at, 14, 21 Bates, "George Latimer, Handbook of the Birds of West Africa (bibliog.), Belcher, Charles Frederic, The Birds of Nyassaland (bibliog.), 124 Bellbird, 53 Belonopterus, 92 Benennung der dusseren Teile des Vogelkérpers und Messungen, Anton Reichenow (bibliog.), 138 mene (Measurements of Birds),
Bill, 10—
depth ae 127, 129, 133, 139, 141
distance from eye ‘to base of, 48
distance from eye to tip of, 48, 131
greatest depth of, 129
greatest width of, 136
greatest width of nail of, 27, 28, 136
height of, 11, 18-20, 25, "29, "39, 127, i 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 141,
horizontal length of, 14-15, 100, 129, 130, 136, 137
length of, 11- 17, 37, 100, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136: (1a. "138, 140
length of nail of, 27, 136°
vertical height of, 18, 19, 132
width of, 11, 14, 91-32, 40, 121, 127, 130, 135, 136, 1st, 139, 141
Bill along culmen, [length of, 130
along curve of culmen, [length of,] 14, 127
at angle of gonys, height of, 20, 129
at fee of gonys, vertical depth of,
at base, depth of, 18-19, 125, 127, 129, 139, 142
1931
Bill at base, height of, 11, 14, 18-19, 20, al, a5, O2,. 33; 39, 125, 127; 129, 135, 136, 139, 142
at base, width Of, db Aa 2122, 136, 136-137, 139
at base of exposed culmen, depth of, 127, 129
at base of exposed culmen, height of, 14, 18-19, 21, 25, 127, 129
at base of exposed culmen, width of,
at extreme base, height of, 136
at extreme base of culmen, height of, 19
at gape, width of 21, 40, 130
at gnathidea, width of, 139
at loral feathering, width of, 21, 135
at mental apex, height of, 129
at nostril, height of, 20
at nostril, width of, 121
at posterior end of dertrum, width of, 22, 136
at posterior end of nail, width of, 22,
at widest anterior point, width of, 22
at widest point, width of, 136
from base of exposed culmen to lower posterior (malar) angle, height of, 19, 136, 139
from cere, ‘flength of 5] 124
from gape, length of, 15, 123, 127, £305,131, 132, 133, 134, "142
eet nasal aperture, "length of) 122,
from nostril, length of, 16, 122, 123, a20, 127, asl 132, 138 from pit of nostril, (length of,] 138 to feathers on side of mandible, length of, 17 to feathers on side of maxilla, length of, 17 to gape, length of, 133 to malar angle, height of, 19, 136, 139 Bill-eye, 131 Bill-gape, 131 Bill- nostril, 131 Bird, umbrella, 73 Bird of paradise, king, 93 Bird study, Methods. of, Mrs. A. B. Funk (bibliog.), 130 Birds, bald-faced, 17 bald-headed, 28 gallinaceous, 51, 71, 109, 115 game, 130 length of naked shafts of paradise, 72 length of wires of paradise, 72 passerine, 33 Birds of prey, 124
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY——BIRD MEASUREMENTS
147
Bishop, Louis Bennett, Description of a New Loon (bibliog.), 125 Black swan, 88 Bleda, 134 Bleda Bonaparte and Some of Its Allies, the Avian Genus, Harry Church Oberholser (bibliog. yy 134 Body, 62-73 dorso-ventral diameter of, 68 girth of, 67 interhumeral width of, 64 interpubic width of, 65 Body between tips ‘of pubic bones, width of, 66 ornament, length of, 73 to coccyx, length of, 62 to pubis, length of, 62, 63 with feathers, girth of, 67 without feathers, girth of, 67 Body-toe, 130; see also foot-body Body-wing, 130 Bonasa umbellus, 61 Bowen, Wilfrid Wedgwood, Cata- logue of Sudan Birds (bibliog. 3 Breadth of wing, 79-81 of wing, greatest, 80, 81 of wing, middle, 81, 83 of wing at inner margin, 81 of guns at outermost secondary, 79,
Brimley, C. S.; and Brimley, H. H.; Pearson, T. G., Birds of North Carolina (bibliog.), 137
Brimley, H. H.; Pearson, lies eae Brimley, C. S.,and, Birds of North Carolina (bibliog.), 137
Bristles, length of rictal, 43
British Birds, A Practical Handbook of” Harry Forbes Witherby (ed- ited by), et al. (bibliog.), 143
Brooks, Allan, Notes on Some Ameri- can Ducks (bibliog.), 125
Bryant, H. C.; and Storer, T. I.; Grin- nell, J., The Game Birds of Cali- fornia (bibliog.), 130
Bucerotidae, 29
Buchner, Otto, Specht-Naumann Die Végel Europas (bibliog.), 125
Bulbuls, 60
Burgess, Lieutenant, Note on the Indian Weaver-Bird (Ploceus philippensis) (bibliog.), 125
Butorides virescens, 134
Calipers, 7 sharp-pointed, 7 wooden, 7
==: = > = -=3 — = Se ewes te se: Ss ee
148 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Canada, Birds of Eastern, Percy A. Taverner (bibliog.), 142 Canada, Birds of Western, Percy A. Taverner (bibliog.), 142 Caruncle, diameter of, 54 length of, 53 spies: at base, greatest diameter ol, at middle point, diameter of, 54 Casque, greatest length of, 31 greatest width of, 29 height of, 29 length of, 29, 31 vertical height of, 29 width of, 30 Casque at base, length of, 31 at base, width of, 30 at top, length of, 31 at top, width of, 30 at widest point, width of, 30 Pag point of base, width of,
at widest point of top, width of, 30 Central-Asian Birds, on New Species of, Nicholas Michaelovich Prie- valsky (bibliog.), 137 Cephalopterus ornatus, 73 Cere, length of, 28 length of culmen from, 143 length of culmen without, nee 222, 138, 143 length of exposed culmen without, 12, 122, 138, 143 length of total culmen with, 14 Cere, [length of bill] from, 124 Ceylon, Manual of the Birds of, William Ernest Wait (bibliog. ), 142 Chapin, James Paul, Size-variation in Pyrenestes, a Genus of Weaver- Finches (bibliog.), 126 Chapman, Frank Michler, Handbook of Birds of Eastern North Ameri- ca (bibliog.), 126 Frank Michler, Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, Re- vised Edition (bibliog.), 126 Charadriidae, 21, 26, 81, 87 Chenopsis atrata, 88 Chicken, prairie, 61, 131 Chin, distance from angle of gonys to feathering on, 42 length of mandible to feathering on, 38, 42 Chin feathers, distance from tip of mandible to, 38, 42 Chord, see length Chordeiles, 135
Chordeiles Swainson, A Monograph of the Genus, Harry Church Ober- holser (bibliog.), 135
Cicinnurus regius, 93
Cisticola, 133
Cisticola, Review of the Genus, Hubert Lynes (bibliog.), 133
Claw, horizontal length of middle toe with, 142
length ‘of, 110, 114, 127, 131
length of ‘hind toe with, 114, 142
length of inner, 113
length of inner toe with, 113, 136
length of middle, 111, 112, 113, 138
length of middle toe and, 107, 111, 113, 124, 130, 133, 135, "138, 142
length of middle toe with, 130, 135,
length of middle toe without, 122, 129, 130, 135, 140
length of outer, "112
length of outer toe and, 113, 125
length of tarsus and middle toe with, 107, 130, 131
length of third toe and, 129
Claw of hallux, length of, 114
of hind toe, length of, 114 of inner toe, length of, 113 of middle toe, length of, 111, 112, 113 of outer toe, ‘length of, 112, 113 Closed wing, length of, 6, 76-78, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128-143 Coccyx, length of body to, 62 Columbiformes, 12 Colymbidae, 115, 116 Comb, greatest height of, 51 height of, 51 length of, 51 Commander Islands, Revised and Annotated Catalogue of the Birds Inhabiting the, Leonhard Stej- neger (bibliog.), 141 Commander Islands and in Kam- tschatka, Results of Ornithologi- cal Explorations in the, Leonhard Stejneger (bibliog.), 141 Commissure, angulation of, 23 Contents (Measurements of Birds), 2 Contour feather, length of, 60, 70, 71, 72, 99 feather, length of markings on, 70, 100
feather, width of, 70 Coots, 12, 50, 116 Cormorants, 17, 58 Corvidae, 12, 20, 54, 55 Cory, Charles Barney, Birds of the Bahama Islands (bibliog.), 126
1931
Cory, Charles Barney, The Birds of the Bahama Islands, Revised Edi- tion (bibliog.), 126
Charles Barney, The Birds of East- ern North America (bibliog.), 126
Charles Barney, The Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin (bibliog.), 127
Coues, Elliott, Key to North American
es [First Edition] (bibliog.), y Elliott, Key to North American Birds, Second Edition (bibliog.), 127 Elliott, Key to North American - Sixth Edition (bibliog.),
Coues, Elliott; Stearns, W. A., and, New England Bird Life, 140
Covert, length of greater, 90
length of lesser, 90
length of median, 90
length of primary, 90
length of shortest lesser, 90 measurements of longest greater, 90 measurements of longest lesser, 90 measurements of longest median, 90 measurements of longest primary, 90 measurements of shortest lesser, 90 width of greater, 90
width of lesser, 90
width of median, 90
width of primary, 90
Coverts, difference between length of first primary and primary, 91
Crabb, Edward Drane, The Wood- aa of Oklahoma (bibliog.),
