Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

bel a : eerie. ae MA LER Ee

March 1980

MEASURING ANNUAL GROWTH RINGS USING AN ELECTRONIC MEASURING MACHINE Russell T. Graham! ABSTRACT

Measurement of tree diameter growth is important in most forestry research. The electronic Addo-xX system for measuring annual growth rings is described. The measurements, accurate to 0.01 mm, are recorded on printed tape and punched cards. The problems, time, and costs of measuring increment cores and tree cross sections are discussed.

KEYWORDS: Increment cores, measurement, growth, equipment

Measuring of tree diameter growth, important in most forestry research, may be accomplished by a variety of methods. Repeated diameter measurements on tagged trees was one of the first methods used. This procedure involves following individual trees over time, remeasuring each tree at 5- to 10-year intervals. Increment cores, used in assessing diameter increment, are easy to collect and use. Cross sections, also used in tree growth studies, generally are more difficult to transport, store, prepare and measure than increment cores.

A forest growth experiment may require many samples consisting of increment cores or cross sections. It is time consuming to measure accurately the width of each annual ring in cores or cross sections from thousands of trees, using a hand-operated measuring device. Also, hand recording the reading from a measuring device onto data forms may result in many errors. Additional errors may occur during transcription from the forms to punched cards or tapes. Much time and effort may be spent in finding and correcting errors.

lResearch forester located at Intermountain Station's Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, Idaho. The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Dennis Ferguson and Jonalea Tonn who participated in the project.

The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others which may be suitable.

Several different pieces of equipment have been developed and used to measure increment cores. They range in sophistication from a modified ruler to electronic and mechanical systems. In 1939, the development of the Bannister incremental measuring machine was started.* It is a hand-operated machine, but through an interface system it may be connected with automatic data processing equipment. With electronic measuring systems becoming more sophisticated, the Addo-X? electronic annual growth ring measuring machine was developed. It is a power driven machine that is capable of automatically recording the increment measurements onto punched cards or tape.

THE ADDO-X SYSTEM

The Addo-X system is an electronic system developed to measure the width of annual growth rings on increment cores or cross sections. It makes the measurement of the samples easy, efficient, and accurate. The system contains three components: a measuring unit, a mechanical adding machine, and an IBM 029 keypunch.

The measuring unit does the actual measuring of the samples. The samples are measured by viewing the annual rings through a 20 or 40 power microscope with a cross hair. The increment cores or cross sections are held in special holders while being measured and are moved under the microcsope by a motor-driven mechanical stage. To facilitate rapid sample measurements, the stage may be moved at various speeds, which are controlled by light hitting a photo resistor. The more light hitting the photo resistor, the faster the stage moves; the less light hitting the photo resistor, the slower the stage moves. A manual fine adjustment is provided for accurately placing the cross hairs on the beginning and end of each annual increment. An electronic counter in the measuring unit is controlled by the same light source as the speed control. If the light source fails, the carriage will not move. To insure measurement accuracy, the angle at which the cores move under the microscope may be adjusted. This enables each core or cross section that is being measured to be turned so that the vertical cross hair is perpendicular to the radius or core. From the electronic counter, the measurement is sent to an indicator box that visually shows the width of each annual ring and the total number of rings measured.

The second part of this system is a mechanical adding machine with electronic input. It receives the measurements from the measuring unit and records the subtotal of the measurements or subtracts the measurement from the total previous measurements.

The third part of the system is a modified 029 IBM keypunch, with two drums to control the spacing and locating of data on each keypunch card. The keypunch receives the information from the adding machine via an electronic interface. The data may be arranged on the keypunch card in almost any manner desired.

2Fred C. Henson Co., 27402 Camino Capistrano, Laguna, California 92677. 3Technicon Systems Service, 304 East Alameda Avenue, Burbank, California 95102. Approximate price, 1977, $25,000.

Measuring Capabilities

The Addo-X system has many options for recording annual ring measurements. Ring widths may be measured in 0.01 mm intervals up to a maximum ring width of 9.99 mn. Ring widths also can be measured in 0.1 mm intervals up to a maximum ring width of 99.9 mm. Ring width measured in 0.1 mm may be multiplied by 2, up to a maximum ring width of 49.9 mm, converting to a diameter measurement from a radial measurement. Each increment measurement and the subtotal after each measurement may be recorded. Also, a diameter measurement may be entered (at the beginning of the core) and each annual ring subtracted from that diameter. The last recording capability of the system is a total number of measurements, or age, up to 999. For consistency in the measurements, the measurement option should be selected before the ring width measuring is started.

