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Spe apes hee 6 cahns reuters wth als -p. — Seas iw oar Ee ee pear ie More pecate bens oS - beige ia i f ort oa ay Paternity t WAthwasle 9s hey oa panies yovariag wee or Sitar ore Paags ‘ res ie pieziine bet a rate ey silt eae 0 V8 fern oe. Res, st ity wie ete po Leteume ind Pam ton oo) NSeStes. al weer tae ae retr ether sisal she st wea oved oa ne iY Phage ee Slee bead Fed aiae: poet Po se eS, He fae . i a Fst ecptteht ae pe Pad br oh a ‘3 4 Mi mdal Siw od pb Are hes “diay Aveo a owe re es aa tka: aiere TATA ad pe wee we ern ry nt wr oa gett hd v4.0 ph doe past skebete oreatl wie bend oe sy 7teOeezasl te oer eae cc oapbegepne wy = yay Pej atgoes arash Last te 5 isles! Ty ‘= Om as hand ane Rieke ieees pene opreoes) fee eee) Siren be) r, ay. Deiewatate pins Shan Sabet ee ee os ~beot — = ~~ a Sy Rent whe ee erg k pads tente Chto ke. vi ew ee es A a wee - Sred 5 Br ne a on = —,) meee agate ong nas ee nes ke ee RE Ry eh eey He <= eaee-ee" Ste whee “ ™ ei See A eee S03 REG ae FL att Se oe tet pap Sera tyir ts | Sek pagicnes deat at al a Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/memoirs31 harv OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD COLLEGE, VOL. XXXI. | Sin CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. _ PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. —. ee, - te 1904, - fe : S 4 rite Tah ns — —) University Press: — 7s Jouyx Witson anv Son, Campriper, Lig Se “Se |, Lieut.-Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., Commanding. XXXII. Tue Derr Sra Ecuint. By ALEXANDER AGassiz. pp. i-x, 1-243. 112 Plates, chart of the route, and 319 Figures in the text. November, 1904. Mi ! Bens of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogn AT HARVARD COLLEGE, fae. @. @.4 F RI SPORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, me tN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION _ STEAMER ‘ ALBATROSS,” DURING 1891, LIEUT. COMMANDER Z. L. TANNER, U. 8S. N. COMMANDING. XXXII. THE PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. ONE VOLUME TEXT, WITH ONE HUNDRED AND TWELVE PLATES, INCLUDING A CHART OF THE ROUTE, AND 319 FIGURES IN THE TEXT. TEXT. ak y, [Published by Permission of MarsHaALL McDonatp and GrorGe M. Bowers, U. 8. Commissioners a ie of Fish and Fisheries. ] CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A.: Printey for the Museum, 1904. a Sea ee Yet. & S A Pome ©] =, Es - - an : s i = bel : ’ 4 ; 1 s rs hea ee BS F 7 . OS Dermatodiadema A. Ag... ... 58 *Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag., Plates 24, figs. 1-3; 26, fig. 2; 28, figs. 3,4; 29, figs. 5-7; on 90-93, a 27 o>. Ol *Dermatodiadema Socks. 3 ke. ; Plates 24, figs. 4-12; 25; 26, figs. 1, 3,4; 27; 28, figs. 1, 2; 29, figs. Meee 419... 68 Echinothuridz Wyv. Thom., Figs. 128~ 132 . Phormosoma Pe ‘Thole: ‘eer *Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag., Plates A; B, fig. 1; 30-42; 43, figs. 5, 6; 44-47; 48, figs. 2-6; 49; Figs. 133-144 : eae a *Phormosoma panamense ye i ., Figs. 145-150 Lae Phormosoma poalenaie! ie a Plate d1, figs. 1-4 - gars. Phormosoma placenta Wyv. Thom. Plates 43, figs. 1-4; 48, fig. 1 fehicasan Mort . Kamptosoma indistinctum is ae Plate 50; Fig. 151 Asthenosoma Grube xian 2 ae Asthenosoma pellucidum A. Ag., Plate 51, figs. 5-13 . 2 a3 a irencadian coriaceum A. Meee , Plate 52. Beelovtiola Hacckel | Cassidulide Agass. Nucleolide Agass., Figs. 152-158 . Spatangide Agass. Pourtalesie A. Ag., Figs. 159- 188 Pourtalesia A. Ag. : *Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag., ‘Plates B, fig. 2; 55, figs. 1, 2; 56; 57; Figs. 189, 190, 191-194, 196, 199, 201 Pourtalesia miranda A. Ag., Figs. 202- Oe ee oie Fi Ns Spatagocystis A. Ag. . ie egret Spatagocystis Challengeri A. Ag., Plates 70; 71; Figs. 206-209 Echinocrepis A. Ag. * Panamic species collected by the “ Albatross.” 141 144 vu *Echinocrepis setigera A. Ag., Plates 66-69; Figs. 210-213 . . Plexechinus A. Ag. . : *Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag., ‘Plates 55, figs. 3-5; 58, figs. 14; 59; 60, figs. 1-3; Figs. 214, 217, 218 Ananchytide Alb. Gras. . Urechinide Lamb. (emend.) . Urechinus A. Ag. : sok *Urechinus giganteus A. ne Fars 72; 73; 74, figs. 1-5 ; Figs. “221, 224, 225 . Cystechinus A. ge, er i Pa *Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag., Plates B, fig. 3; 75-79; Figs. 228-232 . Pilematechinus A. Ag., Figs. 235-237 *Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag., Plates 81-86; Figs. 238-240 . Paleopneustide A. Ag. Palzotropus Loy. Paleotropus Loveni A. Ag Figs. 241-246, 248, 250 Argopatagus A. Ag. ore ye Argopatagus vitreus A. Ag., Plate 91, figs. 1-3; Figs. 252, 255, 272 Genicopatagus A. Ag. : Genicopatagus affinis A. Ag., Plate 91, figs. 4-7; Figs. 254, 255, 273 . Homolampas A. Ag. A ee *Homolampas hastata A. Ag., Plates 55, figs. 94, 10; 63; 64, fig. 1; Figs. 256-259 Paleopneustes A. , Plate 87; Ag., and Linop- neustes A. Ag., Plates 92-97; Figs. 255, 260-270, 274, 275, 294 . Phrissocystis A. Ag. *Phrissocystis aculeata A. 88-90; Figs. 255, 271, Brissina Gray Brissopsis Agass. Ag., Plates 276 , Plates 5-9; 103, *Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. 100, figs. 6, 7; 102, figs. figs. 1,2; Fig. 277. Toxobrissus Des. PAGE 144 148 175 178 186 187 190 190 190 192 CONTENTS. *Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag., Plates 103, figs. 3, 4; 105, cag 4-6; ae 279, 280 ; ‘ : Aérope Wyv. Thom. *Aérope fulva A. Ag., Plates 55, age 6-8; 61; 62; Figs. 281-283. . . Spatagodesma A. Ag. . : Spatagodesma Diomede A. Ag., Pisa 106; 107; Figs. 288-289 . Nacospatangus A. Ag. : Nacospatangus gracilis A. ren Plate 98; Figs. 290-293, 295, 296 . Schizaster Agass. *Schizaster latifrons A. Pes Plate 102, figs. 1-4; Figs. 297,303 . ‘ “Relinideee Townsendi A. Ag., Plates 100, figs. 1-5; 101; Figs. 301, 302 Periaster d’Orb. *Periaster tenuis A. Ag., Piaies 103, figs. 5-7; 104; 105, figs. 1-3; Fig. 305 . . * el ie nn Abatus 'Trosch Abatus cavernosus Trosch., Plate 99; Figs. 306-309, 311 . Moira A. Ag. .. *Moira clotho A. Ag., Plate 109; Fig. 312 . Bathymetrical aaa Geogragnaale Beaks of the Panamic and West Indian Echinid Faune é Bathymetrical Range of the Pandas species of Echini Geographical and Bathymetsiand ‘Range of the Caribean and Panamie Echini The West Indian and Panamic Littoral species. .. . ‘ The West Indian a Panaihia ren tinental species The West Indian and Panibale Abya sal species . Record of Dredging | aided “‘Trawilale Stations of the United States Fish Commission Steamer ‘*‘ Albatross” in the Panamic District . 237 238 & © INTRODUCTION. In connection with the collection made by the “ Albatross” Expedition of 1891, I intended to take up the anatomy of the most prominent types of the Deep Sea Echini, combining with it species from the collections made by the “ Blake,” the “ Hassler,” and other “ Albatross” Expeditions. Con- siderable material had been brought together to elucidate the structure of the pedicellariz, of the spines, the jaws, the auricles, and internal anatomy of groups represented by deep-sea species. Unfortunately my frequent and prolonged absences in the interest of Thalassographical investigations have interfered to such an extent with this work that I am again com- pelled to postpone that part of my Report to another occasion. Having associated with this investigation Professor Hubert Lyman Clark, of Olivet, Michigan, I hope to incorporate this material in a Report on the Echini collected by the “ Albatross” among the Hawaiian Islands which we are preparing for the United States Fish Commission. The present Report on the Echini of the “ Albatross” Expedition of 1891, the greater part of which was written in 1898, is therefore published without the studies mentioned above, and limited principally to the morpho- logical study of the tests of the species discovered. I regret the delay of the publication of the details; the more so as two Memoirs’ have lately been published which deal with the classification of the Echini essentially from the study of the pedicellariz. These Memoirs are both very radical in their conclusions, and are likely, if adopted without further criticisin, to increase the confusion already existing in the classification of Kchini, which the authors attempt to rectify. The Monographs are both by new-comers into the field of Kchinology, enthusiastic in their cause, and showing but little appreciation of the work of those who have preceded them. Dr. Mortensen practically rejects all 1 The Danish “ Ingolf ’’ Expedition, Vol. IV. 1, Echinoidea, Part I, by Th. Mortensen, 1903. Siboga-Expeditio. Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition, v. J. C. H. De Meijere. 1904. x INTRGDUCTION. the work of his predecessors, and challenges it all as worthless because it is not based upon his methods for the solution of all Echinological problems. Like all classifications based upon a single character, the results obtained culminate in such impossible associations that we are loath to follow his lead. — But as the material at my disposal has only been partly worked up, I do not propose to discuss at present the questions raised by Dr. Mortensen beyond calling attention to some points suggested by the study of the few genera involved in this Report; others I hope to take up in a subsequent Memoir. I must protest against the temper and style of criticism adopted by Dr. Mortensen; even if he were right, his assumption of omniscience is offensive to the utmost, and his personal remarks are entirely out of place in a scientific memoir. I am tempted to quote, mutatis mutandis, from an article in a New York newspaper summing up the arguments against old fogies’ views propounded by an ardent reformer: “The results should diminish the patronizing cer- tainty of ‘knowing it all’ which distinguishes Dr. Mortensen’s work, and forbids us, his predecessors, to discuss matters of which we must be, in the nature of the case, wholly ignorant” ! To faciliate references to the plates, | have intercalated in the text a large number of figures, on which I have adopted, for the sake of brevity, Lovén’s nomenclature of the plates of the test of Echini. I wish, however, to repeat that in doing so I do not accept the theoretical conclusions attached by Lovén to his nomenclature. My reasons for doing so have been fully stated in the “ Challenger” Echinoidea Report, p. 4. I have specially to thank Mr. A. M. Westergren for the great care he has taken in preparing the drawings for the lithographic plates which accompany this Memoir. I am also under great obligations to him for his general super- intendence of the execution of the plates. Newport, R. L., August, 1904. PANAMIC’ DEEP SEA ECHINL DESMOSTICHA Haeckel. CIDARIDA: Miler. In describing the shape of the test of the Cidaride, certain points of general interest are brought out from the comparison of different stages of growth. If we place the odd anterior ambulacrum forward, the pentagon formed by the abactinal system will have its odd face forward, Fig. 1, while that of the anal system will have its odd side toward the poste- Et rior extremity. With the pen- tagons of the actinal system and of the teeth the opposite is the case, Fig. 2. The out- line of the test may similarly be pentagonal with the odd face either anterior or posterior. When the odd face is posterior, the inter- ambulacral areas do not bulge out as they do when the odd face is anterior, Figs. 1, 2. Intermediate conditions will give the test a more or less circu- lar equatorial outline, as in Dorocidaris panamensis, Fig. 3; Centrocidaris Doederlein and Porocidaris Cobosi, Fig. 4, have an anterior odd pentagonal face, and P. Milleri, Fig. 6, an odd posterior face. > be rg Fie. 2. 8 mm. Fra. 5. Fig. 3. DoRocIDARIS PANAMENSIS. Fie. 4. PorocrpARiIs CoBOSsI. v2 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINIL This holds good mainly for older specimens. In younger stages the outline of the test is modified by the projecting ocular plates, due to the great development of the abactinal system in younger stages, Figs. 5, 6. The ratio of increase of the ambulacral and interambulacral zones does not vary greatly with age. In a young specimen of Porocidaris Milleri of 14 mm., Fig. 7, taking the odd anterior ambulacrum for comparison, interradial plate 2 covers one 14 mm. Fic. 6. PorRocripARIS MILLERI. 18 mm. Fig. 8. Fia. 9. Fie. 10. Figs. 7-10. PorocrpARIs MILLERI. whole plate and two half plates, 3 covers two whole and two half plates, 4, four whole and two halves, while 5 covers six and a half plates. We find practically the same conditions in the odd ambulacra of specimens of 18 and 20 mm., Figs. 8,9. Even when compared to a specimen of 28 mm., Fig. 10, the number of ambulacral plates corresponding to the fifth inter- ambulacral plate has only increased by one plate. ~ CIDARIDA. 3° 4 specimens of P. Milleri of very different size, Fig. 11, the ratio be- the actinal system and the diameter of the test does not differ. s reduced to a trifle less than half in D. panamensis, Fig. 12. In Cobosi, Fig. 13, the actinal system is not more than one third the ©O©)() 14 mm. 18 mm. Fie. 11. PorocipARis MILLERI. ICO 10 mm. 18 mm. Fig. 12. DoRocIDARIS PANAMENSIS. , al . “a HM . ’ ‘a ‘ a oi a «olf fe. —_, wi a eh - + Hl a 7 2 f i mi y - * 10 mm. - 18mm. 21 mm. 35 mm. Fig. 18. PorRocrpARIs CoBosI. _ According to Lovén! the anal system in > young stages of Goniocidaris is covered h a single plate (the dorso-central disk). In ung Dorocidaris (Pl. 13, fig. 5) of 2.8 mm., 4 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINL at first closed by a single plate with additional plates formed along its edge,—an embryonic condition which remains permanent in the Saleniz. In the Arbaciadw there are four primordial anal plates, these vary in number in the family, but are never as numerous as in the Echinide, Fie. 15. GONIOCIDARIS CANALICULATA. Cidaride or the majority of the genera of the order. In one of Lovén’s figures (Echinologica, Pl. Il. fig. 6) there seems to be an agglomeration of plates, forming the dorso-central disk of Gonioeidaris canaliculata ;* a 1 Dr. Mortensen (Ingolf Exped.) distinguishes Goniocidaris nutriz (Pl. X. figs. 3,4; 12, 14; 24) from Goniocidaris canaliculata (Pl. VIII. figs. 6, 8, 32) by the pedicellaria. The figures he gives of the large globiferous pedicellariz of G. nutriz differ from one another more than do the globiferous pedi- cellarie which he gives as characteristic of each species. It is not inconceivable, as Dr. Mortensen thinks, that the young should be carried in a marsupium composed of either the actinal or abactinal spines. The fact that Thomson describes the former method and I have figured the latter does not imply any pre-eminent structural difference. Surely Dr. Mortensen does not pretend to imply that the eggs or the young are hatched round the actinal surface, because at some time in their develop- ment they have found their way there. That they are retained in a marsupium of the spines either of the actinal or abactinal areas does not seem to be an important physiological character; it may depend upon local conditions tending to the greater or less growth of the spines of either area. Dr. Mortensen refers G. canaliculata to Stereocidaris, though Doederlein thinks they are more closely related to Dorocidaris. I can hardly think it advisable to refer such a variable species to either of these genera, though, as I have stated in my “ Challenger ’’ Report, the characteristic Gonio- cidaris features are frequently greatly obliterated. The great bathymetrical range of the species, as I understand it, is not, as Dr. Mortensen imagines, prima facie evidence that the very variable speci- mens found at the extremes of the range must belong to different species. Surely the bathymetrical lists I have given in the “ Challenger ’’ and “ Blake ’’ reports show a number of cases in which the range is fully as great as the objectionable range of this species. I have on several occasions called attention to the great bathymetrical range of many species of Echini, and it is not necessary to call attention to it every time they are mentioned. Dr. Mortensen will find on pp. 46 and 209 of the ‘‘ Challenger ’’ Echini a list of the localities at which I stated G. canaliculata to occur, —stations ranging in depth from 5 to 1975 fathoms. I may be mistaken in referring all these specimens to G. canaliculata, but their range is indicated, and I have not suppressed it, as is stated by Dr. Mortensen. CIDARID. 5 renewed examination of the anal plates of a young Goniocidaris canaliculata of 1.5 mm., Fig. 15, which I owe to Sir Wyville Thomson, shows that in the youngest stages, about the size of that examined by Lovén, there are already five anal plates (PI. 13, fig. 6). Doederlein * has figured a young specimen of D. canaliculata showing the primordial interambulacral plates. He’ has also figured a young specimen of L. verticillata showing the five primary anal plates with one intercalated plate. In a young specimen of Porocidaris Milleri of 14 mm. (PI. 7, fig. 5) there are five large anal plates in the angles of their respective pentagons, Fig. 16. Three of these are in contact and occupy the left part of the 14 mm. 18 mm. Fie. 16. PorocipARis MILLERI. Fie. 17. PorocrpARis MILLERI. anal system, — the anterior plate and the left lateral plates. The two right lateral plates are also in contact, but are separated from the next anal plates by one and by two secondary anal plates which have reached the genital ring, while three small plates have barely obtained a foothold be- tween the other anal plates. The plates of the third series are only three in number. The order of appearance of the second and third series does not seem to be regular, as is clearly seen in other specimens of P. Milleri of 18 and 28 mm. In a specimen of 18 mm. (PI. 7, fig. 4) the three primitive anal plates which are connected are not the same as those of the younger stage just described, Fig. 17. They are in this larger specimen the two posterior plates and the left anterior, while the odd anterior and the right anterior are separated by single plates from the next adjacent series of anal plates (Pl. 7, fig. 4). Even in specimens of the same size the primitive anal plates and the secondary anal plates which separate them and have reached the genital ring are not the same. Ina male of 28 mm. (PI. 7, fig. 7) the odd anterior 1 Japanische Seeigel Pl. IX. fig. 6. 2 Japanische Seeigel, Pl. [X. fig. 8 a. 6 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. and the left anterior alone are connected; the three others are separated by the next series of anal plates, — large plates of the second series which have reached the genital ring, Fig. 18. In a female of 28 mm. there are 28mm. ¢. 28mm. 9. Fie. 18. PorocipARIs MILLER. Fig. 19. PoRocrpARIS Mrtierr. again three of the primitive anal plates connected, the anterior and the two left lateral plates (PI. 7, fig. 2), as in the youngest specimen of 14 mm.; but the right lateral plates are not in contact. They are separated by large anal plates of the second series, and the posterior plates are separated by two secondary anal plates, Fig. 19. But in spite of the irregularity of posi- tion of the five plates of the second series, it is easy to recognize them, as well as those of the third and fourth series, in all the stages we have described. In Porocidaris Cobosi the plates of the second series seem to force their way to the genital ring in a more regular manner, as is easily seen in com- Fra. 20. PorocrpArRIs Corost. Fie. 21. Poroctparts Copost. ~ paring the anal plates of a young P. Codosi of 8 mm., Fig. 20 (Pl. 12, fig. 7), with those of one of 35 mm., Fig. 21 (PI. 11, fig. 6). With the exception CIDARID&. " of the splitting of two of the plates of the second series which have reached the genital ring, the plates of the different series present a remarkable uniformity. In Dorocidaris panamensis we have, as in P. Cobosi, quite regular stages in the growth of the second and third cycles of anal plates. In a young specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 22 (Pl. 3, fig. 7), we have the five large primitive 10 mm. 18 mm. Fie. 22. DoROCcIDARIS PANAMENSIS. Fig. 23. DoROCIDARIS PANAMENSIS. anal plates in the sutures leading to the ocular plates ; two of the plates are separated by large secondaries; the others are merely somewhat wedged apart by the secondaries near the anal opening. In a somewhat older specimen of 18 mm., Fig. 23 (PI. 3, fig. 2), the primary plates are separated 28 mm. Fie. 24. DorRociDARIS PANAMENSIS. Fira. 25. CErENTROCIDARIS DOEDERLEINI. by secondaries all of nearly uniform size, one of the plates of the third cycle having also reached the genital ring. In a specimen of 30 mm. (Pl. 3, fig. 3) the arrangement of the anal plates is not materially different, Fig. 24. The arrangement of the anal plates is the same in a specimen of Centrocidaris Doederleini of 28 mm., Fig. 25 (Pi. 5, fig. 4). 8 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Fig. 26. DOoOROCIDARIS PANAMENSIS. The rudimentary interambulacral plates always: make their appearance against the face of the adjoining ocular (Pl. 3, fig. 3), while the new ambulacral plates are formed between the ocular plate and the last Fie. 27. DoRocIDARIS PANAMENSIS. CIDARIDA. 9 TI e young abactinal interambulacral plates, at first wedged in between ‘the oculars and genitals, are more or less connected with them by elongated calcareous threads (PI. 4, fig. 5) covered by compact shining nodules. In Doroeidaris panamensis, where the number of coronal plates is smaller, _ the addition of new interambulacral plates takes place more slowly than in -* Fre. 28. DorocriDARIS PANAMENSIS. procidaris. In a specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 26, with six and seven rows buccal plates, the primordial plates have disappeared, and the first set ‘interambulacral plates are adjacent to the actinal system in all the in- ulacra (Pl. 3, fig. 7). There are thirty to thirty-two pairs of ambu- plates, and five pairs of interambulacral plates, the sixth being more ss developed in all the ambulacra, the least in the left posterior bulacrum. In a specimen of 18 mm. (PI. 3, fig. 2) with ten rows AY) - ae ‘igre: <5 al plates and forty-five pairs of ambulacral plates, Fig. 27, the 10 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. sixth pairs of interambulacral plates have become fully developed, and the seventh are indicated in all the interambulacral areas except the left posterior one. The first pairs of interambulacral plates are still in contact with the actinal system, although all greatly diminished in size since the preceding stage. In a specimen of 25 mm., Fig. 28, the first pairs of interambulacral plates are adjacent to the actinal system only in the left posterior interambu- Fre. 29. DoROCIDARIS PANAMENSIS. lacrum; in all the other interambulacra one of the second plates has reached the actinal system, and the first plate left is reduced to a mere thread. The sixth and seventh interambulacral pairs of plates are now fully developed, and the eighth is indicated in the left lateral interambulacra. 11 CIDARID. Fig. 30. PorocrpDARIS CoBOosI. Fig. 31. PoRociDARIS CoBOSsI. 12 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINL In a specimen of 30 mm., Fig. 29, the position and proportions of the actinal interambulacral plates is about as in the previous stage. The seventh pairs of plates are fully developed, and the eighth pairs are much ~ more advanced than in the preceding stage. As Goniocidaris canaliculata and Dorocidaris papillata have been shown to have interambulacral primordial plates in very young stages, we may safely Fig. 82. PorocipARis CoBosl. assume that they have already been resorbed in a young specimen of P. Cobosi of 8 mm., Fig. 30, and that parts of the first and second inter- radial plates have likewise disappeared (Pls. 10, figs. 4,5; 12, figs. 2, 2). Comparing this stage, having fifteen pairs of ambulacral plates, one of the sixth pair of interambulacral plates in each area, and two series of buccal plates with a somewhat older one, Fig. 31, of 10 mm. (PI. 12, fig. 70), having three series of buccal plates, we can trace the extent of the resorp- tion which has taken place. In the younger specimen, beginning with CIDARID. 13 2 _ the right anterior interambulacrum, the actinal plates were 1, 1 in all the E interambulacral areas, the plates of the right zones being the smallest in all 4 cases, except in the odd interambulacrum. In the stage of 10 mm. the _ second plate of the right ambulacral zone has reached the actinal system, and only a small part of the largest of the first plates has not been 21 mm. Fig. 33. PorocrpARIs CoBosI. resorbed, the interambulacral plates having increased also from six to seven plates. In the larger stage, having nineteen pairs of ambulacral G plates, the sixth pairs of interambulacral plates barely indicated in the preceding stage, have become fully grown plates, and the seventh pairs are indicated. Ina specimen of 18 mm., Fig. 32, only a small triangular part of the first plate remains in the left lateral interambulacra, and the second plates 14 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. reach the actinal system in all the interambulacra, but all greatly reduced in size. There are in this stage four rows of buccal plates, thirty-three ambulacral and eight pairs of interambulacral plates, with a ninth in the odd interambulacral area; not only the seventh pairs of the preceding stage but the eighth have become fully developed, and the ninth are indicated. Fie. 34. PorocrpARIS CoBost. In a specimen of 21 mm., Fig. 33, there are thirty-six to thirty-eight pairs of ambulacral and eight to nine of interambulacral plates, with four rows of buccal plates, the plates at the actinal system being in about the sane stage of resorption as the preceding stage. In a specimen of 35 mm., Fig. 34, with six and seven rows of buccal plates, there are fifty-six, fifty-seven and fifty-eight ambulacral plates, with ten pairs of interambulacral plates, and one plate of the eleventh in the CIDARIDA., 15 left anterior and the odd interambulacral area. The actinal plates have searcely changed their size, showing that in Porocidaris Cobosi the resorption of the actinal interambulacral plates is limited to that of the primordial, of the first and part of the second plates. The ninth pairs of interambu- lacral plates indicated in the preceding stage have become fully developed, Fig. 35. POROCIDARIS COBOSI. Fig. 36. as well as the tenth pairs. The eleventh pair of plates is indicated in the odd posterior and the left anterior ambulacra. In the resorption of the actinal interambulacral plates, one of the plates becomes triangular, Fig. 35, and disconnected from the adjoining ambula- erum (Pl. 11, figs. 2, 2), though when seen from the interior, Fig. 36, it is rectangular (PI. 11, fig. 4) and extends into the auricle, Fig. 37. With the resorption of the interambulacra and the flow of the ambulacra towards the actinostome, some of the primary tubercles naturally disappear and become resorbed as the ambulacral plate and its pore passes over to the actinal system (Pl. 12, fig. /), or the interambulacral plate becomes resorbed Fie. 37. PoRocrDARIS CoBOsI. and gradually cuts off a part of the primary tubercle (PI. 12, fig. ¢). Ina still later stage (Pl. 12, fig. 7) the primary tubercles are moving towards the actinal system. With the increasing age and size of the actinal system the number of ambulacral plates to be liberated and flow over on the actinal system gradually diminishes, as well as the addition of the irregular interam- bulacral plates which do not reach the actinostome. 16 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. A comparison of the shape of the coronal plates of P. Cobosi of speci- mens of different stages of growth shows that with increasing size the coronal interambulacral plates—let us take the fifth plate of the left Fie. 39. Fics. 38-40. PorocrDaRIs CoBosl. anterior interambulacrum adjoining the odd ambulacrum — become grad- ually wider; in a young specimen of 8 mm., Fig. 38, the fifth plate is high, slightly narrowed at the abactinal suture (PI. 10, fig. 4), the primary tubercle occupying nearly the whole of the plate which carries but three secondaries and three miliaries. In a specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 39, the plate has become less high compared to its width, and carries only one additional miliary. In a somewhat older stage, 18 mm., Fig. 40, the area 21 mm, Fia. 41. POROCIDARIS COROST. Fie. 42. on the ambulacral side of the primary tubercle has become still wider, and the secondaries seem to be arranged in sets of threes, not only in this stage, but also in a specimen of 21 mm., Fig. 41 (Pl. 10, fig. 7), and one of 35 mm., Fig. 42 (Pl. 10, fig. 9). The independence of the growth of the CIDARID. 17 ambulacral and interambulacral areas is well shown on comparing the number of the ambulacral plates which are opposite the actinal suture of the fifth plate. In a specimen of 8 mm. (PI. 10, fig. 4) it is the tenth ambulacral plate which faces the suture, and the fourteenth which faces the upper suture. In a specimen of 10 mm. it is the fourteenth and the nineteenth which face the sutures. In a specimen of 18 mm. it is the __ twentieth and the twenty-sixth. In one of 21 mm. it is the twenty-second and the thirtieth (Pl. 10, fig. 7), and in one of 35 mm. it is the twenty-fourth and the thirty-first (Pl. 10, fig. 9). The action of the muscular fibres attached to the scrobicular circle, in destroying the mamelon and mam- mary boss of the secondaries, is already indicated in a specimen of 18 mm., Fig. 40. In the earlier stages (Pl. 10, fig. 4) the scrobicular circle of the secondaries is not indicated. It becomes still better limited in specimens of Fies. 48-45. DoOROCIDARIS PANAMENSIS. 21 mm. (Pl. 10, fig. 7) and of 35 mm. (PI. 10, fig. 9). The crenulation of the fifth plate is only to be seen in a specimen of 35 mm. (Pl. 10, fig. 9); it is not developed in earlier stages of growth. : In the fifth plate of a specimen of 21 mm., the area on the two sides of the primary tubercle is nearly the same; the upper suture is but little 3 shorter than the lower (Pl. 10, fig. 7). In the next stage (PI. 10, fig. 9) __ the two sutures are of nearly equal length, the mamelon and its mammary boss are in the centre of the plate, miliaries and smaller secondaries have developed outside of the row of the secondaries edging the scrobicular circle (Pl. 10, fig. 9). hy It is quite feasible to follow the order of appearance of the miliaries and secondaries. For instance, we can readily trace the order in which 2 18 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. the miliaries have been formed on the ocular plates of Dorocidaris pana- mensis from the stage represented on Pl. 3, fig. /, in the ocular of the odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 45,as they have increased on the ocular plate of the same ambulacrum in a specimen of 26 mm., Fig. 44 (Pl. 3, fig. 2), to pass into the still more numerous miliaries regularly arranged on the same ocular of a specimen of 30 mm., Fig. 45 (Pl. 3, fig. %); additional miliaries being constantly added between the older miliaries and the ocular pore, and in the following rows on the sides of the first-formed miliaries. In the Cidaridw, according to Dr, Mortensen, the small pedicellariz “are highly similar in almost all species, but they may vary very much in the separate individuals. The tridentate ones are better, but they are also highly variable in the separate individuals. Most applicable for the classification are the large globiferous pedicellariz.”’ Doederlein, basing his conclusions on his careful researches regarding the Cidaride, states that in that family the pedicellariz offer no characters to distinguish natural groups within the family, and that very closely allied forms of pedicellariz are found in species only distantly related. Dr. Mortensen comes to a radically opposite conclusion, and suggests that species having the same kind of pedicellariz proves them te be nearly related ; so that Cidaris metularia and Cidaris verticillata should be united in one genus,—two species which are more readily distinguished by the characters of the spines and tests than any other species of the family. Dr. Mortensen also adds Cidaris baculosa to the same genus. I have never seen any specimens of this species the spines of which show the arrange- ment of the thorns recalling that of C. verticillata. M. de Meijere has adopted the infinitesimal classification of Dr. Mor- tensen, and appears as its ardent supporter; and yet in spite of this the new classifying tool does not seem to do its work properly in all cases, as M. de Meijere returns to Duncan’s classification of Cidaris,’ and rejects all the genera based on the structure of the pedicellariz proposed by Dr. Mortensen, as well as all others hitherto proposed, for the very reasons which have satisfied Dr. Mortensen of the correctness of his views. Dr. Mortensen harps on the fact that a great many species of Cidaris as well as other Echinoids have been proved by him to belong to other genera than those to which they were referred by others, and thus he 1 ** Siboga’’ Echinoidea, p. 204. CIDARIDZ. 19 constantly finds ‘‘a fine demonstration of the trustworthiness of the state- ments hitherto found in the literature with regard to the occurrence and distribution of these animals”! Once given his genera, the rest naturally follows, and we have nothing left of what has preceded. It appears childish to be constantly lamenting, as do Dr. Mortensen and M. de Meijere, the loss of a specimen, if examined by the old methods, necessary for the examination of the test, and of the actinal and abactinal systems. Surely we cannot welcome a method which deliberately saves a specimen in order to remain ignorant of its structure, or which would necessitate the definition of an Hchinoid to be that of an animal consisting of a number of pedicellariz of variable forms, with which are connected a test covered with spines, tubercles, and all the other useless and super- numerary structures which have thus far been studied in the classification of the Echinoids, to the great detriment of the pedicellariz. When a living species is referred to a fossil genus, Dr. Mortensen on principle denies the accuracy of such a proceeding, and demands the adoption of synonyms, as in the case of Glyptocidaris, Canopedina, and of Goniocdaris and others. But he is not consistent in this general rejec- tion of generic names of fossil Echini, as he retains Arbacina, Porocidaris, Stereocidaris, and others, for no apparent reasons. As M. de Meijere well says, Dr. Mortensen’s methods naturally lead to an infinitesimal splitting up of the older genera, to the establishment of genera based on a single structural feature, and to the loss of the rela- tionship of the species they contain. It does not occur to Dr. Mortensen that differences of opinion are possible, that points of view other than his own have any value, and that perhaps the last word has not been said regarding the affinities of the Kchinoids. The height of absurdity is finally reached when we are told that nothing can be said of the affinities of species of which pedicellariz have not been examined (by him). 20 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINL GONIOCIDARIDZ Haeckel. Dorociparis A. Ag. Dorocidaris panamensis 4. Ag. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag., Bull. M.C. Z. XXXII, No. 5, p. 73, Plates I; I, fig. 1, 1898. Plates 1-4. This is the Pacific representative of D. papillata, from which it is distin- guished by its pentagonal anal system, the flattened test, the closer granu- lation of the plates of the apical system, while the secondary tubereulation of D. panamensis is closer than that of D. papillata. In the largest specimen examined, measuring 36 mm. in diameter, the primary radioles attained a length of only 50 mm. (PI. 1, figs. /, 2), and in many specimens the radioles were not longer than the diameter of the test. The radioles are more slender than those of D. papillata, and their granulation coarser (Pl. 4, figs. 9, 12), resembling as a whole more those of Goniocidaris cana- liculata. The test of this species is depressed (Pl. 2, figs. 3, 4); the miliary spines are reddish-brown, giving the test when alive a general _ chestnut coloring. The shorter primary radioles of the actinal side are marked for their proportionally slender shaft (Pls. 1, figs. 2, 4; 2, fig. 2); they are fairly smooth, delicately striated. The coronal primary radioles vary greatly in ornamentation, from a delicate striation to a serration formed of short blunt spines passing into a granular structure (Pl. 4, figs. 9-17). In a specimen measuring 30 mm. in diameter, with seven primary inter- ambulacral plates (Pl. 3, figs. 5, 6), the actinal system is only 10 mm. in diameter (Pls. 2, fig. 2; 3, fig. 4). The abactinal system of the same specimen measured 15 mm. in greatest diameter, with two rows of eleven ambulacral buccal plates and two pairs of pores detached from the actinal extremity of the ambulacra, and five interambulacral buccal plates in each interradial space (PI. 3, fig. 3). The secondary tubercles and miliaries are crowded on the actinal side of the older buccal plates, (Pl. 3, fig. 4). The test as well as the actinal and abactinal systems are crowded with short-headed, long-stemmed, tridentate pedicellariw. The secondary tuber- cles and miliaries of the interambulacral areas (Pl. 3, fig. 6) are smaller than those of D. papillata. In the ambulacral areas the outer row of primary tubercles consists of larger and more prominent tubercles than P F x DOROCIDARIS PANAMENSIS. 21 the secondary ones of the interambulacral areas (PI. 3, fig. 5). This row of primary ambulacral tubercles is flanked by an inner irregular row of small miliaries, single near the actinal and abactinal extremities and double along the equatorial region of the test. The primary interam- bulacral tubercles are surrounded by a row of secondaries placed close to the scrobicular area; the rest of the primary plate is closely packed by smaller secondaries and miliaries (Pls. 3, fig. 6; 4, figs. 6, 7). The structure of new interambulacral plates is shown in PI. 4, figs. 7, 2. In fig. 7 the eighth primary plate of the left interambulacral area is trian- gular, and has only a single rudimentary primary tubercle, showing the radiating and circular arrangement of the limestone cells of the plate. In fig. 2 the eighth primary plate of the odd interambulacrum has assumed a pentagonal shape. In addition to the rudimentary primary tubercle it has three fairly developed secondary tubercles and one less advanced. The arrangement of the cells of the plate is more irregular than that of the younger plate; their arrangement in radiating ridges is better seen in an older plate (Pl. 4, fig. 5), the sixth from the actinostome. Considerable changes take place in the abactinal system during growth. In a small specimen measuring 10 mm. in diameter (Pl. 3, fig. /), the genital and ocular plates as well as the outlines of the anal system are marked for their sharp angular outlines. In a somewhat older specimen, 18 mm. in diameter (PI. 3, fig. 2), the angles of these plates have become slightly rounded, and in a still larger specimen, 30 mm. in diameter (Pl. 3, fig. 3), the sides of the genital plates are convex or concave, with rounded points, The dividing lines between the genital plates are greatly reduced in length, the cusps of the anal system and of the ocular plates almost connecting. In young specimens (PI. 3, fig. 7) only a few verruce are found on the plates of the abactinal system. In somewhat older specimens they are found only on the anal edge of the genital plates; the rest of the plate is covered by small secondary tubercles and miliaries. In still older specimens (PI. 3, fig. 3) both genital and ocular plates are covered by a regular granulation of small secondary tubercles, with a few miliaries in the central part of the plates. The genital pores are not pierced in the smallest specimen figured (Pl. 3, fig. 7). They appear in older stages, and are well developed in a specimen 18 mm. in diameter (Pl. 3, fig. 2); they are fully as well marked as in a still older specimen (PI. 3, fig. 3). A number of madreporic pores are found in a specimen of 10 mm. in 22 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. diameter (PI. 3, fig. 1); they cover proportionally as large an area in th e next stage (PI. 3, fig. 2) as in the oldest stage figured (PI. 3, fig. 3). — A enlarged part of the madreporic body seen from the exterior is given in Pl. 4, fig. 4. : a In a specimen 14 mm. in diameter one of the genital plates showed la number of irregular genital openings covered by minute plates (PI. 4, fig. 6) B). In the youngest specimen figured (Pl. 3, fig. 7), the five original alg plates can still be seen occupying the angles of the anal system. In th 4 faces of the left anterior, the odd and right posterior interambulacrum a second plate has become intercalated, and the third and fourth sets of plates — have made their appearance. In the next stage (PI. 3, fig. 2) there are two intercalated plates on the face of the left posterior interambulacrum, and one on each of the other faces of the anal system; the intercalated — plates and the five original plates forming, as it were, a primary outer cycle” with a secondary one of nine plates and a third series of six plates round the anal opening, intercalated in the anal angles of the second row of plates. In the next stage (Pl. 3, fig. 2) the proportions between the anal plates have only slightly changed, those of the second row being propor-— tionally large ; otherwise they occupy relatively the same position, = Dr. Mortensen ' revises the classification of the Cidaride, radically char z ing the position of the species among the genera hitherto recognized, and introducing a number of new genera based upon minute difference in the pedicellariee, and with utter disregard of other characters of the species he groups together. As one of the results of his classification, Cidaris afinis and Doroeidaris papilata, which had been considered as most closely allied, if not iden ‘ica species, are now placed in separate genera, There is nothing in tl figures of the pedicellarie given by Mortensen to warrant such a tran: position. Compare his figs. 1 and 7, Pl. [X., 21, 23 and 25, 27, for she tridentate pedicellaria. It seems to be an enormous overestimate of — to consider the differences between the globiferous pedicellarie as of generit value. Compare his figs. 17 and 20, Pl. IX., figs. 3, 5 and 5, 9; fen 8 11 and 13, 15, for the globiferous Bedicellarise The genus Pete (@. florigera pars) is based upon the small opening of the point of € = large globiferous pedicellariw (Pl. X. figs. 23, 30; 22, 31; 10, 11). - one of the small globiferous pedicellarie of the genus is figured (PL 2 + “Ingolt’? Echinoidea, p. 11. DOROCIDARIS PANAMENSIS. 23 fig. 16), it does not show plainly the greater size of the opening men- tioned by Mortensen. The projection of calcareous ridges on the stalk of the globiferous pedicellariz (PI. IX. fig. 4) can hardly be considered a generic character ; see Pl. IX. fig. 12. This genus is established in spite of the fact that Doederlein had already grouped together as Discocidaris certain species of Goniocidaris, among which he included Gomniocidaris florigera (Chall. Pl. I. fig. 11), and for reasons far more satisfactory than those assigned by Mortensen for establishing Petalocidaris. The association of Dorocidaris bracteata A. Ag.’ with Stephanocidaris bispinosa is most unfortunate. The abactinal system of the genus is so entirely unique among the Cidaride that there is no excuse for associating with it a species with the abactinal system of the species of Dorocidaris. Mortensen also states that Dorocidaris panamensis is scarcely a Doro- cidaris* because he supposes that species to have the form of pedicellarizx figured by him on PI. IX. figs. 9, 22, 24 for C. affinis, —a form of pedicel- lariz occurring also, as Mortensen says, in C. tribuloides and galapagensis, metularia, verticillata, and baculosa, as well as P. imperialis and Goniocidaris florigera. Surely a sufficiently varied series of forms to show how little practical use this special type of pedicellariz must be; and for this heterogeneous group he retains the name of Cidaris (excluding P. imperialis and G. jflorigera). Station 3367, off Cocos Island, 100 fathoms. Lat. 5° 31’ 30” N.; Long. 86° 52’ 30" W. Bottom temperature 57.1. Rocky. Station 3368, off Cocos Island, 66 fathoms. Lat. 5° 32’ 45" N.; Long. 86° 54° 30’ W. Bottom temperature 58°.4. Rocky. Station 3378, off Galera Point, 112 fathoms. Lat. 3° 58’ 20" N.; Long. 81° 36’ W. Bottom temperature 55°.9. Brk. sh. Station 3397, off Galera Point, 85 fathoms. Lat. 70° 33’ N.; Long. 78 34 20" W. Bottom temperature 57°.3. Stf. gn. M. brk. sh. Bathymetrical range 66-112 fathoms. Range in temperature 58°.4—55.9. 1 Not Ag. as marked by Mortensen. 2 This will be examined in the Report on the Hawaiian Echini. 