Crest, length of, 55
length of frontal, 55 length of occipital, 55
Crest feathers, length of curled, 55
cristatus, Pavo, 102
Crows, 12, 20, 54
Cuckoos, 110
Cuculidae, 110
Culmen, curvature of, 25
ain of bill at base of exposed, 127,
exposed, 6, 11-12, 13, 14, 17, 48, 121, 122.1423, 124, 125, 197, 198. 429. 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139
height of bill at base of exposed, 14, 18-19, 21, 25, 127, 129
height of bill at extreme base of, 14,
19
length of, 14, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136
length of bill along, 130
length of bill along curve of, 14, 127
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
149
Culmen, length of exposed, 6, 11-12, 13, 14, 17, 48, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143
length of total, 13-14, 25, 122, 132, 139, 140, 143
position of nasal fossa from base of ,52
total length of, 143
width of bill at base of exposed, 14,21
Culmen above, position of nasal fossa
from, 32 from cere, length of, 143 to lower posterior (malar) angle, height of bill from base of exposed, 19, 136, 139 with cere, length of total, 14 bi ai cere, length of, 12, 122, 138, without cere, length of exposed, 12, 122, 138, 143 Curled crest feathers, length of, 55 Curvature of culmen, 25 of wing, 25, 83 of wing, antero-posterior, 83 of wing, intero-exterior, 83-84 Curve of culmen, length of bill along,
b]
Depth of bill, 127, 129, 133, 139, 141 of bill, greatest, 129 of bill at angle of gonys, vertical, 129 of bill at base, 18-19, 125, 127, 129, 139, 142 of ae at base of exposed culmen, 127, of fork of tail, 94, 98 of gular pouch, 59 of upper mandible, 132 Dertrum, length of, 26, 135, 136 Were of bill at posterior end of, 22, 1 Dewlap, length of, 73 width of, 73 Diagonal of tarsus, 107 Diameter of body, dorso-ventral, 68 of caruncle, 54 of caruncle at base, greatest, 54 of caruncle at middle point, 54 of eye, greatest vertical, 46 of facial disc, 56 of facial disc, greatest, 56 of facial disc, least, 56 of limb, 108 of middle of tarsus, 108 of ae of tarsus, antero-posterior,
of neck, 57
:
150 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Diameter of outer ear, 49 of outer ear, greatest, 49 of outer ear, least, 49 of tarsus, 108 of tarsus, greatest, 108 of tympanum, greatest, 59 of tympanum, least, 59 Dicruridae, 55, 101 Difference between length of first primary and primary coverts, 91 Disc, diameter of facial, 56 greatest diameter of facial, 56 least diameter of facial, 56 Distance from angle of gonys to feathering on chin, 42 from angle of gonys to feathers on side of mandible, 41 from angle of gonys to gape, 42 from eye to base of bill, 48 from eye to nostril, 47 from eye to tip of bill, 48, 131 from loral feathering to nostril, 48 from lower tail-coverts to end of tail, 103
from tip of longest primary to tip of —
shortest secondary, 87 from tip of mandible to chin feathers, 38, 42 from tip of wing to tip of tail, 123 from upper tail-coverts to end of tail, 103 Dividers, 7 Diving petrels, 132, 133 Dorsal plume, length of, 72 Dorso-ventral diameter of body, 68 Down feather, length of, 71, 91 Drongos, 55, 101 Drumstick, length of, 106 Ducks, 17, 22, 27, 33, 115, 117, 125 American, 125 Ducks, Notes on Some American, Allan Brooks (bibliog.), 125 Dwight, Jonathan, Individual, Seas- onal, and Geographical Variations of the American Goldfinch (Astra- galinus tristis) (bibliog.), 129 Jonathan, Reasons for Discarding a Proposed Race of the Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus) (bibli- og.), 129 Jonathan, The Gulls (Laridae) of the World; Their Plumages, Moults, Variations, Relationships, and Dis- tribution (bibliog. ), 129
Ear, diameter of outer, 49 greatest diameter of outer, 49 least diameter of outer, 49
Ear tuft, length of, 55 Elainea, 421 Elainea from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, Remarks on Individual and Seasonal Variation in a Lar ge Series of, Joel Asaph Allen (bib- liog.), 121 Blevation, of hind toe, 115 Elongated nuchal feather, length of longest, 60 Encyclopédie Pratique du Naturaliste, Part IX, Les Oiseaux Chanteurs, po De Monchaux (bibli- og.), erythropus, Anser, 131 Europas, Specht-Naumann Die Végel, Otto Buchner (bibliog.), 125° Europe and North Africa, Guide to the Birds of, Robert George Wardlaw Ramsay Cee ), 137 Eurylaemidae, 132 Exact area of feathers of wing, 82 Expanded ruff, width of, 61 tail, area of, 96-97 tail, width of, 61, 95 Expanse, 123; see also extent of win Exposed culmen, 6, 11-12, 13, 4447, 48,121, 122, "4123 124, 125, 127, 128° 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, culmen, depth of bill at base of, 127, 129 culmen, height of bill at base of, 14, 18-19, 21, 25, 127,429 culmen, ‘length of, 6, 11-12, 13, 14, 17, 48, 124; 422. 123, 124, 125, 427° 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137. 138, 139, 140, 141, 143 culmen, width of bill'at base of, 14,21 culmen to lower posterior (malar) angle, height of bill at base of, 19, 136, 139 culmen without cere, length of, 12, 122, 138, 143 mandible, length of, 38 ramus, length of, 40 Extent, 6, 74-75, 128, 131 pinnae, 130 Extent of one mandible beyond the other, 24 of wings, 6, 74-75, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 137, 138, 140 of wings with feathers, 74, 75 of wings without feathers, "5 Eye, 131 greatest vertical diameter of, 46 height of, 46, 47 length of, 47
1931
Eye to base of bill, distance from, 48 to nostril, distance from, 47 to tip of bill, distance from, 48, 131 Eye-bill, 130
Facial disc, diameter of, 56 disc, greatest diameter, of, 56 disc, least diameter of, 56 = rela length of contour, 60, 70, 71, 99
length of down, 71, 91 length of longest elongated nuchal, 60
length of removed, 72 width of contour, 70 Feather of tail, length of, 99 shafts of paradise birds, naked, 72 ae width of bill at loral, 21, 1
Feathering on chin, distance from angle of gonys to, 42 on chin, length of mandible to, 38, 42
to nostril, distance from loral, 48
Feathers, distance from tip of mandible to chin, 38, 42
extent of wings with, 74, 75
extent of wings without, 75
girth of body with, 67
girth of body without, 67
length of curled crest, 55
erin of markings on contour, 70,
_ length of markings on tail, 70 length of tail without longest, 94 total length [of bird] with, 9-10 total length [of bird] without, 10, 62
Feathers of alula, width of vanes of, 90 of ie length [of bird] to shortest,
of tail, length of short outermost, 94
of wing, exact area of, 82
of wing, [length of] markings on, 100
on side of mandible, distance from angle of gonys to, 41
on side of mandible, length of bill to, 17
ee of maxilla, length of bill to,
Femur, length of, 105
Fiji Islands, with Notes on the Present Status of their Avifauna, On a Journey to the, Philip Heinrich Bahr (bibliog.), 122
Finch family, 40
First primary, length of, 140
primary and primary coverts, differ-
ence between length of, 91
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY——-BIRD MEASUREMENTS
151
Folded wing, length of, 76 Foot, 110-120 area of, 120 length of, 113, 131 Foot-body, 131; see also body-toe Forbush, Edward Howe, Birds of Massachusetts and Other New England States (bibliog.), 129 Forearm, length of, 85, 86 Fork of tail, depth of, 94, 98 Fossa, height of nasal, 34 length of nasal, 33 position of nasal, 32, 36 position of nostral from anterior margin of, 35 position of nostril from lower margin of, 35 position of nostril from posterior margin of, 35 position of nostril from upper margin of, 35 position of nostril in, 35 width of nasal, 34 Fossa from base of culmen, position of nasal, 32 from culmen above, nasal, 32 from tomium of maxilla, position of nasal, 32 in maxilla, position of nasal, 32, 36 in maxilla from tip of bill, position of nasal, 32 Fourth toe, length of, 112 Fringillidae, 19, 32, 40, 114 Front of throat, length of gular pouch to, 58 toe, length of lobe of, 116 toe, width of lobe of, 116 toes, greatest length of web between, 117, 118 ances length of web between,
position of
toes, width of web between, 119 Frontal antiae, length of, 54
crest, length of, 55
plate, length of, 50, 52
plate, width of, 50 Fulica, 12, 50, 116 Funk, Mrs. A. B., Methods of Bird
Study (bibliog.), 130
Galliformes, 51, 71, 109, 115 Gallinaceous birds, 51, 71, 109, 115 Gallinula, 50
Gallinules, 32, 50
gallopavo, Meleagris, 73
