THE LIBRARY

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
PROVO, UTAH

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University of the State of New York

5

*7

A

M EMOI R

ON THE

Palaeozoic Reticulate Sponges

CONSTITUTING THE FAMILY

DICTYOSPONGIDAE

BY

JAMES HALL

STATE GEOLOGIST AN D PALAEONTOLOGIST

IN COLLABORATION WITH

JOHN M. CLARKE

ASSISTANT STATE GEOLOGIST AND PALAEONTOLOGIST

WYNKOOP IIALLENRECK CRAWFORD CO.

STATE PRINTERS

NEW YORK AND A ERA NY
1S98

Y rt S iL I *3 E A R T

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

PROVO, UTAH

PREFACE.

Tliis Monograph of the Dictyospongid^e is tlie conclusion of an under-
taking, the inception of which is indicated by my publication upon these
fossils in 1884. Up to the year 1863, only occasional expressions had been made
with reference to the nature of such bodies ; first, by Mr. T. A. Conrad, after the
close of his connection with the Geological Survey of the State and, again, in
the same year (1842), by Mr. Lardner Vanuxem, in his final report on this
Survey. The specimens which came under the notice of these observers were as
widely unlike as the limits of the family permit, and while Conrad considered
his specimen, Hydnoceras, a cephalopod, Vanuxem regarded the form
described by him, UpiiantvENia, as a marine plant. In my paper of 1863, I was
disposed to accept Vanuxem’s views of these bodies as nearer the truth.

In the years which intervened, from 1863 to the date of publication of
my second paper, in 1884, specimens had begun to accumulate in the collec-
tions of the State Museum, and toward the latter part of this period especial
efforts were made to gather material that would justify a more thorough study
of the subject, though little anticipating that it would ever assume the
comprehensive proportions with which it appears to-day. While new material
was gradually being acquired from the Chemung rocks of this State, as one
result of the activity of collectors sent out on behalf of the Palaeontology
of New York, additional forms were obtained from the Waverly sandstone
of Ohio, during the survey of that state by the late Dr. J. S. Newberry;
and admirable specimens were being found in the calcareous shales of the
Keokuk group at Crawfordsville, Indiana. It was the acquisition and study
of this last named material, that led to the determination by Mr. It. P.
Whitfield, in 1881, of the spongous nature of these fossils.

In order to show the progress which had been made in the study of these
organisms, I issued in 1882, four large octavo plates of figures with explana-
tions and, in 1884, reproduced these plates with a brief descriptive account
of the fossils illustrated. In 1890, an addition to the known species was made
by the publication (though without illustrations) of a group of Chemung

3

4

I )lCTYOSPON<iID.K

species, a paper prepared at my request by Mr. John M. Clarke. With this
publication, forty-two species of these sponges had been described from the
palaeozoic rocks of the United States.

So rapid has been the growth of these collections and so generous the
disposition of all collectors and students toward the perfecting of this
monograph, that to-day we present descriptions of about thrice the
number of specific forms recognized as such, seven years ago. This
wonderful increase is not especially a matter for congratulation, save that it
serves to show the amazing diversity of these siliceous sponges in late
Devonian and early Carboniferous faunas. The species and genera are
established in accordance with the best standards attainable for these
variable organisms. Future collections and observations may show that these
divisions are not in all cases sharply defined ; they will undoubtedly show
that the present account of this organic element in these ancient rocks is
far from being complete.

In 1892, Mr. Clarke undertook a revision of all previous work upon
these fossils and this, with the elaboration of new material, he has carried
forward to its present state.

During the preparation of the work, many favors have been shown by
geologists and others having specimens of Dictyospongidjs in their collections.
Acknowledgments are due to them all, but our obligation to some requires
particular mention.

This monograph could never have been made what it now is, were it not
for the enthusiastic cooperation of Mr. Edwin B. Hall, of Wellsville, N. Y.
Mr. II all has demonstrated a wonderful abundance of the Dictyo-
spongid^e iii the upper Chemung rocks of New York. Ilis collections, which
are constantly growing under his zealous explorations, are remarkably rich in
this material and have been at all times accessible for use in this work.
It is to be remarked, with some regret in view of the issuance of this
book, that Mr. Hall’s more recent collections afford evidence that as yet
we are far from having a full representation of the hexactinellid sponge fauna of
this geologic period, notwithstanding that more than sixty species of
this ancient date are here illustrated. With our present knowledge,
the middle and upper beds of the Chemung group in Allegany and Catta-
raugus counties appear to have been the seat of extensive sponge
plantations, more prolific in diverse forms and individuals than the
region immediately to the east and west. This impression may, however,
be a mistaken one and due to the fact that Chautauqua, Chemung and

Preface.

Broome counties have yet to be as carefully explored for these fossils as
have been Allegany, Cattaraugus and Steuben counties.

T<> the late Ileverend Jonathan Allen, former president of Alfred Univer-
sity at Alfred, Allegany county, an early and interested collector of these
sponges, I owe many favors. From him, by loan and purchase, I obtained some
interesting specimens, and at one time employed his son to make collections
from the localities in and about Alfred.

Mr. 1). Dana Luther, both before and during his engagement upon the
geologic work of this department, has supplied a number of interesting
forms from the lower beds of the Chemung group in Ontario, Yates and Steuben
counties, and has recently discovered Diotyospongiile in some variety in the
shales and sandstones of the Portage group, in Wyoming and Ontario counties ;
a formation from which they had not been previously obtained.

As early as 1883, Professor Charles Barrois, of the University of Lille,
demonstrated the existence of Dictyosponghee in the Psammites du Condroz of
Brittany. The forms which were described by him are noteworthy in their simi-
larity to those occurring in our equivalent geologic horizon, the Chemung group.
Professor Barrois, with most courteous liberality, has placed these specimens,
together with some later collections from the same horizon, in my hands for
comparative study, with full permission to illustrate and describe them. As
no other part of the world has yet furnished species so closely allied to the
American Dictyosponges, we have gladly availed ourselves of this privilege and
these French species will be found fully described and illustrated in this
, volume.

Further, — to the following gentlemen and institutions, acknowledgment
is here made for their courtesy in the loan of specimens.

Sir William Dawson, of Montreal, whose important descriptions of
various beautiful forms of P iiotospo ngid m from the slates at Little Metis are
well known, and who has kindly loaned a nearly complete series of his species
for comparative study.

Mr. A. S. Tiffany, of Davenport, Iowa, for the loan of specimens from
Crawfordsville, Indiana, representing the new genus Lebedictya, and specimens
of Clatiirospongia both from the locality mentioned and from the Waverly
group of Ohio.

Mr, J. F. Carll, of Pleasantville, Pennsylvania, who has supplied speci-
mens from the lower Carboniferous rocks of Pennsylvania, upon which we
have established, the species Calathospo ngia Carll/.

I ) I CTYOS PONG 1 1 > .E.

Through the kindness of Prof. I. C. Russell, of the University of Michigan,
was obtained the use of the original specimen of Lyrodictya llomingeri and a
few. others belonging to the museum of that institution.

From the American Museum of Natural History, through Prof. R. P.
Whitfield, was received on loan all the material representing the Dictyo-
spongiile in the Hall collection together with that utilized by this author
as the basis of his published determinations.

Through Prof. J. F. Kemp, of Columbia University, the specimens from
the lower Carboniferous rocks of Ohio, collected by the late I)r. J. S.
Newberry and belonging to the museum of that institution, were kindly

loaned.

Interesting specimens from the Chemung and Waverly groups, which
have been utilized in our illustrations, were obtained from the Peabody
Museum of Yale University through the favor of Prof. C. E. Beecher.

Some important specimens from the Utica slate, fully discussed herein,
have been received from the National Museum at Washington, by the courtesy
of Mr. Charles Schuchert and the late Dr. G. Brown Goode.

Prof. Albert A. Wright, of Oberlin College, generously loaned speci-
mens from the collections of that institution, among them a very large and
interesting example of the rare genus IIyphantjsnia.

Through the favor of Prof. E. W. Claypole, of Akron, Ohio, was obtained
the original specimen of Cleodictya Claypolei.

The Rev. J. II. McKee, of Olean, has permitted the examination and use of
Chemung sponges in his own collection and that of the Olean Society of
Natural Science.

T1 le delineation of the accompanying figures has been largely done by
Mr. George B. Simpson, who has produced them in a highly skillful and artistic
manner. Some of the earlier figures were made by Mr. Ebenezer Emmons.
The illustrations of spicules are from camera drawings by Mr. Clarke.

The lithographic work has been admirably executed by Mr. Philip Ast.

In the correction of the proof sheets much assistance has been rendered
by Mr. Jacob Van Deloo.

To the persons mentioned and to all others who have been of assistance
to the work, I offer the assurance of my obligation and consideration.

JAMES HALL.

Professor JAMES IIALL died on August 7th, 1898, at the great age of
nearly eighty-seven years. At the time of this lamentable event only a
few pages of this memoir had been printed, but his lively interest in the
work which owes to him its inception, and his pride in its accomplishment,
will always associate his name with present and future knowledge of these
remarkable organisms, the DictyospongidzE.

John M. Clarke.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Title 1

Preface 3

Contents 9

The Palaeozoic Reticulate Sponges constituting the Family Dietyospongidae.. 11

Introductory 13

Preliminary remarks 13

General Observations on the Sponges 14

Anatomy 14

Form 16

Individuality 16

Mode of Attachment 16

The Siliceous sponges. Skeletal structure 17

Taxonomy 20

Symbiosis 21

Affinities of the Dietyospongidae 22

Family Dictyospongidae 29

Structure of the Skeleton 29

Variations and Genetic Relations of form 33

Modes of Preservation 36

Habitat and Mode of Occurrence 37

Historical; Bibliography 41

Classification 52

Synoptic List of Genera and Species 54

Tables showing the Geologic Distribution 60-62

Descriptions of Genera and Species 63

Species of the Silurian 63

Species of the Devonian 64

Species of the Lower Helderberg Group . ... 64

Species of the Hamilton Group 65

Species of the Portage Group 68

Species of the Chemung Group 72

Species of the Psammites du Condroz 147

Species of the Carboniferous 151

Species of the Waverly Group 151

Species of the Burlington limestone 165

Species of the Keokuk Group 166

9

THB PALAEOZOIC RETICULATE SPONGES

CONSTITUTING THE FAMILY

DICTYOSPONGID^E.

INTRODUCTORY.

Preliminary Remark*. The purpose of this work is to present an
account of some palaeozoic forms of an extinct group of organisms, repre-
senting the glass-sponges ” of existing seas. Certain simple structures
known as Pkotospongia which occur in the Cambrian and early Silurian
faunas, have for many years been looked upon as examples of such siliceous
sponges, notwithstanding the fact that their skeletons have been wholly
replaced by other substances, but until a comparatively recent period the
interesting division of these fossils here designated as a distinct family, was
unknown or unrecognized as sponges in palaeozoic faunas. The earliest form
recorded was looked upon by its discoverer, Mr. T. A. Conrad, as a cephalopod
shell, and was so described in 1842, under the name Hydnoceras tuberosum.
This specimen was from the Chemung rocks of Steuben county, N. Y. At
the same date, a wholly distinct form from the same geologic formation was
described by Mr. Lardner Vanuxem as Upliantcenia Chemungensis and was
regarded by him as a marine plant. This interpretation of the nature of such
bodies became current for the time, and was expressed in the term Diciyo
phyton, which was subsequently applied to several species from the upper
Devonian and Waverly horizons. Although the species which had been
described tip to the year 1880, manifested considerable diversity of form, their
condition of preservation did not readily suggest their real nature. In all
instances the delicate skeleton of the sponge had been dissolved and had
disappeared, leaving only internal and external casts of the bodies
with more or less distinct impressions of the spicular network. Such
markings were believed to be comparable to those occurring in some of the
living marine algae and this similarity, in the absence of any recognized agree-
ment with other known organisms, was the basis of the interpretation of their
nature as then made. The discovery of bodies of a similar character in the
calcareous shales of lower Carboniferous age at Crawfordsville, Indiana,
revealed a spicular skeleton, all the parts of which had been changed to iron
pyrites, but were not otherwise materially modified. The study of this

♦

material elicited the first definite evidence of relationship of these bodies to

Id

14

DlCTYOSPONGIDjE.

the reticulate siliceous sponges, an opinion which all later investigations have
tended to confirm.*

All that is now known with reference to this family of the silice-
ous sponges, the Dicttospongiiue, has been brought together in this
volume. The last ten years have vastly increased the number of known forms
and demonstrated that in certain late Devonian and early Carboniferous
faunas they were abundant in individuals, species and genera. The accounts
of the species previously described have been for the most part brief and
either insufficiently illustrated or entirely without illustration. In addi-
tion to the representation here given of the general aspect of these forms,
there is added, where the material permitted, a microscopic analysis of
the spicular skeleton.

General Observations on the Sponges.

The Sponges, with the exception of a few forms inhabiting fresh waters,
are marine animals, and among the lowest and simplest in the scale of
life. Less simple than the Protozoa, they are also of less complicated
anatomy than typical Ccelenterata (anemones and corals), and there is an
inclination among some later investigators to recognize them as a distinct
sub-kingdom of the animal world.

Anatomy. A sponge is an aggregation or colony of simple cells; a
mass of connective tissue lined without and within by obscurely differentiated
layers. Together, these usually form a sac-like body, attached at the lower
or closed end, and to its interior cavity ( paragaster ) the water has free access
by means of canals, extending from the exterior surface and opening upon
the walls of the paragaster. The course of the water currents is, thus,
centripetal over the general surface of the sponge, and centrifugal from the
paragaster through the osculum or mouth of the sac.

Among the cells of the outer epithelial layer which lines all the canals
leading into the internal cavity, are scattered numerous flagellate cells, by the
action of whose long “ whip-lashes ” the flow of nutrient water currents is
produced and determined. Such flagellate cells are aggregated in little

* Previous to 1881 there had been only vague suggestions of the sponge-naturo of these fossils. The
dew to their real character was first furuished by the introduction into the museum collections of this
couutry of the exquisite glass-sponge known as the “ Venus flower-basket ” and described by the late
Richard Owen as EuplecteUa aspergillum. Although this description dates as far back as 1841, the
species was a very great rarity in collections here until fifteen or twenty years ago. About that time the
sponge fishers of the Philippine Islands, the seas of which are the favorite habitat of the species, glutted
the market, so that in England, according to Sir Wyvili.e Thomson, the price of good specimens fell at
once from five pounds to ten shillings or less (The Atlantic, p. 136, 1878).

I NTRODIK TORY.

15

chambers within the fleshy part of the sponge wall; to them run the inhalent
canals ( epirrhysa ) from the external surface of the sponge, and from them
depart the exhalent canals (aporrhysa) emptying- into the paragastral cavity,
through apertures termed ostia. All skeletal structures belong to the
connective tissue, that is, the median layer.

Such, in brief, is the essen-
tial structure of the typical
sponge, and from this type there
are no departures so extreme
as to obscure comparison with
this standard. In the simplest
sponges, as the A. scones, the wall
is thin and there are no special
chambers where the ciliary cells
are aggregated. The entire sur-
face of the paragaster, however,
is covered with these flagella.

It seems highly probable that
a similar condition prevailed
among the ancient thin-walled
hexactinellids, which are here
under consideration. Schulze
states that while he could not de-
termine the' existence of flagella
in the hexactinellids on account
of the smallness of the cells, he
believes that they exist. (Chal-
lenger Expedition, Hoc. cit. p. 23.)

Fixation is an not invariable character. There are, for example, certain
ball-shaped lithistid sponges, like the palaeozoic Astylospoxgia and Hindia,
which appear to have been unattached and the sport of the water currents.
These sponges, too, as well as others which are attached, present a concentric
arrangement of the water canals which, according to Eauff, have originated
from the ramified furrows of the external surface and have eventually become
internal by progressive over-growth of the sponge in concentric layers.
Such concentric canals parallel to the periphery of the sponge, are simply
large conduits receiving the external water through a great number of
minute, converging epirrhysa and debouching in the small paragaster near
the summit of the sponge.

Figure 1. Diagrammatic figure showing the structure of a simple
sponge in vertical section. The sponge substance (fl ) is lightly shaded.
The canal system is black, the arrows showing the direction of the
currents, pp , are the pores or openings of the inhalent canals
(epirrhysa) which lead to the flagellate chambers, ch. From the latter
depart the exhalent canals (aporrhysa), ic, which open into the
general central cavity or paragaster. o, is the osculum or aperture
through which the water is discharged. (Haeckel.)

16

I )lCTYOSPONXiIDJfc.

Form. Sponges assume an endless variety of expressions of a sac-
shaped body. Aside from inherent specific traits, which express themselves
most forcibly in such variations, there are numerous external conditions which
superinduce modifications in form, even within the limitations of a species.
Irregularities in growth may arise from the sponge receiving more nutriment
on one side than on the other, and differences in the aspect of individuals
belonging to the same species are found to be due to the fact that some
have grown in quiet waters and others where the water was in motion.
The existence of such variability, which is corroborated by living sponges,
can not fail to embarrass the discrimination of specific values among fossil
forms. The Dictyosponges present some interesting examples of such
polytrope species. The Ilydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad, is a vase-shaped,
sub-prismatic sponge, with several horizontal rows of strongly tufted and
pointed nodes, and all Dictyosponges having these characters might
very conveniently be referred to this specific type. We know, how-

ever, the location of several plantations or colonies of these sponges
on the sea-bottom of the Chemung period, and have endeavored to
make it apparent in the ensuing descriptions, that in each of these colonies
the individuals have an expression which characterizes the members of that
colony alone. These are distinctly local expressions, due to restricted
variability, and they serve to indicate in several instances, the precise spot
where they have grown.

Indi viduadity. Sponges may assume either a simple or a compound

form ; growing as a single sac which never branches or divides, or as a bush-
hke stock increasing its branches by the production of buds. The compound
mode of growth is rare among the siliceous sponges and there is no satisfactory
evidence that in the family Dictyospoxgidjs there was ever a tendency to
duplication of the sponge by budding. The species Mastodictya osculata, of
the Keokuk shales, requires further investigation in this respect, as it is not
well understood. But as a whole these ancient sponges have rigorously
maintained their individuality, so far as that term is permissible in application
to a single skeletal structure.

Mode of attachment. The vast majority of all sponges, recent and extinct,
have a portion of the body more or less distinctly specialized for fixation.
This attachment may be to solid extraneous bodies, rocks, pebbles, dead or
living shells, or may be effected by the simple penetration of muddy or sandy
sediments by the long, stout fibers of the skeleton.

Introductory.

17

Recent species and the later fossil forms show that fixation may be effected
either by the base ( basiemphytic ) or by one side ( pleuremphytic ) of the sponge.
The ancient sponges were largely, indeed almost exclusively basiemphytic.
This term, however, is quite general, as basal attachment is effected by several
special appliances ( 'lophopliytes ). Some basiemphytic sponges spread their

substance over the opposing surface so that the basal part may be of greater
diameter than the superior portions of the sponge and show no difference
therefrom in spicular composition. In others, such as Polylophus, tufts of
spicular threads from the lateral lobes curve downward, and are interwoven
into a short basal rope ; while in Pheronema attachment is attained by
means of several distinct basal tufts. In Euplectella the strong: vertical

o

threads of the skeleton terminate below in a tuft of fibres which constitutes
the tip of tlie elongate obconical body. Hyalonema possesses a long twisted
rope of thick strands, Holascus and Dictyospongia have shorter, untwisted
basal bundles. In Tiiysanodictya and Piiragmodictya attachment was effected
by means of a frill or collar (^periloplb) encircling the truncated base, and
in the latter genus appearing to have been aided by a small tuft extended
from the basal diaphragm. The Devonian Dictyosponges, Hallodictya,
Actinodictya and Cryptodictya, were either spreading forms encrusting the
surface upon which they grew, or pleuremphytic sponges attached by special-
ized processes yet unknown. There are many forms among the Dictyosponges
whose mode of life must have been like that of Euplectella, buried in
the mud or sand for a considerable portion of their length. Such are
Dictyospongia and the long, slender, annulated horns of Ceratoihctya.

The composition of the sponge-skeleton is generally regarded as of funda-
mental significance in the classification of the entire division, and the combi-
nation of the skeletal elements, the shape of their component parts and their
mode of union, are highly essential taxonomic characters. The proper under-
standing of the fossil sponges is, therefore, greatly embarrassed by the usual
mutilation and destruction of the skeletal parts, or their modification by the
process of fossilization. This knowledge can be acquired only by most patient
investigation of the best preserved material.

Since this work does not deal with the ceratose or calcareous sponges they
may be left out of present consideration.

The Siliceous Sponges — Skeletal Structure. The structure of the
siliceous sponges is simple, though often difficult to elucidate on account of
the isolation of a part or all of the spicular elements. The siliceous sponges
are either thick or thin-walled. In the former the considerable substance of
the cup permits a full development and differentiation of the external, medial

18

I )U!TY OSPONGI IEE.

and internal parts of the skeleton, while in the thin-walled sponges these
different parts are necessarily condensed, and probably abbreviated or only
partially developed. Thick-walled siliceous sponges are not of infrequent
occurrence in the earlier faunas, but all the Dictyospokgid.e and their most
closely allied groups, possessed a very thin, almost lamellar skeleton in which
a distinction between the dermal and gastral surface is not always clearly
perceptible. The accompanying figure which is adapted from one by F. E.
Schueze, will convey a conception of the disposition of the parts of the
skeleton in the thick- walled siliceous sponges. It may be presumed that a

Figure 2. Diagram of arrangement of the spicules in the Hcxactinelllda. (Schulze.)

corresponding relation of parts exists in the thin-walled sponges but it is not
often possible among the fossil species to distinguish the precise position of
the isolated spicules in the skeleton. The most conspicuous and strongest
parts of the skeleton are the long rods or smooth spicules projecting from the
surface of the cup. These are known as the prostcdia. They may form a root-
tuft at the base of the cup ( basalia ) as in many species both of fossil and living
forms, and in such cases they are sometimes furnished with a means of attach-

Introductory.

19

ment to the sediment in the form of a minute anchor at the extremity of each
rod. Such root-spicules are not always present but it would seem that
in most of the Dictyospongid.e they have been more or less highly
developed. About the aperture or osculum there may also be a series
of prostalia, known as the marginalia, which, may be present or absent in the
thin-walled sponges. At intervals over the lateral surface of the sponge there
may be tufts of prostalia, such as frequently occur in the Dictyospongidae ;
these have been termed pleuralia. The Dictyospoxgid.e in common with
the closely allied family Euplectellid.e, also possess horizontal and vertical
series of smooth rods in bundles of greater or less size. These cross each
other at right angles and produce a reticulated surface which is a leading
characteristic of the entire group. The regularity and uniformly descending
order of this reticulation is a marked character of these sponges. The regu-
larity of the meshes is, indeed, a feature shared with the Photos pong hue, but
in that family there is no such multiplication of the meshes by subdivision as
occurs in the Dictyosponges. Though this gradually descending subordinate
reticulation is seen in all true members of this family, it has not been deter-
mined that the descending series of intersecting spicular bundles which produce
the mesh-work are always of a definite number. If, in non-prismatic species,
the uniformly largest prevailing quadrule be fixed upon as that produced by
the primary spicular bands (Tiiysanodictya, Clathrospongia) or, in prismatic
forms, by the bands lying on the prism angles and intersecting with equi-
distant horizontal bands ( Prismodictya, Hydnoceras), it is found that
there is a sub-division of the primary quadrule, or mere, to the fifth
degree; that is, there is a descending series of six sets of reticulating
bands, forming quadrilles which, in terms of the primary quadrule, or
mere, may be designated as dimeres, trimeres, tetrameres, pentameres and
hexameres. Only in rather unusual instances of delicate preservation are
the ultimate quadrules, or hexameres, retained. Such reticulation is a quite
uniform character of the majority of the genera of these sponges, but
there are instances, seen in such genera as Physospongia, Roemerispongia
and Hyphant^enia, in which the uniformity of this gradation is
lost; and where there is a single or double series of major quadrules
whose surface is covered by an exceedingly minute reticulation

(Physospongia) or, possibly, by none at all (Roemerispongia, IIypiiant.enia).*

'The fine reticulation of the major quadrules in Physospongia seems, as elsewhere observed, to be
due not to intersecting spicular threads or bundles, but largely to regularly arranged hexactius of the
parenchyma; while there are good reasons for regarding the apparently uncovered quadrules in Roemer-
ispongia and Hyphant/ENIA as due to the imperfect retention of this delicate layer.

20

Dlctyospongid^e.

The fossil species show that these fascicles of rod-like spicules lie upon the
paragastral surface and a given spicule is often continuous from one extremity
of the sponge to the other. It seems evident that these spicules have no
connection with the basal ia and marginalia , though the latter are continued
into the substance of the sponge and may extend through to the paragastral
surface. In the living Euplectella, the ground work of the skeleton is of
similar character, and students are generally agreed in regarding the cylindrical
rods composing the horizontal and vertical bundles as modifications of
cruciform spicules, due to extreme prolongation of the rays of one axis and
the complete suppression of the others. In the Dictyosponges these fascicles
sometimes include rods terminating in anchors, and others with a series of

barbs along the sides (denies) ; a fact which
may tend to corroborate the derivation above
assumed. Under this interpretation these
rod-like spicules are of different nature from
the prostalia ; as they are evidently gastral
in position they are properly termed gastra-
lia and may be distinguished from less modi-
fied gastral spicules lying in the interspaces
of the network by the term gastralia later-
alia. Such rod-shaped spicules when clearly
preserved in pyrite show very distinctly a
tubular axial cavity about which the sub-
stance of the rod is arranged in concentric
bands or envelopes. Other spicular elements
of the Dictyosponges such as have been
clearly made out, can be referred to the outer
surface of the cup (dermalid) and there are
a few which it may be safe to regard as rep-
resenting the medial layer or parenchyma of
the thick-walled sponges ( parenchymalki) .
The variations in the spicular composition of
the skeleton will be considered at greater
length in following pages.

Taxonomy. The siliceous sponges constituting the Class S1ITCEA,
((tray, 1 SG7), or those whose skeleton is essentially composed of siliceous
spicules ", are divided into three orders, based upon the form of the

Recent writers (cf. Rauff, op. oil .) include in the Silicea , the ceratose or horny sponges.

Figure 3. Diagrammatic representation of the
arrangement of the spicular parts in a typical Dlctyo-
sponge.

Introductory.

21

fundamental spicule in each. These are the (1) Hexactinellida, (2)
Tetractinellida, (3) Monactinellida ; in which the predominating spicule,
whether its form be unmodified or derived, lias respectively six rays,
four rays and but a single ray.

In the Hexactinellida (Oscar Schmidt), the normal form of the
spicular element is a six-rayed star whose rays are of equal length and lie in
three planes at right angles to one another. These spicules are termed, with
reference to the rays, hexactins , or referring to the three mutually perpen-
dicular axes, triaxons ; from the latter term the name Triaxonia was applied
to the order by Schulze. The variations in the form of the normal hexactins
are manifold, spicules with five, four, three and two rays being not infrequent,
but it is believed that all are derivatives from, or modifications of, the triaxial
type.* These spicules are either isolated and independent, lie side by side
forming; fascicles, or are coalesced at their extremities forming' a continuous net-
work. Two important subdivisions of this order have been generally recog-
nized, (1) the Lyssacina and (2) the Dictyonina. The former is characterized
by the isolation of the spicules which are held together only by the sarcode of
the sponge or, in rare instances, by a loose and irregular deposit of siliceous
matter; in the latter every arm of each hexactin is united with the corre-
sponding arm of an adjacent spicule, the skeleton thus formed consisting of
a frame-work with cubical meshes.

The forms here embraced under the designation Diotyospoxgid.e belong
wholly to the suborder Lyssacina. So far as their spicular skeletons have
been acertained they afford no evidence whatever of the continuous network
which characterizes the Dictyonina.

Symbiosis. Very interesting instances of commensalism occur in some
of the living hexactinellids. A well-known case is that of the gorgonian
coral, Palythoa fatua, which encrusts the glass rope of IIyalonema. Another
is that of the crab inhabiting the paragastral cavity of Euplectella, in which
it is imprisoned by the reticulum. As it is stated that the terminal sieve-plate is
not developed in the early stages of Euplectella, the crab evidently spends
only a portion of its existence thus incarcerated. In regard to this commen-
sal, J. E. Gray has written : + “ The crab is generally found in the cavity of
the sponges. The Spaniards in Manila regard them as formed by the crabs
for their protection and they do not consider a specimen perfect unless a crab
is contained therein. I have, within the last few days had a pair offered to

'See Rauff, op. cit. p. 187 ; Thomson, The Atlantic, vol. 1, p. 141; aud others.
tAunals and Magazine of N Rural History, 3d ser. vol. 18, p. 489, 1866.

22

1 )lCTYOSPONG 1 1> M.

me for an extravagant sum (£200), because they contained tlie crab that
formed them.” Sir Wyyille Thomson relates similar facts* * * § and adds: ‘‘It is
singular that while Palythoa fatua is as constantly associated with examples of
Hyalonema from the coast of Portugal as with those of Japan, no commen-
sal crustacean has been found in any of the Atlantic specimens of Euplec-
tella.” Doderlein has described f a Japanese lithistid sponge having a surface
covered with small protuberances within each of which dwells a cirripede of
the genus Acasta. The little crustacean communicates with the outer world
through a small opening in the reticulum which is closed at its death.

Among: the Dictyospongiiee we have observed several instances of vermi-
form tube-fillings complicated with the impressions of the reticulum and dis-
tinctly pronounced on the internal casts of the sponges. These tubes are
shown in the figure of Hydnoceras tuberosum, car. ylossema, on Plate IX

(fig. 2), and in the illustration of 1

rtruwc

lictya telu

m, on

Plate XVII

(figs, 3, 9, 10). In all probability these markings indicate the presence of
an annelid symbiotic with these sponges.

Affinities of the Dictyospongidae.

In seeking a proper definition of the family Dictyospongidae, it is necessary
to consider its relations to, and differences from the other admitted families of
the Lyssacine sponges. On account of the insufficiency of knowledge concern-
ing the spicular structure of these fossils, but few serious attempts have been
made to establish their systematic position. Hinde, in 1883, regarded them
as Dictyonina, and placed the genus Dictyopiiyton in the family Stauroder-
mid.e in 1887, § he included that genus in his proposed family Proto-
spongume. These opinions were, however, based upon internal sandstone
casts in which all traces of the spicular elements had been obliterated.

Rauff has defined the family very satisfactorily,^ placing it among the
Lyssacina. His characterization of it is in the following terms: “Funnel-
shaped, cylindrical or prismatic sponges with thin walls, often raised into
nodes or ridges ; skeleton very regularly reticulated, forming, as in
the ProtospongiDaE, quadrate or sub-quadrate meshes of different series,
enclosing one another. The frame-work is composed of bundles of fine
spicules, but whether these spicules are stauractins [ with their rays lying

* The Atlantic, vol. 1, p. 141, 1878.

t Zeitschr. fur wissensch. Zoologie, vol. xl, 1840. See also Rauff, Palaeospongiologie, part 1, p. 140.

f Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges of the British Museum, p. 130, 1883.

§ Monograph British Fossil Sponges, p. 90.

51 Palaeospongiologie, p. 189, 1893.

|| The terms “stauractins” and “cruciform spicules” are used interchangeably for any hexactiue
spicules showing evidence of branches.

Introductory.

23

close together, or are diactine rods (with triaxial foundation), or a combina-
tion of both, is not yet certain. Very small but distinct stauractins are
present. [Sometimes with terminal sieve-plate (?)].” Although the characters
of the family can now be stated with greater precision, still the above
definition serves to indicate the structural features which distinguish this
from other groups of Lyssacine sponges.

The family Protospongiile, founded by IIinde and somewhat restricted
by Rauff, includes a number of Cambrian and lower Silurian forms
(Protospongia, Salter, Diagonella, Dawson, Phormosella, Hinde), in
which the very thin net-work consists almost exclusively of a single
layer of cruciform spicules which lie at the angles of the quadrate meshes,
their rays forming the sides of the meshes, but according to Rauff, not
overlapping to form fascicles. In these species all the subordinate series of
meshes are similarly formed. In addition to the regular hexactins or pentactins
of the reticulum there are also prostalia in the form of a few strong root-threads ;
sometimes there is a row of short rods about the margin of the osculum.
Small lateral surface rods (pleuralia) are also present in some instances.
These structures are shown in the species from the Little Metis slates
described by Sir William Dawson,* Protospongia mononema , P. tetranema,
P.coronata, etc., audit appears from an examination of some of this very inter-
esting material that the cruciform spicules may extend so far as to overlap
one another, and also that there are present a few filiform spicules lying along
the axes of the stauractins. In some of these sponges, ( Diagonella coronata
and I), cyathiformis, Dawson) the meshes are not bounded by vertical and
horizontal sides but are arranged in oblique rows. Recognizing these as
characters of the Protospongiile. it seems somewhat difficult to find substan-
tial belief in the usefulness of the proposed family Plfxtospongid.e, Rauff, f
which appears from the description to have for its principal characteristic the
formation of spicular bundles by the overlapping of the filiform rays of the
stauractins, together with other rod-like spicules. Dr. Rauff distinguishes
in the skeleton a dermal layer which can not be discovered in the Proto-
spongid.e, but is always clearly defined in the Dictyospongid^e. Cyathophycus,
its best known genus, also shows evidence of large circular mural openings, as

*New Species of Fossil Spouges from the Siluro-Cambrian at Little Metis on the Lower St. Lawrence;
Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. vii, Sect, iv, pp. 31-55, figs. 1-27, pi. iii, 1889.

tit may be observed that this name has not been formed strictly in accordance with the rules of nomen-
clature. There is no genus Plectospongia and there should not, therefore, be a family termed Plec-
roSPONGiD/E. The type of the family is not specified but it is evident that the Cyathophycus reticulatus,
Walcott, has furnished the conception of family characters, although the group also includes the genus
Plectoderma, Hinde.

•24

DiCTYOSPONGIDjE.

seen in the figures of the species given on Plate I. They increase the
similarity of these sponges to the living Euplectella, in which such openings
are the vacant or unobstructed portions of quadrules formed by the primary
pentactins and the rectangular intersection of the spicular bundles, rounded at
the angles by the encroachment of irregularly branching filigree work.

The beautiful specimens of Cyathopiiycus which have been found in
great abundance in the Utica slate at Holland Patent, N. Y., have been the
means of affording a pretty clear conception of the structure of this sponge,
and the fine figures given by Rauff, supplemented by those here introduced
for comparison with the Dictyosponges, show the details of its composition.
Upon consulting figure 10, Plate I, which represents a large and finely
preserved example of this species, somewhat conventionally but judiciously
restored in parts, it will be observed that the mural openings may be crossed
by the larger cruciform spicules of the outer layer (which is not true of
Euplectella), but they are principally outlined by a pyritized film which
appears to be spicular, though not readily resolvable. These characters are
better shown in figure 12, which is an enlarged view of a portion of another
specimen. Cyathophycus* possesses a tuft of short root spicules, and
Cyathospongia Quehecensis, Dawson, has been represented as having free
prostalia both about the aperture and over the outer surface of the wall.f

Plate I bears a number of figures representing another interesting
species from the Utica slate, occurring in association with Cyathophycus
{Cyathodictya) reticulatus, in which the mural openings are numerous and
very clearly defined, lying on the inner wall of the sponge and being sur-
rounded by a highly irregular network of cruciform spicules. The form and
structure of this sponge suggests little relation to C. reticulatus , but again
illustrates the occurrence of mural areoles which open through the inner wall of
the sponge, but are crossed or obstructed by the stauractins of the outer wall.J

"This name lias been hitherto retained although, like Dictyophyton, it tends to perpetuate the old
and erroneous conception of the algous nature of these fossils. Dawson proposed to modify the term to
Cyathospongia, which would have been an appropriate substitute, bad not the name already been in use
for a genus of thick-walled sponges. Cyathodictya would be in better harmony with the terminology
in this group.

t After examination of specimens of this species from the Little Metis slates, it seems that the sim-
plicity of the reticulum and the absence of mural openings, ally it more closely with the species which
Sir William has referred to Protospongia, rather than to Cyathophycus (Cyathodictya) which
it resembles only in form.

(Mr. Walcott described from the Utica slate (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 19, pi. 2, fig. 17,
1879) as Cyathophycus subsphwricus, a flattened, subcircular body, showing no structure, except
a small area in the center, which was regarded as an aperture. Dr. Rauff (op. cit. p. 256, pi.
iv, figs. 3, 4, 1894) has more recently studied these or similar bodies, and figures them as shallow cups
with rather thick walls about the osculum. Only traces of the spicular structure were discerned.
Although the composition of these sponges is extremely obscure, Rauff has proposed for the species the
new genus Teganium, and is disposed to include under the specific name Teganium 8ubsph<ericum the form

Introductory.

25

The presence of mural openings in these members of the Plectospongid je,
is a feature of similarity with Euplectella and its allies (E u plectell i d m) ,
but in none of the Dictyospongiile is there evidence of precisely similar
structures. The Dictyospongid.e are distinguished from all of these earlier
hexactinellids by the presence of an inner wall, composed of strong vertical
and horizontal fascicles of rods reticulating at ri<_dit an ides. In the great

majority of instances these reticulating bundles are present in a gradational
series, the size of the bundle depending upon the number of rods it contains,
rather than upon the size of these rods. In normal forms the series of
bundles and, consequently, the series of quadrules made by them, numbers as
high as live or even six, the finer reticulation of the sixth series being observ-
able only in instances of the most favorable preservation. There are some
genera, however, included within the limits of this family, in which there
exists but a single set of reticulating bundles. Thus in Piiysospongia, there

described by Dawson as Protospongia delicatula, from the Little Metis slates. In the very extensive
material representing the Utica slate sponges which has been under examination in the preparation of this
volume, similar obscure bodies have frequently been seen. There are however, associated with them,
other spherical sponges, showing very distinctly the composition of the skeleton and presenting some
highly interesting characters. These bodies iu their adult condition and as usually preserved, appear as
illustrated in figure 18 (Plate I), that is to say, they are circular disks undoubtedly representiug orgiually
spherical sponges under compression. Iu no instance has auy trace of aperture been observrd. These
bodies are so broken by the parting of the shaly laminae that almost invariably a portion of the outer wall
ot the sphere adheres to one side of the matrix, so that figure 18, which represents the usual condition of
the fossil, shows, over the circular central portion, the inner wall of the sponge, the peripheral ring being
the thickness of the cup to the outer wall. A good exposure of the outer surface is very rarely seen. The
inner surface of the sponge bears a great number of clearly defined areoles or mural openings, which are
much more closely arranged than in Cyathodictya reticulata, and the network by which they are surrounded
is highly irregular, devoid of quadrate meshes, though clearly made up of simple stauractinc spicules which
are involved in not fully resolvable patches of pyrite (see figures 19 and 20). The thickness of the wall as
shown in figures 18 and 22 is considerable, the structure being composed of short rod-like spicules which
may all be stauractine and the entering arm of the dermal pentactius, but the specimens do not show this
conclusively. An entire layer is formed of a single thin lamina of stauractine spicules making a regular
quadrate mesh in which the horizontal rays of the spicules may slightly overlap, but no distinct spicular
bundles are formed and no filiform rods are present. A portion of this outer layer is shown in
figure 20, traces of the mural openings being seen on the matrix beneath it. The entire outer surface is
armed with short, erect spicules. Bodies of this character occur in clusters. One slab measuring 18x8
inches bears twenty seven of them, all of normal size.

The same rock also contains clusters of much smaller circular bodies varying somewhat iu size,
as shown iu figure 10. These also seldom show evidence of an aperture except such as is seen in one of the
larger examples in figure 14, and this appearance may be wholly due to the exfoliation of a fragment of
the slate. The substance of the smaller of these spherical bodies or disks is an unresolvable mass of pyrite,
of similar character to that described by Rauff for Teganium subsphcericum , except that about the periph-
ery are erect spicules of proportionally much greater length than the surface spicules in the large spheres
just described (figure 17). With slight increase in size, however, the spicular skeleton with its mural
areoles becomes gradually defined, leading to the conclusion that these Teganium- like bodies are young of
the larger forms. There is still doubt as to the relation of all of these forms to the Cyatliophycus subsphai-
ricus of Walcott and the Teganium subephtericum of Rauff. * There is little iu their structure to suggest
the characters of that species given in the analysis by either of these writers, save the spherical form ascribed
to it by the former and the obscure spiculizatiou recorded by the latter, notable only in the very young of
our specimens.

The generic characters ascribed to Teganium fail to apply to these spheroidal sponges, save in part to
their youngest stages, and while we can not be certain that Dr. Rauff may not have had similar bodies
before him iu the description of Teganium, the uncertainty attending the description and illustration given

] )l('TYOSP(>N<HI).E.

26

is "ood reason to Relieve that the quadrules made by the large primary
fascicles are not subdivided by similar bundles of less size, although an
extremely line reticulation of these areas may be seen, which may be due
to regularly juxtaposed stauractins not on the inner Avail, but over the outer
surface of the sponge.

In the great saucer-shaped fronds termed Hypiiantasnia ( male
Upiian'lvenia), the broad radial and concentric bands form quadrate areoles
which may have been largely or wholly free of spicular structures of any
kind. The sandstone matrix in Avhich the few known specimens of this
sponge have been found is not favorable for the retention of tenuous spicules,
though a similar rock shows at times, the continuity of very fine skeletal
films in some other of these sponges. But had there been, over these open
quadrules, a coating of tine, isolated dermal spicules, their disappearance
rather than their retention would be a reasonable expectation. A single one
of the five specimens of IIyphantjenia at present knoAvn, shows traces of such
a film at the angles of the great quadrules.

by him, warrants the application of the term Sph^rodictya to the interesting generic type of structure
here analyzed.

*The original specimen of Cyathophycua subsphoericus is preserved in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge. Like the specimens described by Rauff it shows no evidence of reticulation or
spicular structure, nor are there any traces of peripheral spicules. The central area, supposed to be the
osculum, is irregular and there are no means of determining whether it is actually such or is only a casual
feature.* * Upon application to the curator of the United States National Museum at Washington, for
authentic specimens of Teyaniiim aubsphcericum for comparison with the material above described, we have
been kindly allowed to examine a portion of the material studied by Dr. Rauff and identified by Mr.
Walcott as his species. Of the specimens received, one is a minute cup-shaped body similar in form to
those described by Rauff and with a similarly obscure skeleton ; three others are cups of like form but
larger size aud with a quadrate network already defined ; these resemble yonug individuals of Cyatliodictya
reticulata and all the restare thesuiall circular bodies with pscudopodia like peripheral spicules. A portion
of a single cluster of these is represented in figure 14, aud the enlargement ofoneof the individuals (fig. 15)
shows the clearly defined spicular layer coexistent with the spiny outer wall, while in all the smaller examples
the spicules of the skeleton, except those of the outer wall, are not evident. As it was still difficult to appre-
lieud the evidence upon which tho determinations made by Rauff were based, Mr. Charles Schuchert,
curator of invertebrate palaeontology in the National Museum, was requested to examine the specimens
which had been figured by that writer, with especial reference to the following points: (1J, Whether
the specimens figured by Rauff in his fig. 4, pi. iv, showed distinct evidence of possessing an aperture, or
whether the areas represented as apertures might be exfoliations of the thin pyritized films , (2), whether
these three cups are all on the same block and are convex as represented ; (3), whether any of these small
specimens, when moistened, show a series of peripheral spinules; and (4), whether the larger specimen
represented in op. cil. fig. 3, has the unresolvable pyrite film and the great aperture, as represented. To
these inquiries Mr. Sciiuchert has, after careful inspection of tho material, answered very explicitly:

( 1), “There is no evidence of an aperture in any of the three small specimens studied by Rauff. AA'here these
are indicated in tho figures there has been a partial or complete removal of the pyritized film in the speci-
men ” ; (2), “ The three figures given by Rauff are taken from three separate and distinct specimens so
that fig. 4 is ideal. The apertures are drawn in as well as tho convexity.” (3), “No peripheral spicules
can be detected in these specimens.” (4), “There is a thin pyritized film which has been varnished over,
aud in none do I distinguish spicules. The aperture in fig. 3 is also drawn in.”

"We have had no opportunity of examining this specimen, but the above statements are based upon an
examination kindly made by Prof. Alpheus Hyatt.

Introductory.

The rods of the vertical and horizontal bundles are for the most part
smooth throughout their entire length ; they afford no evidence of being
stauractine, but, as suggested in the diagnosis of the family given by Kauff,
are apparently extremely elongated diactins. The outer wall of these sponges
usually carries a regularly quadrate mesh produced by large pentactins
standing at each angle of the quadrules. These outer quadrules usually,
though not necessarily, correspond with the varying quadrules of the inner
reticulum, and it is not at all certain that the outer meshes are greatly sub-
divided. This outer or dermal layer may also carry projecting spicules of
various forms, spinules, umbrella-shaped clavules and echinated stauractins,
which will be more fully described in the following pages. The surface may
also bear projecting ornamental lamellae and ridges like those in Euplectella,
and strongly developed tufts of stout rods, as in Physospongia and Hydnoceras.
To the thin space intervening between the outer and inner surfaces of the
skeleton are ascribed some normal hexactinellid and minor modified forms
of spicules.

The variations in form independent of essential alteration in structure are
most noteworthy. Some of the Dictyosponges are obtusely or acutely obconical
with a simple exterior ; other obconical forms have a highly nodose and tufted
surface with, sometimes, clusters of pendulous pouches; many are distinctly
prismatic, some bear strong concentric annulations and vertical ridges, a few
have the form of large saucers, others of graceful vases with slender neck and
expanded bowl, and in two genera the form is almost cylindrical and has a
broad fringe or frill about its flattened base.

One should pause to reflect that these ancient organisms with their
manifold variety of graceful and striking shapes, were not the sombre bodies
we find them to be in the rocks, but in life formed the most delicately
woven fabrics of glass, latticed vases, urns and cups of the rarest delicacy
and beauty. They must have been, when denuded of their sarcode, among
most exquisite structures of the past, as their descendants are of the
the present. Nothing for example, could have surpassed the graceful
filigreed chalice of Botryodictya ramosa, with its slender, tufted pedicel
expanding above into a cup ornamented with pendant pouches.

Forms like those just mentioned as having a flattened transverse extremity,
raise an important question as to the existence in these sponges of a terminal
sieve-plate like that in Euplectella. The determination of this point is
essential not only to a proper conception of the limitations of the family

D ICTY OSPO NGI D JE,

•28

Dictyospongid.e, but also to a correct orientation of certain of its members.
The ire n era Phragmodictya and Thysahodictya, which are here fully described
and illustrated, are subcylindrical sponges having the margin at one extremity
regular, unmodified and free ; the other extremity is an almost transverse
plate, septum or diaphragm which completely closes the cup, and about its
edges where in contact with the walls of the cylinder, is a free expansion or
frill. In Euplectella, which is throughout the nearest living representative
of the Dictyosponges, there is, at the upper extremity a terminal plate, the
so-called u sieve-plate,” surrounded by a free marginal frill of spicular net-work.*
This terminal portion of the skeleton is, however, less a perforated plate than
a combination of stout, inosculating rods or trabeculae. It is described by
Schulze in the following terms : “ The watcli-glass-like, arched, terminal sieve-
plate consists of a lattice-work of laterally compressed ridges of various
thickness, which, though exhibiting no very regular arrangement, yet suggests
a wheel-like reticular structure. One can distinguish at least three or four
main beams which are approximately circular and several which extend
radially. These form the primary meshes, which are again divided by narrower
and less prominent ridges. Here and there a broader plate is formed in the
net-work, as if by the confluence of the stronger beams.”f

This structure is in no respect similar in composition to the net-work
constituting the rest of the sponge and its beams are not continuous exten-
sions of the ground- work strands of the latter. It appears to be wholly a
protective apparatus for the osculum, cemented to the upper margin of the
reticulum. The marginal frill in Euplectella is simply one of the many
surface ridges covering the outer wall of the sponge.

In Phragmodictya and Thysanodictya the structure of the terminal
plate is wholly different. It is, primarily, a low cone, and is constituted of
radial spicular strands which are an immediate continuation of the vertical
fascicles of the reticulum, those being crossed by concentric strands, corre-
sponding to the horizontal bundles of the rest of the skeleton. The radial
strands converge at or near the center of the cone, and when the outer part of
the cone is preserved there is evidence of the existence of a spicular tuft
about the apex. Not all the rods of the vertical bundles extend from the body
of the sponge into this plate; a portion of them is continued into the broad
thin peripheral frill, the surface of which is crenulated, while its distal margin
is irregularlv fringed by long radiciform extensions. The radial spicules of

'Owen :it first regarded this sieve-plate as at the bottom of Euplectella (See Schulze, o/i.cit. p. 54).
tChalleuger Expedition, vol. xxi ; Hexactinelliila, p. 66.

DlOTYOSPONGID/E.

21)

the terminal })Iate in these genera, and their continuity with the rest of the
skeleton, of itselt demonstrates the fact that this is the base of the sponge,
and is not in the remotest sense homologous with the sieve-plate in Euplec-
tella ; this evidence is corroborated by the structure of the peripheral frill
and its evident adaptation to the purposes of attachment as seen in the
character of its distal margin.

From this consideration of the characters of the Dictyosponges and the
groups allied to them, may be deduced the following definition of the family :

Family DICTYOSPONGID^, Hall.

Obcanical , prismatic, oylindric, explanate , vase, funnel and saucer-shaped,
th in-walled sponges, with the inner layer of the skeleton composed of series of reticu-
lating vertical and horizontal bundles mostly of smooth diactine rods / the outer
layer composed of regularly arranged stauractins forming quadrate meshes
with more or less irregularly disposed spicules scattered over the quadrates thus
produced, (pmulus, clavules , etc.). Regular hexactins in the parenchyma.
Single lophophyte generally present. Periloph , marginalia and pleuralia
present or absent. JVo mural areoles / no terminal sieve-plate.

Structure of the Skeleton.

In contrast to the very considerable generic variation and abundant
specific representation now recognized in this family, our knowledge of the
spicular elements of the skeleton is, and must remain, very incomplete. This is
the more to be regretted, since the structure of this frame- work is the essential
basis of taxonomic arrangement. Among the abundant species of the
Devonian, this skeleton, almost without exception, is lost, however clear and
undisturbed the original form of the sponge and the impression of its surface
characters. In the sands and sandy shales of the Chemung group from which
the great majority of these sponges has been obtained, the original hydrated
silica of the skeleton has undergone change, probably through the agency of
organic acids resulting from decomposition, and has been replaced first by
pyrite, and by oxidation this has passed into limonite and been quickly
removed from the porous rock. In rare instances portions of the spicular
rods in the condition of limonite have been seen in specimens from the upper
Devonian and more often in those from the sandy layers of the lower
Carboniferous (Waverly group) of Ohio. The calcareous shales in which the
sponges of the Keokuk group at Crawfordsville and Indian Creek, Indiana,
are embedded, have, however, retained a greater or less portion of the

Dl( TYOSPONGin.E.

30

skeletons in a pyritized condition, and it is from this source that all our
knowledge of their ultimate composition is derived. As already observed, the
frame work of these sponges consists of bundles of rods crossing at right
angles. The majority of these are smooth and taper very gradually, not
necessarily extending for the entire length of the sponge. Close observation
has not yet shown them to have more than a single axis, that is, they are not

Figure 4. Spicules of Pictyospongidae.

1. Part of a primary pentactin of Cleodictya Mohri , with umbels in various positions,

and fragments of other spicular rods x 60.

2. Two angles of a quadrule in Phragmodictya cat ill if or mis, the primary hexactins or

pentactins being in place, with fragments of the vertical and horizontal
bundles, x 50

3. Part of a quadrule, showing the vertical and horizontal bundles with parenchymal

spicules scattered over the interspace, x 40. From an undetermined fragment
at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

4. Some of the major and minor hexactins of Dictyospongia ? Marcellia. x 30.

crossed by other rays. Such rods may, therefore, be regarded as extreme
modifications of the typical triaxial or hexactinellid form, produced by the
abbreviation of two of the axes. The terminal portion of a very small rod
(Mastodictya osculata) enlarged 400 diameters, is represented in the accompany-
ing figure 5. In some genera, particularly in Piiysospongia, vertical bundles
of these rods, which lie on the inner or paragastral surface of the sponge,
are accompanied by comparatively short rods which terminate in an anchor
with two sharp ti ukes (figure 5). These had nothing to do with the fixation of

kSrurrn RK ok Skeleton.

the sponge as, in Physospongia Dawson i, they are scattered over the entire
length of the principal vertical paragastral strands. The relation of their form
to tlie normal hexactins may l>e understood by observing that the sides of the
head of the anchor not extended into
spines are much swollen, forming ab-
breviated representatives of the rays
of the third axis. With these anchor-
ate rods are others, occurring in Pnvs-
ospongia, Clathrospongia and Lvno-
dictya, which may be termed clemes /
formed of flattened rods with alternat-
ing broad triangular processes at the
sides (figure 5). The anchorate and
clemate rods are found together, but only
in the vertical fascicles. The spicules of
the outer or dermal wall of the reticulum
are seldom retained in place, and the
precise position of some of the forms is
to a considerable degree a matter of con-
jecture. Here there are no smooth rods,
anchorate spicules or clemes, or if the
first are ever present, they are small and
of rare occurrence. The mesh of the
outer wall is, as already observed, com-
posed of stauractius, principally pentac-
tins, which lie at the angles of small
quadrate areas (see figure 4). These
pentactins are usually smooth-rayed but
not infrequently they bear thorns or long
spinules (figure (5 (9)). In these pen-
tactins a single low node near the intersection of the axes is frequently present
and represents a sixth ray. The surface of the quadrules set off by the prin-
cipal pentactins is covered with, or filled by, isolated spicules of various
forms. It is not easy to conclude, except from comparison with living
hexactinellids, which of these spicules are referable to the dermal layer and
what portion of them to the interstitial or parenchymal layer of the
reticulum. On account of the thinness of the entire sponge wall, the dis
tinction of such an intermediate layer is perhaps a purely conventional one.
It is usually extremely difficult to discriminate between the outer and
inner layers of the skeleton especially when under compression, but the

Figurk 5. Spicules of Dictyospongidae.

1. Terminal portion of a small vertical rod in Mcisto -

dictya osculatu. x 400.

2. Cleme of Pliysospongia Dawsoni. x 60.

3. Part of cleme of Aclccodictya marsipus. x 400.

4. Group of anchorate spicules, Physospongia Dawsoni.

x 60.

:52

PlCTYOSPONGID.E.

presence of certain spicules similar to those which, in recent siliceous sponges,
are found in the sarcode of the inner layer, is a reason for ascribing such
layers to the Dictyospongiege.

To the dermal layer may be ascribed the umbrella-shaped clavules, or
umbels, occuring in Cleodictya, Physospongia and Gripjiodictya (figures 6, 7) ;

short, thick rods with an arched,
toothed disk at the end. To the
same layers, also, various forms of
the pinules, some clearly pentac-
tin, others compound, among
them the peculiar tri-pinulus
which consists of three tufted
rays rising from a smooth base
with accessory processes (fig-
ure (1 ). These pinules have sel-
dom been found unbroken with
the exception of the tri-pinulus,
a form occurring in Cleodictya
and Lebedictya. To the paren-
chyma (or perhaps to the quad
rules of the inner wall) may be-
long certain peculiar pentactins
with curved rays, found only in
Plirajmodictya catilliformis (fig-
ure 6 (l~f)) and the pod-shaped
diactins which occur in Phragmo-
DICTYA, LEBEDICTYA, PlIYSO-
spongia, Griphodictya, etc., and
n. An umbel ; physospongia coiietti. x4oo. perhaps also, the highly branched

oxyhexasters characteristic of the genus Griphodictya (figure 7).

The prostalia or tuffs of spicular rods occurring at the base, aperture and
at various nodes upon the surface of some species, seem to penetrate the entire
wall and, in some instances, as in Hydnoceras and Physospongia, to bear a
definite relation to the intersections of the vertical and horizontal facicles of
the inner wall.

Note. The terminology of the spicular elements of the sponges has in
recent years become very complicated through an exuberant growth of terms
which do not explain themselves. The present profusion of names is quite
bewildering while the fundamental conception of the spicule form is
perfectly simple and the mode of its modification not of itself neccessarily

Figure 6. Spicules of Pictyospongidae

1, 2, 3, 4. Modified hexactins of Phragmodictya catilliformis. x 400.

5, 6, 7. Different forms of the pinulus from Cleodictya Mohri.
x 400 ; 6 is a complete tri-pinulus.

8, 9. Parts of echinate hexactins, also from Cleo. Mohri. x 400.

10. A much modified spicule from Griphodictya epiphanes. x 400.

Form.

33

complex. To serve the
figure 8 a group of the
spicule, which has heen

purposes of this work we have brought together in
more characteristic derivative forms of the hexactin
compiled from the illustrations given by Schulze

{Report Challenger Expedition ) and Rauff ( Palaeospongiologie ). These will
aid in elucidating the spicular forms occurring in the Dictyspongidas.

Figure 7. Spicules of Dictyospongidae.

The upper figure is a group of stout bean-shaped diactins from an undetermined
fragment at Crawfordsville, Indiana. The two lower spicules are from Griphodictya
epiphanes; that at the left is an hexactin much branched at the extremityof the rays ;
that at the right an umbel with deeply cleft top. All x 400.

Variations and Genetic Relations of Form.

A glance through the plates of this volume will convey an idea of the
multiplicity of forms under which the Dictyosponges manifested themselves.
Among these smooth, nodose, prismatic and annulated cups and vases, the
smooth slender obcone as expressed in the typical genus Dictyospongia, is
doubtless to be regarded as the fundamental form. The primary relation
of this form to all the abundant expressions occurring in the Devonian
faunas is evident from an inspection of any well-preserved example of a
nodose, prismatic, annulated or other form, in all of which the early stages are

34

DiCTYOSPONGIDjE.

regularly obconical. In IIydnoceras this primitive, smooth condition was of
brief duration and was directly followed by the development of prism-faces,
at first four and directly thereafter eight, the normal number. These prism-
faces are well developed before the appearance of the nodes on the prism-

Figure 8. Primary and modified forms of the Hexactin.

n. Oxyhexactin, x 100 ; b. Echinhexactin, x 300 ; c. Strongylhexactln with prickly extremities, x 450 ;
cl. Tylhexaster, x 300 ; e. Discohexaster, x 450 ; /. Plumicome, x 300; g. Amphidisk, with remnants of the
abbreviated arms, x 100 ; h. Pinule, x 300 ; i. Orthotetraen, x 100 ; j. Clavule, x 450 ; k. Diaen, x 150.

(Rauff.)

angles. The nodes themselves do not appear abruptly but with gradual
increase in size, and after the passage of the adult period their size again
decreases, and eventually they disappear; the prismatic faces also become
obsolete, the apertural portions of old individuals being smooth and funnel-
shaped.

The remarkable genus Botkyodictya retains the smooth, primitive,
subcylindrical form of the cup for fully one-half its length and then abruptly
swells into a vase with obscure prism-faces and an extravagant development
of compound pouch-shaped nodes. In the great majority of all of the Devonian
species of these sponges the prism-faces are more or less clearly discernible,

Form.

35

even among forms belonging to the genus Dictyospongia, so that this pris-
matic form seems in a certain sense normal to the group, though always a
progressed condition. In some of the annulated species, as Kiiahdosipoxgia,
the annulations are clearly of subsequent appearance to t lie prism-faces,
though the latter are represented throughout the adult condition of the sponge
as vertical ridges; while in Ceratodici’ya the annulations appear to follow
directly upon the smooth conical condition, the prismatic condition not being
manifested.

It is a significant fact that even with our present imperfect knowledge
of this group, the earliest known Dictyosponge, I)icttjospongia Danbyi,
McCoy (sp.), from the Ludlow beds of England, is such a regularly obconical
species with, possibly, an obscure development of the prism-faces toward its
upper part. This simple form may be regarded as directly derived from that
which characterizes such earlier Silurian forms as Cyatiiodictya. The
secondary modifications of this form (prism-faces, nodes, annulations, etc.), are
not known in any such early species nor outside of the Dictyospongid.e.

Among the many prismatic or banana-shaped species which constitute the
genus Prismodictya, the early smooth conical stage is extremely abbrev-
iated, but when specimens are well preserved to the basal apex it is found
that such a condition exists.

With the disappearance of the Devonian faunas, the simple prismatic
sponges quickly disappear. The introduction <>f the Waverly fauna, immed-
iately succeeding the upper Devonian in Pennsylvania and Ohio, brought in
several new generic types, some of which retain the prismatic form under
considerable modification (Calathospongia), but in the preponderating
species the prismatic structure is essentially lost. Tiiamnodictya and Cleo-
dictya are sponges with a smooth surface ; the simple, obconical form of the
cup is modified in both, in the former the base of the cup being broad and its
apertural portion expanded into a wide vase, and in the latter, the bowl-like
lower part of the sponge bearing a row of nodes which seem to have no rela-
tion to prismatic faces as in all of the nodose species of the Devonian.

The still later fauna of the Keokuk group as represented in eastern
Indiana, brings in the remarkable genus Piiysospongia, a broadly conical sponge
with wide base, and having the inner wall of its skeleton constructed on a very
simple plan ; a modification of the normal type of structure which is evidently
foreshadowed in the Moemerispongia Gerolsteinensis, F. Roemer, of the middle
Devonian of Germany. In this fauna is, also, the genus Phragmodictya, a non-
prismatic sponge characterized by its depressed conical base surrounded by a

DlC!TYOSPONGIDJ3.