Sample Types

The Addo-X System is designed primarily to measure increment cores. The increment cores should be less than 200 mm in length and have a diameter greater than 4 mm and less than 5.5 mm. Currently the system can also handle increment cores mounted in blocks of wood (Haavisto 1970); it could be modified to handle most other type increment cores without much difficulty.

Cross sections 1 m to 1-1/2 m in diameter involving large amounts of wood can also be handled on the Addo-X. A normal cross section to be measured in its entirety should be less than or equal to 20 cm in diameter, and no greater than 2-1/2 cm thick. Cross sections larger than this require special preparation. The first step is to choose a radius or diameter to be measured, preferably in the field. This radius or diameter should be cut out of the cross section, leaving a portion of the cross section less than 13 cm wide, 20 cm long, and 2-1/2 cm thick. The partial cross section should be sanded, or grooved using a router or a dado blade on a table saw to make an even, uniform surface for measuring. Each portion of a large cross section should be properly labeled for later identification.

Sample Preparation

After an increment core is extracted from the tree it should be placed in a holder to prevent damage and permit labeling. A plastic drinking straw, taped or stapled at each end, works nicely for this purpose. Increment cores should be stored in a cool, dry place, making sure that the cores are not damaged. Cole (1977), in a study using lodgepole pine, recommended the increment cores be sealed tightly in a straw and frozen. This method is advised if the increment cores cannot be measured within 3 days after extraction. For most circumstances, freezing is not feasible, thus storing the cores in a cool, dry place and soaking prior to measurement, gives excellent results over long-term work. Soaking each core for at least 12 hours ensures that the entire core is a size comparable to when it was removed from the tree (table 1). This procedure also eliminates any differences in moisture content of cores taken over a summer field season.

One of the most difficult problems in handling large numbers of increment cores is properly identifying the sample. The identification code should be written on the straw in waterproof ink that will not disappear during the soaking procedure. All characters in the ID fields should be numeric to enable input through the adding machine. Special procedures can be used for entering alphabetic characters into the ID fields but require additional time.

Table 1.--Percent radial shrinkage after air drying and resoaking increment cores!

Average percent shrinkage from original length

Air Soaking time Species dried 1/2 il 1-1/2 2 2 24 eS ONS OE Oy S'S HOUGS Tahir a

Western

white pine De L2 0.39 ORS9 Opal, ORS, 0.70 ORS Western

larch ES BIS) .98 85 . 80 .26 1526 .60 Douglas-fir Soil AOS 1.06 WealZ 1.48 1.50 . 83 Grand fir 1.80 aS .61 297 .98 1.81 ood Western

redcedar 1.90 . 80 .74 81 408) .69 .58 Lodgepole

pine 3.68 392 7o9 .39 Saal .90 a(S Subalpine

fir 250 1.16 5o9 Wig Ae} 1543 -- 5.0 Ponderosa

pine So Sil 1.28 W545) oll 1.02 -- 16S Treatment

average 2.89 .81 .81 SOT .94 1.14 .99

Iadapted from: Ferguson, D. E. 1977. Operating manual for measurement of tree ring growth with the Addo system. Unpublished manuscript on file at Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, Idaho.

Boyd+ developed a core-slicing device that fits over the increment core holder, slicing a flat surface on the core. The core slicer should have a sharp blade and be properly adjusted to provide a clean cut. After slicing, the increment core can be read easily under the 20- or 40-power microcsope without refocusing.

As with increment cores, the label on cross section samples should contain all identification information. This information can be written on the cross section itself or attached using small metal tags. Storage of cross sections is somewhat more difficult due to their size. Cold storage is the best procedure because it minimizes check and mold. Preservatives such as moth balls included inside the sacks that contain the cross sections create an unpleasant odor for the instrument operator and do not prevent sample deterioration. Therefore, preservatives are not recommended in cross section shipment or storage.

4*Boyd, R. J., Silviculturist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Moscow, Idaho (personal communication).

System Accuracy

The Addo-X system should be checked daily to make sure it is in proper adjustment. The measuring unit is influenced by decreases in line voltage that cause a decrease in the intensity of the light controlling the measuring unit, resulting in erroneous measurements. To minimize the problem the measuring unit should be connected to a separate electrical circuit. The light source should be checked each day by running a known width underneath the microscope to make sure that the light source has not faded. The keypunch machine including the drum cards should be checked daily for proper operation. A qualified repair technician should check frequently to assure the keypunch machine is properly adjusted.

