Tren teres Ae —~ at - teen rat 6 ane Soe) A Plt ae ek Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/mnemoirs10harv i’ u x) A 5 . m ae on ae ie ‘" ra haat 7 ’ OR) M Y 1" oF ‘ ‘ ~ i 4 7 =) 4 , Pe a a NP i ‘ MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD COLLEGE. VOL. x. UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, JOHN WILSON AND SON. 1883—1885. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No, 4. CONTENTS. REPORTS ON THE RESULTS OF DREDGING BY THE U. Ss. COAST SURVEY STEAMER “BLAKE.” XXIV. Parr I. Report on the Echini. By ALexanpEeR AGassiz. pp. 126. 32 Plates. September, 1883. : ON AN EXTINCT TYPE OF DOG, FROM ELY CAVE, LEE COUNTY, VIR- GINIA. By Jorn Asap ALLEN. pp. 13. 3 Plates. December, 1885. RESULTS OF AN EXAMINATION OF SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS, CHIEFLY FROM THE RANGE OF MOUNT LEBANON. By Cuartes Epwarp Hamtiy. pp. 68. 6 Plates. April, 1884. A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. By Watter Faxon. pp. i-vi, 186. 10 Plates. September, 1885. a Hemoirs of the Museum of Comparative The details of the geographical distribution of the Echini of the “ Blake ’ having already been given in the Preliminary Reports (Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. x No. 9, 1878, Vol. VIII. No. 2, 1880), to avoid repetitions I merely refer to the previously published records, as well as to the list of the dredging sta- tions occupied by the “ Blake” (Bull. M. C. Z,, Vol. VI. No. 1, 1879; Vol. VIII. No. 4, 1881). These give the position, the depth, the temperature, and the character of the bottom. On the completion of the Reports by the differ- ent specialists, who have kindly consented to work up the collections of the “ Blake,” including the examination of the bottom samples, I hope to make a revision of the geographical and bathymetrical distribution of the various groups, so as to give a good picture of the animals associated at the prin- cipal localities which make up the-Fauna characteristic of certain well-defined regions. Nothing can be more different, for instance, than the animals found associated on the rocky bottom along the southern slope (in deep water) of the Florida Reef, on the Pourtalés Plateau, with its predominance of Corals, Rhizocrini, and Starfishes, from those found in the calcareous ooze of the trough of the Gulf Stream (Lamellibranchiates, Holothurians, &e.); and again from the association of the masses of Gorgonie, Saleniz, and Terebratule, off the north coast of Cuba, brought up in a single haul of the trawl. Nor ean there be a greater contrast between the inhabitants of the Pteropod ooze in deep water off the west end of Santa Cruz, with its preponderance of Phormosomex, of Asthenosome, and Hyaloneme, and those of the forests of Pentacrini and Gorgoniw, and the accompanying Comatule and Ophiurans, living in such abundance on the windward coast of St. Vincent. We may contrast, again, the deep-water Fauna off the Tortugas, in the coral ooze, mainly made up of a most remarkable association of Fishes INTRODUCTION. V and Crustacea, with the hauls in deep water, at special localities, made up entirely of thousands of specimens of single species, either of Ophiurans, of Echini, of Comatule, of Crustaceans, or of Gorgonix. Take again the bottom along the ridges between the West India Islands, or along the course of the Gulf Stream off the Carolinas, which are swept nearly clear of all animal life, and compare that to the rich and varied Fauna found at the same depths along the continental shelf farther north, and along the western shelf of the Windward Islands, on the lee side, in the Caribbean; or compare these Faun in turn with the mass of animal life, mainly composed of Gorgonix, of Calcareous and Horny Sponges, found upon the great plateau on the west of Florida and on the Yucatan Bank ; there can be no greater contrasts within the narrowly circumscribed areas g to the West Indian Fauna taken as a I have mentioned, all belongin whole. This clearly indicates great faunal contrasts in very limited areas, differing principally in the character of the bottom, and where the physical conditions, such as temperature, depending mainly upon currents and winds, are in striking opposition within comparatively moderate distances. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. CampBripcr, Mass., September 1, 1883. _ ONT ENTS, SPECIES ARRANGED SYSTEMATICALLY. Nors. — Species marked * were discovered by the ‘‘ Blake’; those marked P were first dredged by Mr. Pourtalés ; species marked °* and °p were previously known from other localities, and subsequently dredged in the Caribbean and along Florida by the “Blake” or Mr. Pourtalés. The species without any notation were previously known from the Caribbean region. Crparis tripuLowes Bl. . = eA *Dorocrparis Barttern A. Ag. Pl. I. Figs. 16-27 . *Dorociparis Braker A. Ag. Pl. I, Pl. IL Figs. 1-15 . °p Dorocrparis PAPILLATA A. Ag. rea De Caer *Porocrparis Smarrert A. Ag. Pl. IIT, Pl. IV. Figs. 1, 2 *Savenra Parrersonr A. Ag. Pl. IV. Figs. 3-23; Pl. V.; Pl. VI. Figs. 18-25 pSavenra varisprxa A. Ag. Pl. VI. Figs. 1-17 ARBACIA PUNCTULATA Gray . p Popociparis scutpta A. Ag. *Popocrmaris scuraTA A. Ag. . . - - - «© «= - pCaLopieurus FLormpanus A. Ag. Pl. VIL, Pl. VII. DrapeMa serosum Gray . AspmpopiapEeMA A. Ag. xa aye * AsprpopraApeMA ANTILLARUM A. Ag. Pl. IX. * Asprpoprapema Jacopy1 A. Ag. Pl. [X%. . She mes °p AsTHENOSOMA HysTRIX A. Ag. Pl. XII, Pl. XIV... ... .» °* PyoRMOSOMA PLACENTA Wyy. Thoms. Pl. XJI., Pl. XV. Figs, 8-19 °* PyorMOsOMA URANUS Wyv. Thoms. Pl. X., Pl. XT. . EcnHInoMETRA SUBANGULARIS Desml. SrroncyLocentrotus Drosacnrensis A. Ag. TeMNOPLEURIDZ p TemNecuinus MacuLatus A. Ag. pTriGonociparis ALBIDA A. Ag. p Ecuinus araciiuis A. Ag. °pEcuinus Norveaicus Diib. 0. Kor. *Ecninus Wattist A. Ag. Toxopnevustes vartecatus A. Ag. Hreponoz escunenta A. Ag. . «© «© + s+ «© © © © © © © © Pace 13 15 Vil CONTENTS. SPHCHINOGYAMUS IPUSILLUS Vian Bhi.) = ss = le ee *CLypEasTeR Lavissimus A. Ag. Pl. XV®. Figs. 3,4; Pl XVevHigs. 84 « °pCrypeasTeR Ravenettu A. Ag. Pl. XV Figs. 1,2; Pl. XV¢. Figs. 1, 2 CLYPEASTER SUBDEPRESsSUS Agass. Pl. XV% . . . ... . HGHINANTHUS ROSACEUS: Gray) %) hs) Gos as) ech) aston BGHINARACHNIGSPARAGA (GEV och 0s oss sich ol kes aus eee ENNCOPE MiarcHEnint -Acasss (29 4: eeee a) on toe A\CHINONEUS) SEMILUNARIS WWamks <0 7) (en poe ce PINEOLAMPAS: ROSTEEL ATA As KA G.g lie X50] Same °p EcuiNoLaMpas pepressa Gray. Pl. XVI, Pl. XXIV. Figs. 1-5 . Conotampas A. Ag. oo 0 2 * CONOLAMPAS SIGSBED As Aion) PU XG) Van ay EJROURTALESIA MERAN DAG Atl A Orie) co) [omer pre meen Ct CS °* URECHINUS NARESIANUS A. Ag. Pl. XX VI. Figs. 1-8 . . . . °* Patmorrorus JosppHinaz Lovén. Pl. XXIIL. Figs. 5-14 . . “PAL HOTROPUS! ADHOMSOND PAL eA Con cs snciicn jefe etcr hon ye mmCw nue * Parmoprissus Hircarpr A. Ag. Pl. XXIV. Figs.6-15 . . P HomMoLamMpas FRAGILIS A. Ag... . . . fH 69 6 ig. “ob p PALEOpNEusTES oristaTus A. Ag. PI. XXI. . . of ec * PaLeopneustes uystrix A. Ag. Pl. XVIIT., Pl. XIX. Fig. 2 (lower fig.) * LINOPNEUSTES LoNGisPINUS A. Ag. Pl. XIX. Fig. 1 (upper fig.) ; Pl. XX. * MACROPNEUSTES SPATANGOIDES A. Ag. Pl. XXVIZ. . . . . *TWemraster Mrentz1 A. Ag. . . . 5 : gS °* BRISSOPSIS LYRIFERA Agass. Pl. XXVI. Migs. 7-18. . . . . PYAIGASSIZTAY EXCENTRICA™ Aly AG nol XX en ey oe ee Mommas ViENTRIGOSS: ititkse ei eee arene nee ee er °* SCHIZASTER FRAGILIS Agass. Pl. XXVIII. Figs.8-14 . . . . * ScHIzASTER oRBIGNYANUS A. Ag. Pl. XXVIII. Figs. 1-7... . * SCHIZASTER (PERIASTER) Lricota A. Ag. Pl. XX VI. Figs. 5, 6. Ortery or tar West Inpran (Canrepean) Ecninip Fauna RuiNoBRIssus MrcrasTtEROIDES A. Ag. Pl. XXIII. Figs. 1-4, Pl. XX VE. Fig. TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND PALMONTOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF West Inpian Ecomm. ..... THE 85 Hee OR LS ON THE Reet is OR Dh DG ING, UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, IN THE GULF OF MEXICO (1877-78), IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA (1878-79), AND ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES (1880), BY THE U.S. COAST SURVEY STEAMER “ BLAKE,” Lievt.-Coy. C. D. Sicsser, U, S. N., ann Comaanper J. R. Bartiert, U.S. N,, Commanpine. XXIV. Part I. Report on the Echini, By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. (Published by permission of Carte P. Parrerson and J. E. Huearp, Superintendents U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.) Cidaris tribuloides Bx. Off St. Kitts, 250 fathoms. Flanegan Passage. Lat. 24° 44’ N., Long. 83° 26’ W. 37 fathoms. *Dorocidaris Bartletti A. Ac. Dorocidaris Bartletti A. Ac, Bull. M, C. Z., VIIL, No. 2, p, 69, 1880, Montserrat to Barbados. 88-398 fathoms. Pl. IT. Figs. 16-27. At St. Vincent and at Martinique were first collected a number of re- markable spiny transversely banded radioles (Pl. I. Figs. 18, 19, 26, 27) similar to those of Goniocidaris lispinosa, and which I had already noticed in the earlier Preliminary Reports of the Blake Expedition for 1877-78. From Barbados a few specimens of Cidaris were dredged, showing these radioles to belong to a species of Dorocidaris differing from D. papillata and D. * Species marked * were discovered by the “ Blake.” 10 DOROCIDARIS BLAKET. Blakei in the shape of the plates of the abactinal system (PI. II. Fig. 17). The ocular plates are in contact with the extremities of the large anal plates inserted between the genital plates; the other plates of the anal system are of a more uniform size than in the other species of the genus. In a speci- men measuring 50 mm. in diameter, there are 7-8 primary interambulacral plates; these are covered by a comparatively coarse, irregularly arranged secondary granulation. The poriferous zone is somewhat flexuous, the fur- rows more distant, and the median ambulacral granulation finer, than in the other West India species of the genus. ‘The ambulacral papille and those at the base of the primary radioles of D. Bartletti are nearly of uni- form size; in D. papillata, those surrounding the radioles are somewhat larger, and in D. Blakei they are still more different, bemg comparatively much wider and flatter than the narrow ambulacral papilla. *Dorocidaris Blakei A. Ac. Dorocidaris Blakei A. Aa. Bull. M.C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 185, Pl. [V., 1878. Dorocidaris Blakei A. Ac. Bull. M.C.Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 70, 1880. Off Havana, 175-450 fathoms. Santa Cruz to Barbados, 163-270 fathoms. IPE ESP igs elt or. This species (PI. 1.) is perhaps the most interesting of the recent Cidaride. Thus far the living Cidaride known have not shown any great or striking variety in the form of the radioles. With the exception of some of the recent species of the genus Goniocidaris, the radioles as a whole are charac- terized by their great uniformity, while among the fossils of the family the great variation in the shape and size of the radioles of some of the Jurassic and Cretaceous species is most remarkable. In the description of species of the recent Cidaride, it has not been unusual to lay great stress upon the differences noticed in the shape and ornamentation of the radioles. Com- parative studies of recent and fossil types have shown the practice to be dangerous, and the discovery of D. Blake’ plainly proves that hereafter we must proceed most cautiously in the determination of species from the char- acters of the radioles alone, no matter how strikingly they may appear to differ. Certainly, if the present species had been dredged without its two or three huge fan-shaped spines, it would have been unhesitatingly placed in the genus Dorocidaris, and been perhaps referred even to D. papillata, although there are differences in the coronal plates of the test and in the abactinal DOROCIDARIS BLAKEI. 11 system (Pl. II. Figs. 1, 2) which would undoubtedly lead to their being con- sidered specifically distinct. Yet, if the isolated huge fan-shaped radioles had alone been dredged, radioles (Pl. II. Figs. 7-10) nearly identical in shape with those of the Jurassic PRhabdocidaris remus Des. (Phyllacanthus Br.) few paleontologists would have hesitated to refer them to that genus. A comparison of the differences in the test of this species and of D. papil- lata shows that the coronal plates (PI. IL Fig. 1) have a comparatively larger and more elliptical scrobicular area, surrounded by a single row of larger secondary tubercles; the tubercle and boss are much smaller, and the tuber- culated spaces of the median interambulacral area are also narrower. In a Specimen measuring 57 mm. there are 6-17 primary interambulacral plates, while in a smaller specimen of D. papillata, measuring 35 mm., there are 7-8 primary interambulacral plates. In the ambulacral areas the poriferous zone is nearly as broad as the median ambulacral spaces (PI. II. Fig. 1), while in D. papillata it is narrower; the secondary ambulacral tubercles are also smaller than in that species. It also differs from D. papillata in having a smaller anal system, but this is covered by a larger number of plates inside the outer row (PI. II. Fig. 2) than in D. papillata. The ornamentation of the radioles is the same on the long fusiform, or cylindrical, or the more or less fan-shaped radioles of the test (Pl. II. Figs. 3-10); these figures show well the gradual passage from a long, sharp-pointed, cylindrical radiole (PI. IL. Fig. 3) to a huge fan-shaped radiole (Fig. 10), through the successive stages of Figs. 4—9, in which the radioles become little by little more flattened and spread- ing at the extremity. As the radioles become more fan-shaped, the rows of spinules are gradually changed into minute serrations, spreading more and more, and becoming somewhat less prominent towards the extremity, rows of smaller serrations being intercalated as the extremity of the radioles becomes more and more fan-shaped. The broad end of the fan-shaped radioles is sometimes slightly concave. In the first specimens of this species, dredged by Captain Sigshee, there were no radioles showing the intermediate stages here figured between the long, sharp, cylindrical radioles of Plate II. Figs. 3, 4, and such fan- shaped ones as are figured in Plate II. Figs. 9, 10. Enough has been shown from the examination of this species to show how little we are as yet able to determine among the Cidaride the value of either generic or specific characters. Before we can hope to make the much needed accu- rate revision of this family we need a large mass of material, especially 12 POROCIDARIS SHARRERI. from the fossil species, in the way of spines associated with their respect- ive tests. When alive these Echini were of a brilliant vermilion color. Among the specimens of D. Blake’ there are a number without fan- shaped radioles ; others, in which there were only one or two of the slightly flattened radioles similar to those of Plate II. Fig. 5; others again, in which there were a few radioles like those of Plate II. Fig. 7; and others, in which a few of the fan-shaped radioles took the extraordinary development we find figured in Plate L. Dorocidaris papillata A. Ac. For localities see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 185, 1878; Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 70, 1880. On our coast this species has been found by the “ Blake” as far north as Lat. 32° 33’ N., Long. 77° 30’ W. Along the Florida reefs, in the Gulf of Mexico, and along the West India Islands, it is the most common sea-urchin found from about 100 to 300 fathoms. I have dredged it to a depth of 842 fathoms off the Grenadines. * Porocidaris Sharreri A. Ac. Porocidaris Sharreri A. Ac. Bull. M. C, Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 71, 1880. Nevis, Barbados, 122-356 fathoms. Pl. IIL, Pi. IV. Figs. 1, 2. This species differs from its Atlantic congener, P. purpurata Wy. Th., in having a comparatively larger number of ambulacral plates, —no less than fifteen for the median interambulacral plates (Pl. IV. Fig. 1) in the largest specimen collected, while in a specimen of P. purpurata of nearly the same size there are only ten; the ambulacral granulation is also much finer, and the large areolar ring of comparatively large granules is flanked by smaller granules arranged in irregular lines parallel to the suture. We find no such arrangement in the coarse granulation of the imterambulacral plates of P. purpurata. This is a larger species (PI. III.) than either of the other recent ones thus far known. The two largest specimens collected were males; a single small female, measuring slightly over an inch in diameter, shows that in this species, as in P. elegans, the genital openings are placed within the genital plates (Pl. IV. Fig. 2 ). SALENIA PATTERSONI. ts} The abactinal system (Pl. IV. Fig. 2), which is but sparsely covered by papillx, is remarkable for the size of the anal system, comparatively larger than in the other species of the genus, and for the elongate genital and ocular plates. The primary radioles are smooth, and uniformly tapering; in one of the specimens, which was of a light greenish pink color when alive, the spines are white with a delicate brownish-pink base. In the other large specimen they vary greatly in shape, from the peculiar serrated, short, flattened spines, surrounding the actinostome, characteristic of this genus, to long ge, slender, cylindrical spines, straight, or sometimes slightly curved, equalling in length twice the diameter of the test, and finely fluted for the whole length, or to the shorter radioles, gradually becoming thicker towards the tip, with coarser fluting ; we also find some spines with slightly cupuliform tips, as in Goniocidaris. The largest specimen measures fully 72 mm. in diameter. *Salenia Pattersoni A. Ac. Salenia Pattersoni A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z:, V., No. 9, Fig. 1, p. 187, Pl. V., 1878. Salenia Pattersoni A. Ac. Bull. M.C.Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 72, 1880. Off Havana, Caribbean, West Indies. Pi. IV. Figs. 38-23; Pl. V.; Pl. VI. Figs. 18-28. This is the most exquisitely colored of the living Salenidz thus far known. When alive the test is of a light cream-color. The shafts of the primary spines are banded alternately with cream-color and brilliant vermilion, the colors being nearly equally divided. This coloring at first glance gives to this species very much the appearance of the Florida species of Coelopleurus. The secondary spines are also cream-colored, separated at the base by dark violet belts, extending from the apical to the actinal system along both the median ambulacral and interambulacral lines. Similar dark violet lines separate the genital plates and the superanal plate from one another, the dark lines of the median ambulacra and interambulacra extending some dis- tance into their corresponding genital and ocular plates. The primary spines are from three to four times in length the diameter of the test, and carry mi- nute, sharp, irregular serrations ; these are frequently worn off, the radiole then presenting a nearly smooth surface, slightly granular. These spines are remarkably uniform in their appearance, differing merely in leneth, and we do not find among them the great variation so characteristic of the primary spines of S. earispina, the only exceptions being the Porocidaris- 14 SALENIA PATTERSONI. like spines found near the actinostome. The papillae or secondary spines are long, with a rounded slightly concave extremity. The outer edge of the abac- tinal system and the median line of the ambulacral area are thickly studded with minute globular pedicellaria. The plates of the abactinal system are covered by a coarse granulation; this towards the outer edge of the geni- tal plates becomes minute sessile spines. The sutures between the genital plates, as well as the lines separating them from the abactinal part of the ocular plates, are deep. The anal system carries short, stout, pointed spines. None of the genital pores, with the exception of the madreporic genital, are very distinct; the madreporite consists of a few minute pores adjoining the large genital pore. The ocular plate opposite the superanal plate nearly touches the anal system, approaching it much closer than is the case in S. varispin. In specimens measuring 12 mm. in diameter, there are usually from five to seven primary tubercles in the interambulacral area. The secondary tuber- cles, carrying the flat papilla, are arranged vertically in open ares round them; and these ares, running together along the median interambulacral line, form two wavy vertical rows of tubercles, closely packed, which gives to the median interambulacral area a somewhat sunken aspect, as in Go- niocidaris. The ambulacral tubercles, as in S. varispina, resemble in their arrangement those of Hemicidaris, forming two vertical rows; they are largest near the ambitus, diminish rapidly in size towards the actinostome, and more gradually towards the apical system. The largest ambulacral tubercles are not larger than the secondaries surrounding the primaries of the interambulacral area. The ambulacral zone is narrow; the pores are arranged in a slightly undulating line, following irregularly the outline of the primary plates in the interambulacral area. Smaller and larger specimens differ only in the size of the primary tubercles, those towards the actinos- tome increasing but slowly in size as the diameter of the test enlarges. The principal differences to be noticed are in the greater number of imbricating plates which cover the actinal membrane in the older specimens, as compared with the more simple arrangement of the plates and their smaller number in “urlier stages. In younger specimens the five pairs of large buccal tentacles cover nearly the whole actinostome; they next become separated from the actinal edge of the test by a few irregularly arranged imbricating plates, and as the rows of plates increase they form also narrow zones between the pairs of buceal plates in extension of the interambulacral areas, until in the older SALENIA VARISPINA. Ty stages collected the pairs of buccal plates are quite distant. In the abactinal system the differences due to age are quite marked. The plates covering the anal opening are few in number, and comparatively large in the younger stages; with increasing size the plates become more numerous and relatively smaller, and carry from one to two minute tubercles. The granulation of the genital and ocular plates becomes also more distinct with increasing size, forming more or less regularly radiating lines; the outer edges of the plates of the genital rig become also somewhat indented, the inner edges of the ocular plates are grooved in the extension of the radiating lines of the gran- ules of these plates. The gills of S. Pai/ersoni are stouter and less branching than the gills of 8. varispina, and the few spheridia noticed are remarkable for their small size and globular outline; one or two spheridia are placed in the ambulacral areas close to the edge of the ocular plates, Salenia varispina A. Ac. This species, of which only a single young specimen had been collected by Mr. Pourtalés, has been found from Lat. 24° 36’ N., Long. 84° 5’ W., as far as Granada and Barbados, in depths of 834-1,200 fathoms. It is most abundant in depths between 400 and 600 fathoms. For other localities, see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 186, 1878; VIII., No. 2, p. 71, 1880. Pl. VI. Figs. 1-17. How far the obliquity of the axis of the apical system is a structural feature of sufficient importance to be considered a generic difference, it is difficult to decide. In Salenia we undoubtedly have in the asymmetrical arrangement of the plates of the apical system a feature somewhat prominently developed, which is found in all Echinoderms, and which is due to the original mode of growth of the plates of the embryo Kehinoderm in a spiral curve. Traces of this are plainly to be seen in the unequal development of the genital and ocular plates throughout the group of Echini, in no one of which do we find the five plates either of the genital or ocular system symmetrically devel- oped, or exactly symmetrically arranged in relation to a longitudinal axis. We find this in the apical system of the Palechinide, the Echinothurix, the Cidaridx, the Echinidee, the Clypeastroids, and the Spatangoids, as well as in the asymmetrical test of all young Echinoidea; and perhaps we may trace the different degree of development of the five series of ambulacral and inter- ambulacral zones throughout the group of Echini to such a primitive differen- tiation. As Neumayr has suggested, the appearance of the suranal plate in Salenia may not have the meaning or importance which has been attached to 16 SALENIA VARISPINA. it from a morphological point of view when compared to the single large anal plate of young Echini. Yet, while it may perhaps not be an embryonic fea- ture of the Echini which runs back through the Echinoid series of the earlier palxeozoic times, it may yet be one of those cases of the sudden reappearance of an ancient structual feature after a long period of time, as is also perhaps the five-valved actinal opening of Paleostoma. Iam inclined ta look upon the suranal plate of Salenia as strictly homologous with the central plate of the dorsal surface of Starfishes, which, while it recalls the Crinoidal affinities of the Echini, yet has not played the important part in the development of the Echinoid series which it did in the Starfishes or Crinoids. As far as the plates of the anal system are concerned, the embryonic type of many plates arranged in more or less irregular concentric rows round the anal opening, such as we find it in the oldest palaeozoic Echini, has remained remarkably persistent throughout the group to the present day. Even in the Spatangoids and Clypeastroids, in which the anal system has become disconnected from the apical system, the same general embryonic type has been retained in nearly all the principal groups, with the exception of a few types, such as Echinocidaris, and some of the Clypeastroids and Spatangoids, in which the number of anal plates has become reduced, and they form a pyramid over the anal system; a structural feature, however, which we should remember is already found in some of the earliest known Crinoids. From what | have shown of the mode of breaking up of the anal system™* in some very large specimens of Arbacia, the pyramidal anal covering may have been the earliest type of plates of the anal system in Crinoids, and the split- ting up of the plates of the anal system, at first few in number, may be a feature characteristic of the more recent Echini. Such a splitting up actu- ally takes place in the growth of the plates of the anal system of Salenia. In very young stages of S. Patterson’ we have a suranal plate and five anal plates covering the anal system; while in old specimens the anal system is covered by a number of smaller plates, due to the splitting up in part of the original plates at their apex, and in part to the formation of new plates round the anal opening with the increase in size of the anal system. How far we are justified in considering the anal plates of the recent Des- mosticha as homologous with the dorso-central plate of young Starfishes and of Comatula, seems somewhat doubtful. P. H. Carpenter ¢ has well discussed some of the difficulties to be met in adopting the view Lovén and myself have * Challenger Echini, p. 56. + Quart. Journ. Mie. Soc., XVIII. 357. SALENIA VARISPINA. 17 taken of the homologies of the apical system of Echini and of the plates of the embryonic Comatula in its Pentacrinus stage. Neumayr’s suggestion of the morphological value of the anal plates of the Paleechinide and Cida- ride has thrown considerable light on this question, and shows us the possi- bility of a number of anal plates in Echini, say five for instance in Echino- cidaris, being the homologue of the dorso-central plate of the Pentacrinus stage of Comatula. Of course we should remember that, in making this homology, we are comparing plates, which while they occupy the same structural position, have a very different physiological value. As I have already stated, we have the most positive proof of the origin of the dorso- central plate of Starfishes and Ophiurans as a single Y-shaped rod appearing simultaneously with the five basals; but we have no such definite data either for the Echini or for the Comatule while within the Pluteus. Such informa- tion would go far towards settling this disputed homology, for at present we are obliged to draw our conclusions from a comparison of the more advanced stages of development. The discovery of a pedunculated Starfish by the “'Travailleur,” the Caulaster of Perrier,* may throw important light on the homology of the centro-dorsal plate of the Starfishes and of the Crinoids. The discovery by Laube in the Trias of the genus Tiarechinus of Neumayr shows that the pyramidal anal covering, composed of a few large plates, which appears in some of the earliest Crinoids known, has persisted or re- appeared after a long lapse of time, during which the greater part of the Palxchini were provided with an anal system protected by one or two con- centric rings of numerous plates; this Jast structural feature characterizing nearly all the modern Kchini, only a few Clypeastroids and Spatangoids, and among the Desmosticha the Echinocidaride, still retaining the antique struc- ture of the anal system, while in nearly all Echini from the oldest to those of the present day we may imagine the numerous anal plates to have been the result of the splitting up of the five (or more?) plates of the anal pyramids into numerous smaller plates. Where this splitting up took place regularly, we have the anal system of the Palechinide, Cidaride, ete.; where, on the contrary, one plate resisted, we lave what exists in Salenia and all the recent Echini, in which one of the anal plates has a great prominence over the others. The Salenia-like structure, therefore, may appear at any time, and disappear again, without perhaps having so important a morphological value as I was at first inclined to give it when I called attention to the * Comptes Rendus, December 26, 1882. 18 SALENIA VARISPINA. existence of a large permanent anal plate in the young of many Echini among the Desmosticha. I was in hopes that the examination of the series of young Salenixw dredged by the “ Blake” might throw some light on the formation of the suranal plate, and its homology with the single large anal plate of the early stages of young Echini belonging to other families. On examining these young Salenie I find that the abactinal system occupies a comparatively much greater space of the abactinal surface of the test than in the larger speci- mens. But in all the young stages, even when not measuring more than 1.5 mm. in diameter, the arrangement of the plates of the abactinal system does not differ from that of the older specimens, the suranal plate being only proportionally somewhat smaller. In the youngest Salenia collected (1.5 mm. in diameter) the sutures between the genital and ocular plates are, as in all young Echini, somewhat indistinct, and it is difficult to define the exact limits of the abactinal system. As I have already shown in other young Kchini (Strongylocentrotus, Echinus, Arbacia, Diadema, ete.), the coronal plates of the test and the plates of the abactinal system are very indistinct in the stages immediately following the resorption of the Pluteus, while the actinal system is well defined. It is only later that the separation of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas can be traced ; at about the same time the limits of the abactinal system become defined; and still later, the separation of that system into its component plates surrounding the anal system, which from the earliest stages is readily recognized. In the young- est stage of Salenia the anal system is distinctly pentagonal, and covered by eight large triangular plates with rounded tips; the plates carry small granules supporting minute sessile papille similar to those found on the genital and ocular plates, but smaller. As in other young Echini, the anal system is comparatively large; the suranal plate is at first quite small, a narrow plate on the side of the anal system opposite to the nearest ocular plate. It appears to gain in size at the edges adjoining the genital plates. As fast as the plates of the genital ring increase, the pentagon they form round the suranal plate enlarges, and the outer edges of this plate keep pace in their growth with that of the inner edges of the adjoining genital plates. The genital and ocular plates carry three or four large granules irregularly placed on the plates, with a row of granules forming a line round the edge of the anal system. There are as yet no traces of the genital or ocular openings. The whole of the abactinal SALENIA VARISPINA. 19 ring is striated, the lines forming irregularly lozenge-shaped figures, arranged as they have been figured by Lovén for Salenia goésiana (Lovén, Etudes sur les Echinoidées, Pl. XIX.). The limits of these figures, both in the smallest specimen and in one measuring 2 mm. in diameter, are somewhat indistinct, owing to the coarse, spongy granulation of the limestone tissue of the plates of the abactinal system. In the majority of the young specimens examined, this striation could not be detected at all, and in older specimens, measuring from 4-8 mm. in diameter, I was unable to do more than trace portions of this striation on account of the granulation of the plates. I am now inclined to consider Salenia goésiana of Lovén as identical with S. varispina ; it certainly agrees very closely with the young of varispina of the same size (3.5 mm.) collected by the “ Blake” in the West Indies. These young specimens show, as 1 have stated above, the peculiar striation of the abactinal system of S. goésiana, though the size of the tuber- eles of the ambulacral system is somewhat smaller in the young of our S. varispina than in the figure given by Lovén, The abnormal position of the madreporic body in the original type specimen of S. varispina is also accounted for in the description which follows. As regards the actinal system, in young specimens we find ten large plates in the continuation of the ambulacral system, spreading laterally so as to form a continuous ring. The space between the inner edge of these plates and the teeth is filled with small plates irregularly arranged. The ten large buccal tentacles are sometimes reduced to five, one in each ambu- lacrum being frequently atrophied or much smaller than the other. In these young specimens, the spheridia first detected in this genus by Duncan * stand out very prominently between the first and second pair of ambulacral tentacles. I have only observed one in each ambulacral area in the smaller specimens; in older ones, we find sometimes as many as three at the base of the ambulacral area. The spheridia of the younger Saleniw are nearly hemispherical with a rather long peduncle ; in older specimens, they become more ellipsoid, and are supported upon a comparatively shorter stem. The primary spines of the youngest Saleniz are very remarkable; the short, sharp spiny processes of the main shaft, which have been figured as characteristic of the primary spines of Saleniw, are in these specimens replaced by long, slender, curved filiform processes, arranged on each side of the shaft, and equal in length three times the diameter of the shaft. * Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., XX. 70. 20 SALENIA VARISPINA. These delicate processes appear, however, to be soon either worn off or broken, as in specimens measuring from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter we generally find only an occasional primary spine still retaining the filiform processes, or a trace of them. As the spines become older, these processes are little by little changed to the sharp spiny processes figured as characteristic of S, varispina. The primary spines of these young stages are also marked for the single prominent verticillation formed near the base of the shaft by the some- what stouter filaments of that portion of the radiole. The young spines found on the small primary tubercles near the abacti- nal system on the ambulacral and interambulacral areas have a striking appearance. They recall somewhat the fan-shaped, short spmy radioles found on the test of very young specimens of Strongylocentrotus ; they also recall the peculiar umbrella-shaped spines of Aceste, and of some deep-sea Ophiurans. The primary spines, when the shaft has as yet but a single pair of filaments, could readily pass for modified pedicellarix ; they also resemble the hook-like appendages of the Ophiurans. In the next stage the radioles carry from four to five processes, when the central part of the shaft begins to increase in length; with this increase commences also the formation of the filaments, so characteristic of the large primary interambulacral spies of the young stages. The primary interambulacral spines are usually simi- lar, but shorter, slender-pointed radioles, with from six to eight processes and a ring of filaments near the base of the shaft. In the youngest stages there are as yet no papille; these appear only later, in larger specimens, and at first show no trace, in the interambulacral areas, of their regular Cidaris- like arrangement round the base of the primaries, as in the older stages. The papille when they first appear are short slender-pointed spines, with short, sharp processes, covered by lines of pigment-spots of dark violet. With the growth of the test these papillae become club-shaped, curved, and finally flattened and fan-shaped, as they appear in the older Saleni. The papille of the anal plates are articulated in the older specimens; at first they are sessile, like the embryonic spines (club-shaped sessile papilla) covering the plates of the genital ring; with the increasing size of the young Salenia they resemble more the coronal papillx. These abactinal sessile papilla are interesting, as they develop exactly as do the embryonic spines in young Echini, from the general granulation of the plates; but they remain, as in the Arbaciadee, always sessile. As I have stated, the genital openings are not yet formed in young speci- SALENIA VARISPINA. 21 mens, and in the older ones there seems to be considerable variation in the position of the madreporic body ; so that the position of the madreporic genital can certainly not be taken as expressive of any generic value in this family, if we are to judge by the recent species. It is not uncommon (five specimens) to find two genital plates which carry traces of the madreporie ? madreporic, yet in the first specimen of this species of Salenia described it body; and though the right genital is the one which is most commonly the was the left genital plate which carried the madreporic body. This induced Duncan * to refer this species to Peltastes.t The crenulation of the tubercles can be traced in the earliest stages ex- amined, but its distinctness varies greatly in different individuals. It is quite distinct in the large primary tubercles near the abactinal region, it becomes indistinct near the ambitus, and at the actinostome the tubercles are smooth. The large primary pedicellarix, both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas, are not numerous. We do not find more than two large, short- stemmed, long-headed, slender-pronged pedicellariz in each of these areas. The others, very numerous, are quite small, short-stemmed, stout-headed pedicellarix. In the ambulac ral system these small trifid pedicellarix are thickly placed throughout the area ; and in specimens measuring 7 or 8 mm. in diameter there are six or seven similar pedicellarie in each of the large buccal plates of the actinostome. The plates of the actinostome are more numerous than in S. Pallersoni, and are not as regularly arranged as in that species, in which the acti- nal imbricating plates resemble the actinal plates of the Cidaridxe, both in their regular arrangement and in forming the continuation of the ambu- lacral and interambulacral coronal plates on the actinal membrane. In a specimen of S. varispina measuring 7 mm. in diameter, there are four or five concentric rows of actinal plates between the large buccal plates and * Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., XX., 1877. + This species is retained in the genus Salenia, although Dr. Dunean has proposed to remove it to Peltastes. As I have already stated in the Revision of the Echini, and in the Bulletin of the Museum (L, No. 9), when first describing this species, it differs somewhat from Salenia proper, but it does not seem to me to belong to the group of Salenide with which Peltastes is associated, in which the suranal plate is placed directly opposite one of the genital plates, while in all the recent Salenidew thus far described they at least all agree in having an ocular plate opposed to the median line of the suranal plate, the adjoining genital plates uniting just in front of this imaginary median line so as to separate the ocular plate more or less from the anal system. (Vide A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini ; 8. Lovén, Echinoidees 5 M. P. Duncan, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1877, 1878; Wyv. Thomson, Voyage of the Challenger; A. Agassiz, Echinoidea of the Challenger.) 22 PODOCIDARIS SCULPTA. the actinal edge of the test. In a specimen of S. Patterson, measuring 14 mm. in diameter, we find only two or three rows. The granulation of the actinal plates is coarser in S. vardspina than in S. Pattersoni. The gills in specimens measuring 7-8 mm. in diameter are well developed as a short five-forked appendage covered by few pigment cells. In smaller specimens measuring 5 mm., the gills only fork once. The more we examine the Saleniw, the more we are inclined to consider the group as holding a position intermediate between the Cidaridx and the Echinidz. For while the general structure of the coronal plates of the actinal and abactinal system, of the spines, and of the papille, recalls the Cidaridx, yet the structure of the teeth, the presence of gills with actinal cuts for their passage, and the existence of sphseridia, are all features which associate them with the Echinidee proper. Arbacia punctulata Gray. Yucatan Bank. 14-84 fathoms. Podocidaris sculpta A. Ac. Off Morro Light. 250-400 fathoms. It is not out of place while speaking of Podocidaris to call attention to the remarkable genus Tiarechinus of Neumayr,* one of the most character- istic embryonic genera I know. ‘This diminutive Sea-urchin from the Trias of St. Cassian represents the young stages of Podocidaris at a time when neither the abactinal system nor the plates of the interambulacral area have become specialized. The whole abactinal part of the test appears from the figures of Neumayr to be still in the condition preceding the division of the abactinal system into an anal system and a genital ring, before the formation of the plates of the anal system or the division of the anal ring into its component parts. There are very faint indications of what I take to be the dividing lines between four genital plates in the figure of Neumayr. The actinal surface, on the contrary, is far more developed; the large primary tubercles of the interambulacral areas, and the structure of the ambulacral system, agree most strikingly with the condition of the actinal surface of young stages of Podocidaris and Arbacia. Compare the figures I have given in the Revision of the Echini, Plates IV., V., and Figs. 68, 69, p. 734. * See the figure given in Plate II., Vol. LXXXIV. 1 Abth. p. 169, Sitzungsb, d. K. K. Akad. d. Wiss. Math. Nat. Cl., Wien, 1882. CCELOPLEURUS FLORIDANUS. 23 * Podocidaris scutata A. Ac. Podocidaris scutata A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIII, No. 2, p. 72, 1880. Off Santa Cruz. 580 fathoms. Only one specimen of this species was collected. It is much larger than either of the others of the genus. Test depressed, remarkable for its large abactinal system. The whole abactinal surface of test covered by small, distant, fine, slender fixed spines contrasting with the correspond- ing coarse granulation of P. seu/pla ; fewer large primary tubercles close to the ambitus on the actinal surface. Actinal membrane entirely covered by prominent imbricating plates; five anal plates, as in P. prionigera, to which it is most closely allied. Test light grayish brown when alive. Celopleurus floridanus A. Ac. Lat. 23° 52/ N., Long. 88° 5’ W. West India Islands, — Barbados. 56=1,323 fathoms ; most abundant from 100-200 fathoms. For other localities, see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 188, 1878 ; VIIL, No. 2, p. 73, 1880. PILWVid, Ph. VEE Many of the specimens of this species dredged in the Caribbean, off the Windward Islands, are much larger than the small specimens from which the species was first described. (PI. VII. Fig. 1; Pl. VIII. Figs. 1-6.) Quite a number of specimens measured 18 mm. in diameter and a few 28mm. This species, however, does not seem to attain the size of the large @. Muaillardi. When alive it is most brilliantly colored, the test varying from a rich light chocolate in the interambulacra to the brilliant orange or yellow ambulacral areas. The primary radioles vary greatly in color, from a delicate straw, often nearly white, to a bright carmine or orange, the base of the spines being usually colored and the shaft more or less irregularly banded. On Plate VIII. are given figures of specimens of different sizes, show- ing the changes they pass through due to growth, The larger specimens (Pl. VIL. Figs. 1-6), when compared with specimens of @. Maillardi of the same size, show that the Florida species differs from it in having a larger anal system, in the shape of the genital and ocular plates, which is quite different, being nearly triangular in the Florida species, in having a much wider bare interambulacral area, and comparatively larger primary: ambu- lacral tubercles, concentrated nearer the ambitus ; these tubercles do not extend to the genital ring, as they do with @. Maillardi in specimens of the same size. 24 ASPIDODIADEMA. The deep pits at the base of the median ambulacral area are larger and more numerous than in the Indian species. (Pl. VII. Figs. 2, 3, 5.) The most striking features due to changes of growth are the comparatively late period at which the genital pores are developed, even specimens measuring 11 mm. in diameter (Pl. VIII. Figs. 7, 8) showing no trace of such openings. The genital plates of earlier stages are markedly pentagonal (Pl. VHI. Figs. 11, 12, 15, 18); the granulation of the anal edge of the genital plates is a character not found in the younger stages. In these young stages the primary tubercles extend also but little above the ambitus. (Pl. VIII. Figs. 7,11, 15.) In Figure 15 the primary interambulacral tubercles are limited to the actinal surface, and the primary interambulacral tubercles extend at first but little towards the abactinal part of the ambulacral area. Compare Plate VIII. Figs. 7, 11, 15, and Plate VIII. Fig. 1, with their corresponding profile figures. The resemblance of these young stages of Coelopleurus to some of the Cretaceous and Jurassic Echini, such as Tiarechinus, ete., is very striking. The tendency to breaking up of the anal plates already noticed in some of the species of Arbaciadx is shown in some of the younger stages by the ill- defined subdivision lines, such as are represented in Plate VIII. Figs. 15, 18. The function of the ambulacral pits of this genus I have been unable to ascertain. The sutures present no trace whatever, in the specimens I have examined, of the remarkable dovetailing observed by Duncan in the pitted Temnopleuridx. Diadema setosum Gray. Littoral to 115 fathoms. Florida and West India Islands. ASPIDODIADEMA A. Ac. A marked feature of this genus is the nearly uniform size of the secondary radioles, both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. This charac- ter is a structural feature which Aspidodiadema has in common with the Cidaride in addition to their similar abactinal system, to the structure of the ambulacral areas, ete.; features to which I have already called atten- tion in the Preliminary Report of the Challenger Echini,* and in the final Report (p. 64). I did not notice while examining the Challenger species of the genus * Proc. Am. Acad., XIV. 199, 1879. ASPIDODIADEMA ANTILLARUM. 25 a remarkable and interesting type of pedicellariz, which in A, Jucobyi are quite large and numerous, and are found scattered over the whole of the abactinal part of the test, especially in the ambulacral area. These are sheathed pedicellarix, if I may call them so, The shaft consists of a long, slender radiole, distinctly articulated, surrounded by a huge fleshy sheath, swelling out into three large bags on the sides, covering a little more than half the length of the shaft. This sheath extends from the base, where it covers the articulation, to the extremity of the pedicellariw, at the tip of which is placed a small head enclosed within this sheath. The sheath at the extremity expands into a three-lobed cupuliform tip. These pedicellariz re- call at once the remarkable sheathed secondary spines which I have described in Asthenosoma Grubei, they form an additional link in the chain, proving that pedicellariz are only modified spines. The diminutive heads of these pedi- cellarix, if completely resorbed, would leave us a sheathed spine identical with the sheathed spine of the Echinothuriz ; the existence in that family of club-shaped primary spines, as in Phormosoma bursaria, the tip of which is still sheathed to a certain extent, shows how close is the relation of the sheathed spines to true pedicellaria. How far this sheath is analogous to the peculiar gland discovered by Sladen * in some of the types of pedicellariz, 1 am unable to state positively at present, but I am inclined to consider it as a modification of this gland. If this be so, the sheathed pedicellariz are only an extreme modification of the simple extension of the muscular system of the test over the shaft of the spines, and over the stem of the ordinary type of pedicellariw ; this extension being either modified into a sheath covering the whole of the sec- ondary or primary spines, or merely a part of the shaft; or into a gland; or into a sheath, such as we find it in Aspidodiadema and the Echinothuriz. * Aspidodiadema antillarum A. Ac. Aspidodiaiema antillarum A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL., No. 2, p. 73, 1880. Aspidodiadema microtuberculatum A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 188 (non Chall. Echinoidea), Southeast extremity of Cuba, Santa Cruz to St. Vincent. 451 to 1,568 futhoms ; most abun- dant between 400 and 800 fathoms. Pi. 13 The genital ring of A. anéillarum is comparatively larger than that of A. Jacobyi. The plates of the genital and ocular system are of nearly uniform * W. P. Sladen, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., August, 1880. 26 ASPIDODIADEMA ANTILLARUM. size; the former carry larger miliaries than the latter; the ocular plates are somewhat pentagonal, while the genital plates appear more rectangular with rounded corners. The anal system is covered with minute irregularly arranged plates; those immediately surrounding the anal system are larger, and in older specimens soldered together to form an irregular calcareous ring round the opening. This ring carries larger miliaries than the other anal plates. The anal tube itself extends as a sort of proboscis beyond the general level of the anal system. It is strengthened by delicate longitudinal calcareous plates. In A, tonsum we find six plates nearly covering the anal system; in A. microtuber- culatwm there are a number of smaller plates arranged irregularly round the anal opening. The actinal system is strengthened by ten large buccal plates, as in A. microtuberculatum, covering nearly the whole of the actinostome. The gills appear in the youngest specimen I have examined (3.5 mm. in diameter) as one-forked digits; they do not even in larger specimens take a great develop- ment, judging from alcoholic specimens. We do not find in younger specimens any marked differences from the adult in the structure either of the actinal or of the abactinal system. The primary spines are proportionally larger and longer, but with the exception of the smaller number of coronal plates the differences due to growth do not seem to be important. The spheridia of this species when fully grown are large, globular, short- stemmed ; they are placed mainly in the abactinal region of the test, but are also found near the actinostome and seattered over the whole length of the ambulacral system. Their number varies from two to four, and sometimes as many as six are found in each area. The pedicellariz are similar to those previously described as characteristic of the genus; they are either long narrow-headed and long-stemmed, or short-headed and stout-stemmed, or short-stemmed and pyramidally headed ; the last are not numerous. ‘The sheathed pedicellarix are smaller and com- paratively more slender than those of A. Jacoby’, the shaft is very slender, and the head quite diminutive; the sheathed pedicellariz are most numerous in the ambulacral area above the ambitus near the abactinal region; those of the interambulacral areas are slightly larger and far less numerous. In a specimen measuring 11 mm. in diameter, there are six interambulacral plates; in one measuring 7 mm. there are five. The secondaries and miliaries ASPIDODIADEMA JACOBYI. 27 are less numerous in this species than in A. microtuberculatum ; it also differs from it in having three or four ambulacral plates (in the median region of the test) to each interambulacral plate, while there are no less than five or six in A. microtuberculatum. The proportions of the spines to the test and the general appearance recalls more A. /ouswn, while the coloring when alive is more that of A. microtuberculatum, with a light violet or grayish pink test and the spines of the same tint but lighter. The primary spines are slender, as in A. fonsum, but they are more curved than in that species. The abac- tinal part of the test of A. antillarun is more flattened (Echinostrephus-like ) than is the case in either of the species collected by the Challenger. The largest specimens of this species collected did not measure more than 15 mm. in diameter. In a specimen measuring 7.5 mm. in diameter, the anal system measured 3 mm., the abactinal 5 mm., and the actinal 3.75 mm. in diameter; the height of the test measured 3.75 mm. In a specimen measuring 11 mm. in diameter, the anal system measured 3.6 mm., the abactinal 6.50 mm., and the actinal 5.50 mm. in diameter; the height of the test measured 6 mm. * Aspidodiadema Jacobyi A. Ac. Aspidodiadema Jacobyi A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 74, 1880. Cayman Brac, Lesser Antilles. 95 to 297 fathoms. Y id Had Bs ge The largest specimen of this species collected by the Blake measured 32 mm. in diameter. As in A, microtuberculatum, the primary spines are rather stout, curved, and comparatively short, they are somewhat more closely packed than in that species, from the greater number of primaries in the interambulacral areas, a specimen measuring 28 mm. in diameter having 11:12 primary tubercles. The miliaries are more distant than in that spe- cies, forming a belt of distinct irregularly arranged miliaries in the median interambulacral space. We find in this species, as in A. fonsum, large pri- mary ambulacral tubercles, extending nearly to the abactinal system; all the largest tubercles being placed above the median line of the test, and gradually increasing in size from that point to the abactinal region, much as they do in Echinostrephus. There are not more than three ambulacral plates to each interambulacral plate. The miliaries extend in horizontal lines between the pores, and form 28 ASPIDODIADEMA JACOBYTI. a narrow irregular vertical line, separating the ambulacral from the inter- ambulacral region. The primary spines of the two areas are similar, those of the ambulacral areas being smaller and more slender. The secondaries, though not numerous, are remarkable for their uniform size in both areas, and their arrangement recalls to a certain extent that of the papille of the Cidarid. In life the test is of a light greenish pink color, the areolas darker; the secondary spines are of a light pinkish tint, darker at the base ; the primary radioles yellowish green, with a greenish chocolate base. In some specimens the test is also of this greenish chocolate color, the spines more whitish, or tending towards a dirty yellow. The sheathed pedicellariz are most numerous above the ambitus toward the abactinal region; the shaft of the pedicellarix is nearly as long as that of the secondary spines; from their size the sheathed pedicellariz are very prominent objects on the test. The actinostome is covered by ten large buccal plates, as in A. averotuber- culatum and A, antillarum, but these plates form a ring round the actinal open- ing, leaving a bare ring between them and the edge of the test. There are eight large elliptical plates round the anal opening, somewhat as in A. tonsum, but having a larger ring covered by minute plates between them and the genital ring. The anal plates are closely tuberculated by miliaries nearly of the same size as the miliaries of the ocular plates; the genital plates are coarsely and closely tuberculated by miliaries. Smaller specimens differ from the larger ones mainly in the lighter coloring of the test and spines, and the more flattened abactinal region of the test, which loses its peculiar Echinostrephus-like shape as it increases in size, becoming more regularly arched, as in Amblypneustes. The putes of the actinal and anal system cover a comparatively larger space in younger specimens. In a small specimen measuring about 3 mm., the anal plates appear as forming close to the genital ring; the difference in size of the genital and ocular plates is already apparent. The anal proboscis is quite long at that stage, equalling in length the diameter of the anal system. In a specimen measuring 28 mm. in diameter, the anal system measured 5.50 mm., the abactinal 10 mm., and the actinal 9 mm.; the height of the test was 20 mm.; and there were eleven and twelve plates in the inter- ambulacral areas. In a specimen measuring 12 mm. in diameter, the anal system measured Ee ee eee ee ener eer ASTHENOSOMA HYSTRIX. 29 3.25 mm., the abactinal 5.50 mm., and the actinal 5 mm.; the height of the test was 9 mm.; with nine and ten plates in the interambulacral areas. In a specimen measuring 5 mm. in diameter, the anal system measured 1.25 mm., the abactinal 3 mm., and the actmal 2 mm.; with seven and eight plates in the interambulacral areas. Asthenosoma hystrix A. Ac. Asthenosoma Reynoldsii A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL, No. 2, p. 75, 1880. Montserrat, Santa Cruz, Barbados. 103-373 fathoms. Pl. XU, Pi. XIV. The differences which I noticed (Preliminary Report on the Blake Echini, Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 75) in some of the larger specimens of Asthe- nosoma collected by the Blake, seemed to be of sufficient importance to separate them from A. /ysfrir under the name of A. Reynoldsii. A more careful examination of the large series of Asthenosoma collected by the Blake has satisfied me that the differences, striking as they appear at first sight, are merely due to age, and that what I had called A. Reynolds in the Preliminary Report are only large specimens of A. /ysfrir. Spe- cimens measuring about 125 mm. in diameter are figured by Thomson in the Porcupine Echini, Pls. LXIV., LXV.; and by me in PI. IL. of the Hassler Echini (70 mm. in diameter). I have figured on Pls. XH. and XIV. two specimens 165 mm. in diameter, showing the features characteristic of the largest A. Reynoldsii collected, which measured about 170 mm. in diameter. In the smaller specimens, less than 70 mm. in diameter, the coronal plates of both areas are relatively narrower than in larger specimens, and while the general arrangement of the primary tubercles does not differ greatly in specimens of different sizes between 50 and 120 mm. in diameter, in the ambulacral areas, or in the two areas above the ambitus, yet there are very considerable differences to be noticed in the interambulacral areas on the ac- tinal side. We find in larger specimens a third, and sometimes even a fourth, vertical row of primary tubercles extending from near the actinostome to above the ambitus. Compare Pl. XIV. Fig. 4, with the figures of Thomson t=) in the Porcupine Echini, and those of the Hassler Echini quoted above. The smaller specimens less than 70 mm. in diameter are usually of a brilliant claret-color, but often of a light pink color with only darker patches of deep claret on the actinal side; we find larger specimens 50 PHORMOSOMA PLACENTA. usually of a paler color tending to pinkish brown, with dark claret patches on the actinal side; these patches often disappear completely, and the test is then of an ashy light-brownish pink, with spines of a lighter color and of a greenish tint. The sharp, small secondary spines which cover the test, as has already been noticed by Thomson and Moseley, cause very severe pain to the hands and arms if these urchins are handled carelessly, and nothing can be more disagreeable than the sharp pain which shoots up one’s arm on rashly taking hold of these prizes as they are first brought up by the trawl. The after effects resemble those produced by nettles; the disagreeable feeling often does not disappear for twenty-four hours. Phormosoma placenta Wyvy. Toms. Phormosoma Sigsbei A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 75, 1880. Lesser Antilles, — Lat. 41° 29’ 45” N., Long. 65° 4710” W. 154-1242 fathoms. XT NV = DGS B=19s To the leeward of the Lesser Antilles this species is found between 150 and 400 fathoms. On the east coast, in the Atlantic, it has been dredged from 810 to 1242 fathoms. 1 owe to Mr. Murray the opportunity of examining an excellent series of specimens of P. placenta collected by the “Knight-Errant” in the Faroe Channel. The single specimen collected by Thomson in the “ Porcupine,” and from which his description was made,* was quite imperfect, and I was misled in describing this species again under the name of P. Sigsbei from specimens collected by the “Blake” in the Caribbean and off the east coast of the United States as far north as Lat. 41° 30’ N. This species has also been collected by the U. 8. Fish Commission off Martha’s Vineyard. In the younger stages of this species we find great differences in the thickness of the test, and the relative size of the abactinal and actinal sys- tems as compared with the diameter of the test. We find the same sort of differences, so marked in Toxopneustes from different localities, as regards the permanence of the primary tuberculation and the number of principal vertical rows. The tuberculation of the actinal surface does not differ ereatly in specimens of different size ; but in some specimens the tubercu- lation of the abactinal surface may be limited to a couple of principal vertical * Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. CLXIV. Pt. 2, p. 732, Pls. LXIL, LXIIT. PHORMOSOMA PLACENTA. 3 rows along the outer edge of the interambulac ral plates, or the plates in specimens of the same size may carry the same vertical rows nearly to the apical system, but placed in the central part. This arrangement, together with the greater thickness of the test, gives to these specimens a very different facies, closely resembling in the arrange- ment of the tubercles P. riyida and other small Echinothurie, which, when writing the Report on the Echini of the Challenger, I could not refer to any of the species collected by that expedition. The color of the specimens with a thick test is of a deep claret, while usually the majority of the specimens of P. placenta with a thinner test are of a brick color, or of a yellowish orange, darker on the actinal side, and near the ambitus on the abactinal side, and becoming quite light-colored, either pinkish or yellowish, towards the apical system. In the youngest specimen of Phormosoma collected by the Blake, measuring 8 mm. in diameter, the plates of the actinal system have already assumed the characteristic arrangement of the adult, although there are as yet but three rows of imbricating plates. We do not find in this species, as in two of the species of the Challenger collection (LP. tenuis and P. wranus 2 Challenger Echini, Pl. XVID’. Figs. 7, 12), that the buccal ten- tacular plates differ in size from those following them, recalling the general arrangement of the buceal plates of young Echinide proper. On the con- trary, although the Blake specimens were no larger than the correspond- ing stages of the Challenger species, they show that in this species of Phormosoma the characteristic structural features of the Echinothurie are already developed. This, as I have already shown, we also find to be the case in young Cidaride. It thus appears that in some of the species of Echinothurie the Echinid features of the actinostome seem to be retained much longer than in others, and do not even seem always to be developed, if we may judge from the young stages of the West Indian Phormosoma here described. The mode of formation of the coronal plates, and of the actinal and abactinal systems, is well shown in the series of the young of Phormosoma I have had occasion toexamine. As I have suggested before, the Echino- thurie are the most embryonic of the Echini. The coronal plates when they first appear, somewhat indistinctly defined, in young specimens measur- ing about 8 mm. in diameter, show very clearly that there is no special line of demarkation to be drawn in the young stages between the abactinal and 32 PHORMOSOMA PLACENTA. coronal system. From seven to nine of the coronal plates appear at the same time, the division line of the sutures being traced with difficulty in young specimens measuring 8 mm. in diameter, but becoming well defined in somewhat larger specimens of from 17 to 20 mm. in diameter. In the youngest stage (8 mm. in diameter) the actinal plates are separated from the coronal plates, and are developed, as I have shown, in the same manner as the imbricating plates of the Cidarida, independently of the coronal plates; new plates forming on the distal surface of the actinostome, which are intercalated between the old plates and the coronal plates. On the abactinal system, on the contrary, while the plates of the genital ring are well defined and seem to be distinctly separated from the coronal plates, yet new interambulacral plates are not added independently, as in the ambulacral system, and as in the interambulacral system of other young Echinoids where the genital ring remains permanently closed. The new interambulacral plates are found to be pushing out from the plates of the anal system on each side of the genital plates. As the ocular and genital plates of the genital ring become separated, with increasing size, the addi- tional anal plates formed in the intervening spaces are pushed out, and become a part of the abactinal portion of the interambulacral area. This mode of growth of the interambulacral areas combines to a certain extent the modes of formation of the plates of the abactinal system of young Starfishes and of young Ophiurans, in which the interambulacral plates are derived directly from the plates of the abactinal system. This shows a far closer relationship between the young of some of the Sea-urchins of the present day with Starfishes and Ophiurans on the one side, and Holothurians on the other, than had been suspected formerly. The plates are formed by a close-meshed reticulation of small, comparatively thick Y-shaped rods, with bare interstices for the joints of the plates. The tubercles of the miliaries and of the pedicellaria are built up by a close accumulation of these meshes, forming what appears a fine granulation. The small tuber- cles are formed by the clustering together of five or six larger cells, arranged concentrically round a central space, which eventually forms the perforation of the tubercle; as this increases in size, the mammary boss is gradually formed from a similar concentration of the limestone meshes, and finally the edge of the boss becomes indistinctly crenulated. The tubercles, when arrested in their development in any one of these success- ive stages, form what are known as miliary, as secondary small primary, and as primary tubercles. PHORMOSOMA PLACENTA. 33 The characteristic pedicellarix of the genus appear early. A few pedi- cellariw of the different kinds noticed in the adult of this species are found in young specimens scattered over the test, mainly on the actinal surface. Spheeridia are also present in these youngest stages; they are found extend- ing from the plates of the actinal membrane, close to the teeth, to the abactinal area, along a line at the base of the ambulacral tentacles, usually one for each tentacle ; in older stages they are rarely seen, being probably broken off. If the Cidaride possess spheridia, we may perhaps look for them, in the young stages, on the imbricating plates of the actinal mem- brane. In the early stages of growth the plates of the genital ring are in contact along their edges; as the young become older, the space between the ocular and genital plates increases, and they become separated by a number of anal plates. The anal system is at first, in the youngest specimens, covered by plates of a nearly uniform size, with only a few smaller ones occasionally intercalated between them; with increasing size the number of these inter- ealated plates becomes larger, and the original larger anal plates are then separated by a greater number of accessory ones. The large original plates retain their prominence in later stages of growth, and, much as the single embryonic anal plate of young Echinoids, can easily be traced, in older stages, among the other anal plates of subsequent growth. I do not quite understand Neumayr’s statement that in the young Gly- phostomes the anal plate is first formed, and that the plates of the genital ring are formed later and become detached from it laterally. That certainly is not the case in any of the young Echini J have had oeceasion to examine. While undoubtedly the anal plate is the first plate to appear, yet the genital and ocular plates are formed outside and independently of it, just as much as in the young stages of Comatula the basalia arise independently of the dorso-central plate, and just as independently as the same plates arise inde- pendently in the young Starfishes. See my Embryology of the Starfishes, and Lovén’s figures. As I have previously shown in speaking of the apical system of the Palechinide and Echinothurix, the plates of the apex of the anal system hold a very different relation to the interambulacral system in those groups from what they do in the Echinidw, in which the genital ring is closed, a condition of things which begins only with the Echini of Mesozoic times, and is represented in the Cidaride by their having still a number of plates, 34 PHORMOSOMA PLACENTA, no one of which becomes more prominent than the others. This is the case only in the Saleniz and in the young stages of Echinidee, and does not seem to have reached as yet its greatest development in the Echini of the present period. Unfortunately there is no Pluteus of Echinus figured in a stage showing the first appearance of the calcareous rods. Such an observation might throw very important light on the homology of the Echinoid apical system. The apical system of two specimens of Asthenosoma varium, figured by Ludwig,* is interesting, as it is the only species of Echiothuria in which the genital ring is closed, connecting the structure of the apical system with that of the Diadematide proper. It is true that the specimens of which Ludwig figures the abactinal system were not fully grown, and were much smaller than the specimens of the allied species A. Grubci, figured in the Echini of the Challenger Report, Plates XV—XVII., in which the genital rmg is less open than in any other species of Asthenosoma I have had occasion to examine. It will be seen, on examining the figures of young Echinothuriz in the Report on the Echini of the Challenger, that, while the plates of the genital ring are placed nearer together in the young stages than in older specimens, yet they are more or less separated even in the earlier stages by the anal plates, which force their way between the ocular plates and the two sides of the genital plates in the two zones of the apical part of the inter- ambulacral area. In the early stages (8 mm. in diameter), the ambulacral tentacles are arranged in a single vertical row, extending from the actinal opening to the ocular plate. It is only in specimens measuring from 28 to 40 mm. im diameter that we can find the characteristic generic arrangement of the ambulacral tubes. In specimens measuring from 17 to 25 mm. in diameter, the actinal imbricating plates have increased to four, the gills are well de- veloped, and the final arrangement of the primary tubercles both of the actinal and abactinal surface is indicated in a general way on the plates adjoining the ambitus, in both the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. The marginal fasciole can already be made out in specimens measuring about 28 mm. in diameter; in specimens of 50 mm. in diameter it is quite prominent, The lapping of the coronal plates takes place at a later stage of growth than that of the plates of the actinal membrane; the latter are distinctly * Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Zool., XX XIV., Pl. II. PHORMOSOMA URANUS. 35 imbricated towards the actinal opening from their first appearance. It is only when the young Phormosoma has attained a diameter of from 35 to 45 mm. that the lapping of the coronal plates of the ambulacral and inter- ambulacral areas becomes distinct. As in the young of other Echini the genital and ocular plates are not perforated in the youngest stages, nor can the madreporic genital be dis- tinguished from the others, owing to the similarity of the calcareous meshes of the young genital plates to the openings of the madreporic canal. In somewhat older stages, however, the madreporic genital is readily distin- guished from the others (in a specimen measuring 20 mm. in diameter). This is also the stage at which the other plates of the abactinal system begin to show the perforations for the genital and ocular pores. It is interesting to compare the structure of a young Astropyga (Pl. XV. Figs. 1, 2), measuring 13 mm. in diameter, with these young stages of Phor- mosoma (Pl. XV. Figs. 3-19). This comparison clearly brings out the strik- ing difference between the structure of the actinal and abactinal systems in the Diadematide and Echinothurix. In Astropyga the genital ring always remains closed, and the actinal system is provided with the ten large buccal plates characteristic of young Echinide, and with an irregular imbricating system of small imperforated plates forming a regular ambula- cral and an irregular interambulacral series. The peculiar forked band of pigment cells of the abactinal part of the coronal plates so characteristic of Astropyga seems to be the remnant of the pigment spots which are irregularly scattered over the test of young Echinothurix, and which in the Diadematide have a regular arrangement. These large pigment spots are eminently an embryonic character, for we find the test of the young stages of regular Echini thickly covered with large prominent patches of pigment. Phormosoma uranus Wvyy. Toms. Phormosoma Petersii A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 76, 1880. Lesser Antilles, —Lat. 39° 45’ 40” N., Long. 70° 55’ W. 399-1224 fathoms. PLEX PLS. Thomson figured in the “ Voyage of the Challenger ” (I, p. 146, Fig. 33, p. 147, Fig. 34) a small specimen of Phormosoma which he called P. wranus. It differed very strikingly from specimens of a closely allied species collected by the Blake, which I had provisionally named P. Pefersii. The principal 6 PHORMOSOMA URANUS. oo structural feature of P. wranus consists in the extreme tenuity of the test, and in the fact that “there is but little difference in character between the upper and lower surfaces of the test, and the species thus holds a place intermediate between the genera Phormosoma and Calveria.” While this is true of specimens of the size of that figured by Thomson, and of younger ones, it does not hold good for larger specimens, in which we find that the larger tubercles of the actinal surface are comparatively small, and not limited to a narrow band of the actinal and abactinal surfaces immediately adjoining the ambitus. But, on the contrary, in older and larger speci- mens the primary tubercles of the actinal surface become larger with age, extending at the same time over a greater portion of the actinal surface from the ambitus towards the actinostome, as in other species of the genus Phormosoma. Of P. wanus I had on former occasions only the opportunity of examining the very imperfect specimen described by Thomson. Since that time Mr. Murray has sent me for examination the Echini collected by the Knight-Errant in the Faroe Channel. Among them was a specimen of P. wranus intermediate in size between the smaller specimen described by Thomson and the larger and older specimens collected by the Blake from the West Indies and off the southern part of the Atlantic coast of the United States, which I had named P. Peferst, A renewed comparison of the specimens with this additional material plainly shows that the differ-. ences which had been noticed between them were merely due to age, and that in this species the great development of the large primary tubercles of the actinal surface takes place at a late period of growth. The abactinal system also seems to increase more rapidly in size in proportion to the rest of the test, as the specimens grow larger; so that in younger specimens the abactinal system is relatively smaller compared with the diameter of the test than in the larger ones. ‘The specimens collected were all of a brilliant claret-color. Echinometra subangularis Dxsmt. Florida, West India Islands. Littoral to 250 fathoms. Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis A. Aa. (East Coast of United States,) Lat. 41° 30’ N., Long. 66° W., in 73 fathoms. TEMNOPLEURID®. 37 TEMNOPLEURID Aa. Duncan * has, in interesting articles on the pits and sutures of Temno- pleurus and on the structure of Pleurechinus, called attention to the im- portant differences existing between the Temnopleuride of the type of Temnopleurus proper and its allies, and such genera as Temnechinus and Trigonocidaris, which have been associated with them. He proposes to place on one side the genera Pleurechinus, Temnopleurus, Salmacis, and Amblypneustes, whicli have true pits, and on the other side the genera Temnechinus, Trigonocidaris, Paradoxechinus, and Glyphocy- phus, which have raised ribs. ; The structural difference so well pointed out by Duncan is an important one ; he says he was unable to find, in the specimens of Temnechinus from the Crag which he examined, any trace of the remarkable “deep inward undermining or penetrations of the test”? of Temnopleurus. The specimens of Temnechinus maculatus of different sizes which I have examined show no trace of pits, nor of this system of dowelling at the junction of the plates. I have also again examined specimens of the recent Triyonociduris albida, and do not find in that species either the sunken pits of Temno- “pleurus proper or the dowelling. Duncan and Sladen ¢ have figured in the fossils of Western Sind two other genera closely allied to Trigonocidaris: Dictyopleurus and Arachnopleurus, in which the grooved and pitted ornamentation of the test is produced entirely by ribs and elevations. The peculiar structure of the ornamentation of the genus Progonechinus shows how difficult it may become to maintain the distinction suggested by Duncan. I had already called attention in the Revision of the Echini, p. 286, to the character of the ornamentation of the test of some of the Temnopleuride, and to its probable derivation from a more simple type of ribbed ornamen- tation, such as is formed by the radiating arrangement of miliaries and secondaries round the primary tubercle of some of the Triplechinide and * P. M. Duncan, On some Points in the Morphology of the Test of Temnopleuride, Journal Linn. Soc. London, 1882, Vol. XVI. p. 343. On the Genus Pleurechinus, L. Agassiz, Journal Linn, Soc. London, 1882, Vol. XVI. p. 447. t Mem. Geol. Survey of India, Ser. XIV., Vol. L, The Fossil Echinoidea, Fascicul. Il, Cal- cutta, 1882. 38 TEMNOPLEURIDZ. Arbaciade. The next stage being the formation of low radiating spokes round the primaries formed by the running together of flattened miliaries or secondaries. From this type of ornamentation the passage is an easy one to the marked and prominent ridges of Trigonocidaris, Dictyopleurus, and the like. But,as I have shown when speaking of the changes due to growth in young Temnopleuridx, the presence of pits and sutures is a feature only developed with age, and the transition is insensible between the types in which the pits and sutures are formed by the modification of a flat surface due on one side to the thickening or elevation of nearly the whole plate, or, on the other, of only a portion of it. This still leaves, however, as charac- teristic of the Temnopleurid and their nearest allies as limited by Duncan, the remarkable dowelling of the sutural faces. The peculiar sunken pits of the Clypeastroids extending around the primary tubercles reach deep into the thickness of the test; they are not to be regarded as merely sunken areolas. In some of the Nucleolidee we have a similar sunken area round the primaries; on the actinal side, round the actinostome of such genera as Rhynchopygus, these pits are independent of the tuberculation, and form very deeply sunken and irregularly shaped grooves in the thickness of the test. In Goniocidaris, another genus in which we have pits and sutural bands, they are not deep, and do not extend into the thickness of the test. Temnechinus maculatus A. Ac. Lat. 26° 31’ N., Long. 85° 53’ W. Lesser Antilles, Florida. 73-229 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 189, 1878 ; VIII., No. 2, p. 76, 1880. This species has also been dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission off New- port in deep water. Trigonocidaris albida A. Ac. Lat. 24° 15’ N., Long, 82° 13’ W. Florida, Lesser Antilles. 124-450 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 189, 1878; VIII., No. 2, p. 77, 1880. Echinus gracilis A. Ace. Straits of Florida, West Indies, East Coast of U.S., and as far north as off Martha’s Vineyard, by the U.S. Fish Commission. 93-200 fathoms. ECHINUS WALLISI. 39 Echinus norvegicus Dv». 0. Kor. Off Newport, in Lat. 39° to 41° N. Very common in 1242 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL., No. 2, p. 77, 1880. It seems almost hopeless to attempt to distinguish the species of Echinus > known as E. elegans, E. norvegicus, E. melo, and EF. Fleming. While the speci- Jans , Greus;, ’ i] mens from the same localities usually vary but little, those of adjoining or distant localities vary to such an extent that they generally combine more or less the specific features by which we have become accustomed to separate the above-named species. A large series of F. norvegicus from 1242 fathoms shows but the slightest possible variation among the different individuals; yet they all have the anal system which thus far has been considered characteristic of L. elegans. The largest specimens I have seen of this species were collected by the “Porcupine,” but they differ in no marked way from the typical £. , J JI norvegicus. *Echinus Wallisi A. Ac. Echinus Wallisi A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL., No. 2, p. 77, 1880. Atlantic Coast of U. S., Lat. 31°=41° N., Long. 65°-74° W. 257-1047 fathoms. This species is evidently closely allied to, if not identical with, Lehinus Alexandri, subsequently described (1882) by Danielssen and Koren. They have given a very characteristic and excellent figure of this species in Plates III. and IV., Figs. 7-16, of Nyt. Mag. for Naturvid., XXXVU. For their description, see page 294 of the same article. 2. Alerandri was dredged from a depth of 536 fathoms, Lat. 69° 18’ N., Long. 14° 32°7 FE. This is a large species allied to LZ. Flemingii and F. elegans. The test is somewhat depressed. It is readily distinguished by the close secondary tuberculation surrounding the primary tubercles, and by the arrangement of the pairs of pores in sets of two. The primary spines are long and sharp, like those of LZ. Flemingii. The anal system is intermediate in size between that of H. Flemingii and that of 2. elegans. When alive it was of a brilliant dark reddish pink color, the test of a darker shade than the spines ; these are darkest at the base and pinkish at the tip. The smallest specimen collected measured about half an inch in diameter. A fine large specimen of.this species, measuring three and a half inches in diameter, was collected. It has also been found off Newport by the U. 8. Fish Commission. 40 ECHINOCYAMUS PUSILLUS. Toxopneustes variegatus A. Ac. Yucatan Bank, Florida, Lesser Antilles. Lat. 32° 25’ N., Long. 77° 42’ 30” W. 14-300 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 78, 1880. Hipponoé esculenta A. Ac. Yucatan Bank, Cuba, Florida, Lesser Antilles. 14-451 fathoms. For list of Stations. see Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL., No. 2, p. 78, 1880. Echinocyamus pusillus Vay Pz. Florida Bank, Florida, Cuba, Lesser Antilles. 98-805 fathoms ; most abundant between 150 and 400 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 189, 1878; VIII., No. 2, p. 78, 1880. An immense number of dead tests of this species were dredged in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Straits of Florida. It has not yet been found to the northward of the Straits of Bemini. The number of living specimens brought up is small. It is interesting to note, in this connection, that the dead tests of species of Clypeaster, of Echinanthus, of Encope, of Schizaster, of Macropneustes, of Agassizia, of Echinolampas, of Linopneustes, of Toxopneustes, of Trigonocidaris, of Temnechinus, of Salenia, and of Cidaris, were also frequently dredged, and sometimes in considerable numbers. This has an important bearing as indicating the species which are likely hereafter to be preserved as fossils, and shows us how difficult it may become, even when we have such an abundant and characteristic Echinid fauna as that of the West Indies, to reconstruct it from the future fossils. It is also interesting to note that the genera (except Echinocyamus) of which we so frequently find the dead tests are the same which have been known as characteristic of the West Indies since the earliest tertiary. Evidently, except under the most favorable circumstances, we cannot expect to find represented as fossils the Kchino- thuriz, Pourtalesie, and many of the Echinids, which after death readily fall to pieces, and may be dissolved by the excess of carbonic acid at great depth before they become protected by a covering of deep-sea ooze. CLYPEASTER LATISSIMUS. 41 Clypeaster latissimus A. Ac. Laganum latissimum Hopé£, 1856, Castel Voy. Am. Sud., p. 98 (non Lam.). Yucatan Bank, Lesser Antilles. Santa Cruz, 248 fathoms ; Dominica, 98 fathoms ; Montserrat, 88 fathoms ; Lat. 18° 12’ N., Long, 64°, 1952 fathoms ; Granada, 92 fathoms. Pl, XV. Figs. 3,4; Pl. XV. Figs. 3, 4. The Blake dredged a number of specimens of the flat Clypeastroids. With this additional material I have made a renewed comparison of the species I had been led to unite under the name of C/ypeaster subdepressus in the Revision of the Echini. I am now inclined to recognize three West Indian species of the genus Clypeaster, all of which had been before de- scribed on what I presumed to be insufficient data, and from the great variations 1 had observed in the shallow-water C. subdepressus of Florida I was induced, at the time of writing the Revision, to consider these so-called species as all belonging to the common Florida species. The remarkable constancy of certain characters, however, in the series I have collected, has led me to return to the old specific distinctions, and to recognize three well-marked specific types in the genus. The typical Clypeaster subdepressus, with a large rosette, a thick rounded edge, and the test but slightly arched in the petaloid region, and with close, remarkably uniform tuberculation extending over the whole of the actinal surface of the test, close to the ambulacral furrows, which disappear in the tuberculation near the edge of the test. On the abactinal side the whole surface is covered by a close tuberculation, smaller than that of the oral surface, and the tubercles are separated by a fine granulation. The second species, C. dadissimus, is marked for its thin test, and for its small ambulacral rosette, which does not extend more than half-way from the apex to the edge of the test; the whole abactinal surface is covered by a close pavement of minute miliary granulation, with the exception of a small part of both the ambulacral and interambulacral areas adjoining the apex, where we find a few large distant primary tubercles, On the actinal side the tuberculation is very striking ; primary tubercles similar to those of the apex extend around the edge of the test, as they pass towards the actinostome diminishing rapidly in size on the ambulacra towards the median part of the furrow, which is covered by fine miliary granulations. Along the edge of the furrow there are small primaries passing into larger primary 42 CLYPEASTER LATISSIMUS. tubercles with three or four still larger primaries towards the outer edges of the ambulacral plates. The interambulacral plates carry huge primary tubercles, three or four to each plate, arranged in irregular concentric rows. These tubercles increase in size towards the central part of the interambulacral area, and then diminish again in size towards the actino- stome. The intertubercular space is closely packed by a minute miliary granulation. The miliary granules of the actinal and abactinal surface carry short, sharp, straight miliary spines; these are somewhat larger, and curved on the edges of the furrows and over the petaloid ambulacra. The large primary spines of the interambulacral areas of the actinal side are long, stout, curved, slightly spathiform, and recall somewhat for Clypeastroids the Lovenia type of spines and of tuberculation. The color of these flat Laganum-like specimens is bright yellowish green when alive; the large spines are of a lighter yellow color. This species is undoubtedly the one Hupé referred to Laganum latissimum. The third type, which I have figured on Plate XI°. of the Revision, and described under the name of Sfolonoclypus Ravenelli, is characterized by the thick-swollen edge and the high central part of the test, by the large open petals with the distant pairs of pores, succeeding pairs beg about twice as far apart as in @. subdepressus and C. latissimus, and by its distant uniform primary and coarse intertubercular granulation. As in @. subde- pressus, the granulation covers the abactinal surface uniformly. On the actinal side it is coarser, more distant, the tuberculation becoming smaller as it passes into the ambulacral areas, leaving the greater part of the am- bulacral plates merely covered by a fine miliary granulation. The figures I have given in the Revision of the Echini as characteris- tic of the young stages of Clypeaster subdepressus are on Plate XIII. Figs. 10-18; these, however, all belong to the swollen-edge type, C. Ravenellii ; the other, Plate XII*. Fig. 4, is a young of @. /atissimus. An excellent series of the young stages of C. dalissimus shows that in these very flat Clypeastroids the needle-like or separate lamellar pillars forming the inner partitions become united together at their extremity, either simply at the base or along the whole height of the pillar, so as to form more or less irregular concentric and dendritic partitions or isolated pillars arranged in concentric rows. The structure of the partitions in @. /a/issimus, and the presence of ambula- eral furrows, show a close relationship between the flat Clypeastroids and the LAT PIS ECHINARACHNIUS PARML. 43 Laganide.* Among the specimens I have had occasion to examine I do not find any marked difference due to age in the width of the marginal edge which is occupied by the pillars. The structure of the test of the flat Clypeastroids shows that they are closely connected with Conoclypus, the ambulacral furrows and the teeth specially showing these groups to have an intimate connection. Echinolampas, on the contrary, although superficially more closely related, in reality differs more from Conoclypus than do the flat Clypeastroids, Clypeaster Ravenellii A. Ac. Stolonoclypus Ravenellii A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 265, 1869. West Florida Bank. 14 fathoms. Yucatan Bank. 84 fathoms. Pl. XV. Figs. 1,2; >: Pl. XV*. Figs. 1,2. Clypeaster subdepressus Acass. Florida, Yucatan Bank, Lesser Antilles. 84-1952 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 79, 1880. YR. ore Echinanthus rosaceus Gray. Yueatan, Cuba, Lesser Antilles. 14-118 fathoms. The specimens dredged by the Blake show the usual differences in the comparative height and length of the test. Echinarachnius parma Gray. Lat. 40° 59’ N., Long. 71° 22’ 30” W. Lat. 41° 30’ N., Long. 66° W. Off Newport. 71-306 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 79, 1880. The genus Echinarachnius extends to a greater depth than Mellita. The former was very common beyond the 100 fathom line north of New York, and on the George’s Bank, but to the south it was not found at the same depth, nor were any of the species of Mellita, and but one of Encope, dredged by the Blake beyond the 100 fathom line in the very districts in which these genera are the most typical littoral species. * I would refer also to an article on the Laganid@ in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., No. 62, for February, 1883. I do not propose to discuss the statements made by Prof. F. J. Bell. 44 NEOLAMPAS ROSTELLATA. Encope Michelini Aaass. Yucatan Bank. 14 fathoms. Echinonéus semilunaris Lamkx. Cuba. Littoral to 80 fathoms. Neolampas rostellata A. Ac. Florida Bank. 229 fathoms. 1 XT: A number of specimens of this interesting genus, of all stages of growth, having been collected by the Blake in the Straits of Florida, I am able to add considerably to our previous knowledge of the genus. As in all Cas- siduloids, the affinities of the family to the Clypeastroids is more or less marked. In the young specimens from Florida the changes taking place in the actinostome, in the ambulacral system, and in the shape of the test, as well as the structure of the pedicellarie and of the abactinal system, all show strikingly the close affinities of the family with the Clypeastroids. In the youngest stage examined, measuring only 2.5 mm. in length, the test, instead of being globular, as is the case in the Spatangoids proper, is quite flattened, its outline is elliptical, the anal system is covered by few large plates, and the general aspect of the young Neolampas at this stage and in the following one, when it measures about 4.5 mm. in length, closely resembles the young of some of the true Clypeastroids which I have had occasion to examine, such as Echinocyamus, Mellita, or Echinarachnius. On their first appearance the bourrelets and phyllodes are with difficulty made out, and in the earliest stages the actinostome shows no trace what- ever of them. The ambulacral suckers are, like those of the Clypeastroids, provided with powerful suckers near the actinostome, which are but slightly developed above the ambitus; we find no fimbriated actinal tentacles, even in the largest specimens collected, measuring 12 mm. in length, so character- istic of the Spatangoids proper. The bourrelets are well developed in speci- mens of 10 mm. in length, and in the largest specimen (12 mm. long) they have become very prominent. The lateral crowding of the ambulacral plates near the actinostome to form the phyllodes is well shown on comparing the arrangement and size of the plates as seen from the interior of the test NEOLAMPAS ROSTELLATA. 45 in two specimens, one of which measured probably 7-8 mm. in length, the other from 10 to 11 mm. The interambulacral spines of the bourrelets are slender and longer than those of the tubercles of corresponding size in other parts of the test. The somewhat distant primary radioles, are short, sharp, slender, and the intertubercular space of the whole test is thickly covered by secondary tubercles, carrying small, slender, straight radioles, usually having a slight cup-shaped extremity, which have been well figured by Thomson in the Echini of the Porcupine Expedition; he has also figured the pedicellarie characteristic of this species. The principal large pedicellariw are more closely allied by their structure to the Clypeastroid than to the Spatangoid types; in addition to these, there are also in the ambulacral areas more numerous pedicellarix with short stout stems, quite similar to the secondary radioles but somewhat more slender, carrying a small trifid head set closely upon the cup-shaped extremity of the stalk. Minute long-stemmed, small- headed pedicellarie are found near the actinostome in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. As the test increases in size its outline becomes more angular, the posterior extremity more elevated, and the Spatangoid features of the genus more ap- parent. There is, however, even in the largest specimen collected, no trace of petaloid ambulacra on the abactinal surface; the ambulacra retain as far as we know their simple embryonic structure. The apical system is compact, the genital openings are large, the left anterior and posterior genitals are atrophied. This was not the case either in the specimens collected by Thomson or in those previously dredged off Florida, in which the left anterior genital pore was wanting, in addition to the odd posterior one. In a specimen measuring 10 mm. in length there are two or three madreporic openings in the space between the genital openings. In Thomson's speci- mens, which are larger than any I have dredged, there are two such openings. I was unable to distinguish the line of sutures between the different genital plates. When covered with spines, the genital openings are protected by long secondary spines, and genital tubes are seen to project through the large openings beyond the level of the spines. Two or three, and sometimes four, spheridia are found near the actinostome in each ambulacral area. 46 ECHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSA. Echinolampas depressa Gray. Yucatan Bank, Lesser Antilles. 82-101 fathoms. Pl. XVI, Pl. XXIV. Figs. 1-5. The Blake dredged in the Caribbean a number of specimens of this species. They are interesting as showing that the important modifications in the petaloid region of the ambulacral system, which characterize this and allied species in different stages of growth, make their appearance very early. In the younger stages I have figured (Revision of the Echini, PI. XVI. Figs. 6, 7, 17, 18, 19, 21), the early development of the petaloid am- bulacra and the unequal growth of the different poriferous zones of the ambulacra are quite striking. In a specimen measuring 57 mm. in longi- tudinal diameter, the left petaloid poriferous zone of the odd anterior ambu- lacrum is four pairs of pores shorter than the right. The anterior zone of the anterior ambulacra is fourteen pairs of pores shorter than the posterior zone, and the posterior zone of the lateral posterior ambulacra is seventeen pairs of pores shorter than the anterior zone. In a specimen measuring 45 mm. the difference in the number of pairs of pores between the same poriferous zones was greater by three in the anterior ambulacra, and less by four in the posterior ambulacra. This striking numerical difference still existed in specimens measuring no less than 50 mm. in length (Pl. XVI Figs. 1, 3, 6), but is by no means constant, the difference between the number of pairs of pores in the anterior and posterior zones of the lateral ambulacra or in the right and left zones of the odd ambulacrum sometimes varying from the ratio stated above as much as four to six pairs. Similar differences im the length of the zones of the ambulacral petals are known in several recent and fossil species of the genus. This naturally suggests the propriety of subdividing the genus Echinolampas. This has been attempted in part by Bell, who has separated as Paleolampas a species of Echinolampas with straight ambulacral zones, and in which the outer rows of pores are the largest, and form with their rudimentary furrows embryonic petals. De Loriol has shown the difficulty of taking this character alone as basis for a generic division ; but it would be convenient were we to take the living types alone, and subdivide the genus Echinolampas proper into sections, one con- taining the ovoid forms with distinctly petaloid ambulacra of equal length, ECHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSA. 47 another containing those in which there is a marked difference in the length of the poriferous zones of the ambulacral petals, and a third, which Bell has called Palwolampas, characterized by the straight apetaloid ambulacral zones. The differences in the petaloid ambulacra are accompanied by other struc- tural features, such as the position and outline of the anal system, and the character of the phyllodes and bourrelets, forming combinations of characters which a revision of the genus may show justify this subgeneric division. But as has been already pointed out by Cotteau and De Loriol, such a sub- division is impracticable if we take into account the numerous fossil species of Echinolampas. The subdivision of the genus to which Lehinolampas depressa belongs is also marked by the absence of intercalated plates in the formation of the phyllodes (Pl. XVI. Fig. 4), and by the prominent apical button formed (PI, XVI. Fig. 5) by the madreporie body, much as in Conoclypus. The characteristic uniform tuberculation of the test of 2. depressa is seen in the different figures of Plate XVI. On the actinal surface there is a narrow band in the median ambulacral areas towards the actinostome. The abac- tinal surface of the test is covered by slender radioles; the radioles of the abactinal region are slightly shorter, increasing in length towards the ambitus, and becoming somewhat longer on the actinal side. The mili- ary spines are about a third of the length of the primary spines. When alive, the spines are of a greenish yellow color; the test, of a dirty yellow color. It is interesting to note that, of the many fossil species of Echino- lampas described by Cotteau* from the West Indies, only two, 2. Castro and £. Anguill, show any marked difference in the length of the poriferous zones of the petaloid ambulacra. On Pl. XXIV. is figured the youngest stage of Echinolampas I have seen. It measures 5 mm. in longitudinal diameter. The apical system is already eccentric ; but in this stage the ambulacra are simple, showing no trace at the apex of rudimentary petals. The actinal system is circular, and the anal system is still on the posterior face of the test; the bourrelets are in the simplest form possible, a slight swelling of the ambulacral area at the actinostome, but the tuberculation is not different from that of the other part of the ambulacra, * Cotteau, Ann. Soc. Géol. de Belgique, 1881, IX., Pl. I. Echinides Tertiaires des Isles St. Barthéle- my et Anguilla, K, Vet. Akad. Handl., B. XIII., No. 6, Pl. LV., 1875. 