3fi

peripheral frill ; a form anticipated in the Thysanodictya of the upper
Devonian, in which evidence of the prism-faces is still retained. In the greater
number of all the other known species represented by the genera Cleodictya,
Lebedictya, Calatiiospongia and Lykodictya, the form is some modification
of a rapidly expanding obcone or vase, like the ultimate expanded apertural
portions of the Devonian nodose sponges. With all these generic modifica-
tions so unlike those prevailing in the Devonian, are still to be found a few
representatives of the genera Prismoiuctya and Dictyospongia.

Though the future will doubtless afford much evidence helping to estab.
lish the mutual relations of form among the Dictyosponges, the evidence of the
present clearly points to the simple, slender, smooth obcone as primitive,
probably derived from the antecedent Plectoderm ati d je and Protospongid^e,
and attaining its maximum in the upper Devonian ; to the prismatic form as a
primary derivation therefrom, a group also attaining its highest development
in the upper Devonian ; to the nodose and annulated forms as a secondary
derivation, and the explanate, noil-prismatic vase-shaped species with their
various modifications, such as prevail in the lower Carboniferous faunas, as a
still later derivation from the fundamental type.

Modes of Preservation.

The skeletal substance of the siliceous sponges is a hydrated or chalcedonic
silica. In these fossils, as preserved in the older rocks, this skeleton has been
wholly removed and replaced by some other substance.* In a single instance
among all the examples here described, Glathrospongia Hamiltonensis , from the
calcareous shales of the Hamilton group, the skeleton has been substituted by
a deposit of carbonate of lime, which retains the general aspect of the net-work
though the form and structure of the individual spicular bodies is wholly lost.
In all other cases that have come under our observation the replacement of
the siliceous skeleton has been a complicated one resulting in the substitution
of iron pyrites for the silica, and with such delicacy and so gradually has this
process been carried forward, that the minutest details of form in spicules of
highly intricate structure have been retained.

Notwithstanding the fact that, almost without exception, in all the
numerous sponges of the upper Devonian sandstones, the spicular skeleton is
entirely gone, it is evident that its absence is not due to a lack of replacement
by pyrites but to a removal of the pyrites itself. This appears from the

* Zittel observes that in the older lithistid siliceous sponges the original amorphous, singly refractive
silica has become doubly refractive, and almost iusoluble in caustic alkalies ( Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, vol. 20, 1877, pp. 260 et seg.).

Habitat and Occurrence.

37

occasional presence in examples from these and the similar sandstones of the
Waverly group, of a few root spicules which are in the condition of hydrated
oxide of iron (limonite), as well as from the iron stains which frequently
accompany much of the material from all such rocks. The porous sandy
matrix of both horizons has been an efficient aid to the removal of the
skeleton. Where replacement has gone on in the presence of abundant
decomposing organic matter, as in the bituminous rocks of the Quebec
group, Utica slates and Marcellus shales, the deposition of pyrite is
complete and sometimes excessive ; so that the form of the spicules may
become obscured by pyritous enlargement.

In the calcareous shales of the Keokuk group in Indiana, the pyritous
replacement is often retained. The fact that it is not always present but that
in the majority of instances it has been lost, leads to the inference that the
removal of the pyritized skeleton is constantly in process. It is, however, to
the sponges of this horizon that is due such knowledge as we now possess of
the ultimate spicular structure in the Dictyospongid.e.

Although the sandstones of the Devonian and lower Carboniferous have
proven unsatisfactory media for the retention of the skeleton they have well
preserved the form of the sponges. They have been, at times, subjected to
slight distortion from compression, but this disfiguration is always much less
in these rocks than in those more highly laminated and of finer texture. The
impressions of the interior and exterior of the skeleton are often so sharply
defined as to afford a very clear conception of the structure of the network
and the ornamentation of the surface, the slight discoloration of superficial
ridges and laminae by iron stains frequently aiding such conceptions. While
specific and generic characters in this family are so largely dependent upon
variations of form, this mode of preservation is by no means unsatisfactory,
as the shape of the sponge is usually better preserved than in more
schistose sediments.

Habitat and Mode of Occurrence.

The prevalence of these Dictyosponges in the sandy sediments of the
Chemung group is in strong contrast to the distribution of existing liexactin-
ellids over the present sea-bottom. The Chemung formation of the central-
western part of the State of New York is essentially a succession of arenaceous
beds in the condition of compact sandstones and sandy shales, with occasional
layers of argillaceous shale and, toward the upper part of the series, with
gravelly conglomerates. In all of these sponge remains have been found, but
the occurrence of isolated specimens alone can not be relied upon to determine

38

Diotyospo ng id .e.

the nature of their habitat ; for in many instances there is collateral evidence
of the sponge having been drifted from its proper position.

The known colonies of these sponges afford more direct evidence. The
colony of Hydnoceras Bathense, at Bath, lies overwhelmed between banks of
sandstone and involved in a few inches of a somewhat arenaceous clay-shale.
Its existence was terminated abruptly, as shown by the fact that the great
majority of the individuals are confined to a very thin layer at the surface of
(lie sandstone and by the additional fact that all have been greatly compressed.
N< >w it is found that while the exposed surface of these overwhelmed sponges
may be covered with the shaly rock, their under surfaces are involved in the
sand and, further, occasional specimens are found quite buried in the sandstone
stratum itself. It is possible that this extensive sponge plantation grew upon
the muddy bottom represented by the thin layer of shale, though the data
more clearly indicate that it was rooted on the sandy bottom and was over-
whelmed by the influx of mud. A great number of specimens of Hydnoceras
botroedema have been taken from the soil on Irish hill, near Bath, and though
the rock beds from which they come have not yet been opened, the specimens are
uncompressed internal casts in sandstone, both their form and matrix indicating
the absence of a muddy sediment. The colony of Hydnoceras tuberosum at
Brown hill, near Cohocton, that on Hamlin’s farm, near Naples, and the one at
Cotton hill, near Avoca, in the last of which is a number of diverse species, are
all in a soft sandy sediment, which is highly laminated and schistose but is not
shaly nor does it show other evidence of muddy bottom except so far as the mud
is commingled with the sand. At Cuba, Allegany county, is a small colony of
Dictyosponyia sceptrum which occurs in a heavy sandstone stratum and the
sponges have been prostrated not by any change in the nature of the deposit,
but rather by the impact of the waves or water currents. This is indicated
in the accompanying cut which shows three overthrown individuals lying
side by side and parallel, having evidently fallen where they grew.

In other cases there is evidence of considerable admixture of muddy
matter in the sediment, as in the colony of Thysanodictya Edwin-Halli at
Wellsville, where the rock is soft and the specimens in large part compressed ;
but even here the matrix is still arenaceous and many specimens are without
compression. In this plantation from which several hundred specimens have
been taken, the sponges are found at times to retain their upright position,
thus indicating how gently the sediments have been deposited about them.
Fifty miles away from Wellsville, which may be regarded as the geographic
center of the most prolific sponge region in the upper Chemung beds, occurs

Figure 9. Three prostrate individuals of DUtyosponyia eceptrum , which were rooted in a sandy sediment.
Chemung sandstone, Cuba, N. Y.

40

J ) ICTYOSPONG ID JE.

Botryodictya ratnosa in a soft sandy shale, near Mansfield, Tioga county,
Pennsylvania, the only locality at which it has been observed.

Many of the sandstones of the Chemung series are rich in molluscan and
other fossils, constituting a profuse and diverse assemblage of organic life, but
the diffusion of this fauna is not uniform throughout the series. The fossils
predominate in rather thin layers separated by intervals of barren sands. The
sponges, however, do not usually occur in these highly fossiliferous bands.
In the colonies at Bath and near Cohocton, the species of IIvdnoceras have
almost no other organic associates and their prolific growth seems to have
crowded out other forms of life. Occasionally the cup of a Taxocrinus has
been found among the sponges at the latter locality but no other organisms
have been observed in the colonies at Bath. On the other hand, very near the base
of the Chemung group, on Hamlin’s farm in the township of Naples, and not
over 150 feet above the last Portage fauna, is a colony of IIvdnoceras where
the specimens, not well preserved on account of the laminated condition of
the sediments, are associated with these species: Ambocoelia mnbonata , var.
gregaria , Cyrtina Ilamiltonensis, StropTieodonta Cayuta , S. variabilis , S.
arcuata, Leptostropliia perplana var. nervosa, Av iculopecten cancellatus,
Sphenotus sp., Arthracantha sp. Three miles away, at Deyo basin, in the same
town, IIvdnoceras occurs sparingly, with Ceratodictya, Hydriodictya,
S 'pi. rife r mesastrialis, Atrypa hystrix and 1> rod acted a speciosa.

In the upper part of the formation throughout the region in Allegany
county which has proved so prolific in Dictyosponges, these species are fre-
quently associated with Spirifer disjunctus, Proda, della, Gamaroteechia and
other brachiopods.

Such a habitat for these sponges as is indicated by the foregoing evidence
is dissimilar to that of the recent hexactinellids. F. E. Schulze reports the
number of species dredged by the Challenger Expedition, from the bottom
of mud, clay or globigerina-ooze, as nearly twice that found on all other kinds
of bottom. Of about one hundred species, five were trawled from sand and
but two from gravel and stones. The Euplectellid/E and other forms pro-
vided with a root tuft were mostly found on soft muddy ground. Eupledell a
aspergillum was taken in mud at a depth of 95 fathoms, while E. crassistellata
was dredged in radiolarian-ooze at the immense depth of 2750 fathoms, the
two species representing the extreme of depth at which the Hexactinellida
were found.

These ancient allies and precursors of Euplectella seem to have been
adapted to different conditions of growth. They flourished and attained their

Bibliography.

41

highest development upon the sands and arenaceous muds of the upper
Devonian, and among them are those most frequently provided with a root,
tuft. The species of the Keokuk group grew on a soft muddy bottom like
many of their modern representatives, accompanied by a profuse growth of
crinoids and with many mollusca and brachiopoda ; and while some of the
species of the latter fauna are provided with root-tufts, the majority have
broad bases indicating a sessile mode of growth on solid objects such as
stones or dead shells.

HISTORICAL.

Bibliography of the Dictyospongid^e

1842.

1. T. A. Conrad. Observations on the Silurian and Devonian Systems of

the United States , with descriptions of New Organic Remains. (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, pp. 2G7-8, pi. xvi, fig. 1.)

Describes the genus IIydnoceras and the species II. tuberosum, stated to
be from the Chemung sandstones near Addison, Steuben county, N. V. The
author’s account of this sponge was based on an internal cast which he con-
ceived to represent an extravagant form of cephalopoda.

2. L. Vanitxem. Geology of New York’ Report on the Third District,

pp. 182-3, fig. 50.

A brief description is given, with a figure of an incomplete specimen
of Uphantcenia ( Hypliantcenia ) Chemungensis, obtained from the Chemung
sandstones “ near the south end of the Ithaca and Oswego railroad.” The
author expresses his belief that the fossil was a marine plant. A figure
of the original specimen will be found among the plates of this volume.

1852.

3. Frederick McCoy. A systematic Description of the British Palaeozoic
Fossils in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge,
p. 62, pi. 1. D, figs. 7, 8.

Under the name Tetragonis Danbyi, the author describes a species of
Dictyospongia from the upper Ludlow rocks of Westmoreland, evidently
regarding the fossil a cystidean. It is placed among the Fchinodermata
in Morris’s Catalogue of British Fossils, p. 90, 1854, Murchison’s
Siluria, third edition p. 536, 1859, and fourth edition, p. 509, 1872. In
Salter’s Catalogue of the Cambrian and Silurian Fossils contained in the

42

I )lCT YOSPON G IDAS.

Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge , p. 176, 1873, the species
is placed among the Sponges.

1862.

4. J. W. I ).v wson. On the Flora of the Devonian Period in Northeastern
America. (Quarterly Journal Geological Society, vol. xviii, p. 325,
pi. xvii.)

Under the name Uphantcenia Chemungensis, the author figures a specimen
of Hydnoceras tuberosum from the Chemung group of New York and sug-
gests that such forms were the cylindrical stems of the flabellate fronds
described by Vanuxem under the former term. They are regarded “as Algae
with funnel-shaped fronds, sometimes prolonged into cylinders, and when
adult, bearing fructification in tubercles on the sides of the cylinders.”

1863.

5. James Hall. Observations upon the Genera Uphantcenia and Dictyophy ton,
with notices of some Species from the Chemung group of New York and
the Waverly sandstone of Ohio. (Sixteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist. pp. 84-91, pis. iii-v a.)

A description is given of Uphantcenia Chemungensis with reprint from
the original cut, but without additional specimens. The genus Dictyopiiyton
is introduced, based upon the species D. Newberryi, and, at the request of
Mr. Conrad (as stated in a foot-note to page 87), it is allowed to replace the
term Hydnoceras. The following species of Dictyophyton are described:

D. Newberryi , nov.

D. filitextile, nov.

D. Iiedfieldi , nov.

D. Conradi , nov.

I), rude, nov.

All of these fossils are regarded

D. fenestratum, nov.

D. annul ahum, nov.

D. tuberosum , Conrad.
D. nodosum, nov.

s marine Algae.

1874.

6. E. 1\ Larkin. Dictyophyton. (The Alfred Student, May, p. 53 ; A paper
published under the auspices of Alfred University, at Alfred, Allegany
county, N. Y.)

Describes a number of supposed variations of D. tuberosum and new
species, viz. : D. serration , D. angulation, D. lobatum, D. cylindricum, D.
hastatum. The descriptions are very incomplete and, in the absence of illus-
trations, the forms intended can not be recognized.

o

Bibliography.

43

1879.

7. W. Pit. Schimper. ZitteVs Handbuch der Palaeontologie ; Part II. Palaeo-

phytolologie , Lief. 1, p. 69.

The genera Dictyophyton and Upiiant.enia are considered under a
group of algae termed Dictyophyte.e. In regard to the genus Dictyophyton,
however, the author observed : “ This regular lattice-work is so sharply defined
and the elevated lines so uniformly straight that such impressions could be
left in the rock only by bodies composed of very firm parts. Among living
algae there are none which have such a composition. There are indeed very
delicate algae which become hardened by calcareous incrustation, but such an
ornamentation as this can not be the result of incrustation.

“ The question arises whether we have not here the siliceous skeletons of
sponges rather than highly abnormal forms of algae. AVe know how regularly
the skeletons of the sponges are often constructed, and that a quadrate net-
work is not infrequent among them. It is to be farther remarked that, as
stated by Hall, no trace of coal on these remains has been observed.”

Similar doubt is expressed as to the algous nature of Uphantjenia.

1880.

8. Ferdinand Roemer. Ijethiea Palceozoica , Rente Lief erring , pp. 127, 128,

fig. 3, and p. 304, fig. 36.

Describes the genera Upiiant.enia and Dictyophyton, giving a figure of
Dictyophyton tuberosum from Steuben county. Both are discussed among the
fossil algae but are regarded as doubtfully of this nature. On pp. 303, 304,
the genus Tetragonis and the species T. Murchisonii, Eiehwald, T. Dandy i,
McCoy and T. Eifeliensis, n. sp. are discussed, the last being illustrated by a
fragment of the surface from the calcareous middle Devonian shales of Gerol-
stein. The genus is included in the family Receptaculitidce.

1881.

9. R. P. AVhitfield. Observations on the Structure of Dictyophyton and its
afiinities with certain sponges. (Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xxii, pp.
53, 54.)

Upon comparison of specimens of Dictyophyton which had been described
f IX) in the sandstones of the Chemung and Waverly groups, with the skeleton
of Euplectella, the author concludes that these bodies are sponges, at

44

Duty ospong t d jr.

the same time setting forth the a priori evidence against their supposed
vegetable nature.

o

10. R. P. Whitfield. On the Nature of Dictyophyton. (Amer. Journ.

Science, vol. xxii, p. 132.)

Briefly refers to additional evidence of the spongous nature of these fos-
sils, based upon a specimen from the Keokuk beds at Crawfordsville, Indiana,
for which the name of Uphantcenia Dawsoni is introduced. The specimen
was referred to Dr. J. W. Dawson for examination.

11. J. W. D awson. Note on the Structure of a specimen of Uphantcenia ,

from the Collection of the American Museum of Natural History , New
York City. (Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xxii, pp. 132, 133.)

This examination of a pyritized specimen from Crawfordsville, leads the
author to conclude that it is probably a sponge

1882.

12. Ward’s Natural Science Bulletin , vol 1, No. 1, p. 5.

Gives a notice of the finding of the colony of Dictyophyton ( Hydnoceras )
tuberosum , Conrad, in the town of Cohocton, Steuben county, N. Y.

13 James Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongi[fT\ce, plates 17—20,
with explanations. (Issued in advance of the Thirty-fifth Annual
Report N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, 1884.)

The explanations accompanying these plates differ in some respects from
those in the final form of the paper in the matter of generic identifications.
The following species take date from this publication: Dictyophyton
\Fctenodictya\ implexum, Cloth rospongia abac us, Dictyophyton [ Tylodictya]
tenue, Phragmodictya [Acloeodictya\ excentrica, P. sc typhus (pP. caUlliformis,
W hitfield), Physospongia alternata, Phragmodictya \Thysanodictya\expansa ,
P. crebristriata, P. lineata.

14. R. P. Whitfield. Remarks on Dictyophyton and Descriptions of New
Species of allied forms from the Keokuk beds of Crawfordsville, Indiana.
(Bull. No. I, Amer. Mus. Nat. Ilist. pp. 10- 20, pis. iii, iv.)

Reproduces the substance of observations made by the author and Princ.
D awson (Nos. 9, 10, 11), redescribes Uphantcenia [Physospongia^ Dawsoni
and gives the first descriptions of Dictyophyton ^Phragmodictya] catilliforme
and D. [ Dictyospongia ] cyl indricum, all from the Keokuk group of Indiana.

Bibliography.

4:

15. K. A. von Zittel. Notizen uber fossile Spongien ( Protospongia , Dio
tyophyton, Corynella, Stellispongia, Vertici Hites). (Neues Jahrb. fiir
Mineral, vol. 2, pp. 203, 204.)

From the examination of a “ Dictyophyton ” [tuberosum, Conrad] sent to
him by Professor Ward, of Rochester, the author confirms the opinion of
Whitfield and IIinde, that the fossil belongs to the sponges and regards it as
forming, with Protospongia, a distinct family allied to Euplectella.

1883.

10. James Hall. Outlie Relations of Dictyophyton, Phragmodictyum and
similar Forms with TJphantaenia. (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol.
31 (for 1882), p. 419. Title only.)

17. Charles Barrois. Stir les Dictyospongidm des Psammites da Condroz.

(Annales de la iSoc. Geol. du Nord, vol. xi, pp. 80-86, pi. 1.)

The author records the occurrence of these sponges in the upper
Devonian sandstones of Jeumont, Brittany, and identities certain of them with
the Dictyophyton tuberosum , Conrad [Ilydnoceras Barroisi\ Another species
is described as D. [. Dictyospongia ] Morini. It is suggested that these sponges
belong to the suborder Dictyonina , Zittel.

18. George J. IIinde. Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological

Department of the British Museum, p>p. 130-132, pi. xxviii, fig. 3.

The author places the genus Dictyophyton among the Dictyonine
sponges, under the family Staurodermide, and in immediate association with
Protospongia, Salter. The view is expressed that the nine species of
Dictyophyton described by Hall (1863), probably all belong to the species
D. tuberosum, Conrad, and that the Tetragonis \Prismodictya\ Eifeliensis,
F. Roemer, represents the same genus. A figure is given of a specimen from
Cohocton, N. Y., probably the normal form of the species from the Brown
hill colony. McCoy’s species, Tetragonis Danbyi, is also described as
Dictyophyton Danbyi , and it is observed that an examination of the original
species of Tetragonis (7! Murchisoni, Eichwald) showrs it to be closely
allied to Ischadites.

19. Ferdinand Roemer. Notiz uber die Gattung Dictyophyton. (Zeitsclir.

der Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch., vol. xxxv, pp. 704-708, figs, a, b.)

Describes and figures a Dictyosponge from the middle Devonian of
Gerolstein, under the name Dictyophyton Gerolsteinense. It is shown in the

P I CTYOSPONGID .E.

46

following pages that tins species represents a distinct type of generic structure
and the name Roemerispongia is here introduced therefor. The author
considers neither the algous nor the spongous nature of these fossils established.

1884.

20 Ja mes IIall. Descriptions of the Species of Fossil Reticulate Sponges , con-
stituting the Family Dictyospongidce. (Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y.
State Mus. Nat. Hist. pp. 465-481, pis. 17 (18)-20 (21).)

This paper defines the new genera Ectenodictya, Lyrodictya, Tiiamno-
dictya, Phragmodictya (1882), Cleodictya and Piiysospongia (1882), and
gives brief descriptions of all the species known at that time. The following
species take date from this publication : Dictyophyton [ Clathrospongia ]
Hamiltonense, 1 >. \FLydriodictya\ pabulum, D. \P 'rismodictya] prismaticum ,
I). | P. | telum, D. \P. | baculum, I). [ P.\ paraltelum , D. [ Clathrospongia ]
irregulars, D. \Ceratodictya ] cinctum, I). [ Calathospongia ?] sacculus,

Ectenodictya ( Lyrodictya T) Burlingtonensis, Lyrodictya Romingeri, Phrag-
modictya patelliformis, Cleodictya gloriosa, C. Mohri Piiysospongia
Colletti.

21. L. Lesquereijx. Description of the, Coal Flora of the Carboniferous

Formation in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States. (Second
Geol. Surv. Penn. Kept. P, vol. iii, p. 827.)

The author, regarding the fossils known as Dictyophyton as marine algae,
describes a new form under the name Dictyophyton ramosum. The species is
considered at length in the following pages under the name, Botryodictya

vamosa.

1886.

22. It. P. Whitfield. Notice of a New Fossil Body, probably a Sponge

related to Dictyophyton. (Bull. No. 8, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. pp. 346-
348, pi. xxxv, figs. 1-9.)

Under the generic name Rhombodictyon, are described two species from
the Hudson River slates at Kenwood, near Albany, N. Y., of somewhat irreg-
ularly globose outline and having a surface marked by parallel raised lines
crossed by flexuous oblique striae. The general aspect of these fossils
suggests their spongous nature, but there is no satisfactory evidence of rela-
tionship to the Dictyosponges.

Bibliography.

47

1887.

23. George J. IIinde. .1 Monograph of the British Fossil Sponges, Part 1,

pp. 1-92 , pis. i-viii.

The author erects the family P kotos po ng i d .e as a member of the order
Dictyonma. It is made to include Protospongia, Salter, Piiormosella and
Plectouerma, IIinde, “and possibly also some of the forms included under
Dictyophyton , Hall” (p. 00). It is also observed that “by some authors the
spicules are believed to be free from each other and thus of a Lyssacine
character.” On plate ii, are given figures (4, a-c) of Dictyophyton | Dictyo-
spongia] Danbyi , McCoy (sp.), from the Ludlow beds of Westmoreland.

24. James Hall. Note on the Occurrence of the Diet yospong idee in the State

of New Yorh. (Sixth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, pp. 36—38,
map.)

Gives a table showing the distribution of the American species and a
map exhibiting the geographical occurrence of specimens in western New
York as known at that date.

1887.

25. F. E. Schulze. Report on the Hexactinellida collected by II. M. S.

Challenger during the years 1873-1876, p. 63.

Reference is made to the determinations and suggestions by Whitfield
and Dawson as to the hexactinellid structure of some of the Dict yospong iiue,
and the announcement by Walcott of the spongous character of Cyathophy-
cus. These forms are considered as “fossil Euplectellhle.”

1888.

26. J. AV. Dawson. New Species of Fossil Sponges from Little Metis ,
Province of Quebec , Canada. (Canadian Record of Science, April,
pp. 49-59.)

The substance of this paper is included and expanded in No. 30, with
similar observations upon Dictyophyton.

27. George J. IIinde. Notes on Sponges from the Quebec group at Metis
and from the Utica shale. (Canadian Record of Science, April,
pp. 59—68.)

The author remarks that both names Cyatiiophycus and Dictyophy-
ton, are unsuitable for sponges and that it might prove advisable to reinstate
the name Hydnoceras, Conrad.

DiCTYOSPONGID.E.

48

28 George J. Hindi;. A Monograph of the British Fossil Sponges, Part
1 1\ pp. 93-188, pi. ix.

A description is given of the genus Dictyopiiyton (p. 126), and of I).
Danbyi, McCoy (sp.) (p. 128). It is observed “that the genus Tetragonis,
Kichwald, is merely a synonym of Isciiadites, March., and its characters
markedly differ from those of Dictyopiiyton.”

1889.

29. Charles E. Beecher. Brachiospongidm ; a Memoir on a group of

Silurian Sponges. (Mem. Peabody Mas. Yale Univ. vol. 2, pt. 1, pp.
1-28, pis. i-vi.)

Under the family Dictyospongid.e, Hall, are included (p. 16) the genera
Protospongia and Cyathophycus, together with Hydnoceras and its allies.

30. J. W. Dawson. New Species of Fossil Sponges from the Siluro- Cam-

brian at Little Metis, on the Lo wer St. Lawrence j with notes by Dr.
(r. J. Hinde. (Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. VII, Sect, iv, pp. 31—55,
pi. iii.)

In this work a number of remarkable forms of the ProtospongiD/E are
described, together with other sponges whose structure is too imperfectly
known to ensure their position among recognized families. A distinction is
pointed out between the structure of Cyathophycus and the Tfphantcenia
(Physospongia) Da/ivsoni, but that genus is ascribed to the Dictyospongiile,
and referred to the sub-order Dictyonina. In a note upon page 39, Dr. Hinde
suggests that there is good reason for regarding Protospongia and allied
palaeozoic genera as Lyssacine, rather than Dictyonine hexactinellids.

31. M. Neumayr. Die Stamme des Thierreichs, p. 228.

The author places Dictyopiiyton among the Dictyonine hexactinellids
but suggests that it may be Lyssacine.

32. E. O. Ulricii. Preliminary Description of New Lower Silurian Sponges.

(American Geologist, vol. 3, p. 233.)

The species Panffella filosa, Ulrich, of the Trenton group, which the
author here suggests may be a Dictyosponge, has not the characters of this
family.

Bibliography.

49

1890.

33. James Hall. Fossil Dictyospongidce of the Devonian and Carboni-
ferous Formations: Few Forms of Dictyospongidce from the rocks of
the Chemung group. (Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geol. pp. 56-60 :
Also published in Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 1, p. 22; and in
Forty-third Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. pp. 258-262.)

In this paper two new genera are introduced : Actinodictya and
Cryptodictya. The following species are described for the first time:

D ictyophyton sceptr um.
I >. vascellum.

D. IlandalU.

D. scitum.

D. Amalthea.

D. tomaculum.

D ? ( Phragmodictya ) Jlalli.
Actinodictya placenta.
Cryptodictya Alleni.

1892.

34. Clemens Schluter. Protospongia rhenana. (Zeitsch. der Deutsch.

Geolog. Gesellsch., pp. 615-618, figure.)

Under the above name is described a species from the lower Devonian
Hunsruck slates, near Gemunden, which is represented by a large, quite
incomplete specimen, showing quadrate reticulations in a diminishing series.
The quadrules appear to be formed by bundles of spieular filaments associated
with stauractins. The species is undoubtedly a Dictyosponge but its generic
relations are uncertain.

1893.

35. N. II. Winchell and C. Schuchert. Sponges , Graptolites and Corals
from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota. (Extract from vol. iii, Final
Report of the Minnesota Geol. Surv. p. 75, pi. F, figs. 16-20.)

Iiauffella filosa , Ulrich, is redescribed and placed under the family
Dictyspongid.e. It is asserted by Rauff that this is not an organism.

36. Hermann Rauff. Palaeospong iolog ie, Part /, Lieferungen 1-4, pp.

1-232. (Palaeontographica, vol. xl.)

In this comprehensive undertaking, which plans an exhaustive treatise of
all fossil sponges, the author opens with an elaborate bibliography of the
subject, embracing 591 references up to the year 1892, following this with an
analysis of the work of those writers whose investigations have been of
especial influence in the study of these organisms. A long chapter on the

50

DicTYOSPONGIDyE

morphology of the sponges, both of their soft and skeletal parts, with abun-
dant illustration, is constructed with especial reference to the fossil forms. In
the systematic treatment of these bodies the suborder Lyssacina is made to
include eight families, as follows: Pkotospongidye, Hinde, Dictyospongidye,

Hall, Plectospongidye, Rauff, EuplectellidyE, Gray, AsconematidyE, Schulze,
Rossellid.e, Schulze, IIyalonematid.e, Schulze, BraciiiospongiDyE, Beecher.

The author is the first to establish distinctive characters between the
P kotos poNGiruE and the DiotyospongidyE and to suggest the probability that
Cyathophycus, Plectoderma and Phormosella are not safely placed with
either of these families ; hence the erection of the family PlectospongidyE.
The final chapter in this portion of the work relates to the mode of preserva
tion of the fossil sponges.

1894.

37. IIerm a xx Rauff. Palaeospongiologie , Part 1, Liefer ungen 5, 6,pp. 233-
34-6, pis. i—xvii. (Palaeontographica, vol. x 1 . )

This instalment of the same work is devoted to descriptions of palaeozoic
species. The various forms of the Protospoxg idyE described by Dawson, and
the Plectospongid^e (Cyathophycus, Teganium), are described and in many
instances illustrated with new figures. On page 249, under the family
DictyospongidyE, is described as Dictyophytra (?) Walcott i , Rauff, a new
species from the Utica slate at Holland Patent, N. Y. Dictyophytra is evi-
dently a proposed modification of the term Dictyopiiyton ; as a substitute for
the latter it is unobjectionable etymologically and in its application to these
fossils, but it is objectionable historically if used in the broad sense in which
the term Dictyopiiyton has heretofore been applied. The definition of the
genus is deferred to a later part of the work and its value, therefore, can
not be determined until the author makes known upon what forms of
‘‘ Dictyophyton ” the genus is based.

Dictyophytra (?) Walcott i , (pi. iv, figs. 1, 2) is founded upon the frag-
ment of a large, coarse-meshed species, quite distinct in size and texture from
its associate, Cyathophycus reticulatus. That it is a true Dictyosponge, how-
ever, and not a Cyathophycus, can not be regarded as established.

The 7th and 8th Lieferungen of this work, dated 1895, contain nothing
especially relating to the Hexaetinellida.

We greatly regret that Dr. Rauff’s observations upon the Devonian and
Carboniferous Dictyosponges have not been received as this volume goes to
press.

Bibliography.

51

38 John M. Clarke. New or Hare Species of Fossils from the horizons of
the Li von /a Salt Shaft. (Thirteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geologist,
vol. 1, p. 177, pi. IV, figs. 19-22. Also in Forty-seventh Annual
Report N. Y. State Museum, p. 371.)

Describes as Hyalostelia? Marcellia , a species from the bituminous
shales of the Marcellus epoch, the generic characters of which are quite
obscure, though the presence of broad unresolvable spicules of great size and
having the form of blades of grass, indicates a structure unlike any heretofore
described. The original form of the species is unknown.

1895.

39. K. A. v. Zittel. Grundzuge der Palaeontologie, pp. 52 et seq.

The author here recognizing the two suborders of the Hexactinellida,
Lyssacina and Dictyonina, places under the former the three families, Pro-
tospongiile, Diotyospongid.e and Plectospongid.e. The definition of each of
these families is essentially that given by Rauff.

1896.

40. K. A. von Zittel. Text-hook of Palaeontology ; Translated and edited by
Charles R. Fastman, pp. 54- et seq.

The subject is here treated as in No. 39, of which this is a translation
and enlargement.

41. George H. Girty. A Revision of the Sponges and Coelenterates of
the Lower Helderherg Fauna of New York. (Fourteenth Ann. Rept.
N. Y. State Geologist, pp. 258 et seq. Also Forty -eighth Annual
Report N. Y. State Museum, p. 261.)

For certain hexactinellid spicules from the Lower Helderberg rocks the
author introduces the generic term Lysactinella and makes use of two
specific names, one applied to smooth spicules, the other to those having
thorny rays.

1897.

42. Ferdinand Roemer and Fritz Frech. Lethoea Geognostica , 1 Theil /
Ledum Palceozoica , 1 Band

This is a continuation of Roemer’ s work, the plates of which appeared in
1876 and the first instalment of the text in 1880. So far as the Dictyosponges
are concerned no additions or changes are made from the treatment of the
genera as cited under No. 8.

I52

I )lOTYOSPONGID^E.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE DICTY OSPONGHEE.

Tlie manifold variations in form expressed by these sponges are accom-
panied by certain structural diversities which, however, do not lead far a-field
from the comprehensive definition elsewhere given of the indicial characters
of the Family. It has been, in our judgment, wise not to endow any of these
structural characters with so high value as to necessitate the erection of
additional Family terms, and experience indicates that few tliin-walled siliceous
sponges of the Devonian and Carboniferous faunas will fail to find a place
within the limits of this Family, Dictyospongid^e. The structural variations of
chief importance are herewith summarized and utilized as the basis of a
subordinate classification.

Subfamily I.

Pictyospongiijoe.

Simple, vase-shaped or elongate, smooth, prismatic, nodose or annulated
forms with obconical base ; with basal prostalia ; with or without marginalia ;
no basal disk ; primitive form a regular obcone.

Dictyospongia,
(?) Lysactinella,
Hydriodictya,
Prismodictya,
Gongylospongia,
I lydnoceras,

(?) Tylodictya,

Helicodictya,

Rhabd( >sisp< mgia,

Ceratodictya,

Clathrospongia,

Lebedictya,

Lyrodictya,

(?) Mastodictya.

Botryodictya, which appertains to this group in its principal characters,
is aberrant in the possession of a more or less complete diaphragm, not at the
base but near the middle of the sponge, just below the nodiferous body.

Subfamily II.

Thysakodictyin^e.

Cylindrical or expanding cups, with basal disk and periloph.
Iliysanodictya, Phragmodictya,

Arystidictya, (?) Griphodictya.

Classification.

53

Subfamily III.

Calatiiospongiin^e.

Expanding forms witli smooth, tufted or nodose surface and obtuse basal
extremity without diaphragm or periloph.

Calathospongia, Clepsydrospongia,

Thamnodictya, Cleodictya.

The genus Clepsydrospongia presents, in its tufted nodose surface,
the aspect of IIydnoceras, but is as broad at the basal, as at the apertural
extremity.

Cleodictya is tentatively placed in this division on account of its appar-
ently broad base.

Subfamily IV.

Physospongii nu:.

Stout cups with a single or double series of strong horizontal and vertical
spicular bundles, tufted at their intersections; meshes covered by thin bill-
late expansions or depressions of the reticulum (parenchymalia) ; no basal
disk (?).

Physospongia, Roemerispongia.

Subfamily V.

Hyphant^eniesle.

Large saucer-shaped fronds composed of a single series of ligulate con-
centric and radial reticulating bands ; meshes partially closed by parenchymal
reticulum ; attached by basal apex (basalia ? ).

Hyphantaenia.

Subfamily VI.

Hallodictyin^e.

Irregularly growing, explanate or frondiform sponges, with smooth or
tufted nodate surface.

I Iallodicty a, Cryptodicty a.

Actinodictya,

Subfamily VII.

Aglitiiodictyinje.

Discoid sponges, rapidly expanding and contracting ; attached by apex
(basalia?); osculum large.

Aglithodictya.

Synoptic List of Genera and Species of the Dictyospongidae.

D.

D.?

D.

D.

D.

I).

D.

L.

H.

II.

Subkingdom

SPONGrlvE.

Class

SI LICE A, Gray.

Order

HEXACTINELLIDA, O. Schmidt.

Suborder

LYSSACINA, Zittel.

Family

DICTYOSPONGI DM, Hall.

Subfamily DICTYOSPONGIINA^ subfam. nov.

Genus Dictyospongia, gen. nov.

Danbyi, McCoy (sp.).
Marcellia, Clarke (sp.).
liaplea, sp. nov.
sceptrum, Hall (sp.).
lophura, sp. nov.
chai'ita, sp. nov.
eumorplia, sp. nov.

D. sirsea, sp. nov.

D. Alniondensis, sp. nov.

I), bacteria, sp. nov.

D. Morini, Barrois (sp.).

I). cylindrica, Wliitfield (sp.).
I), stylina, sp. nov.

Gebhardi, Girty.

Genus Lysactinella, Girty.

L. perelegans, Girty.

Genus Hydriodictya, gen. nov.
patula, Hall (sp.). II. nephelia, sp. nov.

cylix, sp. nov.

Genus Prismodictya, gen. nov.

P. banano, sp. nov.
P. amicitise, sp. nov.

P. palsea, sp. nov.

P. telum, Hall (sp.).

54

List of

Geneka

and Species.

p.

baculum, Hall (sp.).

P.

aulophia, sp. nov.

p.

spectabilis, sp. nov.

P.

ptionia, sp. nov.

p.

parallela, Hall (sp.).

P.

cercidea, sp. nov.

p.

prismatica. Hall (sp.).

P.

cithara, sp. nov.

p.

Allegania, sp. nov.

P.

narthecia, sp. nov.

p.

clioanea, sp. nov.

P.

Conradi, Hall (sp.)

p.

corynia, sp. nov.

P.

polyhedra, sp. nov.

p.

lilitextilis. Hall (sp.).

Genus Gongylospongia, gen. nov.

G. Marshi, sp. nov.

Genus Hydnoceras, Conrad.

II. legatum, sp. nov.

II. gracile, sp. nov.

II. tuberosum, Conrad.

II. tuberosum,

var. glossema, var. nov,
H. Bathense, sp. nov.

H. botroedema, sp. nov.

H. Avoca, sp. nov.

II. phymatodes, sp. nov.

H. hypastrum, sp. nov.

II. eutlieles, sp. nov.

II. multinodosum, sp. nov.
II. Lutheri, sp. nov.

II. rliopalum, sp. nov.

II. variabile, sp. nov.

II. nodosum, Hall (sp.).

II. antliracis, sp. nov.

II. eumeces, sp. nov.

II. Barroisi, nom. nov.

II. Jeumontense, sp. nov.

Genus Botryodictya, gen. nov.

B. ramosa, Lesquereux (sp.). B. (or Tylodictya) sp. nov.

Genus Tylodictya, gen. nov.

T. Warrenensis, sp. nov. T.? tenuis, Hall (sp.).

Genus Helicodictya, gen. nov.

II. trypania, sp. nov. H.? Scio, sp. nov.

H.? Concordia, sp. nov.

Genus Rhabdosispongia, gen. nov.

11. Amalthea, Hall (sp.). R. Condroziana, sp. nov.

Genus Ceratodictya, gen. nov.

C. Carpenteriana, sp. nov. C. annulata, Hall (sp.).

C. cincta, Hall (sp.). C. centeta, sp. nov.

C. zonata, sp. nov.

55

Dictyospongillb.

56

Genus Clathrospongia, Hall.

CJ Hamiltonensis, Hall (sp.).
C. fenestrata, Hall.

C. vascellura, Hall.

C.? tomaculum, Hall.

C. irregularis, Hall.

C.? desrnia, sp. nov.

C. abacus, Hall.

C. caprodonta, sp. nov.

L. crinita, sp. nov.
L. Romingeri, Hall.

Genus Lebedictya, gen. nov.

Genus Lyrodictya, Hall.

L.? Burlingtonensis, Hall (sp.).

Genus Mastodictya, gen. nov.

M. osculata, sp. nov.

Subfamily THYSANODICTYIN^E, subfam. nov.
Genus Thysanodictya, gen. nov.

T. Edwin-IIalli, Hall (sp.).

T.

quasillum, sp. nov.

T. pcecilus, sp. nov.

T.

scyphina, sp. nov.

T. rudis, Hall (sp.).

T.

liermenia, sp. nov.

T. Randal li, Hall (sp.).

T.

apleta, sp. nov.

T. saccus, sp. nov.

T.

turricula, sp. nov.

T. Johnstoni, sp. nov.

T.

expansa, Hall (sp.).

Genus Phragmodictya, Hall.

P. catilliforniis, Whitfield (sp.). P.? lineata. Hall.

P.? crebristriata, Hall.

Genus Arystidictya, gen. nov.

A. elegans, sp. nov. A. nodifera, sp. nov.

Genus Aclceodictya, gen. nov.

A. inarsipus, sp. nov. A.? excentrica, Hall (sp.).

Genus Griphodictya, gen. nov.

G. epiphanes, sp. nov.

Subfamily CALATHOSPONGIINAi, subfam. nov.
Genus Calathospongia, gen. nov.

0. Redtieldi, Hall (sp.). C.? sacculus, Hall (sp.).

C. carceralis, sp. nov. C. amphorina, sp. nov.

C. Carlli, sp. nov. C.? magnifica, sp. nov.

C. Tiffanyi, sp. nov.

List of Genera and Species.

T. Newberryi, Hall.

Genus Thamnodictya, Hall.

T. Ortoni, sp. nov.

Genus Clepsydrospongia, gen. nov.

C. matutina, sp. nov.

C. Claypolei, sp. nov.

Genus Cleodictya, Hall.

C. Mohri, Hall.

C. gloriosa. Hall.

Subfamily PHYSOSPONGIIN.E, subfam. nov.
Genus Physospongia, Hall.

Genus Roemerispongia, gen. nov.

R. Gerolsteinensis, F. Roemer (sp.).

Subfamily HYPHANT.ENIIN.E, subfam. nov.

Genus Hyphantaenia, Yanuxem.

II. Chemungensis, Yanuxem.

P. Dawsoni, Whitfield (sp.).
P. Colletti, Hall.

P. alternata, Hall.

P. multibursaria, sp. nov.

Subfamily HALLODICTYIN.E, subfam. nov.

II. Sciensis, sp. nov.

Genus Hallodictya, gen. nov.

II. Cottoniana, sp. nov.

Genus Actinodictya, Hall.

A. placenta. Hall.
C. Alleui, Hall.

Genus Cryptodictya, Hall.

Subfamily AGLITHODICTYIN^E, subfam. nov.
Genus Aglithodictya, gen. nov.

A. numulina, sp. nov.

Dubitandae sedis.

? E. implexa, Hall.

? Genus Ectenodictya, Hall.

58

Dutvospongidje.

Generic Distribution.

59

00

Dictyospongid.e.

Table Showing the Geological Distribution of the

o o

Dictyospongidae.

a

as

a

3

O

u

0*

3

O

u

Hamilton

Group.

NAME OF SPECIES.

a

W

off

V

£>

*

O

*5

3

tx

u

Qi

u

V

2

W

u

9

*

O

J

9

9

2

’a)

w

u

9

a

a

£

Marcellus shales.

Hamilton shales.

Portage group.

Chemung group.

Waverly group.

1

o

3

4

5

G

7

8

1

Dictyospongia Hanbyi, McCoy

Op-) ”•

X

2

I).? Marcellia, Clarke (sp.)

X

3

4

D. baplea, sp. nov

I). sceptrum, Hall (sp.)

X

X

5

D. lopbura, sp. nov

X

6

fy

i

D. cbarita, sp. nov

D. eumorplia, sp. nov

X

X

8

I). sirtea, sp. nov

X

9

L). Almondensis, sp. nov

X

10

L).? bacteria, sp. nov

X

11

D. stylina, sp. nov

12

1). cylindrica, Whitfield (sp.)...

13

D. Morini, Barrois (sp.)

X*

U

Lysactinella Gebbardi, Girty . . .

X

15

16

L. perelegans, Girty

Ilydriodictya patula, Hall (sp.). .

X

x

17

H. cylix, sp. nov

X

18

H. nepbelia, sp. nov

Prismodictya palaea, sp. nov. . . .

X

19

X

20

P. telmn, Hall (sp.)

X

21

P. baculum. Hall (sp.)

X

22

P. spectabilis, sp. nov ... ....

X

23

P. parallela, Hall (sp.)

X

24

P. prismatica, Hall (sp.)

X

25

P. Allegania, sp. nov

X

26

P. choanea, sp. nov

X

27

P. corynia, sp. nov

X

28

P. filitextilis, Hall

X

29

P. banano, sp. nov

X

30

P. amicitise, sp. nov

X

31

P. auiophia, sp. nov

X

32

P. ptionia, sp. nov

X

33

P. cercidea, sp. nov

X

34

P. cithara, sp. nov

X

. ,

35

P. narthecia, sp. nov

X

36

P. Conradi, Hall (sp.)

X

37

P. polyliedra, sp. nov

Gongylospongia Marshi, sp. nov .

• •

38

X

39

Hydnoceras legatum, sp. nov. . . .

. .

X

40

H. gracile, sp. nov

X

* From th^ Psam mites da C mdroz, France.

9 10

X

X

X

Burlington limestone.

Geological Distribution.

61

Table Showing

the Geological Distribution of the Dictyospongiile ( Cont'd ).

41

42

43

44

45
4G

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59
GO
61
62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80
81
82

83

84

85

86
87

H. tuberosum, Conrad

II. tuberosum, var. glossema,
var. nov

1

2

3

4

5

r»

7

X

8

0

II. Bathense, sp. nov

II. botroedema, sp. rov

H. Avoca, sp. nov

X

H. phymatodes, sp. nov .

x

H. hypastrum, sp. nov

II. eutbeles, sp. nov

X

H. multinodosum, sp. nov

H. Lutlieri, sp. nov

X

H. rhopalum, sp. nov

••

II. variabile, sp. nov

X

X

X

* '

II. nodosum, Hall (sp.)

H. anthracis, sp. nov

II. eumeces, sp. nov

II. Barroisi, nom. nov

X*

II. Jeumontense, sp. nov

Botryodictya ramosa, Lestjue-
reux (sp.)

X*

(or Tylodictya) sp. nov

Tylodictya Warrenensis, sp. nov.
T.? tenuis, Hall (sp.)

X

X

X

Ilelicodictya trypania, sp. nov. - .
II.? Concordia, sp. nov

X

II.? Scio, sp. nov

Rhabdosispongia Ainaltbea, Hall
(sp.)

R. Condroziana, sp. nov

Ceratodictya Carpenteriana, sp

nov

C. cincta, Hall (sp.)

X*

X

X

x

C. zonata, sp. nov

C. annulata, Hall (sp.)

C. centeta, sp. nov

Clatbrospongia (?) Ilamiltonensis,
Hall (sp.)

X

X

X

C. fenestrata, Hall

x

C. vascellum, Hall

C ? tomaculum, Hall

C. irregularis, Hall

X

X

X

C.? desmia, sp. nov

C. abacus, Hall

X

X

C. caprodonta, sp. nov

Lebedictya crinita, sp. nov

Lyrodictya Romingeri, Hall ....
L ? Burlingtonensis, Ilall (sp.). . .
Mastodictya osculata, sp. nov. . .
Tbysanodictya Edwin-IIalli, Hal!

Op)

T. pcecilus, sp. nov

X

X

X

X

T. rndis Hall (sp)

X

T. Randalli, IIalV(sp.)

X

* From the Psanamitcs du Condroz, France.

62

Diotyospongidjc.

Table Showing the Geological Distribution of the PictyospongidvE ( ConcVd ).

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

y7

98

99
100
101
102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110
111
112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120
121
122

123

124

125

126

127

128

T. saccus, sp. nov

T. Johnstoni, sp. nov

T. quasillum, sp. nov

T. scyphina, sp. nov

T. hermenia, sp. nov

T. apleta, sp. nov

T. tnrricula, sp. nov

T. expansa, Ilall (sp.)

Phragmodictya catilliformis,

Whitfield (sp.)

P.? crebri striata, Hall

P.? lineata, Hall

Acloeodictva marsipus, sp. nov. .

A.? excentrica, Ilall (sp.)

Arystidictya elegans, sp. nov. . . .

A. nodifera, sp. nov

Griphodictya epiphanes, sp. nov.
Calathospongia Redfieldi, Hall

(SP-) •••.

C. carceralis, sp. nov

C. Carlli, sp. nov

C. Tiffanyi, sp. nov

C.? sacculus, Hall (sp.)

C. ampliorina, sp. nov

C.? magnifica, sp. nov

Thamnodictya Newberryi, Hall.

T. Ortoni, sp. nov

Clepsydrospongia matutina, sp.

nov

Cleodictya Claypolei, sp. nov. . . .

C. gloriosa, Ilall

C. Mohri, Hall

Roemerispongia Gerolsteinensis,

Roemer (sp.)

Pbysospongia Dawson i, Whitfield

(sp-) •

P. Colletti, Hall

P. alternata, Hall

P. multibursaria, sp. nov

Ilypban taenia Chemungensis,

Vanuxem

Hallodictya Sciensis, sp. nov ....

II. Cottoniana, sp. nov

Actinodictya placenta, Hall

Cryptodictya Alleni, Hall

Aglithodictya numulina, sp. nov.
Ectenodictya iraplexa, Hall

10

x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

* From the middle Devonian of Gerolstein in the Eifel.

DESCRIPTIONS

of Genera and Species.

Of the considerable number of genera here discussed, several are repre-
sented by many species whose differentials may seem obscure or, to some
students, overestimated. In fixing specific values within a given genus of such
variable organisms, it has been found necessary to depend very largely upon
variations in form as the paramount specific character. If, in this practise,
what may seem, in such prolific genera as Prismodictya, Hydnoceras and
Thysanodictya, to be traits of lesser value, are dignified with specific distinc-
tion, it is because such distinctions are, in the existing state of our knowledge,
the truest expression of these relations, as well as the most convenient
denomination. To future investigations with the aid of more extensive
material, must be assigned the determination of fundamental type forms, in
terms of which all of these manifold variations may be expressed.

SPECIES OE THE SILURIAN.

DICTY OSPONGIA, gen. nov.

(For description see page 72.)

Dictyospongia Danbyi, McCoy (sp.).

1855. Tetragonis Danbyi , McCoy. British Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 62, pi. 1 D,
figs. 7, 8.

1880. Tetragonis Danbyi , F. Roemer. Le tinea Palaeozoica, Part 1, p. 304.
1883. Dictyophyton Danbyi , Ilinde. Cat. Fossil Sponges British Museum,
p. 131.

1887. Dictyophyton Danbyi , Ilinde. Monogr. British Fossil Sponges, Part

1, pi. ii, figs. 4 a-c.

1888. Dictyophyton Danbyi , Ilinde. Monogr. British Fossil Sponges, Part

2, p. 128.

“Sponges subovate or sub-conical in form, growing from an obtuse basal
point, without stem, root or point of attachment; the base is flattened or
convex, the greatest width in some specimens is just above the base, in others
about half the height of the sponge, from this it gradually tapers to the

63

Diotyospongid^e.

64

summit which appears to have been open. The specimens vary between 26
and 30 mm. in height, and from 14 to 17 mm. in width.

“The sponge- wall appears to have been smooth and even; the larger
areas of the rectangular mesh-work are marked out by more prominent, vertical
and transverse raised lines, and vary from 1.5 to 3 mm. in length, and these
are subdivided by finer lines into smaller squares, the sides of which are
about .75 mm. in length, in some cases the stronger lines forming the larger
squares are nearly parallel from the base to the summit, whilst in others they
converge to each other towards the base.

“No spicular structure whatever has been preserved in any of the speci-
mens yet discovered, which are merely casts in a matrix of micaceous sandstone.

No structure can be detected in the interior of the
specimens.” (IIinde, op. cit. 1888.)

The foregoing description was based upon McCoy's
original specimens and his figures are here reproduced.
These show an obscurely prismatic form which is not
reproduced in the figures of the species given by
IIinde nor mentioned in his description. This species,
a fossil of rare occurrence, is the oldest known representative of the

1 ) ICTY OSPONGIDjE.

Localities. From the upper Ludlow rocks at Brigsteer, Benson, Under-
barrow and Kendal. Westmoreland, England.

Figure 10. McCoy’s figures of
Tctragonis Danbyi.

SPECIES OK THE DEVONIAN

SPECIES OF THE LOWER HELDERBERG GROUP.

LYSACTINELLA, Girty.

1896. Lysactinella, Girty. Fourteenth Ann. Report N. Y. State Geologist,
pp. 258-261, pi. 1.

This genus has been recently described from free spicules obtained by
etching the silica-bearing limestones of the Lower Helderberg group in
Albany county, N. Y. Very little is yet known of the form of the sponge
body in either of the two species established. Mr. Girty speaks of one
species, L. Gebhardi , as being flattened spherical, but of this as probably a
quite accidental shape due to compression and distortion. The spicules of
this species, so far as isolated, are smooth forms, mostly hexactine and pentac-
tine. Lysactinella perelegans is based on a series of spicules with echinate

6f>

Species of the Hamilton Group.

firms. There is, from analogy, probably no reason why these smooth and
ornate spicules may not have belonged to the same species, but the present
distinction will serve a useful purpose until more is learned of these fossils.

SPECIES OF THE HAMILTON GROUP.

DICTY OSPONGI A, gen. nov.

(For description see page 72.)

I) ICTY ospongi a (?) Marcellia, Clarke (sp.).

Plate xli, Figs. 8, 9.

1894. Hyalostelia (?) Marcellia, Clarke. Thirteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Geologist, vol. 1, p. 177, pi. iv, figs. 19-22.

The specimens upon which this species was based were found at the
horizon of the Marcellus shales, in the excavations made at the Livonia salt
shaft in Livingston county, N. Y.,* at a depth extending from 812 to 823 feet
from the surface. The fossils occur as broad, thin, film like expansions which,
being pyritized, make irregular splotches of
discoloration, tingeing the surface of the
black bituminous shales a yellowish or
greenish hue. Under enlargement these
patches are seen to lie composed of masses
of rod-like and cruciform spicules. The
latter are hexactins ; many of them, which
exhibit four branches on the same plane,
show the abbreviated or nodiform remnants
of the other two rising in the plane at right
angles ; in some, however, there seems to be
no evidence of more than four rays. With
these spicules are found, similarly pyritized,
large and coarse spicular bands, flat, straight,

thickened on the edges or in the middle,

Figure 11. Major and minor stauractines of Dictyo-
tpongia ? Marcellia , with portion of Ugulate spicule
x 30.

and similar in size and appearance to small
blades of grass. These end abruptly at one end but taper to the other, though
showing no evidence of terminating in any appliance for attachment.

There is no evidence that these broad ribbon-like spicular bands
are composed of separate spicular rods ; on the contrary they are clearly

*A detailed account of these excavations and the succession of the faunas through a vertical section of
nearly fifteeu hundred feet, is given in the work cited.

66

D ICTYOSPOXG ID.E.

distinct and simple bodies. Their association with the cruciform spicules
is so close and invariable as to enhance the probability of the organic
connection of the two, and yet we do not know a similar structure among the
hexactinellids. It has been impossible to gain a conception of the original
form of the sponges to which these masses of spicules belong. The generic
reference now made of the species is, therefore, quite uncertain.

Locality. In the Marcellus shales of the Hamilton group, Livonia, N. Y.

CLATHROSPONGIA, Hall.

(For description see page 121.)

Clathrospongia (?) IIamiltonensis, Hall (sp.).

Plate xiv, Fig. 1.

1884. Dictyophyton Hamiltonense, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Museum Natural History, p. 468.

Sponge broadly cyathiform, regularly and rapidly expanding from the base.
Surface apparently regularly obconical, though a sub-prismatic appearance is
given to it by the very strong longitudinal spicular bands.

Reticulum characterized by the sharply elevated bands of the first order
which produce large quadrules. Near the middle of the cup these primary
meshes measure about 12 mm. on each side, but become smaller toward the base
of the sponge where the primary bands seem to have been more or less free, but
it is not clear whether these were developed into bundles of anchoring spicules
independent of the reticulum. The intersections of the primary spicular bands
are thickened and distinctly nodate. A second and third series of bands are
more or less clearly defined, and the interspaces are very closely reticulated.

The preservation of the single known specimen of this species is peculiar
and unique. The entire reticulum is compactly calcified, lying in an argil-
laceous shale. This calcareous matter seems to have been deposited over the
inner surface of the net-work or to have replaced it from within, as traces of
the finest spicular lines may be seen over the surfaces of the coarsest bands;
this would indicate the posterior position of the finer net-work to the primary
longitudinal and transverse bands. The elevation and prominence of the
latter convey the impression that in their original condition they were extended
into vertical tufts of similar character to the mural lamellae in the typical
Chemung forms of Clathrospongia ; the species is therefore referred to this
genus until it shall have become more fully known. The lesser spicular bands
abound in irregular nodose swellings which maybe partially due to imperfect

Species of the Hamilton Group. 07

preservation or to adventitious deposits of calcareous matter upon projecting
points.

Dimensions. The length of the specimen is 85 mm., but neither base nor
aperture is retained. Its width at the upper extremity is 100 mm.

Locality. In the Hamilton shales, shore of Canandaigua lake, N. Y.

ROEMERISPONGIA, gen. nov.

1883. Dictyophyton , Ferd. Iloemer. Zeitschr. der Deutscli. Geolog. Gesellsch.
vol. 35, p. 704, tigs, a, b (p. 706).

Obconical rapidly expanding cups apparently arising from an acute base.
Surface divided by strong, subequal vertical spicular bundles, crossed by nar-
rower horizontal bands. The quadrules thus formed are all convex and
appear not to be subdivided by subordinate series of spicular bands. Toward
the base of the sponge the meshes are less regular than elsewhere.

Type, Dictyophyton Gerolsteinensis , F. Roemer.

Roe m eki s pong i a Gerolsteinensis, F. Roemer, (sp.).

1883. Dictyophyton Gerolsteinense , F. Roemer, loc. cit.

In a “ Notiz uber die Gattunj Dictyophyton ”, the late Ferdinand Roemer
described, as above cited, an interesting Dictyosponge from the middle Devo-
nian of the Eifel. This descrip-
tion is as follows : u It shows, like
the former fossil ( Tetragonis
\Prismodictyd\ Eifeliensis, F.

Roemer) a surface divided into
rectangular areas, but the sub-
division is less regular and more
simple. The vertical rods are
much stronger than the horizontal
rods and, inasmuch as new ones
appear toward the aperture, are
not quite straight. Moreover the
transverse rods do not always
make right angles with the verti-
cal rods, but are, especially over convexityof the quadrules is not wellsuown in these copies.

the lower part, directed obliquely against them. * * farther sub-

division of the rectangular areas by finer spicules is wanting.

Figure 12. Roemerispongia Gerolsteinensis. (After F. Roemer). The

68

Dictyospongiile.

The two wood-cuts of this fossil given by Roemer and reproduced liere,
show very clearly the structure described. The original cuts also indicate
distinctly an important character which the author does not mention, namely,
the convexity of each of the non-reticulate rectangular areas, which we
presume to be of a similar character to the surface nodes in Physospongia.
The relation of the fossil to the latter genus is also seen in the relatively
great size and mode of reticulation of the spicular bundles, while a generic
difference in the two is found in the single vertical rows of quadrules,
their increase by intercalation and in the convexity of all the quadrules
in Roemerispongia, even in those of irregular shape over the early portion
of the cup.

Geological horizon. From the Calceola-shales, Gerolstein (middle
Devonian).

Professor Clemens Schluter has described under the name Protospongia
rhenana , a Dictyosponge from the Hunsriick slates (lower Devonian), of
Gemiinden, Germany.* The original specimen is a mere fragment of a very
coarse-meshed sponge whose generic characters are entirely uncertain.

SPECIES OF THE PORTAGE GROUP.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

(For description see page 72.)

Dictyospongia haplea, sp. nov.

Plate xxxm, Fig. 1.

A small species of this genus is indicated by two specimens showing a
smooth, regularly expanding, subcylindrical cup with a very fine reticulum.
< )ne of these specimens exhibits only the apical portion ; the other represents
nearly the entire length of the cup, has a diameter rather more than one-third
of the length and is slightly contracted about the aperture. No trace of pris-
matic faces is preserved. This entire specimen measures 40 mm. in length, 14
mm. in greatest width and 11 mm. in width at the aperture.

Locality. In the sandstones of the Portage group ; second falls of the
Tannery gully, Naples, N. Y. (Collected by D. I). Luther.)

Zeitsebr. der Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellscb. vol. 44, p. 615, 1892,

Species of the Portage Group.

09

PRISMODICTY A, gen. nov.

(For description see page 79.)

PRISMODICTY a PAI..EA, sp. HOV.

Plate xxxiii, Fig. 2.

The original specimen of this species indicates a small, elongate cup,
expanding rather rapidly and attaining full width at about one-third of its
length from the base. Its median width is about one-fourth of its entire
length and its aperture is somewhat contracted.

The surface shows that the prism faces are distinctly developed and these
are crossed by two or three low horizontal ridges making vertically elongate
rectangles with the prism-angles and at their intersections are low, very small
nodes.

Reticulum very fine.

The single example observed has a length of 50 mm., a median width of
14 mm. and an apertural width of 10 mm.

Locality. In the Portage sandstones ; second falls of the Tannery gully,
Naples, N. Y. (Collected by I). I). Luther.)

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

(For description see page 95.)

IIy DXOCERAS LEGATUM, Sp. IlOV.

Plate xxxiii, Figs. 5, 6.

Recent explorations have shown the presence in the Portage beds of a
species which appears to be closely allied to typical forms of II. tuberosum ,
Conrad, of the Chemung sandstones. None of the material thus far collected,
though from two localities, is of good quality, but enough is retained by the
fragments gathered to show the presence of from four to six transverse rows
of nodes which, over the lower portion of the sponge, are moderately strong
and are separated by deep constrictions which bear little, if any, evidence of
prismatic division. A fragment of a large individual has these nodes large,
robust and blunt, similar to those in the gigantic form, IT. Avoca, of the
Chemung. (See Plate xi).

The reticulum is finely divided, rather more so than is usual in 11. tube-
rosum. Probably additional differentiating features will appear when this
Portage fossil becomes better known. For the present it seems wise to recog-
nize the fossil by a distinct appellation, its specific value being tentative.

70

I ) I CT VO SPONGED JR.

Dimensions. One of the specimens, somewhat distorted, has a lengtli of
100 mm. The fragment of a large cup indicates an apertural width of
150 mm. and its original length was probably not less than 250 mm.