24 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. PorocipARIs Des. Studer has limited the genus Porocidaris and associated with it some fossil species which would eliminate from the genus not only Porocidaris Sharreri, as he suggests, but also the new species of Porocidaris discovered by the “ Albatross” off the Panamic coast. Studer inclines to associate P. Sharreri with Pleurocidaris of Pomel, which contains both Jurassic and Tertiary types, with miliaries arranged in horizontal rows separated by fine furrows in the interambulacral area, but with smooth noncrenulated tubercles. In P. Cobosi the tubercles are crenulated and perforated. In P. Milleri they are smooth and perforated, while the general arrangement of the miliary interambulacral tubercles is the same in both, and does not recall in any way their arrangement in horizontal rows, as in P. Sharreri. In P. elegans the miliaries are irregularly arranged and occupy only a small part of the interambulacral plates, which is nearly all taken up by the scrobicular area of the primary tubercle; they are more closely packed, and there is but a step from this to the linear arrangement of the miliaries in P. Sharreri, with primary tubercles having a comparatively smaller scro- bicular circle defined by a single row of secondaries rising almost like a ridge round it,’ which remind us more of such Cidaridx as Chondrocidaris. Oppenheim? is of the opinion that the recent species of Cidaris referred to Porocidaris by Thomson and myself are hardly to be placed in the genus as originally defined by Desor.2 While the recent and fossil species both have peculiar toothed spines on the actinal surface, yet the recent species do not possess the furrowed grooves of the scrobicular area which Desor regarded as characteristic of the genus, the systematic value of which is most problematical. On the strength of such slight characters Dr. Mortensen asserts that Porocidaris elegans has no relation to Porocidaris purpurata, and suggests the name of Jistocidaris for the reception of Porocidaris elegans. The ground for this it is impossible to conceive, unless it be that the char- acters of a single valve of a small globiferous pedicellaria, which he figures ' « Blake ” Echini, Pl. IV. fig. 1. ? Oppenheim, P. Revision d. Tertiiiren Echiniden Venetiens u. vy. Trentino. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Ges., 54 (1902), p. 174. 8 Desor, Synopsis, p. 47. a a Os hy POROCIDARIS MILLERI. on as perhaps belonging to that species, is sufficiently characteristic for such a generic separation. Dr. Mortensen names as Dovocidaris micans specimens of a Cidaris which he received from the U. 8S. National Museum, Washington, labelled as Porocidaris Sharrert ( Albatross,” 1885, St. 2415), and also from the U.S. Fish Commission (“ Albatross,’ 1885, St. 2545) under the same name. I beg to call Dr. Mortensen’s attention to the fact that the publication of the “Blake’’ Kchini dates back to 1883, that my specimens came from Nevis and the Barbados, and that I was in no way concerned in making the collection of the “ Albatross”? in 1885, or with the identification of the Kchinoids then collected. Dr. Mortensen’s statements! in regard to Poro- cidaris Sharreri are gratuitous misrepresentations of facts. Other specimens have also been received by him from Washington of collections made by the “‘ Albatross” which come under the same conditions. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. XXXII, No. 5, p. 74, Plate IV, 1898. Plates 6-8; 10, figs. 7-3. This species, Pl. 6, is closely allied to P. elegans A. Ag., collected by the “Challenger” ;? it is readily distinguished from P. elegans by the great irregularity in shape of the genital plates (Pl. 7, figs. 7, 2) and the scant development of the ambulacral buccal plates (Pls. 7, fig.6; 8, fig. 5). Its primary radioles also differ from those of P. elegans in being less tapering and having finer serrations (Pls. 6; 10, fig. 3). The external appearance of the primary radioles varies greatly both in different specimens from the same locality or in the same specimen (Pl. 6). In three of the specimens from Station 3381 annelid tubes were found attached to the radioles. In the long cylindrical radioles there are often as many as six or seven longi- tudinal rows of blunt lamellar spines or sharp spinules; and in the same specimen we find all possible gradations between them and radioles merely finely striated or with here and there remnants of a spinule or of a lamellar protuberance. In the smaller, flattened, spear-shaped, and laterally serrated primary spines of the actinal side a third row of spinules often develops on the convex side. 1 Mortensen, 1. c., pp. 22, 28. 2 « Challenger ’? Echinoidea, Pl. III, p. 40. 26 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The primary radioles and other spines early attain nearly their full growth, specimens of 13 mm. in diameter already having radioles 51 mm. in length. In the largest specimen examined, 30 mm. in diameter, the longest radiole was 75 mm.; the longest of the serrated radioles on the actinal side was 26 mm.; those immediately surrounding the actinal edge of the interambulacral area varied in length from 5 to 12 mm. In the same specimen (30 mm. in diameter) the greatest diameter of the abactinal system was 19 mm.; the sides of the anal pentagon varied from 5 to 6 mm, There were six and five primary interambulacral tubercles. In a specimen of 10 mm. there are already four, with traces of a fifth ; in a specimen of 14 mm. there are four, with a fifth well advanced ; in one of 18 mm. there are five, with traces of a sixth; in one of 23 mm. there are six and five, as in the older specimens. The abactinal system (Pl. 7, figs. /-%) is crowded with small secondary tubercles carrying papille ranging in length from 1.5 mm. to4 mm. They are smallest on the anal system. They only differ from the secondary spines of the interambulacra in length, those being at least 5 mm. long in the equatorial region of the corona. Toward the actinal system they become more spathiform and shorter, both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas above the ambitus. As a whole, the ambulacral papille are shorter than those of the interambulacral areas. In none of the specimens examined are the primary tubercles crenulate (Pls, 8, fig. 7; 10, figs. 7, 2,) but they all carry the characteristic smaller, flattened, spear-shaped, serrated, primary actinal radioles characteristic of the genus both in the fossil and recent species (Pl. 6, fig. 7). The angle of the plates along the median interambulacral suture is usually bare of mili- aries. The scrobicular circle is surrounded by a row of secondary tubercles alternating with miliaries (Pls. 8, fig. 7; 10, fig. 2), and the angular spaces of the interambulacral plates, when not bare along the median line, are filled with small secondaries and miliaries irregularly arranged. The secondaries forming the median vertical row of the ambulacral system are arranged in a single vertical line close to the median line of the ambulacrum ; in the equatorial region of the test the ambulacral plates carry in addition one or two miliaries below the secondary tubercle (PI. 10, fig. 7). The actinal system of this species presents some marked peculiarities (Pls. 7, fig. 6; 8, fig. 5); we find the ambulacral buccal plates clustered round the actinostome, separated by a wide zone from the ambulacral plates POROCIDARIS MILLERI. 27 lacral plates are situated, the last to become separated from the ambulacral zone. ‘The interambulacral space is covered with numerous, ill-defined, calcareous plates (PI. 7, fig. 6), reminding us of the irregular pavement of the Echinidze proper, formed of thin plates rather than of the row of solid, interambulacral, buccal plates characterizing the Cidaridz. In other species of Porocidaris (P. elegans,’ P. Cobosi*) the actinal system is exclusively covered by the buccal ambulacral plates, with the exception of a small area at the base of the interambulacral areas, which may be bare or carry one or more small, ill-defined, calcareous plates. It is possible that the extraordinary resorption of the actinal interam- bulacral plates, due to the great growth of the auricles, is the cause of the anomalous development of the buccal plates of this species. It is interesting to compare the figures of the auricles of a specimen of P. Milleri 28 mm. in diameter seen facing the auricles from the exterior (Pl. 8, fig. 9), from the actinal side (PI. 7, fig. 7), and from the interior (Pl. 8, fig. 8) with the corresponding figure of the small auricles of P. Cobosi of a specimen 18 mm. in diameter (Pl. 11, fig. 4), and in which the buccal plates cover the whole of the actinal system (Pl. 11, figs. /—%). Small, short-stemmed pedicellariz are found on all the plates of the abactinal system and in the abactinal part of the ambulacral area. Longer and larger stemmed pedicellariz are found arranged round the primary tubercles. The abactinal system of this species is most prominent, the genital plates appear as if rising above the general level of the test (PI. 6, figs. 3, 4) both in the males and females; they are readily distinguished even when no larger than 18 or 20 mm. (PI. 7, figs. 3, 4); in larger specimens, probably full-grown, of 28 to 30 mm. the difference in the size of the genital openings is very marked (PI. 7, figs. 7, 2). The anal system in the larger specimens is usually larger in the males than in the females. In the larger males the occurrence of two or more genital openings in the same plate is not uncommon (PI. 7, figs. 7, 4). The genital openings in the females are placed nearer the interambulacral sutures than in the males. In the youngest specimen examined, 10 mm, in diameter, no genital openings could be traced. The genital plates of the larger speci- mens are most irregular in shape (Pl. 7, figs. 1/5), the anal system 1 « Challenger ” Echinoidea, Pl. III, fig. 3. 2 See Pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. 28 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. varying greatly in outline and even in its general trend, being often irregularly pentagonal. The madreporic body is prominent in early stages and is usually placed towards the anterior edge of its genital plate. In all the specimens examined the primary anal plates retain their predomi- nance and can readily be traced. The great thickness of the genital and ocular plates is well seen in Pl. 8, fig. 6, which shows the abactinal system from the interior of the test. It will be seen that the right posterior genital plate is divided into two plates, and that the madreporic genital plate also shows a suture half-way across the plate. The uniform and close granulation of the abactinal system of P. Milleri recalls that of the typical cretaceous Stereocidaris. The whole abactinal system is covered with secondaries of nearly uniform size (PI. 7, figs. 7-5), with but few miliaries in the central part of the genitals. An enlarged view of these is shown on the ocular plate of the odd ambulacrum (Pl. 8, fig. 4) ; this also shows the young poriferous plate forming between the ocular plate and the uppermost ambulacral plate. Plate 8, fig. 7, shows — the same seen from the interior of the test. Pl. 8, figs. 2 and 3, show from the interior the ocular plates and adjoining ambulacral plates of the right anterior and the left posterior ambulacra. Station 3359, off Cape Mala, 465 fathoms. Lat. 6° 22’ 20” N.; Long. 81° 52’ W. Bottom temperature 42°. Rocky. Station 3360, off Cape Mala, 1672 fathoms. Lat. 6° 17° N.; Long. 82° 5’ W. Bottom temperature 36°.4. Fine blk. drk. gr. 8. Station, 3381 off Malpelo Isd., 1772 fathoms. Lat. 4° 56’ N.; Long. 80° 52’ 30” W. Bottom temperature 35°.8. Gn. M. Station, 3399 off Galera Point, 1740 fathoms. Lat. 1° 7° N.; Long. 81° 4’ W. Bottom temperature 36°. Gn. ooze. Station, 3415 off Acapulco, 1879 fathoms. Lat. 14° 46° N.; Long. 98° 40’ W. Bottom temperature 36°. Bn. M. Glob. Ooze. Bathymetrical range, 465-1879 fathoms. Range in _ temperature, 42°-35'.8, P i 3 7 POROCIDARIS COBOSI. 29 Porocidaris Cobosi A. Ag. Porocidaris Cobosi A. Ag. Bull. M. C. Z., 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 74, Plate III, figs. 2-5. Plates 9; 10, figs. 4-9; 11; 12; 13, figs. 1-4. This species is characterized by its small actinal and abactinal systems (Pl. 9, fig. 4), its stout primary radioles (Pl. 9, figs. 7-3); the primary tubercles are perforate and crenulate (PI. 10, figs. 6-9) in older specimens, but are not crenulate in a specimen 8 mm. in diameter (PI. 10, figs. 4,5). In the largest specimen examined, a female 35 mm. in diameter (PI. 11, fig. ¢), the abactinal system is only 14 mm. in diameter. The genital plates are quite regular in outline compared with those of P. Milleri, and they as well as the ocular plates are covered by larger, coarser, and more distant secondary tubercles, with still fewer miliaries than in that species. In a younger specimen, a male 21 mm. in diameter, the secondaries on the genitais are reduced to a single row of three on the anal edge of the plates and to two or three miliaries in the centre of the distal part; on the oculars an are of four or five miliaries is found round the ocular pore (Pl. 11 fig. 5). In this specimen the anal system is isolated from the oculars, and the larger of the anal plates carry a miliary. In the larger specimen the anal system reaches the right posterior ambulacrum, and the larger anal plates carry from two to four secondaries and miliaries. The genital plates of this species are more elongate than in P. Miller’, and the ocular plates are much larger. Compare Pls. 11, figs. 5,6; 12, fig. 7, with Pl. 7, figs. 1-5. Plate 12, fig. 8, shows, seen from the inside, the abactinal plates of the right posterior ambulacrum, with the newly formed ambulacral plate adjoining the ocular plate. The ocular pore is, as is seen in Pls. 11, figs. 5, 6; 12, fig. 8, placed at a considerable distance from the ambulacral edge of the plate. In older specimens we find the usual difference in the size of the genital openings of the males (Pl. 11, fig. 5) and females (Pl. 11, fig. 6). In the youngest specimen found, 8 mm. (PI. 12, fig. 7), the genital open- ings are covered by lamellw forming wart-like protuberances (PI. 12, figs. 9, 10), and the granulation of the abactinal plates is reduced to two to four miliaries on the genitals and to two on the oculars. The symmetrical out- line of the plates of the abactinal system is well seen in this young specimen. 30 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The anal plates are, however, more characteristic of an older stage than is usual in such a young specimen, the plates intercalated between the primary anal plates equalling in size several of those of the primary ones. In the oldest anal system figured (Pl. 11, fig. 6) the second row of plates have all become intercalated between the primary ones, as is already the case in a younger specimen (Pl. 11, fig. 5), the primary plates being only slightly more prominent than the secondary ones. The primary radioles are cylindrical, finely striated (Pl. 12, fig. 72), they early lose all trace of the delicate serration seen in the spines of the ambitus and in younger specimens. In a small specimen 8 mm. in diameter there are five primary tubercles, in one 23 mm. we find six, and in a specimen of 35 mm. there are eight. The radioles of a specimen 11 mm. are 51 mm. long; of one 35 mm. they are 105 mm. In a specimen with eight primary tubercles the scrobicular area of the larger tubercles joins the sutures of the plate below it, and is thus sur- rounded by an imperfect circle of secondaries and miliaries (Pls. 9, figs. 4, 6; 10, fig. 9; 13, fig. 2), the rest of the plate being thickly covered with secondaries and miliaries irregularly arranged. In a somewhat younger specimen (PI. 10, fig. 7) there are as yet but few miliaries on the coronal plates except on the older ones near the actinal system (PI. 10, figs. 2, 2). In still younger specimens the coronal plates are comparatively bare, and carry only a single miliary at each angle of the interambulacral plates (PI. 10, figs. 4, 5). Part of the base of the secondary tubercles is frequently cut off by the extension of the muscular attachment of the radiole beyond the scrobicular area (Pl. 13, fig. 7). In the ambulacral areas each plate has at first but a single secondary tubercle (Pl. 10, fig. 4); even in older specimens we find the same struc- ture (Pl. 10, fig. 6) It is only in somewhat older specimens (PI. 10, fig. 8) that we occasionally find an additional miliary in the equatorial region of the corona (Pl. 9, figs. 5, 6). The secondary ambulacral tubercles are neither perforated nor crenulated. OO The actinal system is completely covered by the ambulacral buccal — plates, which spread laterally so as to unite, except near the last actinal interambulacral plates, where a narrow space is left bare or is partly filled by a single buccal interambulacral plate (Pl. 10, figs. 7, 2, 3). In young specimens of 8 and 10 mm. in diameter the buceal plates, even om POROCIDARIS COBOSI. 51 when there are not more than two or three pairs, have already become, in great part, joined laterally. On the buccal plates a single row of } secondary tubercles, separated by miliaries irregularly arranged, extends (Pl. 12, figs. 2, 3). The separation of the actinal ambulacral plates and their migration upon the actinal system is well seen in Pl. 12, figs. 4, 5. In one case 4 (PI. 12, fig. 5), the ambulcral plate has become separated as a whole; in the other (PI. 12, fig. 4) the ambulacral plate has been torn off in such a way as to carry with it a part of the next ambulacral plate as well as a part of the adjoining interambulacral plate. In Plate 12, figs. G and 7, is seen the actinal edge of the odd interambulacrum, showing the extent to which the actinal plates have been resorbed, and indicating (P!. 12, _ fig. 7) the minute calcareous plates which have filled the space left between the distal ambulacral buccal plates. | In Plate 11, figs. 3, we have the actinal plates of the odd ambulacrum and the adjoining interambulacra seen from the actinal side; Plate 12, fig. 4, shows the same ambulacrum seen from the interior to show the ~ auricles and the remarkable processes extending from the abactinal side of the ambulacral buccal plates. Thomson * has figured for Porocidaris purpurata the peculiar curved spines _ into which the buccal ambulacral plates rise on each side of the median line as seen from the interior of the test. I do not know similar plates - in other Cidaridee. a Thomson also speaks* of the two-valved pedicellariz of Porocidaris as unique among the Kchinoideans. They occur in ,Clypeastroids and 3 Spatangoids, “Station, 3404, off Chatham Id. (Galapagos), 385 fathoms, Lat. 1° 3’ _8.; Long. 89° 28’ W. Bottom temperature, 43°.2, Rocky. 1 Thomson, Wyville, Echinoidea of the “ Porcupine’? Deep Sea Dredging Expedition. Trans. R. S. London. Vol. 164, Pt. 2, p. 728, fig. 2. * Loc, cit., p. 727. 32 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. CENTROCIDARIS A. Ag. In his important paper on the Cidaride of Japan,’ Doederlein very properly objects to the position of Goniocidaris canaliculata in the genus Goniocidaris, which he would place in a remote section of Dorocidaris, if we limit it to species in which the bare ambulacral and interambulacral spaces are found at the angles of the median lines of these plates. The discovery of a species of Cidaris allied to G. canaliculata leads me to suggest that it, as weli as the species here described, be transposed to a new subgenus, Centrocidaris, including it and G. canaliculata ;? the species all being characterized by tke broad bare space in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. This would seem to indicate the affinities of Gonio- cidaris to be more remote from the Dorocidaris group and more closely related to the type of Goniocidaris canaliculata, and finally with the limitation of the bare pits to the angles of the plates we come upon the genus Gonio- cidaris proper. Doederlein has in his interesting account attempted to subdivide the recent and fossil Cidaridz into a number of groups, many of which have been based either upon the study of recent species or of fossils alone. He has succeeded in making an excellent classification. Perhaps the most interesting of his observations are those relating to the existence of furrows on the outer edge of the ambulacra of some of the Jurassic Echini. This feature recalls a similar structure in the plates of the Eocidaride. It must have rendered the test of these genera more or less flexible. This flexi- bility was attained in a very different way from that of the Echinothuriz ; in the Cidaridee it was lateral, in the Echinothuriz to great extent vertical. I can see no reason for referring G. canaliculata to Stereocidaris, as has been suggested by Dr. Mortensen.’ Referring a living species to genera established for fossil species is so contrary to Mortensen’s principles that I cannot understand his reasons for referring to Porocidaris, Stereocidaris, and Arbacina some living species, and rejecting other similar references merely because they were based upon fossil species. But to Mortensen affinities as usually recognized by most writers on Echini have no interest and have no value when not based on the pedicellariz. 1 Japanische Seeigel, loc. cit., p. 16. 2 Thad, in 1863, when describing G. canaliculata, originally placed it in the genus Temnechinus, a name preoceupied by Cotteau (Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 18). 8 «* Tngolf ’’ Echinoidea, p. 29. i . -. J a CENTROCIDARIS DOEDERLEINI. 33 Centrocidaris Doederleini A. Ag. Goniocidaris Doederleini A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898. XXXII, No. 5, p.73. Plate ITI, fig. 1. Plates 5; 14, figs. 7, 2. Only a single specimen of this interesting species was collected. It is allied to G. canaliculata, but can at once be distinguished from it by the flatness of the test and the very slender primary radioles; they are cylin- drical, finely striated, slightly tapering at the distal extremity, where they are slightly fluted (PI. 14, figs. 7, 2). The ambulacral secondary spines are elongated, sharp, slender, slightly fluted; those of the interambulacral areas are longer and broader. When denuded, the bare interambulacral area is seen to be shallow (Pls. 5, figs. 7, 4; 14, figs. 7, 2). The scrobicular area of the primary tubercles is surrounded by a prominent row of secondary tubercles, with a few secondary tubercles and miliaries irregularly scat- 26 mm. 26 mm. showing ratio of test to actinal syst. Fig. 46. CENTROCIDARIS DOEDERLEINI. Fig. 47. tered outside of it. The primary ambulacral tubercles run in two vertical, slightly undulating lines, with two inner rows of miliaries between the outer row and the bare median line (PI. 5, figs. -3) extending along the equatorial zone of the ambulacrum, and single rows at the actinal and abactinal extremities of the ambulacral areas (Pl. 5, figs. 7-9). The first six pairs of ambulacral plates (after the upper pair) carry two tubercles, Fig. 46, and subsequently three, one in each case being a second- ary tubercle, the others miliaries (PI. 5, fig. 2). The poriferous zone is characterized by its great width (PI. 4, fig. 3) ; it is as broad as the median ambulacral space between the vertical rows of primary ambulacral tubercles, and by the depth of grooves connecting the ambulacral pores. In the specimen figured, 26 mm. in diameter, there were eleven plates in each ambulacral series of the actinal system and four 8 34 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. in each interambulacral area, except in the right, posterior, interambulacral area, where a small fifth plate had developed. In our specimen, measuring 26 mm. in diameter, the actinal system is 9 mm. in diameter, Fig. 47. The arrangement of the small secondary tubercles on the buccal plates is shown on Pl. 5, fig. 7; these are few in number and are limited to the actinal side of the plates. The abactinal system is 8.5 mm. in greatest diameter (Pl. 5, fig. 2). It is nearly bare of miliaries; these are widely separated and arranged along the edges of the genital plates, with two or three in the centre of the plates and round the genital pores. Along the distal side of the ocular plates extends one line of secondaries and miliaries. The madreporic body is well developed in the central part of the genital plate. The anal plates, like the other plates of the abactinal system, are bare, with from one to three miliaries on each anal plate. The arrangement of the older plates of the anal system is quite regular (Pl. 5, fig. 2). The oldest plates occupy the angles of the pentagonal anal system. The genital plates are elongate with concave sides flanking the oculars, which nearly join the anal system, and with convex sides against the inter- ambulacral plates. When alive the bare spaces of the median interambulacral area are of a deep brownish violet (PI. 14, figs. 7, 2), the primary radioles are reddish, the secondary and miliary spines greenish with brownish longitudinal bands. The sutures between the genital and ocular plates, as well as in the anal system, are marked by a sharp violet line (Pl. 14, fig. 2). Station 3369, off Cocos Island, 52 fathoms. Lat. 5° 32’ 45” N.; Long. 86° 55’ 20” W. Bottom temperature 62°.2’, Nullipore and rocky. SALENIDZ! Agass. The discovery of a number of new species of Salenia by the “ Challenger ” and * Blake”? has somewhat modified our ideas of the relationship of the genus to the Cidaride. The study of the additional species collected by the “ Albatross” in 1891 has only emphasized the view of Duncan’ and Sladen’ and of Doederlein * of their relationship to the Echinide. Although the simple structure of the ambulacra, the solid genital and ocular plates, 1 Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1877. Ser. 4, Vol. XX, p. 70. 2 Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1887. Ser. 5, Vol. XTX, p. 182. § Japanische Seeigel, p. 53. SALENID/E. 9m oJ the small number of primary coronal plates, the structure of the radioles and secondary spines, are Cidaridean features of considerable importance, yet the structure of the plates of the buccal membrane, the gill slits of the actinal interambulacral plates, the presence of ophicephalous pedicellariz, the disconnected ambulacral auricles, their low, wide, interambulacral ridges, the presence of a deep foramen in the pyramid of the jaws, which are not almost solid, as in the Cidaride, are all features of the Echinide far out- weighing the Cidaridean characters which had originally led me to consider them as more closely allied to the Cidaride. In addition, the existence of demiplates in the actinal region of the ambulacra and the slight crowding of the actinal ambulacral plates are important features allying them to the Echinide. To group together the Salenidz and the Aspidodiadematidx as Diadematoida, as is suggested by M. de Meijere, can only bring endless confusion. It has become evident from the abundant material of Saleniz col- lected since the first recent species was described,! that the typical Salenia varispina was only a very young specimen from which but few of the characters of the modern Saleniz could be ascertained. As Salenia varispina was not as fully figured as other species, I have added for the sake of com- parison not only additional figures of S. varispina (Pl. 21), but also a few figures of S. Pattersoni (Pl. 20, figs. 5-7) and of S. hastigera (Pl. 20, fig. 8) to assist the identification of these species. The original S. varispina measured only 1.9 mm, in diameter. The abactinal system covered nearly the whole of the upper part of the test (Pl. 21, fig. 2), and was much larger in proportion than in a small S. muliaris of 5mm. in diameter, in which the coronal plates formed a wide zone round it. The genital and ocular plates are striated diagonally (Pl. 21, fig. 8), and a few sessile verruce edge these plates, with one or two near the edge of the anal system. Those of the madreporic genital are seen more magnified (Pl. 21, fig. 7) from the exterior, and the same plate is seen from the interior (Pl. 21, fig. 8) to show the accumulation of limestone cells form- ing the madreporic body. Both figures show the character of the striation of the apical plates; it does not pass from one plate to the adjoining one, the striz butt against the sutures. This diagonal striation, towards the acti- nal suture in the younger coronal plates and towards the abactinal suture in older plates, seems to give us the explanation of the movement of the 1 Salenocidaris varispina A. Ag., 1869, Bull. M. C. Z. p. 254. Revision of the Echini, p. 261. 36 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. primary and other tubercles across adjoining sutures or over adjoining smaller tubercles and miliaries. It is probable that in an earlier stage the anal system was only covered by five plates. The specimen of 1.9 mm., Fig. 48, had seven triangular | plates, five of equal size, four of which carried miliaries, and two slightly smaller (Pl. 21, fig. 2). In an older specimer 5 mm. in diameter, Fig. 49, the anal system is hexagonal (Pl. 21, fig. 9), with an outer row of seven large plates which have lost their triangular shape and have become mainly hexagonal, with an inner row of seven elongate pointed small plates in the angles of the primary anal plates and three smaller, narrow plates. In a \ o> \\ y 1.9 mm. 5 mm. 5 mm. Fig. 48. SALENIA VARISPINA. Fia. 49. Fie. 50. SALENIA MILIARIS. specimen of S. miliaris, also measuring 5 mm. in diameter, Fig. 50, the anal plates are more regularly arranged (Pl. 16, fig. 2), there being five large primary anal plates, an inner row of five smaller ones intercalated between the primary plates, and a third set of still smaller, narrow, elongate plates in the actinal angles of the second set of plates. So that it appears that the anal system of Salenia, as of Cidaris, was originally covered by five plates. . é The buccal ambulacral plates (Pl. 21, fig. 7) oceupy nearly the whole of the actinal system. They touch laterally, and are separated from the actinostome by a belt of two or three rows of calcareous plates, slightly imbricating, irregularly arranged (Pl. 21, figs. 7, 4). The plates of the actinal system are made up of an open network of cells. The ambulacral pores are not as yet equally developed (Pl. 21, figs. 7, 4), five of the suckers being more prominent than the others, the pores being scarcely visible on the other buccal plates. The Salenia Goesiana figured by Lovén' has unfortunately lost its actinal and anal plates, as well as-radioles, so that we can only compare the test to 1 Lovén, Echinoidées, p. 27, Pl. XTX. wv 4 SALENIDA. 37 sg varispina. ‘The specimen is also intermediate in size between the speci- mens of S. varispina collected. The arrangement of the ambulacral plates as far as we can judge from the figures of Lovén,' is similar to that of Sulenia _ Pattersoni (PI. 20, fig. 5). 1 1.9 mm. 5 mm, 13 mm. Fie. 51. SALENIA VARISPINA. Fie. 52. SALENIA MILIARIS. Fig. 538. SALENIA PATTERSONI. In Pl. 21, fig. 7, we can see a small triangular plate at the actinostome in the median interambulacral zone, — very probably the remnant of the primitive primordial plate. No trace of primordial plates could be traced in Salenia miliaris. In none of the young stages of Salenia varispina, Fig. 51; miliaris, Fig. 52; _ Patterson, Fig. 53, and hastigera, Fig. 54, do any of the ocular plates come aia LT -) ¥ mye AN : _ 7.3mm. ‘Fig. 55, of 7, and Fig. 56, of 9mm., the ocular plate of the right posterior -ambulacral is well in contact by one of its sides with the anal system (Pl. 22, fig. 5). Compare this with the figures of the apical system of a ~ = 1 Lovén, Echinoidées, Pl. XIX, figs. 162, 165. 38 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. young Salenia varispina, Fig. 51, of 1.9 mm, (Pl. 21, fig. 2), and one of a young S. miliaris of 5 mm. (PI. 16, fig. 2), Fig. 52. In Acrosalenia, the ocular plate of the left posterior ambulacrum has also come in contact by one of its sides with the anal system. Figs 55, 56. The movement of the same pentagonal ocular plate in the right posterior ambulacrum towards the anal system can be readily followed in its successive stages in S. miliaris. In the youngest stage (Pl. 16, fig. 2) it is pentagonal and well separated from the anal system; when 8 mm. in diameter, Fig. 58, the ocular plate has become truncated and hexagonal, ~ and is now in contact by one of its sides with the anal system. In a 6 min. Fic, 57. SALENIA VARISPINA. Fia. 58. SALENIA MILIARIS. Fig. 59. specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 59, the side of the ocular plate in contact with the anal system is still longer (PI. 16, fig. 6). It has become somewhat indented in a specimen of 13 mm., Fig. 60 (Pl. 17, fig. 2), and in an older specimen of 16 mm., Fig. 61, the side of the hexagon in contact with the anal system is still longer and quite deeply concave (PI. 17, fig. 3). In a Salenia Patterson of 10 mm., Fig. 62, and 13 mm. Fig. 53, this same ocular plate of the right posterior ambulacrum is in one case, “ Blake” Kehini, Pl. IV., Fig. 18, still pentagonal, its apex barely truncated by the anal system, and in the other, “ Blake” Echini, Pl. IV., fig. 3, somewhat more truncated, but less than in a specimen of similar size of S. miliaris. A specimen of S. hastigera, ‘‘ Challenger” Echini, Pl. IV. figs. 6, 10, 12, of 13 mm. Fig. 54, shows the ocular plate only slightly truncated, much as in the specimen of the same size of S. Patlersoni, Fig. 53. M. de Meijere’ refers a small Salenia obtained by the “Siboga” to S. Pattersoni. It is more likely to be the Panamic S. miliaris or 8. pacifica, a Japanese species, than the West Indian species. But as he gives no 1 «¢ Siboga”’ Echinoidea, p. 48. SALENID. 39 details or available figures, nothing more definite can be stated regarding his specimen. In the Report on the “Challenger” Echini' the detailed drawings of the abactinal system have not been uniformly placed in their correct theo- 17 mm. SALENIA MILIARIS. Fie. 61. _retic position, with the axis passing through the anterior ambulacrum . pointing upward so as to bring the madreporic body on the right of the odd anterior ambulacrum. This has misled Duncan in assuming that I _ placed the madreporic plate of Salenia in a posterior position and to the left of the anterior axis. This is niost unfortunate, as I am the last 10 mm. Fie. 62. SALENIA PATTERSONI. to suggest any other position for the madreporic body than that I have _ always recognized with Desor, Cotteau, Lovén, Duncan, and others. x _ Although the suranal plate of Salenia recalls the large anal plate of very young Echini, yet it never becomes a part of the anal system proper. It seems more to be the remnant of one of the suranal plates of Acrosalenia or f Gauthieria. : 1 A. Agassiz, “Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, Pl. IV. 40 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In Acrosalenia the suranal plate is not always single (Pl. 22, figs. 4, 6, 8), and some of the species indicate a transition between the single suranal plate of Salenia to the numerous plates of the anal system of Echinide proper, in which no prominent suranal plate exists in the adult. It is seen only in very young specimens of some genera, as those of Strongylocentrotus Temnechinus, Echinus, Toxopneustes, Trigonocidaris, and others, and it is in no way to be distinguished in older stages from the ordinary anal plates filling a part of the anal system, while in Salenia and Acrosalenia the suranal plate is an intercalated one, outside of the anal system (Pl. 22, figs. 5, 7), and never becomes a part of the anal system of plates, even when as in Acrosa- lenia, the suranal plate is not single, and there are two or three or more suranal plates (Pl. 22, figs. 4, 6, 8), Figs. 55, 62a, 63, which do not hold or 11 mm. 20 mm. Fig. 62a. Fig. 63. Fies. 62a-64. ACROSALENIA SPINOSA. a definite relation to the primary suranal plate, and may be part of the suranal system either in the direction of the right posterior (PI. 22, fig. 4), the right anterior (Pl. 22, fig. 8), or the left anterior ambulacra (Pl. 22, fig. 6); or the suranal plate may remain single, Fig. 64 (Pl. 22, figs. 5, 7), holding to the anal system the same relation it holds in some of the Saleniz. In Gauthieria’ the central part of the apical system is oceupied by large hexagonal plates surrounding a central suranal plate, the anal opening is excentric and the posterior genital reduced to a mere narrow shank. As Lambert well says, this is a most unusual structure in Echinide. The only thing which at all suggests such a structure in recent Echini is the anal system of Aspidodiadema and Dermatodiadema (Pl. 28, figs. 3, 4), which is 1 Lambert, Bull. Soc, des Se. hist. et nat. de l"Yonne, September, 1888. SALENIA MILIARIS. 4] ‘in certain stages covered by a few large anal plates of uniform size: but they are disconnected as compared with the solid pavement formed by the _ plates of the anal system of Gauthieria. 4 In the ambulacral system of Acrosalenia primary ambulacral plates are split into two, and an intercalated plate, carrying only a small tubercle or _ miliaries (Pl. 22, figs. 2, 3), is found between the primary plates with two pairs of ambulacral pores, as in Salenia Pattersoni, Figs. 76, 77. Near the 8.8 mm. Fie. 65. ACROSALENIA SPINOSA. actinal system the ambulacral plates become resorbed and crowded together - and this arrangement is entirely lost (Pl. 22, figs. 7-3), though it reappears again, and is followed as far as the apical system by a single line of small plates, Fig. 65. In the abactinal system of the youngest Acrosalenia examined of 7.3 mm., (PL. 22, fig. 4), the two ocular plates of the posterior lateral ambulacra are hexagonal and in contact with the anal system by one of their sides, but the ocular of the left posterior ambulacrum is the smallest, and it seems _ to be that plate which reaches the anal system last of the two (Pl. 22, figs. 4b 5), the ocular of the right posterior reaching it evidently first (PI. 22, _ fig. 5), as it does in Salenia miliaris. SALENIA Gray. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 74, Pl. II, figs. 2-4. Plates 14, figs. 3-11; 15, figs. 1,2; 16-19; 20, figs. 1-4. This species can at once be distinguished from its congeners by the great sine of the anal system (Pls. 16, figs. 2, 4, 6; 17, figs. 2, 3), which is irregu- larly hexagonal and covered by a larger number of plates than in S. ‘e ’ - = Bey . 42 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. hastigera, varispina, and Pattersom. As in Salenia Pattersoni* the right posterior ocular plate forms with the right posterior genital, the odd genital, and the suranal plate a part of the ring of plates surrounding the anal system, while in S. hastigera* and varispina® (Pl. 21, figs. 2, 9) the right posterior ocular is excluded from the anal system. In Salenia miharis, however, the anal system as well as the other plates of the abactinal system are not symmetrically placed as in S. Pattersoni; and in S. milwris, m the youngest specimen examined, 5 mm. in diameter (Pl. 16, fig. 2) the right ocular is excluded from the anal system, Fig. 52, but in a specimen of 8 mm., Fig. 58, that plate again forms a part of the plates surrounding the anal system (Pl. 16, fig. 4). A few of the larger plates near the anal opening carry large papille similar to those of S. pacifica figured by Doederlein ;* the other anal plates carry smaller more slender papille similar to those of the median ambulacral area (PI. 15, fig. 2). All the plates of the abacti- nal system, exclusive of the anal system, are covered with fixed verrucose papille irregularly arranged on these plates (Pls. 16, figs. 2, 4,6; 17, figs. 2,2), but far less crowded than in S. hastigera, and showing no trace of the radiating arrangement of the verrucz so characteristic of S. Pattersoni. The ocular plates are in the older stages more elongate (PI. 17, figs. 2, 2) than those of S. hastigera, Patterson, or varispina. The madreporic body is but slightly developed (Pls. 16, figs. 2, 4, 6; 17, figs. 2, 3). The genital openings are small, placed nearly in the centre of the larger genital plates, and they cannot be traced in young specimens (PI. 16, figs. 2, 4, 6). Salenia miliaris is marked for its huge curved spines (Pl. 15, figs. 7, 2) and the great variation in the height of the test (Pl. 14, figs. 5, 8, 17); the great length of the primary radioles is very striking; in a specimen 12 mm. in diameter, the longest primary radioles are over 60 mm. in length; in a specimen 16 mm. in diameter they attained a length of 75 mm. A comparison of the fourth and fifth plates of the right anterior inter- ambulacrum in specimens varying from 5 to 13 mm. in diameter seems to show a regular order in the appearance of the miliaries in the angles of the primary coronal plates. In a specimen of 5 mm., Fig. 66, there are three and five miliaries (Pl. 17, fig. 5); in one of 8 mm., Fig. 67, there are six and six in the same plates (Pl. 17, fig. 7); in the next stage of 10 mm., 1 “Blake ” Echini, Pl. IV, figs. 3, 15, 18. ? “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. IV, figs. 6, 10, 12. ® Revision of the Echini, Pl. II, fig. 11. * Doederlein, Jap. Seeigel, Pl. XI, fig. 9. SALENIA MILIARIS. 43 Fig. 68, we find seven and nine (PI. 18, fig. 2); and in one of 13 mm., Fig. 69 (Pl. 18, fig. 4) there are seven and ten, new miliaries being formed in the upper angles of the plates. The small size of the auricles of Salenia and other genera is undoubtedly due to the fact that in Salenia and others the coronal plates supply but little calcareous material to the actinal system owing to its relative constant size, and the primordial plate having been resorbed, little or no fresh cal- careous material is added to the actinal plates for their growth. Fig. 68. Fies. 66-69. SALENIA MILIARIS. The primary ambulacral tubercles are small, placed near the median line, and in older specimens they are separated by miliaries which separate the two vertical rows (PI. 20, figs. 3, 4); they, however, have the same Hemi- 5 mm. Fig. 70. SALENIA VARISPINA. cidaris arrangement which has been observed in other species of the genus, tapering gradually (Pl. 18, figs. 7, 3, 5), Fig. 70, and stopping abruptly at the fourth or fifth plate, where they are followed by large miliaries or small 44 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. secondaries (Pls. 18, figs. 7, 3, 5; 20, figs. 7-4). The pairs of pores are small and occupy a small corner of the ambulacral plate (Pl. 20, figs. 1-4), while in S. Patlersoni the pores are large, distant, and occupy tlie whole side of the ambulacral plate adjoining the interambulacral area (PI. 20, figs. 6,7), and in S. hastigera the size of the pores is intermediate between the two (Pl. 20, fig. 8). In S. varispina the ambulacral pores are still smaller, and take up but a fractional part of the ambulacral plate (PI. 21, figs. 4, 6). Three of the actinal ambulacral tubercles are somewhat larger than the others (Pl. 20, figs. 7-4), showing a Hemicidaris-like arrangement, while the others are uniform in size, decreasing only in dimensions at the last plates near the abactinal system. The larger tubercles are often crenulated (PL 19, dig. 2 There is one important feature in the structure of the ambulacra which gives us the measure of the amount of resorption which has taken place at the junction of the ambulacra with the actinal system. The resorption of the actinal plates does not seem to be sufficient to absorb wholly any of the ambulacral plates, though in a specimen of Sadenia miliaris of 13 mm. the first ambulacral plate of the right zone of the odd anterior ambulacrum, 13 mm. Fie. 71. SALENIA MILIARIS. Fig. 71, has nearly disappeared (PI. 20, fig. 3), and there is no trace of the interambulacral primordial plates in any of the young of Salenia I have examined except in a very young S. varispina of less than 2mm. _ This corre- sponds to what takes place in the Cidaride, in which the primordial plates have been observed only in the very youngest stages. The stress of the coronal ambulacral plates against the edge of the actinal system produces an asymmetry (Pl. 20, fig. 2), as in Dermato- diadema and other Echinoids in which there are but few calcareous plates sloughed off onto the actinal system from the adjoining coronal plates, a slight thickening of the actinal lips (Pl. 20, fig. 3), and retrogression to ; . ee ‘ SALENIA MILIARIS. 45 form on the sides of the ambulacral areas the notches for the gills (Pl. 20, figs, 2, 3), one of the zones extending further into the actinal system than the other (PI. 20, fig. 3) ; while in very young specimens of 5 mm. the outline of the actinal system is symmetrical. 