Various problems may occur when measuring cores and cross sections:

ie Discontinuous or false rings are difficult to detect unless there is a cross section or more than one core is removed from the tree. The operator should be instructed as to how to handle such irregularities when recording the data.

Oe The operator should be trained to take the slack out of the movable stage to assure that a proper measurement is obtained when passing over a gap or crack.

Se An error of 0.10 to 0.15 mm can be introduced in a measurement if the focus of the microscope is changed while measuring an annual ring.

4. Allowing the control switch for the entire system to rebound will cause erroneous measurements.

Sy It 1s possible to operate the measuring unit faster than the adding machine and the keypunch can process the measurements. Therefore, each measurement should be completely through the system before the next measurement is entered.

When compared with measurements taken in the field the Addo-X measurements have greater accuracy. This may lead to some problems in analyzing the data. If differences in growth or age are required in the analysis, the same technology should be used for the two measurements used in determining the difference. For example, to find the difference between age at breast height and age at the base of the live crown, the same technology should be used in measuring the age at both places. The Addo-X should not be used at one point and a hand count in the field used at the other point. This procedure often leads to an error in the differences.

Time and Cost

The Addo-X system is an efficient system for handling large numbers of increment cores. In an hour, an experienced operator can measure approximately 15 increment cores less than 5 cm long, or about 10 cores 5-to 15-cm long (table 2). However, length of the core is not as important as the number of annual rings in determining the amount of time required for measuring. The time required for preparing increment cores is a small, amount of the total measuring process.

Table 2,--Time and cost of measuring increment cores and cross sections with the Addo-xX system

Sample Editing and Total cost Sample type preparation Measurement corrections sample ($)! Cores (length) <J5.em Nominal 15/h 1eeh/fiZ000r cards $0.34 >) cm Nominal 10/h 1 h/2000 cards 750)

Cross sections? (diameter)

< 5 cm 60/h 20/h 1 h/2000 cards 34 5-35 cm 30/h 15/h 1 h/2000 cards 50 > 35 cm3 2/h 2/h 1 h/2000 cards 5.00

ICosts include sample preparation, measuring, operator, and equipment maintenance. 2Radii per cross section. 3200-300 annual rings.

For cross sections less than 5 cm in diameter, about 60 cross sections per hour may be prepared and up to 30 cross sections (2 radii) per hour may be measured with the Addo-X. For cross sections 5 cm to 35 cm in diameter, 30 per hour may prepared and approximately 15 per hour (2 radii) may be measured. For cross sections greater than 35 cm (over 200 years old), more preparation is required, and approximately two per hour may be prepared, and two per hour (2 radii) measured.

The above examples are averages from the many thousands of cores and hundreds of cross sections that have been measured at the Moscow laboratory using the Addo-X system.

Data Editing

The data editing normally required on a set of Addo-X data involves checking for such things as the proper sample identification and plot numbers. Also, a check is made to determine that each one of the subtotals is increasing in size. A computer program used for data editing is provided in the appendix.

CONCLUSIONS

From past experience in measuring thousands of cores of all sizes and many hundreds of cross sections, the Addo-X system has been shown to be fast and accurate. This system minimizes the chance for transcription error or normal operator error such as may occur when using a ruler or other types of measuring devices. Also, this system provides a machine readable output in the form of punched cards, which can be read directly by a computer for checking and analysis.

The most important part of the entire procedure is proper sample preparation. It may take longer to prepare the samples (cross sections), make sure that the ID fields are correct, and transcribe any information that may not be included with the sample than it does to actually measure the sample. As mentioned before, the operator can usually operate the Addo-X system faster than the keypunch and adding machine can accept the information.

Personnel may be easily trained to use the equipment. After one day of operation, most operators can accurately measure increment cores or cross sections. The cost per sample is very reasonable for the accuracy obtained (table 2). Many types of measure- ments have been taken with the Addo-X system, and it may be adapted to almost any radial increment measurements or age determination.

PUBLICATIONS CITED

Cole, Dennis M. 1977. Protecting and storing increment cores in plastic straws. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note -INT=2165 73) p.) interme =\"For.. and: Range Exp.-otn..,. Ogden; Utah: Haavisto, V. F. 1970. A multiple core holder for Addo-X. For. Chron. 46(3):194-195.