Localities. The first specimen found was taken from the Portage sand-
stone at the second falls of the Tannery gully, Naples ; subsequently, the
species was obtained at Varysburg, Wyoming county, in the ravine entering
the village from the west. The latter horizon is considerably lower in the
rock series than the former. (Collected by I). D. Lutiier.)

II YDNOCERAS EUTIIELES (?).

Plate xxxiii, Fig. 7.

(See page 105 and Plate viii, Figs. 5, 6.)

This species, characterized by its short form and long, pendant nodes, is
described among the Chemung forms obtained at Cotton hill, near Avoca. A
specimen from the Portage beds found in association with the preceding
species, has an aspect so similar to II. eutheles, as to make probable the
specific identity of the two. It is, therefore, for the present referred to that
form. (Collected by 1 ). 1 ). Luther.)

Ih TINOCERAS OR AC1I.E, sp. nOV.

Plate xxxiii. Figs. 3, 4.

Sponge short, rapidly expanding, with three rows of nodes exposed,
possibly a fourth near the base which is fractured. In two of these horizontal
rows the number of nodes is normal, eight; but in the outer or apertural row
some of the nodes are absent or but faintly developed. The apertural margin
is retained in its entirety and while the absence of some of the nodes near this
edge is noticeable and in accordance with the structure observed in other
species, yet the nodes of this outer row are close to the margin, and not sepa-
rated from it by any considerable area. The nodes of the upper row are low
but those of the lower rows long and slender.

The reticulum is very fine, the primary subdivision being largely obscured
and evidence of prismatic faces wanting. The two specimens which represent
this species are similarly preserved, having been buried in the sediment with-
out lateral compression. In their dimensions and individual characters they
are very similar, though one is more favorably preserved than the other. Each
has an apertural diameter of 50 mm., and their height is about 30 mm. Both
of these dimensions have been somewhat modified by the slight compression

Species of the Portage Group.

71

to which they have been subjected, probably the former slightly increased and
the latter as much diminished.

Locality. In the flags below the Portage sandstones in the east-side ravine
at Varysburg, Wyoming county. (Collected by D. I). Luther.)

CLEPSYDROSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Sponge subcylindrical ; subequally expanded at both base and aperture ;
contracted medially. Apertural margin simple, not explanate. Mode of
attachment at the base not known (possibly by a transverse disk or dia-
phragm as in Thysanodictya and Piiragmodictya). Surface with transverse
rows of low, pointed nodes, as in Hydnoceras.

Type, Clepsydrospongia matutina , sp. nov.

Clepsydrospongia matutina, sp. nov.

Plate xxxiv, Figs. 1, 2.

Sponge of moderately large size; originally subcylindrical. Diameter of
basal and apertural extremities subequal ; constricted medially so that the
median width is about two-thirds of that at the ends. Both basal and aper-
tural extremities appear to end abruptly, the latter showing a regular and but
slightly expanded margin. The basal edge is not defined with precision but
to all appearances it terminates simply as in the case of the aperture, although
a transverse basal disk may have existed.

The surface shows evidence of five horizontal rows of nodes of the same
character as those of Hydnoceras. The lowest of these is highly obscure ;
the second is somewhat more pronounced, as shown along the edges of the
specimen. These lower rows are separated by a furrow so shallow that the
surface in this region was virtually cylindrical. The third or median row of
nodes is the most conspicuous of all. It is separated from adjacent rows by
broad and moderately deep constrictions. The nodes also, are more strongly
developed than elsewhere on the surface, are elongate and rather low. Both
in this row and that following above, there are ten nodes, varying among
themselves in size; those of the fourth row are not as strongly pronounced
as those in the median row. The nodes of the fifth or apertural row
are hardly discernible, and thus the apertural one-third of the cup and the
basal one-third have a very similar aspect. These nodes are all conical and
tufted.

72

DlCTYOSP* >NGFI>.E.

Reticulum. The net work is very fine and sharp. The obscuration of the
fundamental prism-faces makes the prevailing meshes of small size, about
1.5 mm. on each side, and though these may be again divided, combinations of
them into larger quadrules are not emphasized. Thus the reticulation appears
very uniform throughout.

Dimensions. The single specimen which has been observed of this
species, has a length of 170 mm. Its width at the base is 65 mm.; at the aper-
ture 75 mm.; on the median row of nodes, 60 mm.; across the median
constrictions, 42 mm.

Locality. In the sandstone of the Portage group ; second falls of the
Tannery gully, Naples, N. Y. (Collected by D. D. Luther.)

SPECIES OF THE CHEMUNG GROUP.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

1855. Tetragon, is, McCoy. British Palaeozoic Fossils, p. 62.

1880. Tetragon is , F. Roemer. Lethaea Geognostica, 1 Theil, p. 804.

Not Tetragonis , Eichwald, 1842. Urwelt Russlands, I left 2, p. 81.
1888. D ictyophyto n, Barrois. Sur les Dictyospongube des Psammites du
Condroz, p. 85.

1890. Dictyophyton , Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geol., p. 56.

Very gradually expanding, smooth, obconical or subcylindrical sponges
with the outer surface devoid of nodes, tufts, ridges, annulations or other orna-
mentation ; prism-faces sometimes very obscurely developed toward the
summit; base furnished witli a tuft of long, straight anchoring spicules.

Type, Dictyophyton sceptrvm, Hall.

The fossil described by McCoy, (op. cit .) as Tetragonis Danbyi * from the
upper Ludlow rocks of Westmoreland, appears, from the description and figure
given by the author and subsequently by Dr. IIinde, to be a reticulate sponge of
this genus. In regard to the nature of the original species of Eichwald’s genus
Tetragonis ( T. Marchisoni , Eichwald), we may accept the opinion of Hinde,
who says : “ From an examination of undoubted forms of Tetragonis from the
Silurian of Gotland, I believe that it is a sponge, and that it is very closely
allied to Ischadites, Murch.”

* Dictyospangia Danbyi; see page 63 of this volume.

Species of the Chemung Croup.

73

Dictyospongia sceptrum, Hall (sp.).

Plate xiv, Figs. 3-6; Plate xv, Figs. 8, 9; Plate xvi, Figs. 3, 4; Plate xxvii, Fig. 3;

Plate xxxvi, Fig. 7.

1890. Dietyophyton sceptrum, Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geolo-
gist, p. 56; and Forty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Museum of
Natural History, p. 258.

Sponge elongate, conical or subcylindrical ; circular or elliptical in trans-
verse section. Usually abnormally compressed, sometimes curved. Very
gradually expanding from the base upward for one-half to two thirds its length,
narrowing more abruptly toward the aperture.

Surface smooth or without prism-faces or any irregularities except those
arising from distortion in fossil ization.

Reticulum characterized by coarse, subequidistant transverse spicular
bands, from 10 to 15 mm. apart, crossed by vertical bands of subequal size not
more than one-half of this distance from each other. The impressions left by
the vertical bands are not as deep and conspicuous as those of the horizontal,
hence the first effect produced by the appearance of the specimens is that of a
strong transverse lineation, and a secondary and very characteristic impression
that of a division of the surface into vertical, elongate rectangles. Some of the
specimens which have been enveloped in a soft clay-shale, retain the spicular
bands themselves, changed through pyritization and oxidation into limonite, a
very unusual occurrence in species from the Chemung sandstones. This pres-
ervation is insufficient to demonstrate the character of the individual spicules,
though it shows the very fine reticulation of the primary quadrules.

Dimensions. The specimens at hand show considerable variation in form
and size. The most robust of these, in which the aperture is retained while
a small part of the basal portion is lost, has a length of 200 mm., a width
at the base of 40 mm., greatest width at two-thirds its length from the base, of
70 mm. and a width at the aperture of 50 mm. This specimen has unquestion-
ably been much flattened, which accounts for its great proportional width.
A more slender cup, nearly complete from base to aperture and but slightly
compressed, measures 252 mm. in length and 38 mm. in greatest width. In
one example the cup is greatly curved, but instances of this kind seem to be
due to the easy distortion of such long and slender bodies.

Localities. In the slialy sandstones of the upper part of the Chemung
group at Alfred, Scio, Friendship, Nile, Andover, Cuba and Wellsville, Allegany
county ; Glean, Cattaraugus county, and Jamestown, Chautauqua county, N. ^ .

74

DlCTYOSPONGIIL-E.

This species is of very frequent occurrence in the upper beds of this
formation, to which it appears to be restricted. Most of the specimens
found have been obtained from isolated loose blocks, though Mr. E. B. Hall,
of Well svi lie, has located a considerable colony of them near that village.
The species is well characterized and always readily recognizable by the
vertically elongated quadrules of the reticulum.

Dictyospongia lophura, sp. nov.

Plate xv, Fig. 5.

Sponge small, slender, long, circular in cross-section ; gradually expanding
for one-third of its length, thence upward nearly cylindrical. Surface smooth.

Reticulum composed of fine spicidar bands, apparently divisible into but
two clearly defined series. The transverse bands are the more conspicuous,
and their division into primary and secondary series is clearly evident, but
among the vertical bands this difference is more obscure. The general aspect
of the surface is that of series of vertical parallelograms whose upper and
lower boundaries are the primary horizontal bands. A subordinate reticula-
tion is visible within the larger quadrules.

The single example observed of this graceful species has a length of
88 mm. to the base of the cup. So far it is an internal cast, but beyond this
point is an external cast of a spreading brush of anchoring spicules orbasalia,
which may be traced for a distance of 33 mm., giving the specimen, which is
essentially entire, a total length of 121 mm. The width of the cup at its
upper end is 7 mm. and about the same at the middle of its length.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group. Found loose at
Wellsville, N. Y. (Collection of E. II Hall.)

Dictyospongia charita, sp. nov.

Plate xv, Fig. 4.

Sponge very small, elongate, slender and graceful; expanding rather
rapidly from the base for about one-half its length, slightly contracting
toward or near the aperture. Transverse section circular or elliptical. Surface
smooth.

Reticulum fine, with a predominance of the horizontal bands which, with
the vertical lines, produce a division of the surface into rectangular quadrules
about 3 mm. iu length and 2.5 mm. in width ; these are subdivided into
approximate squares by two subordinate horizonal bands and one vertical

Species of the Chemung Group.

75

band. At the apex of the best preserved specimen is the impression of a
short basal tuft of spicules.

Dimensions. One example measures in length, exclusive of the basal
tuft, 36 mm. ; its median diameter is 4.5 mm. and its apertural diameter, 3 mm.
In a second specimen two individuals lie side by side, one of them measuring
37 mm. in length, with a median diameter of 7 ram. and an apertural diameter
of 4 mm. This specimen has been somewhat flattened.

Locality. In the sandstones of the upper portion of the Chemung group
at Wellsville, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

DlCTYOSPONGIA EUMORPHA, Sp. HOV.

Plate xv, Figs. 1-3.

Sponge small, slender, elongate-subfusiform, expanding for about one-
fourth its length from the apex, thence upward with parallel sides, contracting
somewhat toward the aperture. Surface smooth ; reticulation very fine, com-
posed of minute subequal rectangular meshes, whose ordinal arrangement is
not clearly defined.

Two specimens of this species upon the same slab of sandstone, measure
80 and 84 mm. in length, each having a maximum width of 15 mm. In the
smaller individual the aperture is retained, but in neither is the basal
extremity entire. The species is distinguished from the other forms here
described by its more rapidly expanding and broader cup.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Wellsville, N. Y.
(Collection of E. B. Hall.)

DlCTYOSPONGIA SIR.EA, Sp. UOV.

Plate xlii, Figs. 4, 5.

Sponge rather small, expanding gradually, but with greater rapidity on
one side than on the other, thus giving the cup a semi-crescentic outline, a
feature persistent in all specimens. The shape is thus long and slender, the
aperture being somewhat narrower than the parts immediately below it.
The lower portion terminates in a long, narrow rope of anchoring rods whose
length is nearly if not fully as great as the body of the sponge.

The reticulum is composed of a net- work of small quadrilles of generally
uniform size, not often distinctly retained. The surface shows no nodes or
other irregularities.

Dimensions. A specimen entire except for a part of the anchoring rope,
measures in length, from base to aperture, 72 mm., the width of the aperture

Dictyospongid.e.

76

being 17 mm., and the greatest width of the cup 22 nun. Another specimen
with a length of 80 mm. and not quite entire at the aperture, lias an anchoring
rope of 50 mm. in length and this is incomplete at its lower extremity.
The persistent curvature of this species and its relatively rapid expansion,
together with its remarkably long basal tuft, will serve as distinguishing
characters.

Locality. Several specimens have been found in the lower beds of the
Chemung group at Cotton hill, one mile north of Avoca, Steuben county, in
association with Ilydnoceras tuberosum, II. eutheles, II. multinodosum , Arysti-
dictya elegans, A. nodi f era and Hallodictya Cottoniana.

Dictyospongia Almondensis, sp. nov.

Plate xliv, Fig. 1.

The grey sandstone beds at Almond, Allegany county, are, in places,
crowded with fragments of a species of very large size, but for the most part

these fail to afford a definite
conception of the aspect of
the entire sponge. Some of
these large expansions like
that illustrated on Plate
xliv, show under compres-
sion an obscure prismatic
surface, but usually the sur-
face is smooth and the gen-
eral appearance of the ac-
cumulated fragments indi-
cates that they belong to
a single species of Dictyo-
spongia. Among the large
number of specimens col-
lected from this locality no

Figure 13. The basal portion of Dictyospongia Almondensis. Slll^lG O110 dGMl'ly sllOWS till

the specific characters. The large example given presents the maximum size
observed while the accompanying figure represents the basal portion of a
specimen, showing its rapid expansion and curving sides, retaining, as well,
the elongate parallelograms of the reticulum which are more or less noticable
in other species of Dictyospongia.

Species of the Chemung Group.

77

This is our largest species of the genus, and doubtless its great size is in
itself the principal occasion of so delicate a structure being retained only in
this highly fragmentary state.

Locality. Almond, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Dictyospongia (?) bacteria, sp. nov.

Plate xxxviii, Figs. 7, 8.

This is a slender, nearly cylindrical sponge, which, in the entire length,
shows but slight indication of tapering in either direction. Originally its sur-
face was doubtless smooth and this aspect is modified in the fossil only by
some low casual corrugations and indentations. The substance of the skeleton
was extremely thin as shown in transverse section and is represented by a
tenuous ferruginous film. Under favorable light there is evident an extremely
fine transverse lineation of the surface but vertical striation is extremely
obscure. The fossil has a quite different aspect from the other species of
Dictyospongia here described and while there is good reason to regard
it as of this genus, it may prove to be of a somewhat different nature.
Small patches of iron oxide on the surface of the specimen show actinic spots
which, though failing to resolve under high magnification, suggest that these
may be parenchymal or dermal spicules.

The length of the specimen illustrated is 110 mm. and is incomplete.
Its width is 12 mm. at each extremity and 15 mm. in the middle.

Locality. From a calcareous sandstone in the upper Chemung formation,
associated with numerous brachiopods: Spirifer disjimctus, Orthothetes Clie-
munaensis, Stropheodonta demissa var., Productdla lachrymosa. The precise
locality of the specimen is not known, but it is probably from Steuben county.

HYDRIODICTYA, gen. nov.

1884. Dictyophyton , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Ilist., p. 4G9.

Simple, broadly expanded, vase shaped cups without nodes, ridges or
other conspicuous surface characters, and with no apertural spicular fringe.

Type, Dictyophyton patudwm , Hall.

78

DrCTYOSPONGIDJE.

Hydriodictya patula, Hall.

Plate iv, Fig. 1.

1884. Diciyoph //ton, patulum, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.

Nat. Hist., p. 469.

Sponge, of which the upper portion only is known, broadly funnel-shaped.
Diameter of the aperture more than twice that at 60 mm. below the aperture.
Surface marked by very faintly subprismatic and rapidly expanding faces.

Reticulum coarse-meshed, the primary quadrilles being bounded by ver-
tical spicular bands which traverse the edges and middle of the subprismatic
faces and are intersected by horizontal bands of the same strength. These
quadrules are trapezoidal on account of the expansion of the cup ; an average
example of them measures 11 mm. at the base, 15 mm. at the top and 17 mm.
in height. These primary quadrules decrease greatly in size toward the aper-
ture and are all distinctly subdivided by the impressions of three or four
subordinate series of spicular bands.

The original specimen has a length of 63 mm.; an apertural diameter of
130 mm., and a diameter at the lower broken end, of 60 mm.

Locality. From the middle beds of the Chemung group, in the Hydno-
ceras tuberosum colony, at the Brown hill school-house, near Cohocton,
Steuben county, N. Y.

Hydriodictya cylix, sp. nov.

Plate v, Figs. 1, 2; Plate xvi, Fig. 2; Plate lv; Fig. 7.

Sponge regularly conical, rather rapidly expanding ; surface destitute of
nodes or other ornamental characters. A small specimen bears a few irregular
nodiform elevations which are, however, wholly due to the accidents of
fossilization.

Reticulum regular, the prevailing meshes measuring from 2.5 to 3 mm.
on each side, and being subdivided by one or two subordinate series of spicu-
lar bands. There is no grouping of these into well-defined quadrules of
large size, and no evidence of the projection of the spicular bands into free
lamellae.

1 lie largest specimen observed shows a patch on its surface where the
original skeleton had evidently been broken and was subsequently repaired
by the formation of a highly irregular net, totally lacking the regular quad-
rulation of the adjoining parts of the cup.

Species of the Chemung Group.

79

Dimensions. A small, apparently entire individual lias a length of 60
mm. and an apertural diameter of 50 mm. A larger example, which is nearly
entire, is 110 mm. in length and of about the same width at the upper
extremity.

Locality. In the lower beds of the Chemung group ; from a shaly sand-
stone at Deyo basin, Naples, Ontario county, N. Y., in association with Hydno-
oeras var labile , Ceratodictya annulata, various brachiopods of the Chemung
fauna and abundant remains of terrestrial plants.

Hydriodictya nephelia, sp. nov.

Plate xxi, Fig. 10.

This species is represented by the upper portion of a flattened cup,
characterized by its broadly expanded and regular aperture and perfectly
smooth surface. The median or lower part of the cup tapers much less
rapidly than the apertural portion.

The reticulum is composed of extremely fine spicular bands, those of the
horizontal series being rather the more clearly defined. They occur at inter-
vals of about 4 mm. and form, with the divergent vertical lines, somewhat
trapezoidal quadrules. These spaces become obsolete toward the aperture
and the entire surface is minutely subdivided by the subordinate spicular
bands.

The dimensions of the single example observed are as follows : length
108 mm. ; width at the lower end 65 mm. ; at the aperture 125 mm.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Wellsville, N. Y.
(Collection of E. B. Hall.)

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

1863. Dictyophyton , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cal). Nat.
Ilist., pp. 88, 89.

1882. Dictyophyton (partim), Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidse.

1884. Dictyophyton (partim), Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 466, 469-471.

Elongate, usually slender sponges, with acute, gradually expanding base
and sharply prismatic surface, the prism-faces numbering eight; aperture
slightly contracted ; surface without tufts or lamellar ridges ; rarely with
inconspicuous nodes on or between the interfacial angles.

Type, Dictyophyton telum , Hall.

80

Dictyospongidje.

Pkismopictya telum, Hall (sp.).

Plate xvii, Figs, 3-10; Plate xxxv, Figs. 7, 8; Plate xlii, Fig. 2.

1884. Dictyophyton telum , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 470.

Sponge small, sharply prismatic, octagonal in section ; prism-faces fiat or
slightly concave. The base is broad but acute, all the prism-faces being well
defined ; the sponge expands rather rapidly attaining its greatest diameter at
about one-third of its length, thence it contracts very gradually upward
becoming narrowest at about one-fifth of its length from the upper end,
again it expands slightly, and at the aperture the margin is somewhat abruptly
narrowed.

Reticulum very fine, without prominent vertical bands upon the prism-
faces, but showing, in a few instances, rather coarse horizontal bands. The
prevailing large quadrille appears to be that which is bounded laterally by the
prism-angles, and it therefore varies in width with the expansion of these
faces. These major quadrules are, however, very largely obscured by the
finer reticulation of the surface.

Dimensions. Entire examples of this species are not uncommon. The
original specimen, which is an entire internal cast, has a length of 64 mm. ; its
greatest diameter is 20 mm. from the basal point and measures 18 mm.; the
diameter just below the aperture is 11 mm., and the aperture itself is 7 mm. in
major, and 5 mm. in minor diameter. A larger specimen is 87 mm. in length,
21 mm. in greatest diameter, and 15 mm. in diameter at the aperture.

This very neat and pretty species is distinguished by the peculiar cigar-
shaped form of the cup and its persistently small size. It appears to be sub-
ject to but slight variation in these respects except such as may result from
compression or other disturbances in fossil ization. Occasionally an abnormal
tendency to spiral growth is manifested, and one of the examples figured
shows how completely this tendency may affect the entire cup. Such a result
could hardly be the result of casual cause.

A block of sandstone from Wellsville is crowded with these sponges, and
the exposed surfaces of nearly all the cups, especially of the larger individuals,
bear numerous irregularly oblique ridges and furrows, which traverse the
cup more or less completely in a spiral direction. In some instances their
continuity may lie traced more than once around the sponge. In one example
these markings are ridges on the surface and grooves on the opposite side, the
two being to a certain degree continuous ; the difference in their character

81

Species of the Chemung Group.

is undoubtedly a matter of difference in retention. Over the surface of these
markings, whether ridges or grooves, the meshes of the reticulum are distinctly
seen. There is so close a resemblance in these features to tubes of annelids
or those left by certain boring sponges as to justify the suggestion that we
have here an indication of parasitism or commensalism of such borinar or
tubicolous animals with the Dictyosponges. On Plate ix (fig. 2) is given a
figure of Hydnoceras tuberosum war. ylossema which very distinctly shows
similar vermiform markings.

Localities. In the upper beds of the Chemung group ; the original
specimens were derived from a locality now unknown, in Cattaraugus county.
The species has been found in some abundance at Wellsville and Friendship,
Allegany county, N. Y.

Prismodictya baculum, Hall (sp.).

Plate xviii, Figs. 1-3.

1884. IHctyoph yton baculum, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 471.

Sponge prismatic, distinctly octagonal, the prism-faces being flat or very
slightly concave; form very gradually expanding from the base for about
one-half its length, thence enlarging rapidly and again contracting toward the
a] terture.

Reticulum. The primary quadrules measure about 7 mm. on the edge,
but distinctly enlarge in size from below upward. Each quadrille is bounded
vertically by the band upon the prism-angle and by one medially dividing the
prism-face. The horizontal bands have left sharply defined impressions upon
the surface of the cast. The character of the reticulation is, throughout,
essentially the same as that of Prismodictya Conradi , but the species differs
from the latter in its more gradual expansion from the base upward and the
absence of the peculiar nodes of that species; it differs from P. parallela
in its distal expansion and the absence of elevated horizontal ridges with
nodiform intersections.

Dimensions. The length of the best preserved example is 60 mm.; this
specimen is probably but slightly imperfect at the aperture, though somewhat
more at the basal extremity. Its diameter at the lower end is 26 mm.; at the
greatest width, 43 mm., and at the upper end, 39 mm.

Locality. In the Chemung group at Wellsville, Allegany county, N. Y.

82

DlCTYOSPON GIIXE.

Prismodictya spectabilis, sp. nov.

Plate xx, Fig. 5.

Sponge large, long, rather slender; octagonal cross-section well-defined.
Prism-faces flat or, at times, slightly convex along the median line; diameter
gradually increasing from the base to a point distant about one-fifth of the
entire length of the cup; from this point upward the width does not vary
except for an abrupt contraction at the aperture. For a short distance near
the base the surface of the sponge is smooth and all evidence of the prismatic
faces obscured; the latter, however, rapidly become defined and are well
developed at about an inch from the basal extremity. The impression of the
reticulum upon the original internal cast shows a strong development of the
subordinate spicular bands, the coarser meshes being pretty generally
obscured. There are traces of elevated horizontal bands at intervals of about
10 mm. and these make nearly square quadrilles with the prism-angles, and
subordinate squares or rectangles with the median line on each face. Toward
the lower end of the sponge the vertical bands are more prominent than else-
where.

Dimensions. The specimen which has served as the basis of this descrip-
tion consists of two fragments, one representing the basal and the other the
upper part of the sponge, a portion of the median part being lost. Judging
from the slope of the sides the original length of the sponge must have been
about 275 mm. The full diameter, which is attained at 75 mm. from the base,
is 37 mm. and this is maintained nearly to the aperture. The sponge shows a
slight curvature, but this is probably casual.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Wellsville, Alle-
gany county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Prismodictya pakallela, Hall (sp.).

Plate xix, Fig. 4 ; Plate xx, Fig. 6 ; Plate xxi, Figs. 8, 9 ; Plate xxxv, Fig. 9.

1884. D ictyopliyton parallelum, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 471.

Sponge prismatic, elongate, slender, very gradually enlarging; prism-
faces slightly convex, divided by a median vertical ridge which is somewhat
elevated. Surface crossed by elevated horizontal bands at intervals varying
from 8 to 10 mm.; making low nodes at their intersection with the prism-
angles. The subordinate division of the reticulum is normal.

Species of the Chemung Group.

8.?

This species is not completely understood. The original specimen, which
is an external cast in sandstone measuring: 130 inm. in length, has a diameter
of 28 mm. and evinces little, if any evidence of expansion in the cup. This,
of itself, is the character which will best serve to distinguish the form from
related species. The horizontal reticulation of the cup is strong, but it is
probable that its relative prominence is due wholly to mode of preservation.
A second specimen referable to the species retains a portion of the sponge
without compression and in this the prominence of the median vertical band
on each prism-face obscures the sharpness of the primary octagonal form of
the cross-section, duplicating in some degree the number of prism-faces.

A third specimen, though incomplete at both extremities, has a length of
200 mm. showing that the species attained considerable length without notable
variation in caliber.

Localities. The original specimen is from the Chemung group of western
New York, its precise locality being unknown. Other examples of the species
have been found in the upper sandstones at AVellsville, Allegany county, and
at Glean and Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., by Mr. E. B. Hall.

Prismodictya prismatica, Hall (sp.).

Plate xvii, Fig. 1 ; Plate xxi, Figs. 1-6 ; Plate xlii, Fig. 6.

1882. Dictyophyton filitextile , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae
pi. 1 7, figs. 2, 2a.

(Not D. filitextile, Hall, 1863 and 1884.)

1884. Dictyophyton prismaticum, Hall. Thirty -fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 469, pi. (17) 18, fig. 2.

1889. Dictyophyton prismaticum, Lesley. Dictionary of Fossils, p. 200.

Sponge regularly enlarging from base to aperture, without rapid increase
in diameter at any part ; somewhat variable in shape, often without percepti-
ble expansion for a considerable portion of the cup, and with a slightly con-
tracted aperture, but usually expanding to an aperture whose diameter is the
greatest width of the sponge ; sometimes curved and, not infrequently, some-
what twisted ; prism-faces fiat.

Reticulum as in the allied species here described, there being a median
spicular band on each prism-face, with two or more accessory bands which
may be more or less distinctly retained. 1 he expression of the surface varies
with the condition of preservation of the individual specimens, sometimes the

84

DlOTYOSPONGID.E.

major quadrilles predominating, at others these being obscured by the lesser
meshes. At the intersections of the prism-angles with the horizontal spicular
bands, the internal casts show small pits which probably indicate the presence
at those points of spicular tufts. All the principal bands, and perhaps, also
the subsidiary bands, were extended laterally from the body of the cup into
narrow, erect lamellae, from .5 to 1 mm. in width.

Dimensions. An average specimen which is nearly entire has a length of
90 mm. ; its diameter at the base is 8 mm. and at the top 27 mm. Incomplete
specimens of larger individuals having similar dimensions abound. In one
specimen there is no increase in diameter in a length of 80 mm., examples of
this character being of somewhat less frequent occurrence than the others.

This sponge is not widely different from those described as Prismodictya
parallela , and when both are better known it may prove that the more regu-
larly prismatic forms here described are identical with that species, but at
present there seems no sufficient ground for separating the various forms of
P. prisviatica, all of which occur in association.

Localities . In the upper beds of the Chemung group ; in great numbers in
a light grey sandstone at Concord, Erie county, Pennsylvania ; also at Wells-
ville, Allegany county, Olean, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., and at Warren,
Pennsylvania.

Prismodictya Allegania, sp. nov.

Pi.atk xx, Fig. 4.

Sponge large, octagonal in cross-section, prism-faces clearly but not
sharply defined; each divided by a more or less prominent median vertical
ridge and rendered thereby somewhat convex. Basal portion rounded, the
prismatic surface being undefined for about one-fifth of the length of the
sponge. The expansion of the cup is gradual for nearly two-thirds of its
length where the greatest diameter is attained ; the upper part is considerably
expanded and again contracted towards and about the aperture.

Reticulum. The prevalent major quadrilles are formed by the intersec-
tion of low horizontal bands with those on the prism-angles and on the middle
of the prism-faces. These average about 9 mm. across the base and 11 mm.
in height. The subordinate reticulation is, as a rule, quite clearly retained to
the fifth or sixth degree.

Dimensions. The largest specimen observed, which is incomplete at the
basal extremity and for a short distance near the aperture, is 210 mm. in
length, 58 mm. wide at the lower end and 75 mm. in diameter at the greatest

Species of the Chemung (trottp.

85

expansion, which is 70 mm. from the upper end. A somewhat smaller but
more complete example has a length of 185 mm. ; an apical diameter of 15 mm. ;
a greatest width of 60 mm. and a subapertural diameter of 50 mm.

This species bears some similarity to Prismodictya baculum in the expan-
sion of the cup above the middle, but differs in its proportionally less slender
form and its persistently greater size. A number of specimens from different
localities all show the specific characters described.

Localities. In the upper beds of the Chemung group, at Scio and
Almond, Allegany county, and Ischua and Olean, Cattaraugus county, N. Y.
(Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Pi tISMODICTY A OHOANEA, sp. nOV.

Plate xix, Figs. 1-3; Plate xxvii, Fig. 5 ; Plate xxxv, Fig. G.

Sponge large, elongate, rapidly expanding from the base, attaining a
greatest diameter above the middle, thence somewhat abruptly contracting to
the aperture. Median transverse section rounded octagonal. Surface smooth
about the base, thence upward becoming faintly prismatic, these prism-faces
again becoming obscure and finally obsolete toward the summit.

Reticulum fine ; composed of quadrules the largest of which, over the
basal portions of the cup, are bounded vertically by the edges of the prism-
faces, crossed by horizontal bands at subequal distances. This makes of the
main quadrules, squares measuring about 30 mm. on each side. These large
areas are distinctly subdivided by one inferior series of bands, and each of
these, in its ultimate division, contains approximately 256 meshes.

Toward the median portion of the sponge the prismatic faces become
somewhat more obscure and the division into the quadrules of the first and
second order more sharp.

Dimensions. This description is based upon specimens which represent
only the lower portion of the sponge and we are not justified in inferring the
character of the upper part except that while the species may assume the
proportions of Prismodictya corynia in its later growth, it probably does not
become so strongly prismatic as does that species. On the other hand, it is
easy, from the obscurity of their prism-faces, to confound such specimens as
those figured, with the Dictyosponyia Almondensis, the fragments of which,
occuring in great numbers in the grey sandstone at Almond, sometimes show
faint prismatic divisions which are wholly the result of compression.

Localities. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Ischua and
Olean, Cattaraugus county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

80

DrOTYOSPONGI I).E.

Prismodictya corynia, sp. nov.

Plate xvii, Fig. 11.

Sponge large, the incomplete specimen on which the species is founded
indicating a greater size than is attained by any other known representative
of the genus; expanding with some rapidity from the base and contracting
toward the aperture. Prism-faces clearly defined, some of them with a
low elevation in the median line, their edges scarcely elevated into ridges.
Surface reticulated by spicular bands of subequal size, which, by intersection,
form quadrilles about 6 mm. square; a size which is uniformly maintained
over the entire surface, except for a slight diminution toward the base and
summit. This is the quadrule which impresses one as being the most promi-
nent, though a combination of sixteen of these, four on each side, covers one-
half the width of each prism-face. The quadrilles are subdivided by three
sets of spicular bands.

This sponge attained a size equal to that of P. choanea , but is readily dis-
tinguished from that species by its more sharply prismatic surface. Prismo-
dictya choanea is very obscurely prismatic and in this respect approximates the
normal condition of Pictyospongia.

Dimensions. Length of the specimen described, 140 mm.; probable
original length not less than 240 mm. ; diameter at the lower end 90 mm. ; at

O O

the middle 1 10 mm. ; at the top 90 mm.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group, Alma, Allegany
county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. IIall.)

Prismodictya filitextjlis, IIall (sp.).

Plate xxi,Fig. 7; Plate xxvii, Fig. 4.

1873. D ictyophyton filitextile, IIall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab.
Nat. Hist., p. 88, pi. iv, tig. 5.

1884. I) ictyophyton filitextile , IIall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 470.

Sponge small, slender, very gradually enlarging. Surface obscurely
prismatic, the prism-faces being convex.

Reticulum extremely fine ; a very sharp external cast shows that the
major quadrules are formed by the intersection of horizontal bands with the
prism-angles, slight nodes being made at these points. These quadrules measure
about 8 by 9 mm., being somewhat higher than wide. The subordinate
reticulation, however, usually obscures the larger meshes.

Species of the Chemung Group.

87

Dimensions. The original specimen has a length of 60 mm., a width at
the lower end of 11 mm., and at the upper end of 15 mm. Essentially the
same proportions are exhibited by other specimens. The species is distin-
guished by the obsolescence of the prism-faces, its fine reticulation and usually
small size.

Localities. In the upper beds of the Chemung group. The original
specimen is from some locality, now unknown, in Steuben county; others
have been found at Wellsville, Allegany county, N. Y., by Mr. E. B. Hall.

Pkismodictya banano, sp. nov.

Plate xvii, Fig. 2.

Sponge elongate and quite slender; regularly expanding for nearly one-
half its length, thence very gradually decreasing in width to the aperture j
distinctly prismatic ; prism-faces slightly concave.

Reticulum fine, the principal quadrilles apparently being bounded by the
prism-angles and subequidistant horizontal bands.

I) intensions. The original specimen, which is complete at the aperture
but slightly broken at the basal extremity, has a length of 120 mm. with a
probable original length of 135 mm. The diameter at the lower end is
11 mm.; just below the middle, 20 mm., and at the aperture 13 mm.

This species is much more slender than any other of the forms of
Pkismodictya except R. amicitice , and as the latter is quite distinct in size
and contour, the form will be readily distinguished.

Locality. In the upper part of the Chemung group at Scio, Allegany
county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Prismodictya amioithe, sp. nov.

Plate xxxvi, Figs. 2-4.

Sponge small, slender, graceful, and cigar-shaped, being somewhat
broadest toward the lower end just above the basal point, thence upward
tapering very gradually and regularly to the aperture. In respect to this
expansion of the lower part, the species resembles P. telnm, but is a much
more slender sponge than that.

The prism-faces are not very sharply defined, so that without the actual
obliteration of the interfacial angles, these are rendered obscure by a general
convexity of the surface, which characterizes the entire length of the sponge.

Reticulum as in other forms of this genus.

88

Dictyospongid-e.

This species will be readily recognized by its persistently slender and
graceful form and subprismatic surface. Among the examples figured one is
given which again shows that a spiral mode of growth, such as that already
shown to occur in specimens of P. telum , occasionally manifests itself here.

Dimensions. The best preserved specimen has a length of 90 mm. Its
greatest width, one-third of its length from the base, is 13 nun.; at the
aperture the width is 9 mm.

Locality. Several specimens of this form have been found in the upper
sandstones of the Chemung group at Friendship, Allegany county. (Collec-
tion of E. B. Hall.)

Prismodictya aulophia, sp. nov.

Plate xx. Figs. 7, 8 ; Plate xxxiv, Figs. 4, 5 ; Plate xli, Fig. 7.

Sponge of moderate size, gradually expanding to its full width at about
two-thirds of its length, again contracting towards the aperture. Surface
w ith deeply concave prism-faces and elevated prism-angles. Each prism-face
is divided medially by a vertical spicular band, which is clearly defined on all
specimens. These and the longitudinal bands upon the prism-angles, bound
opposite sides of major quadrules about 6 mm. square, the reticulum over each
of these areas being extremely fine. A small specimen which appears to be
complete, is 50 mm. in length and 27 mm. in diameter across the upper ex-
tremity. A fragment of a larger cup measures 85 mm. in length, and the
entire length, judging from the inclination of the sides, was upward of
100 mm. The concave, fluted surface of this sponge renders it unlike any
other here described.

Localities. This species has been found in numbers in some blocks of
compact and fine grained red sandstone, belonging to the upper beds of the
Chemung group, at Wellsville; less abundantly in greenish and more argilla-
ceous layers at the same locality, and, also, in some abundance in a greenish
siliceous sandstone at Scio, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Prismodictya ptionia, sp. nov.

Plate xxxiv, Fig. 3.

1 his sponge is of rather large size and of somewhat similar aspect to the
smaller species, P. cithara and P. cercidea, the cup expanding rapidly
from a narrow, doubtless somewhat extended stalk into a broad and inflated
body whose prism-faces are gently concave. At, or just above, the greatest
width of the sponge, low nodes are formed on the prism-angles, as in the

Species of the Chemung Group.

89

species cited, but are much less conspicuous than in those. Though the
specimen described is incomplete, it is evident that the sponge rapidly
narrowed from the line of these nodes upward.

The reticulum is as in other prismatic species. Along the middle of each
prism-face is a conspicuous spicular band and the major quadrules which this
forms with the prism-angles are clearly divided by four series of lines, all of
them distinct without any one series obscuring the rest.

Dimensions. The single specimen of this form observed has a length,
covering only the body of the cup, of 125 mm.; its width at the fractured
base is 20 mm. and across the swollen body, 110 mm.

Locality. From the upper Chemung sandstone at Scio, N. Y. (Collec-
tion of E. B. Hall.)

Prismodictya oercidea, sp. nov.

Plate xx, Fig. 1-3 ; Plate xlii, Fig. 3.

Sponge small, fusiform, with well defined prism-faces which are flat or
somewhat concave ; rather gradually expanding for somewhat more than one-
half its length, where its greatest diameter is attained, thence tapering with
greater rapidity to the aperture which is contracted and very small. At the
apex the eight prismatic faces are distinctly defined and, at the summit, these
faces so nearly meet that in some instances it is impossible to determine which
is the basal and which the apertural extremity. At the greatest expansion of
the sponge, near the middle, there are thickenings or elongated nodes upon
the prism-angles.

Reticulum, fine; prism-faces devoid of prominent vertical spicular bands,
while the horizontal bands are numerous but not conspicuous. The largest
quadrille, measuring 4 mm. on each side, is frequently repeated, but the minor
subdivisions of the net-work prevail on all the specimens observed.

Dimensions. Of three entire individuals one measures 62 mm., and two
55 mm. in length. All are somewhat compressed, but agree in having a
greatest diameter of 22 mm. The apertural diameter is not more than 2 or
3 mm.

The presence of low nodes on this species shows its relationship to
P . ptionia and P. cithara. To the latter P. cercidea is very closely allied
but does not possess its long slender base.

Locality. In the upper part of the Chemung group at Wellsville, Alle-
gany county, N. Y., associated with the lamellibranch, Sphenotus contractus.
(Collected by E. B. Hall.)

90

Dictyospongidjs.

Prismodictya cithara, sp. nov.

Plate xxxv, Figs. 1-3 ; Plate xxxvi, Fig. 5.

Sponge of small size, with a very gently expanding, stalk-like basal
portion which, at about mid-length of the sponge rather abruptly widens,
very gradually tapering toward the contracted aperture.

The lower part of the sponge is more or less distinctly prismatic and the
faces and angles are retained over the expanded portion. Where the greatest
width of the cup is attained, low, elongate nodes are developed upon the
prism-angles. These are of the same character as those already described for
P. cercidea and P. ptionia, being very much elongated vertically and scarcely
thickened. As in the species cited, also, they appear in but a single trans-
verse row. By distortion, the nodes in one of the specimens figured are made
to appear of exaggerated size; usually they are low and obscure.

The reticulum is fine, as in P. cercidea , and the chief difference in these
species is in the extended basal portion of that under consideration.

Dimensions. A large, slightly distorted but nearly entire specimen is
73 mm. long, 7 mm. wide near the base, and 22 mm. wide where most expanded.
This seems to be exceptionally large size and a considerable number of others
indicate prevailing less size, a normal small specimen having a length of
39 mm., a width at the base of 4 mm. and a greatest diameter of 15 nun.

Locality. In a compact siliceous sandstone of the upper part of the
Chemung group at Scio, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Prismodictya narthecia, sp. nov.

Plate xxxv, Figs. 4, 5.

This small species is allied to P. cithara and P. cercidea / more closely
to the former, from which it differs in its more slender form, and though it is
not without t lie median expansion of that species, yet this is very much less
in degree and bears only the faintest suggestions of nodes. The slender
base which it possesses in common with P. cithara, will distinguish it from
P. cercidea.

But a single specimen of this little sponge has been observed. This
measures 44 mm. in length, 3 mm. in width at the base, 9 mm. in width where
broadest, and 5 mm. across the aperture.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Scio, N. Y., asso-
ciated with the preceding species. (Collection of E. B. IIall.)

Species of the Chemung Group.

91

Prismodictya Conradi, Hall (sp.).

Plate xviii, Fig. 4 ; Plate xix, Figs. 5, 6.

1863. Dictyophyton Conradi , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. V. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 89, pi. v, fig. 2, pi. v a, fig. 2.

1884. Dictyophyton Conradi i, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 471, pi. (17) 18, figs. 3, 4, 4a.

1882. Dictyophyton Conradi , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae,
pi. 1 7, figs. 3, 4, 4a.

Sponge obconical, slightly arcuate toward the base; the original specimen
is somewhat compressed laterally, sharply prismatic, the eight prism-faces
being without evidence of median longitudinal ridges, with obscurely concave
surfaces and broadly elevated margins. Toward the upper extremity are a
few nodiform protuberances produced by the depression and elevation of the
surfaces between the prism-angles. These nodes are low, evenly rounded and
alternate in position on adjoining faces, presenting thus to some degree
the aspect of the nodiform surface in the genus Physospongia. The speci-
men unfortunately terminates soon after the appearance of these nodes.
The prism-angles are not modified by this configuration of the faces. On
one side of the specimen, however, at something less than one-half its length
from the apex, are two or three lower elevations in a transverse line on the
prism-angles.

Reticulum. Each prism-angle bears the impression of a strong vertical
strand of spicules, which is crossed at subecpial intervals by similarly strong
horizontal bands. This interval is about 5 mm. and is maintained from base
to top without material increase or diminution. Where these intersect the
primary bands, there are slight cavities or minute pits such as are more dis-
tinctly seen in specimens of P. prismatica, and which probably indicate the
existence of small spicular tufts at these points of intersection. The absence
of prominent vertical bands upon the surface of the prism-faces, gives to the
primary division of the reticulum the aspect of a series of transverse and fiat
annular bands. Considering the primary quadrilles to be about 5 mm. square,
it is possible to trace on some parts of the specimen a division of the reticulum
to the sixth degree.

Dimensions. The length of the original specimen is 130 mm.; its diam-
eter at the apical end, 5 mm. ; at one-half its length its major and minor diam-
eters are 38 and 23 mm., while at the upper extremity these are 44 and 22 mm.

92

I) ICTY ( >SP» >NGir> .E.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group, at Randolph,
Cattaraugus county, N. Y.

GONGYLOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Elongate, subprismatic sponges, with irregular protuberances or nodes
developed on the prism-faces in single alternate or opposite vertical rows.

Type, Gongylospongia Marsh i, sp. nov.

Gongylospongia Marshi, sp. nov.

Sponge approaching Prismodictya in general aspect, the prism-faces being
clearly manifested throughout the length of the skeleton. The expansion
from the base upward is gradual and is greatest at about two-thirds of the
length from the point of attachment.

Near the base, protuberances appear on each prism-face in a vertical row.
These protuberances are at first low and irregular lumps, separated from each
other by more or less longitudinal depressions. With increase in the size of
the sponge, the protuberances become more prominent and may show several
points oi' apices, while the separating depressions are much deeper. When at
full size the surface of the protuberances may carry several small and irregular
concavities.

On adjacent prism-faces these nodes seem to correspond for the most part
in position, but there are noticeable exceptions in which a depression in one row
lies against a node of another. Moreover there is a frequent difference in the
size and number of these projections in the various rows. Irregularity in all
traits is their leading characteristic.

O

T he prism-angles are pretty sharply developed between these rows of
nodes and on some of the faces the vertical angles of the second order are
seen to traverse the nodes.

After the maturity and full size of the sponge has been attained, the
node-like irregularities rapidly disappear and all the later portion of the
sponge is free of them. Over the apertural region, hence, the prismatic and
primitive form of the sponge is strikingly manifested.

Reticulum as in Prismodictya.

Dimensions. The single specimen found of this interesting species is
represented in the accompanying illustrations. Its length is 190 mm.; greatest
width (under some compression) 7<> mm., and apertural width 55 mm.

Locality. In the Chemung beds at Wellsville, N. Y. (Collection of
E. B. Hall.) Named for Professor O. C. Marsh, of New Haven, Conn.

Figures 14, 15. Gongylospongia Marsht ,

94

Dictyospongid^e.

Figures 16, 17. Gongylonpongia Marshi.

Species of the Chemung Group.

95

Observations. The tendency among Dictyosponges of prismatic founda-
tion to produce nodes upon the surface, manifests itself in two ways; these
nodes develop either along the prism-angles, as in Hydnoceras and Botryo-
dictya, or on the prism-faces, as in Prismodictya Conradi, Gongylospongia
and Tylodictya. In the last named genus, however, the prismatic foundation
is almost completely suppressed, although the nodes show very much the same
irregular characters as in Gongyl. Marsh i.

The characters of Prismodictya Conradi have already been pointed out.
The single specimen known of the species shows, near the fractured upper
end, an obscure nodation on several of the sharp prism faces. These are
gentle and regular convexities and concavities lying in alternating rows.
How irregular they may have become in later growth it is, of course, impos-
sible to say, but the most primitive form of the node in Gongyl. Marslii is
of more complicated shape than the nodes shown in Prism. Conradi , while in
the latter even these simple nodes appear at a distance from the basal point
which, in Gongyl. Marshi, covers nearly the entire growth of the sponge to
maturity. It seems quite clear that Prism. Conradi exemplifies a primitive
stadium of Gongylospongia.

H YD NO CE R A S, Conrad .

1842. Hydnoceras , Conrad. Journal Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, vol. viii, p. 267.

1863. Dictyopliyton , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
pp. 84, 87, 90, 91.

1874. Dictyopliyton , Larkin. The Alfred Student (May), p. 53.

1879. Dictyopliyton , Schimper. Zittel’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie ;

Palaeophytologie, p. 69.

1880. Dictyopliyton , F. Roemer. Lethsea Palaeozoica, p. 128.

1881. Dictyopliyton, Whitfield. American Journal of Science, vol. xxii,

pp. 53, 132.

1882. Dictyopliyton, Whitfield. Bull. No. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat. TIist., p. 10.

1882. Dictyopliyton, Zittel. Neues Jahrb. fur Mineral., etc., vol. ii, p. 203.

1883. Dictyopliyton, Barrois. Ann. de la Soc. Geol. du Nord, vol. xi,

pp. 80-86.

1883. Dictyopliyton, Hinde. Cat. Fossil Sponges British Museum, p. 130.

1884. Dictyopliyton , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Hist., pp. 466, 472, 473.

Dictyospongid.e,

06

1887. Dictyophyton, Hall. Sixth Ann. Kept- N. Y. State Geologist,
pp. 36—38.

1889. Hydnoceras , Beecher. Mem. Peabody Museum, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 14.
1889. Dictyophyton , Neumayr. Die Stamme des Thierreichs, p. 228.

1895. Dictyophyton, Zittel. Grundziige der Palaeoutologie, p. 52.

Obconical, more or less rapidly expanding sponges, with an acute or
subacute base furnished with a short, often obscure tuft of anchoring spicules.
The surface, in elementary stages smooth, soon develops eight piism-faces and
thereafter prominent nodes arranged in horizontal and vertical rows, each
node normally lying at the intersection of adjoining prism-faces. These
nodes, therefore, correspond in number with the prism-angles, and are
normally eight in any horizontal row ; the number of horizontal rows in the
adult condition varying from four to eight. Abnormalities in place of
appearance of the nodes are not infrequent. The nodes may be small and
acutely triangular or very broad and semi-ovoid in outline. The extremity of
each is furnished with a small tuft of spicular rods. By the development of
the nodes the prism-faces of the body of the sponge are greatly obscured.
The surface also bears short erect lamellae connecting the nodes of any ver
tical row, and it is probable that there were similar erect lamellae, both
vertical and horizontal, which correspond to the principal reticulating bands.
About the aperture the surface is slightly expanded and the margin is smooth
and free of prostalia.

Type, Hydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Notw ithstanding the fact that Conrad’s term IIydnoceras, based upon
the now well known species, II. tuberosum, was introduced under the con-
ception that the fossil represented an aberrant or extravagant type of orthoceran
cephalopod, there is nothing in the etymological construction of the name that
of itself conveys any erroneous notion of the structure. Consequently it seems
proper to rehabilitate this finely characterized genus of sponges with its first
appellation, and restore to Mr. Conrad the credit for its discovery and lirst
description. It was, in fact, at Mr. Conrad’s own suggestion, that his name
gave way to the later term Dictyophyton,* and, as elsewhere observed,
although this term has been generally adopted in the literature of these
fossils, it seems the wisest plan to discontinue it, not because it was founded
on a misconception but because it perpetuates one. The specified type-species
of Dictyophyton were three in number, representing according to our present

* See Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab., p. 87.

Species of the Chemung Group.

97

understanding three distinct genera ; none of these, however, are nodose species
of the Hydnoceras type.

I he genus is well characterized, definitely restricted and most abundantly
developed in the Chemung sandstones of New York.

Hydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Plate ii, Figs. 5-7; Plate iii, Figs. 1, 2,4; Plate iv, Figs. 2-4; Plate v, Figs. 3. 4; Plate vi,
Fig. 3; Plate vii, Figs. 2, 3; Plate viii, Figs. 1, 2; Plate xxxviii, Figs. 1, 2.

1842. Hydnoeeras tuberosum , Conrad. Journal Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, vol. viii, p. 267, pi. xvi, fig. 1.

1863. Dictyophyton tuberosum, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab.
Nat. Hist., p. 90, pi. iii, fig. 1.

1880. Dictyophyton tuberosum, F. Roemer. Lethaea Palaeozoica, part 1.

p. 128.

1883. Dictyophyton tuberosum , Ilinde. Catalogue Fossil Sponges British

Museum, p. 130, pi. xxviii, fig. 3.

1884. Dictyophyton tuberosum, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State

Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 473, pi. 17 (18), figs. 7, 8.

Not Dictyophyton tuberosum, Barrois. Annales de la Soc. Geol. du Nord, vol.
xi, p. 82, pi. 1, figs. la-e. 1883.

Sponge of ample dimensions, turbinate or obconical, expanding with
regularity and moderate rapidity; aperture not contracted. Transverse sec-
tion of the body of the cup normally subcircular or obscurely octagonal, but
usually subelliptical from compression. Surface bearing strong, elevated,
subangular nodes which are distinctly arranged in two series, one horizontal,
the other longitudinal. The horizontal rows do not, in any mature individual
observed, exceed four or five, and each row is separated from the next adjacent
by a regularly and broadly concave constriction. The vertical rows are, nor-
mally, eight in number, and these usually present the aspect of four double
rows, the concavity of the surface between adjoining double rows being notice-
ably deeper than that between nodes of the same double row. The effect of
this arrangement into double rows is heightened by the compression of the cup.
The nodes are low, subacute or blunt, with broad bases connected vertically
by sharp, slightly elevated ridges which cross the transverse constrictions, and
horizontally by quite shallow depressions, in the most slender examples
the height of these nodes, measured from the greatest depth of the horizontal
constrictions, is not more than one-seventli of the full diameter of the cup;
in robust individuals and young sponges it is very much less.

98

D I CTY OSFON GI O.K

These nodes lie at regular intervals along the margins of appressed
prismatic longitudinal faces, and, presumably, at the intersection of such ridges
with horizontal spicular bundles of the first order. Instances of irregularity
in the development of these nodes are very frequent, indeed it is rarely that the
normal number and order of the nodes is retained in full-grown examples.

Reticulum. The specimens of this species are preserved as external and
internal casts in sandstone. The very extensive material which has been
under examination lias not furnished a single instance in which the parts of
the spicular skeleton have been indicated except as impressions in the sand-
stone. Such impressions are, however, very sharp, and afford a complete
conception of the gross structure of the skeleton. The surface is very regu-
larly reticulated by vertical and horizontal series of spicular bands. The
vertical bands of the first order are, as already observed, those along which
the vertical rows of nodes are arranged and correspond to the angles of the
elementary prism-faces ; the horizontal bands passing over the nodes do not,
however, appear to be perceptibly larger than their neighbors. The general
appearance presented by the surface is that of regular quadration by sub-
equilateral rectangles, whose size varies with the individual, and the number of
v hicli between any two nodes in a vertical row also appears to be an indi-
vidual peculiarity. In a slender example, one of these quadrilles measures
approximately 5 mm. on each side and there are nine of them between two
nodes, while in a very robust individual they measure about 10 mm. on each
side and there are six between successive nodes.

When the surface is well preserved, four distinct series of rectangularly
reticulating bands may be observed within each of these quadrilles. External
casts of the cups, broken in a favorable manner, show that the vertical bands
connecting the nodes were produced beyond the surface, and this we may
infer to have been the condition of all the larger bands; thus producing an
exterior somewhat similar to that of Clatiikosfongia, though these lamellae
are broader in the latter genus. As these longitudinal lamellae rise over the
I >ases of the nodes they become much broader, expanding to form a flattened
triangular tuft at the apex of each node, often greatly extended, and consider-
ably broader than the depth of the node. From the summit of the node, at
the center of this triangular expansion, extends a stout bundle of spicules to
and beyond the apex of the lamella (see Plate vi, fig. 3). Upon internal casts
of If. tuberosum, there is frequently an irregular depression or pit at the
summit of each node, and it may be inferred therefrom that the proximal ends
of the central tufts have left these cavities (see Plates iv and v).

Species of the Chemung Group.

99

Mode of growth. The young Hydnoceras tuberosum is an anodose,
narrowly turbinate cup, in the primitive stage obconical and thereafter with
eight Hat or slightly convex sides. The tendency to form nodes is first
indicated by low swellings a little distance above the base. At a short
interval there is another row slightly more prominent than the first, but
neither of these is sufficient to obscure the prismatic form of the cup (see
Plate vii, figs. 2, 3; Plate viii, figs. 1, 2).

It has been mentioned above that four or five transverse rows of nodes
characterize the adult of this species. This statement is intended to refer only
to the fully developed nodes, which may be preceded, over the basal and
prismatic parts of the cup, by one or two rows of incipient nodes ; further,
individuals will occasionally bear a subapertural row of low supernumerary
nodes. The frequent irregularity in the development of the nodes is due
to various causes. A node may fail to appear at its proper place without
causing any irregularity in the reticulum (compare Plate ix, fig. 2, where in
the two lower rows there is one node wanting, the normal number being filled
only in the third row by the abrupt appearance of a full-sized node). Many
of these irregularities of development or growth are due to injuries to the cup*
which the sarcode of the animal quickly repaired, but the net-work once
broken was rarely fully restored to its proper pattern. Figure 2 on Plate vii
shows a cup which suffered a rent or break in the net-work at an early stage
of development, and this has left its traces in all subsequent growth. The
irregularity shown in figure 1, Plate iii, apparently produced by some
accident to the cup, has most effectually modified the shape of the sponge.
On Plate vii (figure 3), is shown a cup on which, as a result of injury, a
node lies in one of the horizontal constrictions and produces a slight deforma-
tion, from which the sponge shortly recovered. The disappearance of
the nodes towards the aperture may be abrupt or gradual. The apertural
surface is moderately broad and smooth, distinctly expanded, and, as shown in
several instances, not fringed or tufted on the margin as in the lower Carbo-
niferous genus Lebedictya.

The characters of this species as above given have been chiefly derived from
specimens obtained at the locality known as the Brown hill school-house,
four miles west of Wallace, Steuben county, N. Y. A remarkable colony of
these sponges was there discovered in 1877, when, by the grading of an old
road, several hundred specimens of the species were turned out of the super-
ficial rock-beds, and since that time systematic operations have produced
many more. It has been found that this colony is quite restricted in its

100

Dictyospon gi d.e.

extent, thomdi it is highly probable that its resources are not yet exhausted.
Probably not less than two thousand specimens have already been collected
at this spot within a radius of five hundred feet from the district school-house
situated on the roadside. The species occurs here almost to the exclusion of
other organic remains. We have a record of three other sponges, Hydnoceras
rhopalum, Ilydriodictya patula and Actinodictya placenta , represented by
single specimens, and also of a few crinoids and an occasional brachiopod. It
is especially important to observe that in this prolific development, variations
from the specific type, so far as the great amount of material studied wo uld
indicate, are altogether rare, if not absent. The uniformity of specific charac-
ters is maintained throughout all the variations in size and development. In
the vicinity of this locality specimens have been found at various points within
a mile to the west and south, and all of these occurrences appear to be at
about the same geological horizon ; they may prove to be offshoots or
extensions of the Brown hill colony.

Elsewhere the species occurs in its normal proportions at somewhat
widely separated localities in the northern part of Steuben county and the
southern part of Ontario county. A short distance north of the village of
Avoca, on the land of the late Thomas Cotton, specimens occur in abun-
dance but in an inferior condition and showing a constant tendency to
assume the characters normal to the species II. Avoca / they have recently
been found in great numbers by Mr. I). D. Luther, about two miles southeast
of the village of Naples, Ontario county. The species has, in fact, the most
general distribution in the Chemung rocks of any of the Dictyosponges, but
it does not range high in this series of faunas; although the specimen
described by Conrad was stated to have come from Addison, Steuben county,
no examples of the species from so high an horizon have come under our
observation.

'Flie discovery of similar nodose sponges in the Psammites du Condroz, of
France, the equivalent of the Chemung sandstones of New York, has been
recorded by Barrois.* The fossil which this author has referred to Dictyo-
phyton tuberosum, Conrad, seems to represent a species clearly distinct from
any of the known American nodose forms, as is indicated by its deep hori-
zontal constrictions, sharp prismatic faces and low carinate nodes situated on
broad and stout horizontal annulations. This fossil is described and figured
elsewhere in this volume under the name, Hydnoceras JBarroisi, and in

" Sur les Dietyospongidse des Usamniites du Condruz; (Aunales de la Societd Gdologiquo du Nord,
vol. xi, p. 80, pi. i, 18831.

Species of the Chemung Group.

101

connection therewith other nodose species from the same formation, most
kindly submitted by Professor Barkois.

Dimensions. The material studied shows wide differences in respect to
size. Some comparatively small individuals indicate full growth, while occa-
sionally much larger specimens evince immaturity in the development of the
nodes. The specimen figured on Plate v (fig. 4), is a very good example
of an average individual, its original length having been about 200 mm. A
large but slender cup has a length of 280 mm., with a greatest diameter
of 95 mm., while a shorter example, 220 mm. in length, has a maximum
width of 1 35 mm.

Localities. In the lower and middle portions of the Chemung sand-
stones; in the town of Italy, Yates county, and in the southern part of
Naples, Ontario county; at various localities in Steuben county principally
west of the Cohocton river, Brown hill school-house, Potter hill, scattered
localities in the towns of Howard and Avoca. The species also occurs,
though rarely, in the Jenks quarry at Bath.

Hydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad,
var. glossema, var. nov.

Plate vii, Figs. 4, 5 ; Plate ix, Fig. 2.

This name is introduced for a form distinguished from II. tuberosum by
its slender, very gradually expanding cup, with low, horizontal constric-
tions and depressed, subacute nodes in five or six well-developed rows.
The variety is based, upon several specimens whose dissimilarity from forms
of II. tuberosum is very apparent. In both of the specimens figured the
spicular net work is finer, that is the principal quadrules are smaller than
in II. tuberosum. The specimen on Plate ix, fig. 2, is interesting for the traces it
shows of annelidan tubes, suggesting a commensalism, similar evidences of
which have been observed in other Dictyosponges. (See page 81, and also
remarks on Symbiosis in the Hexactinellida, page 21.)

Locality. In the sandstones of the Chemung group, in New York.
Both examples are from unknown localities, but probably from the middle
portion of the group in northern Steuben county.

Hydnoceras Batiiense, sp. nov.

Plate hi, Fig. 3; Plate viii, Fig. 4; Plate ix, Fig. 1.

This species has the same general form of cup as Hydnoceras tuberosum ,
but is distinguished from that by the greater number of horizontal rows of

102

Dictyospongid.e.

nodes in the mature individual, there being usually five or six well developed
rows, and also by the size of the nodes themselves, which are strongly elevated,
compressed laterally and have an elongated semielliptical or oval outline.
The height of these nodes is often equal to one-third and sometimes even to
one-half the diameter of the body of the cup. Their summits are almost
invariably wanting, indicating a tufted reticulum at these points. The sub-
prismatic surface of the cup is less clearly retained than in II. tuberosum, and
the rate of expansion and the concavity of the horizontal constriction is less
pronounced.

Sponges with these characters well defined have thus far been found
largely localized in the neighborhood of Bath, N. Y., where the specific traits
described are maintained by multitudes of individuals. Away from this
locality there seems to be a progressive modification in the form of the nodes,
which lose their elongate tapering outline and gradually approach their very
distinct expression in the species, //. Avoca. The predominance of these two
forms under different geographical conditions justifies their description as
distinct species notwithstanding the desultory occurrence of passage forms in
other localities.