5 mm. SALENIA VARISPINA. Fia. 73. In the different species of Salenia one or more plates are double, the ambulacral tubercle extending across adjoining plates, each of which has a pair of pores. In Salema varispina, Fig. 72, it is the second and third plates which are thus constructed (Pl. 21, fig. 6.) In a specimen measuring only 1.9 mm. it is the second plate, and in that specimen the plate appears as an intercalated one (the third), the primary tubercle of the second plate not having as yet encroached upon the third plate (PI. 21, fig. 5). In the older specimen (PI. 21, fig. 6) the tubercles of the second and third plates have encroached upon the intercalated plates, Fig. 73, on one side of the ambulacrum, while on the other the tubercle of the second plate has gone over the intercalated plate and that of the third plate has not yet en- croached upon the intercalated plate. SALENIA MILIARIS. In a young 8S. miliaris (Pl. 20, fig. 1) it is the second which is a double plate, Fig 74. In older specimens the actinal plates have been partly 46 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. resorbed, Fig. 75, and as they become older and the first formed actinal ambulacral plates are more or less resorbed (PI. 20, figs. 2, 2) they become smaller, and the double plates are brought close to the actinostome (PI. 20, fig. 4). In Salenia hastigera (Pl. 20, fig. 8) the double plates have the same position as in S. miliaris (PI. 20, fig. 3). In Sadenia Pattersoni nearly all the ambulacral plates are double plates and may become so up to the abactinal system. Ina specimen 13 mm., Fig. 77, there are intercalated plates above the sixteenth plate, which is a double one. In a specimen of 5 mm., Fig. 76, all eight of the ambulacral plates are double except the youngest SALENIA PATTERSONI. Fie. 77. plate, which on one side is a single, on the other an intercalated plate (Pl. 20, fig. 5). Lovén has indicated this structure for S. Goestana by calling attention to the alternate position of the ambulacral pores in the plates nearer the actinal system.’ Large tridentate pedicellarize are found in both the ambulacral and in- terambulacral areas below the ambitus as well as on the actinal system. On the latter round the actinal tentacles are found clustered small short- stemmed pedicellarie. On Pl. 19, fig. 2, are figured spheridia at the actinal extremity of the left posterior ambulacrum. In a specimen 16 mm, in diameter (PI. 14, figs. 3-5) the coronal plates are 10 mm. in height, the abactinal system rising 4 mm. above that (Pl. 14, fig. 5); the abactinal system measured 11 mm. across (Pl. 17, fig. 3), the greatest width of the anal system being 5 mm. and that of the actinal system 8 mm. in diameter (Pl. 19, fig. 7). In a specimen 17 mm. in diameter there are seven primary tubercles and five ambulacral plates to each of the largest interambulacral plates (Pl. 18, figs. 5, 6). 1 Lovén, Echinoidées, Pl. XTX, figs. 162, 165. — SALENIA MILIARIS., 47 The scrobicular areas of the primary tubercles are already connected in specimens 10 mm. in diameter; in younger specimens the areas of the principal plates are still isolated (Pl. 17, figs. 4-6). The scrobicular areas (PI. 19, fig. 3) of the larger primary tubercles are flanked on each side by five to six secondaries with one or two miliaries in the narrow space between these and the ambulacra (Pl. 18, figs. 5, 6), while in the wide median interambulacral area the miliaries are more numerous. The larger primary tubercles are crenulated, but those nearer the actinal system are not. The radial and concentric mode of growth of the coronal plates is well shown in Pl. 19, figs. 3, 4,5; figs. 4 and 4 illustrate specially the inde- pendent growth of the interambulacral and ambulacral plates by the b - 2 Fia@. 78. SALENIA VARISPINA. gradual intercalation of additional calcareous material in the connecting angles of the plates. In fig. 5 there are five ambulacral on the side of the interambulacral plate, while there are only three and two halves in fig. 4. Towards the actinal edge, Fig. 78, the sutures of the actinal inter- ambulacral coronal plates are somewhat curved, the sloping plates con- trasting greatly to the rectangular plates which follow (Pl. 16, fig. 4). In all the Salenie thus far known the actinal system (Pl. 19, fig. 7) is covered by small elongated imbricating plates irregularly arranged occupy- ing the whole space between the ten ambulacral buccal plates and the coronal plates. In young specimens the ten ambulacral buccal plates occupy the greater part of the actinal system (PI. 16, fig. 7). With increas- ing age the buccal plates become larger (Pl. 16, figs. 3, 5), and the other actinal plates increase greatly in number, though without showing any regular arrangement (PI. 17, fig. 7). In Salenia miliaris the actinal plates show but little trace of imbrication. The ratio between the actinal system and the diameter of the test does not change with age, Fig. 79; in 48 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. specimens of 16 mm. where the outline of the actinal system is decagonal it remains about one half that of the test, as in a specimen of 5 mm. In a specimen 16 mm. in diameter (Pl. 14, figs. 6-8) the height of the coronal plates was 12 mm. and the apical system rose fully 4 mm. above that. There were seven and eight primary interambulacral plates. In a specimen 13 mm. in diameter (Pls. 14, figs. 9-11; 18, figs. 3, 4; 17, figs. 7, 2; 20, fig. 2) the coronal plates rose to a height of 7.75 mm. and the abactinal system 2.5 mm. above that. There were six and seven primary tubercles differing from the older ones only in the smaller number of miliaries surrounding the scrobicular area. The abactinal system measured 8 mm. in diameter, the anal system 3.25, and the actinal system 6 mm. 5 mm. 8 mm. 10 mm. 13 mm. 16 mm. Fie. 79. SALENIA MILIARIS. In a specimen 10 mm. in diameter (PI. 18, figs. 7, 2) the five and six coronal plates rose to 8 mm. and the abactinal system was far less prominent than in older specimens, rising only 1 mm. above that; it measured 7 mm. across (Pl. 16, fig. G), and was more circular,—the anal plates with dimin- ishing size becoming proportionally larger as they decrease in number. Compare Pl. 16, figs. 2, 4, 6 and Pl. 17 figs. 2, 3. The actinal system (Pl. 16, fig. 20) of the same specimen measured 5.5 mm. in diameter. In a somewhat younger specimen, 8 mm. in diameter (Pls. 16, figs. 3, 4; 17, figs. 6, 7; 20, fig. 2), the abactinal system measured 6 mm. across, the anal system 2.2 mm. in diameter, the actinal system 4 mm.; the height 7mm. including the abactinal system; there were six and seven primary tubercles, Fig. 83. In the youngest specimen collected, 5 mm. in diameter, Fig. 82 (Pls. 16, figs. 7, 2; 17, figs. 4,5; 20, fig. 7), the test is much flatter, the height, including the abactinal system, is only 3 mm., the diameter of the apical system 3.9 mm., of the anal system 1.5 mm., with only five large primary plates and the points of the smaller second set intercalated between them ; the actinal system 2.2 mm. in diameter and the longest radiole 25 mm. in length. The anal system of Salenia miliaris would seem to have started in the youngest stage with five anal plates. They are still predominant in a | SALENIA MILIARIS. 49 specimen of 5 mm., Fig. 50 (PI. 16, fig. 2), in which the second set of anal plates has found its way between the original plates, and the third set between those of the second. In a somewhat older specimen, 8 mm., Fig. 80 (Pl. 16, fig. 4) the third set of plates has greatly increased in size, and a A. = (Ba Fi, “ 2; tas g Fig. 80. SALENIA MILIARIS. Fig. 81. fourth set has made its appearance. Ina specimen of 10 mm. (PI. 16, fig. 4) a fifth set of plates has been added, and the five primary anal plates are now separated by plates nearly as large as they are, Fig. 81. The plates of the different series do not always push their way through the preceding Fie. 82. SALENIA MILIARIS. series; they are frequently split, and thus odd, intercalated, small plates break the uniformity of the arrangement. The actinal system has originally ten large buccal plates arranged in pairs (Pl. 16, fig. 7) occupying, in a young specimen of 5mm., the greater 4 50 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. part of the actinal system. In still younger specimens, as in S. varispina, these plates cover the whole actinal system (PI. 21, fig. 7). The rest of the actinal system is covered with plates irregularly shaped and irregularly arranged (Pl. 16, figs. 3, 4). The primary radioles are usually cylindrical, marked for the great development of the milled ring (Pl. 19, fig. 7) forming a deep groove round the base of the larger radioles; these vary greatly in appearance: some of them are covered with flat, sharp spinules arranged in irregularly concen- tric rings round the shaft (Pl. 19, fig. 7), which has an exceedingly fine Fie. 838. SALENIA MILIARIS. longitudinal striation ; in others the radioles have lost the spinules, and the whole shaft retains only its delicate longitudinal lines; while again the striations may coalesce, forming a coarser fluting with traces on the sides of the lines of sharp spinules which characterize some of the more flattened radioles (Pl. 19, fig. 8). The radioles on the actinal side are often flattened, even spear-shaped, somewhat concave, with larger serrations on the edges, and recalling to a certain extent the serrated actinal spines of Porocidaris. This tendency to become spathiform at the extremity is also seen in some of the largest primary radioles. The longest radiole observed was 85 mm. long in a specimen of 18 mm. in diameter. In younger specimens the SALENIA MILIARIS. 5] serrations and spinules of the primary radioles are proportionally very large as compared to the diameter of the shafts.’ In a specimen of 5 mm. (Pls. 16, figs. 7, 2; 17, figs. 4, 5) the primordial plates have been resorbed and the first pairs of plates are in contact with the actinal system in all the interambulacra, Fig. 82. There are nine to ten pairs of ambulacral plates with five to six pairs of interambulacral plates, the sixth being a small plate or merely indicated in the interambulacral areas. 10 mm, Fie. 84. SALENIA MILIARIS. In a specimen of 8 mm. (Pls. 16, figs. 3, 4; 17, figs. 6, 7), with fifteen to sixteen pairs of ambulacral plates, the first interambulacral plates are still in contact with the actinal system, Fig. 83, the sixth pairs of interambulacral plates are fully developed, and the seventh is composed of smaller plates in all the interambulacra. In a specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 84, the conditions since the preceding stage have changed but slightly (Pls. 16, figs. 5, 6; 18, figs. 7, 2), the seventh pair of interambulacral plates being somewhat more advanced. 1 See the fimbriated spines of a young S. varispina, “ Blake ’’ Echini, Pl. VI. fig. 1. 52 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In a specimen of 13 mm. (Pls. 17, figs. 7, 2; 18, figs. 3, 4) the seventh pairs of interambulacral plates are fully developed in all the areas except the left anterior, and the eighth pair is indicated in two of the interam- bulacra, Fig. 85. The first pairs of actinal interambulacral plates are still in contact with the actinal system, but of course they have become greatly reduced in size from the early stages examined (PI. 16, figs. 7, 2) when the Fig. 85. SALENIA MILIARIS. first actinal interambulacral plates were of full size. The first ambulacral plates not flowing continuously, but having only a most limited resorption, are only gradually somewhat reduced in size in the successive stages of growth. This species is, like most Saleniw I have seen alive, brilliantly colored, though not as strikingly as S. Pattersoni. In S. miliaris the papille of the test are a dark violet, while the primary radioles are a brilliant white enamel. On the apical system the sessile verruce are light claret color. 7 ; a. ~ ARBACIADA. 53 Station 3357 off Mariato Point, 782 fathoms. Lat. 6° 35’ N.; Long. 81 44’ W. Bott. temp. 38°.5. Modern greensand. Station 3360, on way to Cocos Isd., 1672 fathoms. Lat. 6° 17 N.: Long. 82° 5 W. Bott. temp. 36°.4. Fine blk. drk. gn. S. Station 3361 on way to Cocos Isd., 1471 fathoms. Lat. 6° 10’ N.; Long. 83° 6’ W. Bott. temp. 36°.6. Gn. ooze. Station 3362 on way to Cocos Isd., 1175 fathoms. Lat. 5° 56’ N.; Long. 85° 10’ 30” W. Bott. temp. 36°.8. Gn. M.S. Rocky. Station 3376 south of Malpelo Isd., 1132 fathoms. Lat. 3° 9’ N.; Long. 82° 8 W. Bott. temp. 36°.3. Gy. glob. ooze. Station 3380, off Malpelo Isd., 899 fathoms. Lat. 4° 3’ N.; Long. 81° 31’ W. Bott. temp. 37°.2. Rocks. Station 3407, Galapagos Isds., 885 fathoms. Lat. 0° 4’ S. Long, 90° 24’ 30” W. Bott. temp. 37°.2. Glob. ooze. Station 3411, Galapagos Isds., 1189 fathoms. Lat. 0° 54’ N.; Long. 91° 9 W. Bott. temp. 36°.2. Yellow glob. ooze. Station 3413, Galapagos Isds., 1360 fathoms. Lat. 2° 34’ N.; Long. 92° 6 W. Bott. temp. 36°. Glob. ooze dk. sp. Bathymetrical range, 782 fathoms to 1672 fathoms. Extremes of temperature, 38°.5 to 36°. ARBACIADA’ Gray. It has been impossible thus far to trace the development of the coronal plates in the stages immediately following that of the free swimming Pluteus. Lovén' has figured a young Echinid of 0.6 mm. immediately after the resorption of the Pluteus and its appendages, in which he shows the ten primitive buccal plates and traces of the five single actinal primordial inter- ambulacral plates. He has also figured? a much older specimen of a Strongylocentrotus drvbachiensis of 1.2 mm. showing the single interambulac- ral primordial plates for the greater part intact, and in a still larger speci- men of Echinus miliaris of 2.5 mm. Lovén figures the single primordial interambulacral plates as almost resorbed, only a fragment of each remain- ing.* But these specimens and the young of Goniocidaris canaliculata figured by Lovén and myself give us no indication of the mode or order of formation of the coronal plates of intermediate stages. 1 Etudes, Pl. XVII, fig. 149. 8 Lovén, Echinologica, Pl. V, fig. 29- 2 Lovén, Echinologica, Pl. IV, figs. 25, 26. 54 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In young Saleniz there are also traces of the single primitive interam- bulacral plates, as in the small S. varispina of 1.9 mm. (PI. 21, fig. 7). On several occasions I attempted to obtain information regarding the succession of the coronal plates, but have been unsuccessful both with Strongylocentrotus' and Arbacia.? For many years at Newport the pluteus of Arbacia was raised until well after the formation of the Echinid, and although one stage of the young Arbacia (Pl. 54, fig. 7) attained 1.5 mm. in diameter, I was unable even in that specimen to define the coronal plates. It is only in a young specimen of 3.6 mm. that the primary tubercles are fully developed, the arrangement of the coronal plates easily made out, and the plates of the apical system sharply defined (Pls. 53, fig. 9; 54, fig. 2), though in the younger specimen of 1.5 mm. the number of the tentacles and of the primary spines would indicate the probable number of the ambu- lacral as well as interambulacral plates. Arbacia, as one of the few regular Echinid genera in which the single primordial interambulacral plates are not resorbed (PI. 54, figs. 5, 6), natu- rally formed an interesting genus in which to trace the development of the coronal plates. Unfortunately the existence in very early stages of huge pigment spots renders the detection of minute calcareous plates most difficult. In a young specimen of Arbacia only 0.4 mm. in diameter exclusive of the spines, and 0.8 mm. including them (Pl. 53, figs. 7-5), there were no traces of coronal plates. The larval envelopes still surround the whole animal. There are fifteen large club-shaped radioles dotted with pigment; they are arranged in sets of three, and between them are placed the five ambulacral suckers, one of which, the terminal one, is much larger than the others and provided with a powerful disk (Pl. 53, figs. 2-4). It bends toward the acti- nal system, as is the case also with other larval Echini (Strongylocentrotus and Goniocidaris). The abactinal side is greatly swollen (Pl. 53, fig. 3), with five large plates, presumably the oculars, on the abactinal side of the large odd terminal sucker. Above the ambitus four diminutive spines have made their appearance. Seen from the actinal side (Pl. 53, fig. 5) the five actinal plates which have appeared may be the first trace of the teeth. In the stage of 0.4 mm. the five ambulacral suckers correspond to the five embryonic folds of the water system, showing that in the earliest stages of Arbacia as in other young Kchini there can be only four ambulacral 1 Embryol. of Echinod., Mem. Am. Acad. 1864, IX, Pl. 1; Revision of the Echini, p. 709 (Pl. IX, fig. 1; Pl. X, figs. 1-4). ® Revision of the Echini, p. 734, figs. 68, 69. ay ee eee a DIALITHOCIDARIS. 55 plates and one ocular pore, and the spines would similarly indicate in the interambulacrum area one primordial plate and a row of two plates above it. In the next stage of 1.5 mm. (including the spines) (Pls. 53, fig. 6; 54, fig. 7) an additional primary spine has been added to each ambulacrum (Pls. 53, fig. 6; 54, fig. 7). These spines (PI. 53, fig. 7) are larger than those of the interambulacral areas (Pl. 53, fig. 6), and already have a well developed milled ring. In this stage there are three pairs of ambulacral suckers below the ambitus and as many above it, with a spherid at the actinal edge of the ambulacrum. In this stage (1.5 mm.) it is difficult to decide if the anus is covered with four anal plates. The keel of verruce surround- ing the anal system is somewhat irregular; from the angles run branches extending over the genital plates. The design of the abactinal system becomes quite régular in a somewhat older stage of 2 mm. (PI. 54, fig. 4); the four plates of the anal system are clearly defined and the radiating structure of the genital and ocular plates is the same as that of an older specimen of 3.6 mm. (PI. 54, fig. 3). The madreporic body and two of the genital pores of the trivium are fully developed, while no trace could be seen of either in the specimen of 2 mm. The crowding of the interambulacral plates against the single actinal primordial plates and its gradual diminution in height with increasing age is well shown by comparing a part of the actinal system of a young Arbacia of 3.6 mm. (PI. 54, fig. 2) with its large pentagonal single actinal primordial plates with a specimen of 16 mm. in which the second set of two plates has been almost resorbed by the narrow primordial plate (Pl. 54, figs. 5, 6); the extent of the pressure of the ambulacral plates in forming the multiporous rows of ambulacral plates next to the actinal system is well seen on Pl. 54, figs. 2 and 5. DiatiTHociparis A. Ag. Dialithocidaris A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII. No. 5, p. 75. The genus is marked by. the great size of the genital and ocular plates, the great width of the interambulacral areas, the linear arrangement of the miliaries and sessile verruce along the median line parallel with the hori- zontal sutures of the upper interambulacral plates. The interambulacral plates carry each two primary tubercles, the ambulacral, one. The sutures of the abactinal interambulacral coronal plates are somewhat sunken and bare. It has four anal plates like Ccelopleurus. 56 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Dialithocidaris gemmifera A. Ag. Dialithocidaris gemmifera A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII. No. 5, p. 75, Plate V. figs, 1, 2. Plates 15, figs. 3-5; 23. A single specimen of this species was dredged in nearly 1800 fathoms about seventy miles southeast of Mariato Point. It is interesting from its size (Pl. 15, figs. 3-5), 21 mm., which is nearly twice that attained by species of the genus most closely allied to it (Podocidaris). The abactinal system is noted for the great size of the ocular plates; these are pentagonal, broader on the genital faces, elongate, tapering to a small face at the ambulacra (Pl. 23, fig. 2). The ocular plates are excluded from the anal system (Pl. 15, fig. 4). The genital plates are heptagonal. In the specimen collected there were, as in Coelopleurus, only four bare anal plates, while the’ other plates of the apical system are well covered with irregularly arranged sessile verrucee varying in form from globular to club shape. The madreporic body is well developed, but the genital openings cannot be traced from the exterior in the clusters of verrucee and miliaries. The primary interambulacral tubercles extend only to the fourth or fifth plate from the abactinal system, those of the ambulacral rows somewhat higher (Pls. 15, figs. 4, 5; 23, figs. 2, 2). The interambulacral primaries (Pl. 25, fig. 72) are placed at each extremity of the plate, the greater part of the remainder of the plate being covered by irregularly arranged miliaries (Pl. 23, figs. 7, 3). In the third and fourth plates above the ambitus the interambulacral primaries become smaller (Pl. 23, fig. 2); sessile verruce (Pl. 25, fig. 77) are found between them in addition to the miliaries. In the following plates the inner primary disappears, the verruc increase in number, and are arranged in a line parallel to the sutures along the central part of the plates. In the last three and four abactinal plates they extend the whole length of the plate, the lower part of which is bare and slightly sunken; the upper, above the verruce, is covered with miliaries. The ambulacral plates carry but a single primary tubercle, fully as large as the adjoining primary interambulacral ones, Fig. 86. The primary tubercles gradually disappear on the abactinal parts of the ambulacrum to be replaced by one or two sessile verrucx and large miliaries. The ambulacral pores form a vertical line with the pairs of pores placed DIALITHOCIDARIS GEMMIFERA. 57 ; obliquely at the outer edge of the plates, Fig. 86 (Pl. 23, fig. 2), except on F the actinal plates, where the lower pair of pores is pushed toward the median line, Fig. 87 (Pl. 23, figs. 7, 4). There are three pairs of pores to each ambulacral plate. { Fira. 86. DIALITHOCIDAKIS GEMMIFERA. Fig. 87. The actinal system is marked by the existence of five large elongate areas composed of minute calcareous plates placed between the actinal extremity of the ambulacra and the ring of ten perforate ambulacral buccal plates ; these plates are thickly covered with miliaries and long-stemmed pedicellariz similar to those of the abactinal system. The gills are large (Pl. 23, fig. 7), forming a prominent loop or separate clusters. The largest primary radioles observed are 8 mm. in length; they are flattened, fluted (PI. 15. fig. 3), and serrate on the edges (Pl. 23, fig. 73). The primary tubercles are imperforate. The scrobicular circle is slightly raised from the surface of the test. 21 mm. Int. 2, actinal side. Int. 2, inside. Fia. 88. DIALITHOCIDARIS GEMMIFERA. Fia. 89. ‘ When alive the general coloring of this species is yellowish brown. The apical system is thickly covered with short-headed long-stemmed pedicellarize seated upon the minute miliaries scattered in the space be- tween the sutures and that covered with verrucee. Over the whole test are 58 PANAMICG DEEP SEA ECHINI. found many small pedicellaria somewhat similar to those of the apical system. Each coronal plate also carries from four to six large tridentate pedicellariz. | In the figures of the auricles (Pl. 23, figs. 5, 6) a faint horizontal line divides the auricle into two plates, one of which is probably the primordial plate, Figs. 88, 89. Station 3382, southeast of Mariato Point, 1793 fathoms. Lat. 6° 21’ N.; Long. 80° 41’ W. Bott. temp. 35°.8. Gn. M. ASPIDODIADEMATIDZ Duncan. DeERMATODIADEMA A. Ag. Dermatodiadema A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 76. This genus holds to Aspidodiadema the same relation which Echinothrix holds to Diadema. It differs from it in having only small secondary tubercles and miliaries in the ambulacral areas, Fig. 93, as in Cidaris, while in Aspidodiadema the ambulacral plates of the actinal region carry large primary tubercles, as in Hemicidaris; in D. globulosum there are also in addition to the miliaries distant small secondary tubercles, but they have not the Hemicidaris arrangement. Two species of the genus have been dredged in the Panamic area. Their representative in the West Indian area is Aspidodiadema antillarum collected by the “ Blake,” which should be referred to Dermatodiadema, it having the miliary and secondary ambulacral tubercles on the actinal plates as in that genus. A. Jacobyi' and A. tonsum’ are characteristic Aspidodia- dematidae, while A. microtuberculatum® as well as A. antillarum* are to be- referred to Dermatodiadema. ; s I did not find in either species of Dermatodiadema the sheathed pedicel- lari so characteristic of the West Indian species. In the genital ring of Aspidodiadema and Dermatodiadema the oculars not only all reach the anal system, but they are of nearly uniform size with the genitals. We find in Centrostephanus a very similar genital ring, 1 « Blake ’’ Echini, Pl. IX*, figs. 3, 7, 10, 15, 18. 2 Challenger ” Echinoidea, Pl. VIII, figs. 5, 9. § “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. VIII, figs. 11, 12, 16. * « Blake" Echini, Pl. IX, figs. 8, 4, 6, 8, ASPIDODIADEMATIDA. . 59 while in the other Diadematide the oculars, though in contact with the anal system, yet are small compared to the large triangular genital plates of the family. The auricles are most irregularly developed. They are either wanting or mere projections, slightly raised. Since the publication, in 1898, of the Preliminary Report of the Echini of the 1891 “ Albatross” Expedition, my attention has been called by a synonym in Duncan’s Revision of the Genera of the Echinoidea, p. 56, to the fact that Pomel in 1883 separated Aspidodiadema iicrotuberculatum from A. tonsum, and suggested a new generic name, Plesiodiadema, differing from Aspidodiadema in having, according to Pomel, a double row of small ambulacral tubercles, while A. tonswm has only granules, as in Cidaris. Unfortunately the reverse is the case, and I may be pardoned in rejecting a name which is evidently based upon a misunderstanding or a gross error in quotation, as has also been noticed by Lambert, 1. c. p. 14. When Aspidodiadema antillarum was described, there were included with it in the genus Aspidodiadema other species not having the peculiar Hemicidaris arrangement of the actinal ambulacral primary tubercles. Their absence was considered as due to the small size of the specimens then available. The material of the genus collected in the Panamic realm shows that A. antilarum of the “ Blake” as well as A. microtuberculatum of the “ Challenger ” collection belong to the genus Dermatodiadema, as here limited, in which the actinal secondary tubercles are small, hardly larger than the miliaries, The genus Dermatodiadema in the Pacific seems to be characteristic of deep water. The least depth at which either species has been dredged is over 900 fathoms, and the deepest point, north of Malpelo Island, is nearly 1800 fathoms. A. antillarwm has a range of about 400 to nearly 1600 fathoms, and the other species of Dermatodiadema range from 400 to over 2200 fathoms, while Aspidodiadema as now restricted’ has a range starting from much shallower waters, — about 100 fathoms. 1 A. Jacobyi, A. tonsum. 60 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII. No. 5, p. 76, Pl. V. figs. 3, 4, 5.1 Plates 24, figs. 1-7; 26, fig. 2; 28, figs. 3, 4; 29, figs. 5-7. This species is readily distinguished by its high test (Pl. 24, fig. 2), the row of large plates surrounding the anal opening (Pls. 24, figs. 7, 2; 28, figs. 3, 4), with an outer circle of smaller irregularly arranged plates, which with the large plates cover the greater part of the anal system. The anal plates are covered with long slender miliary spines similar to those of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. D. globulosum is also noted- for its wide ambulacral area. | A specimen of 22 mm. in diameter was 19 mm. in height, the apical system 12.5 mm. in diameter, the anal system 8 mm. in diameter, the actinal system 8 mm. in diameter, the greatest width of the ambulacral system 3 mm., the longest radiole 40 mm. The radioles of D. globulosum are much stouter than those of D. horridum and are covered with coarser verticillations. There were four ambulacral plates to each interambulacral plate in the equatorial region of the test. The scrobicular areas of the primary inter- ambulacral tubercles are marked for the deep furrows to which are attached the muscular bundles of the base of the radioles. In a specimen 25 mm. in diameter there are eight primary interambula- cral tubercles with a large elliptical scrobicular area connected at the sutures of adjoining plates (Pl. 29, fig. 6). Closely packed miliaries cover the interambulacral plates in the median space between the primaries, and similar less crowded miliaries separate the scrobicular area from the ambu- lacral areas. The primary tubercles are perforate, and the larger ones crenulate. In the ambulacral area, Fig. 90, the small secondary tubercles (Pl. 29, figs. 5, 7) are separated by one or two plates which carry only a few mili- aries ; they occur in two irregular vertical rows, and contrast with the regu- lar arrangement of the large miliaries in JD. horridum. The pairs of pores are small, Fig. 91, and oceupy a much smaller proportion of the ambulaeral plates than in D. horridum (Pl. 29, figs. 7, 2). 1 In the “ Preliminary Report ’* this figure was by mistake quoted as D. horridum. es DERMATODIADEMA GLOBULOSUM. 61 ; In a specimen 30 mm. in diameter the ten buccal plates are connected for their whole length and cover a relatively greater part of the actinal system (Pl. 26, fig. 2), more as we find them in young specimens of JD. horridum (Pl. 25, figs. 7, 2); the plates are rounded at the proximal extremity, the ambulacral pore is protected distally by a prominent lip, the distal part of the buccal plates is covered with miliaries and secondary tubercles. The narrow belt left between the outer faces of the buccal _ plates and the edge of the actinal system is filled with small narrow elon- gate actinal plates irregularly arranged. Ina specimen of 25 mm. (PI. 28, fig. ?) the ocular plates are flat penta- gons, with rounded corners, leaving large cuts between them and the adjoin- 30 mm. (fragment), Fie. 91. DERMATODIADEMA GLOBULOSUM. rey 1 the anal edge. — In a specimen of 30 mm. in diameter the proportions between the culars and genitals are somewhat different. The oculars have nearly ce the base of the genitals, and three of them (PI. 28, fig. 4), the odd the right and left anterior oculars, have split into two plates which ear like plates intercalated between the genitals and oculars, reach- in one case the anal system. These plates look much as if inter- acral plates had forced their way to the anal system and were to parate, as in some Spatangoids, the bivium and the trivium. In this specimen the anal edges of all the apical plates carry an outer line 62 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The genital openings are large; their position varies somewhat, though ; it is generally central. The ocular pores are usually placed close to the ‘terminal ambulacral plates. | The madreporic body is well defined in both the above-mentioned speci- _ mens, occupying nearly one half of their respective genital plates. In D. globulosum of 30 mm., Fig. 92, there are eight primary anal plates (Pl. 28, fig. 4) and an outer circle of seven pairs of secondaries. In a speci- men of 25 mm., Fig. 93, there are only seven primary anal plates and an 30 mim. Fie. 92. DERMATODIADEMA GLOBULOSUM. Fie. 93. outer circle of eight pairs of secondary plates. Both in D. globulosum and D. horridum the ratio between the actinal system and the diameter of the test seems to change but little with increas- ing size. The color of the test when alive is of a dark violet with lighter colored primary radioles and still lighter colored, almost pinkish, miliary spines. Station 3381, north of Malpelo Isd., 1772 fathoms. Lat. 4° 56’ N.; Long. 80° 52’ 30” W. Bott. temp. 35°.8. Gn. M. Station 3398, off Galera Point, in 1573 fathoms. Lat. 1° 7’ N.; Long. 80° 21’ W. Bott. temp. 36°. Gn. ooze. Bathymetrical range, 1573-1772 fathoms. Temperature range, 36° to 35.8. ] t DERMATODIADEMA HORRIDUM. 63 Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 76; Plate V, figs. 6, 7. Plates 24, figs. 4-12; 25; 26, figs. 1, 3,4; 27; 28, figs. 7, 2; 29, figs. 7-4. D. horridum is comparatively flat (Pl. 24, fig. 8) with a large apical system (PI. 24, fig. 9). The anal system is covered by a number of small plates (Pl. 24, fig. 9). Those immediately surrounding the anal opening are 20 mm, Fig. 95. D. HORRIDUM. 20 mm. 20 mm, Fia. 94. D. HORRIDUM. Fie. 96. elongate and somewhat larger than the others (Pls. 27; 28, figs. 3, 4), which are irregularly arranged in concentric rows or dotted over the surface of the _ analsystem. The anal plates are covered with miliary spines. Those near _ the anal opening are fully as large and long as any of the miliary spines of the test. | The greater number of the specimens collected were about 20 mm. in diameter. When alive the test is claret-colored. The suckers and gills are somewhat darker and stand out prominently among the lighter-colored 64 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. miliary spines. The primary radioles are of a still lighter tint, somewhat pinkish. In a specimen 20 mm. in diameter the apical system measured 14 mm. in diameter (Pl. 28, figs. 7, 2) and the anal system 10mm. The genital and ocular plates are more elongate than those of D. globulosum, in which the genital plates specially project further into the anal system than in D. horridum ; compare Plate 28, figs. 1, 2 with Plate 28, figs. 3, 4 The greatest width of the ambulacral system, 2.3 mm., is found nearer the ambi- tus than to the equatorial zone, The actinal system (Pl. 26, fig. 7) is 6 mm. in diameter; the height of the test is 12 mm. At that stage of growth there are nine primary interambulacral tubercles, Fig. 94, with a tenth rudimentary plate (Pl. 26, fig. 4). There are four ambulacral plates to each of the larger interambulacral plates (Pl. 29, fig. 4). The muscular furrows of the scrobicular area are well developed. An irregular row of two or three miliaries occupies the upper part of each ambulacral plate, Fig. 95 (Pl. 29, fig. 3); these become small secondary tubercles on the older plates (Pl. 26, fig. 4). The miliaries along the sides of the median interambulacral line are irregularly arranged, filling the spaces between the scrobicular circles; these unite at the sutures. A similar belt of miliaries fills the angles between the scrobicular areas and the ambulacra. The miliaries of the interambulacra are more uniform in size than those of the ambulacra. The genital plates are elongate, Fig. 96, pentagonal, with slightly rounded corners; they are covered with miliaries and pierced by large genital openings placed in the centre of the plate (Pl. 28, figs. 7, 2). The ocular plates are even more elongate than the genitals; the rounded corners of adjoining plates leaving a slight notch between the genitals and oculars. The ocular pore is on the edge of the plate close to the terminal ambulacral plates. The ten buecal ambulacral plates (Pl. 26, fig. 7) are smooth, irregularly triangular, they join along their whole length; the outer face is slightly concave. The proximal extremity is cut off to form the dental pentagon ; at the junction of the teeth with the actinal membrane it is strengthened by a number of filaments carrying minute calcareous plates. The ten- tacular pores are placed in the distal third of the plate; in younger specimens they are nearer the distal sides (Pl. 25). The actinal membrane between the buccal plates and the coronal plates (Pl. 26, fig. 7) is thickly DERMATODIADEMA HORRIDUM. 65 covered by irregularly shaped minute calcareous plates varying in outline from circular to very narrow elongate plates. In a specimen of 18 mm. in diameter with nine primary interambulacral plates, Fig. 97, the height was 11.5 mm. and the apical system 13.5 mm. It differed mainly in size from the specimen just described. The anal _ system, however, had larger plates round the anal opening, eight in number, and somewhat comma-shaped ; the larger anal plates are covered with small miliaries. In a specimen of 19 mm. in diameter there were Fie. 97. D. HORRIDUM. Fie. 98. D. HORRIDUM. _ seven and eight primary tubercles, as in the larger and the smaller specimen alluded to above. The longest radioles of specimens of 19 to 20 mm. in diameter, taken on the third or fourth largest interambulacral plates, measured about 40 mm. in length; they are very brittle and delicate and rarely found unbroken at the tip. In a specimen of 14 mm. in diameter (PI. 24, figs. 70-72) the longest radiole was 26 mm., the apical system 8.2 mm. in diameter, the anal system 6.1 mm., the height of the test 10 mm., the greatest width of the ambulacral system 2.2 mm., the diameter of the actinal system 95.1 mm., and the number of primary interambulacral tubercles six and seven. _In this stage of growth there are but two miliaries to each ambulacral plate. ‘ Along the median interambulacral line the miliaries are placed in the on = Be 5 66 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. median edge of each plate, thus forming an irregular vertical median line of two rows of miliaries. In the outer edge of the interambulacral plates there are only two or three small miliaries at the junction of th ambulacral and interambulacral plates. The primary interambulacral tuber- cles are perforate and crenulate (PI. 29, figs. 2, 4). In a smaller specimen 12 mm. in diameter and 7 mm. in height the apical system was 6.2 mm. in diameter (PI. 27, fig. 4), the anal system 4 mm., | and the actinal system 4.5mm. It had six and seven primary interam- bulacral tubercles with three ambulacral plates to each of the largest. coronal plates. The longest radiole was 16 mm. In a smaller specimen, 10.5 mm. in diameter and 6 mm. in height, there — are already eight and eight interambulacral plates, Fig. 98, as many as in older specimens of nearly twice the size, though the primary tubercles are only developed to their full size on the coronal plates above the ambitus (Pl. 29, fig. 2). There are three ambulacral plates to the larger coronal plates. In the median interambulacral belt the miliaries are few in number, forming almost a single, angular, vertical line along the median zone. On — the outer edge only two to three miliaries are found in the space separating the scrobicular area from the ambulacra. wits CLES 7.3 mm. 10.5 mm, Fie. 99. D. HoRRIDUM. Fra. 100. Fie. 101. D. HoRRIDUM. In the younger specimens examined (PI. 27, figs. 1-4) the genital and — ocular plates are nearly of the same height, the ocular plates gradually becoming more elongate than the genitals, Figs. 99, 100. { In the smallest specimen collected, 6 mm. in diameter and 4 mm. in height, there are five and six primary tubercles and three ambulacral plates to each of the larger interambulacral plates. Usually there is only a single miliary to each ambulacral plate; the median interambulacral miliaries are limited to a cluster of two or three in the median angle of each plate. The apical system (Pl. 27, figs. 7, 2) measured 4 mm. in diameter, the anal 2.75. The plates of the genital ring (Pl. 27, fig. 7) are higher in DERMATODIADEMA HORRIDUM. 67 proportion than in older specimens (PI. 27, figs. 5,6). The plates immedi- ately surrounding the anus are placed on edge and send out long calcareous threads (Pl. 27, fig. 7). The buccal plates of the actinal system occupy a proportionally greater space of the actinal system in young specimens than in older ones. In a specimen of 7.3 mm. in diameter with six and seven interambulacral plates, Fig. 101, there is only a narrow belt between the distal edge of the buccal and the coronal plates (Pl. 25, fig. 7) filled with small irregularly shaped calcareous plates. In somewhat older specimens 10 and 10.5 mm. in 7.3 mm. 10 mm. 10.5 mm. Fig. 102. Fig. 108. Fie. 104. 15 mm. 20 mm. Fria. 105. Fies. 102-106. D. HoRRIDUM. Fie. 106. diameter the belt of small plates had increased in width (Pl. 25, figs. 2, 3, 4), and still more in larger specimens (Pls. 25, fig. 5; 26, fig. 7). The ambu- lacral pores also assume with increasing size a more central position in the buccal plate. There seems to be a regular sequence in the order of appearance of the miliaries in the angles of the interambulacral plates, as is shown in the accompanying figures of the fifth interambulacral plate from the actinal system in specimens varying in size from 7.3 mm. to 20 mm. Figs. 102-106. 68 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The largest specimen collected, 30 mm. in diameter, was somewhat — crushed. The apical system measured 19 mm. in diameter, the anal 14, the actinal 10 mm. In this large specimen the buccal actinal plates were somewhat irregular in shape, much as in the actinal system of a large , specimen of D. globulosum (Pl. 26, fig. 2). In younger specimens (PI. 25) they are marked for their great regularity of size. In a specimen 20 mm, (Pl. 26, fig. 7) they show a tendency to irregularity, and one of the plates is split into two near the distal side. There are in this specimen eight and nine primary tubercles, with five ambulacral plates to each large interam- bulacral plate. The milled ring of the primary radioles often spreads at the base of the spines to a breadth of twice the diameter of the shaft (Pl. 25, fig. 5). Fria. 107. Fra. 108. Fies. 107-109. DERMATODIADEMA HORRIDUM. In younger stages (Pl. 27, fig. 2) the genital plates are uniform in size, and remain so in older stages, with the exception of the madreporie genital, which early develops into a larger plate (Pls. 27, fig. 3; 28, figs. 7, 3, 4), the right anterior interambulacrum thus being wider than the others. DERMATODIADEMA HORRIDUM. 69 In a young specimen of D. horridum of 7.3 mm. the anterior pores of the left and of the right posterior ambulacra, the posterior pore of the right anterior and the left anterior ambulacra slant obliquely toward the actino- stome (Pl. 25, fig. 7). In this stage the indentations of the gills are symmet- rical, but with advancing age the gill slits become asymmetrical (PI. 25, fig. 3) from the extension of one of the poriferous zones (Pl. 26, figs. /, 4), and in a specimen of D. globulosum of 30 mm., Fig. 91, the ambulacral plates have been pushed towards the actinal system so as to distort and crowd the poriferous plates into a long tongue (PI. 26, fig. 2), of which the outer plates are ready to pass over on to the actinal membrane. Spheridia occur in young specimens of 9 mm. (PI. 26, fig. 3) on the sixth and eighth ambulacral plates, Fig. 107. In other Echinids they usually make their first appearance on the first ambulacral plates. The 6.8 mm. 10 mm. Fra. 110. Fia@. 111. Fies. 110-112. DERMATODIADEMA HORRIDUM. spheridia extend the whole length of the ambulacrum. In the young specimen mentioned above there are three in one zone and two in the other, separated by two plates. In an older specimen of 19 mm., Figs. 108, 109, the spheridia are also separated by two ambulacral plates (Pl. 26, fig. 4), there being six and seven in each ambulacral zone. It is interesting to notice that in Dermatodiadema the spheridia point toward the actino- stome and not toward the abactinal pole as is the case in other Echinoids where spheridia have been observed. | The splitting of one of the anal plates of D. globulosum (Pl. 28, fig. 3) in a specimen of 25 mm., Fig. 93, seems to indicate the manner in which eight or more plates may arise from the five primitive anal plates such as are found in a specimen of D. horridum of 6.8 mm. (Pl. 27, fig. 2), Fig. 110. In a somewhat older specimen of 10 mm., Fig. 111, there are eight large anal plates (Pl. 27, fig. 3), and the anal opening is covered by six or seven 70 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. new plates. The same larger anal plates exist in a somewhat older speci- men (Pl. 27, fig. 4) of 12 mm., Fig. 112, with an outer circle of ten — secondary plates arranged in pairs. In the next stage of 14 mm. the eight anal plates, Figs. 113, 114, still 14 mm. Fie. 118. D. HORRIDUM. Fie. 114. persist, as they do to 30 mm. in diameter, but they are more or less disturbed in their arrangement, and we find (PI. 27, figs. 5, 6) an outer circle of seven and nine pairs of plates. In a specimen of 20 mm. in diameter, Fig. 115, there are twenty-five pairs of outer secondary anal plates (Pl. 28, fig. 7), and in another specimen of the same size, Fig. 116, there are no less than forty-six pairs of secondary anal plates (Pl. 28, fig. 2). Fria. 115 D. HORRIDUM. Fie. 116. In Dermatodiadema, where the ambulacral plates play but an insignifi- cant part in supplying the actinal system with calcareous plates some of the first actinal plates remain in contact with the actinal system in quite 71 73mm. Fie. 117. D. HoRRIDUM. ed stages of growth (Pls. 26, fig. 7; 28, fig. 7; 29, figs. 3, 4). Ina specimen of 7.3 inm., Fig. 117, the primordial plates have been 1, and the first pair of interambulacral plates are in contact with 72 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. pairs of interambulacral plates, with one plate of the seventh in each interambulacral area (Pl. 25, fig. 7). In a somewhat older specimen of 10.5 mm., Fig. 118, thes first pairs of — interambulacral plates are but slightly reduced in size. There are sixteen to seventeen pairs of ambulacral plates. The seventh pairs of interambu- lacral plates are fully developed, with the eighth indicated in each inter- ambulacrum (PI. 25, figs, 2, 4; 29, figs. 1, 2). In a specimen of 15 mm., Fig. 119, the first pairs of actinal interam- bulacral plates have been resorbed in all the interambulacra except the left posterior, the right anterior, and the odd interambulacral area, where one plate is left, the second pairs of plates now being elsewhere in contact with the actinal system. 