Game birds, 130
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152 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Game Birds of California, The, Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child Bryant, and Tracy Irwin Storer (bibliog.), 130
es oe from angle of gonys to,
length of bill from, 15, 123, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142 length of bill to, 133 length of mandible to, 37 width of bill at, 21, 40, 130 Girth of body, 67 of body with feathers, 67 of body without feathers, 67 Glaucous gull, 129 Gnathidea, width of bill at, 139 Goatsuckers, 135 Goldfinch, American, 129 Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis). In- dividual, Seasonal, and Geograph- ical Variations of the American, Jonathan Dwight (bibliog.), 129 Gone ee of bill at angle of, 20,
length of, 41, 122 vertical depth of bill at angle of, 129 Gonys to feathering on chin, distance from angle of, 42 to feathers on side of mandible, distance from angle of, 41 to gape, distance from angle of, 42 Goose, greater snow, 132 Goose, The Specific Status of the Greater Snow, Frederic Hedge Kennard (bibliog. F132 Gracula, 52 Graduation of tail, 94, 98, 139 Grass warblers, 140 Greater covert, length of, 90 covert, measurements of longest, 90 covert, width of, 90 snow goose, 132 Greatest breadth of wing, 80, 81 depth of bill, 129 diameter of caruncle at base, 54 diameter of facial disc, 56 diameter of outer ear, 49 diameter of tarsus, 108 diameter of tympanum, 59 height of comb, 51 height of mandible, 39 height of maxilla, 26 length of casque, 31 length of lappet, 52 length of wattle, 52
length of web between front toes,
117, 118 potential breadth of wing, 81
Greatest vertical diameter of eye, 46 width of bill, 136 width of casque, 29 width of head, 45 width of nail of bill, 27, 28, 136 Grebe, pied-billed, 116, 120 Grebes, 115, 116. Green heron, 134 Green Heron (Butorides virescens Linnaeus), A Revision of the Sub- species of the, Harry Church Oberholser (bibliog. ), 134 Grinnell, Joseph; Bryant, Harold Ch ild; and Storer, Tracy Irwin, The Game Birds of California (bibliog.), 130 Gross, Alfred Otto, Progress Report of the Wisconsin Prairie Chicken Investigation (bibliog.), 131 Alfred Otto, The Heath Hen (bib-
Gular pouch, he of, 59 pouch, length of, 58 pense to front of throat, length of,
pouch to side of throat, length of, 58 Gull, Audouin’s, 122 glaucous, 129 Gull (Larus hyperboreus), Reasons for Discarding a Proposed Race of the Glaucous, Jonathan Dwight (bibliog.), 129 Gulls, 20, 117, 129 Gulls (Laridae) of the World, The; Their Plumages, Moults, Varia- tions, Relationships and Distri- bution, Jonathan Dwight (bib- liog.), 129 Gurney, John Henry, Notes on a ‘Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum’ by R, Seen Sharpe (1874) (bibliog.), John Henry, On Anser erythropus and Its Allies (bibliog.), 131
Hair, length of nuchal, 60 length of occipital, 60 Hallux, length of, 114 length of claw of, 114 width of lobe of, 116 Hand, length of, 86 Harper, Francis; Murphy, R. C., and, A Review of the Diving Petrels (bibliog.), 133
1931
Hartert, Ernst Johann Otto, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna (bibliog.), 131
hartlaubii, Limicola, 141
Hawks, 12, 15, 24, 32, 33
Head, 44-61
greatest width of, 45
height of, 46
interorbital width of, 45
length of, 44, 127, 135 Head ornament, length of, 51
plume, length of, 5
Heath hen, 130
Heath Hen, ee Alfred Otto Gross (bibliog. ), 130
Hedymeles melanocephalus, 136
Hedymeles melanocephalus Swainson, The Geographical Races of, Harry Church Oberholser (bibliog.), 136
Height of bill, 11, 18-20, 25, 29, 39, 197,129, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 141, 143°
of bill, vertical, 18, 19, 132
of bill at angle of gonys, 20, 129
of bill at base, 11, 14, 18-19, 20, 21, Pte. 95,'S9./ 125, 127) 129,135, 136, 139, 142
of bill at base of exposed culmen, 14, 18-19, 21, 25, 127, 129
of bill at base to lower posterior malar angle, 19, 136, 139
of bill at extreme base, 136
of bill at extreme base of culmen, 19
of bill at mental apex, 129
of bill at nostrils, 20
of bill from base of exposed culmen to lower posterior (malar) angle, 19, 136, 139
of bill to malar angle, 19, 136, 139
of casque, 29
lof casque], vertical, 29
of comb, 51
of comb, greatest, 51
of eye, 46, 47
of head, 46
of mandible, greatest, 39
of mandible at base, 39
of maxilla, 25-26, 125
of maxilla, greatest, 26
of maxilla, vertical, 25, 125
of maxilla at base, 25, 26
of nasal fossa, 34
of nostril, 37
Hen, heath, 130
Heron, green, 134
Herons, 55, 72
Hind toe, elevation of, 115
toe, length of, 114
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
153
Hind toe, length of claw of, 114 toe, length of lobe of, 115, 116 toe, measurements of, 110 toe, width of, 114 toe, width of lobe of, 116 Hind toe with claw, length of, 114, 142 Hirundinidae, 83, 87 Hoplopterus, 92 Horizontal length of bill, 14-15, 100, 129, 130, 136, 137 length of middle toe with claw, 142 Hornbills, 29 House wren, 82 Humerus, length of, 84 Hummingbirds, 94, 101 huttoni, Vireo, 138 hyperboreus, Larus, 129 hyperboreus barrovianus, Larus, 136
Icterus, 13
Illinois and Wisconsin, Birds of, Charles Barney Cory (bibliog. ); 127
India, including Ceylon and Burma, Birds, the Fauna of British, Eugene William Oates (bibliog.),
tae Bie, The Fauna of British, Edward Charles Stuart Baker (bibliog.), 123 Inner claw, length of, 113 margin, breadth of wing at, 81 toe, length of, 113 toe, length of claw of, 113 toe, width of, 113 toe with claw, length of, 113, 136 vane of primary, width of, 90 vane of secondary, width “of, 90 vane of tail-feather, width of, 99 vane of tertial, width of, 90 Instruments, measuring, i Interhumeral width of body, 64 Intero-exterior curvature of wing, 83-
Interorbital width of head, 45 Interpubic width of body, 65 Introduction (Measurements of Birds),
fae Ornitologia, Ettore Arrigoni Degli Oddi (bibliog.), 122
Manuale di Ornitologia, Ettore
Arrigoni Degli Oddi (bibliog.), 122
Jacana, 12, 50 Jacanas, 12, 50, 92 Jacanidae, 92 Jays, 5
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154 scIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Kennard, Frederic Hedge, The Specific Status of the Greater Snow Goose (bibliog.), 132
King bird of paradise, 93
Kloss, Cecil Boden, On Birds Recently Collected in Siam, part I, Pha- SAS a a (bibliog.), 1
Labuan Island and Its Dependencies, A List of the Birds of, Richard Bowdler Sharpe (bibliog.), 140 Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England, The, Henry Davis Minot (bibliog.), 133 Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England, The, Second Edition, Henry Davis Minot (bibliog.), 133 Lanius, 33 Lappet, jes length of, 52 length of, 52 width of, 52
Laridae, 20, 117, 129
Larus audouini, 122 hyperboreus, 129 hyperboreus barrovianus, 136
Larus hyperboreus barrovianus, Ridg- way, Status of, Harry Church Oberholser (bibliog. ) 136
Least diameter of facial disc, 56
diameter of outer ear, 49 diameter of tympanum, 59 Left wing, length of, 77 Leg, 104—109 length of, 104, 130, 131, 133 length of bare ‘portion of, 109 Length, 6, 9-10, 128, 131 total, 6, 9-10, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137, 138, "139, "140, 141, 142 Length of aftershaft, ral of axillar, 90 of bare portion of leg, 109 of bare portion of tibia, 109 of bill, 11-17, 37, 100, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, "129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 1357, 138; 140 of bill, horizontal, 14-15, 100, 129, 130, 136, 137 of bill along culmen, 130 of bill along curve of culmen, 14, 127 of bill from cere, 124 of bill from gape, 15, 123, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142 of bill from nasal aperture, 122, 123
of bill from nostril, 16, 122, 123, 126,
427, 131,452, 138 of bill from pit ‘of nostril, 138
Length of bill to feathers on side of mandible, 17
of — to feathers on side of maxilla,
of bill to gape, 133
[of bird] to outermost tail-feather, total, 126
fof bird] to shortest feathers of tail,
of body ornament, 73
of body to coccyx, 62
of body to pubis, 62, 63
of caruncle, 53
of casque, 29, 31
of casque, greatest, Si
of casque at base, 31
of casque at top, 31
of cere,
of claw, 110, 114, 127
of claw of hallux, 114
of claw of hind toe, 114
of claw of inner toe, 113
of claw of middle toe, 111, 112, 113