Locality. Ihjdnoceras Bathense is exceedingly abundant at the Jenks
quarry, one mile south-east of the village of Bath, Steuben county, where it
occurs in thin shaly layers between two heavy compact beds of greenish
sandstone, whose fine grain has preserved the lines of the reticulum with much
distinctness. In association with it at this locality occurs an occasional speci-
men of II. botrosdema. Outside of the Jenhs quarry colony , typical specimens
have not been found.

IIydnoceras botrcedema, sp. nov.

Plate ii, Fig. 4.

Sponge rather small, slender, very gently expanding ; with four horizontal
rows of very strong digitiform nodes separated by deep horizontal con-
strictions. Over these concave areas the surface of the cup is totally without
trace of the prismatic surface shown in allied species, and when uncom-
pressed is circular in section. The body of the cup, were the nodes removed,
would be very narrow and quite cylindrical. The nodes are arranged in eight
vertical rows, which are, in reality, four double rows, and any two adjacent
members of these double rows arise from a common and thickened base.
Nearly one-half the height of these nodes from the bottom of the horizontal
constriction upwards, is below the level of the concavity dividing their prox-
imal surfaces. Thus each pair of nodes stands upon an elevated base. The

Species of the Chemung Group.

103

direction of the nodes of any pair is divergent and to such a degree as to
bring the summits of all the nodes to about the same interval. Each node is
laterally compressed and projected downward, so that each horizontal row
presents a circlet of eight drooping, almost pendulous pouches.

Reticulum rather fine-meshed.

Dimensions. The species does not vary much in size. An average
example measures from apex to aperture, 135 mm.; its greatest width, across
the top row of nodes, is 60 mm.; the diameter of the body of the cup at the
subapertural constriction is 33 mm.

The characters of this species are pronounced and readily recognized. I ts
small size, subcylindrical body, elevated rows of double nodes, and the elon-
gate, recurved form of the latter give it an expression not otherwise reproduced.

Locality. The species occurs in hundreds at a locality known as Irish
hill, near the village of Bath, Steuben county. All the specimens that have
been examined from this spot (the Irish hill colony ) were found loose in the
fields and no systematic excavation has been made for them into the underlying
rocks. It also occurs, though not abundantly, in association with II. Bathense
in the -Teaks quarry colony. Away from the immediate vicinity of Bath the
fossil has not been observed.

Hydnoceras Avoca, sp. nov.

Plate ii, Figs. 1, 3 ; Plate ix, Fig. 3 ; Plate x, Fig. 1 ; Plate xi, Fig. 1.

This form of Hydnoceras is rendered very distinct by its short, broadly
expanded nodes, very stout and wide at the base and with a subsemioval out-
line. The number of horizontal rows of nodes is usually four or five, includ-
ing the incipient row near the base. The horizontal constrictions are narrow
and deep, and the prismatic surface is obscurely retained. All the forms of
this species observed indicate great size at maturity, as shown by the specimens
represented on Plates x and xi. That on the latter plate is the largest nodose
sponge yet seen and must have had a length when entire of not less than 625
mm., or about 2 feet. Reference has been made above to the occasional occur-
rence of passage forms from II. Bathense to this species, but the two represent
sharp extremes of variation in the form of the nodes.

Locality. Hydnoceras Avoca is represented in the material under study
by perhaps a dozen specimens from the vicinity of Avoca, Steuben county.
Their precise position in the rocks has not yet been ascertained as the spec-
imens, most of them collected by the late Thomas Cotton of that village,
have been found loose. There is no satisfactory evidence of their occurrence

104

DlCTYOSPOXGIDvE.

in the Dictyosponge colony of II. tuberosum upon the farm of Mr. Cottox.
The large example referred to was taken from the foundation wall of a
ruined mill in the village of Avoca. A single example with the characteristic
nodes of the species comes from the Jenks quarry, Bath, N. Y.

IIydxoceras phymatodes, sp. nov.

Plate vi, Figs. 4, 5; Plate xxxvii, Fig. 3.

Spoxge distinguished from other species of this genus by its broadly
expanded form and small, abundant nodes. The basal portion of the

cup is anodate for some distance, and the eight prismatic faces are
clearly apparent though somewhat obscured, the nodes of the vertical rows
being connected by longitudinal ridges which are also clearly defined over their
summits. Towards the base of the cup these nodes are in eight longi-
tudinal rows, but near the middle or toward the aperture this number
is increased by intercalation to nine, ten or eleven. The specimen
figured on Plate vi shows the introduction of a single vertical line of nodes
at the fourth horizontal row (counting the incipient row near the base), and
on the opposite side of the cup the abrupt appearance of two new lines in
the fifth horizontal row. The cup also shows faint evidence of an eighth sub-
apertural horizontal row. The specimen shown on Plate xxxvii has similar
irregularities in the number and appearance of the nodes. All of these nodes
are low, with rounded margins and surfaces sloping nearly equally in all
directions, the concavities between the members of each horizontal row being
nearly as deep as those between successive rows. The horizontal constrictions
are thus very shallow; they are also closely approximate and distinctly
marked by the elevated edges of the vertical prismatic faces.

Reticulum fine, the various series of spicular bands not being very dis-
tinctly defined.

Dimensions. Specimens of this species are usually much compressed
laterally, probably, however, without much exaggeration of the actual rate of
expansion of the cup. The figured example has the following dimensions:
Length, 180 mm.; greatest width, 83 mm.; height of nodes, 5 to 8 mm.; dis-
tance between the horizontal rows of nodes, about 10 mm. A larger example
has somewhat stouter and less rapidly multiplying nodes.

Localities. In the schistose Chemung sandstones near Bath, Steuben
county, N. ^ . The species is rare at this place, and its occurrence can not
be given more precisely. A specimen of much smaller size but of similar

Species of the Chemung Group.

105

aspect, has been found by I). D. Luther in the lower Chemung beds at Italy
hollow, Yates county.

IIydnocf.ras hypastrum, sp. nov.

Plate tii, Fig. 1.

Among the specimens obtained from the late Rev. Jonathan Allen.
of Alfred, is one showing in cross-section a cup with a circular or subcylindrical
body and eight very strong nodes in four pairs. Each pair is raised on an
elevated base as in II. botrcedema. These nodes are very long and droop
toward the base of the cup. Though the summits of all are broken, sufficient
is retained to indicate their great size and length. The greatest diameter of
the specimen between the broken extremities of the nodes is 130 mm.; the
diameter of the cylindrical body, 57 mm. Though the fragment indicates a
form similar to II. botrcedema , the nodes are proportionally larger and the cup
itself of much greater size than in that species. It is probable that when
better known this form will prove to be distinct from the others here
enumerated.

Locality. In the Chemung group; from a greenish sandstone in associa-
tion with Cryptodictya Alleni\ probably from the lower part of the series in
Steuben county, N. Y.

Hydnoceras etjtheles, sp. nov.

Plate viii, Figs. 5, 6; see also Plate xxxiii, Fig. 7.

This form, which is represented by two very similar fragments from the
same locality, combines in a certain measure the form of II. .Bathense with the
pendulous nodes of II. botrcedema. The sponges are short, expand rather
rapidly and show obscure evidence of the prismatic faces; the horizontal rows
of nodes were probably not more than four in number; the nodes themselves
are extremely long, somewhat compressed laterally, the outline being incom-
plete at their extremities, thus indicating a strong spicular tuft at these points.
In the elongate form of the nodes the species is even more extreme than II.
botrcedema , while it lacks the subcylindrical body and slender form of the
latter.

Dimensions. The better of the two examples has a length of 80 mm.
from the aperture to the end of the third horizontal row of nodes, which could
not have been far from the base of the cup. Its diameter at the aperture is 90
mm. ; between the two lower rows of nodes, 38 mm. One of the nodes has a
length of 25 mm.

O

106

1)ictyospongid^e.

Localities. In the schistose Chemung sandstones, on the farm of Thomas
Cotton, near Avoca, N. Y. Associated with this species here are great numbers
of a coarsely meshed sponge, probably II. tuberosum, which is always poorly
preserved ; also, II. niultinodosum , Arystidictya elegans , A. nod if era and
Hallodictya Cottoniana. Reference has already been made to the probable
presence of this species in the Portage group at Varysburg, Wyoming county
(page 7(»).

HyDNOCERAS MITLTIN ODOSUM, Sp. IlOV.

Plate xxxix, Fig. 1.

Among the specimens from the Dictyosponge colony at Cotton hill, the
great majority of which are very large though usually imperfect individuals
approaching Hydnocer as tuberosum, are a few fragments indicating a species of
this genus noteworthy in its size and the remarkable abundance of nodes. The
best of these specimens is that figured, which represents the upper part of a
large cup laterally compressed, as is the case with all the sponges at this local-
ity. Three transverse rows of nodes are shown on the exposed side, the lower
bearing eight, the middle one ten, and the upper, which appears to be the
apertural row, seven. All are small and low. The adventitious character of
many of these nodes is evident from a comparison of the different rows ; thus
one incipient node in the lower row is not represented in either of the others ;
similarly one node of the second row has no equivalent above or below,
while another is represented in the top row but not in the lower. The total
number of nodes in each upper row must have been not less than from 14 to
20, a feature which at once distinguishes the species. The more conspicuous
nodes in the vertical rows are connected by slightly elevated ridges or rem-
nants of the prism-angles. The apertural width of the fragment is ISO mm.,
its length 110 mm.

O

Locality. In the lower Chemung group, one mile north of Avoca,
Steuben county, in association with II. tuberosum, Arystidictya elegans, A.
nodifera, Hallodictya Cottoniana, etc.

H YDNOCERAS LuTHERI, Sp. nOV.

Plate viii, Figs. 7-10.

Sponge very small and graceful, very gradually expanding, prism-faces
greatly obscured, growth usually regular. The rate of expansion from the
base to the first row of nodes is greater than elsewhere except about the
aperture. The nodes are well developed, with rounded extremities, and
are arranged in three or four horizontal rows which are separated by very

Species of the Chemung Group.

107

broad depressions. When tliere are but three rows of these nodes, the first
or lowest is sharply developed, and at times tliere is evidence of an obscure
row in the apertural region, as shown in one of the specimens figured. When
the four rows are normally developed those of the first row are small and
incipient. The aperture is situated at somewhat less than the usual interval
above the last row of nodes, and is expanded to nearly the full diameter of
the cup at the last row. The number of nodes in each row, while normally
eight, is sometimes but seven on the earliest rows.

The reticulum is fine, usually sharply retained, and shows primary
spicular bands midway between the nodes both longitudinally and horizon-
tally. The tufted extremities of the nodes are seldom preserved in the speci-
mens examined.

Dimensions. Nearly all the examples of this diminutive and graceful
species are entire, a most unusual occurrence among species of this
genus. One such individual, mature in all its characters, has a length of
40 mm., a width at the first nodes of 8 mm., greatest width of 13 mm. and an
apertural diameter of 12 mm. A somewhat stouter specimen has the same
length but a maximum diameter of 20 mm. Individuals much smaller than
either of these have also been observed.

Locality. In the sandstones of the lower part of the Chemung group.
Nearly fifty individuals, characterized by their slender form and persistently
small size, have been found by D. D. Lutiier, in a single loose slab, in
Segur’s gully, township of Italy, Yates county, N. Y. Specimens of llydno-
ceras tuberosum occur in the same rock. •

II YDNOCERAS RHOPALUM, Sp. UOV.

Plate xxxvii, Fiqs. 1, 2.

This form, found only in the Brown hill colony of IT. tuberosum , is
too unlike the latter to justify its being regarded as an abnormal individual
expression of that species.

The sponge is elongate and slender, its most expanded portion at two-thirds
of its length from the base, having about thrice the width of the fractured
lower end. Nearly the entire lower half of the cup is devoid of well developed
nodes, though showing distinctly, under compression, the prism-faces.

The number of horizontal rows of nodes is large, but the nodes them-
selves are seldom conspicuously developed. These rows, counting all which
show incipient nodes, are eight or nine in number, and appear to bear normally
eight in each row, but in several instances they are irregular in this respect,

108

Duty ospongidac.

nodes failing to appear at their proper position. The upper portion of the
cup is somewhat distorted from accident and the mending of the net-work.

The reticulum is similar to that in 1L tuberosum.

Dimensions. This specimen has a length of 125 mm., which is nearly the
original extent of the sponge. At the lower extremity its width is 13 mm.
Where broadest, the width is 36 mm.

Locality. Lower Chemung sandstone, Brown hill school house, near
Wallace, Steuben county. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Hydnoceras variabile, sp. nov.

Plate xxxvi, Fig. 1 ; Plate xxxvii, Figs. 4-6.

Sponge of moderate size ; expanding slowly from the base for one-third or
nearly one-half of its length, thence upward widening more abruptly over the
node-bearing surface. The form is thus somewhat more slender below than
in other species and is further characterized by an apparent absence of nodes
over the basal region, or if not altogether absent their existence is only sug-
gested here and there. Normally there appear to have been not more than
three horizontal rows of nodes over the expanding portion of the cup. In
all the internal casts representing the species these are low and the full num-
ber, eight, is seldom developed. Fragments of the lower parts of the cup are
so nearly free of nodes as to fail to even suggest the genus Hydnoceras. Yet
when a specimen is retained in its matrix, as shown in figure l,on Plate xxxvi,
this apparently anodate basal surface is found to have borne sharply defined
nodes nearly to the apex. As ordinarily preserved the specimens are very
variable in their general aspect, not only on account of irregularity of appear
auce in the nodes but also because of the irregular expansion of the reticulum.
The fundamental prism-faces are almost wholly obliterated even on the basal
portions of the cup.

Reticulum. The net-work appears on internal casts to be coarse, on
account of the predominance of the secondary spicular bands forming meshes
measuring about 2 mm. on each side. The general aspect of the reticulum is
a composition of such rather coarse meshes, but these are more or less dis-
tinctly subdivided.

Dimensions. A specimen, the most nearly entire of any observed and
having the nodeswell developed, is 125 mm. in length and probably its origi-
nal length was not less than 1 40 mm. At the lower end its width is 30 mm.;
its greatest width 65 mm.

Species oe the Chemung Group.

109

Locality . From the lower beds of the Chemung group, not more than
one hundred feet above the Portage sandstones, at I)eyo basin in the southern
part of the town of Naples, N. Y.

Associated with it are Ceratodictya annulata, Spirifer mesacostalis,
Atrypa hystrix, P roductella lachrymosa, Ambocoelia umbonaia , Ilystracanthus,
sp., etc. (Collected by I). T). Luther.)

IIydnoceras nodosum, Hall (sp.).

Plate ii, Fig. 2.

1863. Dictyopkyton nodosum , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab.
Nat. Hist., p. 91, pi. iii, fig. 2.

1884. Dictyophyton nodosum , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 472, pi. 17 (18), fig. 6.

“A fragment two and a half inches in length, being an impression in shaly
sandstone, preserves the marks of longitudinal ranges of rounded nodes there
being six | five] nodes in each longitudinal row in the length indicated.

“This species differs from the preceding [ II tuberosum ] in having longi-
tudinal rows of nodes more nearly parallel, smaller and more clearly arranged
in rows, while they are not angular. The surface is finely reticulated by
longitudinal and transverse striae.

“ Geoloyical formation and locality. In the shaly sandstones of the
Chemung group in Cattaraugus county (N. Y.).” (op. cit. 1863.)

This is a small species which appears to have some resemblance to II.
botroedema in its slender cup and strong nodes though possessing one more
horizontal row of nodes than any examples of the latter species have yet shown.
Nothing closely comparable to the original specimen has been observed, and
hence our knowledge of the specific form is still quite imperfect.

IIydnoceras antiiracis, sp. nov.

Plate ii, Fig. 8 ; Plate vi, Figs. I, 2 ; Plate xxxiii, Figs. 8, 9.

Sponge small, narrow and gracefully expanding for one-third of its length,
thence upward gently contracting to a well-defined constriction just below the
aperture.

Surface sharply prismatic for nearly one-half the length of the cup. Not
until the sponge attains its full diameter do nodes appear and these manifest
themselves with some irregularity. In the single entire specimen observed

110

DlCTY< ISPONGI D.K

there are but lliree transverse rows of nodes, and in the lowest row but three
of the normal eight nodes are distinctly developed, three others are merely
suggested while two are absent. In the second and third rows all nodes are
present but are unequally developed. The fragment of a second and some-
what larger specimen shows four transverse rows of nodes. All of these
nodes are small and are elongated by the prism-angles on which they lie.
Their presence does not materially obscure the fundamental prismatic form of
the sponge.

In full development each node is prominent, its height equalling about
one-fourth of the diameter of the cup. They are directed gently downward
and distinctly tufted. The upper or apertural portion of the sponge is smooth
for a considerable distance and noticeably expanded. The margin is regular.

Reticulum fine, the principal spicular bands being those at the angles of
the prism-faces, with a corresponding horizontal series dividing the constric-
tions between the nodes. The remainder of the net-work is subequally
divided into quadrilles measuring about 1 mm. on each side, and these are
again divided by a single series of bands.

Dimensions. An entire specimen has a length of 60 mm., a greatest
width of 20 mm. anil an apertural width of 17 mm. Other specimens indicate
about the same proportions.

A very interesting feature of this species is the retention of a pronounced
prismatic surface, the late appearance of the nodes and their feeble develop-
ment. Other species demonstrate the relationship of IIydnoceras to Prismo-
dictva, but in none is the connection so clearly shown as in this later and
probably degenerate form.

Localities. A rare species, which has been observed only in the
higher beds of the Chemung group, in a very compact green sandstone at Scio
and Wellsville, N. Y. (Collection of E. 11. Hall.)

IIydnoceras eumeces, sp. nov.

Plate xii, Figs. 1-3.

This is a very large species with narrow, elongate, sharp nodes and
narrow prism-faces. The original specimen has been greatly compressed
vertically, but shows features which are not possessed by the other species of
the genus. This is indicated, first by the dimensions of the fossil, the internal
cast having a diameter of 180 mm., while the distance across the cup as indi-
cated by the external impression, was about 225 mm.; a size not surpassed in
any known specimens of this genus. The example affords no conclusive

Species of the Chemung Group.

Ill

evidence of the number of horizontal rows of nodes, but the nodes themselves
are seen to be low and sharp, prolonged into acuminate tufts, separated from
adjacent members of the same horizontal row by a shallow depression, while
the horizontal constrictions between the rows are very deep. The interval
between such of these nodes as are shown on the external and internal casts
indicate the normal number of eight vertical rows. The spicular bands have
left sharp impressions, the prevailing size of the quadrule being 6 mm. on a
side, this being divided by a subordinate series of bands.

Locality. From the upper portion of the Chemung group at Alfred,
Allegany county, N. Y.

IIydnoceras, sp.

Plate viii, Fig. 3.

A much distorted and broken specimen from the compact green sand-
stones of the upper part of the Chemung formation at Wellsville, N. Y.,
indicates still another species of this genus, in which the nodes are small but
prominent, the prismatic faces sharply defined and concave, and the reticulum
very fine. Its characters are, however, too obscure to ensure a correct
diagnosis.

BOTRYODICTYA, gen. nov.

1 )ictyosponges consisting of two distinct parts ; the lower subcylindrical or
very gradually expanding and without surface ornamentation ; the upper part a
subturbinate cup, very strongly and complexly nodose. These two parts are
divided by a sort of diaphragm evidently produced by the interweaving and
thickening of the reticulum internally at the base of the cup. The upper part of
this sponge has the aspect of IIydnoceras, the compound pouch-shaped nodes
beiner arranged in horizontal rows; the lower part resembles Dictyospongia.

Type, Dictyophyton ramoswn , Lesquereux.

Botryodictya ramosa, Lesquereux (sp.).

Plate xiii, Figs. 1-8.

1884. Dictyophytum ramosum, Lesquereux. Description of the Coal Flora
of the Carboniferous Formation in Pennsylvania and throughout
the United States, vol. iii, p. 827. (Second Geological Survey of
Pennsylvania, Kept. P.)

1889. Dictyophytum ramosum , Lesley. Dictionary of Fossils, vol. i, p. 200.

Original Description: “Stem nodose or tubercular at the articulations,

the tubercles projecting outside at right angles to the stem, as short branches,
inflated and button-like at the apex.

I )rCTYOSPON G ID.E.

1 12

“ This species maybe a form of D. tuberosum , Hall, 1. c., p. 90, pi. iii, fig. 1,
which has the articulations inflated into short, obtuse tubercles, some of
them broken, but none prolonged as branches. 1 he specimens I have had for
examination represent the tubercles arranged in horizontal rows, as in I).
tuberosum , but instead of being round and obtuse they are prolonged horizon-
tally into short branches inflated into half round knots at the apex. The
ribbon-like divisions surrounding the steins and branches are parallel and
quite distinct.

“ Habitat . Upper Chemung, head of Hill creek, Charleston township,
Tioga county, Penna. A. Sherwood.”

The foregoing description, based upon a conception of the vegetable
nature of this organism, was derived from highly imperfect specimens. It
might in fact, be difficult to recognize, in the absence of illustrations, the form
which it is intended to portray, were it not that we have specimens collected
from the same locality by Mr. Andrew Sherwood, and that these represent the
only nodose Dictyosponge known to occur there. The fossil has proven to
be a remarkable and extremely interesting one, and by careful manipulation
of the very badly collected material representing it, it lias been possible to
elucidate the main features of its structure.

Sponge, in general form, stout and subturbinate, resting upon along, sub-
cylindrical, hollow base or pedicel. The latter expands very gradually, is sub-
circular in cross-section and smooth on the exterior. Toward its upper portion
it broadens where passing into or joining the vase-like upper part of the
sponge. Its length seems to be variable, irrespective of variations in the size
of the nodiferous vase ; where best preserved it is considerably longer than
the vase, and even here its basal point is not retained. In this instance its
width is about one-fifth that of the body of the vase, and this varies but little
from top to bottom except at the proximal expansion.

Form and general aspect of the upper part or vase as in IIydnoceras.
Body of the vase subcylindrical, somewhat rapidly expanding beneath, and
slightly contracting at or near the aperture. Surface covered with a series of
compound irregular, pendulous lobes or pouches which are arranged in eight
vertical and four horizontal rows, these being separated by low vertical
depressions and deeper horizontal constrictions. The specimens are so pre-
served that most of these nodes are greatly flattened and somewhat distorted
from their normal shape, though those lying in the plane of lamination of the
rock have generally escaped such distortion. The structure of these compound
nodes is essentially as follows : Of the three lower horizontal rows, each rises

Species of the Chemung Group.

113

from the surface of the vase with a stout body which, at some little distance
above that surface, is divided by a vertical and a horizontal groove, usually of
unequal depth. These grooves make a division of the surface into four lobes
of irregular form and distinctly pendulous; upon the lowest horizontal row
the two lobes of the inferior division of the node are very long and continent
for a considerable distance, producing digitiform pouches. Those of the
median rows appear to be somewhat less elongated, but all have a downward
direction. There are some irregularities in the division of the nodes. In one
instance the horizontal groove is wanting, leaving but two nodes on the lobe;
in another, one of the four lobes appears to be divided into three, and the other
into two parts. The uppermost, or apertural, series of nodes differs from the
rest in having the lobes short and arranged singly or in simple pairs which
seem not to correspond invariably in position with the vertical rows in which
the lower nodes are arranged. The growth of the nodes in this row was,
however, quite irregular ; they are short, and while in some specimens they
are erect and in others inclined downward, their normal position was probably
directly outward. No specimen is sufficiently perfect to indicate precisely the
number of nodes in this row.

A slight variation from the type of structure described is indicated by one
example which shows a coalescence of, or* an indistinctness between the first
and second horizontal rows of nodes at their base and also a partial loss of the
quadrilobed surface of the second row. Each specimen, however, presents its
peculiar modifications in the number and form of the nodes anti lobes.

Reticulum. Over the pedicel the spicular bands are extremely fine, but
the reticulation is distinct. Toward the base of the cup the longitudinal
bands become prominent while the horizontal bands are obscured. On
the vase, the net-work is fine in comparison with that of Hydnoceras, and
the obscurely subprismatic form prevailing in that genus is here totally lost.
The quadrules of the most prominent series measure about 2 mm. on each
side, and these are crossed by one or two finer series. Over the lobes the
spicular bands all spread apart as in Hydnoceras. There is no satisfactory
evidence of spicular tufts at the extremities of the nodes, though presumably
such tufts existed ; nor are there other spicular expansions except line, narrow,
longitudinal laminae following the courses of the larger spicular bands.

Toward the base of the cup there seems to have been a thickening of the
spicular strands which on the inner or gastral side of the sponge apparently
converged to an apex near the union of the cup with the pedicel. This inter
ual convergence is exhibited in several instances where the sponge has been

114

Dictyosp* inoid.k.

broken transversely at this point. There is no evidence that the pedicel is
filled up with spicular deposits and hence the convergence of the spicules of
the cup forms a sort of diaphragm which permits a ready separation of the
parts at this place.

Dimensions. Of two of the best preserved examples, one measures as
follows: Entire length, 170 mm., of which 93 mm. appertain to the incom-
plete pedicel. Width of pedicel, 10 mm.; apertural width of cup, 68 mm.
The other specimen has a length of 160 mm., of which but 63 belong to the
pedicel ; the median diameter of this cup is 45 mm., and the apertural width
about 52 mm.

Locality. In greenish sandy shales belonging to the upper part of the
Chemung group, near Lawrenceville, Tioga county, Pennsylvania.

Botryodictya (or Tylodictya), sp.

From the upper beds of the Chemung group at Scio, N. Y., have
been obtained a few fragments of a quite small species which show com-
pound and pendulous nodes. These doubtless represent a species either
of Botryodictya or Tylodictya. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

IIELI CODICTY A, gen. nov.

Dictyosponges with funnel-shaped or explanate skeletons, bearing
equidistant spiral surface ridges.

Type, Helicodictya trypania , sp. nov.

IIelicodictya trypania, sp. nov.

Plate xxii, Figs. 1, 2.

The specimen upon which this species is founded shows an elongate,
funnel-shaped cup of small size, subcylindrical for nearly one-half its length
from the base, expanding more rapidly above. Of the basal portion both
external and internal casts are preserved, but of the upper part only one sur-
face is retained. The cup is characterized by a series of strong parallel,
nearly equidistant spiral ridges, from 4 to 5 mm. apart, which appear to
have been extended into short, erect lamellae. The continuity of these ridges
about the entire surface of the cup is clearly shown upon the internal cast.

Reticulum composed of sharply defined and minute meshes, the spicular
bands lying parallel and perpendicular to the spiral ridges. The latter appear
to correspond to the vertical ridges in Prismodiotya. The texture of the
reticulum is extremely fine, there being scarcely any visible distinction in the

Species of the Chemung Group.

115

size of the quadrules. In some parts of the specimen the prevailing quadrille
appears to he somewhat less than 1 mm. square and this is subdivided by one
or two subordinate pairs of spicular bands. The entire surface shows twelve
of the spiral ridges and the last two interspaces near the apertural extremity
are divided medially by a much fainter ridge and elevated line.

I) imensions. Entire length of the specimen, which seems to be approxi-
mately the original length of the cup, 70 mm.; width at the base, 9 mm.; at
30 mm. above the base, 15 mm.; at its greatest diameter, 30 mm.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Wellsville, N. Y.
(Collection of E. B. Hall.)

The following species are referred to this genus provisionally. They
indicate a spiral mode of growth but their structure is too imperfectly known
to render the definite determination of their generic characters possible.

IIelicodictya (?) Concordia, sp. nov.

Plate xxvii, Fig. 2.

The single specimen of this fossil is subfusiform in outline, with a
depressed upper surface; expanding from its lower, subacute extremity
through somewhat more than one-lialf its length, thence broadly contracting
without revealing any definite evidence of an aperture at the upper end,
although the margin here is entire for a portion of its extent. The surface is
crossed by spiral ridges at wide and enlarging intervals. These ridges are
three in number and on the left margin of the specimen are about 10 mm.
apart, this interval increasing on the right margin to 15 or 18 mm. The two
upper intervals are each divided in the middle by a finer ridge parallel to the
others. There are no reticulating ridges of corresponding size. The net-work
is composed of fine spicular bands among which none is conspicuously pre-
dominant, though the prevailing quadrule measures about 2 mm. on a side
and is repeatedly subdivided. The length of this specimen is 60 mm. and its
greatest width 35 mm.

While this specimen presents a specific aspect rendering it distinct from
associated forms, there is no very good reason for regarding it as congeneric
with Helicodictya trypania or as a genuine spiral Dictyosponge. Upon com-
parison of this with the specimen figured on Plate xvii (fig. 1), the similarity
in the character of the reticulum in both may be a reason for inferring that
the spiral direction of the ridges in H. (?) Concordia may be wholly casual, as
the example referred to evidently represents the apertural portion of a
regularly expanding cup, whose divergent ridges are vertical.

116

DlCTY< tSl’ONGID.E.

Locality. From the upper beds of the Chemung group ; in the Prismo-
diet ya pvisniatica colony, at Concord station, Frie county, Pennsylvania.

Helicodictya (?) Scio, sp. nov.

Plate xxvii, Fig. 1.

Sponge moderately large and apparently regularly expanding. Surface
crossed by subequidistant spiral ridges from 17 to 20 mm. apart, revolving
from left upward and over to right. These are parallel to one series of
spicular bands, the principal reticulating series making therewith quadrules
measuring about 10 mm. on a side. The length of the original fragment is
about 70 mm. ; its width at the lower extremity 33 mm. and at the upper
extremity 55 mm. Its surface bears four spiral ridges.

The reason for placing this form among the spiral sponges is simply the
aspect of the best preserved specimen. While the specific form may be
distinct, the evidence afforded by a second example indicates that the generic
reference here provisionally employed may be of doubtful value.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Scio, Allegany
county, N. Y. (Collection of E. 11. Hall.)

RIIABDOSISPONGIA, gen. nov.

Elongate, broadly and strongly annulated sponger, fiuted by vertical
ridges.

Type, Dictyophyton Amalthea , Hall.

Rhabdosispongia Amalthea, Hall (sp.).

Plate xvi, Fig. 1.

1890. Dictyophyton Amalthea , Hall. Ninth Kept. N. Y. State Geologist,
p. 58; Forty-third Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 260.

Sponge slender, expanding very gradually, gently curved near the base;
transverse section probably circular. In the original specimen the base is
wanting, but the remainder of the surface bears five broad and deep trans-
verse constrictions which increase in width toward the aperture. These give
to the cup the appearance of being strongly annulated, the annulations increas-
ing in breadth with the constrictions. The area about and below the aperture
is without constriction at the usual interval. The surface is ornamented by a
series of distant, longitudinal, narrow spicular ridges, diverging toward the
aperture with the expansion of the cup. Six or seven of these are visible
upon the exposed surface but no other trace of the reticulum is apparent.
The interspaces between these narrow ridges are flat and broad.

Species of the Chemung Group.

117

Dimensions. The only known example has a length of 280 mm. from
the aperture, which appears to he entire, to the broken basal extremity; a
width of 70 mm at the aperture and 20 mm. at the lower end.

This description is based upon a plaster cast of a specimen formerly in the
possession of the late Rev. A. H. Riley, of Montrose, Pennsylvania, but
the present ownership of which is unknown.

Locality, hi the upper beds of the Chemung group at Great Bend, Sus-
quehanna county, Pennsylvania.

CERATODICTYA , gen. nov.

Elongate, gently expanding cups, transversely annulated and without
predominating ridges or other surface ornamentation.

Type, Dictyophyton annulatum , Hall.

Ceratodictya Carpenteriana,* sp. nov.

Plate xlii, Fig. 1 ; Plate xliii, Figs. 1-3.

Sponge extremely elongate, slender, very gradually and regularly ex-
panding. Sometimes the cup assumes a gentle crescentic curve which appears
to he not abnormal though one specimen of considerable length is straight
th roughout its extent. The surface is covered by strong, regular, continuous,
duplex annulations separated from each other by deep grooves, both grooves
and annulations having about the same width over the median portion of the
sponge. The annulations are rendered duplicate by a transverse groove
on each, which under compression and especially on the incipient portions
of the skeleton, may sometimes approximate in breadth the interannular grooves.
Each annulation is thus divided into two well-defined ridges rounded at their
summits and with their deeper slope toward the interannular grooves. Some
variation is apparent in the form of these annulations during the process of
growth. Near the basal point the summit grooves are relatively much
broader than at any later growth-period, and although all observed specimens
of the species are noteworthy for the stability and uniformity of the annula-
tions, yet the example figured on Plate -xliii (fig. 2), shows that the second
annulation which is, in fact, the upper member of the divided first annulation,
is itself faintly duplicate. As growth continues beyond maturity the inter-
annular grooves become diminished in width, and apertural fragments of full
grown and old specimens show that both grooves and annulations are much

* Thus named as a token of respect and esteem for Mrs. Fannie Hall Carpenter, daughter of E. B.
Hall, Esq., of Wellsville, N. Y.

118

Diotyospongidus.

diminished in prominence, though the duplication of the latter is still more
pronounced than in Ceratodictya cincta .

The reticulum is very fine-meshed throughout, with no evidence of any
especially predominating series of spicular bands. The prevailing mesh
measures about 1 mm. on each side and is subdivided by a single minor series.
There is no evidence of any ornamental projections from the surface in the
form of tufts or spicular ridges.

Dimensions. This sponge is remarkable for the great length which it
attained. Plate xlii shows one excellently preserved specimen, incomplete,
however, at both ends, having a length, measured along its gently curving
axis, of 317 mm. In its entire length it bears thirteen double annulations,
the earliest of which, measured from the outer edges of the ridges, is 15 mm.
wide, and the last of them has about the same width. A second fragment
(Plate xliii, fig. 2) is nearly complete at the base and is straight for a distance
of 365 mm., the remainder being lost. The very long specimen shown on the
same plate (fig. 1) measures 500 mm. in length, with slight curvature, and
is complete at neither end. Fragments of the apertural end of full grown or
old specimens found in association with those referred to, have a much greater
width. One of these, doubtless of this species, is 130 mm. wide and to have
attained this width at the rate of increase shown in other specimens, the entire
sponge must have been not far from three feet in length. Allowance is, in
this estimate, made from the very evident fact that the sponge expanded much
more rapidly during the first one-third of its length than in later growth.

Localities. All the more extended specimens have been obtained in the
upper beds of the Chemung group, on Milo Cole’s farm, near Isclma, Cattarau-
gus county. A single fragment of an old individual is from Randolph, N. Y.
Associated with it in the soft greenish shales at the former locality are speci-
mens of Languid , Camarotoeckia and Spirifer. (Collection of E. B. IIall.)

Ceratodictya cincta, Hall (sp.).

Plate xxii, Figs. 7-9.

1884. Dictyophyton cinctum, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Ilist., p. 472.

Sponge large, subcylindrical, showing slight evidence of tapering, and
tho ugh much compressed, evincing a normally circular cross-section. Surface
bearing closely-set, subequidistant, narrow and strong annulations separated by
furrows equal to them in width. These form a purely ornamental configura-
tion of the surface and have no other relation to the reticulum. The reticular

Species of the Chemung Group.

119

net-work is extremely fine and homogeneous, no large quadrules being present.
The prevailing mesh is about 1 mm. square and is subdivided by a subsidiary
pair of spicular bands. These cover the entire surface both of the annulations
and furrows, without the intersection of any coarse bands.

The entire dimensions of the cup are unknown. A large fragment with
a length of 120 mm. bears eight annulations, the height of each being about
5 mm. The diameter of this specimen is 120 mm. On one side of the cup the
growth of the annulations has been interrupted, evidently from accident, and
in the repair of the reticulum the regularity of the annulations has been greatly
disturbed. This species will be distinguished from the terminal expanded
portions of C. Carpenteriana by more regularly equidistant annulations.

Locality. In the sandstones of the Chemung group ; from a boulder at
Erie, Pennsylvania. Portions of several individuals occur in the same frag-
ment of rock and with them is the original specimen of Ceratodictya zonata.
(Collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.)

Ceratodictya zonata, sp. nov.

Plate Xli, Fig. 6.

1884. Dictyophyton cinctum, Hall ( partial ). Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y.

State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 473.

Sponge small, slender, gradually expanding. Surface crossed by broad
and low annulations which are separated by narrower and shallow constrictions
toward the basal extremity which is wanting. These horizontal rings are not
sharply defined ; those over the median and distal parts of the cup are
flattened or somewhat depressed on their summit. There are eight annulations
in a length of 45 mm.

Reticulum exceedingly fine, all of the quadrules being minute. The most
conspicuous of the spicular bands are represented by sharp horizontal lines at
the bottom of each constriction.

Length of the only observed specimen 53 mm. ; diameter at the lower
end, 6 mm.; greatest diameter 14 mm.

Locality. In the arenaceous beds of the Chemung group; from a boulder
found at Erie, Pennsylvania. (Collection of the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences.)

Dictyospongid.e.

120

Ceratodictya A NX ulata, Hall (sp.).

Plate xxii, Figs. 3-6.

1863. Dictyophyton annulatum, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 90, pi. iii, fig. 3.

1 882. Dictyophyton annulatum, Hall. Notes on the Family 1 lictyospongidae,
pi. 17, fig. 5.

1884. Dictyophyton annulatum , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 472, pi. 17 (18), fig. 5.

Sponge slender, very gradually expanding, straight or slightly curved ;
cross-section circular.

Surface smooth, annulated by a series of low, horizontal constrictions,
varying somewhat in depth, and much narrower than the successive swellings
of the cup. Over the basal portion of the cup the constrictions occur at much
wider intervals.

Heticulum fine, without the strong predominance of any series of spicular
bands. The prevailing quadrille appears to measure about 2x3 mm., and is
repeatedly subdivided.

Dimensions. The original specimens are three in number and the best
of these lias a length of 80 mm., and a width of 21 mm. On this specimen
there are five annulations in a length of 63 mm. A somewhat larger, more
completely flattened example retains nearly the entire cup, a portion of the
base being wanting. The original length of the cup was about 85 mm. ; the
diameter of its aperture 34 mm. This specimen bears but one constriction
and hence two annulations, the lower half of the cup being regularly conical.

Localities. The orginal specimens are from a sandy shale of the upper
Chemung group in western New York; their precise locality, however, is not
known. With them are associated the brachiopods Amboccelia gregaria and
Rltynchonella duplicata. The specimen represented on Plate xxii (figs. 3, 4) is
from the lower beds of the Chemung formation at Deyo basin, Naples,
Ontario county, where it is associated with Hydnoceras variabile and
Hydriodict ya cylix.

Ceratodictya centeta, sp. nov.

Plate xli, Figs. 1-5.

A small colony of annulated Dictyosponges has recently been found in a
soft sandy shale which was evidently deposited about the growing cups so
that the greater number of the specimens cross the sedimentation-lines of the
rock at large angles, and have, in consequence, been variously compressed and

Species of the Chemung Group.

121

distorted. Some, which became detached or lay more nearly parallel to the
lines of deposition, are better preserved, though in none of the examples is
the entire form retained.

These sponges vary considerably in form and size, the young individuals
being slender with broad or narrow annulations at unequal distances. The
larger individuals have the annulations more regular and equidistant. All
the annulations are, as a rule, low and rounded, with broad and shallow inter-
spaces. In a specimen measuring 57 mm. in length and having a width at the
upper end of 24 mm., there are six annulations at subequal intervals ; a young
example 4G mm. long, with a width at the top of 12 mm., and at the bottom
of 7 mm., has six annulations at somewhat irregular intervals. The largest frag-
ment observed has a diameter of 40 mm. The reticulum in all of these
specimens is tine and shows no predominant spicular striae, the prevailing
mesh being uniformly from .5 to 1 mm. square. The species is distinctly
unlike any of the other forms referred to this genus and although having an
aspect somewhat similar to that of C. zonaia , differs from this in its less regular
and unflattened annulations as well as in the character of its reticulation.

Locality. In the upper part of the Chemung group at Iscliua, Cattarau-
gus county, N. Y. About fifty individuals were found in place distributed over
a very limited area.

CLATHROSPONGIA, Hall.

1863. Dictyophyton , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hist., p. 90.

1882. Clathrospongia , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidse, Expl.
pi. 18, figs. 3-4.

1884. Dictyophyton ( Clathrospongia ), Hall. Thirty- fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y.

State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 468-470,474.

1890. Dictyophyton , Hall. Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geol., pp. 57, 58.

This term was introduced without definition and was intended to cover,
in a subgeneric sense, the species Dictyophyton abacus, Hall, which presents a
strong development of the erect reticulating surface lamellae such as also
occur in the genus Thysanodictya. Unlike the species of the latter genus,
however, the form of the cup is regularly obconical, and it appears to terminate
below in an acute point. There is still some uncertainty in regard to this
character, but nevertheless the differences in the form of the cups, and the
characters of their earlier growth are evident. It has been found necessary in
the consideration of a number of different species where imperfect preserva-
tion has precluded definite knowledge of the basal structure, to refer to this

122

DlCTYOSPONGIIRE.

genus some forms which, when better known, may prove to belong in some other
association. Indeed, in the type-species only are the generic features clearly
defined, and hence the group must for the time being serve in a measure as a
convenient receptacle for certain imperfectly known forms.

Type, Clathrospongia abacus, Hall. (See description of this form among
the species of the Waverly group.)

Clathrospongia fenestrata, Hall (sp.).

Plate xiv, Fig. 2; Plate xxv, Fig. 5.

1863. JHctyophyto n fenest / -atum, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 90, pi. iii, fig. 4.

1884. Dictyophyton fenestratum. Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 469.

The original specimen of this species is a very incomplete fragment of a
moderately large cup, a portion of whose surface, involved in soft green shale,
retains the exterior character of the reticulation, while the remainder of the
specimen is only an internal cast of the skeleton. This specimen gives no
accurate idea of the form of the cup, except that it was su bey 1 indr ical with an
essentially smooth exterior, but an internal cast of a more complete example
from the same locality as the original furthers our knowledge of the species.

Sponge of considerable size, elongate subcylindrical through most of its
length, with a short, rapidly expanding basal portion. Transverse section
subelliptical or subcircular. Surface with only traces of low nodes at the
angles of the principal quadrilles.

Reticulum in its external character, composed of quadrules of which the
principal series measures about 12 mm. on the side. The horizontal and ver-
tical bands of the first series are of about equal prominence and at their inter-
section distinct nodes are formed. These main quadrules are regularly sub-
divided by four subordinate series of spicular bands and upon the internal
cast almost all distinction between these series is lost, the ultimate subdivision
of the quadrules being nearest the internal surface of the cup.

It is evident that the principal spicular bands were produced outward in
the form of free lamellae; at one spot on the cast these show a width of
about 2 mm.

Dimensions. The original specimen has a length of 105 mm. and a width
of 45 mm. A second example measures 138 mm. from base to distal
extremity, and for five-sevenths of this length the diameter of the cup is
45 mm. The basal cone has a length of about 30 mm.

Species of the Chemung Group.

123

This species bears some resemblance to C. ca/prodonta of the Waverly
group, but differs from it in the smaller size of the principal quadrules of the
reticulum, its more cylindrical form and more abruptly tapering base.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group, Chemung nar-
rows, N. Y.

Clatiirospongia vascellum, Hall (sp.).

Plate xxi, Fig. 12; Plate xxv, Fig. 4.

1890. D ictyophy ton vascellum, Hall. Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geolo-
gist, p. 57; Forty-third Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 259.

The original specimen of this species is a large, explanate fragment indi-
cating a flattened cup, one of whose transverse diameters is six times the other.
In its normal condition the cup must have been large, quite rapidly expanding
and probably regularly conical in shape. The extreme length of the fragment'
is 188 mm. and the slope of the lateral margins would indicate a length from
the upper edge of the specimen to the base, of 260 mm., making no allowance
for the unknown extent of the cup beyond this upper limit of the specimen.
The surface bears a series of low, broad vertical bands or obscure ridges,
which are crossed by somewhat more obscure transverse bands, making a
series of large quadrules, a little longer than broad, and measuring on an
average about 26x30 mm. The specimen is an internal cast, and the inter-
mediate series of meshes are obscured by the predominance of the ultimate
and penultimate quadrules.

Several fragmentary examples of this species have been observed, all of them
being somewhat water-worn. That here figured is the largest and most complete,
affording specific characters not easily confounded with those of other species.

Locality. From the upper portion of the Chemung group ; drift at
Alfred, Allegany county, N. Y.

Clatiirospongia (?) tomactjlum, Hall (sp.).

Plate xviii, Figs. 5-6; Plate xxi, Fig. 11.

1890. Dictyophyton tomaculum, Hall. Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Geologist, p. 58 ; Forty-third Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Museum, p. 260.

Sponge long, slender, probably normally subcylindrical or very gradually
expanding, though the original specimen is flattened and somewhat arched
laterally. The length of this specimen is 135 mm. and neither the apertural
nor basal parts of the cup are retained. Its diameter at the lower end is
50 mm. and at the upper end 60 mm.

DiCTYOSPONGIDjE.

124

Reticulum. Tlie surface is covered with the fine reticulations of the
ultimate spicular bands, but these do not obscure the coarse ridges of the
primary bands. The latter form quadrilles which are somewhat broader than
long, and measure on the average 17x15 mm. The vertical bands appear to
be somewhat stronger than the primary horizontal series, and this gives a
slight subprismatic aspect to the surface.

This sponge is not greatly unlike Clathrospongia fenest/rata / a more
complete knowledge of both may demonstrate their identity; with our present
information however, C. tomaculiim appears to have been a rather more
slender cup, with a coarser primary reticulation.

A small fragment of a second specimen retains the definition of the
surface characters much more sharply. Here each of the principal quadrilles
is divided by a subordinate pair of spicular bands, which are nearly as promi-
nent as those of the first order, and the finer subdivision is clearly shown in its
ultimate division, each principal quadrule containing 256 minimum quadrules,
produced by the intersection of five series of spicular bands.

Locality. From the upper part of the Chemung group ; in a loose block
at Alfred, Allegany county, N. Y.

Clathrospongia (?) irregularis, Hall (sp.).

Plate xv, Figs. 6, 7.

1884. Dictyophyton irregulare, ITall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 470.

Sponge small, gently tapering, very faintly subprismatic. In the original
specimen, which is an internal cast, these prism-faces are much obscured,
partly by compression and partly, also, by the surface reticulation.

The surface is divided into major quadrules by transverse bands equidis-
tant with the edges of the prism-faces, thus forming squares measuring about
9 mm. on a side, at each of the angles there being a low node. All of these
characters are, for the most part, very obscure, but sufficient is preserved to
show that, in its original condition, the sponge was divided into strong quad-
rules as described, these being tufted at their angles. The subordinate
reticulation of the surface is normal.

Dimensions. The single example of this species is complete at neither
extremity, though probably little is wanting at the upper end, and its basal
extent is indicated by the slope of the sides. The length of the part retained
is 65 mm. ; the original length was probably not more than 75 mm. The
greatest diameter of the cup is 25 mm.

SPECIES OF THE CHEMUNG GrROTTP.

125

Locality. This sponge was obtained many years ago at Ithaca, N. Y., by
Prof. F. W. Simohds. Its precise position in the strata there, whether from
the beds of the Portage or from those of the overlying Chemung rocks of the
vicinity is not known.

ClATHROSPONGIA ( ? ) DESMIA, Sp. HOV.

Plate xxv, Fig. 3.

A fragment of the surface of a flattened cup indicates, in the absence of
decisive generic characters, a species distinct from any of the forms elsewhere
described. The primary and secondary spicular bands are so nearly of the
same size that the surface appears to be divided into vertical rectangular
parallelograms which measure on the average, 3 mm. on the base and 6 mm.
in height; that is, the horizontal bands over the entire extent of the exposed
surface are about twice as far apart as the vertical bands, and all leave im-
pressions of about the same strength upon the external cast. The predominant
rectangles are divided into squares, by faint transverse bands. All of the
principal spicular bands form erect lamellae without producing nodes at their
intersections. The form of the quadrule in this species is somewhat similarto
that prevailing in Dictyospongia sceptrum, but we are without evidence of the
existence of spicular lamellae in that species and genus. In Thysanodictya
nulls and T. Randalli the quadrilles are larger and more nearly square. The
length of the fragment is 90 mm. and its greatest width, 40 mm.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group near Alfred and at
Scio, Allegany county, N. Y.

THYSANODICTYA , gen. nov.

Subcylindrical or tapering Dictyosponges with prominent, projecting,
rectangularly reticulating spicular bands or lamellae forming series of fenes-
trated quadrilles upon the surface, as in Clatiirospongia. Base ending
abruptly in a transverse disk or broad and shallow reticulated obcone
or basin, which may be encircled by an expanded basal frill, as in

PlIRAGMODICTYA.

Type, Dictyophyton llalli , Hall.

Species of this genus combine some of the characters of the two genera
last mentioned, and while the form of the sponge is similar to that of
Phragmodictya, it lacks both the irregular surface ridges of that genus
and also the regularly radiated reticulum of the diaphragm or basal

Dictyospongidje.

surface. In Thysanodictya the reticulation of this surface is rendered
regularly quadrate by the crossing of the strands which are vertical in the
wall of the cup; the margins of the base are frequently puckered into low and
irregularly disposed nodes, the peripheral frill being produced directly from
this margin. The aspect of this surface is somewhat similar to that in the
species Oncosella catinum, Ran If, from the Wenlock limestone*, although the
latter is a thick bodied sponge, and in this respect unlike Thysanodictya.
Rauff is disposed to believe that Oncosella possessed one or more tufts of
anchoring spicules, though they have not yet been found, and that, therefore,
the sponge was not yet attached by this flattened base. Presumably, in
Thysanodictya, the basal attachment was essentially effected by the encircling
frill -like tuft.

It may be added that all the species of this genus now known show evi-
dence of a sixth series of reticulating spicular bands, which produces an
extremely minute ultimate division of the quadrules.

Thysanodictya Edwin-IIalli, nom. nov.

Plate xxiv, Figs. 1-9.

1890. Diet yophy ton? ( Phragmodictya) JIalU, Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. V.

State Geologist, p. 59 ; Forty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Museum, p. 2G1.

Sponge generally small, obconical or subclavate, narrowest above the
base, rapidly expanding to the aperture; very variable in form, sometimes long
and extremely slender, at other times short and stout. Base somewhat
expanded, nearly flat, in some instances apparently concave; nodose on
the periphery and with a broad marginal spicular frill extended downward or
over the surface of attachment.

Reticulum of the lateral walls coarse, the main spicular bands forming
vertically elongate quadrules measuring on an average 7x11 mm. The size of
these quadrules varies greatly in different individuals and in different parts of
the same individual. The subordinate reticulation even to the last degree, is
often retained, but does not in any way obscure the predominance of the main
ridges. These vertical and transverse ridges of the first and second series are
expanded into lamellae which lie vertical to the surface of the cup and are
free for a width of from 2 to 4: mm. At the Dase of the cup the vertical
ridges thicken and form a single series of sharp, nodiform peripheral ridges
which may extend for a short distance on the surface of the flattened or

"See Rauff; Palaeospongiologie, Part 1, p. 261, pi. vii, figs. 5-10 (especially fig. 7). 1894.

Species of the Chemung Group.

127

depressed basal diaphragm. The basal frill ( periloph , Banff) is broad and
where best retained appears to be gently undulated, but this expansion is not
so preserved as to show clearly the character of the reticulation. The basal
diaphragm is slightly convex or even concave, and bears a low but coarse
rectangular reticulation.

Dimensions. A well developed individual of rather large size, measures
60 mm. from aperture to base. The aperture is 48 mm. and the base 26 mm.
in diameter; the width of the cup across the constriction just above the base is
20 mm. A very slender example is 82 mm. in length, 30 mm. in diameter at
the aperture, 11 mm. at its narrowest point and 13 mm. across the base which
is not entire. In still another specimen, which may be somewhat compressed
vertically, the length is but 20 mm., the diameter of the aperture 27 mm., and
that of the base 25 mm. In an individual about 50 mm. in length and having
a basal diameter of 25 mm., the basal expansion or frill has a diameter of about
17 mm. A single example surpasses the usual dimensions of the species,
presenting a length of 175 mm. and even thus incomplete.

Localities. In the upper arenaceous beds of the Chemung group at Wells-
ville, N. Y. This usually small species has been found here by Mr. E. B. Hall
in considerable quantities. About fifty specimens, all from the same spot, have
been examined and these we are informed represent but a small part of
the number there obtained. It also occurs at Scio, Allegany county, Ischua,
and Olean, Cattaraugus county, and has been found on the Cassadaga creek in
Chautauqua county.

Thysanodictya piecilus, sp. nov.

Plate xxiv, Figs. 10, 11.

Sponge somewhat variable in form ; short and robust or long and slender ;
subcylindrical, contracting above the base for less than one-half its length, and
again expanding to the aperture, whose diameter is about equal to that of the
base. Basal disk very depressed, almost flat ; margins thickened and also
extended into a peripheral frill.

Reticulum having the general expression of that in Thysanodictya rudis,
though the elongate rectangular primary quadrilles are regularly smaller, each
comprising four parallelograms measuring on an average 4x6 mm. At the
base and near the aperture these areas are more nearly square. The pri-
mary spieular bands are sharply elevated, minutely nodose at their extremi-
ties upon the external cast, and both the vertical and horizontal series
are carried out into broad, erect lamellae which have a diameter of from

128

T) 1 CTYOSPONGID .L.

3 to 5 mill. At the intersection of these lamellae, somewhat thickened nodes
or tufts are formed which extend beyond the edges of the lamellae themselves.
The aperture appears to be without evidence of a marginal tuft. The basal
diskis somewhat thickened and bears ridges at the margins, but the character
of its surface and that of the peripheral frill is not well shown.

Dimensions. Four examples of this species are preserved upon a single
slab of sandstone. Of the best two of these, one measures 100 mm. in length ;
diameter at the base (exclusive of marginal expansion), 55 mm. ; at the
aperture, 53 mm. ; at the narrowest portion of the cup, 37 mm., and, with the
surface lamellae, 46 mm.; the other, a much more slender cup, has a length of
120 mm. (incomplete), an apertural diameter of 30 mm. and a narrowest diam-
eter of 22 mm.

This species is distinguished in its stouter form, from Thysanodictya
rudis, and in its more slender form, from T. Edwin-IIalli, by the smaller
size of its primary quadrules.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung sandstones, associated with
Camarotcechia and Leptodesma , Scio, Allegany county, N. Y. (Collection of
E. B. Hall.)

Thysanodictya rudis, Hall (sp.).

Plate xix, Fig. 7 ; Plate xxiii, Figs. 1-6.

1863. Dictyophyton rude , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. X. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hist., p. 90, pi. v, fig. 3.

1884. Dictyophyton rude , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.
Nat. Hist., p. 469.

1890. Dictyophyton scituni, Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist,
p. 58; Forty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 260.

Sponge moderately large, cylindrical. Base subtruncate, closed by a
broadly obconi cal diaphragm. Surface sharply divided by a series of vertically
elongate quadrangles which, in the middle portion of the original specimen,
appear to be all of approximately the same size. Each of the quadrules of the
first order embraces four of these rectangles and measures, on an average,
1 5x18 mm. Toward the base of the cup these primary quadrules are more nearly
square. The bands of the first and second series form low nodes at their in-
tersection and both the vertical and horizontal series are produced into erect
lamellae which may extend outward from the surface for a distance of from
3 to 5 mm. The third, fourth and fifth series of spicular bands are seldom
clearly developed, being to some extent obscured by the ultimate division of

Species of the Chemung Group.

129

the reticulum produced by the sixth series of bands. The presence of this
series produces 1024 divisions in each primary quadrille. The conspicuous
ridges of the lateral surfaces extend over the broad, subconical base, the ver-
tical band s converging at the apex and the horizontal bands being distinctly
concentric. The basal cone is shown in two examples, in one of which it is
attached to a portion of the cup and is extremely compressed laterally. In
the other, such distortion as it has undergone is in the opposite direction,
vertical rather than lateral. The latter specimen represents a cup with a
diameter of about 80 mm., bears a decidedly eccentric apex and shows the
characteristic coarse and minute reticulation of the surface. The depth of
this cup is 17 mm.

Dime /is ions. All specimens of this species observed are of about the
same size. The original example, which is nearly entire in length though not
retaining the basal cone, is 135 mm. long and 64 mm. wide. Another entire
specimen has a length of 120 mm. and a width at the aperture of 70 mm.

This species is readily recognized, even in the absence of its basal
diaphragm by its stout, cylindrical shape and coarse primary reticulation. It is
closely allied to T. Itandalli though rather less stout. The characters of the
latter species are not, however, so well known.

Localities. In the upper beds of the Chemung group, at Little Genesee,
Alma and Wellsville, Allegany county, at Ischua, Hinsdale and Oleau, Catta-
raugus county, and Chemung narrows, Chemung county.

Thysanodictya Randali/i, Hall (sp.).

Plate xxiv, Fig. 12.

1890. Dictyophyton Randalli, Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geol.,
p. 57 ; Forty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 259.

The specimen upon which the original description of this species was
based, is the upper portion of a flattened, once cylindrical cup whose surface
is covered with low longitudinal and horizontal ridges which form quadrules
measuring about 17x21 mm., each of these being subdivided by secondary
ridges of nearly the same prominence as the first. The subordinate cancella-
tion of the surface is very fine. At the upper extremity of the specimen where
the apertural margin is retained there is some indication of a continuation of
the vertical spicular bands beyond the edge of the cup. The length of the
specimen is 90 mm.; its apertural diameter is 78 mm. This form is very
closely allied to T. radix, though present evidence indicates that the cup was

130

DlCTYOSPONGHEE.

broader and the primary surface quadrules more nearly equilateral than in
that species ; yet it is probable that further knowledge will demonstrate the
superfluity of this specific name.

Locality. In the Chemung group, associated with Spirifer disjunctus;
Warren, Pennsylvania.

Thysanodictya saccus, sp. nov.

Plate xxv, Figs. 1,2.

Sponge short, stout, broadest at the base, narrowing upward, with gently
incurving margins. Height somewhat less than the basal diameter. Circular

O o O

or subelliptical in cross-section. Basal obcone or diaphragm moderately deep
with a subcentral apex.

Ilet'icvlwm. Primary quadrules somewhat variable in size, smaller and
more nearly square than in Thysanodictya rudis. Subordinate divisions of
the net-work clearly shown in places. The basal diaphragm is thickened
or nodose about the edges and, in the specimens observed, has a some,
what irregular reticulation, though the meshes of the lateral surfaces are here
to some extent retained. This species may be recognized by its short and
robust form and its tapering rather than expanding cup. Two individuals
from different localities show the same characters. In the better of these, one
surface is covered with low, apparently concretionary tubercles which, in a
measure, obscure the character of the reticulum; a phenomenon not infre-
quent among these fossils.

Dimensions. A typical example has a length of 74 mm., a basal
diameter of 88 mm., and an apertural diameter of 63 mm. A second specimen
has nearly the same proportions.

Localities. In the upper part of the Chemung group, at Wellsville and
Whitesville, Allegany county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Thysanodictya Johnstoni, sp. nov.

Plate xxiii, Figs. 7, 8.

Sponge robust, subcylindrical or somewhat inflated medially, and sharply
constricted above the base. Basal obcone or diaphragm very shallow, nearly
flat; sharply and irregularly nodose about the margin. The surface of this
diaphragm is composed of fine and sharp spicular bands intersecting at right
angles, the prevailing quadrule measuring from 3 to 5 mm. on a side. There
are no coarse spicular ridges of a higher order distinguishable, but the reticu-
lum shows, in addition to the regularly intersecting bands, irregularly arranged
or disordered bands principally of large size. The nodes of this basal surface

Species of the Chemung Group.

131

are most prominently developed at the margin, taking somewhat the form of
elongated ridges directed toward a common center and hence, here and there,
they are to be found extending upon the inferior surface in an irregular and
desultory way. The surface of the cup, in the only example in which it is
retained, is covered with low nodes or coarse papillae, arranged with some
degree of regularity ; they show, however, no trace of the spicular net-work.
This specimen is involved in a soft arenaceous shale and these rounded bodies
on the surface appear to be concretionary, as in places where the rock is
exfoliated they show a succession of thin laminae. Probably they have
formed about the projecting points and intersections of the principal spicular
strands.

Dimensions. The most complete example observed retains a large
portion of the cup which has been bent over so that it lies in nearly the same
plane with the basal diaphragm. Its entire length is 135 mm. ; its diameter
at the upper end, G7 mm.; at the middle, 78 mm.; just above the base, 53 mm.
The greatest and least diameters of the base are 70 and 55 mm. Another
example preserving the base only, has the major and minor diameters 85 and
55 mm.

This species may be distinguished from T. Edwin-Halli and T. rudis by
its different form, extremely nodose and finely reticulate base.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group, Wellsville, N. V.
(Collection of E. B. Hall. Named for Mr. John S. Johnston, of AVellsville,
in recognition of his intelligent activity in collecting the sponges of the
upper Chemung group.)

Tiiysanodictya quasillum, sp. nov.

Plate xxxviii, Figs. 3, 4.

Sponge large and stout ; general form as in the other species of the genus,
with a subcylindrical body slightly expanded above the middle and at the
base. The aperture is not well retained.

Surface marked by large, coarse meshes of somewhat variable size,
bounded by distinct ridges which were probably bases of vertical surface
lamellae. These quadrilles are approximately square, the largest of them
measuring about 16x14 mm. These occur about the more expanded portion
of the sponge, toward the base the prevailing meshes being somewhat smaller.
At the intersection of the primary bands there is a noticeable tendency to
elevation in the form of low nodes. A faint subdivision of the principal

132

Dictyospongid.e.

quadrilles by spicular bands of the second order is visible here and there over
the surface, and over the entire reticulum may be seen the extremely fine
ultimate division of the skeleton. At the base the margins of the diaphragm
are somewhat irregularly thickened into nodes, but the structure of the
reticulum over the basal surface is not retained although the form and outline
of this part are distinctly shown.