48 CONOLAMPAS SIGSBEL Conolampas A. Ac. Conoclypus A. Ac. Bull. M.C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 190, 1878 [non auct.]. *Conolampas Sigsbei A. Ac. Conoclypus Sigsbei A.Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 190, Pls. I., IL, 1878. Yucatan Bank, off Havana, Lesser Antilles. 76-450 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 80, 1880. AL EXSVIEL- This magnificent species is by far the most striking Sea-urchin I have seen. I shall always remember the particular haul, when, on the edge of the Yucatan Bank, the dredge came up containing half a dozen of these huge brilliant lemon-colored Echini. The test is covered by small primary tubercles of uniform size, quite regu- larly arranged on the plates of the test, both on the ambulacral and inter- ambulacral areas. The tubercles on the actinal side are similarly arranged, with the exception of the vicinity of the ambitus, where they are more closely crowded together. The primary tubercles are surrounded by a deeply sunken scrobicular area, much as in Echinolampas and Rhynchopygus. The miliary tubercles are uniformly scattered between the primaries, and are separated by irregular transparent glassy ridges and elongated pits, much as we find them on the actinal side of Rhynchopygus; but near the ambitus on the actinal side, where the primary tubercles are most closely crowded, they are separated by closely packed secondary tubercles. The actinal bourrelets are very prominent; the floscelle is large, broad, well defined, ex- tending nearly one third the distance from the actinostome to the ambitus. There are small, elongate, short-stemmed, slender pyramidal pedicellarie scattered irregularly over the actinal surface; they are much less numerous on the sides of the test. The primary spines are short, slender, cylindrical, rapidly tapering at the extremity; the miliary and secondary spines are similar to the primary ones, but smaller. The apical system is compact, the genital plates all coalesce, the centre of the apex is occupied by the madreporic body, which is developed into a prominent knob, on the sides of which the ocular plates rise. There are four large genital openings ; the odd posterior genital is wanting. The ambulacral zones are all iden- tical in structure, two rows made up of distant pores extending two thirds CONOLAMPAS SIGSBET. 49 of the distance from the apex to the ambitus, forming the rudimentary petaloid ambulacra. At the extremity of these petals, the pores suddenly come close together, the poriferous zones becoming extremely narrow, and continue thus narrowed to the ambitus, and over to the actinal side, until they meet the floscelles. The anal system is covered by an outer row of three large plates and one smaller one, with a few smaller plates closing the outer edge of the anal system. It was with considerable hesitation that I referred this species, when first described, to the genus Conoclypus. While it undoubtedly agreed with it in having a central apical system, a high conical test, and the five ambulacra of the abactinal side equally developed, yet the arrangement of the pores (Pl. XVIL Fig. 7) and the development of the phyllodes and of the bourrelets (Pl. XVIL. Fig. 5), the transversely elliptical anal system (Pl. XVI. Fig. 6), and the structure of the apical system (Pl. XVII. Fig. 3), seemed to ally it more closely to Echinolampas. From the latter genus it differed, how- ever, in the arrangement of the petaloid ambulacra, which do not form open petals as in the species of Echinolampas thus far known, but merely straight poriferous zones, not furrowed (Pl. XVI. Fig. 2), extending close to the ambitus. This feature alone would perhaps seem insufficient as a generic distinction, for we find in Z. depressa of Gray that the ambulacral petals are modified somewhat from the characteristic Echinolampas type (LZ. ovformis), and besides not having closed petals, the poriferous zones of the different ambulacra are all of unequal length, somewhat as in /. Alexandri De Lor. (see Pl. XVI. Fig. 1), one of the characters by which Prof. F. J. Bell® attempted to separate the genus Paleolampas from Kchinolampas. De Loriol t is of opinion that the characters on which Mr. Bell attempts to establish the genus Palxolampas are insufficient, yet we may find it con- venient from the great variation we find in the petaloid areas of Echino- lampas to adopt Palaolampas as a subgeneric type. + Zittel was the first to show, in his Handbuch der Palwontologie (1. 515), that some species of the genus Conoclypus possessed teeth, This led De Loriol to make an examination of this genus, and he found that it really contained two generic types, one with phyllodes, which was edentate, and another in which there is no trace of phyllodes, but an enormous develop- ment of the bourrelets, which is provided with teeth. For the first type * Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1880, p. 43. t See page 46. + Mém. de la Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genéve, 1880, XX VIL. 88. rc 50 CONOLAMPAS SIGSBEI. De Loriol has proposed the name of Phylloclypeus.* These discoveries led me to make a renewed examination of Conoclypus Sigsbei. On opening a specimen I found that it was edentate, as had been suggested by De Loriol from the presence of the well-developed phyllodes (Pl. XVII. Fig. 5) characteristic of Echinolampas and of the edentate Conoclypus type he called Phylloclypeus. On comparing the structure of the actinostome in Conoclypus Sigsheai, as seen from the interior, with that of Echinolampas, I found very striking differences. As is well known, in Lehinolampas Hellei (Pl. XV. Fig. 9, Rev. Echini) the test immediately round the actinal open- ing rises slightly, in a conical shape, above the general level of the actinal floor. This is also the case in F. depressa, but m both cases the edges of this conical elevation form a smooth ring round the actinostome, the cone being in fact merely the turning up of the outer edges of the last plates immediately adjoinmg the actinostome. In Conoclypus Sigsbet, on the con- trary, the structure of the ring of plates round the actinostome is quite similar to that described by Zittel and De Loriol in Conoclypus with teeth ; the processes which support the jaws, although wanting (Pl. XVIL Fig. 4), are still indicated by slight angular knobs, and we also find the deep pits described by these authors in the interambulacral areas at the base of this elevated ring. This structural feature is one of the most interesting found among Echini, as it seems to show us the direct passage, as it were, between the edentate Echini and those provided with teeth. We have no full description as yet of the jaws of Conoclypus, but enough is known to show us how closely allied they are to those of the Clypeastroids. In Conoclypus they are evi- dently held in place by vertical processes, very similar to those which thus far have been considered as characteristic of the Clypeastroids. With the diminution in size of the jaws in these types we must expect to find genera in which the supporting processes alone are left, and we may look for them in the forms allied to the genus Phylloclypeus of De Loriol. The next stage will be the practical disappearance of these processes, their former presence being indicated by mere knobs, as in Conoclypus Sigsbei, until we get the typical modern Echinolampas, in which the plates forming the actinal ring rise only as a low cone above the general level of the actinal floor, and all traces of these processes and of the interambulacral actinal pits have dis- appeared. It may be convenient for the present to call this modern rep- * Méin. de la Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genéve, 1880, XX VII. 79. CONOLAMPAS SIGSBEI. 51 resentative of the Conoclypei, with its central apex and characteristic ambu- lacra, by the name Conolampas, until we know more of the structure of the interior of the actinostome of the Cretaceous genus Phylloclypeus of De Loriol, as well as of the species of Echinolampas with high test, to which this species of Conolampas may perhaps be more closely related than now appears. Cotteau has figured such a species of Echinolampas (2. semiorlis, Guppy) from the Eocene of St. Barthélemy, and he likewise calls attention to its resemblance to several species of Conoclypus. As I have already stated in the Preliminary Report of the Blake Echini (Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 191), I described in the Revision of the Echini, and figured on Pl. XVI. of that work, several stages of the young of Cono- lampas ( Conoelypus Sigsbai A. Ag.) as the young of Echinolampas. I had not at that time dredged Conolampas, and was thus misled, by the examination I had made of only a few young stages either of Echinolampas or of Cono- lampas, to consider them all as belonging to the same genus. Additional young specimens of Echinolampas and of Conolampas having been obtained in the Caribbean by the Blake, Iam now able to rectify my error, and, by referring to the figures given on Plate XVI. of the Revision, to indicate those which belong to Echinolampas, and those which represent young stages of Conolampas. Tt will be seen that in corresponding stages of growth of these two genera we find in one case, in young specimens of Echinolampas, already the first trace of the peculiar petaloid development of the ambulacra characteristic of this species (Pl. XVI. Figs. 6, 7, Rev. Echini); while in the corresponding young stages of Conolampas (Pl. XVI. Figs. 4, 11, 12, Rev. Echini) the ambulacra have the characteristic structure of the genus. To recapitulate, Figs. 6, 7, 17, 18, 19, 21, of Plate XVI. of the Revision, belong to Echino- lampas, while Figs. 1-5 and 8-16 of the same plate belong to the young stages of Conolampas. The Pygaster or Echinoconus * stage, if I may so call it, of both Echino- lampas and Conolampas, appears to be a most characteristic stage of these genera, and it is possible that the recent species mentioned by Lovén as Pygaster relictus, may after all only be a young stage either of Echinolampas or of Conolampas. This is very probable judging from the size of Lovén’s specimen, 3 mm. in diameter, and from its origin, the Virgin Islands. * See the excellent figures of a fine series of Echinoconus given by Cotteau in Bull. Soc. des Scien. Hist. et Nat. de l’Yonne, (2,) 1V., 1881, Pl. T. On bo URECHINUS NARESIANUS. Pourtalesia miranda A. Ac. Off Havana, Grenada. 242-576 fathoms. The fragments of other Pourtalesiz, dredged principally off the Barbados, to which I referred in Bull. M. C. Z., VII., No. 2, p. 80, 1880, belong prob- ably to the genera Cystechinus and Spatagocystis. The fragments are too imperfect for determination, and have no value beyond the fact that they indicate the presence of other species of the group in the West Indies. Urechinus naresianus A. Ac. Lesser Antilles, Lat. 41° 24’ 45” N., Long. 65° 35’ 30” W. 422-1242 fathoms. Pl. XXVI. Figs. 1-8. The greater part of the specimens collected by the Blake measured about 30 mm. in length, but varied greatly in height. They agree quite closely with what I have designated as the normal stage in the Report of the Challenger Echini. (See Chall. Ech., Pl. XXX*. Figs. 7-9, p. 146.) The specimens examined all show but three genital openings. The structure of the subanal fasciole shows that in this genus it assumes all the stages of de- velopment intermediate between a well-defined subanal plastron, such as is figured on Plate XXX*. of the Challenger Echini Report, and a stage in which this fasciole is indicated merely by irregular accumulations of mili- ary tubercles. So that the genus Urechinus is the representative of the oldest Spatangoids with a disconnected apical system, large ambulacral and interambulacral plates with simple linear ambulacral pores, in which the subanal fasciole (the only one existing) is still in process of formation ; this type of Spatangoid leading us littie by little to Spatangoid genera in which the ambulacra become more or less petaloid, as in Homolampas, Paleopneus- tes, and the like, till we get the modern type of Spatangus proper, with well-defined petaloid ambulacra, and a highly developed subanal fasciole, the lateral fasciole existing in some of these genera, Paleopneustes, Lino- pneustes, Calymne, Maretia, ete., in a rudimentary form, as accumulations of miliary tubercles along the ambitus. On the other hand, a slender peripeta- lous fasciole is in some genera, Paleopneustes, Homolampas, Rhinobrissus, ete., developed as a slender thread, or as a more or less well-defined fasciole extending across the termination of the more or less rudimentary petals. We find the lateral fasciole developed from the peripetalous fasciole in PALEOTROPUS JOSEPHIN AZ. 5S such genera as Hemiaster, Rhinobrissus, Linthia. Schizaster, etc., on the one side; and on the other, in such genera as Paleopneustes, Maretia, Lino- pneustes, Homolampas, ete., we find the more or less rudimentary lateral fasciole plainly developed from the anal or branches of the subanal fas- ciole, or independently. This corresponds fairly well with the two series we find among the fossil genera, in one of which the lateral fasciole is the appendage of the peri- petalous fasciole, and in the other of the fasciole of the anal system, or has arisen entirely independently as an ambital lateral fasciole, if I may so call it. Palxotropus Josephine Lovey. Off Havana, Lesser Antilles. 82-242 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z, VIIL., No. 2, p. 81, 1880. Pl. XXIII. Figs. 6-14- A small specimen 10 mm. long did not differ from that figured by Lovén (Pl. XIII. Figs. 108-113, Hiudes sur les Echinoidées). Older specimens meas- uring 23 mm. in length, figured on Plate XXL, are comparatively less globular and more flattened, but otherwise do not vary greatly in appearance from the younger specimens. In the Preliminary Report * on this collection I had referred a few larger Spatangoids to this species; but on denuding them from spines I find that they have nothing in common with Palzotro- pus, and they are described in this Report as belonging to a new genus (Palzeobrissus ) intermediate between Platybrissus and Argopatagus. The test of this species is comparatively bare (Pl. XXIII. Figs. 5-11), car- rying but few primary spines ; these are generally straight, with a smooth shaft, only a few of the very largest spines being slightly serrated. The miliaries and secondaries are more numerous, generally club-shaped at the extremity, often curved, and many of them with serrated shafts. The mili- ary tubercles of the anal fasciole carry comparatively long, slender, slightly club-shaped spines. The coloring of small specimens is of a greenish violet, the whole test being irregularly covered with distant dark violet pigment-spots. With in- creasing size these spots become less numerous, concentrating mainly about the base of the primary spines. * Bull. M. CG. Z., VII., No. 2, p. 81. 54 PALAOTROPUS JOSEPHINE. There is little difference in the arrangement of the ambulacral plates in older or younger specimens. The two large genital openings, already present in the youngest specimens known, have greatly increased in size, and the madreporic openings are better developed in larger specimens (Pl. XXIUI. Fig. 12). The mode of formation of what has been called a compact abacti- nal system is admirably shown in the structure of the apex of Paleotropus, in which the exterior sutures of all the plates adjoining the interambulacral areas are most distinct, while the interior junction of the genital plates has become completely obliterated (Pl. XXIII. Fig. 12), they being still sepa- rated by the odd imperforate genital plate which is intercalated between them, and of which the posterior and lateral sutures are still well marked, while the interior anterior sutures are no longer visible. In Paleobrissus the sutures of all the plates of the apex can be distinctly detected. In the youngest stages, as well as the larger, we find near the actino- stome in each ambulacral area one or two unusually elongate spheeridia. They have a comparatively long reticulated stem, and it is interesting to note that in some of the larger specimens we find near the ambitus on the actinal side peculiar miliary spmes which I am inclined to consider as modi- fied sphaeridia. These peculiar spines have the shaft of a miliary, but the tip is swollen out to a clear sphere resembling in all respects the head of spheeridia, of which the base of attachment is usually merely rudimentary, as described by Lovén; in addition we have such types as the spheeridia typical of the actinal side of the genus Paleotropus. This would seem to show that the sphzeridia, like the pedicellaria, the spines of the fascioles, and perhaps other appendages of the test of Echini, are only modified forms of spines. Danielssen and Koren* have figured peculiar spines of Hymenaster, which also throw considerable light on the nature of the spheridia. They are clusters of reticulations at the base of a central shaft, much like the reticulations figured by Lovén as characteristic of the base of sphveridia. These spines are surrounded by a bag-like pouch representing undoubtedly for Starfishes the bag-like appendages of certain spines of Asthenosoma and Aspidodiadema, which in their turn seem to have close affinities with the peculiar gland of certain Echinid pedicellarix described by Sladen and others, as I have already noticed in the description of some remarkable spines occurring on the test of Aspidodiadema. * Plate II. Figs. 2, 3, Nyt. Mag. for Naturvid., XX VIII. PALHOTROPUS THOMSONI. 55 In the larger specimens of Paleotropus Josephine there is a slight tendency to the formation of very rudimentary bourrelets. The larger outer plates of the actinal system carry a few minute miliary tubercles and spines. (PI. XXIII. Fig. 14.) On the abactinal surface the ambulacral suckers are slender, surmounted by a small indistinct sucker, the tentacles increase in size towards the ambitus, and near the actinostome there are four or five large fimbriated tentacles in each ambulacral area. The pedicellarix are most varied, representing types characteristic of the Clypeastroids as well as the Spatangoids. On the actinal side there are in the ambulacra, near the outer edges, minute slender, long-stemmed, two- jointed pedicellaria with small pear-shaped trifid heads. At the ambitus, interspersed among the preceding, are short-stemmed, large-headed, stout pedicellarix resembling the Clypeastroid types. In the bare interambulacral spaces there are a few large-headed, short-stemmed, trifid pedicellarix, some with short prongs, others with long crossing prongs. Scattered irregularly over the abactinal surface are few distant triangular-headed trifid pedicel- lari, with long, slender stems, and short, flexible head-joints. The heads of these last pedicellariz are of two very different sizes, but otherwise they do not differ. * Paleotropus Thomsoni A. Ac. Paleotropus Thomsoni A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 80, 1880. Lat. 32° 43! 25” N., Long. 77° 20’ 30” W. 233 fathoms. At Station 321 a single broken specimen of this species was collected, which differs most strikingly from all the other specimens of Palxotropus. It is closely covered by uniform tubercles on the abactinal side. It has a proportionally greater number of- coronal plates, and a high test, with a keeled posterior interambulacral median line. Apex more posterior than in P. Josephine. The color of the test is yellowish white when alive. The large P. Josephine are of a dirty greenish red color, and when young more pinkish. This species is also remarkable for its broad, bare posterior lateral ambulacra on the abactinal side, and for its prominent keeled, very elongate actinal plas- tron, and its longitudinally elongate anal fasciole, still very prominent at a time when in P. Josephine the posterior extremity has become flattened, and the fasciole quite indistinct. 56 PALAOBRISSUS HILGARDI. *Paleobrissus Hilgardi A. Ace. Station No. 300. 82 fathoms, Barbados. Station No. 295. 185 fathoms, Barbados. Pl. XXIV. Figs. 6-15. At the time of writing the Prelimimary Report on the Echini of the Blake cruise in the Caribbean, the specimens of this species were not distinguished in the first examination from Palaotropus Josephine, to which they have, when covered with spines, a general resemblance both in shape and coloring (PI. XXIV. Figs. 6-8). Paleobrissus is one of the most inter- esting generic types collected by the Blake. From the structure of its ambulacra it is closely allied to both Platybrissus, Nacopatagus, and Argo- patagus. The ambulacra are not petaloid, as in the former genus. The pores of the lateral ambulacra are arranged im straight, double, diverging rows (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 10). The pairs of minute pores of the abactinal region increase rapidly in size towards the extremity of the rudimentary petals, the last four pairs being large and well separated, the outer pore of each pair slightly larger than the imer one ; the lateral ambulacral petals extend nearly to the ambitus (Pl. XXIV. Figs. 11, 12). The odd anterior ambula- crum is not as prominently developed as the lateral ambulacra, the pores remaining all small (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 10). There are four genital pores (PI. XXIV. Fig. 15), the anterior pair the smallest, separated from each other by the well-marked madreporic pores, which conceal the sutures between the anterior genital plates. The posterior genital plates are comparatively large, adjacent, becoming intercalated with the median posterior interambu- lacral plates. The anterior part of these genital plates is perforated by the large elliptical posterior genital pores. The structure of the apical system of this genus shows how the abactinal interambulacral plates are derived from the terminal plates of a compact apical system; these are not neces- sarily the genital plates, but may be intercalated plates formed from the subdivision of any of the abactinal interambulacral plates at the apical junc- tion of the posterior lateral interambulacra with the odd interambulacrum. The upper part of the test (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 10) is covered by small pri- mary tubercles of uniform size, somewhat distant, quite regularly arranged on the plates, increasing in number towards the ambitus. The intertuber- cular space is filled by distant miliaries, also quite uniformly scattered over HOMOLAMPAS FRAGILIS. 57 the test. The primary spines are small, slender, and straight. The miliary spines, similar in structure to the primaries, are not more than a third to a quarter their length. When covered with spines, the coloring is of a dark greenish violet; denuded, the test is of a pinkish gray. On the actinal side (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 9) the primary tubercles are more closely packed in the interambulacral areas and on the actinal plastron, but the anterior ambulacral plates towards the actinostome, as well as the posterior lateral ambulacral areas on each side of the actinal plastron, are left bare. The posterior lip of the actinostome is but slightly developed (PI. XXIV. Figs. 9, 13); there is a tendency to the formation of rudimentary bourrelets from the crowding of small secondary tubercles on the interambu- lacral edges of the actinostome (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 13). The anterior part of the actinal opening is covered by eight large polygonal plates of irregular outline; the remaining space on the posterior part of the actinostome along the actinal lip (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 13) is covered by smaller irregulaily arranged plates. The actinal plates all carry minute secondary tubercles. The anal system (Pl. XXIV. Fig. 14) is circular, surrounded by two or three concentric rows of irregularly arranged plates. The large actinal tentacles are fimbriated; towards the ambitus and be- yond it, until they reach the extremity of the petals, they become simple with a slight sucker. The tentacles of the petaloid region are broad, flat- tened, with an indistinct sucking disk. The ambulacra carry, as in Palxotropus, short-stemmed, stout-headed, and short-stemmed, large-headed trifid pedicellarie. Seattered irregularly over the test are long-stemmed, large, slender, open-headed trifid pedicellariz. Homolampas fragilis A. Ac. Homolampas fragilis A. Ac. Bull. M.C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 191, 1878. Florida Bank, Lesser Antilles. 734-1920 fathoms. Fragments of a large specimen of Homolampas, very probably the adult of HZ. fragilis A. Ag., of which young specimens were dredged by Mr. Pourtalés (see Revision of the Echini, PI. XVII. Figs. 13+21). These fragments show H. fragilis to be closely allied to the large species of the same genus (i. fulva, A. Ag.) described and figured in the Report on the Echinoidea of the Challenger (Pl. XXIV.). The Caribbean species differs from it, however, by the closer tuberculation of the miliaries, the larger number of primary 98 PALEOPNEUSTES CRISTATUS. tubercles in the interambulacral areas near the abactinal system, and the coarser tuberculation of the odd anterior groove above the ambitus; also in having a larger number of primary plates. No part of the anal system or of the actinal system was found among the fragments. Paleopneustes cristatus A. Ac. Off Havana, S. side of Cuba, Lesser Antilles. 56-450 fathoms. Most common to the leeward of the West India Islands, between 90 and 150 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIII, No. 2, p. 81, 1880, IEE DO.GE A number of specimens of this species have been collected by the Blake, e additional light on the variability of the c which are interesting as throwin so-called lateral fasciole of this genus, and in showing the changes due to growth. Thus far only large specimens of this genus had been described, both from the Hassler and the Challenger expeditions. I have added to the figures of two of the principal stages of growth given on Plate XXI. Figs. 6-14, details of the actinostome (Fig. 5), of the apical system (Fig. 3), of the termination of the lateral petaloid ambulacra (Fig. 1), of the edge of the test near the ambitus from the abactinal side (Fig. 2), taken from a large specimen of this species measuring nearly 150 mm. in length and 80 mm. in height, as these details could not be very clearly seen in the photographic illustrations of this species in the Memoir on the Echini of the Hassler Expedition (Pl. IV. Figs. 1-3, Ill. Cat. M. C. Z., No. 8). A small specimen measuring 45 mm. in leneth (Pl. XXI. Fig. 7) differed from the specimen figured in the Hassler Echini merely m size, and in having an indistinct lateral fasciole extending obliquely from the abactinal end of the anal system to the edge of the test, reaching the ambitus at the anterior lateral ambulacra, and extending faintly across the anterior part of the test along the ambitus. See Plate XXI. Fig. 7, and Fig. 8, which shows a small part of this fasciole close to the ambitus across the anterior ambulacral area. This can hardly be termed a lateral fasciole ; it reminds us of a similar fasciole in Calymne, and it is difficult to decide in these cases whether this single fasciole should be called peripetalous as it passes across the posterior extremity of the test above the anal system, or a lateral fasciole occurring isolated from a peripetalous one; or whether it represents a rudimentary stage of the peripetalous fasciole, not crossing the ambulacra PALEOPNEUSTES CRISTATUS. 59 at the extremity of the petaloid ambulacra or the petals themselves, as in one of the species of Rhinobrissus, but crossing them below the petals at an indefinite place of the test; so that we might have an interior fasciole, as in Lovenia; a true peripetalous fasciole, as in Hemiaster; a transpetaloid fasciole, as in Gualteria and Rhinobrissus ; or a marginal fasciole, as in some stages of growth of Paleopneustes and in Linopneustes ; all representing different stages of development or modification of a petaloid fasciole. This simple series becomes complicated with the possible simultaneous existence of an internal and peripetalous fasciole or of a true peripetalous fasciole with a more or less marginal fasciole, forming in that case a lateral fasciole proper. In a specimen of this species measuring about 85 mm. in length, the marginal fasciole is traced only with difficulty near the ambitus across the anterior lateral ambulacra (PI. XXI. Fig. 8), and it seems to disappear completely in somewhat older specimens, But in ali the stages of growth that part of the ambitus and of the test adjoining the course of the mar- ginal fasciole is thickly studded with miliaries and small secondary tubercles (Pl. XXI. Figs. 2, 6, 8). In Linopneustes this marginal fasciole has assumed practically all the characters of a peripetalous fasciole crossing the posterior lateral ambulacra just at the end of the petals, while it still crosses the anterior ambulacra a short distance below the end of the petals. Neither in Paleopneustes eristatus nor in P. hystrix do we find any trace of a rudimentary subanal fasciole, either as an indistinct band or a part of a band, or even as accumulations of miliary tubercles; and it is interesting to note that in species so closely allied as P. cristalus and Linopneustes Murrayi there should be so striking a distin- guishing feature as the presence or absence of a subanal fasciole, while in other genera of Spatangoids, Paleotropus, Urechinus, and Schizaster, in specimens of the same species, such as Urechinus naresianus, we should have a complete series passing from a well-defined subanal fasciole to a mere accu- mulation of miliary tubercles. The smallest specimen collected, measuring about 16 mm. in length, is somewhat more flattened than the older stages, and shows as yet no trace of petals, the ambulacral plates and pores extending uniformly from the apex to the ambitus and actinostome without the specialization of any portion. (Pl. XXI. Figs. 9-11.) In this stage I could see no indication of a marginal fasciole. The apex was compact, but there was no trace as yet of any genital openings, and. the madreporic body was very faintly indicated (PI. 60 PALEOPNEUSTES HYSTRIX. XXI. Fig. 12). In the apical system of the large specimen figured here (Pl. XXF. Fig. 3), the madreporic body covers nearly the whole of the space between the genital plates; the two left anterior plates, as well as the right posterior plate, are adjacent and perforated. In the specimen measuring 45 mm. in length the apical system, as well as the anal system and the actinostome, had already assumed all the charac- teristic features of the larger and older specimens. In the smallest specimen the actinostome is quite pentagonal (PI. XX1. Fig. 13), and the posterior actinal lip only slightly indicated. The plates covering both the actinal opening and the anal system do not differ greatly in number in the older and very young specimens (compare Pl. XXI. Figs. 13, 14, and Figs. 4,5). The few comparatively large and distant primary tubercles of the interambulacral plates (Pl. XXI. Figs. 9, 10) give to the young Paleopneustes a very different facies from its older stages. * Paleopneustes hystrix A. Ac. Paleopneustes hystrix A. Ac. Bull. M.C. Z., VIII., No. 2, p. 82, 1880. Saba Bank, Guadeloupe. 21-208 fathoms. Pil, XVIII, Pl. XIX. Fig. 2 (lower frgure). Seen in profile (Pl. XIX. Fig. 2) this species is flatter and has a more conical outline than P. eristalus. I know of no Spatangoid which has such large, stout primary spines as those which cover the interambulacral areas of the abactinal side of the test, though in Lovenia they are longer, and in Linopneustes they are as long but not as stout. They resemble more in ap- pearance the spines of a large specimen of Lehinus acutus than of a Spatan- goid. They are straight, comparatively stout, some of the primary spines measuring in length nearly a fourth of the test. These large spines are carried on distant tubercles, not more than three in each of the larger inter- ambulacral plates of the abactinal surface near the ambitus, and only two towards the apical system. Four or five small secondary tubercles irregu- larly placed on the plates, with distant minute miliary tubercles, compose the whole tuberculation of the interambulacral part of the test (Pl. XVIII. Fig. 2). The ambulacra carry no primary tubercles, only distant milia- ries and a few small secondary tubercles in the median interpetaloid space. 3elow the petals the ambulacral plates carry one large primary tubercle EE PALEOPNEUSTES HYSTRIX. 61 surrounded by four or five secondaries with the same scattering of distant miliaries. The secondary spines of the abactinal surface are small, slender, sharp, short, slightly curved, about 5 mm. in length ; the delicate miliary spines are about half that length. Toward the ambitus the tuberculation becomes closer, and on the actinal side (Pl. XVIII. Fig. 5) the primary tubercles are somewhat smaller and arranged in three irregular horizontal rows, quite closely packed on the interambulacral plates, with only a few scattered sec- ondary tubercles and less numerous miliaries than on the abactinal surface. This tuberculation extends also over the ambulacral plates on the actinal side, so that in this species there is nothing of the broad bare ambulaeral avenues, extending from the ambitus to the actinostome found in other species of this and allied genera. On the actinal side the spines are pro- portionally smaller, more slender, shorter, slightly curved and spathiform, as in other Spatangoids. The phyllodes (PI. XVIIE Figs. 5, 6, 7) are remarkably prominent in this species, and the actinostome is larger in proportion to the diameter of the test than in P. cristafus. In a specimen measuring 115 mm, in length, the actinal opening measures 25 mm., while in a specimen of P. eristalus measur- ing 144 mm. in length the actinostome measures only 27 mm. The other principal differences of P. hystrix from P. cristatus are seen in the abactinal system and the ambulacral petals. There are four genital openings; but in some specimens the left anterior genital is not as fully developed as the others. It is therefore probable that in some cases we may find only three genital pores, as in P. cristatus. The ambulacral plates are compar- atively higher and wider than in P. erisfalus ; in addition, the pairs of pores are placed nearer the outer edges of the ambulacral plates than in P. cristatus, where they are situated nearly in the centre of the plates. This causes the semi-petaloid part of the ambulacra to diverge more rapidly than in the other species of the genus, the pairs of pores at the lower extremity of the petals being nearly twice as distant as in P. eristatus. There is considerable variation in the size of the pores of the petaloid ambulacra; as a general rule, on the outer rows, the pores are comma- shaped and much larger than the comparatively small pores of the inner rows, but in other specimens this difference is not so striking. When alive the color of the test varies greatly ; it is in some specimens of a rich light chocolate color, from which stand out in striking contrast the long yel- 62 LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. lowish gray primary spines of the abactinal surface; in others, the test and spines are of a greenish purple, the most common coloring of the test being a light Indian-red with primary spines of the same tint. * Linopneustes longispinus A. Ae. Linopneustes longispinus, A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL., No. 2, p. 82, 1880. Eupatagus longispinus A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 191, 1878. Off Havana, Lesser Antilles. 38-250 fathoms. IE REDS Fig. 1 (upper fig. ) ; IAS DOS This species was first noticed as Eupatagus longispmus, from a number of somewhat imperfect fragments, showing this large Spatangoid to be related to Eupatagus, Platybrissus, and Paleopneustes. A number of specimens since collected off the West India Islands show that it is closely allied to Lzno- pneustes Murrayi. The test of this species is depressed, apex slightly anterior. It holds in the genus Linopneustes the same relation to LZ. Murrayi which Paleopneustes hystrix holds to P. eristatus. Both P. eristatus and L. Murrayi are covered on the abactinal side with a close tuberculation, carrying comparatively small, stout, slender primary spines; while P. hystrix and L. longispinus both are characterized by the few and comparatively large primary tubercles seated on the plates of the interambulacral areas of the abactinal surface. In all the specimens I have examined, varying from 65 to 110 mm. in length, the marginal fasciole (Pl. XLX. Fig. 1) is most prominent, forming a nar- row band carrying minute dark-colored miliary spines all round the abac- tinal ambital edge (Pl. XX. Fig. 8) of the test, passing at the posterior extremity close to the upper part of the anal system. In this respect the course of the fasciole of this species of the genus Linopneustes differs strik- ingly from the tertiary Pericosmus, in which the marginal fasciole follows the same course close to the ambitus, but its posterior extremity passes under the anal system. Desor has called attention to the variability of this fasciole, which in the fossil species of the genus Pericosmus appears to be often as ill defined and as variable as in the recent species of Lino- pneustes. The subanal fasciole of Linopneustes longispinus (Pl. XX. Fig. 8) is trans- versely elliptical, irregularly hexagonal with rounded corners, and narrower than the corresponding fasciole of LZ. Murrayi. The anal system is also LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. 63 comparatively smaller, and covered by smaller plates than in that species, and is transversely elliptical. The apical system in both the species of Linopneustes is more compact than in Paleopneustes. The odd anterior ambulacrum of ZL. /ongispinus is more sunken at the ambi- tus than in the Japanese species. The lateral ambulacra are more petaloid than in any other species of either Linopneustes or Paleopneustes thus far known; in some specimens they end at the extremity much as they do in Eupatagus. (Pl. XX. Fig. 1.) The petaloid pores of the two rows are of nearly the same size, placed close together on the outer edge of the ambula- eral plates. The petals extend somewhat more than half-way from the apex to the ambitus. The secondary tubercles are small, of uniform size, and the whole surface of the test is uniformly covered by minute miliaries. The primary spines of the abactinal surface are long, slender, curved, (PI. XIX. Fig. 1, Pl. XX. Fig. 1,) some of them measuring nearly a quarter of the test in length. The thin slender and straight secondary spies are not more than 3 or 4 mm. long; the thin hair-like miliary spines are nearly as long, and are generally curved. On the actinal side of the test the primary tuberculation is close in the posterior lateral interambulacral areas on one or two plates near the ambitus, but towards the actinostome the primary tubercles increase in size (Pl. XX. Fig. 5), and at the same time become less numerous. The tuberculation of the actinal plastron is smallest along the median line, the tubercles increas- ing in size towards the outer lateral edge adjoining the broad bare posterior interambulacral areas. The spines of the actinal surface are shorter and more slender than those of the abactinal surface ; they are curved, and those adjoining the bare posterior ambulacral zones are more spathiform than the spines on the rest of the actinal surface. The actinostome of this species is comparatively smaller (Pl. XX. Fig. 6) than that of LZ. Murray, meas- uring only 10 mm. in longitudinal diameter in a large specimen of 105 mm., while in one of LZ. Murrayi of 85 mm. the actinostome measures nearly 15 mm. When alive, the test is pinkish or flesh-colored, the large primary spines of the abactinal surface having a yellowish tint with a whitish silvery lustre. 64 MACROPNEUSTES SPATANGOIDES. *Macropneustes spatangoides A. Ac. Spatangus purpureus A. Aq. (non LesKE nec auct.). Bull. M. C. Z.,, VIII., No. 2, p. 83, 1880. Lesser Antilles. 82-373 fathoms. LEP OG Al The fragments of the Spatangoid which I referred in the Preliminary Re- port to Spatangus purpureus, | find on closer examination to belong to the genus Macropneustes. Although no complete living specimen was dredged, yet a sufficient number of dead broken tests were collected to enable me to restore this species satisfactorily, with the exception of the part near the anal system. In general appearance and outline, as seen from above, this species resembles Spafangus purpureus ; but it can at once be distinguished by the high anterior part of the test, which in the abactinal part of the odd ambulacrum rises above the apical system. The anterior ambulacrum is deeply sunken at the ambitus, in a groove similar to that of Linopneustes longispinus. In old specimens the abactinal part of the ambulacral petals are disconnected, much as in Kchinocardium, within the internal fasciole. On the actinal surface the tuberculation is quite uniform in specimens of very different sizes. The larger primary tubercles are found on the anterior part of the test, and in the posterior interambula- eral area they diminish gradually in size towards the posterior extremity, and become more closely crowded. The tubercles of the actinal plastron are smaller and of uniform size. On the abactinal surface the primary tubercles are limited to the interambulacral areas within the peripetalous fasciole, except along the line of the middle of the posterior interambu- lacral area, along which the V-shaped angular lines of primary and _sec- ondary tubercles extend, gradually diminishing in size towards the anal system. Within the peripetalous fasciole the arrangement of the primaries varies greatly. In some specimens there are not more than nine or ten large tubercles in the apical part of the interambulacral areas; in others the primary tubercles form V-shaped figures in each plate, the smaller tuber- cles on the lower side of the plates. In other specimens, again, the large tubercles form merely irregular horizontal lines. The rest of the surface of the test within the petaloid area to the actinal side is closely packed with small miliary tubercles, often concentrated more or less on the lower part of the coronal plates so as to form V-shaped areas. The petaloid ambulacra MACROPNEUSTES SPATANGOIDES. 65 are closed at the extremity, the anterior pair is considerably larger than the posterior pair. The outer rows of pores are the largest in both lateral petals. The pairs of pores are sunken. The odd anterior ambulacrum con- sists of lines of single pores, one for each ambulacral plate. Apical system compact, with four genital openings and small madreporic body. The most interesting structural feature of this genus is the composition of the peripetalous fasciole, and the light which this throws on the possible origin of the fascioles as a whole. As is well known, in Macropneustes the peripetalous fasciole forms a clear, simple narrow band around the extremity of the petals. This we find to be the ease also in some specimens of this spe- cies of Macropneustes. In others, the anterior part of the fasciole beyond the extremity of the anterior petals becomes indistinct or disappears. In still other specimens, the posterior part of the fasciole across the odd interambu- lacral area widens, forming elongated V-shaped areas: sometimes there are two or three such areas. In other cases a similar structure extends across the lateral ambulacra. In other cases, again, only a few such disconnected V-shaped areas take the place of the fasciole; as these become less numer- ous and more indistinct, the fasciole disappears completely. These V-shaped areas form as it were secondary posterior and lateral branches of the peripet- alous fascioles, similar to the anterior bands observed by Troschel in Tripylus. Across the anterior ambulacrum there are sometimes no less than six or seyen such secondary fascioles, some of the upper branches uniting again with the main fasciole, others extending parallel to the ambitus across the ambulacra into the lateral ambulacra, where the extremities die out in the crowded miliary tubercles covering that part of the test. In some of the specimens the miliaries of the lateral ambulacral and interambulacral areas below the peripetalous fascioles show a tendency to be crowded towards the lower edges of the plates, thus forming indistinct V-shaped areas resem- bling somewhat the V-shaped areas of the secondary fascioles, but made up of course of larger tubercles. This suggests the question whether the bare sutural bands characteristic of some of the genera of Cidarid, Arbaciadx, Temnopleuride, and other Echinoids, are not the first trace of fascioles. So that we may consider the concentration of the miliary and secondary miliary tubercles on the edges of certain plates, or in the centre, so as to form bare sutural lines or bands along certain parts of the test, either in the ambula- eral or interambulacral areas, as the first indication of the formation of fasci- oles, or as rudimentary or disconnected fascioles. 66 HEMIASTER MENTZI. This concentration of the secondary miliaries seems in some other genera to take place in old specimens. This is particularly well shown in large specimens of Metalia pectorals (see Pl. XXI. Fig. 5, Revision of the Echini) ; in small specimens measuring not more than half the size of the one figured, this structure is very indefinite. In some large specimens of Spatangus purpureus a slight tendency to a similar concentration of the secondary miliaries could also be detected. The anal system is transversely elliptical, measuring 16 mm. in a specimen of 95 mm. in length. In the same specimen, the subanal fasciole is broad, enclosing a somewhat heart-shaped area vertically elongate, measuring about 17 mm. along its greatest diameter. *Hemiaster Mentzi A. Ac. Hemiaster Mentzi A. Ac. Bull. M.C. Z., VIII. No. 2, p. 83, 1880. Lesser Antilles. 170-626 fathoms. This small species is characterized by the globular outline of the test, and by the narrow, comparatively elongate space included within the peripetalous fasciole. It has a larger number of buccal plates than ZZ. gibbosus. The tuberculation is coarser and more distant than in that species, more as it is in HI. zonatus and H. expergitus. As in the latter species, the posterior extremity of the test is vertically truncated nearly flush with the rest of the test, the anal system but slightly sunken, witha mere trace of an anal groove. The test forms over the abactinal part of the anal system a very rudimentary hood. This species is also remarkable for the great develop- ment of the suckers of the odd anterior ambulacrum. In a_ specimen measuring 17 mm. in length the suckers still retain the prominence they have in very young Spatangoids. (See the figure of young Brissopsis in Rev. Echini, Pl. XIX. Figs. 1, 2.) This embryonic character is not the only one this species retains; its globular form, the position of the peripetalous fasciole near the abactinal system, the short comparatively simple peta- loid lateral ambulacra, are all features it has in common with the young of other Spatangoid genera. In the only other species of the genus of which the changes due to growth have been traced (JZenaster cavernosus, Challenger Echini, Pl. XX*. Figs. 7-14), the odd anterior ambulacrum does not assume the great prominence it has in the young of this species. Ina small specimen of /Z. Menizi, measuring 7 mm. in length, the peripetalous RHINOBRISSUS MICRASTEROIDES. 67 fasciole is broad, elliptical, and the greater part of the space it encloses is filled by the huge suckers of the odd anterior ambulacrum. The close resemblance of this stage of Hemiaster to an Aérope is very marked, and the permanence of the unusual development of the tentacles of this odd anterior ambulacrum up to the adult stage is an important link in tracing _the affinities of such widely separated genera as Hemiaster, Brissopsis, Agas- sizia, Aérope, Aceste, and Schizaster. The structure of the larger interambulacral spines in the young stages (7 mm. long. diameter) well shows the manner in which the fantastic shape of some of the Spatangoid spines is produced. The outer sheath of calcareous rods becomes solidified as thin lamella, forming in one case in the primary interambulacral spines of the anterior part of the test on the abactinal side, above the ambitus, a spearlike head to the shaft of the radioles; this may have a more or less lobed edge, or if the radiole is curved it forms a some- what shallow spoon-like extremity with spiny processes; in the shorter radioles of the actinal plastron the lamelle all develop into this spoon-shaped extremity, which may be perfectly symmetrical, or else developed une- qually on one side, according to the position of the radioles on the actinal plastron. In the earlier stages the fascioles are already covered by the same kind of pavement which we find in the adult, made up of short-stemmed, club- shaped spines closely packed together. There were in some of the larger specimens a few large, short-stemmed, globular pedicellarie, irregularly scat- tered over the abactinal surface of the test. Rhinobrissus micrasteroides A. Ac. Rhinobrissus micrasteroides A. Ac. Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 192, 1878. Off Havana, 175 fathoms. Station 321, Lat. 32° 43! 25” N., Long. 77° 20' 20” W. 233 fathoms. Pl. XXUIIL Figs. 1-4; Pl. XXVLI. Fig. 4. It is with considerable hesitation that this species is retained in the genus Rhinobrissus, the only specimen obtained by the Blake being a somewhat damaged young stage. From what is known of the modifica- tion of the Spatangoids due to growth, there are no characters in this single specimen which are not probably merely modifications due to age. The ambulacra are all flush with the test, and remind us of the earliest 68 RHINOBRISSUS MICRASTEROIDES. Spatangoids in the geological series. The thin, narrow, ill-defined peripeta- lous fasciole crosses the petals without affecting their structure, as it does in all the recent Spatangoids. The ambulacra are not petaloid, the ambulacral plates are large, the pairs of pores are distant, and extend nearly to the ambitus. Homolampas fulva A. Ag., among the Challenger Echini, has similar embryonic lateral ambulacra, with large plates, and flush with the test, Gualteria alone among the fossils representing a similar stage of this structure in Rhinobrissus. The indefinite peripetalous fasciole existing with a well defined broad and prominent subanal fasciole indicates that in Spatangoids the fascioles either may have become developed from the peripetalous fasciole, first making its appearance in such genera as Hemiaster, in which, however, the subanal, lateral, and anal fascioles are wanting; or may have developed mainly from the subanal fasciole in such genera as Micraster; Rhinobris- sus in the stage here figured (Pl. XXIII. Figs. 3, 4) representing a Micraster stage to which has been added an indistinct peripetalous fasciole, while Periaster would represent the Hemiaster stage with rudimentary subanal and anal fascioles. Another species of the genus collected by the Challenger represents a later stage of development, with sunken lateral ambulacra, a peripetalous, an anal, and a subanal fasciole indicating affinities with the more specialized recent Schizasteride. In a fragment of the upper part of the test, which undoubtedly belonged to a specimen of this species measuring at least 30 mm. in length, the lat- eral ambulacra were as yet scarcely sunken, and almost flush with the test, the anterior ambulacrum, however, towards the ambitus, beimg indented and sunken, much as in the genus Homolampas. This fragment is interest- ing, as it shows that the peripetalous fasciole is not continuous, disappearing in the anterior interambulacral areas before it reaches the odd ambulacrum. The subanal fasciole, judging from a fragment of that part of the test, must have been remarkably prominent. It is possible that a young Spatangoid which I figured in the Revision of the Kchini (Pl. XIV. Fig. 11) may turn out to be the young of this species of Rhinobrissus. It has, like this species, a peripetalous fasciole crossing the petals without modifying their structure ; and large ambulacral plates. It differs from it, however, in haying a continuous lateral fasciole passing under the anal system, as in Agassizia. This species of Rhinobrissus (2. mcrasteroides) will probably form the basis BRISSOPSIS LYRIFERA. 69 of a subgenus of Rhinobrissus, which will hold to it very much the same relation which Periaster holds to the true Schizaster. It will represent the embryonic stage of Rhinobrissus and recall to us the earliest true Spatangoid genera of the Chalk still having ambulacra nearly flush with the test, with a well-developed subanal and a rudimentary peripetalous fasciole. Brissopsis lyrifera Acass. Lesser Antilles, off Havana. Lat. 28° 51’ 30” N., Long. 89° 1’ 30’ W. Off the mouth of the Mississippi. Lat. 41° 29’ 45” N., Long. 65° 47’ 10” W. 118-1394 fathoms. For Jist of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIIL., No. 2, p. 83, 1880. Pl. XXVI. Figs. 7-18. Brissopsis lyrifera appears to be one of the most widely distributed species of the Atlantic fauna, and is also found in the Caribbean and in the Gulf of Mexico, I have already, in the Revision of the Echini (p. 554), spoken of the great variation I had observed in the course of the petaloid ambulacra of this species, as well as of the variations found in the subanal fasciole. An extensive series of specimens of this species has now been brought together by the dredging of the Blake. These throw additional light on the changes we may expect to find among Spatangoids of this group in one and the same species. I had already observed considerable difference in the outline of the test. Specimens dredged off the mouth of the Mississippi were generally quite globular, and presented the extreme form in that direc- tion, while the specimens collected along the east coast of the United States as far north as George’s Bank, and in the Eastern Caribbean and the Straits of Florida, although varying considerably in outline, yet pre- sented no very marked differences except such as we have seen were due to growth, and agreed on the whole quite well with the specimens of Brissopsis known from other parts of the North and South Atlantic. Be- tween Jamaica and San Domingo there were dredged three specimens of Brissopsis representing the extreme elongated form, with an anteriorly bevelled flat surface, at the abactinal extremity of which is situated the anal system. These specimens were further characterized by an exceedingly well defined subanal fasciole, with an indistinct anal fasciole extending to the posterior part of the peripetalous fasciole. As mentioned in the Revision of the Echini, the subanal fasciole is quite variable; in many cases the anal 70 BRISSOPSIS LYRIFERA. branch is clear and well marked, in others it becomes gradually reduced and indistinct, or finally disappears entirely. The subanal fasciole also appears in the American specimens to be subject to great variations. In the globular specimens from off the mouth of the Mississippi, the subanal fasciole was in some cases well defined, in others somewhat indistinct; in others again only very indistinct and disconnected parts could be traced; and finally in others it had disappeared entirely, as is the case in the genus Toxobrissus, which differs from Brissopsis only in having no subanal fasciole and confluent lat- eral ambulacra, characters which are here distinctly shown to occur in this species of Brissopsis in specimens found in different localities. The speci- mens with globular test have retained that embryonic feature alone, while the petals and fascioles have developed in what we might call the normal manner. The excessively elongate and flattened forms found off Jamaica retain of the embryological characters the confluent ambulacra and the position of the anal system on the anteriorly sloped surface, a feature re- calling the time when the anal system was distinctly placed on the abactinal surface of the test, and not on the vertically truncated posterior extremity as is usually the case. In Brissopsis, as in Macropneustes and other Spatangoids, the centrali- zation of the tubercles on certain parts of the plates shows how closely this is connected, on the one hand, with the formation of V-shaped fascioles in the interambulacral and ambulacral areas, as in Macropneustes. In the inter- ambulacral areas the absence of tubercles leaves bare the median and hori- zontal sutural lines, the median spaces and adjoining angular connections being broader than the horizontal lines. The anterior ambulacra are bare from the extremity of the petals, while in the posterior ambulacra the an- terior row of ambulacral plates alone is bare, the posterior row being closely crowded with miliaries. The flat surface enclosed within the branch of the anal fasciole is bare in the central region, somewhat coarsely tubereulated at first towards the exterior; gradually the tuberculation becomes smaller, until it passes into the fine miliaries which form the anal branch of the fasciole, extending from the subanal to the peripetalous fasciole along the central line of the posterior row of ambulacral plates. . AGASSIZIA EXCENTRICA. fal Agassizia excentrica A. Ac. Florida, Cuba, Lesser Antilles. 86-391 fathoms. For list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 193, 1878 ; VIII., No. 2, p. 83, 1880. oa ae. Df When alive the test is covered with spines of a delicate pinkish gray color, darkest at the base. The ambulacral areas are covered with slender, long- stemmed, small-headed pedicellariw, articulated at the base, while in the interambulacral system the miliaries carry slender, straight, or slightly curved club-shaped spines, scarcely stouter than the stems of the pedicel- lariw. The fascioles are still more thickly crowded with similar minute pedicellariee and club-shaped miliary spines, but somewhat shorter, and closely dotted with large pigment spots. The actinostome of the genus is marked for the irregular arrangement of the buccal plates. The anal plates are few in number, often less than eight, comparatively large, and form in the young stages a regular anal pyramid, as characteristic as that figured by Gray, Lovén, and myself in Palaeostoma. A few of the tentacles of the odd anterior ambulacrum, near the apical system, are fimbriated like those surrounding the buccal system; those immediately following towards the ambitus are simple, with a slight sucking disk like the tentacles of the anterior rows of pores of the lateral petaloid ambulacra. Within the petaloid area the tentacles of the posterior rows are broader, compressed, irregularly lobed at the extremity; the tentacles beyond become, as in the anterior rows, simple towards the ambitus, and remain so till they join the large fimbriated tentacles surrounding the buceal system. The presence of large fimbriated tentacles near the apical system in the odd ambulacral petal shows that Agassizia is itself an embryonic genus. Other features of the same character are the general globular form, and the rudimentary structure of the lateral anterior ambulacra ; the an- terior rows of pores of the posterior lateral ambulacra appear only after the posterior rows are well developed. In a specimen measuring 3 mm. in length, the first ambulacral tentacles to appear are those surrounding the actinostome, which were nine in number and already fimbriated. In the denuded test of a specimen of about the same size, no trace of the subdivision of the test into coronal plates could be detected; it consisted entirely of a close network of fine granulation. 72 AGASSIZIA EXCENTRICA. The position of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas was indicated by the presence of rows, more or less irregular, of rudimentary, primary, and secondary tubercles; those of the actinal plastron and of the interambulacral areas being generally more closely defined than those of the ambulacral areas. In this stage the actinostome is pentagonal, with rounded corners, the posterior lip being but slightly indicated. In a specimen measuring 6 mm. in longitudinal diameter, the posterior lip is quite pronounced, and the actinostome has become transversely ellip- tical, but the number of buccal tentacles has as yet not increased. The granulation covering the test of the youngest stage examined (3 mm. long) is arranged in short parallel lines forming irregular lozenges, perhaps like those figured by Lovén in the actinal system of several other Echini; * but the boundaries of these figures, if they have any regularity, could not be traced. This stage of the test of Agassizia, covered as it is by a fine gran- ulation such as we find characteristic of the granulation of the fascioles in some of the Spatangoid genera, naturally suggests the idea that the fascioles are merely bands formed by the remnants of the embryonic granulation of the test on which tubercles proper have not yet developed. This rudimen- tary granulation, arranged in more or less regular lozenge-shaped figures, is a very general structural feature of the coronal plates of many Echini, in which we can trace it readily in the younger stages. See especially Salenia and young Kchinidx and Cidaridx, as well as other Spatangoids. It is also found in the structure of the plates of the calyx of many Crinoids, and of some plates among the Starfishes, and we are justified in regarding this granulation as the typical structural ornamentation of Echinoderms, which has become specialized in recent times to form among the Spatangoids the so-called fascioles. This would explain the presence of detached bands of fascioles parallel to the principal ones, such as we find in Maretia, Homo- lampas, Paleopneustes, Macropneustes, and Brissopsis. If this view of the nature of fascioles is correct, we should be justified in considering the papillae of the Cidaride arranged regularly round the primary spines of the interambulacral areas, as well as the ambulacral pa- pille, as modified fascioles not occupying special limited areas. The same would be true of the papille of the Saleniaw. A similar explanation would hold good for the down-like spines covering the greater part of the test of Aspidodiadema, and the long hair-like spines of Echinothrix, Centrostepha- * Lovén, Btudes sur les Bchinotdées, Pls. XIX., XXTI. AGASSIZIA EXCENTRICA. io nus, Astropyga, and other Diadematidze and Echinothuriz ; in the last, there is, as I have shown, even what we might consider in some cases a regular marginal fasciole, as in Phormosoma. The miliary granulation of the Cly- peastroids generally, and the comparatively small radioles they carry, may according to this view be considered as embryonic features which have become greatly specialized, the whole test retaining the granular tubercula- tion characteristic of the earlier Crinoids, with but slight modifications in the fasciolar radioles covering the whole test, if I may so call them, while they become, strictly speaking, minute primary or secondary radioles. Although in the young stages of such Spatangoids as Hemiaster, Bris- sopsis, Schizaster, and the like, the fascioles make their appearance very early, yet in this youngest stage of Agassizia there is at a corresponding period no well-defined fasciole band, and it is only in a somewhat more advanced stage (4 mm. long. diam.) that we get a clearly defined fasciole. This seems to affect the character of the spines found above and below it, and we have in the stage just mentioned a well-defined lateral marginal fasciole close to the ambitus. This fasciole is in reality only an extension of the subanal fasciole, such as we find a remnant of in Argopatagus. The peripetalous fasciole is also developed, and its anterior extremity comes down close to the ambitus, as it does in Paleopneustes. In the youngest Agassizia (5 mm. long. diam.) there are three or four single pores forming the rudimentary petals of the lateral ambulacra. The apical system is represented in this stage merely by the large madreporic body which covers the whole apex. ‘The surface of the test in these younger stages, more especially in the ambulacral areas, is covered by numerous small-headed, short-stemmed pedicellariz and by minute straight miliary spines, often club-shaped. In a specimen measuring 6 mm. in longitudinal diameter, the odd ante- rior ambulacrum was not yet developed at all; the lateral ambulacra con- sisted of six and seven pores, the anterior ambulacra being composed of single rows of pores, the posterior ambulacra of double rows; the anterior rows of the posterior ambulacra were made up of three small pairs of pores with a couple of single pores near the apex of the ambulacrum. Meoma ventricosa Livx. Florida Bank, and off Havana. 37-127 fathoms. 74 SCHIZASTER FRAGILIS. Schizaster fragilis Acass. Quite a common species near the 100 fathom line, off the New England coast. 71-362 fathoms. For a list of Stations, see Bull. M. C. Z., VIII, No. 2, p. 84, 1880. Pls XXWVTTS gs Sp. There is considerable variation in the distinctness of the lateral fasciole as it passes under the anal system. In some cases it stops suddenly near the Jevel of the anal system; in others it can be faintly traced as an indistinct, irregular anal fasciole ; in others the anal fasciole is most clearly marked. These differences do not depend on size, but specimens from one locality are usually similarly affected. Small specimens measuring 6 mm. in longitu- dinal diameter are but slightly elliptical when seen from above, the anterior ambulacrum scarcely indented, and the lateral ambulaera still flush with the test. The actinal side is slightly convex, the outlme seen in profile is hemispherical, the apex being nearly central; the circular anal system, flush with the test, is placed high on the posterior extremity of the test. Both the peripetalous and lateral fascioles are well marked as narrow bands of miliaries, indicating in a very rough way the future indentations of the course of the fascioles. In this stage the posterior ambulacra consist only of two pairs of pores, and are scarcely one quarter the length of the anterior lateral ambulacra. There is no trace as yet of any genital openings. The actinal opening is circular, without a posterior lip, and the posterior edge of the actinostome is placed nearer to the central part of the actinal side than to the anterior edge of the test. In specimens measuring 10 mm. in length, the posterior lateral ambulacra are still flush with the test, with five pairs of pores; the anterior ambulacra are slightly sunken, The odd ambulacrum is more sunken than in the younger stage described. The madreporic body, which in the preceding stage was only pierced by a single opening, is now marked by five or six small openings. There is as yet no sign of any genital openings. The posterior extremity of the test is more vertically truncated; the anal system is more elliptical, and placed at the upper angle of the posterior level of the test. The fascioles are somewhat broader than in the younger stage; they rary in width, the angles of the ambulacra assuming more clearly already the general course they finally take in larger specimens. The actinal open- ing is now placed well towards the anterior extremity. The outline of the a SCHIZASTER FRAGILIS. 13) test from above is still elliptical, with the exception of the anterior re-entering angle of the odd ambulacrum and of the posterior extremity of the test. The apex is now posterior to the abactinal system, the anterior extremity sloping gradually toward the ambitus, while the posterior extremity of the test extends nearly horizontally to the junction of the vertically truncated posterior extremity. In specimens measuring 23 mm. in length the outline of the test when seen from above shows traces of the angular projections which characterize the full-grown specimens. The test is slightly pointed posteriorly. The odd ambulacrum is deeply sunken nearly to the apical system, while in the preceding stages the odd ambulacral groove extended only a short distance from the ambitus to the apex. The lateral ambulacra are now all sunken, the posterior ambulacra somewhat less than the anterior pair; these have now eleven pairs of pores. There are three large genital openings, the two left anterior ones and the right posterior one. The fascioles have nearly assumed the course and shape they take in the adult. The posterior ex- tremity is bevelled towards the actinal extremity, so that over the anal system the test projects slightly beyond the general outline. The actinal system is now quite flat, the actinostome has a well-developed posterior lip, of which a trace only can be found in specimens measuring about 10 mm. in length. The tuberculation and the corresponding spines have now as- sumed the general characteristics of the tuberculation at different parts of the test; while in younger stages the tubercles were few in number, comparatively large, and irregularly arranged over the sides and upper surface of the test. The actinal plastron is the first to appear, and in the youngest specimens examined the tuberculation of that area as well as the spines had already become specialized to a certain extent. In specimens measuring 34 mm. in length, the test, as seen from above and in profile, has assumed the outline of adult specimens; and we find already in specimens of this size as much variation in the closeness of the tuberculation, the depth of ambulacral furrows, the course and shape of the fascioles, the outline of the test as seen from different points of view, and the specialization of the spines of different parts of the test, as we do in the larger specimens. = (oy) SCHIZASTER ORBIGNYANUS. *Schizaster orbignyanus A. Ac. Schizaster orbignyanus a Ag. Bull. M.C.Z., VIIL, No. 2, p. 84, 1880. Lesser Antilles. 92-1507 fathoms. Pl. XXVUIL Figs. 1-7. This species extends as far north as the New England coast, specimens having been dredged by the United States Fish Commission off Martha’s Vineyard in 100 and 130 fathoms. They differ very considerably from the specimens dredged by the Blake in the Eastern Caribbean, The northern specimens, while retaining the characteristic outline of those from the Carib- bean, yet differ from them in having a much broader peripetalous fasciole, more like that of |S. eanulferus ; the northern and southern specimens, again, agree in the great width of the actinal plastron at the posterior extremity, and the small size of the anal system as compared with that of S. cana- liferus, and are covered by a closer tuberculation also, a character which readily distinguishes the specimens of the two species thus far compared. The test from the lower side of the anal system to the edge of the actinal plastron is more bevelled than in S. canalferus. In the few specimens ot S. orbignyaus I have had occasion to examine, the lateral and anal fascioles vary greatly in distinctness. In ‘the Caribbean specimens the lateral fasciole extends continuously along the sides of the test to the level of the side of the anal system, and there forms a sharp, well-defined triangular anal fasciole. In the northern specimens the lateral fasciole-is often indistinct or disappears entirely, only the anal fasciole remaining. It is interesting to note that, in the specimens of S. fragilis dredged off our eastern coast, the anal fasciole disappears first, leaving only a part of the lateral fasciole extending from the peripetalous fasciole towards the anal system. The peripetalous fascioles are of a dark violet color, forming a strong contrast to the greenish yellow spines with silvery lustre which cover the upper part of the test. The lateral and anal fascioles can scarcely be distinguished by their color from the spines of the actinal side and those towards the ambitus, which with the exception of the spatula-shaped spines of the actinal plastron are of a darker color than those of the abactinal side of the test, and within the peripetalous fasciole. Whether the differences here noted between S. canaliferus and S. orbigny- anus are merely local or more important, comparisons of more extensive series of these species alone can determine. error ee rl eee eee SCHIZASTER LIMICOLA. ~I “J *Schizaster (Periaster) limicola A. Ac. Schizaster (Periaster) limicola Acass. Bull. M. C. Z., V., No. 9, p. 193, Pl. IIL, 1878. Pl. XXVI. Figs. 4, 6. This species belongs to the generic group of Schizaster separated as Peri- aster by D’Orbigny from the genuine Schizaster. The test is quite globular, when seen from above the outline is somewhat angular, the posterior ex- tremity is vertically truncated, with a slight keel between the posterior petals near the apex; the anterior extremity has a shallow ambulacral groove, and is vertically truncated from the edge of the peripetalous fasciole. The lateral anterior petals are nearly twice as long as the posterior one, as well as broader. The petals are all about equally sunken. The peripetalous fasciole has the shape and position of that of Schizaster proper; the anal fasciole is narrow, extending only a short distance on the sides of the test. The test is thickly covered with primary tubercles of a uniform size, car- rying short, slightly curved spines on the sides; the tubercles are somewhat more crowded within the fasciole and on the abactinal region of the odd pos- terior interambulacral area. The coronal plates between the fasciole and the anal system are comparatively bare, having only few tubercles on the outer edges. On the actinal side the primary tubercles are larger, more distant, except on the actinal plastron, where they are closely crowded, and carry longer, larger, and curved primary spines. The actinal lip is very sharp and prominent; the actinal membrane carries one large exterior row of plates round the anterior edge of the actinostome, and smaller irregular plates over the rest of the actinal surface. The anal system is comparatively small for so large a species. The separation of this group of Schizaster as a generic type seems very doubtful. It is based solely upon the more globular outline of the test, and the discontinuity of the latero-anal fasciole. It may be con- venient to form a subgeneric group with these characters; but when we attempt to draw the line between such forms as S. ven/ricosus and S. japonicus, it becomes most difficult, if not impossible, to draw the line of demarkation between the generic and subgeneric types. We find the same difficulty in attempting to define the numerous generic subdivisions indicated by Troschel for the genus Tripylus and its allied forms, which pass insensibly to Faorina and the like, while in Schizaster the devia- tions are in the direction of modifications passing into Periaster, Epiaster, 78 SCHIZASTER LiMICOLA. Hemiaster, and the like. The structure of the odd anterior ambulacrum of this species has all the characteristics of the odd ambulacrum of such species of Schizaster proper as S. canaliferus, S. fragilis, and S. Philippi, while it has the outline of the test of Hemiaster and the fascioles of Periaster. There are but two genital openings. When brought up in the dredge, this species was of a dirty yellowish-brown color. This species has an extensive geographical range, having been collected by the Challenger in the Arafura Sea. The Schizasterids which have been united under the generic name of Peri- aster are interesting as representing a truly embryonic stage of Schizaster proper. As is well known from the study of the young of several species of Schizaster in the earliest stages of growth, they have a globular test, the ambulacral grooves are either indistinct, or only slightly developed, or totally absent. The peripetalous fasciole is broad, but slightly indented ; in fact, all the characteristic features of the genus are those which we find in the young stages of such species of Schizaster as S. orbignyanus, S. fragilis, and S. japon- icus. If we were to magnify a young S. fragilis measuring about 10 mm. in diameter about six times, we should have a fair representative of the genus Periaster, provided we took into account the great variation of the lateral fasciole, which is more or less indistinct as it passes towards and under the anal system to form the anal fasciole in such species as S. fragilis and SN. Moseley’. The odd anterior ambulacrum is, like all the other ambulacra, but slightly sunken, and indicated by a broad re-entering angle at the ambitus, neither of the lateral pairs of ambulacra being as deeply sunken as in Schizaster proper, the posterior pair being, as in most of the Schizasteride, shorter than the anterior pair. The relative proportions of the lateral ambulacra recall to a certain extent the structure of the ambulacra of the older Spatangoids of the Chalk, such as Hemiaster proper. In large speci- mens of Periaster linicola measuring 68 mm, in length, there are two pos- terior genital openings, as in Hemiaster, the ocular plates are large, and the madreporic body is elongate, extending longitudinally over the greater part of the apical system. ORIGIN OF THE WEST INDIAN (CARIBBEAN) ECHINID FAUNA. Tur resemblance of the Fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and of the Caribbean to that of the Pacific has been noticed by former writers, even at a time when the materials available for comparison included but little beyond the littoral Fauna. Since the results of the deep-sea dredgings have become known, the extent of this resemblance has become quite striking. In fact, the deep-sea Fauna of the Caribbean and of the Gulf of Mexico is far more closely allied to that of the Pacific than to that of the Atlantic. Before the Cretaceous period, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean were undoubtedly in freer communication with the Pacific than with the Atlantic Ocean ; so that, while probably before that time the Fauna of these seas contained a number of Atlantic types, yet the characteristic genera were common to the Pacific. Many of the genera have remained unchanged to the present day since the absolute separation of the Atlantic and of the Pacific by the Isth- mus of Panama and the Mexican Plateau, while there have been added to the West Indian Fauna a number of Atlantic types, which, as long as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean were practically a part of the Pacific, probably did not find conditions as suitable to their development as those which now exist, and which have existed since their separation from the time they became merely extensions of the equatorial Atlantic district. This explanation gives us an apparently good reason for the mixed char- acter of the Fauna of the West Indian seas, showing us at the same time that, however long a period of time may have elapsed since this separation has taken place, it has not been sufficient to effect any very radical change in the Echinid Fauna of the two sides of the Isthmus. The principal differ- ences are due to the immigration of true Atlantic types into the West Indian faunal region during the Tertiary and Post-tertiary period. But as the prin- cipal physical conditions of the sea in the tropical regions of the two sides of the Isthmus appear to be so nearly identical, we could not expect any great differences to arise between the Panamic and West Indian Faunz from physical causes alone. 80 ORIGIN OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. In order to show the former distribution of the genera of which the Echi- nid Fauna of the West Indies is made up, we must trace as far as possible the origin of these genera. We find at the outset a few old genera, like Cidaris, Dorocidaris, Porocidaris, and Salenia, dating back to the Jurassic period, and which already in the Tertiary had probably as extensive a geographical distribution as at the present day. Dorocidaris and Porocidaris at the pres- ent time are Atlantic and Indo-Pacific genera, while Salenia and Cidaris are confined to the warmer belts of the same oceans. Hemipedina, which dates back to the Jura, is found fossil in the Tertiary of North America, and has thus far not been dredged outside of the Carib- bean Fauna. Pygaster is also a Jurassic genus, but it is most probable that the Pygasler relictus is only the young of one of the West Indian Spatan- goids with an ancient facies, as has been suggested by De Loriol. The genera which date back to the Cretaceous period, either actually or by closely allied genera, are Podocidaris, Asthenosoma, Phormosoma, Tem- nechinus, Echinus, Echiocyamus, Conoclypus, Rhynchopygus, Pourtalesia, Hemiaster, and Periaster. Of these genera, Temnechinus, Echinus, Hemiaster, and Periaster already had during the Tertiary as extensive a geographical range as to-day. At the present time, Echinus extends over the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific Oceans; Temnechinus is a tropical Atlantic and Pacifie genus ; Hemiaster is characteristic of the Atlantic and of the North Pacific, Peri- aster of the East American tropical Atlantic and tropical Pacific, and Rhyn- chopygus appears limited to-day to the American faunal districts of the same oceans, although it has been found in the Tertiaries of Australia and of Europe. Nothing is known of the distribution during the Tertiary of the Atlantic and Pacific genera Pourtalesia, Asthenosoma, and Phormosoma. Podocidaris is a tropical Atlantic and Pacific genus. Echinocyamus extends in the North Atlantic to within the tropics. The genera dating back to the earlier Tertiary period include by far the greater number of the genera of the West Indian Fauna; they are Coelo- pleurus, Strongylocentrotus, Trigonocidaris, Toxopneustes, Hipponoé, Clype- aster, Echinanthus, Echinonéus, Neolampas, Echinolampas, Homolampas, Paleopneustes, Linopneustes, Spatangus, Echinocardium, Rhinobrissus, Bris- sopsis, Agassizia, Brissus, Metalia, Meoma, Macropneustes, Schizaster, and Moira. Of these the genera extending in the equatorial belt of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific region are Trigonocidaris, Toxopneustes, Hipponoé, Clype- ORIGIN OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. 81 aster, Echinanthus, Echinolampas, Homolampas, Paleopneustes, Linopneustes, Rhinobrissus, Brissus, and Metalia. The genera having an Atlantic and Pacific range are Strongylocentrotus, Spatangus, Echinocardium, Brissopsis, and Schizaster. Leaving only with a more or less limited range Ceelopleurus, found in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and East Indian Archipelago, and with nearly the same distribution in the Tertiary, having only disappeared from the Eastern North Atlantic region where it once flourished. Echino- néus, Coelopleurus, and Macropneustes have very much the same geographical and geological range. Agassizia, Meoma, and Moira are probably strictly tropical American genera, occurring both on the Pacific and Atlantic sides of the continent; but they formerly had a much wider geographical distri- bution, Agassizia having been found in the Tertiary of Egypt and Meoma in Australia. The genera dating back only to the later Tertiary period are Arbacia, Echinometra, Mellita, and Encope. But little is known of their former geo- graphical extension. Echinometra is a tropical Atlantie and Indo-Pacific genus ; Arbacia is a tropical Atlantic and Pacific genus, most widely distrib- uted on both sides of the American continent; while Mellita* and Encope are eminently tropical American, occurring on both sides of the continent. This leaves the genera Diadema, Aspidodiadema, Palzeotropus, Palzeobris- sus, Urechinus, Cystechinus, and Aceste, which have as yet not been found fossil. These genera, with the exception of Cystechinus, limited to the Southern Atlantic and Pacific, and Paleobrissus, which represents Platybrissus in the Atlantic, have an extended geographical range in the tropical belt of both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The nearest allies of Diadema and of Aspidodiadema date back to the Cretaceous, and Paleotropus, Palaobrissus, Urechinus, and Cystechinus are to-day the old-fashioned representatives of the types of Spatangoids which characterized the Cretaceous seas. This analysis shows that the Echinid Fauna of the West Indian seas of to- day is made up (1.) of five genera which date back to the Jurassic period ; (2.) of ten genera which go back to the Cretaceous period; (3.) of twenty- four genera dating from the earlier Tertiary period ; (4.) of only four gener: characteristic of the later Tertiaries; (5.) of seven genera which we may look upon as the representatives of the Ananchytide and Infulasteride, and of the Pseudodiadematidxe of the Cretaceous period. In all these old- fashioned genera we find species having & cosmopolitan range. * One species of Mellita is said to come from the Red Sea. 82 ORIGIN OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. Of the so-called American genera, all containing most closely allied repre- sentative species, Agassizia, Moira, Meoma, Macropneustes, Arbacia, Encope, and Mellita, which probably flourished in the central American seas soon after the closing of the Isthmus of Panama, the three Spatangoids date back to the Cretaceous, the two Clypeastroids and two Echinide to the later Ter- tiary. We find the nearest allies of the Clypeastroids in the Tertiaries of Western France and of Egypt; the above-named West Indian Spatangoids and Clypeastroids, as well as Coelopleurus and Macropneustes, first disap- peared from the Eastern Atlantic. The past history of the ten West In- dian genera already found in the Cretaceous, and of the twenty-four genera descending from the earlier Tertiary, gives us but little assistance in deter- mining their probable mode of appearance in the Caribbean Fauna. As far as we can now judge, the separation of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico from the Pacific was brought about by the formation ef the Florida and Yueatan Banks by their elevation above the level of the sea, in addition to the raising of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, of the Plateau of Mexico, and of the whole of Central America, ending in the complete closing of all connection at the Isthmus of Panama. These elevations have been gradually taking place from the close of the Cretaceous period to the most recent Post- tertiary times, and to the successive changes they have brought about in the physical conditions of the Gulf of Mexico and of the Caribbean Sea we must ascribe in the main the existing state of the West Indian Echinid Fauna as compared with the Echinid Fauna of other geographical districts. It would be most interesting to be able to make a comparison of the deep- sea Panamie Fauna with that of the Caribbean, and ascertain if in the con- tinental and abyssal regions, at the depths beyond which the effects of light and of heat are not prominent factors, we find as marked a difference in the representative species as in those of the littoral Fauna. The West Indian Echinid Fauna comprises more than a quarter of all the known species of Kchini, and if we take what we might call the tropical At- lantic Fauna it includes a little over one third of all the known species. The known species of the Indo-Pacific realm, which we might call the tropical Indo-Pacific Fauna, are somewhat more numerous; so that we have more than two thirds of all the known species of Echini belonging to this great tropical oceanic belt, the northern and southern limits of which extend some- what into the temperate regions. This leaves less than one third of the known Echini as representatives of the other faunal districts. There are ORIGIN OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. $3 only at present thirty-four genera characteristic of the Indo-Pacific not found in the Atlantic, and only eight genera characteristic of the Atlantic not as yet discovered in the Pacific,* while the Atlantic and Pacific have thirty-six genera incommon. Of the genera they have in common, four date back to the Jura, seven to the Cretaceous, sixteen to the Tertiary ; the others belong to the Diadematidxe, which have their nearest allies in the Cretaceous, as well as the five recent genera of Ananchytide and Pourtalesiz. Of the genera special to the Indo-Pacific, two date back to the Jura, as many to the Cretaceous, twenty-one to the Tertiary ; there are left the genera of Diadematidx, of Ananchytida, and of Pourtalesiz, derived from the Cre- taceous. The Kchinometradz genera of the Pacific have no fossil repre- sentatives. Of the special Atlantic genera, two are Jurassic, two Cretaceous, one Tertiary; the other has no fossil representative. Soon after the end of the Cretaceous period the specialization of the great Atlantic and Indo-Pacific marine realms began. Before that time the equa- torial currents probably swept nearly uninterruptedly round the globe, and maintained across the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic nearly the conditions exist- ing in the Western Atlantic before the equatorial currents became deflected by the West India Islands and the northern extremity of South America. If the physical causes we now see at work have, as they became changed, also modified the Fauna of the then existing equatorial belt district, we should naturally expect to notice after a long period of time the changes they brought about. We are probably justified in ascribing to the subdivision of this great equatorial belt into an Indo-Pacific and an Atlantic district the marked changes we can trace in the character of the Fauna as affecting the genera which date back to the late Cretaceous, and which become still more marked if we trace them in the genera dating back to the Tertiary period. ges which have = How far it is possible for us directly to follow the chan taken place, and to trace the gradual passage of the older Fauna into the characteristic West Indian Fauna of to-day, is another question. This in- volves the necessity of tracing back from the Triassic and Jurassic periods the genera which have appeared in succession, and how far this is prac- ticable I have attempted to show on a former occasion.t I would also * We should also bear in mind that, of the eight genera characteristic of the Atlantic alone, we find closely allied representative genera in the Indo-Pacific realm. + Paleontological and Embryological Development, Address at the Boston Meeting for 1880 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 84 ORIGIN OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. refer for details to the List I have given in the Challenger Report * of known species of Echini, where the bathymetrical, geographical, and geological range is given as far as known at that time. To this List should be added the deep-sea species collected by the “ Gazelle” and described by Studer, and the necessary additions and modifications which are suggested in this Report. The following Table, containmg a complete list of all the West Indian species of Echini, extended so as to include the few species which thus far have not yet been found in the West Indian district, has been prepared, for the sake of comparing the West Indian species with the Panamic Kchini, and with the representative species of Echini found in the American de- posits of the Post-Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic periods. In the column of the principal localities, the present and past geographical and geological extension of the genus is given, to allow a ready comparison of the actual and former distribution of the present West Indian genera to be made. The geographical range of each species is also given. When several representative species have been described, they have all been enumerated. * Report on the Echinoidea : Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Pt. IX., p. 208, 1881. LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINI. *(BISOUSEY) 071/00 snoaonzoIy ‘(sisdorpop) snovowjerg s0ddg “BUT]OIND “S ‘[lzvig, ‘uLieqvy ‘uvouBezTpeyy “YOO ‘ds viovqay “RUIpOIR) “Ss SUWIOH] vyufngound -y) Avuy vzL[[2}8 "V] -uvjzvonX 0} punog puvjsy Fu] “ury “NO ‘AIBN -1ay, waddg —-oytorg SOnuuyy *SOLIBUBS) ‘uolsuaasy ‘[Izvig ‘serpuy 4s Ay ” ” *salpuy 4sa/ “ning odd 9 esas = -1or) ‘puupsug ‘sourry) ypeyO waaoyT pov seddg ‘(upg -sny ‘aouniy) auscog ‘aue00 “IN — “oytovg [wordory, onuepy “SaTpuy 450 Ay ‘wang “(WON ‘eipuy GdASq Soounsy) oua00%y ‘ouaoory — ‘oylovg pun on -urpy eeduay, pue peordory, ‘sourddymy Wed VT ‘Sy0y CON CLMOyT weg ‘4g “nysuy [nv 4S ‘sorpuy ysaAq ‘seu wostuLE ‘9| “LLOQ WaaoTT ‘O)u\\stsuaytjourO| seeeenseee | cceeeeeeeee seeeaeeees teeteveeseeeerecseess [BOBO “UBOMILOIPOT “KBION ‘sarpuy 19.44 nine “yey {(euysny “uy *N) Are ___ “OOIXoy ui10ay “WHloy, — “oylorg-opuy ‘onuepyy SUUplopnesg) “NOD 1UOPOP! *O ‘eT “wang “BlV ““LUOTT ‘orpMsuay “snul snsounSimoy “O| sisuemequry “9 “LLOQ MTSU g| erect eeeteee | oe pscevclesaansauifs cn “IVATISIUNOYyL ‘Ol-Wwq edeg ‘[wg ‘euro ‘sg ‘SeLn], ‘sery Sump “Y[uyQ aaory pus saddy ‘(nipaqsny ‘erpuy “ey[U_ ‘Lysny ‘puepiezzig) ‘quavog ‘auavoryy ‘auanottg — ‘oytovg-opuy ‘oruLpyy [vordory, "snooonyay “onn90gf *OUDDONIT ‘ouD00N uvd0Ta-sod =| Tayo, opVUN eentte by) 20 ozone TwoFo[ooH puv sayirwoory jdyoupr ‘ov 'V streproopog Avuyy esornysnd "wv Avuy) eJeTNAOund -w AVUY) BIORqIW AYU) epereqry ‘OV "V euIdstrea 'g ‘oy ‘V Tosieqyeg ‘sg ‘AO'] BURTSIOS 'g “AVUD) BTUOTES ‘SSVOV @prusreg ‘OV ‘V He1reys ‘d ‘saq] streproo10g “ov ‘Vv eqertIded -q ‘OV 'V TOHPIA “A ‘ov Vv BIeRIeg ‘a ‘oy “V streproo10g ‘Ig SOPTOTNILR “OD ‘TY Sireprp TAMOAV]]T Bp ireproomwoy “‘ItaW Spuepip TaMoav]] BYONsourseq TNT UVIpUT 7S9A (twaqquep) LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINI. 86 ‘sexay, “WAHS UNLV XO] VIM LIC ‘WON unt -¥xo} vULOsoUAT J ‘CCN “Sad WUNMAI4VIp BuapLipopnasd ‘9's ‘aazuNg ‘saq snqepuyur “9 “nyINSUy “LLOD Wag) “ply ‘shoaoRqolg “aus00cT ‘oUav0TTY “aud00IL ~y ‘V unig ua “q *[Izelg, ‘SerpUuy 489A, ‘supnuliog ‘uoisuaasy ‘[ebattag "V CON ‘Qusd01]q — “INSA([ SLIETNSueqns ‘gq ‘oylorg-opuy ‘ouuryy jeodory| (XAaug) ‘axoy eryemoUuTGoy *OIQURy “VV UWlojseq pur ‘purjaly pus pUrploog Jo ysvoD 4ysAA “Ss “ JO $0}RIS aTPPI]T puvw uteyynog svoj ojuryjyy ‘SarIpuy 4sa Ay *purpaly pus PUBTJOIS Jo 4svoH 359M “"S “1 “ssvOV vyeu -taqud vsidoysy ‘oy "VY TUNUVOTXOUL “(| JO S0JVIS APPL puvs Uley{uog suo) oljueyyy ‘soIpuy 4s80,\\ ‘oyloed “ouuelyy ‘saTpuy Jaq, folaqsturng adeg ‘ [peo “Oye yeoidoay, ‘orqueyyy (eLMIoulyay) yey ”” ” ‘saIpuy 4S9\\ TIM “erg ‘ON ‘eyUundy .p uLysity, ‘ory, (-gsuan?) suvprodjog) Bing ‘auaso1yy —‘oylorg pus oyuryy pvoulorgy, “Spurys] ili ‘spurjsy Totnpueg ‘uvdep ‘wea0Q UvIpUy ‘spur[sy eplo, alvg ‘supnunog ‘sorpuy 4so,A, oytovg-opuy ‘oiyuepyy yeordouy, *soIpUy 489A, “Apey] ‘aouvsy ‘vollowy tyloN “(eTpuy) “UAT (punpsuq) swig ‘auao0q — ‘oyloeg-opuy foyurpy peordory ” ” ‘sa1pU] 489 \\ “ana00l[q-4s0d WUIPOU ouvuvg ‘snuay jo ofury [Ba FooayH puv sarjivooy pedioug Ayuy eperijemounog ‘KOHY, ‘ALAA SNUEIN “g ‘WOH, “AX\A e}Ua0RTd ‘g ‘NOH ‘AX A\ PULOSOMMIOY ‘ov “Vv =uyshy Ww | aqdour) EMIOSOUsTysYy ‘KOH, “ALAA &Splinyqyouryqog ‘oy ‘Vv TAqoorr ‘Ww ‘OV V Unieyyue ww ov] ‘Vv UWINFJETNOIIQGNAzOIOM “W ‘oy "y eumeperpopidsy Ayury) TInsojzas "G “ANAHOS BUTAPeRIG. ‘sudLag Spneursepeiq ‘oy ‘y snuepuog ‘O ‘ssvoy sninefdojap ‘OV ‘V Bye4NOS ‘I ‘oy ‘Vy eydinos ‘gd UIYOY WeIpuy ysaAy (UBAqqHILD) 87 LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINI. tA “NOD sndorygavpiyd gq) “9 “g “HDOW ] vA NOD ‘undep ‘piuosezn,7 18944 ‘Sarp “UP 9AM, “SD JO FSvOD 04 oe | TUEDY “UbAUBOUIpayy ‘AUAION | MOY “Oo "AACT snorsea10ou gy sniavotduar “g "SoIPUT SAA, ‘OV 'V si1oess gq *jau uLYyO Ystsugq ‘puvjary ‘AvAioy “NIT snguelnose q ‘undeg ‘eyunoy .p UVJSLLT, — "YIOX MON OF XVJ [up ‘uvauetoytpayy ‘Avaion| "Hoy ‘0 “AQ suesaTO "| "IST Yopuunsay ‘yuoX MON OF XUPVPY ‘uols -uvasy ‘uvauntuaytpayy ‘uation “MKYV'T snjnoe { *sn0000} alg f urpuy “uy “Ny SeLasny ‘yey faoumy = pupa (Beg) ‘ouaooq ‘ouedoryy ‘ee rol — “‘oytoug-opuy “‘onULpY (‘NI'J) ‘GNoy snUuyqoy “eqn *LLOD Sstsuaqno purpodourtos Won ove¥eaeusesCianessi]|saeeae.d PR cdsadbeenceciiteacekeene Rgentsscdccr! |(ascles Pere eee ee “BpHOpy Jo syns ‘OV “Vv stsuaqno “H *OISSMAN “YIBYO JOMO'T—OIJULTY 480A. a LHOINA, BUTpedrme ‘oy “y eeprurgoeldiag “saIpUy sayy [ung ourqdasos “ov V BPIQre iL *(suuiyoa -xopuing) aerpasny ‘Arete, — oyloug pus oguupy pwardouy, ‘oy ‘Vy streproouosr1y ‘sarpuy 4sayy ‘Seozy ‘oy “y snjernoem gL *su0a00} soa.) § (wipuy ‘erpaqgsny) Ling aay | Sug — “onuUpy juordosy, s1avog snuTpooumeay ‘saqy @prmnejdouwey “ssYoy eprurygog *[iznig, ‘sa1ozy ‘unouvuoztpayy ‘ourypy “doing ‘ug snpratt’s “Teg “OV 'V TPIEUIIED 'S yuq “oy “Vv ‘OV “V soytong “ON “Wy “N sisuotpouqolg, *g| — SNUVIIXOM “g\jo 4svog “A “N ‘uradomng ‘ox! ‘oy “y sIsteTToRqgid “Ss “BAD? ‘uapoang “ULy “Nf eMADOTTT ‘sual — “oglovg “onuepy “ag snjonus00[ AS00495 “vymsuy “LLOD vost "7 ee tenn eee een ennnee eee eee ee eee neeeweees | eeeereesee ee ete eeeeee “soIpuy 3SOA\ ‘Ov ‘Vv STIPUTA a SS SS ee Aauab 10 wor uy UepUy 38944 (IRAE) ‘SnOIMTIMD “aa 007] “PULDOOTIE *auND0TTd “PTLD “180d TNA WUTUE | 1yo)Zo,009 pu san{woo'y [wdtouyra LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINI. io 0) ie 2) "RIV ‘ “sa TISLoFOY VIO}.ALOTY “qarg 49 LLoO TUNE TTUL “Sg “qarg 49 "LLOQ BIB “S "O'S “sid soplopnysnio “g o's ‘NOD seu -15IVU VIPUOUISTS eqnyg “L090 sISuo][yUB “TT “AUO Mole’ “OL *SBXOT, ULV WAOY SNABUL “MOP zis yd snddyoapoxy| -sedy sopiepey ‘suxoy, “WIV |B “NOD Tavut dung wud g|-op[eEy vaproosiq “verpIMsuy “LLOG wpa “UY —-BIPUOUUISTg ‘adnojapensy "TIO, Morue’y] SuMODOUTYOG ‘O'S ‘saN1o}] snjesouea "Yo *sN0998}01)) “gug00q See ec ae “OUIDOLIL “qUdDO ‘aud00T I -}80d ‘OV CV essadap “}] “‘SSVOYV snqoartd +, "OV “V suyey “NOLIQNITWLAS “J, TUN oueneg ‘Tel “N “Serpuy 489A\ vaBe feaIstog ‘K[ey] “UL "N fauaooy ‘auaadlyy ‘aua00I[q — ‘ayloeg-opuy ‘oueyyy [wordory, ‘[Izeag, ‘satpuy 4saAy ‘seiozy ‘WROUBLIO}TpaTY ‘puvzpory “Cvar.to “Aplorg ‘ums -pq foourng ‘qyeyQ seddg PRLYysny ‘oouRdy ‘purplezyIag ‘uaoolyg — ‘“oljuryyy YON SEO TDUTEASE AA “OISSRING ‘SOAR -alg — ‘olyuRy}y yseyy peordory, tate ‘epllo[g ‘sepnueg ‘aouRI gy ‘auaooryy — ‘UBULIng ‘oyloeg-opuy ‘ouurpyy peadoay, Zerg ‘sorpuy ysayy “O ‘S ‘sepnuLiog ‘oytoeg-opuy ‘ourpy eoidoay, “APMION {(PUBLSUG Avo NT TIONG 0} volwwowmy YyNog) 4svo) saqvyg — olyurpyy qsuq] ‘OV ‘VY SNUIISST}eT OD “uKW] IayseadATD “AYU snqisnd gq ‘STAN NVA snumeAooutqoy ‘AVUD) CULEINGLT ‘TaMoavyY, epriaysvadAjons “AO'T SNYOTSI “_ | ‘ssVoy 1eqyseshg “auQ,q Bprmooouryog | ‘ssvOoY @puyseadéT9 ‘Oy "V EQUeTNOSe "H “xyuy gouoddiy ‘OV ‘V snqesorrea “L, ‘ssvoy soysneudoxoy, | “OV V ISTIEA ‘snuay) Jo [wo1foyoayH pur s 89 LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINI. ‘Pa “oy snow joulood snansdg { \ ‘snOMORIND | “eqng “oad ay) adoouy ‘O'S LAT wo Mo1OVUL *Y |-O10VW BIT[PUIAvY O'S “MLarTyT mond Heenan eee eenee soeeee ‘OV sipuna fa) ‘oy wodosoi “iy Uuud A BOMULOFT[VO “5 ‘SOIpUT 489 A, “[2erg 93 "0 ‘§ “@UDDOT]Y ‘ouaooltd "Vo *N — ‘optovg pue oueppy [wordory uvoweury *BUXA], "NOD “BULXd} “JV 0 'S “AVY BUBINTTOIR "JY “pensy ‘SaWIO}] vpdue "yy O'S RIVUIPNysay “I ‘O'S ‘Sa10FT vdae “yy O'S “YOON wodexoy "Jq)/"uUa, voytord “]q “HOI USSYLIUOT “JV "[lze1g 0} gayongueyy eed 04.70 °8 V ON, eueool[g — “opted pur ouryy [vodory, weowecry “eipuy ‘vag “IVA |poyy ‘ereayqsny ‘urdup ‘19An0o SNOMGUIONS “7]|-UBA “YOK MAN’ 0} JOpBIquT] “BITRAYSNY 9 "g “saq ‘peng “Hoag ‘wiuoseT “uy “NN Areriay, Ups] vyJaqnog baveuytatetetone te dk . -1fOYOU BIg + eee wee eenenenerese | orecsc ene saweeeaceens pee “OO ‘avipuy OuUyy yay “LLOQ snavonod"s *LLOO Bee UINIeT[ UB "O) “Hoa shaded “9 ‘uqug |*peny “1Ksa(] “LLO) sisuaquo a] snjvamour ” eVarmpe eee cegoctexehardl suabvacuuhveseuunhe abe “soIpuy qSO AY 9) 'S “eTjRagsny “Bare ‘vip “Oy ‘eye ‘vorsiog ‘eLysny S auavoy ‘ousd0r]y eae “DyIOV, ue OUT vordo spent Hote yloed. .P HUEY Teoouy SISUOUUpLoyy iH POOR e were ee eew en ann | wee eew ete neseeeeeeeee Oem eee ee tees *[Izng, 0) Sg ‘wOLIy 450A, ~~ a4?) PAN EAE saq niseuor ay teem we eeeeweeeeeenes | seeeeee Sete bee ete wee | wer eee wee euseeeencene snpunjo. a) “sorpuy 4S9AN bi g oua00q UDINE “nI00N PICHIA CLien @ UY oVaE ROBE) IO ever TmoopooH puv sayy1[wooT pedjoug ‘ssvoy snssordepqns'D WyyoOM ULpay 789,44 (uveqquyp) ‘ssVOV @prMpissep “IAMOAV]T BYOSOTeJOg ‘SSVOV TUTISTONMA ‘SSVOV eJEUTSIeWs ‘{ ‘ssvoy sdooug ‘TY eyeUTpPNAs93 ‘OV 'V stopxes "J “AM PITTIeL “AVUy) BuLred ‘gq ‘ausa'y snruqoerentyoy ‘SSVYOY @prTTeqynog AYUN) sneorsor ‘q ‘NAgUG_ SNIQUeUTYO ‘OV 'V WTeuesey ‘DO LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN ECHINI. 