15 mm. Fie. 119. D. HORRIDUM. There are twenty and twenty-one ambulacral plates. The eighth pairs of interambulacral plates are fully developed, and the ninth pairs are in- dicated in all the ambulacra (PI. 25). In a specimen of 20 mm. (Pls. 26, fig. 7; 28, fig. 7; 29, figs. 3, 4), with twenty-two to twenty-three ambulacral plates, Fig. 120, the actinal inter- 20 mm. Fie. 120. D. HORRIDUM. they, however, are rounded off and project somewhat into the ystem, forming slight gill cuts more marked than in the preceding _ The ninth pairs of interambulacral plates have fully developed, and th pairs are indicated in the anterior interambulacra and the left pos- 7.3 mm. 15 mm. 20 mm. Fie. 121. D. HORRIDUM. 74 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. terior one. The relative proportions of the actinal system and of the test — do not vary materially in the different stages of growth, Fig. 121. Although the ambulacral plates of the Aspidodiadematide are small and — of nearly uniform size (Pls. 25, figs. 7,3; 26, figs. 7, 4), much as in the — Cidaride, yet in older specimens the actinal plates become slightly petaloid 2 wl O) 7 6 90 cH pee 34 7.3 mm. 10 mm. 15 mm. Fie. 122. Fic. 1238. Fig. 124. Fig. 125. Figs. 122-125. D. HORRIDUM. crowded and pushed inward (Pl. 26, fig. 2), as in the Echinide, and the — actinal plates pass from simple plates extending across the ambulacrum, Fig. 122, to small intercalated plates reaching but little beyond the median line of each ambulacral zone, Fig. 91. In the younger stages, Fig. 122, the ambulacral plates are symmetrical at the actinostome; with increasing age, they become more and more asymmetrical, Figs. 123, 124, 125, as the gill cuts become more prominent. In both the species of Dermatodiadema here described the plates of the genital ring are of equal size in young stages (Figs. 99, 100); with increas- ing age the madreporic plate becomes longer, Figs. 126, 127. This is Fiag. 126. D. GLOBULOSUM. already seen in a specimen of 20 mm. in diameter, Fig. 96. In D. globulosum the anterior ocular plate sometimes increases in length but not in width with the growth of the madreporie plate, Fig. 126. In D. horridum the odd ocular shows gradual increase in length in young stages of 10.5 mm. in diameter, Fig. 100, and the increase in size of this plate keeps pace with that of the madreporic plate, Fig. 96, while in D. globulosum the madreporie plate sometimes increases alone in width and length beyond the other ECHINOTHURIDA. plates of the genital ring, Fig. 127. In D. horridum Figs. 96, 100, and in D. globulosum, Fig, 125, the youngest interambulacral plates push their way between the oculars and genitals. The characters of the genital ring of the Aspidodiadematidx are emi- nently archaic. It is only im the Melonitide and Bothriocidarid and in some of the older Cidaridze that we find the genitals and oculars all in contact with the anal system. Station 3362 between Cocos Isd. and the mainland, 1175 fathoms. Lat. 5 56’ N.; Long. 85° 10° 30” W. Bott. temp. 36°.8. Gn. m. s. Rocky. Station 3363 between Cocos Isd. and the mainland, 978 fathoms. Lat. 5 43’ N.; Long. 85° 50° W. Bott. temp. 37°.5. Wh. glob. ooze. Station 3364 between Cocos Isd. and the mainland, 902 fathoms. Lat. 5° 30’ N.; Long. 86° 8 30” W. Bott. temp. 38°. Yel. glob. ooze. Station 3375 south of Malpelo Isd., 1201 fathoms. Lat. 2’ 34’ N.; Long. 82° 29’ W. Bott. temp. 36°.6. Gy. glob. ooze. Station 3376 near Malpelo Isd., 1132 fathoms. Lat. 3° 9’ N.; Long. 82° 8 W. Bott. temp. 36°.3. Gy. glob. ooze. Station 3381 north of Malpelo Isd., 1772 fathoms. Lat. 4° 56’ N.; Long. 80° 52’ 30” W. + Bott. temp. 35.8. Gn. M. Station 3398 off Galera Point, 1573 fathoms. Lat. 1° 7’ N.; Long. 80° 21’ W. Bott. temp. 36°. Gn. ooze. Station 3400 from Galera Point to the Galapagos, 1322 fathoms. Lat. 0° 36’ S.; Long. 86° 46’ W. Bott. temp. 36°. Lt. gy. glob. ooze. Station 3413 northwest of Culpepper Isd., Galapagos, 1360 fathoms Lat. 2° 34’ N.; Long. 92° 6’ W. Bott. temp. 36°. Glob. ooze, drk. sp. Bathymetrical range, 902 fathoms to 1772 fathoms. Extremes of temperature, 38°-35°.8 ECHINOTHURIDA: Wyv. Thom. We may be justified in assuming that the anal system is in the Echino- thuride, as in the Cidaridx, covered by five small anal plates; but in none of the young specimens I have had occasion to examine was it possible to determine their primitive grouping, though in a young specimen of PA. placenta of 7 mm. (Pl. 43, fig. 2) there seem to be five plates in the angles of the anal pentagon somewhat larger than the others. Their development is evidently quite irregular, as is seen in a somewhat older stage of the 76 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. same species of 9 mm., where there were fewer anal plates (Pl. 43, fig. 4). The position of the anus, which is central in these young specimens, seems _ to trend to one side, as will be noticed on examining the figures of the apical _ system of P. hispidum (Pls. 39, 40). In Asthenosoma coriaceum it has retained its central position (Pl. 52, fig. 7). A similar movement in the anal system of Saleniz is suggested by the gradual greater encroachment, due to age, of the right posterior ocular plate upon the anal system (Pl. 16, figs. 2, 4, 6,) and in Acrosalenia (PI. 22, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8). When about 30 mm. in diameter the genital and ocular plates, which had thus far formed a closed ring, begin to separate, the madreporic genital remaining longer in contact with the odd ocular than the other genitals do with their correlated oculars (Pls. 39, 40). In Phormosoma (Pl. 40, fig. 2) and Asthenosoma (PI. 51, fig. 6) the genital pores are rarely in the genital plates; they are usually situated in the triangular extension of the dermal tissue which separates the abactinal region of the interambulacral zones. The genital pores open in a small conical plate isolated from the components into which the genital plates have become broken up (PI. 39). In most of the species of Phormosoma the anal opening is surrounded by a series of elongated conical plates radiating from it. In the Echinothurie the proportions between the actinal system and the diameter of the test vary with age. In smaller specimens of 15 mm. and 54 mm., Fig. 128, the actinal system is about one third that of the test ; in speci- mens of 53 and 75 it is less than a third; and in specimens of 120 to 200 mm. the actinal system is only a fifth of the diameter of the test. The interambulacral primordial plate is very prominent in the young of Phormosoma (PI. 43, figs. 7, 3, 5), though very different in shape in the different species, it is nearly square in P. hispidum (PI. 43, fig. 5), while it is very elongated in P. placenta (Pl. 43, figs. 1,3). It is deeply indented in Asthenosoma zealandie (Pl. 51, fig. 7), and quite asymmetrical in A. pel- lucidum (Pl. 51, fig. 5), and very large, somewhat polygonal in Kamptosoma (Pl. 50, fig. 7). In a specimen of P. hispidum, of 34 mm., the primordial plates are split in two by a vertical suture (Pl. 43, fig. 6). On the buccal plates the first miliaries to appear are those adjoining the sutures of contiguous ambulacra. The growth of the ambulacral plates on the actinal system does not in the Echinothuria any more than in other ECHINOTHURID, 77 ig >. vier Tiafib a Aleta toc. sia, 128, PHormosoma misprpum. place at or near or under the peristome as is for Melonites. But in the Spatangide that is not f 78 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. the case; the plates of the actinostome are limited to an area which increases but little in size. Early in the development it is covered with plates which increase in number from the interior of the outer row of peristome plates between it and the actinostome; these plates increase in size in all directions. 3 In the Echinothurie it is easy to follow the migration of the pores from the coronal ambulacral plates on to the actinal system. In a specimen of Phormosoma zealandie of 24 mm. (Pl. 51, fig. 7) and one of P. hispidum (Pl. 43, fig. 5) the third plate (counting from the teeth) is in each case in 24 mm. 15 mm. Fig. 129. P. ZEALANDLE. Fie. 130. P. HISPIDUM. the process of passing from the corona to the actinal system, they are not quite free but are still held together by connecting calcareous tissue. The ambulacral plates are single up to the sixth pair, Figs. 129, 150, where the intercalated half plates begin and the ambulacral plates are clustered — in rows of three. On reaching the actinal system the ambulacral buccal plates extend rapidly laterally, principally toward the interambulacral areas, and overlap. The first pair of buccal ambulacral plates is formed on the actinal mem- brane, Figs. 131, 132; the second pair of buccal plates is the first to become detached from the ambulacral coronal plates (Pl. 43, figs. 7, 3). In Phormosoma and Asthenosoma the ambulacral pores are placed near the upper sutures (PI. 48), while in the regular Echinoidea they are gen-— erally near the lower suture or in the suture itself. The secondary suture, such as occurs across the primordial plate of P. hispidum (Pl. 43, fig. 6), is the first indication of an extensive network of secondary sutures which extends over the coronal plates and gives them additional flexibility (Pl. 45, figs. 23, 14) in older stages of growth, ECHINOTHURID. 79 lite : “Se 0p) a From the great length of the genital plates in old and large specimens of Phormosoma we find from three to three and a half interambulacra|] plates - butting against their sides —a feature already existing in Paleechinidx. It is well seen in a specimen of Oligoporus missouriensis Jack. from Webb City, Mo., where there are three and two and a half interambulacral plates in contact with the genitals, and no less than four in a specimen of Lepidechinus imbrica- tus Hall, from Burlington, Iowa. An odd triangular plate is also barely in contact with the outer edge of the genital plate. Between the sixth and seventh plates of the two abactinal rows of interambulacral plates two small rhomboidal plates are intercalated, the youngest plates of the third 9 mm. 15 mim. Fie. 181. P. PLACENTA. Fie. 132. P. HISPIDUM: row of interambulacral plates appearing near the abactinal system, much as they do in the abactinal interambulacral region, where its plates separate the bivium from the trivium. One cannot fail to be struck with the Bothriocidarid structure of the _actinal system of young Phormosoma (PI. 43, figs. 2, 4), in which the inter- ambulacral plates are excluded from the actinostome, Figs. 151, 132, as in Bothriocidaris,' if we look upon the second and third plates of the ambu- lacral areas, which form a closed ring, as still a part of the coronal plates, a condition of things not uncommon in certain Clypeastroids and Spatangoius. I cannot understand Gregory’s’? statement that in Asthenosoma the apical system is reduced to ten rudimentary plates of no functional impor- tance, or are altogether absent. The genital ring of Bothriocidaris as well as of the Palxchinide is much like that of the recent Echinids, only in the former the ocular plates are far larger than the small plates corresponding to the genitals. 1 Schmidt, F., Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, X XI, No. 11 (1874). 2 The Echinoidea, p. 294. In Bather, Gregory and Goodrich, The Echinoderma. 1900. 80 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The anal system of Bothriocidaris globulus Kichw. as figured by Jaecke 1 shows, as in the very young Cidaride, five anal plates in the angles of the ocular plates, with secondary smaller and intercaleated plates. Th 2 mode of growth of the ambulacral zones is well shown in his figures, from the position and size of the abactinal plates, and does not differ in any way from that of recent Echinide. It is natural that there should be no difference from the mode of growth, in the pluteus of Echini and following postembryonic stages, of succeeding pairs of tentacles immediately at the | base of the odd terminal tentacle. The difference in the number of inter-— ambulacral plates in the several rows is not more marked than in the © Cidaride, where they vary from one to two plates, according to their — position with reference to the youngest interambulacral abactinal plate. ° It is by no means certain that the plate indicated as madreporic by — Schmidt and Jaeckel is to be considered as such. It is true that in Echini the madreporic body is not always in a definite plate. It is not so placed in Clypeastroids, and in many Spatangoids and in Kchinothuriz we see it — encroaching upon the ocular plates. The existence of an interambulacral zone composed of a single row of plates does not give us any clue to the mode of formation of the Palzchinid — type of interambulacra with its manifold rows of plates. An examination of specimens of Oligoporus missouriensis Jackson, from Webb City, Mo., and of Lepidechinus imbricatus Hall, from Burlington, Iowa, shows that young plates are added in the interambulacral area in the abactinal — region adjoining the ocular plates, forcing their way down on each side of — the genital plates and pushing the older plates towards the centre of the interambulacral area.” But the exact mode of formation of new vertical rows cannot be determined until very young specimens are available. That they are formed at the aprcal system in the oldest known Echinids is clearly shown by Jaeckel and Schmidt’s figures. In Bothriocidaris the interambulacral zone stops short of the actino- 1 Jaeckel, Otto, Uber die iilteste Echiniden-Gattung Bothriocidaris, Sitzungs-Ber. d.Ges. f. naturf. — Freunde zu Berlin, Dec. 18, 1894. fig. 1, p. 245. ; * The abactinal system of Melonites figured by Keyes (Iowa Acad. of Sc., Pl. XX, fig. 1b) shows plainly that new abactinal interambulacral plates are formed adjoining the genital plates. They form a loop of six plates, the oldest in the centre. Immediately below there is a band of only four — or five plates; there are eight rows in the sixth belt, and the same number in the equatorial region and beyond the ambitus towards the actinal system. Unfortunately there are no figures of the — abactinal part of the ambulacral areas, or specimens available to enable us to obtain an idea of the ; mode of formation of the polyporous plates of the ambulacral system. ECHINOTHURID/. 81 stome ; in the Palechinide it is probable that the vertical rows stop in a similar manner at certain points of the test, being excluded from the lower part by the crowding of the older plates. But the lowest plates of each row are certainly the oldest and not the youngest, if we are to judge by analogy from the whole Echini group. In the young of Gonivciduris canuli- culata the interambulacral plates are also excluded from the buccal mem- brane, as well as in Salenia and Strongylocentrotus. The disappearance of ocular plates in Pourtalesiz, and that of some of the genital plates and their scattered position in such groups as the Holas- teride, Ananchytidz, Pourtalesiz, and other Spatangoids as well as in other groups of Hchini shows how great may be the variation in the position of the plates composing the apical system. The zones of interambulacral plates in recent Echini may in reality be said to form in their earliest stages, single, irregular, zigzag, vertical lines of five plates." Although the formation of these plates has not been deter- mined in the youngest postembryonic stages, yet in the earliest stages the interambulacral plates are not as yet united, but form calcified areas arranged in a quincunx manner, the oldest of which are alternately on the right or left, and finally appear to form two distinct vertical rows from the disappearance of the primordial actinal plate, and the lateral crowding of the older plates with their increase in number. That we have more than one primordial interambulacral plate followed by the older interambulacral plates is evident from the earlier stages of Echini figured by Miiller,? and by Theel® on the development of Echino- cyamus, where there seem to be five interambulacral plates formed at the same time. — In the Echinothurize we have some data, as in the genus Sperosoma,* showing the manner in which four vertical rows of ambulacral plates may be developed on the actinal side from such simple primordial rows as still exist in the Cidaridz and many of the Clypeastroids and Spatangoids. The passage is quite abrupt from four plates to two on the abactinal side, so that no clear idea can be formed of the mode of origin of the four plates on the actinal side. Dr. Mortensen describes a young Sperosoma of 27 mm. 1 Bury, Q. J. Mic. Sci., Vol. 38 (1895-96), Pls. 7, fig. 34; 8, fig. 36. 2 Larven u. Met. d Oph. u. Seeigel. Erste Abhandl., Pl. VII and 7te Abhandhl., Pl. VIIT, fig. 11. 8 Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsala, 1892, p. 50. * Koehler, R., Pl. III, figs. 3, 4, Fascicule XII, Echinides et Ophiures. Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques du Prince de Monaco. 1898, 6 fa 82 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. diameter, but gives no detailed figures of the ambulacral areas of that stage. ; The figures given by Cotteau' of Tetracidaris do not include the abacti-_ nal plates of the interambulacral area. The passage between the two pairs of interambulacral plates to the usual type of interambulacral plates is abrupt and gives us no clue of their origin’ We may notice that the outer suture of the inner plates is not in the median line, but in the lower part of the inner plate, the outer plates being pentagonal, the inner plates hexagonal. Lysechinus,’ although it has three rows in two sets above the second row, yet gives no indication of how the third median row has originated any more than Tiarechinus, which has three plates immediately above the primordial. After Dr. Mortensen’s criticisms’? of the chapter on the Echinothurize of the “Challenger,” it was natural to expect that in the arrangement of his figures we should have a model to follow. It was essential, if he wished to persuade his readers of the value of his identifications, that every effort should be made to ensure ready comparison of the pedicellariz of allied species. Quoting from Dr. Mortensen, “it was almost enough to drive one to despair” to make such an attempt with his plates, without a guide or key to their arrangement. In dwelling upon the many points of relationship between Phormo- soma and Asthenosoma I drew attention to the difficulties of describing the species of these genera owing to the changes due to growth. On the strength of this remark Dr. Mortensen assumes that I have stated that the two genera cannot be distinguished,* and proceeds to ignore all that has been said of the different species of Echinothuriz relating to the actinal and abactinal systems and the spines, because he thinks the Echinothurids are not adapted for examination in the dry state. But he claims to give a perfect classification based, first, upon the characters of the spines, as if his predecessors had not mentioned them in any way ; next, upon pedicellaria, tube feet, pores and spicules, the last of which he has previously informed us were of no systematic value! Having stated that the genera Phormosoma 1 Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 3¢ Ser. I, Pl. If, p. 258. March 17, 1873. 2 On Lysechinus, a new genus of fossil Echinoderms from the Tyrolese Trias. J. W. Gregory, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, Dec. 15, 1896, p. 1000, Pl. LI. 8 Mortensen, I. c. p. 43. * Mortensen, 1. c. p. 43. ECHINOTHURIDZ. 83 —v and Asthenosoma cannot be distinguished, he then establishes a number of new genera based wholly upon the structure of the triphyllous and tridentate pedicellariz.' The latter show “a great variety of forms, and are of great ? systematic importance ;” while the former have little systematic importance in Echinide, they are considered by Dr. Mortensen of value for the determi- nation of the Echinothuria. Dr. Mortensen has given a number of plates of most admirably drawn pedicellariae and colored figures of several species of Echinoids. He is most outspoken regarding the quality of the illustrations of many of his predecessors. Surely we might call his attention to a number of figures on Plates IV, V, VI, VII, XV of the “‘Ingolf” Echinoidea, and refer them to his benevolent criticisms. When such minute characters as those of pedicel- lariae are to be illustrated, it is important that we should know their size and kind, but in a great many of his figures the explanation of the plates gives us no information on the subject. Surely he cannot expect his readers to calculate the enlargement of his figures from the data of the oculars and objectives used in drawing them. It seems rather hazardous to state, as is done by Dr. Mortensen, that the tetradactyle pedicellariae described by Thomson for Asthenosoma fenestrata are only found in the two species for which he has established the genus Areo- soma.” No one who has dredged Echinothuris from great depths can have failed to notice how frequently the tests come up more or less injured, with their appendages completely worn off. Should the same tetradactyle pedi- cellariz be found in other Kchinothurie they would, according to Dr. Mortensen, have to be referred to the genus Arzosoma, even if the triden- tate pedicellarize were different ; for certainly the differences in the triden- tate pedicellariaw of Asthenosoma fenestrata and of Asthenosoma hystrix, figured by Dr. Mortensen (Pl. XIV, figs. 8, 17, 18, 24, 32, and Pl. XIII, figs. 17, 18, Pl. XIV, fig. 26) cannot be regarded as sufficient to separate them generically. Ophicephalous pedicellariz occur not only in Zromikosoma Koehleri (Mortensen, Pl. XIV, figs. 19, 23), but also in Phormosoma luculentum (I have figured them, “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. XLIV, fig. 27). Dr. Mortensen refers that species with some hesitation to his genus Hygrosoma on account of the thick broad blades of a peculiar kind of tridentate pedicellarix (Mortensen, Pl. XIII, fig. 16). I take it they are the pedicellari of which I have given 1 Mortensen, 1. ¢, p. 9. 2 Mortensen, 1. c. p. 53. 84 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. a sketch ( Challenger’? Echinoidea, PI. XLIV, figs. 25, 26). Phormoso a hoplacantha also has tridentate pedicellarie clearly resembling those of Asthenosoma fenestrata and of Asthenosoma hystrix (“ Challenger” Echinoidea, — Pl. XLIV, figs. 29, 29’, 30). 4 Dr. Mortensen! proposes to retain the name Calveria of Thomson as a generic appellation of A. hystrix, varium, and A. Grubei, of which he says — the former species “has unjustly been deprived.’ The name of Calveria was dedicated to Captain Calver, and originally given by Carpenter, Jeffreys, and Thomson in 1869 to “a very singular Asterid allied to Pter- aster which is covered with a regular brush of long paxille. ... We propose to give the generic name Calveria to the latter (Pteraster) with the specific designation hystrix” (Proc. R. S. London, No. 121, Vol. XVIIE, January, 1869, p. 445), and only afterwards did Thomson apply the same name to a species of Asthenosoma.” Having stated in one part of the “ Challenger’’ Report that I considered ® some young specimens from Stations 184 and 219 as perhaps not belonging to A. gracilis, 1 am corrected for not repeating this every time I mention A. gracilis! These specimens Dr. Mortensen examined, and also considers as very different from A. gracilis. Dr. Mortensen states that Asthenosoma varium and A. Grubei are distinct species. He gives no figures of pedicellariz to settle the question, as his figures of pedicellarize of A. Grubei are not comparable to those of A. varium. According to Dr. Mortensen I have wasted my time in describing the differences between Ph. bursarium and Ph. luculentum, which are so evidently distinct according to the figures I have given in the Challenger Echini, while I have not observed that Ph. bwsarium is very similar to Ph. placenta, and have not informed my readers of the characters which distinguish the two. I beg to refer Dr. Mortensen to the figures of Ph. placenta published in the “ Blake” Report and those of PA. bursarium published in the “Chal- lenger”’ Report. If we compare the differences between the pedicellarie of A. hystrix and those of A. fenestratum and A. coriaceum as figured by Dr. Mortensen, we find them so slight that they certainly cannot be considered of generic value as is maintained by him. We can only wonder at his constant amaze- ment concerning the affinities of the various species of Echinothuriew sug- 1 Mortensen, 1. o. p. 52. 2 Depths of the Sea, p. 157, 1878. Trans. R. 8. Lond., 1874, p. 737. 8 “ Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, p. 91. ECHINOTHURID/. 85 gested in the “Blake” and “Challenger” Reports. There is not one, according to him, of any value, because they are not based upon the pedicellarize. Dr. Mortensen thinks I am wholly mistaken in suggesting any affinity between A. pellucidum and A. coriuceum and A. tessellalum, because he has sug- gested a new genus, Hoplosoma, for A. pellucidum, based entirely upon the structure of the pedicellariz (Pl. XIII, figs. 20, 24, 25); they are certainly very peculiar, but may be embryonic conditions of unknown pedicellariz similar to those he figures for Ph. placenta (Pl. XII, figs. 15, 24, 30). As for his remarks on Phormosoma tenue,' 1 would suggest to Dr. Mortensen that the Report on the “Challenger” Kchini was issued in 1881, and that his Memoir was published in 1903; he can hardly expect genera proposed in 1903 to have received any recognition in 1881. I have nothing to say regarding Dr. Mortensen’s sneers at descriptions of pedicellariz” because they do not fit with his classification. I have no doubt that in the mass of material collected by the “ Challenger” which passed through my hands I must have failed to distinguish all the species. I was frequently in doubt as to the identification of certain specimens. That doubt was usually indicated on the labels accompanying them, but Dr. Mortensen*® has no words to express his horror at such a proceeding. It is therefore somewhat surprising that he should, without any exami- nation of the pedicellariz, refer Phormosoma hoplacantha to the genus Hygrosoma which he has established for Ph. Petersii, described in the Preliminary Report of the “Blake” Echini, and which I subsequently considered to be Ph. uranus Wyv. Thom. in the final Report. Dr. Mortensen holds me responsible for the identification of specimens of Ph. uranus and Ph. Petersii sent by the Smithsonian (National Museum) to the Copenhagen Museum and to Professor Koehler. I must repeat again that I know nothing of the specimens collected by the “ Albatross” in the Atlantic after the publication of the “Challenger” Echini. As the Report on the “Challenger” Echini was published in 1881, and the “ Albatross” was not launched until 1883, I cannot have had in 1881 any opinion regarding the identity or difference between the specimens of Ph. uranus and Ph. Petersii on which he establishes the genus Hygrosoma. There are no indications in the figures of the pedicellarix of Ph. placenta 1 «‘Tngolf’’ Echinoidea, p. 55. 2 Loe. cit. p. 57. 8 Loc. cit. p. 57. 86 ‘ PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. or among those of Hygrosoma available for comparison showing reasons for the adoption of Hygrosoma as contrasted to Phormosoma. : It is with a sigh of relief that Dr. Mortensen! comes to Ph. asterias, “th am last of the Echinothurids described from the ‘Challenger’”; to be exact i= beg to call his attention to the fact that it is not the last species described. © Of course he finds the description useless. Fortunately some of the figures meet his approval, and a new genus is established for the species based on characters which to me appear most trivial. 4 PHormosoma Wyv. Thom. Phormosoma hispidum, A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum, A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 77, Plates VI, VII. Plates A; B, fig. 7; 30-42; 43, figs. 5,6; 44-47; 48, figs. 2-6; 49. This species is the Pacific representative of the Caribbean and Northern Atlantic Ph. uranus. It has like it an extensive geographical distribution from the Panamic to the South Californian district, but in comparatively deeper water. Its range is from about 1000 to over 1300 fathoms, while the Atlantic species has been found at a much less depth (399 fathoms). An excellent series of specimens of this species was collected, varying from 15 mm. to 203 mm. in diameter (Pls. 30-58), the greater number being from 120 to 130 mm. in diameter (Pls. 31, fig. 2; 32; 33, fig. 3; 34, fig. 7; 35; 36). In the largest specimen, 205 mm. in diameter (Pls. 37; 38) the actinal system was 44 mm. in diameter (PI. 41, fig. 2) and the apical 44 mm. (Pl. 39, fig. 3). The test is marked by the great width of the ambulacral system, which at the ambitus is no less than 57 mm.,—nearly of the same width as the interambulacral area at the corresponding edge. It will be simpler to describe first the youngest specimens collected, and trace the changes taking place with increasing size, until we reach the largest specimens dredged by us. The young stages of Phormosoma are less globular, more flattened, like Diadema, than the older stages (Pl. 80). The youngest specimen collected (Pl. 30, figs. 7, 2) measured 15 mm. in diameter, Fig. 135; the actinal system 5 mm. in diameter (Pls. 43, fig. 5; 44, fig. 7; 48, fig. 2), with three 1 « Ingoif ’? Echinoidea, p. 60. , PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 87 pairs of ambulacral buccal plates, and three to four ambulacral plates to each interambulacral plate at the ambitus, and four and five above (Pls. 48, fig. 2; 49, fig. 7), and two to four in the actinal plates above the primor- dial plate. There are three and four interambulacral pletes from the pri- mordial plate to the ambitus and five and six to the abactinal system. The interambulacral plates each carry a primary tubercle (Pl. 49, fig. 7). The primordial plate has a second small one; these are, below the ambitus, placed near the ambulacral edge, above the ambitus, in the central part of the plate. In addition, on the actinal side, each ‘ plate carries from one to three miliaries on the inner A: side of the primary. On the abactinal side the three plates nearest the ambitus carry, parallel to the sutures, one or two small primaries in addition to the two or ast three miliaries. The two last ambulacral plates carry ae only a single miliary. £ age In the odd anterior ambulacral area (PI. 48, fig. 2) \= the first four and three abactinal ambulacral plates, ED Fig. 133, are arranged in a linear series; the fifth and eh fourth are much larger, and are followed by two {oh smaller plates reaching to the median line. The next ‘e. ) large plate is followed by one reaching the median OY 15 mm. line and one which is excluded; and then, as far as Fia@. 133. PH. HIsPprpuM. the ambitus, of the succeeding three plates only the larger reaches the ambitus; the others are excluded. Below the ambitus, of the three plates which go to form the ambulacral system, the third plate only is excluded, the second plate reaching the median line (PI. 48, fig. 2). Nearly all the larger ambulacral plates which extend from the interambulacral edge to the median line carry a primary tubercle or a large miliary, and six of the excluded secondary plates carry similarly a small miliary. Of the younger series of abactinal ambulacral plates only the fourth has a miliary. Of the buccal plates the two oldest plates carry one or two miliaries. The abactinal system is 6 mm. in diameter (Pl. 40, fig. 7). At this stage the ring of genital and ocular plates is closed, excluding the anal system from the interambulacral plates. The madreporic genital is some- what larger than the others, and carries but two miliaries, it is more rounded than the others, which are irregularly pentagonal, and carry in the central 88 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. part a vertical line of two or three small secondaries with a single miliary. No trace can be found of the genital pores. . The ocular plates are larger than the genitals ; from their junction with — the genitals their outline forms a re-entering angle along the ambulacral _ side of the abactinal interambulacral plates, its sides extending nearly parallel, as far as the middle of the second plate. At their junction with the abactinal ambulacral plates the oculars are cut off at right angles. The ocular pore is placed near the ambulacral edge. The oculars carry a single secondary tubercle in the centre of the anal side, with five to six miliaries in two vertical rows occupying the distal part of the plate. The anal plates carry no miliaries; their number is already so great that, even in the outer row of larger plates, we can no longer trace the original anal plates. Inside of the irregular row of outer plates there are two other rows of smaller plates filling irregularly the central part of the anal system. In a specimen of 15 mm. in diameter the three buccal plates already show, seen from the interior of the test, the reverse imbrication charac- teristic of the actinal system (PI. 44, fig. 7), and the fourth ambulacral plate shows a small club-shaped prominence, the base of the arch of the auricle. See Fig. 136. | In a specimen measuring 54 mm. in diameter (PI. 50, figs. 3, 4) there are five and five interambulacral plates between the primordial plate and the ambitus, and nine and nine between the ambitus and the genital plate (Pl. 49, fig. 2). The position of the primary interambulacral tubercles has not changed from that observed in the preceding stage described, but with the extension of the interambulacral plates laterally, additional miliaries and small secondaries have formed upon the plates. The left side of the primordial, in addition to its two small secondaries, is well covered with miliaries. On the other plates below the ambitus the miliaries have in- creased in number along the ambulacral edges of the interambulacral plates. A small additional secondary tubercle is found on the inner part of the plate ; the miliaries, however, have not increased in number along the median line. On the plates above the ambitus additional miliaries occur arranged horizon- — tally along the middle line of the plate. The changes which have taken place in the ambulacral system of a speci- men 34 mm. in diameter, compared to one only 15 mm., are much greater than those occurring in the interambulacral zones. We cannot fail to observe the great width already attained by the ambulacral system at the See's nearly equal in size, all reach the outer edge as well PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 89 ambitus in this specimen (PI. 48, fig. 3) as compared with the younger speci- men (PI. 48, fig. 2). There are fourteen and fifteen ambulacral plates between the buccal plates and the ambitus, and twenty-seven and twenty- eight between the ambitus and the ocular plates. It is only at the abactinal and actinal parts of the ambulacrum that we can still trace the embry- onie arrangement of the plates. From the ambitus towards the abactinal pole, with the great lateral extension of the larger ambulacral plate, the second plate has been excluded from the outer edge and the third component plate alone reaches the edge. m / Four of the abactinal plates are in lineal succession of equal size, and are then followed by three larger plates, each with its two smaller poriferous plates reaching the outer edge, where they are followed by plates having the arrangement characteristic of the older specimens. Below the ambitus (Pl. 48, fig. 3) on the actinal side, in two of the plates nearest the ambitus are the third plates excluded from the outer edge; be- tween these and the fifth plate from the actinal sys- tem, the second plate being pushed back of the third plate, the second and third component plates reach the outer edge; the last five actinal plates, being 120 mm. as the median line, and alone retain the embryonic jy, 434 pu. msprpun. arrangement of the younger stage. In a specimen of 75 mm. the thirteenth plate in the right zone of the odd anterior ambulacrum is enclosed (Pl. 48, fig. 5), while in specimens of 120 and 203 mm. it is the sixteenth from the actinostome. Fig. 134. It will be noticed how interesting is this structure of the ambulacral sys- tem of the Echinothuriz. Nearly all the plates of the actinal part of the ambu- lacrum below the ambitus retain the Cidarid arrangement of equal ambula- eral plates one above the other ; while from the ambitus toward the abactinal system these plates form combinations of three, each with a pair of pores, one of the plates being much larger than the others; thus imitating the composite plate of Strongylocentrotus with its pairs of pores, but formed in a very different way, the component plates of Strongylocentrotus being cut through the original plate, while in the Echinothurix each of the component 90 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. plates begins as an independent plate for the whole length of the ambula- cral zone. In Strongylocentrotus the single primary plates are the upper- most of the abactinal plates. In this larger specimen (34 mm.) the primary tubercles have increased — in number with the increase of the ambulacral plates, and from one to three small miliaries have been added to the outer part of the larger component plate. The buccal plates also have become thickly covered with secondaries and miliaries. A comparison of figs. 2 and 3, Plate 48, will readily show the nature of the changes which have taken place in the tuberculation of the ambulacral system. In the larger specimens eight or nine interambulacral plates carry on the actinal side a single, primary tubercle ; it increases in size as it approaches the ambitus. The sixth, seventh, and eighth plates carry two primaries; the second appears in specimens of about 100 mm. On the abactinal side the | primary tubercles become greatly reduced in size, occurring in a single row in small specimens; subsequently there are two and three or four at the ambitus. The scrobicular area of the larger tubercles frequently spreads over the adjoining miliaries, which are thus resorbed (Pl. 45, fig. 15). The miliaries covering the test are in all stages of growth. The first appearance of the tubercles is indicated by a concentration of the open reticulation (Pl. 46, fig. 2) growing round the areola, which is thus lifted above the general network (Pl. 46, figs. 5, 6). In the abactinal system of a specimen of 34 mm. (PI. 40, fig. 2) very marked changes have taken place. The genital and ocular plates no longer form a closed ring. Four of the genitals are separated from their adjoining oculars by elongate anal plates which have forced their way between them, and connect with the youngest abactinal interambulacral plates of the odd posterior, the left anterior, and the two posterior lateral interambulacra. The odd ocular is not yet separated from its adjoining genitals, and the madre- poric genital only partly so by the intrusion of a wedge-shaped anal plate. Genital pores have developed in all the genital plates except the odd pos- terior one. The tuberculation of the genital and ocular plates is less promi- — nent than in the younger specimens (PI. 40, fig. 7). On the contrary, many of the larger anal plates carry a single secondary or large miliary tubercle. The madreporic body also covers the greater part of its genital. The actinal system measures 12 mm. in diameter and has four rows of — | bueeal plates (PI. 43, fig. 6’. They do not fill quite as completely the actinal PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 9] system as in an earlier stage (Pl. 43, fig. 5), but leave a small open area in the interambulacral angle between the buccal plates. An interesting fea- ture of this specimen is the splitting of the primordial plate into two. This splitting of the plates is carried on in older stages both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. That of the primordial plate occurs also in older specimens (Pl. 44, fig. 7) in the right anterior and right posterior interambulacra. In the right posterior interambulacrum (PI. 43, fig. @) the second plate is abnormal; one of the second plates is reduced to a small intercalated triangular plate. In specimens measuring 43 mm. in diameter there are five rows of buccal plates (Pl. 44, fig. 2), in those of 64 mm. there are six (PI. 44, fig. 2), and in one 137 mm. we find seven. With increasing size the buccal plates become more elongate, the row immediately at the teeth alone retain more or less their circular outline (Pl. 44). In the specimens of 43 and 137 mm. the bare interambulacral area adjoining the primordial plate is covered with a few minute, elongate, irregularly arranged plates, which correspond to the interradial buccal plates of Cidaris. In a specimen of 53 mm. in diameter (PI. 30, figs. 9, 10) it will be seen that on the actinal side there is no greater number of interambulacral plates (Pl. 49, fig. 3) than in a specimen not much more than half the size (Pl. 49, fig. 2). The position of the primary tubercles in the plate indicates that it has grown fairly uniformly in all directions. The scrobicular circle has become well-defined in some of the plates, and they are much more closely covered by small miliaries than in the previous stage. Between the ambitus and the genital plates, however, there have been four addi- tional plates formed ; there are thirteen in place of nine, differing in length and in the greater number of small miliaries found in the plates. In a somewhat smaller specimen of 47 mm. the arrangement and number of the actinal and abactinal plates of the corona are similar to the larger cne. In a specimen 120 mm. in diameter (Pls. 31; 32, fig. 3; 49, fig. 4) there are fifteen plates above the ambitus and seven below, above the primordial plate. There are only eight on the actinal side of a specimen measuring 203 mm. in diameter (Pls. 37; 49, fig. 5) between the ambitus and the genitals (Pl. 38), showing that the increase in size takes place on the actinal side mainly by the growth of existing plates in all directions, while on the abactinal side the coronal plates increase somewhat in size, but greatly in number also. 92 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In the specimen of 53 mm. in diameter the position of the original vertical row of primary tubercles is well shown (PI. 49, fig. 3). The actinal system measured 16 mm. in diameter, with five rows of buccal plates coy- , ering the whole actinal system, and leaving but a slight bare interambula- | cral area between the buccal plates; these have become greatly elongate, — compare Pl. 42, fig. 7.and Pl. 43, fig. 6. The ambulacral area of this specimen (PI. 48, fig. 4) has proportionally also greatly increased in width from above the ambitus to the fourth or fifth plate beyond it. The increase in width is due to the lateral growth of the median ambulacral space between the poriferous zones. Above the ambitus the large primary ambulacral plates now form a very regular verti- cal series, while on the actinal side, owing to the great height of the primary plates, the inner angle of each plate projects beyond the median line. In the ambulacral plates immediately above and below the ambitus the primary plates are excluded from the interambulacral edge, owing to the great increase in height of the third poriferous plates (Pl. 48, fig. 4). This great irregularity in the arrangement of the poriferous zone is charac- teristic of all Echinothurie. In a specimen 75 mm. in diameter (Pls. 48, fig. 5; 31, figs. 1, 2) above the ambitus a very narrow side of the primary plate again reaches the in- terambulacrum, the third plate being higher than the primary, and the second pushed back of the third. Much the same proportions exist in the arrangement of the ambulacral plates of a specimen of 120 mm. in diameter (Pls. 48, fig. 6; 31, fig. 3). In the specimen of 53 mm. (PI. 48, fig. 4) the vertical rows of primary tubercles are not readily traced; they are fairly distinct on the actinal side, where the primary tubercles are larger; on the abactinal side, on the central part of the median interambulacral belt plates, are found a few large miliaries arranged in horizontal rows, and a few miliaries on the outer edge of the poriferous zone. But in larger specimens the primary vertical rows again become prominent, as in a specimen of 75mm. in diameter (Pls. 48, fig. 5; 31, figs. 7,2), and in a specimen of 120 mm. (Pls. 48, fig. 6; 31, fig. 3); but in both, the primaries are larger on the actinal side. This contrast between the primaries of the actinal and abactinal sides is still more marked in the interambulacral areas, where with increasing size the scro- bicular areas become well limited (Pl. 49; see also Pls. 30; 31; 35-38). In a specimen of 53 mm. the apical system measured 12.5 mm. in PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 93 vv diameter (PI. 40, fig. 3). It differs from the preceding stage by the elonga- tion of the genital plates, the great increase in size of the madreporic genital, and the presence of anal plates intercalated between some of the genitals and oculars. Though this specimen is so much larger than the one just described, the genital openings are not visible; nor can they be seen in a still larger specimen of 75 mm. (PI. 40, fig. 4). In this there are two anal plates intercalated between the left posterior m ocular and the odd genital, and between the right Y posterior genital and ocular. The other genitals and pA oculars are separated by a single plate (PI. 40, fig. 4), & = with the exception of the right and left anterior geni- j= tals and oculars. a, In specimens 120 mm. in diameter (Pls. 31; 33, aes fig. 3; 48, fig. 6), the rows of interambulacral prima- 5 ee ries on the actinal side are arranged much as in the =, 6 largest specimens collected; there are, however, two = sage plates less on the actinal side, so that the second row 2) = of primaries is limited to two plates. ——— In a somewhat larger specimen 134 mm. in diame- esaak ter (Pls. 55; 36) the primary tubercles are arranged LS ®) as in the specimen measuring 205mm. The arrange- 46) ment of the miliaries and secondaries in specimens D reas sh more than 120 mm. in diameter does not differ from 6 eam that of the larger specimens. Above the ambitus, Ox specimens of 120 mm. in diameter show a greater EA number of secondary tubercles to each interambulacral ies plate (Pl. 49, fig. 4) than in the oldest specimen, in oS 120 mm. which the interambulacral plates carry a much greater eet Fia. 135. PH. HISPIDUM. proportion of miliaries. The ambulacral system (PI. 48, fig. 6) has increased in width; there are three and two elongated primary plates on the actinal side of the ambitus. Above the ambitus on one side, four of the primary plates are excluded from the interambulacral edge, while on the other — the right when seen from above, Fig. 155 — only two are thus shut off, thus completely changing the position and arrangement of the ? ae 5 poriferous zone, the normal arrangement of which is an outer pair of pores with two pairs immediately below, arising from the original linear arrange- ment and the subsequent crowding back of the second ambulacral plate. a 94 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In a specimen of 120 mm. (Pl. 48, fig. 6) secondaries and miliaries— occupy the part of the plate between the poriferous zone and the interam- bulacral edge, and the median vertical rows of primary tubercles are prominent on the actinal side; they continue somewhat smaller on the abactinal side. Along the median space miliaries are arranged in irregular horizontal lines, and on the actinal side the large primary plates are covered with small secondaries. The buccal ambulacral plates are elongate, arranged in six rows (Pls. 41, fig. 7; 48, fig. 6), leaving but a narrow bare space in the interambulacral area. The buccal plates are, from the earliest stage examined, all perforate by a pair of pores, and carry « horizontal row of three to six small second- aries on the actinal edge of the plate according to its length, with here and there a miliary. The abactinal system of a specimen 120 mm. in diameter has undergone great changes (Pl. 39, fig. 7) from that of a specimen 75 mm. in diameter (Pl. 40, fig. 4). The abactinal median interambulacral area is occupied by a triangular membraneous extension of the genital plate which reaches to the third or fourth interambulacral plate from the summit, and in these membraneous spaces are situated the genital openings. The calcareous part of the genital plates is more or less elliptical. The left anterior genital appears made up of the original genital and of an intercalated anal plate, while the madreporic genital is made up of two primary genital plates surrounded by an are of eight anal plates, on seven of which the madre- porite has encroached. The madreporic genital is the only one still partly in contact with an ocular (the odd anterior ocular plate). The anal plates have forced their way to such an extent between the oculars and genitals that it is difficult to say where the interambulacral system ends or the anal begins. Pl. 40, fig. 5 shows the madreporic genital with the adjoin- ing anal and other plates of the abactinal system as seen from the interior of the same specimen. In another specimen somewhat larger (a fragment) of 130 mm. in diameter (PI. 59, fig. 2) the genitals and oculars are all well separated by anal plates which in some of the interambulacra have forced their way on both sides of the median interambulacral space as far as the third inter- ambulacral plate. The abactinal interambulacral plates are thus forced to the sides, spread open at the summit to allow the further invasion of the anal plates. This has changed the point of origin of the new interam- PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 95 bulacral plates; they now arise, even in the specimen 120 mm. in diameter, from the flanks of the ocular plates and not from the genitals (PI. 39, fig. 7). In the older specimen (PI. 39, fig. 2) the intrusion of the anal plates within the interambulacral area has greatly disturbed the regular arrangement of the older plates and the mode of growth of the new plates. In the specimen of 150 mm. (PI. 39, fig. 2) bare spaces in addition to those in continuation of the genital plates have developed so as to separate the madreporic genital’ from the odd anterior ocular, the left anterior and left posterior oculars from the adjoining interambulacral zone. The right posterior ocular is separated from the adjoining interambulacrum so that one of the intercalated anal plates occupies the position of a newly formed interambulacral plate (Pl. 39, fig. 2). When we examine the apical system of the largest specimen collected, 203 mm. in diameter (PI. 39, fig. 2), we find the narrow elongated triangular extension of the membraneous part of the genitals extending along the median interambulacral line as far as the fourth plate, so that the abactinal parts of the interambulacral zones are widely separated. As in the speci- men of 130 mm. (PI. 39, fig. 2), bare membraneous spaces occur between many of the anal plates in the anterior part of the apical system, on the anal side of the anterior genital plates, of the odd posterior genital and the right posterior ocular plate. The madreporic genital is joined with the odd anterior ocular plate ; the madreporite occupies only the madreporie genital, which is polygonal and much larger than any other genital. In fact, the other genitals, with the exception of the left anterior one, have lost their great size as compared to that of the anal plates. Many of the latter are now nearly as large as the former, carrying secondaries and miliaries. Otherwise all the genitals and oculars are widely separated, the inter- ealated anal plates abutting on the abactinal part of each of the two inter- ambulacral zones to such an extent that in some interambulacra it is ai:nost impossible to determine which is the terminal interambulacral plate or the intercalated anal plate. | It is this extraordinary change in the anal system which I had observed in the abactinal part of the test, which has prompted Dr. Mortensen®* to credit me with the most extraordinary ignorance of the rudimentary embryo- logical data, many of which I was the first to discover. That this remark- able intercalation exists there is not the least doubt, and it naturally suggests 1 The madreporite extends over one of the adjoining anal plates. 