The species is distinguished from T. rudis and T. Ilandalli by its greater
size and the coarseness of its primary meshes.

The specimen we have used for the illustration of this species shows in a
very interesting manner how differently the reticulum may be retained on
parts of the same individual. Figures 3 and 4 (Plate xxxviii) represent
opposite sides of a specimen, on one the primary net-work only being apparent
while on the other the minute ultimate division of the net is retained. This
difference appeal’s to be due to the fact that the specimen is a somewhat con-
cretionary mass of sandstone which was involved on one side in a film of fine
mud capable of retaining the impression of the most delicate spicular divisions.

Dimensions. Length of an essentially entire specimen, 140 mm.; width
above the middle and at the base 85 mm.

Locality. From the Chemung group at Weston mills, Cattaraugus
county, and Wellsville, Allegany county. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

T HYSANODICT Y A SCYP1IINA, Sp. nOV.

Plate xlii, Fig. 8.

Sponge small, subcylindrical, the original specimens being somewhat con-
tracted at or near the aperture and having the prevailing mesh of the net-work
of small size, averaging 2 to 3 mm. on a side. The species is distinguished by
these characters from other members of the genus.

1 he basal frill is clearly retained over a portion of the lower extremity
and shows a broadly crenelated or furrowed surface and an irregular margin.

Di mem ions. 1 he length of the specimen, which has been somewhat com-
pressed vertically, is 36 mm., its basal diameter 30 mm. and the width of the
basal expansion 7 mm.

Locality, in the upper part of the Chemung group, Olean, Cattaraugus
county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Species of the Chemung Group.

133

Tiiysanodictya iiermenia, sp. nov.

Plate xxvii, Fig. 7 ; Plate xxxix, Fig. 2 ; Plate xl, Figs. 1-3.

Sponge attaining large size ; subcylindrical, expanded both at base and
aperture. Primary quadrules of the wall of the cup very large, varying some-
what in size. These are generally longer than wide and the largest of them
may measure as much as 42x21 mm. Such large quadrilles generally lie over
the median part of the sponge, those toward the extremities being shorter and
more nearly square. The finer net-work is retained in places.

The length of a large specimen, incomplete at the aperture, is 250 mm.

Three specimens, two of which were evidently overwhelmed by encroach-
ing sediments while growing in their normally erect position, afford a
very clear conception of the structure of the basal plate or diaphragm, though
the vertical walls of the cup have been so compressed as to wholly destroy
their characters. In the matter of size, they can be compared only
to 1\ quasillum, whose basal parts have not been precisely made out.
Of these specimens one has a diameter of 150 mm., the other measuring to the
edge of the peripheral frill, 175 mm., the base of the cup itself being 130 mm.
in diameter.

No other examples of this genus have preserved so distinctly the structure
of these basal parts and of these three specimens two retain the reticulum with,
out distortion. Both show that the coarse meshes with strongly elevated
spicular margins, such as characterize most other species of the genus, are con-
tinued from the lateral walls to the base, and while they present the same
general aspect as do those of the upright surfaces of the sponge, their composition
is distinctly different. There is no radial arrangement evident in these bands,
no center of departure nor apex of attachment. The vertical bands from the
lateral walls, bent abruptly into the diaphragm, cross each other from
opposite sides, making, over the central portion of the base, large square meshes
of the same aspect as those occuring elsewhere, but here formed only by the
intersection of the vertical spicular bands.

The actual crossing of these vertical bands is restricted to the central
area of the base ; away from this area and in the peripheral region of the disk,
the bands of both sets gradually put on the aspect of the horizontal
bands of the cup and actually form such bands. There are but a few of
these concentric ridges on the disk, not more than three or four of the first
order, and the inner ones are somewhat squared to the quadrate form of the
central area, so that the transition from the concentric to the vertical ridges

DictyospostgidJI

134

is barely noticeable on a cursory inspection. The character of this peculiar
reticulation is such that four small wedge-shaped areas remain, one in each
quadrant, where rectangular reticulation can not occur. These are at the
sides of the broad bands of vertical spicules extending over from the lateral
walls of the cup, and here the net-work is not only irregular but seems to
have formed a node or tuft.

Beyond the edge of the basal plate extends a frill of considerable width,
very similiar in character to that occurring in Phragmodictya catilliformis,
but not as wide as has been observed in that species, and with a crenulated or
deeply furrowed surface. At the union of the frill with the body of the
sponge, low, irregular and elongate nodes are formed, as observed in other
species of the genus. The more prominent of these extend outward from the
periphery over the lower surface of the expansion and may become consider-
ably elevated, with smooth, concave interspaces. The coarse reticulation of
the skeleton is here visible only near the base of the frill, further outward
the net- work being obscured. In the specimens under consideration the
actual extent of the frill is pretty clearly defined by a discoloration of the
matrix.

The strong, coarse net-work of the basal disk does not obscure the
exceedingly fine ultimate reticulation which is everywhere seen. In one
of the three specimens oblique compression has disturbed the regularity of the
basal net-work, but the strong irregular nodes at the periphery are very
pronounced. Confirmatory evidence of the view that these convex plates
are basal and not apertural like the sieve-plate in Euplectella, is the follow-
ing fact: The arenaceous slabs of the upper Devonian of western New

York frequently have their surfaces covered with various forms of wave
and ripple marks and furrows left by the dragging of pebbles, tracks of
crustaceans, etc. Such surface markings were made on the soft muds
which subsequently became shales, while the encroachment of more sandy
sediments produced relief impressions of these configurations so that such
reliefs are found upon the lower side of the sandy layers. One of
these basal disks of Thysanodictya hermenia lies at the upper surface
of such a sandy slab, its convex face downward, the compressed cup above,
while the lower surface of the slab is covered with relief impressions of
mechanical markings made upon the sediments immediately beneath.

Locality. In the upper beds of the Chemung group at Hinsdale, Cat-
taraugus county, N. Y. (Collection by E. B. Hall.)

Species of the Chemung Group.

135

Tiiysanodictya apleta, sp. nov.

Plate xxvi, Fig. 1 ; Plate xxvii, Fig. 8.

This name is applied to incomplete examples indicating cups of great size
with a very coarsely lamellose-reticulate surface. None of the observed speci-
mens is sufficiently complete to give a clear conception of the form of the
sponge or a decisive idea of the generic character of the species.

One of the largest individuals seen is that figured on Plate xxvi ; this has
a length of about 275 mm. and a greatest width of 220 mm. The drawing has
been made from a plaster-cast of an external impression, which shows the
curvature of the surface and probably gives an approximately correct idea of
the diameter of the cup, but no accurate indication of its length. So far as
the original form of the cup is here suggested, it does not widely differ from
that of the known species of Tiiysanodictya. The character of the surface
fortifies this resemblance. The principal spicular bands form strong, erect
lamellae, nodose at their intersections, characters which indicate the surface
structure in that genus. The primary quadrules are usually square and
measure about 14 nun. on a side, though very variable both in form and size.
The secondary bands are usually clearly defined in all external casts, and no
internal cast has been observed showing the finer meshes of the reticulum.
The surface shows no other ornamentation than that described.

Localities. The largest of the specimens of this species was found loose
among the sandstones of the upper Chemung at Alfred, Allegany county,
associated with Spirifer disjunctvs. Others nearly as large have been
obtained at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county, and fragments at Scio and Ischua.
Smaller fragments have been received from Nile and Wellsville, localities
in Allegany county, and from Oleau, Cattaraugus county.

Tiiysanodictya turricula, sp. nov.

Plate xxxviii, Figs. 5, 6.

This is the most slender and graceful of all the species of the genus. The
sponge is small and either tapers or expands upward from a relatively broad
base. The surface is cancelled into narrow, elongate meshes which grow
shorter about the aperture. While these quadrules may belong to a minor
series, yet they are predominant upon the surface to the obscuration of others.
The periloph is quite broad. These characters are well shown in the two
entire specimens figured, one of which has a length of 40 mm., a basal width
of 12 mm. and an apertural width of 7 mm. The width of the basal expansion

DlCTYOSPONGIO/E.

136

is 4-5 mm. The other has a length of 42 mm., a basal width of 10 mm., across
the periloph, 18 mm. and across the aperture, 15 mm.

The species is well characterized by its elongate form, small size and
the nature of its quadration.

Locality. In the upper Chemung sandstones at Wellsville, N. Y. (Col-
lection of E. B. Hall.)

AR YSTIDICTY A, gen. nov.

This genus comprises sponges which are cylindrical toward the base
but expand upward to a broad, flaring aperture, the general form of the
sponge being like that of Lebedictya. The lower extremity is, however,
abruptly truncated by a circular, transverse or slightly convex diaphragm as
in Tiiysanodictya and Phragmodictya. No basal frill has been observed.

Surface smooth or with low, irregularly arranged nodes; more or less
distinctly retieul ate.

Apertural region with line, branching channels running to the margin.

Type, Arystidictyci elegans , sp. nov.

Arystidiotya elegans, sp. nov.

Plate xli, Fig. 10; Plate xlii, Fig. 7.

Sponge of considerable size. The single specimen has been compressed
but was undoubtedly circular at the base and regularly obconical for about
one third of its length, thence expanding abruptly to the very large aperture.
The form of the cup is, thus, somewhat broadly vase-shaped.

Surface smooth, without nodes or other irregularities. Margin regular
and entire.

The reticulum as preserved appears to be composed, over the lower part of
the sponge, of rather sparse and loosely arranged spicular bands crossing at
right angles and forming square meshes about 4 mm. on a side. Whatever
subdivision of these meshes existed appears to have been quite irregular and
the principal quadrilles themselves seem to be at times crossed by deviating
threads of the principal strands. Over the upper expanded surface of the cup
the reticulation is not distinctly visible, the surface being smooth or covered
with irrregularly distributed depressions, and toward the aperture these are
extended into grooves or branching channels, subparallel to one another and
perpendicular to the margin.

The base of the sponge is truncated by a diaphragm the compression of
which has obscured the reticulation of the surface.

Species of the Chemung Group.

10 U

ol

Dimensions. Length 145 mm. ; diameter at the base 53 mm., at the
aperture, 160 mm.

Locality. In the lower part of the Chemung group at Cotton hill, one
mile north of Avoca, Steuben county, N. Y. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Arystidictya nodifera, sp. nov.

Plate xli, Fig. 11.

In this species the cup expands somewhat more regularly than in A.
elegans , and is of smaller size. Its surface is covered with low, vertically
elongate nodes which appear to be without definite order; these are larger
toward the base and become small and obscure toward the aperture, the
region about the apertural margin being smooth. This margin is smooth, unin-
terrupted, thin and regular.

This is an interesting species, but is unfortunately known only from a
part of a cup representing probably about one-half the original width.

Locality. In the lower part of the Chemung group at Cotton hill, near
Avoca, N. Y., associated with A. elegans, Ilydnoceras tuberosum, II. multino-
dosum, II. eutheles and Hallodictya Cottoniana. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

HYPHANTJ£NIA, Vanuxem ( emendata ).

1842. Uphantenia , Vanuxem. Geology of New York; Kept. Third Dist.,

p. 184, fig. 50.

1863. Uphantcenia, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist,
pp. 84—87.

The remarkable bodies to which the term Uphantcenia has been long
applied, are very large, circular and shallow saucer-shaped cups, composed of
two series of intersecting spicular straps, one radiating from a common center,
the other concentric about the same point. The example which was described
by Vanuxem under the name Uphantenia Ohemungensis was a flattened quad-
rant, the original circular form of which was only inferential ; but specimens
of the species since found show the aperture of the cup to have been circular.
In shape it appears to have been slightly elevated at the basal point, thence
outward to have curved gently downward and then upward again toward the
apertural margin. This at least is the form presented by what seem to be
internal casts, from the sandstones of the Chemung group. The peculiar
feature of this shape, however, is the upward or inward projection of the apex
or base of the sponge. In the two specimens in which this part of the cup is

Dictvospongid.e.

138

retained there is a small mass of sandy matrix adhering to the basal portion,
though the remainder of the cup so far as retained is cleanly separated from
the rock. From this it is perhaps to be inferred that the center was largely a
tufted pompon of spicules whose structure is obscured by complication with
the sediment.

It is possible that the normal form of the cup was the reverse of that
we have suggested; instead of being saucer-shaped, it may have been broadly
umbrella shaped. This is, however, less in accordance with the form usually
assumed by the palaeozoic Dictyosponges which have been described, but it
is a shape occasionally reproduced among living liexactinellids. The
material, however, representing the genus is insufficient for the determination
of this point.

From the center or basal point radiates a series of flat, gradually widening
ligulate bands, with elevated or thickened edges. These bands are approxi-
mately of equal size and are subequidistant, but a slight difference in the
interval between them at their origin becomes greatly increased toward the
margin. There is no evidence of more than a single series of these vertical or
radial bands, all of them meeting at the center. They are crossed by con-
tinuous concentric bands of similar character, though with a less palpable
thickening of the margins. These regularly increase in width as they recede
from the center, and the diameter of the intervals between them also increases,
but less rapidly. At their intersection with the radial bands they do not lose
their definition, and are probably interwoven with them as there is no evidence
of their displacement at these surfaces, as would in all probability have
occasionally occurred had there been no actual connexion or interlacing of the
spicules.

Over the interspaces between the radial bands it is observable that the
position or angle of these concentric bands is slightly changed ; they do not
there conform to the general curvature of the surface of the cup but are
horizontal or approximately so ; the effect of this arrangement is to give to
each of these radial interspaces including the bounding rays a suggestive
resemblance to a much inclined step-ladder.

The meshes or quadrules produced by the intersection of the two series of
bands usually show only clean rock surfaces; one specimen however indicates
that these quadrilles have had their angles filled by a delicate parenchymal
him which encroaches on the quadrilles to such an extent as to leave a sub-
circular opening. We have no palpable evidence of the nature of the spicules
composing the radial or vertical, and the concentric or horizontal bands

Species of the Chemung Group. 139

J heir surface is smooth and usually presents such an aspect as might he
produced by the pressure of tine sand grains against a thin, flat body. It is
so extremely seldom that any traces of the spicular skeleton are retained in
the sandstones of the Chemung group, that the absence of such evidence here
is not surprising. It is possible that their structure is similar to that of the
ligulate spicules observed in Ihctyspongia Marcellia. The character of the
apertural margin is not shown in any of the specimens.

IIypiiantaenia seems to be a Dictyosponge in which the compacting and
condensation of the vertical and horizontal spicular bands has been carried to
an extreme, leaving between the sharply delimited bundles broad areoles
which in generic types like IIyhnoceras, Dictyospongia, etc., would be sub-
divided by the minor spicular bands, or in Rhysospongia, be filled by dermalia
and parenchymalia.

The only known species of Hyphantjenia is the II. Ciiemungensis ,

\ anuxem, and of this species but five specimens have come to our knowledge,

four of them being here figured.

© ©

Hyph antasnia Ciiemungensis, Vanuxem.

Plate xxvtii, Fig. 1, 2; Plate xxix, Fig. 1; Plate xlv. Fig. 1.

1842. Upliantenia Ciiemungensis, Vanuxem. Geology of New York; Kept.
Third Dist., p. 184, fig. 50.

1863. Uphantcenia Ciiemungensis, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., pp. 84-87, figure (on p. 86).

1884. Uphantcenia Ciiemungensis, Ilall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 481.

1890. Uphantcenia Ciiemungensis, Lesley. Dictionary of Fossils, vol. 3,
p. 1246.

Sponge large, explanate, broadly saucer-shaped, or umbrella-shaped with
a short base of attachment. Apertural outline circular. The radiating ligu-
late spicular bands, all of which depart from the center or apex, number
thirty-two in the two specimens which retain this part of the sponge; the
original specimen which is approximately a quadrant of the cup indicates the
existence of the same number of radial bands. These, as above observed, are
not always equidistant, but the irregularities in this respect are not con-
spicuous. The concentric horizontal bands regularly increase in width
from apex to margin. What their number was in the completed cup it
is impossible to say ; the greatest radius of the largest specimen shows

140

DlCTYOSPONGIDAS.

nineteen of these and the appearance of the outermost one indicates the
margin of the cup.

There is some variation in the relative proportion of the parts shown in
the material at hand. The greatest radius exposed by any specimen is 192
mm. ; upon this are nineteen concentric bands ; upon the original specimen a
radius (almost but not quite complete) of 147 mm. shows twenty concentric
bands. In another example there are fourteen bands in a radius of 100 mm.
There is no regular variation in size in either series of bands, but sometimes
there is a slight change in the width of a concentric band ; as, for example, the
15th concentric band on the original specimen measures 5 mm. at one place, and
8 mm. at another. In three of the specimens the 18th concentric band is
situated at a radial distance, measuring its outer edge, of 93 mm., 92 mm. and
118 mm. In the first of these the width of this band is 4.5 mm. ; in the second
3.2 mm. ; in the third 5 mm. These differences are undoubtedly individual
variations.

The largest example of this sponge yet observed has a greatest diameter of
347 mm.; its radius, which appears to be complete, is 192 mm. so that its full
diameter was about 380 mm. or 15 inches. A smaller individual not complete
at the margin has a diameter of 170 mm.

Geological horizon. In a compact and finegrained greenish or rusty
sandstone from the upper beds of the Chemung group, in the vicinity of
Owego, Tioga county, N. Y. Upon one of the specimens are crinoidal
segments and abundant examples of Tentobc elites spiculus.

HALLODICTYA*, gen. nov

Sponge growing in an explanate frond without definite limitation of its
margins ; in this respect similar to the genera Actinodictya and Cuypto-
dictya. Surface highly irregular, moulded into circular or elongate nodes
irregularly grouped, and broader swellings and depressions. Reticulation of
the surface fine, regular and rectangularly developed.

Type, Hallodiclzya Sdensis , sp. nov.

Hallodictya Sciensis, sp. nov.

Plate xxxvi. Fig. 8.

This very interesting sponge is of considerable size, showing that its
explanate mode of growth was maintained in all stages. Its surface is of so

* This generic term is intended as a partial, though inadequate recognition of the important contri-
butions to the knowledge of the Dictyosponges of the Chemung group made by E. B. IIall, Esq., of
Wellsville, N. Y.

Species of the Chemung Group.

141

irregular a character as to convey the impression that the frond might have
conformed its shape to the irregularities of the surface upon which it grew.
Yet our knowledge of the mode of growth in living siliceous sponges does not
favor this conception ; rather, that the frond was attached at one extremity, its
expanded surface free and, consequently, its irregularities not due to such
conformation, but altogether idiocratic. These irregularities may be roughly
classed as great and small. The former are the main depressions and eleva-
tions of the frond ; the latter are groups of nodes or pits upon the surface of
the former, which are probably of similar nature to the tufted node of
Hydnoceras and other genera. On the exposed surface of the specimen in
hand, these nodes are expressed as pits generally narrow and elongate rather
than circular, and seldom occurring singly.

The reticulum is tine and sharp but shows only the ultimate and penulti-
mate quadrulation, spicular bands of higher order being wholly obscured.
The direction of the spicular lines indicates no convergence to any single
point ; those of the horizontal series curve as the contour of the surface
requires, and seem to approximate a circular curvature in both the upper and
lower portion of the specimen. The upper area is the better defined, and near
the center of the general curvature of the spicular bands is the best defined
group of small nodes upon the surface. We may thus infer a remote pos-
sibility of the attachment of the frond at more than one point, whence the
growth of the spicular skeleton progressed.

This species has been observed in but a single specimen having a length
of 190 mm. and a greatest width near the middle of 90 mm.

The interpretation of the obscure genus Cryptodictya, as well as Actino-
dictya, is made clearer by the aid of Hallodictya. In Actinodictya, the
evidence of spicular reticulation is restricted to coarse, ridge-like bands which,
though seeming to make, at times, quadrangular meshes, usually appear to
be without much order, so that, by itself considered, there might be a possi-
bility of misconstruction in regarding them as representing the actual mesh-
work of the sponge. In Cryptodictya, this condition is the more obscured
by the actual obliteration of nearly every trace of the spicular skeleton except
the tufts at the tips of the nodes. In this genus, however, the surface nodes
are quite as strongly developed as in Hallodictya. All three genera agree in
their explanate, irregular and undefined mode of growth.

Locality. Hallodictya Sciensis occurs in a compact siliceous sandstone at
Scio, Allegany county. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

142

D I < T VOSPON GTI) .E

Hai.lodictya Cottoniana, sp. nov.

Plate xli, Fig. 12.

A portion of a frond, evidently of tlie mode of growth characterizing
this genns, is less irregular than the foregoing species in the nodulation of its
surface, which bears only low and inconspicuous elevations. The reticulation
is quite as sharply defined as in II. Sciensis, but it is notably less regular and
lacks even the suggestion of arrangement about any point. Notwithstanding
this irregularity, the impression of the reticulum clearly pertains to one and
the same layer, there being no evidence that such irregularity is due in any
way to the overlapping and compression of the reticular walls.

The single specimen observed is of small size, measuring 85 by 50 mm.,
evidently not the entire extent of the frond.

Locality. In the middle beds of the Chemung group, at Cotton hill, one
mile north of Avoca, associated with Hydnoceras multi nodosum, Arystidictya
elegans and A. nodifera. (Collected by Jacob Van Deloo.)

ACTINODICTYA, Hall.

1890. Actinodictya, Hall. Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geol., p. 59 ; Forty-
third Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 261.

This genus was constituted for explanate, somewhat irregularly growing
sponges, whose surface is depressed convex and whose form appears, from the
aspect of the majority of specimens, to have been broadly oval. The fronds
have not shown the mode of attachment, but the absence of any cicatrix, or
stem, may perhaps indicate that the sponge was fixed by a marginal foot-stalk.
There are among the living hexactinellids species having this explanate or
leaf-shaped aspect and attached by such a stalk-like basal extension; and
these bodies may be compared with the Euryplegma auriculare as figured by
Schulze (Voyage of II. M. S. “ Challenger ” ; Ilexactinellida, pi. cii, fig. 1).
The surface of the specimens is crossed in all directions by ridges and lines
of various sizes representing the interlacing spicular bands, and yet, notwith-
standing the conspicuous irregularity in the disposition of these bands, every
specimen shows more or less distinctly a certain degree of rectangular reticu-
lation among both the coarser and finer bands. The coarse bands are com-
paratively few in number, and the differences in size in the coarse and fine
ridges are gradational and never abrupt. The irregular intersection of the
various spicular bands gives the reticulum a somewhat stellate aspect.

In the living species, Walteria Flcmmingi, Schulze (see work cited, pi. ix)

Species of the Chemung; Group.

1 43

there is a very similar irregularity in the sponge meshes produced by the
intersection of spicular bands at various angles, while the rectangular inter-
section is to some degree retained. Though Walteria is a cup-shaped
sponge, the structure of its reticulum indicates that these fossil bodies,
Actinodictya, are correctly construed as hexactinellid sponges.

Type, Actinodictya 'placenta , Hall.

Actinodictya placenta, Hall.

Plate xxx, Figs. 1-3; Plate xxxi, Figs. 1, 2.

1890. Actinodictya placenta , Hall. Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geologist,
p. 60; Forty-third Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 262.

Sponge explanate, broadly depressed-convex, most of the specimens
having a suboval though unfinished outline, occasionally with margins deflected
or incurved. Surface without nodes but covered with spicular ridges of
various sizes, the larger usually crossing the frond through its entire length,
the smaller being traceable for a less distance ; these ridges crossing one
another in all directions without obscuring a certain degree of rectangular
reticulation. The margins of the specimens are not defined by any of the
spicular bands. The variation in size from the coarsest to the finest bands
is very considerable. The surface of these fronds is usually of a darker color
than the matrix, and this fact contributes to the actual appearance of the
specimen iu evincing the very close interweaving of the spicular bands.

Localities. This species has proven to be quite abundant in some of the
lower or middle strata of the Chemung group in the vicinity of, and to some
extent in association with the colony of Hydnoceras tuberosum at the Brown
hill school house near Wallace, Steuben county. A few specimens have come
from this spot itself, and about a half-mile away, upon the farm of Mr. John
Rotii, a considerable number of fine specimens has been collected by Mr. Jacob
Van Deloo, in close proximity to the horizon of II. tuberosum. A few miles
to the southeast, in the town of Howard, Mr. D. D. Luther has found some
loose arenaceous slabs undoubtedly derived from the immediate neighbor-
hood, and which are nearly composed of small fronds of this sponge.
Among the earliest specimens of the species found are some from the upper
Chemung beds near Lawrenceville, Tioga county, Pennsylvania, collected in
1879, by A. S. Siierwood. Associated with it in the localities in Steuben
county are Atrypa hystrix, Spirifer mesacostalis, Productella lachrymosa, and
Poteriocrinus C larlcei.

144

DlCTYOSPONGIILE.

CRYPTODICTYA, Hall.

1890. Cryptodictya , Hall. Ninth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geologist, p. 60;
Forty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 262.

Irregularly growing, tuberose, coarsely nodose, and probably uninclosed
sponges, with a surface showing no reticulating spicular bands; the skeleton
being presumably composed of extremely tine isolated spicules, except at the
summits of the nodes which show evidence of short tufts of prostalia.

Athough these specimens do not, of themselves, clearly demonstrate their
title to a position among the liexactinellid sponges, yet in the light of the asso
dated generic structures, Hallodictya and Actinodictya, we are doubtless
justified in regarding them as Silicea, having a matted or felted reticulum of
very minute spicules, and nodes with distinct prostalia developed at their
summit.

In addition to this structure, the surface frequently presents a sort of
linear striatiou <>r brush <>f lines departing from the nodes or sweeping irregu-
larly over the concave spaces.

Type, Cryptodictya Alleni , Hall.

Cryptodictya Alt.eni, Hall.

Plate xxxi, Figs. 3-5; Plate xxxii, Fias. 1-4.

1890. Cryptodictya Alleni, Hall. Ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geol.,
p. 60; Forty-third Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Museum, p. 262.

Sponges of moderately large size, with a general tendency to a suboval
or elongate outline, and a depressed convex surface with abruptly deflected
margins. In the majority of the best preserved examples this margin is
clearly defined for more or less of its extent, showing that the form was frond-
shaped or scaphate, though highly irregular and tuberose in contour and vari-
able in outline. In one example the frond has been so enfolded by lateral
compression as to bring the edges close together and produce the appearance
of a nearly closed cup. The attachment of these bodies must have been
either by means of a foot-stalk or by the margins of the frond. The nodes
upon the surface are of various shapes and irregular in disposition; usually a
number of small nodes are situated upon the summit of a large one, these
being connected by a more or less sharply defined ridge, an arrangement also
seen in the genus Hallodictya. The entire surface of the rock covered by
the frond is invariably tinted of a deep chocolate or reddish brown, in
strong contrast to the color of the matrix. An obscure, irregular lineation of

Species of the Chemung Group.

145

the surface can be made out on nearly all examples, but it is not such as to
give a clew to the skeletal structure, except as we may infer that the skeleton
was fine and dense, and we know that the nodes were tufted.

A symmetrical individual of suboval outline has a length of 155 mm. and
a median diameter of 90 mm.; this is about the average size of most of the
specimens.

Geological horizon. In the Chemung sandstones near Cohocton and
Avoca, Steuben county, and at Lyndon, Cattaraugus county, X. Y. Named for
the late Reverend Jonathan Allen, former President of Alfred University,
Alfred, N. Y.

AGLITHODICTYA, gen. nov.

Small, button-shaped sponges, greatly expanded horizontally at mid-length,
abruptly tapering to both extremities. Aperture narrow; surface finely retic-
ulate, without nodes or other ornament.

Type, Aglithodictya numulma , sp. nov.

Aglithodictya numulina, sp. nov.

Plate xxv, Figs 6-9.

Sponge small, subdiseoidal, biconvex with reference to a median horizontal
plane, the parts below and above this plane being subconical, that above being
considerably the more depressed. Radical portion of the cup not fully retained ;
lateral expansion from the inferior extremity about thrice the vertical growth.
The sponge attains its greatest diameter at a horizontal plane lying about three-
fourths of the vertical distance from the inferior extremity to the aperture,
and is thence bent sharply upwards. Upon the matrix there is some trace of
an erect spicular lamella or expansion about the cup at this plane ; otherwise
the surface is smooth. The margin of the apertural orifice is rounded and
somewhat swollen into low irregular nodes. Departing from the orifice and
traversing the apertural slope to the peripheral angulation are traces of diver-
gent surface grooves or canals such as are frequent among the lithistid
sponges and are not unknown among the thick- walled hexactinellids.

The reticulum is exceedingly fine, but distinguishable over all of the
principal exposures of the surface. There is no noticeable predominance of
any spicular bands, and the quadrilles are rather too indistinct to be accurately
measured. The species is based on a single fairly preserved specimen in a
sandstone matrix ; the form is well retained and the skeleton in the usual con-
dition of other sponges of this fauna. This specimen has a vertical length of
11 mm., a greatest diameter of 24 mm., and an apertural width of 8 mm.

1 4(5

Dictyospi >ng i n.E.

Observations. It may be possible that in this species we have not a true
thin-walled Dictyosponge, as its form, relatively small aperture, and the radial
canals upon its surface all suggest some of the thicker-walled sponges, such
for example, as those of the genus Pachytriciiisma, one of the dictyonine
family, Ventriculitis®. (For comparison see Zittel, Handbuchder Palaeon-
tologies vol. 1, p. 177, P. Carter! , Zittel, fig. 92.) Nevertheless, such positive
evidence as here presented, affords no good reason for excluding this peculiar
genus, Aglithodictya, from the Dictyospoxgid.e.

Locality. In the sandstones of the Chemung group, near Lawrenceville,
Tioga county, Pennsylvania.

/

SPECIES FROM THE PSAMMITES DU CONDROZ (FRANCE).

Submitted by Professor Charles Barrois, University of Lille.

, Dictyospongia Morini, Barrois (sp.).

Plate xlvi, Figs. 1, 2.

1883. Dictyophyton Morini, Barrois. Annales de la Soc. Geol. du Nord,
vol. xi, p. 83, pi. 1, figs. 2 a-c.

This species is one of the smooth conical sponges for which the generic
term Dictyospoxoia has been here proposed. The specimen which we have
examined represents the upper portion of the cup including the aperture,
which is regular and apparently unornamented. The impression of the reticu-
lum is obscurely retained and extremely tine. Professor Barrois has figured
not only the specimen here illustrated, but also one which retains the basal
part of the cup and shows that the expansion of the sponge was gradual and
uniform.

Locality. Jeumont (Departement du Nord), Brittany.

IIydnoceras Barroisi, nom. nov.

Plate xlvi, Figs. 3, 4.

1883. Dictyophyton tuberosum , Barrois. Annales de la Soc. Geol. du Nord,
vol. xi, p. 82, pi. 1, figs. 1 a-e.

Attention has already been directed to the fact that the species described
as Dictyophyton tuberosum, Conrad, by Professor Barrois, in his memoir on
the Dictyospoxgiile of the Psammites du Condroz, proves, after a careful
revision and comparison of the nodose sponges, to represent a specific form
which is not, to our knowledge reproduced among the American species of
this genus. The distinctive characters of the French fossil lie in (1) the very
deep and broad horizontal constrictions which render the node-bearing ridges
very conspicuous ; (2) the sharply defined prism-faces, their margins being
distinctly continuous ridges extending from the apex and crossing the hori-
zontal constrictions; (3) a faint median ridge dividing each of the eight prism-
faces ; (4) the low, elongate and sharp nodes forming ridges by fusion with the
vertical prism-margins. The single specimen is broken across the third node-
bearing ridge and there is, hence, no means of inferring the number of such

147

148

DlCTYOSPONGITKE.

horizontal ridges in the total length of the sponge. There is still another
feature in which this species differs from //. tuberosum, viz.; (5) the preva-
lence of a very line network, the meshes being of subequal size, contracting
over the constricted areas. Large quadrules such as are usually found in
II. tuberosum are wanting. Professor Barrois’s excellent figures of this species
show the curvature of the sponge, which seems to be probably an accidental
feature of the specimen.

Locality. In compact greenish sandstone of the Psammites du Condroz
(=Chemung group of New York), Jeumont, Brittany.

IIydnoceras Jeumontense, sp. nov.

Plate xlvi, Figs. 5, 6.

This form is represented by several more or less compressed speci-
mens in which the cup is broad and has somewhat the aspect of the
Chemung species, 11. phymatodes, though with coarser, less abundant and
less regular nodes.

The form of sponge is rather broadly turbinate, its lower portion being
distinctly prismatic for a considerable distance from the apex. The horizontal
constrictions appear to be rather narrow and shallow, while the node-bearing
ridges are decidedly elevated and often quite broad. The nodes themselves
are elongate and those of the vertical rows are more or less distinctly con-
nected by the ridge at the angle of the prism-faces. A remarkable character
of the species is the rapid multiplication of nodes. At the base of the sponge
the number of the prism-faces appears to be, as normally, eight, but even on
the first node-bearing row, nodes may appear on the interspaces between the
angles of the prism and as many as twelve nodes may be counted upon the
second row in one of the specimens. The increase by intercalation is not,
however, always so rapid, as another example shows nine, with an incipient
tenth, in the second row. The nodes also multiply in another manner, namely
by the transverse division of a single node into two, or to express the fact
with greater accuracy, the appearance of two nodes one above the other in the
place usually occupied by one. This is seen on the specimens figured, while
another example not here illustrated shows the duplication of all the nodes of
one row, thus making a complete double row of nodes. This interesting
mode of duplication of the nodes has not been observed in any American
species, but seems to indicate an approximation to the condition attained in
the genus Botryodictya.

Species of the Psammttes du Condroz.

149

The reticulum is very fine, as in II. JBarroisi, showing none of the coarser
meshes prevailing in the Chemung species of this genus. None of the speci-
mens are so preserved as to show tufts at the end of the nodes.

m mensions. The most complete individual, which bears three horizontal
rows of nodes and a considerable portion of an anodose base, has a length of
155 mm. and a width across the top (exaggerated by compression) of 100 mm

Locality. In the Psammites du Condroz, Jeumont, Brittany.

Kiiabdosispongia Condroziana, sp. nov.

Plate xlvii, Figs. 1, 2.

This magnificient species shows some of the exterior characters of the
Chemung form, Dictyophyton Amalthea , which has elsewhere been taken as
the type of the proposed genus Rhabdosispongia. These are, briefly, the suc-
cessive annulations, separated by deep constrictions and crossed by vertical or
divergent ridges.

In the French specimens the apical portion of the cup is regular and with-
out annulations for a considerable distance, the surface here being divided into
eight prism-faces. In the best preserved example the first annulation is, on
one side, an enormous bulging of the cup, which covers more than one-half
the length of the specimen and makes its greatest width. On the other side,
this large swelling is divided into two, by a. broad constriction near its lower
portion, which extends rather more than half-way around the cup. This forms
a small annulation beneath and a large one above. The constriction above this
double annulation encircles the entire cup, but the succeeding swelling is of
less size and is apparently of equal width on both sides of the sponge. Above
this is evidence of a still fainter constriction and annulation, making in all
four annulations on the best preserved side. There are three specimens of
this species in the material at hand, and all of them show the tendency to
develop an annulation or swelling on one side earlier than on the other. To
this fact are due the slight curvature and lateral asymmetry of the sponge.
The eight vertical ridges near the base of the cup maintain themselves over
the entire extent of the sponge, diverging greatly as they pass over the
expanded portions. Their number is increased by the gradual appearance of
new ones at the center of the faces, but the latter are never so strong as the
primary ridges.

The reticulum is fine-meshed throughout, as in the other species from this
horizon.

150

DrCTYOSPONGID.E.

Dimensions. Tlie largest and best preserved of the three specimens had
a length of 300 mm., which must be considerably less than its original length,
as parts are lacking at both extremities. Its width at the base is 50 mm.,
across the first annulation 115 mm., and at the top 100 mm.

Locality. In the Psammites du Condroz, Jeumont, Brittany.

SKKCIES OK THE CARBONIFEROUS.

SPECIES OF THE WAVERLY GROUP.

TYLODICTYA, gen. nov.

This generic form is as yet but imperfectly understood. Some recently
discovered sponges from Warren, Pennsylvania, present the appearance of
erect, reticulated cups, smooth or somewhat irregularly undulated for a con-
siderable part of their length, but abruptly breaking out into one or possibly
more whorls of quite unsymmetrical and irregular simple or compound nodes.
Apparently there are eight nodes in each whorl, but this is not certain.
The nodes are pendulous when large, and in their subdivision have followed
no rule or order. The aspect of the cylindrical portions of the sponge is
similar to that of the forms of Calatiiospongia with which it is associated,
being fine-meshed and free from prismatic faces.

The fragments to which our knowledge of this genus is now restricted,
though highly imperfect, are still sufficient to distinguish it from any other.

Type, Ti/lodictya Warrenensis , sp. nov.

Tylodictya Warrenensis, sp. nov.

Erect, sul (cylindrical cups, apparently contracting slightly above the base;
surface smooth for a considerable distance, then gently expanding and
developing a horizontal row of nodes. In the
smaller of the fragments which have been ob.
served, these nodes are low, simple, somewhat
elongate vertically and divided by narrow furrows
which reach to the general surface of the sponge,
displaying no tendency to subdivision or irregu-
larity of arrangement ; in the larger specimen less
of the inferior surface of the cup is retained, but
the nodes are very strongly developed, are vertic-
al ly elongate, and were apparently somewhat fan-
shaped, are pendent toward their rounded ex-
tremities and separated by grooves of different
depth, so that each pair of nodes seems to be
elevated on a stout base, as with the nodes in cer-
tain species of Hvdnoceras. Upon one side of
this specimen the nodes are much less regular than
on the other, one pair having appeared below the
others. This pair is divided very unequally by a
vertical groove and again horizontally, so that the effect ■produced is some-
what like that observed among the nodes of Botryodictya. To what extent

151

Figure 18. Tylodictya Warrenensis , War-
ren, Pennsylvania. A young individual bear-
ing nodes only toward the upper part.

152

Dictyospongidje.

Figures 19, 20. Tylodictya Warrenensis , Waverly sandstone, Warren, Pennsylvania.

Figure 19 gives a side view of the type specimen In which the strong, Irregular nodes are much foreshortened. The prominence
of these nodes is orougbt out In figure 20, in which the specimen is viewed from above.

its base this specimen has a width of 45 mm., and its diameter at mid-length
is 35 mm. The other fragment is 05 mm. in length and is broken across the
expanded nodiferous portion, measuring in diameter to the extremities of the
nodes, 90 mm.

Locdlity. In the Waverly sandstone, Warren, Pennsylvania. (Collection of
Prof. C. E. Beecher.)

Tylodictya (?) tenuis, Hall (sp.).

Plate liii, Figs. 4, 5.

1882. Dict/yoplvylon tenue , Hall. Notes on the Family Pictyospongidm ;
Expl. pi. 18, fig. 5.

1884. Dictyoplyton tenue , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mils.
Nat. .Hist., p. 474, pi. 18 (19), fig. 5.

The only known specimen of this species is a small fragment of a cup
bearing two large, compound nodes separated by a deep longitudinal groove,

this condition of the nodes is normal and in how far the sponge is affiliated
with the last named genus can not at present be determined.

The reticulum is very fine-meslied, bearing no conspicuous major divisions,
and resembles that of Calatiiospongia.

Of the two specimens referable to this species, one lias a length of 75 mm.,

the lower portion of the cup to the base of the nodes measuring 50 mm. At

so

Species of the Waveely Group.

153

and each divided across the top by a low furrow. The nodes are vertically
elongated, not constricted at the base, and the lobes are low and obtuse.

The reticulum is composed of very line spicular bands among which scarcely
any difference in size is apparent. There is no evidence of a prismatic division
of the surface. So few specific characters are retained by this single frag,
ment that it is referred with considerable hesitation to the genus Tyeodictya ;
yet its nodose surface suggests such relationship and its occurrence in the
same fauna with T. Warrenensis enforces this suggestion.

Locality. In the Waverly sandstone, at Warren, Pennsylvania.

CL ATHROSPON GI A, Hall.

(For description see page 121, part 1.)

Clathrospongia abacus, Hall.

Pi.atk xt.ix, Figs. 5-8.

1882. Clathrospongia abacus , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidre ;

Expl. pi. 18, figs. 2-4.

1884 Diet yophyton ( Clathrospongia ) abacus, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Ilept.

N. V. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 474, pi. 18 (19), figs. 2-4.

Sponge of moderate size, regularly turbinate or obconical; actual base
not preserved, but judging from the slope of the sides, acute. Expansion
rather rapid. Aperture unknown.

Surface bearing coarse primary spicular ridges, which enclose quadrules
measuring on the average 10 mm. in width and 9 mm. in length. These are
subdivided into four squares by the secondary spicular bands; the finer
divisions of the reticulum may also be preserved. The primary bands are
extended into free horizontal and vertical expansions measuring about 8 mm.
in width and the deep fenestrations thus made are divided into smaller areoles
by the crossing of the subordinate reticulating bands in each ; this inference
is, at least, to lie made from the appearance of finer reticulating lines on the
surface of the primary expansions.

Dimensions. Length of the original specimen, 100 mm* greatest
diameter of the cup (at upper extremity), 50 mm.; median diameter, 38 mm.
without, and 54 mm. with the lamellar expansions.

Locality In the sandstones of the Waverly group, associated with
Ectenodictya irnplexa, and an undetermined Spirifer or Syringothyris ’
Warren, Pennsylvania.

154

1 >ICT YOSPONGIDyE.

Clatiieospongia capbodonta, sp. nov.

Plate l, Figs. 8, 9.

Sponge slender, elongate obconical, gradually enlarging from an acute
base to the aperture, the rate of expansion being the most rapid over the
earliest one-third of the length. Surface faintly subprismatic, with low nodes
at the intersection of the primary spicular bands.

Upon the single specimen observed, which is an internal cast, the reticulum
shows twelve longitudinal spicular ridges which, with the intersecting horizon-
tal ridges of about the same size, form large primary quadrules. Over the body of
the cup these measure about 13 mm. in width and 19 mm. in length, making a
comparatively large quadrule which was evidently very sharply defined over
the entire cup, except at the base and about the aperture. The angles of
these quadrules bear pronounced nodes, not so highly developed as in Hydno-
ceeas, but indicating a tufted projection of the spicules, undoubtedly accom-
panied by a strong lamellar spicular band along the primary vertical and hor-
izontal ridges. These ridges and nodes are somewhat obscured by the
secondary reticulation, the entire surface being covered with meshes measur-
ing about 2 mm. on a side, the intermediate reticulation being virtually lost.

The cup lias an entire length of 185 mm. and an apertural diameter of
63 mm. Its diameter at 50 mm. from the apex, is 38 mm., and at 125 mm.
rrom the base, it is 57 mm.

Locality. In the sandstone of the Waverly group, at Portsmouth, Ohio.
(Collection of the School of Mines, Columbia University, New York.)

THYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

(For description see page 125.)

Tiiysanodictya expansa, Hall (sp.).

Plate liii, Fig. 3.

1882. Pliragmodictya expansa , Hall Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae ;

Expl. pi. 19, fig. 10.

1884. Ectenodictya expansa , Ilall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.

Nat. Hist., p. 475, pi. (19) 20, fig. 10.

The original specimen of Ectenodictya expansa is a portion of a very large
basal disc or diaphragm, representing a species of those forms occurring
abundantly in the Chemung sandstones for which we have erected the genus
T 1 1 ys anodicty a. The species is somewhat irregularly nodose over the surface

Species of the Waverly Group.

155

and quite strongly so at the margins, the elevations there being elongated and
extended for some distance over the basal surface ; presenting an aspect simi-
lar to this part of the cup in Th. Edwin- Haiti and Th. rudis , of the Chemung
group.

The reticulum is irregular, as in all of these basal disks which have been
subjected to compression, but at certain spots a strong reticulation is retained,
composed of major quadrules measuring about 6 mm. on a side, subdivided by
two or three series of subordinate bands. The primary ridges are elevated
and indicate a strong and coarse net-work over the lateral walls of the cup.

The diameter of this disc is 150 mm., a size which is not attained by
specimens of any other species of the genus.

Locality. In the sandstone of the Waverly group, Warren, Pennsylvania.

CALATHOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

1863. Dictyophyton, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Ilist., p. 88.

1882. Phragmodictya ?, Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae ; Expl.
pi. 17, fig. 9.

1884. Dictyophyton f, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., p. 474.

Stout, subcylindrical cups, with truncated bases, without basal cone or
diaphragm as far as known, but probably attached by the basal margins ;
contracted medially and more or less expanded at the aperture. Surface
without nodes or other ornament.

Type, Dictyophyton Redfieldi , Hall.

Calatiiospongia Kedfieldi, Hall (sp.).

Plate xlviii, Figs. 1, 2; Plate xlix, Figs. 1-4.

1863. Dictyophyton Redfieldi, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 88, pi. v, fig. 1 ; pi. v a, fig. 1.

1882. Phraqmodictya t Redfieldi , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyo-
spongidse ; Expl. pi. 1 7, fig. 9.

1884. Dictyophyton f Redfieldi , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 474, pi. (17) 18, fig. 9.

1889. Dictyophytmn Redfieldi , Lesley. Dictionary of Fossils, p. 200.

Sponge large, probably subcircular in cross-section; base broad, expanded
at the margin; the basal expansion continues for about one-third the length of

156

D ICTY OSPONGID^E.

the cup, passing upward into a long, shallow constriction; the apertural part
of the cup is again gradually expanded, the greatest diameter being at the
aperture, which is unconstricted. The normal form of the sponge as thus
described, is best represented by the example shown upon Plate xlix,
(figs. 2 and 3) which is essentially entire. The skeleton of this species was
evidently very delicate and fragile, as larger specimens are all more or less
broken and distorted. Surface quite smooth.

Reticulum composed of tine and minute quadrules. Very faint longitudi-
nal ridges are visible in places, especially upon one side of the largest observed
example, but these can be discerned only over the apertural part of the cup.
The more noticeable spicular bands are the horizontal ones which succeed
each other at pretty regular intervals of from 3-4 mm. The vertical bands
corresponding with these are rarely well preserved, so that the usual aspect
of the surface is a succession of narrow horizontal bands. The quadrules
formed by the horizontal bands and their corresponding vertical bands are
subdivided by four subordinate series of spicules, so that the ultimate division
of the surface, which is usually sharply retained, is very minute. Upon
certain portions of any given specimen, the coarser reticulation may be wholly
lost, leaving traces of only the finer division of the reticulum. The apertural
margin is regular and entire.

O O

Dimensions. A small, but entire and slightly compressed example
has a length of 70 mm.; it measures 32 mm. in diameter at the base; 30 mm.
just above the base, and 33 mm. at a distance of 10 mm. above the base; at
the middle of the cup its diameter is 25 mm., and at the aperture, 51 mm. A
large example has been somewhat shortened by vertical compression which
has produced an abnormal swelling about the middle of the cup. Its length
is 183 nun.; its basal diameter about 96 nun.; at a point slightly above the
middle, 72 mm.; and at the aperture, 135 mm. The original specimen has a
length of 200 mm.; a basal width of 86 mm.; a median width of 38 mm.,
the upper part of the cup, which is somewhat distorted, being 105 mm. in
diameter.

Localities. The specimen upon which the original description of the
species was based was collected near Harrisville, Medina county, Ohio, in a
yellowish sandstone of the Waverly group, by the late AV. C. Red field. It
has also been found in the Cuyahoga shale of the AVaverly group, at Akron,
and at Richfield, Ohio, and also in the AVaverly sandstone on Nelson’s farm
near Pleasantville, Venango county, Pennsylvania.

Species of the W avekly (troup.

157

Calatiiospongia carceralis, 8p. llOV.

Plate li, Figs. 2-4 ; Plate lii, Figs. 2, 2 ; Plate lx. Figs. 1, 2.

1863. Dictyophyton Newberryi, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Cal). Nat. Hist., pi. iv, fig. 3.

Among the specimens utilized for the original illustration of the species
Dictyophyton Newberryi , was one large subcylindrical cup which was doubt-
fully regarded as representing the pedicel of that species. A re-examination
of this specimen, supplemented by other material, some of which has been col-
lected since the date of that description, shows very clearly that such speci-
mens represent a quite distinct form of sponge.

Cup elongate, rather stout, probably circular in cross-section, though all
the specimens are more or less flattened. Base broad, terminating abruptly ;
from the base upward the body contracts slowly and then very gradually
expands to the aperture. The form is thus somewhat like that in certain
species of Tiiysaxodictya (e. g. Tli. poecilus) but the truncated base affords
no evidence of a diaphragm or any other method of closure.

The reticulum is characterized by strong vertical and horizontal primary
ridges, the former being the more conspicuous and in some instances so highly
developed as to give a subprismatic appearance to the cup. In the specimens
from the Waverly sandstones these vertical ridges are twelve in number and
their intersection with the principal horizontal ridges forms quadrilles measur-
ing about 8 mm. in width and 12 mm. in height; the development of the
horizontal spicular ridges is, however, quite variable. The subordinate reticu-
lation is sharply developed. The apertural margin is regular and the primary
reticulation extends to it without material loss of definition.

Dimensions. The original example which is essentially entire, has a
length of 145 mm. ; a width at the base of 33 mm. ; at 40 mm. above the base
the diameter increases to 46 mm. ; decreases above to 43 mm. ; and expands
to the aperture which is 65 mm. in width. This specimen is from the Wav-
erly group. An entire specimen from the Keokuk group is 130 mm. in length ;
48 mm. in diameter at the base; 75 mm. at the aperture, and 40 mm. where
narrowest.

Localities. In the shales and sandstones of the Waverly group at Richfield
Ohio ; also in the calcareous shales of the Keokuk group at Indian Creek,
Indiana. (The latter from the collection of A. S. Tiffany.)

158

1 )lOTYOSPONGIDiE.

Calatiiospongia Carlli, sp. nov.

Plate lii, Figs. 4-7.

Among some specimens of Dictyosponges from the Waverly group of
northern Venango county, Pennsylvania, kindly loaned for study by Mr.
John F. Carll, formerly of the Second Geological Survey of that state, is one
rather large specimen of the upper portion of the cup which in the aspect of
the surface, bears no little similarity to C. Redjieldi but it has a proportion-
ally much broader aperture than is possessed by that species. The specimen
has been somewhat compressed obliquely, but apparently without serious dis-
tortion to the best exposed surface. The body of the cup is moderately nar-
row, measuring 55 nnn.; the width of the aperture is 145 mm., but this is
perhaps somewhat below its original proportions as the apertural portion of
the cup has been slightly enfolded on one side.

The character of the reticulum is essentially the same as that of C. lied-
field), the surface being crossed transversely by numerous strong spicular
bands, while the vertical bands are very fine and all trace of conspicuous ver-
tical ridges is wanted.

Localities. In the sandstones of the Waverly group. “Found loose on
the llats of Oil Creek, near the mouth of Pine Creek. The stream here cuts
down about 15 feet below the Berea grit” (Mr. Carll’s letter) ; near Pleasant-
ville, Venango county, Pennsylvania. The species also occurs in the same
rocks at Warren, Pennsylvania, and some of the specimens from there, like
that shown in figure 21, page 159, indicate the probable identity of C. Carlli
with the fragmentary remains described as Ectenodictya implexa.

C A L AT IIOSPO XG I A TlFFANYI, Sp. UOV.

Plate li, Figs. 5, 6.

Sponge subcylindrical toward the base, expanding with moderate rapidity
to the aperture, producing an elongate, subconical vase-shape. Surface with
obscure traces of prismatic faces which widen upward. Where best preserved
these faces are seen to be marked by moderately strong spicular ridges crossed
by less prominent bands, the two making quadrules measuring approximately
12x10 mm. where the faces are least expanded, but increasing in width,
without increase of length, toward the aperture. The intersections of these
primary bands are obscurely nodose. The subdivision of the quadrules to
the fifth degree is very clearly seen on the internal cast. The surface is
otherwise devoid of ornamentation.

159

SPECIES OF

the Waverly Group.

fmuRE 21. Portion of a largo specimen of Calathospongia Carlli , from the Waverly sandstone at Warren, Pennsylvania.

160

Dictyospongid.f.

Tlie type specimen, which is imperfect toward the base, has somewhat
the aspect of C. carceralis and evinces a probable agreement in form with the
other species of the genus C a l atiiospoxgia. Its condition of preservation is
not such as to show with certainty specific differences from C. carceralis except
in its stouter form and more rapid apertural expansion

Dimensions. Length (incomplete) 100 mm.; apertural diameter (slightly
flattened) 84 mm.; diameter at lower extremity, 39 mm.

Locality. Waverly group, Ohio. (Loaned by A. S. Tiffaxy.)

Calatitospongiy ? saccttlus, Hall (sp.).

Flate l, Fig. 7.

1863. Dictyophyton Redjieldi, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab.
Nat. Hist., pi. iv., fig. 6.

1884. Dictyophyton sacculum, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 473.

The specimen upon which this species (?) was founded is a small, short,
apparently subcylindrical cup, with a smooth surface and very fine retic-
ulum. One extremity is rather irregular and apparently incomplete, while
the other seems to be closed or enfolded. There is very slight, if any, increase
in diameter from one end to the other. It seems probable that the specimen
is incomplete and affords no precise conception of its original form. The
reticulation is somewhat similar to that of Calathospongia JRedJieldi, but lacks
the strong horizontal bands of that species. Its recognition as a species and
its reference to this genus are only provisional.

The length of the specimen is 33 mm. ; its width about 18 mm.

Locality. In the shaly sandstone of the Waverly group at It ich field,
Ohio.

THAMNODICTYA, Hall.

1863. Dictyophyton , Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hist., p. 87.

1882. D hragrnodictya, Hall. Note on the Family Dictyospongidse ; Expl.
pi. 17, figs. 10, 11.

1884. Thamnodictya , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., pp. 466, 477.

Dietyosponges with a narrow, subcylindrical, tubular stem below,
abruptly widening above into a broad funnel-shaped circular cup. Surface
with prominent spicular ridges, but without nodes or well defined prism-faces.

Species of the Waverly Group.

161

Type, Thamnodictya Netvberryi, Hall.

Iii the observations made upon the genus IIydnoceuas, reasons have been
given for discontinuing the generic term Dictyophyton. It is not necessary
to recount these further than to recall that the term Avas introduced, not
primarily to replace Conrad’s name IIydnoceuas, but as a designation for
other, and anodose species, the first among the specified types being
Dictyopiiyton Newberryi, the form subsequently adopted as the type of Tham-
nodictya. Dictyophyton has proved to be a misleading term among the
sponges, and its place is better filled by the various generic terms Avhich the
requirements of our present knowledge have originated.

Thamnodictya Newberryi, Hall.

Plate l, Figs. 1-6 ; Plate lii, Fig. 1.

1863. Dictyophyton Newberry i, Hall. Sixteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 87, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2, 4, (not fig. 3).

1882. Phragmodictya Newberryi, Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidie ;
Expl. pi. 17, figs. 10, 11.

1884. Thamnodictya Newberryi , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat., Hist., p. 477 (partim) pi. (17) 18, figs. 10, 11.

Sponge of moderate size, attenuate and subcylindrical toward the base,
rapidly expanding above, forming abroad A'ase supported upon a long pedicel.
Cross-section at any point of the vase circular; the pedicel koAvever appears
to have been obscurely prismatic.

Reticulum composed of strong rectangularly intersecting bands, the
primary series being broad and forming trapezoidal quadrules, averaging,
o\rer the main portion of the vase, about 6 mm. in diameter and 9 mm. in
height. The vertical strands diverge very rapidly outward Avith the growth
of the cup, losing their conspicuous size toward the aperture. The subordi-
nate net-work is sharp and fine, especially in the apertural region Avhere the
prevalence of the finer strands obliterates the coarser meshes. The pedicel,
which is not Avell preserved in any of the specimens studied, appears to have
borne coarse vertical ridges toAvard its upper part.

Dimensions. The original example of this species is the most complete
in the collections examined. Its length from the lower end of the pedicel,
which appears to be nearly complete, to the aperture, is 115 mm. ; the median
Avidth of the pedicel, 7 mm. ; the diameter of the aperture, 90 mm. Portions of

2R

162

DiCTYOSPONGIDuE.

other specimens of about the same size have been observed, but the majority of

these are of small size.

Under this specific name we have included only the slender forms pos-
sessing the expanded aperture. In previous descriptions some much larger
subcylindrical bodies have been regarded as pedicels of the same species, but
their size and general aspect, supplemented by some additional structural
details, indicate that these latter forms are quite distinct from typical examples
of Tiiamnodictya.

Localities. In the beds of the Waverly group. The original example, that
shown on Plate 1, fig. 1, is from a slialy limestone filled with Fenestella and
Productus, at .Richfield, Ohio. Other specimens are from sandy shales and
limestones at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

Tuaainodictya Ortoni, sp. nov.

Plate mi, Figs. 1, 2.

This species is represented by an internal cast, in a compact ferruginous
sandstone, of the upper or vase-shaped portion of a Tiiamnodictya. It is a large,
somewhat compressed individual preserving a considerable portion of the
aperture. At its lower point, which represents the opening of the pedicel, the
surface shows several somewhat unequal clusters of the longitudinal spicules
which have been changed to limonite. The impression of the reticulum is fine
and rather irregular. There are no predominant vertical and horizontal
spici liar ridges as in Thavnnodictya Newberryi, but the entire surface is cov-
ered by small quadrules about 2 mm. square and these are again divided by
minute subordinate bands. The course of the vertical bands is not radial from
the base, but they appear to have made a broad simple curve in extending
toward the aperture, a feature which may lie exaggerated by the compression
of the specimen. Along the apertural margin the net-work is much finer than
elsewhere.

The specimen measures from base to aperture, on one side, 80 mm. and on
the other, 97 mm.. Its greatest diameter is from one edge of the folded
apertural margin to the other ; each of these lateral extremities is somewhat
broken but the full measurement was about 150 mm. The lower sides of the
cup slope at an angle of about 60 degrees.

Locality. In the Cuyahoga shale of the AVaverly group, Moot’s run,
Licking county, Ohio. (Named for Dr. Edward Orton, of Columbus, Ohio.)

Species of the Waverly Group.

163

CLEODICTYA, Hall.

1884. Cleodictya , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
pp. 467, 479.

Vase-shaped Dictyosponges, broadly expanded near the base into a single
horizontal row of strong low nodes, thence gradually contracted and again
widening to a broad aperture. Surface without evidence of prismatic faces
or projecting spicular lamellae.

Type, Cleodictya gloriosa , Hall. Keokuk group.

Cleodictya Claypolei, sp. nov.

Plate li, Fig. 1.

Sponge comparatively small, subturbinate, expanding rather rapidly
from the basal extremity into a single horizontal row of nodes which begin a
short distance above the base and extend through fully one-third the length
of the cup. These nodes, though some are lost on one side of the sponge?
appear to have been eight in number, and were low and elongate, their length
measuring twice their width; they are separated by narrow furrows which do
not extend down to the unswollen surface of the sponge. Above these nodes
the surface is abruptly constricted and thence widens very gradually upward,
the apertural margin not being retained. The proportions of this species are
different from those of C. gloriosa , the form being more slender, the expan-
sion more gradual and the basal nodes much more elongate.

The reticulum is very fine and the primary divisions somewhat obscured.
A series of transverse bands 3-4 mm. apart, crosses the cup, without vertical
bands of corresponding strength. This gives to the reticulum the aspect of
that in Calathospongia Iiedjieldi and C. Carlli. Minor subdivisions to the fifth
series are discernible.

Dimensions. The specimen described is somewhat imperfect at both
extremities; it does not, however, seem probable that much has been lost from
either. The entire length of the portion retained is 102 mm. Its basal
extremity has a diameter of 25 mm. ; across the row of nodes the diameter is
70 mm.; just above these nodes it is 45 mm. and at the upper extremity,
50 mm.

Locality. From the sandstones of the Waverly group at Akron, Ohio.
(Received from Prof. E. W Claypole.)

Dk'TYOSPONGID.E.

164

(?) ECTENODICTYA, Hall.

1884. Ectenodictya, Hall (partirn). Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.

Nat. Hist., p. 46fi.

The name Ectenodictya was introduced for certain forms of apparently
more or less irregular growth, which seemed to have expanding or unenclosed
fronds. Both in the upper Devonian and the lower Carboniferous faunas
sponges of such aspect have been found, with a surface usually free of nodes
or other ornamental characters. The absence of a well defined form in these
species was the principal reason for placing them together under a single generic
term, although the division could, by the very nature of its composition, have
little more than a temporary value. In 1884, two species, E. implexa and E.
expansa were described from the Waverly sandstone, E. B arlingtonensis from
the Burlington group and E. eccentrica from the Keokuk group. Fossils of
like character are also abundantly known in the Chemung group but no
names have been applied to them. The accession of material has shown that
such Chemung specimens indicate, by one or another set of characters, relations
to some of the larger sponges of the group, many of these imperfect fronds
probably representing the species Prisrrwdictya cltoanea, IK Almondensis,
or some similar sponge in which the expanse of surface is large and the pris-
matic aspect obscured. Thus, also, with most of the described species of
Ectenodictya ; K. B arlingtonensis seems a probable representative of the
genus Lyrodictya ; E. expansa undoubtedly represents a species of Thysano-
d icty a and K. eccentrica* , as now known, is the basal diaphragm of a
sponge like Piiragmodictya, but having a structure necessitating its
removal to another and new genus, Aclieodictya. There remains, then, but
the type-species of Ectenodictya, E. implexa , whose apparent structure is
here described.

Ectenodictya implexa, Hall.

Plate liv, Figs. 3, 4.

1884. Ectenodictya implexa, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.

Nat. Hist., p. 475, pi. (18) 19, fig. 1.