of claw of outer ea i12, 113
of closed wing, 76-78, 121, d22,
. £24; 125; 120, “08. 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143°
of comb, 51
of contour feather, 60, 70, 71, 72, 99
of crest, 55
of culmen, 125, 126, 129; 03%, ia2 134, 135, 136
of culmen from cere, 143
of eunee without cere, 12, 122, 138,
of curled crest feathers, 55
of dertrum, 26, 135, 136
of dewlap, 73
of dorsal plume, 72
of down feather, 71, 91
of drumstick, 106
of ear tuft, 55
of exposed culmen, 6, 11-12, 13, 14, 17,48, 124, 122, "123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, ia 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141,
of exposed culmen without cere, 12, 122, 138, 143
of exposed mandible, 38
of exposed ramus, 40
of eye, 47
of feather of tail, 99
of femur, 105
of first primary, 140
of first primary and primary coverts, difference between, 91
1931 BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS 155
Length of naked feather shafts of
Length of folded wing, 76 paradise birds, 72
of foot, 113, 131
of forearm, 85, 86
of fourth toe, 112
of frontal antiae, 54
of frontal crest, 55
of frontal plate, 50, 52
of gonys, 41, 122
of greater covert, 90
of gular pouch, 58
of gular pouch to front of throat, 58 of gular pouch to side of throat, 58 of hallux, 114
of hand, 86
of head, 44, 127, 135
of head’ ornament, 51
of head plume, 55
of hind toe, 114
of hind toe with claw, 114, 142 of humerus, 84
of inner claw, 113
of inner toe, 113
of inner toe with claw, 113, 136 of lappet, 52
of lappet, greatest, 52
of left wing, 77
of leg, 104, 130, 131, 133
of lesser covert, 90
of lobe of front toe, 116
of lobe of hind toe, 115, 116
of lesser covert, 90
of nae elongated nuchal feather,
of lower tail-coverts, 103 of mandible, total, aT, 38 of mandible to feathering on chin, 38,
of mandible to gape, 37
of manus, 86
of markings on contour feathers, 70, 00
of markings on feathers of wing, 100
of markings on tail-feathers, 70, 100
of maxilla, 11, 37
of median covert, 90
of middle claw, 111, 138
of middle toe, 6, 110, 112, 113, 122, 124, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141
of middle toe and claw, 107, 111, 113, 124, 130, 133, 135, 138, 142
of middle toe with claw, 130, 135, 142
of Chie toe with claw, horizontal,
of middle toe without claw, 122, 129, 135, 140
of nail of bill, 27, 136
of nails [of toes], 131
of nasal fossa, 33
of neck, 57
of neck tuft, 61, 130
of nostril, 36
of nuchal hair, 60
of nuchal plume, 72
of occipital crest, 55
of occipital hair, 60
of open wing, 78, 83, 130
of ornament, 73
of outer claw, 112
of outer toe, 112, 113
of outer toe and claw, 113, 125
of outer toe with nail, 125
of pectoral plume, 72,
of pinna, 130
of plume, 72
of primary, 88, 90
of primary covert, 90
of primary quill, 88
of radius-ulna, 85
of removed feather, 72
of rictal bristles, 43
of rictus, 23
of right wing, 77
of ruff, 61
of rump plume, 72
of scapular, 90
of second primary, 140
of second toe, 113
of secondary, 88, 90
of short outermost feathers of tail, 94
of spot on tail-feather, 100
of spur of wing, 53, 92, 109
of sternum, 69
of tail, 6, 10, 92-93, 94, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, Geo 130, 1312-132, 133, 134, 135, 133. 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143
of tail, total, 94
of tail without longest feathers, 94
of tail-feather, 99
of tail-racket, 101
of tarsal spur, 109
of tarso-metatarsus, 107
of tarsus, 6, 107, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127. 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143°
of tarsus and middle toe with claw, 107, 130, 131
of tertial, 88-89, 90
of thigh, 105
of third ‘toe, 110, 129
of third toe and claw, 129
of tibia, 106
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156 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Length of toe, 125, 127, 131
of tomium, 23
of tongue, 43
of total culmen, 13—14, 25, 122, 132, 139, 140, 143
of total culmen with cere, 14
of upper arm, 84
of upper tail- coverts, 102, 103
of wattle, 52
of wattle, greatest, 52
of web between front toes, greatest, 117, 118
of web between front toes, middle,
of web between toes, 130 of wing, 6, 76-78, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126; 128,129; 130, 131, 132; 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 of wing-tip, 87 of wing plume, 91 of wing spur, 53, 92, 109 of wires of paradise birds, 72 to outermost tail-feather, total, 126 to shortest feathers of tail, 10 with feathers, total, 9-10 without feathers, total, 10, 62 Lesser covert, length of, 90 covert, measurements of longest, 90 covert, measurements of shortest, 90 covert, width of, 90 Limb, diameter of, 108 Limicola hartlaubii, 141 Limicola hartlaubii Verr., Remarks on the Type Specimen of, Leonhard Stejneger (bibliog.), 141 Lobe of front toe, length of, 116 of front toe, width of, 116 of hallux, width of, 116 of hind toe, length of, 115, 116 of hind toe, width of, "116 Lobivanellus, "92 Longer secondary, measurements of, 90 tertial, measurements of, 90 Longest axillar, measurements of, 90 ers nuchal feather, length of,
greater covert, measurements of, 90 lesser covert, measurements of, 90 median covert, measurements of, 90 primary to tip of shortest secondary, distance from tip of, 87 primary covert, measurements of, 90 scapular, measurements of, 90 longipennis, Macrodypteryx, 94 Loomis, Leverett Mills, A Review of the Albatrosses, ’Petrels, and Diving Petrels (bibliog.), 132
Loomis, Leverett Mills, On the Further Occurrence of Otocoris alpestris praticola in Chester County, South Carolina (bibliog.), 132
Loon, 125
Loon, Description of a New, Louis Bennett Bishop (bibliog.), 125
Loral feathering to nostril, distance from, 48
feathering, width of bill at, 21, 135 Lower margin of fossa, position of nostril from, 35 tail-coverts, length of, 103 tail-coverts to end of tail, distance from, 103
Lynes, Hubert, Review of the Genus
Cisticola (bibliog.), 133
Macrodypteryx longipennis, 91 eee height of bill to, 19, 136,
Mallard, 33 Mandible, altitude of, 39 depth of upper, 132 . distance from angle of gonys to feathers on side of, greatest height of, 39 eo of bill to feathers on side of,
length of exposed, 38
total length of, 37, 38
width of, 126, 139, 141
width of upper, 132
Mandible at base, height of, 39
at base, width of, 40
beyond the other, extent of one, 24
to chin feathers, distance from tip of, 38, 42
to feathering on chin, length of, 38, 42
to gape, length of, 37 Manus, length of, 86 Margin, breadth of wing at inner, 81 Margin of fossa, position of nostril from anterior, 35 of fossa, position of nostril from lower, 35 of fossa, position of nostril from posterior, 35 of fossa, position of nostril from upper, "35 Markings on contour feathers, length of, 70, 100 on feathers of wing, length of, 100 on tail-feathers, length of, 70, 100 Martorelli, Giacinto, Monografia Il- lustrata degli Uccelli. di Rapina (bibliog.), 133
1931
Massachusetts and Other New Eng- land States, Birds of, Edward Howe Forbush (bibliog.), 129
Maxilla, altitude of, 26
greatest height of, 26
height of, 25-26, 125
length of, Pi, 37
length of bill to feathers on side of, 17
position of nasal fossa from tomium of, 32
position of nasal fossa in, 32, 36
position of nostril in, 36
vertical height of, 25, 125
Maxilla at base, height “of, 25, 26
from anterior edge of nostril, position of nostril in, 36
from posterior edge of nostril, position of nostril in, 36
from tip of bill, position of nasal fossa in, 32
Measurements Birds), 9-12
Measurements - Birds, S. Prentiss Baldwin, Harry C. Oberholser, and Leonard G. Worley, 1-143
Measurements of hind toe, 110
of longer secondary, 90
of longer tertial, 90
of longest axillar, 90
of longest greater covert, 90 of longest lesser covert, 90 of longest median covert, 90 of longest primary covert, 90 of longest scapular, 90
of middle toe, 110
of primary, 90
of shortest axillar, 90
of shortest lesser covert, 90
Measuring Birds, Remarks on Methods in, Elsie M. B. Reichenberger (bibliog.), 138
instruments, 7
Median covert, length of, 90 covert, measurements of longest, 90 covert, width of, 90
melanocephalus, Hedymeles, 136
Meleagrididae, 109
Meleagris gallopavo, 73
Mental apex, height of bill at, 129
Michigan Bird Life, Walter Bradford Barrows (bibliog.), 124
Middle breadth of wing, 81
claw, length of, 111, 112, 113, 138
length of web between front toes, 118