Dai wy

Meeiiirilty Be ance

ALAA OG AsQrOr@ea

RE GIG Cou Gah GGG Ae Girls Glin Gn) Gralla a GiaGeds Ge

aan QA G (YARED

AANA

APPENDIX COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SCREENING ADDO-X DATA

DIMFNSION TALL (30) ,NALL (8G)

THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM WE USED TO SCRFEN DATA GENERATED BY THE ADDO SYSTEM. OTHER JOBS PFQUIRF WRITING A NEW COMPUTER PROGRAM BUT GENERAL CONCEPTS EXPLAINED BELOW WOULD APPLY. THE SAMPLING DESIGN WAS TWO TUND2™) 10 OR 14 POINT CLUSTERS. ON EACH POINT COMBINATIONS OF 10 DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES COULD OcciRT. FACH TRF® WAS CONSECUTIVELY NUMBERED, SPFCIFS WAS RECORDED, AND TWO INCREMENT CORES WERE EXTRACTED

FROM EACH TREF. THE SURTOTALING METHOD WAS USED TO RECORD THE DATA ON COMPUTER CARDS.

N=0 COMPUTER CARD FORMAT:

VARTABLE COLUMN EXPLANATION

a

10

9

1

a —— ee ee — awe we ee eee

TAG 13 CLUSTER NUMBER, RANGE IS FROM 1 THROUGE 299. ToD 4-5 POINT NUMBER. UP TO 14 POINTS PER CLUSTER, ITRE 6-7 TREF NUMBER. ALTHOYGH THIS VARIES FROM

POINT TO POINT, THE MAXIMUM WAS ABOUT 20 TREES. ER ee Osan.

ICORF B=9 CORE NUMBER. THIS MUSE BE ELTHER CORFE “4 ORVECRE 25

ISPP 10-11 SREGRES (CODES | RANGE (ES ROM To RHR OUGH UWOl

I 12 COLUMN: V2" WAS SKIPPED ON THE, COMPUTER CARD: IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE BLANK.

11 ES coli7, 113 LL SOA THIERTEREN@5S-DICIT SUBTOTAL FIELDS. TAGE 78-80 TRER AGE. AGS VARIES BUT MAXIMUM WAS AROUT

VOY SARS AGE WAS NOT ALWAYS OBTATNARLFE,

READ(5,1C09) ICL, IPT,ITRE,

COR Bip eee spel ig eee pl ig ig uly ig TiO) gale gi tip so pl Olgieili lige liDug tel sega AG nig Ne nia

GO TO 1

READ COMPUTER CARD. BRANGH? TOVS TAEENENT Y999" AT END OF- DATA.

READ(5,109,END=999) ICL,IPT,ITRE,

ECORE, USE til Ve log os Lo gong phos i tel VO~r Wyble, AGE TALL

CHECK FOR INCREMENTATION FROM ONE CARD TO ANOTHER

IF (ICL.EQ.NCLLANDJIPT.EO.NPT.AND.ITRE. EQ.NTREJ.AND. TCORF. FQ. NCORE.

AND.ISPP.EQ.NSPP.AND.N13.GE.11) WRITE (6,112) NALL,JALL CHECK FOR CLUSTER VALUES OUTSIDE THE RANGE 1 THROUGH 200 LP (LCL.GTD. 200s OR. TCLILTeN) (WRETEWG, 102) 0 WAIT

CHECK FOR PLOT VALUES OUTSIDE THE RANGE 1 THROUGH 14

PECUP DG Ped O Recep Tal Dent)y a Wi RNT Ey¢6)- 11/04) MmgAIOL

aAaQa AvAa aga aaa

aaAaAaAN

QraKe

CHECK FOR TREE NUMBERS OUTSIDE THE RANGE 1 THROUGH 20

TF {ITRESGT220°0R.1TRES LT. 1) WRITE (6,105) TALE

CHECK FOR CORE NUMBFRS NOT EQUAL TO '1* OR ‘2! IP{ICORE.LT. 1.0R~ICORE.GT.2) WRITE(6,106) IALL

CHECK FOR SPECIES CODES OUTSIDE THE RANGE 1 THROUGH 10 IF(ISPP.GT.10.OR.ISPP,LT.1) WRITE (6,107) TALL

CHECK FOR ANY PUNCHES IN COLUMN 12 - IT SHOULD BE BLANK

IF({I.N*.0) WRITE(6,108) IALL

CHECK FOR NO VALUE ENTERED IN FIRST FIELD. THIS WOULD FNNICATT A

CARD WITH NO MEASUREMENTS ON IT. IF(I1.L£E.9) WRITE(6,109) IALL

CHECK FOR INCREMENTATION ACROSS THE CARD

IF (12.LE.11.AND.12. NE. 0) WRITE (6,103) TALL IP(13.LE.12.AND.I3. NE. 0) WRITE (6,103) IALL IP(I4.LE.13.AND.I4. NE. 0) WRITE (6,103) TALL IF(15.LE.T4.AND.15. NE. 0) WRITE(6,103) IALL IF(I6.LF.15.AND.16. NE. 0) | WRITE (6,103) IALL IF(I7.LE.16.AND.1I7.NE.0) WRITE (6,103) IALL IF (18. LE.17.AND.18. NE. 0) WRITE(6,103) IALL IF(I9.LE.I8.AND.19. NE. 0) WRITE (6,103) IALL