90 r- ‘CON CJT snot -ouban snpupissyy ‘foN *sa([ laytonwo snskdoyeuary, ‘Ppa “AN0.0 sipratoy viselur gy "tN ‘9 star *qIBq “49 ‘.LLOO tunseypyue “iy SSTTL *‘Sa(T S10} “lO “YQueuryag Hed 4S ‘Add Ny) Siq AOTWAS "[OULOT “equy “LLOQ lOl4sey “t] WUE AS “LLOQ WAIT) "Y "Add 04) stjuediosuinao “4 “LLOD wnAe[pyue “Gq ux) “df Ipel ssstpy “ds ‘ssvp “osnguipenbqus'p “9 snqgdna -qu. snpupisseg “eTpMsuy IL09 ensue “| “Add 04) snotssedoo4] "iy eTTMS Uy SLIVUN[TWLAS "IT ~tojtAo sushdoqzey|-uoy snsddoyrp ‘ure “HOTTY SNUPOLIAUR sna {dA]qury “BnOdOvID " 1) OTT | “AMADOU 1s) “HOA, SIs -uadnojapens “y *peny “yony uou “aug, snuLoysopoAo “oT veqny ‘pens ‘SLIVUN|IUOS “ ‘OUIDON Nd 480d ‘oy “Y snoytord "y “SOIPUT 189 AA BIpUy ‘qjney ! satpuy 4S9 Aq ‘vlTeaysuy ‘odoanyy ‘Aleryjlay, — “oyloeg pues oyueyy uevoweury [eodory, *SOIPU] 489 AA “yyeyo seddg £ (snsstuqoT[At[q) setpuy 4894 ‘vouttt,) ‘adoung ‘aueo0g feueo -OU — ‘our y 4soyy Teordory, *SoTPUT 489 A\ ‘ay "N ‘SoIpUuy ISAA\ ‘VITVAISN ‘wave ‘pur ‘uredomy : Arvyseg, — ‘oyloug-opuy ‘oueyyy peordory, ‘OURITV “GN “Sorpuy 359A ‘oryueyyy peordory, *sorpuy 489M “SoIpUuy 489 A Sury’N f auad0ryy fauao01[g — ‘oytorg-opuy ‘oyurpy peordory, MINOR, OlMBUng “snuay jo asuny [RaFoJoaH pur saizifvooT edroursg MINT Umreequeo yy 1uQ,q sn3hdoyqousyqy ‘OV “Vy Teqs3Ig ‘9 ‘oy ‘y sedurejou0p ‘xvuy essoidep ‘gq ‘Avus) sedurejourqoy ‘OV “V ®3eT193801 ‘N ‘oy -y sedureloan ‘ssYOY e&proaronyy ‘INV] SLreUntUes gq ‘STaHG NVA sneuoUTyoy ‘ssVOY epreuoulrygog ‘UY UVIpUT ySeAq (UBaqqrieD) 91 ECHINI. LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN “Bquy | .LLOS Sistieq “pg "auO,d 84 “oul JO4SUTpAUy} saysnoudo.on jy | “eqn,) “LLOQ louamny “Vy “LLOY) ostlay [010 VUIOJSOIDIS | | | *SUXA J, ‘a1o,qd sna | |-BXoq AOJSU[BUUG] rr +e esse creer ecere “xa “VOUVIT IsayouTUod "yy “wy “Hg xojduis Joqsepoy ‘uve “HOTT SISUOOTULUE YL “gf ays) ‘sad MpMoy ‘d “wy “advy ‘O'S ‘aueo0g7 SNIPODOLOIUL *D) *AVYT snsodn.t “gq “wry “sacy stu “AVY dayronso ~loyttpaynd = “ssp “snoooryarg ‘ouI00g snyoudysos sq) * “OUOOTTY “ongv0Nd “UNO -AOT ONO oyaeayg “SoIpuy 4sa Ay “BOTPUT 480,A\ “Ayeq] fauao soe Og —oUNQY 489.4, [vordory, “Aq ourqdasor ‘[rzmig ‘epiuo0py “Apeay ‘Aanraay, — ‘oyloeg pur onurpy yeordory, CO*S) S "1 Jo 4sv0p oNUEpY *salozy ‘Solpuy 4SaAy ‘uvIpuy “A, ‘UEP [wordoay *SaTpUT 989 ,4\ *SOTpUT 4SA Ay PRIDE TARA ‘saufy souong puv witped, 0} vyunoy,p urs, ‘saurddiyiyg ‘OUR puu ogtovg ynog *soIpUT SAA “UIQ 0} zopura lag uvne “eT]RYASNY 0} OOM ‘oylovg puv onuryy qynog “salpuy 489,44 “uvaqqUVy “aytoug “os WO) YS ‘S7Q ‘panseur, 8.uy9 ALT JO “IST puvgyeys 0} eo1e7 ‘OCN ‘ulegsny ‘uapensiey “U10K) UST ‘S "A ‘pavfoura suqyieyy yo ‘sarpuy 9s9Q, ‘Spuyjs— puvpoys *(Tpoo Ay sniaypoRred “g) Fug —oyrovg “oyuepyy “SOTpUy 789 A\ “snnay Jo atamy [moLZojoaH puv sayiwooy odious ‘OV Vy xuyshyq ‘g “OV “V sn3e4SLIO “g ‘oy "V seqysnoudosreg ‘OV 'V strseqy A ‘OV ‘y sedurejomoy ‘OV ‘y Tuosmoyy ‘d “AO'] @urydesor g “AOT sndom0@reg ‘OV 'V IpresTH ‘d “OV “V ENnsstqo@eg ‘SVU ‘aly epyAqouery ‘oy “y sngeedAjo'p ‘oy “y snutqoaysfp ‘oy “y snuetsereu “9 ‘Oy Vv snuTqoe1n ‘OV ‘Vv ‘ds Ss ‘oy -y sysfooSeqedg “KOT, “AX AY TsAOTQEL 'g ‘NOH, “AX AY OTEIG “g “ov “V epuemur g ‘OV ‘V eTsoTeyMog “Oy “V @yseTezIn0g “ssyoy eprsurjedg (paninzuor) “MLin’] Umea qrueo YW WIoT Uvpuy 789.4 (uveqqueg) — ECHINI. LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN 92 ‘SEXO, ‘HD CIN ‘vue -asdorqdiunpy “Ef ‘BTV “CN "sad Piles "H *sn0ddT}AID rqng “LLop mbyeanq "Hf "BNO SLLOD sIsuaT [ue "fy ux “ANDO Ip ~“B1U0,) LaSBIUMA Ff “wug 49 “L109 IWdAO'T Ja}svuolg OS) - Ava snotyjos “ydary “equy “LLOD SISUIQND "J rere eres eqny “LLoO stisuaqnod wiudolg yung 4s ‘ “LLOQ SMOYIpUBID “4 “LLOO WALT “oy “a WAoTD susvzyedug aqug “AIO. SIsuaquo "FT A “O'S “SIG 1A y i) “MQOW suoy -ydue = sprydary *SOIpUT 489A, ‘spurysy Areurg ‘[izeig *N “OIVURIZV “N yseqy ‘sorpuy 4saAy ‘adorn ‘erpuy “qpeyo aeddy ‘ury “yy snosovjay ty "N Areysay, —orueyy [eordory, ornuepyy puv oyfoeg ‘og ‘ureaG Wayynosg “epHorit ‘spur[s, puryeys BAU eh 9's ‘edoqy pooy adey ‘Avalon jo syreyg “[izeig 04 ‘ON ‘uwaunaieyrpayy ‘AeMioN ‘urpuy ‘purl -la7yiag ‘Ayeq] ‘purpsuy “wy "nN fattaooyy ‘auad0lg “euAD0 “Ud — ‘ype “uvipuy “oiyurpyy “Sorpuy S98. *solpuy joy, ‘Apeyy GdAso ‘aourry “‘puLplezjiIMg —‘ollavog “Alao01]Y ‘sepnuLlog ‘satozy ‘uvauBtayIpeyy ‘AvM.to N valoyy ‘odoin AUDD0OTIY “weIpuy ‘auda0l[q ‘oueyyy ! aua007] Oye” “saTpuy 480.4 raytavg pte orjunyyy peordowy, *oua007T “aTADOI “OUDION “eNO “480 MIO oredeg [ea1SojoayH pur serjiwoory edo ‘OV V 122001 “H ‘OV “VY snyeuoz ‘A ‘AO'TT snqtg1eadxe “ ‘saq] Ioqsermoey “AYU, BUISSLIg ‘KUON Tanpyyeuued iy ‘Oy -y susoseAseg & “XYUL) UINZePIOO “‘G ‘AYU TuMTpreoouryoy ‘Dy “y seprosurzeds ‘yy ‘ssyoy sozsnoudo10ey ‘ausay sneimdind'g ‘Iy snsuezedg ‘AvUH EUTsuEjyeEdg ‘oy ‘y snurtdsrsuoy "7 ‘oy “vy soysneudoury ‘UY UTIpuy ysaAy (uveqquiuD) =e 93 LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN “RypUsUy “LLOQ SUNDIXG "g ‘0.'S “YOVIT ‘0's “MOON snsoneds ‘adnoyapeny snsontds “g| ‘oy slunqmnypo. “uyMsuy “qing 4s fo) ‘S S10 N “LLOD WAT) “V BrOHMOR Vi “ayMsuy “L109 UINAYT[IGUR “gq aquy “LLOQ touowty “g} *SUXO], ‘Sad, sttedayo *]] ‘sUxay, “BlV ‘saqy sngqeas = | yang ag “L109 wand Joxsurttto Fy) MATT [Ue “ZzTOS *snoDOTAID *on00—f “OnNDOTTY O'S “DOW vyUpNUaL “MOOT nays STC BIONA | ‘d ‘d ‘y Yy *oUDON AAS UNA A susaqo snssiig|‘spuv[sy apis, odey ‘sorpuy 4s0A4, "IVA BqnTNO -1qO10S BIZIssesy “MAIQ'T StL -10JIplO0 VLUBAO'T AUN pod. opavayg “Syvay ‘yyy “ury “N ‘sorpuy qsaqy ‘Auvrstay — ‘OYyloeg-opuy ‘ounypy peedory “AVES PTTRIOAL “UAL IAI pay “Ty royOoOTun *g ‘solozy ‘[Iznig, *N ‘oy "Vy Isouregq ‘g ‘vane ‘adoring ‘nyyeyy ‘seat -oiXgq ‘selpuy ysoyy “Uy “NW S atlooog ‘auaoory ‘aaaoo1g — ‘oylovg-opuy ‘oueyy yeotdory, “Iy snesug eel 489 A\ ‘OV ‘Vy BOLIVUG0Oxe WT ‘sorpuy ysaqy “my "Ny QdAng faua00gy ‘fauadoryyT — “oytong puv oyuspy uvoliemy peodory ‘spuyjsy Awuep ‘equnoy,p un} “SLI, 03 Salty souang ‘omeyad “TYOLY MOT 0} Spuv[sy TOTApuvg) KOH], AAA, BIOJIPTITTIOG “W “ROUT, “AAA OIS90—7 “IVA bIzissesy TOTO MENT “80 ‘pavfouta seqeyy yo “gs “9 0 4svoo "T “N ‘s}ImAg stan ‘Avosig jo Aug ‘vag wunjery “SOIpUT) 489 AY ‘doy, poor) jo adey ‘pury Waal ‘uvauRLayIpeyy ‘AvAION ‘ssvoy exroyurAT ‘g “SAIPUT 489A, “Won ‘urpuy ‘doing ‘Cam 0, — “oylovg ‘uvipuy Sonueyy WOH], “AX AY BJEPSOI-W “KOU, “AA My odor8eyzw ‘ssvoy stsdossug ‘Sarpuy 480\\| “OV "VW SeproreyserIOTM YW “RI[RysNy (ds aaqsmorzy) Landay —oyto “Bq puv onuepy sa Ay qwordoay, ‘ov ‘Vv snsstiqourny “snuay Jo ofuny Twa}Sojoap pur san woo] podyomg | TMA TPUT sega (T¥PGAHED) ECHINI. LIST OF THE WEST INDIAN 94 ‘Dy ‘y —‘qodayy sty} UL S}[Nset oT] oJeAOdLOoUT 07 OUNTy UT WOIZDeT[O0 DuyjsoryUr ynq [[vUIs sity oUTMeXE 07 aTQRUM se] “TILUAA puv palvg siossojorg Jo ssoupury 043 Aq uoyvurmexe toy spuvy Au ur poord uoaq Alou] oavy ,, SSOIZUqTY ,, LotULva}g “WOD YShT “§ “1 243 Aq pezoa|foo tUTYIM OL, » “sUxaL, ‘sud, suuExe} *g N “Lyoyy vyepnsun “yedg) | “yr “49 “Log snyusuope "g “eg "4g “LLOQ sno -purpfoqns “wos “ying 4g “LLOQ wnt wyyue tudiag “qyirg 49 “.LLO9 IUAAO'T “SLI nypINsuy “OV MLOSUTyIU “TOS "'SSVOV BITS “OS “RTPID UY “.LLOD, IUOAOTT “YOS “LLOQ ROASIO) MIS ‘vyMsuy “LLOYD WAIT) saqysnaudiiog °g UW snurt -[QUAARY “UOLDUT “Wy )9TN UsamlfOF] “UOT O'S MILD stsoyory “TV ‘0 ‘9g “Loay sodoiqe "PHS oT? LATONY “snoa0tqoaly “OUODOLY | "auaDON ‘OUDDOI[ I-48 AVUD stpuvis “]T ‘OV V vsO[NOVIU “TL (OU oruvaRg *serpuy 489M OF “DN “soIp -uy 4saAy ‘Areqaoy, uPoLiewy —coylovg puv oueyyy peordory, ‘SOIPUT 4S9\\ “Rag RINBLY ‘wy 'N feounty day ‘yreyO fsempuy qsaay ‘eIpuy ‘wave 4ddSy Sodomy ‘aueoy — ‘kag winjely ‘serpuy 4SeA\ » MOD YStT “S *Q ‘pavd -OUIA S.UYBIBTY YO ‘sorpuy 4sa Ay ‘adopy poor) jo adug ‘sarpuy qa, ‘(SaVIg epPPUV) ‘Ss “A Jo 4ysvoy qseq ‘ourepy ‘AeMtoNy ‘salpuy qsa Ay “ULY “Ny ‘eITRaqsny ‘vary ‘eipuy ‘adoang £ atao0g ‘ata00 WW — ‘oytoeg “uerpuy “onuTpy “soIpuy 489A, “eqny ‘salpuy Sa A, ereysny ‘Aavtytoy, UvoLleuly —ogtorg pus ouepyy peordory, ‘[lzerg, ‘Sorpuy 489.A4 ‘snuay jo afuryy [eorRopoaH pur sayywoo'y pediotig ‘Oy “y sodozje ‘pr ‘OV “VY PIO ‘oy “V eooTUT “gq “duQ,(| 19yseueg ‘OV “VY snuvfAuSIqio's ‘SSVOYW SITTSery's ‘SSVOW IO]SEZITOS “MLa'T BSOOTIZUGA ‘AL ‘XVUD BUIOEPT ‘oy ‘Y streroqoed "W YO UVIpAT 4S9.A4 (uveqqueg) 1 Jn. ae ” Ye saa" yd Bichion wy ¥ ot Lente Sarroity 1 wae (ei, illo eerie yea] fOUeTyY SA0G25F We mtp | ty wee “A Dethen > ipeey . Per HeerRneDY (hw Wy eee rye eg See ; aims cteny Pag trey | ‘87 ule whey Wa pos * reed ; me See 7 ~wrpuy. ag) \ ate * > ea % 2 PLATE ni j 4 Py a ee ee ‘Pia! ener ile ore, ohh ail ev £ DAL taanty wethe:y ei EST ORCS ee VMPatein aii) ei} >a a ha, ag denon! wrap ONES: 5 “opt priy ea, iy of aie eer ‘sf eee oy whee \ i = yee eee Ng Phy) eV rye werqog ize. 4 : iy ey ‘i Natural pry oF AY >i) eet ete wr) “re jae switlow a ee ee) OL winiy ce ala iat ad pave. " Seen from above. ‘Fig. 2. Seen in profil ~ Fig. 1. 7 7 7 Pia ACT ae ; 1-15. Dorocidaris Blakei A. Ac. Fig. 1. Portion of test seen in profile, facing the median interambulacral line, from a specimen 37 mm. in diameter. Fig. 2. Abactinal system of same. | Fig. 3, 4. Primary elongate radioles, similar to those of D. papillata. Fig. 5. Primary radiole, somewhat flattened at extremity. 7 * Fig. 6, 7. Primary radioles somewhat flattened and slightly fan-shaped at extremity. , Fig. 8-10. Primary radioles still more fan-shaped than those of the preceding figures. ig. 11-13. Small interambulacral radioles of the actinal side near actinostome. Fig. 14, 15. Larger and stouter radioles of the actinal side near the ambitus. 16-27. Dorocidaris Bartletti A. Ac. Fig. 16. Portion of test seen in profile, showing the ambulacral area and a few primary plates of the interambulacral area, adjoining the apical system, from a specimen 50 mm. in diameter. Fig. 17. Abactinal system of same. . Fig. 18-27. Different primary radioles taken from a single specimen, showing the more or less serrated structure between the two extremes of Fig. 23 and 27. pa —S == = FAS aerorctereedd neaphsaemicstr sii reiesas aaciameeccanoniauan Ca eriahiemamanetl| hl ‘ i “_ti LAd ugh taste = | oa 7 i. ody Samara dixbiooyo? i hen wi treo \ ewe Lawatt PLATE Ill. Porocidaris Sharreri A. Ac. Seen in profile. Natural size. . NIT wy i tow nt gl PeBtoa at ike Wye Mie pela Bi + prt _ as an : 4 ‘ , ‘ : als SE Soya Larei eal ea is oft) ety elyod i WY espera ell] ae ‘wie AR 4 ior hs ma Wi ne a Deed ool ar =r Lene». erie + , ‘ AR wis a! "iti Taco ra yy es jeubletvasty @ i 7 Ollw a na AT lugsersoe whine i Uap hei i ie a} ot de gine» jaieia ol) og Pat sa tn bea Srobeat Mya va. Toes 7 ten ediad ten ails lay fai val Dat Masia dap ton od) pork samo ance al ih fl Oy ioe’ sade * ae Laushiinund A <2 se Fig. 1. Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8 Pe ASE el Vi 1-2. Porocidaris Sharreri A. AG. Portion of test of specimen measuring nearly three inches in diameter. Seen in profile. Abactinal system of same, both figures somewhat enlarged. 3-23. Salenia Pattersoni A. Aa. Abactinal system of specimen 18 mm. in diameter. Actinal system of same. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, showing primary coronal plates above ambitus, facing the median interambulacral line. Portion of test of same above the ambitus, seen in profile facing the median ambulacral line. Portion of ambulacral area of same, showing the Hemicidaris-like arrangement of the tubercles at the base of the ambulacral area near the actinostome. Primary spine of same. Natural size. Vig. 9-11. Ambulacral papillee of same, magnified. Vig. 12-14. Porocidaris-like interambulacral spines, near actinostome, magnified. Fig, 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Test of specimen 12 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side. Portion of test of same, below and at ambitus, seen in profile, facing the median ambulacral line and showing the Hemicidaris-like ambulacral tubercles. Actinal system of same. Abactinal system of specimen 10 mm. in diameter. Actinal system of same. Portion of test of same, above ambitus, seen in profile, facing the median interambulacral line. Portion of test of same, below and at ambitus, seen facing the median ambulacral line, to show the Hemicidaris-like arrangement of the ambulacral tubercles. Young Salenia 6.5 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side. Abactinal system of same. PLATE V. SHlenia Patesrmont HAN NG: _| he _ Fig. 1. Seen from above. Natural size. é Fig. 2. Seen in profile. Natural size. y Fig. 3. Seen from the actinal side. Natural size. yo wr ba a a Bis: utr Dale foul Ha ciaialog bait 4a poe a Cheat , wel mids Bel rue = y be . a ea athe 8 pl iall W does ab Yhiwilzs laait el idrmalirs Bl nied eluolee ? rd a » . a" _ ’ » on +i iy i) patiwortegnel vad Pk be ma 4 winds . ee ee) beer |) oe” 7 4 HaIWwogs A tuyaall viele 1! | i Os : Ts od len Polo f. od egal alin ~Taatidon tl? Wo endinlinurre ol) - sie AP ay 7 x ; ie, a Bactitaete 043 Fo siishvedsennde unilelinnrs etd wilt ty wulston ads wi eibe emul eps Seok ob. ab Biers Lays hotinamiprnnile Masi Ju, ath wap a 0 . balimliats f peste on la ;' losnlllttthe ail Q- ‘A — Miypiy ho Ie er ire let pai ey . -_ PL ACTER: “Vere 1-17. Salenia varispina A. Ac. Young Salenia measuring 1.5 mm. (diameter of test), showing the fimbriated primary spines, and the plates of the anal system. Young Salenia 3 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side. The same as Fig. 2, seen from the abactinal side. Inner view of the abactinal system of a Salenia 8 mm. in diameter. Part of actinal system, showing the imbricated plates in a young Salenia 7 mm. in diameter. Part of the abactinal system of a young Salenia 2 mm. in diameter, showing the indistinct lozenge-shaped arrangement of the primary striation of the test. Actinal termination of one of the ambulacral areas, showing the position of the spheridia and of one of the pairs of buccal tentacles of a Salenia 8 mm. in diameter. Interambulacral actinal area, showing also single spheridia near the actinal extremity in each of the ambulacral areas. Magnified view of one of the pyriform sphzridia. 9-11. Magnified views of interambulacral papille. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 7 Fig. 8. Fig. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21 Fig. 22. Fig Sessile papillee of the anal system. Tube projecting beyond the genital opening. Young forked primary spines of Fig. 1. Stout-headed, short-stemmed trifid pedicellaria of the actinal surface. One of the gills of a Salenia 8 mm. in diameter. Sessile papille of one of the genital plates of the abactinal system, covered with large pigment spots, and still showing the primary striation. 18-23. Salenia Pattersoni A. Ac. Actinal part of ambulacral area of Salenia 14 mm. in diameter, showing the gills, the imbri- cating plates, and one of the pairs of the buccal tentacles of the actinostome. Tnterambulacral part of actinostome of another Salenia 14 mm. in diameter, showing the imbri- cating plates of the actinostome and a pair of the large buccal tentacles, with comparatively slender long-stemmed pedicellariz. Part of actinostome of another Salenia of nearly the same size: the granulation of the actinal plates is coarser. The left posterior genital plate, showing the coarse granulation characteristic of the abactinal system of this species, with minute globular spheridia in the notches of the plates, these globular spheridia are similar to the pair of small, short-stemmed spheridia found at the base of the ambulacral tentacles near the actinostome. Part of coronal plates of test of Salenia 14 mm. in diameter. . 23. Granulation of anal plate. : i tind i ' i rl Lavine A 4 wt ™~ (PAG ASINE a Vile Ccelopleurus floridanus A. Aa. Fig. 1. Seen from above. Natural size. Fig. 2. Same, seen from the actinal side, to show the bat-shaped spines of the actinal region. Fig. 3. A smaller specimen, seen from above. Natural size. =): ‘ A) m Ait i Be: _ z i “a - Jb ae oy .) + Te oii am Phd oll Pree leben igh itis us diate ee . . ~ 2 to's a sin euild “arti Loalienee sti cos sortiielospal i cucredalt rts pili eT i noo olgat Iusbagi ge BPR eAuinl 7 ‘ mA, | any? bees: 7 lee emis boi petiy 4 iff he i SI polis wy Ps id Bevis Fivrindarl wnitlenay ors spdlan ay ms | Cee a) : . stibonny {athy ip. oe Sees rtm oli by ti yah oe etal redo ails gaa we rs Toei! larval ine nui Lapel hvac yeh vty ati ; g. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 17 Fig. 18 PLATE VIII. Ccelopleurus floridanus A. Ac. Test of specimen measuring 28 mm., seen from the abactinal pole. Portion of test of the actinal surface of same, somewhat more magnified. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median ambulacral line. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median interambulacral line. Portion of test, still more enlarged, to show the pits at the base of the median ambulacral line. Abactinal system of same specimen. Specimen 11 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal pole. Apical system of same. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median ambulacral line. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median interambulacral line. Specimen 9 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal pole. Apical system of same. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median ambulacral line. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median interambulacral line. Small specimen 6 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal pole. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median interambulacral line. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, facing the median ambulacral line. Apical system of same. * a nn awe oe et” v4 7 wt dsalloot her Penal dav du dab 4 gilliy ad) fron “ rool ue oilers [eck : RE ota no 8 [os aA wocicrs (rent wilt 5 oly Ruseiee Qu puerl ie S ° . ehe Hhrerg Tae ot wiral. i Mar a 0 ore WO Taio welt: paren AMN GH oes 1 lol ; ' ccs 7M EP 09° 09° GQ" OR a ta da" aa 20. PLATE IX. Aspidodiadema antillarum A. Ac. Specimen with spines, test 11 mm. in diameter, seen in profile. Same with the spines cnt off, seen facing an ambulacral area, showing the sheathed pedicellariz. Portion of test of a specimen 11 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side ; denuded. Portion of test of same as Fig. 3, seen from the abactinal pole ; denuded. Actinostome, with termination of the adjoining ambulacral areas, showing the suckers, the gills, and the large buccal tentacles of Fig. 2. Portion of denuded test of specimen 11 mm. in diameter, seen facing one of the ambulacral areas. The same as Fig. 6, seen facing one of the interambulacral areas. Denuded test of specimen 9 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side. Genital ring of same, somewhat more magnified. One of the sheathed ambulacral pedicellarie, greatly magnified. Long-stemmed, long-headed trifid flexible pedicellaria, placed above ambitus. Magnified view of a piece of the basal part of a primary radiole. Large hyaline, globular, short-stemmed ambulacral spheridia, found near the abactinal system ; magnified. Smaller, long-stemmed actinal ambulacral spheridia ; magnified. Young sheathed pedicellaria. Small, short-headed, short-stemmed trifid ambulacral pedicellaria. Actinostome of young Aspidodiadema measuring 5 mm. in diameter. Genital ring and anal system of same specimen : neither the ocular nor the genital pores are as yet formed in this specimen. Young Aspidodiadema 6 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side: the primary spines are cut off. The same as Vig. 19, seen from the abactinal pole, showing the anal proboscis. Genital ring of small Aspidodiadema 3.5 mm. in diameter: the genital pores are already formed. DLAKE \ A \ { | \ | ALTAI d, iydooa! atebelfobige a 1g lodfdyectid Pah cas vd Sot ntl pet ia? iach es td id’ dftia As! vain MPD «mp5 R vite him uti a Aner { 24 Lanse d Pagal s ’ ’ rd tepals A { Bodtunihe ft Kew unl sao)! pix iy “” ua Yi uA Asi miaibal aren SA woldvre at Alogalgn liste alla tegitig , Well race aie 1 ui in *, ; ss sae my iphone gon rip, Hii asia Abt cha +3 Laren | ni i liey edo mined m4 og He i alla Sa 1G that doe te yi, ly se wily (OS Wyeth pers seh! ia hil ha D shit ; fii) os thy on wk gal 1.45 Coe at ; ; yal f lruidon a Bree 1 ee! f fs Re U vane! coronas Petia C cnmborne yur My bewmes fetu wy we MQ eAN Ing “ od y cui Todi Weatley ped oe. f 2a Dy et a yg Ws Aspidodiadema Jacobyi A. Aa. Specimen covered with spines seen from the abactinal pole, natural size. Denuded specimen, 23 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side. The same as Fig. 2, seen from the actinal side. Abactinal system of same, somewhat more magnified. Actinal system of same. Magnified portion of test of same, seen facing one of the interambulacral areas. Same as Fig. 6, seen facing one of the ambulacral areas. Portion of test, seen facing one of the ambulacral areas, showing the suckers and the sheathed pedicellarix. One of the sheathed pedicellarie, greatly magnified. The same, seen in profile. Aspidodiadema denuded, seen in profile, 12 mm. in diameter. The same as Fig. 10, seen from the abactinal pole. The same as Fig. 10, seen from the actinal side. Genital ring of same, somewhat more magnified. : Actinostome of same. Portion of test of same, seen in profile, somewhat more magnified than in Fig. 10, seen facing one of the ambulacral areas. The same as Fig. 15, seen facing one of the interambulacral areas. Young specimen 6 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side. The same as Fig. 17, seen in profile. The same, seen from the actinal side. Yenital ring of a young specimen 3 mm. in diameter, before the formation of the genital or ocular pores, showing the anal proboscis. (iw ae’ atrods sia Tipit esr) 28 vitvi ot ? fuiriton’p sult gy a ae ao, 5 PLATE X. ‘ 7 a Z Seen from the abactinal pole, fully expa panded, natural size. 7 | : i 1 i yy on : ee pur susecunsody eRe al ae TD dole oa ie [ietetan Apuilfeatatey Ua. vols ee) = IPE eAUR ART axe le Phormosoma uranus Wyv. THoMs. Seen in profile, fully expanded, as it comes up in the trawl. Denuded abactinal system of specimen about 170 mm. in diameter. Actinal system of same. Portion of test of actinal surface denuded, close to the ambitus. Portion of test of median abactinal surface. Figs. 2 and 3 are enlarged twice, all other figures natural size. a og Of oR to m, Oe Gy we Me ae ane VOR we - A: Ie. is = ' GOD © Of ee eat EL oe okt a LY . : * ‘ z 4 Z a ; . ~ @ Bs a” ' ie — < @ 4% . “ & — * > - . : 2 z = ee ae 7 = ie o4 »° Se . * ae . 3 aS ek Baw ay 4 it ee. = i an . ba ne > , , ; = a j a aA bo e'. ee bas COW CGS STORE ORS PALATE Be excek - Phormosoma placenta Wry. THOMS. Seen in profile, natural size. Same seen from the abactinal side. Same seen from the actinal side. Portion of actinal system denuded, magnified. Coronal plates of the abactinal side, near the ambitus, magnified. Edge of test, showing the ambital fasciole from the abactinal side, magnified. Portion of test, facing the ambital fasciole, magnified. One of the club-shaped spines of the actinal surface, magnified. Denuded abactinal system, somewhat magnified. : = i A) ee ie .) aS = ; ; us -\ 7 * : ” e Je ee E - ‘ ‘ 2s : : ~ ny « ? ' oF Py “ * ae ; 6 e ! . es ‘ ous ¥ - ‘ Lee Re ah TY : ‘ : @ .- 4 ort ‘% Lh ] ; a yy * , ‘ ' ‘ Fr fain wae sir vs Gulag [?a hi} Pedy Lee iy nue ih ‘ ' ’ - —e* ee ; Ms Vien ~ Z . " = + 6 4 rf) F i * TiAl we : - j ‘ ae whe . e . : ’ | oy 5 : . o e « ’ a at 7 ‘ a ¥ 4 4 4 4 M 4 : v 5 * " ' i i 7 i, iJ * . S. "7 ‘ 1 - eo ry) 5 am 7 , au Pe a ‘ uf é ' - - ’ : - . \ | ’ PLATE. KUL : Asthenosoma hystrix Wyv. THoms. * Seen from the abactinal pole, fully expanded, natural size. ae 3 > : ali = : = > — “~ @ y tT iM frre f ai 4 wre tA t vues! be ! by DCTs sw Mnsenpreal Ds gt) puedo NI ; Ye mit fie yey? , ead) Ai Vyeeryel ee? dg sreweitha rds | f fag ithe aeatiet ethos of) Go holiieh oot beret his THR othge alt du slain) gidh to wes Wane ah wert Leta pint sieedio IU) S ae ay A s Y > ‘ . 2 ‘. o Le ; al 4 4 ~~ ee ou “ an 4 - ee = a © a } A lig A, Fig. 1. Fige 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. PLATE XIV; Asthenosoma hystrix Wyv. THoms. — _ Seen in profile, fully expanded as it comes up in the trawl. - Abactinal system of specimen about 160 mm. in diameter, denuded. ae Actinal system of same, denuded, showing the arrangement of the actinal plates and the position _ 4 of the small digitate gills. . We ; " Portion of test of same, denuded, on the median actinal side. a“. Portion of test of same, denuded, on the median abactinal side. Figs. 2, 3, (2) ; all others, natural size. off © © Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. i bo 1 TANT BY XO 1,2. Astropyga sp. Abactinal system of young Astropyga 13 mm. in diameter. Actinostome of same. 3-19. Phormosoma placenta Wrv. THoms. Young Phormosoma 8 mm. in diameter, showing the abactinal system, and a part of the test. Somewhat younger specimen 8 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side, showing the spheridia, suckers, and pedicellaric of that side of the test. Somewhat older Phormosoma 17 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side of the test. The same, seen from the actinal side. Older specimen 20 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side. The same, seen from the abactinal side. Older specimen 28 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side. The same, seen from the actinal side. Phormosoma 41 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side. The same, seen from the actinal side. Portion of anal system of young Phormosoma, 22 mm. in diameter, showing the mode of deposition of the limestone meshes forming the anal plates. Figs. 14-19 show the gfadual passage of mere accumulations of limestone cells, as in Fig. 14, which indicate the first position of the future tubercles, to Figs. 16, 15, 17, 18, and 19, in which the scrobicular ring, the mammary boss, and the perforation of the future tubercles are little by little indicated. Pe } + ahead si a i ert > n Sg sabia as AS) ol radi ivey » pal ern) ‘fat Pom? @ ee? wie eae nA CL CTS AT M4 ss Ta via Latteaaey alt? 7 wad 5 5 Se “ rohase ; | PLATE XV x ts : Clypeaster subdepressus AGASS. : Fig. 1. Seen from above, natural size ; half the test denuded. =" Fig. 2. The same, seen from the actinal side. ; : Fig. 3. Part of one of the median ambulacral zones of the actinal side, somewhat nified | Fig. 4, Part of one of the median interambulacral zones of the abactinal side, magni fied, i? ' 5: al —_ © oF °c ° = ee a ae a < ° ae 7 7 - . ao a a) ad a . 7 . : 1) 4 ; "tee me i 7 . a ’ ob roe Ore ’ rae “7 ; ~~ yié aR ATR, 2 1 ay { n% hie ht ie | f Te ats tty ayy 4 it ihe a rales eed Yn we yp eA, , ee ; Lape ek it i | deal yy iGaieebed tad ¢ , i — be Oo ONE ay Cr) RS PA PACT BR) XSW TE: Conolampas Sigsbei A. Aa. Seen from the actinal side, denuded, natural size. The same, seen from the interior of the test, natural size. Abactinal system. Actinal system, seen from the interior of the test. The same as Fig. 4, seen from the actinal side. Anal system. - Interior view of the same. Portion of the right anterior ambulacrum. A piece of the same seen from the interior of the test. Plates of the lateral posterior interambulacral region of the median region of the test. Plate of the lateral posterior interambulacral region of actinal side adjoining the ambitus. i) 985 mo) 1. 2. = BE a ah +s 6. the 8. PLATE XVIII. Paleopneustes hystrix A. Aa. Left half of test covered with spines, seen from above, natural size. Right half of test from above, denuded. Abactinal system (?). I Same as Fig. 1, seen from actinal side, covered with spines. Same as Fig. 2, seen from actinal side, denuded. Actinostome (2), seen from actinal side. Same as Fig. 6, seen from the interior. Anal system (?). ; a —_— 7 ' pit ‘ « =! - * “ _ 4 7: nies : 7) la ; 1 ' | gf atl “SOWal) off Pa 4 . ad . Rome P 7 . ; Sa * “1 ww ; 5 Pot AVI Bi SX TEX 4 Linopneustes longispinus A. Aa. Fig. 1. Seen in profile (upper figure). Natural size. Paleopneustes hystrix A. AG. Fig. 2, Seen in profile (lower figure). Natural size. - 7 — b = »4 i i _— ‘ ~— , e 4 ' i ‘ 7 al bale ' s # =". acd “2d oe of = ' é = 7 ‘ a a - . “” . . a +) t \ i s » " : 4 i ' 6 hb! ‘ i P . : " ; * eo ; les ‘ ' 4 . ‘ s « ” 7 ~ + 5 ° ‘ g ' ¥ a a = £ ’ * > ’ ' i . » : * 1 ad 4 :, => . ‘ i - ° , i ‘a. * ) ‘ , s - j Tis ° > > ™ — ' . az ° J ‘o a a is . : a ss 4 4 me sm wt} _ Y 2 She} ay 77 » a s * . ag - 2 - . D : i ott = y ‘ iG 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ais 8. ERATE AUTEHY | XOX Linopneustes longispinus A. AG. Right half of test covered with spines from above, natural size. — Left half, denuded. Abactinal system (3). { Same as Fig. 2, seen from the actinal side, covered with spines. Same as Fig. 1, seen from the actinal side, denuded. Actinal system (#). j _ Anal system with subanal fasciole (2). Marginal fasciole on the edge of the ambitus. ) sw * - ' 7 oilt Je hut aryite P ‘ia i? : - ® > . ‘ J és { 7 A ‘4 A Pe OILS, AMPS wares Let ; iapmel dle, Mma pia, * a deisel hin aro Th e 1 a ‘ — ; +e nhs Tanald hy ai) ec i ve : 1 diel a i aes th ol Doreg std he) elm Ai yay sine Jey (> Sl Bead any ni ally Teardaniite @) Aired) tere btu ch iy BL aes . 4 as ny) 2 swalnrtey it o% vl ' Inc ! Abs: i un 0 Vides f Aah ane Heh) - chew Rent Wien \s , . ; 2 _ —_ af - * ~e An == it j = * - o be bad iT é - - = : f ini a | ; t hie seqnetad ‘9 : ' ' e Tite Tee | i “a ale ‘ ee dui if ay ' © j 4 é lo Gieteys lanA =O : j . io = 0B me 3 PLATE XXE Paleopneustes cristatus A. Aa. Lower extremity of the right anterior lateral ambulacrum of a specimen 150 mm. in length and 85 mm. in height (4). E Part of test across the posterior part of the same ambulacrum at the ambitus (4). Apical system of same (2). Anal system of same (4). Actinostome of same (4). Part of test across the ambital region of the right anterior ambulacrum, to show part of the mar- ginal fasciole of a specimen 85 mm. in length. Young Paleopneustes cristatus, seen in profile (4). Part of test (corresponding to Fig. 6) of same, magnified. Young Paleopneustes cristatus 16 mm. in length, seen from the abactinal side. The same as Fig. 9, seen in profile. The same, seen from the actinal side. Apical system of same, greatly magnified. Actinostome of same, greatly magnified. Anal system of same, greatly magnified. A Ag ARoetier, del =iyey® vere ull wy ‘ a fe unm f roars “wey « th TPAC EY eX WNeolampas rostellata A. Aa. Specimen 11 mm. long. diameter, denuded, seen from the abactinal pole (female). The same as Fig. 1, seen from the actinal side. The same, seen in profile. The same, seen facing the anal extremity. The same, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum. Primary granulation of test of young specimen, 4 mm. long. diameter, arranged in indistinct irregular lozenge-shaped figures. : Actinal termination of one of the lateral ambulacra, showing the five large, short-stemmed globular spheridia placed in the median ambulacral space of a specimen 12 mm. long. di- ameter. Magnified view of denuded actinostome of a specimen 11 mm. long. diameter. Magnified view of actinal part of test, showing the suckers, sphzeridia, and primary spines and tubercles of a specimen 6 mm. long. diameter. Abactinal part of test of a female, showing the manner in which the genital openings are pro- tected by spines, of a specimen 12 mm. long. diameter. The same, denuded, showing the large genital openings and the pores of the madreporie body. teneral view of the abactinal system and adjoining part of the test of a female about 11 mm. long. diameter. Denuded specimen, seen from above (male), 9 mm. long. diameter. The same, seen in profile. The same, seen facing the (anal system) posterior extremity. The same, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum. Greatly enlarged view of the abactinal system and adjoining part of the test of the same speci- men as Fig. 13. Greatly enlarged view of actinostome of same. Young male specimen, denuded, seen from the abactinal side, 4.5 mm. long. diameter. The same, seen in profile. The same, seen facing the posterior (anal) extremity. Enlarged view of anal groove of a specimen about 12 mm. long. diameter. Young specimen (measuring 2.5 mm. long. diam.) covered with spines, seen from the actinal side. The same, seen from the abactinal side. Plates of anal system. Head of short-stemmed trifid actinal ambulacral pedicellaria. Long-stemmed, long-headed trifid coronal pedicellaria, Young miliary spine, with spiny cupuliform extremity. Minute short-stemmed ellipsoidal spheridia. Anal pyramid, composed of eight Jarge triangular plates, of a young specimen 4 mm. long. diameter. AAg & ex nd P > a -_ ba 7 _ pa ’ 7 “a 7 Ld 1 ‘ . . ‘ . rt " Le big ‘y, +64 YS ish ar ’ — ‘ iti] >) ale a l | * north ot ; Te " +4 ° set te'hrdeewyel gt] ‘ : ' . my voit 4 . i. GOO. SFO OMIAT |! -/ t , ’ ad i” } otal : ghd vey aires i R , side lamidoelar oct) event 4 u aT byl { 4 : : : , u ae ’ re ; i F 1 wild tui | t iw une, Te te i - f crtet lawid » Fi j . a eS *~ 7 ' « ’ ° 4 ee? 4 \ ’ Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Nig. 3. Vig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10 Fig. 11. Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Pa AST Re XoXe otal: 1-4. Rhinobrissus micrasteroides A. Aa. Seen in profile, covered with spines. Same, seen from the actinal side. Seen from above, denuded. Seen facing the posterior extremity. Figs.1-4 from a specimen 23 mm. in long. diameter. 5-14. Paleotropus Josephine Loven. Seen from above, covered with spines. Same, seen from the actinal side. Denuded specimen, about the same size, seen from the abactinal side. Same, seen from the actinal side. Same, seen in profile. Same, seen from the anterior extremity. Same, seen from the anal extremity. Magnified view of abactinal system of same. Magnified view of anal system. Magnified view of actinal system. “Brake” Ecumi PI]. XXU. A Ae &Roetier, dal. Printed by A Meine! * ' iva aT dal Ta) Massiget aegriidenidot .6-{ Wliicraltni.aginld Aerpey ¢ 7 eae v * ‘Tailog al VALU kaa fe uf we restiaa yee C u Hons me rer weary a4 > . fda ls 4j ih ole eet Ly Fal alf i ian arts iPiua wT 2 2s L, ' ite hie} la DA .A_sbaepRel ereetideaiss fi ah 7.) } Oe Serndion All poe ‘ i ¥ Lelie ds state : oA Detpay bro! nde tua . i * Leyfitety AY alt pn. ect > . ; eal A oul'l emda fo, she Lovie V7) weit piste dpat oal F DB ane Ad ” 4 bent 68 i ' 4 ji peut j | ’ s ‘ ‘i alee ,f j ‘4 j coma) an - ’ dearly eideee Le ph ( of . z Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. PALACES Ree VE 1-5. Echinolampas depressa Gray. Young specimen, seen from above, 5 mm. long. diameter. The same, seen in profile. The same, seen from the actinal side. The actinostome of same. The anal system of same. 6-15. Paleobrissus Hilgardi A. Aa. ‘ . Seen from above, covered with spines. The same, from the actinal side. The same, in profile. Same as Fig. 7, denuded. Same as Fig. 6, denuded. Same as Fig. 8, denuded. Same, seen facing the anal extremity. Figs. 6-12, natural size. Actinostome of Fig. 9, enlarged. Anal system, enlarged. Apical system, enlarged. “BLAKE EcHINI Printed by A Meivel A. Ag RRoetler, del 4 5 “se nes aa fi fei wep (lire 9 he el Sete er, @¢ i ; Jebaireat |) Geared rn * : 5 . 1. e ‘ a . f. meet) bedi jen Sa Ru ea Ya - S - ja : 7 Parle aE Fo Ne [ae Fig. 1. Fig. 2 Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7 Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15, Fig. 16 PLATE XXV. Agassizia excentrica A. Ac. Seen in profile, covered with spines, 20 mm. long. diameter. A specimen of the same size, seen in profile, denuded. The same, seen from the actinal side. The same, seen from the abactinal side. The same, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum. The same, seen facing the anal system (posterior extremity). Young Agassizia, 7 mm. long. diameter, seen in profile. The same, seen facing the anal system. The same, from the abactinal pole. The same, seen from the actinal side. Enlarged abactinal system, with adjacent part of test of a small specimen 6.5 mm. long. diameter. Abactinal system of a young Agassizia, 3 mm. long. diameter. Actinal system of same. Magnified miliary spines of the lateral fasciole. One of the large ambulacral suckers of the odd anterior petaloid ambulacrum, expanded, from a specimen 11 mm. long. diameter. Four ambulacral suckers from same, of the outer petaloid part of the odd anterior ambulacrum, somewhat contracted. ——— a « & = J ae » = Se “i - + wll i? Pee fe. - Lati AK PLATE XXVTI. 1-3. Urechinus naresianus A. Aa. Actinostome of specimen 33 mm. long. diameter. Abactinal system and adjoining part of test of same. Anal system and adjoining part of test of same. 4, Rhinobrissus micrasteroides A. Aa. Specimen 32 mm. long. diameter, seen from the abactinal side. 5,6. Schizaster (Periaster) limicola A. Aa. Anal system of specimen 68 mm. long. diameter. Apical system, with surrounding part of test of same. 7-18. Brissopsis lyrifera AGass. Elongated type, seen from the abactinal side, natural size. The same, seen in profile. Enlarged view of posterior extremity of test, showing the anal system and fasciole, with the subanal fasciole. Portion of lateral interambulacral part of test near the ambitus. Portion of posterior lateral ambulacral zone. Portion of anterior lateral ambulacral zone. Globular type of the species, seen from the abactinal pole, natural size. The same, seen in profile. Posterior part of test of same, enlarged, corresponding to Fig. 9 in the elongated type. Corresponds to Fig. 10 of the elongated type. Corresponds to Fig. 11 of the elongated type. Corresponds to Fig. 12 of the elongated type. a A webloguadnqe Me lerriayat ef edn. Pa Ve ee i) stich (Pree ete Pek e (Paiwntas sore aylal tle nile Tes Prey Lae oA LOTTI roe Seren. fl ie as ig, L. : —_ O op go to ~I PAA) KEV UT Macropneustes spatangoides A. Aa, Seen in profile, natural size. Another specimen, seen from the abactinal side, natural size. Enlarged view of actinostome of same. Enlarged view of the reticular peripetalous fasciole of the specimen of Fig. 2. Enlarged view of anal system and subanal fasciole of the same. Profile outline of a large specimen, with high posterior extremity, natural size. The same, seen from the abactinal pole ; the apical part of the petaloid ambulacra has become atrophied, as is so frequently the case in allied genera. il Rirny ie i wad Oonl aia ey 9 y + { vioege 6 7) floloaay pi lia Te Friirw iat aT lent wiloje - HAA soles steer anal tne ay UU eSoay Sy * i) steve(mapaub.t a° Fig. 15. Fig. 16. 1-7] (or) alia Oo ee CN = Oo at BO Es PLATE XX VIIL 1-7. Schizaster orbignyanus A. Aa. Denuded specimen, natural size, seen in profile. The same, seen from the abactinal pole. The same, seen from the actinal side. Anal system of subanal fasciole of same. Specimen covered with spines, natural size, seen from the abactinal side. Profile (natural size) of posterior extremity of a specimen intermediate between Figs. 1 and 5. Anal system of same, with subanal fasciole, somewhat enlarged. 8-14. Schizaster fragilis Acass. Young Schizaster, seen in profile, 23 mm. long. diameter. Anal system of same, enlarged. Somewhat younger Schizaster than Fig. 8, 10 mm. long. diameter, seen ii profile. Anal system of same, with its subanal fasciole. Still younger specimen, only 6 mm. long. diameter, seen in profile. Anal system and adjoining part of test of same. Extremity of the petaloid right anterior ambulacral petal, with its adjoining fasciole, of a speci- men about 55 mm. long. diameter. 15,16. Schizaster canaliferus AGAss. The extremity of the left petaloid ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 70 mm. long. diam- eter. The anal system and fasciole of same. Winery ernie | ee. ie Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vou. X. “No. 2. ON AN EXTINCT TYPE OF DOG FROM ELY CAVE, LEE COUNTY, VIRGINIA, By J. A. ALLEN. PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF N. 8, SHALER AND J. R. PROCTOR, DIRECTORS OF THE KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. WITH THREE PLATES. CAMBRIDGE: Printed for the fMuseum. Decemeber, 1885. - - i < - i - a > 1 < ‘ * ON AN EXTINCT TYPE OF DOG FROM ELY CAVE, LEE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. The five bones which form the subject of the present paper were found by Professor N. 8. Shaler in Ely Cave, Virginia, close to the Kentucky line. They consist of a scapula, a humerus, a femur, and a tibia, all belonging to the right side, and a pelvis. A comparison of each singly with the corre- sponding bones of a dog or wolf shows at once their canine affinities; taken collectively, however, they indicate an animal of very different proportions from any of the ordinary wild Canidae, or from any race of domestic dog. The bones were found together, and appear to have belonged to the same individual. As cave finds are sometimes open to suspicion, especially in the case of remains of animals from or near the surface of a cave floor, my first endeavor, on finding that these bones were not referable to any existing indigenous species, was to identify them with some small stout form of domestic dog; here, however, no nearer approach was found to the type in question than among the wild species. The conviction, therefore, that these bones represent an extinct type of the dog family has gradually become strengthened by the comparisons made until no other hypothesis seems tenable. These bones differ from those of ordinary dogs, wild or domestic, in the shortness of the humerus as compared with the scapula, and of the femur as compared with the pelvis, but especially in the form of the pelvis, which is arched to a most remarkable degree, more so than in any other species known to me. Other details in which these bones differ from those of the fox, wolf, and dog are pointed out in the descriptions here following. As regards the relationship of the type in question with exotic or extinct forms, I ean say little, being without means of making the necessary comparisons. In general form it was evidently a very short-limbed, heavy-bodied animal, recalling the proportions of the badger rather than those of a dog. For this reason it would be desirable to compare it with the short-legged Leticyon venaticus of South America; in lack, however, of the opportunity, I can only add that the descriptions of this animal do not lead one to expect even here a very close affinity. In regard to extinet species, of few only are the limb- 4 EXTINCT TYPE OF DOG. bones known. As regards those from North America, referred to Canis and allied genera, a comparison is needless, the differences are at once so obvious. With the Miocene genus Amphicyon there are some points of resemblance; both are stout, short-legged forms; and both lack the supracondylar foramen so characteristic of the ordinary dogs. The Amphicyon vetus, described by Dr. Leidy, from the bad lands of White river, Dakota, from parts of the skull and fragments of jaws, was evidently an animal of about the same size. From what is known of the cave fauna of the region in question, however, it seems hardly probable that the remains here described are referable to a Miocene genus. Unfortunately the skull, which would give a much better clue to the affinities of the beast, is lacking, although it is not improbable that it still exists, as well as many other parts of the skele- ton, in the cave near the point where the bones here described were gathered. PACHYCYON, gen. nov. Scapula equal in length to the humerus. Pelvis greatly arched, equal in length to the femur. Tibia a little shorter than the femur. Limb-bones remarkable for their thickness in comparison with their length. PACHYCYON ROBUSTUS, sp. nov. Scaruta (pl. I, figs. 1—4).—The scapula, in comparison with this bone in the fox, coyote, wolf, and various races of the dog, presents, separately considered, several points of interest: (1.) The angle near the proximal end of the anterior border (see pl. I, fig. 1) is unusually strongly developed, and is placed much nearer the suprascapular border than in the animals named. — (2.) The portion below the origin of the spine is much elongated, so that while the acromion process is well developed, it falls short of a plane par- allel to the glenoid surface, instead of passing slightly beyond it, as in the coyote, dog, wolf, ete. This portion of the scapula is actually 1™" longer than in the coyote, while the whole length of the scapula is one eighth less. (3.) The posterior border is strongly everted. This is in part due to the warping of the bone, as is shown by minute fractures; yet there is evidence of a considerable amount of normal eversion, much more than is usual in the Canide. With these exceptions, there is nothing in this bone by which it is especially distinguishable from the scapula of a dog of corresponding size, except possibly the greater depth of the spine. Taken, however, in connee- EXTINCT TYPE OF DOG. rs) tion with the humerus, it is remarkable for its length, which is to the hume- rus as 110 to 100. The same proportion in the fox is as 66 to 100; in the coyote as 74 to LOO; in the wolf as 76 to 100; in the bull terrier and New- foundland dog as respectively 80 to 100. The relative length of the scap- ula, compared to the humerus, is thus 30 per cent. greater than in one of the most thickly-set races of domestic dog (bull terrier), 35 per cent. greater than in the coyote and wolf, and 44 per cent. greater than in the fox. This proportion between scapula and humerus results not so much, however, from of the the lengthening of the scapula as from the excessive shortening humerus, which, like the femur and tibia, is very short and thick. MEASUREMENTS OF THE ScapuLa.® = 3 | s | Gs OG | «4 = are Se] 6 E : | Sx | Bo | & 2 2 | 8° SH) fh B | BO i S) 9 Oo | erent. a | BIXCre MGM ENOL Ciel fuente cts eens, scat 4) ve, Sgeieyee ats ||) Op 7 100 | 116 | 169 | 168 Maerterte IRCAUEM eee picny tee Tommie «vee ee Geta abe ~ferpa 44 51 61 | 86 S4 Antero-posterior diameter of glenoid cavity. ....... 21 14 22 23 | 34 34 Transverse diameter of glenoid cavity... .. . . pra tencet| 1S | 9 14 16 22 23 Groarestiheieht Of Spi... s+ eae ws ca ef a ee | oak 10 | 17 19 | | 26 i *The measurements given in these tables are in millimetres. Humervs (pl. II, figs. 1—6).—The humerus differs from this bone in the ordinary Canids in its much greater thickness in proportion to its length, in its stronger curvature, and in the supracondylar fossa being imperforate, the usual broad foramen at this point being solidly closed by a heavy plate of bone. All of the ridges and tuberosities are strongly developed ; the front border of the head forms a heavy overhanging ridge, and the deltoid ridge terminates in a broad, strongly projecting process (pl. II, figs. 2—3). The absence of the supracondylar foramen, so characteristic of the family Canide, is especially noteworthy; but its value as a distinctive feature in the present species is lessened by the fact that it is sometimes partly, and in rare instances wholly, closed in old age in the domestic dog. It should be noted, however, that it is similarly absent in Amphicyon. The following table of measurements of the humerus shows the relative dimensions of this bone not only in the present species, but in the fox, coyote, wolf, and in two widely different races of dogs. In respect to 6 EXTINCT TYPE OF DOG. thickness and other dimensions, except length, it will be noticed that there is a close agreement between the cave specimen and that of the bull terrier. In length, however, the latter exceeds the former in the ratio of 100 to 70, which, taken with the other dimensions, throws into strong light the exceeding shortness and stoutness of the humerus in the cave example: MEASUREMENTS OF THE Humervs. a2| & FS Ve —— Ss 2s P=} og SPQ g = = es re ase Ely |S 5 my S) jes} iS) G Iran ge Goo Oooo oa oa Se be SE tT Gaba Greatest antero-posterior diameter of proximalend.... .| 33 24 34 37 Greatest transverse diameter of proximal end. . . .*. oo || 25) 16 24 24 Greatest antero-posterior diameter of distalend. . ....] 19 11 19 22 Greatest transverse diameter of distalend. ........ 12 10 14 14 Greatest antero-posterior diameter of shaft... ...... 23 19 3 30 Greatesticineumierence’ of shiaita) agai elssme vorenenomeie 48 3 54 58 east cincumferencerol shatters seems mrone 33 25 38 38 Pexvis (pl. II1).—The pelvis in the present species differs from that of ordinary Canide in only one important feature, namely, the high angle formed by the pre- and post-acetabular portions. In respect to the relative size of its different parts, and their individual contours, including even the ridges and tuberosities for muscular attachment, the differences are not greater, with possibly one exception, than obtains between different races of the domestic dog, or between different species of the genus Canis. The posterior portion of the illum is narrower antero-posteriorly in relation to its more expanded anterior part than is the case with any of the other types with which it is here compared. Its truly remarkable feature is the high angle formed by the pre- and post-acetabular portions (pl. III, fig. 1), which gives to the pelvis as a whole a most peculiar and striking aspect. Placing the pelvis with the ventral surface upward, it is found that the ischiac axis, or a line passing through the tuberosity of the ischium and the center of the acetabulum, forms in the fox an angle with the plane of rest of 29°; in the coyote the same angle is 31°; in the wolf, 32°; in the bull terrier, 31°; in the Newfoundland dog 32°, from which it rises in the present species to 45°, or is nearly fifty per cent. greater than in the others. In respect to size, the pelvis is about one fifth shorter than that of the coyote, and about one tenth less in other dimensions. SE —————— here considered is a “ gray-black clay,” a meter and a half thick, which imbeds the Juras- sic Ammonites presently to be noticed, — species before known from the Ornati Clay of the uppermost Brown Jura of Europe. It seems altogether probable that more detailed exploration of this highly interesting district will reveal other outcrops of Jurassic strata. ‘ The publications of Professor Fraas have been our only means of fixing with any degree of certainty the stratigraphic position of the various species enumerated in the following pages. That distinguished geologist in his earlier journey satisfied himself that the whole line from Jaffa to the Dead Sea passes over strata which belong to the Turonian and Senonian stages of the Upper Cretaceous, in this respect confirming the previously formed conclusion of Lartet. The Cretaceous strata of Lebanon are divided by Fraas into nine stages, or zones, as follows : — 1. The Glandarius zone, consisting of Dolomite, Marble, and Odlite, with clayey inter- layers, marked by Cidarites glandarius. 2. The Sandstone stage, with Trigonia Syriaca and Astarte Libanotica. With this division the eruptive Melaphyrs are closely associated; and to it also belong the coal- beds which oceur in the spring-district of the Nahr el Beirit. 3. The Gasteropod zone of Abeih: | Limestone, Marl, Dolomite, with Nerinez, Cerithia, and Turritelle. 4. The Cardium bed: brown Limestone strata with casts of Cardia. 5. The zone of Ammonites Syriacus, two hundred meters thick, consisting of gray Limestones, containing Pteroceree, Hippurites, Orbituline, Ostrez, ete. * Verhandlungen des Naturhistorichen Vereines der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, XXX VIII. pp. 66-114, Bonn, 1881. + This summary of the nine zones is substantially that presented by vom Rath (op. cit., p. 103). By comparison with page 13 of this memoir, it will be observed that the thick bed of Sandstone (forty meters) there noticed as lying at the base of this zone is not here mentioned. Is the omission an error, or due to the fact that the Sandstone is not fossil-bearing, and so not an essential part of the zone ? INTRODUCTION. t 6. The Radiolite zone: Cretaceous Marl, crystalline Limestone, Dolomite, fissile Limestone. 7. The Slate of Hakil: Hard fissile Slate, with Fishes, Crabs, Sepize, and Echinoderms. 8. Marl, with the Fishes of Sahil Alma. 9. Chalky Marl, corresponding to the English White Chalk. Of these members, 1 and 2 belong to the Cenomanian, 3-8 to the Turonian, and 9 to the Senonian of d’Orbigny. Three of them, not to be referred to again, are represented in the Bird collection by other than molluscan species, viz.: the Ist, by the singular spines of Cidarites glandarius Lang (Cidaris glandifera Goldfuss), the Lapides Judaici, or “Jews’ Acorns,” “Stone Olives,” ete., which, with the Lebanon fossil fishes, were objects of curiosity and wonder to early Oriental travellers from the times of the Crusades; the 7th, by small specimens of two genera of Echinoids, Salenia and Cyphosoma; the 8th, by Fossil Fishes from the Marl of Sahil Alma. Of the Tertiary formation, Fraas agrees with Lartet in recognizing in Syria south of Tarabultis (Tripoli) the presence of only the Eocene; but he declares it to be impossible to draw the limit between the Eocene and the Cretaceous. He states that Nummulites pass down into the Cretaceous, and asserts, contrary to the doctrine so long accepted, that nowhere in the region does the finding of a Nummulite make it certain that the bed in which it les is of Tertiary age; while Lartet apparently adheres to the older view. The Bird collection contains specimens of what Lartet regards as Nummulites Lyelli Archiac. Lartet declares the presence of the Miocene, so fossiliferous near Cairo and on the isthmus of Suez, as well as of the Pliocene, not proved by the evidence of fossils to exist in the parts traversed by himself. But he is inclined to assign to the Tertiary, without specifying the age more precisely, certain detrital deposits found in Palestine and Idumza. Fraas, however, on an excursion to Mount Terbol (or Turbul), a spur from the northern part of the Lebanon range, a few hours’ journey from Tarabuliis, discovered a “surprising mass” of Tertiary detritus, resting upon a floor of yellow calcareous rock. In this limestone he distinguished bulky Corals, Ostrea longirostris, and many other fossils which warranted him in pronouncing the beds to be of Miocene age. It may not be out of place to add, that during a brief interview with Professor Zittel, of Munich, after the determinations and descriptions noted in the following paper were mainly completed, his attention was called to the outspread specimens of the several collections. He did not hesitate to express his opinion that, as a whole, the Cretaceous portion must be regarded as of later than Cenomanian age. Though given after a hasty and general survey, this opinion is significant as being that of an eminent paleontologist, and confirmatory of the view of an able and experienced geologist. It has weight, not only on account of Professor Zittel’s reputation for great learning in the wide field of Paleontology, but because the Cretaceous system has been an object of his special study. CampripGr, February, 1884. SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. CEPHALOPODA. Tue few Ammonites included in the following list, being species which were long since described, are designated by the names applied to them in the works quoted in this paper. To substitute for the older and more familiar generic names those which have been introduced by the most recent investigators, would not subserve our present purpose. JURASSIC AMMONITES. Of the three species here presented, representatives of two are from Dr. Merrill, and were obtained by him at Mejdel esh Shems, a Druse village situated, as already stated, upon the southerly slope of Mt. Hermon, at an elevation of 1,540 meters, over which passes the frequented road from Banids to Damascus. The village stands upon a narrow strip of Jurassic rock, the only exposure of that formation up to a recent date discovered in Syria. The Ammonites found in this vicinity are all recognized European Jurassic forms, and the three here presented, with some others, occur in a bed of what is known to German paleontologists as the Ornati Clay, part of their uppermost Brown Jura, and nearly equivalent to the Ozford Clay of the English Middle Oolite. The fact that these species have been hitherto known as occurring in Syria only at this single locality, leads to the inference that the specimens received from Mrs. Bird were derived from it, though they came as part of a collection purporting to have been made in Abeih and its vicinity, 9 10 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. where only Cretaceous strata have as yet been detected. The inference is justified by the identity of mineral character observed in the specimens from both the Merrill and Bird collections. All are pyritiferous, and bear externally a bright metallic gloss, mentioned by Fraas as marking the Ammonites of this bed of Ornati Clay, which are, in his own words, alle glinzend verkiest. It is known that the pupils of the mission stations established at Mejdel esh Shems and Abeih are encouraged by their teachers to gather up the fossils which abound in both districts, and that by them has been brought together a large part of the fine collection now exhibited in the college at Beirtt. It was probably from the station at Mejdel esh Shems that these Jurassic Ammonites were procured. The specimens are all in excellent condition, generally retaining the delicate test, which is, however, in some instances removed or worn thin, so as to show the’ complicated lobes of the septa. In accordance with the foregomg statement, all may be considered as coming from Mejdel esh Shems and the Ornati Clay. Ammonites convolutus ScHLorHem. ? Nautilus polygyratus Retnecke, 1818, Nautili et Argonaut, p. 73, Pl. v, figs. 45, 46. Ammonites convolutus ScuLoTuEiM, 1820, Petrefactenkunde, p. 69. Ammonites convolutus ornati QUENSTEDT, 1849, Cephalopoden, p. 168, Pl. xiii, fig. 1. Six specimens. The largest, having a diameter of 24 mm., width of last whorl, 9 mm., thickness of same, 9 mm., answers well to Quenstedt’s figure, and precisely to that of Loriol and Pellat (Monogr. des Etag. sup. de la For- mat. Jurass. de Boulogne-sur-Mer, p. 35, Pl. i, fig. 18), which represents an example from Baden, at first ‘‘ faussement attribuée & P Am. Quehenensis ” Loriol, 1873, but, it is added, “qui appartient au group de l Am. polygyratus.” The ribs of this specimen curve forwards more than do those of the species communis Sow. and plicatilis Sow., while they are finer than in the former and coarser than in the latter. Many of the ribs are trifureate as they pass over the back ; others are bifureate. Coll. Bird. There are, besides, five much smaller specimens, varying in diameter from 12} mm. down to 8 mm., and which I take to be the young of this species. These are from Dr. Merrill, who obtained them at Mejdel esh Shems. CRETACEOUS AMMONITES. 11 Ammonites hecticus (Reinecke) Harrmann. Nautilus hecticus ReINwCKE, 1818, Nautili et Argonaute, p. 70, Pl. iv, figs. 37, 38. Ammonites hecticus HARTMANN, 1830, Versteinerungen Wiirtembergs, p. 21. a “ Bronn, 1835-37, Letheea Geog., p. 428, Pl. xxii, fig. 9 a, 6-10 a, b. ae “« D’Orsieny, 1842, Paléont. Frang., Terr. Jurass., I, p. 432, Pl. clii, figs. 1-5. oe “ — Quenstept, 1849, Cephalopoden, p. 117, Pl. viii, figs. 1 a, 4. « “ — Quenstept, 1858, Der Jura, p. 544, Pl. Ixxi, figs. 21, 22. Six specimens. Dimensions of four: — 1. Diameter, 30 mm. ; width of last whorl, 13 mm. ; thickness of same, 7 mm. 2. ss 27 mm. ; ‘ s « ~—13 mm. ; cs sf «74mm. 3. 26 mm. ; ‘ By cL 3)smms5 on CVS rl Tatars 4, < 26 mm. ; € Sr ee lim iC ss << emm; Examples 1 and 4 agree well with figures of Bronn and Quenstedt, and with fig. 4 of dOrbigny ; while 2 and 3 seem to represent var. /unula, as figured by Bronn, op. cit., Pl. viii, figs. 2 a, 6. Coll. Bird. Two specimens, smaller than 1-4 and obscurely marked, are probably of this species, of which two varieties are recognized. These were obtained at Mejdel esh Shems, and are from the Merrill collection, Ammonites fuscus Quenstepr. Ammonites fuscus QuENstEDT, 1858, Der Jura, p. 475, PI. Ixiv, figs. 1-3. Single specimen. Diameter, 26 mm.; width of last whorl, 14 mm. ; thick- ness of same, 114} mm. In size, proportions, and markings it agrees perfectly with Quenstedt’s figure 1. Umbilicus very small, each successive volution almost wholly covering that which precedes. Coll. Bird. CRETACEOUS AMMONITES. Ammonites Syriacus Von Buon. Ammonites Syriacus, L. von Bucu, 1849, Ueber Ceratiten, p. 20, Pl. vi, figs. 1-3. ce Gs Conrad, 1852, Official Report, p. 221, Pl. xiv, fig. 74. Three specimens. Dimensions of largest (uncommonly fine, and retain- ing the thin test almost entire): diameter, 52 mm.; thickness, tubercles included, 25 mm.; width of outer whorl at aperture, 25 mm. 12 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Localities. — On the authority of Dr. Merrill, two specimens are from the “Gilead Mountains,’ ) east of the Jordan, and from his collection. The third, of which the dimensions are given above, is from Abeih or its vicinity, and from the Bird Collection. Stratigraphical Position. — Fraas regards the marl, of which this species is the characteristic fossil, as marking the close of the Brown Chalk of German systematists, and as introducing the superimposed Gray Chalk. This marl and beds of some 170 meters in thickness which lie next above, he terms the Zone of the Ammonites Syriacus, in his view the third member (ascending) of the Turonian subdivision of the Cretaceous, as developed in Syria. Ac- cording to the same authority, three zones more follow above before the close of the Turonian and the commencement of the Senonian marl, cor- responding to the White Chalk. We may then consider this species as belonging to the middle portion of the Turonian of d’Orbigny, though that author himself (Prodrome, IJ, tage vingtiéme, 11) referred it to his Cenomanian (Upper Greensand), which next precedes his Turonian. Ammonites Vibrayeanus D’Orsieny. Ammonites Vibrayeanus D’Orxsicny, 1840, Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., I, p. 322, Pl. xevi, figs. 1-3. Eight specimens, interior casts. In the compressed and flattened form, thin, but truncate back, sagittate aperture, and general proportions, they correspond so closely to d’Orbigny’s description and figures of the species above named, that I cannot hesitate to refer them to it. The best preserved of the eight fully accords with d’Orbigny’s description in having straight ribs radiating from the umbilicus to the periphery. Yet it is to be noted that the septal lobes agree better with those of A. Syriacus than with the lobes of A. Vibrayeanus, as figured by d’Orbigny. It must be of similar, but probably more imperfect specimens, that Fraas remarks (Aus dem Orient, II, p. 78): ‘The choice becomes difficult whether we ought to reckon them with Syriacus or with Vibrayeanus.” Diameter of largest, 77 mm. The specimen mentioned above as the best preserved has the dimensions: greatest diameter, 68 mm.; greatest thickness, 19mm.; width of outer volution at the aperture, 37 mm. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably the Beirat district; from same horizon as the last species. GASTEROPODA. 13 Ammonites Libanensis ? Conran. Ammonites Libanensis Conrad, 1852, Official Report, p. 2384, App., Pl. vi, fig. 46. Fragment of the cast of an outer whorl, apparently from the upper pos- terior portion of an individual of the species above named. Width of whorl, 60mm.; thickness, 63mm. Measured along the dorsal surface, the fragment has a length of 70mm, It bears nine transverse ribs, little prominent and about as wide as the interspaces. The specimen is too small a part of the whole fossil, and too imperfectly preserved, to admit of positive identification. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; probably from the same horizon as the last two species. GASTEROPODA. Of the species enumerated under this title, those designated as being from the Bird collection are from Abeih, or its vicinity, and agree in their rock material with the beds of Fraas’s Gasteropod zone of Abeih, the lowest of six members which, according to his view, make up the Turonian stage of the Cretaceous of that region. At Chan Shamdr, near Abeih, a natural profile shows the zone to have seven subdivisions, of which there need be mentioned here only the lowest, a thick bed of red and yellow ferruginous sandstone, and two thinner and higher beds of yellow marl. The latter rock is spoken of as especially exposed at Abeih, and as yielding, through weath- ering, the well-preserved Gasteropods for which that locality is famous above all others of the region. Fraas’s language implies, but does not definitely assert, that the marl only is productive of recognizable species. Our speci- mens show this marl to be for the most part soft and earthy, with inter- mingled bits of broken shells; but the rock material associated with our finest univalves from Abeih is arenaceous, composed indeed of calcareous — not siliceous — grains, and, like the earthy marl, ferruginous and mingled with the débris of shells. Were the sandstone above mentioned known by us to be friable and to furnish well-preserved shells, we should suppose the species in question to be from that portion of the zone. But in the absence of proof that the sandstone is thus prolific, we must regard them as coming prob- ably from an arenaceous portion of the marl, and shall so refer to them. 14 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. The Gasteropods of the Thomson and Congregational House collections agree in rock material with those of the Bird collection, and were sent home from Beirit by American missionaries, one of whose principal stations is Abeih. It is therefore altogether probable that they were procured from that locality, since it yields the most abundant and attainable supply. But to guard against possible error, we will, in our discussion of the several species, speak of them as probably from the Beirtt district, — already defined. The specimens of the Merrill collections, with a few exceptions, we know to be from that district. Lunatia Gileadensis, sp. nov. Plate I, fig. 1. Testa ponderosa, globoso-turbinata: spira elata, acutiuscula: anfractus cireiter quingue rotundati, sulito crescentes, prope marginem posteriorem subdepressi ; sutura perspicua: apertura hinata ; labium postice calloso-reflecum ; umbilicus apertus an- gustior, pervius, sine funiculo. Shell thick and heavy, globosely turbinated: spire elevated, rather sharp : whorls about five, rounded, slightly depressed at the posterior margin ; suture well marked; aperture semilunar; columellar lip callously reflexed behind; umbilicus open, rather narrow, pervious, not funiculate. Single specimen, with portions of the body-whorl broken away. Length, 87 mm., original length about 95 mm.; width, 76 mm., originally about 85 mm. This species most resembles the recent Lunalia heros Say, differmg from it chiefly in having a more elevated spire, and the body-whorl rather more produced anteriorly. The umbilicus is not narrower than is seen in many specimens of heros. The specimen is completely silicified, and is incrusted without and within by a layer of siliceous concretions. The concretionary layer (perhaps de- posited while the fossil lay in a cavity) is of moderate and uniform thickness, as is evident from the fact that the shell retains the just proportions of all its parts. The thickness of the outer lip and parts adjacent ranges from 7mm. to 9mm., as measured upon the fractured edge and along a section exposed by the removal of a triangular portion broken out in procuring the specimen, but cemented back in place before the figure was drawn. The shell must therefore have been originally of unusual thickness, far ex- ceeding in this respect the most ponderous species of recent Veverie, AMAUROPSIS SUBCANALICULATA. 15 which, in fact, have the corresponding parts of the body-whorl always comparatively thin. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Posiiion. — Mountains of Gilead, east of the Jordan. Prob- ably Cretaceous. Natica Syriaca Conrap Natica Syriaca Conran, 1852, Official Report, p. 220, Pl. xii, fig. 70. A single, small interior cast. Length, 43 mm.; width, 57 mm. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably the Beirtt district; from the yellow Turonian marl. Amauropsis subcanaliculata, sp. nov. Plate I, fig. 5. Testa ovato-elongata ; spira elata, fasligata, apice acuninato: anfractus septem, a lateribus applanali, postice angulali et gradato-subcanahiculati ; ultinus dinidiam longi tudinem testee paulo superans, ad angulum latissimus, prorsum coartatus denique productus: sutura pene linearis, vir impressa, margine exili antice cireumdata : apertura longitudinalis, angusta, antice paulum attenuata ; columella imperforata, eallo obtecta. Shell ovate-elongate ; spire elevated, fastigiate, apex acuminate: whorls seven, flattened on the sides, posteriorly rather roundly angulate and gradate- subeanaliculate ; body-whorl a little exceeding half the total length of the shell, broadest at the angle, narrowing forwards and produced in front : suture almost linear and searcely impressed, and bordered by a thin and slightly elevated rim rising from each successive whorl: aperture longitu- dinal, narrow, moderately attenuated in front; columella imperforate, appar- ently thinly overspread with callus. Described from a single specimen retaining the test nearly entire. Length, 64 mm., originally about 66 mm.; width, 383 mm., original width about 35 mm.; length of body-whorl to suture, 54 mm.; length of spire, from suture of body-whorl, when entire, about 52 mm. Comparison of the specimens named under the above and the next fol- lowing title with a series of Natica bulbiformis Sow. (Buceinites labyrinthicus Schlotheim) from Sowerby’s original Alpine Gosau locality, convinces me that the three species must be associated in the same ultimate sub- division, generic or subgeneric, whether that group be termed Luspira or 16 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Amauropsis. As the application of the former name seems not yet to be definitely settled, I have for the present followed Zittel in assigning bulliformis (and with it the other two species) to Amawropsis, though it may be questioned whether the name is justly applicable to any one of the three. Besides the resemblance of the three species in general form, and in characters of mouth and spire, their striking similarity in the region of the suture is to be observed. In the several species each volution terminates behind in a more or less truneately flattened area, bounded within, next to the suture, by a thin and slightly elevated rim, and without, in two of the species, by a distinct, rounded, backward-projecting varix, which, with the internal rim, accompanies the area to the top of the spire. The space be- tween the rim and the varix constitutes a canal, deep and flat-floored in Judi formis; less deep and with bottom sloping outward, but sufficiently marked, in the present species; while in the following one it becomes a slightly con- cave shelf, bounded inside by the small but persistent sutural rim, and exter- nally by the varix, present indeed but reduced to a minimum. In all three species is found the same lightly impressed and almost linear suture, the canaliculation being wholly outside the suture proper and distinct from it. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih; from the arenaceous Turonian marl. Amauropsis gradata, sp. nov. Plate I, fig. 3. Testa late-ovata ; spira elevata, pyranudata, apice acuto: anfractus sex, a latere applanati, postice prope suturam acute angulati et late tabulati, spira speciem sealarum gerente ; anfractus ullimus spira longior, latior quam longior, ad angulum latissimus, prorsum subito contractus: sutura linearis margine exili infra circumdata : apertura sublunata, antice producta et incurvata, postice biangulata ; labrum simplex ; columella excavala, rimam umbilicalem exhibens. Shell broadly ovate; spire elevated, pyramidal, having the apex acute: whorls six, flattened on the sides, behind near the suture sharply angled and widely tabulate, the spire showing the form of a winding staircase ; last whorl longer than the spire, wider than long, broadest at the angle and thence rapidly diminishing forward: suture linear, bordered by a narrow margin slightly raised on each whorl: aperture sublunate, in front produced AMAUROPSIS ABEIHENSIS. aly and curved, posteriorly biangulate ; outer lip simple; columella excavated, showing a chink-like umbilical opening. This species is described from a single specimen of the following dimen- sions: length (nearly entire), 39 mm.; greatest width, 28 mm.; length of body-whorl slightly shortened, 21 mm.; length of spire, 18 mm. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. —Abeih; from the arenaceous portion of the Turo- nian Marl. Amauropsis Abeihensis, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 2 a, b. Testa subglobosa ; spira brevis, acuminata: anfractus sex, subconvext, sutura angusta excavata sejuncti ; ultimus valde inflatus, ad medium latissimus, latior quam longior ; superficies strus incrementi crasse notata: apertura obovata, dilatata, postice angustata, antice lata ae rotundata ; labium tenue ; columella rimata et ad termina- tionem furcata. Shell subglobose ; spire short, acuminate: whorls six, subconvex, sepa- rated by a narrow but excavated suture; the last whorl greatly inflated, widest at the middle, broader than long; surface coarsely marked with strix of growth: aperture obovate, expanded, narrowed behind, in front wide and rounded; inner lip thin; columella fissured, and at the end forked. Single specimen. Length, 24 mm.; length of last whorl, 18 mm.; width, 20 mm. Like Euspira pagoda Forbes, 1846 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., VII, p. 156, Pl. xii, fig. 14), this specimen has the posterior edge of its volutions rounded and descending into a narrow canaliculate suture. The spire is less elevated than in pagoda, and the last whorl is relatively much larger. The shell most resembles LE. spissata Stoliczka (Cretac. Gast. of So. India, p. 503, Pl. xxii, figs. 3, 4), the body-whorl of which, however, has the surface punctate, is more gradate, being flattened behind and upon the sides near the suture, and is less ventricose. Abeihensis and spissala agree in proportions of spire and form of aperture, and both have the columella anteriorly flattened and distinctly grooved ; but in spzssatu it is not fissured, while in the present species the groove ends behind in a chink-like umbilicus. £. data Sow. (also Creta- ceous) differs from both the last mentioned species in having a deep and conspicuous umbilicus, as well as in other respects. More nearly than A. subeanaliculata and gradata, the present species corre- sponds to the recent typical Amauropsis in the character of its suture and 3 18 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. spire, and seems therefore more appropriately to bear that generic name. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih; from the arenaceous portion of the Turo- nian marl. TYLOSTOMA SHARPE. This genus, instituted by Sharpe in 1849 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., V, p, 376), is identical with Varigera, designated by d’Orbigny in 1850 (Prodr. de Paléont., H, p. 105). It is characteristic of the Cretaceous system in Portugal, from which Sharpe described four species. Pictet and Campiche have since named eight from the Cretaceous beds of Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land, and still later (1867) Stoliczka has recorded three species from the Cretaceous of Southern India; but the genus has not been recognized hitherto among the fossils of Syria. It is assigned to the family Naticide. Tylostoma Birdanun,, sp. nov. Plate I, fig. 4. Testa ovato-elongata, subturrita ; spira elata, conica, acuminata: anfractus septem convert, via gradati, striis incrementi erassioribus insiguiti, varicibus externis prope continuis in ordines duos fere oppositos redactis muniti; ultimus longitudinem spirce paulo superans et latior quam longior ; sutura profunda: apertura ovato-lunata, antice rotundata, postice angulo acuto terminans ; columella rimulata. Shell ovate-elongate, subturreted ; spire elevated, conical, acuminate : whorls seven, convex, very slightly tabulated at the posterior margin, marked with rather heavy lines of growth, and bearing two rows of nearly continuous varices, distant from each other about half a volution ; last whorl but little longer than the spire and wider than long; suture deep: aperture ovate-lunate, rounded in front and terminating behind in an acute angle; columella slightly fissured. The species is described from a single specimen of the following dimen- sions: length in present condition, 38 mm.; original length, approximate, 40 mm.; length of body-whorl restored, 21 mm.; its width, 27 mm.; length of spire measured from body-whorl, 19 mm. The specimen here described is one of very few of its genus which have been found retaining the test. The only parts wanting are a small trian- TYLOSTOMA SYRIACUM. 19 gular portion of the anterior extremity, a little of the outer lip, and a small oval patch on the dorsal side of the penultimate whorl, where is found a perforation into the interior of the shell. The specimen is remarkable for exhibiting well-marked external varices on the front of the three largest whorls, distinguishable also upon the back, but less perfectly preserved. They are remains of somewhat dilated margins of successive outer lips, directly within which occur the internal varices characteristic of the genus, but not visible in our example. In several species no traces are found of external varices, which therefore have been regarded as not of generic value, though in some instances they may have been worn away, as often happens to shells of Scarabeus. I have named this species after Rey. William Bird, missionary of the American Board, now and for many years stationed at Abeih. In the spire it closely resembles 7. Rochatianum Pictet and Campiche, from “lKtage Aptien inférieur,” (Descr. des Foss. du Terr. Crét. de Ste.-Croix, II, p. 356, Pl. Ixxiu, figs. 12, 13,) which, however, is not known to have external varices, and is proportionally longer and narrower. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih ; from the arenaceous portion of the Turo- nian marl. Tylostoma Syriacum Connap sp. Plate I, figs. 6 a, b, and Plate II, fig. 10. Chenopus Syriacus CONRAD, 1852, Official Report, p. 220, Pl. xii, fig. 71. ? Natica elatior** Coquann, 1862, Géol. et Paléont. de Constantine, p. 179, PI. iti, fig. 5. ? Tylostoma fallax Picrnr and Campicun, Sept., 1862, Foss. du Terr. Crét. de Ste.-Croix, II, p. 331, Pl. Ixxiii, figs. 8, 4. Five interior casts, of which three are very imperfect. Of the best two the following are the dimensions. The larger, Coll. Merrill (Pl. i, figs. 6 a,b): length, shortened at tip of spire, 83 mm.; original leneth, approx- imate, 92 mm.; width, compressed, 45 mm. The better, Coll. Thomson (Pl. ui, fig. 10): length, spire shortened a little, 70 mm.; original length, about 75 mm.; width, natural, 44 mm. That the fossils to which I have assigned the name Tiylostoma Syriacum may be identified with absolute certainty, comparison should be made with Conrad’s type; but his Syrian types are not at present to be found. There * In Coquand’s Ltudes supplémentuires sur la Paléontologie Algérienne, 1880, received since the above was written, the author has changed the name of his Natica elatior to Tylostoma elatius. 20 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. is reason to doubt the accuracy of his delineation of the specimen figured, which he styles “a cast somewhat distorted.” The examples on which my determination is chiefly based are the two casts measured above. Of each, five volutions remain, — two more seeming required to complete the larger, and one to complete the smaller. The fossils included under the names placed above, as probably syno- nyms, agree in number of whorls, proportions, spiral angle, and (with trifling allowance for distortion) in form of aperture, and in respect to size quite as closely as would several adult individuals of one and the same species. From figures alone it seems impossible to establish tenable distinctions between them. They all differ widely from Nadica in the following points. The aperture is much less oblique, and posteriorly terminates in an acute angle. The columellar lip is very nearly straight, and the body-whorl is proportionally too small and the spire too elevated for Vatica. The characters last enumerated indicate that these so-called species should be referred to the genus Zylostoma. Neither the figures nor our casts show, indeed, any impressions left by internal varices, a point upon which Pictet and Campiche remark, under their diagnosis of Z/ostoma (op. cit., II, p. 550): “Les varices ou impressions du labre ne sont certes pas un caractére im- portant; mais ce qui lest davantage, c’est la constance de la forme de la bouche, rappelant celle des Natices, mais en étant bien plus étroite et plus modifiée par lavant-dernier tour.” Again, of 7. fallax the same authors write (op. cit., II, p. 351): “On ne voit sur le moule de l’adulte que des traces bien douteuses ou effacées des bouches successives; mais si, comme nous le pensons, on doit rapporter 4 la meme espéce des moules plus petits qui ont exactement les mémes proportions, nous pouvons ajouter que dans les jeunes les impressions sont visibles et profondes deux fois par tour.” Conrad noted the resemblance of his Chenopus Syriacus to Natica preelonga “Desh. (Leymerie, 1840, Mém. Soe. Géol. de France, (1,) IV, p. 342; Leymerie, 1842, Ibid., (1,) V, p. 13, Pl. xvi, fig. 8; d’Orb., 1842, Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., II, p. 152, Pl. clxxii, fig. 1; d’Orb., 1842, Voy. Amer. Mérid., II, Pt. 2, Paléont., p. 78, Pl. xviii, fig. 1); and it may be insisted by some that his figure corresponds to the figures of that species rather than to those of elatior and fallax. But if the outlines of the aperture in Conrad’s figure be restored, and if his representation of the columellar lip is accurate, his spe- cies, as already remarked, must be referred to Zylostoma. The resemblance of the three so-called species named above to Natica preelonga is very striking. TYLOSTOMA DEPRESSUM. 21 Say Pictet and Campiche (op. cit., II, p. 352): “Le 7. fallax est facile a confondre avee le Nutlica prelonga VOrb., dont il a tout a fait les dimensions, Vangle spiral, ete. Il a été souvent placé sous ce nom dans les collections et probablement cité dans les catalogues. Il est du reste bien distinct, et si les moules ne sont pas encrotités, on reconnait facilement le Tylostoma a son ouverture étroite, bien moins oblique, aigu en arriére, et a son bord columel- laire presque droit.” Though WV. prelonga is still recognized as a distinct species by the Swiss palxontologists just quoted, and by Coquand, who claims to have found in Algeria both that and his species edadior, it would not be surprising if the study of fuller suites of all the above named (hitherto known only from casts), together with the careful observation of their variations and distor- tions, should lead to their reduction to a single species. Coll. Merrill, Thomson, and Congregational House. Locality and Position, — Beirit district; from a yellow ferruginous marl, probably identical with that of Abeih. ? Tylostoma depressum Picrer and Campicue. Plate I, fig. 7- Tylostoma depressum Proter and Camprcur, 1862, Foss. du Terr. Crét. de Ste.-Croix, II, p. 355, Pl. Ixxiii, figs. 10, 11. Single internal cast, incomplete at apex, four whorls remaining. Length, 63 mm., originally about 70 mm. ; width, 53 mm. This seems to be an adult specimen of the Swiss species named above, of which Pictet and Campiche figure two casts of immature individuals, bearing impressions of the internal varices. They represent 7’. depressum as being distinguished “ par ses proportions et par la forme de son dernier tour, qui est court, déprimé & sa partie antérieure, ce qui rend la bouche courte, obtuse et oblique.” (loc. cit.) This description applies without qualifica- tion to the Lebanon fossil. Coll. Congregational House. Locality and Position. — Probably the Beiriit district ; from a yellow marl, apparently identical with that of Abeih. 22 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Tylostoma induratum Conran sp. Plate I, figs. 8 a, b. Chenopus induratus Conrad, 1852, Official Report, p. 220, Pl. xi, fig. 69. Two internal casts. Dimensions of largest: length, shortened at each extremity, 53 mm.; original length, approximate, 60 mm.; width, a little compressed, 57 mm. In size, proportions, shape of aperture, and columellar lip, these casts correspond to Conrad's figure and description ; but their characters indicate that they belong to a species of Z¥/ostoma closely related to (possibly iden- tical with) 7. Torrubie Sharpe (Quart. Jour. Geol. Sci., London, V. p. 378, Pl. ix, figs. 1, 2). Of such casts the specific descriptions must be necessarily imperfect. Lartet observes (Expl. Géol. de la Mer Morte, p. 120), “Le moule que M. Conrad figure sous ce nom [ Chenopus induratus| pourrait bien se rapporter a un autre genre.” Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; from a yellow marl, apparently identical with that of Abeih. Turritella elzonis, sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 1 a, b. Testa parva, tenussima, pyramidali-turvita: anfractus octon’ seu noveni, ad suturam valde constricti, lineis inerementi insinuatis striati, medio unicarinati, a carina utrinque ad suturam plano-declives : carina angusta, in anfractibus summis elevata, acutiuscula: basis truncata, ad peripheriam carinata et acute angulata, inferne applanata: superficies anfractuum infra carinam filo uno tenui, supra duobus tenus- simis parallelis cincla: apertura transversim et anguste ovata. Shell small, exceedingly thin, pyramidally turreted: whorls eight or nine, strongly contracted at the suture, striated with sinuous lines of growth, in the middle one-keeled, from the keel sloping in both directions to the suture: keel narrow, on the upper whorls elevated and rather sharp: base truncate, flattened below, keeled and acutely angled at the periphery: sur- face of the whorls below the median keel encircled with a single delicate thread, and above the keel with two still more slender and parallel ones: aperture transversely and narrowly ovate. Two specimens. One retains the test and six entire whorls, with part of TURRITELLA. — SCALARIA. 23 a seventh above. Length, 20 mm.; when complete, about 22 mm.; width, increased by pressure, 8mm. ‘The other is an internal cast, with five entire whorls and parts of others. The most remarkable character of this species is to be found in the flatly truncate base, making nearly a right angle with the axis of the shell (as in a few recent species), and bearing at its periphery a sharp keel, which on each preceding whorl is covered by the growth of the following volution. The aperture is incomplete, transverse, and narrowly oval (perhaps through pressure), and the columellar lip is turned very abruptly outward from the flat base. Some whorls of the cast show a single delicate raised line half- way between the median keel and the suture below, while midway from the keel to the suture above run two parallel fainter threads. These threads can hardly be distinguished, except with a lens, and on the specimen retaining the test are obscured by the lines of growth, which by their deep curve prove that the lip was strongly insinuate at the middle. The lines of growth are heaviest upon the flat base. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Mount of Olives. If Fraas is correct in regarding the fossils on the whole line from Jaffa to the Dead Sea as belonging to the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian and Senonian), this species is probably from that horizon. Turritella sp.? Plate II, figs. 2 a, b. Fourteen casts incomplete. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably Beirdt district and from the Turonian Gasteropod zone. Scalaria sp.? Plate II, figs. 3 a, b. Three internal casts, incomplete and somewhat flattened by pressure. Largest, having four whorls, length, 49 mm. ; width, increased by flat- tening, 25 mm. Fragment having two whorls and part of a third, length, 34 mm.; width, flattened, 24 mm. Distinct traces of longitudinal ribs upon one of the casts indicate that the specimens belong to Sea/aria rather than Turritella. The well-known S. Dupiniana V Orb., from Campiche’s Sainte-Croix collection, in the Museum 24 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. of Comparative Zodlogy, also shows upon casts the remains of longitudinal ribs, and considerably resembles these specimens. As the Scalaride are only doubtfully represented in the Jurassic forma- tion, these casts go to confirm the view that the beds from which they were taken are not older than the Cretaceous period. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirut district ; from the arenaceons marl, prob- ably Turonian. Eunema? bicarinata, sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 5 a, b. [Turbo auct.; Amberleya Morris & Lycerr, 1850, but inadequately defined, Moll. from Gr. Ool., Pt. I, p. 54; Hunema Sauter, 1859, Canad. Organ. Remains, Dee. I, pp. 24 and 29, Pl. vi, fig. 4; Ducyelus Evpes-Destonecuames, 1860, Mém. Soc. Linn. de Normandie, V, p. 1388.] Testa turbinato-conica, tenuiscula, haud umbilicata: anfractus quinque vel sex, carinis duabus, superiort juxta suturam, secunda majore supra medium posita, munitt ; ultimus intra carinas alte concavus, infra liris tribus cinctus : apertura superne canali- culata, inferne rotunda ; labium exsertum a pariete distinctum. Shell turbinate-conic, rather thin, without umbilicus: whorls five or six, strengthened by two keels, the upper placed near the suture, the second and larger below the other, but above the middle of each volution; the last whorl deeply concave between the keels and below them encircled by three ridges: aperture channelled behind, round in front; inner lip considerably projecting and separate from the body-wall. Single specimen, almost entire. Length, 53 mm.; width, 25 mm. The test of the specimen figured is too badly weathered to show, had they once existed, the “strongly sinuate, prominent, and threadlike limes of growth” (Salter, op. cit., p. 24) which mark the typical species. In other respects the shell agrees with the diagnosis of the genus as given by Salter and Morris and Lycett. One character noted by the last-named authors is very conspicuous in this example, viz.: “ The whorls are received into the concavity of those which succeed, the latter at their junctions being slightly overwrapped by the former.” (loc. cit.) In this instance the ridge next below the greater keel seems to overlap and nearly hide the suture just beneath. Our shell strongly resembles Salter’s typical species, stigilata, in its sharp and prominent revolving ridges, posterior canal, and inner lip “not reflected or pressed closely against the columellar base.” (Salter, op. cit., p. 29.) Fig. 5 @ shows within the aperture a deposit which, were NERINEA PAUXILLA. 25 it not for the distinct posterior canal, might be considered a layer of the shell inside the outer, such as occurs most conspicuously in Monodonta lalio Linn., and some species of Osilinus. On careful examination, this seems to be no part of the original shell. The genus Lunema, to which I am inclined to refer this species, — though not without hesitation, —is reported as ranging from the Silurian to the Cretaceous formation. Zittel, in his recent Handbuch der Paleontologie, I. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 189, 1882, assigns it to the subfamily Turbine. Salter, Morris and Lycett, and Stoliezka concur in regarding it as belonging to the Litforinide. In the specimen before us, the mode in which the last whorl receives the preceding one finds no counterpart in any member of the Turbinine, while the general resemblance to Tecfarius, and especially the like- ness in the junction of the volutions and in the spiral ridges (not in the aperture) to the recent Australian Osilinus constrictus Macleay, forcibly suggest the relation of the fossil to the Zetorinide. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih ; from the Turonian yellow marl. Nerinea pauxilla, sp. nov. Plate II, fig. 4. Testa parva, acuminato-turrita ; spire angulus 27°, suture 93° ; anfractus eir- citer duodecim, medio profunde excavati et striis volventibus minimis notati ; margines elevati et minute crenulati, posterior fortior : apertura subquadrata, eanaheulata ; columella biplicata, imperforata ; labri notee incognitee ; canalis brevis ut nuhi videtur recurvus. Shell small, acuminately turreted ; angle of spire 27°, of suture 93°; whorls twelve or more, deeply excavated in the middle and marked with very small encircling lines; margins elevated and minutely crenulated, the hinder being larger than the anterior: aperture subquadrate, canaliculate ; columella with two folds, imperforate ; characters of outer lip unknown; canal short and apparently recurved. Single specimen, adhering to a mass made up chiefly of broken shells, and strongly ferruginous. Length, 16 mm.; width, 6 mm. Of the many other species described, none correspond very nearly to this. The Jurassie NV. cecilia d’Orb.— much larger —is perhaps most like it in superficial markings. As in some other species of the same genus, the upper margin of each whorl is larger, more prominent, and more crenulated than 4 26 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. the adjacent lower margin of the preceding whorl; while in Twrrifel/a the lower margin is larger and often rougher than the upper, known as the sutural band, which is usually rather smooth. Weathered, adherent, and with the outer lip broken away, as is the single specimen, its specific de- scription cannot be very full or exact. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Mountains of Gilead. ‘To the same fragmental mass with this a specimen of osfellaria Rustend Fraas is attached, of which Fraas had his examples from the Gasteropod zone at Abeih. Our Nerinea must therefore be referred to the same subdivision of the Turonian. Nerinea gemmifera Coquayp. Nerinea gemmifera CoQuannd, 1862, Géol. et Paléont. de Constantine, p. 177, Pl. iv, fig. 4. ce ss Larrer, 1875, Expl. Géol. de la Mer Morte, p. 119, Pl. viii, fig. 12. Fifteen specimens, mainly imcomplete casts, but in several instances retaining the test. All are completely silicified, and the greater number are tinged reddish or yellowish by oxide of iron. Coll. Thomson. Coquand instituted the species from examples discovered in Algeria, but afterward met with it in the department of Var, 8S. E. France. He assigned it to ’élage provencien, the upper member of the Middle Cretaceous in the classification which he adopts. Lartet recognized the species at “Jebel el Museikah, near Kurnub, in the southern part of the Judean range.” Fraas makes no mention of it. Locality and Position. — Probably from the vicinity of Abeih. The only fossils in the different collections with which these coincide in character of mineralization are the specimens of Cerilhium gracilens nobis (see p. 36), from the splintery limestone of the Gasteropod zone of Abeih. The present spe- cies may therefore be regarded as in all probability belonging to that stage of the Turonian. Nerinea (Cryptoplocus) Libanensis, sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 8 a, b. [ Cryptoplocus Pictrt and Campicne, 1862 (Foss. du Terr. Crét. de Ste.-~Croix, IT, p. 257.) Testa turbinato-conica, longior quam latior, late umbilicata ; spiree angulus 32°: anfractus circiter septem sive octo, complanati, transverse sulcati, superne ad suturam villali, ultimus infra angulatus : apertura subquadrata. Celerce note desuit. d uy q NERINEA (CRYPTOPLOCUS) LIBANENSIS. 27 Shell turbinate-conical, longer than broad, widely umbilicated ; angle of spire 32°: whorls about seven or eight, flattened, transversely sulcate, banded above at the suture, the last angled below: aperture subquadrate. The other characteristic marks are unknown by reason of imperfection of the specimen. Single specimen, a fragment retaining the test. Length, 37 mm.; when entire, about 50 mm.; width, 28 mm. In respect to size, general proportions, and the sutural band, this shell is very similar to Cryptoplocus eingulutus Zittel, 1875 (Gastrop. der Stramb. Schichten, p. 261, Pl. xli, fig. 20), which, however, from the basal angle upwards is girt with granular ridges. In this specimen, although the test is so much decayed that the original character of its surface is obscured, it can be seen that each whorl was marked with a few distant encircling furrows, but the nature of the intervening ridges is uncertain. The last volution, near the mouth, has been thrust inward enough to compress the aperture somewhat, and to encroach upon the umbilicus, which originally must have been wide and circular. The aperture shows the absence from the labrum and columella of the folds which characterize Nerinea proper, but is so closed by stony deposit that it is impossible to determine whether the single concealed fold upon the hinder part of the inner lip, peculiar to Cryptoplocus, is present or wanting. Yet the wide and round umbilicus, the quadrate mouth without canal, and their relations to each other, sufficiently distinguish this species from Twrritella, Cerithium, and Trochus, the only genera with which it could be confounded. The resemblance of this fossil to several varieties of Nerinea pyramidals Miinster, to WV. depressa Voltz (NV. umbilicata Voltz) and Trochus monopleus @Orb., all of which are now recognized as species of Cryptoplocus, tend to support our view of its generic relations. Pictet and Campiche classified Cryptoplocus as a genus distinct from Nerinea, while Zittel (Gastrop. der Stramb. Schichten, p. 257, 1873, and Handb. der Palxont., I. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 247, 1882) regards it as a subgenus of Nerinea. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirat district; from an arenaceous marl, prob- ably Turonian. 28 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Alaria monodactyla, sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 6 a, b, ec. - [Alaria Mornis & Lycert, 1850, as restricted by Gabb, 1869, Am. Jour. Conch., V, p. 21, aud adopted by Zittel, 1882, Handbuch der Paleontologie, I. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 252.] Testa turrita, fusiformis, alata, caudata: anfractus septeni vel octoni, sutura profunda sejuncti, costis seu varicibus rotundatis exstantibus plerumque continuis armati, filis tenubus transversis undique ornati ; ultimus wucarinatus, penultimi costee seu varices septem equales, ullimi incompositee et partin obsolete : apertura trigona ; cauda recta plana ; ala in digitum rectum brevem evadens ; labrum tenue, angustum. Shell turreted, fusiform, winged and produced into an anterior canal: whorls seven or eight, separated by a very deep suture; armed with rounded projecting longitudinal ribs or varices, generally continuous from whorl to whorl; everywhere ornamented with thin transverse threads which cross the ribs; the last whorl bearing a single keel, the next to the last having seven equal ribs or varices, which on the last become unequal, irregular, and in part obsolete: aperture triangular; canal straight, flat; wimg terminating in one short and straight digitation, Inner lip thin and narrow. Four specimens. Of the best preserved, length, 17 mm., when complete, about 19 mm.; width of body-whorl, without digitation, 8mm. Of largest, length, 20 mm., originally, about 25 mm.; width of body-whorl, without digitation, 9 mm. On the last whorl at the distance of half a revolution from the outer lip is a well-marked, Ranella-like varix, which with those of the preceding volu- tions forms a longitudinal row continuous to the apex; and upon all the whorls, except the last, the ribs or varices are generally arranged in straight unbroken lines, but sometimes irregularly. Two obscure transverse ridges cross the shell where it begins to narrow into the canal. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih; from the Turonian arenaceous marl. Rostellaria Rustemi Faas. Rostellaria Rustemi Fraas, 1878, Aus dem Orient, IT. Theil, p. 67, Pl. vi, fig. 4. Single specimen adherent to a lump made up of broken and comminuted shells, and side by side with Nerinea pauvilla nobis (see p. 25), Length, when entire, about 28 mm.; width, wing wanting, 13 mm. ACTAONINA VAFRA. 29 In neither this nor Fraas’s specimen is the wing preserved. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Mountains of Gilead. Found also at Abeih and referred by Fraas to his Turonian Gasteropod zone. Pterocera (Harpagodes) sp.? Plate II, fig. 7. A single internal cast, on the back distorted by pressure, and on the right side somewhat broken away. Under surface normal. Length, 109 mm. ; width, 75 mm.; height, 65 mm. Of a specimen of P. Lcaunensis, which re- tains the test nearly entire, except the digitations and part of the spire, the dimensions, as given, are, length, 118 mm.; width, 93 mm. Of the larger fossil Plerocere which have been figured and described, this east has little resemblance to any but the Cretaceous P. pelagi Brongn., and the Jurassic P. Jcaunensis Cotteau. Careful comparison with the excellent original figures of the former (Ann. des Mines, (1,) VI, p. 554, Pl. vii, fig. 1 a, 6, ¢), and with well-preserved specimens of the same, in the Campiche collection of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, from Sainte-Croix, Switzer- land, as well as with the numerous figures of P. Jcawnensis, supplied by the continuation of the Paléontologie Francaise (Terr. Jurass. III, Pl. xlvi- xlviil, Ixxvil, Ixxx—Ixxxiil), inclines us to believe that the cast belongs to neither species. But the exceptional difficulty which the genus Plerocera presents for the determination of fossil species, arising from the rarity of complete examples and their very considerable variations, renders it unsafe to found a new species upon the interesting but distorted cast before us. The aperture seems to have been proportionally narrower than in other large species of the genus. Coll. Congregational House, Boston. Locality and Position. — Probably the Beirat district; from a yellow marl similar to the beds at Abeih. Actzonina vafra, sp. nov. Plate ITI, figs. 1 a, b. Testa ovato-cylindracea, obscure rimato-perforata: spira productiuscula, apice acuto: anfractus circiter sex, plano-convexi, ultimus peramplus spire longitudinem triplo superans ; sutura impressa: superficies striis inerementi nonnunquam fortio- ribus nolata: apertura elongata, postice acuminata, antice latior ac rotundata ; labium 30 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. prope rectum, reflecum, edentulum, ad marginem anteriorem effusum et inerassatum, postice tenuissimum ; labrum tenue. Shell ovately cylindrical, apparently rimately perforate: spire rather pro duced and with an acute apex: whorls about six, flatly convex; the body- whorl very large and three times as long as the spire; suture impressed: surface marked with striae of growth, of which some are quite heavy: aper- ture elongate, narrowed to a sharp termination behind, in front rather wide and rounded ; inner lip nearly straight, spread upon the body wall, without folds, at the front effuse and thickened, while posteriorly it is very thin; labrum thin. Single specimen, with test. Length, 35} mm.; width, 18} mm. The combination of characters indicates this to be a genuime Acfeonina ; viz. the relative proportions of the spire and body-whorl; the inner lip, before flatly thickened at the edge and neither plicated nor twisted; the aperture evenly rounded in front and sharply angled behind; the last whorl anteriorly somewhat suddenly contracted. Yet the inner lip, conspicuously spread upon the body-whorl through the whole length of the aperture, and the apparent rimate perforation of the columella, distinguish this from any other species of the genus which has been hitherto figured. The seeming, and probably real, perforation is the continuation of a pit formed by an unusual projection of the thickened edge of the inner lip over the concave part of the narrowed front of the body-whorl. It resembles the rimate umbilicus of some species of Buhmulus. In the published figures of Actwonina olivaformis Koch and Dunker, the species most like this, good front views are wanting, perhaps from imper- fection of the specimens delineated. The back of oliveformis, as figured by Morris and Lycett (Moll. Gr. Odl., Pl. xli, figs. 4, 4 a), sufficiently resembles that of our specimen to allow the two to be regarded as specifically identical. But Morris and Lycett’s figure of the front (Ibid., Pl. vii, fig. 14), and Koch and Dunker’s figures of both back and front (Norddeutschen Oolithgebildes, Pl. v, figs. 3 a, 6), do not agree with the Lebanon fossil. Moreover, no ade- quate description of oliveformis exists, since the original one by Koch and Dunker (Ibid., p. 41, 1837) is brief and meagre, while Morris and Lycett (op. cit., Pt. I, p. 103) have simply copied it without additions. It has therefore seemed best, provisionally at least, to describe the Lebanon shell as a new species. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih; from the more arenaceous portion of the Turonian yellow marl. COLOSTRACON. (st) — Colostracon, gen. nov. (koXos, decurtatus ; dotpaxoy, testa.) Testa inverso-conica aut decurtato-fusiformis, tenuis ; spira valde depressa, plana aut immersa: anfractus quaterni quint vel seni, confertim convoluti, a lateribus planati et plus minusve insinuali, postice truncati acute angulati et ad angulum aliquanto cari- nati, sutura perspicua divisi ; ultimes antice sv non in canaliculum at in rostrum tamen porrectus : superficies lineis incrementi notata et per partes spiraliter striata aut leviter suleata: apertura rectiuscula, coartata, testo longitudini adequans, ante mediun dilatata, antice angustata ; columella arcuata, edentula, prolongata et paulum con- torta, labio teu reflexo modice obtecta, peranguste rimulata ; labrum simplex. Shell inversely conical or decurtate-fusiform, thin; spire greatly de- pressed, plane or immersed: whorls four to six, compactly convolute, later- ally flattened and more or less insinuate, behind truncate, acutely angulate and at the angle considerably keeled, separated by a distinct suture ; the body-whorl produced in front into what must be styled at least a beak, if not a proper canal: surface marked with lines of growth and on portions spirally striated or lightly grooved: aperture rather straight, contracted, as long as the entire shell, widened before the medial line, narrowed in front; columella arcuate, without folds, prolonged and somewhat twisted, moder- ately covered by the thin reflexed labium, very narrowly fissured ; labrum simple. Absence of folds from the columella and the presence of transverse stri- ations upon their exterior exclude these shells from Cylindrites, but suggest their classification under Actwonina. To the latter genus they would cer- tainly seem to belong, were it not that a short but distinct anterior beak or canal is present in our typical species. And though from imperfection of the specimens it cannot positively be asserted that a similar beak occurs in the second species described by us, nor in that reficured from Fraas, the combination in both of like peculiar and striking characters leads to the inference from analogy that the Jeak can hardly be wanting in perfect examples. Of the species of Acfwonina known to us from actual specimens, not one shows any indication of a beaked or channelled aperture. Loriol’s figure of his A. Davidsoni, étage portlandien (Monogr. des Etages supérieurs de la Formation Jurassique de Boulogne-sur-Mer, p. 44, Pl. vi, figs. 8, 9, 1873), 2 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. oo shows a semblance of a beak. So, too, in the original figures of A. drev’s* Mor- ris and Lycett (Moll. Gr. Odl., Pt. I, p. 101, Pl. viii, figs. 13, 13 a, 6, 1850, — there named Cylindrites brevis) appears what might be mistaken for an anterior canal. In the latter case, however, the figures are side views, and give a false impression of the anterior of the shell; for a front view of the specimen afterwards figured in the Supplement of the same work (PI. xl, fig. 6, 1863), exhibits the “aperture evenly rounded in front,” which by all authorities is regarded as a constant character of the genus. The original of this figure (from the Great Odlite of Kirtlington, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire), the only adult specimen known up to the date of Morris and Lycett’s Supplement, has been kindly lent to us by the collector, Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, Palzeontolo- gist of the Canadian Geological Survey. Of all Actwonine, this species has the closest general resemblance to the species of the group here considered. Like them it is posteriorly truncate, and has its sides flattened ; but its aper- ture, the lifting of part of the last whorl above the plane of the spire, the rounding of the margins of the truncate convolute whorls, and the smooth surface, as seen in Pl. iil, figs. 2 a, 6, ¢ (drawn anew for this paper from the specimen itself), are in strong contrast with the corresponding parts of Colostracon. Without wishing to lay special stress upon the form of the spire, one of the most variable of characters,t we may yet note that forms like A. coneava,t A. subabbreviata, A, Caumontii, VOrb., and the various species of Jferza, — with which the Abeih species will most naturally be compared,— present posterior extremities (vertices) very unlike those of the latter. In fact, the only known shell which exhibits a vertex as cleanly cut as theirs, is Raphistoma striadum (Emmons) Hall, the subtrigonal aperture and deep open umbilicus of which remove it far from Co/ostracon. In Cylindrites cylindricus Morris and Lycett (op. cit., Pt. I, Pl. vin, figs. 19 a, b,c), the cylindrical form and the truncate and acutely margined vertex make the nearest approach to the Abeih species. But the vertex is considerably concave, and of the imperfect anterior part (base) only side * Ts this not identical with Orthostoma conulus BuvieNier, Statisque Géologique et Paléontologique du Département de la Meuse, p. 32, Pl. xxiv, figs. 16, 17, 1852 ? + We are well aware that a continuous series of Act@onine may be traced from forms which have the spire plane, or even a little immersed, to those which have the same slightly or even strongly elevated. { Formerly regarded as a fossil Conus. See the original “ Mémoire sur les Cones fossiles des Terrains secondaires du Calvados, par Eudes-Deslongchamps,” Mém. de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, VI, pp. 189-150, 1839-42. COLOSTRACON SINUATUM. 35 views are given, which leave the character of that part doubtful. No folds are represented upon the columella, and if better preserved specimens should show the base to be rostrate, the sum of characters would obviously require that the species should be assigned to our proposed group. The comments of Meek * and others, based chiefly on imperfect figures, have been charged with adding to the confusion which already existed in the family Acfwonide ; and there seems to be no hope of bringing order out of that confusion, except by the critical study of its representatives from fuller series than are to be found in American collections. It is only from inability to classify our specimens under any of the recognized subdivisions of this unsettled family, that we have ventured to propose in it a new group. We regret the necessity of drawing conclusions from material so scanty. Colostracon sinuatum, sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 3 a, b,c Testa tenuissima, decurtato-fusifornus, a latere transversim late insinuata: spira maxime depressa, ab apice cequaliter sed minime ad peripheriam deelivis ; anfractus cireiter sex, postice truncati et angulati, ad angulun acute carinati, sutura lineart perspieua sefuncti ; ultinus in rostrum breve productus : superficies linets incrementi Fortioribus flecuosis signata, et ante sinum lateralem suleis exrquis cincta: apertura anomala, ad sinum angustata ; labium tenue, super columellam expansum, antice in- crassatum ; columella paulum eoutorta, rimulam umbilicarem exhibens. Shell very thin, decurtate-fusiform, upon the hinder part of the side transversely widely insinuate: spire exceedingly depressed, regularly but very slightly sloping from apex to circumference ; whorls about six, truncate and sharply angled behind, acutely keeled at the angle, divided by a distinct linear suture ; body-whorl produced in front into a short beak: surface stamped with rather strong flexuous lines of growth, and before the lateral sinus encircled by small shallow grooves: aperture of peculiar shape, nar- rowed at the sinus; inner lip thin, thickened in front, outspread upon the columella, which is somewhat twisted and shows a slight umbilical chink. A single specimen, with test nearly complete. Length, 18 mm.; width, at keel, 10 mm. Figure 3 ¢ represents upon the flat posterior side of the aperture succes- * Remarks on the Family Acteonide, with Descriptions of some new Genera and Subgenera. Am. Jour. Science, (2,) XXXV, pp. 84-94, 1863. 5 34 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. sive bent raised lines, which indicate in the progressive growth of the shell the presence of a shallow notch at the edge of the aperture, corresponding on a small scale with the fissure of Pleurotomaria. These markings are very like those which have given name to the paleozoic genus Raphistoma Hall (Palzontology of New York, I, p. 28, 1847). Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih ; from an arenaceous portion of the Turo- nian yellow marl. Colostracon curtum, sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 4 a, b, ¢, d. Testa inverso-conica, longor quam latior, spira fere plana, ab anfractus ultimi parte interior’ usque ad centrum minime concavus ; anfractus quatuor vel quingue centrum versus amplitudine eitius decrescentes ; ultimi lateribus planis ante angulum parum constrictis: apertura recta, angustiuseula, antice latior : superficies postice striis minutis fluctuosis, antice sulcis exiguis eincta ; labrum simplex, tenuissimum ; labium anguste ac tenuiter reflerum ; columella leviter rinulata. Shell inversely conical, longer than wide, spire almost plane, very slightly concave from the inner side of the last volution to the centre: whorls four or five, rather rapidly diminishing in thickness towards the centre, hav- ing the sides flat and very slightly constricted just before the angle: aperture straight, rather narrow, wider in front: surface encircled behind with minute wavy strizx, before with light grooves; outer lip simple, very thin; inner lip narrowly and thinly spread upon the columella, which is slightly fissured. Single specimen. Length, 17 mm., originally about 20 mm.; width 12 mm. In the specimen from which the foregoing description is drawn, the surface is spirally marked behind with minute wavy stria, and in front by rather wide shallow grooves. Between the two extremities the shell is corroded, but shows traces of lines intermediate in character between those of the anterior and posterior parts, indicating that the whole exterior was originally covered with revolving lines which became anteriorly wider and deeper. It seems probable that in its perfect state the front was produced into an Io-like beak, as in the last species. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Abeih; from an arenaceous portion of the Turo- nian yellow marl. oo or MELO PERVETUS. Colostracon Lewisii Fraas sp. Plate III, figs. 5 a, b. Globiconcha Lewisti Fraas, 1878, Aus dem Orient, II. Theil, p. 65, Pl. vi, figs. 5 a, B. This species clearly belongs to the same genus as the last two, presenting the strong generic characters of the group, yet with differences which sepa- rate it specifically from the others. Fraas terms it a Globiconcha ; but if that genus can be said to have been intelliglibly characterized, which is at least doubtful,* this surely is not a species of the genus. Taving never seen the fossil itself, we copy Fraas’s figures and his very brief description of the species, which is as follows: ‘ Eine Muschel von 23 mm. Linge mit zarten Liingsstreifen und noch zirteren Querstreifen ver- sehen und einem inneren Canal. Die Windungen, 3-4 an der Zahl, sind vertieft und nabelformig eingedriickt, wodurch die Muschel ein hichst eigen- thiimliches Aussehen gewinnt.” (loc. cit.) Locality and Position. — Abeih; from the Turonian Gasteropod zone. Melo pervetus Conran sp. Plate ITI, fig. 6. Strombus pervetus Conran, 1852, Official Report, p. 221, Pl. xiii, fig. 73. Single specimen, an interior cast, imperfect, but exhibiting very nearly the original outlines. Length, not much abridged, 103 mm.; width, some- what increased by depression, 63 mm. Though this is much smaller than the specimen figured by Conrad, pre- cisely the same proportions of spire and body whorl, and the same sutural angle, appearing in both, their specific identity seems altogether probable. * Stoliczka remarks (Cretaceous Gastropoda of Southern India, p. 410): “ When lately at Paris I en- deavored to find out from d’Orbigny’s collection in the Jardin des Plantes the real signification of the name * Globiconcha, but I turned away disappointed, not being able to arrive at any reasonable conclusion. Not one of the specimens named by d’Orbigny is a perfect: shell, but all imperfect casts, which can be variously com- mented upon. Some of them have been shown to belong to Cyprea ; others appeared to me to represent casts of Zylostoma, Natica, and probably of Cinulia. There have been, however, by subsequent authors, various globular shells described under the name of Globiconcha, and of these some very much resemble Bullinula and Hydatina.” Zittel (Handbuch der Palwontologie, I. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 296) records the genus under the family Bullida, in this doubting style: “ ? Globiconcha W@Orb. Auf unbestimmbare Steinkerne von ansehnlicher Grosse aus Kreideablagerungen basirt, welche wabrscheinlich zu verschiedenen Gattungen gehoren.” 36 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. On applying to Conrad’s figure a recent Melo Hthiopica of corresponding size, such coincidence of outlines appears as convinces the observer that the two are generically equivalent. Fossil species of J/e/o are rare, but are found in the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. Stoliczka describes a single species, J. pyriformis (Cretaceous Gastropoda of Southern India, p. 85, Pl. vi, fig. 9) from India. Lartet (Expl. Géol. de la Mer Morte, p. 115), under the heading Strombus pervelus, speaks as follows: “ Nous avons trouvé au waddy Heidan un moule de Gastéropode qui se rapproche de cette forme et ressemble ainsi au Pero- cera inornata.’ Our specimen and that figured by Conrad, on comparison, will be found very unlike P. twornata VOrb. (Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., I, Pl. cexiv). Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; from a yellow marl, probably Turonian. Cerithium gracilens, sp. nov. Testa elongata, turrita, spire angulus 14°-16°, suture 87°: anfractus multi, complanati, paulum excavati, sutura profunda sejuncti, ternis seriebus tuberculorum oriati —tuberculis in serie mediana ceteris multo minoribus : basis anfractus ullimt subconvera, moderate producta, spiraliter serie una tuberculata ; aper- tura quadrangularis, antice canali angusto terminans. An elongated turreted shell composed of numerous flattened volu- tions, which increase very gradually in length and width. Each of the whorls is ornamented with two rows of rounded and close-set =} tubercles, adjacent to the suture, which are so prominent as to give to the volutions the appearance of being somewhat excavated. Midway between these rows is a third, made up of much smaller tubercles, less prom- inent and distinct. Nineteen specimens, none entire, but the greater number retaining the test. It may have been such specimens as these, found at Abeih, which Fraas considered to be C@. érimonile Michelin* (Aus dem Orient, IL. Theil, p. 70). That species is very extensively distributed, for besides being known in the Gault of France, it has been recognized by Stoliezka in Southern India. On comparison with Michelin’s, d’Orbigny’s, and Stoliczka’s figures of C. ¢rimonile, * Mém. Soc. Géol., ILI, p. 100, Pl. xii, fig. 5, 1888. CERITHIUM GRACILENS. 37 I am satisfied that the Lebanon specimens before me belong to a species distinct from that. In the first place, they are proportionally longer and narrower than Michelin’s species, which has a spiral angle as great as 30° and 32°; while the spiral angle of the shells in hand is never larger than 16°, Again, according to the best description of trimonile, that of Stoliczka, the tubercles of the uppermost or posterior row in young specimens are always distinctly divided by a deep groove, while the tubercles in the other two rows approach so near each other that they seem to form short transverse ribs. The anterior row has generally the largest tubercles; but sometimes the tubercles of the two anterior rows are nearly equal, and not so strong as those of the posterior row. Besides the tuberculated ridges, the entire shell-surface is minutely striated. None of the foregoing specifications of Stoliczka’s apply to the present species. ‘The younger specimens have the tubercles of the anterior and posterior rows equal in size; but in some of the older, the tubercles of the posterior row become the larger. Nor are the tubercles of either row divided by a groove. The central row always consists of smaller tubercles, much less prominent and distinct than those of the other rows. On the base of the last or anterior whorl is a single row of indistinct tubercles parallel to the other rows. Old specimens show heavy lines of growth upon the sides and base. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably Abeih or its vicinity. The specimens of this species, like those of Nerinea gemmifera, already noticed on page 26, are completely silicified and colored reddish or yellowish by oxide of iron. Fraas represents a splintery limestone bed (splitterige Kalkbank) of the Gas- teropod zone of Abeih as being most productive of Cerithia. Since in lime- stones the mineralizing factor of fossils is more commonly silex, it is highly probable that these specimens were taken from the limestone layer of the Turonian Gasteropod zone. UNDETERMINED. Six casts from the Merrill collection, of which the two in best condition are represented on Plate II by figures 9a, 4. They seem to be identical with the specimen described and figured by Conrad (Official Report, p. 254, App., Pl. v, fig. 43) as Cancellaria petrosa. The casts have a few distant and rather oblique longitudinal ribs, but I find no proof that they belong to the genus Cancellaria. 38 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Corbula aligera, sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 6 a, b, c, d. Testa parva, triquetra, incequilateralis, clausa ; valvula dextra paulo major quam sinistra ; postice acuminata, valde angulata ; margo anticus insinuatus et infra rotun- datus : umbones antemediani, superne appressi et obtusi, iwoluti, antrorsum tntortd : superficies rugis sive varicibus concentricis irreguluribus crassis induta: lunula infra illimitata ; area cardinalis perangusta, lanceolata, tenuiter excavata. Carina acuta alata, ab umbonibus ad terminationem postero-inferiorem recte decurrens, aream pos- ticam subconcavam costulis radiantibus tnstructam a lateribus dividit. Shell small, triangular, inequilateral, perfectly closed at the margins; right valve a little larger than the left, and tightly overlapping it; pos- teriorly acuminate, strongly angled ; anterior margin sinuated above and rounded below: umbones a little in front of the middle point of the shell, obtuse above as if pressed downward, involute and bent forward: surface covered with thick, irrezular concentric plaits, or varices: lunule undefined below; hinge area very narrow, lanceolate, slightly excavated. >) Smallest : a 73 mm. ; ce 652 mm. ; ee 36 mm. As seen from the side, the form and proportions of the specimens strik- ingly resemble Lvopistha frequens Zittel, from the Cretaceous of Gosau (first described by Zittel as Panopwa frequens*), and Poromyu superba Stoliezka, which, with the other species assigned by that author to the same genus, are conclusively proved by Meek t¢ to belong, not to Poromya of Forbes, but to his own Liopistha, —a classification which has been adopted by Zittel.f In the dorsal view, the casts are seen to be much less ventricose than superba, and somewhat less so than freguens ; while the three species agree in the char- acter of the lunular and dorsal areas, as do the present species and freguens in their compressed posterior extremities. Traces of teeth are absent from the casts. A short and rather wide oval cavity or pit, just behind the beaks, seems adapted to the gaping and “short and erect fulera” (Meek, op. cit., * Denkschriften der Kais. Akad., Math. Naturwissénsch., XXIV, p. 111, Pl. i, figs. 5 a-g, Wien, 1865. + Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. of Upper Missouri Country, p. 229, Washington, 1876. ¢ Handbuch der Paleontologie, IT. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 131, Miinchen, 1881. 40 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. p- 229),—in this species probably continued internally, — which supported the external ligament in the typical Liopistha. The lunular region is peculi- arly and rather deeply excavated, distinctly circumscribed, and divided in the middle by the projecting anterior margins of the valves. The greatest thickness of the casts is below the umbones, on the vertical line which divides the anterior from the second third; and from the thickest portion the casts thin gradually behind and downwards. The very thin shell gaped slightly behind, and still less, or not at all, in front, while it is evident from one of the two casts, which reflect unmistakably the external characters of the thin test, that the valves were concentrically lightly furrowed and ridged, agree- ing in this respect with Meek’s section Psi/omya, b. Conrad's brief description of his Lnoceramus Lynchit (Official Report, p. 218, Pl. vill, fig. 47), so far as it goes, is not inapplicable to these casts, which may be specifically identical with that; but his figures, also taken from a cast, so imperfectly correspond to our specimens, that on the whole we have thought it best to describe and name anew. ‘Their unlikeness to Jinoceramus is obvious. Largest from Coll. Cong. House: the others from Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; from yellow calcareous marl, Turonian. Ceromya sinuata, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 8 a, b, c. Nucleus inflato-cordatus, triangularis, equivalvis (2): facies anterior lata, trun- cata, complanato-excavata, a lateribus carina rotundata obscura sejuncta ; caviositas lunularis profunda, cordiformis : pars posterior subcompressa, producta, oblique trun- cala ; dechvitas curdinalis paululum curvata ; margo inferior plus minusve sinuatus ; Sovea ligamenti angusta et elongata: umbones antemediani, anteversi ; apices tivoluti, altenuali, approximatli. Impressiones musculares ac pallales non apparent. Cast swollen-cordate, triangular, equivalve (?): anterior face wide, trun- cate, flatly excavated, separated from the flanks by an indistinct rounded keel; lunular hollow deep and heart-shaped: hinder portion rather com- pressed, produced, obliquely truncate; hinge-slope slightly curved; the lower margin more or less sinuate; the ligamental furrow narrow and long: umbones antemesial, turned forward; beaks involute, attenuate, ap- proximate. Muscular and pallial impressions not distinguishable. PHOLADOMYA DEPACTA. 4] Three casts. Dimensions of largest (figs. 8 a, 6): length, 55 mm.: height 321 mm.; thickness, 28 mm.;— of second cast (fig. 8 ¢): length, 274 mm. ; height, 25 mm.; thickness, 25 mm. The largest specimen is unsymmetrical, owing partly to distortion through pressure, but perhaps in part to original inequality of the valves. In the other two examples, the beaks, which in this have been forced into contact, are two millimeters asunder. The flattened anterior face answers well to Agassiz’s diagnosis of the genus, and to figures of several of his species. The deep dorsal depression between the umbones is analogous to the cor- responding part in several recognized species of Ceromya. The hinge was undoubtedly edentulous. The three casts bear crowded concentric striz, too indistinct to be well figured, but very perceptible. These and the absence of any traces of muscular and pallial impressions indicate that the test was very thin. Stoliezka identifies a single species of Ceromya in the Cretaceous of Southern India. Conrad’s description and figures of Opis orientalis (Official Report, p. 231, App., Pl. ii, figs. 10 a, 2) may possibly refer to this species, but are vague and unsatisfactory. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably from Beirit district, and from the Turonian, Pholadomya depacta, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 6 a, b. Nucleus ovato-oblongus, equivalvis, perinequilateralis, costulis radiantibus angustis eirciter quindecim notatus: pars antica brevissina, obtusa, postica dilatata, com- pressiuscula, oblique truncata ac mediveriter hians : umbones inflati poene terminates, depressi, inter se attingentes: margo ventralis arcuatus, dorsalis oblique retrocur- vatus: linula absens ; area cardinalis anguste lanceolata. Cast ovate-oblong, equivalve, extremely inequilateral, bearing about fifteen narrow ribs radiating from the beaks: anterior portion very short and obtuse ; hinder part widened, somewhat compressed, obliquely truncate and at the truncated edge moderately gaping: the inflated umbones almost terminal, depressed, contiguous: ventral margin arcuate ; dorsal margin slan- tingly curved backward: lunule wanting: posterior area narrowly lanceolate. Single specimen, a cast. Length, 48} mm.; height, 44 mm. ; thickness, 26 mm. 492 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. The valves at their anterior junction form a projection, which is conspicu- ous just below the lunular area, but farther down disappears, seemingly in consequence of flattening over a small space through pressure, which gives a somewhat truncate appearance to the front margin. The slight rim of the lanceolate cardial area has been removed upon the right side. The radi- ating ribs, though considerably worn, are still plainly visible, but no trace of concentric lines or wrinkles of growth can be distinguished. The cast most nearly resembles Ph. rostrata Matheron, as described and figured by Zittel (Die Bivalven der Gosaugebilde in den Nordistlichen Alpen, Denkschriften Kais. Akad., Math. Naturwissensch., XXIV, p. 115, Pl. ul, figs. 2 a-c, 1865). It is, however, proportionally higher, is more ventricose, and lacks the area postical’s profunda, angulo elevato circumsecripta, which is very marked in that species. But for the difference in this last respect, I should regard the two as identical, as they indeed may prove to be upon the accumulation of more material. Comparison with Conrad’s type may show this to be his Ph. decisa (Official Report, p. 217, Pl. vii, fig. 44), which was described and figured from a single specimen found at Bhamdtn, in the Beirat district. But I am unable to make the two to be one and the same species on the evidence of Conrad’s figure and description. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirat district ; from a highly ferruginous Turo- nian deposit. Cytherea (Callista’) Libanotica, sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 3 a, b, c Nucleus ovato-triangularis, inequilateralis, tunidior, antice breviter et late rotun- datus, postice oblique productus, cuneiformis, subattenuatus : margo inferior convexus, extremitatem posteriorem versus fere rectus seu paululum insinuatus : margo lunularis concavus, arealis rectiusculus ; depressio linuaris profunda, ovato-elongata, wnfra acula, marginata ; depressio arealis insignis, lanceolata, marginbus rotundatis termi- nata: umbones antemediant’, prominuliy incurvi: cicatrix muscularis antiea conspieua, postica cerni non potest. Cast ovate-triangular, inequilateral, rather swollen, shortly and widely rounded before, behind obliquely produced, wedge-shaped, somewhat attenu- ate: lower margin convex, but toward the posterior end almost straight or very slightly sinuated: lunular margin concave, that of the area nearly rectilinear: lunular depression deep, ovate-elongate, sharp below; depression ISOCARDIA MERRILLI. 45 corresponding to the area marked, lanceolate, limited by rounded margins : umbones ante-mesial, rather prominent, incurved : anterior muscular scar conspicuous, the posterior one not to be distinguished. Four specimens, casts. Dimensions of those figured : — Largest: length, 84 mm. ; height, 71 mm. ; thickness, 45 mm. Smallest : se 33 mm. ; “25 mm. ; ee 174 mm. The specimens seem to belong to a species hitherto unnamed, and to be of form so peculiar that it cannot be mistaken. Comparison with an internal cast taken for the purpose, in plaster, from Cadlista squalida Sow., leaves very little doubt that the species is rightly to be referred to Calista, which, with Stoliezka and Zittel, I prefer to consider a subgenus of Cytherea. The very brief description of Venus indurata Conrad (Official Report, p- 219, Pl. ix, fig. 53) corresponds fairly to these casts, but the figure cannot be recognized as representing them. Collections Merrill and Congregational House. Locality and Position. — Beirut district ; Turonian. Isocardia Merrilli, sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 2 a, b, c. Nucleus oblique trigonus, cordiformis, summe tumidus, equivalvis, incequilateralis ; extremitas anterior brevis, angulata, plus minusve truncate rotundata ; margo ventris lente arcuatus ; extremitas posterior ab umbonibus cito planeque declivis et supra angulum infero-posteriorem truncatus: gibbositas maxima paulo postinediana, super umbones deorsum et retrorsum adversus marginem tnfero-posteriorem decurrens : wmn- bones prorsum inclinali, subterminales, inflecti, ad apices acutos late separali: regio hinularis excavato-cordata, dilatata, ei Isocardiz cordis Linn. persimilis : linea cardinalis ut in nucleis Isocardice typice solet: prominentiee impressionibus mus- culorum anteriorum, pallii linece et foveolarum suprajacentium congruentes alte et genert propric. Cast obliquely triangular, heart-shaped, extremely tumid, equivalve, in- equilateral ; anterior extremity short, angulated, more or less truncately rounded ; ventral margin gently arcuated ; posterior extremity rapidly and flatly sloping and truncate above the angle formed by the ventral and posterior margins. The greatest gibbosity is a little back of the middle, beginning upon the umbones and extending along them downward and 44 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. backward towards the lower-posterior margin: umbones inclined forward and subterminal; beaks inflected and widely sundered at their apices, which are acute and in the complete shell were probably directed upward. The lunular region is excavated into a wide cordate pit, which agrees closely with that of the recent Jsocardia cor Linn. The hinge line is represented by a thin sinuous ridge similar to that which may be seen in an artificial cast of I. cor. Elevations corresponding to the anterior muscular and pallial im- pressions, and to the little pits above the latter, show all these to have been deep and characteristic of the genus. The four specimens, all interior casts, differ from each other but slightly, except in the shape of the posterior part, which is somewhat variable in its proportions. The dimensions of the specimen represented by figures 2 a, } are: length, 61mm.; height, 73 mm.; thickness, 72 mm. ;— of that shown by figure 2 c: length, 62} 1mm.; height, 64 mm.; thickness, 7] mm. Collections Merrill, Congregational House, and Thomson. Locality and Position. — Beirtt district; probably from the fourth of Fraas’s nine zones, that of the Turonian Cardium bed, which abounds in casts of this genus. Cyprina orientalis, sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 3 a, b. Nucleus oblongus, inflatus, equvalvis (2), inequilateralis: latus antiewn breve, sub umboubus emarginatum et infra emarginationem paulo productum ac subros- tratum ; regio lunularis valde excavala: lalus posticum elongatum, rotunde truncatum ; area angusta, profunda, haud marginata: umbones admodum prominentes, prorsum inclinalt ; apices magni, crassi, retusi, incurvi, approxunali: margo ventris subrectus : prominentice impressionibus musculorum anteriorum et pallii congruentes insignes. Cast oblone g, inflated, equivalve (2), inequilateral: anterior side short, emarginate beneath the umbones, and below the emargination slightly pro- duced and subrostrate; lunular region stronely excavated: posterior side elongate, roundly truncate; area excavated but not defined by a border: umbones very prominent and inclined forwards; beaks large, swollen, blunt, incurved, approximate: ventral margin almost straight: elevations corre- sponding to the anterior muscular and pallial impressions protuberant. Single specimen, a cast. Length, 84 mm.; height, 69 mm.; thickness, 64 mm. CYPRINA (VENILICARDIA ?) ABEIHENSIS. 45 From figure 3 4, which is accurately drawn, the cast would seem to be inequivalve. Careful inspection, however, leads to the conclusion, that a force acting from above has depressed the right beak and pushed it into contact with the left, —the two originally having been somewhat separated in the cast. It is probable that the complete shell — which the deep mus- cular and pallial impressions show to have been thick — was equivalve, and that the beaks were closely approximate, if not actually contiguous. This species resembles in some degree the Cretaceous C. witermedia V@Orb., and C Valangiensis Pict. and Camp., though distinct from both. Possibly it may be identical with Jsocardia crenulata Conrad (Official Report, p. 215, Pl. iv, fig. 26), described from “ casts, all more or less distorted,” of which the author furthermore says, “ The figure represents the original form as nearly as I could restore it.” Neither the description nor the figure applies with any certainty to the specimen here considered. Fraas (Aus dem Orient, I. Theil, p. 94) regards Lsocardia erenulata Conrad as being Cyprina tornata VOrb. Our cast is certainly distinct from C. i- ornata. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. —Beirat district; probably from the zone of the Cardium bed. Cyprina (Venilicardia’) Abeihensis, sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 2 a, b, c. Testa trigono-cuneata, erassiuscula, inequilateralis, twiuda; antice ad marginem lunularem leviter insinuata et infra breviter rotundata: margo dorsi posticus primum curvatlus deinde rectilineus et rapide declivis ; extremitas postica subcaudata et oblique truncata: margo ventits arcualus et pone viz flexuosus : umbones sublerminales, angu- lati, acuti, contiqui, antrorsum valde infleri: lLinula fere plana, msi supra vix exca- vata, verticaliler rolundato-elongata, margine aculo cireumscripta: area cardinals lanceolata, profunda, carinis subacutis terminata ; extra carinas area planata a lateri- bus angulo obtuso obliquo disfuncta: superficies concentrice tenereque striata, stris nonnullis incrementi fortioribus lamellisque seu varicibus eireiter octo apud umbones instructa: cardo, ut mihi videtur, dentibus tribus primarus et certe m valva dex- tra uno laterali, postico, elongato, recto armatus : impressiones musculares evidentes, haud profunde : margo titernus tenus, non vero crenulatus. Shell cuneiform-triangular, moderately thick, inequilateral, tumid; in front at the lunular margin lightly sinuate and below abruptly rounded: hinder dorsal margin at first curved, then rectilinear and rapidly sloping ; posterior to) 46 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. extremity subcaudate and obliquely truncate: ventral margin arcuate and behind slightly flexuous: umbones subterminal, angulated, sharp, contiguous, strongly turned forward: lunule almost flat, slightly excavated at the upper part, vertically roundly-elongate, bounded by a sharp margin: cardinal area widely lanceolate, deep, limited on each side by a rather sharp ridge or keel; outside of the ridges, on each side, a flattened area, separated from the con- vex portion of the valve by an obtuse ridge running from the beak to the postero-inferior extremity: surface marked with fine concentric striz and distant coarser lines of growth, all of which become heavier on the flat um- bonal declivity, the striz being replaced upon the beaks by about eight low and regular varices: hinge apparently armed with three primary teeth, and on the right valve with a distinct, remote posterior lateral tooth, straight and elongate: muscular impressions clearly marked, but not deep: internal inargin thin and not crenulated. Two specimens : — Larger: length, 51 mm.; height, 46 mm.; thickness, 36 mm. Coll. Bird. Smaller: “ 44)mm.; “ 383} mm. ; oe 30 mm. Coll. Merrill. It seems probable that the species figured by Fraas under the name Astarte Libanotica (Aus dem Orient, II. Theil, p. 45, Pl. in, figs. 1 a, 6), and said by him to be ‘one of the commonest shells in the horizon of the sand- stone,” is identical with this. But his figures represent the ante-umbonal portion as considerably longer, the hinder extremity rounded rather than truncate, and the posterior umbonal slope as wanting the flat surface which is present in our specimens, and is bounded on one side by an obtuse ridge running from each beak to the posterior-basal angle, and on the other by the sharp ridge which limits the cardinal area. Our specimens are alike in form and proportions, and while they and Fraas’s figures may represent divergent forms of one and the same species, yet since the uncertainty in this respect is in no degree removed by any verbal description, and as we cannot regard the shell as an Asfarte, we feel warranted in describing and naming it anew. Fraas’s only semblance of description is contained in the following pas- sage: ‘Characteristic of Asfurte Libanotica are six to eight strong Astarte- wrinkles next to the umbones, but which farther upon the shell flatten out, so that it appears nearly smooth. Without the aforesaid ribs, peculiar to the genus Asfarle, from the aspect of the shell one would sooner think of Venus and its related genera. Whether the margin of the shell is notched or smooth, unfortunately I cannot affirm from any of the specimens.” CYPRINA (VENILICARDIA ?) ABEIHENSIS. 47 Although both our specimens allowed the separation of their valves, only part of the internal characters were brought to light. The cardinal teeth are completely silicified, and instead of separating were cleft, in the larger and finer specimen (the one figured) leaving a surface so irregularly fractured that the nature of this portion of the hinge is not discernible. From the left valve of the smaller enough can be distinguished to make it tolerably certain that the hinge was longer and more complicated than the short and sunple hinge of Asfarte. In the right valve of both specimens a very distinct, but peculiar, long, straight, remote, posterior lateral tooth is present, a char- acter never found in Astarte. The lateral tooth of the left valve is not well preserved in either case. Being thinner than that of the right, and over- lapping it externally, the tooth was injured in separating the valves. The pallial line could not be freed from hard stony deposit, and remains unknown. The muscular impressions are shallow, and with the thin and smooth inner margins of the valves, which show no traces of crenulation but have a sharp chisel-edge, they coincide closely with Cyprina Islandica Linn. Such a mar- ginal edge is exceptional in Astarte. Calling in the aid of external characters in the determination, it will be observed that the shells of all recent, as well as of all fossil species of Astarte to which doubt in respect to their classification does not attach, are consider- ably flattened, while the specimens in question are decidedly ventricose. And though their umbonal wrinkles or varices are very like those of Astarte, yet instead of covering the whole surface of the shell and growing stronger towards the ventral margin, as in most species of that genus, in these fossils the wrinkles are found only upon the beaks. But for the conspicuous ex- ternal ligament, the wrinkles would suggest rather that the species belongs to Crassatella, in some recent species of which, as C. Avngicola Lam. and C. wn- duluta Sow., a few strong wrinkles similar to those of our fossils appear upon the beaks and are confined to them. Comparing the present species with Cyprina ( Venilicardia) Ligeriensis @Orb. (Paléont. Frang., Terr, Crét., III, p. 103, Pl. celxxv), one of the most charac- teristic species of the subgenus Venihcardia, it will be found that the two have lunules, areas, umbonal slopes, and in fact most of their parts, strikingly similar, the chief external difference, aside from the umbonal plaits, being that the posterior dorsal slope of Lvgeriensis is less rapid, producing a hinder extremity higher than that of the subcaudate Abcihensis. Typical specimens of Cyprina rostrata Sow. (Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., [2,] 48 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. IV, p. 541, Pl. xvii, figs. 1 a, 6, ¢, 1856) from the Greensand of Blackdown, when compared with ours, show a resemblance equally striking. They too have, upon the beaks, concentric wrinkles similar to those of Adbeihensis, but smaller; and the two species in other respects differ little externally, ex- cept that the anterior part of ros/rafa is somewhat longer, and its lunule deeper, though margined in the same way. While inclined to believe that this species belongs to the family Cyprimde, I refer it with less confidence to Vendicardia, and not without the feeling that it may prove to be a Cypricardia. Locality and Position. — Vicinity of Abeih. Fraas makes his Astarte Liba- notica to be one of four characteristic fossils of the Sandstone stage of the Cenomanian (see pp. 6, 7). If not identical with Lzsanotica, this species, which was taken from sandstone, probably belongs to the same horizon. Cardium (Acanthocardia) Syriacum Conrap. Plate ITI, figs. 7 a, b, c. Cardium Syriacum Conrad, 1852, Official Report, p. 217, Pl. vii, fig. 45. Nucleus oblique cordiformis, incequiateralis, altitudine longitudinem multo super- ante ; antice ad marginem lente eurvatus, postice subrectus: declivitas posticalis abrupta, lata, applanata, sulets wunbonahbus incavata ; umbones tumidi porreeti ; apices antemedian, attenuati, acuminali, approximati (in testa sane contigui): regio lunularts impressionibus profundis dentium lateralium anteriorum notata ; lunula magna, cordiformis, paululum impressa, sulco levi terminata, Internal cast obliquely heart-shaped, inequilateral, much higher than long; gently curved at the front margin, the hinder being nearly straight: posterior slope abrupt, broad, flattened, grooved with furrows on the um- bones; umbones swollen, long; beaks placed before the middle, attenuate, pointed, approximate (in the complete shell doubtless in contact): lunular region marked by deep impressions left by the anterior lateral teeth ; lunule large, cordate, superficial, bordered by a slight furrow. Twelve casts. Dimensions of the specimen figured, and of a larger im- perfect cast : — Of the former: length, 294 mm. ; height, 34 mm. ; thickness, 27 mm. Of the latter : US BB) eqaeved Ae ED) evan F A 32 mm. Although Conrad’s description is inadequate, yet so marked is the agree- CARDIUM CREBRIECHINATUM. 49 ment in outline between the casts and his figure, taking the side view, that the propriety of referring the fossils to the species named above is manifest. But the figure must have been drawn from a cast on which the ridge caused by the filling of the posterior gape of the valves had been worn away. This, as seen in our figure, presents at the margin a straight line running obliquely downward from the obtuse angle which it forms with the hinge line. The posterior view shows curved grooves proceeding from the beaks downward and inward to the mesial ridge. These are imprints left by internal umbonal ridges, such as occur in the recent @. consors Sow., C. isocardia, Linn., and other species of the subgenus Acanthocardia, which ridges stamp upon plaster casts of their interiors like grooves, but less deeply impressed. The species just named, however, have no defined lunule, but their internal casts show be- neath the beaks, in front, a widely cordate impression, left by the large anterior lateral teeth. The corresponding cavity in the Lebanon casts is due to a like cause, and outside of it is seen the border of a “Iunule large and cordate,” but very feebly impressed. Two of the casts clearly show the presence of thick-set, narrow radiating ribs. Coll. Thomson and Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; probably from the zone of the Cardium bed. Cardium crebriechinatum Coyrap. Cardium crebriechinatum Conran, 1852, Official Report, pp. 217 and 231, PI. vi, figs. 41-438, Pl. xv, fig. 77, and App., Pl. ii, fig. 16. Two specimens, one with test, and nearly entire; the other an imperfect cast. Fraas doubts the classification of this species as a Cardium, and is inclined to consider it to be a Cardita,—on what ground is not evident. Lartet thinks it may be identical with C sudeiferum Coquand (Géol. et Paléont. de Constantine, p. 206, Pl. x, figs. 15, 16). The forms of the two species are indeed very similar, and both are covered with radiating ribs; but upon suleiferum (which is much the larger of the two) the ribs are wide, while upon erebriechinatum they are much more numerous and very narrow. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Found at Abeih by Fraas, and by him referred to the Gasteropod zone of that vicinity. “_ 50 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Cardium (Protocardia) Hillanum Sowersy. Cardium Hillanum SowERBY, 1813, Min. Conch. Gr. Brit., I, p. 41, Pl. xiv, fig. 1. Cardium biseriatum CoNRad, 1852, Official Report, p. 216, Pl. vi, figs. 38-40. Cardium bellum CONRAD, 1852, Official Report, p. 225, App., Pl. i, fig. 3. Fifteen specimens, all casts. Though entirely devoid of test, they are easily identified by their form alone. Impressions from some of the shell markings are often retained by the casts. Merrill, Thomson, and Congre- gational House collections. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; probably from the Turonian Car- dium bed. Cardium (Protocardia) Judaicum, sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 5 a, b, c, d. Testa subquadrata, subeequiateralis, paulo longior quam altior, moderate inflata ; margo anticus rotundatus, posticus oblique truncatus, superne rectiusculus : umbones tumidi, obtuse angulati, postice concavi ; apices fere in media testa siti, prominuli, sub- acuti, incurvi, arte approximati: superficies lateralis varicibus concentricis, regu- laribus, plano-convexis, lévibus, quam spatia interposita latioribus, circiter tricenis obtecta ; superficies postica costis radiantibus angustis, spinulis et lamellis tenuissimis ornatis, duodenis muna: margo postieus usque ad angulum postero-ventralem dentatus. Signa interna ignota. Shell subquadrate, subequilateral, a little longer than high, moderately inflated ; anterior margin rounded ; posterior margin obliquely truncated, above nearly straight: umbones swollen, obtusely angled, more or less con- cave behind; beaks nearly mesial, somewhat prominent, rather sharp, in- curved, closely approximate: lateral surface furnished with about thirty regular concentric varices which upon their faces are flatly convex, smooth, and wider than the furrows between them; posterior surface marked by twelve narrow radiating ribs, which are studded with spinules set at equal distances, and are crossed by extremely delicate lamelle: posterior margin toothed as far down as the postero-ventral angle. Characters of interior unknown. Dimensions of the entire specimens : — Larger: length, 244 mm.; height, 22 mm. ; thickness, 18 mm. K Smaller : LE pes ge UR = Ailanyray 3 s 15 mm. OO eEE—e——EeE—E—E——E— CARDIUM (PROTOCARDIA) JUDAICUM. 51 The three examples of this species are two entire shells retaining the test complete, and a single right valve. In the smaller entire one the surface at the posterior umbonal slope is so remarkably preserved that the minute spinules which stud the radial ribs are in part retained, and with the delicate lamellze which cross the ribs are conspicuous under the lens. In some of the spaces between the ribs the lamellz have all their original sharpness and perfection. Of the same specimen, shown in figs. 5 4, c, the beaks have been pressed into actual contact, while in the normal example, of which a right side view is given in fig. 5 a, they are separated by a small space. Lartet (op. cit., p. 130, Pl. xi, fig. 5, and Pl. xii, fig. 9) figures, without description, under the name Cardium Hillanum Sow., var. Moabiticum, a shell which, as figured, agrees essentially with immature individuals of the typical Hillanum from the Blackdown Hills of Devonshire. The three specimens upon which the present species is based are obviously distinct from HilJanun. Comparison with a full series of the species last named from the Blackdown Greensand, and with many casts of the same from Lebanon, shows the fol- lowing differences. In the side view, the outline of Z/i//anum is rotundate- cordate ; of this, subquadrangular. The concentric markings of the former are numerous striz with very small intervening ridges; of the latter, wide and flattish varices, separated by well impressed furrows. The posterior umbonal slope of Hillanum is always flattened, while that of the species in hand is somewhat concave, and near the posterior margin is suddenly compressed, the compressed part including a straight and very gently de- scending hinge line. Nor is this species C. lifrons Reuss (Kreideschichten in den Ostalpen, p- 145, Pl. xxviii, fig. 19, 1854), which is a variety of ZiW/anum. Our fossils most nearly resemble C. Vattoni Coquand (Géol. et Paléont. de Constantine, p- 207, Pl. xi, fig. 5), which is readily distinguishable by having tubercles upon its twenty posterior radiating ribs. Locality and Position. — The single valve, from the Merrill collection, was taken from ferruginous and arenaceous marl, and therefore cannot be refer- able to the Cardium zone of the Turonian, which is made up of brown lime- stone and contains only casts of various species of Cardium. The entire specimens, from the Bird collection, are apparently from the same kind of rock, which seems to be identical with the arenaceous marl of the Gastero- pod zone, already noticed. As, according to Fraas, that zone yields fairly preserved specimens of C. Zlil/anwm, it is not improbable that this species is from the same horizon. 52, SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Gonodon? hebes, sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 1 a, b, c, d. Testa subquadrata, ventricosa, crassiuseula, paulun tneequilatera, rugulis inere- menti modicis irregularibus obducta: latus anticum perbreve, truncatim rotundatum, posticum longius, altum, rotundato-angulatum, fere verticaliter truncatum : umbones antemediani, turguli, retusi, ineurvi: lunula nulla aut parva et illimitata: specimi- nis unicd umbonum cacumina absumpta ; area ligamentalis cardinisque pars magna exes: utriusque value dens cardinalis anticus trigonus, robustus, latus, superne pro- Sunde concavus ; margines intus leves. Cetere note cerni non possunt. Shell subquadrate, ventricose, moderately thick, somewhat inequilateral, covered with irregular wrinkles of growth of inconsiderable size: anterior side very short, truncately rounded, hinder side the longer, high, obliquely angled by an obscure rounded umbonal ridge, almost verticaly truncated : umbones antemesial, swollen, blunt, incurved: lunule none or small and undefined: tips of umbones of the single specimen decayed ; ligamentary area and larger part of the hinge removed by corrosion ; under the beak of each valve a wide, strong triangular tooth, deeply concave above and pro- longed in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the shell. The other characteristic marks cannot be distinguished. Single specimen, with test. Length, 37 mm.; height, 54 mm.; thickness, 28} mm. Of the solitary example, the beaks in part, the whole area, and the greater portion of the hinge have been removed by decay. Beneath the beak in each valve remains a remarkably prominent triangular tooth, deeply hol- lowed upon its inwardly sloping wide upper face. These teeth are quite unlike any others of which I have knowledge, and it is difficult to give a correct idea of them either by a figure or in words. The peculiar form, together with the concentrically wrinkled surface and the somewhat enlarged lunular margin, indicates the relationship of this shell to that group of the Lucinide to which the genus Unicardium belongs. The abnormal development of the two remaining hinge-teeth forbids that it should be referred to any genus of that group except Gonodon. Since the work * which contains Schafheeutl’s original diagnosis of that genus is want- ing in the libraries of Cambridge and Boston, I have it only as given by * Stid-Bayerns Lethwa Geognostica, 1863. CARDITA LACUNAR. 53 Stoliczka and Zittel, briefly, and as respects the teeth not very clearly. I have therefore given a generic name to this shell with much doubt, espe- cially as Gonodon has hitherto been known only from Jurassic strata. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirut district; from a yellow arenaceous marl, probably Turonian, Cardita lacunar, sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 1 a, b, c, d, e. Testa parva, orbiculato-quadrangularis, paulo longior quam altior, tunida, ine- quilateralis, unbonibus obliquis treurvis approximatis antemedianis instructa : margo anticus insinuatus, rotundatus, posticus abrupte truncatus, cardinalis retrorsum lente declivis, ventralis cequaliter arcuatus : superficies costis radiantibus quaternis denis compressis squamosis eleganter insculpta ; squame suberecter, rotund, imbricate ; interstitia lata, profunda, in valva sinistra duo posteriora lamellis transversis specie lacunwrium divisa: linula parva, cordifornis utrinque cavata, medio parum elevata: signa interna incognita. Shell small, roundish-quadrangular, a little longer than high, tumid, ine- quilateral, furnished with oblique, incurved, closely approximate antemesial umbones: anterior margin insinuate, rounded, the posterior one abruptly truncate, the hinge margin gently sloping backward, the ventral regularly arcuated: surface elegantly sculptured with fourteen radiating, compressed scaly ribs; the scales suberect, round at the end, imbricate; interspaces of the ribs wide and deep, the hinder two upon the left valve divided by trans- verse lamellie after the manner of lacunaria: lunule small, cordate, excavated on each side, elevated in the middle. Characters of the interior unknown. Five examples, almost uniform in size, and all retaining the test entire. Length, 8} mm.; height, 74 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. In all the specimens the posterior cardinal margin of the left valve is conspicuously higher than that of the right; and the interspace of the hindermost two ribs of the same valve is divided by delicate and flexuous transverse lamella into four-sided pits, panels, or compartments, widest in proportion to their length toward the beaks and narrowing downward. This structure, which suggested the specific name, is upon the right valve barely indicated, never complete. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Probably from the vicinity of Abeih, and from the Turonian marl. 54 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Hippurites plicatus Conrap. Plate Il, fig. 8. Hippurites plicatus Conrad, 1852, Official Report, p. 234, App., Pl. vii, fig. 49. Two specimens, apparently of this species. The one figured is a free lower valve: height, 68 mm.; greatest width, 45 mm. The other is a cluster of aggregated individuals, upon one of the imperfect shells of which a single upper valve is present. ‘This is in place, and, so far as it is distin- guishable in the mass, has the general form and about one fourth the height of the figured lower valve, with its apex central and directed upwards. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; probably from the same horizon as the species next following. Hippurites Lewisii Fraas. Hippurites Lewisii Fraas, 1878, Aus dem Orient, IL. Theil, p. 74, Pl. v, figs. 5 a, 3. A single lower valve, entire and answering fairly to Fraas’s description and figures. Height, 65 mm.; greatest width, 60 mm. Whether this and plicatus are distinct species may perhaps be doubted. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably the Beirtt district; assigned by Fraas to the Cardium bed of the Turonian (see pp. 6, 7). Trigonia Syriaca Conrap. Trigonia Syriaea Conrad, 1852, Official Report, pp. 214 and 232, Pl. ili, figs. 19, 20, 21, 28, and App., Pl. iv, fig. 26. Trigonia Syriaca Fraas, 1878, Aus dem Orient, II. Theil, p. 48, PI. ii, figs. 2-5. Seven specimens. Three with both valves nearly entire; one single right valve; three casts. Fraas’s figures of the exterior of this species are far better than Conrad’s. The best shells and casts — two of each — are from a private collection of Professor Louis Agassiz, and are labelled only “ Lebanon.” The others are from the Merrill collection. Locality and Position. — Probably from the Beirit district. Fraas styles this the “leading fossil” of the Cenomanian Sandstone. or Or NUCULA (CUCULLELLA ?) PALAISTINA. Nucula (Cucullella?) Palestina, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 5 a-i. Testa parva, subcylindrata, duplo longior quam altior, maxime tneequilatera et ventricosa, crassitudo altitudini fere adaequans ; antice attenuata submucronata ; eatre- mitas postica paulo compressa, acuta; margo dorsi antice insinuata, postice paululatimn declivis ; margo ventris antice subsinuata, postice cequaliter arcuata: wnbones humiles meonsprew, autrorsum inelinati: linula superne angulo acuto apicum definita, inferne vic linutata: superficies strus concentricis tenuibus confertissimis notata: cardo mul- tidenticulatus ; linea cardinalis obtusangula. Shell small, subeylindrical, twice as long as high, exceedingly imequilat- eral and ventricose, the thickness almost equalling the height; attenuate and submucronate in front; hinder extremity a little compressed, sharp ; dorsal margin sinuated before, behind very gradually sloping; ventral margin subsinuate in front, posteriorly recularly arcuated : umbones low, inconspicu- ous, inclined forward: lunule defined above by the acute angle formed by the beaks, below scarcely limited: surface marked by delicate concentric striae, very closely set; hinge multidenticulate ; hinge-line obtusely angled. Thirty-three specimens, all with test entire. Length, 13 to 15} mm.; height, 7} to 8} mm.; thickness, 7 to 8) mm. Of the whole number only a single specimen allowed the test to be removed, leaving the cast with all its markings distinct, except the anterior slope of the hinge line, which is partially obscured, but evidently toothed. The muscular impressions are shown to be deep and somewhat angular, the pallial line simple and rather distant from the ventral margin. The anterior boundary of the umbones is more conspicuously angular and prolonged in the cast than im specimens covered by the test. A little behind the beaks of the cast a groove runs from the dorsal margin almost vertically downward (slightly backward) about 2mm. It is divided lengthwise into two grooves by a ridge along its middle. In Cucullella M‘Coy,* according to the diagnosis, “a strong internal septum [clavicle] extends from before the beaks to the posterior margin of the anterior adductor, forming a deep slit in the casts.” Our cast indicates the existence of a channelled septum (within the test) * Zittel (Handbuch der Paleontologie, I. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 53) regards Cucullella M‘Coy (Annals and Magazine of Natural History [2], VII, p. 50, 1851) and Cleidophorus Hall (Paleontology of New York, I, p. 800, 1847) as identical. Both are paleozoic. 56 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. which runs almost vertically downward from a point a little dehind the beaks. Shall the diagnosis of Cueullella be changed to include the present species, or shall the species be excluded from the group ? Zittel (Die Bivalven der Gosaugebilde in den Nordéstlichen Alpen, Wiener Akademie, Denkschriften Math. Naturwiss., XXIV, pp. 162-164, 1865), Meek (Invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossils of the Upper Missouri Country, p. 98, 1876), and some others, following Deshayes, have considered the shorter and generally truncated side of the shell of Wueula to be the posterior rather than the anterior part, the beaks to be directed backward, and what seems to be the lunule as really corresponding with the escutcheon (area) of other types. But Zittel (Handbuch, I. Band, 2. Abtheilung, p. 52, 1881) has returned to the older and more common view, which we have followed in our description of this species. NV. cylindrica M‘Coy (Synopsis of Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ire- land, p. 69, PI. xi, fig. 26, 1844) is a closely related species. Finally, WV. sud- mucronia Conrad (Official Report, p. 213, Pl. ii, fi much larger than our specimens, may possibly be identical with this species. e, 14) based upon a cast But as his figure and description of the cast do not represent an internal ridge to be present, and as specimens with the test were unknown to Con- rad, we have regarded it as necessary to publish our examples under a new name. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position, — The cast above mentioned and specimens broken to show the mode of mineralization have the same peculiar pyritiferous com- position which was found in the Jurassic Ammonites from the Ornati Clay of Mejdel esh Shems. Of the different collections considered in this paper, no fossils known to be Cretaceous exhibit this kind of mineralization. We may therefore infer that the species is probably from the locality and formation which furnished the Ammonites referred to. Leda decussata, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 4 a, b, c. Testa ovato-subtriquetra, antice inflata, postice attenuata, rostrata ; umbones parvi, meurvi, contigui, mediam pene testam tenentes ; lunula acute elliptica, fere plana, obscure marginala ; area profunde excavata, lira edita lata rotundata terminata: an- gulus cardinalis obtusus: superficies striis concentricis regularibus ereberrimis, alis radiantibus muinutis decussatis, tnseulplta, sub vitro venusta. LEDA DECUSSATA. 57 Shell ovately triangular, inflated in front, behind attenuate, rostrate: um- bones nearly mesial, small, incurved, contiguous; lunule sharply elliptical, obscurely margined ; area deeply excavated, bounded by a rounded, broad, elevated ridge; angle of hinge line obtuse: surface engraved with crowded regular concentric striz decussated by minute radial stria, and presenting a beautiful appearance under the lens, Three specimens. Dimensions of that which is in best condition, and figured: length, 12 mm.; height, 8 mm.; thickness, 65 mm. This species in form and superficial markings so closely resembles ZL. ve- nusta Sauvage and Rigaux (Journal de Conchyliologie, XIX, p. 356, 1871; XX, p. 180, Pl. xi, fig. 7, 1872), from the Avinumeridgien moyen de Bréequerecques, that in the outset I was strongly inclined to look upon it as a variety of venusta. But on further examination it seems necessary to set it apart as a distinct species, on account of the following differences. The French speci- mens are smaller, their three dimensions being given respectively as 7, 4, and 3 mm.; they have the anterior margin rounded, and the surface of the sides radiatim costellata et concentrice striata (op. cit., XIX, p. 856), or, ornée de cotes rayonnantes nombreuses et de stries concentriques (op. cit. XX, p. 181). The Leba- non shells, on the other hand, have their dimensions about twice greater than those of venusta: viz. 12, 8, and 64 mm.; the front margin slopes in a nearly straight line; and the surface is engraved with close-set, well-impressed con- centric stria, crossed, not by coste nor costelle, but by radial strizw so deli- cate as to be visible only with aid of the lens. So also the Jurassic L. /acryma Sow. sp., has very nearly the form of this species, but is distinguished from it in being smaller, more prolonged posteriorly into a narrow rostrum, and in having its surface marked with “concentric striations, rather remote, and faintly impressed, sometimes undistinguishable ” (Morris and Lycett, Mollusca from Great Odlite, Part IT, p. 53, Pl. v, figs. 15, 15 a, 1853). Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Fraas records from the Ornati Clay of Mejdel esh Shems, under the name of Nueula lacryma Sow. (Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, etc., 1877, p. 27, and Aus dem Orient, II. Theil, p. 19, 1878), a species which in all probability is the one here described. The general similarity of the two species has already been noticed above. One of our three specimens has the test partly broken away, showing within a cast having the pyritif- erous composition mentioned in connection with the species last described. For reasons there and here stated, it is probable that these specimens of Leda are from the Ornati Clay of Mejdel esh Shems. g 58 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Cucullexa (Trigonoarca) Ligeriensis D’Orsicny sp. Arca Ligeriensis D’OrBiGNy, 1844, Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét.., II, p. 227, Pl. ecexvil. A single internal cast, whose identity is proved by comparison with several excellent and authentic casts from the Turonian of Sarthe, and the Craie chloritée (Upper Greensand) of Rouen. Length, 64 mm.; height, 87 mm.; thickness, 41 mm. In form this species is very similar to, if not identical with, A. Passyana d’Orb., 1844 (Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., III, p. 241, Pl. ecexxvii, figs. 1, 2), of which, at the time of publication, @Orbigny knew only the cast. Fraas (Aus dem Orient, I. Theil, p. 89) speaks of A. brevifrons Conrad (Official Report, p. 215. Pl. v, fig. 31) as closely resembling A. Pussyana; but if Conrad’s figures of Syrian species of Arca are at all to be relied on, Passyana and Ligeriensis approach nearest to A. idurata Conrad (op. cit., p. 216, Pl. v, fig. 35), and may be identical with it. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; from the Turonian. Cucullea (Trigonoarea) concinna Gotprtss sp. Plate VI, figs. 7 a, b, c. ? Cucullea Munsterit ZiptEN, 1830, Versteinerungen Wiirtembergs, p. 75, Pl. lvi, figs. 7 @-c. Arca concinna Goupruss, 1838, Petrefacta Germanie, II, p. 148, Pl. exxiii, figs. 6 a, b. Cucullea concinna QuENstEDT, 1852, Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, p. 526, Pl. xliii, fig. 27. Thirteen specimens, varying much in size, of which the largest is figured. Length, 8} to 15 mm.; height, 6} to 9 mm.; thickness, 4 to 7 mm. These specimens agree perfectly with examples from the Marnes ox- fordiemes of Salins, and with Goldfuss’s description and figures. Numerous specimens from de Koninck’s collection, now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and labelled by him “ Arca ( Cucullwa) Munsterii Zieten,” from the Lias moyen of Balingen, as well as Zieten’s figures of his own species, differ from specimens of concinna Goldf. from Lebanon and elsewhere, and from Goldfuss’s and Quenstedt’s figures of the same, only in lacking the anterior radial lines, which upon some examples of concinna are very obscure. Cucul- lca concinna Phillips, 1829 (Geology of Yorkshire, Part I, p. 109, Pl. v, fig. 9), from the Oxford Clay of Scarborough (figured as 33 mm. long, and 15 mm. high), bears strong likeness to the smaller concinna Goldf. in form and mark- ings. Monster’ Goldf., as figured in Petrefacta Germania, is distinct from Mimsterti Zieten. PERNA ORIENTALIS. 59 Of eight lots in the Museum collections, from the Lias and Oxford Clay of Europe, and bearing the names given in the synonymy above, all are pyritif- erous, as are our Lebanon specimens; and from the coincidence of the latter with the European specimens in their peculiar mineralization, condition of surface, and even color, all might be supposed to have come from one and the same deposit. All alike seem to have lost from the test a thin outer layer, portions of which are retained on a single specimen from Salins. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Unmistakably Jurassic, and probably from the Ornati Clay of Mejdel esh Shems. Perna orientalis, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 1 a, b, c. Testa cuneato-subquadrata, subequvalis, altitudo longitudinem multo superans, antice crassa, postice coartlata et in alam brevem producta: margo cardinalis obliquus, rectiusculus ; area cardinalis interna lata, canaliculis parallelis ligamentum multipar- titum excipientibus cireiter novem incavala ; canaliculi spatis interjectis latiores : wn- bones terminales, acuti, adunct, approximati: margo anticus insinualus ; sinus bysst > > > ph uy 3 yy latus, profundus, rugosus: superficies lateralis valvarum lamellis inerementi tenuis- simis tnducta: impressio muscularis subcentralis valde exeavata. Shell cuneately subquadrate, subequivalve, height greatly exceeding the length, anteriorly thick, behind compressed and produced into a short imper- feet wing: hinge margin oblique, nearly straight; internal hinge area broad fo) fo) fo) | 2 to) ) to) b] grooved with about nine parallel furrows, constituting a series, which receive the many-parted ligament; the furrows wider than the intervening spaces: umbones terminal, sharp and hooked: anterior margin sinuated; byssal sinus broad, deep, rugose: sides of the valves overlaid with very thin lamella of growth: muscular impression nearly central and remarkably deep. Two specimens: one nearly entire, the other a single left valve. Dimen- 2 Oo BY) sions of entire shell: length, 52 mm.; height, 55 mm.; thickness, 52 mm. Dimensions of single valve: length, 35 mm.; height, 62 mm. (originally about 66 mm.); thickness, 25 mm. This species is proportionally much thicker in front, and has a relatively wider and deeper byssal sinus than any hitherto described. As seen from the side, its outline somewhat resembles P. myliloides Lam., which, however, in all specimens and figures known to me, is comparatively flat and thin, and 60 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. has the lateral surface of its valves covered with few and wide lamelle; while those of our examples are numerous, narrow, and exceedingly thin, the anterior edges only of the valves being rugose. The test is exceptionally thick and massive, and in the single valve the muscular impression is a deep pit with an abrupt bounding wall on the front side. Neither Conrad, Lartet, nor Fraas records any species of fossil Perna as occurring in Syria, nor did Coquand meet with the genus in Algeria, where the prevailing formation is Cretaceous. It is worthy of note, too, that Pictet and Campiche failed to detect Pernz in the Cretaceous of Sainte Croix, Switzerland, that Meek found none in the Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Upper Missouri country, that Ferdinand Roemer found none in the Cretaceous of Texas, and that but a single species has been recognized in the Cretaceous of all India. On the other hand, d’Orbigny gives five species as belonging to the Cretaceous of France, and Reuss describes three from the Cretaceous of Bohemia. Species are numerous in the Jurassic. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Vf Jurassic, as they have the appearance of being, the fossils are probably from Mejdel esh Shems, Perna tetragona, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. 2. With the specimens described under the last title was a right valve, from the thin lower and posterior margins of which small portions have been broken away. This valve so closely resembles the others in its sharp and hooked beaks, in the narrow and delicate lamella upon the lateral surfaces, and in the width, depth, and rugosity of the byssal sinus, that, taking into account the wide range of variation which is observed in recent species of Aviculide, it is possible that this is only a variety of orientalis. Yet the thin, flat, quadrangular form of the valve, the absence of any deep or distinetly limited muscular impression, the hinge margin nearly horizontal in direction, while that of the other specimens is abruptly sloping, and the ligamental grooves narrower than their interspaces, constitute dis- tinctive characters so striking, that, if found to be constant in specimens here- after to be discovered, they will require the establishing of a new species, to which we have given provisionally the name placed above. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Doubtless the same as for the last species. VOLA DUTRUGEI. 61 Vola Syriaca Conran sp. Plate V., figs. 4 a-c. Janira Syriaca Conrad, Official Report, p. 230, App., Pl. i, fig. 6. A single specimen, in so much better condition than Conrad’s type, that it is here figured anew. The specimen is almost absolutely perfect, except for the loss of the posterior ear, and of part of the other. It shows that what, in his excellent description, Conrad calls “ wrinkles” upon the ribs, are more correctly thin erect scales of small height, and that upon the con- cave or left valve they run more or less obliquely across the ribs and the intervals between the ribs. On the convex or right valve the scales cross the ribs at right angles with their length, but are hardly perceptible in the interspaces. In each of the five spaces between the six larger ribs which characterize the right valve are four smaller ribs, of which the two middle ones exceed the outer in size. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. —Conrad’s type was found at Abeih, whence this probably came. Related species are found in the zone of Ammonites Syri- acus, and this may be from the same horizon. Vola tricostata Coquann sp. Janira tricostata Coquannd (non Bayir), 1862, Géol. et Paléont. de Constantine, p. 219, PJ. xiii, figs. 3, 4. U3 Cb Lartet, 1875, Expl. Géol. de la Mer Morte, p. 136, PI. xi, fig. 16. A lower (right) valve, incomplete, but showing well the characteristic features of the species; viz. six principal radiating ribs, the intervals of which contain each three unequal intermediate ribs, the median rib being always stronger than the other two. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Beirit district. Fraas knew the species from Muktarah in the same district, and refers it to the zone of Ammonites Syriacus. Coquand assigns it, in Algeria, to les assises rhotomagiennes. Vola Dutrugei Coguann sp. Janira Dutrugei Coquann, 1862, Géol. et Paléont. de Constantine, p. 219, Pl. xiii, figs. 1, 2. ‘ « — Larret, 1875, Expl. Géol. de la Mer Morte, p. 137, Pl. xi, fig. 18. An imperfect lower (right) valve, which exhibits fairly the proportions and arrangements of the ribs characteristic of the species. Coll. Thomson. 62 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. Locality and Position. — Beirut district. Not known to Fraas, but found by Lartet assez répandue en Palestine. Since Coquand refers it, in Algeria, to the same horizon (/’étage rhotomagien) with the last species, like that it is probably from the zone of Ammonites Syriacus, in Lebanon. Vola sp. ? A single incomplete lower valve, less convex than the last two and pro- portionally wider. Length, about 45 mm.; height, about 50 mm. The ribs are about twenty in number, and are wide, except those of the anterior and posterior sides, which are narrower. All are very flat, and would entitle the species to the name of Vola planicosta if the specimen were complete enough to warrant a specific description. The upper (left) valve is unknown to us. Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; from a chalky marl, probably Senonian. Ostrea Syriaca? Conran. Ostrea Syriaca Conrad, Official Report, p. 212, Pl. ii, fig. 12. Two complete specimens of a small Oyster, adhering to each other and giving evidence of having been attached at the umbones. They answer better to the description of this species than to that of any other. Greater diameter of the larger, 47 mm.; of the smaller, 45 mm. Coll. Thomson. Locality and Position. — Probably from the Beirtt district; from a yellow marl, Turonian. Ostrea (Alectryonia) alicula, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 3 a, b, c. Testa oblique cuneiformis ; valva superior fere plana, ad cardinem versus pau- lulum conveaa et concentrice tenuiter lamellosa, alioqui vir concava et plicis radiantibus latis demissis nonnunquam dichotomis notata ; valva tuferior alte fornicata, wmbone producto affiva, costis angustis acutis crebris dichotomis munita. Shell obliquely cuneiform; upper valve nearly flat, towards the hinge somewhat convex and concentrically delicately lamellose, for the rest slightly concave and having the lamellae crossed by wide, low, radiating folds, some- times dichotomous; lower valve highly arched, affixed by the elongated umbo, and furnished with narrow, sharp, close-set dichotomous ribs. Two specimens, both figured. Dimensions of the right-hand individual of the doublet: length, 16 mm.; height, 40 mm.; thickness, 15 mm OSTREA (EXOGYRA) FLABELLATA. 635 This species might be mistaken for O. virgata Goldfuss, were it not that, in accordance with Goldfuss’s description and figures, all specimens of that species which have come under my observation have the upper valve flat and concentrically wrinkled, without the radiating folds and slight conecay- ity which are seen in the Lebanon specimens. 0. vzgala, moreover, is on record as strictly a Tertiary species, while the fossils before us clearly ante- date the Tertiary period. I suspect this to be what Fraas has figured from part of a lower valve (Aus dem Orient, H. Theil, p. 46, Pl. ii, fig. 3) as O. succini Fraas, concerning which the explanatory text accompanying the figure is only the following: “Qstrea succia is so characteristic in the whole of southerly Lebanon as an associate of the Amber, that we name the Oyster from the accompanying mineral. It is a small ribbed Oyster which is nearly like the Jurassic O. sub- serrala or coslata, and is always swollen with a broader basis. The specimen figured is one of the largest, which we found in the neighborhood of Djebia. Usually there is a whole colony of such Oysters together, and grown to one another.” Fraas names this as one of four species characteristic of the Ceno- manian Sandstone, the second of the nine members into which he divides the Cretaceous strata of Lebanon. Of at least two different Oysters which Conrad with some hesitation describes and figures under the name 0. virgata (Official Report, pp. 212 and 230, Pl. i, figs. 6-8, and App., Pl. i, fig. 8), from the Cretaceous district of Bhamdan, one is perhaps the species here considered, though an upper valve supposed to belong to it is drawn without radiating folds. Since Fraas’s figure of the fragment of a single valve, without an ade- quate description accompanying it, gives no certainty in the case, I find myself obliged to present the species under a new name, though loth to add to the maze of fossil Oysters. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Beirit district; from an arenaceous bed which is probably the Cenomanian Sandstone. Ostrea (Exogyra) flabellata? Goupruss. Exogyra flabellata, Gouvruss, 1834, Petrefacta Germanie, II, p. 38, Pl. Ixxxvii, figs. 6 a, 0. Ostrea flabellata, D’Orxicny, 1842, Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., III, p. 717, Pl. eeeelxxv. Two well preserved lower valves; one complete and having greater diameter 101 mm. 64 SYRIAN MOLLUSCAN FOSSILS. These specimens coincide with d’Orbigny’s figures of O. Boussingaultii d’Orb. (Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., TI, p. 702, Pl. eccelxvili), and with Con- rad’s figures of two very imperfect valves to which he gives the same name (Official Report, p. 213, Pl. ii, figs. 10, 11). But that species was regarded by d’Orbigny as “ propre aux couches inférieures de l’étage néocomien ” (loc. cit.), of the existence of which formation in the Lebanon region there is at present no evidence. D’Orbigny says also of the species as compared with flabellata : * Les rapports sont si times que je n’aurais pas balancé a réunir ces deux espeéces, si elles avaient appartenu a la meme couche; mais 10. Boussingaultii se trouvant dans l’étage néocomien, elle est séparée de 10. flabellata par les étages aptien et albien qui ne la renferment pas ; aussf est-il impossible d’en suivre la filiation.” (loc. cit.) Lartet affirms (Expl. Géol. de la Mer Morte, p. 158) that the Oysters from Kerak, east of the Dead Sea, identified by Conrad and Fraas (Aus dem Orient, I. Theil, p. 86) as O. Boussingaulii’, are in reality O. fabellata. In the second part of the same work, p. 79, Fraas, influenced perhaps by Lartet’s opinion, for which he always manifests great respect, assigns to the species flabellata the related Oysters found in Lebanon. Out of deference to these views, I have named my specimens as above, with some doubt, which is not diminished by the fact that Zittel assigns O. Boussingaultii to the subgenus Amphidonta, and O. flabellata to the subgenus Exogyra! Coll. Merrill. Locality and Position. — From the Beirtt district. Fraas refers 0. flabellata to the zone of Ammonites Syriacus, or the Middle 'Turonian. JNDETERMINED. The cast from the Merrill collection, represented in Plate IV by figures 4 a,b, is certainly not a Lucina. In the projection upon the posterior (?) part of each valve (largest on the right), fig. 4 4, it approaches Arcopagia, for example the species venves Linn.; but Iam not prepared to refer it to that group. RHYNCHONELLA CONCINNA. 65 BRACHIOPODA. Terebratula biplicata Broccni sp. Anomia biplicata Broccut, 1814, Conchiologia Fossile Subapennina, p. 469, Pl. x, fig. 8. Terebratula biplicata Sowersy, 1815, Min. Conch. Gr. Brit., I, p. 201, Pl. xe, and V, p. 53, Pl. eccexxxvii, figs. 2, 3, 1825. ae ce D’Orpreny, 1847, Paléont. Frang., Terr. Crét., TV, p. 95, Pl. dxi, figs. 9-15. a ES Davison, 1852-55, Monogr. Brit. Foss. Brach., I, Pt. ii, p. 55, Pl. vi, figs. 1-49. Three specimens, complete, of the form represented by Davidson’s figures 8 and 9. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Vicinity of Abeih; referred by Fraas to the Glandarius zone of the Cenomanian, the lowest of his nine zones of Lebanon strata. D’Orbieny speaks of the species as “caractéristique des couches les plus inférieures de l’étage cénomanien.” (loc. cit.) Davidson states that in England it is found in the Gault, Upper Greensand, and Lower Chalk ; upon the Continent, in the Gault and Upper Greensand. Rhynchonella concinna Sowrrsy sp. Terebratula concinna SowERBY, 1815, Min. Conch. Gr. Brit., I, p. 192, Pl. Ixxxii, fig. 6. cs G3 Von Bucu, 1838, Class. et Deser. des Térébrat, Mém. Soe. Géol. France, III, p. 144, PI. xiv, fig. 14. Rhynchonella concinna D’Orsieny, 1847, Prodrome, I, p. 315. ct Os Davipson, 1851-52, Monogr. Brit. Foss. Brach., I, Pt. III, p. 88, Pl. xvii, figs. 6-12. Five specimens, in the best condition and of typical form, admirably figured by von Buch. Four adult, one younger. Coll. Bird. Locality and Position. — Fraas recognized this well-known European species in the Older Brown Jura bed of Mejdel esh Shems, whence these specimens were probably obtained. D’Orbigny refers the species to his Bathonian stage. Davidson mentions it as “abundant in the Great Oodlite of many localities in England.” (loc. cit.) “8 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. ACT£ONINA brevis . . vafra . ALARIA monodactyla . AMAUROPSIS Abeihensis . gradata . . subcanaliculata AMMONITES convolutus fuscus! |... hecticus. . Libanensis? . Syriacus) =. Vibrayeanus Carpita lacunar . CarpiuM crebriechinatum Hillanum . . Judaicum . . Syriacum CrritHIuM gracilens CrromyA sinuata CoOLOSTRACON . . curtum . Lewisii . sinuatum . . CorpuLa aligera) 3 93 CrypTopLocus Libanensis . 13 26 CucULLAHA concinna Ligeriensis CYPRINA Abeihensis orientalis CYTHEREA Libanotica EuNEeMA? bicarinata Gonopon ? hebes . Hrprvunites Lewisii . plicatus . TsocARDIA Merrilli Lepa decussata LiopistTHa Libanotica LUNATIA Gileadensis Mrto pervetus NaAtTICcA Syriaca . NERINEA gemmifera Libanensis pauxilla . ‘NUCULA Palestina 68 OsTREA alicula flabellata ? Syriaca ? PERNA orientalis tetragona PHOLADOMYA depacta . « leo Prerocera (HarPaGopEs) | undetermined species RuyYNCHONELLA concinna RosTeLLaria Rustemi . SCALARIA = undetermined species. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. | TEREBRATULA biplicata TRIGONIA Syriaca . TURRITELLA eleonis . : undetermined species TyLostoma Birdanum depressum . -induratum Syriacum Vota Dutrugei Syriaca . tricostata undetermined species are! ere Tae (ey i” eral bard el il aks | LORY Autw 4 fiy r fie 3% . r ioe, ig s 2 nm = e 4 _ er Peas" eka) Re = = aL, = 77 + x ’ ¥ ge = a + $ > i —— ; ¢ SP TACT Er [All figures on this Plate are of natural size.) _ Lunatia Gileadensis . 4 : ‘ 3 ee Te Front view. : ) Amauropsis Abeihensis . . 5 6 5 5 6 5 Rae 2a. Front view. 2b. Dorsal view. Amauropsis gradata . . ° . . ° . 5 . . . Front view. Tylostoma Birdanum E 6 C . . . : é 5 . Front view. Amauropsis subcanaliculata 3 a 6 6 ‘ Front view. ‘ Tylostoma Syriacum ConRAD sp. . ; a . e 5 5 o 6a. Front view of cast. 6b. Top (posterior) view of same. ? Tylostoma depressum Picrrer and CAMPICHE Gag 6 5 oe Front view of cast. Tylostoma induratum ConraD sp. . : 8a. Left side view, oblique, showing aperture aa Sar columella 86. Right side view. A full dorsal view, which it was intended to give, would ths better the produced anterior. \ P, Rotter, ad.nat 7 ny tutes var tater ‘jas 5 ol ev Vue nS + DOr rer he i we wwely Pails TOES teste rte 3 = Pana: Ese 2 > bd ea - es ot - ° : Bere ama : & PLATE IL : Fig. 1. Turritellaeleonis .- - - - + «+ = : oe la. Dorsal view of imperfect specimen, with test. Bulacged ae amcor 16. Single whorl of cast. Enlarged to show revolving lines. Fig. 2. Turritellasp.? . .- 0 4 5 : 5 : 3 ° rites 5 oe 2a. Front view of an incomplete cast. Nepesiace : “a8 2b. Front view of a second imperfect cast. ‘ Fig, 3, Sealariasp!? Gay . 8 co... >a ee = 3a. Side view of incomplete cast, showing varices. \ Natalee 3b. Side view of fragment of cast, with a varix. : Other fragments (not figured) show parallel varices. - Fig. 4. Nerinea pauxilla . 5 C . 5 4 a . . 5 ° : Front view of imperfect attached specimen. Enlarged two diameters. Fig. 5. Bunema ? bicarinata A : E Ps . : O . eG ae 6 o 5a. Front view of the single specimen. hate } 5b. Dorsal view of the same. atural size. : Big. 6. Alaria‘mnonodactyla- oa, 3 95 ~ =) sy -2- ==. ou eee 6a. Front view of best preserved specimen. 66. Dorsal view of second specimen, showing single digitation. 6c. Dorsal view of third specimen, showing best the canal. All enlarged two diameters. Fig. 7. Pterocera (Harpagodes) . 6 , 5 S E mage Se ae Front view of cast nearly complete, but distorted. Natural size. ; Fig. 8. Nerinea (Cryptoplocus) Libanensis . 5 3 2 : . 2 : : e 8a. Dorsal view of an imperfect specimen. Naniealn 8b. Oblique front and basal view of the same Sees Fig. 9. Front views of undetermined casts 5 . : 6 4 ; c 3 : a Fig. 10, Tylostoma Syriacum ConRaD sp. . Front view of better specimen than that ieee by Figs 6 a, b of Plate L “Natural size. aoa C7, f ~~ i ’ L ae = ms ee . ‘ he wee "4a - $s 3 j y ae allel ne ie ' Yoon " Lear AT adi f aver gnome us fare Cea ‘ DE i 03 ~~ mi attinihy oa ts: togeteds. tie hadeak id ni Lpte SPW LA lari ” a peed way = ae Ree E ott pai ahaiy ¥y rag te f Sheet vs nite uit = ees an a ; - ae ‘goSerktatoS , : gh Spoon irise A] ba) ps ibe egies Me lawned a 19 ee orirtaads yrs eres ee , DAML 1. Wty Ay ae Tol nar lan, “tte aes ~ ah aoe A bo cain site cee “f stein ha) fe inte. : off 4. my brie Ons gen! " “> ep Cte: =" Cpracrepe Wah? wer aeint “e im, Ai Sra 2 bs one's, Pikyosi: raat Shel fbrin¥h be y Wal duerisniitap ib se At ie Oy Lead %) Ata yea honk te ‘ ty ihe act Th ees gla 76 freth nt eure avaiviin) added id ® : wali sa SA asnawanr tal pii{viloan? ty het wal? wi! pean Ter Wiis wud oiliars’ wirrsitgy cast : PLATE ITI. PAGE Fig. 1. Actzeonina vafra 5 : c 5 z 2 e : cs : : ; 5 = 29 la. Front view. 1b. Left side view, showing umbilical chink. A full dorsal view would better show the sudden anterior contraction of the body- whorl. Fig. 2. Actzeonina brevis Morris and Lycerr . 6 5 5 : 5 ° " - 32 2a. Front view of the original type specimen. Natural size. 2b. Front view of the same specimen. ae 2c. Top (posterior) view of the same. ; Holarged dro tan Fig. 3. Colostracon sinuatum . : : 6 : : . eee . . - 33 3a. Front view. Natural size. 3b. Front view of same specimen. 6 bie Saree sam Seeger - Enlarged two diameters. 3c. Top (posterior) view of same. Fig. 4. Colostracon curtum . fs . 4 c 5 . . . . ° . . 34 4a. Front view. Natural size. 46. Front view of same specimen. ) 4c. Dorsal view of same. Enlarged two diameters. 4d. Top (posterior) view of same. Fig. 5. Colostracon Lewisii Fraas . oF aS 0 . 6 : : é 3 . 3b Fraas’s figures reproduced. 5a. Front view of type specimen. 5 on De SpeameD: C about the natural size. 56. Top (posterior) view of same. Fig. 6. Melo pervetus Conran sp. c 3 2 a ee : =f Ue o> SoG Dorsal view of cast, series entire. Natural size. Fig. 7. Cardium (Acanthocardia) Syriacum Conrap sp. - 5 : ° . G . - 48 7a. Left side view of cast. 7b. Posterior view of same. > Natural size. 7c. Anterior view of same. Fig. 8. Hippurites Lewisii Raas 5 5 : S é - : c . + OS View of flatter side of a w STeeeaea Tess valve. Natural size. Note. — The wood-cut of Cerithium gracilens, p. 86, represents, in natural size, an imperfect specimen, partially restored by means of smaller specimens which retain features obscured in the original of the figure. The row of indistinct tubercles on the base of the last whorl was overlooked by the artist. > PI rated by A.Meisel Mem. Mus.Comp. Zoot.X.N°3 P Roetter, ad.nat x Bs Goo fib db Boo i site mee ROSS ED. sh Pgeey oni SSF ein Py “I ne ae iyi a anid: ry ie ae ae rag ae Wty mee ats of eR ues! cuit oo ee ~S = og ON Se ee ee PLATE IV. PacE Fig. 1. Gonodon? hebes 5 é 5 Z 5 a 2 oC 2 5 5 ° . - 52 la. Right side view. 1b. Anterior view of same. > Natural size. lc. Dorsal view of same. © 1d. Remaining teeth, looking from above. Enlarged. Fig. 2. Cyprina (Venilicardia?) Abeihensis . . : 5 3 5 c 2 : - 45 2a. Left side view. ~ 2b. Anterior view of same, > Natural size. 2c. Posterior view of same. - = Fig. 3. Cytherea (Callista?) Libanotica .. . < 0 ° 5 ° . eee 42 3a. Left side view of largest of several casts. 5 3b. Dorsal view of same specimen. Natural size. = 3c. Left side view of smallest cast. Fig. 4. An undetermined cast . E 5 a a 3 2 5 : 3 5 : . - 64 4a. Side view of si imen. : , a. Side view o single specimen Nataxiiene: 4b. Dorsal view of same. - ; Fig. 5. Cardium (Protocordia) Judaicum . c . 5 3 4 : ° 5 pa aU 5a. Right side view of larger of two specimens. 56. Anterior view of smaller “ a Enlarged one and a half diameters. 5c. Posterior view of smaller. 5d. Anterior view of smaller, in outline. Natural size. Fig. 6. Corbula aligera . a E S : c = 5 : g : : . . - 38 . 6a. Left side view, in outline. Natural size. R 6b. Left side view of same specimen. % 6c. Anterior view of same. Enlarged four diameters. ott 6d. Posterior view of larger specimen. P 7 Fig. 7. Cucullzea (Trigonoarca) concinna GoLpruss .. .. i | Tmo’ aa 7a. Left side view of largest of many specimens, in entire Natural size. “Age b. ; ; 7b. Left side view of same specimen. ; Belesteed yor Hinmricbaes .. 7c. Posterior view of same specimen. ce 4 wey Soy ee ot! Ss ies etait +? fe MEM. Mus.Comp. ZoOL.X.N°3 P Roetter ad.nat : PLATE V. Fig. 1. Cardita lacunar . : 3 one RS Saas 2.3 en ee la. Left side view. Natural size. 1b. Same, showing lacunaria between posterior ribs. t Enlarged three and a } lec. Right side view of a larger shell. half diameters. — ¥: ; 1d. Dorsal view of shell represented by Figs. 1a, 6. Natural size. le. Same. Enlarged four diameters. ? Fig. 2. Isocardia Merrilli . = C 2a. Left side view of os Badly eer vite sotatesiandi ee % 3 of artist. ps 2b. Anterior view of same. Natural size. = 2c. Anterior view of another cast, better showing pallial line, pits, _ { ~ and muscular scars. : . a vs Fig. 3. Cyprina orientalis. : ‘ é 2 0 A 3 5 < 3 5 ase 3a. Left side view of the ab caae : ae 3h. Anterior view of the same. ‘ BCA Ses ey Fig. 4. Vola Syriaca Conran sp. . CR en ch CC; ey 4a. Outer view of lower (right) valve. Natural size. # < 46. Same. Enlarged about one diameter ard a half. a 4c. Outer view of upper (left) valve. Enlarged about one diameter and a half. e Mix ee ie ae ae 3 £8 “ me = 5 me * ~ a 5 XN? MEM Mus.Comp Zool Mis Serer) Fann P Roetter ad nat | ant =e Pascoe as ex e = - : PLATE Var. Fig. 1. Perna orientalis ; : : : : - : - la. Left side view of ppecinien with valves aed. 1b. Front view of same specimen. Natural size. 1c, Interior view of a separate left valve. Fig. 2. Perna tetragona 4 ‘ 3 A 3 x 5 . : . 4 Interior view of sgn right male: Natural size. Fig. 3. Ostrea alicula . - 2 : ‘ 6 , 3a. Exterior view of ee ealvel of two pales cahdenaae: 3b. Exterior view of lower valves of same. Natural size. 3c. Exterior view of separate lower valve. Fig. 4. Leda decussata . . 5 k ; : 3 A 7 ‘ 3 6 5 4a. Right side view. 5 4 Sanaa mt : Enlarged two diameters. 4b. Dorsal view of same specimen. 4c. Same as last. Natural size. Fig. 5. Nucula (Cucullella?) Palestina . 4 . : : 5 9 é ; ; 5a. Left side view. 5b. Ventral view of same specimen. > Enlarged two diameters. 5c. Dorsal view of same specimen. 5d. Left side view of another specimen. Natural size. 5e. Left side view of a third specimen, to show variations. Natural size. 5f. Ventral view of first specimen. Natural size. 5g. Right side view of cast, artificially stripped of test. . 5h. Dorsal view of same cast. Enlarged two diameters. 57%. Ventral view of same cast. Natural size. Fig. 6. Pholadomya depacta : F 5 5 - 6 5 A : 5 . 6a. Left side view of cast. Watieala 6b. Dorsal view of same cast. a Fig. 7. Liopistha Libanotica E c : : : 2 > 5 : : : 7a. Right side view of cate 7b. Doel view of same cast. Natural size. 7c. Anterior view of same cast. Fig. 8. Ceromya sinuata 8a. Right side view of eat 8b. Anterior view of same cast. Natural size. 8c. Right side view of smaller cast. PaGE 41 MEM. Mus.CompP. ZooL.X N°3 P Roetter adinat ie = _ a i en / Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoslogqn AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Wiis Qk Ivey, 2b REVISION OF THE ASTACID Ai. By WALTER FAXON. Part I. THE GENERA CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS. WITH TEN PLATES. CAMBRIDGE: Printed for the fAuseum. Avaust, 1885. ea BE ACC: Tue following Revision of the crayfishes of the Northern hemisphere is based mainly upon the material in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. Through gifts from friends, and through a system of exchanges carried on during the past few years, the Museum now possesses all the known species of Astacus from Europe and Asia, together with all the American species of Astacus and Cambarus excepting Cambarus angustatus (Le Conte), C. Wieg- man Erichs., and C. Mezicanus Erichs., and the doubtful species C. ma- niculatus (Le Conte), C. Stygius Bundy, C. Nebrascensis Girard, and Astacus Oreganus Randall. In this collection is included the chief part of the material used by Dr. Hagen in the preparation of his Monograph of the North American Astacide, a work which forms the foundation of our knowl- edge of the crayfishes of this continent. One may form some notion of the importance of the material received since the publication of Hagen’s me- moir, from the fact that twenty new species of Cambarus are made known in the following pages,* while Dr. Hagen described but ten unknown to previous authors. Besides the collection in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, I have examined these :— 1. The collection in the United States National Museum at Washington. Next to that at Cambridge this is the richest collection of Astacide in the United States, and both have been much benefited by interchanges. All of the new material received at the National Museum during the prepa- ration of this Revision has been promptly sent to me for study. For this invaluable aid I am under great obligation to Prof. 8. F. Baird, Director of * Since this was written, descriptions of the new species have been printed in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX. pp. 108-135, December, 1884. Such a course seemed desirable on account of delay in the publication of the complete memoir. iv PREFACE. the National Museum, and to Mr. Richard Rathbun, Curator of Invertebrata. Of the types of Girard’s and Stimpson’s species which this collection once contained, I was able to find only two, C. Pealei Gir. (= C. affinis Say) and A. Trowbridgii Stm. The rest were probably lost in the great fire of Chi- cago in 1871, while in Stimpson’s hands. 2. Through the courtesy of the Council of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I have had the opportunity to inspect the Asta- cidx in the collection belonging to the Academy; and the specimens that demanded more than a cursory examination have been sent to me in Cam- bridge. This collection, although small, is of great historical interest, since it contains many apparently authoritative examples of Girard’s species, to- gether with types of species described by Harlan, Gibbes, and Le Conte. It was examined by Hagen also in the course of the preparation of his Monograph. 3. The collection of the Peabody Museum of Yale College, New Haven, Conn., containing types of Astacus Trowbridgii Stimpson and Cambarus Sloani Bundy. 4. The Astacide belonging to the Boston Society of Natural History. 5. The collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. 6. The valuable collection of Maryland and Virginia Cambari brought together by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, Maryland. This collection is con- tained in upward of one hundred and eighty jars. Through the labors of Mr. Uhler, Maryland is now one of the best explored States in the Union. 7. Prof. O. P. Hay of Butler University, Irvington, Indiana, has kindly offered for my examination an interesting collection of sixteen species of Cambarus secured in the West and South by himself and Prof. D. 8. Jordan. I take this opportunity also to acknowledge the loan of specimens from the private collections of Professors L. A. Lee, R. R. Wright, A. 8. Packard, D. S. Jordan, and B. F. Koons, Dr. C. H. Merriam, and Messrs. R. 8. Tarr and C. H. Gilbert. The second part of this Revision will include the crayfishes of the South- ern hemisphere, the Parastacine. CON TENTS: Liviration or THE FAmitry Astacip® : : ; 5 , : ; ; : DriaGnosis OF THE Famity AsTAcIDz . : : ‘ 5 ; : : : Division oF THE FAaminy INTO TWO SUBFAMILIES, PoTAMOBIINAD AND PARASTACINZ Division or THE PoTAMOBIINE INTO TWO GENERA, CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS 6 THE GEeNus CAMBARUS . 5 3 si é : F 5 ; : 5 BisLioGRAPHY OF THE GENUS CAMBARUS FROM THE YEAR 1868 To THE PrReEs- ENT Time . . : ; : 4 ; : 5 : F 4 j Notice or HaGen’s MonoGrara or tHE Norru American AstTacip© Hacen’s Nores on THE Types or Ericuson’s anp Dr Saussurer’s SPEciEs oF CAMBARUS IN THE Bertin Museum A : ‘ : : Novicr OF THE EXTANT TyPES OF CAMBARI DESCRIBED BY AMERICAN AUTHORS BEFORE THE DatE or HAGEN’s MonoGrapu . 4 : ¢ 6 ; On THE TWO Forms or THE MALE IN THE GENUS CaMBaruUs ; : 5 InpicatTions OF HrrmMaAPHRropITIsSM IN CAMBARUS . é é A é : PECULIARITIES OF THE YOUNG STAGES OF CAMBARUS : E . ‘ Rank OF THE SuBpramities PoTAMoBUNA AND PARASTACIN®, AND OF THE GENERA CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS . : 5 : . 7 5 : Division OF THE GENUS CAMBARUS INTO FIVE SUBORDINATE Groups . 5 Systematic ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF CaAMBARUS, WITH THEIR SYNONYMY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION . j . : : : Group I. (Tyrn, C. Blandingii) . : 4 : : : : é Group II. (Tyrer, C. advena) . : : 2 - é : : Grove III. (Tyrer, C. Bartonii) . : é : : : : : : .Grour IV. (Tyrr, C. affinis) . 4 5 : : : : ¢ 5 Group V. (Tyrn, C. Montezume) : . : : : : : 5 Tae Genus Astacus 5 : : F : ‘ ‘ é F z : ; Tue SusGenus CAMBAROIDES . : , ; : A Systematic AccouNT OF THE SPECIES OF CAMBAROIDES . : 5 Tue Norru American ASTACI . ‘ ‘ 5 3 5 ; : Systematic Account or THE Nortu American Sprcizs or Asracus 5 Tue Evrorran Asract : : , ‘ ; ‘ ; : ‘ ; Systematic Accounr or THE EvropEAN Species oF AsTacus . : - Nore on tur Fossi Astracip£ : a ; ; é - : - % ; Pace bs we ee ey) oo vi CONTENTS. TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION OF EVERY SPECIES OF CAMBA- RUS AND ASTACUS . : : ; : 5 3 : : ; 5 : TABLE SHOWING OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE DisTRIBUTION OF THE NorTH American SpEcres oF CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO Sratres AND TERRITORIES . : - - é : : ‘ 2 : é DISTRIBUTION oF THE NortTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS ACCORDING TO River SysTEMS . A 5 é : a ‘ : : GENERAL CONCLUSIONS DERIVED FROM THE Facts KNOWN CONCERNING THE GEO- GRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION OF THE ASTACIDZ . : 5 2 3 0 : INDEX TO THE SPECIES . 5 : a ee : 5 , ‘ ; i 5 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES . : é ; A < 3 : s 5 REVISION OF THE ASTACIDZ. Tue family Astacide, in a strict sense, is equivalent to the genus Asta- cus, as limited by Milne Edwards in 1857.* Thus restricted, it includes only fresh-water species, the crayfishes proper, — animals closely related to the marine family of lobsters, or Homaridzx (Homarus, Nephrops, Nephropsis, Enoplometopus, Phoberus), from which they are distinguished by having the last segment of the thorax movably articulated with the preceding segment, and by having the podobranchiw (or gills borne on the thoracic limbs) closely united to the epipodites (or external branches of the limbs), to the more or less complete suppression of the lamellar portion of the epipodite. On the other hand, the Astacidx lead, through such forms as Thaumastochelest and Calocaris, to the fossorial Thalassinidee. Thus limited, the Astacidze are Macrourous Decapod Crustacea, with carapace produced into a rostrum in front, and divided by a transverse groove (cervical groove); narrow thoracic sterna; posterior thoracic somite united to the preceding somite by a movable joint; second to sixth abdomi- nal somites with a broad descending lateral plate (pleuron) on each side, which protects the abdominal appendages; antennules terminated by two filaments; antennze furnished with a movable external scale or squame ; +t first pair of legs much enlarged, chelate ; second and third pairs of legs with small chele; last two pairs of legs not chelate; first pair of abdominal * Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, Tom. II. p. 329. » + A genus founded by Wood-Mason (Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1874, p. 181) for the reception of Astacus zaleucus Willemoes-Sulhm, brought up by the “Challenger” from a depth of 450 fathoms, near Sombrero Island, West Indies. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2d Series, Vol. I., Zodl., pp. 48-50, Pl. X. fig. 1. Until the structure of the gills is known, it is impossible to say whether, from the sum of its characters, Thaumastocheles should be placed among the Astacidw or among the Thalassinide. } The antennal scale is very small in As/acoides Madagascariensis Aud. et M. Edw. 1 2 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. appendages of male transformed into styliform organs, or else absent ; external branch of posterior pair of appendages divided by a transverse suture; gills composed of a stem beset with numerous cylindrical filaments (trichobranchixw ), those borne on the proximal segments of the thoracic appendages (podobranchiw) imperfectly, or not at all, separated into a proper branchial and a lamellar portion; just in front of the base of the podobranchiew a pencil of long, fine sete (coxopoditic sete) arises from a small papilla on the proximal segment of the legs. Huxley has shown, in his essay “ On the Classification and the Distri- bution of the Crayfishes,”* that the family Astacidse, as defined above, naturally falls into two subordinate groups, to which I would assign the value of subfamilies, VIZ. : — 1. The PoramopuN®, comprising the crayfishes of North America, Europe, and Asia. In these the first abdominal somite in the male bears a pair of styliform appendages; * the podobranchiz borne on the second and third maxillipeds and on the first three pairs of legs are furnished with a broad bilobed plaited lamina; the epipodite of the first maxilliped is desti- tute of branchial filaments; the coxopoditie set are acute, not hooked, at the end; the telson is commonly divided more or less completely by a transverse suture. The subfamily Potamobiinze includes two genera : — a. Cambarus, distinguished principally by the absence of gills on the last thoracic somite and the absence of a bilobed lamina from the podobranchiz of the penultimate pair of legs. (Page 3.) b. Aslacus, characterized chiefly by the presence of a pair of branchiz on the wall of the last thoracic somite, and a folded lamina on the podo- branchiz of the thoracic appendages from the second maxilliped to the penultimate pair of legs inclusive. (Page 125.) 2. The PaRraAsTAcINS, comprising all the crayfishes of the Southern hemisphere ; viz. those of South America, Madagascar, Australia, Tasma- nia, New Zealand, and the Feejee Islands.$ In this subfamily the first abdominal somite is devoid of appendages in both sexes; the podobranchie * Proc. Zodlog. Soe. London, 1878, pp. 752-788. + The first abdominal appendages are rudimentary or absent in the female. ¢ In the collection of the United States National Museum there is a specimen of an undescribed Pa- rastacine from Colima, Mexico, collected by J. Xantus. This is the only representative of the Parastacine which has been found north of the equator. According to Huxley, op. cit., p. 771, there are two specimens of Paranephrops from the Feejee Islands in the British Museum. Perhaps the locality labels of the Mexican and Feejee specimens are erroneous. CAMBARUS. 3 . . ° * lack the bilobed plaited lamina of the Potamobiine, although the stem may be expanded into a wing; the epipodite of the first maxilliped almost always carries branchial filaments ; the coxopoditic sete terminate in hooks ; the telson is not divided by a transverse suture.