of tarsus, antero-posterior diameter of, 108
of tarsus, diameter of, 108
point, diameter of caruncle at, 54
Ae ari of
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY——-BIRD MEASUREMENTS
157
Middle toe, length of, 6, 110, 112, 113, LOAN 124, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141
toe, length’ of claw of, Lib, 417, 113,
toe, measurements of, 110
toe, width of, 112, 113
toe and claw, length of, 107, 111, 113, 124, 130, 133, 135, 138, 142”
oe ith claw, horizontal ‘length of,
toe with claw, length of, 130, 135, 142 toe with claw, length of tarsus and, 107, 130, 131 toe without claw, [length of,] 122, 129, 130, 135, 140 toe with sole, width of, 112 toe without sole, width of, 112 Minot, Henry Davis, The Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England (bibliog.), 133 Henry Davis, The Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New England, Second Edition (bibliog.), 133 Monchaux, Delamarre de, Encyclo- pédie Pratique du Naturaliste, Part IX, Les Oiseaux Chanteurs (bibliog.), 133 Mouth, width of, 130 Murphy, Robert Cushman, and Har- per, Francis, A Review of the Diving Petrels (bibliog.), 133 Mynas, wattled, 52
Nail, [length of] outer toe with, 125 wideh of bill at posterior end of, 22, Nail et greatest width of, 27, 28, 1
of bill, length of, 27, 136 of bill at posterior end, width of, 28 Nails [of toes], length of, 131 Naked feather shafts of paradise birds, length of, 72 Nasal aperture, {length of] bill from, 122, 123 fossa, height of, 34 fossa, length of, 33 fossa, width of, "34 fossa from base of culmen, position of, 32 fossa from culmen above, position of, 32 fossa from tomium of maxilla, posi- tion of, 32 fossa in maxilla, position of, 32, 36 fossa in maxilla from tip of bill, position of, 32
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158 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Neck, 57-61 diameter of, 57 length of, 57 Neck tuft, length of, 61, 130 tuft, width of, 130 New "England Bird Life, Winfrid Alden Stearns and Elliott Coues (bibliog.), 140 New England Bird Life, Second Edi- tion, Winfrid Alden Stearns and Elliott Coues (bibliog.), 140 New Mexico, Birds of, Florence Mer- riam Bailey (bibliog. ), £25 Nightjar, pennant-winged, 91 nivea, Vavasouria, 53 North America, Birds of Eastern, ont Barney Cory (bibliog. ), North America, Handbook of Birds of Eastern, Frank Michler Chapman (bibliog.), 126 North America, Handbook of Birds of Eastern, Revised Edition, Frank Michler’ Chapman (bibliog.), 126 North and Middle America, Birds of, Robert Ridgway (bibliog.), 139 North American Birds, A Manual of, Robert Ridgway (bibliog.), 139 American Birds, A Manual of, Fourth Edition, Robert Ridgway bibliog.), 139 American Birds, A Manual of, Second Edition, Robert Ridgway, bibliog.), 139 American Birds, Key to [First Edi- tion], Elliott Coues (bibliog.), 127 American Birds, Key to, Second ae Elliott Goues (bibliog.), American Birds, Key to, Sixth Sans Elliott Coues (bibliog.), 2
North Carolina, Birds of, Thomas Gilbert Pearson, Clement Samuel Brimley, and Herbert Hutchinson Brimley (bibliog.), 137
Nostril, distance from eye to, 47
distance from loral feathering to, 48
height of, 37
height of bill at, 20
length of, 36
length of bill from, 16, 122, 123, 126, 127, 131,438
[length of] bill from pit of, 138
position of nostril in maxilla from anterior edge of, 36
position of nostril in maxilla from posterior edge of, 36
Nostril, width of, 37 width of bill at, 121 Nostril from anterior margin of fossa, position of, 35 moe lower margin of fossa, position 1) 7 from posterior margin of fossa, position of, 35 in upper margin of fossa, position ol, in fossa, position of, 35 in maxilla, position of, 36 Nuchal feather, length of longest elongated, 60 hair, length of, 60 plume, length of, 72 Nyassaland, The Birds of, Charles Frederic Belcher (bibliog.), 124 Nyroca, 136 Nyroca and Its Nearest Allies, the Anatine Genus, Harry Church Oberholser (bibliog.), 136
Oates, Eugene William, The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon - and Burma, Birds (bibliog.), "134 Oberholser, Harry Church, A Mono- graph of the Genus ” Chordeiles Swainson, Type of a New Family of Goatsuckers (bibliog.), 135 Harry Church, A Review of the Genus Prionochilus Strickland and Its Closest Allies (bibliog.), 136 Harry Church, A Review of the Plover Genus Ochthodromus Reichenbach and Its Nearest Allies (bibliog.), 135 Harry Church, A Revision of the Subspecies of the Green Heron (Butorides virescens Linnaeus) (bibliog.), 134 Harry Church, The Anatine Genus Nyroca and Its Nearest Allies (bibliog.), 136 Harry Church, The Avian Genus Bleda Bonaparte and Some of Its Allies (bibliog.), 134 Harry Church, The Geographic Races of Hedymeles melanoce- phalus Swainson (bibliog.), 136 Harry Church, The Status of Larus hyperboreus barrovianus Ridgway (bibliog.), 136 Oberholser, Harry C.; and Worley, L. G.; Baldwin, S. P., Measure- ments of Birds, 1-143" Occipital crest, length of, 55 hair, length of, 60
1931
Ochthodromus, 135 Oiseaux, Faune de France 2, Paul Paris (bibliog.), 137 Old World vultures, 13, 17 Open wing, length of, 78, 83, 130 Orioles, American, 13 Ornament, length of, 73 length of body, 73 length of head, 51 width of, 73 ornatus, Cephalopterus, 73 Ornithologie, Die Végel; Handbuch der Systematischen, Anton Reiche- now (bibliog.), 138 Otocoris alpestris praticola, 132 Otocoris alpestris praticola in Chester County, South Carolina, On the Further Occurrence of, Leverett Mills Loomis (bibliog.), 132 Outer claw, length of, 112 ear, diameter of, 49 ear, greatest diameter of, 49 ear, least diameter of, 49 toe, length of, 112, 113 toe, length of claw of, 112, 113 toe, width of, 113 toe and claw, length of, 113, 125 toe with nail, [length of,] 125 vane of primary, width of, 89, 90 vane of secondary, width of, 90 vane of tail-feather, width of, 99 vane of tertial, width of, 90 Outermost feathers of tail, length of short, 94 secondary, breadth of wing at, 79, 80 secondary, width of wing at, 79 tail-feather, total length to, 126 Owls, 12, 49, 55, 56
Paldarktischen Fauna, Die Végel der, Ernst Johann Otto Hartert (bib- liog.), 131
Paradise birds, length of naked feather shafts of, 72
birds, length of wires of, 72 king bird of, 93
Paradiseidae, 72
Paris, Paul, Faune de France 2, Oiseaux (bibliog.), 137
Parrots, 12, 15, 24, 124
Passerella, 141
Passerella with Special Reference to the Distribution and Migration of the Races in California, Revis- sion of the Avian Genus, Harry Schelwaldt Swarth (bibliog.), 141
Passeriformes, 33
Passerine birds, 33
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
159
Pavo cristatus, 102 Peacock, 102 Pearson, Thomas Gilbert; Brimley, Clement Samuel; and Brimley, Herbert Hutchinson, Birds of North Carolina (bibliog.), 137 Pectoral plume, length of, 72 Pelecanidae, 58, 120 Pelecaniformes, 120 Pelicans, 58, 120 Pennant-winged nightjar, 91 Petrel, 132 Petrels, diving, 132, 133 Petrels, A Review of the Diving, Robert Cushman Murphy and Francis Harper (bibliog.), 132 Phaethontidae, 94 Phalacrocoracidae, 17, 58 Phasianidae, 132 Phasianidae—Eurylaemidae, On Birds Recently Collected in Siam, Part I, Cecil Boden Kloss (bibliog.), 132 philippensis, Ploceus, 125 Phillips, E. Lort, Narrative of a Visit to Somaliland in 1897, with Field- notes on the Birds Obtained during the Expedition (bibliog.), 137 phoeniceus, Agelaius, 142 Picidae, 94 Piciformes, 110 Pied-billed grebe, 116, 120 Pigeons, 12 Pinna, [length of,] 130 Pinnae extent, 130 Planimeter, 82, 120 Plataleidae, 22 Plate, length of frontal, 50, 52 width of frontal, 50 platyrhyncha, Anas, 33 Ploceidae, 40 Ploceus philippensis, 125 Plover Genus Ochthodromus Reich- enbach and Its Nearest Allies, A Review of the, Harry Church Oberholser (bibliog.), 135 Plovers, 21, 26, 81, 87, 92 Plume, length of, 72 length of dorsal, 72 length of head, 55 length of nuchal, 72 length of pectoral, 72 length of rump, 72 length of wing, 91 podiceps, Podilymbus, 116, 120 Podilymbus podiceps, 116, 120 Porphyriola, 50 Position of nasal fossa from base of culmen, 32