“ Frond a reticulate expansion, assuming a variety of form from pressure or
other causes; the original form has been apparently broadly funnel-shaped or
ovoid. Base unknown.

These species were first described as Pan aqmodictya.

Species of the Burlington Group.

165

“ Surface cancellate by strong concentric and vertical striae ; the inter-
mediate spaces finely reticulate by filiform striae, which cross each other
rectangularly. The body presents prominences or protuberances, which are
not sufficiently elevated to be termed nodes.

“ A large imperfect specimen, which is distorted by compression, has a
length of 180 mm. and a width of about 93 mm.

“ The specimens of this species are all more or less distorted ; they appear
as broad funnel-shaped expansions without evidence of a distinct tubular base,
and are usually fragmentary ”.

The foregoing is the original description of these fossils, founded upon
very imperfect material. Upon re-examination of these specimens and compari-
son with the more completely known species from the Waverly group of
Pennsylvania we are disposed to conclude that all are fragments of Cal at ho-
sponjia Redfieldi or its close ally, C. Carlli. It has already been observed that
the cups of these species were very delicate and fragile, easily liable to dis-
tortion and fracture ; and there are none of the specimens upon which the
description of Ectenodictya implexa was based which do not show the charac-
teristic expression of the reticulum produced by the predominance of the hori-
zontal spicular bands. The specimen from which the original illustration was
drawn, is the apertural portion of a large cup somewhat infolded at the mar-
gin. It was incorrectly oriented in the drawing ; the right margin represents
the apertural edge.

Localities. The specimens have been found in the Waverly group at
Warren, Pennsylvania, in association with Syringothyris Randall i, and in the
same formation at Oil City, in that state.

SPECIES OF THE BURLINGTON GROUP.

LYRODICTYA, Hall.

(For description see page 170.)

Lyrodictya (?) Burlingtonensis, Hall (sp.).

Plate liii, Fig. 6.

1884. Ectenodictya Burlingtonensis , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y.

State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 476.

The single specimen representing the only species of Dictyosponge yet
found in this formation, consists of a quite imperfect outer impression of a cyath-
iform frond, having a smooth exterior and showing a strong development

166

DlCT YOSPONG I DJE.

of the vertical spicular bundles toward the base and extending upward in one
or two broad and irregular strands. The reticulum is line-meshed and over
most of the surface the prevailing quadrille has a diameter of about 3 mm.,
being frequently subdivided by subordinate series of spicules. The general
aspect of the specimen is like that of Lyrodictya, and the species is therefore
provisionally referred to this genus.

Dimensions. Length of the fragment 135 mm., greatest width 130 mm.

Locality. In the yellow sandstone below the Burlington limestone, Bur-
lington, Iowa.

SPECIES OF THE KEOKUK GROUP.

DICTY OSPONGI A, gen. nov.

(For description see page 72, part 1.)

Dictyospongia cylindrica, Whitfield (sp.).

Plate lv, Fig. 3 ; Plate lxi, Fig. 6.

1881. Dictyophyton cylindrioum , Whitfield. Bull. No. 1, Amer. Mils. Nat.
Hist., p. 19, pi. iv, fig. 3.

1884. Dictyophyton cylindricum , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 475.

The original specimen of this species is a fragment of a flattened sub-
cylindrical or elongate obconical tube, exposing, for the most part, the inner
portions of the reticulum but also showing that the exterior of the sponge

was devoid of ornamental features. The ex-
posed surface exhibits fine smooth horizontal
and vertical spicular rods disposed at numerous
and somewhat unequal intervals in small bundles.
The outer or dermal quadrules are formed by
cruciform spicules, and measure about .5 mm. on
each side. Microscopic examinations of the
reticulum reveal among the parenchymalia or
dermalia, umbels of a form somewhat different from those in Cleodictya,
curved diactins and fragments of minute echinate hexactins.

This species seems to be of rare occurrence; besides the original speci-
men, there are, in the material in hand, only one or two small fragments, so that
the species is still quite imperfectly known. The typical example has a length
of 60 mm. and a width of 56 mm.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Fiourr 22. Spicules of Dictyospongia cylin.
drica, xiOO. (J. M. C.)

Species of the Keokuk Group.

1G7

DlCTYOSPONGIA (?) STYLIN' A, Sp. IlOV.

Plate lvi, Fig. 2.

Among the material from Crawfordsville is a slender elongate fossil
whose sponge nature is strongly suggested by a comparison with the graceful
Chemung species, Dictyospongia lophura. It is therefore noticed here,
although its precise relations may still be somewhat obscure.

The fossil is narrow and subcylindrical, expanding from the basal point
to the full diameter of the cup in about one-eighth the length of the specimen.
The surface is smooth and covered with tine, closely set vertical lines. The
evidence of transverse lines is not very satisfactory; there is, however, a
series of comparatively broad and low transverse depressions which are
plainly developed over the upper part of the specimen, and these contract
toward the upper extremity, producing, with the vertical lines, the effect of
an elongate rectangular reticulation. Below this extremity the transverse
depressions produce a somewhat undulating surface.

The specimen has a length of 91 mm. and a diameter of about 6 mm. for
seven-eighths of its length. There is no evidence of a spicular tuft at the
basal extremity.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Dictyospongia (Mastodictya) osculata, sp. nov.

Plate lvi, Fig. 6.

The figure cited represents one aspect of a sponge of whose complete
form it is not possible to obtain an accurate conception from the material in
hand. If the peculiar shape presented by it is normal or essentially so, as it
seems to be, then this species represents a distinct type of generic structure
which, if established by future investigations, may be known as Mastodictya ;
but it is still possible that the shape of the sponge is more or less due to com-
pression or other casual cause. Hence the characters of the fossil are here
described from the single example known, while its generic and specific values
are left contingent upon the discovery of additional material.

The lower, broken extremity of the specimen has a width of 20 mm. and
thence it gradually widens upward into the bulbous swellings. Here the
diameter of the cup has increased to 24 mm. The swelling at the right con-
tracts quite abruptly and apparently terminates in an osculum or excurrent
orifice at 7 mm. above its greatest diameter ; the portion on the left however
is much more produced, contracts more gradually, extends to a distance of
23 mm. above the swelling and at the aperture has a diameter of 4 mm.

168

DiCTYOSPONGIPyE.

The general surface is smooth, gracefully expanding to the bulbous swell-
ings, thence sloping with gentle concavity to the oscula.

The reticulum is fine-meshed. Since only the outer portion is exposed,
the vertical spicular bundles are not visible, but a fragment of a very large rod
is seen in the accompanying figure. At the angles of the prevailing quad-

Figure 23. Spicules of Mastodictya osoulata, x400 (J. M. G.)

rules, which measure about 1.5 mm. on a side, there are very strong pentactins
or hexactins with modified outer arm, and lateral arms extending for nearly
the entire length of the quadrule. An extremital fragment of one of these
is represented in the above figure which also shows a many-toothed umbel
and a siliquiform diactin.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

(For description see page 79, part 1.)

Prismodictya polyhedra, sp. nov.

Plate lv, Figs. 1, 2.

Sponge large, subcylindrical, obscurely polyhedral, slightly expanding
toward the top. Surface regular and uniformly free of asperities, nodes or
protuberances except such as are produced by the slight outward extension
of the principal spicular bundles. In the best preserved of the compressed
specimens each .side bears five broad vertical faces, and at the edges are traces
of two more, twelve in all. These prism-faces make low angles with one
another, becoming obsolete at the even and regular margin of the osculum.

Species of the Keokuk Group.

161)

Reticulum. The quadrate meshes are remarkably uniform in size and
arrangement. Assuming that the vertical spicular bands of the first order
lie along the angles made by adjoining prismatic faces, a given square of the
first order measures about 20 mm. on a side, varying with the slight curvature
of the surface, and with the upward expansion of the prism-faces. The sub-
division of these quadrules is carried out with regularity to the fifth degree,
and even in some of these pentameres there is evidence of a division into ulti-
mate quadrules. Some of the specimens indicate that the surface, in
its original condition, was fenestrated by the slight projection of the
principal lamellae.

Dimensions. The apertural width of the specimen figured is 120 mm.;
its diameter where narrowest is about 90 mm. and the incomplete cup has a
length of 115 mm. which was probably somewhat more than one-half its
entire length.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

LEBEDICTYA, gen. nov.

Large obconical cups, perhaps somewhat unsyinmetrical by reason of more
rapid growth on one side, probably expanding from a subacute base. Surface
obscurely prismatic and cancellated by short projecting spicular lamellae.
Aperture crowned by an erect fringe of long marginal spicules.

Type, Lebedictya crinita, sp. nov.

Legedictya crinita, sp. nov.

Plate lviii, Figs. 1, 2 ; Plate lix, Fias. 1, 2 ; Plats lxi, Fig. 5.

Sponge cyathiform, expanding with apparently slight asymmetry from a
narrow base. This asymmetrical growth is especially evident in one specimen
which not only shows a notable difference in the size of the two sides, but
along the apertural margin, which is distinctly retained, indicates a rapid
multiplication of the spicular net-work on the longer side of the cup. The
surface is rendered obscurely prismatic by the predominance of certain ver-
tical skeletal ridges Avhich, near the aperture, lie about 25 mm. apart. The
horizontal ridges do not attain so great size, but the prevailing quadrules are
nevertheless large, measuring from 12 to 15 mm. on a side, and are variously
subdivided. All these vertical and horizontal spicular bands are erect and
form a moderately deep surface reticulation. There may also have been
minute tufts at the intersections but the evidence of them is not very clear.
The fenestration of the exterior of the cup is similar to, but much less

170

Dictyospongidjs.

decided tlian that in the genus Clatiirospongia, and upon internal casts is
much obscured or even lost.

About the aperture the vertical spicules are extended into a long and
narrow marginal tuft, apparently a single row of coarse and fine rods (mar-
ginalia), such as occurs in the living species Rathydorus fivibriatus*

In figure 24 are
shown some of the skele-
tal elements of this
sponge, the dermalia
being represented by
umbels, micrumbels, tri-
pinulus and echinate
pentactins, and the par-
enchymalia by smooth
siliquiform diactins.

Figure 24. Splculeb of Ltbedictya erinita, x400.

The figure at the bottom is a fragment of one of the main rods, partly decorticated ; DxiDWjTlS'lOTlS* ^ llG

among the others are umbels and micrumbels in various attitudes, smooth diactins, an

incomplete tripinuius, etc. (j. m. c.) best preserved speci-

men, which is incomplete at the lower end, has a length from aperture
downward of 155 mm. Its lower diameter is 75 mm. ; its apertural diameter
in its compressed condition 150 mm. The marginal fringe in some places has
a length of 30 mm. A somewhat larger specimen which has been com
pressed almost vertically has an apertural diameter of 180 mm.

Locality. In the shales of the Keokuk group at Crawfordsville, Indiana.
(Collection of A. S. Tiffany.)

LYIIODICTY A, Hall.

Cyathiform Dictyosponges with regularly expanding, generally smooth
exterior, fine net-work, low, erect tufts at wide intervals and very broad,
thick vertical bundles of rods and clemes, with no horizontal bundles of cor-
responding size.

Type, Lyrodictya Romingeri , Hall.

Lyrodictya Romingeri, Hall.

Pi.atk lvi, Fig. 1.

1884. Lyrodictya Romingeri , Ilall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 476.

Sponge broadly expanding; its form imperfectly known. Surface proba-
bly covered originally with low and erect lamellae; ridges with short tufts at

♦See Schulze, Ilexactinellida, pi. lvlll, fig. l.

Species of the Keokuk Group.

171

the angles of some of the quadrules ; but in its general aspect smooth, without
prism-faces, nodes, or other irregularities.

Reticulum characterized by very broad and strong vertical bundles or
lateralia. On the exposed surface of the specimen there are seven of these
at wide but unequal intervals.

These bundles reach almost or
quite to the lower extremity of
the specimen, spreading gradually
outward. An interesting struc-
tural feature is the intercalation
of other bundles in two of the
interspaces at a considerable dis-
tance above the base, and both
these and the primary bundles
increase in width upward. All
the bundles are composed of a
large number of stout, cylindrical,
continuous rods, varying some-
what in size, and with them are
numerous denies of so great size
as to be visible to the naked eye.

The latter appear to be restricted
to the middle and upper extent of
the bundles, no trace of them hav-
ing been found on the lower part
of the specimen, and on some of
the intercalary bundles they are
not to be seen at all. These
clemes are similar to those occur-
ring in Physospongia Da/wsoni
and P. Colleti, though very much
larger. The direction of their
teeth is, however, directly the
reverse of that in all other known
instances. This peculiar fact at
first suggested the possibility of
an error in the orientation of some
of the specimens but repeated re-

. £ , . Fiourk 25. Lyrodictya Romingeri.

\ 16 W S OT 0111 obsei \ atlOllS SOCIll to Fragment of one of the large reversed clemes, a diactine rod, cruci-

1 • i 1 l - ni • form spicule* of various sizes and the upper surface of a very small umbel.

dispel any doubt ot their accuracy. *400. a. M. c.)

172

Dictyospongid^e.

There are no horizontal bands corresponding with these vertical bundles
The rest of the skeleton is pretty much lost ; here and there a few interlacing
horizontal spicules are to be found at the intersections, but the broad vertical
interspaces are regularly divided by impressions of small quadrilles which
measure from 2 to 3 mm. on a side, without further evidence of coarser mark-
ings. At one side of the specimen the edge of the cup is exposed and shows
the fact that the interstitial vertical and cross spicules projected for a short
distance beyond the surface of the cup, and also that at wide intervals there
were small projecting tufts similar to those in Piiysospongia.

In the matrix taken from the interspaces between the lateralia have been
found large ecliinate hexactins or pentactins with curved arms, also some
minute hexactins and micrumbels.

Dimensions. The single known specimen of this species has a length of
98 mm. and a maximum width of 105 mm.

Locality. In the calcareous shales of the Keokuk group, Crawfords-
ville, Indiana.

PIIRAGrMODICTY A, Hall.

1881. Dictyophyton , Whitfield. Bull. No. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 18.

1882. Dhragmodictya, Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae ; Expl

pis. 17, 19, 20.

1884. Dhragmodictya , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., pp. 466, 477, 478.

Sub-cylindrical or slightly expanding cups abruptly contracted at the
base to form a smooth, broadly obconical or nearly transverse plate or
diaphragm. The edge of this basal plate bears a broad peripheral frill.
Attachment was probably effected both at the apex of the diaphragm and by
the basal frill. Surface covered with vertical ridges and nodes. Reticulum
very fine and without tufts.

Type, Dhragmodictya catilliformis, Whitfield (sp.).

This genus differs from Tiiysanodictya in the absence of a coarse regular
quadration and fenestration of the surface and in the distinctly radiate net-
work of the basal diaphragm, and from Aclceodictya in the convergence of the
radial bands of the diaphragm to a well-defined and probably tufted apex.

Species of the Keokuk Group.

173

PlIRAGMODICTYA CATILLIFOKMIS, Whitfield (sp.).

Plate lxiv, Figs. 1-5; Plate lxv, Figs. 1. 2; Plate lxvi, Figs. 1-9; Plate lxvii, Figs. 1-4;

Plate lxviii, Figs. 1-4.

1881. Dictyopkyton cat illi forme, Whitfield. Bull. No. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., p. 18, pi. iii, fig. 1.

1882. Phragmodictya scyphus, Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidse.

Expl. pi. 17, figs. 12, 13 ; pi. 19, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. 24), figs. 1-6.

1884. Phragmodictya catilliformis, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y.

State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 477, pi. 18, figs. 12-14; pi. 20, figs. 2, 3;

pi. 21, figs. 1-6.

Sponge sometimes of large size but usually of medium proportions ; subcyl-
indrical or with a somewhat flaring aperture; base broad, slightly expanded,
its diameter increased by the projection of the periloph. General form stout,
the length being less than twice the median diameter. Specimens having the
aperture clearly retained show a slight contraction of the upper margin but it
is not fully determined whether this is a normal feature.

The base is a very shallow obcone with a slightly eccentric apex ; its margins
appear to make an angle of about 1108 with the lateral walls of the cup, and
its converging surfaces to be gently concave except about the apex.

Vertical walls of the sponge generally devoid of ornament except for a
series of irregularly disposed vertical ridges and elongate nodes. These lie at
subequal intervals and occasionally a single ridge may be traced for nearly the
full length of the cup. The nodes seldom occur about the base, while they
multiply toward the top, the ridges sometimes being resolved into a series of
disconnected nodes, but frequently the ridge-like nodes appear in the inter-
spaces between the ridges, and without order or arrangement. At the edge
of the basal disc the ridges are abruptly transsected, making the margin
nodose, as it is in the genus Tiiysanodictya. The surface of the periloph
shows a more or less regular continuation of the ridges. The surface of the
basal obcone or disc is wholly smooth and in this respect is in marked distinc-
tion to the generally exposed or vertical walls of the cup.

Mode of attachment. The convergence of the vertical spicular bands to
the apex of the basal diaphragm and the usual imperfection of this apex are
evidences of the attachment of the sponge at this point. Such attachment,
however, was restricted to the apex of this obcone, and though similar to that in
most of the Dictyosponges here considered, would have been inefficient in
holding the sponge firmly in position. It is evident that important accessory

174

D ICT YOSPONC4 ID.®.

aid was contributed by the spicular bands of theperiloph extending downward
beyond the periphery of the disc. This extension bears in some degree the

ornamental features of the

Figure 26. Phragmodictya catilliformis.

A minor inesh bounded by rods and pentactins, with curved pentactlns
or liexatlns over the Interspace. (J. M. C.)

lateral walls of the cup and
many of the stronger spiculai
bundles of those walls were
continued into it. The term-
inal or lower edge of the peri
loph is not regular, but where
the ridges come down from
above it is produced into short
radiciform extensions.

Reticulum. The net-work
of the sponge is exceedingly
fine, and the subdivision very
uniform. There are no strong
bands of vertical or horizontal
rods, and it is often difficult to
find traces *of them except near the base. On the surface of the basal obcone,
however, the vertical or rather radial bands are very distinct, while the hori-
zontal or concentric bands are less so.

Skeleton. The search for the spicular elements of the skeleton has shown
that the rhabdus of the gastral and anchoring spicules are small and few in
comparison with the other species whose spicular structure is known. The

fine texture of the re-
ticulum is due to quad-
rules, which for the most
part, seem to be outlined
by strong hexactins at
the angles, their arms
overlapping (fig. 26).
These have long, smooth
acute branches,
also appear to

have been pentactins or hexactins of great size with ecliinate arms, as indicated
by the large fragment shown in figure 29, but had they been abundant we
should probably know more of their form. The only other spicules of nota-
ble size are indicated by the slender fragments bearing long spiuules, shown

27

28

Figures 27, 28. Spicules of Phragmodictya catilliformis , x400.

In figure 27 are curved pentactins like those seen in figure 26. In one of these spicules £111(1

the arms end in knobs.

Figure 28 shows other modifications of the parenchymal spicules. (J. M. C.) There

Species of the Keokuk Group.

175

in the same figure. These may lie parts of large pinuli, or still another style
of cruciform spicule. Characteristic of this species are the curious pentactins
or hexactins with curved arms, which lie scat-
tered abundantly among the quadrules (see
figs. 26, 27). Other modifications of the pen-
tactin are shown in figs. 28 and 30. Consider-
able diversity of form is found among the
diactins ; some are elongate, pod-shaped, some
stout and bean-shaped, others have a strong
single curvature or a double curve. A few
fragments have been seen which indicate diac-

Figure 29. Fragments of edhfnate eplcules of

tins with clavate or spherical extremities. Phragmodictya catuuformu, x4<x>. (.j. m. c.)
These are represented in figure 30. The only trace of anchorate spicules
observed is a minute form shown in the same figure.

The elements of the skeleton, taken as a whole, are quite distinct from
those of the other species here described. The umbels and denies, characteriz-
ing the genera Piiyso-
sroNGiA, Cleodictya,

LYKODicTYA,etc., seem
to be wholly wanting.

Dimensions . This
species, which is the
most abundant of all
the forms occurring
in the Crawfordsville
shales, varies greatly
in size. A young and
essentially entire in-
dividual which prob-

nblv retains tlie pro- Figure SO. Spicules of Phragmodictya catilliformis, x400.

Here are shown various forms of diactiue and cruciform spicules, and among them is a

portions normal for 8ma11 anchorate clavule. (J. M. C.)

full growth, has a slightly curved cup, its length from the aperture to the
distal edge of the periloph measuring 60 mm. The width of its aperture
is 50 mm., its median diameter is 28 mm., and its basal width about 25 mm.,
the periloph having a length of 5 mm. A nearly entire specimen of average
size, slightly incomplete at the aperture, has a length of 95 mm., the periloph is
15 mm. in length where longest, and the apex of the basal obcone is 9 mm. below
the plane of its base. The largest cup observed has an apertural diameter of

P ICTY OSPOXG I D /E.

176

230 mm. A basal diaphragm, 140 min. in greatest diameter, bears a frill
45 mm. in width.

Locality. Keokuk group. In the calcareous shales, and rarely, in the
overlying sandstone, at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

PlIRAGMODICTYA PATELLIFORMIS, Hall.

Plate i.iv, Fig. 3.

1884. Phragmodictya patelli/ormis, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y.
State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 478.

The original specimen of this species is a large oval basal obcone with a
highly eccentric apex. Its major diameter is 132 mm. and the apex lies 32
mm. from the nearest margin. The minor diameter through the apex is 100
mm., through the center 115 mm. The impressions of the radiating spicular
bundles are strong, and the surface of the plate, which has been preserved
in a calcareous nodule with its contour undisturbed, is gently convex. The
aspect of this basal disc is unlike that of Phragmodictya catilliformis , in its
much more eccentric apex and convex surface.

Locality. Keokuk group. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville,
Indiana.

Phragmodictya (?) crebristriata, Hall.

Plate lxi, Fig. 4.

1884 Phragmodictya (?) crebristriata , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y.
State Mus. Nat. Hist., pi. 21, fig. 7.

This fossil which has been illustrated in the place cited but not before
described, appears to lie an impression of a part of the flaring aperture of a
Dictyosponge with an extremely fine reticulum, or part of an outer mould of
a basal obcone with obscure nodes at the periphery. The radial spicular
impressions, though fine, are distinct, while the reticulating bands are highly
obscure. It probably represents a species unlike any of the others here
described, but its generic characters are still uncertain.

Locality. Keokuk group. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville,
Indiana.

(?) Phragmodictya lineata, Hall.

Plate lxviii, Fig. 5.

1884. Phragmodictya lineata , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 478, pi. 21, fig. 8.

This name was given, in the work cited, to an imperfect specimen of a
small subcylindrical cup, with moderately coarse reticulation and a surface

Species of the Keokuk Group.

1 i i

devoid of the ornamental nodes and ridges occuring in Plirajmodictya catilli-
formis. The specimen was described as having an oblique, convex basal cone
with a strong eccentric cicatrix, but upon a reexamination this supposed
structure seems to be a portion of the lateral wall of the cup which has been
broken and somewhat irregularly compressed. The characters of this speci-
men are not retained with sufficient clearness to demonstrate its specific value.

Locality. Keokuk group. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville,
Indiana.

ACLCEODICTYA, gen. nov.

1882. Phragmodictya , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae ; Expl.
pi. 19, fig. 1.

1884. Pete nod id y a, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., p. 476.

Subcylindrical sponges with strongly fenestrated exterior, as in Ceatiiro-
spongia, and with abruptly obconical base, as in Phragmodictya. There is
no periloph as in the latter genus and in Thysanodictya, and the vertical

spicular bands converge irregularly to or about a broad apical point. The
radial bands from one side are continuous across the disc and are reticulated
by another set of radial bands from the other two quadrants of the disc.

Type, Aclceodictya marsipus , sp. nov.

178

DlOTYOSPONGIDJE.

Aclceodictya marsipus, sp. nov.

Plate lv, Figs. 4, 5; Plate lx. Figs. 3-5; Plate lxi, Figs. 1-3; Plate lxviii, Figs. 7, 8.

Sponge robust, elongate, subcvlindrical. Basal obcone, when uncom-
pressed, expanding at an angle of about 50 degrees; continuing for not more
than one-fifth the length of the cup, whence the surface, with a sharp but not
angular bend, becomes abruptly erect in its growth. Near the basal disc the
cup is at first broadly constricted, thence upward gradually expands and
again narrows to the aperture. Thus the form of the sponge is that of a broad,
medially inflated tube resting upon a shallow obcone.

Reticulum. The \*ertical and horizontal strands form meshes which are

the usual preservation of the fossil,
these differences are obscure. The
primary series form quadrules which
are about 10 mm. on each side, and
these are divided by subordinate
series in the usual manner Over
the body of the sponge, both hor-
izontal and vertical spicular bands
were produced into erect reticulat-
ing lamellae which form a series of
fenestrated areoles. The broadest
of these lamellae may have a margin
of 5 mm. A single poorly preserved
specimen in which a portion of the
pyritized skeleton is retained shows
the presence of very large anchor-
ate basalia with broadly divergent,
smooth flukes and convex head.
There are also great pentactins with curved arms, and denies with short inter-
vals between the acuminate lateral processes. These are forms similar to those
occurring in Physospongia and Cleodictya. A peculiar pentactin (or tetractin)
with short club-shaped arms, a form not observed in other species, occurs
here among the parenchymalia. A figure is also given of a very small pent-
actin with long, straight and simple arms.

Dimensions. The largest and best preserved example, in which the
sponge is compressed but essentially entire, has a length of 140 mm.; length

divisible into various series, though, with

Figure 32. Clenie, anchorate clavule and stauractlns of AcUrodict ya
marsipus , x400. (J. M. C.)

Species ok the Keokuk Group.

179

of basal obcone, 30 mm.; diameter at base of the cylindrical portion, 70 mm.,
at the middle, 85 mm.; at the aperture, 75 mm.

Localities. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville and Indian Creek,
Indiana. (Largely from the collection of A. S. Tiffany.)

Aclieodictya (?) eccentrica, Hall (sp.).

Plate liv, Figs. 1, 2.

1882. Phragmodictya eccentrica. Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyo.
spongidae; Expl. pi. 19, fig. 1.

1884. Ectenodictya eccentrica, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Ilist., p. 476, pi. 20, fig. 1.

This species was based upon certain discoid bodies, marked by irregu-
larly radiating and concentric spicular impressions, which converge about the
central area. The aspect of the specimens suggests the basal obcone in
Aclceodictya marsipus, but the reticulation is much finer than in that species
and the surface toward the periphery shows undulations with a tendency to
plication. Two of the specimens indicate that a portion of the vertical or radiat-
ing spicules from opposite quadrants of the disc are continuous over the
apical region, while they are crossed by the spicules from the other quadrants,
the radial spicular bands thus reticulating with each other. The concentric
or horizontal bands also appear to be present on this apical area. No cicatrice
is observable in the specimens.

The specimens which represent this species differ considerably in size,
one having a semidiameter of 50 mm., the other of 80 mm. The entire
diameter of another is 55 mm.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

GRIPIIODICTY A, gen. nov.

Elongate subcylindrical sponges with subequally expanded base and
aperture. No diaphragm or basal disc present (?).

Surface smooth. Reticulum very fine. Skeleton bearing a great number
of hexactins with modified arms (oxyhexasters) and umbrella-shaped clavules
of various forms.

Type, Griphodictya epiplianes , sp. nov.

The external characters of this sponge are not fully known, but its
spicular composition is so totally unlike that of other forms that upon this

180

Dictyospongid^e.

character both genus and species are founded. Sufficient is also known
of the shape of the body to permit its recognition from the accompanying
description.

Griphodictya epiphanes, sp. nov.

Plate lv, Fig. 6.

Sponge slender, originally subcylindrical or with the tube gently
expanding to both extremities, the incurvature of the vertical walls being a

Figure S3. Spicules of Griphodictya epiphanes, x266. 1-4, umbels of different form ; 5, oxyhexaster with the

arms divided Into three prong* each ; 6, 7, 8, oxyhexaster* with the arms of the horizontal axes unmodified and the
others variously branched ; 9, oxyhexaster with four prongs on two of the arms and three on the other two -,

10, simple hexact or pentact ; 11, fragments of echlnate spicules. ( J. M. C.)

very broad arc without interruption throughout its extent. The base of the
sponge terminates abruptly in a broadly undulated margin by which attach-
ment was evidently effected or aided, as in the case of the periloph of Piirag

Species of the Keokuk Group.

181

modictya. Apertural region somewhat more expanded than the base ; margin
of aperture regular and without tufts. Surface smooth, or with traces of
obscure, discontinuous vertical ridges.

Reticulum very fine. The specimen is so preserved as to expose for
nearly its entire length the inner surface of the wall, this being somewhat
abraded about the base. At the summit a portion of the internal cast adheres,
so that the entire thickness of the skeleton is here retained. Toward the
lower part of the sponge may be seen remnants of two small, widely separated
vertical bundles of stout smooth rods. No other vertical rods are apparent,
while the horizontal rods, though minute, are so abundant and so matted
together as to form a felt of spicules without any division into bundles. The
prevalence of these quite obscures all traces of reticulation. The flesh spicules,
which are extremely abundant over the upper part of the specimen, are large
oxyhexasters with their rays variously modified ; sometimes four of these
rays are simple, while those of the third axis are divided each into three
prongs ; in other cases the rays of a single axis are simple and those of the
other axes divided into three or four prongs. The prongs are not always of
the same number in a hexaster, some of the rays bearing three, some four,
and the prongs themselves being variously subdivided and often producing
very complicated forms. There is some variation in size in these spicules as
shown in the accompanying figures. Besides these hexasters, which seem to
compose the greater part of the spicular mass, there are occasional fragments
of regular hexactins, and numerous fragments of hexactin rays showing very
finely echinate extremities. There are also two styles of umbrella-shaped
elavules, one having a sharply tapering head with broad divisions, eight in
number, the other considerably larger, with apparently seven highly divergent,
narrow and acuminate divisions.

The specimen bears no little resemblance to a small, or young individual
of Phragmodictya cat ill if or mis, though showing no evidence of basal plate or
frill, and it was regarded as that species until the examination of its skeletal
structure demonstrated the impropriety of referring it either to this or any
other known species of Dictyosponges.

Dimensions. Length, 54 mm. ; basal width 20 mm. ; median width
15 mm.; apertural width 25 mm.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

182

DlCTYOSPONGIDJE.

CALATHOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

(For description see page 155.)

Calatiiospongia ampiiorina, sp. nov.

Plate lxviii, Fig. 6.

Sponge small, abruptly and broadly expanded at the aperture ; body
comparatively short, subcylindrical, having considerably less than one-half the
width of the aperture; basal portion somewhat expanded, probably terminat-
ing abruptly. Surface without ridges, nodes or other irregularities.

Reticulum, composed of very fine spicular bands, producing uniformly
small meshes. On the internal cast there are no sharply defined quadrulesbut
there is a notable predominance of the vertical spicular bundles which are
individualized near the base but in ascending they become broadened and
diffuse.

The single specimen has its flaring apertural portion bent over upon the
body of the cup, but the original form of the sponge is very clearly shown.
Part of the base is missing but the slight expansion of the cup in this region
indicates a stout and abrupt termination.

I)i mensions. The diameter of the aperture in the specimen described is
54 mm. ; that of the body of the cup at the base of the aperture, 20 mm., and
the entire length of the specimen 70 mm.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfonlsville, Indiana.

Calatiiospongia (?) magnifica, sp. nov.

Plate lvi, Fig. 5 ; Plate lvii, Fig. 1.

Sponge of large size, funnel-shaped, probably subcylindrical about the
body, rapidly and abruptly expanding toward the aperture. Form incom-
pletely known. Surface more or less obscurely prismatic and without nodes
or other irregularities.

Reticulum divided into large quadrilles by horizontal intersections with
the obscure prism-edges or spicular ridges corresponding therewith. These
quadrules measure about 24 mm. on a side, over the body of the cup, but
widen considerably toward the aperture. There are four or five subsidiary
series of meshes in each quadrule of the first order, the reticulation of the
entire surface being thus complete and regular. Probably the principal spicu-
lar bands were more or less elevated into erect lamellae.

Sp ECIES OF THE KeOKTJK GROUP.

183

Dimensions. We have represented two large fragments of this species,
both showing the expanded upper portion and a part of the body of the cup.
The larger of these has a length of 240 mm., a width below of 140 mm., and at
the upper end the diameter, if entire, would be about 300 mm. The second
specimen is smaller and shows a somewhat more rapid expansion of the cup.
Both of these specimens have been compressed. Fragments of the species are
not uncommon but are usually very imperfect.

Locality, In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

•/ *

CLEODICTYA, Hall.

(For description see page 163.)

Cleodictya gloriosa, Hall.

Plate lxix, Fig. 1 ; Plate lxx, Figs. 1, 2.

1884. Cleodictya gloriosa , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.

Nat. Hist., p. 479.

Sponge large, urceolate in form ; rapidly expanding from a probably
broad and flattened base into the single basal row of nodes, where it attains
its greatest width ; above this it is abruptly contracted, thence gradually expands
with a smooth surface and graceful outward curvature toward the aperture.
From the summit of the nodes downward, which was less than one-half the
length of the cup, the surface is gently convex ; above them the surface is
concave.

The nodes are large, strongly convex, obtuse, wider vertically than hori-
zontally and are directed obliquely upward resting on the crest of a horizontal
ridge produced by the constriction of the cup. The number of these nodes is
somewhat variable ; the finest example bears ten of about equal size and shows
an additional but incipient node in one of the dividing grooves. A second and
smaller specimen has eleven fully developed nodes with an incipient twelfth.
These facts indicate the probability of increase in the number of nodes with
the growth, of the individual as well as their numerical variation in different
individuals. The external cast indicates that the nodes were not tufted nor
any other part of the surface elevated into spicular lamellae. The grooves
separating the nodes are broad and moderately deep, not, however, interrupt-
ing the general elevation of the ridge upon which the latter rest.

Shortly above the upper base of the nodes the surface contracts for about
one-fourth the lower diameter of the cup, and its gradual expansion from this
point upward continues, it is believed, without interruption to the aperture ;

184

DlCTYOSPONGIIEE.

thus making the upper part of the sponge regularly vase-shaped with a circu
lar cross-section. The actual extent of this vase and the precise form of the
aperture remain unknown.

The reticulum is fine-meshed throughout and in no place is there evidence
of conspicuous reticulating bands, the aspect of the net-work being very
similar to that in species of Calathospongia (e, g. C Redfieldi , C. Cavil i).
The larger quadrilles are minutely subdivided and vary in size and form as
the curvatures of the surface vary. The fossil is in a sandstone and the
spicules are not preserved.

This magnificent sponge attained commanding dimensions. The best of
the specimens, which has lost something from each extremity, has a height of
190 mm. It has been somewhat compressed laterally and its greatest width
at the lower end is 145 mm. ; its width across the basal nodes is 215 mm. At
its narrowest diameter, above the nodes, it measures 120 mm., and at the top
about 140 mm. A smaller specimen representing the basal portion only,
measures 115 mm. across the row of nodes.

Locality. From a sandstone of the age of the Keokuk group, overlying
the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana. (Collection of E. B. Hall.)

Cleodictya Mohri, Hall.

Plate lxx, Fig. 3.

1884. Cleodictya ? Mohri, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.
Nat. Hist., p. 479.

Sponge elongate, swollen below, broadly constricted and gradually
expanding above. The base is broad and the expansion thence to the hori.

zontal row of nodes is convex and
rapid. This expanded portion of
the sponge is relatively much longer
than in other species of the genus,
the nodes themselves being very
obscure, elongate and but slightly
elevated. Over one portion of the
elevation on which they lie, where
the reticulum is fully preserved,
they are scarcely discernible. On
the exposed half of the cup there are evidences of four nodes with a possible
fifth. Above the nodiferous expansion, the contraction of the cup is gradual

Figure 84. Spicule* of Cleodictya Mohri.

1, Group of umbels, xf>0 ; 2, compound plnulus, x200 ; 3, bexaetln
surrounded by umbels and fragments of rbabds, x80. ( J. M. C.)

Species of the Keokuk Group.

185

for one-half the remaining distance, thence upward the expansion begins
again and is continued to the aperture.

The reticulum is smooth and in its general aspect like that of C. gloriosa
and C. Olaypolei. Over the upper portion of the cup there is a series of

Figure 35. Spicules of Cleodictya Mohri, x400. 1, large hexact ; 2, extremity of rhabd or hexact ; 3, echlnate
hexact ; 4, extremity of large echlnate hexact; 5, umbel ; 6, mlcrumbel. (J. M. C.)

horizontal bands of spicules which are more conspicuous than the rest and are
not crossed by vertical bands of corresponding size at regular intervals.

Figure 31. Spicules of Cleodictya Mohri, x400. 1, 2, hexacts ; 3, small cleme ; 4, rhabd showing concentric layers ; 5, 6, umbel
and mlcrumbel. (J. M. C.)

Above the basal expansion the vertical bundles of spicular rods or rhabds
lose their close definition and are spread over the quadrules somewhat to the

Dictyospongio.e.

186

Figure 37. Spicules of Cleodictya Mohri , x400. J, Terminal portion of vertical rod ; 2, umbol ; 3, the same from
beneath ; 4, mlcrumbel ; 5, 6, the two sides of an entire trlptnulus ; 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, various fragments of plnulus
forms; 8, Incomplete amphlaster ; 12, echlnate hexact , 14, 15, tpiculce innominatce ; 16, anchorate clavule ,

17, rhabd showing concentric layers. (J. M. C.)

series. The ultimate quadrilles, which measure about .5 mm., have at each
angle regular hexactins whose arms traverse more than one-half the length of
the contiguous squares, the extremital portions of adjacent spicules overlap-
ping. The outer vertical arm is sometimes modified into a blunt node. Such
hexactins are shown in figures 34, 35 and 36. There are also other regular
hexactins of large and small size with echinate arms, as shown by the frag*

obscuration of the latter. There is much variation in the size of these rods,
large and small ones being bundled together. In figure 37 is shown the
terminal portion of one such rod. A close examination seems to establish
the fact that the majority of these lateralia terminate before reaching the
basal expansion and those which continue to the base of the cup are mainly
the rods of largest diameter. The horizontal bundles are of similar size,
but individual rods are frequently as large as any occurring in the vertical

l

Species of the Keokuk Group.

187

ments represented in figure 35. The smaller of these probably belong to the
parenchymalia but the larger has not been located.

There is a very considerable variety in the forms which may be referred
to the parenchymalia and dermalia. Perhaps the most striking of these are the
large and small umbels (umbels and micrumbels ; figs. 34, 35, 36 and 37). These
are like the dermal clavules which have been figured by F. E. Schulze in the
recent species Farrea occa * except that here the shafts are always short and
smooth, gently swollen beneath the umbels, and the teeth of the umbels
smooth. They evidently have nothing to do with the anchoring spicules or
basalia, and the same is probably true of the anchor-shaped fragment
shown in fig. 37 (16) which was taken from the upper part of the cup.
To the dermalia may also be referred the peculiar compound tri-pinulus,
both sides of the complete form of which are shown in figure 37 (5, 6).
The morphology of this spicule is not readily apprehended. There are also
other peculiar pinulus forms as shown in figures 34 (2) and 37 (7, 9, 10, 11,
13), which are as yet incompletely known. In figure 37 (8) is an imper-
fect amphiaster belonging to the parenchymalia.

Dimensions. The original specimen measures 130 mm. in height,
70 mm. in diameter at the base, 100 mm. across the nodose expansion, 65 mm.
where narrowest, and about 75 mm. at the upper end which is imperfect.
Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

PHY SOSPON GI A, Hall.

1881. Uphantcenia , Whitfield. American Journal of Science, vol. xxii, p. 132.
1881. Uphantcenia, Dawson. American Journal of Science, vol. xxii, p. 132.

1881. Uphantcenia, Whitfield. Bull. No. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 15.

1882. Physospongia, Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidse ; Expl.

pi. 19.

1884. Physospongia, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., pp. 467, 479-481.

The fossils of this genus have the form of a diminutive basket with broad
strands and coarse meshes. The upright body has a very gradual expansion
from the base upward and its surface was probably regular, as far as appears
from the usual mode of preservation, though it is possible that, when com-
pressed, the strong vertical strands of the spicules may have given it a some-
what prismatic form. Normally the surface bears two series of these vertical

• Hexactlnellidae, pi Ixxl, figs. S, 5, 9.

188

J ) ICTY OSPON G IDiE.

spicular bands, one broad and conspicuous, its members alternating with a
series of narrow bands. In the type-species, P. Dawsoni, where all generic
features are most clearly defined, these bands are generally placed at equal
intervals, but there may be in other cases, and even in this species, consider-
able variation in this respect. By the crossing of the concentric or horizontal
spicular bands, which are narrow, of equal breadth and nearly equidistant,
the area enclosed by any two of the broader vertical bands is divided into
subequilateral quadrilles, and each of these quadrilles is again divided into
four quadrules by the intersection of a vertical band of the second order with a
horizontal band. Of the four quadrules thus formed two are elevated into
bill late expansions or pouches, the other two are depressed into regularly con-
cave basins; nodes and depressions alternating in position so that normally
every node is surrounded by four depressions and every depression by four
nodes, each at the same time being separated from every other by spicular
bands. Considerable irregularity in the disposition of these elevated and
depressed areas is sometimes shown by P. Gollett/i , while the little known P.
multibursaria in this structure quite fails to conform with our conception
of the genus.

As usually preserved the tops of the surface nodes are broken off, or by
adherence to the matrix give the impression of a vertical series of areoles, but
normally the surface of these nodes and depressions is continuous and finely
reticulated by regularly disposed interlacing pentacts. All specimens
observed have been more or less subjected to compression and it is possible to
ascertain the full elevation of the nodes only along the edges of the cup. In
such marginal sections we also find evidence of extensions from the horizontal
spicular bands into slender erect tufts. These always occur at the intersec-
tion of the horizontal and vertical bands, and it is probable that they were
developed at every such intersection. The spicules of the vertical bands do
not appear to have been complicated with those of the horizontal bands in the
formation of these tufts.*

There is certainly a striking similarity in external structure between
Piiysospongia and the great explanate or saucer-shaped bodies already f
described as Hypha.nt.exia, and which occur in the form of impressions in the
sandstones of the Chemung group. Our knowledge of IIyphant.enia is still
incomplete but we know that the intervals between the vertical and hori-
zontal or concentric spicular bands were partially if not wholly covered by
spongin.

♦ In the brief original description of this genus these tufts were regarded as originating from the summits of the nodes.

Species of the Keokuk Group.

189

Similar skeletal structure is also to be found in the genus Roemeri-
spongia of the middle Devonian of Germany ( Ji. Gerolste inensis, F. Roemer ;
see part 1, page 67).

In American faunas species of Physospongia are known only from the
Keokuk group, all specimens having been derived from the calcareous shales
in the vicinity of Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Physospongia Dawsoni, Whitfield (sp.).

Plate lxii, Figs. 1-10.

1881. Uphantcenia Dawsoni , Whitfield. American Journal of Science,
vol. xxii, 3d ser., p. 1 32.

1881. Uphantoenia Dawsoni , Whitfield. Bull. No. 1, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

p. 15, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2.

1882. Physospongia Dawsoni , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae ;

Expl. pi. 19, figs. 4-fi, 8 (not fig. 7).

1884. Physospongia Dawsoni, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 479, pi. 19 (20), figs. 4-6, 8.

Sponge subcylindrical over the body and lower portion, expanding some-
what more rapidly toward the aperture. In the majority of specimens the
cup seems to taper quite rapidly toward the base, but the base itself was
evidently broadly obtuse, and in some instances slightly expanded. This por-
tion of the cup is seldom retained. Size comparatively small, rarely exceeding
a length of 75 mm. with a nearly equal width at the aperture when under
compression. As usually preserved the width of the cup at the upper end is
about one third greater than at the lower end ; occasionally the former is
twice that of the latter.

Peticulum. The primary reticulation of the surface is very coarse and is
produced by a double series of vertical spicular bundles intersecting a single
series of horizontal bands. Of the vertical bundles the principal series is
broad and flat, its width being from three to five times that of the secondary
series. There is a notable increase in width from below upward in the prin.
cipal bundles, as occurs in P. Colletti. The principal and secondary vertical
bundles alternate in position and are equidistant, the latter equally dividing
the area set off by the former. The horizontal bands are narrow, carrying
about the same number of spicular rods as the secondary vertical bundles.
The intersection of these with the principal vertical bundles divides the sur-
face into equal quadrules, each of these being sub-divided into four equal

190

DlOTYOSPONGIlYE.

parts by the intersection of the horizontal with the secondary vertical bands.
Two of the quadrilles thus formed axe elevated into regular convex pouches or
nodes, the other two are concave, and it seems probable that the curvature of

the concavity was originally equal to that
of the node. These elevations and depres-
sions alternate in position and thus each
node is surrounded by four depressions
and each depression by four nodes. The
general surface effect produced by this
arrangement is that of a series of double
vertical rows of nodes separated by the
broad vertical spicular bands. The num-
ber of the primary vertical bands is usually
twelve, though some specimens seem to
have had not more than ten.

Growth. The younger parts of the
specimens usually show a diminution in
the size and in the development of the surface nodes and depressions, and
when the actual basal parts of the cup become known they probably will be
found comparatively free of the usual surface conformation. Near the aper-
tural margin also the nodes become less distinct, that is, less elevated, though
often of greater area. The duplication of the nodes and depressions as an
accompaniment of growth in the expansion of the cup, such as occurs fre-
quently in P. Colletti , is very rarely observed in this species.

Skeleton. In the remarks already given upon the structure of the skele-
ton of the thin-fleshed Dictyosponges, it has been observed that the tuft of
basal spicules or basalia is but a continuation and union of the long vertical
spicular bundles which, with the horizontal bands, produce the characteristic
reticulation of the surface. Further evidence from analogy with living
hexactinellids, as well as from the facts themselves, is that these lateralia or
upward extensions of the basalia lay within the sponge and probably bounded
the surface of the great gastral cavity. The flesh-wall of the sponge, however,
was so exceedingly tenuous that in the best preserved of the Dictyospongidje
it is usually extremely difficult to distinguish the gastral from the dermal
surface as far as shown by differences of structure.

In Physospongia Pawsoni the innermost or true gastral surface of the
principal lateralia bears only long cylindrical rods, varying notably in size.
These may frequently be followed for the length of two or three quadrilles

Species of the Keokuk Group.

191

without interruption, and probably were originally continuous to the base of
the sponge. The upper or outer portions of these spicular bundles contain
numerous small cylindrical rods which terminate in a two-pronged anchor,
each barb or prong tapering
backward toward the aperture
into a slender rod ending in a
point. The head of the anchor
is considerably inflated on the
smooth surfaces and its apex or
point is blunt. The size of the
anchors varies somewhat, as
shown in the accompanying fig-
ure, both enlargements to the
same degree. These anchorate
spicules are scattered, often
abundantly, throughout the en-
tire length of the lateralia and
could have had nothing to do
with the fixation or anchoring
of the sponge.

Together with the anchorate spicules or just above them and on the
outermost layer of the bundles, is a series of parallel twigs or denies which
have been described as somewhat flattened rods expanded alternately first on
one lateral margin and then on the other, into
elongate triangular surfaces whose outer or mar-
ginal angle is acute and continued a short dis-
tance backward into a very slender rod-like exten-
sion. Between this and the edge of the spicules
the margin of the triangle is gently incurved.

The intervals between the triangular expansions
vary somewhat, and the spicules themselves are
generally more slender than the rods of the gas-
tral surface, though they are seen to be of con-
siderable length. One specimen, which happens
to be the original of Uphantcenia Dawsoni,

Whitfield, is so broken that a portion of these vertical bundles remains
on the interior or gastral cast and the rest or outer portion on the
enclosing rock. The former of theise fragments is figured by Whitfield

Figure 39. Plxysospongia Daicgoni.
ule*. x400 (J. M. C.)

The heads of two anchorate splc-

Fioure 40. Physospongia Dawsoni . A
group of spicules. The stauractln In the circle
Is enlarged 30 diameters ; the others 250 di-
ameters. (J. M. C.)

192

Diotyospongtd^e.

Figure 41. Spicules of Physospongia Dawsoni , X400.
Fragments of echinate hexacts, a smooth-rayed pentact,
a diact and part of a cleme. (J. M. C.)

(loe. cit. iig. 1). The separation is of such a nature that only the cylindrical
rods adhere to the gastral cast while the anchorate spicules and denies
are beautifully displayed in their original position upon the enveloping

matrix. The secondary vertical lateralia
and the horizontal reticulating bands are
composed of comparatively few cylindrical
spicules, some of which attain a greater
size than any observed in the principal
lateralia, but neither of these series has
shown any trace either of the anchorate or
of the clemate spicules.

Mention has been made of the radiate
tufts produced by the extension of the
horizontal spicular rods at their intersec-
tion with the vertical lateralia of both
series. The spicules of the horizontal
lateralia appear to lie nearer the gastral
surface than do the principal and secondary vertical bundles. At the intersec-
tion of the horizontal and vertical bundles are occasionally seen large pen tacts,
sending a ray along each bundle departing from that point, the fifth ray
passing inward. These pentacts are the heaviest parts of the skeleton, and

as they lie above or outside of
the lateralia they probably belong
to the dermal surface.

The dermal surface of the
quadrules formed by the intersec-
tion of the lateralia is regularly and
very finely reticulated by smooth-
rayed pentacts lying in apposi-
tion. These vary in size but are
ure of one of thetspicuiar tufts, xio. (j. m. c.) never more than one-tenth as laige

as the smooth pentacts at the intersection of the lateralia. Among the spicules
which evidently belong to the parenchyma of the sponge are numerous frag-
ments of echinate branches, some of which undoubtedly are parts of echinate
hexacts, as that represented in figure 41. The same figure shows a fragment
of a large spicule in which the surface spinules are more produced than in any
of the echinate spicules of other species. This form of spicule seems to be of
rare occurrence in the species, and from analogy with P. Collett i, Cleodictya

Figure 42. Physospongia Dawsoni. A somewhat diagrammatic flg-

Species of the Keokuk Group.

19. ‘5

gloriosa, and other species, we have to conclude that it belongs to a large
hexact or pentact whose precise position in the skeleton still remains in doubt.

Smooth, elongate siliquate diacts (figure 41) of small size are occasionally
found among the parenchymalia.

After careful search this species has afforded no evidence of umbels such
as occur in P. Colletti and Cleodictya gloriosa. Nevertheless it seems prob-
able that they exist, though they may be of great rarity.

Dimensions. The size of this species, in comparison with its closest ally,
P. Colletti , is always small. An individual of rather large dimensions has a
length of 70 mm., an apertural diameter of 80 mm., and a basal diameter of
30 mm. Fragments of somewhat larger examples have been observed. An
average specimen which seems to be complete, is 45 mm. in length, has a basal
width of 50 mm., contracting above this to a width of 44 mm. and expanding
again to an apertural diameter of 60 mm.

Locality. Physospongia Dawsoni is known only from the calcareous shales
of the Keokuk group at Crawfordsville and Indian Creek, Indiana.

Physospongia Colletti, Hall.

Plate lxiii, Figs. 1-7.

1884. Physospongia Colletti , Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 480, pi. xx, fig. 7.

Sponge large, rapidly, and sometimes unsymmetrically expanding from a
broad base to a wide aperture.

Surface highly nodose, similar in structure and aspect to that of P.
Dawsoni, but with nodes of much greater size, and with more frequent irreg-
ularities in their arrangement.

Ileticulwm. The primary and secondary vertical bundles are of very
unequal size. The former are broad and compact over the lower portion of
the sponge but become diffuse above, spreading into a fan-like brush near the
aperture and obscuring thereby some of the main quadrules. Over the median
and lower portion of the cup the quadrules are nearly square but toward the
aperture both nodes and concavities become transverse, the horizontal diame-
ter increasing and the vertical diameter lessening, until each division becomes
very narrow. Thereupon ensues a multiplication in the number of vertical
rows of nodes and depressions, the two rows of any one of the main vertical
divisions of the surface increasing to four, and the area occupied by each large
node or depression over the body of the cup bears two small nodes and cor-
responding depressions. This duplication of the vertical rows of quadrules is

DlOTYOSPONfi TD.K.

194

shown in figs. 5 and 6 of the plate cited. The aperture of the cup appears
to he smooth and its margin regular and even, without processes or spicular
projections.

Skeleton. As in Pliysospongia Dawsoni, the vertical bundles in this
species are composed of a great number of smooth rods, there being associated

with them anchors and denies. In the
material under examination the spicular
structure is not very satisfactorily retained,
but it would seem as if these anchorate
and clemate rods were comparatively less
abundant than in P. Dawsoni , and they
prove to be of somewhat smaller size. The
figure 43. spicules of physospongia couetti ; fraS- predominant peiitactiiis are of lame size and

ments of denies, anchorate clavulcs and echinate hex- 1

actius, etc. xG5. (j. m. c.) strongly echinate. It is presumed that

these lay at the angles of the quadrules and their abundance is in contrast to

the comparatively rare
occurrence and small
size of similar bodies
in P. Dawsoni. The
surface of the nodes
and depressions is
very minutely and
retangularly reticu-
lated but so little of
the spicular frame-
work over those areas
has been preserved
that only the large
umbel (fig. 44) can
lie referred thereto.
It has been observed
that although the
specimens of P. Daw-
soni have afforded
much more satisfac-
tory means of study-

Figure 44. Spicules of Pliysospongia Colletti. x400. (.f. M. C.) lllg tile spi CU 1 ill’ ele~

ments of the skeleton, no umbels have been found in that species. Presum-
ably in P. Colletti spicular tufts were present at the intersection of the

Species of the Keokuk Group.

195

horizontal and vertical spicules, as in P. Dawsoni, but no satisfactory
evidence of them lias been observed.

Dimensions. A specimen which preserves the upper portion of the cup
for a length of 82 mm. has an apertural width of 150 mm. and a diameter at
the lower end of 80 mm. Another example which represents the basal and
median parts of the sponge, is 90 mm. long, 105 mm. wide at the top, and
55 mm. wide at the base. Both of these specimens have been laterally
compressed.

Locality. In the calcareous shales at Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Piiysospongia alternata, Hall.

Plate i.xii, Fig. 11.

1882. Physospong ia alter nata , Hall. Notes on the Family Dictyospongidae.
Expl. pi. 19, fig. 9.

1884. Physospong ia alter nata, Hall. Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Ilist., p. 481, pi. xx, fig. 9.

The few specimens of this species which have been observed show a
narrow subcylindrical tube with a length of about 40 mm. and a width of
25 mm. That these undoubtedly represent a specific form distinct from the
others here described is shown, first, in the subequal width of the vertical
lateralia, and second, in the comparatively slight development of the alternat-
ing elevated and depressed quadrules.

The vertical and horizontal spicular bands are narrow, subequal in width,
about equally distant from one another and hence the quadrules formed by
their intersection are nearly square. The number of double rows of squares is
but six at the lower part of the specimen, but towards its upper part there is
a duplication of one of the rows by the development of a new vertical spicular
bundle, such as frequently appear in P. Colletti. It has not been possible to
fully investigate the spicular skeleton of this sponge. Some of the vertical
lateralia bear clemes similar to those of the other species of Piiysospongia, but
no anchorate rods have been observed. Large pentacts lie at the angles of
the meshes and small pentacts and smooth-rayed hexacts are found over the
quadrules.

Locality. Keokuk group, Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Diotyospongiiee.

I 96

PlIYSOSPOFTGIA MUXTIBURSARIA, Sp. BOV.

Plate lxi, Fig. 7.

This is an aberrant form, referred to the genus Physospongia, pending a
more complete knowledge of its structure. The single specimen represents a
portion of one side of what must have been a very large sponge of whose
original proportions it is not possible to form an accurate conception. rllie
surface is flat and measures 175 mm. in length and 110 mm. in its greatest
diameter. This expansion is covered with a great number of small, rounded
elevations having the form of drooping pouches, the smaller of them resemb-
ling the nodes of Pkysospongia Dawsoni, but the longer appear to have been
of the pendulous nature of the lobes in Botryodictya though of much smaller
size. These nodes are arranged in vertical rows although there are portions
of the surface where the order is somewhat obscured by the overlapping of

Figure 45. Spicules of Physospongia multibursaria, x400. Showing a large Irregular pentact, fragments of ecliinate
hexacts, smooth dlact and a minute cleme. (J. M. C. )

the longer nodes. At the bottom of the specimen, thirteen of these rows may
be counted, while toward the top, where the surface is broadest, there are as
many as twenty. No arrangement into transverse rows can be distinguished.

A few of these processes show traces of reticulation about their basal
portions or over their summits, but where the interspaces are uncovered or
the nodes have been removed, the impression of a fine spicular net-work is
everywhere seen. The unbroken marginal portion at the right of the specimen
is without nodes, and here the reticulum is partially preserved in pyrite.

The meshes and spicular bands appear to be in two not very clearly
marked series, the principal bands, so far as can be seen, beingfrom 3 to 5 mm.

Species of the Keokuk Group.

197

apart which is the width of the nodes. The bands themselves are extremely
narrow. There is no such prominent development of bundles of lateralia as
in the typical species of Piiysospongia, a fact which, of itself, is suggestive of
probable different generic relations in this species. Some small portions
of the skeleton which have been submitted to microscopic examination show
very large pentactins with blunt extremities, such as are shown in figure
45. These were probably at the junction of the larger transverse and hori-
zontal bands. There are also small, echinate pentactins or tetractins, some
larger fragments indicating similar spicules of more conspicuous size, and
small sausage-shaped diactins. The little cleme represented in the figure
shows the extreme minuteness of certain elements of the skeleton. Through-
out the mass examined are clusters of minute spheres of pyrite, which at
first impression would seem of concretionary origin ; it may, however, be pos-
sible that these are modified spicules (diactins ?). No evidence has been found
of the umbels (clavules), anchors and plumes of Physospongia Dawsoni.

Locality. In the soft shales of the Keokuk group, Crawfordsville,
I ndiana.

i

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES.

200

DiCTYOSPONGID/E.

PLATE I.

CYATHODICTYA, nom. propos.

Page 24.

Cyathodictya reticulata, Walcott (sp.).

Page 24.

Figures 1-6. A series of young specimens, all of natural size, showing grada-
tion in form, and most of them retaining the reticulum more or less
completely.

Figure 7. An unusually large example, its spicular structure somewhat con-
ventionally reconstructed in places, showing the arrangement of the
spicular elements and, beneath the reticulum, the irregularly dis-
tributed areoles outlined in an unresolvable mass of pyrite.

Figure 8. The apertural portion of an average cup, torn at one side ; enlarged
to show the finer spicular net- work about the margin, x 3.

Figure 9. An individual of somewhat less than average size.

Figures 10, 11. The apertural extremities of two individuals. The apparent
thickness of the spicular wall is due to slight incurvature about the
aperture, x 3.

Figure 12. The basal extremity of an average specimen ; showing the exten-
sion of the reticulum into a short basal tuft, x 3.

Figure 13. An enlargement of a portion of the reticulum, showing the differ-
ent series of simple cruciform spicules, and the underlying layer with
its areoles. This inner layer is unresolvable, its substance as
preserved being granular pyrite. It will be observed that the
areoles are irregularly disposed and are covered by spicules of the
outer frame-work, x 5.

Utica slate. Holland Patent , New York.

SPIIyERODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 26.

SpiliERODIOTYA SUBSPII.ERIOA, Walcott (sp.).

Page 26.

Figure 14. A cluster of young individuals of various sizes, showing
peripheral spicules on some of the specimens.

DIC T VO H 1> O N G 1 1 > A\ .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate I.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

201

Figure 15. One of the two largest of the specimens in this group, enlarged;

showing the peripheral spicules, and the cruciform spicules over a
part of the wall. The surface is a continuous pyrite film with an
irregular break near the center, due to the adhesion of a part of
the film to the opposite side of the matrix. The specimen from
which these two drawings have been made was loaned for the
purpose by the U. S. National Museum and is one of the speci-
mens upon which IIauff based his conception of the genus
Teganium. x 3.

Figure 16. Another group of young examples.

Figure 17. One of these enlarged, showing long peripheral spicules and a
continuous surface film, x 3.

Figure 18. A normal mature specimen, natural size. This specimen is in
the condition of preservation usual for this species, the sponge
having separated in such a manner as to expose the inner poriferous
wall of the reticulum, and the outer wall in peripheral section.
The rest of the latter adheres to the separated portion of the
matrix.

Figure 19. An enlargement of a portion of the inner wall, showing the
areoles enclosed by a net-work of irregularly arranged cruciform
spicules, x 3.

Figure 20. A portion of the outer wall of the sponge, showing a regular
reticulation, the matrix beneath bearing obscure traces of the areoles
of the inner layer, x 3.

Figure 21. An enlargement of a portion of the surface similar to that
shown in figure 19. x 3.

Figure 22. Part of a segment of one of these .spheres, showing a portion of
the inner wall, and the section of the outer wall, x 3.

All the specimens here figured are from the Utica slate at
Holland Patent , New York.

202

Dictyospongid^e.

PLATE IT.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI )

II YDNOCER AS AvOCA, sp. IlOV.

Page 103.

(See Plates IX, X, XI.)

Figure 1. The upper portion of a large individual, an internal cast with very
sharply defined reticulation ; showing the broad, subcircular outline
of the in >des.

Chemung group. Avoca, New Yorlc.

Figure fi. An incomplete and slender specimen with four horizontal rows of
nodes, three of these being greatly extended.

Chemung group. Jenks quarry , Hath, New York.

Hydnoceras nodosum, Hall (sp.).

Page 109.

Figure 2. A view of a gutta-percha squeeze of the original impression ;

showing the small size of the species and its prominent nodes in at
least five rows.

Chemung group. Cattaraujus county , New York.