* Six genera of Parastacine have been described ; viz. Astacoides, by Gué- rin; Cheraps and Engeus, by Erichson ; Paranephrops, by White ; Astacopsis and Parastacus, by Huxley. Some of these genera are based on too trivial characters to be valid. The group will be revised in the second part of this memoir. CAMBARUS. In the genus Cambarus, established by Erichson in 1846, + the cephalo- thorax is subcylindrical. The last thoracic somite is devoid of gills, neither are there any traces of rudimentary pleurobranchie on the anterior somites ; the hindmost podobranchia has no lamina. The branchial formula is as follows : — Somire. ¢ PopoBRANCULE. ARTHROBRANCHIE. PLEUROBRANCHIAX. VI. 0 (ep.) Opec a. 10. 0 — 0 (ep.) NU Me or ] 0 0 — 2 VIII. IL 6 1 1 0 = 3 [Dale ey een 1 1 5 3 Xe les rue ye ed 1 1 5 — 3 XI. 1 1 1 . O = 3 XII. 1 1 1 = 0, =— 3 XIII. 0 0 0 _ (0) 0 6 +ep.-+ 6 a 5 + 0 17 + ep. This gives a total of thirty-four branchix, counting those on both sides of the thorax. The orifice of the green gland is situate near the apex of the * Chilton (Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XV. pp. 152, 163, Pl. xx. fig. 7, 1882) has observed that the internal male reproductive organs in Paranephrops setosus ave very different from those in the Potamo- biine. In the former the testes are two long tubes united by a transverse commissure, while in the latter they form a trilobed organ through the coalescence of the right and left testes posterior to the vasa deferentia. I have dissected an undescribed Parastacine from Chili, and find the testes to agree with those of Para- nephrops. It will probably be found that all the Parastacine agree in this regard. On account of the resem- blance of the internal male generative organs in Paranephrops and Palinurus, and the further agreement of the Parastacine and Palinuride in the absence of the first pair of abdominal appendages and presence of hooked sets, Chilton has forced these groups into too close relationship. Cf. T. Jeffery Parker, in the same journal, Vol. XVI. p. 305. : + Uebersicht der Arten der Gattung Astacus. Arch. f. Naturgesch., XTT. Jahrg., Bd. I. p. 88. + The somite that bears the first pair of maxillipeds is here reckoned as the sixth. 4 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/. short conical tubercle of the basal segment of the antennule. The third (in C. Montezume and C. Shufeldtii the second and third), or the third and fourth pairs of legs in the male, have a prominent tubercle or hook on the anterior border of the third segment. The first pair of abdominal appendages in the male are terminated by styles, hooks, or teeth.* A more or less mobile annulus is situated on the sternum of the female, just behind the penulti- mate thoracic somite;+ and in this sex the first pair of abdominal appen- dages, though much smaller than the succeeding pairs, and simple, are somewhat larger than in the genus Astacus. The telson is clearly divided by a transverse suture. The genus Cambarus is widely distributed over the North American con- tinent, from Lake Winnipeg to Guatemala, from New Brunswick to Wyoming Territory. For a fuller account of the geographical distribution of the genus, the reader is referred to page 178. Bibliography of the Genus Cambarus, from the Year 1868 to the Present Time. Although seventeen years have elapsed since the genus Cambarus was revised by Dr. Hagen, but little has been added to our knowledge of these animals during that period. The bibliography of the genus down to the year 1868 has been given with sufficient fulness on pages 5-12 of Hagen’s memoir. I will briefly mention the works published since that date which treat of these animals. 1871. E. D. Cope, in an article entitled “Life in the Wyandotte Cave,” in the Indianapolis Journal, Sept. 5 (reprinted in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 4th Ser, Vol. VIII. pp. 368-370), records the capture of a blind crayfish in the Wyandotte Cave, Crawford Co. Ind. It is considered to be the same as the Mammoth Cave species, C. pellucidus. 1872. In a “Report on the Wyandotte Cave and its Fauna” (Third and Fourth Ann. Rep. Geolog. Surv. Ind., pp. 157-182; Amer. Nat. Vol. VI. pp. 406-422), Cope gives a fuller account, accompanied by a figure, of the Wyandotte Cave species, which, after comparison with C. pellucidus, he concludes to be a new species. This he names Orconectes inermis, establishing a new genus for the reception of the two blind species. * A detailed description of these appendages will be found on page 17 of Hagen’s Monograph of the North American Astacidee. tT See Hagen, op. ci/., p. 19. + Monograph of the North American Astacide, by Dr. Hermann A. Hagen. Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. T11. (Mem., Vol. If. No. 1), 1870. This monograph was finished in 1868, although not published till two years later. 3 ™~ CAMBARUS. 5 Tn the next number of the American Naturalist, Aug., 1872 (Vol. VI. p. 494), Hagen doubts the specifie difference of the two cave forms, and opposes the establishment of a new genus based on the rudimentary condition of the eyes. 1872. Ina memoir “ Ueber Cubanische Crustaceen” (Arch. f. Naturgesch., XX XVIII. Jahrg., Bd. L. pp. 77-147), E. v. Martens describes Cambarus Cubensis Evichs. from Cuba, and Cambarus Montezuma, var. nov. tridens, from Mexico. Short diagnoses of C. Cubensis Erichs., C. Wiegmanni Evichs., C. Mexvicanus Evichs., C. Aztecus Sauss., and C. Montezume Sauss., are added. Concerning the identity of C. Cubensis Sauss. and C. consobrinus Sauss., Von Martens is doubtful; but he thinks it probable, from specimens sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. Gundlach, that there is a second Cuban Cambarus agreeing with C. Cubensis in the shape of the rostrum, but differing from it in the sexual appendages. 1873. Ina paper “On the Cave Fauna of Indiana” (Fifth Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., Salem, pp. 98-97), A. 8. Packard, Jr. communicates the results of a comparison of the blind Cambari from the Mammoth and Wyandotte Caves. He concludes that they are one and the same species, and doubts, with Hagen, the validity of a genus based on the atrophy of the visual organs. 1873. Dr. Charles C. Abbott prints, in the American Naturalist, Vol. VII. pp. 80-84, “Notes on the Habits of certain Crawfish.” The observations were made at Trenton, N. J., upon three species, —“C. acutus Gir.” (C. Blandingii), C. affinis, and C. Bartonii. Specimens of all three of these species, received from Dr. Abbott, are in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. 1874. Prof. S. I. Smith, in a paper on the Crustacea of the Fresh Waters of the United States, in U.S. Fish Commissioner’s Report for 1872 and 18735, eives a list of the Astacidie of the Northern United States east of the Mississippi River (pp. 637-639). This list is compiled from Hagen’s Monograph, but adds new localities for C. propin- quus and C. Bartonii. Orconectes inermis Cope is considered a synonym of Canbarus pellucidus. . * 1874. In “ Remarks on the Mammoth Cave and some of its Animals” (Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. VL pp. 191-200), Mr. F. W. Putnam speaks of the association of C. pellucidus and C. Bartonii in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. The occurrence of C. pellucidus near the entrance of another cave several miles from Mammoth Cave is noted, and obser- vations are added on the color of cave specimens of C. pellucidus and C. Bartoni. 1875. Substantially the same observations are again printed by Mr. Putnam in Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII. pp. 222-225. 1875. “On some of the Habits of the Blind Crawfish, Cambarus pellucidus, and the teproduction of lost Parts.” By F.W. Putnam. Proe. Boston Sce. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII. pp. 16-19. In this communication Mr. Putnam treats of the habits, coloration, exuvi- ation, and restoration of lost parts in C. pellucidus and C. Bartonii. The observations were made upon living specimens, brought to Cambridge, Mass., from the Mammoth Cave. The specimens are now preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. One of the specimens of C. pellucidus lived upwards of nine months in confinement, exposed to the full glare of day. 1875. In an essay “On the Antiquity of the Caverns and Cavern Life of the Ohio Valley” (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II. p. 362; also in Mem. Ky. Geolog. Surv., Vol. I. Part I., 1876), Professor N. S. Shaler speculates on the origin of the blind Cambarus pellucidus of the Mammoth Cave. (See p. 41.) 1875. Brocchi, in his “Recherches sur les Organes Génitaux Males des Crustacés Décapodes” (Ann. Sci. Nat., 6° Série, Zool. et Paléontol., Tom. II. Art. 2), figures the first 6 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. abdominal appendage of the male Cambarus robustus (Pl. XIIL. fig. 15), and criticises Hagen for retaining the genus Cambarus as distinct from Astacus, and for dividing the genus into upwards of thirty species, based chiefly on the form of the male appendages. With regard to the first point, the generic value of Cambarus, Brocchi asserts that, of all the characters urged by Hagen as a warrant for the establishment of the genus, only one seems to him to be of any importance, namely, the absence of the posterior branchie, and this he has not been able to verify! He goes on to say (p. 26): “Si Yon prend, par exemple, le caractére tiré de la présence d’un ongle a la troisieme et quatriéme paire de pattes, je ferai observer qu'une seule espéce Cambarus, le Cambarus acutus, présente cet appendice 4 la troisitme et quatriéme paire de pattes; tous les autres ont seulement les quatriéme et cinquiéme paires unguiculées, caractére qui leur est commun avec les Ecrevisses [Astacus].” This passage is inexplicable to me, but seems to show a complete misconception of what Hagen means by the hooked legs of Cambarus. With regard to the second point, — Hagen’s division of Cambarus into species, most of which, according to Broechi, should be considered as simple varieties, — it must be admitted that there will always be a difference of opinion concerning the amount of variation necessary to warrant the erection of species; but I think that any zodlogist, with ample material before him, will admit the justice of Hagen’s principle of division. Broechi’s censure of Hagen’s work is wholly unmerited, and springs from ignorance of the subject under discussion. That the author does not understand the phenomenon of two forms of the male Cambari is shown on page 28. ‘The final objection to Hagen’s principle of classifi- cation, that it would lead to the breaking up of the European Astacus fluviatilis of authors into several species, is of no weight, since the dismemberment of that species was brought about long ago on other grounds than the character of the male appen- dages. Brocchi’s Astacus fluviatilis, from Vaucluse (Pl. XII. figs. 12, 13), is A. pallipes Lereboullet. 1876. §. A. Forbes, in his “ List of [linois Crustacea, with Descriptions of New Species” (Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 8-25), records, with annotations, C. aeutus Gir, C. virilis Hag, C. propinquus Gir. C. immunis Hag., C. obesus Hag. ; also, on the authority of Dr. Hagen, C. troglodytes and C. placidus. The second form of the male C. immunis Hag. is described for the first time. Three new species, described by W. F. Bundy, are included in the list: C. Stygius, from Lake Michigan; C. Wisconsinensis, from Normal, Ill, and Racine, Wis.; and C. gracilis from Illinois and Wisconsin. In an appendix to the list, Mr. Bundy describes two more new species of Cambarus from without the limits of the State of Illinois ; viz. C. Sloanii from Southern Indiana and Kentucky, and (@. debilis from Wisconsin. Of Bundy’s species I have seen types (in the Museum of Comparative Zoology) of C. Wisconsinensis, C. gracilis, C. Sloanti, and C. debilis. C. gracilis and C. Sloanii are good species. (. Wisconsinensis appears to be the same species as Hagen’s C. placidus (= C. rusticus, var.?). C. debilis is the second form of the male of C. virilis Hag. C. Stygius, according to Bundy in a later paper, closely resembles C. acutus, but differs in the shorter chele, which resemble those of C. propinguus. All of the specimens of this species seen by Bundy were mutilated, the fourth pair of legs being lost. 1877. Mr. Bundy (“On the Cambari of Northern Indiana,” in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1877, pp. 171-174) records C. immunis Hag., C. obesus Hag., C. virilis Hag. and C. propinquus Gir., from Northern Indiana; redescribes C. Sloanii from Southern In- diana and Kentucky ; and describes a new species, C. spinosus, from near Rome, Georgia. Through the courtesy of Mr. P. R. Uhler, the Museum of Comparative CAMBARUS. is Zodlogy has obtained types of C. spinosus. It is a distinct species from any previously described. 1877. Dr. Thomas H. Streets, in an article entitled “ Description of Cambarus Couesi, a new species of Crawfish from Dakota,” in Bull. U.S. Geolog. and Geograph. Surv. Terr., Vol. III. pp. 803, 804, describes C. Couest, sp. nov., from the Red River of the North, and gives a note (by Dr. Coues) on the color of living C. virilis. Types of C. Cowesi have been received by the Museum of Comparative Zoology in exchange with the U.S. National Museum. They are not specifically distinct from C. virilis, agreeing fully with some of Hagen’s types of that species. 1878. Huxley, in his essay “ On the Classification and the Distribution of the Cray- fishes,” Proc. Zodlog. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 752-788, gives an account of the branchis in a species of Cambarus obtained near Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala, at an elevation of about 4,300 feet above the sea. In his subsequent work, “ The Crayfish,” 1880, Professor Huxley gives a figure of the penultimate leg of this Cambarus. It is hooked as in the species of the C. Blandingii group. Perhaps it is C. Wiegmanni Erichs, The locality is interesting as being the most southern on record for the genus Cambarus. 1880-82. In the 57th Jahresbericht der Schles. Gesellsch. f. vaterl. Cultur, p. 202 (1879), it is recorded that Dr. Gustav Joseph exhibited a blind Cambarus, C. typhlobius, sp. nov., from the caves of Carniola, closely related to C. pellucidus from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. In a paper published in December, 1881, in the twenty-fifth volume of the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschr., the same writer again mentions the blind Crayfish by the name Cambarus cecus, sp. nov. (p. 237), and Cambarus Stygius, sp. nov. (p. 249). In the twenty-sixth volume of the same journal, p. 12, April, 1882, Dr. Joseph gives a fuller account of this species under the name Cambarus Stygius. (See p. 45 of this Revision.) 1881. A new blind Crayfish from the Nickajack Cave, Tennessee, is described and figured by Cope and Packard in the American Naturalist, Vol. XV. pp. 877-882, PLVII. (“The Fauna of the Nickajack Cave”). This species is named Orconectes hamulatus. It resembles C. pellucidus in general form, but the external sexual parts are similar to those of the Cambari belonging to the C. Bartonii group. The authors surmise that 0. hamu- latus is derived from C. latimanus. Two type specimens have been presented to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy by Professor Packard. 1882. Mr. C. L. Herrick, in the Tenth Ann. Rep. Geolog. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Minnesota, pp. 253, 254, records Cambarus virilis Hagen from Minnesota, and describes as a new species C. signifer, from Hennepin County, in the same State. Types of both of Herrick’s species have been procured through the U. 8. National Museum and Mr. Herrick. The “new” species, C. signifer, does not differ from Hagen’s C. immu- mis enough to be esteemed a different species, as was pointed out in Science, Vol. I. p. 15, 1883. 1882. “A List of the Crustacea of Wisconsin, with Notes on some new or little known Species,” by W. F. Bundy, in Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, Vol. V. pp. 177-184. In this paper C. Stygius, C. Wisconsinensis, C. debilis, and C. gracilis, all of them Bundy’s species, are again described. C. acutus Gir. C. virilis Hag., C. pro- pinqguus Gir. C. placidus Has., C. rusticus Gir., C. obesus Hag., and C. Bartonii Erichs., are also included in the list as Wisconsin species, C. rusticus and U. Bartonii from Lake Superior, 1883. “The Crustacean Fauna of Wisconsin, with Descriptions of little known Species of Cambarus,” by W. F. Bundy, in Geology of Wisconsin, Survey of 1873-79, 8 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Vol. I. pp. 402-405. This paper is the same in substance as the last; but C. placidus Hag. is omitted from the list, and C. Couesi Streets ? is added. 1883. The exhibition of living specimens of Cambarus Bartonii from North Grafton, Worcester Co., Mass., at the rooms of the Worcester Natural History Society, is recorded in “Scientific and Literary Gossip,’ Vol. I. p. 113. The only locality in this State hitherto known was Williamstown, in Berkshire Co. Through the kindness of Mr. F. G. Sanborn these specimens are now in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1884. In a note “On the so-called Dimorphism in the Genus Cambarus,” in Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. XXVII. pp. 42-44 (reprinted in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 5th Ser. Vol. XIII. pp. 147, 148), I suggested that the two forms of the male Cambarus were alternating conditions of the same individual connected with the reproductive seasons, and not dimorphic forms, as was commonly supposed. (See p. 12.) 1884. Mr. Ralph S. Tarr describes in Nature, Vol. XXX. pp. 127, 128, the burrows of C. Diogenes Girard. 1884. Dr. CC. Abbott, in the American Naturalist, Vol. XVIII. pp. 1157, 1158, takes exception to Mr. Tarr’s conclusion that the mud chimneys built by C. Diogenes are the accidental result of the excavation of the burrows. 1884. Descriptions of the new species of Cambarus found during the preparation of this Revision, together with a synonymical list of the species of Cambarus and Astacus, were published by me in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX. pp. 107-158, December, 1884. Dr. Hagen’s Monograph must ever remain the foundation for all sys- tematic work on the North American Astacidee. The types of all his species are in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy, and have been constantly before me in the preparation of the present Revision. With far ampler material at my disposal than fell to Dr. Hagen’s lot, I have seldom had occasion to differ from him in his conclusions concerning the species known to him. Thirty-two species of Cambarus are described by Dr. Hagen, Of these, eleven are described as new species; viz. C. fullux, Lecontei, versutus, lancifer, virilis, placidus, juvenilis, obscurus, immunis, extraneus, and obesus. Of these, C. placidus and C. juvenilis are in iny opinion only forms of the vari- able species C. rusticus Gir.; C. obscurus, a local variety of C. propinquus Gir. C. obesus is the same as C. Diogenes Gir. The remaining species included in Hagen’s memoir are @. acutus Gir., Clarkin Gir., troglodytes (LeC.), Blandingit (Harlan), spiculifer (LeC.), angustatus (LeC.), maniculatus (LeC.), penceillatus (LeC.), Wiegmanni Erichs., pellucidus (Tellk.), afinis (Say), propinquus Gir., rusticus Gir., Bartonii (Fab.), robustus Gir., Nebrascensis Gir., latimanus (LeC.), Mevicanus Fyichs., Cubensis Erichs., advena (LeC.), and Carolinus Erichs. C. maniculatus, Nebrascensis, Mexicanus, and Cubensis were known to Hagen only through the descriptions of the original authors of the species. C. acu- CAMBARUS. 9 tus Gir. I consider to be the Southern and Western form of C. Blandingii Harlan (= C. aeutus, var. B, Hagen); C. robustus, a variety of C. Barton. By some error the descriptions of C. advenu and C. Carolinus are transposed in Hagen’s Monograph. It is exceedingly difficult to discriminate between the different species of North American Cambari, even with the help of the most careful descrip- tions and figures, which are rarely afforded us by the older authors. It therefore becomes a matter of the first importance to examine type speci- mens whenever it is possible. In September, 1870, Dr. Hagen examined the types of some of Erichson’s and De Saussure’s Cambari in the Berlin Museum, and has kindly placed in my hands the notes which he took con- cerning them. Of Erichson’s types he found the following : —C. pellucidus, a male, form I. @ affinis, a female from Carolina, collected by Dr. Cabanis. The locality is new. Cabanis informed Dr. Hagen that all the Cambari which he collected were taken in a rivulet in the northern part of South Carolina, fear Greenville, at a farm called Tiger Hall. I suspect that this specimen may be the nearly related species C. spinosus Bundy. (See p. 87.) C. Bar- toni : “* Evichson’s types are a male, form IL, and young female from South Carolina, Cabanis, and, so far as I saw, both are the young of C. datimanus.” C. Cubensis : “Three males, form I., and two females, agreeing with Erich- son’s description. It belongs probably to Group II” (See p. 51.) @ Caro- linus : “ Erichson’s type, from South Carolina, Cabanis, is a male form I, and, so far as I saw, my C. Bartow.” Nevertheless, Erichson’s description accords well with Hagen’s C. Carolinus. (See p. 56.) The types of Erichson’s two Mexican species, C. Wiegmann’ and C. Mexicanus, could not be found in the Berlin Museum by Dr. Hagen, nor at a later day by Von Martens (Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1872). The types of De Saussure’s species, C. consobrinus from Cuba, C. Azfecus and ©. Montezume from Mexico, were also examined by Hagen in Berlin. When the Monograph of the North American Astacidxe was written, Hagen had seen no specimens from Cuba or Mexico, and he fell into the error of supposing that the peculiar species C. Montezuma was the same as Krich- son’s C. Mexicanus. This mistake was rectified on seeing Saussure’s types. C. consobrinus : “ Saussure’s types, two females, dry. A peculiar species, or a young state of C Cubensis. Rostrum bidentate.” @. Azfecus : Saussure’s types. The male, first form, and female, from Mexico, seem to be C. Mezv- canus Erichs., with nearly cylindrical hands. The second form, with more 2 10 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. flattened hands, belongs alone, then, to Saussure’s C. Azfecus. In the second form the antennal scale is more broadly truncate at the end, and the ros- trum is a little different. These differences are not strikmg enough, however, to preclude the specific identity of the two forms. Of the species of Cambarus described by American authors before the - date of Hagen’s Monograph, but few types are extant. The oldest known to me are Harlan’s, 1830, 1855 (A. Blandingii Har., A. Bartonii Fab., A. affinis Say), preserved in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In 1850, Professor Lewis R. Gibbes enumerated, without describing, four species of Cambarus under the names As/acus Bartonii Fab., A. affinis Say, A. Blanding’ Warlan, and A. pellucidus Tellk. Several specimens labelled by Gibbes in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy and in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy prove that his identifications were often incorrect, and consequently the localities given by him cannot be taken as authori- tative. Under the name of A. Bartonii Gibbes appears to have confounded three distinct species: C. Burton (Fab.), C. litimanus LeC., and C. rusticus Gir. (See p. 65.) The localities South Carolina and Alabama cited by Gibbes under A. Barlonii probably refer to C. latinanus. Gibbes’s A. affinis is the true A. affinis of Say, as is shown by a specimen in the Philadelphia b] Academy’s collection ; but the locality, “ Florida,” attributed to this species in Gibbes’s paper, undoubtedly belongs to some other species. A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, determined as A. Blandingii by Gibbes, is C. troglodytes (LeC.); and to this species Gibbes’s habitat, “ the low country of South Carolina,’ properly appertains Girard in his Revision of the North American Astacids (Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852) enumerates twenty species of Cambarus, twelve of which are new. ‘The diagnoses are in many cases insufficient for the identification of the species, and it therefore becomes highly important to fix the spe- cies through an examination of typical specimens. Two of the species in Girard’s list, C. fossor (Rafi) and C. Oreganus (Randall), were unknown to Girard, and remain doubtful to the present day. C. Gambelii (types in the Philadelphia Academy) is an Astacus. The types of most of Girard’s species were formerly in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution at Washing- ton, whence they were transported by Dr. Stimpson to the Chicago Academy of Science, and there consumed in the great fire of 1871. Fortunately, before their destruction types of five of the eleven new Cambari and two CAMBARUS. 11 of the previously described species were examined by Dr. Hagen in the course of the preparation of his monograph; viz. C. Clarkia Gir., C. propin- quus Gir., C. montanus Giv., C. rusticus Gir., C. longulus Gir., C. Barton: (Fab.), and ©. affinis (Say). Hagen proved the correctness of Girard’s determi- nation of Fabricius’s and Say’s species. Of Girard’s new species, C. montanus appeared identical with C. Bartonii, and C. longulus was deemed by Hagen to be an accidental variety of C. Barton. A thorough search for Girard’s types in the Smithsonian Institution made by myself in December, 1882, discovered one more species, C. Peale’, which proved to be large speci- mens, male and female, of C. affis (Say). These (and Astacus Gambelii in the Philadelphia collection) are the only types of Girard’s species now existing. There are, however, in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia eight species labelled with Girard’s names (followed in most cases by a question-mark) and the localities quoted by Girard. These specimens may be considered of almost equal authority with type speci- mens. They are the following: C. Peale? C. rusticus 2 C. montanus ? C. propin- quus 2 C. acutissimus ? C. Diogenes ? C. robustus, and C. Blandingi. C. Pealei ? is the same as the typical C. Peade’ in the Smithsonian Institution (= C. afi- ms). C. rusticus? and C. montanus ? are identical with the types of the same name examined by Hagen. “C. propinquus ? Garrison’s Creek, Sackett’s Harbor,” is C. obesus Hag., C. propinquus as determined from the type examined by Hagen. That an and “C. Diogenes 2 District of Columbia,’ is accidental traasposition of labels has here taken place is evident from the localities given on the labels (C. propinquus is not found in the District of Columbia), and from the account of the characteristic habits and coloration of C. Diogenes given by Girard. Through this misplacement of labels, and through his ignorance of the peculiar habits of the “chimney crayfish,” Hagen failed to see the identity of his own C. obesus and Girard’s C. Diogenes. C. acutissimus ? is the young of C. acutus; C. robustus may be considered a variety of C. Barton’ ; C. Blandingii is not Harlan’s species, but the one after- wards described by Le Conte as A. troglodytes. There remain in Girard’s list, to be determined without the aid of types or authoritative specimens, the following : C. acutus Gir., C. pellucidus (Tellk.), C. Carolinus Erichs., C. pusilus (Raf.), C. Nebrascensis Gir. C. pusillus, whether it be the same as Rafinesque’s species or no, is probably a small form of C. Bartonii ; C. Nebrascensis, 1 think, may be a variety of C. Diogenes. 12 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID A. Types of six of Le Conte’s species (described in 1855) are preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia : A. ¢roglodytes, A. spiculifer, A. fossarum, A. angustatus, A. latimanus, and A. advena. The Museum of Com- parative Zodlogy also possesses types of A. troglodytes, A. spiculifer, A. fossa- rum, A. latimanus, and A. advena. A. fossarum is not separable from A. troglo- dytes. Le Conte’s A. maniculatus remains yet unknown. (See p. 29.) The Two Forms of the Males. —In every species of Cambarus, of which many specimens have been examined, two forms of the adult male have been found, characterized by striking differences in the conformation of the sexual parts. In the form called the first by Dr. Hagen, the external organs peculiar to the male are more perfectly formed than in the “second form,” where they have somewhat the shape seen im the young male. The pecu- liarities of each of these forms have been fully described by Hagen,* to whose monograph the reader is referred for details. No intermediate con- ditions between these two forms exist, and there is no fixed relation between them and the size of the individual, males of the second form being often larger than those of the first, or vice versa. They cannot, then, be consid- ered developmental stages. Dr. Hagen interpreted the facts as a case of dimorphism, and surmised that the second form males were sterile indi- viduals ; but I have smee shown that males of the first form after the breed- ing season may revert to the second form by moulting.t The two forms of the male Cambarus, instead of being dimorphic forms, are probably alter- nating conditions in the life of one individual, the first form being assumed during the pairing season, the second form during the interval between the pairing seasons. ‘The second form is probably impotent; the testes are smaller than in the first form, the vasa deferentia shorter,£ but I have had no opportunity as yet to examine their microscopic structure. Tudications of Hermaphreditism in Cambarus.— Perhaps the only recorded case of undoubted hermaphroditism in the Decapod Crustacea is that of the lobster (Homarus vulgaris) described and figured by F. Nicholls in 1730.8 In * Pages 2], 22. + On the So-called Dimorphism in the Genus Cambarus, by Walter Faxon. Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXVII. pp. 42-44, January, 1884. + See Hagen’s Plate IT. § An Account of the Hermaphroditie Lobster presented to the Royal Society by Mr. Fisher, examined and dissected, by F. Nicholls. Philosoph. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Vol. XXXVI. No. 413, p. 290, 1730 (Abridgment, Vol. VIL. Pt. IIL. p. 421, Pl. TV., 1734). For a general account of hermaphroditie and other anomalous conditions among the Crustacea, see Faxon, On Some Crustacean Deformities, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. VIII. No. 18, 1881 CAMBARUS. 13 this specimen the right half of the body was female, the left half male, as regards both internal and external organs. Von Martens* has given an account of three specimens of a Cheraps with openings in the basal segment of the third pair of legs (the position of the sexual apertures of the normal female) co-existing with the male orifices in the first segment of the fifth pair of legs. No ovary or duct leading to the openings in the third pair of legs was detected ; but as the specimens had lain in alcohol some seven years, the evidence against the existence of any internal female organs cannot be taken as positive. Similar open- ings were seen also in the third pair of legs of male Parastacus pilimanus and P. Brasilicnsis.t Among the vast number of Astacidz that passed through my hands in the preparation of this memoir, I have noted four specimens, all of them Cambari, that combine external structures of the two sexes. The first is a specimen of C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii Faxon, 60 milli- meters long (M. C. Z., No. 5550). The general shape of the body with its broad abdomen, and the form of the claw, are as in the female ; there are no hooks on the third pair of legs; the appendages of the first and second abdominal somites agree with those of the female, and there is a well- formed, though not prominent, annulus ventralis; the external opening of the generative system, on the contrary, is situated upon a small papilla at the base of the fifth pair of lees, exactly as in the male sex. The second specimen also belongs to C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii. It is a young specimen, only 58 millimeters in leneth (M. C. Z., No. 3588). The first abdominal appendages are formed as in all young males of this species, but the sexual apertures are situate on the basal segment of the third pair of legs, and have the same appearance as in the normal female ; there is also a well-formed annulus ventralis, and there are no tubercles on the third segment of the third pair of legs. The second pair of abdominal appen- dages are not at all transformed, but agree with the same appendages of the normal female. The third specimen is a C. Diogenes Girard, from New Orleans, La., 84 millimeters long (M. C. Z., No. 242). It has all the external characters of the female, excepting the first pair of abdominal appendages, which are * Sitzungsber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 18 Jan., 1870. t E. Rousseau and B. Desmarest (Aun. Soe. Ent! de France, 2¢ Série, Tom. VI. p. 479, Pl. XIIL., Tom. VI. p. 481, 1848) have recorded cases of As/acus fluviatilis with two pairs of sexual orifices, one on the third, the other on the fourth pair of legs; but in these specimens both pairs of orifices were vulve leading to the ovaries by a branched duct on each side of the body. 14 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. curiously modified so as to resemble the same parts in the males of the genus Astacus. The transverse suture near the base of the appendage is obliterated ; the apical half, mstead of being membranous and fringed with sete, as in the normal female, is firm and naked, and rolled from the out- side inward so as to form on the inner side a groove which is converted into a tube just at the tip, owing to the closeness of the coil at that point. The whole organ is larger and thicker than in the ordinary female, although not so large as in the male. The tip is altogether destitute of the recurved hooks of the normal male organ in this species. The fourth specimen belongs to C. propmquus Girard. It is 72 milli- meters long (M. C. Z., No, 3432). It agrees with the female in every respect except the shape of the first pair of abdominal limbs, which are partly trans- formed into the condition which obtains in the male. The modification of the appendages has not gone so far on the right side as on the left. In both, the transverse suture is obliterated; the basal half is thick and corneous, and produced into a prominent tubercle on the inner side, as in the male. The apical half of ‘the right appendage retains the membranaceous and setiferous character of the female appendage, while in the left it is more corneous, and rolled from without inwards in such a fashion as to form an inner and an outer part somewhat as in the male, though neither part is in this case produced into an acute style, as in the normal male, and the outer part retains the membranaceous setiferous tip. These specimens are in such a bad state of preservation that a deter- mination of the sex from the internal generative organs in several of them is wellnigh impossible. Dissection of the first-described specimen, with the orifices of the generative organs in the base of the last pair of legs, as in the male, revealed many large ovarian eggs, and I little doubt that the other three individuals are females which have assumed some of the characters of the opposite sex.* It would be interesting to determine from fresh specimens whether such monstrous conditions as those just described ever denote true hermaphrodites, producing both male and female genera- tive elements, or whether they may involve sterility. They are the more interesting from the fact that hermaphroditism exists as a normal condition in another highly specialized order of Crustacea, the Isopoda.t * Boas (Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 6te Raekke, naturvidensk. og Math. Afd., Bd. I. pp. 94, 184) says he has seen a female Thalassina anomala and a female Astacus fluviatilis with abdominal appendages like the male, but gives no particulars coneerning these specimens. + See Bullar, Journ. Anat. Physiol., Vol. XI. p- 118, 1876; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., Vol. XIX. p. 254, 1877; and P. Mayer, Mitth. Zoolog. Station zu Neapel, Vol. I. pp. 165, 177, 1878. ‘ | eee CAMBARUS. 15 Peeuliarities of the Young Stages of Cambarus.— The young Cambarus, like the young Astacus, when it leaves the egg is devoid of appendages on the first and sixth abdominal somites. The telson is not divided by a trans- verse suture. I have examined specimens of C. ruséieus when but four milli- meters in length, evidently just released from the egg. They have much the same appearance as the embryo of Asfacus fluviatilis just before hatching, as figured by Rathke.* The cephalothorax is very large in proportion to the abdomen, and spherical; the rostrum is bent down between the eyes; the antenn are laid back closely upon the breast. All of the appendages are soft, weak, and flexed beneath the sternum. There is no vestige of a gill on the last thoracic somite any more than in the adult Cambarus. The telson is a thick oval plate, entirely destitute of marginal sete, such as are seen fringing the telson in recently hatched young of Astacus figured by Huxley on page 220 of “The Crayfish” ; agreeing in this respect with the telson of the embryo of Astacus as shown in Plate II. fig. 25, of Rathke’s memoir. I have no doubt that the newly hatched young of Astacus figured by Huxley has undergone one ecdysis since leaving the egg, whereby the embryonic cuticle has been discarded. Young specimens of C. Clar/ii, seven millimeters long, taken from under the abdomen of the parent, have acquired the general form of the adult. The swimmerets, or posterior abdominal appendages, are well developed, while in the European Asfacus pallipes, ten days old and eleven millimeters in length, these appendages are enclosed within the notched telson, from which they are set free after the second or third moult, judging from speci- mens received from the Collége de France. Specimens of C. gracilis, nine millimeters long, and C. Barton, ten millimeters long, still under the pro- tection of the parent, have the swimmerets perfectly expanded, and even show the transverse suture of the telson. It seems probable, from a com- parison of these Cambari with the young of European Astaci, that the devel- opment of the former goes on more rapidly after leaving the egg than that of the latter. It is interesting to observe that in the young C. Clarkii above mentioned the areola is moderately wide in the middle, where it is reduced to a line in the adult; the lateral spines of the rostrum are well developed, the acumen long and acute. In all the recently hatched Cambari which I have seen, the legs and claws are long and slender compared with the adult. * Untersuchungen iiber die Bildung und Entwickelung des Flusskrebses, Tab. I. fig. 16, Tab. II. fig. 25. 16 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. It has been noted already that in the young stages of Cambarus and Asta- cus the first abdominal appendages are wanting, and the telson is not divided by a transverse suture. In these respects the young stages agree with the adult condition of the Parastacine. On this account, and on account of the more generalized arrangement of the gills in the Parastacine,* it would seem that the Potamobiine are a more specialized type than the Parastacine. Further, among the Potamobiine crayfishes the genus Cambarus will hold the highest place by reason of the complete suppression of the pleurobranchie and the high degree of specialization exhibited in the first abdominal appen- dages and hooked thoracic legs of the males and the annulus ventralis of the female. In the abnormal female of Cambarus Diogencs, noticed on page 13, it is clearly demonstrated that an organ essentially like the first abdominal appendage of Astacus is the first step in the transformation of the common type of abdominal limb into the male appendage of Cambarus. The three species of Cambaroides (p. 126) forma passage from Cambarus to Astacus proper. Fe Duision of the Species of Cambarus into Subordinate Groups. — Girard divided the Cambari into three groups, based upon the form of the rostrum and the anterior pair of abdominal legs in the male. Dr. Hagen also concluded that the genus comprehended three well-defined groups, but he based his division of the genus upon the number of hooked thoracic legs in the male, taken in connection with the shape of the rostrum (whether toothed or toothless). It follows that the groups of these authors do not exactly coincide; e. g. C. pellucidus falls into the same assemblage of species with C. affins, C. rusti- cus, ete., in Girard’s system, whereas by Hagen’s mode of division it is asso- ciated with C. Blandingii and allied species. It seems to me that we get a more natural grouping of the species by taking the number of hooked tho- racic legs in connection with the structure of the first pair of abdominal appendages of the male as the basis for the division of the genus, without reference to the form of the rostrum. Any division based wholly or in part upon the presence or absence of lateral rostral spines will divorce species which in the totality of their organization are most closely related. If it be urged against this mode of division that it implies a knowledge of the pecu- liarities of one sex, I reply that the same objection applies to the groups of Girard and Hagen, which are based in part upon characters found only in * In all the Parastacine, except Astacoides Madagascariensis, there ave four pleurobranchie developed, and the whole number of gills is twenty or twenty-one. CAMBARUS. 17 the male. If the reader is unable to determine the group to which the speci- mens in his hands belong, through the lack of males, the fault lies, as Dr. Hagen observes, not in the principle of classification, but in the scantiness of his material. A species involves two sexes; and until the species is known, it avails little to attempt the determination of a specimen in this difficult genus. In accordance with the above principle of division, the genus Cambarus falls into five subordinate groups, viz. : — I. Third segment of third and fourth pairs of legs of male hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of male with outer part truncate at the tip, with one to three recurved teeth; inner part terminated by a short acute spine, which is generally directed outwards. Type, C. Blandingii. Il. Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of male as in Group I. Type, C. advena. Ill. Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of the male thick, terminated by two recurved teeth, the larger of which is formed by the tip of the outer part of the appendage, the smaller by the inner part. ‘Type, C. Bartonii. IV. Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First abdomi- nal appendages of male terminating in two elongated, nearly straight, acute tips. Type, C. affinis. V. Third segment of second and third pairs of legs of male hooked. Type, C. Montezume. GROUP I. (Tyrr, C. Blandingii.) Third segment of third and fourth pairs of legs of male hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of male with outer part truncate at the tip, and furnished with one to three small recurved teeth ; inner part terminated by a short acute spine, which is generally directed outwards. In this group the rostrum is generally triangular, with a small tooth on each side, near the apex ; in C. Leconter, C. spiculifer, C. versutus, and C. pubes- cens, the lateral teeth are more strongly developed. The chelx are slender and covered with flattened, squamous tubercles, ciliated in front. The male appendages are tipped with two or three small curved teeth (corneous in the first form), and armed on the inside with a sharp spine directed obliquely or horizontally outwards. The terminal teeth are very minute in C. fallax. 3 18 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA:. The section of the carapace behind the cervical groove is more than half as long as the distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the rostrum, as in ©. Blanding, ete., or much less than half this distance, as in C. versutus, ete. In C. spiculifer, C. versutus, and C. pubescens, the areola is broad, as in the genus Astacus. In the majority of the species of Cambarus the areola is narrow, or even obliterated by the close approximation of the branchio-cardiac lines in the median line of the back, as in C. Diogenes, C. Clarkii, ete. The narrow- ing of the areola involves an increase in height of the branchial chambers, for the so-called branchio-cardiac lines which form the lateral boundaries of the areola denote the upper limit of the branchial chamber where the lining membrane of the carapace is continued into the lateral wall of the thorax. This increase in the height of the branchial chamber which generally obtains in the genus Cambarus may perhaps be explained as a means to allow an increase in the length of the branchix in compensation for the diminution in number. The broad areola which accompanies the more generalized gill formula of Astacus may be considered the more primitive form. In accord- ance with this view, it appears that in species of Cambarus with very narrow or linear areola, as C. Clurkii, the very young stages of growth display an appreciably wider areola. The antennal scale in the species of Cambarus belonging to the first group is commonly broadest toward the base or at the middle. The most aberrant species of the group are C. pemcillatus, C. Alleni, and C. pellucidus. Yn C. penicillatus and C. Alleni the rostrum is devoid of lateral teeth, the spine that terminates the inner part of the first abdominal appen- dages of the male is long and erect, the terminal teeth minute. In C. peni- cilatus the antennal lamina is short, and broad toward the tip. The blind C. pellucidus, from the caves of Kentucky and Indiana, is the most peculiar species of the group. The sides of the rostrum are sub-parallel from the base to the lateral spines, the acumen long; the antennal scales are broadest at the distal end; the portion of the carapace which lies in front of the cer- vical groove is very short compared with the hinder section. The first pair of abdominal appendages of the male are hardly specialized to a greater de- gree than in the genus Astacus, the tips of the organs being simply produced into two small processes, the one representing the spine that terminates the inner part of the appendage in the more normal species of the group, the other the teeth of the outer part. In the first form of the male the latter yrocess is corneous. The appendage, as a whole, is more closely rolled than Pl g ) ee CAMBARUS. 19 in the genus Astacus, and in its general form agrees with the corresponding limb in the other Cambari. Remarks on the relations of this interesting species will be found on page 42. I am disposed to regard the Cambari of this group as, on the whole, the lowest forms in the genus. The slight degree of specialization of the exter- nal male appendages, the tendency toward an oval, astacoid form of body, the slender claws and generally toothed rostrum, all point to this. That the stout-clawed species with toothless rostrum are derived from forms with slender chelw and toothed rostra seems probable from the fact that the latter characters are commonly found in very young individuals of all species. This group corresponds exactly with Group I. of Hagen’s Monograph. Section of the carapace behind cervi- Hpistoma rounded in front: C. Blandingi, C. pee a eee ten Hayi, C. fallax.* eal groove loug (see p. 18). Epistoma truncate: C. Clarkii, C. troglodytes. Rostrum toothed. ( Areola narrow: C. Leconte. osterior secti f carap: r ; Sr deel rte ai estou Beton of carapace short Areola wide: C. spiculifer, C. versutus, C. angus- (see p. 18). ; tatus, C. pubescens. Byes atrophied: C. pellucidus. Rostrum toothless. C. Wiegmanni, C. penicillatus, C. Allent. 1. Cambarus Blandingii. Plate VII. figs. 2, 2', 2’, 2a, 2a (first abdominal appendages of male). Astacus Blandingii, Haran, Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., III. 464, 1830.— Medical and Physical Re- searches, p. 229, fig. 1, 1835. Astacus Blandingii, Miutxe Epwaros, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, IT. 332, 1837. (After Harlan.) Astacus Blandingii, De Kay, Zobélogy of New York, Part VI. Crustacea, p. 23, 1844. (After Harlan.) Astacus (Cambarus) Blandingii, Uricuson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., Jahrg. XIL., I. 98, 1846. (After Harlan.) ? Astacus Blandingii, Le Coyte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila, VIT. 400, 1855. Cambarus Blandingii, Hacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIL., 43, Pl. I. figs. 63, 64, Pl. IIT. fig. 140, 1870. Cambarus acutus, var. B, HAaGEn, op. cit., p. 36, Pl. III. fig. 144, 1870. Cambarus acutus, ABsott, Amer. Naturalist, VII. 80, 1873. (Habits.) Cambarus acutus (in part), Swita, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 637, 1874. (After Hagen and Abbott. No deseription.) Cambarus Blandingii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 135, 1884. Known Localities:t —New York. New Jersey: Essex Co.; Delaware River and tributaries, near Trenton. Maryland: Baltimore Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; * Tn some specimens of C@. fallax the hinder section of the carapace is a little less than one half the distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the, rostrum. C. maniculatus (LeC.) is omitted from the above table, as I have seen no specimens answering to the deseription of Le Conte. + Localities for which no authority is given in parentheses are represented in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 20 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. Caroline Co, (Coll. P. R. Ubler); Dorchester Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); St. Mary’s Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Somerset Co.; Wicomico Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Wor- cester Co. Virginia: James River (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Lunenburg (Coll. L. A. Lee). North Carolina: Tarboro (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); tributa- ries of Neuse River, Goldsboro (P. R. Uhler); Kinston; Beaufort ; Salmon Creek (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wilmington (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). South Caro- lina: Camden (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Saluda River (Coll. Butler Univ.) ; Columbia. Georgia: Richmond Co. Var. acuta. Cambarus acutus, Gimarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 91, 1852. Cambarus acutissimus, GIRARD, loc. cit., 1852. Cambarus acutus, Hacen, Ill, Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. TIL., 35, Pl. I. figs. 1-5, Pl. IT. figs. 106, 108, 110- 114, 116, 11S, 120-124, 126, 127, Pl. III. fig. 143, 1870. Cambarus acutus, var. A, AGEN, op. cit., p. 36, Pl. IL. figs. 107, 109, 115, 117, 119, 125, 1870. Cambarus acutus (im part), Smrru, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 637, 1874. (Alter Hagen. No description.) Cambarus acutus, Fores, Bull. Il. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 1., 3, 18, 1876. Cambarus acutus, Boxpy, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 180, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-79, I. 402, 1883. (No description.) Cambarus Blandingii, var. acuta, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 1884. Kiown Localities. — Louisiana: New Orleans ; Amite City, Tangipahoa River (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.) ; Tickfaw (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Mississippi : near Vicksburg ; Kemper Co., tributary of Tombigbee River (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Alabama: Mobile ; Blount Spring, Blount Co. (Coll. U.%. Nat. Mus.) ; Cullman, Cullman Co. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Decatur, Morgan Co. (Coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Bridgeport, Jackson Co., in pond formed by over- flow of Tennessee River. South Carolina: Beaufort (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Charleston. Tennessee : Memphis (Coll. O. P. Hay). Missouri: St. Louis. Hlinois: Athens, Menard Co. (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Decatur, Macon Co.; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (S. A. Forbes) ; Normal, McLean Co. (Pea- body Acad, Sci.); Oquawka, Henderson Co. (Coll. O. P. Hay); Peoria, Peoria Co.; Lawn Ridge,* Marshall Co.; Evanston, Cook Co. Indiana: Wheatland, Knox Co. Iowa: West Liberty ; Dubuque (Peabody Acad. Sci.). Wisconsin: Racine (W. F. Bundy); Sauk City (W. F. Bundy). Harlan’s type is still preserved in the collection of the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences of Philadelphia, and has been well described by Hagen. It came * The localities “ Basson Ridge” and “ Basson Pudge,” given by Hagen (pp. 87, 39, 97, 102), are false readings of the MS. label “ Lawn Ridge.” CAMBARUS. DiI from Camden, a town near the Wateree River, Kershaw Co., 8. C. Com- pared with Girard’s C. acudus, from farther south, the rostrum is longer, with longer acumen ; carapace smoother, although granulated on the branchial regions ; lateral thoracic spine prominent ; antennal scale longer and much narrower; hand longer, more cylindrical, the squamous tubercles not tend- ing to form a definite line of teeth on the inner margin, as in CL aculus. Harlan says, “ All the crawfish which I have seen from the Southern States (and I have received specimens from New Orleans and South Carolina) are of the same species with that now described.”* It is probable that he included in this species not only C. aculus, but also other allied species, as C. troglodytes, &e. Among specimens collected for the U. 8. National Museum by Col. M. M. MeDonald in the neighborhood of Columbia, 8. C., (a city thirty-two miles southwest of Camden, in the same river basin,) are several which nearly resemble Harlan’s type. They are younger, and the males are all of the second form, with small chele. The antennal scale is somewhat broader than in Harlan’s specimen. Lateral thoracic spine well developed. The largest male is 3} inches in length, chelipeds 2% inches. In the collection of Butler University, Irvington, Ind., there is a first form male of the same species from the Saluda River, 8. C., collected by Prof. D.S. Jordan. The Saluda River unites with the Broad River at Columbia to form the Congaree. The chelipeds have been lost. The antennal scale is somewhat broader than in Harlan’s type, but in other respects, including the form of the anterior abdominal appendages, it agrees with it. Length, 3 inches. In specimens from the low country of North Carolina, Maryland, and New Jersey, the rostrum narrows nearer the base, and the hand is closely set with ciliate squamous tubercles. In some individuals from North Carolina the cardiac region of the carapace is shorter in proportion to the anterior portion than in the ordinary form (less than one half the distance from tip o! rostrum to the cervical groove). Cambarus acutus of Girard, from the South and West, is a larger form, with quite a differently shaped hand and rostrum and a shorter abdomen ; but after a careful study of a very large number of specimens from the Atlantic and Gulf States and the Mississippi Valley, I am inclined to con- sider them forms or varieties of one species. The male sexual appendages * Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soe., III. 465. 22 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. are the same in all essential regards, and specimens intermediate in the form of the hands, rostrum, and antennal scale are frequently met with. Two dry male specimens in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, from Kemper Co., Miss., labelled “‘ C. acutissimus?”’ are probably types of the species described under that name by Girard. They appear to be young specimens of C. acutus. The specimens of C. Blandingu, var. acuta, received from the Western States differ somewhat from those of the Southern States, as pointed out by Hagen on page 36 of the Monograph of the North American Astacide. They form a sub-variety designated by the letter A. Dr. Hagen considers Le Conte’s A. Blundingii to be his O. Leconte’. No type of Le Conte’s species is known, but the description and habitat (middle regions of Georgia and Carolina) fit Blandinga better than Lecontei. Gibbes and Girard seem to have confounded this species with C. traglo- dytes. There is a specimen of C. troglodytes in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy, sent by Gibbes with the label “ Asfacus Blandingi Harl.,” and the localities given by him,* viz. “the low country of South Carolina,” and by Girard, viz. “Summerville, 8. C.,” refer to C. troglodytes. From Montgomery, Ala., comes a form which agrees with C. Blandingii in all respects except the male sexual appendages, which approach those of C. Lecontei in the curvature of the two anterior apical teeth. The posterior apical tooth is straight, as in C. Blanding. In many of the larger specimens there are three spines on each side of the telson. This may perhaps prove to be a distinct species. Two female specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, from Dallas, Texas, agree well with C. Blandingii, but it is difficult to determine them positively in the absence of male specimens. They were collected by J. Boll, and are labelled “ Burrowing Crabs.” In specimens of var. acuta, subvar. A, from the West, that have not lain long in alcohol, the rostrum is red (in some specimens only a pair of red blotches at the base), and there appears a good deal of red color on the dorsal side of the abdominal segments and the basal segment of the telson and swimmerets. Living specimens of O. Blandingii collected by me near Trenton, N. J., are of a dull greenish brown, whitish beneath and on the lower part of the carapace, with a dark-greenish longitudinal stripe on each * On the Carcinological Collections of the Cabinets of Natural History in the United States. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., pp. 167-201, 1850. CAMBARUS. 23 branchial region, half-way between the areola and the lower border, and a whitish longitudinal band on each side of the abdominal somites, these bands not reaching to the hind border of the somites. The tubercles of the chelxe are black, and there are dark spots on the margin of the rostrum. Dr. Abbott * states that in Trenton, N. J., this species frequents “running streams which have masses of vegetation growing in them, the animal in question resting upon the plants, usually near the surface of the water. We have found since our collecting excursions, on carefully approaching clear running streams, such as just mentioned, that this crawfish is to be seen resting on the plants, always with the head directed above stream. If dis- turbed, they would dart backwards down to the roots, apparently, of the plant upon which they were sitting. After a lapse of about ten minutes, they would return to their former resting-place, creeping up the plant down which they had so suddenly darted tail foremost.” Mr. P. R. Uhler, in his studies on the distribution of the crayfishes of Maryland, finds that this species belongs to the lowlands at the mouth of sluggish rivers, or near the ocean in muddy and grassy ditches and drains, and even in salt water, in company with C. Uhleri. In his collection are specimens from near Ocean City, Worcester Co., Md., found in a ditch im holes six to nine inches deep. At Goldsborough, N. C., the same gentleman found it abundant in drains and branches running through cotton fields, tributaries of the Neuse River. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, attains a very large size. The largest I have seen, a male of the first form, is 51 in. in length. The cheliped is 6] in., the chela 32 in. This specimen is in the Museum of Comparative Zoblogy. 2. Cambarus fallax. Plate II. fig. 4. Cambarus fallax, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 45, Pl. I. figs. 103-105, 1870. Cambarus fallax, Fxxox, Proe. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 1884. Known Localities. — Florida: St. John’s River at Jacksonville, Orange Bluff, Hawkinsville, Horse Landing, Blue Spring (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.), and Lake Jessup (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Magnolia (Coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Indian River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Yale Coll.) ; Titusville, Brevard Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). * Amer. Naturalist, VII. 80. 24 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. The four type specimens, collected by Dr. H. Bryant, are 1 g form L, 2 @ form H., 1 9. The measurements given by Hagen are those of the largest specimen, ¢ form II. This is the largest specimen I have seen. C. fallax is very near C. Blandingii, which it seems to replace in the State of Florida. It is easily distinguished from the latter species by the male appendages, which are curved backwards at the end, and armed with only minute teeth at the tip. The distal margin of the proximal segment of the telson is armed on each side with three or four spines. In a few specimens from Hawkinsville, St. John’s River, Fla., the acumen of the rostrum is lengthened, the lateral spines of the rostrum are stronger, and the portion of the carapace behind the cervical suture is shortened. The specimens thus approach C. Lecontei. The shortening of the posterior part of the carapace is not so great as in C. Leconte’, the areola is narrower, and the male appendages do not differ from those of the typical C. fallaz. In the ordinary form of C. fallax the distance from the tip of the rostruin to the cer- vical groove is twice the distance from the cervical groove to the hind border of the carapace. In the abnormal specimens just noticed the anterior dis- tance is two and one third times that of the posterior ; in C. Lecontei it is two and one half times. In many specimens, contrary to Hagen’s descrip- tion, the antennze are much longer than the body, and in well-developed males of the first form the chelze are inflated and cylindrical. Specimens of this species, now in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, were collected by C. J. Maynard, in Blue Spring, St. John’s River, a mineral spring impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, — temperature 70° Fahr. They were clinging to the under side of leaves. 3. Cambarus Hayi. Plate I. fig. 4, Plate VII. figs. 3, 3', 3a, 3a’. Cambarus Hayi, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 108, 1884. Male, form I. Rostrum broad, triangular, excavated, sparsely pubescent above ; acumen short, lateral spines moderate. Carapace punctate above, granulated on the sides, the granules ciliate. Lateral spines slightly devel- oped in fully-grown individuals, more prominent in the young. Areola narrow. Abdomen broad, shorter than the cephalo-thorax. Pleural angles rounded. Proximal segment of telson with two spines on each side of the distal border. Hind margin of telson slightly concave. Anterior process CAMBARUS. 25 of epistoma broadly triangular. Antenne shorter than the body. Antennal scale a little shorter than the peduncle, equal to the rostrum, broad, broadest at the middle. Chelipeds slender, chela long, inner and outer margins par- allel, squamoso-tuberculate, tubercles ciliate, those along the inner margin of the hand blunt spiniform. Fingers longer than the hand. Opposed margins of fingers ciliate, with one or two small spinous teeth. Carpus lone triangu- lar, smooth without, tuberculate and spinous within. Meros with scattered impressed dots without, tuberculate on the upper margin; one or two spines at the anterior end of upper margin, two rows of spines beneath. Third and fourth pairs of legs hooked on third segment. Anterior abdominal legs of moderate length, deeply excavated on the outer side near the tip; a beard- like tuft of cilia from the protuberance behind the excavation ; the tip bears three flattened horny teeth; inner part ciliate, with a long spine directed outwards and forwards. The second form of the male has shorter chelipeds, smaller hooks on the second and third pairs of legs, the terminal teeth of the first pair of ab- dominal legs smaller and not corneous. In the female the chelipeds are short, the chele broad. Sternum bitu- berculate between the fourth pair of legs. Annulus ventralis umbilicoid, with a tubercle in the median depression. Length, 100 mm. Rostrum, 15 mm.; acumen, 3mm. Length of cara- pace, 51mm. From cervical groove to posterior margin of carapace, 18.5 mm. Abdomen, 50 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm. Chelipeds, 92 mm. Chela, 43 mm. Known Localities. — Mississippi: Macon, Artesia. Closely related to Cambarus Blindingii, but easily distinguished by the first pair of abdominal legs of the male, which are characteristic even in very small specimens.. Over a dozen specimens of this species (including males of the first form, males of the second form with first pair of abdominal appendages articulated near the base, and unarticulated, and females) were collected by Prof. O. P. Hay in Eastern Mississippi. One lot has a particular locality specified, — Macon. Macon is situated on the Noxubee, an affluent of the Tombigbee River. Another lot was collected at Artesia, a town about twenty miles north of Macon. 26 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 4. Cambarus Clarkii. Cambarus Clarkii, Gmarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VI. 91, 1852. Cambarus Clarkit, Hagen, Ml. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., No. II. p. 39, Pl. I. figs. 7-10, 99, 100, Pl. I. figs. 133, 134, Pl. HT. fig. 142, Pl. IV. (this figure is copied on a reduced scale in Huxley’s “ Crayfish,” p- 248, 1880), 1870. Cambarus Clarkii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 1884. Known Localities. —Texas: between San Antonio and El Paso del Norte (Girard); San Antonio; Clear Creek, Waller Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Louisiana: New Orleans; Tangipahoa River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Mis- sissippl: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Alabama: Mobile. Florida: Pensacola (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.) ; three miles below Horse Landing, St. John’s River. Ohio: Olmsted [?]. Girard’s specimens were collected between San Antonio, Texas, and El Paso del Norte, by John H. Clark, of the U.S. Mexican Boundary Commis- sion. The original description of the species is hardly sufficient for determi- nation, but fortunately Dr. Hagen was able to identify the species by an examination of Girard’s types, which were probably lost in the great fire at Chicago, whither they were sent to Dr. Stimpson. A full description of C. Clarkii is given on page 39 of Hagen’s Monograph. In specimens collected by Edward Palmer at San Antonio, Texas, the carapace is smoother than in the form commonly received from New Orleans and Mobile, with more prominent lateral and postorbital spmes. The ros- trum tapers much less than in the form from farther east, the sides being more nearly parallel. The areola, moreover, is not entirely obliterated in the middle, but forms a linear area about as wide as in C. troglodytes. The male sexual appendages do not differ from those of the Louisiana speci- mens. This is probably the form described by Girard. In this connection it is interesting to note that in young individuals of this species eight millimeters long, taken from beneath the abdomen of a female from New Orleans, the areola is proportionally even wider than in the San Antonio specimens. In a male, form IL, 60 mm. long, collected by J. A. Allen in St. John’s River, Fla., the areola is like that described in the San Antonio specimens, and the distal margin of the proximal segment of the telson is armed with three or four spines on each side. The carapace is smooth. ; A female specimen, 92 mm. long, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (No. 654), from the Smithsonian Institution, without locality, CAMBARUS. 27 differs in some respects from any other seen by me. The granules of the carapace are larger, the gastric area more heavily punctate, the rostrum is longer (14 mm., the whole carapace being 48 mm., while in New Orleans specimens the rostrum is only one fourth the length of the carapace), with longer acumen and lateral spines, and narrower at the base, than in New Orleans specimens, with less converging sides; the arm is more conspicu- ously tuberculated along its upper edge. The lateral thoracic spines are prominent, as in the San Antonio form. The areola is obliterated in the middle, as in specimens from Louisiana and Alabama. A dry cephalothorax of a female in the Museum of Comparative ZoGdlogy (No. 3337), referred to C’ troglodytes by Hagen (pp. 42, 43), seems to belong to C. Clarkii. As dry specimens are easily transposed, and this is the only specimen recorded from the North, I believe the locality to be erroneous. C. Clarkii is the species commonly on sale in the New Orleans market. 5. Cambarus troglodytes. Astacus troglodytes, Lm Conts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 400, 1855. Astacus fossurum, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., VII. 401, 1855. Cambarus troglodytes, Hagen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. ILI. p. 41, Pl. I. figs. 11-14, Pl. IT. fig. 141, Faas siti Forses, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 18, 1876. (After Hagen.) Canbarus troglodytes, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 1884. Known Localities. — Lower Georgia; Richmond Co., Ga. South Carolina : Charleston; Oakley (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.) ; Columbia (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Illinois: Lawn Ridge, Marshall Co. [?]. This species resembles C. Clurkii very closely, but is readily distinguished by the first pair of abdominal legs of the male, and by the rostrum, which is nearly plane above, with very slight marginal teeth (often obsolete), and shorter acumen. The areola is very narrow, but not obliterated, in the middle. Two of Le Conte’s types (both males, form I.) are extant, one in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and one in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In each of these museums there is also a small female type of C. fossarum of Le Conte, which does not differ essentially from C. troglodytes of the same author. It is difficult to see why Le Conte separated the two, unless on the ground of a difference in color during life. 28 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Both Girard and Gibbes (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 3d Meeting) appear to have confounded this species with C. Blandingii Harlan. A female C. troglodgtes in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, from South Carolina, is labelled “Astacus Blandingi Hav).” by Professor Gibbes. The localities for C. Blanding: (Summerville, S. C., and low country of South Carolina) given by these authors undoubtedly appertain to C. troglodytes. Slight differences between specimens from Georgia and Charleston, 8. C., are pointed out by Hagen (pp. 42, 45). In one of the Georgia specimens the telson is quadrispinose. In specimens from near Columbia, 8. C., the basal segment of the telson is bispimose on each side. The rostrum is sometimes slightly carinated near the tip. I doubt the accuracy of the locality label of the specimen of this species in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy numbered 197, It was taken from a jar containing C. Diogenes from Lawn Ridge, Ill. No other specimens have been reported from the West. The specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy (No. 3337) labelled Rocky River, Olmsted, Ohio, determined as C. troglodytes by Hagen (p. 43), seems to be C. Clarkii (see p. 27). According to colored drawings of this species made from living specimens by J. Burkhardt at Charleston, in 1853, the body is brownish red, the tuber- cles on the chelze bright red, legs red below. Dr. Le Conte states that in Lower Georgia this species is found in the rice- fields, where it makes holes four inches deep, and in ditches (A. fossarwi). Specimens from Richmond Co., neighborhood of Augusta, Ga., received recently from Col. Charles C. Jones, Jr. (Cat. No. 8550), are noteworthy in that the male appendages, especially of the second form, approach closely in their form those of @. Clarkii. In the shape of the rostrum and other respects these specimens agree with @. troglodytes. The telson is trispinose on each side. In the light of these specimens, I am inclined to suspect that further explorations will break down the specific distinctions between C. troglodytes and C. Clarkii. But my material does not represent a wide enough geographical range to warrant a definite opinion. CAMBARUS. : 29 6. Cambarus maniculatus. Astacus maniculatus, LE Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 401, 1855. Cambarus maniculatus, Hacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIT. p. 52, 1870. (After Le Conte.) Cambarus maniculatus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 137, 1884. (After Le Conte. No description.) This species is known only from the description of Le Conte, which is quoted in full on page 52 of Hagen’s Monograph. The description was perhaps drawn up from an immature specimen of C. troglodytes. The num- ber of hooked thoracic legs in the male is not specified in Le Conte’s descrip- tion, but the species is probably one of the @. Blanding’ group, since it is placed among the species of that group in Le Conte’s list. 7, Cambarus Lecontei. ‘plate TI. fig. 2. Cambarus Lecontei, HacEN, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 47, Pl. I. figs. 15-18, Pl. ITI. fig. 145, 1870. Cambarus Lecontei, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 137, 1884. Known Localities. — Alabama: Mobile. Georgia: Athens. Resembles C. Blandingii and C. fallax, but is easily distinguished from these by the shortuess of the portion of the carapace behind the cervical groove, the greater length of the acumen of the rostrum, antennal scale, and chele, and the shape of the male sexual appendages. The areola is some- what wider. The rostrum is deeply excavated above, the sides converging but slightly up to the lateral teeth, which are separated by more than one half of the width of the base of the rostrum, The proximal segment of the telson is armed on each side of its distal margin with three or four teeth. The proportions may be seen from the following measurements of a male, form I.: Length of body, 86 mm.; of carapace, 43 mm. ; of abdomen, 48 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 31 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 12 mm. Length of rostrum, 14 mm. ; of acu- men, 5mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 7 mm.; at lateral spines, 4 mm. Breadth of areola, 24 mm. Length of chela, 40 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. Smaller specimens are more characteristic on account of a greater propor- tional breadth of the areola and shortness of posterior portion of the carapace. In a male, form II., 65 mm. in length, the length of the carapace from the tip of rostrum to cervical groove is 24 mm.; from cervical groove to poste- rior border of carapace, 8.5 mm. Breadth of areola, 2 mm. 30 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID®. The types of C. Leconted came from Mobile, Ala. The specimens from other localities assigned to this species by Hagen, on page 48 of bis Mono- graph, certainly do not belong here. The specimens from Beaufort, N. C., and Root Pond, Miss., are C. Blanding. The female from Milledgeville, Ga. (No. 246) ill agrees with the types, on account of the shortness of the acu- men of the rostrum (the rostrum being like that of C. Blandingii), the short and broad antennal scales, breadth of the hand, etc. Of the three young specimens, one is C. spiculifer, the others are too small to be determined with any certainty. The three specimens from Pensacola, Fla. (No. 249) are young (one female, two males), and resemble C. Lecoitez only in the short- ness of the posterior portion of the carapace and the width of the areola; in other respects, they are like the smooth form of C. Llandingii, var. acuta. There is no lateral spine on the carapace, and the telson is bispinose. Besides the Mobile types, I have found but one other specimen of this species in the Museum, a young female in a jar with C. spiculifer (Cat. No. 172), from Athens, Ga. 8. Cambarus angustatus. Astacus angustatus, Le Conte, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 401, 1855. Canbarus angustatus, HacEn, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 50, Pl. I. figs. 65-67, Pl. III. fig. 146, 1870. Cambarus angustatus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 137, 1884. Locality. — Lower Georgia. This species is known only through a dry type specimen in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Le Conte’s description of the species is as follows : — “A. angustatus. — Rostrum concavum, valde acuminatum, utrinque versus apicem fortiter et acute unidenticulatum. Lamina antennalis pedunculum antennalem equans. Cephalothorax punctatus, parcius ad latera, adeo ut Vix paucis punctis notatur, linea ordinaria apice spina armata. Thorax totus punctatus, parcius ad latera, tuberculis vel granulis nullis. Areola suturalis lata. Dorsum sicut in prioribus [i. e. glabrum seriebus parvis punctorum transversalium]. Chela parva, angusta, subcylindrica, punctata, sine tuber- culis aut granulis, excepto margine interiore qui paucis denticulus incon- spicuis instructus est, digiti recti punetati carinati. Carpus glaber, punctis tribus vel quatuor. Brachium glabrum, spinulis paucis latere superiore : infe- riore seriebus duabus spinarum, quarum due anteriores majores et longiores. Caudee lamella intermedia utrinque trispinosa. CAMBARUS. 31 “Tong. 1.95. Cephalothorax .6. Thorax .25. Abdomen .8. Cauda .3. Antenna .9. Chela .6, latitud. .2, forceps .3. “ Habitat in Georgia inferiore, in aque pure rivulos qui inter colliculos arenosos (sand-hills) currunt.” The Philadelphia type agrees well with Le Conte’s description. The chela, however, under close inspection, is seen to be covered with obsoles- cent, ciliate, squamous tubercles, and the areola is moderate rather than wide. The fingers are ciliated along their inner margins. There is a single lateral spine on each side of the thorax, three spines on the right side of the telson, four on the left side. Carpus with two prominent spines on the inside, and one below, near the exterior articulation of the hand. The sides of the rostrum converge but little from the base to the lateral spines. The acumen is long. The sexual appendages are figured by Hagen. ‘The measurements of this specimen (a male, form I.) are these : — Length, 47 mm. Carapax, 22 mm. Abdomen, 25mm. From tip of ros- trum to cervical groove, 16 mm, From cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 6 mm. Length of rostrum, 8 mm.; acumen, 3mm. Width of rostrum at base, 3 mm.; between lateral spines, 2mm. Width of areola, 1.5mm. Length of chela, 15 mm. ; breadth of do., 4 mm. It resembles C. Leconte: in general appearance, the shape of hand, and number of lateral thoracic and telson spines. The first pair of abdominal legs are different, resembling those of C. spiculifer, but different from either. The sides of the rostrum are more nearly parallel than in C. Leconfe?, in this respect resembling C. versutus. It seems to be a very much smaller species than its near allies. 9. Cambarus pubescens. Plate I. fig. 3, Plate VIII. figs. la, la’. Cambarus pubescens, Paxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 109, 1884. Male, form II.— Rostrum long, triangular, sides subparallel at the base, then converging towards the lateral spines, which are evident; slightly de- pressed above at the base, subplane, with raised margins ; ciliated, especially on the acumen; acumen long, pointed. Post-orbital ridges with anterior spines. Carapace cylindrical, fore border angulated behind the antenne, punctate above, slightly granulated on the sides, with one lateral spine on each side. Cervical groove ciliated. Cardiac region short (much less than 32 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. one third as long as the anterior part of the carapace). Areola broad. Ster- num covered with a dense growth of coarse sete, Abdomen longer than the cephalothorax. Proximal segment of telson armed on each side with four spines. Anterior process of epistoma broad triangular with ciliated margin. Basal segment of antennule with a sharp spine below, near the inner margin of the middle of its length. Antennz shorter than the body. Second and third segments with acute external spine ; scale a little longer than peduncle of antennz and rostrum, moderately broad, broadest below the middle. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Chela moderately broad, cov- ered with inconspicuous ciliate squamous tubercles, internal margin nearly straight. Fingers as long as the hand, densely ciliated. Carpus tubercu- late, a prominent spine within, and one near each point of articulation with the chela. Meros smooth outside and inside, tuberculate and spinous above, biserially spinous and ciliate beneath. Third and fourth pairs of legs toothed on the third segment. Fifth pair of legs with a hook on the basal seement. Anterior abdominal appendages of moderate length, articulated at the base, internal part with an articulated spine obliquely placed, external part termi- nating in a rounded head with two short, blunt teeth. Female. — Differs from the male in its shorter and smaller claws. The sternum is densely ciliated, as in the male. The annulus ventralis conical with sigmoid longitudinal fissure ; movable. Length, 54 mm. Carapace, 26 mm. Abdomen, 29mm. Distance from tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 19 mm.; from cervical groove to poste- rior border of carapace, 7 mm. Width of areola, 3mm. Leneth of chela, 15.5 mm.; breadth, 4mm. (In the female, which is 59 mm. long, the chela is 12 mm. long by 4 mm. wide.) Two specimens, one male of the second form and one female, in the U. S. National Museum (No. 3181), collected by A. Graves in McBean Creek, a tributary of the Savannah River a little south of Augusta, Georgia, are the types of this species. There are two young female specimens from the same region, Richmond Co., in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy. Differs from C. Leconte’ and C. angustatus by its broader areola, subplane rostrum, and the pubescence of rostrum and cervical groove. The male appendages also differ, as shown in the description and figures. —— vy" = > i CAMBARUS. 33 10. Cambarus spiculifer. Plate Il. fig. 5. Astacus spiculifer, Le ContTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 401, 1855. Cambarus spiculifer, Hacun, Til. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 48, Pl. I. figs. 59-62, Pl. IIT. fig. 147, 1870. ? Cambarus spiculifer, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1884. f=) Known Localities. —Upper Georgia: Oconee River at Athens and Milledge- ville; Oemulgee River in the neighborhood of Atlanta (Coll. Butler Univ., from D. §. Jordan); Chattahoochee River at Roswell, Cobb Co., and near Gainesville ; Etowah River (Coll. Butler Univ., from D. 8. Jordan). There is a male type, form L., in the Museum of Comparative Zoblogy, and one in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In none of the specimens seen by me are there three spines on each side of the basal segment of the telson, as is said by Hagen to be some- times the case (p. 49), nor have I seen an individual with but one lateral thoracic spine (Hagen, p. 50). I think these statements are based upon erroneous determinations, for in the jarful of specimens from Athens, Ga., labelled Oambarus spiculifer by Hagen, I find the young of C. Leconte’, which has a trispinous telson and one lateral thoracic spine. Measurements of a male, form II.— Length, 71.5 mm. Carapace, 34.5 mm. Abdomen, 37.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 25.5 mm. ; from cervical groove to posterior margin of carapace, 9mm. Length of rostrum, 11.25 mm.; breadth of rostrum at base, 5.56 mm.; between lateral spines, 2.75mm. Length of chela, 29 mm.; breadth of do., 11mm. Width of areola, 3.5mm. The largest specimen seen by me is 97 mm. long, male form I. Cambarus spiculifer has been found as yet only in Upper Georgia, in the Altamaha and Chattahoochee River basins. C. Lecontei, C. angustatus, C. pubescens, C. spiculifer, and C. versutus are dis- tinguished from the other species of Group I. by the shortness of the cardiac region of the carapace. C. Leconte’, C. angustalus, and C. pubescens have one lateral thoracic spine on each side; C. spiculifer and C. versutus have two. C. Leconte’ and C. angustatus have subcylindrical hands, areola of moderate width, rostrum smooth and hollowed out above ; C. pubescens has broader hands and areola, rostrum pubescent and subplane above. In C. angustatus the sides of the rostrum are subparallel; in C. Leconte’ the rostrum is more tapering. In both C. spiculifer and C. versutus the areola is v0 34 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/. wide and the hands broad; @. versutus has the hand covered with small, close-set, squamous tubercles, the sides of the rostrum are subparallel, and the telson commonly tri- or quadrispinose on each side ; in @. spiculifer the hands bear large tubercles much less closely set than in C. versutus, the rostrum tapers more between the base and the lateral spines, and the tel- son is bispmose on each side. Each of these five species has characteristic male appendages, figured by Hagen and on Plate VIII. of this Revision. 11. Cambarus versutus. Cambarus versutus, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. TI. p. 51, Pl. L. figs. 55-58, Pl. IIT. fig. 150, 870 Pe ae Faxon, Proce. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1884. Known Localities. — Alabama: neighborhood of Mobile. Florida: Cape Barrancas [Pensacola Bay ?]. Cambarus versutus resembles C. spiculifer in the shortness of the carapace behind the cervical groove, the wide areola, and the two spines on each side of the carapace. In addition to the difference in the male appendages (see Hagen’s figures), the chelw are covered with small, closely-set squa- mous tubercles, while in C. spiculifer the chelee have fewer and larger tuber- cles. In C. versutus the hand is suleated below, along the inner border, and the areola is a little wider. The telson is tri- or quadrispinose in C. versu- tus, bispinose in C. spiculifer. The sides of the rostrum conyerge less between the base and the lateral spines in C. versutus. Measurements of a male, form I. — Length, 73.5 mm. Carapace, 35 mm. Abdomen, 38.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 26 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 8.5 mm. Length of rostrum, 12 mm.; acumen, 5mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 5.5 mm.; between lateral spies, 4 mm. Length of chele, 33 mm.; breadth of do., 11 mm. Width of areola, 4 mm. Three small dry specimens, two males and one female, from Cape Barran- cas, Fla., differ from the Alabama specimens in that the rostrum tapers a little more and is lightly carinated above in the middle third of the median line. Although none of the specimens are over 40 mm. in length, the males are of the first form, with well-developed hooks on the third and fourth pairs of legs. The male appendages agree with those of C. versutus. The telson is tri- or quadrispinose, and the hand is suleated below, along the inner margin, as in C. versutus. CAMBARUS. 35 12. Cambarus Alleni. Plate I. fig. 1, Plate VIII. figs. 2, 2. Cambarus Alleni, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 110, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum broad, triangular, somewhat deflexed, smooth, excavated above, margins raised into sharp crests and gradually converging to near the tip, where they suddenly come together to form the short, sharp acumen ; no lateral spines. Post-orbital ridges without spines. Cara- pace cylindrical, somewhat compressed laterally, fore border angulated he- hind the antennx, punctate above, granulated on the sides. Cervical groove deeply sulcated, without lateral spines. Cardiac region more than one third as long as the distance from the tip of rostrum to hind border of carapace. Areola narrow. Abdomen broad, longer than cephalothorax. Angles of pleura rounded. Three or four spines on each side of posterior border of basal segment of the telson. Terminal segment of telson shorter than basal part, one third broader than long, hind margin concave. Anterior process of epistoma subquadrangular. Basal segment of antennules with a sharp spine below, near the inner margin, half-way towards the end of the segment. Antenne shorter than the body, second and third segments with an external sharp tooth. Antennal scale equal to peduncle, slightly sur- passing the rostrum, broad, broadest at the middle, rounded at apex, termi- nating in a short spine, external margin inflated. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Chelipeds slender, chela long, subeylindrical, squamoso- tuberculate, tubercles ciliate anteriorly, internal border straight, serrate. Fingers as long as the hand, with alternate longitudinal ribs and lines of ciliate impressed dots. Opposed margins of fingers straight, unidentate. Carpus squamoso-tuberculate within, obsoletely so without, with one promi- nent spine on inner border. Meros punctate outside, ciliato-tuberculate within and on upper margin, which has two ante-apical spines obliquely placed ; two rows of spines beneath. Third and fourth pairs of legs hooked on third segments, hooks of fourth pair bituberculate. Fifth pair of legs with a flattened laminate tubercle on basal joint. Anterior abdominal appen- dages of moderate length, bifid at apex, outer part forming a broad flattened plate whose anterior margin is furnished with hairs and one strong seta, the posterior margin of the plate produced anteriorly into a blunt tooth-like process. Inner part bearded within, and produced into a long erect spine, which much exceeds in length the outer part of the appendage, 36 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Length, 62 mm. Rostrum, 6mm. Carapace, 30 mm. From tip of ros- trum to cervical groove, 19.5 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 10.5 mm. Abdomen, 32 mm. Width of areola, 7mm. Antenne, 47 mm. Chelipeds, 49 mm. Chela, 23 mm, Width of chela, 6 mm. St. John’s River, Hawkinsville, Orange Co., Fla.: J. A. Allen. A well-marked species with toothless excavated rostrum (younger speci- mens probably have marginal rostral teeth), narrow areola, long, sub- cylindrical chelipeds covered with ciliated squamous tubercles. The first abdominal legs are not jointed, the hooks on the third and fourth pairs of thoracic legs are large and well finished, so that I consider the single specimen examined to be the first form. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is a specimen from Hernando Co., Fla., Jos. W. Wilcox, which is probably the second form of the male of this species. The sexual appendages are not articulated at the base. The hooks on the third and fourth pairs of legs are small, tooth-like processes merely. Besides the differences in these hooks and in the sexual appendages, the following may be pointed out : the rostrum has small lateral teeth near the tip, the post-orbital ridges have a sharp spine at their anterior end, the basal segment of the fifth pair of legs is armed with a sharp hooked tooth in place of a flattened tubercle, and the hind segment of the telson is longer in proportion to its width. 13. Cambarus penicillatus. Astacus penicillatus, Lt Contr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 401, 1855. Cambarus penicillatus, HaGEn, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 58, Pl. I. figs. 93, 94, [95, 96 ?], PL. III. fig. 149, 1870. Cambarus penicillatus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1884. Known Localities. — Georgia. Eastern Mississippi [?]. Charleston, 8. C. [?]. None of Le Conte’s types of this species are known. Of the specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy referred to this species by Dr. Hagen, a small male of the first form, from Georgia (No. 279), agrees well with Le Conte’s description, It has a small branchiostegian spine, overlooked in Hagen’s description. The rostrum has no trace of ante-apical spines; the antennal scale is very broad, attaining its greatest breadth in the middle, then narrowing but little until reaching the level of the apical spine. It is a little shorter than the peduncle of the second antenne, and equal to the rostrum in length. The male appendages are represented on Plate I. CAMBARUS. 37 of Hagen’s Monograph, figs. 93, 94. This is doubtless Le Conte’s species. It is peculiar in having tufts of long hair-like sete on the inner margin of the hand. The only other species known to have these hair-like growths is Astacus Gambelii, from the Western United States, which has the pilosity on the outer as well as the inner margin of the hand. Length, 42 mm. Carapace,21 mm. Abdomen, 22 mm. From tip of ros- trum to cervical groove, 14 mm. Cardiac region, 7 mm. Width of areola, Imm. Leneth of chela, 14 mm.; breadth of do., 5 mm. Of the other specimens referred to C. penicillatus, two young females from Charleston, 8. C. (Cat. No. 254) are surely C. troglodytes. Two other females and two males, form IL, also from Charleston (Cat. No. 250), may be the female and second form of the male of C. penicillatus, as claimed by Hagen, but I suspect that they belong to another species. The form of the first pair of abdominal appendages of the male (Hagen, PI. I. figs. 95, 96) is not what one would expect in the second form of @. peniciilatus. The antennal scale is narrower, longer, diminishing more rapidly in width beyond the middle. The lack of beard on the hands, a more gradually tapering rostrum with longer acumen, and the trispinous basal segment of the telson also serve to distinguish these specimens from the first form male from Georgia. In the collection of Butler University, Irvington, Ind., is a male, form II., collected in Eastern Mississippi by. O. P. Hay, which closely resembles the specimen of C. penicillatus from Georgia. excepting in the following par- ticulars. The base of the rostrum is more clearly foveolate. The areola is only one half the width of that of C. penicillalus, being reduced to such an extent as to admit but one line of impressed dots within its area, while in the Georgian specimen there are two or three parallel longitudinal rows in the narrowest part of the areola. The fore border of the carapace is not angulated behind the antennx, as in the specimens from Georgia and Charleston. The setx that grow from the squamous tubercles on the inner edge of the hand are longer than on the other parts, but are not drawn out into pencils, as in the first form from Georgia. The first pair of abdominal appendages are articulated at the base, re- curved at their distal end, though not so strongly as in the first form from Georgia; internal part with a short apical tooth directed obliquely outwards, external part with two stout apical teeth. The short apical tooth of the internal part of the appendage gives it a very different appearance from the second form males from Charleston, described above, and referred to C. peni- 38 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. cillatus by Hagen, and the two can hardly belong to the same species. The teeth at the tip of the external part are also shorter and blunter in the Mississippi specimen than in those from Charleston. The hooks on the third and fourth pairs of thoracic legs are very small, — mere tooth-like processes. The antennal scale is broad at the tip, as in the Georgia specimen. Measurements.— Length, 50 mm. Carapace, 25 mm. Abdomen, 26 mm. Rostrum, 5mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 16.5 mm. Car- diac region, 8.5mm. Width of areola, .6mm. Length of chela, 14 mm. ; breadth of chela, 5 mm. This specimen, as well as those from Charleston, may belong to different species from C. penicillatus, but my material is not sufficient to warrant the establishment of new species. Le Conte does not specify from what part of Georgia his specimens came, nor is the locality of the Georgia specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoblogy any more precisely indicated. 14, Cambarus Wiegmanni., Astacus (Cambarus) Wiegmanni, Extcuson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 99, 1846. ? Cambarus Wiegmanni, HacEn, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. TI. p. 54, Pl. IIT. fig. 151, 1870. Cambarus Wieymanni, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1884. Four species of Cambarus have been described from Mexico; viz. C. Wieg- mann Erichs., C. Mexicanus Erichs., C. Aztecus Saussure, and C. Montezume Saussure. C. Wiegmanni has hooks near the base of the third and fourth pairs of legs of male, tuberculated chele, carpus dentated on the inner border. C. Mexicanus has only the third pair of legs of the male hooked, chele granulated, carpus unarmed. (C. Aztecus also has the third pair of legs hooked in the male. chelze granulated, more compressed than in C. Mewi- caus, carpus armed with some spies within and below. It is doubtful whether this be specifically distinct from C. Mexicanus. In C. Montezume the second and third pair of legs of the male are hooked, the carpus and chelz smooth. To the list of Mexican Cambari_is to be added C. tmmunis, collected at Orizaba by Prof. Sumichrast. An undescribed Parastacine occurs at Colima, on the west coast. The types of Erichson’s two Mexican species of Cambarus, C. Wiegmann and C. Mewxicanus, could not be found in the Berlin Museum, either by Hagen, who examined the collection in September, 1870, or by Von Martens (Arch. Naturgesch., 1872, p. 131). C. Wiegmanni alone of the known Mexican spe- CAMBARUS. 9 Oo cies belongs to the C. Blandingii group, with hooks on the third and fourth pairs of legs in the male. The female specimen in the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (No. 170, Mr. Pease), fully deserbed by Hagen, is probably correctly referred to this species by him, although in the absence of male specimens there is some uncertainty. It would seem to belong here rather than to C. Mea- caus, on account of the tuberculous chele and the dentiform tubercles on the inner margin of the carpus. I have seen but one specimen of C. Mexicanus, a male. In this the chele are more cylindrical, and are covered with smaller, more closely set, granular tubercles. In the collection of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I find another alcoholic female from Jalapa, Mexico, which agrees well with Mr. Pease’s specimen. A mutilated female in the U. 8. Nat. Mus. (No. 3288, Prof. Sumichrast), from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, seems also to belong here. C. Wiegmanni differs from C. penicillatus in the strongly tuberculated chele, rostrum narrowing more suddenly before the acumen, and broader areola. Erichson’s description is appended. The form of the male appen- dages is not noticed. “A. ( Oumbarus) Wiegmanni: Chelis tuberculatis, digitis sequalibus, carpis intus dentatis, rostro lato, lanceolato. “ Panzerschild punktirt, die Liingsleisten an der Schnabelwurzel kurz, etwa bis zur Mitte des dritten Gliedes der dusseren Fiihler reichend, der Schnabel breit, lanzettfOrmig zugespitzt, oben flach ausgehdhlt, mit aufge- worfenem scharfen Rande. Die Fiihlerbliitter sehr breit, der Aussenrand etwas verdickt, mit iiberragender Spitze. Die Scheerenbeme ziemlich kurz, die Scheeren linglich, ziemlich schmal, oben und unten gewolbt, mit pleinen Hickerchen etwas weitliufig besetzt, am Innenrande die Hicker dichter und spitzer ; die Finger kriiftig, gefurcht, in den Furchen punktirt ; das Glied vor der Scheere am Imnenrande mit einigen Zihnen besetzt. Der Schwanz etwas zusammengedriickt, schmiiler als das Panzerschild, nach hinten allmah- lich etwas verschmilert. “Das zweite Glied am dritten und am vierten Beinpaar beim Mannchen mit einem hakentérmigen Fortsatz. “Liinge des Korpers von der Schnabelspitze bis zam Ende der Schwanz- flosse 2”, des Schnabels 2)”, des Scheerenbeins 1” 4”, der Scheere 8”, Breite on derselben fast 3 falls 6”, “In Mexiko. Von Deppe gesammelt.” , grisste Breite des Panzerschildes 6”, Hohe desselben eben- 40 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDAs. 15. Cambarus pe!lucidus. Astacus pellucidus, TetuKamer, Arch. Anat., Physiol. u. wissensch. Med., 1844, p. 383. Astacus (Caumbarus) pellucidus, Erxtcnson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jelirg., 1. 95, 1846. Astacus pellucidus, GrpBes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3d Meeting, p. 195, 1850. (No description.) Cambarus pellucidus, GrRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 87, 1852. (No description.) Cambarus pellucidus, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 55, Pl. I. igs. 68-71, Pl. III. fig. 148, Pl. VL, 1870.— Amer. Naturalist, VI. 494, 1872. Cambarus pellucidus, Packarp, Amer. Naturalist, V. 750, fig. 131 (after Hagen), 1871.— Fifth Ann. Rep. Trustees Peabody Acad. Sci. for the Year 1872, p. 94, 1873. Orconectes pellucidus, Corr, Amer. Naturalist, VI. 410, 419, 1872.— Third and Fourth Ann. Rep. Geolog. Surv. Indiana, pp. 162, 173, 1872. Orconectes inermis, Corn, Amer. Naturalist, VI. 410, 419, 1872.— Third and Fourth Ann. Rep. Geolog. Surv. Indiana, pp. 162, 173, 1872. Cambarus pellucidus, Smiru, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (No description.) Cambarus pellucidus, Purxam, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII. 222, XVIII. 16, 1875. (Habits.) Cambarus pellucidus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 159, 1884. Known Localities. — Kentucky: Mammoth Cave and other caves in Ed- monson Co. Indiana: Wyandotte Cave, Crawford Co. ; cave in Bradford, Harrison Co. The earliest notice of the blind crayfish of the Mammoth Cave oceurs in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. I. p. 175. In the record of the meeting of the Academy on May 24, 1842, the donation of a specimen is thus acknowledged: “ A white eyeless crayfish (Astacus Bartoni?) .... from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, about 21 miles from the entrance. Presented by W. T. Craige, M. D.” From a “ Notice of the Blind Fish, Crayfish, and Insects from the Mam- moth Cave, Kentucky,” communicated by William Thompson to the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Vol. XIII. p. 111, February, 1844), I quote the following : — “ At a meeting of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, Jan. 17, 1844, Mr. Thompson, the President, called attention to specimens of the Blind Fish, Crayfish, and Locusts from the great Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, procured in the month of May last, specially for the Society, by the kind attention of our townsman, Gordon A. Thomson, Esq.. on his visit to the cave. They are perhaps the first examples of their respective species brought thence to Europe. “The cave itself is popularly known from having been described in ‘Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal’ for 1838, Vol. VI. p. 254; and more recently, at least in this town, from a letter by the Rev. Wm. Murphy, St. Mary’s CAMBARUS. 