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160 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Position of nasal fossa from culmen above, 32 of nasal fossa from tomium of max- illa, 32 of nasal fossa in maxilla, 32, 36 of nasal fossa in maxilla from tip of bill, 32 of nostril from anterior margin of fossa, 35 of nostril from lower margin of fossa, 35 of nostril from posterior margin of fossa, 35 of nostril from upper margin of fossa, 35 of nostril in fossa, 35 of nostril in maxilla, 36 of nostril in maxilla from anterior edge of nostril, 36 of nostril in maxilla from posterior edge of nostril, 36 Posterior edge of ‘nostril, position of nostril in maxilla from, 36 end, width of nail of bill at, 28 end of dertrum, width of bill at, 22, 136 end of nail, width of bill at, 22, 136 margin of fossa, position of nostril from, 35 Pouch, depth of gular, 59 length of gular, 58 Pouch to front of throat, length of gular, 58 to side of throat, length of gular, 58 Prairie chicken, 61, 131 Prairie Chicken Investigation, Progress Report of the Wisconsin, Alfred Otto Gross (bibliog.), 131 praticola, Otocoris alpestris, 132 Prey, birds of, 124 Primary, length of, 88, 90 length of first, 140 length of second, 140 measurements of, 90 width of, 89, 90 width of inner vane of, 90 width of outer vane of, 89, 90 Primary and primary coverts, differ- ence between length of first, 91 covert, measurements of longest, 90 covert, width of, 90 coverts, difference between length of first primary and, 91 quill, length of, 88 to tip of shortest secondary, distance from tip of longest, 87 Prionochilus, 136
Prionochilus Strickland and Its Closest Allies, A Review of the Genus, Harry Church Oberholser (bib- liog.), 136
Prijevalsky, Nicholas Michaelovich, On New Species of Central- Asian Birds (bibliog.), 137
Psittaciformes, 12, 15, 24
Pubic bones, width of body between tips of, 66
Pubis, length of body to, 62, 63
Pycnonotidae, 60
Pyrenestes, 126
Pyrenestes, a Genus of Weaver- Finches, Size-variation in, James Paul Chapin (bibliog.), 126
Quill, length of primary, 88
Radius-ulna, length of, 85
Rails, 32, 33
Rallidae, 32, 33
Ramsay, Robert George Wardlaw, Guide to the Birds of Europe and North Africa (bibliog.), 137
; Ramus, length of exposed, 40
Rapina, Monografia Illustrata degli Uccelli di, Giacinto Martorelli (bibliog.), 133
Ravens, 12, 54
Rectrix, width of vanes of, 90
regius, Cicinnurus, 93
Reichenberger, Elsie M. B., Remarks on Methods in Measuring Birds (bibliog.), 138
Reichenow, Anton, Benennung der Afusseren Teile des Vogelk6rpers und Messungen (bibliog.), 138
ae Die Végel Afrikas (bibliog.), 13
Anton, Die Végel; Handbuch der Systematischen Ornithologie (bib- liog.), 138
Removed feather, length of, 72
Rhoads, Samuel N icholson, The Vireo huttoni Group, with Description of a New Race from Vancouver Island (bibliog.), 138
Rictal bristles, rea of, 43
Rictus, length of, 23
Ridgway, Robert, A Manual of North ‘American Birds (bibliog.), 139
Robert, A Manual of North Ameri- can Birds, Fourth Edition (bib- liog.), 139°
Robert, A Manual of North Ameri- can Birds, Second Edition (bib- liog.), 139°
1931
Ridgway, Robert, The Birds of North and Middle America (bibliog.), 139 Right wing, length of, 77 Roberts, Austin, The Grass Warblers of South Africa (bibliog.), 140 Ruff, area of, 61 length of, 61 width of, 61 width of expanded, 61 Ruffed grouse, 61 Ruler, 7 Rump plume, length of, 72 Rynchops, 24
Scapular, length of, 90 measurements of longest, 90 width of, 90 Second primary, length of, 140 toe, length of, 113 Secondary, breadth of wing at outer- most, 79, 80 distance from tip of longest primary to tip of shortest, 87 length of, 88, 90 measurements of longer, 90 width of, 90 width of inner vane of, 90 width of outer vane of, 90 width of wing at outermost, 79 Sharp-pointed calipers, 7 Sharpe, Richard Bowdler, A List of the Birds of Labuan Island and Its Dependencies (bibliog.), 140 Short no feathers of tail, length ol, Shortest axillar, measurements of, 90 axillar, width of, 90 feathers of tail, length [of bird] to, 10 lesser covert, measurements of, 90 lesser covert, width of, 90 secondary, distance from tip of longest primary to tip of, 87 Shrikes, 33 Side of mandible, distance from angle of gonys to feathers on, 41 of mandible, length of bill to feathers on, of maxilla, length of bill to feathers on, 17 of throat, length of gular pouch to side of, Size of tympanum, 59 Skimmers, 24 Snow goose, greater, 132 Sole, width of middle toe with, 112 width of middle toe without, 112
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY—BIRD MEASUREMENTS
161
Somaliland in 1897, Field notes on the Birds Obtained during the Expe- dition to, E. Lort Phillips (bib- liog.), 137
Sparrows, 32, 114
Spathura, 94
Spoonbills, 22
Spread wing, see open wing
Spot on tail-feather, length of, 100
Spur, length of tarsal, 109
length of wing, 53, 92, 109
Spur of wing, length of, 53, 92, 109
Stark, Arthur Cowell, The Birds of South Africa (bibliog.), 140
Stearns, Winfrid Alden, and Coues, Elliott, New England Bird Life, (bibliog.), 140
Winfrid Alden, and Coues, Elliott, New England Bird Life, Second Edition (bibliog.), 141
Stejneger, Leonhard, Contributions to the Natural History of the Com- mander Islands, No. 7—Revised and Annotated Catalogue of the Birds Inhabiting the Commander Islands (bibliog.), 141
Leonhard, Remarks on the Type Specimen of Limicola hartlaubii Verr. (bibliog.), 141
Leonhard, Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka (bibliog.), 141
Sternidae, 98
Sternum, length of, 69
Storer, T. I.; Grinnell, J.; Bryant, H. C., and; The Game Birds of California (bibliog.), 130
Strigiformes, 12, 49, 55, 56
Sudan Birds, Catalogue of, Wilfrid Wedgwood Bowen (bibliog.), 125
Swallows, 83, 87
Swan, black, 88
Swans, 47
Swarth, Harry Schelwaldt, Revision of the Avian Genus Passerella with Special Reference to the Distribu- tion and Migration of the Races in California (bibliog.), 141
Tail, 6, 92-103 area of, 61, 96-97 area of expanded, 96-97 depth of fork of, 94, 98 distance from lower tail-coverts to end of, 103 oe from tip of wing to tip of,
162 sCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. II
Tail, distance from upper tail-coverts
to end of, 103
graduation of, 94, 98, 139
length of, 6, 10, 92-93, 94, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131-132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143
length [of bird] to shortest feathers
of, 10 length of feather of, 99 length of short outermost feathers
of, 94 total length of, 94 width of expanded, 61, 95 Tail at base, width of, 95 oe longest feathers, length of,
Tail-coverts, length of lower, 103 length of upper, 102, 103 Tail-coverts to end of tail, distance from lower, 103 aon of tail, distance from upper, Tail-feather, length of, 99 length of spot on, 100 eae [of bird] to outermost, 12
width of, 99 width of inner vane of, 99 width of outer vane of, 99 art ei length of markings on, 70, 1 Tail-racket, length of, 101 width of, 101 Tape line, 7 Tarsal spur, length of, 109 Tarso-metatarsus, length of, 107 Tarsus, 6, 130 Tarsus, antero-posterior diameter of middle of, 108 diagonal of, 107 diameter of, 108 diameter of middle of, 108 greatest diameter of, 108 length of, 6, 107, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,°430,'132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 Tarsus and middle toe with claw, length of, 107, 130, 131 Tarsus-toe, 130, 131 Taverner, Percy A., Birds of Eastern Canada (bibliog.), 142 Percy A., Birds of Western Canada (bibliog.), 142 Terns, 98 Tertial, length of, 88-89, 90 measurements of longer, 90
Tertial, width of, 90 width of inner vane of, 90 width of outer vane of, 90 Tetraonidae, 59 Thigh, length of, 105 Third toe, length of, 110, 129 Third toe and claw, length of, 129 ae ing of gular pouch to front ol, length of gular pouch to side of, 58 Tibia, length of, 106 length of bare portion of, 109 Tinamidae, 142 Tinamidae from South America, Three New Birds of the Family, Frank Alexander Wetmore (bibliog.), 142 Tip of bill, distance from eye to, 48, 131 of bill, position of nasal fossa in maxilla from, 32 of longest primary to tip of shortest secondary, distance from, 87 of mandible to chin feathers, dis- tance from, 38, 42 of ce to tip of tail, distance from,
