wy | ots RECEIVE) @ray Herbarum Harvard (iniversity JANE OCTOBER, 1916 ' MEMOIR 10 CORNELL UNIVERSITY _ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS W. C. ETHERIDGE ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY wi 2044 1 OCTOBER, 1916 MEMOIR 10 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A.CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS W. C. ETHERIDGE ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY TRE UNIVERSITY CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION EXPERIMENTING STAFF ALBERT R. MANN, B.S.A., A.M., Acting Director. HENRY H. WING, M.S. in Agr., Animal Husbandry. T. LYTTLETON LYON, Ph.D., Soil Technology. JOHN L. STONE, B.Agr., Farm Practice. JAMES E. RICE, B.S.A., Poultry Husbandry. GEORGE W. CAVANAUGH, B.S., Agricultural Chemistry. HERBERT H. WHETZEL, M.A., Plant Pathology. ELMER O. FIPPIN, B:S.A., Soil Technology. G. F. WARREN, Ph.D., Farm Management. WILLIAM A. STOCKING, Jr., M.S.A., Dairy Industry. WILFORD M. WILSON, M.D., Meteorology. RALPH S. HOSMER, B.A:.S., M.F., Forestry. JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Ph.D., Entomology and Limnology. ROLLINE A. EMERSON, D.Sc., Plant Breeding. HARRY H. LOVE, Ph.D., Plant Breeding. ARTHUR W. GILBERT, Ph.D., Plant Breeding. DONALD REDDICK, Ph.D., Plant Pathology. EDWARD G. MONTGOMERY, M.A., Farm Crops. . WILLIAM A. RILEY, Pb.D., Entomology. MERRITT W. HARPER, M.S., Animal Husbandry. JAMES A. BIZZELL, Ph.D., Soil Technology. GLENN W. HERRICK, B.S.A., Economic Entomology. HOWARD W. RILEY, M.E., Farm Mechanics. CYRUS R. CROSBY, A.B., Entomology. HAROLD E. ROSS, M.8.A., Dairy Industry. KARL McK. WIEGAND, Ph.D., Botany. EDWARD A. WHITE, B:S., Floriculture. WILLIAM H. CHANDLER, Ph.D., Pomology. ELMER S. SAVAGE, M.S.A., Ph.D., Animal Husbandry. LEWIS KNUDSON, Ph.D., Plant Physiology. . KENNETH C. LIVERMORE, Ph.D., Farm Management. ALVIN C. BEAL, Ph.D., Fioriculture. MORTIER F. BARRUS, Ph.D., Plant Pathology. CLYDE H. MYERS, M.S., Ph.D., Plant Breeding. GEORGE W. TAILBY, Jr., B.S.A., Superintendent of Livestock. EDWARD 8S. GUTHRIE, M/S. in Agr., Ph.D., Dairy Industry. JAMES C. BRADLEY, Ph.D., Entomology. PAUL WORK, B.S., A.B., Vegetable Gardening. JOHN BENTLEY, Jr., B.S., M.F., Forestry. EARL W. BENJAMIN, Ph.D., Poultry Husbandry. EMMONS W. LELAND, B.S.A., Soil Technology. CHARLES T. GREGORY, Ph.D., Plant Pathology. WALTER W. FISK, M.S. in Agr., Dairy Industry. ARTHUR L. THOMPSON, Ph.D., Farm Management ROBERT MATHESON, Ph.D., Entomology. MORTIMER D. LEONARD, B.S., Entomology. FRANK E. RICE, Ph.D., Agricultural Chemistry. VERN B. STEWART, Ph.D., Plant Pathology. IVAN C. JAGGER, M.S. in Agr., Plant Pathology (In cooperation with Rochester University). WILLIAM I. MYERS, B.S., Farm Management. LEW E. HARVEY, B.S., Farm Management. LEONARD A. MAYNARD, A.B., Ph.D., Animal Husbandry. LOUIS M. MASSEY, A.B., Ph.D., Plant Pathology. BRISTOW ADAMS, B.A., Editor, LELA G. GROSS, Assistant Editor. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free on request to residents of New York State. / +: cyt wr a ? CONTENTS PAGE SSS cnc SaaS i PL 86 ERE LAIR Serer tA oe! 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The following classifications of color are given to illustrate the use of the character by different authors: Zade (A. fatua) Brown or black. Gray. White. Kornicke and Werner (various species) White. Yellow. Gray. Brown or red. Black. Nilsson (A. sativa and A. sativa orientalis) Light Dark Many fine subdivisions in color between varieties of each class. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 107 Bohmer (A. sativa and A. sativa orientalis) Light-colored: White, white-yellowish. Yellowish, yellow. Dark-colored: Black, brown, red, gray. Denaiffe and Sirodot (A. sativa and A. sativa orientalis) Light-colored: White, white-yellowish, yellow. Dark-colored: Black, red, gray. In the present classification, several large groups of varieties are pri- marily divided, with respect to color, merely as dark-colored (black, brown, red, gray) and light-colored (white, yellow), but further division on the basis of color is made only in groups that have been reduced by separations according to differences in other characters. This apparent reluctance to make immediate further separation on the basis of color is not due to lack of faith in the stability of the character, but merely because, for convenience in classification, the use of other characters is expedient. In three years of investigation the colors of grains have been found con- stant within the limits of the classes outlined in this paragraph. With respect to variability of color types, the observation may be added that from year to year unlike weather conditions at the time of ripening will cause slight variations in the color of a given variety. Thus, if the matur- ing period is during bright, dry weather, the grains are brighter and more pronounced in color than if the maturing period is during wet and cloudy weather. Black or yellow grains that ripen under the latter atmospheric conditions show a tendency toward smoky brown and pale yellow, although never becoming reddish brown or white. The stage of maturity at which the grain is harvested also affects its shade of color, all colors being more pronounced when the grain is thoroughly matured than when it is either slightly immature-or allowed to weather after the maturation period has passed. DIMENSIONS OF THE GRAINS Although Denaiffe and Sirodot (1901) minutely characterized the grains by absolute measurements and often used the same feative to distinguish secondary groups of varieties, other investigators, while including the dimensions of grains in the detailed descriptions of varieties, 108 W. C. ErueripcEe have not used them for the differentiation of classes. In the present — classification the dimensions of grains are scldom used for any but a descriptive purpose. There are very few varieties the grains of which | may distinctly be characterized by dimensions. In nearly all varieties | the measurements of grains cannot be classified; they are transitional between types and between individual varieties. DOUBLE-GRAINS The so-called ‘‘double-grain”’ in cultivated oats is a condition of the spikelet in which the second grain is either partly or wholly inclosed by the lemma of the defective first grain (Plate X XI, 3). It is found only in spike- lets that have two grains, and has been considered by other writers both as a mere abnormality and as a varietal characteristic. Atterberg (1891) believed double-grains to be due to unfavorable conditions of weather at the time of ripening, and therefore of no importance in classification; — but he also noted their more numerous occurrence in certain varieties than in others. Fruwirth (1907) speaks of normally developed double- grains, and observed a varietal tendency to produce them. Nilsson-Ehle (1906) apparently regarded double-grains as a character of little impor- tance in oat breeding, since under the environmental conditions existing in Sweden they composed but a small proportion of the total number of grains in the panicle. He found, however, among different varieties a de- cided range in the occurrence of double-grains, in respect of which -there was a varietal stability under somewhat different environments. The investigation of Bohmer (1908-09) shows a greater tendency by some varieties than by others to produce double-grains, but the variation — in their production was greater as between seasons than as between vari- eties. Krogmann’s data (1908) show a considerable range among varieties with respect to the kernel content of double-grains. From the foregoing views the status of the double-grained spikelet may be defined as an abnormality resulting from incomplete development, but toward which there is a varietal tendency. This conclusion has been fully confirmed in the present work, but in the production of double-grains a varietal tendency much greater than that reported by others has been observed. For example, in the widely different varieties Storm King and Canadian, the typical spikelet is double-grained, although the data of Nilsson-Ehle and those of Béhmer show, in varieties of Swedish and A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 109 German oats, proportions of double-grains ranging only from 0.3 to 4.4 per cent of the total number of grains. The value of double-grains as a character in classification is therefore only local, and their occurrence in certain varieties may in moct cases be considered a measure of the lack of adaptability of the variety to its environment. However, since the limits of environment under which double-grains predominate in certain varieties cannot be stated, they must in such eases be accepted as a varietal - characteristic, subject, perhaps, to place variation. On that basis they are used in the present classification as a supplementary character for the identification of the few varieties in which, under this environment, they form the typical predominating spikelet. Double-grains may readily be identified when mature. Many observers, however, have apparently mistaken double-grains for the very unusual single-grained spikelet. One rarely finds a so-called single-grained spike- let which on examination does not prove to be really a double-grain with the first or the second grain, or both, defective or rudimentary. THE SPIKELET Without considering separately its parts, the spikelet as a morphologic entity presents only two. characters useful in classification, namely, its attitude and the number of grains it carries. Attitude of spikelets In different varieties the attitude of the spikelets may be observed as pendant, pectinate, and confused (pointing in all directions) (figs. 12, 13, and 14, respectively). All these forms are found among varieties of A. sativa orientalis and they are in some cases useful in classifying the members of that group. In all other varieties, however, only the pendant form is found, and hence no distinction by the attitude of spikelets is to be made outside of the A. sativa orientalis group. Number of grains in sprkelet In the common cultivated forms of oats the number of grains carried by the spikelet ranges from one to three, with the exception of A. nuda, the spikelets of which often bear four, five, or even six grains. There are no varieties bearing exclusively one-, two-, or three-grained spikelets, 110 W. C. ETHERIDGE e fet \) Vn Ar } \ A \\ eee | \ CAN . \ : i f cae sn \ \ an | Ui Vi = h Sy be 7 oo \ \ ‘ Sa / 4 SS J oe , e \ | I} a ee \ \ Fic. 12. PANICLE FORM O ‘k \y I \ \ | SE, \ \\ PX AV - TI \ F ENA STERILIS AND AVENA FATUA, SHOWING PENDANT ATTITUDE OF SPIKELETS - A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats 111 “and any distinction by this character must be according only to the prevailing number of grains. In all previous classifications the pre- vailing number of grains in the spikelet has been given greater or less prominence in the characterization of groups. Atterberg (1891) distinguished three main groups of his system by this means. Other investi- gators, however, have 7 made less use of the character, employing it as a supplementary distinction or only in ‘special cases. The chief objection to the use in classification of the number of grains in the spikelet is because of the uncertain defi- nition of one-, two-, or three-grained — spikelets. Shall the definition be based on the number of fully developed grains, or shall it include de- fective grains? Thus there is no definite point Fig..13. PANICLE OF AVENA gt which fully devel- SATIVA ORIENTALIS, SHOW- ‘ ; ING PECTINATE aTTITupE Oped two-grained spike- Fic. 14. PANICLE OF AVENA OF SPIKELETS ; lets ean be separated as SATIVA ORIENTALIS, SHOW- : : ING CONFUSED ATTITUDE OF a class from those of the defective double-grained _ sprxeiets 112 W. C. ErHeripGEe type; nor can the latter be segregated as a class from so-called one-grained spikelets, which in reality are nothing less than extreme cases of double- erained spikelets. And, could such distinctions be established, there is no assurance that the classes thus arranged would remain constant under a change of environment. Binger (1906) has found the number of spike- | lots per panicle to vary greatly with the moisture content of the soil, and | there is no reason to believe that the number of grains per spikelet would’ not vary also. In the present classification the number of grains in the spikelet is used only in a few special cases, when as between individual varieties of a small eroup there is a marked difference in respect to this character. In the detailed descriptions of varieties the prevailing number of grains is men- tioned merely as a record for this environment. MATURING PERIOD The maturing period, an important factor of the economic value of varieties, has a very limited use in classification. Varieties may be spoken of as early or late only in a relative sense, and not as actually defining a characteristic by which they may be identified. There is mutability of maturation in response to different climates and different soil conditions; and while for each variety there are also limits beyond which its ripen- ing period does not fluctuate, these cannot at present be accurately estab- lished. The data from comparative tests of varieties under different environments, by which a range in ripening periods might be fixed, are unfortunately often rendered untrustworthy by the confusion of varietal nomenclature. In this classification the writer is therefore limited to state- ments of the ripening periods of varieties only as applying to the present environment; such statements as a rule being for the most general pur- pose of description, although for the extremely early varieties Sixty- Day and Kherson the time required for ripening is aed as a supplemen- tary means of distinction. COLOR OF GLUMES AT MATURITY The color of the ripened glume differs but little in cultivated varieties. Nilsson (1901) has distinguished pale golden from a deeper, brighter tone of the same color, and he uses the two shades of color in the description of single varieties. Kérnicke and Werner (1885) often employed’ the A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 113 character for the same purpose, but Fruwirth (1907) considers it of no value. While under given conditions a distinction in the color of the glume may be observed, the difference is slight and is largely dependent on the stage of ripening at which the observation is made and on the climatic environment; therefore the character is an inconstant one and is not worthy of use in classification. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAINS Although the absolute weight of the grains, and their proportion of kernel and hull, were used in classification by Atterberg (1891) and by Denaiffe and Sirodot (1901), no other investigators have employed these characters for the separation of a large number of varieties. Bohmer (1908-09) _argues that the physical properties are too easily influenced by conditions of climate and soil to be reliable characters in classification. His extensive data show not only that in the weight of grains there was from year to year a greater difference than was covered by the classes of Atterberg and the French authors, but also that in a given year the position of the grain in the spikelet would determine its group relationship in weight and kernel content. Thus, in respect to these characters, outer grains would fall into higher classes than inner or middle grains. ‘There is an abundance of other data to support Béhmer’s conclusions. Fruwirth (1907) shows the same wide difference between outer and inner grains in weight and in proportion of kernel, and he also finds that both properties are influenced by the position of the grains in the panicle; grains borne by the upper branches are heavier and richer in kernels than those borne by the lower branches, on which there are a greater number of sterile flowers. Lippoldes (1904) shows further a difference between the weight of grains from various stems of the same stool. As to the effect of soil and moisture on the physical properties of the grains, Biinger (1906) found that poor soils, low in moisture, produccd light grains, small kernels, and many sterile spikelets. The effect of an extreme range in seasons on the weight and the kernel content of the oats grain has been shown by Seton (1903), Edler (1905), and Berry (1912), all of whom found that much larger and plumper grains were produced in cool, moist seasons than in-hot, dry seasons. Berry, who classified the grains of oats into several types on the basis of physical y:roperties, believed that the distinction between his classes might be greatly modified, 114 W. C. ETHERIDGE or even obliterated, by a radical change in climatic environment. The conclusions of Jensen (1899) would seem to provide a basis for Berry’s conclusion, for Jensen, on collecting varieties of.oats from many countries, found that by far the heaviest grains came from countries having an insular or a coast climate. In view of the many factors influencing them, the physical properties of‘ | grains are of no use in any classification beyond a mere arrangement of market grades. Classes based on such characters could not be expected to remain constant under the extremely wide range of climatic environ- ment in this country. And even under given conditions of environment, the variation in weight and in kernel content, according to the position of the grain in the spikelet and in the panicle, would make difficult an accurate arrangement of types. THE PANICLE The panicle, or loose flowering head, exhibits among the wild forms of Avena no distinct taxonomic differences. Botanists mention the length and the form of the panicle as a general descriptive feature but not as a specific distinction. Among cultivated varieties, however, two characters of the panicles may be directly utilized in classification. These are its form, and certain peculiarities in the structure of its rhachis. Form of the panicle The form of the panicle is determined by the attitude of the branches. These may form the common, roughly equilateral panicle, as in A. sativa (fig. 24, page 136), or the unilateral panicle of A. sativa orientalis (fig. 13, page 111), or any variation of these types. In both the contrasting types the branches issue from various sides of the rhachis, but later assume different attitudes. The branches of the equilateral panicle spread out- ward from various sides of the rhachis and extend upward at an angle of about forty-five degrees, and, shortening toward the apex, form a rough pyramid. fPanicles of this type may be compact and stiff, with each branch in an ascendant attitude along the line of its initial angle for its entire length; or they may be open and lax, with the branches ascend- ant but finai!y drooping from the middle outward. In unilateral panicles the branches incline from one side of the rhachis, and, extending upward A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats ~ 115 at an acute angle, are somewhat appressed, often being in contact with the rhachis itself. Varieties with such unilateral panicles are commonly termed side, flag, banner, or horsemane oats. As between the unilateral and equilateral types, the whorls of branches are not different in number; nor is there in this respect any varietal distinction within each type, the number of whorls commonly varying from five to eight in each variety. Thus the relative compactness of the panicles of different varieties depends on the attitude and the number of the branches and the length of the internodes, but not on the actual number of whorls of branches. The apex of the panicle differs slightly among varieties of each type. In some varieties it is straight, erect, and short; in others it is longer; somewhat tenuous, and drooping. The difference, however, is not well marked, and the two forms are often transitional in the same variety. The form of the panicle has been used in all previous systems of classifi- cation, except that of Atterburg. Nilsson (1901) found among the varie- ties at Svalof the following types: . Stiff panicles. . Hanging panicles. . Bushy panicles. . Loose panicles. . Side panicles. Ou ODD = These were coordinated with light- and dark-colored grains to dis- tinguish ten main groups of varieties. Bohmer (1908-09) adopted the panicle types employed by Nilsson, and, with modifications in their description, used them as the chief distinction of his main classes. K6érnicke and Werner (1885) made a distinction only between the unilateral and equilateral types of panicles, while Denaiffe and Sirodot (1901) used the form of panicles only as a descriptive feature and not as a means of separating the groups of varieties. As may be seen from the descriptions of the panicle types of Nilsson and of Bohmer (1908-09:12-15), these authors made several sub- divisions of the equilateral, or spreading, form, according to the elongation of the rhachis and the angle at which the branches depended from their axes. Ulander (1906), Fruwirth (1907), and Broili (1910) have all mentioned these types, and Broili has illustrated them, thus indicating their appearance in almost any large collection of varieties. And indeed 116 W. C. ETHERIDGE the types are not uncommon, for all of them have been recognized among the varieties of the present classification. But the establishment of groups of varieties according to such fine subdivisions in the form of panicles was found to be exceedingly difficult and impracticable. There is a clear and constant distinction between the unilateral and equilateral forms, but subdivisions of either form, while well defined between certain « } varieties, are transitional between others. In fact, often the panicles of the same plant were found to exhibit a transition between certain forms described by Nilsson and by Boéhmer. It would not be possible, there- fore, to establish accurately the group relationship of a large number of varieties in a system based on fine distinctions between forms of the panicles. There would be uncertainty in many cases as to which of two transitional groups should include a given variety. In the present classification the A. sativa orientalis group is distinguished by its unilateral panicles, and there is no probability of confusing the one- sided, appressed panicles of this group with the equilateral, spreading panicles of other groups. Beyond this primary distinction, however, the form of panicles is employed in but few cases, and then only as a supplementary character for the separation of smaller groups. The rhachis The rhachis, which is that part of the stem running through the panicle, commonly shows among the forms of Avena no taxonomic differences. It is usually slightly flexuous, and uniform throughout its length. In marked contrast to this general form, however, there are a few varieties, mostly of the A. sativa orientalis group, in which the rhachis exhibits two peculiarities of structure—an extremely flexuous form, and an abnormal node at the point from which arises the lowest whorl of branches (fig. 15, a). The peculiar node is very striking. It is situated at a somewhat geniculate bend in the rhachis, and its diaphragm is usually wanting. Lacking a nodal diaphragm, the stem is hollow at this point in contrast to its solidity at normal nodes (fig. 15, B). Below the genicu- late bend is a normal, although branchless and leafless, node, and the two nodes, although in some cases fused, are usually from one to four inches apart. The branches probably originate at the outlying normal A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 117 node, but fuse with the stem until finally they issue from the knee-like bend, which thus becomes nominally the first node of the panicle. ‘The dia- phragm of the first node is usually, but not always, absent. In some cases, when the first node, or bend, is fused with the outlying node, the diaphragm is present, although often more or less defective; but in such cases the diaphragm thus appearing is doubtless a part of the usual outlying node. Without special histological studies of its structure, little can be said of this peculiarity of the rhachis, although for its present taxonomic use the foregoing general description is suffi- cient. Neither the ab- normal node nor the extremely fle xuous form of the rhachis has been used in pre- vious classifications of varieties of oats, al- though Denaiffe and Sirodot (1901) have described and __ illus- trated the former. For a few varieties of the present classifica- tion, however, these - Fic. 15. THE ABNORMAL NODE IN CERTAIN VARIETIES OF exceptional characters AVENA SATIVA ORIENTALIS provide a marked dis- | A, Section of stem and rhachis showing the lowest whorl of branches : z issuing from a bend in the rhachis at which the nodal diaphragm is tinction, and for that wanting, while the true node, branchless, lies some distance below; B, section of stem and rhachis showing the lowest whorl of branches aris- purpose they are used. inz from a normal node at which the nodal diaphragm is well developed - THE LEAVES In the leaves of cultivated oats the varietal differences are found in their margins and dimensions. K6érnicke and Werner (1885), in describing varieties, mentioned the ciliate margins and the length and width of leaves, but they did not use these characters in classification. Among certain groups of varieties, however, the leaves differ greatly. Thus there is a marked distinction between the fine, narrow leaves of Sixty-Day and Kherson, and the wide, coarse leaves of-Storm King and Sparrow- 118 unlike. The varietal difference in size of the leaves is better expressed |. Fic. 16. SECTIONS OF OATS LEAF SHOWING (A) GLABROUS MAR- GINS AND (B) CILI- ATE MARGINS when at maturity the leaves become shriv- eled the cilia are obscure. THE LIGULE AND THE AURICLE The ligule, a scarious, cartilaginous append- W. C. ETHERIDGE in width than in length, for the latter dimension is the less constant in a given variety and, because of the drying and breaking of the tips, is often difficult to ascertain correctly. However, the dimensions of the leaves are not here used in classification, but merely as a minor character in description. The only important character of the leaf used in this classi- fication is the presence:or the absence of its cilia, or marginal hairs (fig. 16). The cilia, when present, are to be found on the margins of all leaves below the uppermost one, and they are a definite, inherited, and easily observed mor- vhological character, sometimes useful in dis- tinguishing varieties. They are best observed in the green plant, for age borne at the orifice- of the sheath, is characteristic of the Gramineae and is rarely wanting (fig. 17). Indeed the ligule is such a fixed and definite morphological character of the grass family that its structural vari- ation and its absolute length are frequently used by botanists as a feature in the char- acterization of separate species. Within species of the Gramineae, the absence of the ligule is so distinctly unusual that it is A B Fig. 17. A NORMAL LIGULATE AND AURICULATE LEAF — A, Leaf bending away from the stem at its junction with the sheath; B, sec- tion of leaf showing on the inner side the ligule of remarkable value for fixing the identity of a single variety or of a group of varieties. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 119 There are but few cases reported in which members of the Gramineae have been found to lack this character. The writer has observed it to be wanting in Fchinochloa crusgalli ‘var. muticum, H. Walteri, and E. frumentacea. Emerson (1912) discovered a type of dent corn (Zea mays indentata) which lacked not only the ligule but also the auricle. He found that the progeny of self-pollinated plants of this type inherited with certainty the non-ligulate and non-auric- ulate character of the parent, and that in crosses with normal plants the peculiar char- acter segregated as a recessive one in hybrids of the second generation. From a description and illustration by Collins (1909) it would appear also that in plants of a certain type of Zea mays from China the ligule and the auricle were absent, or at least rudimentary. Nilsson-Ehle (1909) reported the absence of the ligule in the variety Jaune Géant 4 Grappes of A. sativa orientalis, and he, like Emerson, found the character to be strictly inheritable and to act as a recessive one in the second-generation hybrids. In the same species, Schneider (1912) noted the non-ligu- late character of the varieties Golden Giant and Giant Banner, although he made no studies of its transmission. In the present studies the absence of the ligule and the auricle has been observed only in certain varieties of A. sativa orientalis, two cf which correspond to the varieties reported by Nilsson-Ehle and by Schneider. In all these varieties the leaf is approximately con- tinuous in structure with the sheath and its characteristic form may easily be recognized. Unlike the ordinary leaf, it does: not bend away from the stem at its junction with the A Fig. 18. AN ABNORMAL NON-LIGU- LATE AND NON-AURICULATE , LEAF A, Showing how the leaf lies close to the stem for most of its length; B, sec- tion of the leaf and sheath, showing on the inner side the non-ligulate character 120 W. C. ErxHerinvcr sheath, but extends upward, and for a part of its length it is nearly parallel with the stem (fig. 18). The non-ligulate and non-auriculate character of the leaves is a remark- able distinction for certain varieties of A. sativa orientalis, and is used in the present classification to separate such varieties from those of the same group having the common ligulate and auriculate leaf. The character has not previously been used in the classification of varieties of oats. THE SHEATH The sheath, or lower tubular part of the leaf which envelops the culm, offers few characteristic differences that may be used in classification. The differences are only in relative length and color; and, since the latter is subsequently discussed in relation to the color of the young plant, the only difference to be considered is in length. With respect to its length the sheath may be divided into two classes — those that partly cover, and those that completely cover, the internodes. Sheaths of the latter type are found only in varieties the leaves of which have no ligule nor auricle. In such varieties the sheath passes without apparent interruption into the leaf, and the continuous structure lies close to the stem to a point some distance above the node. Since in this case the greater length of the sheath is distinctly correlated with the more definite non-ligulate and non-auriculate character of the leaf, it is not in itself considered a specific character and is therefore not worthy of especial use in classification or description. THE CULM The culm, or stem, has not previously been used in classification except with respect to its quality, that is, its relative hardness and stiffness. Nilsson (1901) and B6hmer (1908-09), in characterizing groups of varieties, mention the quality of the culms but do not refer to their height and their number per plant. On the other hand, Kornicke and Werner (1885) mention the latter two characters in describing individual varieties, but do not use them in classification. The value in classification of the height, the number, and the quality of culms is very doubtful; for these characters are largely influenced by conditions of growth, and they fluc- tuate within a wide varietal latitude. Quality and height are also purely relative characters which can be judged only by comparison among maliy A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 121 varieties; and, while they may. be used in general description, such ' characters are not in themselves a reliable means of distinction. — - PUBESCENCE AT THE NODES Another character of the culm having a minor descriptive value is the | pubescence slightly above and below the nodes. This differs among | varieties, but not sufficiently to warrant an important use in classifica- tion (fig. 19). ' THE ROOTS There are no varietal differences of roots that may be used in classification. Schneider (1912), from studies of the vegetative characters of oats, believes the ratio of the -root mass to that of the parts above ground is a varictal characteristic and is constant under different environments; but his plants were grown in pots, and hence were not exposed to extreme -conditions. Biinger (1906), on the other hand, found under field conditions that the mass ratios of all parts of the oats plant were directly related to soil fertility and soil moisture. In the present study py eee aa no structural differences have been found among the roots stem __ sHow- _of different varieties, and, although often there were marked axe i ) Sigcaos, differences in root mass, such differences were found also NODES anp within the same variety, being merely an expression of a ieee ee more vigorous growth. THE NODES B HABIT OF PLANT IN EARLY GROWTH The habit of the culms in early growth is one of the most important characters of the oats plant. It has not been considered by previous investigators, probably because the varieties classified displayed only the common erect habit. Among varieties of the present classification, however, there are three distinct forms in early growth — spreading, semi- spreading, and erect (fig. 20). The young plants of the first type are } prostrate in early growth and send out spreading tillers, which later become erect from a somewhat decumbent base. Those of the semi-spreading type are less prostrate than those of the spreading type, and between the time of shooting and that of heading their tillers