II YDNOCERAS B0TRQ5DEM A, Sp. IlOV.

Page 102.

Figure 4. A specimen of average size, showing the extended, flattened and
slightly drooping nodes, completely circular body and fine reticula-
tion. This species is almost invariably found in a highly imperfect
condition, and consequently, in this drawing the tips of the nodes
have been somewhat restored from data furnished by several
specimens.

Chemung group. Irish hill, near Hath, New York.

Hydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Page 97.

(See Plates III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XXXVIII.)

Figure 5. View from the upper end of an average internal cast.

Figure 6. An enlargement of the surface of the internal cast.

Chemung group. Hrown hill, near Cohocton, New York.

1)IC 'T VOS 1*0X0 IDA*

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plateil

G.B Simpson del

C Fausel lith.

Explanations of Plates.

20, ‘5

Figure 7. A somewhat restored and conventional figure of this species,
reproduced from the Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the N. Y. State
Museum, pi. 17 (18), fig. 7.

Hydnoceras anthracis, sp. nov.

Page 109.

(See Plates VI and XXXIII.)

Figure 8. A fragment showing the upper portion of a small individual with
fine reticulation, broad apertural surface and four low subcircular
nodes.

Chemung group. Wellsville, New York.

204

DlCTYOSPOXGIDU:.

PLATE III.

IIYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

Hydxoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Page 97.

(See Plates II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XXXVIII.)

Figure 1. The lower portion of a rather large individual in which the first
horizontal row of nodes has developed with regularity, but the
second and third rows have been disordered by the appearance of
three nodes out of their normal position. It will be observed that
owing to this malformation and a defect in the net-work near the
center of the specimen, the vertical strands at the left of the drawing
become continuous with and form the horizontal strands on the more
remote node, lying next to the uppermost one on that side. This
peculiar structure is very clearly shown on the specimen.

Figure 2. An incomplete specimen which has been somewhat compressed
vertically and the depth of the horizontal constrictions thereby
increased. The nodes have here, also, been somewhat irregular in
their appearance, one in the third row occurring out of its vertical
position, and its representative in the fourth row being omitted.

Figure 4. End view of a large specimen having but seven nodes.

Chemung group. Brown hill, near Cohocton, New York.

HyDNOCERAS 15ATIIEXSE, Sp. UOV.

Page 101.

(See Plates VIII and IX.)

Figure .3. An incomplete individual of average size, showing the prominent
nodes.

Chemung group. Jenks quarry, Bath, New York.

1 ) I C T V( ) S 1 » O X ( > I 1 ) A'\ .

Memoirs . Geological Survey of Newark.

Plate 111.

206

Drom >spon oidas.

PLATE I V.

HYDRIODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 77.

(See Plates V, XVI, XXI.)

1 1 VDRIODIOTYA PATULA, Hull (sp.).

Page 78.

Figure 1. A view of the original specimen ; showing the smooth, expanding
surface, regular aperture and sharply defined reticulation.

Chemung group. Brown bill, near Cobocton, N. Y.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Pape 05.

(See Plates II, III. V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI )

Hydnoceiias tuberosum, Conrad.

Pago 97.

(See Plates II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, XXXVIII.)

Figure 2. A plaster-cast of the original specimen of the species.

Chemung group. Said to have come from near Addison, Steuben
county, New York.

Figure 3. A very broad and somewhat compressed example with the reticu-
lation and subprismatic form finely preserved.

Figure 4. A small specimen with the normal number of four horizontal rows
of low nodes, the summit of each of which is incomplete, indicating
the presence of spicular tufts at these points. The specimen lies in its
matrix, which retains the impressions of the pointed tufts on the
lateral nodes and the vertical, erect expansions connecting them.
These were probably also present in varying degrees of development
on all of the principal vertical and horizontal spicular bands. An
interesting abnormality is shown on the lower right margin of the
specimen where a very strong spicular tuft exists between two nodes
in their normal position, and there is only very obscure evidence of
an intercalary node at this point. The tuft near the base of the
sponge represents another very faintly developed node.

Chemung group. Brown bill, near Cobocton, New York.

I ) I < TYOSIMKNOI I ) iV

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate IV.

208

Dl( TYOSPONGIU.E,

PLATE V.

IIYDRIOUICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 77.

(See Plates IV, XVI, XXI.)

IIydriodictya cylix, sp. nov.

Page 78.

(See Plate XVI.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a small, essentially entire specimen, showing
the character of the reticulation. The surface of the sponge is
smooth and the apparent swellings and depressions wholly due to
compression in fossilization.

Chemung group. Deyo basin, Naples , New York.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVH, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

Hydxocekas tuberosum, Conrad.

Page 97.

(See Plates II, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, XXXVIII.)

Figure 3. A long, slender and nearly entire individual, bearing five horizontal
rows of nodes with an additional one near the base in an incipient
condition; showing the smooth surface in the apertural region, the
regular aperture and the tufts at each node, which have been drawn
in from impressions left upon the matrix.

Figure 4. A stouter, more sharply prismatic specimen with more extended
tufts, retaining also the vertical lamellae connecting them. The
cavities left by the bases of these tufts are shown at the summits of
some of the nodes.

Chemung group. Brown lull, near Cohocton, New York.

DTCTYO SPONGIDA'

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate V

■ -

m

E Emmons del

Philip Ast lith

2 1 0

Dictyospongiiue.

PLATE YI.

IIYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X,XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.1

IIydnoceiias antiiuacis, sp. nov.

Page 109.

(See Plates II, XXXIII.)

1. A view of tlie upper portion of an individual, showing the small
size of the species, its prismatic form, broad and smooth apertural
surface and subcircular nodes. On the right of the specimen the
extension of these nodes and their tufts into the matrix is shown.

2. The opposite side of the same specimen.

Chemung group. Scio, New York.

Hydxoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Page 97.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VII VIII, XXXVIII.)

3. Two small individuals in a block of sandstone which retains
impressions of the spicular tufts and lamellae.

Chemung group. Drown hill,' near Cohocton, New York.

II YDNOCERAS PHYMATODES, sp. HOV.

Page 104.

(See Plate XXXVII.)

Figures 4, 5. Opposite sides of a typical specimen having seven horizontal
rows of low nodes; in the second and third rows there being eight
nodes, in the fourth, nine, in the fifth and sixth, eleven. In the fifth
horizontal row in figure 5, an intercalary node begins a new vertical
row.

Chemung group. Bath, New York.

Figure

Figure

Figure

1)I( TVOSPONGIDA

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

i :

Plate VI

o B Bimpson del

G Fausei !rth.

PLATE VII.

IIYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Pago 95.

(Sec Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLV1.)

IIydnoceras iiypastrum, sp. nov,

Page 105.

Figure 1. A transverse section viewed from beneath ; showing the circular
body of the species, and its strong, elongate pendant nodes arranged
in pairs elevated on stout bases.

Chemung group. Middle or southern part of Steuben county ,
New York.

IIydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Page 97.

(Sec Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VIII, XXXVIII.)

Figure 2. The basal portion of a small, nearly entire individual with low
nodes and of irregular growth on one side ; showing the abrupt
appearance of an intercalary node near the top.

Figure 3. An entire specimen in which the growth has been interrupted,
evidently by some accident, and the reticulum repaired, not how-
ever, without the disturbance and obliteration of most of the nodes.
There is no actual break or tear in the reticulum as might lie inferred
from the appearance of the drawing near the top.

Chemung group. Brown hill , near Coliocton , New York.

IIydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad, var. glossema, var. nov.

Page 101.

(See Plate IX.)

Figures 4, 5. Opposite sides of a nearly entire example, having a very
slender form and six horizontal rows of sharp nodes which have
been made to appear rather too broad at the lateral margins.
Chemung group. Southwestern New York ( exact locality uncertain).

DIC T VO SPOXGIDiS

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate VII

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

fytRpr t‘ y YLI

ivijSpl

^Tr ’ ¥

E li

Yha

^TV y'M

Hgffin; j •

\ ~ ''r~

mm l

•IKfflijfe

m

uit

| i

P-.

H ,

-

'

214

Dictyos pong r r> je.

PLATE VIII.

IIYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X.XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII XXXIX, XLVI.)

Hydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad.

Page 97.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, XXXVIII.)

Figure 1. The basal extremity of a large individual, showing the very obscure
nodes and sharply defined prism-faces.

Figure 2. A nearly entire individual with four well defined horizontal rows
of low and sharp nodes, and broad, gently and regularly expanded
apertural region bearing only two small nodes belonging to the
median vertical series. Near the apex of the specimen the prismatic
faces are more obscure than elsewhere.

Chemung group. Brown hill , near Cohocton, New York.

Hydnoceras sp.

Pago 111.

Figure 3. An imperfect and irregular fragment representing a moderately
large undescribed species of this genus, from an horizon where such
forms are of very rare occurrence.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Hydnoceras Batiiense, sp. nov.

Page 101.

(See Plates III and IX.)

Figure 4. A nearly entire example, with four horizontal rows of strong
nodes ; showing the fine reticulation of the surface and the obsolescence
of the prismatic faces.

Chemung group. Jenlcs quarry , Bath, New York.

II ydnoceras eutiieles, sp. nov.

Page 105.

(See Plate XXXIII.)

Figures 5, 6. Two fragments representing like parts of two individuals and
showing the broad form of the sponge and the narrow, extended
and drooping nodes.

Chemung group. Cotton hill, near Avoca, New York.

1)IC TYOSPOXGII)^

Memoirs Geological Survey of NewTork

Plate VIII.

mwm

dm/!:

yr-.f / / yaga-i ’ •

'ii . / j V

v f flBErfi-'- r- 0

• - . -ICfc; x

' • V- - •

r | Hi i Imffff*

1 pn-MT-L:

is ii

v • •:

M'k, / t .

: ■

||||||||

f ^yk

M-r

Lf{> ‘-ftf-pA

\y\\ i ljn

Li L f

f 4

JvM

1®

u,'t^ . Vi

via\uE

X t §3

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

Explanations of Platfs.

215

IIydnoceiias Lutiieri, sp. nov.

Page 106.

Figure 7. A young and slender specimen with low nodes.

Figure 8. An entire individual with three well developed rows of nodes and
entire aperture.

Figure 9. A mature individual with four horizontal rows of nodes.

Figure 10. A full-grown example with strong nodes in three rows and an
accessory node in the apertural region.

Chemung group. Segur's gully , Italy, Yates county, New York.

216

DtOTYOSPONGID.E.

PLATE IX.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

Hydnoceras Batiiense, sp. nov.

Page 101.

(See Plates III, VIII.)

Figure 1. A large, somewhat incomplete individual with six rows of strong
rounded nodes, showing some interesting peculiarities of develop-
ment. In the fourth row one node, instead of appearing at its proper
place, stands at the middle of the prism-face, and in the fifth row
the node of a different vertical series is wanting, while in the sixth
row, so far as it is preserved, there is but a single well defined node.
Chemung group. Jenks quarry, Batli, New York.

Hydnoceras tuberosum, Conrad, var. glossema, var. nov.

Page 101.

(See Plate VII.)

Figure 2. In this example there is a considerable area at the base, where an
incipient row of nodes is represented only by a series of broad swell-
ings at the prism-angles. Three horizontal rows are well developed,
and in the apertural region is evidence of another row of smaller
nodes. The two lower rows (not including the incipient row near
the base) have seven nodes, while that immediately above has eight,
the eighth vertical row appearing abruptly, as shown in the figure.
The reticulation is sharply defined, but not finely divided. The sur-
face shows impressions of worm-like markings which, as elsewhere
suggested, may be the tube of some commensal annelid.

Chemung group. Southwestern New York ( exact locality unknown).

Hydnoceras Avoca, sp. nov.

Page 103.

(See Plates II, X, XI.)

Figure 3. An imperfect example with three fully developed horizontal rows
of large and short nodes with subsemicircular marginal outline, and
an inceptive basal row. The prismatic faces are obscured, except over
the basal region, and the horizontal constrictions are deep and narrow.
Chemung group. Near Avoca , New York.

218

LlCT Y’OSPON GIDjE.

PLATE X.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(Soe Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

IIydnocekas Avoca, sp. nov.

Page 103.

(See Plates II, IX, XI.)

Figure 1. A large, somewhat incomplete example with five horizontal rows
of fully developed nodes and an incipient row near the base. This
specimen shows the great size of the nodes, their semielliptical or
semicircular outline and the deep and narrow horizontal constrictions
by which they are separated.

Chemung group. Near A voca,, New York.

1) IC T VO H 1» OX 0 1 1 > A

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate X

Philip Ast hth

G.B Simpson del

220

Dictyos PONG ID.I-:

/

PLATE XI.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL VI.)

Hydnoceras Avoca, sp. nov.

Page 103.

(See Plates II, IX anil X.)

Figure 1. This specimen represents the apertural and upper portion of a
gigantic individual of this species, whose probable original propor-
tions are partially restored in outline. The sponge is somewhat
irregularly compressed, and the nodes upon its surface have been flat-
tened without destroying their characteristic expression in this
species. The specimen was taken from the foundation wall of an old
mill at Avoca, and its exact locality is not known, though doubtless
from the beds in that vicinity which have produced most of the
known examples of this species.

Chemung group. A voca, New York

> - /

l)KTV()Sl*OX(. IDA

B Simpson Jd

Memoirs Geological Surveyor New York

Dk'I'VOSPON’GID/E.

PLATE XII.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL VI.)

IIydnoceiias eumeces, sp. llOV.

Pago 110.

Figures 1, 2, 3. Three fragments of one specimen which consists of a large
cup greatly compressed along the vertical axis. Figure 1 shows a
portion of the internal cast, figures 2 and 3 impressions of the
exterior, indicating the depth of the horizontal constrictions, and
showing the sharp, tufted nodes and the character of the reticulation.
Chemung group. Alfred , New York.

1 > IC T VO SPONGIDV.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XII.

224

DlCTYOSPONG I D M.

PLATE XIII.

BOTRYODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 111.

Botryodictya ramosa, Lesquereux (sp.).

Page ill.

Figure 1. A compressed and imperfect specimen showing the three rows of
compound nodes and the single row of simple nodes in the apertural
region. These nodes have all been much flattened and considerably
distorted. The pedicel is partially retained.

Figure 2 A transverse section of a specimen showing a portion of the
apertural nodes in their normal extent and form.

Figure 3. The other side of the specimen represented in figure 1.

Figure 4. A laterally compressed specimen viewed from the base of the
cup, showing the outward extent of the nodes.

Figure 5. An apical view of a gutta-percha cast taken from the interior of
the base of the cup ; showing that the vertical bands of the cup
converge to an apex and form a distinct internal reticular wall or
diaphragm at this plane.

Figure 6. A specimen having an unusually large vase and slender pedicel.

This example shows the obsolescence of the prismatic faces, the
erect, bilobed or simple subapertural nodes and the pendulous
compound nodes of the lower rows.

Figure 7. The opposite side of the same individual, only a portion of the
surface and lobes being exposed, more below than above. The erect
node at the summit is apparently a division of one of the apertural
nodes.

Figure 8. The most complete individual obtained ; showing the form of the
cup aud its nodes, and a portion of the long, smooth reticulate pedicel.
Chemung group. Lawrenceville, Tioga county, Pennsylvania.

DICTYO SPOXGIDiV

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XIII.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

DlCTYOSPONGID/E.

226

PLATE XIV.

CLATHROSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 121.

(See Plates XV, XVIII, XXI, XXV, XLIX, I,.)

Clatiirospongia (?) Hamiltonensis, Hall (sp.).

Pago 66

Figure 1. The original specimen, which is a calcareous replacement of the
skeleton ; showing the strong primary bands and the imperfectly
retained lesser bands ; also exhibiting the minute reticulation over
small patches near the middle of the surface.

In the calcareous shales of the Hamilton group. Canandaigua lake ,
New York.

Clatiirospongia fenestrata, Hall (sp.).

Pago 122.

(See Plate XXV.)

Figure 2. A view of the original specimen, from the drawing given in the
Sixteenth Annual Report of the N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural
History, 1863, pi. 3, fig. 4.

Chemung group. Chemung narrows , New York.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Pago 72.

(See Plates XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)
Dictyospongia sceptrum, Flail (sp.).

Pago T.5.

(See Plates XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXVI.)

3. A slender, well preserved and nearly entire individual, showing
the prevailing form of the species and the elongate rectangular shape
of the primary meshes of the net-work.

4. A specimen of similar character, but accidentally curved.
Chemung group. Friendship , New York.

5. A somewhat smaller example preserving the finer divisions of the
reticulum.

6. Two very small examples regarded as the young of this species.
Chemung group. Wellsville , New York,

Figure

Figure

o

Figure

Figure

1)I( TYOSPOXGIDA

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XIV.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

228

I )lCTY OSPONG I D M.

PLATE XV.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Pago 72.

(See Plates XIV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospongia eumorpha, sp. nov.

Page 75.

1. A small, entire individual, showing the fine, square meshes of the
net- work.

2. A larger, more elongate and slender example.

3. A broader cup with the fine reticulation retained over but a part
of the surface.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Dictyospongia charita, sp. nov.

Pago 74.

4. An entire sponge with the basal tuft retained.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Dictyospongia lopiiura, sp. nov.

Page 74.

5. The original specimen, an entire cup showing the elongate rec-
tangular quadrilles and the extended basal tuft.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

CLAT1 IROSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 121.

(See Plates XIV, XVIII, XXI, XXV, XLIX, L.)

CLATHROSPONGIA (?) IRREGULARIS, Hall (sp.).

Pago 124.

Figures 6, 7. Opposite sides of the original specimen ; showing the form of
the sponge and the character of its reticulation.

Chemung (Portage ?) group. Ithaca , New York.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Platos XIV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospongia sceptrum, Hall (sp.).

Page 73.

(See Plates XIV, XVI, XXVII, XXXVI )

Figures 8, 9. Opposite sides of a large, somewhat flattened individual, show-
ing the characteristic surface reticulation.

Chemung group. Friendships New York.

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

DICTYOSPOXGIDA'.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hfh

230

Dictyospong in .e.

PLATE XVI.

KIIABDOSISPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 116.

(See Plate XLVII.)

Riiabdosispongia Amalthea, Hall (sp.).

Page 116.

Figure 1. A nearly entire individual with broad annulations and sharp
vertical ridges. Drawn from a plaster cast of the original specimen
which was from the

Chemung group. Great Bend, Susqaelumna county , Pennsylvania.
IIYDRIODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 77.

(See Plates IV, V, XXI.)

Hydriodictya cylix, sp. nov.

Page 78.

' (See Plate V.)

Figure 2. The external impression of a large individual somewhat crumpled
by compression ; showing the prevailing coarse and square meshes
of the reticulum. Near the middle of the sponge a break in the
net-work has been repaired by highly irregular spicular bands.
Chemung group. iJeyo basin, Naples, New York.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospong i a sceptrum, Hall (sp.).

Pago 73.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XXVII, XXXVI.)

Figures 3, 4. Opposite sides of a slender but imperfect specimen ; showing
a difference in the preservation of the reticulum. In figure 4, the
exposed side is a sharp internal cast and clearly shows the elongate
rectangles produced by the intersection of the primary lamellae,
while the surface represented in figure 3 is involved in a muddy or
shaly sediment which has retained the finer net-work of the outer
wall.

Chemung group. Friendship, New York,

1)I( TYOSPOXGIDA'..

G B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

232

DlCTYOSPONGID J3.

PLATE XVII.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya prismatica, Hall (sp.).

Page 83.

(See Plates XXI and XLII.)

Figure 1. An incomplete specimen showing a tendency to spiral growth.
Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Prismodictya banano, sp. nov.

Page 87.

Figure 2. The type-specimen, which is an essentially entire individual of
very slender and gracefully tapering form.

Chemung group. 8 do. Allegany county , New York.

Prismodictya telum, Hall (sp.).

Page 8C.

(See Plates XXXV and XLII.)

Figure 3. Two individuals, one of them entire and with the normal propor-
tions of the species, the other somewhat imperfect and having a
curvature which appears to be the result of natural growth. Both
bear casts of spiral vermiform tubes or furrows.

Figures 4, 5. Opposite sides of an entire individual. The surface represented
in figure 4, is somewhat worn but shows distant obscure horizontal
grooves; that shown in figure 5, is slightly broken at the aperture
and has the horizontal grooves represented by sharper reticular
furrows.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Figure G. An entire individual of small size and undisturbed proportions,
showing the character of "the reticulation and the form and size of
the aperture. Here as in figures 5 and 7, the prism-faces are made
to appear somewhat too concave.

Figure 8. Basal view of the same specimen.

Chemung group. Cattaraugus county , New York.

Figure 7. A small entire example.

DICTVOSPONGIDA'*.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XVII

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lull

Explanations of Plates.

233

Figures 9, 10. Opposite sides of an entire specimen showing the marks of
encircling or spiral tubes, probably made by a commensal annelid.
On one side of the specimen (fig. 9) these are preserved as ridge-like
casts and on the other (tig. 10) as furrows.

The specimens represented in figures 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are from
a single slab crowded with individuals of this species.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Prismodictya corynia, sp. nov.

Page 86.

Figure 11. The upper portion of a very large sponge with broadly expanded
prism-faces and a coarse square reticulation.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

DlCTYOSPONGID.®

234

PLATE XVIII.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya baculum, Hall (sp.).

Page 81.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of an incomplete sponge which is referred to
this species.

Chemung group. Alfred, New York.

Figure 3. The type-specimen, an incomplete cup, slender near the base and
expanded toward the aperture. The specimen is a sharp internal
cast, showing the regularity of the primary reticulation.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Prismodictya Coxradi, Ilall (sp.).

Page 91.

(See Plate XIX.)

Figure 4. Lateral view of the original specimen ; showing the regularly
expanding form, the character of the reticulation and, over the
upper part of the sponge, the somewhat irregular tendency to the
formation of nodes upon the prism-faces.

Chemung group. Randolph, Cattaraugus county , New York.

CLATHROSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 121.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XXI, XXV, XLIX, L.)

Clathrospongia (?) tomaculum, Hall (sp.).

Page 123.

(See Plate XXI.)

Figures 5, 6. Opposite sides of the type-specimen, which is a portion of a
huge, very gradually expanding sponge with low and narrow prism-
faces. The reticulation is coarse and over most of the exposed
surfaces shows a prevalence of square meshes. The curvature of
the specimen is probably accidental.

Chemung group. Alfred, New York.

DICTYOSPONGIDA

55'--

G-.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

Wrr

wnBi

MaaMtauBi
»j» af. i

»*S »«fl!

| "i'irh

V * $J:

/.V / ,

i'-i fmt

1 ■

Memoirs Geological Survey of NewYork

Plate XVIII.

236

LlOTYOSPONGID^E.

PLATE XrX.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya ciioanea, sp.'nov.

Page 85.

(See Plates XXVII and XXXV.)

Figure 1. The basal portion of a specimen of medium size, showing a fine
reticulum and faint traces of prism-faces.

Figure 2. A similar portion of a larger specimen.

Chemung group. Ischim, Cattaraugus county, New ) ork.

Figure 3. The upper portion of a large cup, believed to represent this
species; having the prism-faces obsolescent and an extremely fine
reticulum This specimen is accompanied by fragments of others
of the same species and impressions of the brachiopod, Spirif er
disjunctus.

Chemung group. Almond , Allegany county, New York.

Prismodictya parallela, Hall (sp.).

Page 82.

(See Plates XX, XXI, XXXV.)

Figure 4. The exterior of a portion of a cup, showing its gradual expansion,
the somewhat obscure and rounded prism-faces and the sharply
elevated primary reticular bands. This is drawn from a plaster-
cast of the original specimen, which is an external impression in
sandstone.

Chemung group. Southwestern New York ( precise locality
unknown').

Prismodictya Conradi, Hall (sp.).

Page 91.

(See Plate XVIII.)

Figure 5. An apical view of the basal extremity of the specimen shown on
plate 18, figure 4.

Figure 6. Side view of the same specimen presenting its narrower diameter
and showing the irregular node at the top.

Chemung group. Randolph, Cattaraugus county, New York.

1>IC TYO S PONG 1 1> A

f -H:

fa

mt

■.I

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XIX.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

237

TIIYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(Sec Plates XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Thysanodictya budis, Hall (sp.).

Page 128.

(See Plate XXI II )

7. A fragment of a cup showing the coarse, square primary spicular
bands and the very fine subordinate reticulation.

Chemung group. Wellsville, New York.

238

Dictyospongid^e.

PLATE XX.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Pago 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XrX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

PRISMODICTYA CERCIDEA, Sp. llOV.

Page 89.

(Seo Plate XLII.)

Figure 1. An entire flattened, though symmetrical specimen, with subequal
extremities. It is possible that the spot at the lower end may
represent the aperture and the specimen have thus been drawn in an
inverted position, but this is uncertain as the margins of this spot
are not so clearly defined as here represented and the other extremity
is not fully uncovered.

Figures 2, 3. Opposite sides of another example which has been obliquely
compressed.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

PmsMoDicTYA Allegania, sp. nov.

Page 84.

Figure 4. A fragment of a very large individual showing the upward
expansion of the sponge, the median division of the prism-faces and
the fine reticulation.

Chemung group. Scio, New York.

PlUSMODICTYA SPECTABILIS, Sp. nov.

Page 82.

Figure 5. A nearly entire specimen representing a fine sponge, which attains
its greatest expansion shortly above the base and is regularly pris-
matic for the rest of its extent. The prism-faces are not developed
near the base of the cup, although thus represented in the lithograph,
but the surface about the apex is smooth and round for a consider-
able distance.

Chemung group. Wellsville, New York.

Prismodictya parallela, Hall (sp.).

Pago 82.

Figure 6. Transverse section of an uncompressed specimen.

DIC T VO SPONGI 1 > A:. .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XX

p.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

239

Prismodictya aulopiiia, sp. IlOV.

Page 88.

(See Plates XXXIV aud XLI.)

Figure 7. The basal portion of a weathered specimen ; showing the concave
prism-faces.

Figure 8. A fragment of the median portion of a specimen ; showing the
concave prism-faces and the extremely fine surface reticulation.
Chemung group. Wellsville, JSlew York.

240

DiCTVOHI’ONGID.E.

PLATE XXI.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya prismatica, Hall (sp.).

Page 83.

(See Plates XVII aud LXII.)

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

1. The apertural end of an average specimen; showing the slight
contraction toward the margin.

2. A portion of a small and very slender example.

3. A portion of an individual having a tendency to spiral growth.

4. A nearly entire individual of average size.

Figure 5. An enlargement of the surface of an internal cast ; showing the
character of the reticulation and the rows of depressions on the
prism-angles at their intersection with the principal horizontal
spicular bands. Such pits probably represent the bases of spicular

tufts.

Figure

O

6. Another internal cast also showing vertical rows of pits.
Chemung group. Concord station , Erie count//, Pennsylvania .

Prismodictya filitextilis, Hall (sp.).

Page 86.

(See Plate XXVII.)

Figure 7. A .gutta-percha squeeze of the original specimen which is an
external cast showing a fine reticulum and very obscure prism-faces.
Chemung group Steuben county, New York.

Prismodictya paiiallela, I bill (sp.).

Page 82.

(See Plates XIX anil XXXV.)

Figure 8. A fragment of a rather large, uncompressed specimen.
Figure 9. Transverse section of the same example.

Chemung group. Wellsville, New York.

DU TVOSPOXGIDA..

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XXI

E. Emmons del

Philip Ast lith

*

-Explanations of Plates;

241

HYDRIODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 77.

(See Plates IV, V, XVI, LV.)

II ydriodictya nepiielia, sp. nov.

Page 79.

Figure 10. An incomplete specimen showing what appears to be the
expanded apertural part of a vase-shaped cup with subprismatic
faces.

Cemung group. Scio, New York.

CLATHROSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 121.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVIII, XXI, XXV, XLIX, L.)

Clatiirospongia (?) tomaculum, Hall (sp.).

Page 123.

(See Plate XVIII.)

Figure 11. A sharply defined cast of a portion of the exterior showing the
character of the quadrulation.

Chemung group. Alfred , N Y.

Clatiirospongia vascellum, Hall (sp.).

Page 123.

(See Plate XXV.)

Figure 1 2. The opposite side of the specimen shown on the plate cited.

This surface exhibits traces of very coarse primary vertical spicular
ridges and in places shows some of the finer reticulation.

Chemung group. Alfred, N. Y.

242

DiCTYOSPONGID/K.

Figur

Figur

Figur

Figur

Figur

Figur

Figur

Figur

PLATE XXII.

HELICODICTY A, gen. nov.

Pago 114.

(See Plate XXVII.)

HelicodIctya trypania, sp. nov.

Page 114.

e 1 . Lateral view of a compressed specimen, showing the spiral ridges
parallel to one of the rectangularly reticulating spicular series,
e 2. The same specimen with the lower portion removed to show the
continuity of the spiral ridges on the impression of the opposite
side.

Chemung group. Wellsville, New York.

CEUATODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 117.

(See Plates XLI, XLII, XLIII.)

Cera tod icty a axxulata, Hall (sp.).

Page 120.

es 3, 4. Opposite sides of a large specimen with broad and low
annulations.

Chemung group. Deyo basin,, Naples , New York.
e 5. The original figure of the species, showing live short and subequal
annulations.

e (i. Another view of the same specimen.

( hemung group. Western New York ( precise locality lost).

Ceiiatodictya cixcta, Hall (sp.).

Page 118.

e 7. One side of the original specimen, showing below the disordered
and interrupted growth of the annulations.

e 8. 1 lie opposite side of the same fragment, the growth of the

annulations here being regular and undisturbed.

e 9. An end view of the specimen, showing the compression to which
it has been subjected.

Chemung group. From a boulder at Erie, Pennsylvania.

DTCTYO SPOXGIDxY

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXII.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

244

Dictyospongid.e.

PLATE XXIII.

TIIYSANOPICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Tiiysanodictya rudis, Hall (sp.).

Tage 128.

(See Plate XIX.)

Figure 1. An essentially entire individual, showing the form of the aperture,
the cylindrical body and coarse and line reticulation.

Chemung group. Ischua , Cattaraugus county , New York.

Figure 2. A basal disk, probably of this species, showing the excentric apex,
the concentric and apparently radial striae.

Chemung group. Alma, Allegany county, New York.

Figure 3. A portion of a specimen believed to be of this species; showing
differences in the preservation of the reticulum on various parts
of the surface.

Figure 4. The opposite side of the same specimen lying in its matrix and
showing the projection of both vertical and horizontal erect lamellae.
Figure 5. Basal view of this specimen.

Chemung group. Wdlsville, New York.

Figure 0. The original specimen of this species, which is a nearly entire
individual showing the form and size of the primary quadrilles and
a part of the finer reticulation.

Chemung group. Little Genesee, Allegany county, New York.
Tiiysanodictya Joiinstoni, sp. nov.

Page 130.

Figure 7. An entire specimen, bent upward at the base. The body of the
cup is covered with low nodes of shaly matter which appears to have
formed in a concretionary manner about irregularities or projections
upon the surface of the reticulum. The character of the basal disk,
its eccentric apex and nodose periphery are well known.

Figure 8. A basal disk with a highly irregular reticulum and without
defined apex. This appears to be a normal and not accidental
condition.

Chemung group. Wdlsville, New York .

DICTYOSPONGIDA

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXIII.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

246

I ) I C'i V OS PO N G 1 1 ) /E .

PLATE XXIY.

TIIYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See riates XiX, XXIII, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Tiiysanodictya Edwin-Halli, llOlll. nov.

Page 126.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a nearly entire cup of average size; showing
the broad, oblique aperture, the basal disk and the coarse primary
reticulation.

Figure 3. A much more slender specimen, showing both the primary and
subordinate reticulation.

Figure 4. A portion of the surface of another specimen, showing primary
and secondary reticulation.

Figure 5. A small specimen exposing a part of the basal disk.

Figure 6. The lower portion of a specimen, showing the basal disk.

Figure 7. A view of the same specimen lying in its matrix and showing the
broad frill at the periphery of the basal disk.

Figure 8. A flattened but essentially entire sponge in which only the strong
primary quadrilles are shown.

Figure 9. An incomplete specimen showing the finer reticulation. AY lien pre-
served in this condition these specimens are hardly to be distinguished
from internal casts of Clathrospongia abacus (see Plate 49, figure 8).
Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Tiiysanodictya piecilus, sp. nov.

Page 127.

Figure 10. A very elongate individual, having the prevailing form of the
primary quadrules nearly square; showing, also, some of the tufted
intersections of the erect surface lamellae.

Figure 11. A broader individual, showing the complete outline of the body
of the sponge, its aperture and base and the strong erect vertical
lamellae and their intersections with similar horizontal lamellae. At
the base, on one side, a portion of the basal frill is retained. Both
this and the preceding specimen are preserved on the same slab in
association with other forms less complete but showing less extreme
outlines.

Chemung group. Scio, Allegany county, New York.

Tiiysanodictya Randalli, Hall (sp.).

Piigo 129.

Figure 12. A view of the original specimen which is a fragment of the
upper portion of a cup showing the character of the reticulation.

• Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania.

I > I C T VO SPON 0 IDA

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lnh

DiCTYOSPONGIDjE.

248

PLATE XXV.

THYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Thysanodictya saccus, sp. nov.

Page 130.

Figure 1. Lateral view of an entire individual showing its rapidly tapering
form and contracted aperture.

Figure 2. Basal view of the same specimen which has been compressed and
shows an irregular reticulum with a somewhat nodose margin.
Chemung group. Whitesville, Allegany county , New York.

CLATIITiOSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 121.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVIII, XXI, XLIX, L.)

Clathrospongia 0 desmia, sp. nov.

Page 125.

Figure 3. A portion of the external surface of a species referred with doubt
to this genus; showing the character of the primary quadrules.
Chemung group. Alfred, New York.

Clathrospongia vascellum, Hall (sp.).

Page 123.

(See Plate XXI.)

Figure 4. One side of a large, somewhat waterworn fragment, with very
large obscure primary quadrules and a distinct development of the
subordinate spicular bands.

Chemung group. Alfred, New York.

Clathrospongia fenestrata, Hall (sp.).

Page 122.

(See Plato XIV.)

Figure 5. An internal cast of a nearly entire cup.

Chemung group. Chemung Narrows, New York.

DICTYOSPOXGIDA..

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXV.

G B Simpson del

Philip Ast Inh

Explanations of Plates.

249

AGLITIIODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 145.

Aglitiiodictya numulina, sp. nov.

Page 145.

Figures 6-8. Lateral, basal and apertural views of the same specimen ;

showing the size and peculiar form of the species, the character of
the aperture with the surface canals on the oral slope, and the very
fine reticulum.

Figure 9. An enlargement of the surface to show more distinctly the regular
reticulations of the skeleton, x 4.

Chemung group. Near Cohocton , /Steuben county, New York.

250

Dictyospongidjs.

PLATE XXVI.

THYSANOBICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)
Thysanodictya apleta, sp. nov.

Page 135.

(See Plate XXVII.)

Figure 1. Portion of a very large specimen ; drawn from a plaster cast of a
natural mould.

Chemung group. Alfred , New York.

l)lCTYOSPONGID.E.

25

PLATE XXVII.

HELICODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 114.

(See Plate XXII.)

IIklicodictya (?) Scio, sp. nov.

Page 116.

Figure 1 . A fragment of a frond which appears to have had a distinctly
spiral mode of growth, with strong constrictions or impressions of
ridges running parallel to one of the reticulating series.

Chemung group. Scio, Allegany county, New York.

Helicodictya (?) Concordia, sp. nov.

Page 115.

Figure 2. A spirally growing sponge found associated with Prismodictya
prismatica in the

Chemung group. Concord station, Erie county, Pennsylvania.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XL VI, LV, LVI, LX I.)

Dictyospongia sceptrum, Hall (sp.).

Page 73.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXXVI.)

Figure 3. A small incomplete, somewhat compressed example with very fine
reticulation.

Chemung group. Well mill e, Near York.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya filitextilis, Hall (sp.).

Page 86.

(Seo Plate XXI )

Figure 4. A fragment of an uncompressed individual showing the obscure
prism-faces and fine reticulation.

Chemung group. Wellsvitte, New York.

DTC T VO SPOXG 1 1> A'. .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York. Plate XXVII

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast 11th

Explanations of Plates,

253

Prismodigtya ciioanea, sp. nov.

Page 85.

(See Plates XIX and XXXV.)

Figure 5. The lower portion of a large cup showing obscurely prismatic
faces.

Chemung group. Ischua, Cattaraugus county , New York.
Dictyospongia ? (Ectenodictya ?).

Figure 6. A flat and expanded portion of a frond, whose outline may
represent the. original form of the cup, although the edges appear to
be somewhat ragged. The reticulation is very fine and the surface
without evidence of prism-faces. The specific and generic relations
of the specimen are uncertain.

Chemung group. Wellsville, New York.

TII Y SAN ODICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXV. XXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIU.)

Tiiysanodictya iiermenia, sp. nov.

Page 133.

(See Plates XXXIX and XL.)

Figure 7. The surface of an incomplete individual ; showing the very strong
primary bands and large quadrules. No evidence is retained of
subordinate reticulation but the surface of the specimen has been
involved in shale and the structure obscured. The drawing is made
from a plaster-cast of a natural mould of the exterior.

Chemung group. Alfred New York.

Tiiysanodictya apleta, sp. nov.

Page 135.

(See Plate XXVI.)

Figure 8. A fragment of the surface, showing the coarse primary and
secondary quadrules.

Chemung group. Alfred , New York.

254

D ICTYOS I’ONG I DM,

PLATE XXVIII.

II Y PH ANT M N I A , Vanuxem.

Page 137.

(See Plates XXIX and XLY.)

HyphantzEnia Ciiemungensis, Vanuxem.

Page 139.

(See Plates XXIX and XLV.)

Figure 1. An internal cast of the central or basal portion of a frond, showing
the concentric anti radiating ligulate bands and the open quadrate
interspaces.

Figure 2. A view of the original specimen described and figured by
Vanuxem. This shows the strongly elevated margins of the radial
bands which are maintained at the intersections of these with the
concentric bands.

Chemung group. In the vicinity of Owego , Tioga county , New
York

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York Plate XXVIII

Knunons

DlCT Y OS PO N G I D A-:,

2f>6

PLATE XXIX.

IIYPHAXT^ENIA, Vanuxem.

Pago 137.

(See Plates XXVIII and XLV.)

Hypiiantjenia Chemungensis, Vanuxem.

Page 139.

(See Plates XXVIII and XLV.)

Figure 1. A fragment of a specimen whose entire diameter is probably
represented. This appears to be a mould from an impression of
the exterior, shows the expanding saucer-shaped form of the sponge,
the rapid increase in the width of the radial bands, also their elevated
margins and the open quadrangular interspaces made by the inter-
section of the two series of bands. The center of the specimen
as well as that represented in figure 1 on the preceding plate lacks
definition and lends probability to the inference that there was a
tuft of basal spicules at this point.

Chemung group. Near Owego, Tioga county , New York.

Philip Ast lit)-

I )l<rn OSFONIi ] I)yE-

PLATE XXX.

ACTINOI )ICTYA, Hall.

Page 142.

(See Plato XXXI.)

Actinodictya placenta, Hall.

Page 143.

(See Plate XXXI.)

Figure 1. An irregularly oval frond showing great differences in the size of
the spicular bands. In this specimen these bands show an unusually
regular reticulation although the various series may intersect at
different angles. The drawing lias been made with accuracy but
the apparent abundance of cruciform spicules is wholly due to
elevation of reticulating spicular bands at and near their intersec-
tions ; as these bands gradually die out, the more strongly projecting
portions produce the effect observed.

Figure 2. Two essentially entire fronds, one partially overlapping the other
and somewhat broken near one extremity. This specimen with that
represented in figure 1 and that in figure 1 on Plate xxxi show the
form of this fossil at the locality where it has been found in the
greatest perfection and without evidence of much distortion. Such
specimens indicate that the bodies were broad, convex expansions,
evidently not of highly irregular growth but with a definite marginal
outline and uboval form.

Chemung group. One-half mile from Brown hill, near Cohocton,
New York.

Figure 3. A fragment of a specimen the surface of which bears irregularly
scattered spots representing subcircular perforations of the spicular
net-work. These may be to some extent due to accident.

Chemung group. Near Howard, New York.

DIC T VO H P OX GII) A

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXX.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

PLATE XXXI.

ACTINODICTY A, Hall.

Page 142.

(See Plate XXX )

Actinodictya placenta, Hall.

Page 143.

(Seo Plato XXX )

Figure 1. A very nearly complete frond showing the regularity of much of
the finer reticulation.

Chemung group. One-half mile from Hr own lull school house
near Cohocton , New York.

Figure 2. A small frond, with well defined margins indicating completed
peripheral growth.

Chemung group. Brown hill colony , near Cohocton , A ew ) ork.
CKYPTODICTYA, Hall.

Pago 144.

(Seo Plate XXXII.)

Ckyptodictya Alleni, Hall.

Pago 144.

(See Plato XXXII )

Figure 3. A portion of a nodose margin of a specimen which shows that
these nodes bore tufts of spicules. Such tufts are seen only when
the nodes lie at the margins of the surface expansion and the tufts
extend along the plane of lamination of the matrix.

Figure 4. An irregular frond showing on one side the abrupt depression of
the nodose surface to the broad, anodose marginal expansion.

Figure 5. A large specimen in which the nodes are arranged in groups.

This frond has been folded along the right margin, the opposite
side being of the same extent as that here represented, and having
the nodes similarly arranged in clusters. This folding of the frond
is, however, probably wholly due to compression.

Chemung group. Lyndon, Cattaraugus county, New York.

1)IC TYO SP()NGI1)A:

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXXI.

ifHi

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

DlCTYOSPONGID/E.

202

PLATE XXXII.

CRYPTODICTY A, Hall.

Page 144.

(See Plate XXXI.)

Cryptodicty a Alleni, Hall.

Page 144.

(See Plate XXXI.)

Figure 1. The nodose portion of a large specimen. This appears to have
been a lateral or extremital portion of a frond where the surface is
marked by oblique angular curved ridges terminating in swollen
nodose elevations. Several of these ridges show coarse lines or
grooves radiating from the summit, and over the broad general slope
of the surface as well as between the ridges tire seen traces of
spicular lines.

Figure 2. A small fragment representing a partially enfolded, narrow portion
of a frond, bearing a divided node on the surface.

Figure 3. A specimen of subclavate outline, exhibiting the flattened nodose
surface, the sides falling away vertically in till directions, except
below. These specimens all indicate that the original form of the
frond was a suboval expansion having a slight elevation, a nodose
upper or expanded surface and probably was attached by the free
margins or by the narrowed extremity.

Figure 4. A somewhat similar portion of a frond showing the irregularly
nodose surface. The margins of the expansion are bent vertically
downward on all sides except the posterior and the specimen appears
to be the elevated and flattened surface of the frond.

Chemung group. Near Lyndon, Cattaranjus county, New York.

1)IC T VO S PON G IDA'

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXXII

2

;

111®

■Mis!}’)

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

I )lCTYOSPONG I A.

2G4

PLATE XXXIII.

DICTYSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, EV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospongia haplea, sp nov.

Page 68.

Figure 1. The larger and more complete of the specimens observed ; showing
the smooth non-prismatic surface and a contraction of diameter near
the aperture.

Portage group. Naples, New York.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX. XX: XXI, XXVII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

PlUSMODICTYA PA L.EA, sp. DOV.

Page 69.

Figure 2. The original specimen ; a nearly entire individual showing faint
prism-faces and indications of low horizontal depressions.

Portage group. Naj)les, New York.

HYI >NOC ERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. XI, XII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

IIyDXOCERAS GK AGILE, Sp. TIOV.

Page 70.

Figures 3, 4. Two specimens, entire in the extent of the cup from base to
aperture, but foreshortened by vertical compression. They show
three horizontal rows of nodes with traces of incipient nodes near
the aperture.

Portage group. Varysbnrg , New York.

IlvDNOCEItAS LEGATUM, Sp. UOV.
Page 69.

Figure

Figure

5. A specimen of medium size with apex preserved and bearing three
horizontal rows of nodes.

Portage group. Naples, New York.

G. Fragment of a very large example with broad nodes, similar to
those in U. Avoca.

Portage group. Varysbarg, Ne w York.

DIC T VO S PONG IDA', .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XXXIII.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lxth

Explanations of Plates,

265

Hydnoceras eutiieles, sp. nov. (?)

Page 70.

(See Plate VIII.)

Figure 7. A fragment with elongated, subpendulous nodes, similar to those
snown in the figures of this species on Plate viii (figs 5 and 6).
Portage group. Varysbu/ry , New York.

Hydnoceras antiiracis, sp. nov.

Page 109.

(See Plates II and VI.)

Figures 8, 9. Opposite sides of the most complete example observed ; show-
ing the sharply prismatic anodate lower half of the sponge and the
three horizontal rows of low nodes of the upper half lying on, and
ridged by the prism-angles.

Chemung group. Scio, New York.

I >ICTYOSP< )XG I D.K.

200

PLATE XXXIV.

CLEPSYDROSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 71.

Clepsydkospongia matutina, sp. nov.

Page 71.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of tlie original specimen ; showing the subequal
expansion of the extremities and the contracted median nodose area.
Figure 1 is drawn from the specimen as it lies in its matrix and
shows the node-tufts even at spots where no nodes are clearly
developed on the surface.

Portage group. Naples , New York.

PRISMO D I CTY A, gen. nov.

Pago 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

Pkismodictya ptionia, sp. nov.

Page 88.

Figure 3. The original specimen showing its great expansion near the middle
and its concave prism-faces.

Chemung group. Scio, New York.

Pkismodictya amlopiiia, sp. nov.

Page 88.

(See Plates XX and XLI )

Figures 4, 5. Two specimens; showing the elongate form and concave faces.

These specimens are from a fragment of rock which contains traces
of numerous other individuals of this species.

Chemung group. Scio , New York.

DICTYOSPONGIDJE*.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XXXIV

G.B. Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

I ) ICTY OSPO XG 1 1) JE.

2G8

PLATE XXXV.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, LV.)

PRISMODICTYA CITHAUA, Sp. 1U)V.

Page 90.

(See Plate XXXVI.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of the same specimen, complete at the aperture
1 »ut imperfect toward the base; showing the abrupt expansion of the
cup in the upper part of the sponge, with low nodes at the elevated
portions of the prism-angles.

Figure 3. Another specimen showing similar characters.

Chemung group. Scio, New York.

Prismodictya narthecia, sp. nov.

Page 90.

Figures 4, 5. Two views of the typical specimen, an elongate and slender
sponge with but slight expansion above the middle.

Chemung group. Scio, New Y ork.

Prismodictya ciioanea, sp. nov.

Page 85.

(See Plates XIX and XXVII.)

Figure 6. Fragment of a large individual with low prism-faces (too strongly
rendered in the drawing).

Chemung group. Olean , New York.

Prismodictya telum, Hall (sp.).

Page 80.

(See Plates XVII and XLII.)

Figures 7, 8. Two nearly entire specimens bearing low prism-faces and
showing the characteristic expansion of the frond near the base.
Chemung group. Friendship, New Y ork.

Prismodictya parallela, Hall (sp.).

Page 82.

(See Plates XIX and XXI.)

Figure 9. A part of a very long specimen showing little increase in diameter
throughout its length.

o o

Chemung group. Hinsdale, New York.

DICTVOSPOXGIDA1

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

2 3 4

6

Plate XXXV.

5

9

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

I )lC'l YOSPONGIPE.

270

PLATE XXXYI.

HYDNOC ERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II. Ill, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI )

Hydnoceras variabile, sp. nov.

Page 108.

(See Plate XXXVII.)

Figure 1. The apical portion of a specimen with coarse, strong, subequal
meshes. There is no indication of nodes upon the surface of the
cast, except near the broken end, but the matrix shows the pres-
ence of nodal tufts in this region.

Lower Chemung. Deyo basin , Naples, New York.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIIT, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XU, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya amicitle, sp. nov.

Page 87.

Figures 2, 3. Two specimens which show the elongate and slender form of
the species, with the abrupt and gradually declining expansion of
the sponge above the base.

Figure 4. This specimen, found in association with numerous individuals of
this species, shows a spiral twisting of the frond, resulting from
abnormal growth.

Chemung group. Friendship , New York.

Prismodictya cithara, sp. nov.

Page 90.

(See Plate XXXV.)

Figure 5. A large and somewhat distorted specimen of this species in which
the nodes upon the expanded portion are rendered conspicuous by
compression of the prism-faces.

Chemung group. Scio, New York.

nrc t vo s pox g i i > a\ .

Memoirs Geological Survey of NewTork

Plate XXXVI

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

271

Prismodictya Sp. ?

Figure 6. A compressed, expanded and somewhat twisted frond whose
specific relations have not been determined. It bears some relation
to P.ptionia but differs therefrom in its less abrupt expansion and
broader, shorter basal region.

Chemung group. Sc to, New York.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospongia sceptkum, Hall (sp.).

Page 73.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII.)

Figure 7. The basal end of a specimen, showing a portion of the long
anchoring tuft.

Chemung group. Ischua , New York.

IIALLO DICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 140.

(See Plate XLI.)

II ALLODICTY A SciENSIS, Sp. HOV.

Page 140.

Figure 8. The original specimen, showing the expanded, irregular and nodose
character of the sponge. The reticulation is, in itself, regularly
constructed but conforms to the highly uneven surface. This
specimen is a mould of the exterior surface and the depressions
represented on the drawing indicate nodes of the outer surface.
Chemung group. Scio, New York .

272

Dictyospongid.e.

PLATE XXXVII.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

Hydnoceras r hop alum, sp. nov.

Page 107.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a very slender, somewhat malformed specimen
with faint indications of nodes over the lower half of the surface.
The mode of growth here exhibited and the general aspect of the
sponge is quite distinct from that of II. tuberosum, in association
with which this specimen was found.

Chemung group. Brown hill colony, near Cohocton , A ew ) orh.
Hydnoceras piiymatodes, sp. nov.

Page 104.

(See Plate VI.)

Figure 3. A small nearly entire specimen with five well defined horizontal
rows of rather low nodes and two faintly developed additional rows,
one at the base and one at the aperture.

Lower Chemung. Italy, Yates county, New ) orh.

Hydnoceras variabile, sp. nov.

Page 108.

(See Plate XXXVI )

Figures 4, 6. Opposite sides of a specimen preserving the apertural portion
of the sponge and showing the indistinct nodes and irregular form
which characterize the species.

Figure 5. Another specimen showing similar characters and the
reticulation of the cast.

Lower Chemung. l)eyo basin, Naples, New York.

coarse

DXC TYO SPOXGIDY.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XXXVII.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

274

I ) I CTY( 1SPONGI D ,K.

PLATE XXXVIII.

HYI )NOC E HAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI. XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXIX, XLVI.)

Hy DNOCEIIAS TUBEROSUM, Coill't id.

Page 97.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.)

Figures 1,2. Opposite sides of a short compressed specimen of somewhat
irregular growth and unusual in the number of nodes (eleven) in the
second and third horizontal rows.

Lower Chemung. Brown hill colony , near Cohocton, New York.
THYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Tiiysanodictya quasillum, sp. nov.

Page 131.

Figures 3, 4. < )pposite sides of a specimen figured to illustrate the extreme dif-

ference in retention of the reticulum possible in the same specimen.
In figure 3 the finer net work is "wholly obliterated and only the coarse
primary meshes have left their impression on the sandstone cast.
On the other side (figure 4) the primary bands are but obscurely
visible while the minute ultimate meshes of the reticulum have left
their impression on the thin shaly coating of the sandstone cast.
Chemung group. Weston Mills, Cattaraugus county, New York.

Tiiysanodictya turricula, sp. nov.

Page 135.

Figure 5. A coarsely reticulate specimen lying in its matrix and showing the
basal diaphragm with some of the long and slender lateral tufts.
The species is somewhat variable in shape and, in this instance, is
swollen about the aperture.

Figure 3. A specimen which is essentially entire and gently tapers from base
to aperture. It retains the basal disc and portions of the lateral
tufts.

Chemung group. Ischua, New York.

/

1JIC T VO S 1> ON(i I J> A

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XXXVIII

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

275

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

DlCTYOSPONGIA (?) BACTERIA, Sp. llOV.

Page 77.

igures 7, 8. Two views of a supposed sponge with smooth surface, bearing
very faint horizontal lines which are exaggerated in the drawings in
order to make them visible. The fossil does not clearly show a
structure which conclusively demonstrates it spongeous nature.
Chemung group. Steuben county (?), New York.

276

Dictyokpongiile.

PLATE XXXIX.

II Y DNOCER AS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VE, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XLVI.)

IIydnoceeas multinodosum, sp. nov.

Page 106.

Figure 1 . Fragment of a large individual bearing three horizontal rows of

O o o o

nodes and showing the unusual number of nodes in each row.
Chemung group. Cotton hill, near Avoca, New York.

THYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Tiiysanodictya iieemenia, sp. nov.

Page 133.

(See Plates XXVII and XL.)

Figure 2. A large basal disc with its undulated periloph or peripheral
expansion. The reticular net- work is sharply defined and it is seen
that the two sets of reticular bands here intersecting are those which,
passing upward over the vertical surface of the frond, produce both
horizontal and vertical bands.

Chemung group. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county, New York.

me T VO S PONG I1)A:

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XXXIX.

i

G.B Simpson del

Fausel. lith

278

DiCTYOSPONGIDjE,

PLATE XL.

THYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, LIII.)

Tiiysanoikctya hermenia, sp. nov.

Page 133.

(See Plates XXVII and XXXIX.)

Figures 1, 2. Basal discs without the periloph but preserving more or less
completely the coarser and finer reticulation.

Figure 3. Side view of a rather small specimen with the basal disc poorly
retained. The sponge has been crushed toward the upper fend and
a part of its diameter with, doubtless, a considerable portion of the
length has been lost.

Chemung group. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county, New York.

DIC TYOSPONGIDA'..

Memoirs .Geological Survey of New York.

Plate XL .

G.B Simpson del

C.Fausel, litK

280

Dictyospongidje.

PLATE XLI.

CERATODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 117.

(See Plates XXII, XLII, XLIII.)

Ceratodictya centeta, sp. nov.

Page 120.

Fin- ure 1. A very young individual.

Figure 2. A fragment of a large example.

Figures 3, 4, 5. Specimens of medium size, showing some irregularity in the
size of, and intervals between the annotations.

Chemung group. Ischua, New 1 ork.

Ceratodictya zonata., sp. nov.

Page 119.

Figure 6. The type-specimen, showing equidistant and broad annulations.
Chemung group. Found loose at Frie, Fennsylvania.

PRISMODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLII, LV.)

Prismodictya aulopiiia, sp. nov.

Page 88.

(See Plates XX and XXXIV.)

Figure 7. Fragment of a large specimen; showing the concave prism-faces
and finely preserved net-work.

Chemung group. Wettsville, New York.

PICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospongia (?) Marcellia, Clarke (sp.).

Page 65.

Figure 8. A portion of the suface of a piece of bituminous shale covered with
pyritized spicules of this species.

Figure 9. An enlargement from the same, showing the cruciform spicules and
the broad ligulate spicules whose position in the skeleton is not yet
understood.

Marcellus shale. In the Livonia salt shaft , Livonia , New York.

13IC T VO SPON G 1 1 >A:

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XI, 1.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

281

ARYSTIDICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 1:56.

(See Plate XLII.)

Arystidictya elegans, sp. nov.

Page 136.

(See Plate XLII.)

Figure 10. One side of the typical specimen which is preserved from the
base or basal disc to the aperture. The drawing has intensified the
wrinkles of the reticulum resulting from a slight foreshortening,
and fails to give with proper force the regularly reticulating bands
which are clearly apparent especially over the lower part of the
sponge. The marginal radiating channels about the edge of the vase
are well shown.

Lower Chemung group. Cotton hill, near Avoca, New York.
Arystidictya nodifera, sp. nov.

Page 137.

Figure 11. The specimen described; a portion of a vase-shaped sponge like
A. elegans, having the surface covered with elongate, irregularly
disposed nodes.

Lower Chemung group. Cotton hill, near Avoca, New York.
HALLODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 140.

(See Plate XXXVI.)

II allodictya Cottoniana, sp. nov.

Page 142.

Figure 12. A fragment of a frond having a sharply, somewhat irregularly
reticulate surface, free of nodes.

Lower Chemung group. Cotton hill, near Avoca, New York.

282

DrTYOSPOXGID.E.

PLATE XLII.

CERATODICTY A, gen. nov.

Piige 117.

(See Plates XXII, XLI, XLIII.)

C'ERATODICTYA CaRPENTEKIANA, Sp. UOV.

Page 117.

(See Plate XLIII.)

Figure 1. A finely preserved specimen of a part of the sponge, having an
apparently normal curvature, and showing the character of the
reticulum and the duplicate annulations.

Chemung group. Near Ischua, New York.

PRISMODICT Y A, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XYTI, XYTIT, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, LV.)

PRISMODICTYA TELUM, 1 1 Jill (sp.).

Page 80.

(See Plates XVII and XXXV.)

Figure 2. A small cigar-shaped individual showing a twisted or spiral mode
of growth.

Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

Prismodictya gercidea, sp. nov.

Page 89.

(See Plate XX.)

Figure 3. A flattened hut entire example, showing the expansion of the
sponge above the middle and the low nodes on the prism-angles.
Chemung group. Wellsville , New York.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLIV, XL VI, LV, LVI, LXI.)

Dictyospongia si ill a, sp. nov.

Page 75.

Figures 4, 5. Two individuals showing the size and general form of the
species, one of them (figure 4) retaining the long tuft of basal
spicules.

Power Chemung group. Cotton kill , near Avoca, Neto York.

Prismodictya cf. prismatica, Hall,
bigure 0. Part of a cup which may prove to belong to this species.

Lower Chemung group. Italy, Yates county, New York.

1)IC TYOSPONGIim.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XLII.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

283

ARYSTIDICTYA, gen. nov.

7 o

Page 136.

(See Plate XLI.)

AeYSTIDICTYA EL EGANS, Sp. HOV.

Page 136.

(See Plate XLI.)

Figure 7. The other side of the specimen figured on Plate xli, showing the
regular reticulation over the lower part of the cast and the radiating
peripheral channels.

Lower Chemung group. Cotton hill , near Avoca , New York.
THYSANODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXITT, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVITI, XXXIX, XL, XLII, LIII.)

Thysanodictya scyphina, sp. nov.

Page 132.

Figure 8. The typical specimen, showing the undulated basal periloph or
fringe of the diaphragm.

Chemung group. Glean , New York.

284

DlCTYC 1SPONGID/E.

PLATE XLIII.

CEKATODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 117.

(See Plates XXII, XLI, XLII.)

Cekatodictya Carpenteriana, sp. nor.

Page 117.

(See Plate XLII.)

Figure 1. A large fragment of this species, complete at neither extremity.

This drawing has been made from several pieces of the same individ-
ual and as these did not perfectly tit, the figure does not represent
the entire length of the fragment. The specimen shows the very
gradual expansion of the sponge, indicating that it must have
attained great length at full growth.

Figure 2. Another fragment preserving the apical portion entire and showing
the gradual change with growth in the aspect of the annulations.
Chemung group. Near Ischua , New York.

Figure 3. A very imperfect fragment from near the aperture of a full grown
specimen. This specimen indicates the great length which the
species must have attained and shows the ultimate modification in
the form of the annulations which are here brought so close together
that their duplicate character is obscured.

Chemung group. Randolph , New York.

DICTVOSPON < i 1 1 > A. .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

0 B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

DlCl’YOSPoNGlO.K.

280

PLATE XLIY.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV. XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLVI, LV, LVI LXI.)

Dictyospongia Almondensis, sp. nov.

Page 76.

Figure 1. A large fragment representing the upper part of a frond of great
size. Fragments of this character abound at the locality from which
this was obtained, but so large and fragile was the sponge that no
entire individual has been obtained and but very few specimens
which afford a clew to the original form of the species. Elsewhere
is given a drawing of the apical portion of one of these sponges
which shows that it was doubtless a Dictyospongia.

Chemung group. In a bed of grey sandstone, at Almond, New York.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

G.B Simpson del

288

Dictyosponoid^e.

PLATE XL V.

H Y PI LYNT yENIA, Vanuxem (emend.').

Page 137.

(See Plates XXYIII and XXIX.)

IIypuajm'ixenia Ciiemltngensis, Vanuxem.

Page 139.

(See Plates XXVIII and XXIX.)

Figure 1. Fragment of the largest individual observed, slightly fractured
near the middle. This specimen differs from those elsewhere figured
in having the apertures left by the intersection of the ligulate bands
circumscribed by an encroachment of the spicular tissue. The
diameter of this specimen when entire was not less than two feet.
Chemung group. Union township, Broome county , New York.

1 >IOTYOSPON«IT)/E.

290

PLATE XLVI.

Species from the Psammites du Condroz , submitted by Professor Charles
Barrois, of Lille , France.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, LV, LVI, LXI.)

I ) ICTY OSPONG I A MoRINI, Barrois (sp.).

Page 147.

Figures 1, 2. Views of the original specimen showing the smooth, regularly
expanding cup.

Psammites du Condroz. Jeumont , France.

HYDNOCERAS, Conrad.

Page 95.

(See Plates II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX.)

IIydnoceras Barroisi, nom. nov.

Page 147.

Figures 3, 4. The original specimen of IKctyophyton tuberosum , Barrois.

This is a curved, strongly constricted cup, with moderately strong
nodes upon the sharply developed prism-angles.

Psammites du Condroz. Jeumont , France.

Ha uxocEiiAS Jeitmontense, sp. nov.

Page 148.

Figure 5. A specimen with three horizontal rows of nodes and showing very
gradual expansion of the cup.