Tips of pubic bones, width of body between, 66 Toe, elevation of hind, 115 length of, 125, 127, 131 length of claw of hind, 114 length of claw of inner, 113 length of claw of middle, 111, 112, 113 length of claw of outer, 112, 113 length of fourth, 112 length of hind, 114 length of inner, 113 length of lobe of front, 116 length of lobe of hind, 115, 116 length of middle, 6, 110, 112, 113, 122, 124, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141 length of outer, 112, 113 length of second, 113 length of third, 110, 129 measurements of hind, 110, 114-116 measurements of middle, 110-112 width of hind, 114 width of inner, 113 width of lobe of front, 116 width of lobe of hind, 116 width of middle, 112, 113 width of outer, 113 Toe and claw, length of middle, 107, 111, 113, 124, 130, 133, 135, 142 and claw, length of outer, 113, 125 and claw, length of third, 129 with claw, horizontal length of middle, 142
1931
Toe with claw, length of hind, 114, 142
with claw, length of inner, 113, 136 with claw, length of middle, 130, 135, 142
with claw, length of tarsus and mid- dle, 107, 130, 131 with nail, ‘length of] outer, 125 without claw, length of middle, 122, 129, 130, 135, 140 with sole, width of middle, 112 without sole, width of middle, 112 Toes, greatest "length of web between front, 117, 118 length of lobe of front, 116 length of nails of, 131 {length of] web between, 130 oe length of web between front, width of web between front, 119 Tomium, length of, 23 Tomium of maxilla, position of nasal fossa from, 32 Tongue, length of, 43 width of, 44 Top, length of casque at, 31 width of casque at, 30° width of casque at widest point of, 30 Topaza, 94 Total culmen, length of, 13-14, 25, 122, 132, 139, 140, 143 culmen with cere, length of, 14 length [of bird], 6, 9-10, 122, 123, 124,125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142° length [of bird] to outermost tail- feather, 126 length [of bird] with feathers, 9-10, 62 — [of bird] without feathers, 10,
length of culmen, 143 length of mandible, 37, 38 tristis, Astragalinus, 129° Trochilidae, 101 Trogonidae, 114 Trogons, 114 Tropic-birds, 94 Tuft, length of ear, 55 length of neck, 61, 130 width of neck, 130 Turkey, wild, 73 Turkeys, 109 Tympanuchus americanus, 61 Tympanum, area of, 59 greatest diameter ‘of, 59 least diameter of, 59 size of, 59
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY——BIRD MEASUREMENTS
163
umbellus, Bonasa, 61
Umbrella bird, 73 ,
United States, Handbook of Birds of Western, Florence Merriam Bailey (bibliog.), 122
United States, Handbook of Birds of Western, Revised Edition, Florence Merriam Bailey (bib- liog.), 122
Upper arm, length of, 84
mandible, depth of, 132
mandible, width of, 132
margin of fossa, position of nostril from, 35
tail- coverts, length of, 102, 103
tail-coverts to end of tail, distance from, 103
van Rossem, Adriaan Joseph, The
California Forms of Agelaius pore Linnaeus (bibliog.),
Vane of primary, width of inner, 90 of primary, width of outer, 89, 90 of secondary, width of inner, ‘90 of secondary, width of outer, 90 of tail-feather, width of inner, 99 of tail- feather, width of outer, 99 of tertial, width of i inner, 90 of tertial, width of outer, 90 of wing-feather, width of, "99
Vanes of feathers of alula, width of, 90 of rectrix, width of, 90 of wing-covert, width of, 90
Vavasouria nivea, 53
Vertical diameter of eye, greatest, 46 height of bill, 18-19, 132 height of casque, 29° height of maxilla, 25, 125
Vireo huttoni, 138
Vireo huttoni Group, The, with De-
scription of a New Race from Vancouver Island, Samuel Nich- olson Rhoads (bibliog.), 138 virescens, Butorides, 134 Vultures, Old World, Ls At
Wait, William Ernest, Manual of the Birds of Ceylon (bibliog.), 142 Warblers, grass, 140 Warblers of South Africa, The Grass, Austin Roberts (bibliog.), 140 Ware, | ae length of, 52 length of, 52 width of, 52 Wattled mynas, 52 Weaver-bird, 125
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164 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. I]
Weaver-bird (Ploceus philippensis), Note on the Indian, Lieutenant Burgess (bibliog.), 125
Weaver-birds, 40
Weaver-finches, 126
Web between front toes, greatest length of, 117, 118
bere front toes, middle length of, 11
between front toes, width of, 119 between toes, [length of,] 130 Wetmore, Frank Alexander, Observa- tions on the Birds of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile (bibliog.), 143 Frank Alexander, Three New Birds of the Family Tinamidae from South America (bibliog.), 142 ne anterior point, width of bill at,
point, width of bill at, 136
point, width of casque ‘at, 30
point of base, width of casque at, 30
point of top, width of casque at, 30 Width of axillar, 90
of bill, 11, 14, 21-22, 40, 121, 127,
130, 135, 136, 137, 139, 141
of bill, greatest, 136
of bill at base, 11, 14, 21, 22, 136, 136-137, 139
of Le at base of exposed culmen, 14,
of bill at gape, 21, 40, 130
of bill at gnathidea, 139
of bill at loral feathering, 21, 135
of bill at nostril, 121
of ee at posterior end of dertrum, 22, 1
of es at posterior end of nail, 22, of bill at widest anterior point, 22 of bill at widest point, 136
of body, interhumeral, 64
of body, interpubic, 65
of gery between tips of pubic bones,
of casque, 30
of casque, greatest, 29
of casque at base, 30
of casque at top, 30
of casque at widest point, 30
of casque at widest point of base, 30 of casque at widest point of top, 30 of contour feather, 70
of dewlap, 73
of expanded ruff, 61
of expanded tail, 61, 95
of frontal plate, 50
Width of greater covert, 90 of head, greatest, 45 of head, interorbital, 45 of hind ‘toe, 114 of inner toe, 113 of inner vane of primary, 90 of inner vane of secondary, 90 of inner vane of tail-feather, 99 of inner vane of tertial, 90 of lappet, 52 of lesser covert, 90 of lobe of front toe, 116 of lobe of hallux, 116 of lobe of hind toe, 116 of mandible, 126, 139, 141 of mandible at base, 40 of median covert, 90 of middle toe, 112, 113 of middle toe with sole, 112 of middle toe without sole, 112 of mouth, 130 of nail of ‘bill, greatest, 27, 28, 136 of nail of bill at posterior end, 28 of nasal fossa, 34 of neck tuft, 130 of nostril, 37 of ornament, 73 of outer toe, 113 of outer vane of primary, 89, 90 of outer vane of secondary, of outer vane of tail-feather, 99 of outer vane of tertial, 90 of primary, 89, 90 of primary covert, 90 of ruff, 61 of scapular, 90 of secondary, 90 of tail at base, 95 of tail- feather, 99 of tail-racket, 101 of tertial, 90 of tongue, 44 of upper mandible, 132 of vane of wing-feather, 99 of vanes of feathers of alula, 90 of vanes of rectrix, 90 of vanes of wing-covert, 90 of wattle, 52 of web between front toes, 119 of wing at outermost secondary, 79 of wing-quill, 99 Wild turkey, 73 Wing, 6, 74-92 antero-posterior ee of, 83 area of, 82, 83, 97, 120 breadth of, 73.81" curvature of, 25, 83 exact area of feathers of, 82
1931
Wing, greatest breadth of, 80, 81 greatest potential breadth of, 81 intero-exterior curvature of, 83-84 length of, 6, 76-78, 121, 122, 124, 125; 126, 128, 129, 130, re 132, foae 194, 135, 136, 137, 138,, 139, 140, 141, 142, "143
length of closed, 6, 76-78, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, rel 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 13%, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143
length of folded, 76
length of left, 77
[length of] markings on feathers of, 100
length of open, 78, 83, 130
length of right, 77
length of spur of, 53, 92, 109
middle breadth of, 81
Wing at inner margin, breadth of, 81
at outermost secondary, breadth of, 79, 80
at outermost secondary, width of, 79
plume, length of, 91
BALDWIN, OBERHOLSER, WORLEY——-BIRD MEASUREMENTS
165
Wing spur, length of, 53, 92, 109 to tip of tail, distance from tip of, 123
Wing-covert, width of vanes of," 90
Wing-feather, width of vane of, 99
Wing-quill, width of, 99
Wings, extent of, 6, 74-75, 124, 125, 1273128: 130, 190 133, 137) 138, 140
Wings with feathers, ‘extent of, 74, 75
without feathers, "extent of, 75
Wing-tip, length of, 87
Wires of paradise birds, length of, 72
Witherby, Harry Forbes (edited by), et al., A Practical Handbook of British Birds (bibliog.), 143
Wooden calipers, 7
Woodpeckers, 94, 110, 127
Woodpeckers of ‘Oklahoma, The, Ed- ward Drane Crabb (bibliog.), 127
Worley, L. G.; Baldwin, S. P.; Ober- holser, Harry @;; and, Measure- ments of Birds, 1- “143
Wren, house, 82
Xiphidiopterus, 92
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE BALDWIN BIRD RESEARCH
LABORATORY
For convenience in reference and library use there are listed below the published papers from the Baldwin Bird Research Labor- atory produced by S. Prentiss Baldwin, his assistants, and col-
laborators.