slant rather than 122 W. C. ETHERIDGE spread. The third type is erect in early stages and the tillers develop from an upright base. : In later stages, even at maturity, plants of the first type may readily be distinguished from those of the second and third types by the somewhat decumbent character of the base. The distinction at later stages between the semi-spreading and erect types is somewhat difficult and can be | determined only by a careful comparison of their bases, which differ only * | in the greater angle at which the culms of the former type bend away from the root crown. The observation of the habit of growth should not, however, be made at such late stages, but at, or shortly after, the Fig. 20. HABITS OF EARLY GROWTH A, Spreading; B, semi-spreading; C, erect period of tillering, or shooting. At this time the differences are very © marked and readily ascertained, and they afford a reliable distinction for groups of varieties. COLOR OF YOUNG PLANT Although Denaiffe and Sirodot (1901), and K6rnicke and Werner (1885), included in their descriptions of varieties the color of the young plants, they did not use the differences in color as a means of classifica- tion, nor did they differentiate the color of sheath and leaves from that of the glumes. When the plants are young there are but few distinct types of color among varieties of oats; and because of the difficulty of correctly defining A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats 123 it under field conditions, the color of the young plant is of but minor importance in the classification of varieties, being generally useful only in their description. In the present work the color of the plant is employed as a supplementary character for identification only in the case of the variety Canadian, which exhibits at the time of full heading a distinct pale green color of sheaths, leaves, and glumes. As a feature of the general descriptions of varieties included in the present classification, the following color types have been observed: (1) Leaves dark green, slightly glaucous; sheaths dark green, very glau- cous, their general appearance being grayish green; glumes medium green, slightly glaucous. (Plate V.) (2) Leaves light green, often streaked and not uniform in color; sheaths medium green, glaucous; glumes bright green, barely glaucous. (Plate VI.) Before recording observations of color, it is necessary first to learn by careful inspection the different color types in the general mass; then, by selecting representative plants of each color type, the corresponding color of a given variety may be determined by comparison. In order to define color ccrrectly the observation must be made during a calm, bright period, for in wind and shifting light accurate judgment of color is extremely difficult. It is also essential that colors should be always determined at a definite stage in the growth of the plant. Perhaps they may most accurately be judged at the time of full heading, that is, when the panicle has completely emerged from its sheath. An estimation of color at other periods of development will give different values: if earlier than the time of full heading, the bloom, a grayish covering of sheaths, leaves, and glumes, will not have fully developed and the color will be brighter; at a later time, the green color of all parts is being reduced as maturity approaches. SUMMARY In the classification of varieties of oats, the following characters are available for the distinction of main groups, or species, for the differentia- tion of subgroups, and for the identification and description of varieties: To distinguish A. nuda from A. sterilis, A. fatua, A. brevis, A. strigosa, A. sativa, and A. sativa orientalis. a. The free, or naked, caryopsis. To distinguish A. sterilis from the remaining species. b. The persistence of the upper grains to their rhachillas, 124 W. C. ETHERIDGE To distinguish A. fatua from the remaining species. ce. The distinct articulation between the grains and their axes. To distinguish A. brevis and A. strigosa from A. sativa and A. sativa orientalis. d. The awn points or teeth of the lemma. To distinguish A. sativa orientalis from A. sativa. e. The unilateral panicle. To classify varieties of all groups. f. Habit of early growth. . Color of grains. . Liguie and auricle — present or absent. Awns — present or absent, and their character if present. . Hairs of callus (basal hairs) — present or absent, and their character if present. . Hairs of lemma — present or absent. . Hairs of rhachilla — present or absent, and their character if present. . Rhachis — form and nodes. . Cilia of leaves — present or absent. . Nerves of lemma — number and character. . Color of immature plant. . Spikelets — attitude and number of grains. . Form and length of grains. . Panicles — form. 15. Culms — relative size. 16. Double-grains. 17. Relative maturing period. pol SOONAAP WHE ea me Wh — In addition to the above characters, the following may be employed in general description: 1. Dimensions of panicles. 2. Dimensions of leaves. 3. Quality of culms. 4. Height of plants. 5. Relative length of sheath. Physical properties of the grains, such as weight and proportion of kernel to hull, are too easily influenced by environment to be reliable in classification. The characters employed for the complete differentiation of each of the main specific groups — A. sterilis, A. sativa, and A. sativa orientalis — are not used in regular order, but according to expediency in classification. Thus the color of grains may be the chief distinction of subgroups, or it may be merely a supplementary character in the identity of small sections or single varieties; and other characters are often transposed in a similar manner. Such irregularity in the use of characters seems justified, how- ever, in a classification which, like the present one, is artificial within ° the specific groups. A classification of the cultivated varieties of any crop could proceed but little beyond the arrangement of a few main groups if it were limited to a strictly logical and systematic use of charac- A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats 125 ters; for most characters of cultivated plants have become more or less modified under cultivation, and many of them, although distinct in wild forms, no longer afford reliable marks of identity for cultivated varieties. They cannot be traced through the complexity of cultivated forms; their distinctiveness gradually disappears under the ameliorative influence of cultivation, and is at times inhibited by the presence of factors introduced through hybridization. Hence, with the exception of a few specific differences, the characters available for classification of the varieties of any crop are more or less transitional, and few of them are alone sufficient to establish the identity of a given variety. Therefore the sum of many slight differences must be employed, and by such accumulation the small subgroups, and finally the individuals, may be distinguished. CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS The principal cultivated varieties of oats, together with their basic wild species, may be classified as eight more or less distinct groups, accord- ing to the following outline: A. Kernel loose within the surrounding hull; lemma and glumes alike in texture. .... Avena nuda. 125 AA. Kernel firmly clasped by the hull; lemma and glumes different in texture. B. Upper grains persistent to their rhachillas..................... Avena sterilis. 126 BB. Upper grains easily separating from their rhachillas. C. Lemma extended as teeth or awn points. D. Lemma with 4 teeth or awn points.................. Avena abyssinica. 130 DD. Lemma with 2 teeth or awn points. ; E. Lemma elongate, lanceolate, with distinct awn points.............. Avena strigosa. 130 EE. Lemma short, abrunt, blunt, rather toothed than awn-pointed...... Avena brevis. 130 CC. Lemma without teeth or awn points. D. Basilar connections of the grains articulate............... Avena fatua. 131 DD. Basilar connections of the grains solidified. EK. Panicles roughly equilateral, spreading. . ; . Avena sativa. 132 EE. Panicles unilateral, anpressed......:........ Avena sativa orientalis. 154 AVENA NUDA Avena nuda differs from all other species of Avena by three remarkable characters: (1) the lemma and the palea do not clasp the kernel as in other forms, and the kernel is therefore loose, or free, within the hull; (2) the rhachillas of the three- to many-grained spikelet are so elongate that: the uppermost grains are borne above the glumes; and (3) the glumes 126 W. C. ETHERIDGE and the lemmas are similar in texture. Kornicke and Werner (1885) distinguished five types of A. nuda, according to the form of the panicles (unilateral or equilat- eral), the number of awns in the spikelet, and the color of the kernels. The present classifica- tion, however, does not include specimens exhib- iting all the variations . described by Ké6rnicke and Werner, since only the equilateral form of panicle is represented. (Plate VII, and fig. 21.) At the present time A. nuda is of no impor- tance as a cultivated plant in either Europe or America, although *% is used in China, where according to Schulz (1913) at least one form has been grown for more than a thousand years. AVENA STERILIS The wild forms of Avena sterilis are dis- tinguished chiefly by the persistence of the ‘ upper grains to their axes. The two parts do not easily separate, as in other forms of Avena, and the grain on being removed from the spikelet carries with it its axis, Fig 21. PANICLE OF AVENA NUDA A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats 127 or rhachilla, itself (Plate I, 1). The basilar connection of the lower grain, however, is like that of other wild forms, such as A. fatua. Cultivated varieties of A. sterilis retain to a marked extent the character of the basilar connections of the wild forms. Their upper grains do not separate from their rhachillas, while between the lower grain and its peduncle the lines of articulation are still evident. Another distinction of cultivated A. sterilis forms is the elongated caryopsis, this being of greater length than in most other varieties. (Plate II, 1, and fig. 12.) The cultivated forms of A. sterilis are widely distributed. They are the principal oats of the whole Mediterranean region, the main groups being A, sterilis -byzantina and A. sterilis algeriensis. In the United States also the A. sterilis forms are widely cultivated, the well-known varieties Red Rustproof and Burt being the principal representatives. The following description covers the cultivated forms of A. sterilis: Culms spreading or semi-erect in early growth, fine and stiff; leaves narrow; panicles equilateral; glumes usually longer than in the other cultivated groups; awn usually present on the outer grain and frequently on the inner grain; basal hairs usually present; basilar articulation of the outer grain evident; rhachilla of the outer grain shorter than in most other cultivated forms, while the rhachilla of either the outer or the inner grain is so solidified with the callus of the succeeding grain that the parts do not separate without tearing away the rhachilla itself; cary- opsis more elongate than in most other cultivated groups. _ Key to varieties A. Grains dark-colored, brown or black. PAGE B. Grains black; awn usually present on both tke outer and the inner grain...... A. sterilis nigra. 127 BB. Grains brown to brownish black; awn seldom present on the inner grain Sterilis Selection. 129 AA. Grains light-colored, yellow or brownish yellow. B. Plants spreading in early growth; basal hairs long (3-6 mm.)..Red Rustproof. 129 BB. Plants semi-erect in early growth; basal hairs short (1-2.5 mm.) or wanting. C. Basal hairs present; basilar articulation of outer grain evident; grains dull eee a oe een | ee ee ees Oy es Burt. 129 CC. Basal hairs wanting or seldom present; basilar articulation of outer grain usually.solidified; grains dun-colored....... 0... i. eee ee eee King. 130 Descriptions of varieties Avena sterilis nigra (Plate VIII, 1, and fig. 22).— Culms spreading in early growth, fine, stiff, glabrous or sparsely haired near the nodes; sheaths dark 128 W. C. ETHERIDGE green and glaucous at period of full heading, partly covering the internode; leaves colored as sheaths, narrow, margins glabrous or sparsely ciliate; Fic. 22. PANICLE OF AVENA STERILIS (CULTIVATED) (Panicle representing the varieties Avena sterilis nigra, Sterilis Selection, Red Rustproof, Burt, and King) panicles short, sparsely branched and fruited, the branches stiff and ascending; spike- lets 2-3-grained; glumes dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, unusually long (28-34 mm.), usu- ally 9»erved, sometimes 8- nerved; grains black, elongate, outer grains re- markably long (20 —25 “mr oa long-pointed; lemma _ glabrous, usually 7-nerved; awn usually pres- ent on both the outer and the in- ner grain, scarce- ly twisted; basal hairs always present, numer- ous, bushy, long (3-6 mm.);_basi- lar articulation of the outer grain very marked; rhachilla of the outer grain short (2-2.5 mm.), strong, gla- brous, persistent to the second grain. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; late in maturing. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 129 Sterilis Selection (Plate VIII, 2, and fig. 22).—-Culms semi-erect in early growth, otherwise similar to those of A. s ertlis nigra; sheaths, leaves, pan- icles, spikelets, and glumes similar to those of A. sterilis nigra, except that the glumes are shorter, ranging from 20 to 27 mm., and usually have. fewer nerves, 8 nerves being common, although 7- or 9-nerved glumes are occasionally found; grains brown to brownish black, somewhat elongate, outer grains 18-22 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma glabrous, with.7 obscure nerves; awn usually present on the outer grain but seldom on the inner grain, seldom twisted; basal hairs usually present, medium long (2-4 mm.), few to many; basilar articulation of the outer grain nearly solidified, although the lines of separation are usually evident; rhachilla of the outer grain short (2-2.5 mm.), strong, glabrous, persistent to the inner grain. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; late in maturing. This variety was found mixed with several varieties of black oats of the A. sativa group. Red Rustproof (Plate VIII, 3, and fig. 22).— Culms, sheaths, leaves, pan- icles, spikelets, and glumes similar to those of A. sterilis nigra, except that the glumes are shorter, ranging from 25 to 30 mm., and have-fewer nerves, 8 nerves being common, although 7 or 9 nerves may occur; grains brownish. yellow, somewhat elongate, outer grains 18-24 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awn usually present on the outer grain, frequently on the inner grain, seldom twisted; basal hairs numer- ous, long (8-6 mm.), bushy; basilar articulation of the outer grain evi- dent; rhachilla of the outer grain short (2-2.5 mm.), strong, glabrous, persistent to the inner grain. Plants 6-9 dm. tall; late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Red Rustproof were found under the following additional names: Appler, Bancroft, Belgian Vinter, Dun, 100 Bushel, Red Algerian, Red Rustproof (Red Texas), Red Rustproof (Texas Red), Red Rustproof Selection, Regenerated Swedish Select, Swedish Select, Victor, White Maine. Burt (Plate IX, 1, and fig. 22).— Culms semi-erect in early growth, other- wise similar to those of A. sterilis nigra; sheaths, leaves, panicles, spikelets, and glumes similar to those of A. sterilis nigra, except that the glumes are shorter, ranging from 25 to 30 mm.; grains dull yellow, elongate outer grains 18 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awn usually present on the outer grain and frequently on the inner grain, seldom twisted; basal hairs usually present, numerous, short (1-2.5 mm.), 130 W. C. ETHERIDGE fine; basilar articulation of the outer grain evident; rhachilla of the outer grain short (2-2.5 mm.), strong, glabrous, persistent to the inner grain. Plants 5-8 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. Specimens of the Burt variety were found under the following addi- tional names; Early Ripe, Red Rustproof, Unnamed. | King (Plate IX, 2, and fig. 22)— Culms semi-erect in early growth, . | otherwise similar to those of A. sterilis nigra; sheaths, leaves, panicles, spikelets, and glumes similar to those of A. sterilis nigra, except that the glumes are shorter, ranging from 20 to 25 mm., and usually have fewer nerves, 8 nerves being common, although 7 or 9 nerves may occur; grains dun-colored, somewhat elongate, outer grains 18-22 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awn frequently present on the outer grain but rarely on the inner grain, seldom twisted; basal hairs wanting or seldom occurring; basilar articulation of the outer grain usually solidified, although occasionally the lines of articulation may be seen; rhachilla of outer grain short (2—-2.5 mm.), strong, glabrous, persistent to the inner grain. Plants.5-8 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. AVENA ABYSSINICA Avena abyssinica, according to Schulz (1913), is distinguished by the structure of its lemma, which extends into four teeth. Kérnicke and Werner (1885) give a similar description. Schulz states also that in cultivated forms of A. abyssznica the basilar articulation of the grains is solidified; and Trabut (1911) notes a transition of this character between the wild and the cultivated forms, the wild forms having a fragile articu- lation, while in the cultivated forms the grains are retained.2 The A. abyssinica form is grown in the desert regions of Abyssinia and southern Arabia, chiefly for forage. AVENA STRIGOSA AND AVENA BREVIS The closely related groups Avena strigosa and Avena brevis are distin- guished by the structure of the lemma, this having two teeth or awn points at the apex. A. strigosa has a lanceolate lemma which extends into distinct awn points, while the lemma of A. brevis is short, abrupt, and blunt, and is rather toothed than awn-pointed although in one form the 9No specimens of A. abyssinica are included in the present classification. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 131 teeth are considerably extended. The basilar articulation in both these species, like that in A. sativa andin A. sativa orientalis, is solidified. (Plate IV, Plate III, 2, and fig. 23.) These species have been but little used as cultivated plants, although they still have an isolated cultivation incertain parts of Europe. AVENA FATUA Avena fatua is specifi- cally distinguished by the close investment of its kernel, by the distinct articulation of all its grains, and by its hairy, single-pointed lemma. In observing the last-named character, one should not mistake the occasional split-pointed lemma _ for the distinctly toothed or awn-pointed lemma of A. brevis and A. strigosa. A. fatua is generally believed to be the ancestor of A. sativa and A. sativa orientalis, the two forms which represent the great majority of the cultivated varieties of oats and which are distinguished from the wild form as artificial species by the solidified basilar articulations of their grains (page 132). Because of this relation- ship, a description of A. falua is here given: Culms semi-erect in early growth, small to medium large in size, gla- brous; sheaths light green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading; Fig. 23. PANICLE OF AVENA BREVIS 132 W. C. ETHERIDGE leaves colored as the sheaths, narrow, margins glabrous; panicles equi- lateral, wide-spreading, lax, drooping, the branches drooping from the middle outward; spikelets 2-3-grained, although the inner and middle grains often drop at maturity; glumes light green and barely glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually 9-nerved; grains black, brown, yellow, or gray, elongate; awn present on all grains, twisted and — | geniculate; lemma covered with long, stiff hairs; basal hairs present in a bushy ring; rhachilla covered with hairs; basilar articulation of the grains distinct, all grains of the spikelet readily separating from their axes. Plants 8-12 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. (Plate I, 2, and fig. 12.) A form of A. fatua transitional between the wild and the cultivated species is found in A. fatua glabrata, received from the Office of Cereal Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture. In this form the basilar articulation of the grains is much reduced, although still dis- tinct. The grains are of three colors — black, yellow, and gray (Plate X); the lemma is usually glabrous and the basal hairs are much reduced; the awn is as strong as in the wild form, although frequently wanting on the inner grains of the black and the gray type; and the rhachilla is haired in the yellow type, but usually glabrous in the black and the gray. | . AVENA SATIVA Avena sativa and Avena sativa orientalis, the two groups that include the great majority of cultivated varieties, are distinguished from the foregoing groups by a combination of the following characters: (1) the close investment of the kernel by the hull, as contrasted with the loose - kernel of A. nuda; (2) the single, more or less abrupt, point of the lemma, as compared with the toothed or awn-pointed lemma of A. brevis, A. stri- gosa, and A. abyssinica; and (3) the easy separation of the upper grains from their rhachillas, and the solidified articulation of the lower grain, as compared with the persistent upper grains and the slightly articulate lower grain of the cultivated forms of A. sterilis. (Plates II, 2, and III, 1.) The A. sativa and A. sativa orientalis groups differ specifically only by the unilateral form of panicle of the latter group. There is another char- acter, the non-ligulate and non-auriculate leaf occurring within the A. sativa orientalis group, which is not found among varieties of A. sativa; but this is not a group characteristic, as it occurs only in a few varieties. Other characters, such as the abnormal node, previously discussed, A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS £33 extremely wide leaves, and large, coarse stems, are more frequently found in A. sativa orientalis than in A. sativa. Finally, the early habit of growth of A. sativa orientalis is always erect, while that of A. sativa may be erect, semi-erect, or spreading. At present A. sativa orientalis is grown in the same districts as is A. sativa, but less extensively. It is better adapted to the more northerly range of the environment of oats culture. There is some doubt as to the authenticity of A. sativa orientalis as a specific group. It is generally treated as a differentiation of the A. sativa group and is believed by Schulz (1913) to have been derived probably from a different form of A. fatwa from that which gave rise to the com- moner form of A. sativa. In the present study, A. sativa orientalis is regarded as a subgroup of A. sativa, and its varieties are placed in a special group merely for convenience in classification. The description of A. sativa is as follows: Culms spreading, semi-erect, or erect in early growth, large, medium, or small; leaves narrow to medium wide; panicles equilateral; awns occurring only on the outer grain and often wanting; basilar articulation of the grains solidified, but the upper grains are not persistent to their rhachillas, as in A. sterilis, and the middle and inner grains are easily removed. Key to varieties PAGE A. Culms spreading, or turf-like, in early growth, numerous in each plant (winter oats). B. Grains dark-colored, black, brown, or gray; culms glabrous; plants late in maturing. C. Grains black to brownish black; awn present or wanting, seldom geniculate; Senin Or TemVves MIANTOUS. 2. fo. eee Re bs cas oe ee eet C. I. 606. 135 CC. Grains gray to yellowish gray; awn usually present, usually geniculate; minneunsat aves eminte 808 7. Cero oo Winter Turf. 136 BB. Grains light-colored, white to yellowish white; culms hairy near the nodes; eee Set Wea TUE Se A Ee EC. oS bas eo ee Culberson. 137 AA. Culms semi-erect or erect in early growth, few to a plant (spring oats). B. Grains dark-colored, black to brownish red. C. Awns numerous in the panicle. D. Grains brownish red to brown; panicles stiff, the branches ascending. . . Black Norway. 137 DD. Grains black or brownish black; panicles lax, the branches drooping from < the middle outward. EK. Panicles coarse; glumes 9-10-nerved; plants semi-erect in early Pee AA ia a ie Na i a elit wi d's ats any i a> 6 hn Victor. 139 EE. Panicles fine; glumes 8—9-nerved, seldom 10-nerved; plants erect in ~ early growth. F. Grains glaucous; rhachilla glabrous.................. Monarch. 139 FF. Grains not glaucous; rhachilla haired.......,...,Black Mesdag. 139 134 W. C. ETHERIDGE CC. Awns wanting or few in the panicle. D. Lemma laterally beset with hairs at about its middle...Black Diamond. 141 DD. Lemma glabrous. : ©. Grains glaucous :: 6. 6).% 34 aceon Monarch Selection. 141 EE. Grains not glaucous. F. Panicles narrow, short; plants semi-erect in early growth; grains Dblneke so 3355 ois) ted ee ea Joannette. 141 FF. Panicles wide-spreading, long; plants erect in early growth; grains brownish black to brownish red. G. Grains brownish red; rhachilla usually glabrous. ..C. I. 620. 142 GG. Grains brownish black; rhachilla usually haired. H. Panicles extremely long, wide-spreading, and lax, the branches drooping from the middle outward; hairs of the rhachilla few and appressed; grains usually 15-18 mm. Fong?! 7 > oes ha ee een eee Old Island Black. 142 HH. Panicles medium long, stiff, the branches ascending; hairs of rhachilla numerous and erect; grains usually 18-22 im. long. i \.2..<.+ Labs Sea ee North Finnish. 142 BB. Grains light-colored, yellow to white. C. Lowest whorl of panicle branches usually issuing from a geniculate bend in the rhachis at which the nodal diaphragm is wanting or rudimentary. D. Panicles narrow, the branches sharply ascending; rhachis scarcely Mewes oi iiss 205599 ee Ps OO Tet eee Garton 473. 143 DD. Panicles wide-spreading, the branches stiff but not sharply ascending; rhachis remarkably flexuous..:°.. 025... ¥c.<) ee oe Garton 691. 143 CC. Lowest whorl of panicle branches issuing from a normal node, : D. Panicles short, sparse; culms fine; plants extremely early in maturing. . Kherson, Early Champion, Sixty-Day. 143 DD. Panicles medium to extremely long, more or less prolific; culms medium _ to large; plants medium to late in maturing. E. Grains bright yellow. F. Basal hairs numerous. G. Basal hairs short (1-2 mm.); 3-grained spikelets numerous; panicles stiff, the branches ascending. . .Awnless Probsteier. 146 GG. Basal hairs long (2-5 mm.); 3-grained spikelets seldom occur- ring; panicles lax, the branches drooping from the middle outwards... 0... <4 Sp elepeeeeee Japan Selection. 147 — FF. Basal hairs usually wanting, if present few and weak. G. Awns usually wanting; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes extremely short (18-22 mm.).......2....... Golden Drop. 147 GG. Awns numerous; 3-grained spikelets numerous; glumes of medium length (20-28 mm.). H. Awns usually present; spikelets usually 3-grained........ - ie by HH. Awns numerous in the panicle, but frequently wanting in the spikelet; spikelets 2—3-grained...... Green Russian. 148 EE. Grains white to yellowish white. i*, Grains extremely short, outer grains usually less than 15 mm. G. Leaves, sheaths, and glumes a conspicuous light green at period of full heading; double-grains very numerous....Canadian. 148 GG. Leaves, sheaths, and glumes dark green at period of full heading; double-grains seldom occurring.......... Tobolsk. 148 A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 135 PAGE FF. Grains medium to extremely long, outer grains usually exceeding 15 mm. G. Awns usually present and geniculate. H. Basal hairs numerous, long (2-5 mm.), bushy; grains rather short (15-18 mm.); spikelets 2—3-grained....... . Silvermine Selection. 149 HH. Basal hairs wanting, or few, weak, and short (1-2 mm.); grains long (18-22 mm.); spikelets usually 2-grained.... C. I. 602. 149 GG. Awns wanting to numerous in the panicle, seldom geniculate. . H. Basal hairs long (3-6 mm.), numerous... .. Early Dakota. 1£0 HH. Basal hairs short or wanting. I. Panicles long, lax, spreading, the branches often drooping from the middle outward. J. Awns wanting or few in the panicle..... Irish Victor. 150 JJ. Awns numerous in the panicle. Kk. Grains medium long (16-19 mm.)..Danish Island. 150 IXK. Grains extremely long (18-22 mm.)............ Early Gothland. 151 — II. Panicles short to medium long, stiff, compact, the branches ascending. J. Awns wanting or few in the panicle......... Belyak. 151 JJ. Awns few to numerous in the panicle. KK. Rhachilla usually sparsely haired; lemma scarcely concave in the region of the awn; awns few in the panicle. L. Grains short-pointed.......:.... Silvermine. 151 LL. Grains long-pointed.......... Scottish Chief. 152 IKXK. Rhachilla usually glabrous; lemma concave in the region of the awn; awns numerous in the panicle. L. Basal hairs usually present, short but bushy aneb prominent 29... . fobe. 2 da. Ges June. 152 LL. Basal hairs wanting or weak and inconspicu- ous. M. Awns usually strongly twisted; 3-grained spikelets predominating.............. Swedish Select. 153 MM. Awns straight or somewhat twisted; 2- grained spikelets predominating....... : Lincoln. 154 Descriptions of varreties C.I.!° 606 (Plate IX, 3, and fig. 24) — Culms spreading in early growth, but later erect from a somewhat decumbent base, small, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, narrow and fine, margins glabrous; panicles narrow, stiff, the branches slightly drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, 7-8-nerved; grains black to brownish black, 100 ffice of Cereal Investigation, United States Department of Agriculture. 136 W. C. ETHERIDGE Fic. 24. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA (Panicle representing the varieties C. I. 606, Winter ‘l'urf, Culber- son, and Joannette) elongate, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, long- pointed; lemma of the | outer grain with 7 ob- scure nerves, usually | glabrous but occasion- |} ally with a few lateral | hairs; awns few to nu- | merous in the panicle, twisted or not twisted, seldom geniculate ;basal hairs usually present, few, short (1-2.5 mm.), and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2.5-3.5 mm. long, beset with numerous stiff hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; late in maturing. Another — specimen similar in form to that just described carried © the name C. I. 607. | Winter Turf (Plate XI, 1, and fig. 24).— Culms similar to those of C. I. 606; sheaths light green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading; leaves col- ored as sheaths, narrow and fine, margins cili- ate at the lower third; panicles similar to those of C. I. 606, but some- what broader and longer ; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes light A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 137 green and barely glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually 9-nerved, in some cases 8-nerved; grains gray to yellowish gray, plump, conspicuously striped, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, short-pointed: | lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 conspicuous nerves; awns numerous in the panicle, twisted, and usually geniculate; basal hairs |} usually present, few or numerous, 14 mm. long, weak; rhachilla of the | outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), usuaily carrying a few weak hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; extremely late in maturing. 3 Specimens of the variety Winter Turf were found under the following additional names: Dewey, Gray Winter, Oregon Gray, Silvermine, Sonoma, Virginia Gray Winter, Winter Turf Selection. Culberson (Plate XI, 2, and fig. 24).— Culms similar to those of C. I. 606, but hairy near the nodes; sheaths, leaves, panicles, spikelets, and glumes similar to those of Winter Turf, except that the margins of the leaves are usually glabrous or only sparingly ciliate, and the glumes are more commonly 8-nerved than 9-nerved; grains white to yellowish white, elon- gate, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually present, usually twisted, frequently geniculate; basal hairs few and weak, 1-3 mm. long, often wanting; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually glabrous, hairs if present few, short, and weak. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. A specimen of the variety Culberson was found under the name Burt. Black Norway (Plate XI, 3, and fig. 25.)— Culms erect in early growth, large, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full head- ing; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous or sparsely ciliate; panicles broad, stiff, the branches ascending; spikelets 2-grained, seldom 3-grained; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, 9-10-nerved; grains brownish red to brown, ‘plump, outer grains usually 14-17 mm. long, short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 prominent nerves; awns usually present, usually twisted, seldom geniculate; basal hairs usually wanting, if present short (1-2 mm.), few, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain short (2-2.5 mm.), usually haired. Plants 9-12 dm. tall; late in maturing. Another specimen of the variety Black Norway carried the name White Schoenen. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats 139 Victor (Plate XII, 1).