2 Mortensen, 1. ec. p. 175. 96 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. in old specimens a flow of the anal plates into the interambulacrum, similar to the flow of the ambulacral plates of the corona onto the buccal plates of the actinal system. The figures which I here give of the young of — Phormosoma hispidum show plainly that I was mistaken in my observa- — | tions on the mode of formation of the buccal plates of the actinostome of Echinothuriz. I wish here to state that the plates illustrating this point were drawn and printed several years before Dr. Mortensen’ called atten- tion to the error. In the largest specimen collected, 203 mm. in diameter (Pls. 37; 38), the abactinal system (PI. 39, fig. 2) was 44 mm., and the actinal system (PI. 41, fig. 2)46 mm. The three interambulacral plates nearest the ambitus (Pl. 49, fig. &) carry two large primary tubercles occupying each nearly the whole width of the inner and outer parts of the plate ; the next plates have only one much smaller primary tubercle on the outer part of the plate. The rest of the interambulacral plates is fairly covered by secondaries and miliaries; they are more closely packed in the plates above the primordial one. In the actinal system (Pl. 41, fig. 2) there are seven rows of buccal plates well covered by an actinal row of secondaries with a few intercalated miliaries. The large, primary radioles near the ambitus on the actinal side are slightly curved, and end with a shoe-shaped bevelled tip having a slightly curved edge (Pl. 45, figs. 76-78). The radioles of the abactinal side are straight, somewhat pointed. The difference in the size of the primary radioles of the abactinal and actinal sides of the test near the ambitus becomes very apparent in specimens of 75 mm. (PI. 31, figs. 7, 2). In specimens of 120 mm. and over the contrast is still greater (Pls. 31, fig. 3; 35; 36), and in those of 134 mm. fully as marked as in the largest speci- mens collected, 203 mm. in diameter (Pls. 37 ; 38). The breaking up of the interambulacral and larger ambulacral plates can be seen in Plates 37 and 38. The general aspect of this breaking up is also shown in Plate 38 on the plates nearest the ambitus of the lower part of the figure. The splitting of the plates already occurs in specimens of 40 mm. (PI. 30, fig. 8), and is well seen in Plate 30 fig. 70 in the left interambulacral areas of a specimen 55 mm. in diameter. On Plate 52, fig. 7, the breaking up of the plates of the odd and left posterior interambulacra, seen from the abactinal side, is very distinctly shown. In 1 Mortensen, 1. c. p. 174. PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 97 a view from the interior of the same interambulacra (PI. 32, fig. 2) the split and subdivided plates of the ambulacral area are specially marked. The subdivision of the interambulacral plates is better shown from the abactinal side (Pl. 32, fig. 7), though it is very striking also in an interior view of the test of a specimen 140 mm. in diameter (Pl. 34, fiz. 7), The characteristic lapping of the interambulacral plates of the Echinothuriz is well shown. The breaking up of the plates of a part of the right posterior interambu- lacrum and the adjoining right posterior ambulacrum of a specimen 203 mm. in diameter is shown on Plate 45, figs. 73, 14. The outline of the original plates is still very distinct, while the interior of each of the larger plates is broken up into a number of smaller plates apparently without any regu- larity. In the actinal plates of the left anterior ambulacrum (PI. 45, fig. 8) the first trace of the breaking up of the ambulacral plates is shown from the exterior, and in Plate 45, fig. 9, the same plates are seen from the interior. In Plate 32, fig. 2 the reverse imbrication of the ambulacral plates is not as distinctly seen as in the interior view of a somewhat smaller specimen (Pl. 34, fig. 2), which also shows the crowding past the auricles, under their arches, of the ambulacral plates as they pass over onto the actinal area. The same figures also show the imbrication of the plates of the actinal system, that is always best seen from the interior, where the regular tile-like arrangement of the successive rows of buccal plates is very prominent (Pls. 33, fig. 2; 34, fig. 3). Compare these figures to those of the actinal system seen from the exterior of the test (Pls. 33, fig. 7; 34, fig. 2). The extent of the imbrication of the buccal plates is shown on Plate 45, fig. 10, which represents the successive actinal plates of the right zone of the odd ambulacrum. The oldest plate is at the bottom of the figure; the shaded and tuberculated parts of the figure represent the portion not covered by the lapping of the two younger plates above it.’ The third and fourth plates are also figured from the opposite side; the youngest plate is shown from the interior and in profile (PI. 45, fig. 7/7), and one of the plates of the left zone of the left posterior ambulacrum is figured on Pl. 45, fig. 72. The primary tubercles near the ambitus are usually crenulated, and the scrobicular area is frequently slightly raised (Pl. 45, fig. 15), the edge 1 One of its own ambulacrum, the other of the one next to it. 7 98 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. still showing the cellular structure of the outer part of the circle. The miliaries and secondaries also show this cellular structure. (PI. 46 figs. 5-7). ; I have given a number of figures (Pls. 44; 45, figs. 1-6) showing the first formed auricular knobs (PI. 45, fig. 1), Fig. 136, still well epa- Fie. 136. Fig. 137. Fie. 138. Fies. 136-138. PHoRMOSOMA HISPIDUM. : rated, with two ambulacral plates passed over onto the actinal em ; next a somewhat older stage (Pl. 45, fig. 2), in which the arch of the — auricles has become closed, Figs. 137, 138, with five ambulacral plates beyond the auricles; and still older stages (PI. 45, figs. 3-5) showing t e flow of the ambulacral plates, Figs. 139, 140, under the arch of the auricle, Fie. 159. PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. Fie. 140. PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. by the breaking up of the ambulacral plates into a median and exterior part, the median carrying the pores beyond the auricle; the outer part left behind is crowded against the base of the auricles (Pls. 44, fig. 3; 45, figs. 5,6). The suture of one of these plates can be seen at the bas +e PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 99 of the auricles (Pl. 45, figs. 4, 5). Seen from the exterior the crowding of the right anterior ambulacral plates is shown on PI. 45, fig. 6, and the corresponding view of the actinal plates of the left posterior ambulacrum on Pl, 45, fig. 7. The auricles first appear on the fourth plate (Pl. 44, fig. /); the open gap between them has become closed in a specimen of 43 mm. (PI. 44, fig. 2), in which the auricles are now on the sixth pair. In a specimen of 64 mm. they are partly on the seventh and partly on the eighth pair, and in a Fie. 142. Fie. 143. Fies, 141-143. PHoRMOSOMA HISPIDUM. specimen of 137 mm. (PI. 44, fig. 4) they are on the ninth pair, except in the anterior zone of the right anterior ambulacrum, in the right zone of the odd ambulacrum, and in the posterior zone of the left posterior ambulacrum, where they are on the eighth pair. he movement of the ambulacral coronal plates cannot be better illustrated than by this difference, due to growth, in the position of the auricles, and by the difference in the size of the plates in front of and behind the auricles. From three to four plates of each ambulacrum have slipped under the auricle thus forming its component parts. : /\ When passing onto the actinostome under or by the auricles, the inner part of some of the larger ambulacral plates is left behind; thus a plate without pores remains in the ambulacral series; it is marked with a cross on Figs. 141-144, taken from specimens of 53, 64, and 203 mm. in diameter, see also Fig. 129. From the part of that plate which borders the interambulacrum rises a ridge extending to the adjoin- ing plates and uniting with the auricles, Fig. 144. i \ x on Fic. 144. PHORMOSOMA HISPIDUM. 100 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Lovén' has described the changes taking place in the actinal plates of the ambulacra of Asthenosoma varium as they flow Cidaris-like onto the actinal system. It is probable that the absence of interradial buccal plates in the Echinothurie is due to the persistence of the primordial inter- ambulacral plate; in Cidaride the primordial pair is resorbed* and the interambulacral zone comes under the same conditions as in the Echinide, where there is a constant flow of the coronal plates onto the actinal system more rapid in the ambulacral zone than in the interambulacral area, though it may often be difficult, if not impossible, to detect the formation of the minute actinal plates as coming from the disintegration of either the am- bulacral or interambulacral areas.’ On Plate 33, fig. 3 is given an abactinal view of the pyramid of a Phormosoma hispidum 120 mm. in diameter, and on Pl. 46, fig. 7 that of a large specimen, 203 mm. in diameter, seen from the same point of view, with a slightly oblique view of the same (PI. 46, fig. 3) showing the position of the compass with reference to the auricles. The dental system of Asthenosoma has been figured and described by Lovén.* That of Phor- mosoma differs in some essential points from that of Asthenosoma. Seen in profile the pyramid of the former is more slender and drawn out at ‘tthe actinal extremity (Pl. 47, figs. 7, 3). See Thomson, loe. cit. p. 735, Pl. LXIII. Station 3362, east of Cocos Isd., 1175 fathoms. Lat. 5° 56’ N.; Long. 85° 10’ 30” W. Bott. temp. 36°.8. Gn. M.S. rocky. Station 3375, south of Malpelo Isd., 1201 fathoms. Lat. 2° 54’ N.; Long. 82° 29’ W. Bott. temp. 36°.6. Gy. glob. ooze. Station 3376, south of Malpelo Isd., 1132 fathoms. Lat. 3° 9’ N.; Long. 82° 8 W. Bott. temp, 36°.3. Gy. glob. ooze. Station 3392, southwest of Cape Mala, 1270 fathoms. Lat. 7° 5’ 30” N.; Long. 79° 40° W. Bott. temp. 36°.4. Hard. Station 3400, about 30 miles east of Chatham Isd., Galapagos, 1322 fathoms. Lat. 36’ S.; Long. 86° 46’ W. Bott. temp. 36°. Lt. gry. glob. ooze. Station 3413, north of Culpepper Isd. Galapagos, 1560 fathoms. Lat. 2° 34’ N.; Long. 92° 6° W. Bott. temp. 36°. Glob. ooze dk. sp. Station 3431, off Altata, Gulf of Califa., 995 fathoms. Lat. 23° 59 N.; Long. 108° 40’ W. Bott. temp. 37°. Lt. br. m. glob. 1 Lovén, Echinologica, p. 26. 2 Doederlein, Japanische Seeigel, p. 32, Pl. IX, fig. 6. 8 Lovén, Echinologica, pp. 31-34, Pl. XII. * Echinologica, pp. 52, 53, Fig. 4. PHORMOSOMA PANAMENSE. 101 Station 3432, off Altata, 1421 fathoms. Lat. 24° 22’ 30” N. 109° 3’ 20” W. Bott. temp. 37°.8. Br. m. blk. sp. Bathymetrical range, 995-1421 fathoms. Temperature range, 37°.8-36". ; Long. Phormosoma panamense A. Ag. Phormosoma panamense A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII. No. 5, p. 77. Only three specimens of this species were collected, all in poor condition, measuring from 130 to about 160 mm. in diameter, having lost all but a few broken shafts of their spines. It, as well as its ally PA. tenue, is noted for the great elongation of the abactinal plates of the test, much as in Asthenosoma, though they are not bordered by the bare spaces which leave a central limestone ridge in the interambulacral plates, so characteristic of As- thenosoma. The primary tubercles of the interambulacral plates are arranged in three or four vertical rows; the remainder of the plate is dotted with deeply sunken miliaries. The apical system of a specimen 130 mm. in diameter is 25 mm. in diameter. The arrangement of the ambulacral pores recalls that of Ph. luculentum.' Dr. Mortensen is distressed because I have as yet (1903) given no figures, nor complete information, regarding Ph. panamense, a species which is only mentioned in the Preliminary Report on the Echini of the “ Alba- tross” Expedition of 1891,’ and he finds it impossible to find a place for this species among his genera; he limits the genus Phormosoma to species with skin-covered spines. I have stated that I thought this character of no great systematic importance.® Dr. Mortensen’ is of a contrary opinion. The color of the fragments of the test which came up in the trawl were light pinkish brown. At the ambitus the width of the ambulacra is greater than that of the interambulacra. Comparing a specimen of this species of 130 mm. in diameter with one of Ph. hispidum 140 mm. in diameter, we find the interambulacral plates of the actinal side of the former quite thickly covered with miliaries, while in the latter the miliaries are quite scattered. There is also a line of six and eight primary tubercles with 1 “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. [X:, fig. 2. 8 « Challenger” Echinoidea, p. 101. 2 Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, p. 77. 4 Mortensen, loc. cit. p. 48. 102 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. large scrobicular areas on the outer edge of the plates in Ph. panamense, while there are but five and six in Ph. hispidum. A similar difference in the number of the miliaries exists on the abactinal side, Fig. 145. The interambulacral plates are also more elongated in Ph. panamense ; there are nineteen and twenty plates from the ambitus to the abactinal system, having 140 mm. 140 mm. fret. Fig. 145. PHoRMOSOMA PANAMENSE. Fre. 146. PHORMOSOMA PANAMENSE. a primary tubercle with a small scrobicular area on alternate plates, and with a few secondaries near the outer and inner edges of the plates, while there are only fifteen and fourteen in a specimen of Ph. hispidum of 140 mm. In Ph. hispidum there are no large primaries on the abactinal side, but two to three large secondaries on each interambulacral plate. On the actinal side the ambulacral area is marked for the large size of PHORMOSOMA PANAMENSE. 103 the outer poriferous plates, Fig. 146, which, towards the ambitus, exclude several of the larger ambulacral plates from the outer edge of the am- Coe hes) IO ° oe ©) 923,750 é NO ae : a 2° ( 79 Fie. 147. PHORMOSOMA PANAMENSE. bulacral area, The small poriferous plates form a wedge-shaped area, while in Ph. hispidum these plates form an irregularly rectangular area. The row of large primary tubercles, with large scrobicular areas, consists of six and eight tubercles in Ph. panamense, while there are but three and five in d BIR } 2 i Ro LORE 2 29 Oar) OY 130 mm. Fig. 148. PHORMOSOMA PANAMENSE. Ph. hispidum. The miliaries are, as in the interambulacra, far more numerous on the actinal ambulacral plates of Ph. panamense than in Ph. hispidum. 104 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The buccal plates of Ph. panamense are in striking contrast with tho se of Ph. hispidum ; the former are narrow elongate, Fig. 147, as compa ed. with the broad, high, ambulacral buccal plates of the latter. J Above the ambitus, Fig. 148, the greater number of the large ambulacral plates are excluded from the outer edge; this is formed by the larger of — the smaller ambulacral plates. The inner poriferous plates are small, — triangular, and separated by a tongue of the larger excluded primary ambu- — lacral plate. In a Ph. hispidum of about the same size not more than five or six primary ambulacral plates above the ambitus are thus excluded from % the outer edge ; in Ph. panamense there are from nineteen to twenty. There is no species of Phormosoma which shows to such an extent the splitting up of the primary plates both in the ambulacral and interambula- TS 4 Aeot ei ap oS ae 5 SS Vy Oo eS ae SAG ONE ONG oo ae aD! <= I> Se r< \, : a cad oy I Deine A a) K cy pecck! . = ; en Seo it (Pl. 50, fig. 3). There we find a series of pairs of \“—S—3-s—> small plates each with a single pore, as have all the —~@-Y~—2—4 . =: ‘primaries and secondaries except the four primary ee actinal plates, which have two disconnected pores ee (Pl. 50, figs. 7, 3). As the plates increase in number z=? ; these pairs of small plates are forced down at the junc- y ai Se : tion of two primary plates, Fig. 151, the larger of eat ye the small plates finally occupying the central part of a aa ee the division line between the large ambulacral plates ; Co the smaller plate is pushed into the adjoining primary, am. ; y F Fia. 151. KAMprosoma. and its outline is lost between the fourth and fifth plates, to become the single pore of the larger elongated primary plates. The position of the wedge-shaped poriferous plates on the actinal side would seem to indicate that the small persistent poriferous plate of the abactinal side is in its turn, with one or two exceptions, sloughed off and resorbed on the actinal side. Ina specimen of this size, 42 mm., there are a large number of primary interambulacral plates, — no less than eight from the actinal system to the ambitus, and nine on the abactinal side (Pl. 50, fig. 3). On the actinal side the primary ambulacral plates carry only one or two secondaries with a few miliaries irregularly placed. As the plates elongate, and for four plates beyond the ambitus, they carry three to four secondaries arranged in a horizontal row parallel to the sutures, with one or two inter- calated miliaries. As the plates become higher nearer the ocular they carry only one or two secondaries and as many miliaries. 1 Wholly different in shape from any other ambulacral plates in Echinothuria. | ?- 112 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Seen from the interior (PI. 50, fig. 5), the ambulacral tube gives off one — branch to each plate, which evidently terminates in a blind sac, as no trace ¥ of its pore can be seen from the exterior. 3 The point of disappearance of the second small plate is shown on Plate 50, fig. 4,1 where the two small plates are shown at the suture of the lowest plates, while in the older plates the outline of the second small plate has disappeared, and its pore alone is left close to the poriferous plate, gradually to move in older plates to a more central position (Pl. 50, fig. 2) with the extension of the poriferous plate along the suture. This figure also shows the tentacle of the lozenge-shaped poriferous plate. A number of spheridia are shown on Plate 50, figs. 1, 2 at various points of the ambu- lacral area. The exclusion of the young abactinal ambulacral plates from the outer edge of their respective ambulacral zones is quite unknown in the regu- lar Echinidee, and forms a marked exception in Kamptosoma, where the new embryonic half-plates originate along the median ambulacral line and are at once pushed along the middle part of the principal ambula- eral plates (Pl. 50, fig. 3). The large ambulacral plates are imperforate (Pl. 50, fig. 2) when seen from the exterior, when examined from the interior the main ambulacral tube is seen to send a branch to each of the larger primary plates, but it ends in.a blind extremity and does not pass through the large plates. On the actinal side the fifth or sixth pair of interambulacral plates carry two primary tubercles; on the abactinal side these plates carry secondary tubercles, grouped by twos, three to four to each plate, half way to the ocular plate. The actinal system measures only 9 mm.; it is smaller compared to the size of the test than in other Echinothurids (Pl. 50, fig. 7), and has retained the embryonic feature of having the ten primitive bare buceal plates entirely out of proportion to the size of the second row of actinal plates and occupying the greater part of the actinal system,’ with the exception of the narrow belt in which is placed the second row of actinal plates, as well as the minute irregular elongate calcareous plates which separate it from the ten original plates. In this species, as in older stages of PA. hispidum, we find a few of the same irregular elongate interambulacral plates which in the Cidaride are 1 The lower plates are the abactinal plates. 2 As in Ph. placenta (PI. 43, fig. 7). ASTHENOSOMA PELLUCIDUM. 113 o as well and as regularly developed as the ambulacral buccal plates. The structure of the actinal system is essentially Echinid. The primordial interambulacral plates are large for the size of the test (PI. 50, fig. 7). From the irregularity and great size of the actinal ambulacral plates it is difficult to trace the limits of these areas. ‘lhe actinal plates of both systems are fairly well covered by prominent secondaries placed close together (Pl. 50, fig. J). Between many of the plates linear or polygonal spaces are left bare; this adds greatly to the apparent irregularity of their arrangement. The abactinal system measures 12 mm. in diameter (Pl. 50, fig. 2). The anal system is irregularly polygonal, and is characterized by the small num- ber of its comparatively large, widely separated, and disconnected plates, several of which are nearly as large as the smaller genital plates, and carry one to two miliaries. It would seem as if some of the anal plates were derived from the breaking up of the anal edge of the genital plates. The ocular plates (Pl. 50, figs. 2, 3) are remarkable for their great elongation, they are practically rectangular, carrying an accumulation of miliaries near the anal extremity. They are widely separated from their adjoin- ing genitals by two to three intercalated anal plates, and also separated by bare spaces; with the exception of the two young interambulacral plates adjoining the odd anterior ocular and the right posterior, it would be difficult to distinguish the more recently formed interambulacral plates from the intercalated anal plates of the other areas. The madreporic genital is somewhat heart-shaped, well developed, with a small genital opening. The other genitals are small, irregular in shape, either triangular or even rectangular. | ASTHENOSOMA Grube. Asthenosoma pellucidum A. Ag. Asthenosoma pellucida A. Ag. 1879, Proc. Am. Acad. Vol. XIV, p. 200. Asthenosoma pellucidum A. Ag., “Challenger” Echinoidea, p. 85, 1881. Plate 51, figs. 5-73. In a small specimen of A. pellucidum from “Challenger” Station 192, 34 mm. in diameter, the actinal system measured 9.5 mm, and the abactinal 9mm. The smaller specimens of this species are interesting as showing, with the increase in size, the gradual extension from the actinal system towards 8 114 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. E. the ambitus of the bare spaces separating the interambulacral plates (Pl. 51, figs. 5, 7), while on the abactinal side the calcified parts of the coron al plates are still united along the whole length of the sutures (PI. 51, figs. 6, 7). In this specimen there are five and six rows of actinal plates (Pl. 51, fig. 4), leaving a narrow bare belt next to the coronal plates partly filled in the interambulacral area with small very narrow elongate calcareous — plates. The buccal plates are edged with a horizontal actinal row of from three to five large miliaries. The primordial interambulacral plates have — already been somewhat reduced in size by the resorption of their actinal edge (PI. 51, fig.4). A number of spheridia are shown on the actinal sur-— face of the ambulacra. — In the genital ring the genital plates are polygonal, larger than the oculars (Pl. 51, fig. 6), which are more elongate toward the anal system; their distal extremity narrows to a rectangular outline; it extends no farther along the interambulacral plates than do the genitals. The madre- poric genital is larger than the others, the madreporite occupies a part of the centre of the plate; the madreporic and the odd posterior genital are perforated by a large genital pore. The plates of the genital ring — are nearly bare; they carry only one small secondary and one to two small miliaries placed in the anal part of the plates. The anal system — is polygonal, with one outer row of well marked larger plates of irregular shape enclosing an inner space filled with much smaller elongate plates. — The larger plates carry a single secondary or miliary tubercle and sometimes a second smaller miliary. The genital ring is closed. In this specimen there are nine interambulacral plates between the — actinal system and the ambitus and twelve between it and the genital ring — (Pl. 51, fig. 7). The abactinal part of the ambulacral zone (PI. 51, figs. 7, 13) ciearly shows the small primary ambulacral plates adjoining the oculars, their crowding from the outer edge of the second and third pair of pores toward the median line (PI. 51, figs. 72, 73), and finally their exclusion from — the outer edge (Pl. 51, figs. 10, //) in the third or fourth plate above the ambitus, and their position inside of the pores of the large primary plate, until near the actinal system the pairs of pores again reach the outer edge (Pl. 51, fig. 9). The tentacles at the coronal edge of the actinal system have no well developed disk. The tuberculation of the plates of the ambulacral system is quite prominent on the two sides of the test near the ambitus, where the ASTHENOSOMA CORIACEUM. 115 prinary plates carry along the central line a horizontal row of three to five prominent secondary tubercles with an occasional intercalated miliary. Towards both the abactinal and actinal extremities the secondary tubercles gradually decrease in number, as well as in prominence, leaving the median part of the plates of the ambulacral zone bare of tubercles and miliaries. Asthenosoma coriaceum A. Ag. Asthenosoma coriaceum A. Ag. 1879, Proc. Am. Acad. Vol. XIV, p. 201. Asthenosoma coriaceum A. Ag. 1881, “ Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, p. 88. Plate 52. As there is no very detailed figure of the abactinal system of an Astheno- soma, I have given on Pl. 52, fig. 7, a figure of the abactinal system and adjoming coronal plates of A. coriaceum from a “Challenger” specimen (fragment from 310 to 315 fathoms, “ Challenger” Station 173, off the Fiji islands) of 125 mm. in diameter. The abactinal specimen measured 38 mm. In none of the Echinothuriz I have examined are the plates of the abacti- nal system so greatly subdivided as in A. coriaceum. The ocular plates alone are readily isolated; they are crescent-shaped with truncated horns, the ambulacral system entering deeply into the crescent of the plate. The ocular plates vary considerably in size; the odd anterior ocular, the largest, is nearly twice as large as the smallest ocular, —the right posterior. The oculars and genitals are separated by anal plates with the exception of the madreporic genital, which is connected with the adjoining oculars, and the right posterior one, which has a point of contact with the odd posterior genital. The genitals are triangular, longer than broad, extending in the median line to the third interambulacral plate. The position of the genital opening also varies considerably. In the odd posterior genital it is in a bare space near the anal base of the plate; in the madreporic genital, at the very tip of the genital plate and in the others, in a bare space in the distal part of the plate (Pl. 52, fig. 7). All the genital plates are greatly broken up into distinct plates—so much so that it is impracticable to distinguish the original anal plates from those which may have been split off from the anal edge of the genitals (Pl. 52, fig. 7). The genital openings all open in a small bare part of the genital plate; here and 116 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. there we also find small bare spaces between the sutures of the anal plates. The anal opening is large, a funnel-like projection of a thick skin, the edges strengthened by long narrow slender plates, followed by an irregular second row of larger elongated plates, and then by two to three rows of most irregularly arranged polygonal plates covered with distinct small secondaries and miliaries, The madreporite occupies four plates. It is difficult to say if the two outer plates belong to the genital plate, or are anal plates which have forced their way between the adjoining oculars and the right anterior genital. The plates of the genital ring are comparatively bare. The oculars carry but one or two small secondaries with four or five small miliaries. On the component plates of the genitals the tuberculation is somewhat closer, but a great part of the plates is also bare. The interambulacral plates become quite early separated by a bare horizontal belt free from calcareous tissue. In the odd posterior interambu- lacrum (PI. 52, fig. 7) the first, second, and third of the abactinal interambu- lacral plates are connected along the whole length of the horizontal suture, the third and fourth plates are slightly separated by a bare space, while between the next plates the calcified part of plates occupies already the proportions of the interambulacral area of older plates near the ambitus. A part of the abactinal system,’ when seen from the interior of the test (Pl. 52, fig. 2), shows the extraordinary splitting up of the calcareous plates into ossicles almost like those of the abactinal surface of starfishes, not only of the interambulacral but to a certain extent of the ambulacral area, as also of the anal plates, of the genitals and oculars. The extent to which the interambulacral ossicles overlap laterally with the ambulacral ones is well seen on Plate 52, figs. 3, 4, taken not far from the ocular plate; fig. 3 showing this overlapping as seen from the exterior, and fig. 4 from the interior. The dermal membrane separating longitudinally the interambu- lacral and ambulacral plates is shown in Plate 52. fig. 2. The interambulacral plates are made up of a series of short joints, fram five to six in the larger plates, and the confusion arising from this breaking up and the forcing of the anal plates through the median line of the interam- bulacral system is well seen in Plate 52, fig. 2, in the space between the oculars and genitals, —a confusion of plates which is even worse than when 1 The right posterior ocular and genital. CASSIDULIDA. 117 they are examined on the abactinal side (Pl. 52, fig. 7). The intrusion or flow of the anal plates into the interambulacral system of the Echinothurie is well illustrated in A. coriaceum. Though this seems so absurd to Dr. Mortensen, yet Lovén’ has suggested something of the same kind as possible when comparing a Collyrites to a Culcita-like starfish. PETALOSTICHA Haeckel. CASSIDULIDZ Agass. NUCLEOLIDZ Agass. Among the Cassidulide the primordial plates are actinal in Echinolampas, (Pl. 65, fig. 2), Fig. 155, Rhynchopygus,’ and Neolampas (PI. 64, fig. 6) Fig. 156; they are only partly so in Echinonéus, where, perhaps owing to the obliquity of the test, the primordials have been pushed to one side in the right anterior and the left posterior interambulacrum. In Conolampas® (Pl. 65, fig. 6), the primordial plates in the posterior lateral interambulacra, Fig. 152, are excluded from the acti- nal system by the intrusion in front of them of the actinal plates of the late- ral posterior ambulacra. These leave 30 mm. Fie. 152. CoNoLAMPAS SIGSBEI. visible but a small triangular slice of the primordial plates in the angle of the adjoining ambulacral plates. The other interambulacral areas are also much disturbed at the actinal system from the crowding of the primordial plates by the coronal plates, which tend to be resorbed and to pass into the 1 Lovén, Echinoidées, p- 85. 2 Lovén, Etudes, Pls. VIT, fig. 67; XXII, fig. 179. 8 In the list of known species of Echini given in the Report on the “ Challenger ’’ Echinoidea (p. 217), I retained the original name Conoclypus Sigsbei given to this remarkable Cassiduloid in the Preliminary Report of the ‘‘ Blake’’ Echini (Bull. M. C. Z. V, No. 9, pp. 187, 190). In the Report on the ‘‘ Blake ’’ Echini (Mem. M. C. Z. X, No. 1, p. 48) I suggested the name Conolampas for this spe- cies, and gave my reasons for it. Loriol (Catal. Rais. des Echinod. de l’Isle Maurice. Mém. de la Soe. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Gen®ve, XXVIII, No 8, p. 44, 1883) says that Conoclypus Sigsbet is an Echinolampas. Surely the details I have given in the “ Blake” Report and the additional figures here given do not warrant such an association, even though it may be difficult in the very youngest stages to distinguish the young of Echinolampas and of Conolampas. 118 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. primordials and form part of the ridge surrounding the actinal system — (Pl. 65, fig. 6), a rudimentary auricle perhaps, which is greatly developed in some fossil species of the group, and has led to the supposition that they might be provided with teeth. This crowding results in part from the exclusion of the posterior lateral primordial plates from the actinostome by the adjoining posterior lateral ambulacral plates in Conolampas (PI. 65, fig. 6), thus forming a striking con- trast to the arrangement of the primordial plates in Echinolampas (Pl. 65, fig. 2). In Echinolampas the bourrelets are less crowded with tubercles. The extent of the crowding of the actinal plates by the coronal plates is well seen from the great height of the actinal ambulacral plates and the disappearance of the pairs of pores of the older plates and the great irregularity of the ambulacral plates (PI. 65, fig. 6), which have been twisted and pushed out of place and broken into numerous intermediate plates by this great thrust. The irregularity of the phyllodes thus formed in Cono- lampas is very apparent when seen from the exterior; the pores are placed in all possible positions (Pl. 65, fig. 5), only forming most irregular pairs of lanceolate lines which extend towards the ambitus until the ambulaecra again assume their normal structure. This irregularity is less pronounced in Echinolampas, as can be seen (Pl. 65, figs. 7, 2) from the more distant position of the pores and the comparative regularity in the ambulacral plates even at the phyllodes. The greater crowding of the coronal plates in Conolampas (Pl. 65, fig. 6) is also accompanied by the greater development of the bourrelets and the dense packing of the secondary tubercles on the actinal face of the primor- dial plates ; in Neolampas (Pl. 64, fig. 6) the bourrelets are practically in an embryonic stage, being only slightly accentuated by the packing of the secondary tubercles on the primordial plates and by the formation of very rudimentary phyllodes which do not extend further than to the fourth am- bulacral plate, while in Echinolampas, in a specimen of 50 mm. they extend to the sixteenth or seventeenth plate, and in a Conolampas of 90 mm. they extend as far as the fortieth ambulacral plate. In Rhynchopygus pacificus the oldest actinal ambulacral plates are quite large and have only one pair of pores, In a young specimen of Echinolampas of 4 mm. (Pl. 64, figs. 2, 3) the actinal ambulacral plates have only two pairs of pores, and are formed by the ankylosis of the two oldest of the ambulacral plates; a trace of the A CASSIDULID. 119 original suture is still visible in Fig. 3, Plate 64; even in this young stage the effect of the thrust of the coronal plates on the actinal plates is visible in the low ridge surrounding the actinal system (PI. 64, fig. 2). inside. outside. Fia. 158. RHYNCHOPYGUS CARIBZARUM. Fia. 154. RHYNCH. CARIBZARUM. Arrer Lovén. In Rhynchopygus, Figs. 153, 154, the primordial plates are all actinal, but elongate and much narrower than in Kchinolampas, Fig. 155. In Neolampas, Fig. 156, the primordial plate of the odd ambulacrum is still more drawn out by the crowding of the adjoining plates of the posterior lateral ambulacra. a tl 6 10 mm. Fig. 155. EcHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSA. Fia@. 156. NEOLAMPAS ROSTELLATA. The abactinal systems of Echinolampas, Conolampas, Neolampas, Rhyn- chopygus, and Echinonéus are very similar. The genital openings in all 120 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. encroach largely upon the abactinal plates of the interambulacral areas, Figs. 157, 158 (Pls. 64, figs. 7, 8; 65, figs. 4, 7), and all have a stone canal occupying the greater part of the single central plate of the abactinal system, 4 in which no trace of the separate genitals can be detected. Neolampas (PI. 64, figs. 7, 8) has but three genital pores ; the left anterior one is atrophied, Fig. 157. In a young Echinolampas of 4 mm. the central apical plate is well defined when seen from the exterior. The madreporic body is already slightly indicated (Pl. 64, fig. 5), but there are no traces as yet of any genitals. The stone canal is prominent (Pl. 64, fig. 4) seen from the inte- rior of the test. 10 mm, Fig. 157. NEOLAMPAS ROSTELLATA. Fig. 158, CAsstpuLus EUGENL2&. ArTer Loven. The ocular pores in all the Cassidulids are prominent, and the ocular — plates sharply defined (Pls. 64, fig. 7; 65, fig. 7). In Neolampas (Pl. 64, fig. 6) there are clusters of four or five spheridia in the ambulacra near the actinal system. In a young Echinolampas of 4 mm. (PI. 64, fig. 2) there was only one on the second row of ambulacral plates. In Neolampas the spheridia stand out freely from the test, while in Rhynchopygus they are placed in cavities. The abactinal ambulacral plates in this young stage — (Pl. 64, figs. 4, 5) have but one pore, as in Neolampas (Pl. 64, figs. 7, 8), and not the double pores characteristic of the older Echinolampas (PI. 65, > fig. 4) of Conolampas (PI. 65, fig. 7), and Echinonéus. a The membrane of the actinal system of Neolampas and of Echinolampas is packed with minute calcareous plates of nearly uniform size. The — actinal system of Neolampas is longitudinally elliptical (Pl. 64, fig. 6), — while that of EKchinolampas, Rhynchopygus, and Conolampas is transverse — (Pls. 64, fig. 2; 65, figs. 2, 6); Figs. 153-156. POURTALESIZ. 