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1.—BAaA.Lpwin, S. PRENTiss. Bird-banding by Means of Systematic Trapping. Abstract of the Pro- ceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York, No. 31, for 1918-1919 (December 23, 1919) pp. 23-56, pls. I-VII. This paper describes the methods and results of the systematic trapping and banding of birds at Cleveland, Ohio, and Thomasville, Georgia.
2.—BALDWIN, S. PRENTIss. Recent Returns from Trapping and Banding Birds. The Auk, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, pp. 228-237. A report of bird banding at Thomasville, Georgia, and Cleveland, Ohio, during 1919 and 1920.
3.—BALDWIN, S. PRENTIsS. The Marriage Relations of the House Wren. The Auk, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, pp. 237-244, Mating habits and genealogy, as learned from banded birds, are here discussed.
4.—BALDWIN, S. PRENTISsS. Adventures in Bird Banding in 1921. The Auk, Vol. XX XIX, No. 2, April, 1922, pp. 210-224, pls. VIII-IX. Bird band- ing results in 1921 at Thomasville, Georgia, and Cleveland, Ohio, are here given.
5.—TALBoT, LESTER R. Bird Banding at Thomas- ville, Georgia, in 1922. The Auk, Vol. XX XIX, No. 3, July, 1922, pp. 334-350, pls. XV—XVII. Report of Mr. Talbot, who operated the Thomas- ville bird banding station for Mr. Baldwin in February and March, 1922.
6.—MussELMAN, THomas E. Bird Banding at Thomasville, Ga., 1923. The Auk, Vol. XL, No. 3, July, 1923, pp. 442-452, pls. XXV-XXVII. Report of Mr. Musselman, who operated the Thomasville bird banding station with Mr. Baldwin in February and March, 1923.
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CONTRIBUTION No.
CONTRIBUTION No.
CONTRIBUTION No.
CONTRIBUTION No.
CONTRIBUTION No.
CONTRIBUTION No.
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CONTRIBUTION No.
7.—May, Joun B. Bird Banding at Thomasville,
Georgia, 1924. The Auk, Vol. XLI, No. 3, July, 1924, pp. 451-462, pls. XXVII-XXVIII. Report of Doctor May, who operated the Thomasville bird banding station with Mr. Baldwin from Janu- ary to April, 1924.
8.—BALDWIN, S. PrRENTiss. Bird Banding; Are
Birds Frightened or Injured? The Wilson Bul- letin, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, June, 1924, pp. 101-104.
9.—BALpDWIN, S. PRENTISS. History of the Quail
Investigation. The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXXVII, No. 2, June, 1925, pp. 98-100.
10.—BALDWIN, S. PRENTISS; AND KENDEIGH, S. CHARLES.
Attentiveness and Inattentiveness in the Nest- ing Behavior of the House Wren. The Auk, Vol. XLIV, No. 2, April, 1927, pp. 206-216, pls. X-XIII. Explains the use of potentiometer and thermocouple in keeping record of nest temperature and movements of female house wren during incu- bation.
11—BovuLton, RupyErp. Ptilosis of the House
Wren. The Auk, Vol. XLIV, No. 3, July, 1927, pp. 387-414, figs. 1-12. Prepared while Mr. Boulton was acting as assistant at the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory during the summer of 1926.
12.—MussELMAN, THomaAs E. Foot Disease of Chip-
ping Sparrow (Spizella passerina). The Auk, Vol. XLV, No. 2, April, 1928, pp. 137-147, pl. VII. A study of bird pox, especially as it appears at Thomasville, Georgia.
13.— BALDWIN, S. PRENTISS; and BowEN, W. WEDGc-
woop. Nesting and Local Distribution of the House Wren. The Auk, Vol. XLV, No. 2, April, 1928, pp. 186-199, figs. 1-5. This paper describes the plan and purposes of the ‘outfield’ work on the house wren at the Baldwin Bird Reseach Labora- tory in 1927.
14.—KENDEIGH, S. CHARLES; AND BALDWIN, S. PREN-
Tiss. Development of Temperature Control in Nestling House Wrens. American Natural- ist, Vol. LXII, No. 680, May-June, 1928, pp. 249- 278. A study of body temperature and methods of taking body temperature of birds.
CoNnTRIBUTION No. 15.—LINCOLN, FREDERICK C. Bibliography of Bird
CONTRIBUTION No
CONTRIBUTION No
Banding in America. The Auk, Vol. XLV, No. 4, Supplement, October, 1928, pp. 1-73. Although this paper was not prepared by a member of the staff of the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory, it was written at the request of Mr. Baldwin, by Mr. Lincoln, of the United States Biological Survey, by permission of the Biological Survey.
. 16 —BALpwin, S. Prentiss. A Bird Research Lab-
oratory. Bulletin of the Northeastern Bird Band- ing Association, Vol. IV, No. 4, October, 1928, pp. 115-120. A description of the organization and purposes of the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory.
. 17.—BALDWIN, S. PRENTISS; OBERHOLSER, Harry C.;
AND WoRLEY, LEONARD G. Measurements of Birds. Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Vol. II, 1931, pp. I-IX; 1-165; figs. 1-151. A manual of external measurements of birds, for use in biological, system- atic, and other studies of variation in the size of birds.
CONTRIBUTION No. 18.—KENDEIGH, S. CHARLES; AND BALDWIN, S. PREN-
CONTRIBUTION No
Tiss. The Mechanical Recording of the Nesting Activities of Birds. The Auk, Vol. XLVII, No. 4, October, 1930, pp. 471-480; pls. XV-—XVIII; figs. 1-4. A description of the construction and operation of instruments in use at the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory.
. 19.—Ba.pwin, S. Prentiss, Bird Banding by Syste-
matic Trapping. Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Vol. I, No. 5, April 15, 1931, pp. 125-168; pls. XIX-—XXV. A reprint, with corrections, of contributions from the Baldwin Bird Research Laboratory, No. 1, ‘Bird Banding by Means of Systematic Trapping’ and No. 3, ‘The Marriage Relations of the House Wren.’
CONTRIBUTION No. 20.—BaALpwin, S. Prentiss. ‘‘Bird Sanctuary’’
Suggestions. Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XXXI, No. 3, May, 1931, pp. 172-176. Suggestions for the establishment and maintenance of sanctuaries for birds, in parks, estates, cemeteries, and golf grounds.
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