4] College, Kentucky, published in the ‘ Belfast Commercial Chronicle’ of Jan. 1, 1844, where it occupies two columns, but the source whence it was obtained is not acknowledged. . . . . The crayfish and ‘crickets’ are stated in the letter already noticed [the Rev. Wm. Murphy’s?] to be blind, but this is erroneous. Both species have eyes. Our specimen of the crayfish wants both the claws, but is otherwise perfect, and agrees with the description of the Astacus Bartoni Fabr., given in Milne Edwards’s ‘ Histoire des Crustacés,’ Vol. II. p. 531. The length there attributed to the species is 3 inches; the specimen before us is 2} inches in length from the point of the rostrum to the extremity of the caudal plates.” The description of Asfacus Bartomi by Milne Edwards, here referred to, is in reality a description of Asfacus affinis Say; but as C..Bartoni is the only eyed crayfish known to inhabit the Mammoth Cave, it was probably the species in Thompson’s hands. Tellkampf’s type (a male, form I.) was more fully described by Erichson, and was seen by Hagen in the Berlin Museum in September, 1870. The presence in the Mammoth Cave of a crayfish with well-developed eyes, together with the blind species, was noticed by Prof. B. Silliman, Jr., in 1850. In a letter to Professor Guyot, dated Louisville, Nov. 8, 1850, printed in the American Journal of Science and Arts, 2d Ser., Vol. XL, May, 1851, he says (p. 336): — “The crawfish, or small crustacea inhabiting the rivers with the fish, are also eyeless and uncolored, but the larger-eyed and colored crawfish, which are abundant without the cave, are also common at some seasons in the subterranean rivers. . . . . Among the collections are some of the larger- eyed crawfish which were caught by us in the cave.” I have now before me specimens of C. pellucidus and C. Barton from the Peabody Museum of Yale College (Nos. 1814, 1815), collected by Professor Silliman in the Mammoth Cave. More recently, C. Bartonii has been fre- quently captured there. The association of C. pellucidus and C. Bartonii in the Mammoth Cave, and the fact that cave specimens of the latter are often very light colored, led Professor N. 8. Shaler* to conclude that the two species were connected by transitional forms, and that the blind form was derived from the present outside fauna of the region. He even goes so far as to suppose that the blind form, C. pellucidus, is continually reinforced by interbreeding with the * Mem. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., II. 362, 363, 1875. 6 42 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDZ. eyed form derived from without the cave! But as we have seen (see p. 18), C. pellucidus is a very aberrant species, with no very closely related form outside the cave. The simple form of the male appendages, and the com- bination of characters belonging to different groups,* seen in C. pellucidus, indicate, to my mind, that it is a very ancient form, which has been preserved in the seclusion of the cave, while its nearest kin succumbed in the sharper struggle incident to life outside, or were replaced by modified descendants evolved to meet the changeable conditions which obtain without the caverns. This view is rendered more probable when one remembers that the same form, C. pellucidus, occurs in the Wyandotte Cave on the other side of that ancient river, the Ohio, The transportation of an eyeless cave species from the Kentucky caverns to those of Indiana seems out of the question, and one is driven to the conclusion that the subterranean waters of both localities derived this eyeless species from a similar form with well-developed eyes, that peopled the streams throughout this region at a remote period. Fur- ther, if we trust the statements of Gustav Joseph (see p. 45), a Cambarus is found in the caves of Carniola in Southern Austria very closely related to ©. pellucidus, while all the European crayfishes else belong to another genus, Astacus. That the similarity of conditions affecting cavern life in all parts of the world is sufficient to bring about the close agreement between the crayfishes of the caves of Carniola and Kentucky, when the forms out- side the caves belong to different genera in the two localities, seems highly improbable. The genus Cambarus in North America has not originated under the influences of subterranean life, but is the ordinary form of eray- fish throughout the whole of the eastern and central portions of the conti- nent. If the cave species of Carniola were derived from the present outside fauna of Europe, we should have a blind Astacus instead of a blind Cambarus. I am rather inclined to accept the Carniola cave species as a witness to the former existence of the genus Cambarus in the rivers of Europe (see p. 176). C. pellucidus is subject to considerable variation. In some specimens the rostrum is shorter than in typical specimens, and contracts more from the base to the lateral teeth, which are much less prominent. The spines of the postorbital ridge and sides of the carapace are slightly developed. This is the form described as a new species, Orconectes inermis, from Wyan- dotte Cave, Indiana, by Prof. Cope, in 1872. I owe to Prof. A. 8, Packard * With the essential characters of Group I. are found the general form of body of the species belonging to Group IIT. and the rostrum of Group TV. ‘The antennal scale dilated near the tip is characteristic of Groups III. and TV,, rather than of Group I. ae eM) CAMBARUS. an opportunity to examine Cope’s type. It is a male, form II., with the first pair of abdominal appendages not articulated, a condition often found in the second form males of this species. After an examination of this speci- men, I ean indorse the opinion of Hagen (Amer. Nat., Aug., 1872) and Pack- ard (Fifth Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., for 1872), expressed before seeing the specimen, that the variation is not of specific value. All the specimens which I have seen from the Indiana caves, amounting to six in number, belong to this form. But the same form also comes from the Mammoth and neighboring caves in Kentucky. In a gigantic female in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy (No. 3417, collected in Mammoth Cave by F. W. Putnam), the peculiarities of Cope’s form are intensified. The point of thie rostrum does not reach the distal end of the peduncle of the antennule, and hardly attains the proximal end of the distal segment of the peduncle of the antenna.* The lateral rostral spines are reduced to salient angles. The post-orbital ridges are destitute of spines, as in C. Barton. The antennal seales reach but to the proximal end of the terminal segment of the peduncle of the antenna. The lateral spinules of the carapace are represented by granular tubercles. The spines of the meros of the cheliped are short and tooth-like ; those on the upper surface are blunt, those beneath are irregularly disposed, without the clear biserial order seen in the typical form, and also in Cope’s type of O. tnermis. The hands are broad, flattened, and tuberculate. In this specimen, moreover, the anterior process of the epistoma is trun- cated in front. The dimensions are subjoined. Length of body, 93 mm.; of carapace, 46 mm.; of rostrum (from level of post-orbital spines to tip), 9mm.; of abdomen, 49 mm.; from tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 26 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior margin of carapace, 20 mm. Length of cheliped, 84 mm.; of chela, 45 mm.; of antenna, 86 mm.; of antennal scale, 8 mm. The other blind Cambarus from the United States (C. hamulatus from Nickajack Cave, Tenn.) resembles C. pellucidus superficially, but belongs to Group III., with hooks only on the third pair of legs in the male. The first pair of abdominal appendages are very different from those of C. pellucidus, being formed after the pattern of those organs in C. Barton. The annulus ventralis of the female is also different. A small specimen of C. pellucidus was found in a jar containing C. Putnami from Green River, near the Mammoth Cave, collected by Mr. F. W. Putnam. * In the typical form of @ pellucidus the rostrum equals or exceeds in length the peduncle of the antenna. 44 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDZ. So it would seem that the blind species sometimes finds its way out from the cave. The blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave are compensated for the loss of sight by the development of special tactile papilla. Among the Crustacea the eyeless Gammarus puteanus and Asellus cavaticus are more richly furnished with olfactory sete than are their relatives that enjoy the sense of sight. In the Astacidze the setee to which Leydig has ascribed an olfactory function are borne by the outer flagellum of the antennules. Leydig * has described their arrangement in C. pedlucidus. The outer flagellum is composed of about thirty-six segments. The olfactory sete are situate for the most part on the distal half of the flagellum, beginning with the fifteenth seement, the number of setae on each segment decreasing toward either extremity of the olfactory portion of the flagellum. Leydig was unable to compare C. pellucidus with any of the species of Cambarus possessed of eyes, but he observed that the antennulary flagella of Astacus fluviatilis were shorter and contained fewer segments than in C. pellucidus. This, however, is a generic distinction, and cannot be brought into relation with the absence of visual organs in the cave species. Professor R. Ramsay Wright t has followed up Leydig’s suggestion by a comparison of the so-called olfactory organs of C. pellucidus with those of the eyed C. propinquus. He finds that the external flagellum of the antennule of the latter species is composed of eighteen or nineteen segments, the distal nine of which alone bear olfactory sete. He therefore concludes that C. pellucidus, like the blind Gammarus and Asellus, has acquired a more com- plete olfactory apparatus in compensation for the loss of sight. I have examined several specimens of C. propinquus with reference to this point, and find that the number of segments in the external flagel- lum of the antennule may be as high as thirty-five, fifteen or sixteen of which may carry olfactory organs. In C. afiuis I have counted as many as thirty-three segments in the flagellum, nineteen with olfactory sete. A moderate-sized C. Blundingti from New Jersey reveals about fifty segments, twenty-nine of them provided with olfactory sete. It thus appears that Professor Wright's conclusion, that the number of antennulary segments and olfactory organs is increased in the blind species, is not supported by the facts. It is noteworthy, however, that the olfactory sete of C. pellucidus are longer * Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Histologie der Thiere, p. 38. + American Naturalist, Vol. XVIIT. p. 272, March, 1884. CAMBARUS. 45 than in most species of Cambarus. In a specimen of C. hamulatus, the other blind cave species, there are thirty segments in the outer flagellum of the antennule, and the olfactory set are long, as in C. pellucidus. Cambarus typhlobius. Canbarus Stygius, Josern, Berliner Entomolog. Zeitschr., XX VI. 12, April, 1882. (Name preoccupied by Bundy.) The earliest notice of the existence of a blind crayfish, closely resembling Cambarus pellucidus, in the caves of Carniola, is in the 57th Jahresbericht der Schlesischen Gesell- schaft fiir vaterlindische Cultur, 1879, p. 202, Breslau, 1880. It is there recorded that Dr. Gustav Joseph “demonstrirte einen neuen, 9 em. langen, zur Familie der Astaciden gehorigen blinden Grottenkrebs aus Krain, welcher der aus der Mammuthshohle von Kentucky in Amerika bekannten Art (Cambarus pellucidus Tellkampf) sehr nahe steht und deshalb vom Vortragenden Cambarus typhlobius n. sp. benannt worden ist.” In a paper published in December, 1881, in the twenty-fifth volume of the Ber- liner Entomologische Zeitschrift,* the same writer mentions, without describing, the animal, under the names Cambarus cecus n. sp. (p. 237) and Cambarus Stygius n. sp. (pp. 241, 249). In the twenty-sixth volume of the same journal, pp. 12-14, April, 1882,¢ a fuller account of the animal is given by Dr. Joseph. On account of the importance of the discovery, and the rarity of the Berlin Entomological Journal in America, I transcribe the entire description. “Cambarus Stygius, n. sp. “Wie Anophthalmus Tellkampfii Evichs. aus der Mammuth-Héhle bei Kentucky der niichst Verwandte des Krainer A. Schmidtii Sturm, so erscheint Cambarus Stygius mit dem amerikanischen C. pellucidus Tellkampf aus der genannten Hoéhle sehr nahe verwandt. In der Sammlung von Ferdinand Schmidt in Ober-Schiska bei Laibach befand sich zur Zeit ein getrockenes Exemplar dieser von mir entdeckten Krebsart, das aus der Grotte von St. Kanzian stammte und mit dem Namen ‘Astacus saxatilis’ (?) bezeichnet war. Reste von Scheeren fand ich im Darm eines Olm, der in einer Héhle bei Gabroviza oberhalb Triest gefunden sein soll. Nachtriiglich wurde mir mitgetheilt dass in der Hohle von Ospo unweit Triest ein grosser, dem Flusskrebs ahnlicher, Krebs vorkommen soll. Die Exploration derselben im September 1881 in Begleitung des Herrn Dr. Graeffe, Inspector der Kais. Konigl. Zoolog. Station in Triest, hatte aber ein negatives Resultat. Das Ex- emplar meiner Sammlung, welches ebenfalls aus dem Reccafluss aus der Grotte von S. Kanzian bei Metatin unweit Divazza stammt, ist ein geschlechtsreifes Minnchen, das an Grosse die amerikanische Art nach der von Packard (‘The Mammoth Cave and its Inhabitants’. . . .) veréffentlichten Abbildung kaum iibertrifft. Trotz aller Mithe gelang es mir bisher nicht mir ein Exemplar der amerikanischen Art Behufs Vergleichung zu verschaffen. Leider stand mir auch nicht die Abbildung, welche Tellkampf und Hagen * “Erfahrungen im wissenschaftlichen Sammeln und Beobachten der den Krainer Tropfsteingrotten eigenen Arthropoden von Dr. Med. et Phil. Gustav Joseph, Docenten a. d. Universitit Breslau.” + “Systematisches Verzeichniss der in den Tropfsteingrotten von Krain einheimischen Arthropoden nebst Diagnosen der vom Verfasser entdeckten und bisher noch nicht beschriebenen Arten.” 46 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. von diesem gréssten aller Grottenkrebse geben, zu Gebote, wahrend die yon Packard pub- licirte nicht detaillirt genug ist, um bei Vergleichung die nothige Sicherheit zu gewiihren. Von der Spitze des Rostrum frontale bis zur Schwanzflosse misst das (7 Jahr in Spiritus , auf bewahrte) Thier 6.5 cm. Die lateralen grossen Fiihler sind um qlp langer als bei der amerikanischen Art. Die Basis der innern Fiuhler ragt weiter als das Rostrum nach vorn, wihrend bei der amerikanischen Art Nichts davon zu sehen ist. Wahrend in der Pack- ard’schen Abbildung die Augipfel nicht wahrnehmbar sind, erscheinen dieselben bei dem Kvainer Exemplar ebenso deutlich wie bei Zroglocaris Schmidtii, aber statt der Hornhaut- facetten besteht das Integument des Augapfels wie des Augenstiels aus undurchsichtiger Chitinhaut. Ebenso fehlen wie bei dem blinden Cariden jegliche lichtbrechende und lichtempfindende Elemente. Der Augapfel ist erfiillt von derber bindegewebiger, mit Fett durchsetzter Masse. Durch den Augenstiel zieht ein bindegewebiger Streif in der Richt- ung gegen das obere Schlundganglion hin, Befunde, wie ich sie bereits seit linger als einem Jahrzehnt bei Zroglocaris Schmidtii gefunden und verdffentlicht habe. Indem ich mir die Abbildung und genaue Beschreibung fiir eine gréssere Arbeit iiber die Ge- sammtfauna der Krainer Grotten vorbehalte, will ich nur noch folgeude, im Vergleich zur wahrscheinlich mangelhaften Packard’schen Abbildung der amerikanischen Art héchst auffallende, Unterscheide hervorheben. Von dem 2. Gliede des 3. Schreitfusses ragt ein hakenformiger Auswuchs von 4 der Grésse dieses Gliedes schief nach vorn und (proximal- wiirts) medialwiirts; ebenso von entsprechender Stelle am 4. Schreitfuss ein dhnlich gestalteter aber kiirzerer und schmiichtiger. Das 1. Paar der Schwimmifiisse ist in aihn- licher Weise zu Beeattungsorganen umegebildet, wie bei dem Flusskrebs; das 2. Paar ist im Endgliede membranos und tief gespalten.” From this imperfect description it appears that the peduncle of the antennule is longer in proportion to the rostrum than in the typical C. pel/ucidus, and the eye larger. Whether this species conforms to the genus Cambarus in the number and arrangement of the gills, we are not told; but the presence of hooks on the third and fourth pairs of legs seems to indicate a true Cambarus.* As the name Cambarus Stygius was employed by Bundy, in 1876, for an American species, I have adopted the name suggested by Joseph in his first notice of this species. It is to be lamented that a fuller account of this animal has not been published, on account of its important bearings on the subject of the geographical distribution of these animals. Remarks on the meaning of the presence of this Cambarus in the caves of Car- niola, the sole representative of the genus in the Eastern continent, will be found on pp. 42,176. Cambarus Stygius. Cambarus Stygius, Boxpy, Bull. Tl. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 3, 1876. — Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 180, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 1878-1879, I. 402, 1883. Cambarus Stygius, Forses, Bull. Il. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 19, 1876. (After Bundy.) “Rostrum long and pointed, smooth above, foveolate at base, cephalothorax slightly compressed, smooth or slightly punctate above, finely granulate on sides; areola narrow ; lateral spine acute; antennal plates wide, truncate, with short apical teeth; epistoma * T presume that Joseph’s statement, that the hooks spring from the second segment of the leg in the Carniola species, is an error, since these processes are always found on the third segment. CAMBARUS. 47 rounded in front, twice as wide as long; third maxillipeds hairy on inner and lower aspects; chelee short, smooth above, serrate on interior margins ; fingers short, nearly straight, costate and punctate above, contiguous margins tuberculate, exterior one hairy ; third joint of third (and fourth ?) thoracic legs of male hooked. (Of three males sent me by Dr. P. R. Hoy, not one had the fourth thoracic legs remaining.) “ First abdominal of male short, truncate, with three short, obtuse teeth directed out- ward from the posterior margin at apex. A smooth groove passes up on the outside of the leg between these teeth and the anterior margin. “Ventral annulus of female flat, transversely elliptical, posterior margin slightly elevated. “This species is closely related to C. acutus, but may be at once separated by the shorter hands —similar to those of C. propinquus—and the non-tuberculated annulus of female. “Found by Dr. P. R. Hoy on the shores of Lake Michigan [at Racine, Wis.], having been washed ashore during a storm.” — Bundy, Geol. Wis., Vol. L. p. 402. Color, “dark cream, darker along the sutures.” This species is known to me only through the descriptions of Bundy. In his earlier description, in the Bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History, he states that the rostrum has “small teeth near apex,” and that the carinz are “ parallel, separated from base of rostrum by slight grooves.” In this description it is said that the “third and fourth joints of third thoracic legs” are hooked. This is probably a printer’s error for the “ third joint of third (and fourth ?) thoracic legs of male hooked” of the later description. Misled by this typographical (?) error, Forbes, in his synopsis of the species mentioned in the paper in the Bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History, places this species with (. gracilis in the group with hooks only on the third pair of legs. The “outer margin of finger hairy,” of Forbes’s diagnosis, seems to show a misconception of Bundy’s description, which undoubtedly means inner margin of outer finger harry. GROUP II. (Tyre C. advena.) Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of abdominal legs of male similar to those of Group I. The species of this group seem to form the passage from Group I. to Group III. (C. Barton). The first pair of abdominal appendages of the male are similar to those of the species in the C. Blandingii group, being truncate at the tip, the outer part terminating in one or two short tubercles or teeth, the inner part in a short, erect spine. Only the third pair of legs of the male are hooked. C. simulans, C. Mexicanus, and C. Cubensis resemble in their general form and shape of chela the species included in Group I. The chela and antennal scale of C. simulans are much as in C. Blandingi, var. acuta. In CO. Mexicanus and C. Cubensis the chela is sub-cylindrical and slender, and covered with small ciliated squamous tubercles. C. advena, 48 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. C. Carolinus, and C. gracilis resemble C. Diogenes of Group III. in the general form of body, linear areola, small antennal scale, broad chela, ete. The fore border of the carapace is angulated behind the antenne in C. simulans, C. Mexicanus, C. Cubensis, and C. gracilis ; not angulated in CO. advena and C. Carolinus. The rostrum is armed with small lateral teeth in C. Cubensis ; in the other species of this group the rostrum has no lateral teeth. | Of the species belonging to this group, Hagen knew only C. advena and C. Carolinus. These were placed by him, as aberrant forms, in Group III. (C. Bartonii). Rostrum with small lateral teeth, areola broad. C. Cubensis. Areola of moderate width. Chele subcylindrical. C. Mezicanus. Areola narrow. Antennal scale large and broad. C. simulans. ostr itho Tg : ; Rostrum without lateral teeth Front margin of carapace angulated : ; 3 \ behind antenne. C. gracilis. Areola linear, or obliterated in the middle. x IJ Front margin of carapace not angu- lated. C. advena, C. Curolinus. 16. Cambarus simulans. Plate I, fig. 2, Plate VIII, figs. 3, 3’, 3a, 3a’. Cambarus simulans, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 112, 1884. Male, form I.—Rostrum broad, deeply excavated; margins raised into sharp crests, which overhang the base of the sides of the rostrum, converging, sinuated before the tip to form the short acumen; no lateral spines; the acumen is barely margined. Post-orbital ridges subacute in front, divergent and ending in slight callosities behind. Carapace ovate, narrowing in front, gastric area smooth, cardiac area lightly punctate, sides granulate; anterior border notched behind the antennzx ; cervical groove sinuate, split on the sides, with a minute terminal branchiostegian spine; no lateral spine; areola more than one half as long as the distance from the point of the rostrum to cervical groove, narrow, carinate, expanding into an anterior and a posterior triangular field ; two longitudinal dotted lines run along the areola from the anterior triangle to the posterior triangle, which is irregularly and sparsely dotted. Abdomen broad, shorter than carapace, punctate, posterior margins of pleura obliquely convex; hind margin of anterior seement of telson bi- to multi-denticulate on each side, posterior segment short, hind border almost straight; median rib of inner plate of swimmeret ends inside of the mar- gin. Basal segment of antennule with a spine below. Antenne shorter than _ — CAMBARUS. 49 body, second and third segments furnished with minute blunt spinules, scale a trifle longer than the rostrum, very broad, broadest in the middle, truncate at apex, external terminal spine minute. Anterior process of the epistoma triangular, antero-lateral borders convex, rimmed, anterior angle truncate or notched in old specimens, with a projecting median spine. Third maxillipeds densely hairy within and beneath. Chela long, slender, squamoso-tubercu- late, internal margin long, straight, strongly dentate ; fingers long, punctate, external border of movable finger tuberculate, inner border of both fingers toothed, a prominent tubercle near the base of external finger opposite a more or less clearly marked incision in the base of the thumb. Carpus triangular, obliquely truncate, inner margin armed with a stout spine and some low, scattered tubercles, lower side with two or three teeth and numer- ous small tubercles. Superior margin of meros with short spines, which are sometimes obsolescent except the distal ones; below, the biserial spines are well developed. Sternum hairy. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages strong, straight, internal part with a very small, straight apical spine, which does not reach the end of the external part ; external part with two horny terminal teeth, one of which is flat and disk- shaped, the other slender and somewhat curved. Length, 97mm. Breadth, 27mm. Length of carapace, 51mm, Length of areola, 18 mm. Width of areola, 1.3 mm. Length of rostrum, 11.5 mm. Length of chela, 50.5 mm. Male, form II.—Chelipeds smaller, hooks on the third pair of legs smaller, first abdominal appendages without horny teeth at apex. Female.—Chelw smaller and shorter-fingered than in the male; annulus ventralis bituberculate in front, each tubercle denticulate. Known Localities. — Texas: Dallas; east of Canadian River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Kansas: Fort Hays. This species is remarkable in having the general form of body and claw of the C. Blanding’ group of species, while the fact that only the third pair of legs are hooked places it in the O. advena group. The male appendages and the female annulus are very near to those of C. gracilis. Tn the shape of the body, areola, antennal scale, and claw, it resembles C. Blandingi’, var. acuta, but the rostrum is deeply excavated, and toothless even in small specimens, The full cephalothorax and large abdomen seem to indicate that it is not a pre-eminently burrowing species, like its allies, C. gracilis, C. advena, ete. There are specimens in the United States National Museum collected by 50 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. the United States Exploring Expedition West of fhe Hundredth Meridian in pools east of the Canadian River. This locality, I presume is within the limits of the State of Texas. 17. Cambarus Mexicanus. Astacus (Cambarus) Mericanus, Ericson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 99, 1846. ? Cambarus Aztecus, SaussuRE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 2e Sér., IX. 503, 1857. — Mém. Soe. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, XIV. 460, Pl. IIT. fig. 23, 1858. Cambarus Mexicanus, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zoo]., No. III. p. 84, 1870. (After Erichson.) Cambarus Mexicanus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 141, 1884. Male. — Rostrum sub-plane, margins raised into crests gradually con- verging until within a short distance of the tip, where the crests become obsolete and the margins of the rostrum suddenly converge, without lateral spines, to form the short-pointed acumen. Post-orbital ridges parallel, obtuse in front. Carapace laterally compressed, of nearly equal width throughout, thickly punctate, sub-orbital angle rounded, cervical groove sinuate, no lateral spine, branchiostegian spine small, blunt; areola narrow, punctate. Abdomen as long and broad as the cephalothorax, telson with three or four small spines on each side, posterior segment short. Antennal scale broad, broadest in the middle. Chela long, subcylindrical, thickly beset with squa- mous ciliated granules: fingers about the same length as the hand, ciliate, granulate, costate. Carpus hardly suleate above, covered with granules like the hand; no teeth on the inner margin. Meros granulate, outer surface smooth except on the margins and distal end; a biserial row of spines below. Third pair of legs hooked. Sternum setose. First pair of abdominal ap- pendages short, straight, a rectangular shoulder on the anterior margin near the tip, external and internal parts in close apposition to their tips; external part furnished with a small, slender, procurved, horny spine; internal part flattened within, apex straight, scarcely separated from external part. Length, 51 mm. Carapace, 25mm. Length of areola, 8 mm.; width of areola, 0.6 mm. The above description is drawn up from a specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, received from Mirador, Mexico, through Dr. Sartorius. The hooks on the third pair of legs are well developed, the first pair of abdominal appendages not articulated. I think there is no doubt that this specimen is Erichson’s C. Mexicanus, the types of which could not be found in the Berlin Museum either by Dr. Hagen or Von Martens. . o CAMBARUS. 51 Cambarus Aztecus, as described and figured by Saussure, has a shorter, flatter hand, and carpus spinous on internal border.* Von Martens (Arch. Naturgesch., XXXVIII. Jahrg., I. 151) would separate it from C. Mevicanus. Dr. Hagen has kindly given me the following note on the types of Saussure in the Berlin Museum, which he examined in September, 1870. “The first form of the male and the female, from Mexico, seem to be C. Mewicanus Erichs., with nearly cylindrical hands. The second form, with more flattened hands, belongs alone, then, to Saussure’s C. Aztecus. In the second form the antennal scale is more broadly truncate in front, and the rostrum is a little different, but these differences are not striking enough to preclude the identity.” A sketch of the first form male appendages, made from one of these types by Dr. Hagen, shows them to be of the same form as in the specimen I have described above. The female specimens noticed on page 39 under @. Wiegmanii have a shorter and broader chela and carpus, the granules on the internal margin of the carpus assuming the character of spinules. As there are no male specimens among them, I am not sure that they are not the female of C. Aztecus Saus.; but this point, as well as the identity of C. Az/ecus and C. Mexicanus, 1 must leave unsettled for lack of material. Saussure’s locality for C. Azfecus is, “ Les ruisseaux du Mexique. — Pris a Tomatlan, dans les Terres-Chaudes.” According to Von Martens (Arch. Naturgesch., XX XVIII. Jahrg., I. 130) there are specimens in the Berlin Zodlogical Museum from Puebla. 18. Cambarus Cubensis. Plate Il. fig. 1, Plate VIII. figs. 5, 5, 5a, 5a. Astacus (Cambarus) Cubensis, Exicuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 100, 1846. ? Cambarus consobrinus, Saussure, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 2° Sér., 1X. 101, 1857.— Mém. Soe. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, XIV. 457, Pl. III. fig. 21, 1858. Cumbarus Cubensis, WacEn, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 85, 1870. (After Brichson.) Cambarus Cubensis, Vox Marvens, Arch. Naturgesch., XXXVIII. Jahrg., I. 129, 1872. Cambarus Cubensis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 142, 1884. Male, form I.—Rostrum triangular, moderately excavated, acumen short, acute, small lateral teeth at base of acumen, Anterior end of post-orbital * “Cambarus Aztecus. Rostre court, arrondi au bout. Carenes latérales obtuses, ne se terminant pas en une épine. Carapace ponctuée, granuleuse sur les edtés, A sa portion antérieure, mais sans épines au bord du sillon oblique. Mains médiocres ou petites, comprimées, fortement granuleuses et écailleuses ; carpes écailleux, armés de petites épines, en dessous, une double rangée d’épines. Pattes de la troisiéme paire, chez le male, armées, a leur base, d’une apophyse rudimentaire. Long., 2 pouces. — Mexique.’’ — Saussure. 52 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. spies acute. Carapace laterally compressed, punctate, fore border slightly angulated behind the antenne ; cervical groove sinuate ; no lateral spine ; small branchiostegian spine ; areola of moderate width, punctate. Abdo- men longer than the cephalothorax ; anterior segment of telson with two to five spines on each side. Epistoma very short, broad, with an anterior spine. Antennx long, slender; scale very broad, broadest in the middle, with very small apical spine. Third maxillipeds hairy within. Chela sub-cylindrical, long, slender, densely covered with ciliate, squamous, small tubercles; fingers slender, with an internal and external longitudinal rib. Carpus cylindroidal, hardly furrowed above, squamoso-tuberculate like the hand, one or more of the tubercles on the inner margin spiniform. Meros granulate, with spines on the lower surface and at the distal end of superior border. Sternum lanuginose. Third pair of legs with a long, slender hook on the third joint. First pair of abdominal appendages short, thick, outer part ending in a blunt tubercle, bearing a minute horny tooth directed forwards ; the internal part projects far beyond the hind border of the external part, terminating in a slender outwardly directed spine ; within, it forms a broad, flat, setose plate ; the anterior margin of the appendage has a projecting rectangular shoulder near the tip. The second form of the male has the hooks on the third legs short and blunt; the external part of the first abdominal appendages has a terminal blunt tubercle in place of the sharp horny tooth of the first form. The female has shorter, broader, smoother hands; annulus composed of a large anterior bilobed tubercle and a smaller posterior tubercle. In a large number of the females examined the annulus is hardly at all developed. Length, 56 mm. Habitat. — Cuba. Erichson does not describe the male appendages, but Von Martens as- serts that in Erichson’s types in the Berlin Museum these organs have the same structure as in those described by himself as C. Cubensis from Gund- lach’s Cuban collections: “ Die ersten Abdominalfiisse sind eigenthiimlich gebildet ; obwohl nur aus einem Stiick bestehend, lassen sich doch gegen ihr ‘nde zu zwei mit einander verwachsene Theile unterscheiden, ein dusserer, der in eine stumpfe Spitze endigt und dessen Vorderrand nahe derselben merklich anschwillt, und ein innerer, welcher nach hinten den vorigen iiber- ragt, nach innen eine ebene ovale Fliache bildet, welche sich an die des > Anhangs der vordern Seite anlegt, und an seinem Ende zwei Lappen zeigt, CAMBARUS. 53 einen an das Ende des aussern Theils angelegten und einen zweiten kiirze- ren frei nach vorn vorstehenden, mehr abgerundeten.” It is exceedingly difficult to elucidate the complex structure of these appendages without the aid of figures; but I think there is no doubt that Von Martens’s description appertains to the species described above by myself, from specimens collected by Mr. 8. Garman near Havana. Saussure’s types of C. consobrinus, also in the Berlin Museum, were ex- amined by Hagen in 1870, and by Von Martens. They consist of two dry female specimens. The acumen of the rostrum is longer than in Erichson’s species, and it would seem from Saussure’s figure that the lateral spines are more prominent. Saussure mentions a small lateral spine, sometimes obso- lete, on the carapace, which does not appear in any of the specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. In some of the second form males in the latter collection the chele are smaller and comparatively smooth, as Saussure says was the case in some specimens of his C. consobrinus: “ Souvent les pattes de la premiere paire sont petites et presque sans caractéres, les doigts sans carénes, ponctués au lieu d’étre tuberculeux. (Ceci se voit sur- tout chez les males.)” The statement of Saussure, that the second joint of the third pair of legs is hooked, is undoubtedly an error for ¢hird joint. As the male abdominal appendages are not described by Saussure, it is doubtful whether his species be the same as Erichson’s. According to Von Martens, specimens in the Berlin Museum make it probable that a second species of Cambarus inhabits the island of Cuba, —a species with a rostrum like Q. Cu- bensis, but different sexual appendages. C. Cubensis finds its nearest kin in C. Mexicanus. It is distinguished from that species by its wider areola and toothed rostrum. The male appendages are similar in form, but the inner part is broader, forming a large oval plate. The specimens obtained by Mr. Garman were found in creeks in a little town opposite Havana. According to Saussure, C. consobrinus inhabits stagnant pools in Cuba. The Astacus fwiatilis major of Sloane’s Jamaica, Vol. II. p. 271, Pl. 245, fig. 2, is a Paleeinon, and it is probable that the “common crawfish” of the same author is also a fresh-water prawn. I have seen a specimen of C. affnis in the Philadelphia Academy’s collection, labelled, “Santo Domingo, W. M. Gabb,” but no doubt the locality is erroneous. The only authentic West Indian Cambari are those found in the island of Cuba. 54 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA:. 19. Cambarus advena. Astacus advena, LE ContE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 402, 1855. Cambarus Carolinus, HaceEn, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 87, Pl. I. figs. 51-54, Pl. IIT. fig. 165, 1870. Cambarus advena, WacEN, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III., Pl. IIL. fig. 164, Pl. VIL., 1870. Cambarus advena, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 140, 1884. There is a female type specimen of Le Conte’s Astacus advena in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and another, also a female, in the col- lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By some error Dr. Hagen transposed the descriptions of C. advena and C. Carolinus in his Monograph, so that his descriptions do not agree with his own types of these species in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy! He gives, under the name of C. advena, a full figure of Le Conte’s species on Plate VII., and the anten- nal scale, spine of the second segment of the antenna, and epistoma (from Le Conte’s type in the Philadelphia Academy) on Plate III. fig. 164. The male appendages, antennal scale, and epistoma are figured on Plate I. figs. 51-54, Plate II. fig. 165, as C. Carolus. “ Habitat in Georgia inferiore. Hyeme vitam degit subterraneam. Adstate in fossis invenitur.” (Le Conte.) The type of Le Conte in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy has a spine on the lower side of the first segment of the antennules, as in C. Carodinus. 20. Cambarus Carolinus. ? Astacus (Cambarus) Carolinus, Bricuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 96, 1846. Cambarus advena, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 86, Pl. I. figs. 90-92, 1870. Cambarus Carolinus, HAGEN (as determined by examination of his type specimen !). Cambarus Carolinus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 140, 1884. For the transposition of the descriptions and part of the figures of C. Caro- linus and C. advena in Hagen’s Monograph, see above. Hagen’s types of these two species in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy are correctly de- termined. The larger dimensions given by Hagen (p. 86), 2.9 in., are those given by Le Conte for Astacus advena. Hagen’s type, labelled “ Cambarus Carolinus Ey.,” and deseribed by him (p. 86) as Cambarus advena LeC., is a male of the first form (M. C. Z., No. 232) from Charleston, 8. C. It differs from Asfacus advena LeC. as follows. The rostrum is less triangular and less deflexed, the cephalothorax more CAMBARUS. 55 compressed from side to side, the carapace less granulate on the sides, more sparsely punctate ; the branchial regions are more closely appressed, so that they bulge upwards on each side of the areolar line, which thus comes to lie in a depression in the median line of the back ; the metacarapace is longer in proportion to the procarapace, the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior margin of the carapace being equal to the distance from the cervical groove forwards to the front end of the post-orbital ridge, whilst in C. advena it falls considerably short of this ; the epistoma is truncate in front, with a median spine ; in @. advena it is more rounded in front; the antennal scale is a little wider in front, with shorter apical spine; the serrate crest on the inner border of the hand is less prominent, and the lower face of the hand is less clearly impressed at the base of this crest; the carpus is less spinulose within and below, and the line of teeth on the superior margin of the meros is obsolescent, except the two distal ones; the lateral margins of the pleure of the abdominal somites are straighter; the posterior sezment of the telson is shorter, and the spine at the end of the median rib of the inner blade of the posterior pair of appendages is marginal, while in C. advena this rib terminates in a spine some distance inside the margin. The first pair of abdominal appendages are quite different, as will appear by comparison of the figures on the first plate of Hagen’s Monograph, bearing in mind that the names of the two species are transposed on this plate. The distinctions noted by Hagen, based on the presence or absence of spines on the lower side of the first segment of the antennule and at the end of the cervical groove, are not good, as the former is present in Le Conte’s type of C. advena in this Museum, and the latter is also apparent in most specimens of C. advena. The statement of Hagen, that “in the larger specimens the hand is more suleated beneath at the inner margin, and the carpus more spinulose,” probably refers to Le Conte’s type of @. advena in the Philadelphia Academy. The female specimen in the same jar with the male just noticed differs from the male in so many ways, that I doubt whether Hagen has properly referred it to the same species. Its abdomen is not only very broad, but longer than the cephalothorax, whilst in the male specimen it is consider- ably shorter than the cephalothorax. - The carapace is not strongly com- pressed in the lateral direction, is more heavily punctate, the areola is not impressed, the epistoma is sharply triangular, the antennal scale broader. The tubercles of the internal border of the hand are less prominent, the external border of the hand is marginate, instead of being rounded and 56 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. obsoletely serrate, as in the male. The superior border of the meros is smooth except at the distal end. The terminal spine of the rib on the inner blade of the swimmerets is inside of the posterior margin. The an- nulus is quite different from that of the other species of this group, viz. C. gracilis, advena, and simulans, and I suspect that this female belongs to a species of the C. Barton group allied to C. Diogenes and argillicola. All the other specimens in the Museum which are referred to C. Caro- linus by Dr. Hagen are small specimens. No. 3368, dry female from Georgia, L. Agassiz, is certainly C. advena. No. 3367 (No. 1850 of Hagen), a young female also from Georgia, resembles C. advena in most respects, but the anten- nal scale is too broad near the tip. No. 250, seven young female specimens from Mobile, Ala., and No. 275, a very young male from the same locality, appear to belong to some species of the C. Bartonii group, rather than to the C. advent group, the tips of the male appendages being strongly recurved. I am not certain of the identity of Erichson’s species. Hagen examined Krichson’s type (a male of the first form) in Berlin, in 1870, and thought it was C. Barton. Krichson’s description, nevertheless, fits the present species very well. The shape of the carapace, the linear areola, the small abdo- men, and the crest-like single row of tubercles on the inner side of the hand, certainly seem to indicate this species rather than C. Bartonii. Erich- son’s type was collected by Dr. Cabanis, who informed Dr. Hagen that all the Astacidze he procured came from near Greenville in the upper part of South Carolina. The specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zotdlogy here referred to C. Carolinus comes from the seaboard at Charleston. The form of the male appendages of Erichson’s type would at once prove or disprove its identity with C. Barton. If it be the same, the species under consider- ation must receive a new name, C. Hagenianus. The unispinous telson of Erichson’s type is probably an abnormal condition, not a specific character. 21, Cambarus gracilis. Plate VIII. figs. 4, 4, 4” (first abdominal appendages of male), Cambarus gracilis, Buxvy, Bull. Il. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 5, 1876. — Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 182, 1882.— Geol. Wis., Surv. of 1873-79, I. 403, 1883. Cambarus gracilis, Forses, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 18, 1876. Cambarus gracilis, Baxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 141, 1884. Male, form I.—Rostrum of moderate length, depressed, broad, excavated, foveolate at base; margins raised, punctate, slightly converging from the — - CAMBARUS. 57 base to near the tip, where they suddenly converge to form the short, acute, broadly triangular acumen; the acumen is slightly margined. Post-orbital ridges unarmed in front, with posterior callosities. Cephalothorax long, lat- erally compressed. Carapace smooth and sparsely punctate above, granular on the sides; cervical groove sinuate, no branchiostegian spine ; sub-orbital angle moderately developed, rounded ; areola linear, with a small anterior and a larger posterior triangular space. Abdomen shorter than the cephalo- thorax by the length of the rostrum, lateral margins of the pleurx nearly straight, basal segment of the telson one- or two-spined on each side, poste- rior segment short, rounded; rib on imner blade of the swimmeret ends inside the margin. Basal segment of antennule with a spine beneath. An- tennx short, scale short and of moderate width. Epistoma triangular, sides convex and setose, anterior angle truncate in some specimens. Third max- illipeds furnished with long hairs within. Chela broad, inflated, punctate, squamoso-tuberculate on the inner part of the upper face of the hand; inner margin of hand serrato-dentate ; fingers laterally compressed, punc- tate; movable finger tuberculate on the outer margin at the base; inner margins of fingers tuberculate. Carpus triangular, obliquely truncate, armed on the internal side with a lone strong tooth and one or two smaller teeth and low tubercles; on the lower face there are a small external spine, a strong median anterior spine, and two or three small tubercles between the median spine and the internal tooth. Distal half of superior margin of meros tuberculate, lower face biserially spinulose. Third pair of legs hooked. Sternum hairy. First pair of abdominal appendages long, slender, twisted ; internal part cylindrical, straight, apex acute, longer than internal part, bent somewhat outward ; external part truncate, terminated by two horny teeth. Length, 80 mm. Carapace,45 mm. Width of carapace, 20 mm. Length of metacarapace, 19 mm. Female.—Abdomen broader, annulus ventralis composed of two cres- cents flattened and interlocked behind, the anterior horn of each crescent making a prominent denticulated tubercle. I have not seen the second form of the adult male. Very young males have the first pair of abdominal appendages unarmed at the tip. In the larger male specimens the movable finger is somewhat excised at the base within, and the index has a very prominent tubercle opposite the excision. In younger specimens the antennal scale is broader and more convex within than in mature specimens. Very young ones, taken from the parent, have 8 58 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. long, slender antenne, and the areola is not reduced to a line in the middle, as it is in larger specimens. C. gracilis has much the general habit of C. Diogenes of the same region, but the male appendages are formed after the fashion of the C. Blandingii group. The annulus ventralis of the female is also quite different from that of C. Diogenes. Apart from the sexual characters, it is distinguished from C’. Diogenes by the very prominent single row of teeth on the inner border of the hand, the narrower cephalothorax, ete. It agrees very closely with the male specimen from Charleston, referred by me to C. Carolinus Erichs. (p. 54), described by Hagen on page 86, under the name of C. advena. The Western species differs, however, in the rostrum, which is more sharply angu- lated at the base of the acumen, the fore border of the carapace is angulated, the carpus and meros are more spiny, the rib on the internal lamina of the swimmeret terminates in a spine inside the margin. The male appendages are like those of C. Carolinus. It differs from C. advena in the male appen- dages and shape of rostrum. The annulus ventralis of the female is much like that of C. advena, but in that species the anterior tubercles are not sharply multi-denticulate, as in C. gracilis. The female of C. Carolinus has probably not yet been made known. (See p. 55.) The female specimen (M. C. Z. Cat., No. 3453) mentioned by Hagen, page 82, as an abnormal specimen of C. obesus, is C. gracilis. According to Dr. P. R. Hoy, C. gracilis burrows in the clay in the prairies near Racine, Wis. ; and Professor Forbes states that it is very common along water-courses, in early spring, in the neighborhood of Normal, Ill. Mr. H. Garman informs me that, among hundreds examined from such localities, he has not found a dozen males. Other localities are Lawn Ridge, IIl., Athens, Ill., and Davenport, Ia. There is a type specimen, male form I., received from Professor Bundy, in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. CAMBARUS. 59 GROUP III. (Tyrx, C. Bartonii.) Third segment of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appen- dages of the male thick, the inner and outer parts each terminating iv a short recurved tooth. The more typical forms of this group have no lateral teeth on the ros- trum, but in C. eatraneus, Jordam, Girardianus, cornutus, and hamulatus, lat- eral rostral teeth are present. Of these five, only C. eatraneus was known to Dr. Hagen, who placed it, on account of the rostral teeth, as an aber- rant species in the C. afinis group. I think the structure of the male ap- pendages is of much greater value in determining the subordinate groups of Cambarus than the form of the rostrum, which presents every condition between one with well-developed lateral teeth and one with entire margins. C. cormius is peculiar in the enormous development of the antennal flagella. C. hamulatus, like C. pellucidus in Group L., is blind. It has slender chelx, and resembles ©. pellucidus a good deal in its general form. [ Areola broad. Rostrum long, tapering . . . . . - « G acuminatus. ; Awa wiaiiaaeaaiin 2 oo os 6 ee 6 66 5 0 GwROe tes latimanus. Rostrum without ; IMg@Osieminye cd 'o oun 6 «© C C. dubius. Hiterel teeth: Rostrum excavated above. C. Diogenes, C.argillicola. Aveola obliterated in the middle. {Rosrm plane above . . C. Uhleri. Incerte sedis . . . . G. Nebrascensis. Antenne of normal size. C. Girardianus, C. Jordani, C. extraneus. Antenne with large flagellum, ciliate on inner side. C. corautus. Byesemutiimentaxyjesreet tmnt feta) =) ey ee C. hamulatus. Rostrum with Eyes well developed. { lateral teeth. 22. Cambarus Bartonii. 2 Astacus Bartonii, Eawricius, Suppl. Entomolog. Systemat., p. 407, 1798. 2 Astacus Bartonii, Bosc, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, II. 62, Pl. XI. fig. 1, 1802. (2d ed., IT. 40, Pl. XI. fig. 1, 1830.) 2 Astacus Bartonii, Larner, Hist. Nat. Gén. et Partic. des Crustacés et des Insectes, VI. 240, 1803. (After Fabricius.) Astacus ciliaris, Ravrsesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev., II. 42, Nov. 1817. ? Astacus pusillus, RarINEsQuE, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev., II. 42, Nov. 1817 Astacus Bartonii, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 167, Dec. 1817. ? Astacus Bartonii, Dusmanest, Consid. Gén. sur la Classe des Crustacés, p. 212, 1825. (After Fabricius.) Astacus Bartonii, Wartan, Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 230, fig. 3, 1835. Astacus affinis, M1txe Fpwanos, Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 332, 1887. Astacus Bartonii, Goutp, Rep. Invert. Mass., p. 330, 1841. Astacus Bartonii, Tnomeson, Hist. Vermont, Part I? p. 170, 1842. (With a worthless ent.) Astacus Bartonii, Dp Kay, Lodlogy of New York, Part VI., Crustacea, p. 99, Pl. VIII. fig. 25, 1844. Cambarus Bartonii, Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci, Phila., VI. 88, 1852. (No description.) 60 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Cambarus montanus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 88, 1852. ? Cambarus longulus, Grrard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 90, 1852. ? Cambarus pusillus, GrRaRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 90, 1852. Cambarus Bartonii, HaGen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. II. p. 75, PI. I. figs. 47-50, Pl. IT. figs. 135- 139, Pl. III. fig. 166, 1870. Cambarus Bartonii, Asport, Amer. Naturalist, VII. 80, 1873. (Habits.) Cambarus Bartonit, Swxra, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (No description.) Cambarus Bartonii, Buxpy, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 183, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 403, 1883. (Cited from Hagen.) Cambarus Bartonii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 22, 1884. Known Localities. — Dominion of Canada: St. John, N. B.; Montreal, P. Q. (2) Maine: Houlton and Maysville, Aroostook Co, (Coll. Bowdoin Coll.) ; Madison, Somerset Co. (Coll. Colby Univ.). Vermont: Burlington, Colchester, and Shelburne, Chittenden Co. Massachusetts: North Graf- ton, Worcester Co.; Williamstown, Berkshire Co. New York: Lake Cham- plain; Ellenburg, Clinton Co. (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Westport (Coll. Yale Coll.) and Elizabethtown, Essex Co.; Fulton Lakes, Hamilton and Herkimer Cos. (Coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.) ; Canton, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Port Jervis and Newburg (Rafinesque), Orange Co.; Fishkill, Duchess Co. (Rafinesque) ; Fallsburg, Sullivan Co.; Sherburne, Chenango Co. (Coll. Yale Coll.) ; Cazenovia, Madison Co.; Ithaca, Tompkins Co. (Coll. Yale Coll.) ; Berkshire, Tioga Co. ; Genesee River, Rochester, Monroe Co.; Niagara, Niag- ara Co.; Forestville, Chautauqua Co. New Jersey: Schooley’s Mountain ; Orange (Coll. Yale Coll.) ; Trenton (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.). Pennsylvania: Bedford and Pattonville, Bedford Co.; Windham, Bradford Co.; Hummels- town, Dauphin Co. (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Carlisle, Cumberland Co. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Berwick, Columbia Co. (Girard); Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia ; Chester Co. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Bainbridge, Lancas- ter Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; McKean Co. (8S. I. Smith); Foxburg, Clarion Co. (Girard). Maryland: Harford Co.; Howard Co.; Montgomery Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Frederick Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Washington Co.; Garrett Co.; Cumberland, Alleghany Co, (Girard). District of Columbia: above Washington ; Rock Creek, Georgetown. Virginia: Clarke Co. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Alexandria Co.; Franklin, Southampton Co.; tributaries of Rap- pahannock River, Stafford Co.; James River (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.) ; tributaries of James River, Rockbridge Co. (Girard) ; Lunenburg, Lunenburg Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Bath Co.; Reed Creek, west of Wytheville, Wythe Co. ; Holston River, Smyth Co. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). West Virginia: Wil- liamsport, Grant Co.; South Brauch of Potomac River ; Glade Creek (Ran- CAMBARUS. 61 dolph or Tucker Co.?); Patterson’s Creek ; Petroleum, Ritchie Co. ; near White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier Co. ; branch of Clinch River, northern base of Clinch Mountains. North Carolina: Kinston; Newman’s Fork, Blue Ridge, McDowell Co. Ohio: Marietta (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Cincin- nati; Yellow Springs; Scioto River, Columbus. Indiana: New Albany; Fall Creek, Indianapolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.). Lake Superior. Kentucky: Cumberland Gap, Josh Bell Co.; Smoky Creek, Carter Co.; Kentucky River, Little Hickman, Jessamine Co.; Hickman’s Landing; Bear Creek, Grayson Springs, Grayson Co.; Mammoth Cave, Edmonson Co. Tennessee: Line- ville Cave, near Blountsville, Sullivan Co.; Doe River, Carter Co. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Knoxville. Missouri: Osage River (?). Var. robusta. Cambarus robustus, GiRaARD, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 90, 1852. Cambarus robustus, Hacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zoodl., No. III. p. 80, PI. IIT. fig. 167, 1870. Cambarus robustus, Smitu, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (Cited from Hagen. No description.) ; Cambarus robustus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 148, 1884. Known Localities. — Dominion of Canada: Humber River (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) and Don River, Toronto, and Indian Creek, Weston, Province of Ontario. New York: Forestville, Chautauqua Co.; Genesee River, Roch- ester, Monroe Co.; Sodus, Wayne Co.; tributaries of Racket River, near Tupper’s Lake, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Canton, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Fulton Lakes, Hamilton and Herkimer Cos. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co. (Coll. C. H. Merriam). Maryland: Montgomery Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler). Virginia: Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania Co. Illinois: Decatur, Macon Co. (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). Tennessee ? (Coll. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist.). In the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy there is a specimen of C. Bar- toni (Cat. No. 3358) labelled “ Charleston, 8. C.?” and three specimens (No. 1101) in the same jar with an Alpheus are marked “ Pico, Azores, Miss O. Dabney, May 23, 1860.” The latter locality, at any rate, is probably erro- neous. Hagen states (p. 77) that he has seen a specimen from Georgia; and I find in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History this species in the same bottle with a Pagurus and HHyas coarctatus, labelled “ Savannah, Ga., Dr. H. Bryant.” The presence of the marine forms, especially the Northern Hyas, casts doubt on the correctness of the label. The locality label, “ Osage River,” is marked by Dr. Hagen as being very doubtful. 62 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. The centre of distribution of this common Eastern species seems to be the Appalachian Mountain system in Pennsylvania, and the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers with their tributary streams. To the northward from this region it is found throughout the State of New York, in the basins of the Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson, and St. Lawrence Rivers. I have seen Massachusetts specimens from Williamstown, Berkshire Co. (Hudson River basin), and from Grafton, Worcester Co. (Blackstone River basin). The Grafton specimens were lately collected by Mr. L. W. Sargent, in a clear, cold spring. I have been unable to obtain any specimens from Rhode Island or Connecticut, but Prof. E. P. Larkin informs me that about forty years ago crayfishes (C. Barton?) were not uncommon at Westerly, R. I., on the Paweatuck River near the border of Connecticut. Vermont specimens have been received from Chittenden Co. on Lake Champlain. According to Zadock Thompson, C. Bartonii is very common in many of the small streams in the western part of the State. In the State of Maine, it occurs in the valleys of the St. John, Kennebec, and Penobscot.* I have myself seen specimens from Houlton and Maysville, Aroostook Co. (St. John valley), and from Madison, Somerset Co. (Kennebee valley). Other localities in the State from which crayfishes (probably C. Bartow) have been reported are the following: Heron Lake (Thoreau) and Churchill Lake (A. 8. Packard) on Allegash River, a tributary of the St. John; Moosehead Lake and Solon in the Kennebec valley (fide Wm. Elder); Lobster Pond (see Thoreau, Maine Woods, p. 99) and Patten in the Penobscot valley. Professors Verrill and Smith, who have explored the neighborhood of Norway, Oxford Co., in the Androscoggin valley, are confident that no Cambari are found in that part of the State. The easternmost point from which C. Barton has been received is St. John, New Brunswick. To the westward, C. Bartonii extends into the valley of the Ohio River and its tributaries, in the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Southerly its range involves the area drained by the rivers that debouch into Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland and Virginia. From North Carolina I have seen specimens collected in the mountain region of the western part of the State (McDowell Co.), and at Kinston in the eastern part of the State * The St. John and Penobscot are connected by a canal from Telos Lake to Webster Pond, and the divide between the head-waters of the Penobscot and the Kennebec is so low that it is said that in very wet seasons their waters mingle. (See Thoreau, Maine Woods, pp. 36, 250.) + Maine Woods, p. 237. »~ CAMBARUS. 63 (Neuse River basin). It is doubtfully reported from South Carolina and Georgia; but its place seems to be largely taken in those States by the nearly related C. dutimanus. Lake Superior and Osage River are isolated Western localities from which C. Bartomi is reported. As arule, C. Bartonii prefers the cooler waters of mountain regions or uplands, while the clay bottoms and marshes, both on the east coast and in the Western prairie country, afford the related C. Diogenes. According to Dr. C. C. Abbott, C. Bartoni’ in the neighborhood of Trenton, N. J., burrows in the muddy banks of ditches, small streams, and of the Delaware River. He says: “The burrows of Cambarus Bartoni’, so far as we have discovered them, have all been in the banks of the smaller streams and meadow ditches (and occasionally a colony of burrows in the river bank, where peculiarly favor- able), a little below the usual water line.” It is not, however, pre-eminently a burrowing species, like its cousin, C. Diogenes, being more commonly found under the stones in clear streams and in springs. In the U. 8. National Museum are young specimens found in a spring in Clarke Co., Va., the temperature of whose water is 67° F. The observations of Dr. Godman* upon the habits of a burrow-dwelling species probably relate to C. Barton. According to Dr. John Sloan, of New Albany, Ind., C. Barton is found in ponds and still water in that locality, C. S/oanii being the common form in the running streams. The well-known occurrence of OC. Bartonii with well-developed eyes in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky is mentioned on p. 41. Mr. A. R. Crandall has also collected it in Lineville Cave, near Blountsville, Tenn. As might be expected in a species with such an extended geographical range, C. Bartonii is subject to considerable variation. The variations affect especially the rostrum, areola, antennal scale, epistoma, and chel. In the common Eastern form, the rostrum is short, broad, nearly plane above, the sides nearly parallel from the base to near the tip, where they suddenly converge to form the short acumen. The antennal scale is narrow. The areola is rather narrow, with two or three longitudinal rows of impressed dots. The chele are coarsely punctate, the internal margin of the hand sub- tuberculate, the fingers gaping at base. To the westward, in the Alleghany Mountain region of Virginia, and in the Ohio River basin, specimens are found in which the rostrum is longer and narrower, the margins converging * Rambles of a Naturalist, with a Memoir of the Author, Dr. John D, Godman, p. 42. Philadelphia, 1859. (Republished from “ The Friend.’’) 64 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. more gradually to form the longer acumen. The areola is wider and more punctated, the antennal scale broader at the tip. This is the form described by Girard under the name of C. montanus. From this form we easily pass to one with a still more elongated rostrum, hand and fingers scarcely tuber- culated, external finger bearded within at the base, antennal scale truncate at the end, with the inner margin straight and parallel to the outer one. The epistoma is short and transverse. This form I have called C. Bartonii, — var. dongirostris. It is perhaps the same as Girard’s Cumbarus longulus (see p- 66). My specimens come from Eastern Tennessee and West Virginia. Three from Cumberland Gap have a well-marked lateral spine on the cara- pace. There are so many varieties connecting this one with the more typical forms with a short rostrum, that I cannot regard it as a distinct species. Even among those with the short quadrangular rostrum there is consider- able variation, the upper surface of the rostrum being more or less hollowed out and the margins thickened, and the areola of variable width. From one locality, Cincinnati, Ohio, come three forms which are readily distinguishable from each other. In one of these (M. C. Z., No. 267) the rostrum is sub- quadrangular, the antennal scale narrow, and the areola narrow (2 mm. in a specimen 75 mm. long) with two longitudinal lines of dots. This comes very near the common Eastern form, but the rostrum is more excavated above. In another form (M. C. Z., No. 288) the rostrum is also quadrangu- lar, but the areola is broad (4 mm. in a specimen 91 mm. long) and thickly sown with dots. The cervical groove is more sinuate, the post-orbital ridge shorter. The third form (M. C. Z., No. 243) has a somewhat longer and more tapering rostrum, an almost linear areola, antennal scale broad near the tip, and a shorter and more conical hand. This form approaches Q. /adi- manus, and may be a distinct species from C. Bartonii. In specimens from the Mammoth Cave, the antenne are extremely long (12 times as long as the body), the antennal scale broad and sub-truncate at the end; the metacarapace is very long, and a lateral spine is evident. The margins of the rostrum are angulated at the base of the acumen, in young specimens even toothed. The terminal segment of the telson is oval. The largest specimen from the cave, a male of the first form, measures 108 mm. from tip of rostrum to posterior border of telson. Fabricius’s description of Astacus Bartonii is as follows : — “A. thorace levi, rostro brevi, acuminato, carpis dentatis. * Wabitat in America boreali. Prof. Smith Barton. CAMBARUS. 65 “ A. fluviatili minor. Thorax levis, punctatus, lateribus antice parum scabris. Rostrum breve, planum, apice acuminatum. Chel sex, anticis majoribus, brachiis serratis, carpis dentatis, manibus ovatis, leevibus, punc- tatis, reliquiis quatuor filiformibus.” As Dr. Barton lived in Philadelphia, the specimen sent by him to Fabricius was probably the species now commonly known as C. Bartonii. Bose’s type probably came from South Carolina, as Desmarest asserts, and may have been some other species. His figure is too defective for identification. Rafinesque’s A. ciliaris, from Fishkill, Newburg, etc., N. Y., is without doubt this species, and his description of A. pusillus is probably based on small specimens of the same species. It runs thus: “ Antens length of the thorax, rostrum oval acute, a thorn and a longitudinal anele behind each eye; three pairs of pinciferous feet, hands of the first oblong dotted, wrist smooth. Obs. A very small species, living in the brooks near Saratoga, Lake George, Lake Champlain, Utica, Oswego, ete. Length one or two inches; vulgar name, brook prawn, shrimp, or lobster; entirely fulvous brown.” Say’s description was evidently drawn up from this species, although his supplemental remarks on page 445, where he says it is extremely common in the pine-barren marshes of the Southern States, particularly Georgia and Florida, probably relate to some other species. Milne Edwards, misled by the transposition of the numbers of Harlan’s figures, has described C. afiis under the name of A. Bartonii ; C. Bartonii (or a closely related species), under the name of A. affinis. The Museum of Comparative Zodloey contains specimens of CO. datimanus from South Carolina, labelled A. Bartomi by Dr. Lewis R. Gibbes, and in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are speci- mens of C. rusticus, var. placida, also labelled A. Bartonii by the same writer. The localities given by Gibbes for A. Barton’, therefore, cannot be taken as belonging to this species. Erichson’s types of C. Bartonii in the Berlin Museum were examined by Dr. Hagen im 1870. They are a male, form II., and a young female, and according to Dr. Hagen both are C. /atimanus. They were collected by Caba- nis in upper South Carolina. Erichson’s type of C. Carolinus, also from South Carolina, appeared to Dr. Hagen to be C. Bartonii, but the description of Erichson agrees much better with the species formerly referred to C. Caro- linus by Hagen. 9 66 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID®. Girard does not describe his C. Bartonii, but cites as synonymous A. Bar- toni of Fabricius, Latreille, Bose, Say, Harlan, and Gould, and A. ciliaris of Rafinesque. His localities are Foxburg, Carlisle, and Berwick, Pa. Hagen examined a specimen from the latter locality, communicated by Stimpson, undoubtedly one of Girard’s types. This specimen agreed perfectly with Hagen’s C. Barton from the Schuylkill River. There is now in the col- lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia a dry female specimen labelled “ C. Barton’? Cohaxie [Coxsackie?],” in the same hand- writing as the other species of Girard mentioned on page 11. It is the typical Eastern form of C. Barton’, with two longitudinal rows of dots in the areola, narrow antennal scale, and short, quadrangular rostrum. Girard also describes C. montanus, sp. nov., C. dongulus, sp. nov., C. pusillus, sp. nov., and C. robustus (Raf.). The types of C. montanus came from the Alleghany regions in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. A young second-form male type from Greenbrier River, W. Va., was compared by Magen, and deemed identical with C. Bartoui. The young male in the Phila- delphia Academy, labelled “ C. montanus? James River, Va.,” said by Hagen to be identical with the type of C. montanus, has been examined by me. The rostrum is more oval than in the common form of C. Bartonii, the antennal scale broader near the tip, the areola more punctate, with the dots irregu- larly disposed over the whole field of the areola. It cannot be separated specifically from C. Barton. The type of C. dongulus, from the Middle States, was also examined by Dr. Hagen, and thought to be a deformed specimen of C. Bartow. “The fingers are cylindrical, very widely separated at the base, and bearded in this place and inside of the external finger, along the basal half... . . The other differences quoted by Mr. Girard, and taken from the shape of the rostrum and the breadth of the areola, are not important enough to warrant a specific separation.” According to Girard’s description the areola is very broad, the rostrum much narrower and longer than in C. Barto and slightly concave on the sides. The specimens described above under the name of C. Bartonii, var. longirostris, perhaps are the same form as C. longulus. They agree with Girard’s description in the length of the rostrum, and the ex- ternal finger is bearded within in accordance with Hagen’s description of Girard’s type. Girard’s type of C. pusillus came from the stomach of a Lo/a maculosa talken in Lake Ontario three miles from shore, off Oswego, N. Y. Compared with ced CAMBARUS. O7 ( , montanus, the antennxe were longer, the rostrum was more tapering and terminated in a more elongated point, and the areola narrower. This was probably a form of C. Bartomi, whether identical with Rafinesque’s C. pu- sillus or no is doubtful. C. robustus Girard, not an uncommon form in the St. Lawrence valley about Lake Ontario, is so near to C. Bartonii that it is best treated as a variety of that species. The differences are sufficiently pointed out by Hagen on page 80 of the Monograph of the North American Astacide. They are hardly greater than in some of the varieties of C. Bartonii noticed above. Both forms, CO. robustus and the typical C. Bartonii, are found to- gether in some parts of New York State. A male specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from Humber River, Toronto, is probably one of Girard’s types. There is a male specimen from Decatur, Ill., in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, and two small specimens from Tennessee, Dr. Curtis, which appear to be C. 70- bustus. In the Philadelphia Academy there is also a young specimen from Florida that resembles C. rodustus, but the antennal scale is broader at the tip. ©. Bartomi, var. robusta, is also found in Virginia. I have seen speci- mens 86 millimeters in length. The first abdominal appendage of the male C. Bartow, var. robusta, is figured by Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6° Sér., Zool. et Paléontol., IL, Pl. XIII. fig. 15. In the Report on the Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expe- dition (Pt. I. p. 525, Pl. XXXIII. fig. 2) Dana describes and figures as Astacus (Cambarus) Bartonii a crayfish of uncertain locality, “ possibly from Brazil.” It is clearly not Oambarus Bartonii, neither is it the same as the Brazilian Parastacine crayfish in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as Hagen suggests (p. 11). I have not been able to find Dana’s type in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution. 23. Cambarus acuminatus. Plate Ul, fig. 5, Plate VIII. figs. 6 a, 6 a. Cambarus acuminatus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 113, 1884. Rostrum long, tapering, ending in a long, sharp acumen, without lateral spines ; upper surface smooth, somewhat hollowed out, margins punctate, ciliate, raised into low sharp crests. Post-orbital ridges with sharp anterior 68 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. spines. Carapace smooth, punctate, granulated on the sides, cervical groove sulcate, sinuate ; a sharp lateral and branchiostegian spine ; suborbital angle rounded; an irregular indentation on the side of the carapace, below the lat- eral spine, on the hepatic region and anterior part of the branchial region ; areola broad, smooth, punctate, less than half as long as the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the cervical groove. Telson bispimose on each side. Epistoma triangular, angles rounded. Second and third segments of the antenn with a strong sharp spine; scale of moderate length, rather broad, inner margin rounded, outer margin thick, turned outwards at the tip. Third maxillipeds hairy within. Chela moderate, punctate, serrato- tuberculate on internal border, fingers setose on their inner margins, ex- ternal border of outer finger submarginate. Carpus armed with a strong internal spine and smaller inferior median and external spines. Meros with well-developed biserial spines below, and two obliquely placed near the dis- tal end of the superior border. In some specimens one of the superior pair is obsolete. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages as in C. Barton. Length, 48 mm. Carapace, 23 mm. Rostrum, 6 mm. Areola, 7 mm. Breadth of areola, 2 mm. Saluda River, west of Greenville, 8. C. Collected by Prof. D. 8S. Jor- dan. Three specimens, one male of the second form, two females. For the opportunity to examine these I am indebted to Prof. O. P. Hay of Butler University, Irvington, Ind. Differs from the other species of the C. Bar- toni group in its long, gradually tapering rostrum, short metacarapace, strongly developed spines of carapace, antenne, and meros. The acumen of the rostrum is scarcely upturned at the tip. Specimens from North Carolina, Old Fort, McDowell Co., and French Broad River (in Mus. Comp. Zovl. and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.), differ from the above in having the rostrum flatter and less attenuated at the tip, a shorter antennal scale, sub-orbital angle produced into a sharp spine. These may prove to be a distinct species from the Saluda River specimens. They approach C. Bartonii, var. robusta, but may be distinguished from that form by the longer-pointed rostrum, shorter metacarapace, better-developed spines, ete. CAMBARUS. 69 24. Cambarus latimanus. Plate II. fig. 3. 2? Astacus (Cambarus) Bartonit, ERicuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., 1. 97, 1846. Astacus latimanus, Li Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 402, 1855. Cambarus latimanus, Hace, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. II. p. 83, Pl. I. figs. 43-46, Pl. IIT. fig. 162, 1870. Cambarus latimanus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 144, 1884. Known Localities. —South Carolina: near Columbia (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; near Greenville (Coll. Berlin Mus., /esfe Hagen). Georgia: Athens; Milledge- ville; Roswell. Alabama: Blount Spring and Cullman, Sand Mountain; near Bridgeport (var.). Mississippi: Ocean Springs. Tennessee: near Ashland City, Cheatham Co. (var.). Erichson’s types of C. Bartomi in the Berlin Museum were examined by Dr. Hagen in September, 1870. They consist of a male of the second form and a young female collected by Cabanis in the upper part of South Caro- lina, near Greenville. Hagen considered them both to be young C. latima- nus. A large O. Diogenes, from St. Louis, Mo., with a deformed rostrum, in the same museum, was also labelled Astacus Bartonii by Erichson. There is a type, male form L., of Le Conte’s A. latimanus in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and another, a female, in the Philadelphia Academy. Two specimens from South Carolina in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy were received from Dr. Lewis R. Gibbes as “Asfacus Bartonii Fab.” One male specimen, in the same jar with C. latimanus, from Athens, Ga., has a rather broad areola, and seems to be a form of C. Bartoni’, rather than of C. latimanus. Mr. C. L. Herrick collected small specimens at Ocean Springs, Miss., on the Gulf of Mexico, which appear to be this species, but its favorite habitats are the higher regions at a distance from the coast. In specimens from Blount Spring and Cullman, Ala., the areola is some- what narrower than in the types from Georgia ; and in those received through the U. 8. National Museum from Bridgeport, Jackson Co., Ala., and Ashland City, Cheatham Co., Tenn., the areola is almost reduced to a line in the middle, the metacarapace is longer in proportion to the procarapace, the fingers are shorter, the tuberculation of the hand weaker, the epistoma narrower and less sharply truncate. In the typical specimens from Georgia the distance from the cervical groove to the hind margin of the carapace is equal to the distance from the cervical groove forwards to the middle of + 70 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. the post-orbital ridges. In the form from Bridgeport and Ashland City it is equal to the distance from the cervical groove forward to the anterior spines of the post-orbital ridge. 25. Cambarus dubius. Plate IV. fig. 3, Plate VIII. figs. 7, 7. Cambarus dubius, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 114, 1884. Rostrum short, broad, sides subparallel from the base to near the tip, when they suddenly converge to form the short, broadly triangular acu- men; the rostrum is angulated, but not toothed, at the base of the acumen ; upper surface of rostrum concave, sides thickened, punctate-lined. Post- orbital ridges without spines, slightly swollen at the posterior end. Cara- pace longer than the abdomen, oval, punctate, granulated on sides, posterior dorsal margin depressed, cervical groove hardly sinuate, crossing the median line of the back half-way between the base of the rostrum and the poste- rior margin of the carapace ; lateral and branchiostegian spines obsolete ; sub-orbital angle little developed, obtuse ; areola narrow, with two irregu- lar longitudinal rows of dots. Epistoma subquadrangular. Abdomen small, short ; anterior segment of telson bispmose on each side, posterior segment rounded behind. Antenne shorter than the body, second and third segments without spines, scale small. External maxillipeds hairy within. Chela punc- tate, inner margin of hand serrato-tuberculate, outer margin thickened, serrate ; fingers somewhat down-curved, slightly gaping, toothed on their opposed margins. Carpus with a strong tooth on the imner side, teeth of the lower side obsolescent. Superior border of meros serrate, lower side armed with two rows of spines. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal legs of the first form of the male short, thick, twisted; mternal part cylindrical, recurved, with pointed apex ; external part broader, plane within, apex recurved, compressed, external margin corneous, striated. Length, 62 mm. Carapace, 53.5 mm. Abdomen, 28.5 mm. Rostrum, 5mm. Metacarapace,15 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm. Known Localities. — West Virginia: Cranberry Summit, Preston Co. Vir- ginia: Pennington’s Gap, Lee Co. Tennessee: Cumberland Gap. This species has the general appearance of C. Diogenes, but the rostrum is short, as in C. Bartow, and the areola is not obliterated in the middle g CAMBARUS. Ail by the apposition of the branchio-cardiac lines. The few (four) specimens which I have seen come from the Appalachian Mountain region of Virginia and West Virginia. According to Mr. Uhler, it makes mud chimneys like C. Diogenes, which it seems to represent in the mountain regions, C. Diogenes belonging to the lowlands. 26. Cambarus Diogenes. Cambarus Diogenes, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 88, 1852. Cambarus obesus, Hagen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIT. p. 81, Pl. I. figs. 89-42, Pl. ITI. fig. 163, Pl. IX., 1870. Cambarus obesus, Smitu, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1878, p. 639, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus obesus, Fores, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 5, 19, 1876. Cambarus obesus, Bunxvy, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 171. —Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 183, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 403, 1883. (No description.) Cambarus Diogenes, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. p. 144, 1884. Cambarus Diogenes, var. Ludoviciana, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. p. 144, 1884. Known Localities. —New Jersey: Mercer Co. Pennsylvania: Derry Sta- tion, Westmoreland Co. Maryland: Baltimore Co. ; St. Mary Co. ; Caroline Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Dorchester Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Worcester Co. ; Deer Park, Garrett Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler). District of Columbia: near Wash- ington. Virginia: Alexandria Co.; Accomack Co.; Northampton Co.; Fred- ericksburg ; Petersburg. North Carolina: Wilmington (Coll. U.S. Nat Mus.); Kinston (Coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.). Ohio: Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie (Peabody Acad. Sci.). Indiana: Long Lake, Kendallville, Noble Co. (Bundy); Mechanies- burg, Henry Co. (Bundy) ; Knox Co, (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Illinois: Lawn Ridge; Evanston; Belleville ; Decatur ; Chicago; Abingdon (Coll. L. A. Lee and B. F. Koons). Michigan: Detroit. Wisconsin: tributaries of Pecatonica River, Green Co.; Appleton (Coll. Butler Univ:); Racine (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Iowa: Davenport. Missouri: Carroll Co. (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); St. Louis (Coll. Berlin Mus., ¢este Hagen). Kansas: Leavenworth. Colo- rado: Clear Lake. Wyoming: Cheyenne. Arkansas. Kentucky: near Louis- ville? Mill Branch, near Bee Spring, Edmonson Co.? Mississippi: Monticello, Lawrence Co. Louisiana: New Orleans. The labels of specimens, probably types, of C. Diogenes and C. propinquus, in the Philadelphia Academy have been transposed accidentally, so that Dr. Hagen failed to see the identity of the former and his own C. obesus. Girard’s diagnosis is too incomplete to be of much value, although his account of 72 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID®. the peculiar mode of life of this species would serve to identify it to those familiar with its habits. Specimens from the West are larger than the Eastern examples, and have a broader antennal scale. In many of the Eastern specimens, moreover, the bounding lines of the areola are not so closely approximated as in the West- ern form, a very narrow linear space being left in the centre. Specimens from New Orleans, La., have a narrower rostrum with the sides nearly par- allel, a narrower epistoma, and metacarapace longer in proportion to the procarapace. This form I have called C. Diogenes, var. Ludoviciana. A male specimen (M. C. Z., No. 3609) from Detroit, Mich., collected by Mr. H. G. Hubbard from a burrow in blue clay in company with C. argilli- cola, differs from the common Western form in having a narrower, more taper- ing rostrum, less clearly foveolate at its base, a longer apical spine to the antennal scale, and the post-orbital ridge more interrupted anteriorly to the posterior callosity, which is in the form of a prominent tubercle. The fingers are shorter, giving the chela a more conical shape. The terminal segment of the telson is more oval behind, and the sides of the areola are not so closely approximated. A female specimen (M. C. Z., No. 3458) from the neighborhood of Mammoth Cave agrees very nearly with this male from Detroit. The body is more attenuated than in the ordinary form, in this re- sembling C. gracilis. The other specimens which I have seen from Kentucky are too small to determine with certainty. I have seen no specimens of C. Diogenes from Tennessee, although it probably inhabits that State, judging from the mud “chimneys,” similar to those built by this species, collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. The female noticed by Hagen (p. 82), considered by him to be an abnormal and deformed specimen of C. Diogenes, is C. gracilis Bundy. C. Diogenes is pre-eminently a burrowing species, beg found in mead- ows and clay bottoms, often at a great distance from any permanent stream. Girard has given an account of their burrows and the mud “chimneys” which they build over them. His observations were made in the neighbor- hood of the city of Washington. “The holes, as they appear at the sur- face of the ground, are nearly circular, from seven tenths of an inch to one inch and one inch and a half in diameter. The depth of the burrows varies according to the locations; this we generally found to be from six- teen inches to two feet, and sometimes to three feet and more. The con- struction of the burrow itself is often exceedingly simple : from the surface CAMBARUS. 73 of the ground the excavation exhibits a gradual slope, in direction more or less undulating for a distance from five to ten inches, when it becomes verti- eal for six or eight inches, and then terminates in a sudden bottle-shaped enlargement, in which the animal is found. The bottom of the burrow having no subterraneous communication, no other issue except towards the surface, it is entirely isolated from its neighbors, and leaves no chance for escape to its inhabitant. The same burrow may have several external holes connected with it, several inclined channels, which, however, meet at the depth where it becomes vertical. We found constantly the cavity full of water, but this was in March and April. The bottom, for several inches, was filled with soft and pulpy mud. “There are other instances of burrows somewhat more complex. Their direction may be oblique throughout their whole extent, and composed of a series of chambers or ovoid enlargements succeeding each other at short intervals. Sometimes, also, and connected with one of the chambers, a nar- row and nearly vertical tubuliform channel extends downwards to a much greater depth, and appears tc us as a retreat either during the cold win- ters or else during the dryness of the summer, when water is low. That it is not for the mere purpose of escaping pursuit, we infer from the fact that we repeatedly caught the animals in the chambers above, where they remained quietly, instead of attempting to disappear into the apartments below. “Tn the spring, and we are told in the fall also, the burrowing craw- fish builds over the holes of its burrow a chimney of the maximum height of one foot, but most generally lower. The chimney, circularly pyramidal in shape, is constructed of lumps of mud, varying in size, irregularly rolled up, and piled up one upon each other, and intimately cemented together. Its exterior has a rough and irregular appearance ; whilst the interior is smooth and as uniform as the subterraneous channel, having the same diameter as the latter. “The animal works during night. How the work is performed has not yet been ascertained by actual observations. . . . . On an examination of these chimneys, we detected the imprints of the second and third pair of claws, which indicate, evidently, that the parcels of mud, once brought to the surface, . . . . are arranged and fixed in their definitive place by means of these organs. “ When the work has thus been carried on towards completion, the last 10 74 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. touch consists in shutting up the aperture. This is accomplished by means of several balls of mud, brought up from underneath, deposited temporarily on the edge of the chimney, and drawn back in close contiguity, so as to intercept all communication with the external world.” * Another account of the burrows and mounds of C. Diogenes, by R. 8. Tarr, has recently been printed, with diagrams, in “ Nature,’ Vol. XXX. p- 127, June 5, 1884.4 Mr. Tarr’s observations, like Girard’s, were made in the neighborhood of Washington. According to Mr. Tarr, the eggs hatch about the middle of May, while the parent is living within her burrow ; but Mr. P. R. Uhbler tells me that during the period of incubation the female goes into pools, ditches, and quiet waters along the margin of overflowing creeks. Mr. Tarr believes that the chimneys result from the excavation of the burrow, without implying design on the part of the crayfish. Dr. C. C. Abbott,t on the contrary, is convinced that they are carefully designed, since they are often built on the steeply sloping banks of ditches, where the ejected balls of mud would surely roll into the ditch if they were re- garded by the crayfish simply as rejected matter. In fact, an artistic tower, only two inches in diameter and varying from eight to eleven inches in height, is erected on the steep incline. In several such instances observed by Dr. Abbott the base of the tower was provided for by levelling the ground before the foundation pellets of mud were laid. Of a series of forty towers observed by Dr. Abbott on the banks of a ditch, not one, in his estimation, could have been the result of accident. As these pages are going through the press, I have received an article by Dr. Abbott,§ which states that his nephew, Mr. Jos. DeB. Abbott, has seen the crayfish engaged in building its chimney. The observation was made in the night by the light of a candle. The crayfish was seen to emerge partially from its burrow, bearing “on the back of its right claw a ball of clay mud which, by a dexterous tilt of the claw, was placed on the rim of the chimney. Then the crayfish remained perfectly quiet for a few seconds, when it suddenly doubled up and dropped to the bottom of its burrow. * Girard states that Mr. T. R. Peale informed him that he had observed mud chinneys, similar to those built by C. Diogenes, in New Grenada, along the Rio Magdalena, several hundred miles from the sea. This observation is of interest, as indicating the possible southward extension of Cambarus beyond the Isthmus of Panama. i + “Habits of Burrowing Crayfishes in the United States.” + “Ave the ‘Chimneys’ of Burrowing Crayfish designed?” Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XVIII. p. 1157, November, 1884. § “How the Burrowing Crayfish works.” The Inland Monthly, Vol. I. pp. 31, 32, Columbus, Ohio, February, 1885. CAMBARUS. fo There elapsed some three or four minutes between each appearance ; but every time it came, it brought a ball of clay and deposited it in the manner I have described. About two fifths of the balls were not placed with sufli- cient care, and rolled down the outside of the chimney.” Dr. Abbott believes that the closing of the orifice of a chimney is merely the result of the accidental falling in of pellets from the rim, loosened perhaps by atmospheric moisture. In some localities where the burrowing crayfish abounds, there is a weather proverb to the effect that, when the crayfish closes the opening of his chimney in dry weather, there will be a rainfall within twenty-four hours. It is difficult to imagine the object of this crayfish in building these elaborate-subterranean abodes. Further observations on the method of tun- nelling, on the winter habits of the animal, and on its mode of life during the breeding season, are much needed. The mud chimneys built by C. Diogenes were observed and figured long ago by Audubon (Birds of America, Plates 222, 586; 8vo ed., Plates 360, 370), who describes the ingenious device whereby the White Ibis draws the erayfish from its retreat (Vol. VI. p. 57). In life C. Diogenes is olive-colored, reddish on the margins of the rostrum, the post-orbital ridges, and the margins of the abdominal somites ; chele cream-colored within, fingers reddish. The largest specimen which I have seen from the East measures 84 mm. from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson. Specimens received from Illinois measure 111 mm. in length. According to Forbes and Bundy, C. Diogenes is one of the commonest species in Illinois and Wisconsin. 27. Cambarus Nebrascensis. Cambarus Nebrascensis, Grrarpv, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 91, 1852. Cambarus Nebrascensis, Hacen, Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. II. p. 88,1870. (After Girard.) Cambarus Nebrascensis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 145, 1884. (After Girard. No de- scription. ) “ Rostrum intermediate in form between that of QC. robustus and C. Dio- genes. Dorsal lines of suture of the carapace in close contiguity. Large claw nearly conical, giving to the species a very peculiar aspect. “ Locality. —¥ort Pierre (Nebraska); collected in 1850 by Thaddeus Cul- bertson.” Girard. 76 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. This species is unknown to me. Girard places it in his second group of species (C. Bartonii and allies), with toothless rostrum and male appendages recurved at their extremity. Iam inclined to think that it is a Western form of C. Diogenes, or possibly C. argillicola. Fort Pierre is on the right bank of the Missouri River, at the mouth of Bad River, within the present limits of the Territory of Dakota. Specimens of C. Diogenes collected at Cheyenne, Wyoming, have the hand broad and fingers rather short, so that the chela assumes a triangular shape when the fingers are closed. They do not differ from C. Diogenes enough to warrant a separation, but are very likely the form named ©. Nebrascensis by Girard. I do not know what Hagen means when he says the hands resemble in shape those of CO. Mevicanus. 28. Cambarus argillicola. Plate IV. fig. 2. Cambarus argillicola, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 115, 1884. Rostrum short, broad, down-curved, excavated, with a deep foveola at base; acumen short, broadly triangular, acute, no lateral spines. Post-orbital ridges without anterior spines, swollen behind. Cephalothorax laterally compressed, carapace punctate, anterior border not angulated, cervical groove sinuate, no lateral or branchiostegian spine. Areola linear in the middle, with an anterior and posterior triangular space, the latter the larger. Abdomen broad, but narrow at the base, longer than the cephalothorax. Telson uni- or bi-spinose on each side. Epistoma rounded in front. An- tennal scale small, rounded within. Third maxillipeds heavily bearded within, lightly so beneath. Chela large, hand swollen, denticulate on inner border, irregularly punctate, fingers flattened laterally, punctate and costate ; the movable finger has a single row of tubercles on its external border and a very prominent rib on its upper face ; its internal, cutting edge is toothed and excised at the base; the outer finger is sharply marginate on its external border, inner border toothed and heavily bearded at the base. Carpus armed with a sharp spine and a few minute tubercles within; be- neath them is a sharp median anterior spine, and a minute spiniform tubercle between this and the spine of the internal border. Meros furnished with one or two small subapical teeth on the superior border, and two rows of teeth below. Second pair of legs ciliate near the end. Third pair of legs CAMBARUS. 77 of male hooked. First abdominal appendages of male and annulus of female as in C. Diogenes. Length, 76 mm. Known Localities. — Dominion of Canada: Toronto, Prov. Ontario. Mich- igan: Detroit, East Saginaw (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.). Indiana: New Albany. Louisiana: New Orleans (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). North Carolina : Kinston. Closely related to C. Diogenes, but at once distinguished by the sharply compressed fingers bearded at the base, excised thumb with a single row of tubercles on external margin, non-angulated anterior border of carapace, ete. The types of this species were dug out of burrows in solid blue clay in Detroit, Mich., by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, in August, 1873. ‘The burrows were three to five feet deep. At the bottom of each burrow was a pocket in a layer of loose gravel and clay, holding water. Just above the water line an enlargement in the burrow formed a shelf on which the animal rested. Specimens from Kinston, N. C., and New Orleans, La., which I have referred to this species, are not adult, and cannot be determined with absolute certainty. 29. Cambarus Uhleri. Plate VIII. figs. 8, 8’, 8a, $ a’ (first abdominal appendages of male *). Cambarus Uhleri, Faxon, Proce. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 116, 1884. Male, form I.—Rostrum of moderate length, sides nearly parallel to base of acumen, which is broadly triangular, acute; no lateral spines; upper surface of rostrum plane, punctate, lightly foveolate at base, margins raised into a low, sharp crest, punctate-lineate ; there is a faint trace of a median longitudinal carina. Post-orbital ridges without anterior spines, swollen posteriorly. Carapace oval, punctate, granular on sides. Antero-lateral border not angulate or notched. No lateral or branchiostegian spines. Cervical groove sub-sinuate. Areola none. Abdomen longer than cephalo- thorax. Anterior segment of telson bispinose on each side, posterior seg- ment round behind. Epistoma triangular. Antenne short, with very small spines on the second and third segments, scale short, broad, inner margin rounded. Third maxillipeds hairy within and beneath. Chela moderate, hand inflated, punctate, ciliate, inner margin ornamented with a row of sharp * The full figure of C. Udlert was accidentally omitted by the artist. 78 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. dentiform tubercles, outside of which is a row of smaller tubercles. Fingers compressed, punctate and costate, movable finger with a single row of tuber- cles on the outer edge, a prominent rib running along the middle of the upper surface, inner margin excised at base and furnished with tubereuliform teeth; external finger toothed within, hairy at base, outer border marginate. Carpus armed with a strong tooth and a few small scattered tubercles on the inner side, a stout median anterior spine beneath, and two or three smaller ones between the median and internal spine. Superior border of meros serrate, inferior surface with two longitudinal rows of spmes. Second pair of legs densely ciliate on the inner side near the tip. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of male and annulus of female as in C. Diogenes. Length, 65 mm. Carapace, 50.5 mm. Rostrum, 6.5 mm. Known Localities. — Maryland: Caroline Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Dorches- ter Co.; Talbot Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); St. Mary’s Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Wicomico Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Somerset Co.; Worcester Co. This species was discovered by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, in the counties of Maryland enumerated above, on the Chesapeake and Atlantic coasts of Maryland. It is found in salt marshes, covered twice daily by the tides, and also in brackish and fresh-water ditches in company with C. Blan- ding. In Dorchester County it is found far back in the lowlands in the neighborhood of Vienna. C. Uhleri is easily distinguished from C. Diogenes and C. argillicola by its plane rostrum, shape of the hand, ete. 30. Cambarus Girardianus. Plate IV, fig. 1, Plate IX. figs. 2a, 2a. Cambarus Girardianus, Faxon, Proce. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 117, 1884. Male, form II.—Rostrum broad, excavated, margins with a line of puncta, slightly convergent ; acumen long, ending in a brown corneous upturned tip; a pair of minute, brown horny teeth at base of the acumen. Post-orbital ridges depressed, with sharp anterior spines. Cephalothorax as long as the abdomen. Carapace flattened above, densely and finely pune- tate, slightly granulated and finely ciliated on the branchial and hepatic regions. Cervical groove sulcate, sinuate, with minute lateral spine, and terminating with a small branchiostegian spine ; external angle of the orbit CAMBARUS. 79 very prominent, ending in a spinule. Areola long and wide, plane, punc- tate, in length more than one half the distance between the tip of rostrum and posterior margin of the carapace; sides nearly parallel to within a short distance of the posterior margin, where they diverge. 'Telson bispi- nous on each side. Anterior process of epistoma broad. Antenne longer than the body, scale moderately broad, ending in long, acute apical spine. Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within. Chelipeds moderate ; chela large, densely punctate, inner margin short, lightly serrate ; fingers long, with parallel rows of puncta, toothed within, outer one bearded within at base. Carpus broad, obliquely truncated, punctate above, with a strong median spine on the inner side and a small double one at the base; below, the carpus is armed with a spine on the anterior border. Meros smooth, with a single ante-apical spine on the upper edge; of the usual biserial spines beneath, only two or three at the proximal end are developed. Thoracic sterna naked. Third pair of legs hooked on the third segment. Fourth pair of legs with a small ovate basal tubercle. First pair of abdominal appendages articulated near the proximal end, stout, short, swollen in the middle ; external part with the compressed apex in the form of a strong, obtuse, recurved tooth, double within; internal part recurved, cylindrical, short, acute. Female.—Annulus ventralis transverse, with a sigmoid sulcus. Measurements of an individual. — Length of body, 60 mm. ; cephalo- thorax, 51 mm.; abdomen, 29 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 20 mm.; from cervical groove to hind margin of carapace, 11 mm. Width of areola, 3.5 mm. Length of rostrum, 7.5 mm.; acumen of rostrum, 2.5 mm. ; chela, 20 mm.; inner margin of hand, 7 mm.; fingers, 13 mm.; antenne, 58 mm. This species is near @ extrancus, but differs im its longer and narrower areola, in the short hand and long fingers, the single superior ante-apical spine on the meros, naked thoracic sterna (in C. extraneus they are setif- erous), the greater smoothness of the body altogether, and the fineness of the punctation of the carapace; the suborbital angle is very much more projecting than in C. extraneus. This species was discovered by Mr. C. L. Herrick in Cypress Creek, Lau- derdale Co., Ala., when collecting under the auspices of the U.S. National Museum, in October, 1882. The specimens obtained were two males, form II., and three females. 