IF(T10.LE.19.AND.110.NE.0) WRITE(6,103) IALL IF(IV1.LE.119.AND.I11.NE.0) WRITE(6,103) IALL IF (112.LE.111.AND.112.NE.9) WRITE (6,103) IALL IP (1T13.LE.112.AND.113.NF.0) WRITE(6,103) IALL CHECK FOR AGE GREATER THAN 150 YEARS

IF (TAGE.GT.150) WRITE(6,111) TALL

INCREMENT THE CAD COUNTER

N=N+1

10

AaAaAN

(MUP MR} AIMEE

AAA

SAVE VALUES OF CARD JUST READ TO CHECK FOR INCREMENTATION ON CONTINUATION CARD

NCL=ICL NPT=IPT NTRPE=ITRE NCOPE=ICORE NSPP=ISPP N13=113

DO 2 T=1,80

2 NALL(I)=IALL(I)

RETURN AND READ A NEW CAPD

GO TO 10 999 CONTINUE

WRITE OUT NUMBER OF CARDS SCREFNED WRITE(6,114) N PORMAT STATEMENTS

100 FORMAT (13,412,111, 1315,13,T1,80A1)

102 FORMAT ('O",3A1,1X,4 (2A1,¢.1%) ¢ Ale tXe7 (SA le 1X) o/eT20¢6(5A1, 1X), 3h 1, 3X 7, 'S-- CLUSTER’)

103 FORMAT ('0", 3A1,1X,4 (2A 1, 1X) pAty1X—7 (5A141X) ¢/pT20,6 (5A1,1X) pA 1, 3X ae'<-- INCREMENTATION')

104 FORMAT('O?,3A1,1X,4(2A1, 1X) pA1,1X,7 (5A191X) p/4T20,6 (SA1,1X) , 3A 1, 3X oe 'S-- POINTS)

105 PORMAT ("0',341,1X,4 (2A1¢ 1X) pAle 1X7 (5A1, 1X) p/p 220,6 (5A, 1X) 4 3A Ny 3X 7,'S-- TREE #*)

106 FORMAT (*0",3A1,1X,4 (2A 1, 1X) oAl,1Xy¢7 (5A1, 1X) p/7pT20,6(5A1, 1X), 3A Ty 3X oe '<-- CORF #°)

107 FORMAT ("0*,3A1,1X,4(2A1, 1X) gA1,1X,7 (SAT, 1X) p/oT20 56 (SA1,1X) , 3A 1, 3X 7,'<-- SPFCIFS!)

108 FORMAT (90*,3A1,1X%,4(2A1, 1X) pA1g1X,7 (5A1,1X) ¢/pT20,6 (SA1,1X) y 3A1, 3X 77 '<-- COL 12 NOT BLANK‘)

109 FORMAT ("0',3A1,1X,4 (241, 1X) gA1,1K,7 (5A1, 1X) »/,T20,6(S5A1, 1X) » 3A 1, 3X o,'<-- FIRST FIELD ZERO*)

111 PORMAT(*0*,3A1,1%,4 (2A1,1X) gAly1X,7 (SA1,1X) ,/,T20,6(SA1, 1X), 2A 1, 3X 7/'<-- AGE EXCEEDS 150 *)

112 FORMAT (*0°,3A1,1X,4(2A1,1X) ,A1,1X_7 (5A1¢1X) o/eT2076 (5A1, 1X), 2A 1, 3X ey a Or 301, 1X4 (2N1, 1K) Al, 9X, 7 (OA Ve 1K) e/eoT20,6(5A1, 1X) 5 INN > 3X v2 '<-- CARD SEQUENCE’)

114 FORMAT (‘ONUMBER OF CARDS SCREENED = ', 16)

STOP END

ial

200 05020201 20005020201 20001030201 20302060201 20009070201 20009070201 20002050289 20006060101 20052070101 20003030101 20003030101 20008030231 20006050201 20009060201 200 09660201