— Culms semi-erect in early growth, large, coarse, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous or sparsely ciliate; panicles long, broad, coarse, wide-spreading, lax, the branches usually drooping from the middle outward; spikelets 2-grained, 3-grained spikelets seldom occurring, double-grains many; glumes dark green and | slightly glaucous at period of full heading, 25-30 mm. long, 9-10-nerved; grains black to brownish black, very large and coarse, outer grains usually 18-22 mm. long, rather short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, ' the number of nerves varying from 7 to 10; awns usually present, strong, coarse, twisted, often slightly geniculate; basal hairs wanting on most grains, although often present, short to medium long (24 mm.), and stiff; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually weakly haired. Plants - 10-14 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. | Specimens of the variety Victor were found under the following addi- tional names: Black Egyptian, English Wonder, Garton 306, Garton | 396, Garton 453, Garton 1174. | ' Monarch (Plate XII, 2, and fig. 26).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, glabrous or hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, narrow to ' medium wide, margins glabrous; panicles wide-spreading, lax, the branches drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading, 20-27 mm. long, usually 9-nerved, in some cases 8- or 10-nerved; grains brownish black, glaucous, elongate, outer grains usually 15-19 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually numerous in the panicle, scarcely twisted; basal hairs usually present, short to long (2-5 mm.), fine, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), usually glabrous. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. Specimens of the variety Monarch were found under the following additional names: Hennesey, Martinsburg, Red Rustproof, Swedish Red, Tartarian, Texas Red. Black Mesdag (Plate XII, 3, and fig. 26).— Culms erect in early growth, large, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous; panicles wide-spreading, lax, the branches usually drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2-grained, although 3-grained spikelets occur; 140 W. C. ETHERIDGE Fia. 26. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA (Panicle representing the varieties Monarch, Black Mesdag, Black Diamond, Monarch Selection, C. I. 620, Old Island Black, Japan Selection, Canadian, Tobolsk, C. I. 602, Early Dakota, Irish Victor, Danish Island, and Early Gothland) A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 141 glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading, 22-27 mm. long, usually 9-nerved, in some cases 8-nerved; grains black or brownish black, elongate but well filled, outer grains usually 18-22 mm. long, rather short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually present, twisted, sometimes geniculate; basal hairs seldom occurring, if present few, short (1-2 mm.), fine, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, haired, the hairs long and stiff. Plants 8-10 dm. long, medium early in maturing. Black Diamond (Plate XIII, 1, and fig. 26).— Culms semi-erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as sheaths, rather narrow, margins glabrous except for the ciliate auricle; panicles long, wide-spreading, lax, the branches drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes dark green and glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, 9-nerved; grains black te brownish black, plump, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain, and frequently that ’ of the inner grain, laterally beset with hairs, 7 obscure nerves; awns usually wanting; basal_hairs few to numerous, fine, short to medium long (1-3 mm.); rhachilla of the outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), usually carrying a few fine hairs. Piants 8-10 dm. tall; late in maturing. — Monarch Selection (Plate XIII, 2, and fig. 26).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, and hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, nar- row, margins glabrous; panicles long, narrow, lax, the branches ascending; spikelets 2—3-grained; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period © of full heading, rather short (18-22 mm.), 9-nerved; grains black, brownish black, or brownish red, glaucous, elongate, outer grains 15-19 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; swns usually wanting; basal hairs wanting or few, fine, weak, short (1-2 tam.); rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, its hairs short and numerous. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Joannette (Plate XIII, 3, and fig. 24).— Culms semi-erect in early growth, fine, stiff, glabrous; sheaths light green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading: leaves colored as the sheaths, narrow, margins glabrous; pani- cles fine, narrow, stiff, the branches ascending; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes light green and barely glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually 8-nerved, sometimes 7- or 9-nerved; grains black or 142 W. C. Ersermce brownish black, plump, outer grains 14-19 mm. long, short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns few in the panicle, usually wanting in the spikelet; basal hairs usually present, few, long (2-4 mm.), fine; rhachilla of the outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), usually with long, stiff hairs. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Joannette were found under the following additional names: Jeannette, Nichol’s Black. z C. I. 620 (Plate XIII, 4, and fig. 26).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous or sparsely ciliate; panicles extremely long, wide-spreading, lax, the branches drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading; grains brownish red, rather elongate, outer grains short (12-17 mm.), either short-pointed or long- pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually wanting; basal hairs short (1-2 mm.), fine, and weak, or wanting; rhachilla of the outer grain 2.5-3.5 mm. long, usually glabrous. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; late in maturing. Old Island Black (Plate XIII, 5, and fig. 26).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large and stiff, shghtly hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, the margins glabrous or sparsely ciliate; panicles extremely long, wide-spreading, lax, the branches drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually 8-nerved, sometimes 9- nerved; grains black or brownish black, elongate, outer grains 14-18 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grains glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually wanting; basal hairs wanting or few, short (1-2 mm.), weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually with a few appressed hairs. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Another specimen of the variety Old Island Black was found under the name Black Anthony. North Finnish (Plate XIII, 6, and fig. 25).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large and stiff, glabrous or hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous; panicles wide-spreading, stiff, the branches ascending; spikelets 2-3-grained; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 143 at period of full heading, 22-26 mm. long, usually 9-nerved; grains brown- ‘ish black, elongate, outer grains usually 18-22 mm. long, long-pointed; ' lemma of the outer grains glabrous, with 7 rather prominent nerves; awns usually wanting; basal hairs wanting or few, short (1-2 mm.), and weak; ' rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, with numerous erect hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. _ Specimens of the variety North Finnish were found under the following additional names: Black American, Black Arctic, Swedish Red. Garton 473 (Plate XIV, 1, and fig. 27).— Culms erect in early growth, large, coarse, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, extremely wide, margins ciliate at the lower third; panicles narrow, stiff, the branches sharply ascending and the lowest whorl of branches issuing from a geniculate bend in the rhachis at which the nodal diaphragm is wanting or rudimentary; spikelets 2-grained, double-grains very numerous; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading, 25-30 mm. long, usually 9-nerved but may be 10-11-nerved; grains white or yellowish white, large and coarse, outer grains usually 18-22 mm. long, short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain with 7-11 conspicuous nerves, usually 7-nerved, glabrous; awns numerous in the panicle, coarse, usually twisted, in some cases slightly geniculate; basal hairs wanting, or short (1-2 mm.), few, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, glabrous or with a few weak hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Garton 473 were found under the follow- ing additional names: Garton 855, Golden Rain, Regenerated Swedish Select. ? Garton 691 (Plate XIV, 1, and fig. 27).— Similar to Garton 473, except that the panicle is longer and wide-spreading, with stiff but not sharply ascending branches, and that the rhachis is remarkably flexuous. Kherson, Early Champion, Sixty-Day.— Characterized chiefly by short, sparse, fine, stiff panicles (fig. 28), fine stems, and early maturity. In the specimens of Kherson and Sixty-Day, yellow and white grains occurred in various proportions, while in the specimens of Early Champion the grains were white. The grains of Kherson and Sixty-Day were separated as yellow and white, and each class was found to reproduce its color accurately. As the original introduction of Kherson oats by the Nebraska Experi- ment Station in 1896 was a yellow-grain variety, the white grains | | A Ciass IFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 145 found among the specimens under study are regarded merely as a mix- ture of Sixty-Day, introduced later. Accordingly the names Kherson and Sixty-Day are here applied respectively to the separated yellow and | white forms. PAGE A. Grains yellow. ee ah). ae ge a Kherson. 145 i wae nmerons im the pawicie........-0.5...0....55. 606 .8.. Kherson Selection. 145 AA. Grains white. B. Spikelets usually 3-grained. C. Grains short, 15-18 mm.; awns few in the panicle............. Sixty-Day. 145 CC. Grains extremely long, 18-22 mm.; 2was numerous in the panicle......... Sixty-Day Selection 145 _ BB. Spikelets usually 2-grained, 3-grained spikelets seldom occurring. Early Champion. 146 Kherson (Plate XIV, 2, and fig. 28).— Culms erect in early growth, fine, stiff, either smooth or slightly pubescent at the nodes; sheaths dark green, glaucous; leaves colored as the sheaths, fine, narrow, short, margins smooth; panicles short, sparse, fine, stiff, the branches ascending; 3-grained spikelets numerous in the panicle, often predomimating over 2-grained spikelets; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at time of full-heading, 9-nerved, in some cases 8-nerved; grains yellow, somewhat elongate, outer grains 16-20 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 5-7 obscure nerves; awns usually wanting, if present short and weak; basal hairs seldom occurring, if present few and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, glabrous. Plants 6-9 dm. tall; extremely early in maturing. Kherson Selection.— Differs from Kherson only in the greater number of awns in the panicle. Sixty-Day (Plate XIV, 3).— Differs from Kherson only in having white, slightly shorter grains. Sixty-Day Selection (Plate XIV, 4).— Differs from Sixty-Day in its longer, larger, and horn-white to yellow grain, more frequent awns, occa- sional 10-nerved glume, and somewhat later maturing period. Among the mixed specimens of Kherson and Sixty-Day were found the following additional names: Appler, Bucium, C. I. 579, Champion, Cul- berson, Daubeney, Early Champion, Early Illinois, Hays, Kherson (Nebraska No. 1), Ray’s 5610, Seventy-five Day, Sixty-Day (C. I. 165), Sixty-Day (C. I. 639), Sixty-Day (Minnesota 261). 146 W. C. ETHERIDGE Early Champion (Plate XIV, 5).— Differs from Sixty-Day in its pre- | dominating 2-grained spikelet, somewhat plumper grain, and occasional — Fic. 28. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA (Kherson) ing, 23-27 mm. long, 9-10-nerved; grains bright yellow, somewhat elon- gate, outer grains 16-20 mm. long, rather long-pointed; lemma of the stiff, the branches hairs of the rhachilla, | which when present } are few and weak. ! Specimens of the | variety Early Cham-‘¥} pion were found jj under the following }) additional names: Champion, Dau- beney, Iowa Silver- mine, New Cham- pion, Seventy-five Day. _ Awnless Probsteter (Plate XIV, 6, and fig. 25).—Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, usually hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glau- cous at period of full | heading; leaves col- ored as the sheaths, medium wide, mar- gins smooth; panicles - medium long, wide, ascending; spikelets 2-3-grained; glumes dark green and some- what glaucous at period of full head-— A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS 147 outer grain glabrous, with 7 prominent nerves; awns wanting or seldom occurring; basal hairs numerous, short (1-2 mm.), bushy; rhachilla of the outer grain 1.5-2.5 mm. long, glabrous or with a few weak hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. Specimens of the variety Awnless Probsteier were found under the following additional names: American Banner, Appler, Danish. Japan Selection (Plate XV, 1, and fig. 26).— Culms, sheaths, and leaves similar to those of Awnless Probsteier; panicles rather long, lax, wide-spread- ing, the branches drooping from the middle outward; spikelets usually 2- grained; glumes colored as those of Awnless Probsteier, 20-25 mm. long, 9-10-nerved; grains bright yellow, elongate, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awn usually wanting; basal hairs usually numerous, medium long (2-4 mm.), and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually glabrous. Plants 7—9 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. The variety Japan Selection was found as a mixture among specimens of white-grained oats bearing the names Japan and Lincoln. Golden Drop (Plate XV, 2, and fig. 25).—Culms, sheaths, and leaves simi- lar to those of Awnless Probsteier; panicles medium in size, wide, stiff, the branches ascending; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes colored similarly to those of Awnless Probsteier, remarkably short (18-22 mm.), 9-nerved; grains bright yellow, plump, outer grains short (13-16 mm.), short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually wanting; basal hairs usually wanting, if present few, short, and weak. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. Specimens of the variety Golden Drop were found under the following additional names: Early Mountain, Golden Rain, Hunt, Kirsche, Large Yellow, Tartar King, White Queen, Wideawake, Yellow. C.I.603 (Plate XV, 3, and fig. 25).—Culms, sheaths, and leaves similar to those of Awnless Probsteier; panicles of medium size, stiff, the branches ascending; spikelets usually 3-grained; glumes dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, 8-10-nerved; grains bright yellow, rather elongate, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, rather long- pointed; lemma, of the outer grains glabrous, with 7 prominent nerves; awns usually present and not twisted; basal hairs usually wanting, if present short, _ few, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain extremely short (1-2 mm.), glabrous. Plants 7-9 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. 148 | W. C. ETHERIDGE Another specimen of the variety C. I. 603 was found under the name Golden. Green Russian (Plate XVI, 1, and fig. 25).—Culms, sheaths, and leaves similar to those of Awnless Probsteier; panicles similar to those of C. I. 603, but somewhat larger; spikelets 2-3-grained; glumes dark green and some- what glaucous at period of full heading, 20-28 mm. long, 9-10-nerved; grains — bright yellow, somewhat elongate, outer grains 16-20 mm. long, rather “) long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 prominent nerves; awns numerous in the panicle, but frequently wanting in the spikelet, usually not twisted; basal hairs usually wanting, if present few, short, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, glabrous. Plants 7-10 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. Specimens of the variety Green Russian were found under the following additional names: American Triumph, Anderbeck, Big Four, Bonanza King, C. I. 582, C. I. 608, Columbia, Early Champion, Golden, Golden Beauty, Golden Cluster, Great Dane, Holstein Prolific, Irish Victor, Minnesota 202, Rossman, Siberian, Watson, Welcome. Canadian (Plate XVI, 2, and fig. 26).