12] In Echinolampas (PI. 64, fig. 5) and Conolampas the central plate of the apical system rises like a button above the general level of the test, it is thickly covered with small tubercles, many of which are glassy as in Kchinonéus. The ambulacra of Neolampas show the first trace of the wedging of the ambulacral plates (Pl. 64, fig. 4), one plate in each ambulacrum only, which is carried to such an extreme in Conolampas, Rhynchopygus, and Kehinolampas as to obliterate the primitive regular arrangement of the ambulacral plates as it still exists in Neolampas and in the young of Rhyn- chopygus.' The smaller wedge-shaped plate is the only indication of a phyllodic expansion, as in Rhynchopygus,’? while in Echinolampas the ambulacra are not thus expanded (PI. 65, fig. 2), but the two sides merely diverge towards the ambitus in straight lines, though externally the pores expand in Conolampas (Pl. 65, fig. 5) and Echinolampas (PI. 65, fig. 7) into a somewhat phyllodic outline. In the Pacific species of the genus (R. pacificus) one of the first pair of plates of each ambulacrum, though large, carries only a single pore, the ankylosis of the other plates showing it to be composed of two plates. SPATANGIDZA Agass. POURTALESI A. Ag. It is interesting to trace the gradual modifications in the odd posterior interambulacrum from the simple conditions such as exist in Urechinus (Pl. 73, fig. 7), where the primordial interambulacral plates all reach the actinal system, Fig. 159, but in which the sternum consists of a single elongate polygonal plate following the primordial, the labium differing in no way except in size from the single plate following the primordial of the other interambulacral areas. We may thus look upoft Urechinus, in which the plate next to the primordial is single in all the interambulacral areas, as showing us the probable origin of the single sternal plate in some Spatangoids, while in the Spatangoid types such as Collyrites, Echinonéus, and the Cassidulids, in which the primordial plate is followed by two plates in all the interambulacral areas, we have the prototype of the sternum made up of two plates which, from the great extension of the posterior 1 Lovén, Etudes Pl. VII, fig. 61. 2 Lovén, Etudes, Pl. VII, fig. 67. 122 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. extremity, develop to an extraordinary extent in such recent Spatangoids as Metalia, Schizaster, Desoria, Brissopsis, and others. It is interesting to note that already in Hemiaster and Micraster of the Chalk we find the same excessive development of the sternum; while in Holaster the labium is” Fig. 159. URECHINUS NARESIANUS. Fie. 160. CysTECHINUS LOVENI. Arter Lovin. followed by a sternum made up of a single rectangular plate as in Anan- chytes, though the other actinal primordial interambulacral plates are followed by two plates. A single plate follows the interambulacral primordial plates not only in Urechinus but also in Plexechinus (Pls, 58, fig. 7; 59, fig. 3), in Cyst- echinus Loveni (Pls. 77, fig. 1; 78, fig. 3), Figs. 160, 161, in C. Wyvillit (Pl. 80, fig. 2), Fig. 161*, and in P. Rathbuni (Pls. 83, fig. 7; 85, figs. /, 2), Fig. 164. In Spatagocystis (Pl. 71, fig. 6) the primordials are excluded from the actinal system cs de Parca: Bie in the lateral posterior ambulacra, Fig. 162. The small labium is separated from the sternum by the second and third set of plates of the posterior lateral ambulacra, and the second set of the lateral interambulacra, Fig. 175. In Cystechinus Wyvillit there is also some difference in the arrangement of the plates around the actinal system between older and younger speci- 7. ee ws | POURTALESLA. 123 mens of 13, Fig. 1614, and 18 mm. (Pl. 80, fig. 7); in the latter the primor- dial plates of the right lateral interambulacra are excluded from it, which is not the case in the older specimen of 56 mm. (PI. 80, fig. 2), Fig. 163. In the odd interambulacrum of Plexechinus a well developed hexag- onal sternum consisting of a single plate is separated from a small lan- ceolate labium by the second plates of the posterior lateral ambulacra ; this sternum is only an emphasized single second plate such as exists in the other interambulacral areas of the genus. The sternum of Cystechinus Lo- vent (Pls. 77, fig. 7; 78, fig. 3), Fig. 160, is connected with the labium, but otherwise represents a somewhat specialized single second interambu- lacral plate of the other interambu- lacral areas. In Cystechinus Wyvillit (P|. 80, figs. 1, 2) the sternum holds the same relations to the labium and to the single interambulacral plates which follow the primordials, Fig. 161%, as in C. Fig. 162. SPATAGOCYSTIS CHALLENGERI. 13 mm. 56 mm. Fie. 161%, CystecHINus WYVILLIL. Fig. 1638. CysTEcHINUS WYVILLII. Loveni. In the younger specimens the sternum holds to the labium the same relation which the second plate holds to the primordial interambu- lacral plates. 124 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In Pilematechinus Rathbuni (Pl. 85, figs. 1, 2), Fig. 164, the labium is followed as in the younger C. Wyvillii by two plates and the sternum is absent. This anomalous con- dition is readily explained by comparing the labium and the two plates with the primordial plate and the plates succeeding it in the other interambulacra. In Echinocrepis, Fig. 165, the anterior interambulacral primordials alone reach the actinal system; there is no labium.' The sternum con- sists of one plate followed by two episternal plates, Fig. 167, and further separated from the anal system by three pairs of small plates (PI. 68, fig. 7). The sternum is separated from the actinal system by both rows of the posterior lateral ambulacra, Fig. 168, and the anterior zone of the lateral posterior interambulacra, which extend beyond the sternum, the first plates of which are in contact with the actinostome as well as the anterior lateral interambu- Fig. 164. PILEMATECHINUS RATHBUNI. lacra (Pl. 68, fig. 7). 92 mm. Fie. 165. ECHINOCREPIS SETIGERA. Fie. 166. E. cUNEATA. Arter Loven. In the Pourtalesiz there is not only an unexampled extension of the posterior extremity, in which a prominent anal snout is formed, but also ' Though Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. VII, figures one in P. cuneata, Fig. 166, its absence in E. setigera is not remarkable, as in P. Tanneri we find the same discrepancies. she POURTALESLA. 12 a ill 4 92 mm. 92 mm. Fig. 167. EcCHINOCREPIS SETIGERA. Fia. 168. ECHINOCREPIS SETIGERA. a deep and long actinal groove in the extension of the anterior extremity of the test. It is natural that with such extensive movements in the coronal plates of the test we should find, as we do, such great differences in the final position of the coronal plates in the Pourtalesiz as contrasted to all other Echinoidea. 16 mm. Fie. 169. PouRTALESIA TANNERI 17 mm. Fig. 170. PourTALESIA TANNERI. 126 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. . In Pourtalesia Tanneri (PI. 57, figs. 1, 5) there is a small labium, Fig. 169, — which is wanting in some specimens (Fig. 170); it is excluded from the actinostome, and is separated from the large elongated hexagonal sternum > followed by two episternal plates, Fig. 171, by the anterior zone of the posterior lateral interambulacra (Pl. 56, fig. 7), and the second pair of plates : of the posterior lateral ambulacra (Pl. 57, fig. 5), the first plates of which reach the actinostome. 16 mm, Fia. 173. P. TANNERI. Fig. 174. P. JEFFREYSI. POURTALESIA TANNERI. Arter Lovén. The lateral posterior interambulacral primordials are diminutive, p. pl. Figs. 172, 173; they do not reach the actinal system (Pl. 57, figs. 7, 5), as do the larger primordials of the anterior lateral interambulacra (Pl. 57, fig. 5). In P. Jeffreysi the arrangement of the plates is somewhat different.’ The posterior interambulacral primordials are excluded from the actinostome, the labium is actinal, Fig. 174, and is separated from the sternum by the same set of plates, both ambulacral and interambulacral, as in P. Tanneri. In Spatagocystis, Fig. 175, the labium is separated from the sternum, 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. IL. which is narrow, small, elongate (Pls. 70, POURTALESIZ. 127 fig. 4; 71, fig. 6), by large com- posite double plates of the lateral anterior interambulacra and by the second rows of plates of the lateral poste- rior ambulacra extending along the ster- num, which also separate the actinal plates of the lateral posterior ambulacra from the actinal plates. The position of the anal system on the actinal side in Echinocrepis and Spatago- eystis materially alters the proportion of the actinal plates of the odd interambu- lacrum from those of Pourtalesia proper and Plexechinus, in which the anus is in a sunken groove at the base of a well developed anal snout, round which a fas- ciole is developed. Compare Figs. 167, 175 to Figs. 171, 174. The shape of the actinal system of Pourtalesia Tunneri, Fig. 176, differs con- siderably from that of P. Jeffreysi,’ and of P. carinata.” It is round in the former (Pl. 57, fig. %), somewhat rectangular in Ay UN 16 mm. Fig. 175. 92 mm. Fie. 176. PouRTALESIA TANNERI. Fie. 177. EcuHINocREPIS SETIGERA. the second, and oval in the third. In £. setigera the actinal system is pear. shaped, Fig. 177, and pointed abactinally in Sp. Challengeri, Fig. 177*. 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. IV, fig. 18. 2 «« Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. XXVIII", fig. 9. 128 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. There are great differences in the number of plates of the odd a 1 terior ambulacrum: in P. Jefreysi we find thirteen to fifteen pairs, Fig. 178; in P. Tanneri twelve, Fig. 179; in other genera of Pourtalesiz, as in Fig. 1774. SpATAGOCYSTIS CHALLENGERI. Fie. 178. PourRTALESIA JEFFREYSI. AFTER LovEN. Echinocrepis, there are twenty-one to twenty-two, Fig. 180; and in Spatago- eystis, sixteen pairs, Fig. 181. The number of the plates is due mainly to — the length of the actinal pouch in those genera. These differences are well shown on comparing the profiles of the actinal pouches of P. Jeffreysi, of P. carinata? Fig. 182, of P. Tanneri (Pl. 57, fig. 2), of P. hispida?’ of — 16 mm, Fie. 179. P. TANNERI. 48 mm. Fia. 180. ECHINOCREPIS SETIGERA. Fie. 181. SPATAGOCYSTIS CHALLENGERI P. ceratopygas of Echinoerepis setigera (Pl. 69, fig. 2), and Spatagoeystis Challengeri (Pl. 71,-fig. 2). These profiles differ greatly in outline, especially in the angle formed by the groove with the actinal system, as well as_ 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. ITT, fig. 12. 2 Lovén, Pl. VI, fig. 45; “Challenger”? Echinoidea, PI. XXVIIB, fig. 11. 4 “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. XXTI, fig. 8. 4 “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pi. XXVIII, fig. 5. Aap a ee eee POURTALESIZ. 129 in the number and size of the ambulacral plates which go to make up the sunken ambulacral-actinal grooves of these genera. Views of these genera seen from the actinal side show the proportional extent which the 7 Fig. 182. P. CARINATA. Fig. 183. PouRTALESIA JEFFREYSI. AFTER Loven. actinal groove bears to the whole test, as well as their general outline. In P. Jeffreysi Fig. 183, it occupies nearly one third the length of the test, and is nearly half as broad as the test. In P. Tanneri (Pl. 56, fig. 2), Fig. 184, it occupies about a fourth of the actinal side, flaring out laterally 17 mm. 92 mm. 48 mm, Fie. 184. P. TANNERI. Fie 185. EcHINOCREPIS Fre. 186. SPATAGOCYSTIS SETIGERA. CHALLENGERI. and not having a re-entering curve as in P. Jefreysi. This form of actinal groove is still more marked in Pourtalesia phiale W. Th.,? while in Pourtalesia laguncula*® it has more the shape of that of P. Tanner’; that of P. hispida‘ 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. IIT, fig. 10. 3 Id. Pl. XXII, fig. 9. 2 «* Challenger ” Echinoidea, Pls. XXII, fig. 1; XXII, fig. 2. 4 Id. Pl. XXII, fig. 8. ; 9 130 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. is more like the groove of P. Jeffreysi. In Echinocrepis setigera, Fig. 185, the groove is over a fourth of the test (Pl. 66, fig. 7), as in HZ. euneata* also, and in Spatagocystis Challengeri” it is nearly half the length, Fig. 186. _ 20 mm. . 80mm. 80 mm. Fig. 187. 1 PLEXECHINUS CINCTUS. 2 URECHINUS NARESIANUS. 3 U. GIGANTEUS. The position of the actinostome in the Urechinide is more central than in the Pourtalesize, even than in such a genus as Plexechinus, Fig. 187,1; in Cystechinus Wyvillii and C. Loveni the actinostome is also more excentric than in Pilematechinus Rathbun, Fig. 188, 3. 18 mm, 83 mm, 92 mm. Fie. 188. 1 CystrecHinus WyviILuu. 2 C. Lovent. 8 P. RATHBUNTI. Is there not in the Clypeastroids something analogous to the intrusion of the lateral posterior interambulacra between the labium and sternum 1 “Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, Pl. XXXYV*, fig. 10. 2 Id. Pl. XXVIB, fig. 2. POURTALESI 2. 131 J of the Pourtalesiw in the isolation of the second row of plates of all the interambulacra from the actinal primordial interambulacral plates by the intrusion of the second row of ambulacral plates of all the zones. They connect laterally in Arachnoides, Echinarachnius, Clypeaster, and Encope, while the ambulacral and interambulacral zones are perfectly symmetrical in Kchinocyanus, Laganum, and Mellita; the latter genera holding to the former much the same relation which the recent Ananchytids hold to the modern Spatangoids. The discovery of so many recent Ananchytid-like Spatangoids would seem to warrant the establishment of subfamilies including on the one side, as Urechinidx : Urechinus, Cystechinus, Pilematechinus, and Calymne ; and on the other as Paleopneustide: Paleopneustes, Linopneustes, Homo- lampas, Phrissocystis, Argopatagus, Genicopatagus, Paleeotropus, and Palzo- brissus. ‘This would exclude from the Pourtalesize a few genera at one time associated with them, and limit the Pourtalesiz to Pourtalesia, Echince- crepis, Spatagocystis, Plexechinus, and Sternopatagus. But the Pourta- lesize can hardly be considered, from what has been said here, as a group equivalent to the Clypeastroids and Cassidulids, as has been suggested by Lovén. Among the Spatangoids a new genus of Pourtalesie has been described from the collection of the “Siboga” Expedition under the name of Sterno- patagus,’ differing in shape from that of any other Pourtalesia. It has the marginal fasciole of Calymne, the abactinal system of Cystechinus (C. Loven) though there are four genitals in Sternopatagus and only three in C. Lovent.. The labium is separated from the sternum much as it is in Plexechinus, which, however, has the compact abactinal system of Pourta- lesia proper. If the figures of M. De Meijere are correct, its sternum has nothing in common with that of Urechinus, as he states, the labium of the former being separated from the sternum, which is not the case in Urechinus. The abactinal system of Sternopatagus is entirely different from that of the Pourtalesix ; the bivium is not separated from the trivium by the posterior lateral interambulacra, its apical system as well as that of Sternopneustes is quite that of Holaster and of the Ananchytide, and it also has its anus on the lower side as Kchinocrepis. The plates of the apical system of Echinocrepis are not as they have been described by M. de Meijere; those of the bivium are well separated by the 1 Sternopatagus Siboge De Meijere. Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition, p. 154. 132 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. posterior lateral interambulacra from those of the trivium. There are the two posterior ocular plates, and the anterior ones are ankylosed, the oculars of the trivium being lost and occupied by the madreporite. (Pls. 67, fig. 2; 69, figs. 3, 4.) No Pourtalesia has the marginal fasciole of Sternopatagus. It has the labium and sternum of Plexechinus separated by the posterior lateral inter- ambulacra, although the actinal plate of the left posterior interambulacrum cannot be traced in M. de Meijere’s figure, and the structure of the odd interambulacrum is entirely different from that of any Pourtalesia. M. de Meijere considers Sternopatagus’ an intermediate form between Ananchy- tidee and the Pourtalesiz. It looks to me far more Ananchytid than Pourtalesian. PourTALesia A. Ag. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 77; Pl. VIII, figs. 1, 2. Plates B, fig. 2; 55, figs. 1,2; 56; 57. This species (Pl. 55, figs. 7, 2) is closely allied to P. laguncula A. Ag? It differs from it in the shape of the test, which is more elongate (Pl. 56, fig. 1), less bottle-shaped, more like the younger specimens of P. daguneula A. Ag.,®? and consequent greater length of the coronal plates, especially in the left posterior ambulacral and interambulacral areas; compare* Chall. Ech. Pl. XXII, figs. 7, 9 with Pl. 56, figs. 7, 3; the anterior ex- tremity of the test is higher (Pl. 56, fig. 4); the larger primary tuber- cles are concentrated on the sides of the test in a triangular space (Pl. 56, figs. 2, 3) extending from the anal system to the junction of the ambitus with the anterior edge of the posterior ambulacra. The primary radioles on the flanks of the test are also longer, while in P. laguneula and P. miranda they are somewhat spathiform. ‘1 am blamed by M. de Meijere for not putting on one plate the figures belonging to one species. We do not find in M. de Meijere’s Report any greater concentration of figures belonging to one species than is the natural result of one’s inability to put a gallon into a pint measure. 1 would refer to the position of M. de Meijere’s figures of Sternopatagus on three widely separated plates, of Sternopneustes on the same number, and others, which do not seem to show that regard for the reader the lack of which is so blameworthy in others. * “Challenger” Echinoidea, p. 137, Pls. XXII, figs. 7-9; XXXI, figs. 1-11. 8 « Challenger’? Echinoidea, Pl. XXXTI, figs. 10, 11. * See also Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. VI, figs. 37, 38. ; ' * POURTALESIA TANNERI, 133 The actinal side of P. Tanneri is also somewhat flatter than that of P. laguncula. The smallest specimen of P. Tanneri collected measured 12 mm. in length; as in small specimens of P. /aguncula, the test is more pointed posteriorly and the proboscis less developed than in larger specimens. The largest specimen collected measured 17 mm. in length, 9 mm. in greatest height, and 8 mm. in greatest width, somewhat posteriorly of the actinal groove. There was nothing either in the youngest or the largest specimen examined, Figs. 189, 190, to show conclusively that the intercalated plates in the interambulacral belt separating the trivium from the bivium belonged b5a 16 mm. 17 mm. Fig. 189. PouRTALESIA TANNERI. Fie. 190. PouRTALESIA TANNERI. to the odd interambulacral area rather than to the posterior interambulacra. These plates are marked by Lovén as belonging to the odd interambulacrum in Pourtalesia Jeffreysi, Fig. 200. From the remarkable belt-like arrangement of the interambulacra which is so well seen in an actinal view of Pourtalesia (Pl. 56, fig. 7), Figs. 162, 191, 191*, Lovén* has suggested that the actinal groove of the Pourtalesiz may have developed from the invagination of a similar belt at the anterior area of the test.” It seems to me more natural to trace the course of this 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, p. 30. 2 The separation of the plates composing the sternum from the labium, so characteristic of the Pourtalesiz, also occurs in some of the Clypeastroids, as in Encope, Clypeaster, Echinarachnius, and Arachnoides. 134 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI: invagination to a process similar to that forming the deep sunken ambulacra < in Moira, between them and the flush or slightly sunken ambulacra we _ find nearly all stages of intermediate depression, or to the formation of the slight groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum in so many Spatangoids, without of course hinting at a genetic connection between the two. Fig. 191. PourRTALESIA JEFFREYSI. Fig. 191%. P. TANNERI. ArTer LovEn. The color of the test when brought up in the trawl was bright pink, with a violet tinge round the base of the primary tubercles; the radioles were white. 17 mm. 17 mm. Fig. 192. PouRTALESIA TANNERI. Fic. 1938. PourTALESIA TANNERI. The proboscis of Pourtalesia Tanneri (P1. 56, fig. 3) slopes off more gradu- ally from the anal opening than in P. laguncula,’ in which it also expands laterally, while in P. Tanneri it is somewhat pointed and projects consider- ably beyond the subanal fasciole, Fig. 192. 1 “Challenger ” Echinoidea, Pl. XXII*, figs. 7, 9. POURTALESIA TANNERI. 135 The edge of the actinal groove and the apical system are both placed more towards the anterior extremity than in P. laguncula. On the abactinal side the plates of the ridge formed by the odd posterior interambulacrum are covered by two to four large primary tubercles and minute miliaries, Fig. 192, (Pl. 56, fig. 2). On the central part of the sides of the test, Fig. 193, the primary tubercles are arranged in pairs, with distant miliaries on the rest of the plate. P. Tanneri is also marked for the small number of large primary tubercles found on the sides of the test (Pl. 56, fig. 2). On the actinal side the prominent primary tuberculation of the sternum and of the actinal plates of tlhe posterior interambulacra and the anterior ambulacra (Pl. 56, fig. 7) is in marked contrast with the few primary tuber- cles of the actinal face of P. laguncula.’ The great length of the sternum is also a characteristic feature of P. Tanneri, Fig. 194. The sternum of P. Jeffreys is broader anteriorly Fig. 195. Mf tl 17 mm. Fia. 194. PouRTALESIA TANNERI. Fia. 195. P. JEFFREYSI. Arrer Lovén. An important structural difference between these two species is the existence of a well developed labium in P. daguncula, varying greatly in outline, its narrow edge barely reaching the actinal edge, and the exclusion of the primordial plates of the posterior interambulacra from the actinal sys- tem. In P. Tanner? the labium is excluded from the actinal edge, Figs. 172, 173; it is reduced to a diminutive pointed elliptical plate (Pl. 57, figs. 7, 2), or is represented by a minute plate surrounded by the actinal posterior lat- eral ambulacral plates. In another specimen it cannot be traced, and the small primordial plates of the posterior ambulacra can be seen at the actinal edge between the long narrow actinal ambulacral plates of the lateral ambu- lacra, Fig. 196 (Pl. 57, figs. 7, 2, 5), while the actinal primordials of the 1 “Challenger ” Echinoidea, Pl. XXIT*, fig. 9. 2 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. VI, figs. 37-40. 136 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. anterior interambulacra are larger (PI. 57, fig. 5). In this respect P. Tanneri is more closely allied to P. carinata, Fig. 197, in which, according to Lovén,? the primordial plates of the posterior interambulacra and the labium occupy much the same position they do in P. Tanneri. A similar arrangement is 7 “ found in P. ceratopyga and EF. cuneata.* i 16 min. Fra. 196. PourRTALESIA TANNERI. Fie. 197. P. CARINATA. Arter Lovén. The actinal system of P. Tanneri, Fig. 176, is circular (Pls. 56, fig. 4; 57, figs. 2,3); the outer belt is covered by delicate elongated plates forming a three or four irregularly concentric rows. The central part of the actinal — system is bare. The course of the odd anterior ambulacrum (Pls. 56, figs. — Fig. 198. PouRTALESIA JEFFREYSI. : Fie. 199. P. TANNERL Arter Loven. P 1-4; 57, fig. 2) is specially well seen from the interior view of the test — (Pl. 57, fig. 2), which shows the rapid widening and arching of the ambu- | lacral plates to form the deep anterior actinal ambulacral groove. The © 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. VI, figs. 42-44. 2 Id., Pl. VU, figs. 48, 53. whi Se] POURTALESIA TANNERI. 137 circular shape of the actinal system of P. Tannevi is in great contrast to its elongate elliptical outline in P. Jeffreysi.' Yet, in spite of this appar- ent difference in outline, the number of coronal plates in the different ambulacra or interambulacra does not vary perceptibly. The anal system of P. Zanneri is, on the contrary, much less flattened than that of P. Jeffreysi;? Figs. 198, 199. The posterior edge of the lower part of the anal system is strengthened by a low ridge running along the inner part of the surrounding plates (Pl. 57, fig. 4). The anal system is divided into two parts, the lower somewhat pointed; below the circular anal opening it is covered by irregularly arranged plates larger than those of the upper part, which is flattened, with rounded top and re-entering sides, and is strengthened by more numerous smaller plates increasing in size towards the anterior edge. An enlarged view of the abactinal system (Pl. 56, figs. 5, 6) of two specimens nearly of the same size, 16 and 17 mm. in length, Figs. 189, 190, shows that the ocular plates have all disappeared, the ambulacra abutting in the triviuin against the genital plates, and in the bivium against the abactinal plates of the posterior interambulacra. There are four large genital pores in the central disk, but only three genital plates could be distinguished ; there are four in P. daguncula. The bivium and trivium are separated by the abactinal plates of the posterior interambulacra, and in addition by two plates placed one in front of the other in the extension of the abactinal plates of the odd posterior interambulacrum (PI. 56, fig. 5). In another somewhat younger specimen (Pl. 56, fig. 6) the arrangement and number of the intercalated plates is very different ; at the abactinal extremity of the paired plates of the odd interambulacrum there are no less than three small plates, the largest of which connects with two plates having much the same relation to the posterior interambulacral plates which they held in the other specimen (Pl. 56, fig. 5), so that we might really consider all these plates as the irregular extension of the abactinal plates of the odd interambulacrum. Yet this may not be the case, as in P. Jefreysi the three additional plates are not joined with the odd interambulacrum, as in P. Tunnert (Pl. 56, fig. 6), but are placed next to the genitals,’ and the two intermediate plates are isolated from the single plate adjoining the extremity, Fig. 200, of the 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. IV, figs. 18, 20. 2 Id., Pl. I, fig. 4. 8 Id., Pls. I, fig. 1; V, figs. 25-28. 138 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. odd posterior ambulacrum, and stand surrounded by the abactinal plates of — the odd ambulacrum. The arrangement of these abactinal plates in other genera of Pourta- lesie does not seem to give us definite conclusions regarding their character, and thus far no very young Pourtalesiz have been examined with reference to this point. In ELehinocrepis cuneata’ the odd interambulacrum is excluded from the genital plate by the oculars of the posterior ambulacra, which are in contact with it, in all the other interambulacra the two abactinal plates touch the genital. The oculars of the trivium are wanting. A very different condition of things exists in L. setigera, as will be seen later. tL Se LET aeN a My Fig. 200. PouRTALESIA JEFFREYSI. Fie. 201. PouRTALESIA TANNERI. ArrTer Loven. P. Tanveri, although not more than 16 or 17 mm. in length, is evidently an adult, while P. Jefreysi is fully 45 mm. long. The subanal fasciole of P. Tanneri is, when seen facing the anal ex- tremity, somewhat pentagonal, Fig. 201; it is mainly limited to the plates of the odd interambulacrum and does not extend laterally so as to include in the subanal plastron any large part of the plates of the adjoining ambulacra, as is the case in many Spatangoids, in which narrow parts of the outer edge of the ambulacral plates extend far into the plastron, as in Brissus, Spatangus, Echinocardium, Breynia, Maretia, Paleopneustes, and others, showing a tendency to the formation of a subanal snout. In Cionobrissus the subanal snout is, as in P. Zanneri, bound by a subanal fasciole restricted in great part to the odd interambulacral plates. In Plexechinus the subanal fasciole surrounding the snout is, with the exception of one ambulacral 1 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pl. VII, fig. 54. POURTALESIA MIRANDA. 139 plate, also limited to the plates of the odd interambulacrum (Pls. 58, fig. 4; 59, fig. 3). Station 3411, between Bindloe and Wenmam Isds., Galapagos, in 1189 fathoms, Lat. 54° N.; Long. 91° 9’ W. Bott. temp. 36.2. Yell. glob. ooze. Station 3451, off Altata, Gulf of California, in 995 fathoms. Lat. 23° 59° N.; Long. 108° 40’ W. Bott. temp. 37°. Light br. m. glob. Bathymetrical range, 995-1189 fathoms. Temperature range, 37°-36°.2. Pourtalesia miranda A. Ag. Pourtalesia miranda A. Ag.’ Bull. M. C. Z. 1869, I, No. 9, p. 272. Pourtalesia miranda A. Ag. Rey. Echini, 1872, p. 345, Pl. XVIII. In 1878-79 the “Blake” collected at two localities fragments of Pourta- lesia miranda” from which it has been possible to give details of the species and compare it with the other species of the genus. Owing to the small size of the P. miranda collected by Pourtalés, 3.5 mm. in length, it was quite possible that it might turn out to be the young of P. Jefireysi Wyv. Thom. collected by the “ Porcupine.”’ The specimens of P. miranda collected by the “ Blake” in 1878-79 off Grenada in 576 fathoms, with the fragments collected off Barbados, show that this is not the case. The figures of P. Jefreysi given by Lovén® show that P. Jeffreysi is propor- tionally much broader, and has a shorter anal snout than P. miranda. The odd actinal sunken groove in P. miranda is longer than in P. Jeffreysi, the sternum of the former is hexagonal, elongated, while that of the latter species is wider. In a specimen of P. miranda 18 mm. in length the test is more elongate than in P. Jeffreysi, P. laguncula, or in the young specimen figured on PI. XVIII. in the Revision of the Echini. The arrangement of the plates of the test is not shown in those figures. The apical system of P. miranda is compact, Figs. 202, 205. The sutures between the genital plates cannot be made out, Fig. 205. The apical system varies greatly, as in other Pourtalesiw ; Lovén figures that of two specimens of P. Je/reysi* in which 1 On p. 169 of the Revision, this reference is not correctly given. 2 The single original specimen of P. miranda collected by Pourtalds off the Tortugas in 349 fathoms was sent to Professor Lovén for examination, and unfortunately crushed in transmission on its return. 8 Lovén, Pourtalesia, Pls. 1-V. 4 Loc. cit. Pl. V, figs. 25-28. 140 species named above. and P. Tanneri, in contact with the actinostome, Figs. 203, 204, and the pri- PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. the genital plates are ankylosed in one, and distinct in the other. The — bivium is separated from the trivium by the posterior interambulacra, as per eee oo @e e °@ Le) OSs tropus, though for the present the third group may remain united with group containing Argopatagus, Genicopatagus, Homolampas, and the Paleopneustide. “Ss Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag. —_ y Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z.1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 76. Pl. VIII, figs Se Plates 55, figs. 3-5; 58, figs. 7-4; 59; 60, figs. 1-3. Only two slightly broken specimens of this interesting species were collected, at Station 3424. The smaller of the two specimens meas irec 21 mm. in length, 15.5 mm. in width at the anterior part of the poste ‘ior lateral interambulacra, and 11 mm. in height immediately in front of the anal system. Seen in profile (Pls. 55, fig. 5; 58, fig. 2) the test slopes” very gradually from the highest point in front of the anal system toy ards the rounded anterior extremity. The posterior extremity is scooped out for the anal system above the broad anal proboscis, which is rounded poste-— PLEXECHINUS CINCTUS. 151 riorlyy and gradually lost in the keel of the actinal surface. The anal proboscis is bound by a wide fasciole (Pl. 58, figs. 7-4) well beyond the posterior edge of the anal system (PI. 59, figs. 2, 7) and sloping toward the anterior extremity. The fasciole stands out very prominently, as the ambulacral plates both on the actinal side and the side of the test flanking the posterior extremity are bare, while the odd interambulacral plates enclosed by the fasciole are closely tuberculated with small primaries and minute miliaries, as is also the whole abactinal part of the test. The actinal plates of both the ambulacral and interambulacral areas adjoining the ambitus as well as the plastron are covered with larger primary tubercles, while the posterior zone of the posterior ambulacra as well as the actinal plates of the ambulacra are bare or carry but few miliaries (Pl. 59, fig. 7). The actinal system is circular, strengthened by an outer row of plates, largest on the anterior edge, gradually becoming smaller towards the pos- terior edge. The central part of the actinal system is covered by minute elongated plates radiating from the actinostome (Pls. 58, fig. 7; 59, fig. 2). The anal system is transversely elliptical (Pls. 58, fig. 4; 59, fig. 2); an outer row of larger irregularly shaped plates surrounds the small elongated central plates. These specimens are evidently young stages, as no trace of genital openings could be seen, unless one of the openings seen on the large inter- ambulacral madreporic plate in continuation of the odd interambulacrum be a genital pore (PI. 60, figs. 7-2). As in Pourtalesia the ocular plates are not present or could not be traced ; and not only is the bivium separated from the trivium by the abac- tinal plates of the lateral posterior interambulacra and some intercalated plates (Pls. 58, fig. 2; 60, figs. 7,2), but the ambulacra of the trivium are also disconnected by the intrusion of the lateral anterior interambulacra, and those of the bivium by that of the odd posterior interambulacrum, Figs. 217, 218. It will be seen that there is great variation in the position of the in- truding interambulacral plates and intercalated plates. In Plate 60, fig. 2, the intruded plates seem to belong without doubt to the odd and posterior lateral interambulacra, while in Plates 58, fig. 2; 60, fig. /, the relation of the intruding interambulacral plates and the intercalated ones is by no means so simply traced, reminding us more of the arrangement of the abactinal plates of P. Tanneri and P. laguncula. There seems to be some 152 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINT. fot) difficulty, owing to the great size of the intercalated or in rud: ng ir ambulacral plates, in considering them as the abactinal plates of a series preceding them. The primoridial interambulacral plates in contact with the act ian on vary but little in size, Fig. 214, The labium is, owing to its isolati ao the sternum, lanceolate. In Plexechinus (Pl. 59, fig. 3), as in © Ur 2c] tie nus (Pls. 58, fig. 5; 73, fig. 7), the secor i. a] ae ae of the lateral ambulacra is a double pla The Urechinid type of the odd an bulacrum and of the adjoining interambulae Fig. 220. URrEcHINUS NARESIANUS. of Plexechinus is well seen On compe r gts 214 and Fig. 220, which represent the bulacrum of P/. cinctus and U. Naresianus, with the odd interambula other Urechinids, such as Cystechnus Loveni, with Spatagocystis, | crepis, and Pourtalesia, Figs. 162, 165, and 169. In the Urechinic second plates of the paired interambulacra are double, while they we 1 in the Pourtalesiz. " e Station 3424, off Tres Marias, Gulf of California, in 676 fathon ni e: 21° 15’ N.; Long. 106° 23° W. Bottom temperature, 38°. Gy. s. bl Ik. sp. glob. a ANANCHYTIDZ Alb. Gras, URECHINID# Lambert (emend.) Urecuinus A. Ag. Urechinus giganteus A. Ag. Urechinus giganteus A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 79, Pl. VIIT, figs. Plates 72; 73; 74, figs. 10. : ‘ _ From Station 3431 two large specimens of Urechinus were colle (Pl. 72), far larger than any specimens of the genus hitherto obta: the “ Challenger” or the “ Blake.” The smaller specimen measured a 1 in length, 63 mm. in width slightly posterior to the apical sy ‘em 37 mm. in greatest height. The larger specimen measured 93 length, 80 mm. in width, and 59 in height. The outline as seen | above or below is ovoid (Pl. 72, figs. 7, 2); the larger specimen is pro URECHINUS GIGANTEUS. 153 tionally flatter. On the actinal side the odd anterior ambulacrum is slightly sunken near the actinostome, much less so than in the other species of the genus. There is a mere rudimentary subanal fasciole in some specimens of U. Naresianus* (Pl. 74, fig. 8), in others it is well developed. No trace of such a fasciole could be detected in this species (Pl. 73, fig. 3). Seen in profile (Pl. 72, fig. 3) the outline is regularly arched both towards the anterior and posterior extremity, somewhat more gibbous at the anterior extremity. The abactinal side passes most gradually into the ambitus and actinal side. At the junction of the posterior interambulacrum and lateral ambulacra the test forms a slight re-entering curve when seen in profile. This species is remarkable for the great length of the primary radioles above the ambitus (PI. 72, fig. 2); in proportion to the size of the test they are nearly as long as in Linopneustes and Paleopneustes. When covered with spines, this species of Urechinus must have recalled small specimens of Linopneustes; the spines do not increase in length with the larger speci- mens. In the smaller specimen the length of the primary radioles on the abactinal side along the sides of the test varied from 21 mm. to 8 or 9. They are very slender, sharp-pointed, and curved. On the actinal side the radioles are shorter, usually straight, and do not exceed 10 mm. in length, the majority being from 4 to 6 mm. long. Above the ambitus the whole test is covered by minute miliaries (Pl. 73, figs. 2, 3) scattered uniformly over the surface of the coronal plates except on the posterior interambulacra, where they are more closely crowded. The miliary tubercles carry either minute cylindrical spines or round-leaded pedicellariz on stems of about 2 mm. in height. The primary tubercles are placed pretty uniformly on the abactinal part of the test (Pl. 72, figs. 2, 3). Both on the ambulacral and interambulacral areas there are from three to seven primary tubercles on each plate; they are more numerous and more closely crowded together toward the ambitus (Pl. 73, figs. 2, 2). In the interambulacral areas of the actinal side the primaries become somewhat smaller and are crowded on the plates (Pls. 72, fig. 7; 73, fig. 4), forming a close pavement; this is specially the case in the odd posterior interambu- lacrum (Pls. 72, fig. 7; 73, fig. 7). We find in Urechinus as in Cystechinus bare circular spots (Pls. 73, figs. 2,3; 74, fig. 5) which represent primaries and miliaries that have been resorbed and have disappeared, having been dissolved as other carbonate of lime organisms dissolve at great depths. 1 “ Challenger” Echinoidea, Pls. XXX, fig. 19; XXX®, fig. 10°. 154 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. beyond that point they are with small secondaries as in tl terambulacral plates (Pl. 72, fig Round the anal system (Pl. 7 w the tuberculation is coarse like tl ae the interambulacral plastron. ag anal system is partly on 1e acti ==. side and partly on the ambitus. | é “is longitudinally slightly _elliptice (i (Pl. 73, fig. 5), covered with | once tric rows of trapezoidal plates outer row is composed of plates, they all carry small tuberel The anal opening is subcentra wards the actinal edge. The sternum of UJ. giganteus is polygonal, narrower towards the stome, Fig. 221, and proportionally much larger than the elonga ‘e | e nal sternum of U. Naresianus, Fig. | which is followed by large episternal plate Fig. 222. ai Fig. 221. URECHINUS GIGANTEUS. ifn 13 mim. Fia. 222. UrREcHINUS NARESIANUS. Fig. 223. U. NARESIANUS. Arter Loven. The actinostome is circular, depressed (Pls. 72, fig. 7; 73, fig. 7), cove: with an outer row of large triangular plates with smaller elongated ple between these and the actinal opening. In this large specimen the rud 1 In Calymne the plastron is like that in Urechinus, the labium is small, followed by a plate and then by the double plates. This corresponds to the first and second interambulacral p of Cystechinus. : —. URECHINUS GIGANTEUS. 155 mentary phyllodes include six to seven pairs of pores towards the ambitus (Pls. 72, fig. 7; 73, fig. 7). In a small specimen of U. Nuresianus of 13 mm. there are but two pairs of pores (PI. 74, fig. 6) representing the phyllodes. It is interesting to note that the actinal edge of the primordial inter- ambulacral plates forms with its close tuberculation a rudimentary bour- relet (Pl. 73, fig. 7) separating the ambulacral areas, a character greatly developed in such genera as Conolampas, Conoclypus, Echinolampas, and the like. NV Zip, ee GZ OY Y t, We Sh \ DGwyy A 80 mm. Fig. 224. .URECHINUS GIGANTEUS. Fig. 225. U. GIGANTEUS. On the abactinal side of the test (Pl. 74, fig. 2) the pores are placed towards the lower side of the ambulacral plates. In the abactinal system the anterior genital plates (Pl. 74, figs. 1, 2) are united in a single plate which also carries the madreporic body, Figs. 224, 225. The odd anterior ocular plates abut against this composite genital ; the anterior lateral ambulacra are separated by an elongated inter- calated central plate which abuts on the anterior side against the abactinal plates of the anterior lateral interambulacra, and on the other against the posterior genitals, which with an intercalated plate separate the bivium from the trivium, against which abuts the ocular of the right posterior ambu- lacrum. There are no anterior lateral oculars. The ambulacral tube of the odd anterior ambulacrum does not pierce the odd ocular plate (Pl. 74, fig. 4). 156 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. To which of the series the intercalated plates belong, it seems impossible to determine. By analogy we might take this central plate to represent the two contiguous ocular plates of Cystechinus (Pl. 79, fig. 3), or of the specimen of U. Naresianus figured by Lovén,’ which has two oculars, Fig. 226, occupying the place of the single central plate in U. giganteus. In Urechinus Naresianus, Pl. 74, fig. 7, the oculars of the trivium together with the madreporic genital form a connected series separated from the bivium Inside view. 30 mm. Fig. 226. U. NARESIANUS. Fie. 227. URECHINUS NARESIANUS. Arter Loven. by four small intercalated plates and the two posterior lateral genitals, which in the specimen of 13 mm. are not perforate. In a still older specimen 30 mm. in length, Fig. 227 (Pl. 60, figs. 4, 5), the abactinal plates of the anterior zones of the posterior pair of interambulacra separate the bivium from the trivium, as well as a couple of small intercalated plates adjoining the central ocular plates and those of the bivium, the posi- tion of which is doubtful. The great size of the posterior genitals of U. giganteus, Fig. 224, is in marked contrast to the small genital plates of U. Naresianus. ' Pourtalesia, Pl. X-XI, fig. 242. * M. de Meijere has figured an interesting Ananchytid: Sternopneustes (Sternopneustes relictus de Meijere, 1. c. p. 147); it has much the outline of Paleopneustes cristatus, the abactinal system and sternum of Urechinus, but its actinal system is more like that of Homolampas, with a slightly CYSTECHINUS. 157 There is considerable variation in U. Naresianus in the manner in which the bivium is separated from the trivium by the plates intercalated be- tween the posterior genitals and the anterior lateral ambulacra (Fig. 227). When the right anterior genital is greatly developed it conies in contact with the posterior genitals so that the belt of intercalated interambulacral plates does not extend across the abactinal system. Similar variation in the arrangement of the abactinal plates (Fig. 219) has been observed in Pilematechinus Rathbuni (Figs. 238, 239). Station 3431, off Altata, Gulf of California, in 995 fathoms. Lat. 23” 59 N.; Long. 108° 40’ W. Bottom temperature 37°. Lt. br. m. glob. Cystrcuinus A. Ag. Gregory has described a species of Cystechinus’ (C. crassus) from the Radiolarian marls of Barbados. “The specimen is unfortunately in a very imperfect state of preservation, as the actinal side is not shown, and the structure of the apical system can only be inferred. Even on the abactinal side many of the plates have been lost.” Mr. Gregory further states that none of the “Challenger”’ collections of Cystechinus in the Natural History Museum are more perfect, except a couple of very young specimens of C. Wyvillii, and that the specimen is in better preservation than the collection of scattered plates that forms the type of C. clypeatus. The great thickness of the plates of C. crassus and the resemblance to those of the Palachinidea would seem to preclude the association of this species with Cystechinus, especially as we know nothing of its shape, of its actinal face, or abactinal system.2 Only one of the species of Cystechinus described from the “ Chal- lenger” collection (C. vesiea A. Ag.) possesses a flexible test,’ and not others as is suggested by Gregory ; the others, though having a thin test, were rigid. It is hardly correct to say that none of the “ Challenger’ Cystechinus were in a better condition than the fragment figured by Gregory, specimens of since it has been possible to make such drawings of C. vesica, C. Wyvillii, and C. clypeatus* as we have given in the “Challenger” Echinoidea. The com- prominent lower lip and an elliptical crescent-shaped actinostome. It has also a well developed subanal fasciole, as in some specimens of Urechinus Naresianus (“ Challenger” Echinoidea, PI. XXX, figs. 10, 104, 12, 13). 1 Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London, 1889, Vol. XLV. p- 640. ? It is true that the plates of the test of deep sea species vary somewhat, but not tothe extent assumed by Gregory in uniting C. crassus to Cystechinus. 8 A. Agassiz, “ Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, p. 151. 4 ** Challenger” Echinoidea, Pls. XXIX, XXIX*, XXIX>, XXXV, XXXV°, figs. 5-8. 