200030302011 20021040201. 20009040201 20009040201

20006050101

SAMPLE DATA WITH ERRORS UNDERLINED 000910024 1003790050 1006 590080700965011060124701366 01485 001189026 80042 10954 10028000 820009510107001193013220140291479 US) 0006700 1460022900322004920047900538006 120068900774 9Na58009u0 015 00097002330036 10047 3005570073800900010750124691411 00072001790026 400 345004 730057 7006890079700935010779119801 3090 1416 01101 915 0.0091001990031700421005 200 062400 7320 0343009210100501088011860 1282 000920025900412005080066 100806909340 10510116601265 014 0003300 1050920300280003710046500548006 4600 754008600094701056 914 90004500 12200 16900216002 98004130050 90059700705007990087 30094 301021 01048 914 000950024 40038 200523006 5090757008790098601121012520138291486 0007800 1990031400 3950049900590006630074800846009590102791104 214

9097190208003250044 3005700069 500 786 0038900020911539129690142501559

01680 0097600194093 16004240905390065600 76100862009480104F011289121201276914 0007200 1800026 400343004 2700519006210072000829009449105501173

00082002170015600491006 5400804007460 1076012280136 3015160165501790

—-—--—— —-+-—=

09000

00092002050032 100415005 110062000 7250 0816009190102001102 614

12

200 203 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

200

05 02 09 09 02 52 08 06 09 09 03 21 09 09 09 09 09

06

NUMBER

02 06 07 07 05 07 03 05 06 66 03 04 04 04 04 04 04 05

OF

02 02 02 02 02 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02

01

CARDS SCREENED

01 01 01 01 89 014 3H 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01

01

SCREENED COMPUTER OUTPUT

001138 01070 00097 01075 00072 00797 01101

00091 00843 90033 00646 90095 00986 00078 C0748 00071 00889 01680

00076 09862 00072 90720 00082 01076 00082 01076 00082 01076 00000

000090

00092 00816

00268 01193 00 233 01246 00179 00935

00199 009271 00105 00754 00244 O21 00199 00 846 00208 00020

00194 00948 00180 00829 00217 01228 00217 01228 90217 91228

00205 00919

00421 01322 00361 014171 00264 01077

00317 01005 00203 00860 90382 01252 00314 00950 00325 01153

00316 01046 00264 00944 00156 01363 00156 01363 00156 01363

00321 01020 20

00541 01402 00473

00345 01198

00421 01088 00280 00947 00523 01382 00395 01027 00443 01296

00424 01128 00343 01055 00491 01516 00491 01516 00491 01516

00415 01102

13

00380 01479 00557

00473 01309

00520 01186 00371 01056 00650 01486 00499 01104 00570 01425

00539 O22 00427 01173 00654 01655 00654 01655 00654 01655

00511

00820 00738

00577 01416

00624 01282 00465

00757 00590

00635 0:15:59

00656 01276 00519

00804 01790 00804 01790 00804 01790

00620

00951 015 00900

00689 015

00732 00548 014

00879 00663

214 007386

00761 014

00621 00746 00746

00746

00725 614

INCRE MPNT ATION

CLUSTFR

CARD SFQUENCF SRERCERS

POINT

SPIRE ES

COL 12 NOT BLANE POINT TNCREMFNT AT TON

TNCRFEMFNP ATION

CARD SFQUFNCF FIRST FIFLD ZERO

AGE FXKCREEDS 150

vv U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-0-677-121/112

The Intermountain Station, headquartered in Ogden, Utah, is one of eight regional experiment stations charged with providing scientific knowledge to help resource managers meet human needs and protect forest and range ecosystems.

The Intermountain Station includes the States of Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and western Wyoming. About 273 million acres, or 85 percent, of the land area in the Station territory are classified as forest and rangeland. These lands include grasslands, deserts, shrublands, alpine areas, and well-stocked forests. They supply fiber for forest in- dustries; minerals for energy and industrial development; and water for domestic and industrial consumption. They also provide recreation opportunities for millions of visitors each year.

Field programs and research work units of the Station are maintained in: Boise, Idaho

Bozeman, Montana (in cooperation with Montana State University)

Logan, Utah (in cooperation with Utah State University)

Missoula, Montana (in cooperation with the University of Montana)

Moscow, Idaho (in cooperation with the Univer- sity of Idaho)

Provo, Utah (in cooperation with Brigham Young University)

Reno, Nevada (in cooperation with the University of Nevada)