—Culms erect in early growth, large, weak, glabrous; sheaths pale green, slightly glaucous; leaves colored as sheaths, but streaked and not uniform in color, wide, 20-25 mm., margins ciliate at lower third; rhachis slightly flexuous; panicles long, lax, drooping at the apex, branches wide-spreading and drooping from the middle outward; 2-grained spikelets (usually double-grains) predominant, 3-grained spike- lets seldom occurring; glumes pale green, 9-nerved; grains white to pale yellow, very short and plump, outer grains 13-16 mm. long, short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, usually 9-nerved; awns present in about one-half the total number of spikelets, long but seldom twisted, and rarely geniculate; basal hairs wanting or few, short to long (1-5 mm.), weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2.5-3.5 mm. long, glabrous. Plants © 9-11 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. | Specimens of the variety Canadian were found under the following additional names: Abundance, Canadian White, Lincoln, Probsteier, White Tartar. } Tobolsk (Plate XVI, 3, and fig. 26).—Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, glabrous; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full head- ing; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins smooth; panicles ~ medium long, wide-spreading, lax, the branches drooping from the middle _ A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats 149 outward; spikelets 2-grained; glumes dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, 9-nerved; grains white, plump, outer grains extremely short (usually 12-15 mm.), short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns numerous in the panicle, usually twisted, sometimes slightly geniculate; basal hairs wanting; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, glabrous or with a few weak hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium early in maturing. Another specimen of the variety Tobolsk was found under the name Wisconsin Pedigree No. 3. Silvermine Selection (Plate XVII, 1, and fig. 25).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins smooth; panicles of medium size, somewhat lax, the branches often drooping; spikelets 2—3-grained; glumes dark green and glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually 9-nerved, sometimes 10-nerved; grains white, plump, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, short- pointed: lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 prominent nerves; awns usually present, twisted and geniculate; basal hairs numerous, long (2-5 mm.), bushy; rhachilla of the outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), usually glabrous. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. The variety Silvermine Selection was found as a mixture among several specimens of Silvermine and other white-grained varieties. C. I. 602 (Plate XVII, 2, and fig. 26).— Culms erect in early growth, medium large, stiff, glabrous; sheaths light green and glaucous at period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, wide, margins smooth; panicles extremely long, wide-spreading, lax, drooping at the apex, the branches usually ascending; spikelets usually 2-grained; glumes light green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually 9-nerved, sometimes 10-nerved; grains white, elongate, outer grains 17—22 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually present, twisted and geniculate; basal hairs usually wanting, if present few, short, and weak; rhachilla of the first grain 2-3 mm. long, usually with a few weak hairs. Plants 9-12 dm. tall; late in maturing. {- Specimens of the variety C. I. 602 were found under the names Cana- dian and C. I. 597, and were also found as a mixture among several other varieties of white-grained oats. 150 W. C. ETHERIDGE Early Dakota (Plate XVII, 3, and fig. 26).— Culms, sheaths, leaves, and- } glumes similar to those of C. I. 602, except that the culms are usually hairy near the nodes; panicles long and spreading, often drooping at the apex, although the branches are usually ascending; spikelets usually 2-grained; grains yellowish white, rather elongate, outer grains 15-18 mm. long, rather long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns wanting or few in the panicle; basal hairs numerous, long (3-6 mm.), bushy; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, haired, the hairs often numerous and conspicuous. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Early Dakota were found under the following additional names: Abbott, Big Four, Early Gotham. Trish Victor (Plate XVIII, 1, and fig. 26).—Culms, sheaths, leaves, pan- icles, and glumes similar to those of Early Dakota; spikelets 2—3-grained, 2-grained spikelets predominating; grains white or yellowish white, some- what elongate, outer grains 16-19 mm. long, usually long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns wanting or few in the panicle; basal hairs usually wanting, if present few, weak, and short; rhachilla of the first grain 2-8 mm. long, usually glabrous. Plants 8-11 dm. tall; late in maturing. | Specimens of the variety Irish Victor were found under the following additional names: Alaska, American Banner, Czar of Russia, Early Illinois, Fourth of July, Golden Fleece, Great Dakota, Green Mountain, Japan, Lincoln, Mammoth White Side, Minnesota 202, Siberian Sixty- Day, Stavropol, Sunshine, Swedish Select, Twentieth Century, Welcome, | White, White Bedford, White Bonanza, White Main, White Queen, White Sensation, Wilson’s Prolific. Danish Island (Plate XVIII, 2, and fig. 26).— Culms, sheaths, leaves, panicles, spikelets, and glumes similar to those of Early Dakota; grains white or yellowish white, elongate, outer grains 16-19 mm. long, long- pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns numerous in the panicle; basal hairs usually wanting, if present few, weak, and short; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3.5 mm. long, glabrous. or with a few weak hairs. Plants 9-12 dm. tall; late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Danish Island were found under the following additional names: Champion, Garton 689, Green Mountain, Heavy Weight, Red Rustproof, Unnamed White. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats” 151 | glumes are somewhat longer; spikelets 2-3-grained; grains white to yellow- | ish white, elongate, outer grains 18-22 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of | the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns numerous in the | panicle, usually not twisted; basal hairs extremely short (1-2 mm.), nu- / merous; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually haired. Plants | 9-11 dm. tall; late in maturing. | Specimens of the variety Early Gothland were found under the following | additional names: Banner, Danish, Schoenen. | Belyak (Plate XVIII, 4, and fig. 25).— Culms erect in early growth, me- | dium large, stiff, hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at | period of full heading; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins | glabrous; panicles medium long, rather broad, somewhat compact, stiff, / erect, the branches ascending; spikelets 2—3-grained; glumes dark green } and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, 20-25 mm. long, usually | 9-nerved, sometimes 10-nerved; grains white to yellowish white, plump, } outer grains 16-19 mm. long, short-pointed, the dorsal side concave in the region of the awn; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure ) nerves; awns wanting or few in the panicle, seldom twisted; basal hairs wanting or extremely short; rhachilla of the outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), usually glabrous. Plants 9-11 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Another specimen of the variety Belyak was found under the name White Belyak. Silvermine (Plate XIX, 1, and fig, 29) late er sheaths, leaves, panicles, and glumes similar to cee of Belyak, except that the panicles are more elongate and their branches ascend more sharply; spikelets 2—3-grained, 2-grained spikelets largely predominating; grains white to yellowish white, plump, outer grains 16-19 mm. long, short-pointed, the dorsal side scarcely concave in the region of the awn; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns wanting or few in the panicle, usually not twisted; basal hairs usually wanting; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually with a few weak, short hairs. Plants 9-11 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Silvermine were found under the following additional names: American Banner, Big Four, Big Four (Salzer’s), Boehmerwald Mountain, Bussey, Canadian, Curel 6, Danish Island, 152 W. C. ETHERIDGE Emperor William, Funk, Funk’s Great Dane, Garton 364, Great American, Great Dakota, Illinois Ger- man, Lincoln, Muin- nesota 368, Morgan- fellow, National, New Zealand, Swedish Se- lect, Welcome, Wide- awake, Zhelannii. } Scottish Chief (Plate’ XIX, 2, and fig. 25).— Culms, sheaths, leaves, — panicles, spikelets, and — glumes similar to those of Belyak; grains somewhat similar to those of Silvermine, but longer (17-20 mm.) and long-pointed; hairs of the rhachilla more prominent than in Silvermine. Plants 8-11 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. | Specimens of the va- riety Scottish Chief were found under the following additional names: Goldmine, New Johnson, Swedish Select, White Tartar. June (Plate XIX, 3, and fig. 25):— Culms, sheaths, leaves, pan- icles, and glumes similar to those of © Fig. 29. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA (Silvermine) Belyak; spikelets 2-3- A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 153 grained, 3-grained spikelets predominating; grains somewhat similar to those of Belyak, but in some cases longer (16-20 mm.); awns numerous in _the panicle, slightly twisted; basal hairs numerous, short (1-2 mm.), | bushy; rhachilla of the outer grain short (1.5-2.5 mm.), glabrous. | Plants 8-11 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. | Swedish Select (Plate XIX, 4, and fig. 25).— Culms, sheaths, leaves, | panicles, and glumes similar to those of Belyak; spikelets 2—3-grained, 3- | grained spikelets predominating; grains similar in form, size, and color to | those of Belyak; awns very numerous in the panicle, strongly twisted, black | at the base; basal hairs wanting, or extremely short, few, and weak; | rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, usually glabrous. Plants | 8-11 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. | Specimens of the variety Swedish Select were found under the following | additional names: Abundance, Abyssinian, Achottatt, American Banner | (Wisconsin 36), American Triumph, Archangel, Avena (Zook), Bancroft, | Banner, Barley, Beseler, Beseler I (C. I. 592), Beseler II (C. I. 589), Beseler II (C. I. 600), Big Four, Big Four (Minnesota 353), Black Bell (C. I. 496), Bumper Crop, Canada Cluster, Canadian (Minnesota 429), Sot or0, C. 1.°576; C:. 12-594, C. I. 604, C.-I. 605, C. 1.618, Clydes- | dale, Clydesdale (Michigan 104), Colorado, Conqueror, Czar of Russia,- | Danish, Danish (C. I. 441), Danish Giant (C. I. 672), Danish Island, | Danish White, Delmaine, Early Champion (Minnesota 267), Early | Gothland (Minnesota 26), Early Gothland (Minnesota 295), Early Goth- | land (Minnesota 431), Emperor William, English, Fichtel Mountain, } Fulghum, Garton 436, Garton 436 (C. I. 565), Garton 450, Garton 466, Garton 611, Garton’s Swedish Select (Minnesota 430), Golden Cluster, | Golden Fleece, Golden Rustproof, Goldmine, Great American, Great | Dakota, Great Northern, Green Mountain, Heavy Weight, Henderson’s Large White, Hungarian White, Illinois German, Imported Clydesdale, Improved Ligowo (Minnesota 6), Improved Ligowo (Minnesota 281), Trish Victor, Japan, Kirsche’s Original (Minnesota 437), Leutewitz (C. I. _ 593), Ligowo (C. I. 525), Ligowo (C. I. 500), Ligowo (C. I. 599), Ligowo (C. I. 640), Ligowo (Minnesota 6), Ligowo II (C. I. 492), Lincoln, Lincoln | (C. I. 575), Lincoln (Minnesota 340), Minnesota 270, Minnesota 436, | Morganfellow, Mortgage Lifter, National (Salzer’s), New Alberta, New | Danish, Newmarket, Newmarket (Minnesota 428), Nichol’s White Comet, | Oderbrucker, Oregon Gray Winter (C. I. 436), Pickett (Michigan 102), | President, Progress, Prosperity, Regenerated Abundance (C. I. 642), | Regenerated Swedish Select, Regenerated Swedish Select (Minnesota 383), 154 - W. C. EvrxHeripcGe Rejuvenated White Bonanza, Rejuvenated White Bonanza (Minnesota 403), Roosevelt, Roosevelt (Minnesota 391), Scotch, Scottish Chief, Senator, Sensation, Siberian, Siberian White, Silvermine, Sparrowbill, Stube (Michigan 100), Swedish Prize Taker, Swedish Select (C. I. 134), Swedish Select (C. I. 674), Swedish Select (Wisconsin 4), Tartar King, Twentieth Century, University 6, Unnamed White, Victory, Welcome (Burpee’s), Wernicke’s Golden, White, White Beauty, White Bonanza, White Danish, White Maine, White Probsteier, White Queen, White Russian, White Schoenen, White Tartar, White Waverly, Wideawake, Wisconsin Pedigree 1, Wisconsin Pedigree 2, Wisconsin Pedigree 4, Wis-— consin Pedigree 5. Lincoln (Plate XX, 1, and fig. 25).— Similar to Swedish Select, with the following exceptions: 2-grained spikelets usually predominating, rather than 3-grained spikelets; grains somewhat elongate; awns straight or somewhat twisted. Specimens of the variety Lincoln were found under the following additional names: Alaska, American Banner, American Beauty, Banner, Barley, Bavarian, Bland’d White, C. I. 571, C. I. 601, C. I. 617, Clydes- dale, Colorado 37 (C. I. 619), Garton 572, Garton 572 (C.1. 564), Garton 572 (Minnesota 407), Great Dane (C. I. 613), Green Meuntain, Hvitling, Improved American, Jobnson, Junghaus, Kirsche (C. I. 578), Lactone, Ligowo, Lincoln (C. I. 577), Lincoln (C. IL. 715), Michigan Wonder, — Minnesota 103, Minnesota 343, Myrick, Myrick Banner (Minne- sota 348), National, National (Salzer’s), New Sensation, Peerless, “Seedling” (Michigan 101), Sensation, Shadeland Climax, Silvermine, Sparrowbill, Swedish Select, Tartarian (C. I. 713), Tartar King, Victory (C. I. 560), Western Star, White, Wideawake, Wisconsin Wonder. AVENA SATIVA ORIENTALIS Culms tall, erect in all stages of growth, generally large, thick, coarse, few in a plant, sheaths usually longer than in A. sativa and A. sterilis; léaves in most varieties wide and coarse; ligules and auricles wanting in some varieties; panicles unilateral, the branches arising from various sides of the rhachis but converging mostly to one side and being usually sharply ascending or appressed; rhachis in some varieties marked by its extremely flexuous form and by a geniculate bend at which the nodal diaphragm is wanting or rudimentary, although at the bend issue the lowell A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATS’ 155 _ whorl of branches; awns when present on the outer grain only, and often | wanting; basilar articulation of the grains solidified, as in A. sativa. (Plate III, 1.) Key to varieties A. Grains dark-colored, black, brown, or gray. PAGE B. Ligules and auricles wanting. C. Awns numerous in the panicle; rhachilla of first grain 2-3.5 mm. long, sparsely haired; grains elongate.......................... Garton 748. 155 CC. Awns wanting or seldom occurring; rhachilla of first grain 1-2 mm. long, SUmRr ONS, PMNS PUTA 8 yon sls ask wi a Snore «nv ondesty ek Garton 784. 156 BB. Ligules and auricles present. C. Grains gray; rhachilla of first grain 1. 5-2 mm. long, glabrous; culms usually gnareeiy aired mear the nodes... . 6 oi. cow nee ieee se Garton Gray. 156 CC. Grains black to brown; rhachilla of first grain 2.5-3.5 mm. Jong, sparsely hastens) culms PlabTOUS.- 8605. vb ase kien ee ee Black Tartarian. 157 | AA. Grains light-colored, white or yellow. ) Pm emer mad aurictes wantime. 05 2. ee ee ee Golden Giant. 157 BB. Ligules and auricles present. C. Outer grains remarkably short, rarely exceeding 15 mm. in length; spike- lets confused in attitude (pointing i in all directions)......... Sparrowbill. 158 CC. Outer grains ranging between 16 and 20 mm. in length, rarely less than 15 mm.; spikelets drooping or pectinate in attitude. D. Nerves in the glume 11-13; branches of the panicle not appressed, usually drooping from the middle outward..................... Garton 585. 158 DD. Nerves in the glume 8-10; branches of the panicle appressed. E. Panicles thickly branched and fruited, compact and stiff, the lowest whorl of branches i issuing from a bend in the rhachis at which the nodal diaphragm is wanting or rudimentary; margins of leaves ciliate; doubie-grains very numerous. F. Basal hairs wanting; nerves of the lemma 8-10; gpikelet usually SPIER te Alot SB chin ot one sos kes ‘ove we Storm King. 159 FF. Basal hairs frequently present; nerves of the lemma 7-8; spikelet in about equal numbers double-grained or normal. Tartar King. 160 EE. Panicles sparsely branched and fruited, elongate, slender, lax, droop- ing, the lowest whorl of branches issuing at a normal node; margins of leaves glabrous; double-grains few. F. Awns rare; 3-grained spikelets rare.............. White Tartar. 