158 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. parison of Gregory’s figures will show the incorrectness of the statement. Even the plates and fragments of C. clypeatus showed plainly the abactinal system and the surrounding coronal plates and the anal system (Pl. XXXV°, figs. 10, 11). These characters cannot be studied in the specimen described by Gregory, and it seems to me a very hazardous identification. I do not see why Neumayer should be quoted as mentioning Cystechinus as one never found above the 1000 fathom line. All the information we had on the subject at the time Mr. Gregory wrote his article was derived from the data given in the Reports of the “ Challenger.” As regards the statements made on the subject of Calymne in the Report of the “ Challenger” Echinoidea, the single specimen sent to me was marked “¢Trawl,’ 2650 fms. May 27, 1873.” The “Trawl” was so indistinctly written as to be mistaken for Fayal. It was not until after the Report had been printed that my mistake was discovered. Gregory’ is mistaken in stating that at the time he described C. erassus the genus was only known from the Antarctic and China Sea. See “ Chal- lenger”’ Echinoidea, p. 218. He also speaks with some doubt of the genus Cystechinus having been dredged by me in deep water off the western coast of Central America. While it is true that my remarks on the two species collected (C. Loveni A. Ag. and C. Rathbuni A. Ag.) are short, I must insist that the photographs given of the species” are sufficient to denote their affinities to C. Wyvillii and C. vesica. But like many of the criticisms directed against short preliminary notices, they lose their value if the ae- companying illustrations are taken into account, and not ignored, as is usually the case. ' Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag. Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII. No. 5, p. 79, Plate TX. Plates B, fig. 3; 75-79. This species is closely allied to Cystechinus Wyvilli A. Ag® It can be distinguished from it by its comparatively stout test, its circular or pyri- form anal system (it is transverse in C. Wyvillii and C. clypeatus), the great size of the actinal plastron, and by the marked differences in the 1 Gregory, Relations of Echinid Faunas. Bull. Geol. Soc. of Am., Vol. 3, 1891, p. 10. 2 Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 79, Pls. IX, X. 8 “Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. X XIX >. —— « CYSTECHINUS LOVENI. 159 shape of the plates of the apical system. In C. clypeatus A. Ag.’ the poste- rior genitals are characterized by their lateral elongation and, as in C. Wyvilla, by the great size of the posterior lateral ocular plates (Pl. 80, figs. 5, 6), Fig. 234. The test when seen from the actinal or abactinal side (Pl. 75, figs. 7, 2) is somewhat more pointed than in C. Wyvillii, A. Ag.? Seen in profile (Pls. 76, fig. 7; 77, fig. 2) the shorter anterior extremity, and the slight re-entering out- line of the sides of the test are in marked contrast with the gibbous outline of the test above the ambitus, the deep re-entering curve, and the extension of the anterior extremity of the test of C. Wyvilli® The more conical and gibbous outline of C. Wyvillii,* as contrasted with C. Loveni (Pl. 76, fig. 2) is well seen on comparing the two figures here quoted. The coronal plates are proportionally higher in C. Wyvilli than in C. Loveni. In a specimen of the former of 88 mm. in length there are eleven plates in the odd anterior ambulacrum from the apex to the ambitus, while in the latter, in a specimen of the same size there are thirteen plates in the odd anterior ambulacrum and nine in the odd interambulacrum. The most prominent character of the test is the greater number of the fine primary tubercles in C. Loveni (Pl. 77) as compared with the coarser and more distant primaries of C. Wyvillii2 The miliaries are also finer and more crowded in C. Loveni (Pl. 77). The size of the actinal plastron of C. Loveni (Pls. 77, fig. 3; 78, fig. 2) is large as compared with that of C. Wyvilli.6 The rudimentary phyllodes occupy five or six of the actinal ambulacral plates in the anterior lateral ambulacra, three or four in the posterior ambulacra, and four or five in the odd anterior ambulacrum (Pls. 76 figs. 4, 5; 78, fig. 3). There is a marked thickening of the actinal plates adjoining the actinostome (Pls. 76, fig. 5; 78, fig. 5), forming a low ridge much as it occurs in Echinolampas (P!. 64, fig. 5) and Conolampas (PI. 65, fig. 6). The labium is by far the largest of the primary interambulacral plates (Pls. 77, fig. 7; 78, fig. 2). The ambu- lacral plates of the actinal side are comparatively bare ; towards the ambitus they become like the interambulacral plates thickly covered with primary tubercles (Pl. 77, fig. 2). I have already, when speaking of Uvechinus giganteus, alluded to the bare spaces occasionally occurring on the coronal plates, which would seem 1 “Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, Pl. XXXYV?, fig. 10. 4 Td., Pl. XXTX, fig. 4. 2 1Id., Pl. XXIX?, fig. 2. § Id., Pl. XXIX, figs. 1-4. 8 Id., Pl. XXX, fig. 3. 6 Id., Pl. XXLX&, fig. 2. 160 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. to indicate a partial resorption of a part of the tubercles. This is still further elucidated in specimens of C. Lovenit. When coming up in the trawl most of them appeared as if patches of the test had been badly rubbed ; they had lost their purple color, and the tubercles seemed broken off (Pls. 75, fig, 2; 76, figs. 7-2). A closer examination of these white patches (Pls. 77, figs. 2-4; 78, fig. 2) showed that they consisted of bare areas where the miliaries as well as many of the primaries had disappeared. In other parts of the test the scrobicu- lar areas alone remained to show the position of the small primaries, the mammelon and primary boss haying disappeared (Pl. 77, figs. 2, 3). This is well seen in the actinal plates of the odd interambulacral area (PI. 77, fig. 7) and on the sides of the test near the ambitus (Pl. 77, figs. 3, 4). Nothing, it seems to me, can show more plainly the constant struggle that must exist for the deposition of the needed carbonate of lime even for such thin tests as those of C. Inside view. 80 mm ? Fig. 228. CYSTECHINUS LOVENI. Loveni or the shells of the delicate deep-sea mollusks associated with them, the least disorder in the growing tissue of any part of the test evi- dently affecting at once the active deposition of the carbonate of lime of that region. In the apical plates of Cystechinus, Fig. 228, the odd anterior ocular is followed by the madreporic genital plates, composed of the anterior genitals followed by the large lateral anterior adjoining oculars and the elongate posterior genitals against which abut the large lateral posterior oculars (Pl. 79, figs. 7-3). In the three larger specimens of which we examined the apical system, Fig. 229, there was considerable variation in the shape of the apical plates. In one case (PI. 79, fig. 7) the plates of the abactinal lateral interambulacra of both the zones abutted against the sides of the anterior madreporic genital, in the others (PI. 79, figs. 2, 2) the plates of the posterior zones terminated against the anterior lateral oculars. These, as well as the pos- CYSTECHINUS LOVENI. 161 terior genitals and the posterior oculars, also varied greatly in outline and size, Fig. 230 (Pl. 79, figs. 1-3). In Cystechinus the ocular plates are not ae a ) Bea BURKS ~ »/ 2 - I | | | ! , ye a ‘I x Outside view. 88 mm. Inside view. 85 mm. ? Fig. 229. C. LOVENI. Fie. 230. CysTECHINUS LOVENI. infrequently imperforate in older specimens (PI. 78, fig. 6), Fig. 251. In a smaller specimen of 20 mm. the abactinal system (PI. 79, fig. 4) resembles somewhat that of Urechinus, Fig. 232. Z, de pr. WD. 176 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The uniform size of the plates of the bivium and the included odd inter- ambulacrum is most characteristic when seen from the abactinal side of the test (Pl. 63, fig. 7). . Both the ambulacral and interambulacral plates of the upper part of the test are crowded with small miliaries (Pl. 63, figs. 7, 2), arranged, in some of the wider lateral interambulacral plates, in horizontal rows more or less parallel with the sutures. In the other species of the genus this miliary tuberculation is far more distant. The posterior extremity is vertically truncated and its height is very considerable in proportion to that of the test (PI. 63, fig. 2), while in H. fulva’ the height of the obliquely truncated posterior extremity is small compared to that of the test; the anal groove (PI. 63, fig. 7), is also very slight com- pared to the deep narrow cut of H. fulva2 The anal system is slightly pyriform; its greatest diameter is horizontal (Pl. 63, fig. 5); while in H. fulva® the anal system is longitudinally elliptical. This difference in outline may, however, be partly due to differences in age. The anal system (Pl. 63, fig. 5) is covered with large irregularly pentagonal plates becoming smaller towards the central anal opening; above it the plates are small ; they all carry a few miliaries. + The subanal fasciole (Pl. 63, fig. 5) is intermediate in outline between that of H. gracilis,s which is elliptical, and that of H. fulva,> which has a very angular pentagonal outline. On the actinal side (Pl. 55, fig. 9) this species is marked by the great width of the bare posterior lateral ambulacra and the length of the actinal plastron; this as well as the outer edge of the bare lateral ambulacra are flanked by large secondaries (PI. 64, fig. 7) with sunken scrobicular areas (Pl. 63, fig. 7) elongated towards the ambitus, the boss sloping in the oppo- site direction. In H. fulva the tuberculation of the plastron and of the peripetalous fasciole, the existence of a rostrum surrounded by a fasciole —all these are characters which do not exist in any of the species of Homolampas thus far described. M. de Meijere, in his Memoir on the Echinoidea of the “ Siboga’’ Expedition, follows Dr. Mor- tensen in his criticisms regarding the execution and arrangement of a number of the “ Challenger” Echini plates. These criticisms come with little grace from an author who gives his readers such caricatures of Echini as Figs. 303, 313, 340, 369, 370, 372, 373, 384, 385, 459, 460, 489 to 491, and whose figures of the same species are far more scattered, and for no apparent reason, than those he srry nd Si ’’ Echinoidea, Pl. XXIV, fig. 1. 2 Id. Pl. XXIV, fig. 2. 8 Id. Pl. XXIV, fig. 4. * Revision of the Echini, Pl. XVII, fig. 10. * “Challenger ”’ Echinoidea, Pl. XXIV, fig. 4. HOMOLAMPAS HASTATA. 177 anterior part of the test is quite uniform over the whole actinal side. On the greater part of the interambulacral plates the large secondaries ap- parently run in parallel lines. On the edge and in the angles of the plates the secondaries are arranged on independent parallel lines, Fig. 257. The actinal system (PI. 63, fig. 6) is flattened posteriorly ; the actinostome is close to the posterior edge. The anterior part is covered with an outer row of large irregularly polygonal plates, immediately at the actinostome they form a pavement of diminutive plates; the central part of the actinal system is covered with irregular plates; the larger plates only carry miliaries. The phyllodes extend as far as the third of the anterior ambulacral plates, and are found only on the actinal pair of the posterior lateral ambulacra. The actinal ambulacral plates are bare; the actinal interambulacral plates 32 mm. 32 mm. Fie. 257. HoMOLAMPAS HASTATA. Fiq. 258. HoMOLAMPAS HASTATA. Fig. 259. H. HASTATA. (the primordials) carry three to five or six minute secondary tubercles, and all the bare plates round the actinal system are scantily ‘covered by distant miliaries. The actinal region is noted for the length of the labium, which reminds us of that of Linopneustes (Pl. 92). The structure of the apical system Figs. 258, 259, recalls that of Paleo- tropus (Pl. 87, fig. 6). The genital plates are ankylosed into a central plate, with four genitals, the madreporic body is found on its posterior part; the oculars are small but prominent, notched in the central plate (PI. 63, fig. °). Five to six.of the abactinal ambulacral plates are perforated by double pores; they and three or four plates with single pores are enclosed by the peripetalous fasciole Pl. 63, fig. 7). The stone canal, Fig. 259, extends posteriorly as a ridge nearly twice the length of the central plate (Pl. 63, ¥ 12 : 178 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. fig. 4). When examined from the interior of the test, the genital openings are seen to be deeply sunken in the thick central plate. The primary spines (Pl. 63, figs. 8-/7) are quite flattened, covered with coarse serrations on the edge, and have a sharp terminal spine. Station 3363, northeast of Cocos Island, in 978 fathoms. Lat. 5° 43’ N.; Long, 85° 50’ W. Bottom temperature, 37°.5. Wh. glob. ooze. Station 3365, northeast of Cocos Island, in 1010 fathoms. Lat. 5° 31’ N.; Long. 86° 31’ W. Bottom temperature, 87°. Y. glob. ooze. Station 3376, south of Malpelo, in 1132 fathoms. Lat. 3° 9’ N.; Long. 82° 8’ W. Bottom temperature, 56.5. Gy. glob. ooze. Bathymetrical range, 978-1132 fathoms. Temperature range, 37°.5-36 .3. PALEOPNEUSTES A. Ag. and Linopneustes A. Ag. Pls. 92-97. The genus Amphipneustes has been established by Koehler! for a Spatan- goid collected by the “ Belgica” in Lat. 70° 33’ S., Long. 89° 22’ W., in 600 140 mm. Fig. 260. LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. Fig. 261. PALEOPNEUSTES CRISTATUS. metres. It is allied to Paleopneustes and Linopneustes, but is marked for its anterior ambulacrum flush with the test, with pores like those of the lateral ambulacra, and a tendency in the lateral ambulacra to become peta- loid even more than in Linopneustes Murrayi and L. longispinus (Pl. 93, fig. 7). In the apical system there are four distinct genital plates, the madreporic plate does not extend into the median interambulacral area as in Schizaster or Linopneustes, Fig. 260, and Paleopneustes, Figs. 261, 262, in both of which also the right anterior genital forms a single plate with the madreporic plate (Pls. 93, fig. 7; 94, fig. 7; 96, fig. 3; 97, fig. 2), but in ‘ Résultats du Voyage du S. Y. Belgica. Zoologie, 1902. Echinides et Ophiures, par R. Koehler, p. 11, Pl. VI, figs. 42, 43. PALEOPNEUSTES AND LINOPNEUSTES. 179 the former there are always four genital pores, in the latter sometimes three, Fig. 261. Amphipneustes, like Paleopneustes, has no subanal fasciole. Koehler also says‘ it has no marginal fasciole. The swollen corona] plates, as in Stenonia, are a most interesting feature of the genus. No trace of this is apparent in either Paleopneustes or Linopneustes. Something of the kind is found among the Brissinze in Hemiaster. Amphipneustes is also marked for Boa yoadet om the great development of the phyllodes ;? they | are as well defined as in Paleopneustes cristalus. The genera Phrissocystis, Paleopneustes, Linopneustes, and Amphipneustes are interest- ing from the combination of structural features they possess, showing in one direction quite re- cent Spatangoid characters, like those of the 135 mm. laterally elongate actinostome, Figs. 263, 264, we. 262. PALEOPNEUSTES HYSTRIX. with a powerful labium (Pls. 92, 95, 96, 97), the great development of the phyllodes, broad actinal lateral ambulacral zones, a well developed plastron, especially in Linopneustes, and a compact apical system (Pls. 93, fig. 7; 94, fig. 7), while the structure of the abactinal part of the ambulacra is related to more ancient types with which is asso- ciated also a more primitive arrangement of the plates surrounding the actinal system. We may look upon the presence of a marginal fasciole (Pl. 94, fig. 7), as an early or rudimentary peripetalous fasciole of a stage of development in aes Se 110 mm. Fic. 268. LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. Fie. 264. LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. which the petals are not as yet defined as in the more recent Spatan- goids; while the presence of a well defined subanal fasciole in Linopneustes (Pl. 92) is an additional link connecting it with the more recent Spatangoids. 1 Koehler, “ Belgica ’’ Echinides et Ophiures, p 11. 2 Koehler, loc. cit. Pl. V, fig. 36. 8 The classification of the Spatangoids according to the presence or absence of the subanal fasciole does not seem to me fortunate; it brings together such divergent types as Agassizia and Moira, and again Nacospatangus and Linopneustes. 180 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Paleopneustes spectabilis de Mei}. has, like the West Indian species P. cris- tatus, a very prominent marginal fasciole.' These reciprocal relations extend to the character of the tuberculation and of the spines. The coarse tuber- culation of Paleopneustes, its extension over the actinal surface, both in the ; ambulacral and interambulacral areas (Pls. 95; 97), are features character- istic of embryonic stages already partly lost in Linopneustes, the actinal sur- dpe face of which is eminently Spatangoid, Fig. 294 (Pl. 92), while the abactinal surface (Pl. 93) has the coarse tuberculation of Paleopneustes, with a subanal plastron into which the posterior lateral ambulacral plates have extended, restricting the odd interambulacral plates to a narrow zone in front of the. 140 mm, 110 mm. Fig. 265. 1 PALEOPNEUSTES CRISTATUS. 2 LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. anal system (PI. 92, fig. 2); in Paleopneustes the plates of the odd inter- ambulacral zone extend of uniform width past the anal system (Pls. 95; 97). Linopneustes (Pls. 92, fig. 7; 93) also has a slightly re-entering odd ambu- lacral area extending from the apical system to the ambitus, where it becomes more re-entering with increasing size (Pl. 92), and extends to the actino- stome. This gives to Linopneustes a more angular outline than to Paleop- neustes, Fig. 265, the latter is more ovoid (Pl. 97) and has no sunken anterior ambulacral groove either on the actinal or the abactinal side. | It is true that the outline of Paleopneustes cristatus is more rectangul ir and angular (Pl. 95) than that of P. hystrix (Pl. 97), but in both there is n 1 « Siboga” Echinoidea, Pl. VIII, fig. 87. PALEOPNEUSTES AND LINOPNEUSTES. 18] anterior ambulacral groove, the test is not indented at the ambitus, and above it the anterior ambulacrum is flush with the test, but not slightly petaloid as are the other ambulacra. It would also seem as if in P. eristutus the wide bare posterior lateral ambulacra on the actinal side (Pl. 95) were more similar to those of Linopneustes (Pl. 92) than to the tuberculated actinal ambulacra of P. hystrix (Pl. 97). On examining the actinal surface of the specimen of P. cristatus figured on Plate 95, we find the interambulacra of the whole posterior part of the test and a part of the anterior actinal surface covered with the remnants of scrobicular areas of tubercles which once occupied their place and which have 110 mm. Fra. 266. PALEOPNEUSTES HYSTRIX. Fia. 267. LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. been resorbed. The ambulacra have suffered to the same extent, as can be seen from the empty scrobicular circles of the plates of the anterior lateral ambulacra and from the posterior part of the lateral posterior ambulacra, as well as from the two narrow bands of primary tubercles still remaining unaffected on the two sides of those ambulacra. In P. hystrix we find a few of the same empty scrobicular circles on the actinal surface in both areas, but in this species they are not found to such an extent as to affect the general appearance of the test (Pl. 97) as they do in P. eristatus (Pl. 95), in which, when the primary tuberculation has gone, they cover the actinal surface with bare blotches, more extended and connected on the 182 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI posterior lateral ambulacra. In Paleopneustes Hemingi And. simila of the primary tubercles are figured by Alcock.’ The shapes of the odd interambulacral plates of the actinal s test of Linopneustes and Paleopneustes are strikingly different. Paleopneustes, Fig. 266, are more Ananchytid, that is, more regular i and although in Paleopneustes the plates of the actinal plastron an first pairs of plates of the lateral posterior interambulacra are ange somewhat Spatangoid (Pls. 95, 97), yet they have not attained the g = of the corresponding plates of Linopneustes, Fig. 267, where the f of plates of the posterior lateral ambulacra occupies nearly the 1 between the posterior lateral ambulacral zones and the ambitus 2 On these plates, as well as on the sternum, the radiating arrangem lf the zones of the large primary tubercles has quite assumed the a ; recent Spatangoids and has not retained the more primitive < of the interambulacral primaries existing in Paleopneustes (Pls. 955 97 f In Linopneustes the primordial lateral interambulacral plates ai are | and have also been greatly distorted, Figs. 274, 275, from the e development of the first pair of plates following it (Pl. 92); the p 4 are comparatively large and regular in Paleopneustes (Pls. 95 ; excluded from the actinal system in P. eristatus in the older stz examined (Pl. 96, figs. 7, 2). The primordial plates of the posterior lateral interambulacra a from the actinal system only in a few Spatangoid genera, such a8 Faorina, and Micraster; in the other Spatangoids they reach t e ac system, though these plates are often reduced to the merest narrow wedged in between the ambulacra. 7 +" The phyllodes are perhaps better developed in Paleopneustes (Pls. 95 than in Linopneustes (Pl. 92). They are specially prominent in - NT BS 95 where they are as prominently petaloidal as in many of the regu ar § goids, in which the actinal system is greatly developed laterally an crescent-shaped (Pls. 95; 97) compared to the shorter and broac ra system of Linopneustes (Pls. 92; 94, figs. 2, 3). - The shape of the labium gives us excellent characters to listinguis Spatangoids allied to Linopneustes and Paleopneustes. In inc Op a _ Fig. 268, the labium is long, very narrow, the greater part of it f the lateral ambulacral plates 2 and 3 (Fig. 267). In Palcopneastilil ig 1 A Naturalist in the Indian Seas, 1902, fig.-22, p. 168. PALEOPNEUSTES AND LINOPNEUSTES. 183 70, the labium is quite broad. In P. cristafus, the third plate occupies early its whole flank, Fig. 269, while in P. Aystriz, Figs. 266, 270, in which t is shorter and more arched, the sides of the Jabium are flanked by the irst, second, and third ambulacral plates which are quite small. In Phris- tis the labium is deeply indented by the first plate, Fig. 271. In gus, Fig. 272, it resembles somewhat that of Phrissocystis, and is 10 a= 14 wa 15 wm. LANOPNEVSTES LONGISPINTS. PALDOPNEUSTES CHISTATTS. PALPOP. HYSTEIX. ) ; Fic. 208. Fic. 209. Fie. 270. | flanked for nearly its whole length by the first and second plates. In _ Genicopatagus, Fig. 273, the labium is more like that of the Urechinide. » In Linopneustes Murrayi* the labium is small, followed by a long narrow ‘single plate, while in the West Indian Linopneustes the labium is not thus subdivided (PL 92). Linopmeustes excentricus de Meijere? has the elongate marrow labium characteristic of the West Indian Linopneustes longispinus PL 92, figs. 7, 2. ‘The sternum of Plesiozonus hirsufus of M. de Meijere* with its short labium | is very similar to that of Palepmenstes cristata (PL 95). Plesiozonus differs > ey 6 Gg _ = om.? 48 mm = 2m , Fis. 271 Fic. 272. Fic. 273. PwEISSOCYSTIS ACTLEATA. ARGOPATAG(US VITERETS. GENICOPATAGUS AFFINIS. cl rr. - . from Linopneustes and Paleopneustes by its small ambulacral plates alternat- “ing near the extremity of the petals with the larger plates. The labium of — Paleopnenstes spectabilis and of P. fragilis, as figured by M. de Meijere,* recalls _ more the labium of Linopneustes than of Paleopneustes. At the ambitus of Linopneustes (Pls. 92; 93; 94, fig. 7), as in Phrisso- eystis (Pls. 88, figs 1, 2; 90, figs. 1,3), there are a number of very narrow Thallenger ” Echincidea, Pl. XXV, figs. 2, 7. 2 Id. PL XXII, fig. 441. ga” Echinoidea, Pl. XXII, fig. 454. 4 Id PL XXI, figs 422, 427. 184 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. plates both in the ambulacral and interambulacral areas. How these are — formed I have been unable to observe; they evidently greatly strengthen — the ambital edge of the test, Figs. 274, 275. The drawing out laterally of the interambulacral and ambulacral plates at the ambitus of Spatangoids is characteristic of those recent genera in which the actinal surface of the test is, in the interambulacral areas, occu- pied by not more than three large plates. st / 6, ey ae jaune 82 mm. Fie. 274 LINOPNEUS’ES LONGISPINUS. In the Ananchytids the differences between the actinal, ambital, and abactinal plates are slight; they become somewhat marked in Cassidulids. In Micraster, the lengthening of the ambulacral plates at the anal plastron is very decided, as it is in all recent Spatangoids where the anal plastron is well developed, except the Ananchytid or Pourtalesiwe. The lengthening of the ambital plates takes a great development in such genera as Maretia, Metalia, Breynia, Lovenia, and the like, where the junction of the abactinal and actinal areas forms a sharp angle, somewhat as in Homolampas and ; Phrissocystis, but to a less extent. In these genera the formation of a sharp — angle at the ambitus is due to the excessive elongation of two or three of the ambital plates in all the ambulacral and interambulacral areas except the anterior ambulacrum.' 1 Lovén, Etudes, Pis. IV, figs. 41, 42; XXXII. PALEOPNEUSTES AND LINOPNEUSTES. 185 According to Jackson,' such wedge-shaped plates, which are little by little pushed back from the radial or interradial line of junction by the con- stant movement of the plates of the test, are considered as being newly intercalated plates in Melonites. Certainly in Linopneustes and Phrissocystis their shape is due to the pressure of the coronal plates at the sharp angle of the ambitus, both from the actinal and abactinal side, which prevents their regular expansion. We SY fee ar Ba 110 mm. Fig. 275. LINOPNEUSTES LONGISPINUS. The apical systems of Linopneustes and of Paleopneustes, Figs. 260, 261, differ but slightly. The genital plates in Linopneustes (PI. 94, fig. 7) are much less elongated than those of Paleopneustes (Pl. 97, fig. 2), and in the former the genital openings are closer together or vary in number as men- tioned above. The ocular plates of Paleopneustes are also larger and more triangular than those of Linopneustes. The primary radioles of Paleop- neustes (Pl. 97, figs. 4, 4) resemble greatly those of the regular Echinide. 1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 1896, Vol. 7, pp. 152, 196. 186 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Mr. Gregory’ has established the genus Archeopneustes, with Paleop- neusles hystrix A. Ag. as type, to include an interesting Spatangoid from ‘ Bissex Hill, Barbados, from the uppermost limestone of the Oceanic Series. Mr. Gregory is in error in stating that in P. hystriz the petals reach the ambitus. They fall short of the ambitus, there being in the anterior ambu- lacra four to five ambulacral plates between the ambitus and the termina- Gy tion of the petals, and a larger number in the posterior ambulacra, which are = still shorter. As there is no profile figured of P. hystrix, Mr. Gregory was — misled by the figures seen from the abactinal side. The structure of the petals of P. hystrix is quite like that of P. cristatus, and has nothing in com- mon with those of the fossil Archeopneustes of Gregory. His genus Archeop- neustes seems to me more closely allied to Amphipneustes of Koehler.” Purissocystis A. Ag. Phrissocystis A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII. No. 5, p. 80. This genus is allied to Paleotropus and Palzobrissus in having, like the latter, pairs of pores piercing the abactinal ambulacral plates, they are, — however, limited to the four or five or six uppermost plates, where the pores become — simple, and where the ambulacra are all ’ equally developed, as in Paleeotropus and the Ananchytid genera Cystechinus, Calymne, Urechinus, and the like, while in Paleeobrissus — the small narrow ambulacral plates with pairs of pores extend well towards the ambitus. The actinostome, however, is eminently Spa- _ tangoid, the labium and the phyllodes take > = > 120 mm. Fie. 276. PHRISSOCYSTIS ACULEATA. great development, much as they do in leopneustes and Linopneustes. The apical: system is compact, Fig. 276, as it is in the last named genera, and the long” curved primary spines recall those of the same genera. The tuberculation both of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas recalls that of Paleop- neustes. On the actinal side the posterior plastron is greatly developed. ' Q. J. Geol. Soe. London, May, 1892, XLVIII, p. 163. * Echinides . . . du S. Y. “ Belgica,” p. 12, Pls. V, fig. 87; VI, figs. 42, 48. PHRISSOCYSTIS ACULEATA. 187 carrying curved spathiform spines, and separated by the wide posterior ambulacral areas from the lateral interambulacral ambital plastrons. The coronal plates are distinctly imbricating. The ambulacral plates lap in one direction, the interambulacral in the other, as has been observed by Ludwig’ and Lovén for other Spatangoids (Spatangus, Brissopsis, and Kchinocardium). M. de Meijere describes a species of Phrissocystis,? but as there are no details figured it is impossible to decide if his species belongs to the genus or not. He speaks of a subanal fasciole. There is no such fasciole in the Panamic species. His description of the coronal plates agrees well with those of Phrissocystis, but he does not speak of the remarkable elongated coronal ambital plates. It must be a mistake to say that the vertex and apical system lie in the middle. From his figure 99, Pl. X., it has all the appearance of being anterior; and surely figure 495, Pl. XXIII., cannot be a peripetalous fasciole of Phrissocystis, as M. de Meijere states in the Explanation of the Plates. Phrissocystis aculeata A. Ag. Phrissocystis aculeata A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p 80, Plate XII, figs. 1-7. Plates 88—90. At Station 3366, from a depth of 1067 fathoms, a large number of frag- ments of this species came up in the trawl. Though we did not obtain a single whole specimen, yet the pieces and fragments were sufficiently large and numerous to enable me to reconstruct quite accurately this interesting Spatangoid (Fig. 255). In general appearance this species must have re- sembled Linopneustes and Paleopneustes. The test is covered with large primary radioles arranged in distant clusters on the coronal plates (Pls. 88, figs. /, 2; 89, figs. 7, 2; 90); the radioles are of uniform size ; those above the ambitus are sharp, curved, from 30 to 40 mm. in length, with secondary small sharp spines scattered along the shaft. There are but few secondary radioles above the ambitus; they are more thickly clustered along the ambitus (Pl. 88, figs. Z, 2). 1 Ludwig, Morpholog. Studien, and Lovén, Etudes, Pls. XXXV, fig 208; XXXVII, fig. 213; XXXIX, fig. 222. 2 “ Siboga ” Echinoidea, p. 198. 188 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The test of this species is thin and most brittle. It must have been somewhat conical, the apex slightly excentric posteriorly, with an angular outline, Fig. 255. The oral plastron is very prominent, and separated from the posterior interambulacra by wide, bare ambulacral zones; it is crowded by primaries closely packed carrying long, slender spathiform radioles turned up at the extremity. The actinal lip of the labium is wide at the base, triangular, and extends well into the actinostome (PI. 88, fig. 4). The apical system is compact (Fig. 276.) The genital plates are all ankylosed to form an irregularly elliptical central plate (Pl. 89, figs. 7, 3), against which abut the small polygonal ocular plates as well as the abactinal plates of all the interambulacra. ‘here are four large genital openings near the anterior part of the central plate ; the anterior pair of genitals are twice as close as the posterior ones. The madreporic openings cover the whole of the posterior part of the central plate and extend beyond the genitals so as to cover the greater part of its anterior extremity. The ocular plates are small but most prominent (PI. 89, fig. 3), with large ocular pores and well separated by the intervening apical interambulacral plates. With the exception of there being four genital openings, the structure of the apical system is that of Paleeotropus. When seen from the interior of the test (Pl. 89, fig. 4) the genital open- ings form, as in Homolampas, deep pits in the outside walls of the stone canal; this projects fully 8 mm. from the level of the central apical plate. The genital clusters resemble those of Homolampas.’ The smaller plates of the abactinal part of the ambulacra are bare for a distance from the apex (Pls. 89, figs. 7, 2; 90, figs. 7, 2); with increasing size the plates carry first a single primary tubercle, then a primary with two or three secondaries placed near the centre of the ambulacral plate. Succeeding plates carry two, three, or more primaries with a few second- aries, and at the ambitus from six to eight or nine distant primaries accord- ing to the size of the specimen. The ambital plates are also comparatively thickly covered with secondary tubercles. In the odd anterior ambulacrum (Pl. 89, fig. 2) the plates are smaller than those of either of the lateral ambulacra (Pls. 88, fig. 2; 90, fig. 2), in both of which they take a great lateral development towards the ambitus. The anterior and posterior as well as the odd interambulacral areas are quite regularly tuberculated (PI. 88, fig. 2; 89, figs. 7, 2; 90, figs. 7, 2, 4). 1 “ Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. XXIV, figs. 6, 7, 12. nee oT hee RIND Oia etr oR ~ aa PHRISSOCYSTIS ACULEATA. 189 The primary interambulacral tubercles increase gradually in number from the apex towards the ambitus, there are at first one or two to three or four, the intertubercular spaces being filled with secondaries (Pl. 88, figs. 1,2). The secondaries also increase in number with the primaries, but on the whole the intérambulacral coronal plates above the ambitus are comparatively bare, the tuberculation occupying but a part of the central area of the plates. In the odd interambulacrum a slight median furrow extends from the apex towards the ambitus to the anal system. The plates of the odd inter- ambulacrum (PI. 90, figs. 7, 4), except those near the apex, carry a larger number of primaries, from six to ten, than those of the lateral interambu- lacra, they are also closely clustered in the central part of the plates, and towards the anal system (Pls. 88, fig. 5; 90, fig. 3). The whole test is cov- ered with minute distant miliaries scattered irregularly over the coronal plates (Pls. 88-90). The anal system is irregularly circular (Pl. 90, fig. 3), covered with elongated polygonal plates gradually decreasing in size from the outer edge of the anal system to the anal opening; each plate carries a few small milia- ries. The anal system is on the truncated edge of the ambitus (Pl. 88, fig. 5); it is circular,,covered with small polygonal plates.’ The ambitus makes a sharp angle with the floor of the actinal surface, and, owing prob- ably to the pressure from the actinal and abactinal sides, both the inter- ambulacral and ambulacral plates become very greatly elongated (Pls. 88, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5; 90, figs. 3, 4), five to six of these long narrow ambital plates occupying no greater height than that of a single plate above the ambitus (Pl. 88, figs. 7, 2, 5), much as in Linopneustes. In one of the larger fragments the phyllodes are greatly developed, There are six or seven pairs of pores in the anterior lateral ambulacra. It is difficult to determine from the fragments the exact shape of the acti- nal plastron, it may be like that of Linopneustes and have a long slender labium, or a short labium (PI. 88, fie. 4) more like that of Paleopneustes. This species is marked by the great width of the posterior interambulacral area at the ambitus (Pl. 88, fig. 7). The outline of the test seen from above must have been much like that of Linopneustes, only with a more angular outline (Fig. 255) at the ambitus, owing to the re-entering angles in the median interambulacral area at the ambitus (PI. 88, figs. 7, 2). 1 Bull. M. C. Z. XXXII, No. 5, Pl. XII, fig. 6. 190 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. On the actinal side the interambulacral plates are very large, expanding into irregularly shaped plates forming the anterior and posterior lateral ambu- : lacra. As in Paleopneustes cristatus (Pl. 95) the primordial plates of the lateral posterior ambulacra are excluded from the actinal system (Pl. 88, fig. 4) though in young stages of both genera they abut on the actinal system the whole width of the primordial plate.’ In Paleopneustes hystrix a thin, narrow prolongation of these plates extends to the actinal system (PI. 97, fig. 7), as in Linopneustes longispinus (Pl. 92). Judging from the fragments, the largest specimens must have been at least 50 mm. in height and over 100 mm. in length, with a greatest width across the anterior half of the posterior interambulacra of from 80 to 90 mm. When alive the color of the test was yellowish brown with darker reddish brown primary and secondary tubercles. Its coloring was much that of Linopneustes Murray. Station 3566, east of Cocos Island in 1067 fathoms. Lat. 5° 30’ N.; Long. 86° 45’ W. Bott. temp. 37°. Y. glob. ooze. BRISSINA Gray. Brissopsis Agass. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 82. Pls. 100, figs. 6, 7; 102, figs. 5-9 ; 108, figs. 7, 2. Brissopsis columbaris adds another representative species to those found on the two sides of the Isthmus. The changes due to growth are similar to ~ those of the Atlantic species, to which I have called attention in the Re- vision of the Echini. The petals, flush with the test in young stages, grad- ually become more sunken (Pls. 100, figs. 6, 7; 102, fig. 5; 103, figs. 7, 2). The regular elliptical outline of the fasciole becomes indented in older specimens. The subanal fasciole sends out no branches in the younger stages, which are globular and truncated at the extremity, while the out- line becomes indented and covered with a closer tuberculation in older specimens, 1 “ Blake” Echini, Pl. XXI, figs. 11, 13. eee Aa BRISSOPSIS COLUMBARIS. 191 The Panamic Brissopsis’ is readily distinguished from the Atlantic species by the greater length of the posterior lateral ambulacra (PI. 103, fig. 2), the flatness of the test (Pl. 100, figs. 6, 7), and the great width of the area enclosed by the subanal fasciole (Pls. 100, fig. 7; 103, fig. 7). The anal extremity of the test is more sloping (PI. 100, fig. @) than in the Atlantic species, and is characterized by the great size of the anal opening (Pl. 100, fig. 7); in older specimens the anal system increases rapidly in size. The Panamic species is noted for a marked indentation of the test at the lateral anterior ambulacra when seen from the actinal or abactinal side (Pl. 103, figs. 7, 2); the great width of the posterior lateral ambulacra 39 mm. Fie. 277. BRIssoPsIS COLUMBABIS. Fig. 278. B. LYRIFERA. AFTER LOvEN. and the large size of the ambulacral plates as compared with those of the Atlantic species are striking features of the Panamic species. The apical systems of the Atlantic and Panamic species of Brissopsis differ materially, that of B. lyrifera, Fig. 278, is more like that of Toxobrissus pacificus, both showing the sutures of the genital plates, while in B. colum- baris, Fig. 277, the sutures cannot be made out, and the madreporic genital extends but little into the median odd interambulacrum, Fig. 277, scarcely beyond the second apical ambulacral plate. In B. lyrifera it reaches to the level of the seventh plate, Fig. 278, and in 7. pacificus to that of the fifth, Fig. 279. 1 In the elongated and globular specimens of the West Indian Brissopsis lyrifera the structure of the odd interambulacrum of the two types is identical, as well as that of the abactinal system. Though there is a confluence of the posterior lateral ambulacra, the structure of the odd ambulacrum is not modified as in the case of the Panamic Toxobrissus. So that, in spite of the elongated form and confluent ambulacra of some of the West Indian specimens of Brissopsis, they cannot be referred to Toxobrissus. 192 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. M. de Meijere calls attention to the great difference in outline of speci- — mens of Brissopsis luzonica. It seems incredible that his figures? should belong to the same species. Station 3353, off Mariato Point, 695 fathoms. Lat. 7 6’ 15” N.; Long. 80° 34’ W. Bottom temperature, 39°. Gn. m. Station 3356, off Mariato Point, in 546 fathoms. Lat. 7 9 30” N.; Long. 81° 8’ 30” W. Bottom temperature, 40°.1. Sft. bl. m. Station 3382, off Point Mala, in 1793 fathoms. Lat. 6° 21’ N.; Long. 80° 41’ W. Bottom temperature, 35°.8. Gn. m. Station 3394, Panama Bay, in 511 fathoms. Lat. 7° 21’ N.; Long. 79° 35° W. Bottom temperature, 41°.8. Dk. gn. m. Bathymetrical range, 511-1793 fathoms. Temperature range, 41°.8- 35.8. Toxopnrissus, Des. Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag. Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 83, Plate XI, figs. 4, 5. Plates 103, figs. 3, 4; 105, figs. 4-6. Confronted with the same difficulties in determining the Pacific species of Brissopsis as was the case with the West Indian types, I am inclined to refer to the genus Toxobrissus of Desor a number of specimens allied to Brissopsis columbaris dredged off Point Mala at Stations 3355 in 182 fathoms and 3357 in 782 fathoms. This species is marked for the flatness of the test, the confluence of the posterior lateral ambulacra along the median line for nearly half their length, Fig. 279 (Pls. 1038, fig. 4; 105, fig. 5), the width of the posterior extremity of the test, the narrow and uniform size of the bare posterior ambulacral plates on the actinal side of the test (Pl. 105, fig. 4), and the small size of the actinal plastron (Pl. 103, fig. 3), the small size of the anal system (Pl. 105, fig. 6), with an outer row of large rectangular plates, and the elongated subanal fasciole, broad under the anus and gradually becoming narrower at the actinal loop. The apical system (Pl. 105, fig. 5) has four large genital pores, Fig. 279; the right anterior genital plate, separating the posterior genital from the left genitals, extends as a madreporic plate far into the odd interambu- 1 “Siboga ” Echinoidea, Pl. XXIII, figs. 469, 470. TOXOBRISSUS PACIFICUS. 193 lacrum, the fourth abactinal series of which is reduced to a single plate (Pl. 105, fig. 5). The oculars are irregularly pentagonal ; the odd ocular is far the smallest. ‘The anterior pair of oculars are in the angle separating the lateral genital plates. The posterior pair abut against the posterior genitals and flank a part of the madreporite (Pl. 105, fig. 5). The actinostome is covered by an upper row of iarge polygonal plates with two or three rows of smaller ones. The labium is T shaped, it is wide near the actinostome. Fig. 280. 50 mm. 50 mm. Fia 279. T. PACIFICUS. Fie. 280. ToxoBRISSUS PACIFICUS. Toxobrissus differs from Brissopsis in the structure of the apical system, the genitals of the last genus extending into the interambulacral areas (Pl. 102, fig. 7). The extremities of five of the ambulacral plates are in- cluded in the anal fasciole of Toxobrissus (PI. 105, fig. 6), while only four are so included in Brissopsis (Pl. 102, figs. 8, 9). The labium of Brissopsis (Pl. 102, fig. 6) is also shorter and more T-shaped than in Toxobrissus. The apical system belongs to the type of Brissopsis lyrifera, Fig. 278, rather than to that of B. columbaris, but the arrangement of the apical interambulacral plates of the odd interambulacrum shows at once the radical difference existing between Toxobrissus and Brissopsis. From the above it is clear that Bittner’ is correct in stating that Toxobrissus and Brissopsis are not identical, as I had suggested, and that we are justified, taking into account some recent and some of the younger geological forms, in establishing genera based upon the coalescence of ambulacra. Dames, on the contrary, goes so far as to substitute Metalia, as being the oldest name, for Brissopsis and Toxobrissus, owing to the con- fluence of the lateral posterior ambulacra. 1 Bittner, Verhandl. d. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, 1891, p. 103. 2 Dames, Paleontog. XXV, 1878, p. 67. 