Figure 6. Another fragment of the same species showing some variation in
the number of nodes in each horizontal row. An additional piece of
this specimen increases its length by about 60 mm. and has traces of
two rows of nodes.

Psammites du Condroz. Jeumont , France.

me T VO S PONG 1 1 > X

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate XLVI

i ■Mmm,

G.B Simpson del

C.Fausel. litK

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Mfp,: 12*7

Lnl

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ifttl

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2i>2

DlCTYOSP< )N<HI)iK.

PLATE XLYII.

Species from the Psammites da Condroz, submitted btj Professor Charles
Barrois, of Lille , France.

RHABDOSISPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 116.

(See Plate XVI.)

Rhabdosispongia Condroziana, sp. nov.

Page 149.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of the original specimen showing its strong,
unequal annulations, producing a highly irregular form, and also the
sharply developed prism-faces.

Psammites du Condroz. Jeumont , France.

I > I CTYOSPON O IDA

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York .

Plate XLVII

C Fausel litK

G.B Simpson del

294

Dictyospongidai

PLATE XLVIII.

CALATI IOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Plates XLIX, L, LI, LII, LVI, LVII, LX, LXVIII.)

CaLATI IOSPONGIA K.EDFIELDI, 1 1 III 1 (sp.).

Page 155.

(See Plate XLIX.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a fine, large, nearly entire sponge, with the
aperture complete on one side. The median swelling of this
cup seems to he due to distortion from vertical compression, and
the base, though not actually retained was probably not greatly
different from the present condition of the lower extremity. The
specimen shows the characteristic surface features with great clear-
ness, and over the apertural region as well as upon the swollen por-
tion of the cup in fig. 2 may lie seen obscure traces of the prismatic
faces.

AV averly group. Akron , Ohio.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York. Plate XLVlli

G.B Simpson del

I) ICT Y OS PO NG 1 1 ) /E.

296

PLATE XLIX.

CALATHOSPONGTA, gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Plates XLVIII, L, LI, LIT, LVI, LVII, LX, LXV III.)

Calatiiospongia Redfeeldi, Hall (sp.).

Page 155.

(See Plate XLVIII.)

Figure 1. A fragment of a small specimen
Waverly group. Richfield , Ohio.

Figures 2, 3. The opposite sides of a specimen which is virtually entire, the
apertural portion having been distorted by the vertical compression
and rupture of the reticulum. The surface of this specimen has been
somewhat abraded on the side shown in fig. 2, and the primary
transverse bands of the reticulum are not as clearly displayed as in
the example represented on the preceding plate. In fig. 3, the finer
superficial net-work is predominant.

Figure 4. An enlargment of the surface from the same specimen, taken from
near the top of the side shown in fig. 3. These figures are from the
type-specimen of the species.

Waverly group. Harrisville , Ohio.

CLATHROSPONGTA, Hall.

Page 121.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVIII, XXI, XXV, XLIX, L.)

Clathrospongia abacus, Hall.

Page 153.

Figure 5. A nearly complete individual which shows the obconical form of
the cup and the great development of the erect vertical and horizon-
tal spicular lamellae.

Figure 6. A restoration of a segment of the surface showing the relative
development of the successive series of reticulating lamellae, which
produce a deep fenestration of the outer sponge-wall.

Figure 7. A restoration showing only the primary vertical and horizontal
bands with the marks of subordinate lamellae upon their surface.

Figure 8. An internal cast showing the aspect of the fossil when divested of
its exterior lamellae.

Waverly group. Warren, Pennsylvania.

me TYO S PONGIDA

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York -

Plate XLIX

i

>« 5!iJlrrrrPr»r

Jty.POrFrFFrFr

iH'SiPMfrFprfr

RHEmfirrfrrrrr

»i!!rfrrffrffrr

5iii^I'rr|rr"'rr

\5;l*F*,PPrr Pr<r

R P W del

Philip Ast lith

J )l( TVOSPONGID^E.

21)8

PLATE L.

THAMNOI )ICTY A, Hall.

Page 160.

(See Plates LII ami LIII.)

Thamnodictya Newberryi, Hall.

Page 161.

(See Plate LII.)

Figure 1. Aii entire frond showing its broad vase-shaped expansion and
coarsely reticulate surface. This specimen is largely an internal cast
in soft shale but retains the features of the exterior.

Figures 2, 3. Opposite sides of an internal cast of a small frond which has
been ruptured along one side, but preserves a portion of the
apertural margin and shows the disappearance of the coarse spicular
bands, and the predominance of the finer net-work in this region.

Figure 4. An enlargement of a portion of the surface of an internal cast.

Figure 5. An internal cast of the expanded portion of a specimen.

Figure 6. An enlargement of a portion of the surface shown in fig. 1.
Waverly group. (' uyu/ioga Fall*, Ohio.

CALAT IIOSPON G I A, gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Plates XLVIII, XL1X, LI, LII, LVI, LVII, LX, LXVIII.)

Calatiiospongia (?) sacculus, Hall (sp.).

Page 160.

Figure 7. A view of the specimen, showing its short subcylindrical, unex-
panded form and the character of its reticulation.

Waverly group. Richfield, Ohio.

CLATIIROSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 121.

(S»o Plates XIV, XV, XVIII, XXI, XXV, XLIX.)

Clatiirospongia caprodonta, sp. nov.

Page 154.

Figures 8, 9. Opposite sides of an essentially complete internal cast, which
represents a long slender cup with a subprismatic surface and traces
of low nodes at the angles of large quadrules. Only the coarser
reticulation of the skeleton is apparent.

Waverly group. Portsmouth, Ohio.

DIC T VO SPOXGI I>A'

Memoirs Geological Survey of NewYork.

Plate L

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rr j*

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G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

I )lCTYOSPONGTIEE.

300

PLATE LI.

CLEODICTYA, Hall.

Pago 163.

(8eo Plates LXIX and LXX.)

Cleodictya Claypolei, sp. nov.

Page 163.

Figure 1. An incomplete example, showing the small size of the sponge, the
basal row of elongate nodes and the gradual, vase-like expansion
above.

Waverly group. Akron , Ohio.

CALATHOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Pago 155.

(See Plates XLVIII, XL1X, L, LII, LVI, LVII, LX, LXVIII.)

C AL ATIIOSPO NG I A CAKCERALIS, Sp. HOT.

Page 157.

(See Plates LII and LX.)

Figures 2, 3. Opposite sides of a specimen, evidently entire, but somewhat
irregular at the aperture, and nearly complete at the base. The
specimen shows the strong reticulation and the prominence of the
primary bands, in which respect it is unlike other species referred to
the genus, though agreeing with them in its form and broad base.
The apertural margin, as shown in fig. 1, is entire and regular but
the growth of the sponge seems to have been abruptly stopped on
this side, as, upon the opposite surface, it is continued for a consider-
able distance further upward. This is evidently not due to a distor-
tion of the skeleton for the horizontal bands may be traced
continuously about the surface without deviation from their plane.

Figure 4. A larger, nearly complete specimen. This is a figure which was
used iu the original illustration of Dictyophyton Newberryi (Six-
teenth Annual Report of the N. Y. State Cabinet, pi. iv, fig. 3), but
the surface represented shows much less distinctly than the opposite
side of the specimen the coarse primary quadrilles andspicular bands.
Waverly group. Richfield , Ohio.

DTCTYOSPON OI DiS

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LI

2

1

3

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates

301

Calatiiospongia Tiffanyi, sp. nov.

Page 158.

Figures 5, 6. Views of a somewhat compressed specimen showing the rate
of expansion of the sponge and its obscurely prismatic surface.
Waverly group. Ohio ( precise locality not known).

1 ilCTYOSPONOl D/E.

502

PLATE LTI.

THAM N ODICT Y A, HaU.

Page 160.

(See Plate* L and LIII.)

Thamnodictya Newberryj, Hall.

Page 161.

(See Plate L.)

Figure 1. The upper vase-shaped part of a large individual, the apertural
portion being bent down and flattened.

Waverly group. Richfield, Ohio.

CALATHOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Flates XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LVI, LVII, LX, LXVIIL)

Calathosponoia carceralis, sp. nov.

Page 157.

(See Plates LI and LX.)

Figure 2. An essentially entire example with -well developed prism-faces.
Figure 3. A small individual with obscure prismatic division.

W averly group. Richfield Ohio.

Calathosponoia Carlli, sp. nov.

Page 158.

Figures 4, 5. Two views of a nearly entire but somewhat distorted specimen,
showing the narrow basal part and wide apertural expansion.
Figures 6, 7. Opposite sides of a small example, essentially entire at both
extremities.

Waverly group. Rear Rleasantville, Venango county , Pennsylvania.

I) I C T YO SI* O X < ~» 1 1 > ,V. .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LII

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

4

I )lCTY OSPON (JIBJ5.

304

PLATE LIII.

TT I AMN 01 ) ICTY A, Hall.

Page 160.

(See Plates L and LII.)

Tiiamnodictya Oktoni, sp. nov.

Page 162.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a specimen which is ail internal cast of the
expanded apertural portion of the sponge, the smooth lower point
representing the place <>f attachment of the pedicel. The species is
characterized by the fineness of the reticulation, the peculiar curva-
ture of the vertical bands and its large size.

W averly group. Moot1 s lint), Licking county, Ohio.

THY SAN ODICT Y A, gen. nov.

Page 125.

(See Plates XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLII.)

Tuvsanodictya ex pans a, Hall (sp.).

Page 154.

Figure 3. A large basal disc or diaphragm characterized by its irregularly
radiating spicular bands and nodose periphery. This represents an
individual of great size.

Waverly group. Warren , Pennsylvania.

TYLODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 151.

Tylodictya (?) TENUIS, Hall (sp.).

Page 152.

Figure 4. A small portion of a frond showing two double nodes, one more
distinctly divided. Drawn from a cast of the original impression.

Figure 5. The original illustration of this species, showing the impression of
one of the double nodes and the extremely fine reticulation of the
surface, but with the specimen oriented differently than in fig. 4.
Waverly group. Warren, Pennsylvania.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York. Plate LIU.

~' V' ' l

E Emmons del

Explanations of Plates.

305

LYRODICTYA, Hall.

Page 170.

(See Plate LVI.)

Lyrodictya ( ? ) Burlingtonensis, Hall (sp.).

Page 165.

Figure 6. A view of the original specimen, which is a fragment of a broadly
expanded frond with strong bundles of vertical spicules, compacted
at the base but diffused toward the apertural portion. The reticula-
tion is uniformly fine.

Burlington group (Yellow sandstones). Burlington , Iowa.

306

DlCTYOSPONGIDvE.

PLATE LIV.

ACLCEODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 177.

(See Plates LV, LX, LXI, LXVIII.)

Acl(eodictya eccentrica, Hall (sp.).

Page 179.

Figure 1. A basal disc*, somewhat compressed on one side but showing the
continuity of the radial striae across the apical region, in two sets
reticulating with each other.

Figure 2. A portion of a larger disc showing a tendency to the formation of
elongate nodes or ridges near the periphery.

Keokuk group. Craufordsville, Indiana.

(?) ECTENODICTYA, Hall.

Page 164.

(?) Ectenoihctya implexa, Hall.

Page 164.

Figure 3. A large irregularly enfolded frond which has been much weathered.

The net- work is very hue but is crossed by stronger horizontal bands
like those in fig. 4, though these are much obscured in the specimen
and are not represented in the drawing. Enclosed in this specimen
is the original example of Qlathrospo ng ia abacus, figured upon
Plate xlix.

Waverly group. Warren , Pennsylvania.

Figure 4. Another fragmentary sponge, showing the horizontal bands of the
reticulum.

Waverly group. Oil City, Pennsylvania.

Both of these specimens have a reticulum very similar to that
characterizing Calathospongia Iiedfieldi and C. Carlli , and it is
probable that such incomplete examples are to be referred to one or
the other of these species.

DIC T VO S 1» ON 0 1 1)A:

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York -

Plate LIV.

mm.

E. Emmons del

Philip Ast hth

308

1 )iOTYOSPON'(tIDJ3.

PLATE LV.

PEISMODICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 79.

(See Plates XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XLI, XLII. )

P RISMODICTY A POLYIIEDRA, Sp. nOV.

Page 168.

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of the original specimen.

Keokuk group. In the shales at Crawfordsville , Indiana.

DICT Y OSPON GIA, gen. nov.

Pago 12.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI. XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LVI, LXI )

L ICTY OSPON GIA CYLINDKICA, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 166.

Figure 3. View of the original specimen retaining the pyritized skeleton.
Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

ACLCEOD1CTYA, gen. nov.

Pago 177.

(See Plates LIV, LX, LXI, LXVIII.)

Aclceodictya marsipus, sp. nov.

Page 178.

(See Plates LX, LXI, LXVIII.)

Figure 4. Portion of the specimen with pyritized skeleton ; showing the
extent of one of the vertical lamellae of ihe outer wall of the
sponge.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

(?) Lyrodictya, Hall.

Figure 5. Enlargement of a part of the surface of a young sponge which
probably belongs to a species of this genus; showing the pyritized
spicular rods of two of the vertical bundles. The quadrilles beat
faint traces of a fine reticulation. x3.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

DXC T VO S PON O I J)A\ .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LV.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

Explanations of Plates,

309

GRIPHODICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 179.

Griphodictya epipiianes, sp. nov.

Page 180.

Figure 6. The specimen from which the spicules represented on page 180
were taken. This sponge has to some degree the aspect of
Phi'agmodictya catilliformis, but its characteristic spicules have not
been found in any other species.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

HYDRIODICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 77.

(See Plates IV, V, XVI, XXI.)

HYDRIODICTY A CYLIX, Sp. UOV.

Pago 78.

(See Plates V and XVI.)

Figure 7. An enlargement of a portion of the specimen given on Plate xvi,
fig. 2, showing a part of the repaired net-work of the skeleton.
Chemung group. Deyo basin, Naples, JV. V.

310

DlCTYOSPONGID/E.

PLATE LYI.

LYUODICTYA, Hall.

Page 170.

(See Plates LIII and LV.)

Lyrodictya Homingeui, Hall.

Page 170.

Figure 1. A view, of the original specimen ; showing the strong bundles of
rod-like, vertical spicules which are increased in number upward, by
intercalation, and also the finer reticulation over the broad inter-
spaces, in which the horizontal impressions predominate.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

D1CTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LXI.)

DlCTYOSPONGIA (?) STYLINA Sp. HOV.

Page 167.

Figure 2. A long, slender, sponge-like body bearing horizontal and vertical
striae near the top. The true character of this fossil is not fully
determined but it is illustrated here on account of its resemblance to
forms of Dictyospongia.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

PHYSOSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 187.

(See Plates LXI, LXII, LXIII.)

PlIYSOSPONGIA, Sp. ?

Figure 3. A portion of the upper part of a small example in which the
primary reticulating bundles of spicules are retained in a pyritized
condition, while the outer portions of the skeleton are lost.

Figure 4. An enlargement of the same specimen to three diameters, showing
the square and regular quadrilles made by the intersecting bundles.
The specimen is interesting in showing that in youth the surface of
the sponge is without nodes or depressions, and it may be compared
with the similar condition exhibited by the senile stage shown in
figure 4, Plate lxiii.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

DICTYOSPON OI 1)A:

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LVI.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast hth

Explanations of Plates.

31 1

C AL ATIIOSPON GI A , gen. nov.

Page 155

(See Plates XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LVII, LX, LXVIII.)

CalATIIOSPONGIA (?) MAGNIFICA, Sp. UOV.

Page 1S2.

(See Plate LVII.)

Figure 5. The expanded apertural portion of a large sponge showing sub-
prismatic faces.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

MASTODICTYA, gen nov.

Page 157.

Dictyospongia (Mastodictya) osgulata, sp. nov.

Page 167.

Figure fi. A view of the specimen described ; showing the conical pro-
longation at the left, terminating in an osculum, the imperfect
portion at the right probably representing a similar process. The
reticulum is very fine, its meshes being of uniform size.

Keokuk group. Qrawfordsv Me, Indiana.

312

I);oTy< »spoxgid.e.

PLATE LYII.

CALATHOSPONGrIA, gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Plates XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LVI, LX, LXVIII.)

CaLATHOSPONGIA (?) MAGNIFIOA, Sp. BOV.

Page 182.

(See Plate LVI.)

Figure 1. The upper portion of a very large example, retaining a part of the
body and enough of the apertural expansion to show its extent.
Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

Dictyosponoidje.

314

PLATE LYITI.

LEBEDICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 169.

(See Plates LIX and LXI.)

Lebedictya crinita, sp. nov.

Page 169.

(See Plates LIX and LXI.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a specimen, probably representing most of
the sponge, retaining the aperture complete and showing its mar-
ginal fringe of long spicules. The cup lias an essentially smooth,
gently expanding, slightly prismatic surface ; the face exposed in tig. 2
showing the finer net-work and the uneven growth of the reticulum
at the margin, while the surface represented in fig. 1 shows traces of
the erect outer spicular lamellae which form coarse quadrilles, and at
the right, where exfoliated, a large internal bundle of vertical
spicules.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York. Plate LVIII

G.B Simpson del Philip Ast lith

Did Y< tSPONGID.K.

816

PLATE LIX.

LEBEDICTYA, gen. nov.

Pnge 169.

(See Plates LVII I ami LX1.)

Lebedictya cmnita, sp. nov.

Page 169.

(See Plates LVIII and LXI.)

Figure 1. The apertural portion of a cup showing the marginal fringe.

Figure 2. A large, obliquely compressed cup exhibiting about one-half of the
apertural margin and its spicular fringe. In both of these specimens
it is seen that there is a difference in the strength of the spicules
composing the fringe, the coarser seeming to lie in the line of the
coarser vertical bundles of the reticulum.

Keokuk group. CTa/wfordsvitle , Indiana.

l)ICTYOSPONGII)A:

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LIX .

I llCTYOSPONGIILE.

,‘S 1 8

PLATE LX.

CALATHOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Plates XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LVI, LVII, LXVIII.)

Calathospongia caroeralis, sp. nov.

Page 157.

(See Plates LI and LII.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a complete specimen, the side represented in
fig. 1 having been somewhat abraded. This specimen shows the
form of the entire sponge from aperture to base, the abrupt trunca-
tion of the latter, without evidence of basal disc, the stout body and
gradual expansion toward the summit. The major quadrules of
(lie reticulum are somewhat less conspicuous than those on the speci-
mens from the Waverly sandstone represented on Plates li and lii,
but this difference is largely due to the mode of preservation.
Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

ACL( EODICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 177.

(See Plates LIV, LV, LXI, LXVIII.)

Acl(eodictya marsipus, sp. nov.

Page 178.

(See Plates LV, LXI, LXVIII.)

Figure 3. Lateral aspect of an incomplete specimen showing a coarsely
reticulated surface and the deep basal obcone with its somewhat
irregular reticulation.

Figure 4. Side view of a small and somewhat distorted specimen with a
finer reticulation.

Figure 5. An entire individual, showing a very stout subcylindrical cup with
a coarse, square reticulation. The basal obcone is relatively deep,
forming a very obtuse angle with the walls of the sponge, and shows
the absence of any peripheral fringe and also the irregular converg-
ence and intersection of (lie radial bands.

Keokuk group. Indian Creek , Indiana.

D ICTYOSP ()N(i 1 1 > A'

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LX

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

DlCTYOSPONGimE,

320

PLATE LXI.

ACLCEODICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 177.

(See Plates LIV, LV, LX, LXVIII.)

AcLCEODICTYA MARSIPUS, S]). HOW
Page 178.

(See Plates LV, LX, LXVIII.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of the lower portion of a cup which is referred
with doubt to this species.

Figure 3. A portion of the body of a cup which lias retained impressions of
the erect surface lamellae.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

PHRAGMODICTY A, Hall.

Page 172.

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII )

PlIRAGMODICTYA (?) CREliRISTKIATA, Hall.

Page 176.

Figure 4. A view of the original specimen which appears to be a fragment
of the apertural portion of a very finely reticulated sponge.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

LEBEDICTYA, gen. nov.

Page 169.

(See Plates LVIII and LIX.)

Lebedictya crixita, sp. nov.

Page 169.

(See Plates LVIII and LIX.)

Figure 5. A portion of a small specimen showing the apertural fringe.
Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

DICTYOSPONGIA, gen. nov.

Page 72.

(See Plates XIV, XV, XVI, XXVII, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLI, XLII, XLIV, XLVI, LV, LVI.)

Dictyospongia cylindrica, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 166.

(See Plate LV.)

Figure G. A fragment of a small example with pyritized spicules.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

1) I( T YO S 1> < >X G 1 1 > A\

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LXI

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates,

821

PHY SOSPON Gr I A , Ilall.

Pago 187.

(See Plates LVI, LXII and LXIII.)

Physospongia multibuksakia, sp. nov.

Page 196.

A portion of a frond which is a flat, undefined expansion showing
a finely reticulate surface. The vertical areas lying between the
principal spicular bands are more or less completely covered by
pendulous, overlapping nodes in the form of internal casts without
much evidence of reticulation. No other example of this species
lias been observed.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Diotyosponghms,

FLATE LXII.

PHY SOSPONGI A, Hall.

Pago 187.

(See Plates LVI, LXI and LXIII.)

Piiysospongia Dawsoni, Whitfield (sp).

Page 189.

Figure 1. A portion of a slender cup showing the difference in size of the
primary and secondary vertical bundles, the alternation of the nodes
and concavities and the projection of a few spicular tufts at the
lateral margins.

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

O

2. A nearly entire specimen of average size, abnormal in having one
of the primary vertical strands of no larger size than those of the
secondary series. The rapid multiplication of the quadrules is
observable near the summit of the specimen. Some of the nodes
are presented in profile at the sides of the specimen.

3. The lateral portion of an individual which shows in the matrix the
long spicular tufts extending from the intersections of the vertical
and horizontal bands.

4. The median portion of a somewhat worn specimen showing the
alternating vertical strands, nodes and concavities.

5. A very regularly developed, nearly entire cup which retains the
fine spicular markings of the quadrules, shows the form of some of
the nodes in profile and two projecting spicular tufts.

ti. A specimen which has been somewhat obliquely compressed
shows the broad vertical primary spicular bands and the profile of
the nodes and spicular tufts.

7. A larger example, showing an unusual development of the nodes,
and the rapid increase of nodes and concavities toward the aperture,
by horizontal division.

8. An enlargement of the lateral portion of a frond showing the
spicular tufts arising at the intersection of the vertical and horizon-
tal bundles. The specimen also shows, as a discoloration of the matrix,
an erect lamellar film connecting the spicular tufts. This has not
been observed on other examples. x3.

1> IC T VO S PON 0 1 1 > A'. .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LXn.

J ll Jn
WJ" fHJ
( ; ' It jfl

V il

E Emmons del

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

323

figure 9 An incomplete example of medium size in winch the primary ver-
tical bands are broad and the secondary bands exceedingly narrow.

Figure 10. A specimen of small size; showing the regularly alternating
arrangement of the nodes.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

PlIYSOSPONOfA ALTERNATA, Hall.

Page 195.

Figure 11. A view of the original specimen; showing the narrow, subcylin-
drical form with large quadrules and subequal vertical strands. In
the latter there is some difference in size although not clearly shown
on the somewhat abraded surface here represented.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

324

Dictyospongid.e.

Figure

O

Figure

Figure :
Figure *

Figure

Figure

Figure

PLATE LXITT.

FHYSOSPONGIA, Hall.

Page 187.

(See Plates LVI, LXI and LX1I.)

Physospongia Collett:, Hall.

Page 193.

1. A nearly entire specimen of rather small size showing the usual
aspect of the species. The nodes have undoubtedly been somewhat
flattened, and the secondary vertical spicular bundles are represented
as rather too broad.

2. An enlargement of a portion of the surface in the same specimen,
showing two nodes and their corresponding concavities, each pair
being separated by a major vertical spicular band. The surface of
the quadrules shows indications of a finer reticulation.

5. A fragment of a large, somewhat irregular example, showing the
obsolescence of the nodes near the aperture.

1. An enlargement of the surface in the smooth apertural region of
the foregoing specimen, showing the diminution in the size of the
spicular bundles. x2.

>. 1 lie apertural major portion of a sponge; showing the diffusion of

the vertical spicular bands of the first order, and the multiplication
of the quadrules by increase in the number of both horizontal and
vertical bundles. At the aperture all nodes and depressions have
become obsolete.

>. A portion of the same specimen redrawn to show more distinctly
the multiplication of the nodes by horizontal and vertical division.
Natural size.

7. A portion of a very large specimen, natural size, in which the fine
reticulation of the quadrules is distinctly retained.

Keokuk group. (Jrawfordsv ille, Indiana.

DICTYOSPONGIDA*.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York Plate LXII1

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

Dictyospongidas.

326

PLATE LX IV.

PH RAG MO I )ICTYA, I lall.

Page 172.

(See Plates LXV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII.)

PlIRAGMODICTYA CATILLIFORMIS, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 173.

(See Plates LXV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII )

Figure 1. A small specimen which lias been compressed vertically, disturb-
ing the form of the cup but showing the transverse basal plate.

Figure 2. A view of the basal surface of the same specimen; showing the
radiating spicular bands.

Figure 3. The basal extremity of a larger example to which the peripheral
frill or periloph is attached. This specimen shows the ridged and
crenulated surface of the frill, the eccentric apex of the base, and
retains a part of the vertical portion of the sponge though in a
compressed condition.

Figure 4. An incomplete specimen, showing the approximate outline of the
entire sponge. This example has the surface ridges unusually strong
and regular and some of them are evidently continued on to the
periloph. The edge of the basal plate is very sharply defined.

Figure 5. An imperfect but very large example, exposing the basal area,
a portion of the broad periloph and the vertical cup in a compressed
condition. The convergence of the radial spicular striae of the base
is very clearly defined. This is the original specimen of the species.’
Keokuk group. Crawfurdsville, Indiana.

DICTYOSPONGII)A\.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York .

Plate LXIV

E Emmons del

Philip Ast lith

D iex v o s po n < ; i n.E

28

PLATE LXV.

PHRAGMODICTYA, Hall.

Page 172.

(See Plates LXIV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII.)

Phragmodictya catilliformis, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 173.

(See Plates LXIV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII.)

Figure 1. The lower side of a large basal disc with the entire periloph
retained; showing the fine radial spicular striations of the former
and the ridged surface and somewhat irregular margin of the hatter

o o o

Figure 2. A natural half section of a basal disc with a highly elliptical form,
undoubtedly due to lateral compression.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

P IIR AGMODICTY A PATELLIFORMIS, Hall.

Page 176

Figure 3. The lower surface of a large basal disc with a highly eccentric
apex.

Keokuk group. From the sandy calcareous layers overl/yi/ng the
calcareous shales, at Crawfordsville , Indiana.

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York. Plate LX V

Philip Ast lith

DlOTYOSPONGID/E,

330

PLATE LXV1.

PHRAGM( )DICTYA, Hall.

Page 172.

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVI1, I.XVIII.)

Phkagmodictya catilliformis, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 173.

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVII, LXV1II.)

Figure 1. A small basal disc with sharp and line radial striae.

Figure 2. A portion of a large specimen , showing the extremely tine
reticulum, the discontinuous vertical ridges and the convexity of the
basal disc.

Figure 3. A portion of a very broad periloph, showing the fine net- work, the
ridged surface and the irregular free margin.

Figure 4. A part of the reticulum about the apertural margin ; showing scat-
tered nodes and nodiform ridges, and a smooth surface at the margin
itself.

Figure f>. A small nearly entire individual, with broadly expanded aperture.

This specimen retains the probable outline of the species, except for
the obliquity of the lower part of the cup.

Figure (>. The lower portion <>f an internal cast, showing the convexity of
the basal plate and the regular convergence of the vertical striae.

Figure 7. A small specimen, entire from the basal disc to the aperture;
showing the expanding form of the cup.

Figure 8. A specimen of moderately large size, entire except about the
aperture, the parts being detached at the basal disc, showing the
form and depth of the latter and the length and character of the
periloph.

Figure 9. The same specimen with the parts brought together into their
normal condition.

Keokuk group. Cvawfordsville , Indiana.

DIC T VO SPONGIJ )A\ .

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

PlateLXVI.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lvth

Dictyospongid^e.

332

PLATE LXVII.

PHRAGMODICTYA, Hall.

Page 172.

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LX VIII.)

PlIR AGMODICTY A CATILLIFORMIS, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 173.

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LXVIII.)

Figures 1, 2. Opposite sides of a slender specimen, whose basal disc has an
elongate apical scar of attachment.

Figure 3. A characteristic example of average dimensions showing the
aperture and basal disc.

Figure 4. The apertural portion of a very large individual, showing the
expanded cup, with the vertical ridges and scattered nodes of the
surface.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

I)IC T VO S1M)X Cm 1 1 > X

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LXVI1

E. Emmons del

Philip Ast hth

Dictyospongid.e,

334

PLATE LXVIII.

PHRAGM0D1CTYA, Hall.

Page 172

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LXVII.)

PlIR AG MOD ICTY A CATILLIFORMIS, Whitfield (sp.).

Page 173.

(See Plates LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LXVII.)

Figure 1. An average individual retaining the skeleton from the basal disc
upward and preserving the usual configuration of the surface.

Figure 2. A small specimen, exposing the basal disc and part of the periloph.

Figure 3. A portion of a moderately large example showing the disc and the
strong vertical surface ridges.

Figure 4. The concave or lower surface of the basal disc with the broad
periloph attached.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

(?) PlIRAGMODICTYA LIN EAT A, Hall.

Page 176.

Figure 5. The original specimen, which is a fragment of a smooth, slender
subcylindrical cup, somewhat expanded about the lower end. It is
probably not a species of Phuagmodictya.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

CAL AT I IOSPON GI A , gen. nov.

Page 155.

(See Plates XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LVI, LVII, LX.)

Calatiiospongia amphorina, sp. nov.

Page 182.

Figure G. A specimen with the flaring upper portion somewhat deflected but
showing the general aspect of the sponge. The surface is smooth
and the reticulum fine with prominent vertical spicular bundles.
Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

1)IC T VO S POX O IDA

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LXVIII

G.B Simpson del.

Philip Ast lith

Explanations of Plates.

335

ACL( EODICTY A, gen. nov.

Page 177.

(See Plates LIV, LV, LX, LXI.)

Aclceooictya marsipus, sp. nov.

4

Page 178.

(Sec Plates LV, LX, LXI.)

Figures 7, 8. The basal parts of two specimens, showing the character of
the reticulum and the broad curvature at the basal edge.

Keokuk group. Indian Creek, India, na.

I ) K 'T YOSP< >NG 1 1 > Ai.

336

PLATE LXIX

CLEODICTYA, Han.

Page 163.

(See Plates LI and LXX.)

Cleodictya gloriosa. Hall.

Page 183.

(See Plate LXX.)

Figure 1. Lateral view of the original specimen which shows the lower
expansion with its broad obtuse nodes, and retains a part of the
upper vase-shaped extension.

Keokuk group. From the mudstone overt jin j the calcareous shales
at Crawfordsville , Indiana.

DIC TYO S PONG II>A

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LXIX.

E Emmons del

Philip Ast lith

I )lCTYOSPONGID.E.

338

PLATE LXX.

CLEODICTYA, Hall.

Page 163.

(See Plates LI aud LX IX.)

Cleodictya gloriosa, Hall.

Page 183.

(See Plate LXIX.)

Figure 1. The specimen figured on the preceding plate, viewed from above;

showing the slight lateral compression. The expanded portion bears
ten well developed nodes and an eleventh in an incipient state.
Figure 2. Basal view of the inferior nodose expansion of a smaller specimen,
bearing twelve nodes, some of them obscurely or incipiently
developed.

Keokuk group. Crawfordsville , Indiana.

Cleodictya Mohri, Hall.

Page 184.

Figure 3. The original specimen, showing the low basal nodiferous expansion,
the contraction above and gradual expansion to the aperture. The
spicular skeleton in this specimen is largely pyritized.

Keokuk group. Orawf ordsville, Indiana.

I > rc T VO S 1* OX G 1 1 > A

Memoirs Geological Survey of New York

Plate LXX.

G.B Simpson del

Philip Ast lith

INDEXES

To Personal Names, Localities, Families, Genera

and Species.

INDEX

To Pk rsonal Names

Allen, J., 5, 105, 145.

Ast, Ph., 6.

Barrois, C., 5, 45, 72, 95, 97, 100, 101, 147, 148,
290, 292.

Beecher, C. E., 6, 48, 90, 152.

Carll, J. F., 5, 158.

Carpenter, F. H., 117.

Clarke, J. M., 4. 0, 7, 51, G5, 100, 108, 170, 171,
174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 184, 185, 180, 190, 191,
192, 194, 190, 280.

Claypole, E. W., 0, 163.

Cole, F., 118.

Conrad, T. A., 3, 13, 41, 42, 95, 90, 97, 101, 161,
202, 204, 200, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220,
222, 204, 270, 272, 274, 270, 290.

Cotton, Thomas, 100, 103, 104, 106.

Dawson, J. W., 5, 23, 24, 25, 42, 44, 47, 48, 187.
Doederlein, 22.

Eichwald, 72.

Emmons, E., 0.

Freeh, F., 51.

Girty, G. H., 51, 04.

Goode, G. B., 0.

Gray, 20, 21.

Haeckel, E., 15.

Hall, E. B., 4, 74, 75, 77, 79, 82. 83, 85, 80, 87,
88, 89, 90, 92, 108, 110, 114, 115, 110, 117, 118,
127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 130, 137, 140, 141,
184.

Hall, James, 7, 42, 43, 44, 45, 40, 47, 49, 00.
72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, S3, 80, 91, 95, 90,
97, 109, 112, 110, 118, 119, 120, 121. 122, 123,
124, 125, 120, 128, 129, 137, 139, 142, 143, 144,

152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 100. 101, 103, 104, 105.

100, 170, 172, 173. 170. 177, 179. 183, 184, 187,

189, 193, 195, 202, 200, 220, 228, 230, 232, 234,

230, 237, 23S, 240, 241, 242, 244, 240, 248, 252,

258, 200, 202, 20S. 271, 282, 294. 290, 298, 300.

302, 304, 305, 300, 308, 310. 320, 321, 322, 323.

324, 320, 328, 330, 332, 334, 330, 338.

Hinde, G. J., 22, 23, 45, 47, 48, 03, 04, 72, 95, 97.
Hyatt, A., 20.

Johnston, J. S., 131.

Kemp, J. F., 0.

Larkin, E. P., 42, 95.

Lesley, J. P., 83, 111, 139, 155.

Lesquereux, L., 40, 111, 224.

Luther, D. D., 5, 08, 09, 70, 71, 72, 100, 105, 107,
109, 143.

Marsh, O. C., 92.

McCoy, F., 41, 45, 03, 04, 72.

McKee, J. H., 0.

Morris, 41.

Murchison, R. I., 41.

Neumayr, M., 48, 90.

Newberry, J. S., 3, 6.

Orton, E., 102.

Owen, R., 14, 28.

Rauff, H., 15, 20, 21. 22. 23, 24, 25, 20, 27, 33,
34, 49, 50, 120, 127, 201.

Redfield, W. C., 150.

Riley, A. H., 117

Roemer, F., 43, 45, 51, 03, 07, 72, 95, 97, 189.
Roth, J., 143.

Russell, I. C., 0.

Salter, J. W., 41.

Schimper, W., 43, 95.

Schlueter, C., 49, 08.

Schmidt, O., 21.

Schuchert, C., 0, 20, 49.

Schulze, F. E., 15, 18, 21, 28, 33, 40, 47, 142, 170.
187.

Sherwood, A. S., 112, 143,

Simonds, F. W., 125.

Simpson, G. B., 0.

Thomson, W., 14, 21, 22.

Tiffany, A. S., 5, 157, 100, 170, 179.

Ulrich, E. O., 48.

Van Deloo, J., 0. 142. 143.

Vanuxem, L., 3, 13, 41. 42, 137, 139, 254, 250,
288.

Walcott, C. D., 24, 25, 20, 200.

Ward, H., 44.

Whitfield, R. P., 3, 0. 43, 44, 40, 95, 100, 172,
173, 187, 189, 191, 308, 320, 320, 328, 330, 332,
334.

Winchell, N. H., 49.

Wright, A. A., 0.

Zittel, K. von, 30, 45, 51, 95, 90, 140.

311

INDEX

To Localities

Addison, N Y., 41, 206.

Akron, 0., 150, 163, 204, 300.

Alfred, N. Y„ 5, 42, 73, 111. 123, 124, 125, 135,
145, 222, 234, 241, 248, 250, 253.

Alma, N. Y , 86, 129, 244.

Almond, N. Y., 70, 77, 85, 230, 280.

Andover, N. Y., 73.

Avoca, N. Y„ 38, 70, 70, 100, 101, 103, 104, 100,
137. 142, 145, 202, 214, 210, 218, 220, 270, 281,
282, 283.

Bath, N. Y„ 38, 40, 101, 102, 103, 104, 202, 204,
210, 214, 210.

Benson, England, 65.

Brigsteer, England, 04.

Brittany, France, 147, 148, 149, 150. •

Brown Hill, N. Y„ 38, 45, 78, 99, 101, 108, 143,
202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 258, 200, 272,
274.

Burlington, Iowa, 100, 305.

Canandaigua lake, N. Y., 07, 220.

Cassadaga creek, N. Y., 127.

Charleston, Pa., 112.

Chemung narrows, N. Y., 123, 129, 220, 248.

Cohocton, N. Y., 38, 40, 44, 45, 78, 202, 208, 210,
214, 249, 258, 200, 272, 274.

Concord station, Pa., 84, 110, 240, 252.

Condroz, France, 147, 148, 149, 150.

Cotton hill, N. Y„ 38, 70, 70, 100, 137, 142, 214,
270, 281. 282, 2S3.

Crawfordsville, Ind„ 3. 5. 13, 29, 44, 100, 107,

108, 109, 170, 172, 175, 170, 177, 179, 181, 182,

183, 184, 187, 189, 193, 195, 197, 300, 308, 309,

310, 311, 312, 314, 310, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324,

320, 328, 330, 332, 334, 330, 338.

Cuba, N. Y„ 38, 39, 73.

Cuyahoga Falls, O., 102, 298.

Deyo basin, N. Y„ 40, 79, 109, 120, 208, 230, 242,
270, 272, 309.

Eifel, Germany, 07.

313

Erie, Pa„ 119, 242, 280.

Friendship, N. Y„ 73, 81, 88, 226, 228, 230, 208,
270.

Gemiinden, Germany, 49.

Gerolstein, Germany, 43, 45, 68.

Gotland. 72.

Great Bend, Pa., 117, 230.

Hamlin’s Farm, Naples, N. Y., 38, 40.
Harrisviile, Ohio, 156, 290.

Hill creek. Pa., 112.

Hinsdale, N. Y„ 83. 129, 134, 135, 208, 270, 278.
Holland Patent, N. Y„ 24, 50, 200, 201.

Howard, N. Y„ 101, 250.

Indian Creek, Indiana, 29, 157, 179, 193, 318,
335.

Irish hill, N. Y„ 38, 103, 202.

Ischua, N. Y., 85, 118, 121, 127, 129, 135, 230,
244, 253, 271, 274, 280, 282, 284.

Italy, N. Y„ 101, 107, 215, 272, 282.

Italy hollow, N. Y„ 105.

Ithaca, N. Y., 125, 228.

Jamestown, N. Y., 73.

Jenks quarry, N. Y„ 101, 102, 103, 104, 202, 204,
214, 216.

Jeumont, France, 45, 147, 148, 149, 150, 290, 292.
Kendal, England, 04.

Kenwood, N. Y., 46.

Lawrenceville, Pa., 114, 143, 140, 224.

Little Genesee, N. Y.. 129, 244.

Little Metis, Canada, 23, 24, 25, 47, 48.

Livonia, N. Y., 51, 65, 00, 2S0.

Lyndon, N. Y„ 145, 200, 202.

Mansfield, Pa., 40.

Montrose, Pa., 117.

Moot’s run, Ohio, 102, 304.

Naples, N. Y„ 38, 40, 08, 09, 70, 72, 79, 100, 101,
109, 120, 208, 204, 200, 309.

DlCTYOSPONGIDvE

;}44

Nile, N. Y., 73, 135.

Oil City, Pa., 1C5, 300.

Oil creek, Pa., 158.

Olean, N. Y„ 73, 83, 84, 85, 127, 129, 132, 135,
208, 283.

Owego, N. Y., 140, 254, 250.

Pine Creek, Pa., 158.

Pleasantville, Pa., 150, 158, 302.

Portsmouth, Ohio, 154, 298.

Potter hill, N. Y„ 101.

Randolph, N. Y„ 92, 118, 234, 230, 284.

Richfield, Ohio, 150, 157, 100, 102, 290, 298, 300.
302.

Scio, N. Y„ 73, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 110, 114, 110
125, 127, 128, 135, 141, 210, 232, 238, 240, 240
252, 205, 200, 208, 270, 271.

Segur’s gully, N. Y., 215.

Underbarrow, England, 04.

Union, N. Y., 288.

Yarysburg, N. Y., 70, 71, 100, 204, 205.

Wallace, N. Y., 99, 10S.

Warren, I'a., 84, 130. 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 159,
105, 240, 290, 304, 300.

Wellsville, N. Y„ 4, 38, 73, 74, 75, 79, 81, 82. 83,

84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 110, 111, 115, 117, 127, 129.

130, 131, 132, 135, 130, 140. 203, 214, 220, 228,

232, 233, 234, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 244, 240,

252, 253, 280, 282.

Westmoreland, England, 41, 04. 72.

Weston Mills, N. Y., 132, 274.

Whitesville, N. Y„ 130, 248.

INDEX

To Families, Genera, Etc.

Numbers in black type indicate place of description.

Aclocodietya, 77. and C„ 164, 172, 177, 306. 308,
318, 320, 335.

Actinodietya, Hall, 17, 49, 141, 142, 143, 144,
258, 260.

Aglitkodictya, H. and C„ 145, 146, 249.

Aglithodictyinae, 77. and C., 53, 56.

Arystidiotya, 77. and C., 136, 281, 283.

Aseonematidae, 50.

Astylospongia, Rocmer, 15.

Botryodictya, 77. and C„ 33, 95, 111, 114, 148,
151, 196, 224.

Brachiospongidae, 48, 50.

Calathospongia, 77. and C., 35, 36, 151, 152, 155,
160, 182, 184, 294, 296, 300, 302, 311, 312, 318,
334.

Calatliospongiinse, 77. and C., 53, 56.

Cera tod ictya, 77. and C., 17, 35, 40, 117, 242,
280, 282, 284.

Clatkrospongia, Hall, 19, 31, 66, 98, 121, 125,
153, 170, 177, 226, 228, 234, 241, 248, 296, 298.

Cleodlctya, Hall, 32, 35, 36, 46, 163, 166, 175,
178, 183, 300, 336, 338.

Clepsydrospongia, 77. and C., 71, 266.

Coryni'lla, 45.

Cryptodictya, Hall, 17, 49, 141, 144, 260, 262.

Cyathodictya, 77. and C., 24, 35, 200.

Cyathophycus, Walcott, 23, 24, 47, 48, 50.

Diagonella, Dawson, 23.

Dictyonina, 21, 22.

Dictyophyton, Hall, 13,24, 42. 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,
72, 77, 79, 95, 96, 155, 160, 161.

Dictyophytra, Rauff, 50.

Dictyospongia, 77. and C., 17, 35, 36, 63, 65. 68,
72, 76, 77, 147, 166, 226, 228, 230, 252, 253,
264, 271, 275, 280, 282. 286, 290, 308, 310, 320.

Dictyospongidae, Hall, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 18, 19, 21,
22, 23, 28, 29, 32, 33, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54,
147, 190.

Dictyospongiinae, 77. and C., 52, 54.

(?) Ectenodictya, Hall, 46, 164, 177.

Ectenodictya, Hall, 177.

Eupleetella, Owen, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28,
29, 40, 43, 45, 134.

Euplectellidae, 19, 25, 40, 47, 50.
Gongylospongia, 77. and C., 92, 95.
Griphodlctya, 77. and C., 32, 179, 309.
Hallodietya, 77. and C„ 17, 140, 141, 144, 271,
281.

Hallodictyinae, 77. and C., 53, 56.

Helicodictya, 77. and C., 114, 242, 252.
Hexactinellida, 21, 54, 170, 187.

Hindia, Duncan, 15.

Holaseus, Schulze, 17.

Hyalonema, Gray, 17, 21, 22.

Hyalonematidae, 50.

Hydnoceras, Conrad, 3, 19, 27, 32, 40, 41, 47, 48,

63, 69, 71. 95, 96, 97, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113.

141, 151, 154, 161, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212.

214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 264, 270, 272, 274, 276,

290.

Hydriodictya, 77. and C., 40, 77, 206, 208, 230,
241, 309.

Hyphantaenia, Vanuxem (emend.), 19, 26, 137,
139, 188, 254, 256, 288.

Hypliantseniinae, 77. and C., 53, 56.

Lebedictya, 77. and C„ 32, 36, 99, 136, 169, 314,
316, 320.

Lyrodictya, Hall, 31, 36, 46, 164, 165, 166, 170,
175, 305, 308, 310.

Lysactinella, Girty, 51. 64.

Lyssacina, 21, 22, 54.

Mastodictya, 77. and C., 167, 310.
Monactinellida, 21.

Oneosella, Rauff, 126.

Paehytriehisma, 146.

Pheronema, Leidy, 17.

345

346

Dicty ospongid.e.

Phormosella, II in tie, 23, 47, 50.

Phragmodictya, Hall, 17, 28, 32. 35, 40, 71, 125,
130, 104, 172, 177, 180, 320, 320, 328, 330, 332,
334.

Phragmodictya ?, 155.

Phragmodictya, 100, 177, 181.

Phragmodictyum, Hall, 45.

Physospongia, Hall, 19. 25. 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 40,
08, 139, 172, 175, 178, 187, 188, 189, 195, 190,
197, 310, 321, 322, 324.

Physospongiina?, If. and C., 53, 50.

Plectoderma, Hindr, 23, 47, 50.

Plectodermatidae, nom. propos.. 30.

Plectospongidae, Hinde, 23, 25, 30, 50, 51.

Polylophus, Schulze, 17.

Prismodictya, H. and C„ 19, 35, 30, 03, 09, 79,
92. 110, 114, 108, 232, 234, 230. 238, 240, 252,
253, 204, 200, 208, 270, 280, 282, 308.

Protospongia, Salter, 13, 23, 45, 47, 49.

Protospongidae, 22, 23, 30, 47, 50, 51.

Rhabdosispongia, II. and O., 35, 116, 149, 230,
292

Rhombodictyon, Whitfield, 40.

Roemerispongia, H. and C., 19 40, 67, 08, 189.
Rossellidae, 50.

Silicea, 20, 54, 144.

Sphmrodictya, H. and C„ 20, 200.
Staurodermidae, 22, 45.

Stellispongia, 45.

Teganium, Rauff, 24, 50, 201.

Tetractinellida, 21.

Trtragnni.t, McCoy, 43. 45, 4S, 72.

Thamnodictya, Hall, 35, 40, 160, 101, 102, 298,
302, 304.

Thysanodictya, H. and C., 17, 19, 28, 30, 03, 71,
121, 125, 120, 130, 154, 157, 104, 172, 173, 177,
237, 244, 240, 248, 250, 253, 274, 270, 278, 283.
Thysanodictyinae, H. and C., 52, 50.

Tylodictya, //. and C„ 95, 114, 151, 153, 304.

V phanlwnia, Vanuxem, 3, 20, 43, 137, 187.
Ventriculitidae, 146.

Verticillites, 45.

Walteria, Schulze, 143.

INDEX

To Species.

Numbers in black type indicate place of description.

Aclceodictya (?) eccentrica, Hall (sp.i, 179, 300.
A. marsipus, H. and C., 31, 177, 178, 179, 308,
318, 330, 335.

Actinodictya placenta, HaU, 49, 100, 143, 258,
200.

Aglithodictya numulina, H. and C„ 145, 249.
Arystidictya elegans, H. and C., 70, 100, 136,
137, 142, 281, 283.

A nodifera, H. and C„ 70, 100, 137, 142, 281.
Bathydorus flmbriatus, Schulze, 170.
Botryodiitya ramosa, Lisquereux (sp.), 27, 40, 40,
111, 224.

B (or Tylodictya) sp., 114.

Calatliospongia ampborina, U. and C., 182, 334.
C carceralis, H. and C., 157, 100, 300, 302, 318.
C. Carlli, H. and C„ 5, 158, 159, 103, 165, 184,
302, 300.

C. (?) magnifica, H. and C.. 182, 311, 312.

C. Redfieldi, Halt (sp.), 155, 158, 100, 103, 165,
184, 294, 296. 300.

C. ? sacculus, Hall (sp ), 160, 298.

C. Tiffanyi, H. and C., 158.

Ceratodictya annulata, Hall (sp.), 79, 109, 120,
242.

C. Carpenteriana, H. and C.. 117, 119, 282, 284.
C. centeta, H. and C., 120, 280.

C. cincta, Hall (sp.), 118, 242.

C. zonata, H. and C., 119, 121, 280.
Clathrospongia abacus, Hall. 44, 153, 296, 300.
C. caprodonta, H. and V., 123, 154, 298.

C. (?) desmia, H. and C., 125, 248.

C. fenestrata, Hall (sp.), 122, 124, 220, 248.

C. (?) Hamiltonensis, Hall (sp.), 30, 66, 226.

C. (?) irregularis. Hall (sp.), 124, 228.

C. (?) tomaculum, Hall (sp.i, 123, 124, 234, 241.

C. vascellum, Hall (sp.), 123, 241, 248.
Cleodictya Claypolei. H. and C., 0, 163, 185.

C. gloriosa, Hall, 46, 163, 183, 185, 192, 336, 338
C. Mohri, Hall, 30, 32, 46, 184, 185, 186, 338.
Clepsydrospongia matutina, H. and (7., 71, 200.
Cryptodictya Alleni, Hall, 49, 105. 144. 260, 202.
Cyathodictya reticulata, Walcott (sp.), 25, 26,
200.

Cyathophycus reticulatus, Walcott, 23, 24, 50.

C. mbsphcericus, Walcott, 24, 25, 26.

C. (Cyathodictya) reticulatus, Walcott (sp.), 24.
Cyathospongia Quebecensis, Dawson, 24.
Diagonella coronata, Dawson, 23.

D. cyathiformis, Dawson, 23.

Dictyophyton abacus. Hall, 121, 122.

D. Amalthea, Hall. 49, 116, 149.

D. angulatum, Larkin, 42.

D. annulatum, Hall, 42, 116, 120.

D. baculum. Hall, 81.

D. catilliforme, Whitfield, 173.

D. cinctum, Hall. 118, 119.

D. Conradi, Hall, 42. 91.

D. cylindricum, Hall, 166.

D. cylindricum, Whitfield, 160.

D. cylindricum, Larkin, 42.

D. Danbyi, McCoy (sp.), 45. 48. 03.

D. fenestratum, Hall, 42, 122.

D. filitextile, Hall, 42, 83, 86.

I). Gerolsteinensis, F. Roemer, 45, 07.

D. Haiti, Hall. 125.

D. Hamiltonense,' Hall, 66.

D. hastatum, Larkin, 42.

D. irregulare. Hall, 124.

I), lobatum. Larkin, 42.

D. Morini, Barrois, 147.

347

DlCTYOSPOJJGIDvE,

348

D. Newberryi, Hall, 42, ir>7, 161, 300.

D. nodosum. Hall, 42. 109.

IJ. parallelum, Hall, 82.

D. patulum, Hall, 77.

D. prismaticum. Hall, 83.

D. ramosum, Lesquereux, 46, 111.

D. Randalli, Hall, 49. 129.

D. Redfieldi, Hall, 42, 155, 160.

I). rude. Hall, 42, 128.

I). sacculum, Hall, 160.

D. sceptrum. Hall, 49.
n. scitum, Hall, 49, 128.

D. serration, Larkin, 42.

D. telum, Hall, 79.

D. tenue, Hall, 152.

I), tomaculum, Hall, 49, 123.

D. tuberosum, Conrad (sp.), 42, 43, 45, 97, 100,
112, 147.

D. vascellum, Hall, 123.

I*. [ Cala thospongia ?] sacculus, Hall (sp.), 46.

D. [Cera tod ictya] cinetum, Hall (sp.), 46.

D. (Clatlirospongia) abacus, Hall, 153.

I). [C.] Hamiltonense, Hull (sp.), 46.

D. [C.] irregulare, Hall (sp.), 46.

I). [Dietyospongia] cylindricum, Whitfield (sp.),
44.

D. [D.] Danbyi, McCoy (sp.), 47.

D. [D.] Morini, Barrois (sp.), 45.

D. [Ectenodictya] implex-urn, Hall (sp.), 44.

D. [Hydriodictya] patulum, Hall (sp.), 46.

D. [PhragmodictyaJ catilliforme, Whitfield (sp.),
44.

r>. ? [P.] Ilalli, Hall, 49, 126.

D. [Prismodictya] baculum, Hall (sp.), 46.

1>. [P.] parallelum, Hall (sp.), 46.

D. [P.] prismaticum, Hall (sp.), 46.

L). [P.] telum, Hall (sp.), 46.

D. [Tylodictya] tenue, Hall (sp.), 44.
Dictyopliytra (?) Waleotti, Rauff, 50.
Dictyophytum Redfieldi, Lesley, 155.
Dietyospongia Almondeusis. H. and C., 76, 85,
164, 286.

D. (?) bacteria, H. and C., 77, 275.

D. charita, H. and C„ 74, 228.

D. cylindrica, Whitfield (sp.), 166, 308, 320.

D. Danbyi, McCoy (sp.), 35. 63.

D. eumorpba, H. and C„ 75, 228.

D. baplea, H. and C., 68, 264.
n. Iophura, H. and C„ 74, 167, 228.

D. (?) Marcellia, Clarke (sp.), 30. 31, 65, 139, 280.
D. Morini, Barrois (sp.), 147, 290.

D. sceptrum, Hall (sp.), 38, 39, 72, 73, 125, 226,
228, 230, 252. 271.

D. sirsea, H. and C„ 75, 282.

D. (?) stylina, II. and C„ 167, 310.

D. ? (Ectenodictya?) 253.

Dietyospongia (Mastodictya) osculata, H. and
C„ 167, 311.

Ectenodictya ? Burlingtonensis, Hall, 164, 165.

E. ecccntrica, Hall, 164, 179.

E. expansa, Hall, 154, 164.

E. implexa, Hall, 153, 158, 164, 165, 306.

E. [Lyrodietya] Burlingtonensis. Hall (sp.), 46.
Euplectella aspergillum, Owen, 14, 40.

E. crassistellata, Schulze, 40.

Euryp’egma auricularis, Schulze, 142.

Farrea occa, Bowerbank, 187.
j Gongjdospongia Marslii, II. and C., 92, 93, 94.
95.

Griphodictya epiphanes, II. and C., 33, 179, 180,
309.

Hallodictya Cottonlana, II. and C., 76, 106, 137,
142, 281.

II. Sciensis, II. and C„ 140, 141. 271.
Helicodictya (?) Concordia, II. anil C., 115, 252.
II. (?) Scio, 11. and C., 116, 252.

H. trypania, II. and C., 114, 115, 242.

Hyalostelia t Marcellia, Clarke (sp.), 51, 65.
Hydnoceras anthraeis, II. and <'., 109, 203, 210,
265.

H. Avoca, II. and C„ 69; 100, 102, 103, 202, 216.

2 15, 220.

II. Barroisi, H. and C., 45, 100, 147, 149, 290.
n. Bathense, II. and C., 101, 102, 103, 204, 211,

216.

II. botroedema, II. and C., 38, 102, 105, 109, 202.
H. eumeces, H. and C., 110, 222.

H. eutheles, H. and C., 70, 76, 105, 137, 214, 265.
H. gracile, 17. and C., 70, 264.

II. hypastrum, II. and C., 105, 212.

II. Jeumontense, H. and C., 148, 290.

II. legatum, H. and C., 69, 264.

Index to

Species.

349

H. Eutherl, //. and C., 106, 215.

H. multinodosum, II. and C., 76, 106, 137, 142,
276.

II. nodosum, flail (sp.), 109, 137, 202.

H. phymatodes, II. and C., 104, 148, 210, 272.

II. rhopalum, If. and C., 100, 107, 272.

H. sp., Ill, 214.

H. tuberosum, Conrad , 13, 1 <», 38, 41, 42, 69, 76,
96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109,
143, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 274.

H. tuberosum, Conrad,

var. glossema, If. and C., 22, 81, 101, 212, 216.

H. variabile, If. and C„ 79, 108, 120, 270, 272.
Hydriodictya cylix, II. and C., 78, 120, 208, 230,

309.

II. nepbelia, II. and C., 79, 241.

II. patula, Hall (sp.), 78, 100. 206.

Hyphantaenia Chemungensls, //. and C., 139,
254, 256, 288.

Lebedictya crinita, II. and C., 169, 170, 314, 316,
320.

I. yrodictya (7) Burlingtonensis, Hall (sp.), 165,
305.

L. Komingerl, Hall, 6, 46, 170, 171. 310.
Lysactinella Gebhardi, Girty, 64.

L. perelegans, Girl //, 64.

Mastodictya osculata. H. and C., 16, 30, 167, 168,
311.

Oncosella catinum, Rauff, 126.

Palythoa fatua, 21, 22.

Phragmodictya eatilliformis, Whitfield (sp.), 30,
32, 134, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 309,
326, 328, 330, 332, 334.

P. (?) crebristriata, Hull, 44, 176, 320.

P. eccentrica, Hall, 179.

P. expansa, Hall, 154.

(?) P. lineata, Hall, 44, 176, 334.

/’. Newberryi, Hall, 161.

P. patelliformis, Hall, 44, 176, 328.

P. f Redflehli, Hall, 155.

I’, scyphus, Hall, 44, 173.

P. [Aeloeodictya] eccentrica, Hall (sp.). 44.

P. [Thysanodictya] expansa, Ha l (sp.), 44.
Physospongia alteruata, Hall, 41, 195, 323.

P. Colletti, Hall, 32, 46, 171, 188, 189, 190, 192,
193, 194, 196, 324.

P. Dawsoni, Whitfield (sp.), 31, 171, 188, 189,
190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 322.

P. multibursaria, II. and C., 188, 196, 321.
Prismodietya Allegania, II. and C., 84, 238.

P. amicitiae, H. and C., 87, 270.

P. aulopliia, II. and C., 88, 239, 266, 280.

P. baculum, Hall (sp.), 81, 85, 234.

P. banano, H. and C., 87, 232.

P. cereidea, II. and C„ 88, 89, 90, 238, 282.

P. choanea, H. and C„ 85, 86, 164, 236, 253, 268.
P. citbara, H. and C., 88, 89, 90, 268, 270.

P. Conradi, Hall (sp.), 81, 91, 95, 234, 236.

P. corynia, II. and C., 85. 86, 233.

P. lilltextilis, Hall (sp.), 86, 240, 252.

P. narthecia, H. and C., 90, 268.

P. palsea, H. and C., 69, 264.

P. parallela, Hall (sp.), 81, 82, 84, 236, 238, 240,
268.

P. polyhedra, II. and C., 168, 306.

P. prismatica, Hall (sp.), 83, 84, 116, 232, 240.
P. cf. prismatica, 282.

P. ptionia, H. and C„ 88, 89, 90, 266.

P. spectabilis, II. and G.. 82, 238.

P. sp.?, 271.

P. telum, Hall (sp.), 22, 80, 87, 88, 232, 268, 282.
Protospongia coronata, Dawson, 23.

P. delicatula, Dawson, 25.

P. mononema, Dawson, 23.

P. rhenana, Schliiter, 49, 68.

P. tetranema, Dawson, 23.

Rauff ella filosa, Ulrich, 48

Rhabdosispongia Amalthea, Hall (sp.), 116, 230.
It. Condroziaua, II. and C., 149, 292.
Roemerispongia Gerolsteinensis, F. Roomer (sp.),
35, 67, 189.

Sphaerodictya subsphaerica, Walcott (sp.), 200.
Toy a uium subsphwricum, Walcott (sp.), 24, 25, 26.
Tetragonis Danbyi, McCoy, 41, 43, 45, 63, 64, 72.
T. Eifelensis, F. Roemer, 43.

T. Murchisoni, Eiclewald, 43, 45, 72.

T. [Prismodietya] Eifelensis, F. Roemer (sp.),
45, 67.

Thamnodictya Newberryi, Hall, 161, 162, 298,
302.

T. Ortoui, H. and C., 162, 304.

Thysanodictya apleta, H. and C., 135, 250, 253.

DlCTYOSP* iNGID.F,.

350

T. Edwin-Halli, II. and C., 38, 126, 128, 131, 155,
246.

T. expansa, Hall, (sp.), 154, 304.

T. liormenia, II. and C., 133, 134, 253, 276, 278.
T. Jolmstoni, /7. and C., 130, 244.

T. poecilus, H. and C., 127, 157, 246.

T. quasillum, H. and C., 131, 133, 274.

T. Randalli, nail (sp.), 125, 129, 132, 240.

T. rudis, nail (sp.), 125, 127 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 155, 237, 244.

T. saccus, H. and C., 130, 248.

T. scyphina, II. and C., 132, 283.

T. turricula, II. and C., 135, 274.

Tylodictya Warrenensis, II. and C., 151, 152.
153.

T. (?) tenuis. Hall (sp.), 152, 304.

Uphantwnia Chemungensis, Vanuxem, 13, 42, 137,

139.

V. Datcsoni, Whitfield, 44, 189, 191.

U. [Hyphan taenia] Chemungensis, Yanuxeni
(sp.), 41.

U. [Physospougia] Dawsoni, Whitfield (sp.), 44,
48.

Wralteria Flemmiugi, Schulze, 142.

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