161 _ FF. Awns numerous in the panicle, usually present in each spikelet; 3-grained spikelets frequent................ Green Mountain. 162 Descriptions of varieties | Garton 748 (Plate XX, 2, and fig. 30).— Culms erect from early growth, | medium large, coarse, glabrous; sheaths dark green and somewhat glaucous | at period of full heading, fully covering the internodes; leaves colored as | the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous; ligules and auricles wanting; | rhachis barely flexuous; panicles unilateral, short, stiff, sparsely branched | and fruited, the branches appressed, the lowest whorl of branches always | issuing from a normal node; spikelets pendant or pectinate in attitude, 156 W. C. ETHERIDGE 2-3-grained; glumes dark green, somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, rather short (20-25 mm.), 8-10-nerved, usually 9-nerved; grains black or smoky brown, with colorless points, rather elongate but well N\ AW AN \\ \X\ \ Fig. 30. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA ORIENTALIS ‘Panicle representing the varieties Garton 748 and Garton 784) filled, outer grains 15-18 mm. long; lemma of _ the outer grain glabrous, with 7 prominent nerves; awns numerous in the panicle, black and twisted at the base, often slightly genic- ulate; basal hairs wanting; rhachilla of the outer. grain 2-3.5 mm. long, sparsely haired. Plants 7-10 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Garton 784 (Plate XX, 3, and fig. 30).— — Similar to Garton 748, with the following ex- — ceptions: grains rather plump and somewhat — glaucous; awns wanting or seldom occurring; rhachilla of the outer grain remarkably short (1-2 mm.), glabrous. Specimens of the variety Garton 784 were found also under the names Black Tartarian and Garton 74. Garton Gray (Plate XX, 4, and fig. 13).—. Culms erect in early growth, medium large, usually sparsely haired near the nodes; sheaths — dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, scarcely covering the inter- — nodes; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous; ligules and auricles well developed; rhachis barely flexuous; pan- — icles unilateral (resembling the type shown in figure 30, although somewhat longer and more prolific), the branches issuing from a normal node; spikelets pendant or pectinate in atti- tude, 2-3-grained; glumes dark green, some- what glaucous, medium long (25-30 mm.), 9-nerved; grains gray or mottled gray and dull yellow, elongate, outer grains 16-20 mm. long, rather long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually present, black and twisted at the base; basal hairs usually wanting, when present short, weak, and A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 157 | | few; rhachilla of the outer grain 2-3 mm. long, glabrous or occasionally with | a few fine, short hairs. Plants 9-13 dm. tall; medium late in maturing. Black Tartarian (Plate X XI, 1,and fig. 13).—Culms erect in early growth, ' large, coarse, glabrous; sheaths dark green and somewhat glaucous at period | of full heading, scarcely covering the internodes; leaves colored as the | sheaths, extremely wide, margins ciliate; ligules and auricles well developed; | rhachis often very flexuous; panicles thickly branched and fruited, com- | pact and stiff, the branches appressed, the lowest whorl of branches | usually issuing from a geniculate bend in the rhachis at which the nodal | diaphragm is wanting or rudimentary; spikelets pendant or pectinate | in attitude, 2-3-grained; glumes dark green, somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, medium in length (23-27 mm.), 8—9-nerved, usually - 9-nerved; grains black or brown, somewhat elongate, outer grains 16-20 | mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7-8 | prominent nerves; awns usually present, dark-colored and twisted at the | base, sometimes slightly geniculate; basal hairs usually wanting, although | often present, short and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain 2.5-3.5 mm. | long, usually carrying a few short, stiff hairs. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; | late in maturing. | Specimens of the variety Black Tartarian were found under the following additional names: Alberta, Black Beauty, Black Egypt, Black Egyptian (Salzer’s), Black Prolific (Salzer’s), Black Tartar, Danish White, Garton’s Black, Probsteier, Sensation. Golden Giant (Plate X XI, 2, and fig. 13).—Culms erect in early growth, medium large, coarse, usually glabrous but in some cases slightly hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, fully covering the internodes; leaves colored as the sheaths, me- dium wide, margins glabrous; ligules and auricles wanting; rhachis usually straight but may occasionally be slightly flexuous; panicles unilateral, sparsely branched and fruited, slightly drooping at the apex, the branches appressed, the lowest whorl of branches always issuing from a normal node; spikelets pendant or pectinate in attitude, 2-3-grained; glumes dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, rather short (20-25 mm.), 9-10-nerved, usually 9-nerved; grains bright yellow, elongate, outer grains 18-22 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns usually present, dark-colored and slightly twisted at the base; basal hairs usually wanting, 158 | W. C. ETHERIDGE if present short, weak, and few; rhachilla of the outer grain 1.5-3 mm. long, usually glabrous but occasionally with a few weak, short hairs. Plants 8-12 dm. tall; late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Golden Giant were found under the following additional names: Golden Giant Side, Jaune Géant a Grappes, Seizure. Sparrowbill (Plate X XI, 3, and fig. 14).— Culms erect in early growth, large, coarse, glabrous; sheaths dark green and somewhat glaucous at period of full heading, scarcely covering the internodes; leaves colored as sheaths, medium to extremely wide, margins glabrous; ligules and auricles well developed; rhachis often extremely flexuous; panicles thickly branched and fruited, compact, stiff but sometimes slightly drooping at the apex, the branches appressed, the first whorl of branches usually issuing at a normal node but often at a geniculate bend in the rhachis where the nodal diaphragm is wanting or rudimentary; spikelets confused in attitude, 2-grained, rarely 3-grained, double-grains very frequent; glumes light green and barely glaucous at period of full heading, short (20-25 mm.), 8*9-nerved; grains white shading into pale yellow, outer grains remarkably short (12-15 mm.), plump, full, short-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns wanting or rare; basal hairs generally — present, weak, few, irregular in length (1-5 mm.); rhachilla of the outer grain short (2 mm.), glabrous. Plants 8-10 dm. tall; late in maturing. Specimens of the variety Sparrowbill were found under the following additional names: Daubeney, Dun, Early Blossom, Standard Challenge, Swedish Select, White Egyptian. - Garton 585 (Plate X XI, 4, and fig. 31).—Culms erect in early growth, me- dium large, coarse, hairy near the nodes; sheaths dark green and glaucous at period of full heading, scarcely covering the internodes; leaves colored as the sheaths, medium wide, margins glabrous; ligules and auricles well developed; rhachis barely flexuous; panicles somewhat unilateral, '! although the branches are not appressed but rather drooping from the middle out- ward, the lowest whorl of branches always issuing from a normal node; spikelets pendant in attitude, 2—3-grained, double-grains numerous; glumes dark green and slightly glaucous at period of full heading, remarkably long (27-32 mm.) and wide, 11-13-nerved; grains dull yellow or white mottled 11 The Sialtdhcatson of Garton 585 is uncertain. Its panicle is intermediate i in form between A. sativa - and A. sativa orientalis. It is placed in the latter group merely for convenience in identification. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED OATs- 159 | glabrous, with 7-9 } prominent nerves; /awns few in the } panicle,coarse but | usually not twist- }ed; basal hairs / usually wanting, | if present few and | weak; —rhacbilla | of outer grain re- | markably — short |} (15-2 mm.) in | proportion to the | size of the grain, | glabrous or occa- | slonally with afew | weak, short hairs. | Plants 10-12 dm. | tall; medium late | in maturing. | Storm King | (Plate XXII, 1, | and fig. 32).— | Culms erect inear- ly growth, large, | coarse, glabrous; | sheaths dark green / and glaucous | at. period of full | heading, scarcely covering the inter- nodes; leaves - colored as sheaths,» Fic. 31. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA ORIENTALIS medium to ex- ria: a pea _ tremely wide, margins ciliate at lower third; ligules and auricles well 160 W. C. ETHERIDGE K developed; rhachis very flexuous; SSE : f panicles thickly branched and nS fruited, compact, stiff, the branches 9} : RK appressed, the first whorl of J} i~ branches arising from a geniculate WS Wie bend in the rhachis at which the §}t nodal diaphragm is wanting or \\ rudimentary; spikelets pendant or NEN pectinate in attitude, 2-grained, double-grains predominating; \ N glumes dark green and barely glau- ‘\ cous at period of full heading, i \ rather long (25-30 mm.), 9-10- \ nerved; grains white, often \N splotched with dull yellow, coarse; outer grains of medium length \ (16-20 mm.), very broad, full, \\ rounded, acuminate-pointed; NX \ \ lemma of the outer grain glabrous, SX usually with 9 prominent nerves; RAN awns few in the panicle, usually AN not twisted; basal hairs usually NN wanting; rhachilla of the outer grain | ) RANG 2.5-3 mm. long, glabrous, sunken, | WSS often inclosed by the edges of the is ane lemma. Plants 8-11 dm. tall; ~ medium late in maturing. } \ Specimens of the variety Storm : N King were found under the following additional names: Avena (Wilcox), C. I. 583, Garton 364, Garton White, Senator, Side, Silver White, Tartar King, Waverly, White Plume. Tartar King (Plate XXII; 2, and fig. 32).—Similar to Storm King, 7 with the following exceptions: spike- Fic. 32. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA ORIENTALIS lets in about equal numbers double- (Panicle et rome tag Storm King grained or normal; grains more A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 161 / elongate; lemma of the outer | grain 7—8-nerved; basal hairs | frequently present, few, short, and weak. | Specimens of the variety _ Tartar King were found under | the following additional names: | American Banner, Black Great | Mogul, Canadian Cluster, | Clydesdale, Garton 610, Han- | sen’s, Henderson’s Large | White, Long’s White Tartar, | New Zealand, Swedish Select, | White, White Plume, White | Tartar. | | White Tartar (Plate XXII, 3, | and fig. 33).—Culms erect in | early growth, medium large, | glabrous; sheaths medium | green and somewhat glaucous | at period of full heading, | scarcely covering the inter- | nodes; leaves colored as | sheaths, narrow to medium | wide, margins smooth; lgules | and auricles well developed; | rhachis barely flexuous, often | tendril-like at the end; panicles | medium to extremely long, | sparsely branched and fruited, | slender, frail, lax, drooping, the | branches appressed, the lowest | whorl of branches arising at a | normal node; spikelets pend- / ant or pectinate in attitude, | 2-prained, rarely 3-grained; | glumes dark green and barely Fic. 33. PANICLE OF AVENA SATIVA ORIENTALIS (Panicle representing the varieties White Tartar and Green Mountain) 162 W. C. ETHERIDGE glaucous at period of full heading, short to long (20-30 mm.), 9-10-nerved; grains white to yellowish white, elongate, outer grains 16-19 mm. long, long-pointed; lemma of the outer grain glabrous, with 7 obscure nerves; awns rare; basal hairs usually absent, if present few, short, and weak; rhachilla of the outer grain short to medium long (2-3 mm.), glabrous @ or in some cases carrying a few short, fine hairs. Plants 10-15 dm. tall; late in maturing. | Specimens of the variety White Tartar were found under the following additional names: American Banner, Danish, Dun, Great Northern, Lincoln, Long’s White Tartar, Minnesota 271, Pinal Progress, Read’s Green Mountain, Tartarian, White Russian. Green Mountain (Plate X XII, 4, and fig. 33).—Similar to White Tartar, with the following exceptions: awns numerous in the panicle, usually present in each spikelet; 3-grained spikelets numerous. Specimens of the variety Green Mountain were found under the following additional names: Read’s Green Mountain, White Russian, White Tartar. CONCLUSION In the foregoing classification fifty-five varieties have been distinguished within the three common specific groups A. sterilis, A. sativa, and A. sativa orientalis. Within each group the varieties are systematically arranged with respect to such morphological differences as appear to best fulfill the twofold requirement of constancy in inheritance and ease of observation. It cannot be said that the arrangement is according to the strictest order of relationship, for, as previously explained, the modifi- cations in the structure of cultivated plants do not permit a strictly logical taxonomy. Thus a group of varieties having dark-colored grains may include forms that are actually more closely related to certain varieties within a group of light-colored grains than to other members of the dark- | colored group. But in a classification which, like the present one, deals with a large number of closely related and interrelated forms, the actual degree of relationship must, in the arrangement of varieties, be sub- ordinate to expediency in identification — which purpose the classification of varieties of cultivated plants chiefly serves. While the classification presents its arrangement of varieties according to the modifications in their characters as exhibited in the present environ-— ment, the arrangement is based mainly on a fundamental morphology A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 163 | which should reasonably be expected to exhibit similar modifications under | other environments. The key for the identification of varieties should | therefore, under a wide range of environment, be effective to the point of | fixing, at least within narrow limits, the identity of unknown forms. | The choice of variety names herein made is not an attempt to standardize ) the nomenclature, but rather to point out the names under which the | described varieties are probably most frequently grown. As previously | explained, the name for a given variety was chosen when it occurred | more frequently than any other name among specimens of the variety | collected from many different sources. The nomenclature of varieties | cannot properly be fixed by a single person acting independentiy of others | who may prefer their own choice of names; but it is important to show | that in the lack of a standard nomenclature the name applied to a variety | very often has no significance, for numerous different names may be | applied to the same form, and the same name may be applied to | different forms. | Finally, the classification does not take into account differences in the | ability of varieties to yield. It is quite possible that many of the synonyms | of a given variety may represent forms which differ greatly in this respect | and yet exhibit no fundamental variations in structure by which they | may be distinguished. 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor E. G. | Montgomery, of the Department of Farm Crops, Cornell University, | under whose direction the work was done, for valuable suggestions and | criticisms; to C. W. Warburton, of the Office of Cereal Investigations, | United States Department of Agriculture, for the gift of many of the | specimens included in the classification of varieties; and to Miss Fanny E. | Cassel for accurate and painstaking work in the illustration of grains | and structural figures. BIBLIOGRAPHY | Atterberg, Albert : | 1891 Neues System der Hafervarietaéten nebst Beschreibung der nordischen Haferformen. Landw. Vers. Stat. 39: 171-204. Berry, R. A. 1912 The oat kernel. British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Rept. 82:733-734. 164 W. C. ETHERIDGE © Blaringhem, Louis 1904 Le laboratoire d’essais de semences de Svalof (Suéde). Bul. Mus. Hist. Nat. 10:514—-519. Bohmer, Gerhard 1908-09 Uber die Systematik der Hafersorten, sowie wtiber einige zichterisch wichtige Eigenschaften der Haferrispe. Ober- — hess. Gesell. Nat. u. Heilk. Ber. 3:1-87. : 1911 Hafer im Bilde. Fiihling’s Landw. Ztg. 60:18:609-616. Britton, N. L., and Brown, A. 1896 Avena. Jn An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada, and the British possessions 1: 172-173. Broili, Josef 1906 Uber die Unterscheidung der zweizeiligen Gerste — Hordeum distichum — am Korne. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Jena, p. 1-60. 1910 Beitraige zur Hafer-Morphologie. Journ. Landw. 58:205-220. 1911 Hafer im Bilde. Deut. Landw. Gesell. Arb. 194:1-17. Biinger, Heinrich 1906 Uber den Einfluss verschieden hohen Wassergehalts des Bodens in den einzelnen Vegetationsstadien bei verschiedenem Nahr- stoffreichtum auf die Entwicklung der Haferpflanze. Landw. Jahrb. 35:941-1051. Collins, G. N. 1909 A new type of indian corn from China. U.S. Plant. Indus. Bur. Bul. 161:3-30. 1901 L’avoine, p. 1-278. Dufour, ——, et Dassonville, —— 1903 Etude sur les caractéres propres a giclee les diverses variétés de Avena sativa. Rev. gén. bot. 15: 289-309. Edler, W. 1905 Die Kornertraige. Jn Dreijaihrige Erbsen-Anbauversuche 1902 bis 1904. Deut. Landw. Gesell. Arb. 109:70-80. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 165 > Emerson, R. A. | 1912 The inheritance of the ligule and auricles of corn leaves. ; Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. rept. 25:81-88. | Fernekess, Karl / 1908 Die Haferrispe nach Aufbau und Verteilung der Kornqualititen (Korngewicht und Spelzengehalte). Genehmigte Diss., Miin- chen Tech. Hochsch., p. 1-106. | Fischer, M. 1900 Winterhafer. Fiihling’s Landw. Ztg. 49:19:718-723; 49:20: | 766-744; 49:21:806-810. 1902 Einige Nachtriige uber Pflanzenziichtung. Fihling’s Landw. fie. 51:11: opens | Fruwirth, E. 1907 Die Haferrispe bei der Beurteilung der Sorten und in der Ziich- tung. Fuhling’s Landw. Ztg. 56:9:289-301. Harlan, H. V. 1914 Some distinctions in our cultivated barleys with reference to their use in-plant breeding. U.S. Agr. Dept. Bul. 137:1-88. | Hitchcock, A. S. 1908 Avena. In Gray’s new manual of botany, p. 140-141. Jensen, J. L. 1899 Sammenhengen mellem klima og kornarternes Sed Aaa Tidsskr. landbr. planteavl 1899 : 138-147. Kornicke, Friedrich 1909 (Communicated by M. Kornicke.) Die Entstehung und das Verhalten neuer Getreidevarietaten. Arch. Biontol. 2:2:393- 437. Kornicke, F., und Werner, H. 1885 Handbuch des Getreidebaues 1: 192-220; 2:681-771. Krogmann, : 1908 Uber die Bestimmung des Tausendkorngewichts bei Hafer. Fihling’s landw. Ztg. 57:7: 258-262. 166 W. C. ETHERIDGE Lippoldes, W. 1904 |German title.} Of what value is the stooling capacity of grains? ¥ Inaug. Diss., Univ. Jena. Cited in Exp. sta. rec. 15:768-769. Neergaard, T. B. von 1889 Bestiimning af kornets varieteter och sorter efter pa karnorna befintliga kannetecken. Jn Allm. Svenska utsidesfor. arsber. 1888 : 54-61. Nilsson, N. H. 1901 Forteckning ofver de vigtigaste sorterna p& Sveriges utsddes- forenings forsoksfalt 1901. Sveriges utsadesfor. tidskr. 1901: 66-104. Nilsson-Ehle, H. 1906 Kort sammanstillning af resultaten fran utsidesf6reningens jemforande forsok med olika hafresorter 1893-1905. Sveriges utsadesfor. tidskr. 1906: 45-78. 1909 Kreuzungsuntersuchungen an Hafer und Weizen. Lunds Univ. arsskr. n. f. afd. 2:5:75-91. 1914 Uber einen als Hemmungsfaktor der Begrannung auftretenden Farbenfaktor beim Hafer. Zeitsch. induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 12:36—55. Norton, J. B. 1907 Notes on breeding oats. Amer. Breeders’ Assoc. Proc. 3: 280-285. : Peacock, R. W. 1904 Oats. Agr. gaz. N. 8. Wales 15:765-772. Roberts, H. F., and Freeman, G. F. 1908 The deterioration of Red Texas oats in Kansas. Kansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 153: 147-164. Schneider, Georg 1912 Vegetationsversuche mit 88 Hafersorten. Landw. Jahrb. 42: 767-833. Schulz, August 1913 Abstammung und Heimat des Saathafers. Zeitsch. gesam. Getreidewesen 5: 139-142. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED Oats’ 167 Scofield, C. S. 1903 The description of wheat varieties. U. S. Plant Indus. Bur. Bul. 47:1-19. Seton, R. S. 1903 Experiments on the growth of oats. Great Britain Bd. Agr. and Fisheries. Annual report on the distribution of grants for agricultural education and research in the year 1902-1903, p. 77-81. = Irabut, L. 1911 Observations sur l’origine des avoines cultivées. Fourth Con- ference Internationale de Génétique, Comptes rendus et rapports, p. 536-546. Translation in Journ. hered. 5 (1914): 56-85. Ulander, A. 1906 Die schwedische Pflanzenziichtung zu Svalof. Eine kurze Dar- stellung. Journ. Landw. 54: 105-124. Zade, A. . 1912 Der Flughafer (Avena fatua). Deut. Landw. Gesell. Arb. 229: or. ? . 4 . Be ee f\ : INDEX TO VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS (Synonyms are in italics) ; PAGE NRE cae tS id oa cadets Semis & 150 MME AGHCO ey ig so a ne ss hedide alee 148, 153 SRS ee earns ree cae 153 RRB ee. Ol es Sys wae 153 MN Dp os a A ie 150, 154 ON ie Sa eee 2c ASS American Banner........ 147, 150, 151, 154, 161, 162 | American Banner (Wisconsin 36)... ... 153 PeeeeyTCas Deduly ~. cs. ws oc a eked aes 154 American Tromph............... 148, 153 RE oot 5g oy sy ein ws Ce 148 ia. ie Was ozs he - 129, 145, 147 NE Oa et fc AES 153 Meeapena (WIUCOL) .. oo. beeen c te es 160 = ESS erm ea 153 Avena ADYSSHNICA.......-2-5---25-55- 130 Mvettad DFEVIS.. 6. 0. 2. oh ae ee eed 130 TEs eae anne er 131 mvena tatua clabrata........ .... 0s. 132 aS Se ee reas ee 125 DS 2 re errr 132.1338 Avena Sativa orientalis............ 132, 154 re ww salva | 126 | Avena sterilis algeriensis............. 127 Avena sterilis byzantina.............. 127 SeAwena Sterilis Migra):...........5.... 127 Senwena Sirigosa... =: =... 2. eee ee 130 = Awnless: Provsteier.................- 146 RN Re hes 0k a x sas oe Mat 129, 153 NE 8 a aaa ge enn 151, 1538, 154 ae eee .153, 154 NMI Sori eT Ht ny sos aida OAR A 154 IES a ea a 129 CMRI 22 Air a 5. atts baits « 151 ROPE MIETE AS Side 5,2 -. wise, saps As PEs 153 Pere Petre BP)... sates view bs 153 emer be (Cd. G89). cos ee kee pe es 153 SUR RS 2o0 0) Re are 153 PM is hak. > 148, 150, 151, 153 | Big Four (Minnesota 353)............. 153 rane Gsa@izer’s) 4... .... 6.2. soauee 151 Bene PePICOD.. =. 6 ls os SES 143 PEM SMEG So os oun ws ps. Cs 142 RES a See ee Toon tee a 143 PIC ERE eo se ee. ee Bo 157 Seeder, 2 £06)... 5.) wedsaune. 153 aN IIT Se ps SR 141 WRN ESM as. a ok ee as ee ee 157 ere Moypoan.. 2... eae. 139 | Black Egyptian (Salzer’ s) St Ee 157 Biloek Great Mogul. -.........6....0%. 161 169 De ORI och ncarecs yuu ac ag os 2S 139 OB a Oe ee I ee 137 Miack Prohifie (Salzer’s). 000... ee 157 Pe ITE oe aoe ey oe ate a BR 157 MP SETAC RARE oy eae to, Bae 157 Were POrtgriat 3. eae ce 156 MP AV er See ba Bae 154 Boehmerwald Mountain............... 151 MMMEIEME ME CIED N. wie. oc ag bo. hela. 2 Pee 148 PURO eth ie oe toa) see 145 MURCI RE BOM. noo) a2) win ul hte ka ORO 153 eR eh Fo os oak aes bee 154 MMe ica fa. Sta tha: sh oun: NOE 129 BPO reales Cpe. Sg A 137 Rae te fk i cays Nev se a as das Bh 151 CAMA OMT 5 oc oS ee 153 ee ea el ace 148 ae ee ee, ae 149, 151 Canadian (Minnesota 429)............ 153 Canadian Cluster. cons cs oe Re 161 Wapedia Vigie.. oo oS ee 148 ee ert 8 oe on bs 2 EE 154 RG re Wn Bg hike a fk oka sD 145 gee ee co in Sg cco 153 AS GOSS AR REI aie ea a es 153 CRS pg OR GN Seka ane es Sean a 153 NOES” SE SS a aes, PE 153 low he ea sake oh. ety Bs 153 ot BETS SS NE AES Tie Fi Se ORO ee ee 154 ee Se hs a ee a ea em 154 ME Ne ist ft Foss eu Bahn’, 153 PO MMOS Rint Te Be eee ih B 153 We NE eS ne ee Nya ot TS tee 154 ED Sa ea area ae Pe 153 oi RON RS ie ER ee ae ee 153 eR nee ese A ees ees 154 ee a ee ee Oe ae he 154 Bee ea a ot 5 2") Ck eed, 145 RCE RES Fe late ane ang NSS en 148 Go ae Bi ie J et EN occa ponds, 160 ee fee fe se ae 153 Ee GEO Te eee hele aah ape ae gd 153 C2 RS | a aa Reo ees P= ae 153 Oh SES 5 ROE Gite Pers ~ i RTE A S 153 Ree 28 Pe Tae eh acne DAA, bye ATRL 153 ree eS) ia eo el bik GeCkney 149 Pe Re i Soh 5 SL eo Sw ws sida TE 153 UI ge hn 5 Ree 153 Ee eh eee es CE bis ep: 154 Oe ie. So sss Sy, cp hs tee 149 SME oi oy aha ae oa 147 EMM Sih gc, Vow was SMe ok ioe 153 170 PAGE CR RIO. Meriva mack ash ole rel gant See 153 BOG 5 Fn tc te Oe 135 (aU aa sacle ghee a 136 ee OE ccd, BAY Se 148 Cy GER Sn one heretic Rae 154 COE Bi a). NCAR tl roel SE a. 154 CRAG Fo RS aS oe Oe oe 153 Oe GUS poo sande ake Se 154 CS GIR, ow sci ogyauane eau te eee 142 EIN aren CO ae 145 ORR GAG in Rag hte cg Ce Oe a ee 153 Ch Ge oh eee nee eae ee 153 eS) oy 5 Pe pe cet aah id EN AEE 153 gr LON Fach ok Miche hed Sa eate ces teat cat afin Manche 154 oie Bigs ob. UNS an eon een Sh STR 154 CPS REG a ee BEE oe ee 154 Cee A Ls oo. Ee ES 145, 146, 150 CMCNOGF E08 pe Hoh oye os PSY 153, 154, 161 Clydesdale (Michigan 1 ges le ee ae 153 CRANGED Ao eh is ior MAE Pe ae ER 153 Calorade FF (Cot. GI9).. 5 oP POR 154 COs Be A ON ee 148 CORGQuert OR ie. Bil s Bel ee 153 NI HN scent We GL ANY cs Ciel gy 137 CAMIOFB ORG 5.2 nce Ga ot Lines Ys GF see 145 ME Gs iikuys y oteia le Bela aly OO 151 ear OT RUREUE. Ys 0n'ea se 16 oe ee 150, 153 EES D628. einen 2 alae 147, 151, 158, 162 Drawish 4000 SEt yo) dei ia ae ee 153 Danish Giant (C.F. 622) 5 Gets sel eee 153 anes staat chek es liad BRS 150 Dienielt Fal so os iain c Fo ee 151, 153 Pach We Bile. 33 pes ARR oo ke 158, 157 PREG OEE Cre ee ae ok ee 145, 146, 158 PRE ein hoc 2), Les Ri alta tae ae 153 DRA OE wt Sd Coe Pe 137 WOME Sc Run es 6 er SS eS Whe 129, 158, 162 De, ea ne A Oe ED 158 Eany Champiog: 23. foo a oe 143, 146 Early Champion. . ..145, 148 Early Champion (M innesota 267) a 153 Eee Wt ides, Oona SS A 150 po Ee US Se oh ROL enn oa Sle a 2 150 Ree Cota F036 5-8. ey SS 151 Early Gothland (Minnesota 26)......... 153 Early Gothland (Minnesota 295)........ 153 Early Gothland (Minnesota 431) ........ 153 POS COTS al a a ee ea 145, 150 Oe MOunaIe. .dee ea back ben i 147 Man re So Eek ny Pet Be oe ae 130 POR POT WULGT: Fo. soci > oa 152, 153 | i ee ee as bee) 168 pena W ORE. or I Re eS 139 eras PA ONE oo oe et i 153 PUNE PUIG sis eet. oie cet hey oa 150 INDEX TO VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS PAGE Falghum. oo. 2..: via. eens eee eee 153 Pole. se sae eee 152 Funk's Great Dane... 6. 625 ee 152 Garton 74.5 0.060) nisl ti eee 156 Garton 306. : oe 153 Glabton 450 .: (20; hae 153 Garton: $58... 324. Ve Pn eee 139 Garton £66 «3 oc wh eee 153 Garton 473....0. .: 00 . astodeees 154 (TSI SES Soy @ C9 i ee ree 154 Lincoln (Minnesota 340).............. 153 mes Woe TOF. ei o 161, 162 Mammoth White Side................. 150 oT a a rs oe air 139 Se Sa ae ae a Ts 154 ULES SES ea air eee 154 MUNI Pe ea ee es 153 EMER eo 2 eles Ye 153 ecm Wonder. ko ee ee 154 MI oe LS kek 153(2) OE 8) eS So ee 153 MMMM TIA Aro, ok 5. ERI OE 154 PrmnenOs. 202. 55.5.....0........'. 148,150 SE OP Sea oe a rrr 145 Minnesota 267.............:00200-05 153 PAGE Biwnncodig e0 ol i vas se 153 mira 27.1... Wea. NSA Bees 162 Wanncsoia 262... 52s 8 ane Sess: 153 Mianreante, BOR 8 2 Ge Ot 3 153 perineee ie pall es os. eed sh owes 1538 Marinesote SAG* fe. 22ers Sa 154 PERSE oS Rs BE ae Ase 154 Rivnnesata Bas. 62 2. yee. Oe: 153 PSPS: IO oo esr he os kbar we a wee 152 ME ncspitGae . 65 s2 018 sire 153 Marvicson Se ks SE ks Os 154 TORTS BO SR ae awe wes ee he 154 PIETERS ui Gk a2 ak ine a + & Re 154 Pn ee) eo 158 Meehescia te so ki ee oS 153 WeeMeSONE eee bOI SPS nee 8 ees 153 ES i re ae pe To 153 Biienecgig wen... ts ee ys bi. ead 153 Barapa a. RS 153 Mie ee > es ws RS 139 Motiaccit Selection: 23)... 0.620860. 141 PEGG i ve es A EBS Wiirlgegeate se... se 153 TEGO Re «sels: 55 bc on se 154 Myrick Banner (Minnesota 348)....... 154 Witipammers ee so ae EES 152, 154 National (Salzer ’s).. 5 os tetas Oe DNeraskd i anle ot oe GOR sos 145 fea Ce SSS rr 153 New Champion........... ee. ics 146 ee ee ek TN 153 Wea Tomnsots oF 5 i. coh eR ae. PT 152 eet sc ee RT. 153 Newmarket (Minnesota 428)........... 153 i amseneaisn soot ok Oo es 154 fe ATE, i a ee a 152, 161 Nichol’s Black.......... AS, ee ae es 142 Nichol’s White Comet................. 153 Narth Findish.2 5.2: .... eetiowd). 142 eeriereeies... 83.2 os, cee. 088 153 Oldiscid pase so ee ae 142 Ree oe od. PR BO ee 129 reson Grays. <2. i ee ee 137 Oregon Gray Winter (C. I. 436)........ 158 Perrigwan 4: 2s Set ret 154 Pickett (Michigan 102)... 2.0... 5800.8 153 Pee os tS eo LI 153 PMC PEON iis sa ORS CT 162 Pe en eS ea ek oe 148, 157 Ce Os) 3 nas oe, Lia Rehan eS a 153 De), re re rae pea Degttioe’, Gee 153 Mercere. gc ek Whe OSL weg tds 145 Read’s Green Mountain.............. 162(2) MIR ERMINE cu «cn glow ok ck. os Oe ees 129 ee Ramee... pce eis 129 172 PAGE Hod Rusted) | 2 25. ee 130, 139, 150 Red Rustproof (Red Texas)............ 129 Red Rustproof (Texas Red)............ ee Red Rustproof Selection............... 129 Sed Teves: oe a ee 129 Regenerated Abundance (C. I. 642)...... 153 Regenerated Swedish Select.... . 129, 143, 153 Regenerated Swedish Select (Minnesota = | eae eA ele ire sie MEF 153 Rejuvenated White Bonanza. . siete Rejuvenated White Bonanza (M innesota EUED cas, ico seats maw ci tana Wy, Ae 154 Reaesecdll ss. io has ss SA ee 154 Roosevelt (Minnesota 391)............. 154 Radmin... ese ee 148 alee ess a eee 151, 153,154; ee ICROCR Soo 3 aS isos Ae Ee ee ene ee ek os oe ae ee mon Scditish Citef 5. fo. Se ee 152 medeten Ee MIeF. id 38s Nake 154 “Seedling” (Michigan 101)............ 154 NOt: Ces ow dS ee 158 EMR Sosy. Late ne eae 154, 160 Sensation. . Ob estes .154-(2), 157 Seventy-five Day Spaeth eal) Seer 145, 146 Shadelind Chimaz. 020 05 Jen ae 154 Co). |, ha ir eee 148, 150, 154 Siberian White..........! NER ee ime S 154 PIRI. ees i oD eS i a ale 160 Serer. |: ../ 24 Us 22s Se 151 =); AREER IRETIE 282, ee ae 137, 154(2) . Sitvermine Selection... . ..2 6% .098). 149 aber While: oor EG Se eee 160 SreyeDayy 52: ee Ra eee 143, 145 ety Day... oa Le 150 Miaty-Day (C1. 166) 2 ee 145 Sisty-Day C7. G39)... i 145 Sixty-Day (Minnesota 261)............ 145 siaty-Day Selection. 2.3... >. See 145 MONI SO 8 i i ke 137 Sparrowhel 2220. SEE Se 158 wperombelt.| eos Lo es Ae :. 154(2) Stindard Challenge... 5... 03. S808 158 miaropel |. se AL OAD eae 150 srerins SOleCiNME. oot fo 129 Steet Mig. OSS Ee Nak 159 Stube (Michigan 100).............. .. 154 SHARES | SR i ON Oe 150 Swedish Price: Taker oki) os os 154 Saiediak Weed... 5%. «oat eee oh 139, 143 Swedish Select... gd keee aint END 153 Swedish Select. .129, 150, 152(2), 154, 158, = Swedish Select (C. | 34) Sh eee 154 Swedish Select (C. I. 674). ............ 154 Swedish Select (Wisconsin 4).......... 154 INDEX TO VARIETY DESCRIPTIONS PAGE Vatiasian . 05 eee ... 139; nkee Tartarian (C. I. 718)..... nish Sia . 154 Tartar King: .. 2. 2... 7 ee 160 — Tartar King............. 144,154 @ 1g Tetras Red... 3.1.32 eee 129, 1389 — Tobolsk. ... . i é.2e:see 72 erg 148 Twentieth Century: crated ee 150, 154 Umiversity 6... Sao ¢ 40. HOS 154 Usyinemed. 5. a eee 2. 30 Uimnamed White: : 20 so. Sea 150, 154 Vietor © 243-222 oe bee 139 Valor oc en ocd eee 129 Victory... 22 ee eee 154 Victory (CUE. 866). 2 154 Virginia Gray Winter... .......... .. 7.22 ee 154 Wernicke's Golves.o.= + ki ieee 154 Western, Siar ..000..023 >... 230 154 te. see eee 150, 154(2), 161. White Beauty. 2.5 oo Se eee 154 White Bedferd 2... 2.4.) 2S eee White Belyak:. coc Saas 151 White Bonanzz............010... ae White Dehish 2. 2020 nee 154 White Equptien. 0.2. Ce See 158 Witte Main... > 220 Ss eee 150 Witte Mame...020 eee 129, 154 White Plume... 2... eee 160, 161 White Probsieier:....:. 2. Aa ee 154 Wine QOuéen. 2. Ses ae 147, 150, 154 Witte Russian. . 222s See 154, 162(2) White Schoenen. 5.22. SBA Se 137, 154 Witte Sensctio2. 0... eee ee 150 Winte: tartar: O02. oi). ieee eee 161 White Tarter.. .148, 152, 154, 161, 162 White Waverly. Ela eas te 14 & Wrteawake .-. el Se 147, 152, 154(2) Weer? eo ee eee 160 @& Wilson’s' Prolific... . .. .: 20.4 Winter Turf...) .. >. 2 eee 136 Winter. Turf Selection...) ce. eae 137 Wisconsin foo. eee 154 Waconsta 96 2 ee ee eee 153 Wisconsin: Pedigree A =: oo. CS ee 154 Wisconsin Pedigree 2... .........2. ee Wisconsin Pedigree No. 3............. 149 Wisconsin Pedigree 4.............0.0. 154 & Wisconsin Pedigree 6... >... Vee 154 @ Wisconsin Wonder.......... pd Re 154 Valois ocfac kin. 2) See 147 Ghelanmi 60 dona. 0 a ue 152 Bae 98 ih ieee . 153 Memorr 10 PuLaTE I TYPES OF SPIKELETS AND BASES OF OUTER GRAINS 1, Avena sterilis (wild form). A. the complete spikelet, with its strong awns and hairy lemmas; B, base of the outer grain, showing its distinct articulating surface and the remnant of the rhachilla, which was torn away with the persistent inner grain 2, Avena fatwa. A, the complete spikelet, with its strong awns and hairy lemmas; B, base of the outer grain, showing its distinct articulating surface and its rhachilla from which the inner grain casily separates, Memoir 10 Puatr II TYPES OF SPIKELETS AND BASES OF OUTER GRAINS 1, Avena sterilis (cultivated form). A, the complete spikelet, with its glabrous lemmas and reduced awns; B, base of the outer grain, showing its evident articulating surface and the remnant of the rhachilla, which was torn away with the persistent inner grain 2, Avena sativa.