80 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 31. Cambarus cornutus. Plate V. figs. 1, 2, Plate IX. figs. 3, 3. Cambarus cornutus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 120, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum long, narrow, excavated above; margins diver- gent at the base, thickened, concave, costate; acumen long, with upturned horny tip ; lateral teeth at base of acumen upright, stout, blunt, horny. Post- orbital ridges suleate on the outer side, with well-developed horny-tipped anterior spines. Carapace flat, smooth and punctate above, granulated on the sides; a depression on each side just outside the orbital ridges; no sub-orbital angle nor spine; cervical groove sulcated, sinuate, with a strong, sharp lat- eral spine; no branchiostegian spine ; areola long, of moderate width, plane, punctate, widening at the posterior end of the carapace. The length of the areola is equal to the distance from the cervical groove to the base of the rostrum. Abdomen broad, as long as the cephalothorax without the acumen of the rostrum, pleura triangular, with sharp lateral angles. Termi- nal segment of telson broader than long, posterior border rounded; anterior segment of telson bispinous on each side. Anterior process of epistoma very broad, short, triangular; apex not truncated nor notched. Thoracic sterna ciliated. Basal segment of antennule with a spine on lower side on the distal half of the segment. Antenne longer than the body, flagellum very large, composed of annulations flattened in the vertical direction, conspicuously bearded along the inner margin. Antennal scale oblique to the horizontal plane of the body, a little longer than the rostrum, inner margin straight and parallel with the outer margin, subtruncate at the tip, apical spine strong, long and acute; second segment of antenna with a large external spine at base of the scale; another small but well-formed external spine on the following segment below. Chelipeds large. Chela of moderate size ; hand smooth, punctate, internal margin serrate ; fingers of moderate length, curved slightly downwards, ribbed and punctate above, tips incurved, horny ; external finger serrate on outer margin, impressed above and below at base ; inner borders of fingers tuberculate and ciliated especially at their bases. Carpus smooth, lightly punctate above, with a strong median internal spine and a small basal internal spine ; a sharp, prominent median anterior spine beneath. Meros smooth, a single acute ante-apical spine on the superior margin, only one or two distal spines in the outer row of biserial spines CAMBARUS. $1 beneath. Third joint of third pair of legs hooked. Fourth pair of legs with a conical tubercle on the first segment. First pair of abdominal appendages short, stout, twisted, distal half bent in towards the median line of the body ; internal part truncate at apex, with a small spine directed backward and outward ; external part longer, ending in a short, recurved, blunt, laterally compressed, horny tooth. Measurements. — Length of body, 81 mm.; of cephalothorax, 43.5 mm. ; of abdomen, 37.5 mm, From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 27 mm. ; from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 16 mm. Length of rostrum, 11 mm.; of acumen of rostrum, 5 mm.; of antenne, 91 mm.; of chela, 36 mm.; of movable finger, 22 mm. Width of base of acumen of ros- trum, 3 mm.; of areola, 3 mm.; of chela, 15 mm. One specimen, collected by Mr. F. W. Putnam in Green River, near the Mammoth Cave, Ky., November 3, 1874. This species is very distinct from every other known crayfish. In its general appearance it approaches those species included in the group typi- fied by C. Bartonii. The rostrum, however, is more after the fashion of C. rus- ticus, but the lateral spines are much larger and stand erect. The impressed external finger recalls C. Burlonii, var. robusta. The sexual appendages are formed nearly as in C. Barton. The development of the antennz is extraor- dinary. 32, Cambarus hamulatus. Plate IV. fig. 6, Plate IX. figs. la, la’. Orconectes hamulatus, Core and Packarp, Amer. Naturalist, XV. 881, Pl. VII. figs. 1, 1a, 14, Nov. 1881. Cambarus hamulatus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 145, 1834. Male, form II.— Rostrum long, subexcavated, foveolate at base, mar- eins moderately raised, converging, lateral spines strong and acute ; acumen long, narrow, acute. Post-orbital ridges slightly developed, impressed with- out; with prominent acute anterior spines. Carapace subeylindrical, flattened above, region posterior to cervical groove long ; smooth above, granulated on the sides, A sharp spine on each side at the base of the antenne at the anterior extremity of the cervical groove, and two or three on each branchial region just behind the cervical groove, one of which is prominent, the other minute, Areola of moderate width,, sparsely punctate, sides parallel. Abdo- men longer than the cephalothorax, equal to the cephalothorax in width. 1 §2 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Telson long, proximal segment bispinose on each side, distal segment ellipti- cal. Anterior process of epistoma obtusely subtriangular. Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the rostrum. Basal segment of antennules furnished with a sharp spine beneath near the distal extremity. Antenne shorter than the body, scale equal to the rostrum in length, broad, broadest at the distal end, external border slightly convex, inflated, produced into a long, acute spine. Third pair of maxillipeds bearded within. Chelipeds slender, chela long, slender, subcylindrical, slightly pubescent, inner margin straight, subdentate. Fingers long, slender, subcostate, inner margin straight, hairy. Carpus long, inner side tuberculate, with a sharp anterior spine; two spines on the ante rior margin of the lower surface. Upper margin of the meros granulated, with two sharp spines near the distal end; lower surface of the meros fur- nished with sharp spinules arranged biserially. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages fashioned after the type of the C. Bar- tonii group, articulated near the base, short, dilated in the middle, tip bifid, recurved ; inner and outer parts forming recurved hooks, the tip of the inner attenuated ; outer part double within. The curve of the terminal hooks is not so strong as in C. Bartow and allied species, and the two are closely approximated instead of being separated. Female.— Body stouter, sternum between the fourth pair of legs smooth, annulus ventralis broad, with a raised rim on the posterior margin, and a wide longitudinal sulcus anteriorly. Measurements of male, form I.— Length, 44 mm.; of carapace, 21 mm. ; of rostrum, 5 mm.; of acumen of rostrum, 2.5 mm, From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 12 mm.; from cervical groove to posterior border of cara- pace, 9mm. Length of abdomen, 23 mm.; of antenne, 35 mm. ; of cheliped, 31mm.; of chela, 15 mm. Breadth of chela, 3 mm.; of carapace, 8 mm. Locality. — Nickajack Cave, Tennessee. I am indebted to Professor Packard for an opportunity to examine four males, form IL, and two females of this species, which was discovered by Professor Cope while exploring Nickajack Cave, in the southern part of Tennessee, near the point where the boundary of that State is met by the line which divides the States of Georgia and Alabama. In general form and appearance it bears a close resemblance to C. pellucidus, but the carapace is less spiny, and the male has hooks on the third pair of legs only, and the first pair of abdominal appendages are formed after the fashion of the C. Bar- fonii group. The rostrum tapers towards the tip more than it does in the CAMBARUS. 83 typical form of C. pellucidus, resembling in this respect the form C. pedlucidus tnermis. The terminal segment of the telson narrows at the hinder end more than in C. pellucidus. 1 do not find the differences in the mandibles, antennal scales, and chelze mentioned by Packard. 33. Cambarus Jordani. Plate Ill. fig. 3. Cambarus Jordant, Faxon, Proc. Amer, Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 119, 1884. Male, form II.— Rostrum broad, subplane, sides nearly parallel, acumen long, with minute lateral teeth at base. Post-orbital ridges provided with sharp anterior spines. Carapace punctate (sparsely so on the gastric region), slightly granulated on the sides. A single acute spine on each side of the carapace behind the cervical groove, and a branchiostegian spine on the anterior border. Sub-orbital angle prominent. Areola long, narrow, widen- ing gradually anteriorly, suddenly posteriorly, smooth, with but few puncta irregularly disposed in its field. Abdomen longer than the cephalothorax ; proximal segment of the telson bispinous, distal segment rounded posteriorly. Epistoma triangular. Antenne equal in length to the body minus the telson, scale broad, greatest width toward the distal end, which is sub-truneate and furnished with a sharp external spine. Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within. Chela punctate, ciliate; inner margin of hand short, serrate; fingers long, costate, outer border of movable one serrato-tuberculate. Car- pus with a strong, acute median spine, and a small basal spine on inner border; a small spine at each articulation with the chela. Meros smooth on the external surface, two ante-apical spines obliquely placed on the upper edge. First pair of abdominal appendages short, thick, articulated near the base, terminating in two blunt, recurved teeth. Length of body, 47 mm.; of carapace, 23 mm.; of abdomen, 24 mm.; of rostrum, 6 mm.; of acumen of rostrum, 2mm. From point of rostrum to cervical groove, 15 mm.; from cervical groove to hind margin of cara- pace, 8mm. Width of areola, 1.3 mm. Length of antenne, 44 mm. Of this species I have seen but one specimen, a male of the second form, collected by Prof. D.S. Jordan in the Etowah River near Rome, Georgia, communicated by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore. It has a toothed rostrum and first abdominal appendages like C. Barfonii. It is distinguished from the other allied species by its flat rostrum and narrow areola. $4 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 34. Cambarus extraneus. Cambarus extraneus, HAacEN, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 73, Pl. I. figs. 88, 89, Pl. ITI. fig. 156, 1870. Cambarus extraneus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 145, 1884. Known Localities. —Tennessee River near the border of Georgia. Etowah River, Rome, Ga. Cumbarus extraneus, Girardianus, Jordan, cornitus, and hamulatus agree in combining the toothed rostrum of the C. afinis group with male appendages formed as in the C. Bartonii group. The third pair of legs alone are hooked. C. hamulatus is at once distinguished by its rudimentary eye-stalks, the great length of the posterior segment of the carapace, and long and slender chelz. It has the superficies of C. pellucidus. C. cornutus has strong, erect, lateral rostral teeth, and very thick antennal flagellum, heavily bearded on inner side. ©. Jordan’ has a narrow areola with but a few scattered dots, and the antennal scale is broadest toward its tip. C. extraneus and C. Girardianus have a wide areola thickly sown with dots; they are closely related, but may be separated as follows. In C. extrancus the areola is broader and shorter than in C. Girardianus ; while in C. extraneus the section of the carapace behind the cervical groove is never more, usually less, than one third of the entire length of the carapace from tip of rostrum to posterior border, in ©. Girardianus this section of the carapace is more than one third of the length of the entire carapace. The punctation of the carapace is much coarser in C. eatraneus than in C. Girardianus. The lateral spine of the carapace is very prominent in (. extraneus, rudimentary in C. Girardianus. In ©. Girardianus the external orbital angle is very prominent, and ends in an acute spine with a corneous tip; the fingers are longer in propor- tion to the hand than in ©. eztraneus. The distal end of the meros has a single spine on the upper edge in C. Girardianus ; C. extraneus has two obliquely placed. Of C. extraneus TY have seen nine specimens, of C. Girardianus five, of C. Jordani one, of C. hamulatus six. Among these are males of the second form with the first abdominal appendages articulated and not articulated, but no males of the first form. The larger female mentioned by Hagen, p. 74, is C. spinosus Bundy. The largest specimen of C. eztraneus seen by me, a male, form IL., with articulated first abdominal appendages, is in the possession of Butler Uni- CAMBARUS. 85 versity, Irvington, Ind. It was collected by Jordan in the Etowah River, at Rome, Ga. It measures 33 inches in length. The areola in this specimen is a little longer and less dilated posteriorly than in the types from the Tennessee River. The antenne (mutilated in the type specimens) are nearly as long as the body. C. extraneus has been found in but two localities, in both places in com- pany with C. spinosus. GROUP IV. (Tvrr, C. affinis.) Third segment of the third pair of legs of the male hooked. First abdominal appendages of the male bifid, terminated by two nearly straight styliform branches. Rarely a specimen of C@. wirilis and C. propinquus is found with hooks on the third segment of the second, as well as the third, pair of lees, but normally only the third legs are provided with hooks. The first pair of abdominal appendages in the male are bifid, ending in two free styliform rami. The rami are short, so that the tips reach forward only to the base of the third pair of legs in C. affinis, Sloanit, lan- cifer, propinquus, and Harrisoni, while in the other species of the group the rami are elongated to such a degree that they reach forward as far as the base of the second pair of legs, or even to the chelipeds when the abdomen is flexed. In C. tmimuns, Alabamensis, Palmert, Mississippiensis, and compressus the distal part of the long rami is strongly recurved. In C. lancifer the terminal rami are short, the outer part almost tooth-like, so that the character of the appendage approaches the type seen in the species belonging to Group I The shape of the rostrum, antennal scales, and chelw also mark C. lancifer as a passage form between Group I. and Group IV. The rostrum is commonly armed with a lateral spine in this group, but in C. medius, C. immunis, and C. Mississippiensis the margins of the rostrum are entire, at least in full-grown individuals. This group corresponds to Hagen’s Group II. The following artificial key may.aid in the determination of the species in this group. 86 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. ( Areola linear in the middle. C. Mississippiensis. Rostrum without lateral teeth (at least in the adult). \ Areola not linear in any part. C. medius, C. immunis.* ; . : Rostrum and antennal scales very long. C. lancifer. Areola linear in the mide, | . 7s nares Rostrum aud antennal scales of moderate length. C. Palmeri. a He 4 Rostrum with a median carina above. C. Alabamensis, C. compressus, C. propinguus. with lat- eral teeth. | Areola of ( Sides of carapace armed with numerous spines. C. affinis. moderate * Rostrum but slightly excavated, or sub-plane. width. ostrum C. virilis, C. propinguus, var. obscura, C. Sloanii. not eca- 4 Only one lateral rinated. spine on cara- (2 eees of rostrum concave. pace (sometimes C. Harrisonii, C. rusticus, Rostrum deeply OUfone obsolete). 1, forceps. excavated, with + ; ; raised margins. Margins of JES C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, C. spinosus, C. Putnami. 35. Cambarus lancifer. Cambarus lancifer, Hacun, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIL. p. 59, Pl. I. figs. 86, $7, Pl. ILL. fig. 159, 1870. Cambarus lancifer, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 146, 1884. The only specimen of this species known is Hagen’s type from Root Pond, Miss. I cannot find in what part of the State Root Pond is situated. 36. Cambarus affinis. ? Astacus limosus, Rarryesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Critical Rev., II. 42, Nov. 1817. Astacus affinis, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 168, Dec. 1817. Astacus affinis, Hartan, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 230, fig. 2, 1835. Astacus Bartonii, MitNe Epwarps, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, I. 331, 1837. Astacus affinis, De Kay, Zoology of New York, Part VI. Crustacea, p. 23, 1844. (After Say.) ? Astacus (Cambarus) affinis, Er1cuson, Arch. f. Naturgesch., Jairg. XII., I. 96, 1846. Cambarus affinis, Ginarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 87, 1852. (Young.) Cambarus Pealei, Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 87, 1852. (Adult.) Cambarus affinis, Wacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 60, Pl. I. figs. 19-22, 84, 85, Pl. IIT. fig. 152, Pl. V., 1870: Canbarus affinis, Apsorr, Amer. Naturalist, VII. 80, 1873. (Habits.) Canbarus afinis, Smvvu, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1878, p. 638, 1874. (After Hagen and Abbott.) Cambarus affinis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 146, 1884. Known Localities. —New York: Niagara. New Jersey: Schooley’s Moun- tain, Morris Co.; Red Bank, Monmouth Co. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Trenton; Burlington; Camden Co. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Pennsyl- * There is a variety of C. tamunis with lateral rostral spines. See p. 99. CAMBARUS. 87 vania: Brandywine Creek (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Schuylkill (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Reading (Girard ) ; Philadelphia (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Bristol ; Susquehanna River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bainbridge (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Carlisle. Maryland: Cecil Co. ; Havre de Grace, Harford Co.; Guynn’s Falls, Druid Hill, ete., Baltimore Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Anne Arundel Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Montgomery Co. ; Charles Co., Potomac River (Coll. Pp. R. Uhler); Williamsport, Washington Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Cumberland, Alleghany Co. District of Columbia : Washington, Potomac River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Virginia: Gunston, Potomac River, Fairfax Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Lake Erie (Coll. Pea- body Acad. Sci.). Lake Superior (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). Rafinesque’s description of Astacus limosus is as follows : — “N. Sp. Astacus limosus. Antens length of the thorax, rostrum equal to their peduncle, one-toothed on each side, eanaliculated at its base; a thorn above the eyes, another on each flank, three pairs of pinciferous feet, bearded at their articulations, hands short, smooth, unarmed. — Obs. I dis- covered this species in 1803, and observed it again in 1816, in the muddy banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia ; vulgar name, mud lobster; length from three to nine inches; good to eat; commonly brown, with an oliva- ceous tinge.” From the habitat it is probable that this imperfect description refers to the species well described in the following month by Say under the name of A. affinis, as assumed by Girard and Hagen. A dry male specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No. 127°, “Schuylkill. Dr. Harlan,” is probably Harlan’s type. Milne Edwards, apparently misled by the transposition of the numbers of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 on Harlan’s plate, has described this species as Astacus Bartonii; A. Bartonii as A. affinis. Erichson’s type, 2 female, in the Berlin Museunr, was examined by Hagen in September, 1870. The specimen is stated by Erichson to have been collected in Carolina by Cabanis. The label only gives America borealis. Dr. Cabanis assured Dr. Hagen that he collected all his Astacide in a rivulet near Greenville, in the northwestern part of South Carolina. No other speci- men of C. affiuis has been reported from that State, and I suspect that Erich- son’s type belongs to the closely allied C. spinosus Bundy, which has been found in the Saluda River, S. C., by Prof. D. S. Jordan. In the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences is a specimen of this species (No. 127) 88 A REVISION OF THE- ASTACIDA. from Red Bank, N. J., Dr. Jos. Leidy, labelled “A. affinis ( fide L. R. Gibbes).” Gibbes states that his own specimens came from Florida. They probably belonged to some other species. Hagen states that Gibbes’s types of A. Bar- font in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are C. affinis, but they are in fact C. placidus Hagen (Nos. 126°, 126°).* Types, male and female, of Girard’s C. afinis, from Reading, Pa., collected by Professor Baird, were communicated to Dr. Hagen by Dr. Stimpson. The male belonged to the second form; the specimens were young, with only one lateral thoracic spine. I have myself discovered in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution four types (two males, two females) of Cambarus Peale’ Girard (Smithson. Cat. No. 2081), from the Potomac River, Washing- ton. The largest is 44 in. in length, the smallest 54 in. They are the adult C. afiinis Say. These are the only types of Girard’s Cambari now in existence, as far as I can discover. The rest were probably burned when loaned to Stimpson, in the great fire of Chicago. Color. — Upper surface greenish, mottled with darker green, especially on the chele; tips of fingers orange, preceded by a dark green ring, which runs along the outer border of the hand to the wrists; abdominal somites ornamented with interrupted transverse chestnut-colored double bands. Under surface of a lighter hue. In recent alcoholic specimens the bands of the abdomen turn bright blood-red. In some specimens the basal segment of the telson has thee spines on each side of its posterior margin. The centre of distribution of C. afinis appears to be the great rivers which empty into the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. According to Dr. C. C. Abbott (American Naturalist, VII. 80, 81), “Cam- barus affinis is apparently ¢he river species at Trenton, N. J. We have been able to find it, as yet, only in the Delaware River, usually frequenting the rocky bed, but also, in fewer numbers, on the mud-bottomed portions of the river. They are usually found resting under flat stones, well out from the banks of the stream, where the water is of considerable depth. Wherever the vegetation is dense we have failed to find them; nor have we seen anything to indicate that it is a burrowing species.” Since this was written, Dr. Abbott and myself have taken C. afiius in great numbers from shallow ditches in the Delaware meadows near Trenton, N.J., in company with C. Blandingi. * Sce p. 114, a - CAMBARUS. 89 According to Mr. P. R. Uhler, C. afinis is the common form in the warmer parts of the rivers and creeks of Maryland, underneath stones. In his col- lection are specimens from Montgomery Co., labelled as found in “ stagnant pools,” and specimens from Alleghany Co., four miles below Cumberland, were taken from “holes in the bottom and sides of a canal.” A female alcoholic specimen of C. afinis in the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia is labelled “ Santo Domingo, W. M. Gabb.” The locality is doubtless erroneous. In young specimens of C. affiiis the lateral thoracic spine on the cervi- cal groove is single, and the spinules of the hepatic region are reduced to a mere granulation. Very small individuals closely resemble small exam- ples of C. propinquus, as Hagen observes. The body, however, in the young C. afinis is more pubescent, the rostrum is not carinated, and the hand is differently shaped. The specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy from Niagara, referred to C. affinis by Hagen, are all very young (the largest measuring 12 in.), but I think there is no doubt of the correctness of the determination. C. afinis is the common crayfish exposed to sale in the markets of New York and other Eastern cities. 37. Cambarus Sloanii. Plate IV. fig. 5, Plate X. figs. 1, 1, la, la. Cambarus Sloanit, Buxpy, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 24, 1876.— Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 172. Cambarus Sloanii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 147, 1884. Male, form I.— Rostrum wide, subexcavated, plane towards the tip, margins nearly parallel, acumen long, triangular; lateral teeth small in full- grown specimens, in some individuals reduced to an angle merely. Post- orbital ridges with very small anterior spines, or none. Carapace flattened above, punctate, lightly granulate on the sides, lateral spines acute, ante- rior border distinctly angulated, areola wide. Basal sezement of telson two- spined on each side. Antennal scale a little longer than the rostrum, of moderate width. Anterior process of epistoma broad, excavated, emarginate in front. Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within, naked below. Chela short, broad, inner margin with a double series of depressed teeth ; outer finger wide at base, furrowed above near the outer and inner margins; inner finger 12 5() A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. curved, costate above; the two fingers are furnished with blunt tubercles on their opposed margins, which touch one another only at their tips. Car- pus with a strong inner tooth, Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages stout, bifid; rami short, acute, outer one with its tip turned outwards, mer one with its tip turned inwards ; tips brown, horny. Male, form IIl.— The fingers are less gaping, the hooks on third pair of legs small, the first pair of abdominal appendages are bifid for a less distance from the tip, the rami are swollen, without horny tips; these appendages may or may not be articulated near the base. Female. — Chela like that of the male, form HI. Annulus ventralis with anterior border depressed, posterior border elevated, tuberculate, tubercle divided longitudinally by a sinuous furrow. Known Localities. — Indiana: New Albany. Kentucky (Bundy). I have seen two of the types of this species, male form I. and female, in the collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. Dr. Sloan has also sent me specimens taken at the same time with those sent to Bundy for description, and there are specimens from the same source in the collections of the Boston Society of Natural History, the Peabody Museum of Yale College, and Butler University, Irvington, Ind. Dr. Sloan writes me that this is the common species in running streams at New Albany, while C. Bartonii is the form found in still waters. Accord- ing to the same gentleman, as quoted by Bundy, this is a burrowing species. “THe commences on the bank of the stream, burrows below the bed, and has an opening two or more feet out in the stream, where he sits watching for anything that may turn up, with a safe retreat.” C. Sloanii closely resembles C. propinquus, var. obscura, in general appear- ance, but may be at once distinguished by the male appendages and the _ annulus ventralis of the female. In the latter species the anterior border of the annulus is prominently bituberculate, whereas in C. Sloan the anterior rim is sunk below the level of the sternum in front of it. The largest specimen seen by Bundy measured 3} inches in length. The largest I have seen, a female, is a little less than three inches long. ee | CAMBARUS. 91 38. Cambarus propinquus. Canbarus propinquus, Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., VI. 88, 1852. Cambarus propinguus, Wacun, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. II. p. 67, Pl. I. figs. 84-38, Pl. TIL. fig. 1538, 1870. ‘umbarus propinquus, Smiru, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 638, 1874. (No description.) ‘ambarus propinguus, Forses, Bull. Ul. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I., pp. 4, 19, 1876. ? Cambarus propinquus, Bunvy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 171. — Trans. Wis. Acad. Sei., V. 181, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-79, I. 402, 1883. (No description.) Cambarus propinquus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Aris and Sei., XX. 147, 1884. Known Localities. — Dominion of Canada: Montreal (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.); Toronto. New York: Grass River, St. Lawrence Co. (Hagen) ; Canton, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Black Lake, St. Lawrence Co. ; Ogdensburg (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Young); Lake Ontario (Girard); Garri- son Creek, Sackett’s Harbor (Girard); Four-Mile Creek, Oswego (Girard) ; Oneida Lake ; Cayuga Lake (8S. IL. Smith); Rochester; Niagara; Forestville, Chautauqua Co. Indiana: Elkhart River, Rome City, Noble Co. (Bundy) ; Delphi; Indianapolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.); Michigan City (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Turman Creek, Sullivan Co.; Clear Creek, Bloomington ; White River (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Switz City (Coll. C. H. Gilbert). Illinois: Freeport, Stephenson Co. (Forbes); Ogle Co.; Geneva, Kane Co. (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.) ; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (Forbes); Normal, McLean Co. (Forbes) ; Decatur, Macon Co.; Aux Plains River (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Michigan: St. Clair River; Detroit River; Northville (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Huron River, Ann Arbor (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Peabody Acad. Sci., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Ecorse (8. I. Smith); Kalamazoo River, Otsego (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). Lake Superior. Wisconsin: tributaries of Pecatonica River, Green Co.; Madison (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.). Iowa: Daven- port; Des Moines River, Ottumwa. Var. Sanbornii. Plate V. fig. 3, Plate IX. figs. 10, 10, 10a, 10 a. Cambarus Sanbornii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 128, 1884. Known Localities. — Kentucky: Smoky Creek, Carter Co. Ohio: Oberlin. 92 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/E. Var. obscura. Cambarus obscurus, Hagen, Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIL, p. 69, Pl. I. figs. 72-75, Pl. IM. fig. 154, 1870. Cambarus obscurus, SuitH, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus obscurus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 148. Known Localities. — Genesee River, Rochester, New York. Girard’s diagnosis of C. propinquus is too imperfect to avail in the determi- nation of the species, but fortunately Dr. Hagen identified it by examination of one of Girard’s types. In the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia there is a dry male specimen of C. propinguus which was labelled “ C. Diogenes ? District of Colum- bia,’ when the collection was examined by Hagen. The original label of this specimen is now lost, but the box contains Dr. Hagen’s label, “ C. pro- pinguus Gir. (C. Diogenes Gir.?),” and the tablet to which the specimen is fastened carries a label with the locality ‘ District of Columbia.” A dry specimen of C, obesus Hag. in the same museum is labelled “ C. propinguus ? Garrison Creek, Sackett’s Harbor.’ The labels of these two specimens were undoubtedly transposed by accident. I am not sure that Bundy’s C. propinquus is this species, as I have not seen his types. He says that there is “in these crawfishes a tendency mani- fested toward multiplication of the lateral thoracic spines, there being in some individuals two and in others three of these on each side.” This ten- dency does not appear in any specimens that I have seen. It is an abundant species in Wisconsin, in company with C. virilis. Smith says that the crayfish found in the valley of the Aroostook River in Maine and New Brunswick is most likely C. propinguus. It is really C. Bartonit. In the variety that I have named after the late Mr. F. G. Sanborn (C. Sanborni’, Proce. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 128) the first abdominal appendages are less deeply bifid, the rami closer together, than in the typi- eal ©. propinquus. The rostrum is not carinate, the chela is finely pubescent, the inferior median anterior spine of the carpus is evident. This variety was collected by Mr. Sanborn in Carter Co., Ky., and I have received addi- tional specimens from Prof. B. F. Koons collected at Oberlin, Ohio. Small individuals closely resemble young specimens of the typical C. propimquus, _——_- CAMBARUS. 93 C. affinis, and more closely C. Putnami; but the young of the first may be distinguished by the carimated rostrum; of the second, by the longer rostral acumen, antennal scale, and anterior spine of post-orbital ridge, by the longer hand and internal carpal spine, and by the divergent tips of the first pair of abdominal appendages in the male ; of the third, by the longer- spined antennal lamina, and the long, deeply cleft abdominal appendages of the male. In C. obscurus Hag., which I deem a local form of C. propinguus, the ros- trum is somewhat broader, not carinate above, and less deeply hollowed out than in the typical C. propinguus ; the hand is broader, with a few tubercles disposed in a longitudinal row opposite the base of the movable finger; the fingers are more widely separated at the base, the epistoma more truncate ; the male appendages have a projecting angle or shoulder on the anterior margin at the base of the rami, the outer part often grooved longitudinally on the outer side. This form has been discovered only at Rochester, N. Y. The differences between it and C. propinguus are so slight that I consider it only a variety. Some specimens of C. propinquus show a strong tendency to develop the projecting shoulder on the front border of the male appendages. In the United States National Museum is a small first-form male of a Cambarus labelled ‘‘ California” (No. 2531), which I cannot distinguish spe- cifically from C. obsewrus. The areolar part of the back of the carapace is a little flatter, and the row of small tubercles on a line with the middle of the base of the movable finger is not apparent; but this often happens in small specimens of C. obscurus. The locality of this specimen is very probably erroneous, as no other specimen of a Cambarus from the west coast is known, Hagen thinks that C. obscurus may be the Astacus fossor of Rafinesque. Rafinesque’s description is as follows : — “ Astacus fossor. Antens length of the body, rostrum short, one-toothed on each side, a thorn behind the eyes; three pairs of pinciferous feet, hands of the first pair very large, granular, gaping, toothed, with a furrowed and bispinous wrist. —Obs. Vulgar name, burrowing lobster, —communicated to me by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill, — native of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York; size from four to six inches; it burrows in meadows and milldams, which it perforates and damages.” It is impossible to determine what species is here meant. The descrip- tion would suit C. propinquus, a commoner form, as well as C. obsewrus. 94 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID®. Neither of these forms has been reported from Pennsylvania or Virginia. The only species known to me to be common to the three States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia are C. Blandingii, affius, and Barton. Ra- finesque’s description fits none of them. Girard surmised, from the habits of C. fossor, that it might prove to be C. Diogenes. In the collections of the Boston Society of Natural History and the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy (Cat. No. 3590) there are three second- form males of a Cambarus which closely resemble C. propinguus, but the sexual appendages are longer, as in C. rusticus. The epistoma is long. The carpus has a strong internal median carpal spine and a small basal internal spine ; beneath, the carpus is unarmed. The biserial spines of the meros are well developed. The outer ramus of the first abdominal appendages is a little recurved at the tip. The largest of these specimens is 75 mm. long. No locality is given. They seem to belong to an undescribed species. 39. Cambarus Harrisonii. Plate ITI. fig. 1, Plate IX. figs. 9, 9. Cambarus Harrisonii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 130, 1884. Male, form I.— Rostrum long, narrow, deflexed, excavated; margins thickened, a little convergent; acumen of moderate length, triangular, acute; marginal spines short, obtuse, often obsolescent. Carapace flattened above, coarsely punctate, granulate on the sides; post-orbital ridges prom- inent, suleate without, with acute anterior spine; antero-lateral margin notched at base of antenna; cervical suture not sinuate, interrupted on the side; lateral spine small, acute; branchiostegian spine obsolete; areola at least one half as long as the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the cervical groove, of moderate width, punctate, the dots tending to a biserial arrangement in the middle portion. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax ; telson long, posterior margin rounded, posterior margin of basal segment bispinous on each side. Basal segment of antennule with an internal, sub- apical, inferior spine. Antenne as long as the body; second segment armed with a short, acute, external spine; scale as long as the rostrum, of moderate width, widest near the middle, thence tapering to the acute external apical spine. Anterior process of epistoma with convex sides, apex blunt or trun- cate, Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within. Chelipeds of moderate length, thick ; chela large, broad, coarsely punctate above and below, inner margin CAMBARUS. 95 of hand with two or three rows of depressed ciliate tubercles; fingers costate and punctato-lineate, gaping, inner margins with rounded tubercles; mov- able finger incurved; carpus punctate above, armed with an acute median internal spine and two inferior spines (a large median and a minute external). In some specimens there are one or two small antennal basal tubercles. Meros smooth without, two obliquely disposed superior sub-apical spines ; of the biserial inferior spines only a few of the distal ones in each row are developed. Distal end of second pair of legs ciliate. Third segment of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages short, reaching to the base of third pair of legs, thick, split for a short distance from the tip ; outer part longer than the inner; tips recurved, brown and horny. Female. — Fingers less widely gaping, outer one ciliate within at base. Abdomen broader. Sternum between fourth thoracic legs smooth. Annulus ventralis a transverse ridge, thickest in the middle, where there is a rounded tubercle divided longitudinally by a sinuous groove. Between the ridge and the sternal plates of the fourth pair of legs there is a deep transverse fossa. Measurements of a male, form I.— Length of body, 60 mm. Length of carapace, 30 mm. Length of abdomen, 50 mm. From end of rostrum to cervical suture, 20 mm. From cervical suture to posterior border of cara- pace, 10 mm. Length of rostrum, 10 mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 4mm. Length of rostral acumen, 3 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm. Length of antenne, 60 mm. Length of chela, 25 mm. Breadth of chela, 12 mm. Length of movable finger, 17 mm. Internal border of hand, 7 mm. In one specimen, a male, form L, the fingers are very much elongated, not gaping at base. The length of the internal border of the hand in this specimen is 7.5 mm.; the length of the movable finger, 21 mm. Locality. —Trondale, Mo. Collected by E. Harrison. This species resembles C. rusticus in its general form. The male ap- pendages, as well as the annulus ventralis of the female, however, are very different from those of any previously described species. The male ap- pendages approach in form those of C. propinquus more nearly than any other, but in that species these appendages are more deeply bifid, and not recurved. :. The second form of the male is unknown, 96 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/L. 40. Cambarus virilis. Cambarus virilis, Hacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. IIL. p. 63, Pl. I. figs. 23-28, Pl. IT. figs. 128-132, Pl. III. fig. 155, Pl. VILL, 1870. Cambarus virilis, Sauvu, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1878, p. 638, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus virilis, Forses, Bull. Ul. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 19, 1876. Cambarus debilis, Buxpy, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 24, 1876.— Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 403, 1883. (Male, form IT.) Cumbarus virilis, Buxpy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 171. — Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 180, 1882. — Geol. Wis., Surv. 18738-1879, I. 402, 1883. Cambarus Couesi, Streets, Bull. U. 8. Geolog. Geograph. Surv. Terr., ILI. 803, 1877. Cambarus virilis, Streets, Bull. U. S. Geolog. Geograph. Surv. Terr., ITI. 804, 1877. Cambarus virilis, Herrick, Tenth Ann. Rep. Geolog. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, p. 253, 1882. 2 Cambarus Couesi? Bunpvy, Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 402, 1883. (No description.) Cambarus virilis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 147, 1884. Known Localities. —Dominion of Canada: Lake Winnipeg ; Saskatchewan River; Red River of the North; Toronto (Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Montreal (?). Dakota: Red River of the North near Pembina; Souris or Mouse River. Minnesota: Lake Superior (C. L. Herrick) ; Mississippi River (C. L. Herrick) ; Lake Minnetonka (C. L. Herrick), Minnehaha Creek, Cedar Lake (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.), Bassett’s Creek (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.), and Lake Independence, Hennepin Co. Wisconsin: Appleton; Ironton, Baraboo River; Sauk City, Wisconsin River (W. F. Bundy); Sugar River (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sei.); Rock River (S. A. Forbes); Jefferson (W. F. Bundy); Milwaukee (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Iowa: Davenport; Burlington ; Fort Dodge (Coll. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist.) ; Spring Vale (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Des Moines River (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Bedford (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Nebraska: Omaha. Wyoming: near Laramie City. Kansas: Leavenworth (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.) ; Manhattan (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Republican River, northwest of Fort Riley (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Ellis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.). Missouri: St. Louis (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Osage River; Irondale. Illinois: Quiney, Adams Co.; Lawn Ridge, Marshall Co.; Decatur, Macon Co.; Nor- mal, McLean Co. (S. A. Forbes); Pekin, Tazewell Co. (S. A. Forbes); Cairo, Alexander Co. (S. A. Forbes); Geneva, Kane Co. (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.); Stillman’s Creek, Marion, Ogle Co. (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). Indiana: Michigan City, Lake Michigan (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Long Lake, Kendallville (W. F. Bundy); Elkhart River, Rome City (W. F. Bundy). Alabama: near Bridgeport, Jackson Co. (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Arkansas : White River, Eureka Springs, Carroll Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Texas. New York: Lake George (?). CAMBARUS. 97 Cambarus virilis is subject to some variation in the shape of the rostrum, the punctation of the carapace, breadth of areola, etc., as Hagen pointed out in his account of this species, p. 64. Yet it is not liable to be con- founded with any other species if good-sized specimens are at hand. ‘I have noticed in a few second-form (?) males of this species an inter- esting variation from the ordinary type of the first pair of abdominal ap- pendages. In most examples these appendages are split for a considerable distance from the tip, and the two rami are drawn out to a point at the tip. In the other specimens the whole appendage is stouter, the prominences more pronounced, the extremity is split to a less distance from the tip, and the ends of the rami are blunt, almost tuberecutate. The hooks on the third pair of legs are well developed, as in the first-form male. The abdominal appendage is not articulated, but this is sometimes the case in the other and commoner type of abdominal appendage of the second-form males. I have found both these forms together in collections made at several places (Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg, ete.), and the differences in the sexual appendages are not accompanied by any that would indicate a new species. A specimen of C. debilis from Baraboo River, Ironton, Wis., sent by Mr. Bundy, is the second form of the male of C. virilis. Males are occasionally found with small hooks on the third segment of the second pair of legs, as well as on the third pair. From the U. 8. National Museum I have received the types of Street’s C. Couesi and C- virilis. The differences between the two are very slight, and do not warrant their separation as two distinct species. Some of Hagen’s types of C. wrilis from the Red River of the North and the Saskatchewan River are of precisely the same form as Street’s (. Coues?. The following description of the living colors of C. vrilis is given by Dr. Streets from the notes of Dr. Coues on the specimens collected in the Souris River, Dakota : — “Carapace variegated with lighter and darker shades of brown: tail segment darker and more uniform brown, with large, symmetrical, dark brown spots, one on each side. Claws green, speckled with darker, with the protuberances yellow and reddish; other legs paler greenish. Below, in- cluding under side of the claws, greenish white, the claws speckled with dark spots. Antenne rich brown.” A large female specimen in the U. 8. National Museum, collected by Mr. Edward Palmer in a pond near Bridgeport, Jackson Co., Ala., appears to 13 98 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. belong here. The rostrum is mutilated, however, and my identification may be erroneous. A young female from Lebanon, Tenn., in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy, also seems to belong to this species. A dry female in the Museum of Comparative Zovlogy is labelled “ Lake George, L. Agassiz”; and there are also three dry specimens labelled “Montreal? Mr. Hunt.” Considering the ease with which labels of dry specimens get misplaced, it is hardly safe to give Lake George and Montreal as localities for this species until confirmed by further exploration. C. virilis attains a very large size. I have seen a female specimen which measured very nearly 4} inches in length, and Bundy records a specimen from Jefferson, Wis., 63 inches from tip of rostrum to tip of telson. In specimens from Laramie the lateral spines of the rostrum are obsoles- cent, and the rami of the male appendages are more strongly curved than in the typical form. In these respects the specimens approach C. cmmanis. A male, form II., from Ellis, Kansas, in the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem, has the areola reduced almost to a line in the middle, and the short- ness of the carapace behind the cervical groove shows another approach to C. immunis. In specimens from Irondale, Mo., the cephalothorax is more cylindrical than in the type form, the areola wider in the middle (2 mm. in a specimen 68 mm. long, whereas in a specimen of the same size of the typical form it is about 1 mm.), and the tubercles on the internal border of the hand and on the movable finger are less prominent and more heavily ciliated. The sides of the rostrum are nearly parallel, with small acute lateral teeth. The carpus has the additional inferior spine as in Hagen’s variety A. But I see no difference of sufficient importance to be deemed of specific value. C. virilis and C. immunis are two of the Western species of crayfish es- teemed as food. They are sometimes sent to the New York market from Milwaukee and other Western cities, but the species commonly found in the Eastern markets is C. affinis. CAMBARUS. 99 41. Cambarus immunis, Plate X. figs. 6a, 6a’ (first abdominal appendages of male, form II.). Cambarus immunis, Hacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 71, Pl. I. figs. 101, 102, Pl. IIT. fig. 160, Pl. VIIL. fig. b, 1870. (Male, form T., and female.) Cambarus immunis, Smivu, Rep. U. 8. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus inmunis, Forsus, Bull. Ul. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 19, 1876. (Male, form IT., and young.) Canbarus immunis, Bunpy, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1877, p.171. Jambarus signifer, HarrrcK, Tenth Aun. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for the Year 1881, p. 258, 1882. Cambarus immunis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 146, 1884. Known Localities. —New York (Coll. L. A. Lee). Indiana: White River (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Fall Creek, Indianapolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Long Lake, Kendallville (Bundy). Hlinois: Aux Plains (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Belleville ; Lawn Ridge; Normal ; Oquawka (Coll. O. P. Hay). Michi- gan: Detroit River, Detroit. Wisconsin: Milwaukee (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Minnesota: Richfield, Hennepin Co. Iowa: West Liberty. Missouri: St. Louis (Coll. P. R. Ubler). Kansas: Leavenworth (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.) ; Ellis (Coll. C. H. Gilbert). Wyoming: near Laramie (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Alabama: Huntsville. Mexico: Orizaba (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Var. spinirostris. Plate I. fig. 5. Canbarus immunis, var. spinirostris, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei, XX. 146, 1884. Known Locality. —Obion Co., Tenn. C. inmunis is @ very common species in Illinois, being especially fre- quent in the muddy ponds of the prairies. Mr. H. G. Hubbard has found it in muddy pools and ditches connected with the Detroit River, Michigan. According to Mr. Hubbard, it does not form burrows, but conceals itself among weeds. The second form of the male was unknown to Hagen, and was first described by Forbes in December, 1876. The first pair of abdominal ap- pendages are split for but a very short distance from the tip; the branches are thick, and neither of them is dilated, flattened, or channelled at the tip, as is the case in the first form. (See Pl. X. figs. 6a, 6a.) The tufts of hair-like setze on the inner side of the penultimate and antepenultimate segment of the second pair of legs, so characteristic of this species, are 100 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA:. much less developed in the females and second-form males than in first- form males. In some, especially young, specimens slight ante-apical teeth are present on the rostrum. I am indebted to Mr. C. L. Herrick for three examples, two first-form males and one female, of his C. sigufer. It does not differ specifically from Hagen’s ©. immunis. The antennal scale is a little broader than in the types from Illinois, and the anterior process of the epistoma is not so clearly trun- cated ; the punctation of the carapace is more pronounced. These differ- ences are no greater than we often find in the same species when specimens from widely separated localities are compared. The color, as given by Her- rick, is “reddish (crimson) brown, not obviously figured ; tail lighter ; fin chestnut, marked with gray; chele bright crimson below; there are green markings on the body and legs, and some yellow below.” In the female, the “abdomen is marked with chestnut bars on each segment above.” “The young males have the chele greenish blue and mottled, while the coloration of the body is like the females.” The figure of the antennal scale (fig. 7, b) in Herrick’s paper is very incorrect. The hand of this species figured by Hagen on Plate VIII. of his Mono- graph is not of the normal form, but belongs to the specimen from Hunts- ville, Ala., mentioned on page 72. Although this specimen is a first-form male, the tufts of cilia on the second pair of legs are hardly developed. The female from Beaufort, N. C., (M. C. Z., No. 3356,) doubtfully assigned to this species by Hagen, does not belong here. It is perhaps C. Diogenes. I have seen a few specimens of C. dmmunis with the internal margin of the movable finger straight, without the excision at the base, but such cases are very rare. In the typical form of C. immunis the margins of the rostrum are sinu- ate at the apex, without spines at the base of the acumen. In many of the well-erown second-form males and females from the Detroit River, small lateral spines are developed at the base of the acumen; and these speci- mens thus lead to a form from Obion Co., Tenn., (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,) in which the lateral rostral spines are developed in all the examples exam- ined (seven second-form males, nine females). The sides of the rostrum in some of these are nearly parallel as far as the lateral spines. Although these specimens are of moderate size, they show the marks of immaturity, the chelipeds being small, the chelee narrow, with slender fingers. The inner finger is generally excised at the base, as in the typical form ; the lateral EE ——— _ a) ee CAMBARUS. 101 thoracic spine is better developed, the antenne are longer (equal to the length of the body), and the tufts of cilia on the inner side of the second pair of legs are not developed. The anterior process of the epistoma is not notched or truncated. The male appendages and the annulus ventralis are as in the typical C. ¢mmuwus. In the only old specimen (female, 4; inches long) the rostrum and epistoma are, unfortunately, mutilated, but the chelze are broad, as in the typical form, and the second pair of legs show the ciliate tufts. Iam disposed to consider the variations here as varietal rather than specific. The form may be called Cambarus immunis, var. spinirostris. The only specimens I have seen from the State of New York are a pair, so labelled, in the collection of Prof. L. A. Lee. Two specimens in the U.S. National Museum, male, form Ii., and female, from Orizaba, Mexico, (Prof. Sumichrast,) do not differ to any extent from those inhabiting the United States. 42. Cambarus Mississippiensis. Plate Ill. fig. 2, Plate X. figs. 4, 4, 4a, 4a. Cambarus Mississippiensis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 123, 1884. Male, form I.— Rostrum broad, twice as long as broad, subexcavated above, smooth, foveolate at base, margins raised, converging anteriorly, sinu- ate at apex; acumen short, triangular, acute, no lateral teeth. Post-orbital ridges sulcate on outer side, with short, blunt anterior spines. Carapace densely punctate, sides lightly granulate, front lateral border not angulated. Cervical groove sinuate, with small lateral and branchiostegian spines. Areola linear anteriorly to the middle, with a small anterior and a larger posterior triangular field. Length of areola equal to half the distance from tip of rostrum to cervical groove. Abdomen as long as the carapace. Terminal segment of the telson shorter than the basal segment, hind border slightly concave at the centre ; basal segment bispinose on each side. Anterior angle of epistoma notched. Sternum between the legs densely ciliated. Antennal scale very broad, apical spine short. Third maxillipeds hairy without and beneath. Chelx large, punctate, smooth below, margined without; inner margin of hand short, furnished with dentiform tubercles irregularly disposed in a double series ; a little distance from these is another line of smaller cili- ated tubercles on the upper surface of the hand on a line with the middle of the base of the movable finger. Fingers long, gaping at base, each with 102 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. a punctate impressed line parallel with inner margin, and furnished with rounded tubercles on inner margin. Movable finger tuberculate on outer margin. Outer finger bearded below at base. Carpus broad, obliquely trun- cate on the external side, punctate and tuberculate above, a strong median internal spine, two small spines near on the base and one at the anterior end near the articulation ; multispinous beneath, the two anterior spines the largest. Meros smooth, two ante-apical spies obliquely placed on upper margin, lower face with blunt biserial spmes. Second pair of legs with long setae near the end on inner side, not tufted as in C. munis. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages long, deeply bifid, rami recurved at tip, parallel, internal ramus subcylindrical, dilated and grooved at tip, external ramus a little longer than the internal, laterally flattened, ending in a slender, sharp point. Male, form II.— Rostrum with small lateral teeth; hand smaller, with smaller tubercles ; hooks on third legs smaller; third pair of abdominal appendages stouter, cleft for only a short distance from the tip, tips blunt, no articulation at the base in the one specimen examined. Female. — Rostrum as in the second form of the male. Hand shorter and broader, annulus ventralis with a very deeply excavated fossa. Measurements of male, form I.— Length, 73 mm. Length of rostrum, 9mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 5mm. Length of areola, 11mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 25mm. Length of chela, 35mm. Breadth of chela, 14mm. Length of inner finger, 24mm. Length of internal margin of hand, 11 mm. Five specimens, one male, form I., one male, form II., and three females, were collected by Prof. O. P. Hay in Eastern Mississippi. ‘Two of them are labelled “‘ Macon, Miss.” Differs from C. immunis in its linear areola, flatter rostrum, differently shaped chela, and male appendages, the rami of which are longer and less! strongly recurved. C. Padmeri differs from it in its quadrangular rostrum, which has a longer acumen and more prominent lateral spines, narrower and long-spined antennal scale, and longer areola; the rami of the male appendages (form IL.) are a little longer and more widely separated. C. Alabamensis differs by its wide areola, toothed and carinated rostrum, etc. ; C. compressus, by its laterally compressed carapace, wide areola, nar- row carinated rostrum, ete. = CAMBARUS. 103 43. Cambarus Palmeri. Plate III, fig. 6, Plate X. figs. 5a, 5a’. Cambarus Palmeri, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 124, 1884. Male, form II. — Rostrum broad, subexcavated, margins nearly paral- lel from base to lateral spines, which are small and sharp; acumen long. Post-orbital ridge with sharp anterior spine. Carapace smooth and punc- tate above, granulate on sides, lateral spme of moderate size, anterior lateral border notched just below the sub-orbital angle, which is not prominent. Areola linear for a short distance anterior to the centre, with a small ante- rior and a larger posterior triangular field. The length of the areola is one half the distance from cervical groove to tip of rostrum. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax. Proximal segment of telson bispimose on each side. Antenne nearly as long as the body. Lamina a trifle longer than rostrum, broad, greatest width at the middle, thence tapering to the long spine at apex. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Anterior process of epistoma truncate at apex. Chela broad, depressed, smooth and punc- tate below, ciliate-punctate above, margined on the outer edge. Inner mar- gin of hand short, with a double row of small ciliated tubercles. Fingers of moderate length, straight, corneous and incurved at tip, costate, punctate, and ciliate above. Movable finger with outer edge furnished with a double row of ciliated tubercles on basal half. Outer finger hairy below at base of inner side. Carpus tuberculate above, with a strong and acute internal median spine, and a minute one at the base; smooth below, with two prominent anterior spines. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal ap- pendages articulated near the base, long, stout, strongly curved, bifid for a short distance from tip, rami divergent, outer one the longer. Female. — Annulus ventralis triangular, rounded anteriorly, posterior wall with a longitudinal sigmoid fissure. Sternum between fourth pair of legs smooth. Length, 61mm. Antenne, 52 mm. Twenty-five specimens of this species were collected for the U.S, Na- tional Museum by Mr. Edward Palmer, in a brook running into the eastern side of Red Foot Lake, near Idlewild Hotel, Obion Co., Tenn., May 30, 1882. The lot contains males of the second form and females. The rostrum, chelx, and antennal scale are similar to those of C. viridis. It differs from that 104 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. species in its linear shorter areola and male appendages, which are more strongly curved, and formed more on the pattern of the same parts in C. immunis. Yn the latter species, however, these appendages are still more strongly curved, the areola is not linear in any part, the rostrum is more deeply excavated, longer, and (usually) toothless, the antennal scale is sub- truncate at the end, and the hand different. Its closest relative is C. Missis- sippiensis. See description of that species, page 101. Some of the specimens still show spots of dark color (purplish) on the chelze, carpus, and branchial regions of the carapace. In a few specimens there is a very faint indication of a median carina on the rostrum. 44, Cambarus Alabamensis. Plate IV. fig. 4, Plate X. figs. 3, 3, 3a, 3a’. Cambarus Alabamensis, Exxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 125, 1884. Male, form T. — Rostrum broad, punctate, subexcavated above at base, with a broad, rounded, slightly elevated median carina near the tip; sides sub- parallel, punctate, ciliate ; acumen long, triangular, marginal spines slightly developed. Anterior spine of post-orbital ridge hardly developed. Carapace smooth, punctate, cervical groove sinuate, with minute lateral and branchi- ostegal spines; anterior margin notched at base of antenne; areola wide, short (less than half as long as the distance from cervical groove to the lat- eral rostral spines), thickly punctate. Abdomen longer than the cephalo- thorax by the length of the terminal segment of telson. Telson rounded behind, basal segment bispinous Epistoma triangular. Antenne nearly as long as the body, slender ; scale moderately broad, broadest in middle, thence tapering to the apical spine. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Chelipeds of moderate length, strong. Chela broad, thick; hand punctate, inner margin of moderate length, scarcely serrate; fingers of moderate length, costate, ciliate-punctate, usually meeting only through their distal third. Immovable finger heavily bearded at base within, both above and below. Carpus smooth, punctate above; on the internal border there is a strong median spine ; in front of this, near the articulation, is a minute spine, and behind it are one or two faint ones near the base ; below, the carpus has a single small spine near the external articular point of the hand. Meros smooth, punctate, with two obliquely disposed spines near the anterior end of superior border; of the biserial spines beneath, only the distal one or two CAMBARUS. 105 of the outer row are developed. Third pair of legs hooked at base. — First pair of abdominal appendages long, deeply bifid, rami slender, recurved, parallel, inner ramus spoon-shaped at tip, outer ramus a little longer than the inner, compressed laterally, tapering to a fine point at tip. Male, form II.— Lateral rostral spines a little more prominent, hand smaller, hooks on third legs less strongly developed, first abdominal ap- pendages thicker, bifid for only a short distance from the tip, rami laterally compressed, blunt-pointed. Female — Rostrum as in the second form of the male, hand shorter and wider. Annulus ventralis with well-marked transverse fossa. Measurements of a male, form I.— Length, 55 mm. Carapace, 25 mm. Abdomen, 30 mm. Length of antenne, 50mm. Length of areola, 7 mm. Breadth of areola, 2.6mm. Length of chela, 21mm. Breadth of chela, 9mm. Length of movable finger, 12.5 mm. A female of the same size has the areola 3 mm. in width, 7 mm. in length. Forty specimens, including both forms of the male and the female, were collected by C. L. Herrick in Second Creek, Waterloo, Lauderdale Co., Ala., for the U.S. National Museum. The male appendages are very like those of C. Mississippiensis, the rami being longer and less strongly recurved than in C.immuns. It is at once distinguished by its broad and short areola from the other species in which the first abdominal appendages are formed after the pattern of those of C. immunis. The section of the carapace behind the cervical groove is very short in this species, and the dense beard at base of the external finger is very characteristic. In C. compressus the areola, al- though broad, is long, and the strong lateral compression of the body, differ- ent form of the chela, ete., distinguish it from this species at a glance. 45. Cambarus compressus. Plate V, fig. 6, Plate X. figs. 2, 2', 2a, 2a/. Cambarus compressus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 127, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum narrow, excavated, curved downwards, with a longitudinal median carina; margins thickened, converging, with a line of ciliated dots; acumen long, triangular, with acute lateral spines at base which are obsolescent in the largest specimens. Cephalothorax strongly compressed lateraily. Post-arbital ridges armed with acute anterior spines. 14 106 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/. Carapace punctate on both the back and sides; on the gastric region the punctation is very coarse, assuming the form of reticulation; cervical groove sinuate; no lateral or branchiostegian spines; anterior lateral margins notched behind the antenne; areola broad, heavily punctated. Abdomen about the length of the thorax. Telson long, proximal segment bispinose on each side. Antenne slender, shorter than the body by the length of the telson. Antennal scale of moderate width, terminal spine very long, reach- - ing beyond the tip of the rostrum. Epistoma triangular. External max- illipeds hairy within and below. Chelipeds short, stout; chele very large, broad, non-tuberculate, hand convex above and below, punctate, imternal margin entire; fingers short, thick, with lines of ciliated dots, Carpus punctate above, with one internal median spine. Upper border of meros with one or two ante-apical spines; the biserial spines below are not devel- oped, except the distal one of each row, and even these are minute. Third segment of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages reach the base of the second pair of legs. They are deeply bifid, the rami recurved ; the outer ramus is aciculate, the inner is enlarged at base and at tip, and the tip is furthermore grooved in front and rounded off at the end. Male, form I].— Hand smaller, fingers gaping at base, external finger ciliated at base within, hook on third segment of third legs very small; first pair of abdominal appendages articulated near the base, thick, immer and outer parts separated for only a very small distance from apex, compressed from side to side, tips a little recurved, blunt-pointed. Female.— Chelx somewhat smaller than in the first form of the male, fingers less widely separated at base, external finger ciliated at base within. Anterior border of annulus ventralis nearly obliterated in the median line, lateral borders raised into prominent tubercles, transverse fossa wide. Length of body (male, form I.),45 mm. Length of carapace, 22.5 mm. Length of areola, 8 mm. Breadth of areola, 2 mm. In the largest specimen seen, the dimensions of which are given aboye, the lateral spines of the rostrum are obsolete, the margins simply notched at base of the acumen; in the other specimens the lateral rostral spines, though small, are evident; the antenne in the larger specimens are shorter in proportion to the length of the body. Thirty-nine specimens (eighteen males, form I., two males, form I., and nineteen females) were collected by C. L. Herrick, for the U. S. National Museum, in Second Creek, Waterloo, and in Cypress Creek, Lauderdale Co., Ala., October, 1882. Eee OO ee ees CAMBARUS. LOT A small species, with first abdominal appendages of the male similar to those of C. tmmunis. It is readily distinguished from all the other species with similar male appendages by the lateral compression of the cephalo- thorax, form of the chela, ete. 46. Cambarus medius. Plate III. fig. 4, Plate IX. figs. 4, 4’. Cambarus medius, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 121, 1884. Male, form I.— Rostrum of moderate length, excavated, slightly cari- nated at the tip; margins thickened, converging, sinuated near the tip to 8 form the short triangular acumen; no lateral spines. Post-orbital ridges depressed, suleated on external face, subacute anteriorly. Carapace sub- cylindrical, somewhat flattened above, punctate, granulated on the sides; cervical groove sinuate, no lateral or branchiostegian spine; sub-orbital an- gle rounded ; areola long (much more than half as long as the distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the rostrum), of moderate width, punctate, widening posteriorly. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax ; telson rounded behind, basal segment bispinous on each side of the posterior bor- der. Basal segment of antennule with an interior median spine. Second and third segments of antennz not spiniferous (flagellum of antenne broken off in the specimen examined, probably much shorter than the body). An- tennal scale short, of moderate width, terminating in a short, acute spine. Anterior process of epistoma triangular, apex pointed, sides convex. Third maxillipeds bearded within. Chelipeds of moderate length, stout; chela broad, inflated, coarsely punctate above and below, external margin rounded ; internal margin of hand with a double row of obsolescent tubercles ; fingers stout, gaping at base, costate, heavily dotted-lined, internal margins fur- nished with rounded tubercles. Carpus sparsely punctate, armed with a moderate median and a smaller basal internal spine; below, there are no spines developed. Meros furnished with two nearly obsolete obliquely placed tubercles near the distal extremity of superior border, and with a double row of tubercles below. Second pair of legs provided with long cilia towards their distal extremity. Third segment of third pair of lees hooked. First pair of abdominal legs long (reaching to base of chelipeds), deeply bifid, rami slender, straight, the outer one a little recurved at the tip, aciculate, the inner one slightly dilated near the tip, blunt pointed; a projecting angle or shoulder at base of rami on anterior margin. 108 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. Female. — Hand small, fingers not gaping, ciliated within; sternum between fourth pair of legs plane; annulus ventralis bilaterally symmetrical, anterior border bituberculate, posterior border unituberculate, transverse fossa deep, recurved at each end. Measurements of male, form I.— Length of body, 49 mm. Length of carapace, 25mm. Length of rostrum, 6 mm. Length from end of rostrum to cervical groove, 15.5 mm. Length from cervical groove to hind border of carapace, 9.5 mm. Width of areola, 2mm. Length of abdomen, 25 mm. Length of chela, 23.5 mm. Length of internal margin of hand, 9.5 mm. Breadth of chela, 11.5 mm. Length of movable finger, 14 mm. Two specimens, first form of male and female, in the Museum of Compar- ative Zodlogy, from Irondale, Mo. This species has the general form of body, rostrum, and chele of the C. Bartonii group, together with the male abdominal appendages of the C. affinis group. These appendages have a projecting shoulder at the base of the rami, on the anterior edge, as in C. rusticus, C. Putnami, ete. C. im- munis and C. Mississippiensis, belonging to the C. affinis group, also have the rostrum devoid of lateral spines, but in general habit of body they do not resemble C. Bartonii and its allies, as is the case with the present species. 47. Cambarus rusticus. Plate IX, figs. 8, 8, 8a, 8a’ (first abdominal appendages of male). Cambarus rusticus, GyRarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 88, 1852. Cambarus rusticus, Hacen, Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIL. p. 71, Pl. I. figs. 80-83, Pl. IIT. fig. 161, 1870. Cambarus placidus, HAGEN, op. cit., p. 65, Pl. I. figs. 76-79, Pl. TIT. fig. 158, 1870. Cambarus juvenilis, HaGEn, op. eit. p. 66, Pl. I. figs. 29-33, Pl. IIT. fig. 157, 1870. Cambarus rusticus, Smivu, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus placidus, SmrtH, op. cit.. p. 638, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus jucenilis, StH, op. cit., p. 88, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.) Cambarus Wisconsinensis, Buxpy, Bull Ill. Mus. Nat Hist., No. I. p. 4, 1876. —*Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181, 1882. — Geol Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 402, 1883. - Cambarus placidus, Forsrs, Bull. Tl. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 19, 1876. (After Hagen.) Cambarus Wisconsinensis, Porses, op. cit. p. 19. (After Bundy.) Caumbarus rusticus, Bunpy, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181, 1882.— Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 402, 1883. (Not described.) Cambarus placidus, Buxpy, Traus. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181, 1882. (Not deseribed.) Cambarus rusticus, Faxon, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 148, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum long, narrow, concave on the sides, excavated, margins thickened, dotted-lined, divergent at the base; acumen of moderate CAMBARUS. 109 lene th, triangular, with acute, upturned, brown, horny terminal spine ; mar- ginal spines short, upturned, fusco-corneous. Carapace flattened above, punctate, lightly granulate on the sides, lateral spine small, often obsolete, branchiostegian spine obsolete ; post-orbital ridges terminating anteriorly in is very short spine, which is sometimes obsolete in large specimens; antero- lateral border very slightly angulated behind the antennx ; areola equal in length to the distance from the cervical groove to the base of the rostrum, narrow, irregularly punctate, sides subparallel for the greater part of its length, divergent at the fore and hind ends. Abdomen a little shorter than the cephalothorax ; posterior border of telson rounded, posterior margin of basal segment bispinose on each side, Basal segment of antennule armed with an interior spine near the apex of lower side. Antennze about as long as the body, spine on external margin of second segment small or obso- lete; scale broad, a trifle longer than the rostrum, widest beyond the middle, thence tapering to the short, acute, horny-tipped, external apical spine. Third maxillipeds hairy within, nearly naked below. Anterior process of epistoma triangular, antero-lateral borders convex, lateral angles prominent, apex usually blunt. Chela large, punctate; internal border of hand furnished with a double row of low depressed tubercles ; fingers ornamented with lines of dots, of moderate length (the movable finger not much more than twice the length of internal margin of the hand); fingers gaping at the base, not bearded, movable finger incurved, external margin concave, with obsoles- cent tuberculation like that on the inner margin of the hand; external finger incurved, external margin convex; inner margins of both fingers furnished with rounded tubercles. Carpus broad, coarsely punctate above, internal median spine small, in some examples obsolescent, inferior median and external spies small or obsolete; meros smooth on the external face, with two small, obliquely placed superior sub-apical spines, one or both of which may be obsolete, inferior biserial spines usually but slightly devel- oped, except the apical one of each row. Third seement of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages, when turned forward, reach the base of second pair of legs; they are deeply bifid, the rami slender, styliform, shorter than the proximal undivided part; outer ramus straight, or arcuate (the concave side being posterior), subulate ; inner ramus a little shorter than outer, straight or arcuate, a little incurved at the apex, tip aciculate, or in old specimens dilated; a projecting angle or shoulder on the anterior margin at base of the rami. 110 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA!. Male, form II. — Hooks of third pair of legs smaller; first pair of abdom- inal appendages thicker, bifid for but a short distance from the tip, rami stout, the outer one the longer, the inner one slightly incurved, swollen at tip, blunt pointed; very slight trace, or none, of projecting angle on ante- rior margin at base of the rami. Female. —Sternum between the fourth pair of legs smooth; anterior wall of annulus ventralis larzely developed, bituberculate, fossa triangular, posterior wall with a median, backward-projecting tubercle divided by a longitudinal narrow fissure. Length of a male, form IL, 73mm. Length of carapace, 36.5 mm. Length of abdomen, 36.5 mm, Length of rostrum, 8.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 22.5 mm. From cervical groove to hind margin of carapace, 14 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm. Known Localities. — Pennsylvania: Pittsburg (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Philadelphia Co. [?] (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Ohio: Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie (Peabody Acad. Sci.); Miami River, Dayton (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.) ; Yellow Springs; Cincinnati, Ohio River. Indiana: Madison, Ohio River (Coll. O. P. Hay); White River (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) ; Indian- apolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci). Illinois: Quiney ; Normal (W. F. Bundy). Kentucky: Little Hickman, Kentucky River; Perryville, Boyle Co.; Salt River. Tennessee: Cumberland Gap; Lebanon. Lake Superior. Wiscon- sin: Racine; Beloit (W. F. Bundy); Ironton (W. F. Bundy); Fox River (W. F. Bundy [C. placidus]). Towa: Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge. Missouri: Osage River. Arkansas: White River, Eureka Springs, Carroll Co. (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Texas. The above description is drawn up from Hagen’s types of C. rusticus from Cincinnati, Ohio (M. C. Z., No. 285), and from speciinens of the same form from Yellow Springs, Ohio (M. C. Z., No. 3427). Hagen’s type from Lake Superior (M. C. Z., No. 187) differs in having very long, straight fingers, not tuberculate on their inner margins, like C. placidus Hag. In the larger males, form I, from Yellow Springs, the rami of the first abdominal appendages are curved forwards a little at the base, and then recurved toward the tip, forming an are; the tip of the inner rami is con- siderably dilated. In very young specimens of both sexes (20 mm. long, or thereabouts) there is a dense beard on the interior margin of the car- pus and meros of the chelipeds, as well as on the inner side of the external finger near the base. In some specimens the fingers are long and straight. ~_ ie @ CAMBARUS. 111 Girard’s description of Ct rusticus is as follows : — “ Rostrum narrower than in both C. afiius and C. Peale’, and, besides, concave on the sides. Terminal point shorter than either of the preceding species [C. pellucidus, affinis, Oreganus, and Peala]; anterior pair of abdom- inal legs (in the male) elongated, slender, with their tip curved inwards, whilst the same tips are straight in C. affius, and twisted in C. pellucidus, The dorsal area is broader than in C. Pealei. “ Locality. — The Ohio, at Cincinnati.” This description does not fit very well, but Dr. Hagen examined one of Girard’s types and ascertained its identity. Closely related to the above described form are Hagen’s @. placidus and C. guvenilis. 1 find so many specimens among the material at my disposal which combine characters of these three, that I am led to consider them all as varieties or forms of C. rusticus. In the type (male, form I.) of C. placidus, from Quiney, Il. (M. C. Z., No. 296), the rostrum is longer and narrower than in the typical C. rusticus, with longer acumen and lateral spines; the hands have long, straight, non- tuberculate fingers, like the C. rusticus from Lake Superior mentioned above ; the rami of the first pair of abdominal appendages are a little recurved, and want the projecting shoulder at the base of the rami on the anterior border ; the antennal scale is subtruncate, with longer apical spine. The types from Lebanon, Tenn. (M. C. Z., No. 289), are second-form males and females. They differ from the Quincy specimen in having a well-developed internal median spine on the carpus, and an acute though small lateral spine on the carapace ; in some of these specimens the rostrum is slightly carinated near the tip; the external ramus of the first abdominal appendage, instead of being straight, as in the typical C. rusticus, is a little recurved at the tip. Of the types from Texas (M. C. Z., No. 170) there are now five in the Museum collection, four males of the first form, one male of the second form. In three of the first forms a projecting shoulder is prominently developed on the anterior border of the first pair of abdominal appendages, as in C. rusticus and C1 juvenilis ; in the fourth specimen it is also present, but less marked. ‘Two or three of these examples further agree with the typical C. rusticus in the form of the chela. The internal median carpal spine is strongly developed, the lateral spine of the carapace small and acute, the inner row of inferior spines of the meros well pronounced. The first pair of abdominal appendages in all the first-form male types of C. placidus are a little longer than in C. ruséicus. 112 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. The types of C. juvenilis from Little Hickman, Ky. (M. C. Z., Nos. 213, 3347) differ from the types of C. rustieus in the following respects. The first pair of abdominal appendages are longer, reaching forwards as far as the base of the chelipeds when the abdomen is flexed ; the rami are slenderer, longer, and set at a slight angle with the basal part of the appendage; the inner ramus is straight, parallel with the outer ramus (not twisted), pointed at the tip, not dilated. The margins of the rostrum are more thickened. The punctation of the carapace is finer, The areola is narrower, the nar- rowest part being in front of the centre, thence widening posteriorly ; it fol- lows that the sides of the areola are not parallel for any distance, whereas in C. rusticus the sides of the areola, after converging to the posterior end of the anterior triangular field, run nearly parallel to one another for some distance, diverging towards the posterior end of the carapace to form the hinder triangular areolar field. The hand is short, with long fingers which meet throughout their entire length; the external finger is barbate within at base. In the male of the second form the tip of the outer ramus of the first abdominal appendages is slightly recurved. There is, however, some variation among these types. In one male of the first form the fingers are of moderate length, slightly gaping at the base, the inner carpal spine small but acute; the areola is of the form seen in CL rusticus. Two female specimens from Cumberland Gap, Ky. (M. C. Z., No. 3580) agree with the types of C. yuventis from Little Hickman. Hagen’s type of C. juvenilis from the Osage River (M. C. Z., No. 271) differs from the Kentucky types, and agrees with the specimens from the Osage River (M. C. Z, No. 5446) mentioned farther on. Among specimens received from Perryville, Ky. (M. C. Z., Nos. 3442, 34438) and Salt River, Ky. (M. C. Z., No. 3578), which agree in most respects with Hagen’s types of C. rusticus, many have an inflated hand, with very convex external border and rather short fingers. The carapace is flattened on the back. In many respects these specimens resemble C. juvenilis ; and if O. juvenilis and C. rusticus be separated as two distinct species, it is hard to say to which species these specimens should be assigned. Specimens from Cumberland Gap, Ky., males of the first form (M. Ose No. 3444), have the rami of the first pair of abdominal appendages long and slender, as in ©. jwvenilis ; when the abdomen is flexed, these appen- dages reach forward to the base of the chelipeds, The internal median CAMBARUS. iil and the inferior median anterior spies of the carpus are well developed ; of the spines of the meros, the superior apical and the external row of the inferior biserial ones are developed; only one or two of the distal ones of the inner row are present. In one specimen the fingers are much elongated. There is a dark ring around the fingers near the tip. The carapace is flattened above, densely and coarsely punctate, lateral spines small, acute ; areola as wide as in the typical @. rusticus, and of a similar form. A closely similar form comes from Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge, Iowa (M. C. Z., No, 3554). In small specimens, 52 mm. long, males of the second form and females, from Southern Indiana (M. C. Z., No. 5553), the lateral spine of the carapace, the anterior spine of the post-orbital ridge, and the spine of the carpus and meros, are acute and well formed, though small. The rostrum is excavated, and thickened on the margins, as in the typical C. rusticus. A type, male form IL, of C. Wisconsinensis Bundy, from Racine, Wis., re- ceived from Dr. Bundy (M. C. Z., No. 3448), agrees in most particulars with C. placdus Hagen. The rostrum is shorter, and the internal part of the first abdominal appendages is swollen near the tip, as in Hagen’s C. rusticus. The anterior process of the epistoma is not truncate or emarginate. The interior median and inferior median carpal spines are well developed. In the same jar with C. virilis from the Osage River (M. C. Z., No. 169) I find many small specimens, males of the second form and females, which agree very closely with the types of C. placidus from Lebanon, Tenn., and from Texas. With these goes a single first-form male from the same local- ity (Osage River), determined by Hagen as C. juvenilis (M. C. Z., No. 271). The largest of these specimens (a female) is 71 mm. long. The rostrum and antennal scale are as in C. placidus, the fingers of moderate length, the internal median carpal spine well developed, the inferior median carpal spine small and acute (in the first-form male obsolescent), the areola narrow. The first abdominal appendages of the first form of the male have a prominent angle on the anterior border, the inner ramus is straight, dilated at the tip, the outer ramus is a little recurved; in the second form of the male the inner ramus is straight, the outer slightly recurved at the tip. The inner side of the base of the external finger is bearded in the female and second-form male, naked in the first-form male. Differs from C. Putnam’ m having a narrower, more excavated rostrum, narrower areola, and shorter male appendages. In the collections of the Peabody Academy of Science, the Boston Soci- ety of Natural History, and Bowdoin College, there are many young speci- 15 114 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. mens, second-form males and females, from Bradford, Ind., collected by A. 8. Packard, Jr., labelled (apparently in Dr. Packard’s hand) “ Cambarus spinosus Bundy,” in one case “Cambarus spinosus Bundy, fide Bundy.” They are cer- tainly not C. spinosus, which is a Southern species with a short areola. I think they are young C. rusticus, some of them possibly C. Pufnami. The areola is rather broad for C. rusticus, and the male appendages are rather short for C. Pu/nami. “In some of these specimens the rostrum is broad and nearly plane {in this resembling C. odsewrus), and even a little carmated near the tip. The tips of the fingers are orange-color preceded by a dark ring. All the forms mentioned above agree in having an excavated rostrum with thickened margins, a long and narrow areola, the first pair of abdomi- nal appendages of the first-form male furnished with a projecting angle on the anterior margin at base of rami (except in the C. plucidus from Quincy, lll., in which this angle is obsolete), the rami long and straight or the outer one somewhat recurved. The chelee have a double row of low, inconspicuous tubercles on their inner margin. They vary somewhat in the width of the rostrum and areola, in the development of the spines of the rostrum, cara- pace, carpus, and meros, in the length and curve of the fingers, and in the length of the rami of the first abdominal appendages. After a careful com- parison of all the specimens before me, I am inclined to unite them all as forms of C. rusticus. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are five dry specimens of this species (Nos. 126*, 126°), which, according to the labels, came from the State of Pennsylvania. Two of these are labelled by Dr. Hagen “C. placidus.” Three (126%, 126°, Philadelphia Co. and Pitts- burg) are in the same box together, labelled “A. Bartonii” by Gibbes, “C. afi- nis” by Hagen; and on pages 62 and 78 of his Monograph Dr. Hagen says that the types of A. Bartonii Gibbes in the Philadelphia Academy are C- affinis Say. When I examined the Philadelphia collection in December, 1882, they seemed to me surely C. placidus Hagen. No, 126° in the same collection, labelled “C. affinis Say (C. Bartonii Gibbes),” is the true C. Bartoni, from Dela- ware. There is little chance that transposition of labels has taken place, as the number is pasted upon the specimens, and Gibbes’s label and the original locality label bear the same number. CAMBARUS. 115 48. Cambarus spinosus. Plate IX. tigs. 7, 7', 7a, 7 a/ (first abdominal appendages of male). Yambarus spinosus, Bunpy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1877, p. 173. Cambarus spinosus, Fsxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 148, 1884. Male, form IH.— Rostrum broad, excavated, the raised margins parallel and continued back on the carapace between the post-orbital ridges, an impressed ciliated line on each margin; acumen long, acute, with well- developed lateral teeth at base. Post-orbital ridges suleate without, with short anterior spines. Carapace ovoid, smooth and punctate above, lightly granulated and ciliated on the sides, lateral spines single, long, acute ; cervi- cal groove not sinuous; small branchiostegian spines ; front border of cara- pace a little angulated behind the antennx ; areola moderately wide, of equal width before and behind, punctate, equal in length to half the dis- tance from cervical groove to lateral rostral spines. Abdomen equal to the cephalothorax in length, mostly smooth, proximal segment of telson bispi- nose on each side. Epistoma wide, emarginate in front. Antenne long (as long as the body or longer); scale as long as the rostrum, narrow, widest in the middle, thence tapering gradually to the long, sharp, apical tooth; external border inflated, turned outward at the distal end. Third par of maxillipeds hairy without, naked below. Chela of moderate size, punctate above, smooth below, a double row of ciliated tubercles on the inner border of the hand; fingers of moderate length, slightly gaping at base, costate and ciliate-punctate, toothed and ciliate on inner border; outer margin of movable finger with two or three rows of tubercles. Carpus tuberculate above, internal border with a large, curved, sharp median spine, and a small anterior and posterior spine ; below there is a large median spine on anterior margin, and a smaller one at the point of articulation with the hand. Meros with two obliquely disposed spines near the distal end of superior border; the outer row of the biserial spines beneath consists of the two distal spines ‘alone. Third pair of legs hooked. Anterior pair of abdominal appendages very long, reaching forward to the base of the large claws, deeply bifid, rami slender, blunt-pointed, outer ramus longer than the inner, a little recurved at the tip. Male, form I.— According to Bundy, the hooks on the third legs are larger; first pair of abdominal appendages “strongly bifid, tips of equal length, very slender, st rauight, separating at node; anterior margin with a 116 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. tooth or projecting angle about midway from base to extremities; apical forming a very obtuse angle with basal half.” Female. — Fingers shorter than in the male; annulus ventralis with a large tubercle on the posterior margin divided in the middle by a longitu- dinal sinuous line, anterior border bituberculate, fossa deep, transverse. Measurements of a male, form H.— Length, 70 mm. Cephalothorax, 35 mm. Abdomen, 35mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 24 mm. From cervical groove to posterior border of telson, 10 mm. Length of rostrum, 1] mm. Width of rostrum, 4.5mm. Length of acumen of ros- trum, 5 mm. Known Localities. —South Carolina: Saluda River (Coll. Butler Univ.). Georgia: neighborhood of Rome (Etowah, Oostenaula, and Coosa Rivers). Tennessee River near border of Georgia. Alabama: Cypress Creek, Lau- derdale Co. The specimens described by Bundy were collected in the neighborhood of Rome, Ga., by Prof. D. 8. Jordan. Some of these specimens have been communicated to me by Prof. O. P. Hay, of Butler University, Irvington, Ind., and Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, Md. They embrace males of the second form, females, and young. According to Bundy, only one out of the nineteen specimens examined by hin was a male of the first form. In general appearance this species resembles C. affinis, but differs in being smoother, in the shortness of the carapace behind the cervical groove, the single lateral spine, the absence of spines on the hepatic region, emar- ginate epistoma, longer antenne, and in the form of the male appendages, which resemble those of C. rusticus and C. obseurus. In these, however, the male appendages are shorter, and the rami are shorter relatively to the length of the whole appendage. The female specimen from the Tennessee River near the borders of Georgia, mentioned by Hagen under C. eatraneus as resembling C. affinis, belongs to this species. Jordan also found C. spinosus in company with C. extraneus in the rivers explored by him in the neighborhood of Rome, Georgia. In the collection of Butler University is a single female C. synosus, col- lected by Jordan in the Saluda River, South Carolina. In this specimen the posterior section of the carapace is a little longer than in the Georgian types, the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior border of the cara- pace being equal to half the distance from the groove to the middle of the i Ei ti ae ee iiss ee tn CAMBARUS. Avy acumen of the rostrum, and the anterior process of the epistoma is longer and not emarginate. Before this species was well known, the female might easily have been confounded with C. afinis. I suspect that the female specimen from Green- ville, South Carolina, in the Berlin Museum, referred to C. affinis by Erich- son, belongs here. The Saluda River specimen is the largest seen by me. It measures 3} inches in length. Bundy gives the length of the largest examined by him as 5$ inches. Specimens collected for the U.S. National Museum in Lauderdale Co., Alabama, by C. L. Herrick, agree in most respects with the specimens from Georgia, but differ as follows. The lateral margins of the rostrum, instead of being very nearly parallel from the base to the lateral spines, converge very perceptibly from the base to midway between the base and the lateral spines; the epistoma is longer, but emarginate in full-grown specimens, like the type form; the carapace is more heavily punctate. I am inclined to regard it as a variety of C. spinosus. Among these specimens from Lauderdale Co, is the first form of the male, in which the hand is broader and shorter-fingered than in the second form, and the hooks on third legs larger; the first abdominal appendages (Pl. IX. figs. 7, 7’) agree pretty well with Bundy’s description of these parts in ©. spinosus, but the outer ramus is a little longer than the inner. The shoulder at the base of the rami, on the anterior border, is very prominent ; the inner ramus is thicker than the outer, lanceolate at the tip, the outer aculeate at the tip. The rami form a hardly perceptible angle with the basal part of the appendage. The coloration of these specimens agrees with Bundy’s description of the color markings of C. spinosus. The fingers have a dark band near their tips, the tips being orange; outer margin of outer finger with a dark stripe continued on the outer)~-rgin of the hand to the carpus; two or three dark spots on the hand at the base of the mova- ble finger. Until I have seen the first form of the male of C. spinosus from Georgia, I cannot be positive of its specific identity with the Alabama specimens. | 118 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 49. Cambarus Putnami. Plate V. fig. 5, Plate IX. figs. 6, 6’, Ga, Ga’. Cambarus Putnami, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 131, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum broad, subexcavated, margins nearly parallel, with a line of ciliated puncta; acumen long, equal in length to the width of base of rostrum, narrow, acute, with a black horny tip and lateral spines. Post-orbital ridges suleate on external side, inflated at posterior end, armed with a sharp, horny-tipped anterior spme. Carapace long-oval, slightly flat- tened above, heavily punctated, sides rough with ciliated granules; cervi- cal groove deep, lightly sinuate, broken on the sides just above the small, acute lateral spine; branchiostegian spine slightly developed ; anterior lat- eral margins angulated, but without sub-orbital spine. Posterior segment of carapace equal in length to half the distance from tip of rostrum to cervical groove. Areola of moderate width, punctated. Abdomen as long as cephalothorax, pleura punctate, telson bispinose on each side. Ante- rior process of epistoma ciliated, triangular, sides convex, marginate. Basal segment of antennule armed below with an internal ante-apical spine. An- tenn slender, about as long as the body, scale as long as the rostrum, of moderate width, external border inflated, ending in a sharp spme. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Chelipeds stout; chela large, external margin convex; hand ciliate and punctate above and below (the dots large), swollen above, internal border of moderate length and furnished with two or three rows of depressed ciliated tubercles; fingers gaping at base, at least in large individuals, costate and punctate-lined, external margin of movable finger with depressed ciliated tubercles irregularly disposed in two rows; tips of fingers incurved, horny. Carpus smooth or faintly tuberculate above ; a large, acute median internal spine, and small proximal and distal mternal spines ; beneath, the carpus has a very minute or no median anterior spine, a short and acute external spine. Meros with two superior obliquely placed ante-apical spines; of the ordinary biserial inferior spines only the distal one or two of the outer row are developed. ‘Third pair of legs hooked on third segment. Thoracic sterna hairy. First pair of abdominal appendages very long, reaching the base of the chelipeds when the abdomen is flexed, tuber- culated on internal border at the base, deeply bifid; rami slender, acute, forming an acute angle with the basal part, the outer slightly recurved, the EO a CAMBARUS. 119 inner shorter, incurved, and a little dilated before the tip; a projecting angle or shoulder on the anterior border at base of rami. Male, form II. — Chela smaller, fingers not gaping, hook on third segment of third pair of legs smaller; first pair of abdominal appendages split only half as far down as in the first form, rami much thicker, no projecting angle on the anterior border; these appendages are as long as in the first form, reaching forward to the base of the chelipeds; they are articulated near the base. Female. — Chela shorter and wider, external finger bearded within at base; sternum between fourth pair of legs non-tuberculate, lightly ciliate. Annulus ventralis large, transverse fossa broad and deep, anterior border bituberculate. Measurements of a male, form I.— Length of body, 73 mm. Length of carapace, 56 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 24 mm. From cervical groove to hind border of carapace, 12 mm. Length of rostrum, 11mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 4.5 mm. Length of acumen of rostrum, 4mm. Width of areola, 2.5mm. Length of abdomen, 57 mm. Length of chela, 34 mm. Breadth of chela,14 mm. Length of movable finger, 22 min. Known Localities. — Kentucky: Grayson Springs, Grayson Co.; Green River, near Mammoth Cave; Cumberland Gap. M. C. Z., No. 8574 (young female), from Knoxville, Tenn., Walter Faxon, and No. 3575 (male, form II.), from Bradford, Ind., A. S. Packard, Jr., probably belong to this species, but the specimens are too young to determine with confidence. This species resembles C. spinosus, from which it is easily distinguished by the length of the posterior section of the carapace, and by the length of the male appendages. From C. afinis it may be separated by the different form of the male appendages and female annulus ventralis, and by the single lateral spine of the carapace. I have seen males of the first form only 34 mm. in length. 50. Cambarus forceps. Plate V, tig. 4, Plate IX. figs. 5, 5’, Ba, Bal’. Cambarus forceps, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 133, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum narrow, excavated, faintly carinated in the mid- dle; margins divergent at the base, thickened, dotted-lined; acumen long 120 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. and narrow, horny-tipped ; lateral spines small. Post-orbital ridges not very prominent except anteriorly, where they terminate in a spine with a corne- ous tip. Carapace cylindroidal, punctate above, granulated on the sides, antero-lateral margins bluntly angulated; cervical groove sinuate ; small and acute lateral spme; no branchiostegian spine; areola of moderate width, punctate. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax; telson rounded behind, bispinose on each side. Epistoma smooth, anterior process triangular, in. some specimens truncate. Thoracic sterna with silky sete at bases of the legs. Antenne slender, as long as the body; scale a little longer than the rostrum, of moderate width, subtruncate at distal end, outer margin ending in a long, sharp, somewhat outwardly directed spine. Third pair of maxilli- peds hairy within, Chelipeds short, stout; chelee large, wide, with slender cylindrical, widely gaping fingers, which are curved outward at the base and opposable only at their tips; hand thickly punctated above and below, inner margin obscurely serrate ; fingers naked at base, with parallel rows of ciliated dots; a dark band around both the inner and outer fingers a little distance from the tip. Carpus punctate above, with a strong, sharp internal median spine; below there is no anterior median spine, and only a very minute ex- ternal one. Meros short; of the biserial inferior spies only the distal one in each row is usually developed to any extent; above there are commonly two obliquely placed ante-apical spines, in some specimens only one. Distal portion of the following pairs of legs furnished with long sete, especially long on the second pair of legs. Third segment of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages long, deeply bifid; rami slender, straight, parallel, the outer a little longer than the inner, and a little recurved at the tip; Im some specimens the anterior border at the base of the rami has a projecting angle or shoulder, but in most specimens this is not evident. Female. — Fingers straighter. Base of external finger has a dense beard on the inside; in a few of the specimens seen, the fingers are longer, nearly straight, their opposed margins almost meeting throughout their length. Annulus ventralis bilaterally symmetrical, anterior margin bituberculate, posterior margin unituberculate, fossa transverse. Dimensions of a male, form I.— Length of body, 58 mm. Length of carapace, 19.5 mm. Length of abdomen, 18.5 mm. From tip of ros- trum to cervical groove, 14 mm. From cervical groove to posterior bor- der of carapace, 6 mm. Length of rostrum, 5 mm. Length of acumen of rostrum, 2 mm. Width of areola, 1mm. Length of antenna, 56 mm. CAMBARUS. 121 - Length of chela, 16 mm. Breadth of chela, 7.5mm. Length of movable finger, 10.5 mm. The largest female specimen is 60 millimeters in length. Locality. — Cypress Creek, Lauderdale Co., Ala. Nine specimens, four. males of the first form and five females, collected by C. L. Herrick for the U. 8. National Museum, October, 1882. This is a small species with large hand, slender fingers widely separated at base and meeting only at the tips. In the female there is a heavy beard at base of external finger on the inner side. In the summer of 1872, I collected in a brook at Knoxville, Tenn., six specimens, three second-form males and three females, which closely resem- ble those obtained by Mr. Herrick in Alabama, and belong, I think, to the same species. The external finger of the males is densely bearded within at the base, as in the females from Alabama ; the first abdominal appendages reach forward to the base of the second pair of legs, are bifid at the tip, the internal and external parts are thick, blunt at the tip, the outer somewhat longer than the inner, and slightly recurved at the tip. GROUP V. (Tver, C. Montezume.) Third segment of the second and third pairs of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of the mate similar to those of the species included in Group IV. 51. Cambarus Montezume. Plate Il. fig. 6, Plate X. figs. Na seta: Gai dl Ske umbarus Montezume, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2¢ Sér., IX. 102, 1857. — Mém. Soe. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, XIV. 459, Pl. III. fig. 22, 1858. Cambarus Montezume, vax. tridens, VoN Martens, Arch. Naturgesch., XXX VII. Jahrg., I. 130, 1872. Cambarus Montezuma, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 149, 1884. Cambarus Montezume and C. Shifeldtii are small species distinguished from all the others of the genus by having hooks on the third joint of the second and third pairs of legs of the male. In C. Montezume the rostrum is plane or lightly concave above, with a slightly raised margin; it varies much in its shape. In the typical form, as described and figured by Saussure, its mar- gins are subparallel from the base to near the extremity, where they con- 16 22, A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDAS. verge to form the short acumen, without lateral angle or spme. In other specimens there are lateral spines at the base of the acumen (var. ¢rdeus of Von Martens), and in an intermediate form the rostrum is simply angulated instead of spinous at the base of the acumen. The sides may be more or less convergent from the base. In specimens from Mazatlan, the rostrum, although destitute of lateral spines, differs from the typical form in being longer and more tapering. The post-orbital ridges are in some specimens unarmed at the anterior end, in others they end in a sharp spine. The fore border of the carapace is angulated under the orbit. No branchiostegian spine. Carapace smooth, punctate on the gastric region and areola. No lateral spine. Areola of moderate width. Abdomen longer than the cephalo- thorax, broad, especially in the female. Anterior segment of telson armed on each side with one, two, or (seldom) three spmes. Antennal scale broad. Chelipeds without spines or tubercles, excepting, in some specimens, one or two spicules at distal end of superior border of the meros; hand of male long, cylindrical, inflated ; fingers slender, with cutting edges smooth, meeting throughout their length. In the female the chela is shorter and broader, In the first form of the male the third segment of the second and third pairs of legs has a sharp hook, the first abdominal appendages are of mod- erate length, recurved, bifid, the rami divaricate, horny-tipped, the outer one ending in a slender recurved point, and furnished with a single seta on its posterior border, the inner one laterally compressed, spoon-shaped at the end. The second form of the male has the hooks on the second and third pairs of legs slightly developed, the first pair of abdominal appendages less deeply bifid, the tips of the rami membranous and both blunt. Annulus ventralis of the female movable, fixed only at the posterior end, between the sterna of the penultimate and the last thoracic somites. The ventral face of the annulus is marked by a longitudinal fossa open at the posterior end. Saussure’s types of C. Montezuwme in the Berlin Zoblogical Museum were examined in September, 1870, by Dr. Hagen, who has kindly furnished me with the following information concerning them. The types are in alcohol, male, form L, and female. In the male (young) the rostrum is nearly rounded in front. Another jar contains male, form II., and female, also from Saussure, with tridentate rostrum. The second and third pairs of legs are hooked, as is stated by Saussure. ia ll CAMBARUS. 123 In Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, XXXVIII., 1872, page 150, Von Martens communicates some remarks upon the form with lateral rostral spines, received by the Berlin Museum from Puebla, Mexico, together with the typical C. Montezume and C. Aztecus. This form he calls Cumbarus Monte- zume, var. tridens. The largest part of those which I have myself seen, amounting to about seventy specimens, have the lateral spines on the rostrum, but in some specimens the spines are very small, and in others reduced to a mere angle at the base of the acumen. Some of the female specimens collected by Prof. A. Dugés, in the col- lections of the U. S. National Museum, have a short, broad, and hirsute chela. Five imperfectly preserved dry specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy come from Mazatlan. These specimens have a rather long, taper- ing, entire rostrum, but do not differ from C. Montezume enough to warrant separation. The sexual parts are the same as in the more eastern speci- mens. It appears from these specimens that the genus Cambarus extends, in Mexico, to the Pacific coast. There are also in this Museum six specimens, two males, form I., three females, and one young male, collected by Mr. Edward Palmer near Parras, Cohahuila, Mexico, which differ from C. Montezume, var. tridens, in having the section of the carapace posterior to the cervical groove shorter, the areola much broader. This form, which I have named provisionally C. Mon- tezume, var. areolata, may prove to be a good species. But considering the variability of individuals of C. Montezume, and the small number of Mexican localities from which specimens have been received, I prefer to treat this form as a variety simply, the more because the sexual parts of both male and female are like those of C. Montezuma. In this form, the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior margin of the carapace is half (or even less) the distance from the cervical groove to the lateral rostral spines. The areola is about half as broad as it is long. Length of body, 28 mm. The largest specimen of C. Montezume which I have seen measures 38 mm. from tip of rostrum to end of the telson. Known Localities. — Mexico: marshes of the Valley of Mexico (Saus- sure); ponds, Chapultepec; Lake Tezcoco,* near city of Mexico; Puebla (Von Martens); Lake San Roque, Trapuato (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Parras ; Mazatlan. * Lake Tezcoco is said to be salt. 124 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 52. Cambarus Shufeldtii. Plate VII. fig. 1, Plate X. figs. 8, 8’, 8a, 8a. Cambarus Shufeldtii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 134, 1884. Male, form I. — Rostrum plane above, margins a little convergent, raised into a slight rim from the base to the lateral spmes, which are prominent and acute; acumen of moderate length, acute, pubescent. Post-orbital ridges with anterior spines. Carapace smooth; a sharp spine on the cervi- ‘al groove on each side ; sub-orbital angle prominent, branchiostegian spine present. Areola of moderate breadth. Telson bispinous on each side. Kpistoma triangular. Antennal scale broad. Hand smooth, cylindrical, in- flated; fingers slender, incurved at the tips. Carpus smooth, armed with a single spine on the antero-inferior border. Meros provided with a single spine near the distal end of the superior margin, and two or three below. Third segment of second and third pairs of legs hooked. First pair of ab- dominal appendages straight, bifid, inner part ending in a straight, acute tip, outer part split at the tip into two straight acute poits. In the second form of the male the hooks upon the thoracic legs are very slightly developed, and the first abdominal appendages are less deeply cleft, with blunter and less finished tips. The chela is shorter. In the female the chela is much shorter, broader, and less cylindrical, the abdomen broader. Annulus ventralis a transverse curved ridge, the hind side of the ridge concave. Leneth, 19 to 27 mm. Locality. — Near New Orleans, La. Found with ©. Clarkii in the collection made by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S. A., in 1883, now in the U. S. National Museum. This is a minute species closely related to C. Montezume from Mexico. Like that species, it has the second and third pairs of legs hooked in the male, « condition which normally obtains in no other species known.* —C. Shufeldtit is distinguished from C. Montezume by the presence of a lateral spine on the carapace and by the form of the male appendages. In the latter species the tips of these appendages are recurved, the inner part flattened at the end into a spoon-shaped surface. In C. Shufeldtii the tips of these organs are straight, and each of the three points in which they terminate is acute. * T have seen two or three abnormal specimens of C. virilis and C. propinquus with a like disposition of hooks on the legs. The same arrangement is found in the three species of Cambaroides from the Amoor River basin and Japan, ASTACUS. 125 ASTACUS. Ix the genus Astacus the last thoracic somite bears a gill (pleuro- branchia) on each side, the full number of gills being thirty-six (eighteen in each branchial chamber). There are besides two or three rudimentary gills on each side of the body. The hindmost podobranchia is provided with a plaited, bilobed lamina, like those in front. The arrangement of the gills is expressed in the following formula : — Somire. PoDOBRANCHLE. ARPHROBRANCHLE. — PLEUROBRANCUILAL Awtesigrs ano ~~ Posterior. Wik of ¢ se (Ge) « OW ee « YW Sao U = 0(ep.) VIL. 1 1 0 5 a VIII. ik 1 1 5 (0) = 2% IX. 1 1 1 0 = 3 er 1 1 1 0 orr = 3or3+r NUE a 1 1 1 r = 3+r OU See 1 1 r = 34+r KT eee |i 0 0 0 1 = 1 6+ ep. + 6 + 5 - 1+ 2ror3r = 18+ 27 0r3r+ ep. The orifice of the green gland is situate on the posterior face of the tu- bercle. The annulus ventralis is represented by a transverse ridge behind the penultimate thoracic sternum. The Astaci occupy three widely separated geographical areas: 1. Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean ;* 2. The western portion of the Europao-Asiatic continent, from the Ural Mountains and the basin of the Sea of Aral to the Spanish peninsula and Ireland ; 3. Eastern Asia in the Amoor River system (Transbaikailia, Territory of Amoor, and Manchooria), and in Japan. No Astaci are known from any part of Siberia between Lake Baikal and the Ural Mountains, or from any of the Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean.+ The North American and European Astaci form a natural group (Astacus proper). In these the body is robust and ovate, the first pair of abdominal %* One species, 4. Gambelii, has invaded the territory of the Cambari, following down the Yellowstone River to its mouth. + That is, no species known to be indigenous. 4. /eptodactylus has been artificially introduced into the Irtish River basin. 126 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. appendages of the male are neither bifid nor toothed at the tip, and there are no hooks near the base of any of the thoracic legs. The Astaci from Western Asia curiously simulate the Cambari of North America in the general shape of the subeylindrical body and in the form of the chelipeds. The second and third pairs of thoracic legs of the male bear hooks on the third segment similar to those of the male Cambarus, and the first pair of abdominal appendages are terminated with short teeth. The three Asiatic species, A. Japonicus, Dauricus, and Schrencki, thus form a second natural group, combming some of the characters of Astacus and Cambarus. This group I have called Cambaroides, : SuspcENus CAMBAROIDES. Cephalothorax subeylindrical. Last thoracic segment bearing a pair of pleurobranchiz. Third segment of second and third pairs of legs of the male hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of the male terminating in short teeth or tubercles. The three species Asfacus Juponicus, Dauricus, and Schrencki’, from Japan and the basin of the Amoor River, widely separated from the rest of their family in geographical position, form a natural group of subgeneric value, to which I have given the name Cambaroides. In them is found a com- bination of characters of Astacus and Cambarus. In the general appear- ance of the body, with its subeylindrical cephalothorax, and in the form of the rostrum and chelipeds, these Asiatic Astacidze strikingly recall the Cambari of North America, and their affinity is made more evident through the hooked thoracic legs and tooth-tipped sexual appendages of the male. The hooks are situate, in all these species, on the third segment of the second and third pairs of legs, as in Cambarus Montezuma and Shufeldtir. The rostrum is devoid of lateral teeth. The carpus is armed with a strong median internal and an anterior inferior spine. The external flagellum of the antennules is serrate below, each segment being produced at its antero- inferior angle, which bears a bundle of eight or ten of Leydig’s olfactory organs. These are arranged in a single group on each antennulary segment, instead of being distributed into two bundles, as in Cambarus and Astacus id prope The front border of the carapace is strongly angulated behind the * The same arrangement of the olfactory sete is found in the Parastacine. a i i l/l ASTACUS. Lt eyes. The areola is broad, about one half as broad as long. The telson is notched on each side, and furnished with one or two spines, but it is not divided by a transverse suture. In this respect these species resemble the Parastacinze of the Southern hemisphere. The transverse suture of the tel- son is most complete in the genus Cambarus and in the European Astaci. The Astaci of Western North America occupy a middle ground in this regard, the suture being incomplete or absent. In all the male specimens of Cambaroides that I have seen (one A. Dauii- cus, three A. Japonicus), the first abdominal appendages are divided into two sections by a transverse suture. The distal portion of these appendages is so closely rolled and consolidated that a mere groove remains on the inner side. The tip is truncate, and furnished with a few short blunt teeth or tubercles. I suspect the existence of two forms of the male here, as in Cam- barus, for in the male specimen of A. Dawricus the hooks on the thoracic legs are strongly developed, and some of the teeth at the end of the first abdomi- nal appendages are brown and horny at the tips, whilst in the three male A. Juponicus the hooks of the thoracic legs are weak, and the terminal teeth of the first abdominal appendages are smaller and not of a horny texture. The second pair of abdominal appendages of the male are somewhat dif- ferent from those in the genera Cambarus and Astacus proper. The terminal part of the endopodite, which retains the membranous character of the ex- opodite in Cambarus and Astacus proper, is here corneous, very short, and closely applied to the rolled lamella which lies on the inner side of the appendage. The rolled part assumes a somewhat triangular shape, as in Cambarus and the Astaci of Western North America.* In the female of A. Schrenckii there is a transverse tubercle behind the sternum of the penultimate thoracic somite, much as in Astacus proper. In A, Dauricus and A. Japonicus this transverse tubercle or ridge is hollowed out behind, but still remains closely soldered to the sternum. The first abdomi- nal somite of the female is devoid of appendages, as in the American species of Astacus and in the Parastacine. In the number and arrangement of the gills, Cambaroides agrees with Astacus, and differs from Cambarus. The post-orbital ridge is slightly developed in all the species. It is least prominent in A. Japoneus, in which even the anterior end of the ridge is * The reader is referred to page 17 of Hagen’s Monograph, and to page 146 of Husley’s “ Crayfish,” for a general description of these appendages in Cambarus and Astacus proper. 128 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/. barely indicated as a minute tubercle. In A. Dawricus the post-orbital spine is more prominent; it lies very close to the margin of the cara- pace; the ridge continues but a very short distance backward from the spine. In A. Schrenckii the spine and ridge are more pronounced, but still small. The three species may be separated by the followimg table : — A. Lateral spine behind the cervical suture. Rostrum convex above . . . . . . . . A. Schrenchii. B. No lateral spine behind the cervical suture. Rostrum concave and lightly carinate above. a. Rostrum equal in length to peduncle of antenne. Abdominal pleura narrow, painted. 4. Dauricus. é. Rostrum shorter than peduncle of antenne. Abdominal pleura broad, rounded. . . 4. Japonicus. 1. Astacus (Cambaroides) Japonicus. Plate X. figs. 10, 10’ (first abdominal appendages of male). Astacus Japonicus, De Haan, Crustacea of Siebold’s Fauna Japonica, p. 164, Tab. XXXV. fig. 9, 1842. Astacus Japonicus, Ericuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 94, 1846. (After De Haan.) Astacus Japonicus ? KussuEr, Bull. Soe. Impér. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 364, 1874. Astacus (Cambaroides) Japonicus, Faxon, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 149, 1884. Habitat. — Japan. Prof. C. O. Whitman, to whom the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy is indebted for four specimens of this species, informs me, that, during his residence in Japan, he could not learn of its occurrence in Niphon, the main island of the Empire, all the specimens known to him coming from the island of Yesso. Kessler’s specimens came from the same locality as Prof. Whitman’s, viz. Hakodadi, Yesso. In the four specimens received from Prof. Whitman, the posterior mar- gin of the telson is rounded, and shows no trace of the deep median notch described and figured by De Haan. In this respect, these examples agree with those described by Kessler. Individuals with similarly notched telson are found in some other species, e. g. A. Gambelii, although in these the emargination is less pronounced. The rostrum terminates in three minute horny points. The branchial formula is the same as in Astacus fluviatilis, there being one pleurobranchia (on each side) on the last thoracic somite, and one rudimentary pleuro- branchia, in the shape of a simple filament, on each of the three antecedent somites. The arrangement of the gills is shown in the following table : — ————— ee ee ee ee en ASTACUS. 129 Somive. PopOBRASCHLE. ARTHROBRANCHLE PLEVROBKANCULE. VI Aes Oren ta. 0 ere ie!) = 0 ep.) AVAL Te rs Sy SI ret l Opeeeeee oe O = 9 VA: i! 1 1 0 —— TX: “tes See! 1 1 0 —5 SES fe, hal | 1 l 7 == §} “f+ r XI. 1 1 ] 7 = 3-+7r EXCITE Ane ct eee 1 1 7 = 3-+7r ROE ee er, ONS. One: 0 1 — ] 6+ ep.+ 6 cL 5 - 1+3r=18+37r-+ ep. The structure of the gills and coxopoditic set is the same as in the Astaci proper. 2. Astacus (Cambaroides) Dauricus. Plate X. figs. 9, 9! (first abdominal appendages of male). Astacus Dauuricus, Patuas, Spicilegia Zoologica, Fase. IX. p. 81, 1772. Cancer Dauuricus, PALuas, i. ec. Dauurische Krebs, Unrest, Versuch Naturgesch. Krabben u. Krebse, IT. 42,1796. (After Pallas.) Astacus leptorrhinus, FiscuEr, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, IX. 467, Tab. V. fig. 1, 1836. Astacus Dauricus, Extcuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 94, 1846. Astacus Dauuricus, Gerstrecpt, Mém. Acad. Impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, VIIT. 292, 1859. Astacus Dauricus, Kusster, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 361, 1874. Astacus (Cambaroides) Dauricus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884. Halitat. — Upper portion of the Amoor River basin as far down as Alba- sin, including the rivers Ingoda, Argoon, Onon, Shilka, and Nercha. It is not found in the Gasimoor, a tributary of the Argoon (Gerstfeldt, Kessler). 3. Astacus (Cambaroides) Schrenckii. Plate VI. fig. 3. Astacus Schrenckii, Kesster, Bull. Soc. Impér. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 363, 1874. Astacus (Cambaroides) Schrenckii, Faxon, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884. Habitat. — Lower part of the basin of the Amoor River (Kessler). In the form of the rostrum and in the possession of a lateral thoracic spine, A. Sehrenchii bears less resemblance to A. Dauricus, from the upper part of the same river basin, than A. Juponicus does. On the other hand, the chelz and abdominal pleura of A. Schrenckii are very much like those of A. Dauricus, while in A. Japonicus the chelz are much shorter and broader, the abdominal pleura broader and more rounded, than in the Amoorland species. * The epipodite of the first maxilliped bears no branchial filaments. 17 13 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDAS. In the remaining species of Astacus the first abdominal appendages are simply rolled, never bifid nor toothed at the end, neither are there hooks on any of the thoracic legs in the male. THE NORTH AMERICAN ASTACTI. _ Six species of Astacus have been described from Western North America, viz.: — A. Oreganus Randall, 1859; the type of this species was lost, and the figure and description are insufficient for its determination ; it is perhaps the same as A. leniusculus Dana. A. Gambelii Agassiz, first described as a Cambarus in 1852 by Girard; the types of Girard are in the Philadelphia Academy. A. /eniusculus Dana, 1852; type in the collection of the Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D. C. A. nigrescens, A. Trowbridgii, and A. Klamathensis, described by Stimpson in 1857; there are types of A. Trow- bridgii in the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and the Peabody Museum of Yale College; Dr. Hagen examined types of A, nigrescens and A. Klamathensis communicated by Stimpson. Distribution. — The nearly related species A. leniusculus and A. Trowbridgit are found in the lower part of the Columbia River, Puget Sound, and adja- cent regions. To the southward near the coast, in the neighborhood of San Francisco, A. wyrescens appears to be the dominant species. It perhaps ex- tends northward near the coast as far as Alaska. In the more elevated regions of the Northwest, in Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia, A. A/amathensis is found. The most eastern of the American Astaci is A. Gambeli’, which is found in the Great Salt Lake Valley and in the upper waters of the Snake River, Idaho. From this region it has passed over the divide into the Yellowstone Valley, and invaded the domain of the Cambari as far as the confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. An examination of the physical geography of this region shows that the migration of a Western species into the Mississippi basin at this point is no difficult matter, the divide separating the waters of the Yellowstone from those of the Snake River being very low, hardly above the level of the ancient Yellowstone Lake.* Compared with the European species, the American Astaci have the * See W. H. Holmes’s Report on the Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, in Twelfth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geolog. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories for 1878, Part II. p. 56, 1883. —_ ~~ ASTACUS. 151 telson less clearly divided by a transverse suture, and the first pair of male appendages are more closely rolled, with a more pointed and membra- naceous tip. I have examined the branchie of A. Alwnathensis, A. nigrescens, and A. Gambelii. In all of them the formula is the same as for A. fluviatilis, there being three rudimentary gills on each side of the thorax. In A. w- grescens the two anterior ones are short, but thick. They are more highly developed in A. Gambelii than in any other species of Astacus examined, presenting an interesting approach in structure to the perfectly developed gill Each of the rudimentary gills is much larger than in any other species, and is jointed at a short distance from the base. At the joint there are, in the intermediate pair, two short lateral branches, one on each side; in the anterior and posterior pairs the main stem bears one lateral filament. I find no trace of appendages on the first abdominal somite of the female in any of the American species of Astacus. The five American species of Astacus may be distinguished as follows: — A. Margins of the rostrum not denticulated. a. Rostrum short, with short acumen. Post-orbital ridge without posterior spine. 4. Alamathens?s. 6. Rostrum long, with long acumen, Post-orbital ridge with a posterior spine or tubercle. a, Posterior spine of post-orbital ridge long and acute. Areola one half as broad as GT OSes ad MR RUE Yt Ire air ooo. 3 vac tedy siete Caper rem OL ena ves cules: 8. Posterior spine of post-orbital ridge small, sometimes reduced to a tubercle. Are- olavoneniindras/broadtasilong5 3 4 4. 4 «1 se | «A. Drowbradgiy. B. Margins of the rostrum denticulated. a. Kostral acumen long. Posterior spine of post-orbital ridge prominent. Chela not banbatcdeum eras r amram tyre cn vee Sb al Sar cr cc hin ye auintonescenss 4. Rostral acumen short. No posterior spine on post-orbital ridge. Chela barbated . 4. Gambelit. 1. Astacus Klamathensis. Plate VI. figs. 1, 2. Astacus Klamathensts, Streson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 87, February, 1857. — Journ. Bost. Soe, Nat. Hist., VI. 494, April, 1857. Astacus Klamathensis, Spence Barn, in Lord’s “ Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia,” II. 278, 1866. (No deseription.) Astacus Klumathensis, agen, Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. ITT. p. 98, Pl. ILL fig. 169, 1870. Astacus Klamathensis, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884. Known Localities. — Oregon: Klamath Lake (Stimpson); Sikan Creek ; Des Chutes River. Washington Terr.: Fort Walla Walla; Wenas Valley; Spokane Falls. British Columbia: streams east of the Cascades (Bate). Stimpson’s types were found in Klamath Lake by Dr. Newberry. One of these, a female, was described by Hagen. It is common at Fort Walla 132 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. Walla, judging from the number collected at that place by Captain Charles Bendire, U.S. A. These specimens are in the U. 8. National Museum. Specimens from Sikan Creek, Oregon, differ in some respects from those received from Washington Territory, the sides of the rostrum converging more (as described by Stimpson and Hagen in the Klamath Lake specimens) and ending ina longer acumen. In the specimens from Fort Walla Walla the rostrum is quadrangular, with shorter acumen. In the Oregon specimens the cervical groove is more broadly suleate, the posterior portion of the cephalothorax broader, the carapace impressed on each side of the median line of the cardiac region and less densely punctate ; the abdomen of the female is more expanded anteriorly, the internal margin of the antennal scale tapers off more gradually from the middle to the tip, and the hand is longer. In small specimens of A. A~amathensis there is a sharp spine at the antero-interior angle of the carpus; the rostral acumen is longer, and the post-orbital spines longer and sharper than in the adult. In some adult specimens a faint trace of a posterior post orbital spine is to be seen on close examination as a minute brown-horny granule, similar in appearance to the tip of the front end of the post-orbital ridge. This granule occupies exactly the place of the hinder post-orbital spine of A. Zrow- bridgit, ete. Length, 95 mm. 2. Astacus leniusculus. Plate VI. fig. 4. Astacus leniusculus, DANA, Crustacea U. 8. Explor. Exped., Pt. I. p. 524, Pl. XX XIII. fig. 1, 1852. Astucus leniusculus, Stimpson, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 493, 1857. Astacus leniusculus, Hacen, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. IIL. p. 94. (After Dana and Stimpson.) Astacus leniusculus, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884. Known Localities. — Washington Territory: Columbia River; Puget Sound (Dana, Stimpson). One of Dana’s types is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution (U. S. Explor. Exped., No. 375, Smithson. Inst., No. 2019). The rostrum of this specimen, a male, is mutilated and deformed. Two more male speci- mens are in the same Museum (Cat. No. 2161) without any label indicating their origin.* The hands are of unequal size, the left being the larger. Dana says that * One of these is now in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy (Cat. No. 3655). This is the one figured on Plate VI. of this work. a ewe 4 eee SS ae 7. ee eee — — 2 eo ASTACUS. ies) in young specimens the posterior spines of the carapace are obsolescent and the hands of nearly equal size. Judging from his figure, 14, the postearapace is also longer. Perhaps these young specimens were A. Trowbridgii Stimpson. A. leniusculus is closely related to A. Trowbridyi. For the distinctions, see under the latter species. The posterior margin of the anterior segment of the telson is bi- or tri- spinous on each side. The cone at the orifice of the green gland (“ auditory tubercle”) terminates in a sharp spinule ; in A. Trowbridgii it is blunt. The spines on the second and third segments of the antenne are prominently developed and acute. The anterior process of the epistoma is triangular, similar in form to that of A. Trowbridgii. The fingers are spinulose at the distal ends, as in A. Zrowbridgit. Astacus Oreganus. Astacus Oreganus, Ranpatt, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII. 138, Pl. VII., 1839. Astacus Oreganus, De Kay, Zoology of New York, Pt. VI., Crustacea, p. 23, 1844. (After Randall.) Astacus Oreganus, ERtcuson, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., 1. 375, 1846. (After Randall.) Cambarus Oreganus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. $7, 1852. (After Randall. No description.) Astacus Oreganus, STIMPSON, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 495, 1857. (After Randall.) Astacus Oreganus, Wacey, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. II. p. 95,1870. (After Randall.) “Testa granulata, bimaculata, fronte valde producta. “Body fuscous, granulated, carpus with a sharp spine at the inner angle; arm pro- duced into a spine on each side anteriorly ; thorax behind the front with five spines, placed three before and one on each side behind the lateral ones; a large reddish spot on each side posteriorly ; front little reflexed on the sides, terminating in a very long slender spine, and having a short marginal spine on each side. “Length about four inches. “Taken by Mr. Nuttall in the Columbia River, west coast of North America.” — Randall. The type of A. Oreganus was lost or destroyed while in the hands of the artist by whom the drawing was made,* and no specimen answering to the description and figure has since been found. The figure given by Randall is very faulty, as has been pointed out by Hagen. The tri-articulate structures interpreted by Hagen as badly drawn anten- nal seales are, I think, the three distal segments of the third maxillipeds, the antennal scale not being represented at all. Dr. Hagen thinks that the median spine at the base of the rostrum may be a carinated elevation simply, such as is seen in 4. nigrescens (he might have added also A. Trowbridgii and A. leniuseulus). The drawing might well be thus explained, but it is hard to make Randall’s explicit mention of five spines accord with such an interpretation. I incline, nevertheless, to Dr. Hagen’s opinion, that this specimen was no other than 4. leniusculus Dana. The short post-carapace and long ros- tral acumen agree better with that species than with A. Trowbridgii. * See Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V. 30. 134 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. 8. Astacus Trowbridgii. Astacus Trowbridgii, Strmeson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 87, February, 1857.— Journ. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., VI. 493, April, 1857. Astacus Trowbridgii, J. G. CooreR, Rep. U.S. Pacific R. R. Expl., XII. Pt. II. 388, 1860. Astacus Trowbridgii, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zo0l., No. III. p. 93, Pl. III. fig. 171, Pl. X., 1870. Astacus Trowbridgii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 152, 1884. Known Localities. — Oregon: Columbia River, near Astoria. Washington Territory: streams running into Shoalwater Bay (J. G. Cooper). There are types of A. Trowbridgi in the collections of the U. 8. National Museum, the Peabody Museum of Yale College, the Boston Society of Natu- ral History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There are also two specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. One of the two female types in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural His- tory is figured by Hagen. The spine on the third segment of the antenna is commonly longer than represented by Hagen. In the larger specimens the posterior pair of spines on the carapace may be obsolete, while in other specimens these spines, although smaller than the anterior pair, are well developed, with acute, brown, horny tips. The dimensions of a large specimen as given by Stimpson are as fol- lows: — Leneth of body, 4.80 in.; breadth, 1.30 in. Length of rostrum, 0.50 in.; acumen of rostrum, 0.18 in.; hand, 2.60 in.; breadth of hand, 1.15 in. The areola is two and one half times as long as it is broad. The dis- tance from the tip of the rostrum to the cervical groove is but a trifle more than twice the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior margin of the carapace. The length of the acumen of the rostrum is equal to the dis- tance between the lateral spines of the rostrum, The tips of the first pair of abdominal appendages of the male are delicately membranous. Of the eleven specimens (six males, five females) which I have seen, nine are types collected by Lieut. Trowbridge in the Columbia River above Astoria, Oregon. Of the other two, in the Philadelphia Academy, one is labelled Columbia River, the other is without locality. According to Cooper, it is also found in the streams running into Shoalwater Bay, Washington Ter- ritory, to the north of Columbia River, and even in the brackish water of the bay. According to the same authority, its color, when fresh, is olive above; pale, tinted with red, below. A. Trowbridgii is closely related to A. deniusculus. It differs from it in the following particulars: the body is more obese; the cephalothorax is broader i ASTACUS. 135 posteriorly, in A. /eniusculus more cylindrical; the carapace is less punctate and less ciliate; the rostrum is shorter and broader, with shorter acumen, the distance between the lateral spines of the rostrum being equal to the length of the acumen, whereas in A. /eniusculus the length of the acumen much exceeds the distance between the lateral spines; the length of the part of the carapace posterior to the cervical suture is greater, being very nearly equal to half the distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the rostrum, while in A. deiwuscudus the latter distance is twice and one half the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior margin of the carapace ; the areola is longer and narrower, considerably more than twice as long as broad, while in A. /eniusculdus it is much less than twice as long as broad ; the spines on the carapace behind the eyes are less developed, especially the posterior ones, and the chela is broader. 4. Astacus nigrescens. Astacus nigrescens, StrmPson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 87, February, 1857. —Journ. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., VI. 492, April, 1857. Astacus nigrescens, WaGun, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 92, Pl. IIT. fig. 168, 1870. Astacus nigrescens, HuxiEy, The Crayfish, p. 244, fig. 61, C, F, I, fig. 62, C, F, 1880. Astacus nigrescens, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad, Arts and Sci., XX. 152, 1884. Known Locahties. — California: San Francisco. Washington Territory: Fort Steilacoom (Coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Alaska Territory: Oonalaska (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). In most specimens the post-orbital ridges are reduced to an anterior and posterior spine, but in some there is a third spine between these two. The ridge that represents the annulus ventralis of the female Cambarus is broadly notched in the middle. A female specimen in the U. 8S. National Museum, from Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory (No. 2526), differs as follows from the typical form: the sides of the rostrum are less inflated and more convergent, the acumen shorter; the margin of the telson has only one spine on each side; the hand is shorter, smoother, more coarsely punctate, the spines of the meros less developed; the branchial regions of the carapace and the abdominal pleura are more coarsely punctate. A male specimen in the same Museum is labelled “Oonalaska, W. H. Dall.” The rostrum of this specimen (No. 8954) is aborted and deformed, the chela longer than usual, The locality, if correct, is an interesting one. 136 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Another large male specimen, five inches long, in the U. S. National Museum, from T. G. Scupham, California (No. 2267), is labelled “Astacus Oregonensis Nutt.,” and by this name it is recorded by W. H. Dall in his “Catalogue of Ilustrations of the Economical Invertebrates of the Ameri- can Coasts,’ Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus, No. 14, p. 260, 1879. Randall’s A. Ore- gaus was collected by Nuttall in the Columbia, but was certainly not A. nigrescens. (See p. 133.) Types of A. nigrescens were sent to Dr. Hagen by Stimpson. These were probably afterwards destroyed in the great fire at Chicago. It is said by Stimpson to be common in the vicinity of San Francisco, and to be sold in the market of that city. “ Color, blackish.” Stimpson. The first abdominal appendages of the male A. migrescens are incorrectly figured by Huxley in “ The Crayfish,” p. 245, fig. 62, C, and by Brocchi in Ann. Sci. Nat., 6° Sér., Zool. et Paléont., Tom. II., Pl. XIII. figs, 10, 11. 5. Astacus Gambelii. Cambarus Gambelit, Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 90, 1852, 880, 1853. Astacus Gambelii, AGassiz, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 375, 1853. Astacus Gambelti, Strmpson, Journ. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., VI. 492, 1857. Astacus Gambelii, Hacen, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zoél., No, III. p. 90, Pl. L. figs. 97, 98, Pl. III. fig. 170, Pl. XT. 1870. Astacus Gambelii, Faxon, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 152, 1884. Kinown Localities. — Utah: Ogden River, Ogden. Idaho: Fort Hall (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; west side of Teton Basin (Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Montana: mouth of Yellowstone River. Wyoming: Willow Creek (?). California: Santa Barbara (?). Girard’s types are in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. One of them has been figured by Hagen. The female, as well as the male, has the peculiar beard on the chela. The lower side of the peduncles of the antenne is also barbate in both sexes. In some specimens the telson is notched in the middle of the hind border, in other specimens it is entire. Two dozen fine specimens of this species were collected by Mr. J. A. Allen at Ogden, Utah, in September, 1871. The largest of these measure 95 mm. in length. Ogden City is on Ogden River, which flows into Great - Salt Lake. In the U.S. National Museum are specimens from a warm spring at Fort Hall, and from the west side of Teton Basin. Both of these locali- ASTACUS. 1B 37/ ties are in Idaho, in the upper part of the area drained by the Lewis Fork of the Columbia River. There are also four small specimens collected by the Hayden Survey at the mouth of the Yellowstone River, which joins the Missouri River at the western boundary of Dakota. Besides these there are two young specimens in the same collection, labelled “Willow Creek, Oct. 9, 1872, Dr. Curtis.’ An added ticket reads “ Wyoming Terr.?” Wil- low Creek in Wyoming Territory flows into the South Fork of the Platte River, another affluent of the Missouri. The correctness of the tickets accom- panying the Yellowstone River specimens is at any rate unquestioned, and it thus appears that this species has encroached upon the territory of Cam- barus in the area drained by tributaries of the Missouri River. The Teton Basin specimens, it will be observed, come from a locality not far from the water-shed dividing the waters which flow into the Pacific Ocean from those which find their outlet in the Gulf of Mexico.* Girard’s types, collected by Dr. Gambel, are said to have come from Cali- fornia; but whether they were taken within the present limits of that State Ido not know. The only other specimens of A. Gambelii seen by me which could possibly have come from California are a few in the U. 8. National Museum (No. 4855), labelled, “ Found in bottle containing specimens from Santa Barbara, Dr. Webb.” I doubt whether these were collected at Santa Barbara. I have seen no authentic specimens from California. THE EUROPEAN ASTACTI. In addition to the long and well known Astacus fluviatilis Auct., several European forms have been described and named as distinct species from time to time, so that there now stand on record eleven nominal species from within the limits of Europe, viz.: Astacus fluviatilis Rondelet (1555), Can- eer torrentium Schrank (1803), A. leptodactylus Eschscholtz (1823), A. saxatilis Koch (1835 ?), A. dristis Koch (1835), A. angulosus Rathke (1836), A. pachypus Rathke (1836), A. Caspius Kichwald (1838), A. dongicornis Lereboullet (1858), A, pallipes Lereboullet (1858), and A. fontinalis Carbonnier (1869). To these was added a twelfth closely allied species, A. Colchicus Kessler (1876), from the Rion River, south of Mount Caucasus. In 1846 all the Astacidxe described down to that date underwent a re- * See page 130. 18 158 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. vision by Erichson.* Of the described European species, A. angulosus Rathke, A. pachypus Rathke, and A, Caspins Eichwald, were known to Erichson only through the previous descriptions. He suggests that A. Caspius may prove to be the same as A. pachypus, a surmise that was afterwards shown by Gerst- feldt to be just. Erichson had the opportunity to examine Koch’s types of A. dorrentium, saxatilis, and tristis, and notes their clear specific separation from A. fluviatilis, and their close affinity with each other. He shows that the dark color of A. ¢ristis is due to a coating of adhesive mould, and dis- misses the question of the specific value of the differences with the remark that the distinctions may have been more evident in living specimens. In 1859 the European Astaci were subjected to a second revision at the hands of Gerstfeldt.— The material at Gerstfeldt’s command was rich in speci- mens from Russia, but poor in examples from Central and Western Europe. Gerstfeldt reaches the conclusion, that all the described European species of Astacus may be reduced to two valid species, A. fluviatilis and we} 13. A. pachypus. Russia: estuaries of rivers flowing into the Black and Caspian Seas; Malaya Oozen River; Caspian Sea. 14. A. Colchicus. Russia: upper portion of Rion River and tributaries, Transcaucasia. Artificially introduced into some of the tributaries of the upper Koor (ancient Cyrus). * For the Astacus found in Turkestan, see p. 152. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 165 Table showing our present Knowledge of the Distribution of the North American Species of Cambarus and Astacus, arranged according to States and Territories. 1. Marwe.— One species: C. Bartonii, in the St. John, Penobscot, and Kennebee River systems. For detailed localities, see p. 62. 2. New Hampsuire. — None. 3. VerMoNT.— One species: C. Bartonii, in affluents of Lake Champlain, at Burlington, Colchester, and Shelburne, Chittenden Co. 4. MAssacuuserts. — One species: C. Bartonii, at Williamstown, Berkshire Co., and Grafton, Worcester Co. Ruope Isuanp.— None. According to Prof. E. P. Larkin, Cambari (C. Barton ?) were common forty years ago at Westerly, in the southwestern part of the State, near the Connecticut line. 6. Connecticut. — None. Prof. S. I. Smith tells me that thirty or forty specimens of C. Bartonii were introduced into a brook in New Haven in 1880, but none have been seen there since. 7. New York.—Five species: C. Blandingii, Bartonii (including var. robusta), cimmunis, affinis, and propinquus (including var. obscura). Perhaps also C. virilis. C. Blanding’i probably comes from the southeastern part of the State. C. Bartonii is distributed over the whole of the State. C. Bartonit, var. robusta, is found in the St. Lawrence River basin in Chautauqua, Monroe, Wayne, St. Lawrence, Hamilton, Herkimer, and Jefferson Counties. The particular locality for C. immunis is unknown. C. afinis comes from Niagara, in the western part of the State, and probably lives also in the southeastern part. C. propinguus lives in the waters of the St. Lawrence basin, specimens having been received from Grass River, Black Lake, and Canton, in St. Lawrence Co.; Lake Ontario; Garrison Creek, Sackett’s Harbor; Oswego; Oneida Lake ; Cayuga Lake, Rochester; Niagara; and Forestville, Chautauqua Co. C. propinquus, var. obscura, is found in Genesee River, at Rochester. C. virilis, Lake George 2? (See page 98.) 8. New Jersey.— Four species: C. blandingii, Bartonii, Diogenes, and affinis. C. Blandingwi is recorded from Essex Co. and from the Delaware River and tribu- taries in Mercer Co. C. Bartonii, from Essex, Morris, and Mercer Counties. C. Diogenes, from the Delaware meadows near Trenton, Mercer Co. C. affinis, from Morris, Monmouth, Mercer, and Camden Counties. 9. PENNSYLVANIA. — Four species: C. Bartonii, Diogenes, affinis, and rusticus. C. Blan- dingii, found on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River, doubtless inhabits the eastern part of the State. C. Bartonii is found in Bedford, Bradford, Dauphin, Cumberland, Columbia, Lan- caster, Philadelphia, Chester, McKean, and Clarion Counties (Delaware, Sus- quehanna, and Ohio River systems). C. Diogenes, at Derry Station, Westmoreland Co, (Ohio River system). Ou 166 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. C. affinis, at Bristol, Philadelphia, Brandywine Creek, Reading, Schuylkill, Bain- bridge, and Carlisle (Delaware and Susquehanna River systems). C. rusticus has been found at Pittsburg, in the western part of the State (Ohio River). 10. DetaAware.—None. An exploration of this State will probably discover C. Blan- dingti, Bartonii, Diogenes, Uhleri, and affinis within its limits. 11. Marynanp. — Five species: C. Blandingii, Bartonit (including var. robusta), Diogenes, Uhleri, and affinis. Through the investigations of Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, the distribution of Cambari in Maryland is well ascertained. C. Blandingii is found in the counties on Chesapeake Bay and to the eastward, viz. Baltimore, Caroline, Dorchester, St. Mary’s, Somerset, Wicomico, and Wor- cester. C. Bartonii inhabits the higher regions in the following counties: Harford, How- ard, Montgomery, Frederick, Washington, Garrett, and Alleghany. C. Bartonii, var. robusta, has been collected in Montgomery Co. C. Diogenes inhabits Baltimore, St. Mary’s, Caroline, Dorchester, Worcester, and Garrett Counties. C. Uhleri has been found in Caroline, Dorchester, Talbot, St. Mary’s, Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester Counties. C. affinis, Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Anne Arundel, Montgomery, Charles, Wash- ington, and Alleghany Counties. 12. Districr or CoLumpia.— Three species: C. Bartonii, Diogenes, and affinis. 13. VirciniaA.—Seven species: C. Blandingti, Bartonii (including var. robusta), Diogenes, dubius, affinis, rusticus, and Putnami. C. Uhleri will probably be found in Accomack Co. C. Blandingii has been collected in James River and at Lunenburg. C. Bartonii appears to be widely distributed in Virginia; the known localities are Clarke Co.; Alexandria Co.; tributaries of Rappahannock River, Staf- ford Co.; tributaries of James River, Rockbridge Co.; Lunenburg; Frank- lin, Southampton Co. ; Bath Co.; Reed Creek, Wythe Co.; and Holston River, Smyth Co. C. Bartonii, var. robusta, in stony streams running into the Rappahannock and in springs at Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania Co. According to Mr. Uhler, C. Bar- tonii, var. robusta, is not found in the tributaries of the Rappahannock in Stat- ford Co., whence comes the typical C. Bartonii. C. Diogenes, Accomack Co.; Northampton Co.; Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania Co. ; Petersburg, Dinwiddie Co.; Alexandria Co. C. dubius, at one locality, Pennington’s Gap, Lee Co., in the southwestern corner of the State. C. affinis is found in the Potomac River, Fairfax Co. C. rusticus and C. Putnami are found at Cumberland Gap, at the southwestern extremity of the State. 14. Wesr Vircinia.— Two species: @. Bartonii and C. dubius. The former is found in affluents of the Potomac, Grant Co.; Petroleum, Ritchie Co. ; White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier Co.; and in branch of Clinch River, in the southwestern part of the State. The latter (C. dubius) comes from Cranberry Summit, Pres- ton Co., in the northern part of the State. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 167 15. Norra Carotina.—Three species: C. Blandingii, Bartonii, and Diogenes. C. Blandingii, from Tarboro ; tributaries of Neuse River, at Goldsboro ; Kinston ; Beaufort ; Salmon Creek ; and Wilmington. All of these localities are in the eastern part of the State. C. Bartonii has been found at Kinston, in the eastern part of the State, and in Newman’s Fork, in the Blue Ridge Mountains, McDowell Co., in the western part. C. Diogenes is recorded from Wilmington and Kinston. 16. Sourn Carotma.— Six species: C. Blandingii (including var. acuta), troglodytes, Carolinus, acwminatus, latimanus, and spinosus. Perhaps also C. penicillatus and Bartonii. (See pages 37, 61.) C. Blandingii comes from Camden, the Saluda River, and Columbia, in the middle region of the State. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, from Charleston and Beaufort on the sea-coast. C. troglodytes has been received from Charleston, Oakley, and Columbia. C. Carolinus, hab. Charleston; Greenville ? (See page 56.) C. acuminatus, hab. Saluda River. C. latimanus, hab. Columbia and Greenville. C. spinosus, hab. Saluda River. 17. GeEorcia. — Thirteen species: C. Blandingii, troglodytes, maniculatus, Lecontei, angus- tatus, pubescens, spiculifer, penicillatus, advena, latimanus, extraneus, Jordant, and spinosus. Perhaps also C. Bartonii. (See page 61.) C. Blandingii and C. pubescens come from Richmond Co. C. troglodytes also comes from Richmond Co. It differs from the typical form of this species. (See page 28.) C. maniculatus is assigned by Le Conte to the lower part of the State, in ditches. C. Lecontei has been found at Athens, in the northern part of the State. C. angustatus comes from the lower regions of the State. C. spiculifer inhabits the upper part of the State, at Athens ; Milledgeville ; Atlanta ; Roswell, Cobb Co. ; Chattahoochee River, Gainesville ; Etowah River. Exact localities for C. peniciilatus are wanting. C. advena inhabits Lower Georgia. C. latimanus is reported from Athens, Milledgeville, and Roswell. C. extraneus, Jordani, and spinosus come from the neighborhood of Rome, in the northwestern part of the State (Etowah, Oostenaula, and Coosa Rivers). 18. FrLoripa.— Four species: C. fallax, Clarkii, versutus, and Alleni. A species belong- ing to the C. Bartonti group also inhabits Florida. C. fallax has been collected at the following places: St. John’s River at Jackson- ville, Orange Bluff, Hawkinsville, Horse Landing, Blue Spring, and Lake Jes- sup; Magnolia; Indian River; and Titusville, Brevard Co. C. Clarkii, at Pensacola ; and below Horse Landing, on the St. John’s River. C., versutus, at Cape Barrancas (near Pensacola ?). C. Alleni was discovered at Hawkinsville, on the St. John’s River. 19. AtaBAMA.— Eleven species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii, Lecontet, versutus, latimanus, Girardianus, immunis, Alabamensis, compressus, spinosus, and forceps. C. extraneus and CO. Jordani will probably be discovered in the northeastern part of the State, when that territory shall be explored. C- virilis is credited to this State with some doubt. (See page 97.) 168 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, at Mobile, in the south, and at Blount Spring, Cullman, Decatur, and Bridgeport, in the north. Decatur and Bridgeport are on the Tennessee River. C. Clarkii, Lecontei, and versutus live in the neighborhood of Mobile. C. latimanus comes from the northern part of the State, from Blount Spring, Cull- man, and Bridgeport. C. Girardianus, Alabamensis, compressus, spinosus, and forceps are found in Lau- derdale Co., near the Tennessee River, in the northwestern corner of the State. C.immunis has been collected at Huntsville, Madison Co., in the northern portion of the State. The larger part of Alabama remains still unexplored. 20. Mississippr.— Seven species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Hayi, Clarkvi, latimanus, Diogenes, Mississippiensis, and lancifer. Perhaps C. penicillatus (see page 37). All the species mentioned above as inhabiting Lauderdale Co., Ala., may be looked for in the northeastern part of Mississippi. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, has been found in a tributary of the Tombigbee River, in Kemper Co., on the eastern border of the State, and near Vicksburg, on the Mississippi River, on the western border. C. Hayi, from Macon and Artesia, in the western portion of the State. C. Clarkii and C. latimanus, from Ocean Springs, Jackson Co. C. Diogenes, from Monticello, Lawrence Co. C. Mississippiensis. Macon. C. laneifer. The only specimen known up to the present time came from Root Pond, Miss., an unknown locality. 21. Louisiana. — Four species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii, Diogenes, and Shu- feldtir. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, has been detected in the neighborhood of New Orleans, Tickfaw, and Amite City. C. Clarkii, around New Orleans and in the Tangipahoa River. C. Diogenes and v. Shufeldtii come from the neighborhood of New Orleans. Only a small tract in the southeastern part of this State has been explored. 22. Texas. — Four species: C. Clarkii, simulans, virilis, and rusticus. C. Clarkii. Waller Co.; San Antonio; between San Antonio and E] Paso del Norte. C. simulans. Dallas; “ pools east of Canadian River.” The localities of the Texan specimens of C. viri/is and C. rusticus are unknown. 23. Onto. — Four species: C. Bartonii, C. Diogenes, C. propinguus, var. Sanbornit, and C. rusticus. C. Bartonii at Marietta, Cincinnati, Yellow Springs, and Columbus (ail in the Ohio River basin). C. Diogenes. Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie. C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, at Oberlin, in the northern part of the State. C. rusticus. Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie; Miami River, Dayton ; Yellow Springs ; Ohio River, Cincinnati. 24. INDIANA. —Ten species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. pelluecidus, Bartonii, Diogenes, argillicola, immunis, Sloanii, propinquus, virilis, and rusticus. Perhaps also C. Putnomi in the southern part of the State. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 169 C. Blandingii, var. acuta, has been received from Wheatland, Knox Co., in the southeastern part of the State. C. pellucidus inhabits Wyandotte Cave, Crawford Co., and eaves in Harrison Co. Both of these counties are on the southern border of the State. C. Bartonit has been collected at New Albany, on the Ohio River, and at Indian- apolis. C. Diogenes is recorded from Long Lake, Kendallville, Noble Co. ; Mechaniesburg, Henry Co.; and Knox Co. C. argillicola is found at New Albany. C. immunis comes trom White River; Fall Creek, Indianapolis ; and Long Lake, Kendallville. C. Sloanti. New Albany. C. propinguus seems to be a common and widely distributed species. Known localities: Elkhart River, Rome City, Noble Co.; Delphi; Indianapolis; White River; Switz City; Michigan City ; Turman Creek, Sullivan Co.; Clear Creek, Bloomington. C. virilis. Michigan City; Long Lake, Kendallville; Elkhart River, Rome City. All of these places are in the northern part of the State. - C. rusticus. Ohio River, Madison; White River; Indianapolis. 25. ItuiNois.— Eight species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, C. Bartonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, C.immunis, C. propinquus, C. virilis, and C. rusticus. C. Blandingui, var. acuta. This is a very common species in Illinois. It is recorded from Athens, Decatur, Pekin, Normal, Oquawka, Peoria, Lawn Ridge, and Evanston. C. gracilis. Normal, Lawn Ridge, Athens. “ Very common along watercourses in early spring.” Forbes. C. Bartonii, var. robusta. One locality in the State, viz. Decatur. C. Diogenes. Lawn Ridge, Evanston, Belleville, Decatur, Chicago, and Abingdon. Very common. C. immunis. Aux Plains [?], Belleville, Lawn Ridge, Normal, and Oquawka. “The commonest species of Central Illinois. It is especially frequent in the muddy ponds of the prairies.” Forbes. C. propinquus. Freeport; Ogle Co.; Geneva; Pekin; Normal; Decatur; Aux Plains River. C. virilis. Quincy; Lawn Ridge; Decatur; Normal; Pekin; Cairo; Geneva; Stillman’s Creek, Marion. C. rusticus. Quincy (C. placidus Hagen); Normal. '. troglodytes has been cited by Hagen as an Illinois species on the authority of a single specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy (No. 197) marked “Lawn Ridge, Hl., O. Ordway.” I am inclined to think the label erroneous. 26. Kentucky. — Nine species: ©. pellucidus, 0. Burtonii, C. Diogenes? C. dubius, C. cor- nutus, C. Sloanii, C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, C. rusticus, and C. Putnam. C. pellucidus. Mammoth Cave and other caves in Edmonson Co. C. Bartonti. Cumberland Gap, Josh Bell Co.; Smoky Creek, Carter Co.; Ken- tucky River, Little Hickinan, Jessamine Co.; Bear Creek, Grayson’s Springs, Grayson Co. ; Mammoth Cave, Edmonson Co. C. dubius. Cumberland Gap. C. cornutus. Green River near Mammoth Cave. 22 a 170 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. C. Sloanti. Neighborhood of Louisville ? C. propinguus, var. Sanborn. Smoky Creek, Carter Co. C. rusticus. Kentucky River, Little Hickman; Perryville, Boyle Co.; Salt River ; Cumberland Gap. C. Putnami. Grayson Springs; Green River, near Mammoth Cave; Cumberland Gap. ‘ 27. TENNESSEE. — Twelve species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Bartonii, C. latimanus, C. dubius, C. extraneus, C. hamulatus, C. immunis, var. spinirostris, C. Palmeri, C. rusticus, C. spinosus, C. Putnami, and C. forceps? Probably also C. virilis and @. Diogenes. (See pages 72, 98.) O. Blandingii, var. acuta. Memphis. C. Bartonii. Cumberland Gap; Doe River, Carter Co.; Lineville Cave, near Blountsville, Sullivan Co. ; Knoxville. C. latimanus. Ashland City, Cheatham Co. (Cumberland River). (See page 69.) C. dubius. Cumberland Gap. C. extraneus. Tennessee River, near the border of Georgia. C. hamulatus. Nickajack Cave, in the southern part of the State. C. immunis, var. spinirostris. Obion Co., in the northwestern corner of the State. C. Palmeri. Obion Co. C. rusticus. Cumberland Gap; Lebanon. C. spinosus. Tennessee River, near the border of Georgia. C. Putnami. Cumberland Gap; Knoxville ? C. forceps? Knoxville. (See page 119.) 28. Micuican.— Four species: C. Diogenes, argillicola, immunis, and propingwus. Also C. Bartonii and C. rustieus in Lake Superior. C. Diogenes and C. immunis have been found at Detroit. C. argillicola, at Detroit and East Saginaw. C. propinquus, in St. Clair River and Detroit River; at Northville; Ann Arbor; Ecorse ; and Otsego (Kalamazoo River). 29. Wisconsin. — Seven species: C. Blandingti, var. acuta, C. gracilis, Diogenes, immunis, propinguus, virilis, and rusticus. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, is recorded from Racine, on Lake Michigan, and from Sauk City, on the Wisconsin River. C. gracilis. Racine. C. Diogenes. Tributaries of Pecatonica River, Green Co. ; Appleton; Racine. C.immunis. Milwaukee. C. propinquus. Tributaries of Pecatonica River, Green Co. ; Madison. C. viriiue. This appears to be common. It has been received from Appleton ; Baraboo River, Ironton; Sauk City; Wisconsin River; Sugar River; Rock River; Jefferson; and Milwaukee. ‘ C. rusticus. Racine; Beloit; Ironton; Fox River. 30. Minnesora. — Two species: C. immunis and C. virilis, the former from Richfield, Hennepin Co., the latter from Lake Superior, Mississippi River, and lakes and streams in Hennepin Co. 31. Iowa. — Seven species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, Diogenes, immunis, pro- pinquus, virilis, and rusticus. C. Blandingii, var. acuta. West Liberty, Dubuque. C. gracilis and C. Diogenes. Davenport. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. ily C. propinquus. Davenport; Ottumwa. C.immunis. West Liberty. C. virilis. Davenport; Burlington; Fort Dodge ; Spring Vale ; Des Moines River ; Bedford. C. rusticus. Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge. The State has been little explored. All of the above-named localities are on the eastern border of the State, except Fort Dodge and Spring Vale, which are in the central part. 32. Missourr. — Seven species: C. Blandingit, var. acuta, C. Diogenes, medius, immunis, Harrisonii, virilis, and rusticus. Possibly C. Bartonii in the Osage River. (See page 61.) ; C. Blandingii, vay. acuta, oceurs at St. Louis. C. Diogenes. Carroll Co. and St. Louis. C. medius. Trondale, Washington Co. C. immunis. St. Louis. C. Harrisonii. Trondale, Washington Co. C. virilis. St. Louis; Osage River; Irondale. C. rusticus. Osage River. 33. ARKANSAS. — Four species: C. Diogenes, virilis, rusticus, and one undetermined spe- cies belonging to the C. Blanding group. C. Diogenes. Locality unknown. C. virilis. White River, Eureka Springs. C. rusticus. White River, Eureka Springs. Sp. indet. Salina River, Arkadelphia. 34. InpraAn Terrirory. — None. 35. Kansas. — Four species: C. simulans, Diogenes, immunis, and virilis. C. simulans. Fort Hays. C. Diogenes. Leavenworth. C. immunis. Leavenworth; Ellis. C. virilis. Leavenworth; Manhattan; Republican River northwest of Fort Riley ; Ellis. 36. Nepraska.— One species, C. virilis, from Omaha, on the eastern border of the State. 37. Daxora Territory. — Three species: Cambarus Nebrascensis, C. virilis, and Astacus Gambelit. C. Nebrascensis from Fort Pierre, at the confluence of the Bad and Missouri Rivers (Girard). C. virilis from the Red River of the North, near Pembina, and from the Souris or Mouse River. A, Gambelii from the mouth of the Yellowstone River, on the boundary between the Territories of Dakota and Montana (the easternmost locality for the genus Astacus). 38. Montana Territory. — One species, Astacus Gambelii, from the mouth of the Yellowstone River. 39. Wyominc Territory. — Three species: C. Diogenes, immunis, and virilis. Perhaps also Astacus Gambelii. (See page 137.) C. Diogenes has been found at Cheyenne. C. immunis and C. virilis at Laramie City. 47. 48. 49, a0. 51. 2 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. CoLorabo. — One species, C. Diogenes, from Clear Lake. I do not know in what part of the State this is. New Mexico Terrirory. — None. Arizona Territory. — None. Uran Trerrrrory. — One species, Astacus Gambelit, from Ogden River, Ogden. Nevaba. — None. Ipano Terrirory. — One species, A. Gambelii, from Fort Hall on the Snake River, and from the west side of Teton Basin. Wasuincron Terrirory. — Four species: A. A lamathensis, A. leniusculus, A. Trow- bridgii, and A. nigrescens. - A, Klamathensis from the section east of the Cascade Range, at Fort Walla Walla, Wenas Valley, and Spokane Falls (upper part of the Columbia River and tributaries). A. leniusculus from the lower part of the Columbia River and Puget Sound. A Trowbridgii. Lower part of Columbia River, near Astoria; streams running into Shoalwater Bay. A. nigrescens. Fort Steilacoom on Puget Sound. (See page 135.) OrEGoN. — Three species: A. Klamathensis, A. leniusculus, and A. Trowbridgit.. A. Klamathensis. Klamath Lake; Sikan Creek; and Des Chutes River. A. leniusculus. Lower part of the Columbia River. A. Trowbridgii. Columbia River near Astoria. CALirorNnIA.* — Two species: A. Klamathensis and A. nigrescens. Perhaps also A. Gambelii. (See page 137.) A. Klamathensis in Klamath Lake on the northern border of the State. A. nigrescens from the neighborhood of San Francisco. ALASKA Terrirory. — One species, A. nigrescens, from Oonalaska Island. Dominion or CANADA. — Four species: Cambarus Bartonti (including var. robusta), C. argillicola, C. propinquus, and Astacus Klamathensis. C. Diogenes, which oceurs at Detroit, Mich., will doubtless be found on the Canadian side of the river. C. Bartonii. St. John, Prov. New Brunswick; Montreal, Prov. Quebec ? C. Bartonii, var. robusta. Toronto and Weston, Prov. Ontario. C. argillicola. Toronto, Prov. Ontario. C. propinquus. Montreal, Prov. Quebec ; Toronto, Prov. Ontario. A, Klamathensis. Streams east of Cascade Mountains, Proy. British Columbia. Mexico. — Four f species: C. Wiegmanni, Mexicanus, immunis, and Montezume. But little is known concerning the distribution of these species in Mexico. The only specimen of C. Mexicanus which I have seen came from Mirador. The locality given by Saussure for C. Aztecus (= C. Mexicanus?) is “Tomatlan, dans les Terres-Chaudés.” Von Martens records the same species from Puebla. C. immunis has been found at Orizaba, C. Montezwme in the neighborhood of the city of Mexico, at Puebla, Parras in the State of Cohahuila, and at Mazat- lan on the Pacific coast. A mutilated specimen, probably C. Wiegmanni, in the U. S. National Museum, comes from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. * In the U. S. National Museum there is a small specimen of Cambarus obscurus labelled ‘ California” (No. 2531). The locality is probably erroneous. + Five species, if C. Aztecus Saussure be distinct from C. Mexicanus Brichson. (See page 51.) An un- deseribed species belonging to the Parastacine was collected by John Xantus at Colima, on the west coast. This is the only Parastacine yet discovered north of the equetor. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 73 52. GUATEMALA. — A species of Cambarus was obtained by Mr. Salvin near Coban, in the Province of Alta Vera Paz, at an elevation of about 4,300 feet above the sea. (See Huxley, Proc. Zodlog. Soc. London, 1878, p. 763; The Crayfish, p. 312, tig. 78; also page 7 of this work.) This is the most southern locality from which the genus Cambarus has been obtained. 53. Cupa. — One species, C. Cubensis. The examples in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy were obtained near Havana. According to Von Martens there are 53.) indications of a second species of Cambarus native to Cuba. (See page 5 . Distribution of the North American Species of Cambarus and Astacus according to the River Systems. Viewing the distribution of the various species according to the river systems, it ap- pears that the St. John, Penobscot, and Kennebec Rivers are inhabited by only a single species, C. Bartonii. In the remaining large rivers of New England, the Androscoggin, the Saco, the Merrimac, and the Connecticut, crayfishes are unknown. C. Bartonii has been found in springs at Grafton, Mass., in the Blackstone River basin. In the Hudson River basin C. Bartonii is widely distributed. Near the mouth of this river, in Essex Co., New Jersey, C. Blandingii occurs. This is probably its northern limit in the east. From the Delaware and its tributaries come C. Blandingti, Bartonii, Diogenes, and affinis. In the area drained by the rivers that empty into Chesapeake Bay, the chief of which are the Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock, and James, are found C. Blandingii, C. Bartonii, C. Burtonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, Vhleri, and affinis. C. Uhleri is known only in the low region on the Chesapeake and Atlantic coasts of Maryland, often in brackish and salt water. The rivers of North Carolina (Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, and tributary streams) are inhabited by C. Blandingti, Bartonii, and Diogenes. The Santee River and the minor streams of South Carolina yield C. Blandingii, C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. troglodytes, Carolinus, acwminatus, latimanus, spinosus, and Bartonii, the last species in the head-waters of the Santee among the mountains of Western North Carolina. The rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean in the State of Georgia (Savannah, Altamaha, ete.) furnish CG. Blandingii, pubescens, troglodytes, Lecontei, spiculifer, penicillatus, and Jatimanus. In the lower part of the State are also found C. advena, angustatus, and maniculatus. In the St. John’s River, Florida, have been found @. fallar, Clarkii, and Alleni. C. fallax and C. Alleni have not been found outside of the State of Florida. In the upper portion of the Chattahoochee River live C. spiculifer and C. latimanus. In the upper part of the course of the Alabama River (Etowah, Oostenaula, and Coosa Rivers), C. extraneus, Jordani, and spinosus have been secured; in the upper part of the Tombighbee, C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. latimanus, Hayi, and Mississippiensis. At Mobile, where the Alabama and Tombigbee, after uniting, empty into Mobile Bay, C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii, Lecontei, and versutus oceur. Mississippi River System. — From the portion of the Mississippi Valley south of the 174 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. Ohio and its affluents are recorded C. Blandingit, var. acuta, C. Clarkii (near the mouth of the river, at New Orleans, ete.), C. Diogenes, C. immunis, var. spinirostris, and C. Palmeri (Obion Co., Tennessee), C. virilis and C. rusticus (from White River, Arkansas), and C. Shufeldtii (New Orleans). In the region drained by the Tennessee River are found, (a.) in the upper part of its course, C. Bartonii, dubius (Cumberland Gap), rusticus (Cumberland Gap), Putnamt, extra- neus, hamulatus, and spinosus (the last three from near the border of the State of Georgia). (b.) In the southern bend of the river, within the State of Alabama, C. Blandingii, vay. acuta (Bridgeport and Decatur), C. latimanus (Bridgeport), immunis (Huntsville), Girar- dianus, Alabamensis, compressus, spinosus, and forceps (the last five species from Lauderdale Co. in the northwestern corner of Alabama). In the Ohio River and its tributaries (excepting the Tennessee) are found C. Blan- dingii, var. acuta, C. pellucidus, Bartonii, Diogenes, argillicola, dubius (Preston Co., W. Va., Cumberland Gap, Ky.), cornutus, immunis, virilis (Cairo, Il.), rusticus, Putnami, Sloanit, propinguus, and C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii. In the Mississippi Valley to the north of the Ohio are found C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, C. Diogenes, C. Bartonit, var. robusta (Decatur, Ill.), C. medius (Irondale, Mo.), C. Harrisonii (Irondale, Mo.), C. immunis, virilis, rusticus, and propinguus. From the Missouri and its affluents come C. simulans (Fort Hays, Kan.), C. Nebrascen- sis (Fort Pierre, Dakota), C. Diogenes (Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas), C. cnmunis (Laramie City, Wyo., Leavenworth, Kan.), C. virilis (Laramie City, Wyo., Nebraska, lowa, Kansas), and Astacus Gambelii (at the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Missouri, and perhaps also in the Platte River drainage in Wyoming). Sut little is known concerning the distribution of crayfishes in the rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico west of the Mississippi. C. Clarkii, simulans, virilis, and rusticus have been collected in Texas; C. Wiegmanni, Mexicanus, Aztecus (= C. Mexicanus 2), immunis, and Montezuma, in Mexico. The island of Cuba affords a peculiar species, C. Cubensis. In the great basin of the St. Lawrence River are found C. Blandingi, var. acuta, O. Bartonti, C. Bartonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, C. argillicola, C. gracilis, C. immunis, C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. propinquus, C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, C. propinguus, var. ob- scura, and C. affinis. Of these, C. virilis, rusticus, propinguus, and Bartonii are found in Lake Superior; C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, Diogenes, immunis, virilis, rusticus, and propinqguus, in Lake Michigan and its affluents; C. argillicola and C. propinquus, in the Lake Huron drainage; C. Bartonii, C. Bartonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, C. argillicola, C. immunis, C. propinquus, C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, and C. rusticus, in Lake Erie and tributary streams; in Lake Ontario and its aftluents, C. Bartonii, C. Bartonit, var. robusta, C. argillicola, C. propinquus, C. propinguus, var. obscura (Rochester, N. Y.), and C. affinis (Niagara). In the St. Lawrence and its affluents from the lower end of Lake Ontario down to Montreal are found C. Bartonii and C. propinqguus ; in Lake Champlain and tributary streams, C. Bartonit. In the Hudson’s Bay water-shed, C. virilis occurs in Lake Winnipeg, Saskatchewan River, and the Red River of the North. The basin of the Great Salt Lake is inhabited by Astacus Gambelit. The upper waters of the Columbia River furnish Astacus Gambelii (head of Snake tiver, Idaho) and A. Klamathensis. These are replaced by A. leniusculus and A. Trow- bridgii in the lower part of the Columbia. A. KJamathensis is also found in the upper part of the rivers of British Columbia, and as far south as Klamath Lake on the north- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 175 ern bounds of California. From the neighborhood of San Francisco, California, comes A. nigrescens, a species which apparently extends far north along the coast, as there are specimens in the U.S. National Museum said to have been taken at Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory, and Oonalaska Island, Alaska Territory (lat. 53° 52’ N.). On the west coast of Mexico, at Mazatlan, a Cambarus oceurs, C. Montezuma ; also a Parastacine at Colima. General Conclusions derived from the Facts known concerning the Geo- graphical Distribution of Crayfishes. I. The crayfishes of the Southern hemisphere (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Feejee Islands, Madagascar, and South America) possess certain characters in common (given on page 2) which separate them as a subfamily, Parastacine, from the crayfishes of the Northern hemisphere (Europe, Asia, and North America), which form a second sub- family, Potamobiine (page 2). This was first pointed out by Huxley,* who suggests, in explanation of this fact in the distribution of the crayfishes, that their marine ancestors were already differentiated into a Parastacine type in the Southern hemisphere and a Potamobiine type in the Northern hemisphere, when they took possession of the fresh waters. The distribution of the different genera of Parastacinz in the Southern hemi- sphere will be considered in the second part of this memoir. Il. The crayfishes belonging to the subfamily Potamobiinze occupy four geographical areas, viz. : — (1.) The eastern and central part of the North American continent. This area em- braces that portion of North America which lies east of the Rocky Mountains, drained by the rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson’s Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico, from Lake Winnipeg on the north to Guatemala on the south. It includes the island of Cuba. (2.) The western slope of the North American continent, or the area drained by the rivers that flow into the Pacifie Ocean. In this area is included the basin of the Great Salt Lake, which probably drained into the Pacific at a former period. (3.) A tract on the eastern side of Asia, including the Amoor River basin and Japan. (4.) An area including the greater part of Europe, and extending into Western Asia so as to embrace the Aralo-Caspian basin. Thus we have an eastern North American and a western North American area, an eastern Eurasiatic | and a western Eurasiatic area. The two areas in North Atmerica are in close juxtaposition at the Rocky Mountain divide, whereas the eastern and western Eurasiatic crayfishes are sundered by a broad tract in Central Asia whose waters are wholly destitute of these animals, as far as known. Ill. (1.) The western Eurasiatic and the western North American crayfishes belong to the genus Astacus (page 125), They are closely related, the European species differing from the western North American species barely more than the latter do from each other. (2.) The eastern North American ecrayfishes (Cambarus, page 3) are generically distinct from the western North American and European species. (3.) The eastern Eurasiatic erayfishes form a natural group (Cambaroides, page 126), in which the characters of Astacus and Cambarus are combined. * Proc. Zodlog. Soe. London, 1878. + Hurasia is the single continent artificially divided into Europe and Asia. 176 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID. In other words, the Astaci of Western North America find their closest kin, not in their next neighbors, the crayfishes on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, nor in those of Eastern Asia, but in the Astaci of Europe; the Cambari of Eastern North America are most nearly related, not to the crayfishes on the other side of the Rocky Mountains, nor to those on the opposite shore of the Atlantic, but to those of the remotest district, Eastern Asia. The two areas inhabited by Astacoid forms alternate with two areas of Cambaroid forms. “Tf the facts had been the other way,” says Huxley,* “and the West American and Amoor-Japanese crayfish had changed places, the case would have been intelligible enough. The primitive Potamobine stock might then have been supposed to have differentiated itself into a western Astacoid and an eastern Cambaroid form; the latter would have ascended the American, and the former the Asiatic rivers. As the matter stands, I do not see that any plausible explanation can be offered without recourse to suppositions respecting a former more direct communication between the mouth of the Amoor and that of the North American rivers, in favor of which no definite evidence can be offered at present.” In order to explain this singular mode of distribution of the Potamobiine, let it be supposed that the marine progenitors of the existing crayfishes were differentiated, not only into a northern type with the Potamobiine characters and a southern type with the Parastacine characters, but that the Potamobiine type was already differentiated into an Astacoid form and a Cambaroid form (with some of the essential characters of the modern Cambarus), both of which became widely distributed around the globe in the ecean which lay to the north of the ancient continents. After their adaptation to life in fresh water, both forms would be driven southward by the climatic changes which have occurred within comparatively recent geological periods, into all parts of each continent.f The same causes, whether similar climatic conditions or other, which have operated in the preservation of so many allied forms of plants and animals on the corresponding sides of the Eastern and Western continents, would promote the survival of the descendants of the one type of crayfish in Eastern North America and Eastern Asia, of the other in West- ern North America and Europe. Unfortunately, we have no paleontological evidence touching the former distribution of Astacus and Cambarus, the few fossils known being too imperfect for the purpose; but the assumption of the former coexistence of Astacus and Cambarus in the same area of distribution receives positive support from the fact that a blind Cambarus still survives in the subterranean seclusion of the caves of Carniola. (See page 42.) It will, moreover, be borne in mind, that in other cases of animals and plants that exemplify the same peculiarities of distribution with the crayfishes, direct paleon- tological evidence is not wanting to prove the former general distribution of forms now restricted to widely separated localities. To instance a remarkable case among the marine Crustacea, the peculiar genus Limulus is represented on the eastern coast of North America by Z. Polyphemus. No Limuli exist on the Pacific shores of America nor on the coasts of Europe, but closely related species inhabit the eastern side of Asia (Japan, Cochin China, the Moluccas, ete.). Now, in the lithographic slates of Solenhofen abundant fossil Limuli clearly testify to their former existence in the seas of Europe. The reader will observe that in this suggestion of a possible explanation of the pecu- liar relations existing between the crayfishes of Western North America and of Europe on * The Crayfish, p. 334. + That the crayfishes had become fresh-water animals in Tertiary times is shown by the fossils of Idaho and Wyoming. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Lei the one hand, and between those of Eastern North America and of Eastern Asia on the other, I have simply made a new application of the theories advanced by Huxley* to explain the differences between the crayfishes on the two sides of the equator, and by Asa Gray TF to account for phenomena in the distribution of plants similar to those presented by the erayfishes of the Northern hemisphere. The absence of Astacide over a large part of Asia is well known. None are found in the great rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean, nor in those of the central and southern portions of the continent. In connection with the absence of crayfishes from the rivers of Southern Asia, Milne Edwardst has suggestively observed that these waters are popu- lous with fluviatile crabs of the family Telphuside. Indeed, as a general rule, crayfishes are unknown in regions where fluviatile crabs abound, having succumbed, perhaps, to their more highly organized rivals. Huxley remarks, moreover, that if the western Eurasiatic crayfishes are derived from a primitive Aralo-Caspian stock, as seems probable, the great Asiatic highlands would form an obstacle to their southward extension into India, while the severity of the Siberian winter and the recent submergence of the land beneath the ocean are invoked to account for the absence of these animals from the great Asiatic rivers that empty into the Arctic Ocean. IV. The only islands in the Northern hemisphere known to be inhabited by crayfishes _ lie near the mainland, and the crayfishes contained therein are either the same species as those of the adjacent part of the continent, or closely related species. Thus, the species found in England and Ireland and in the islands of Cherso and Veglia are the same as those of the western and southern parts of Continental Europe, viz. Astacus pallipes. The Japanese crayfishes (Cambaroides Japonicus) are nearly related to those of the Amoor River (Cambaroides Dauricus and OC. Schrenckii), the Cuban species (Cambarus Cubensis) to those of Mexico (C. Mexicanus). The chances in favor of accidental transportation of animals having the habits of crayfishes across bodies of salt water such as separate the islands in question from the continents are so small, that it seems more probable that their distribution was effected through migrations at a former period, when the present insulated areas were continuous with the neighboring continents. The connection of the British Isles with the continent of Europe in post-glacial times is admitted by geologists. Evidence pointing to the former connection of the islands of the West Indian archipelago with each other and with the mainland has been obtained already from the land fauna and flora of these islands.§ V. Blind crayfishes have been found in the caves of Carniola and the United States. The Carniola blind crayfish is not merely specifically, but even generically, distinct from the other species of Europe, and belongs to the same genus as the crayfishes of the Atlantic slope of North America (Cambarus). As the genus Cambarus in North America was not developed under the influences affecting cavern life, it would seem that the generic iden- tity of the Carniola cave species with the North American forms cannot be due to simi- larity of surroundings, but rather to genetic connection. In other words, it is probable * Op. cit. + Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., New Series, VI. 377-452, 1857.— Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 21st Meeting, pp. 1-31, 1873. + Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, IIT. 584, 1840. § Cf. Bland, Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., XII. 56, 1871; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X. 311, 18745 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., II. 117, 1880. Bggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 18, 1879. The extinct fauna of Cuba includes a giant sloth, Megalonyx (Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 178); and in the little island of Anguilla, which is only thirty-five square miles in area, are found the fossil remains of several species of gigantic rodents and a deer (Cope, Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soe., XI. 183, 1869; Ibid., XI. 608, 1870). 23 178 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDA. that the genus Cambarus once flourished in the rivers of Europe. (See pages 42, 176.) The cave species of the United States belong to the same genus as those inhabiting the outside waters, but are not closely related to any of them. They may be considered as derived from an ancient outside fauna of that region. (See page 42.) VI. The genus Cambarus ranges from Lake Winnipeg to Cuba and Guatemala, from New Brunswick to Wyoming Territory (in Mexico to the Pacific Ocean). Like the Unionide of the same waters, the Cambari are wonderfully rich in species, the evolution of specific forms having gone on much more rapidly here than in the regions inhabited by their relatives, the Astaci. Within the limits of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, and in Mexico and Cuba, fifty-two species of Cambarus are known, while the described Astaci (including the subgenus Cambaroides) of Europe, Asia, and the Western United States number but fourteen species, the chances of discovery of new species through further exploration being greatly in favor of the genus Cambarus. With regard to the distribution of the species of Cambarus, the whole territory occupied by them seems to fall into two provinces ;—a southern province, embracing the Atlantic States south of North Carolina, the Gulf States, Mexico, and Cuba; and a northern prov- ince, which includes the Atlantic States north of South Carolina, the States of the Missis- sippi Valley (tz sensu extenso) north of the Gulf States, and Canada. The southern province is characterized by the prevalence of species belonging to Groups I. and II. (C. Blandingit and C. advena groups). All of the fifteen species of Group L, excepting C. pellucidus, are found within the limits of this province as defined above. C. pellucidus comes from the caves of Kentucky and Southern Indiana. Five of the six species belonging to Group IL. are found in the southern province ; the fifth, C. gracilis, is a northern species (Wisconsin, Towa, Illinois). C. simulans has been found in Texas and to the northward in Kansas. The only two species belonging to Group V. (C. Montezuma and C. Shufeldtii) are confined to the southern province, in Mexico and Louisiana. One species belonging to Group L., C. Blandingii, extends northward beyond the limits of the southern province as far as New York along the Atlantic coast, and up to Wisconsin in the Mississippi Valley. In both the East and the West, the northern form distinctly differs from the southern. (See page 22.) Besides the species of Cambari belonging to Groups L, IL, and IIL. there are found within the limits of the southern province six species* belonging to Group IIL. (C. Bar- tonii group), and nine species} of Group LV. (C. affinis group). Only eight of them, how- ever, are restricted to the southern province; and of these eight, three (C. Girardianus, Alabamensis, and compressus) are known only from the extreme northwestern corner of Alabama, in the Tennessee River basin, while three (C. acwminatus, latimanus, and Jor- dani) chiefly inhabit the upper portions of the river-courses in the mountainous regions of the province. C. evtraneus and C. spinosus are border species with respect to the two provinces, being found in the streams on each side of the Alleghany divide, in South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. (C. Diogenes, immunis, virilis, and rusticus have their populous centres of distribution in the north, although they have extended far southward on certain lines. In the northern province the species of the third and fourth groups (allies of C. Bar- toni and C. affinis) ave the dominant forms, wellnigh to the exclusion of those belong- ing to the first and second groups. Nine species belonging to Group ITI. and eleven to * C. acuminatus, C. latimanus, C. Diogenes, C. extraneus, C. Girardianus, and C. Jordani. t C. inmunis, C. Mississippiensis, C. Alabamensis, C. compressus, C. lancifer, C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. spi- nosus, and C. forceps. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 179 ' Group IV. are found here, while Groups I. and II. are represented by only two species each, C. Blandingii and pellucidus, and C. simulans and gracilis. The southern province contains thirty-six species, twenty-eight of which are not found beyond its limits. From the northern province twenty-four species are known, sixteen of them peculiar to it. VII. In the territory occupied by the genus Cambarus the waters of the South and West are richer in species than the waters of the Northeast. This will appear evident on inspection of the table of distribution according to States, on page 165, or according to river systems, on page 173. The well-explored New England States afford but one species; Pennsylvania, four or five :— while the less narrowly searched States to the south and west yield much larger numbers; as Alabama, eleven ; Georgia, thirteen ; Ten- nessee, twelve; Indiana, ten. VIII. The erayfishes of the upper part of a river basin are often different from those found in the lower part of its course,* even when the river does not traverse a great dis- tance in latitude. The distinction between the species of the upper waters and those of the lower waters is most marked in rivers that have a heavy fall from their source to their mouth. In the upper waters of the Santee basin, for instance, C. Burtonii, lati- manus, acuminatus, and spinosus are found; in the lower portion of the same basin live C. Blandingii, var. acuta, and C. troglodytes. So with Astacus: the lower part of the Columbia River, near its mouth, is frequented by A. leniusculus and A. Trowbridgit ; while above the Cascades A. Klamathensis is found, and yet higher, in the head-waters of the Snake River in Idaho, A. Gambelit. IX. Distribution is often controlled by the character of the stream (temperature, rapidity, purity, etc.) rather than by continuity of water communication. Thus, a species of restricted range may be found in the upper waters of streams that rise in the same mountain range, but flow in opposite directions and discharge at points far distant, and yet be unknown in the lower portions of the same streams. For example, C. extraneus and C. spinosus are found in the upper waters of the Santee, Alabama, and Tennessee River systems. This fact is more easily explained in the case of crayfishes, many of which pos- sess a singular faculty for living a long time away from the water, than in the case of fresh-water fishes, where the same phenomenon of distribution has been pointed out by Cope and by Jordan. * This was observed by Agassiz in the case of fishes and mollusks. See his “ Lake Superior,” p. 247, Boston, 1850. + See Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., New Series, VI. 207 ef segg., and Jordan, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 12. INDEX. [Synonymes are printed in Italics. ] ASTACUS Pace ASTACUS advena LEC. . 54 pallipes, var. flava Leres. . affinis SAY . 86 pellucidus TELLK. angulosus RATHSE 152 penicillatus LEC. . angustatus LEC. 30 pusillus Rar. astacus PENNANT . 142 sacatihs KOCH. . . = . « Bartonii Vas. . 59 Schrenckii Kmssn. aks ie Blandingii Harwan . 19 spiculifer Im@.. FY 5 2. - breviforceps CoPE 156 subgrundialis Cop Carolinus ERIcus . 54 torrentium WoLF. . Caspius KicHw. a ¢ Lie tristis Koou chenoderma CopE . ...-.- -» 156 troglodytes LEC, OL TTETNRINS, 6G 7. GO 59 Trowbridgii Stimps.. . . Colchicus Kxsst. . 153 Wiegmannt ERtcHs.. . Cubensis ERICHS. . 51 CAMBAROIDES Dauricus PALuas . 129 Dauricus Fax... . fluviatilis Ronp. . . .. . 146 Va POnICrs) HAXseei) tle rape fluviatilis, var. angulosa GERSTE. 150 Schrenckii Fax. . . . . ce “ Caspia GERSTF. 153 CAMBARUS t “ communis GERSTF. . 146 actminatus FAX... . . - & “ leptodactyla GERSTP. 150 acutissimus GIR. . 2. 6s cs pachypus GERSTE. 153 acutus GIR. . fontinalis CARBONNIER. . ss 143 advena HAG) =. 2. fossarum LEC.. . . . . - 27 affinis Grr. . oan JULEP ING of 6) & sp. Or oe 93 Alabamensis Fax. . . .. Gam beliivAGay sear ee) oe 136 INMGSMII MOS § 5 BG Japonicus DEH. . . 128 angustatus Hac. . . . . . Klamathensis Strmps. . . « 131 AEM INO Bow 6 o 6 latimanus LEC. . . 69 Aztecus Saus. . . leniusculus DANA. wee é 132 Bartonii Gir. 5 fa XS leptodactylus EscHscH.. . . . . 150 Bartonii, var. longirostris Fax. leptodactylus, var. angulosa KEsst. . 150 : “robusta Fax. . as “ Caspia EIcHw. . 152 Blandingii Ertcus. . . . . iE ** salina NorpM. .« 150 Blandingii, var. acuta Fax. . leptorrhinus FiscH. 129 Carolinus ERIcHs. . . . . UTR RYN set iG 6 a Geto 87 (Qin sti(Cnn Gag Wg longicornis LEREB. . . +. « 141 cecus JOSEPH » . . » « maniculatus LEC.. . . . « « 29 compressus PAK, 2 4 = Mexicanus ERtcHs. . . « 50 consobrinus SAUS.. . . . « nigrescens STIMPS. . . . . . « 135 COMMUtUSHNAKS) 3) fs) sl ie) a) el nobilis HUXLEY . -* . .. . 146 Couest STREETS . . . © . Oreganus RanpalL . . - .. - 133, Cubensis Ertcus,. . . . . pachypus RATHKE . . . se 153 denis BUNDY . « «© « « « pallipes LerREB, . . ... » 142 Diogenes Gir. . . . © 61 20 53 80 182 INDEX. CAMBARUS PAGE CAMBARUS PAGE Diogenes, var. Ludoviciana Bax f=. S72 primeyus PRD, 2 2 2) <) en as ene lo dubius Fax. 70 propinquus Gir. : 91 extraneus Hag. 84 propinquus, var. obscura es 92 fallax Hae. . 23 «e “ Sanbornii Fax. 91 forceps Fax. 119 pubescens Fax. 31 Gambelit Grr. . 136 pusillus GIR. 66 }irardianus Fax. . 78 Putnami Fax. . 118 gracilis BunDY 56 robustus GIR. 67 Hagenianus Fax. . 56 rusticus Grr. 108 hamulatus Fax. 81 Sanbornit Fax. 92 Harrisonii Fax. 94 Shufeldtii Fax. 124 Hayi Fax. 24 signifer HERRICK . 100 immunis Hae. . 99 simulans Fax. 48 immunis, var. spinirostris Fax, 5 99 Sioanii Bunpy 89 Jordani Fax. 83 spiculifer Hac. 33 juvenilis Hag. . 112 spinosus Bunpy 115 lancifer Hac. 86 Stygius Bunpy 46 latimanus Hac. 69 Stygius JOSEPH. 45 Lecontei Hae. . 29 troglodytes Hac. . Q7 longulus GIR. 66 typhlobius JosEPH 45 maniculatus Hac. 29 Uhleri Fax. 77 medius Fax. 107 versutus Haq. . 34 Mexicanus ERIcHs. . 50 yirilis Haa. 96 Mississippiensis Fax. 101 Wiegmanni Ericus . 38 montanus GIR. . 66 Wisconsinensis BUNDY . 113 Montezume Savs. 121 CANCER Montezume, var. areolata ae . 1233 astacus LINN. 146 & “ tridens Von Me 5 eR Dauricus PALLAS . 129 Nebrascensis GIR. . - 75 fluviatilis SACHS. . 146 obesus HaG. . 71 nobilis SCHRANK . 146 obscurus HAG. . . . « « 93 torrentium SCHRANK . 141 Oreganus GIR. . ; 133 ORCONECTES Ania INES 5 go o a 6 f 103 hamulatus CoPE 81 SPEGIET CER eens uoute! tsa 88 inermis COPE 42 pellucidus Ertcus. 40 pellucidus CoPE 40 penicillatus Hae. . 36 POTAMOBIUS placidus HAG. . . . - a astacus SOWERBY - 143 oop ge to Oo Om Oop wh EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PEATE Cambarus Alleni Fax. Male, form I. Hawkinsville, Fla. Cambarus simulans Fax. Male, form I. Dallas, Tex. . : ‘ Cambarus pubescens Fax. Male, form II. McBean Creek, Ga. . Cambarus Hayi Fax. Male, form I. Eastern Mississippi. Cambarus immunis, var. spinirostris Fax. Male, form I. Obion Co., Tenn. PLATE II. Cambarus Cubensis Ertcus. Male, form I. Havana, Cuba. Cambarus Lecontei Hac.* Male, form I. Type. Mobile, INS 6 Cambarus latimanus Hac. Female. Athens, Ga. Cambarus fallax Hac. Male, form I. Type. Florida. Cambarus spiculifer Hac. Male, form I. Athens, Ga. : Cambarus Montezume, var. tridens Von Marr} Female. Mexico. PLATE III. Cambarus Harrisonii Fax. Male, form I. Irondale, Mo. . Cambarus Mississippiensis Fax. Male, form I. Eastern Mississippi. . Cambarus Jordani Fax. Male, form II. Rome, Ga. Cambarus medius Fax. Male, form I. Ivondale, Mo. Cambarus acuminatus Fax. Female. Saluda River, 8. C. Cambarus Palmeri Fax. Male, form II. Obion Co., Tenn. 3 4 PLATE IV. Cambarus Girardianus Fax. Male, form II. Lauderdale Co., Ala. . Cambarus argillicola Fax. Male, form I. Detroit, Mich. Cambarus dubius*Fax. Male, form I. Preston Co., W. Va. Cambarus Alabamensis Fax. Male, form I. Lauderdale Co., Ala. Cambarus Sloanii Bunpy. Male, form I. New Albany, Ind. . Cambarus hamulatus Fax. Male, form II. Nickajack Cave, Tenn. * The rostrum is badly drawn. Compare the description on page 29. + The acumen of the rostrum is broken off in the specimen here figured. Cambarus Uhleri Fax. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II. The same. Form Il. . a8 x8 x 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 x 8 Sets x 6 6 x 6 - X12 xX 12 ee x 12 + eee x 12 x 6 x 6 x8 x 8 XLS x l2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, PLATE IX. First abdominal appendages of male. Cambarus hamulatus Fax. Form II. The same. Form Il. . ‘ 5 Cambarus Girardianus Fax. Form II. The same. Form II. . : Cambarus cornutus Fax. Form I. . The same. Form I. 3 ; Cambarus medius Fax.* Form TI. . The same. Form I. ; j Cambarus forceps Fax. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II. The same. Form II. . 5 Cambarus Putnami Fax. Form I. . The same. Form I. The same. Form II. The same. Form Il. . ; ; : : : é ‘ Cambarus spinosus Bunpy? Lauderdale Co., Ala. Form I, . The same. Form I. : . ; : . F Cambarus spinosus Bunpy. Etowah River, Ga. Form II. The same. Form II. . a : ; F ; Cambarus rusticus Gir. Yellow Springs, Ohio. Form I. The same. Form I. : ‘ . The same. Form II. The same. FormIL . ‘ Cambarus Harrisonii Fax. Form I. The same. FormI. . $ A 5 : : ‘ Cambarus propinquus, var. Sanbornii Fax. Form TI. The same. Form I. The same. Form ILI. The same. Form IL. . PLATE X. First abdominal appendages of male. Cambarus Sloanii Bunpy. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II. The same. Form II. . ‘ Cambarus compressus Fax. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form IT. The same. Form II. . ‘ : Cambarus Alabamensis Fax. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II. . The same. Form II. Cambarus Mississippiensis Fax. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II. The same. Form IT. . * The outer ramus was warped by drying when the specimen was in the artist’s hands. 24 185 x6 x 6 x8 x8 sas x8 .xig x 12 x 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 a6 baa6 x 6 x 6 186 Fig. 5%. “cc 5a «62 Ga aie pa oy (3 (ce 7, 8. Bi GLP CO ios ce sa’, ry 19h OF RH CO i(0). SON * The distinction between form I. and form IT. is not well shown iu these figures. A REVISION Cambarus Palmeri Fax. Form II. . The same. Form II. . a Cambarus immunis Hae. Form II. The same. Form II. . OF THE ASTACIDA. Cambarus Montezume Savs. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II. The same. Form II. : j Cambarus Shufeldtii Fax. Form I. The same. Form I. The same. Form II.* The same. Form II. . Astacus (Cambaroides) Dauricus Fax. The same. Astacus (Cantbaroides) Japonicus Fax. The same. on page 124. x6 x 6 x 6 x6 xX 20 x 20 . x 16 - Xels Ga ¢ X. Roétter, del. FALLAX. G. 4, LATIMANUS. a1 LECONTE Ge CUBENSIS. C. ie . MONTEZUMA, VAR. TRIDENS C 6. SPICULIFER. C o. FAXON ASTACIDA. Printed by ‘ P. Roetter, del. JORDANI, 4, C. MEDIUS. es os Is, S MISSISSIPPIEN GC: 2 HARRISONII. Ce PALMERI. Cc. 6. ACUMINATUS, ¢. f * : a ‘ he : hdl = . ow i - 7 : wre . tl oe: : 7 7 PI STACIDS TILLTTTATILOE etter NII, SANBOR VAR PROPINQUUS, SOMPRESSUS NAMI * ' FAXON ASTACIDA PL. VI. \ ; i 8 Se tem em P, Roetter, del 1-2. A. KLAMATHENSIS. 3. A. SCHRENCKIL. 4. A. LENIUSCULUS Z , ‘ £ ‘ FAXON ASTACIDA PL. Vil. ag A a a eo SS ee P, Roetter, del. Printed by B. Meisel. 1. ©. SHUFELDTII. PL. Vill. FAxoN ASTACIDAL P. Roetter, del. \ FAxXON ASTACIDAL 1s ae cis Pic a as OSS AAE rena, Printed by B. Meisel. ‘ P. Roetrer, del. ———— P 7 < 7 i] iy PL. X Faxon ASTACIDAL. Printed by B. Meisel. Se Wied ieee siden oa P, Roetter, deb. i j u ' ng ft si t <6 ogi ‘ it i ; ’ hi] i, , " Ve | § i : : 7 pi ni 7 ti ve { . : i ae a al ai. 18 at ee i} QL Harvard University. Museum aT of Comparative Zoology H35 Memoirs v.10 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET ——— ee eee UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY rE STORAGE ~~ ——