18 194 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. Station 3355, off Point Mala, 182 fathoms. Lat. 7° 12’ 20” N.; Long. 80° 55’ W. Bottom temperature, 54°.1. Bk. glob. sh. Station 3357, southwest of Mariato Point, 782 fathoms. Lat. 6° 35’ N.; Long. 81° 44’ W. Bottom temperature, 38°.5. Modern green sand. Bathymetrical range, 182-782 fathoms. Temperature range, 54°.1- 38.5. Atrorpe Wyv. Thom. Aérope fulva A. Ag. Aérope fulva A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 81, Plate VIII, figs. 5, 6. : Plates 55, figs. 6-8; 61; 62. ’ This species is readily distinguished from A. rostrata Wyv. Thom.” by its proportionally greater length compared to its width, the lateral flattening of the test, and the pointed anal rostrum (Pls. 55, figs. 6-8; 61, figs. /- ). It has more the outline of the larger specimen figured on Pl. XXXIII. figs. 1-5 of the “‘ Challenger” Echinoidea, which is of the same size as that here figured (PI. 55, figs. 6-8). The differences in outline of the specimen figured on Pl. XXXIII. of the “Challenger” Echinoidea are, however, all compati- ble with differences due to age. The primary tuberculation is most uniform over the test, within the peripetalous fasciole, and over the actinal floor, excepting the bare ambulacra; it is also much closer (Pls. 61, figs. 7-3; 62, figs. 6-8) than in the species described by Thomson; the primary radioles are quite slender (Pl. 62, figs. 70-12) compared with the stouter radioles of A. rostrata? The vertex of Aérope fulva is at the apical system, well anterior of the peripetalous fasciole (Pl. 61, fig. 3), while in the “ Challenger” species, even in the larger specimens, the vertex is at the abactinal pole of the peripetal- ous fasciole in a position far posterior to that it occupies in A. fulva. The posterior extremity of A. fulva also tends to turn up somewhat snout-shaped for the reception of the anal system (Pl. 61, fig. 2), while the posterior extremity of A. rostrata slopes quite gradually to meet the rounded anal extremity. The actinal plastron is elongate, triangular, consisting of two plates; it is closely packed with primaries, specially near the posterior edge (PI. 61, . 1 « Challenger” Echinoidea, Pls. XX-XITI, figs. 8-12; XX XIIT4, figs. 8, 9. ? «Challenger ’’ Echinoidea, Pl. XXXII, figs. 1-3. AEROPE FULVA. 195 fig. 7). Near the actinostome the posterior lateral ambulacra are nearly bare (Pl. 61, fig. 6), they are only covered with a few miliaries and a few small secondary tubercles, except near the ambitus (Pl. 62, fig. 8), where the plates become as closely tuberculated as are the interambulacral plates on the actinal side (Pls. 61, figs. 7, 2; 62, fig. 7). The labium is very narrow, lozenge-shaped, with five primary tubercles in the anterior half of the plate. ‘The anterior lateral primordial plates are pentagonal, short, and carry two primary tubercles. The lateral posterior primordials are turned backwards at a right angle, extending posteriorly more than the whole length of the first actinal plate of the posterior lateral ambulacra (PI. 61, figs. 7, 6). The actinostome is longitudinally elliptical with rounded edges, the phyl- lodes are limited to the first actinal ambulacral plate (Pl. 61, figs. 7, 6). The coronal plates are slightly imbricated towards the actinostome in the ambu- lacra, and away from it in the interambulacra. The peripetalous fasciole (Pl. 61, figs. 7-3) is not as broad as that of A. rostrata ; it forms an angle in the median anterior interambulacrum, near the ambitus, passing then nearly vertically round to the actinal side of the test (Pl. 61, fig. 7), and crossing the anterior part of the odd anterior ambulac- rum in a straight line. The lateral ambulacra do not differ except in length; their plates are remarkably uniform in size inside of the peripetalous fasciole (Pl. 61, fig. 2), and above the ambitus as far as the anal system, though on the actinal side the plates of the odd ambulacrum and of the posterior lateral ambulacra become very elongated (Pl. 61, fig. 7), those of the anterior lateral ambu- lacra being less so, and those of the posterior lateral ambulacra attain the greatest longitudinal extension; they increase gradually towards the ambi- tus, those of the posterior extremity of the posterior lateral ambulacra are much larger along the sides of the test as they pass from the ambitus to the actinal side. The plates of the odd ambulacrum are wider and narrower than those of the other ambulacra. There are three genital plates with four large genital pores (Pls. 61, fig. 2; 62, figs. 7, 3); all of these in one case (PI. 62, fig. 7) encroach upon adjoining plates, Fig. 281, in the other upon three and upon one of the anterior oculars (Pl. 62, tig. 2). The madreporic body extends over one genital plate, and the stone canal, when seen from the interior, Fig. 282, projects like a hood well over the adjoining genitals, ending on the right posterior ocular (Pl. 62, fig. 3). 196 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In another specimen there are only two genital pores, Fig. 283, which both encroach upon the sutures not only of the genital, but also of the posterior ocular plates. The abactinal system of Aérope fulva varies greatly, Figs. 281-283. The position of the genital pores is by no means fixed, and young apical inter- — Fig. 281. AEROPE FULVA. Fie. 282. AKEROPE FULYVA. ambulacral plates marked x on the figures come within the abactinal system. In another and larger specimen there are but two large genital openings (Pl. 62, fig. 2); the anterior pair are wanting. The madreporic body occu- — pies the anterior parts of the right anterior genital, upon which the right — posterior genital opening encroaches, as well as upon 5 the right anterior ocular. The left posterior geni- — tal pore encroaches upon both the adjoining ocular plates as well as slightly upon the left anterior geni- — tal plate. The ocular plates are large, irregularly — pentagonal; the odd anterior ocular is more regu- lar in outline and far larger than any of the others (Pl. 62, figs. 1-3). o The pairs of simple pores perforating the abacti- — nal ambulacral plates enclosed by the peripetalous — fasciole are seen on Plate 62, figs. 7%. The spines within the fasciole ¢ a) slightly curved towards the anterior extremity. Those above the ambitus outside of the fasciole trend towards the posterior extremity, and are fre- quently spathiform, terminating in a hook (Pl. 62, figs. 70, 72, 13). The miliary spines are fine, straight, and thickly crowded on both sides of anterior ambulacral area, On the sides of the test the radioles are some- 48mm. (Fragment). Fia. 283. AROPE FULVA. AEROPE FULVA. 197 what stouter than those within the peripetalous fasciole; at the ambitus they are not only longer but more uniformly spathiform, as also on the actinal and anal plastrons. The longitudinally elliptical actinal system (PI. 62, fig. 4) is almost bare ; it is covered with but few and insignificant elongated plates. The anal system is elongate, angular in outline. The anal opening is subcentral nearer the posterior edge; it is covered by small concentrically arranged irregularly shaped plates, the anterior of which carry a few miliaries with an inner row of elongated plates radiating from the actinostome. On coming up in the trawl the specimens are of a dark yellowish brown color. In the ‘‘ Challenger” Report,’ Aérope was placed among the Brissina, and the same position was assigned to it in the Preliminary Report on the Echini of this expedition.” This is evidently not quite correct. NacospaTaneus A. Ag. Nacospatangus gracilis A. Ag. Nacospatangus gracilis A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1873, III, p. 189. Nacospatangus gracilis A. Ag., “ Hassler” Exped. Echini, p. 18, Ill. Cat. M. C. Z. 1874, No. VIII. Plate 98. Although I have given photographie figures of Nacospatangus,’ yet as they do not bring out sufficiently clearly the important characters of My 2 this interesting genus, I have given on Plate 98 additional figures which will show more in detail the specific and generic characters described in the “Hassler”? Echini, and bring out its distant relationship to Agassizia and Spatagodesma. 1 Til. Cat. M. C. Z. No. VIII, Pl. U, figs. 3-5, NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. 203 Seen from above (PI. 98, fig. 3) a denuded specimen 17 mm. in length’ shows the broadly petaloid posterior ambulacra, the semipetaloid anterior 6.5 mm, Fie. 290. NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. Fig. 291. NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. pair with the anterior zone composed of simple pores and the simple anterior ambulacrum. The uniform tuberculation of the coronal plates is very marked, extending over the interporiferous zone of the lateral ambulacra. 11 mm. 17 mm. Fig 292. NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. Fig. 293. NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. The great width of the posterior row of the posterior lateral ambulacra is very striking, as well as the size of the anterior interambulacral plates compared to those of the ambulacral zone. 1 “ Hassler” Echini, Pl. I, fig. 4. 204 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. A profile view’ as well as a view from the abactinal side (Pl. 98, figs. 2, 4) shows the abrupt passage, near the ambitus, of the small tubercles of the .abactinal part of the test to the large tuberculation of the second pair of plates of the interambulacral areas (PI. 98, fig. 2). This is also shown in Pl. 98, figs. 8-11, where the large tubercles are arranged in rows parallel to the ambital suture of the second posterior plate of the right posterior lateral interambulacrum. The specimens figured on Pl. 98, figs. 8-71, range in size from 6.5 to 17 mm. Among the Spatangoids we find a great diversity in the arrangement of the primary Dy and secondary tubercles in the large inter- o2.88. ambulacral plates of the actinal side. This OYA or XX cy SQ Os leads to most characteristic patterns which aw Sek seekee have not as yet been used either for generic ) or specific characters. A comparison of the patterns of some of these actinal plates, Figs. Bete 257, 290-294, shows in a striking way how Fic. 204. Livopneustes Lonerspixus. important these characters are among the Spatangoids. The earliest indications of such designs are found among the Cassidulide. The patterns take their greatest development among such forms as Metalia, Lovenia, Maretia, Rhynobrissus, and are in striking contrast with the simple patterns of Brissus, Meoma, Brissopsis, Echinocardium, and others. On the actinal plastron the tuberculation is coarse towards the labium, and quite small and crowded towards the subanal plastron. On the actinal surface, the ambulacral zones, composed of large plates, are broad and bare as well as the adjoining edges of the interambulacral areas, forming a striking contrast to the narrow ambulacral zones of the abactinal surface with their small and diminutive plates. The actinostome is somewhat pentagonal, with the actinal edge of the labium slightly raised. A young specimen of only 6.5mm. in length (PI. 98, fig. 7) seen from the actinal side does not show any marked differences from older specimens. The abactinal system of a specimen of 6.5 mm. (PI. 98, fig. 5) has only three genital plates, no genital pores, Fig. 296, and a few madreporic 1 “ Hassler” Echini, Pl. I, figs. 3, 5. SCHIZASTER LATIFRONS. 205 _ openings. The two anterior genital plates, Fig. 296, are ankylosed and carry the madreporite. In a large specimen (PI. 98, figs. 3, G) there are three genital pores. The right anterior genital pore is wanting, Fig. 295. The left anterior and the two posterior pores are large. The right anterior and posterior genital plates are ankylosed (Pl. 98, figs. 3, 6). 17 mm 6.5 mim. Fre. 295. NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. Fia@. 296. NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS. In Agassizia there are four genital pores. Three genital plates are faintly indicated in young specimens of 5 mm. (PI. 108, figs. 2, 5). In larger speci- mens (16 mm.) there is a faint longitudinal suture to be seen on the interior of the test (Pl. 108, fig. 9). On the whole the abactinal system of the two genera are very similar. Nacospatangus gracilis was dredged by the “ Hassler” in 65 fathoms off Juan Fernandez. ScHIzASTER Agass. Schizaster latifrons A. Ag. Schizaster latifrons A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 81, non Pl. XI, figs. 2, 3. Plate 102, figs. 7-4. At Station 3431, in 995 fathoms, were collected specimens of a species of Schizaster remarkable for the great development of the anterior extremity, the breadth of the odd anterior ambulacrum (Pl. 102, fig. 2), and the short posterior pair of lateral ambulacra. The subanal fasciole is delicate, does not join the peripetalous fasciole (Pl. 102, fig. 4). The actinal plastron is well marked by the two large plates which occupy nearly the whole length of the odd posterior actinal interambulacrum, 206 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. This species belongs to the group of Schizaster of which S. Philippi is a well known representative, though its anterior odd ambulacrum is far less sunken (Pl. 102, fig. 2). In a specimen 17 mm. in length (Pl. 102, figs. 2, 3), Fig. 297, there are as yet no genital pores. The apical system is very similar to that of S. 17 mm. Fig. 297. S. LATIFRONS. Fig. 297°, ScHIZASTER PHILIPPI. ArTer LovEén. Townsendi (Pl. 101, fig. 3) and of S. Philippi, Fig. 297°, though the ocular plates are rectangular or pentagonal in S. Jlatifrons and triangular in S. Townsend, Fig. 301. In a young specimen of S. Townsendi of not more 40 mm. Fia. 297b. S. LATIFRONS. Fie. 298. ScHIzASTER PHILIPPI. Arter Lovéy. than 10 mm. in length (Pl. 101, figs. 7, 8) there are three genital openings as in larger specimens (Pl. 101, figs. 2, 8), but with only a few madreporite pores. There is great similarity in the structure of the apical system of Schizaster Townsendi, Fig. 301, S. latifrons, Fig. 297°, S. Philippii, Fig. 298, S. fragilis, SCHIZASTER TOWNSENDI. 207 ‘Fig. 299, and S. canaliculata, Fig. 300, with only slight variations in the dimensions of the right anterior genital, the madreporite, or in the atrophy of one or more genital pores. Station 3431, off Altata, Gulf of California, 995 fathoms. Lat. 23° 59 N.; Long. 108° 40’ W. Bottom temperature, 37°. Lt. br. m. glob. Fie. 299. S. FRAGILIS. Fie. 300. S. CANALICULATA. AFTER LovEéN. Arrer Lovén. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 82, Pl. XI, figs. 2, 3.! Plates 100, figs. 7-5; 101. In young specimens the apical system is comparatively more distant from the posterior extremity than in older specimens. In two specimens, measur- ing 10 and 11 mm. in length (Pls. 100, fig. 7; 101, fig. 7), the apical system was central. In a somewhat larger specimen, 15 mm. long, the apical system was 6 mm. from the posterior edge, showing that the anterior extremity develops more rapidly with age than the posterior, the lateral anterior ambulacra soon far outstripping in length the posterior ones. In a specimen of 22 mm. in length the centre of the apical system was 8 mm. from the posterior extremity. In a specimen of 32.5 mm. the centre of the apical system was 13 mm. from the posterior extremity, 14 mm. in a specimen of 36 mm. in length, and 15 mm, in the largest specimen collected, of 49 mm. A distinct thin anal fasciole extends across the posterior interambulacrum (Pl. 101, fig. 7). This species is marked by the flatness of the test (Pl. 100, figs. 4, 5), the great width of the lateral ambulacra (Pls. 100, fig. 2; 101, fig. 2), the small size of the anal system (PI. 100, fig. 5; 101, figs. 2, 7), the close primary tuberculation of the actinal plastron, which is in striking con- trast to the bare actinal surface (Pls. 100, fig. 2; 101, fig. 7). 1 Referred to S. latifrons by mistake in Bull. M. C, Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. Sl. 208 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. In the apical system of a young specimen of 10 mm. the left posterior » genital is excluded from the madreporite by the left anterior genital, Fig. 301. The genital pores are already well developed in so small a 10 mm. Fig. 301. ScHIZASTER TOWNSENDI. Fig. 302. ScHIzZASTER TOWNSENDI. specimen. The labium of S. Townsendi, Fig. 302, is in contact with only one actinal ambulacral plate; in S, datifrons, Fig. 503, it is in contact with the actinal part of the second plate. On comparing Figs. 302 and 303 striking differences will be noticed in the relative positions of plates 1, 2, 4, and 6 in the lateral posterior ambulacra, and of plates 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 in the lateral ante- rior ambulacra. Station 3394, Gulf of Panama, 511 fath- — oms. Lat. 7 21’ N.; Long. 79° 35’ W. Bottom temperature, 41°.8. Dk. gn. m. Station 3419, off Acapulco, 772 fathoms. Lat. 16° 34’ 30” N.; Long. 100° 3’ W. Bot- tom temperature, 59°.6. Gn. m. bk. sp. 40 mm. Station 3424, off Tres Marias, Gulf of =n ee California, 676 fathoms. Lat, 21° 15’ N. ; Long. 106° 23’ W. Bottom temperature, 38°. Gy. s. bk. sp. glob. Station 3425, off Tres Marias, 680 fathoms. Lat. 21° 19 N.; Long. 106° 24° W. Bottom temperature, 39°. Gn. m. s. Station 3426, off Tres Marias, 146 fathoms. Lat. 21° 21’ N.; Long. 106° 25’ W. Bottom temperature, 51°.2. Rocky. PERIASTER TENUIS. 209 Station 3431, off Altata, Gulf of California, 995 fathoms. Lat, 23° 59’ N.- Long. 108° 40’ W. Bottom temperature, 37°. Lt. br. m. Glob. Station 3436, south of Guaymas, 905 fathoms. Lat. 27° 34’ N.; Long. 110° 53’ 40” W. Bottom temperature, 37.2. Br. m. bk. sp. | Station 3437, 50 miles south of Guaymas, 628 fathoms. Bottom tem- perature, 40°. Bn. m. bk. sp. Bathymetrical range, 146-995 fathoms. Temperature range, 51°. 2-37’. | . / PERIASTER D’Orb. é : | Periaster tenuis A. Ag. Periaster tenuis A. Ag., Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 82, Pl. XI, figs. 6, 7. Plates 103, figs. 5 7; 104; 105, figs. 2. ; This species is much flatter and less cylindrical (Pl. 104, fig. 2) than P. limicola from the Gulf of Mexico. It has no anal fasciole. The peri- : petalous fasciole is wide (Pls. 103, fig. 6; 104, figs. 2, 5; 105, fig. 2), covered | by prominent miliaries. The actinal plastron is elongated (Pls. 104, figs. 1, 4; 105, fig. 7), and the tuberculation of the test is close (Pl. 104, fig. 3). : On coming up in the trawl the color of the test is light brown, though : it is found at considerable depths, nearly 1800 fathoms, depths at which the prevailing tints and colors of the Echini found there are pinkish to dark violet. Aérope and Phrissocystis are similar exceptions: they are both yellowish and brown, and are found, the one at over 1000 fathoms, the other to nearly 1800 fathoms. Seen from the abactinal side the Panamic species is only slightly elongate, the labium narrow and very prominent (Pls. 104, figs. 7, 4; 105, fig. 1). The apical system is slightly anterior, the petals broad, sharply constricted at the peripetalous fasciole (Pl. 105, fig. 2), the odd anterior ambulacrum narrow. The vertex is near the anterior line of the peripetalous fasciole (Pl. 104, fig. 3); from this the test slopes very gradually to the anterior extremity, which is rounded, the ambitus passing gradually to the actinal surface (Pl. 104, fig. 3). The posterior extremity of the test is truncated, sloping sharply from the vertex to the ambitus, where it forms a rudimen- tary posterior snout (Pl. 104, fig. 3). The labium and sternum of this species (Pl. 105, fig. 7) are much longer and narrower than in P. limicola, and the bare ambulacra flanking the sternum fully twice as wide as in the Mexican species. 14 210 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The anal system is cut out of only three interambulacral plates (Pl. 105, fig. 3). The apical system of P. tenwis, Fig. 305, is very similar to that of Hemiaster bufo, Fig. 304; it has four genital plates in contact with four Fic. 304. HEMIASTER BUFO. Fic. 305. PERIASTER TENUIS. AFTER LovEN. genital openings, with a madreporite limited to the right anterior genital (Pl. 105, fig. 2), though it extends so as to come in contact with the left posterior genital plate. The actinostome is paved by numerous longitudinal rows of small plates radiating irregularly towards the labium (PI. 105, fig. 7). The anal system is bordered on the upper edge by four large polygonal plates; those covering the rest of the anus are smaller. | There must have been some mistake in the identification of the Schiz- asterid collected by the “Challenger” (Pl. XXXV°, figs. 1-4) as Periaster limicola. A comparison of the figures on Pl. XX XV °, of the “ Challenger” Echinoidea with those collected by the “Blake” off the mouth of the Mississippi’ shows great differences in outline both in profile and from above. In profile the species from the Gulf of Mexico (PI. III, fig. 1)? is seen to be quite rectangular in outline, and posteriorly vertically truncated, with a rounded anterior extremity; while the ‘Challenger’ specimens (Pl. XXXV»°, fig. 3) are more rounded anteriorly, and the posterior ex- tremity slants from the anal system towards the actinal side. Seen from above the original P. dimicola is quite circular, slightly in- dented at the ambulacral areas (PI. III, figs. 2, 3)' while the “ Challenger” specimens are ovoid (Pl. XXXV-°, figs. 1, 2). But by far the most impor- tant differences are those shown by the short labium, the wide sternum, 1 Bull. M. C. Z. 1878, No. 9, Vol. V, p. 193, Pl. IIT. ABATUS CAVERNOSUS. 911 and the narrow ambulacral areas of the actinal side (PI. XXXV °, fig. 2) as contrasted to the broad ambulacral areas of P. dimicola from the Gulf of Mexico (PI. III. fig. 4). The Mexican species is far more closely allied to the Panamie species than to the Schizaster-like specimens collected by the “Challenger.” The abactinal system of the latter resembles that of Schizaster, while that of P. limicola and P. tenuis are Hemiaster-like, though that of P. limicola has only two genital pores. Station 3381, off Galera Point, 1772 fathoms. Lat. 4° 56’ N.; Long. 80° 52’ 30” W. Bottom temperature, 35°.8. Gn. m. Station 3398, off Galera Point, 1573 fathoms. Lat. 1° 7 N.; Long. 80° 21’ W. Bottom temperature, 36°. Gn. ooze. Station 3399, off Galera Point, 1740 fathoms. Lat. 1° 7’ N.; Long. 81° 4’ W. Bottom temperature, 36°. Gn. ooze. Bathymetrical range, 1573-1772 fathoms. Temperature range, 36-35'.8. Apatus Trosch. Abatus cavernosus Trosch. Tripylus cavernosus, Phil. Wieg. Arch. 1845, XI, p. 345. Abatus cavernosus, Trosch. Wieg. Arch. 1851, XVII, p. 72. Plate 99. The Kchinid-like type of young Spatangoids has been known since 1848 from Miiller’s figures. Subsequently I figured a number of post- embryonic stages of young Spatangoids in the Revision of the Echini (1874), the “Challenger,” and “ Blake” Echini. In 1883 Lovén carefully described and figured the young of Adalus cavernosus and of Echinocar- dium,” while we owe to Fewkes and Theel more recent figures of very early Echinid stages of Echinarachnius and Echinocyamus. In Lovén’s figures of a young Echinocardium® of 1.7 mm. in length the coronal plates of the young Spatangoid are drawn and the fascioles are indicated. In his figures of a young Abatus of 2.3 mm. the plates near the actinostome are figured,‘ as well as those of the abactinal system and part of those of the ambulacral system. The interambulacral plates are not shown, 1 Bull. M. C, Z. 1878, No. 9, Vol. V, p. 198, Pl. III. 2 Pourtalesia, p. 24, Pls. XIV, XV. 8 Pourtalesia, Pl. XV, figs. 172, 173. * Pourtalesia, Pl. XIV, figs. 166, 167. 212 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI I am able to give figures of the plates of young Abatus 1.6 mm. in length kindly sent me by Mr. Rathbun of the Smithsonian. They are perhaps the most Echinid-like post-embryonic stages as yet figured of any Spatangoid, Figs. 306-308 (Pl. 99, figs. 3-7). In the young Echinocardium figured by Lovén the anal system is fully developed in the abactinal part of the posterior ambulacrum, and the actinal sternum has already assumed the characters of the adult sternum. This is in great contrast to the stages of Abatus I am able to describe. The young, when seen from above or below, is but slightly elliptical (Pl. 99, figs. 3, 4), the actinostome is pentagonal, somewhat excentric, the interam- bulacra are all in contact with it, though in older specimens (PI. 99, fig. 3) the posterior lateral ambulacra are excluded from the actinostome. The sternum consists of two plates of very different dimensions forming almost a true meridosternum (Pl. 99, figs. 3, 5), which In the adult becomes amphisternal (Pl. 99, fig. 8). The anal system of the young Abatus, Fig. 306, is not as yet separated from the abactinal system by the abactinal plates of the odd interambulacral area (Pl. 99, fig. 5). The two systems are enclosed in the same area within the circle of the ocular plates (Pl. 99, figs. 4, 6, 7), a3 has already been figured by Lovén.* Lovén’s figures are from a specimen somewhat larger than mine; the interambulacral plates are not quite as faradvanced. The fascioles are more marked in my figures (Pl. 99, figs. 2, 4, 5), the interambulacral spines some- what larger, and the suckers more prominent (PI. 99, fig. 7). Only few of the spines are curved as wed appear in somewhat older specimens? which I figured on a former occasion.* In the smallest Abatus (Pl. 99, figs. 4, 6), Fig. 307, the ai system is indicated by a nearly bare membrane, while in a somewhat older specimen 1.9 mm. in length, Fig. 308, the anal system appears towards the posterior edge of the abactinal area surrounded by a row of radiating plates (Pl. 99, fig. 7) identical in number with those of the adult (Pl. 99, fig, 70), Fig. 309. * Pourtalesia, Pl. XIV, fig. 164. 2 “ Challenger” Echinoidea, Pl. XX", fig. 8. * Proc. Am. Acad. 1876, p. 231. Fie. 306. ABATUS CAVERNOSUS. ABATUS CAVERNOSUS. 213 There are five spheridia near the actinostome, one in each ambulacral area (PI. 99, fig. 7). _ Each interambulacrum has one actinal plate followed by four and a half cor onal plates carrying on each plate from one to six primary and secondary | es. The ambulacral areas are bare. In older specimens’ 3 mm. in length there is a miliary in each ambulacral plate. 1.9 mm. ia Fie. 307. A. CAVERNOSUS. Fie. 308. A. CAVERNOSTUS. é ry i) __ Lovén is right in objecting to the association of Abatus cavernosus Trosch. with Hemiaster.*> The structure of the abactinal system of Hemiaster is Fie. 309. A. cAveRNosus. Fie. 310. HEMIASTER BUFO. Fig. 311. ABATUS CAVERNOSUS. Arter Lovéy. of an ancient type, Fig. 310, while that of Abatus is eminently Schizas- te id, Fig. 311 (Pl. 99, fig. 9), but neither Troschel nor myself had noticed he difference in the structure of the abactinal system of Abatus and Hemi- ste rs detected by Lovén. i acs “Challenger ” Echinoidea Pl. XX°, figs. 9, 10. * Pourtalesia, p. 72. a : . 214 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI, Morra A. Ag. Moira clotho A. Ag. Moera clotho Mich. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855. p. 247. Moira clotho A. Ag. Revision, p. 147. Plate 109, During the voyage from New York to San Francisco the “ Albatross” collected a few young specimens varying in size from 7 to 34 mm., at Stations 2800 and 2801. Unfortunately they came badly broken, but the fragments sufficed to show that in the smallest specimen the adult features are already developed. ‘The test is perhaps less angular than in old specimens, but the sunken am- bulacra, both the lateral and odd anterior, are fully as developed as in larger speci- mens. The radioles of the different parts of the test are as well differentiated as in larger specimens, and in the younger stages both the peripetalous fasciole and its subanal branch follow the same course as in full grown specimens, passing at a considerable Fig. 312. Mora cLoruo. distance under the anus. The large suckers of the anterior ambulacra are quite as marked as those of the deep-sea genera Aceste and Aérope. In fact we might: look upon Moira as a further stage in the development of sunken ambulacra; Abatus having lateral ambulacra greatly developed, while Cionobrissus and Aérope have a wide anterior ambulacrum more like that of the Schizasteride. . Among the Spatangoids with deeply sunken ambulacra like Abatus, Aceste, Moiropsis, and Moira, the last is specially noted for the modifications produced on the abactinal system by the great width of the deeply sunken anterior ambulacrum and the deeply sunken petals of the adjoining lateral anterior ambulacra (Pl. 109, figs. 2, 46). The apical system, Fig. 312, consists of two narrow elongated plates, which are united along the medium suture of the odd posterior line of the interambulacrum and form an are extending from the anterior oculars. There are two large genital pores MOIRA CLOTHO. 215 corresponding to the posterior interambulacral areas. The narrow polygo- nal genital plates are deeply notched to receive the four lateral oculars (Pl. 109, figs. 2, 4, 5), the posterior pair cutting into the centre of the genitals, the anterior pair being notched into the narrow extremity of the genital plates; they extend a short distance on each side of the anterior ocular plates (Pl. 109, figs. 4, 5). The right genital carries the madre- porite, which covers the greater part of the plate adjoining the odd interambulacrum (Pl. 109, fig. 4). The odd ocular plate fits into the inner curved edge of the genital plates at their junction. Seen from the interior (PI. 109, fig. 5) there is no trace of the suture of the anterior genitals, and only a mere line to indicate the junction between the two genitals so well seen from the outside. The extension of the stone canal on the right genital is very prominent (PI. 109, fig. 5). The expansion of the ambulacra in the interior of the test has quite hidden the abactinal anterior interambulacral plates. They are already quite narrow when seen from the outside of the test (PI. 109, fig. 4), but when seen from the interior (Pl. 109, fig. 5) only two very slender plates are visible in the space between the odd and the anterior ambulacra. It is interesting to note that the central angular sutures are curved, following more or less the general curve of the sunken ambulacral plates. The internal fasciole is very irregular in its development, often merely marked by a bare space covered with most minute tubercles along the bevelled edge of the petals where they join the ambulacra (PI. 109, fig. 2), or with intermittent tubercles apparently worn from an edge formerly well covered, as is indicated on Plate 109, fig. 6, which represents the internal fasciole on the edge of the petal of the third interambulacral plate fom the genital plate. When seen in profile (Pl. 109, fig. 3) the anterior part of the test makes a sharp indentation at the point where the anterior petals turn sharply towards the apical system, near the point where the peripetalous fasciole follows on both sides the edge of the anterior petals to their extremity. Nearly from the same point on the anterior edge the fasciole strikes across the test to the extremity of the odd anterior petal, where it crosses the odd ambulacral area (Pl. 109, fig. 2). The inner fasciole follows the edge of the lateral petals, and the anterior part forms a part of the peripetalous fasciole which branches off from the anterior petals and runs diagonally down the side of the test towards the anal system. 216 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. As there are no detailed figures of Moira, I have given the principal features of Moira clotho, the Pacific representative of the genus. This species is very regularly oval when seen from above (PI. 109, fig. 2). The odd anterior ambulacrum is bare, covered with minute miliaries, slightly sunken at the ambitus; it is somewhat dumb-bell shaped, deeply sunken towards the abactinal pole. The abactinal plates are narrow and increase rapidly in size toward the ambitus, where it is crossed by the peripetalous fasciole. The ambulacral plates of the sunken petals are quite uniform in size; at the extremity of the petals they pass suddenly into horizontally elongate plates, which in their turn pass on the actinal side into bare, longitudinally elongated plates. The coronal plates are covered with rather small tubercles very uniform in size, arranged in diagonal rows across the plates. In the larger interam- bulacral and ambulacral plates of the sides of the test the lines of tubercles are interrupted by bare spaces (PI. 109, figs. 2, 2). On the actinal side (Pl. 109, fig. 7) the tubercles are much larger, espe- cially on the plastron towards the actinostome and on the interambulacral areas along the bare ambulacral areas. The left plate of the sternum is larger than the right (Pl. 109, fig, 7), the labium is very prominent (Pl. 109, fig. 3), with the actinal sternum forming a very marked keel; the primor- dial plates of the posterior interambulacra are irregularly triangular and in contact with the actinostome by a mere point. Those of the anterior interambulacra are L-shaped and are in contact with the actinostome by a broader face (Pl. 109, fig. 7). The actinostome is transverse with a convex labium (PI. 109, fig. 7); the anterior edge is bordered by eight large irregularly rectangular plates with an inner row of smaller plates and a third still smaller row adjoining the labium. The anal system is longitudinally elliptical (Pl. 109, fig. 8), flanked by an outer row of eight large polygonal plates and two irregular rows of smaller plates radiating from the anal opening. We may note that M. de Meijere’ mentions a species of Moira from the Kast Indian Archipelago. The profile and abactinal views given by him? are said to be from the same specimen; they are drawn on a different scale. - This may be a young specimen of the species of Moira (J. stygia) said to inhabit the Red Sea and to be found on the east coast of Africa (Zanzibar). 1 “ Siboga”’ Echinoidea, p. 183. 2 Id. Pl. XXII, figs. 459, 460. ee MOIRA CLOTHO. 217 It is interesting to trace the gradual specialization of the odd anterior ambulacrum from the time of the Chalk; Holaster, Hemipneustes, Cardi- aster, Toxaster, all have lateral ambulacra flush with the test or nearly so, features still retained among the recent Spatangoids in Aérope and Aceste; while in Hemiaster, Periaster, Prenaster, and Schizaster, in addi- tion to the specialized odd ambulacrum, the lateral ambulacra become somewhat sunken, and culminate in such sunken lateral ambulacra as those of Abatus and some species of Schizaster, and finally in Moiropsis and Moira, in which all the ambulacra are sunken. These genera have been preceded by such types as Linthia with ambulacra all equally but slightly sunken within a peripetalous fasciole, while in Brissus, Meoma, Metalia, and the like we have stages of development representing the growth of the sunken lateral ambulacra in Adatus cavernosus." In Moira we find the greatest development in the sunken ambulacra, not only of the lateral pairs but also of the odd anterior ambulacral pouch, which is more sunken ? than that of the lateral pairs (Pl. 109, figs. 2, 5). Moira clotho differs from M. atropos in having the abactinal system more excentric, and in being more elliptical in outline. In J. clotho the fasciole passing under the anal system crosses the plates in contact with the anal system, while in JZ. atropos it cuts across the posterior extremity of the set of plates next to the sternum. In J. atropos the posterior extremity of the sternum at the ambitus is much narrower than in JZ. clotho. In M. elotho the anal system is cut out of five interambulacral plates ; in J. atropos from four only. Station 2800. Lat. 8° 51’ N.; Long. 79° 31’ 30” W. 7 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 77°. Gn. m. Station 2801. Lat. 8° 38’ N.; Long. 79° 29’ 30” W. 14 fathoms. Bottom temperature, fo. Gn -m. Both Stations in the Bay of Panama (Voyage of the “ Albatross”’ from New York to San Francisco, 1887-1888). Bathymetrical range, 7-14 fathoms. Temperature range, 78-77. 1 «“ Hassler” Echini, Pl. IV, figs. 4-8. 2 Revision of the Echini, Pl. XXIII, figs. 3, 5. 218 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. BATHYMETRICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE PANAMIC AND WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. In 1895 Koehler? called attention to the small number of new and strik- ing forms of Echini collected by the more recent deep-sea expeditions as compared to the many new types collected by the “Challenger” and the “ Blake.” The material of the “ Travailleur as yet been published, but the number of species is known to be small, 99 and “ Talisman” has not and perhaps the limited field explored by the French expeditions may account for this dearth. The same is true of the “ Valdivia” Expedition in the Indian Ocean and the Antarctic expedition of the “ Belgica.” The bd ‘“‘Siboga”’ expedition, however, which explored a region with one of the richest Echinid faune, collected no less than thirty-one new species of Kchini, forming quite a percentage of the known species, of which M. de Meijere says twenty-four are deep-sea species. The most interesting species are four allied to such genera as Paleopneustes, Linopneustes, and Am- phipneustes, one of the Pourtalesiz, and one of the Ananchytide allied to Urechinus. We can hardly call twenty-four of them deep-sea species, as no species has been obtained at a greater depth than 1000 fathoms, and only thirteen species below a depth of 500 fathoms. Still the range of many of the genera collected by the “Siboga” has been shown to vary between much shallower depths than was supposed to be the case. From the physical conditions of the region explored it was natural that the char- acteristic Echini collected should belong to the continental slope. The “ Albatross” expedition of 1891, trawling along and beyond a con- tinental range, but in deeper water than the “Siboga,” collected in the limited area explored a large number of deep-sea types, no less than twenty-five species, — six species within the 400-fathom line; one species within the 700-fathom line; two species within the 1000-fathom line ; two species within the 1200-fathom line; the other fourteen within the 1900- fathom line. No collections of Echini were made in shallow waters, except on the reef at Panama Harbor, where a few specimens of Arbacia stellata and of Cidaris Thouarsii were obtained. In a chapter on the Origin of the West Indian Echinid Fauna?’ I have 1 Note prél. sur les Echinides recueillis pendant les Campagnes de l’Hirondelle. Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1895, p. 22. 2 «« Blake ’’ Echini, p. 79. PANAMIC AND WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. 919 given my views of the effects of oceanic currents on the distribution cf Kehini. As regards the distribution of Echini in the Pacific, we have at the present day a condition of things very similar to that which must have pre- vailed in the Atlantic when the species of Echini living in the Crag and in the Maltese beds had their representatives in the West Indies; having, as has been suggested by Gregory, found their way from the Mediterranean along the shores of an ancient continent. Some of the species living on the west coast of Central America have a very extended geographical distribu- tion in the Pacific, and yet no one claims that this great range has been brought about by their migration along the shores of a continent or con- tinental islands existing between Panama and the Sandwich Islands or the Marquesas. The great equatorial current gives us a cause fully sufficient to effect such a wide distribution, and, that in a comparatively short time. While undoubtedly many of the species of Echini have no pelagic plutei, and are so to speak viviparous, or carry their young for a considerable period, yet we should remember that young Echini, even after they have assumed the characters of the adult, are capable of floating and of being transported long distances by currents. It is not an uncommon thing to find the young of Arbacia, of Strongylocentrotus, and of Echinarachnius floating about on our coasts, and they are not unfrequently caught in the surface tow-net. The same holds good for many species of Starfishes and of Ophiurans, as well as of Holothurians. In Florida I have caught in the same way the young of Cidaris, of Hipponoé, of Toxopneustes, and of many species of Starfishes and Ophiurans, during the period in which they still have the huge embryonic tentacles characteristic of their younger stages, when the ambulacral feet are entirely out of proportion in size to the rest of the test, and the young thus possess a great floating capacity when their suckers are expanded. They retain these suckers for a considerable period of time, during which they can be transported very great distances. There is no other explana- tion needed to account for the identity of the littoral marine fauna of the Bermudas and the West Indies. The young and embryos of the Echino- derms and Polyps of the West Indies have been carried fully six hundred miles northward by the Gulf Stream at a rate of from one to three miles a day, and have finally settled in the Bermudas. 220 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. We can well imagine an equatorial current during Miocene and Eocene periods taking the young of the Echini flourishing in the Crag, and in the Mediterranean, and in the southern extension of that fauna perhaps as far as the Cape Verde Islands, and bringing them to the shores of northern South America or into the Caribean Sea. That stretch is but little longer than the stretch which we know to be annually traversed by Acalephs, Pteropods, Fishes, and Annelids along the course of the Gulf Stream from the Straits of Florida to Narragansett Bay, and to the southern shores of Cape Cod and the adjacent islands. In discussing the relations of the West Indian and Mediterranean Echinoid faunas Gregory maintains that a shallow water connection is essential. There are a number of species of recent Echini which are common to the Mediterranean and West Indies, and which have not worked their way from one area to the other round the northern shallow water connection of the present day or those of a mid-atlantic land of a former period. They are found in deep water, have a wide geographical distribution, and, though some of them have pelagic plutei, others have not, and are viviparous. While the “ Challenger,” as is stated by Gregory,’ did not collect any plutei, yet there have been many Kchinid and Actinid plutei collected by other expeditions at a great distance from land. As regards the statement that Temnechinus was “ probably viviparous,” we know nothing on the subject, and there is no proof that either S. Park- insont or S. Scille were viviparous. The number of recent Echini which are known to be viviparous is not ‘‘many.” There are only two Cidaride, - Hypsechinus, Anochanus, and Abatus.” Ludwig enumerates as viviparous thirteen Holothurians, five Echinoidea, twelve Ophiurans, seventeen Star- fishes, and one Crinoid,— certainly not a large percentage of viviparous Echinoderms. The migration of Echinoderms is not limited to the range of their plutei. Young Echini, Starfishes, Holothurians, and Ophiurans are to be met with floating on the surface at great distances from shore, so that the young of viviparous Echinoderms play an important part in extending their geo- graphical range. The existence of a continent or of intervening islands does not seem to me necessary to explain the similarity of the Echinid fauna of former times 1 Loc. cit. p. 106. 2 Ludwig, H., Zool. Jahrb. 1904, Suppl., VII, p. 690. PANAMIC AND WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. 221 on both sides of the Atlantic or Pacific. The causes now at work appear sufficient to explain their relationship, when we take into account what is known of the efficient transporting agency of equatorial or other oceanic currents for the pluteus or the young stages of Echini during a considerable period of their post-embryonic life. We should also remember that, even with our imperfect knowledge of the bathymetrical range of Echini, the range in depth of many genera is known to be very great, as will be seen from an examination of the lists given in the “Challenger” Report and from the depths obtained by this Expedition. Among them I may mention those having a wide geographical distribution as well as a great bathymet- rical range.’ This will serve to show the extent to which many species can slowly migrate upon the bottom, even at a very considerable distance from land or continental or insular slopes, when living in the track of a great equatorial current which brings them a constant and abundant supply of food. Doederlein’ has also called attention to the extensive geographical dis- tribution of many species of Echini in the Indo-Pacific realm,*? —a huge realm extending from the Red Sea to the Sandwich Islands and from the Paumotus to Mozambique; so that it is natural to expect io find local varie- ties due to the limited migration of many of the species, in spite of the extensive migration of others during their pluteus existence. He enumerates the Red Sea, Western India with the east coast of Africa, Mauritius and the Seychelles, the Indo-Malay district from New Guinea to Ceylon, and the east coast of Australia as four somewhat independent realms of the great T Genera. Range in fathoms, Genera. Range in fathoms, WOLOGIGATIS. se ee «684 ME 2 ee. fs,» 950 Porocidarig. .. . . . . 1444 ROMRIESA «, a: 2. 6 «| BEBO Cemmecidarns . 2 5 « » 1975 Homolampas . . . . . . 1600 Damen erat. 3.8 it.) >? 1850 Meena ak ws ac: 3 (808 Podociearie § foe.) +, » - 1075 Echinocardium ... . . 2675 Gooloplearna .-«... 2°... 1828 Premeaster ke ~~ 400 Aspidodiadema ... . . 1800 BREE Rs yo se yer’ tm. MESS Dermatodiadema. . . . . 800 PIE Se a) vais a 2, x, 600 Foormosoma . .. . . ._ 1100 Cystecmnnus ~ . . . . . . 900 Pemmechinus** (3: & >... - 600 Pilematechinus ... . . 1825 meimonoeidaris . . .... . 460 Pircemmus . «FT ss ss G00 Sens Ss Se a EO Pere Soda se te S180 epomerechinus . |. . .. 400 pemmmanter <: . ... . + « 1400 Euppende “2 9. .. . . .) | «|64BI 2 Bericht iiber die von Herrn Professor Semon bei Amboina und Thursday Island gesammelten Echinoidea. Jena, 1902. Aus Semon, Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem Malay- ischen Archipel. ' 8 See A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, 1872, Plates A-G, pp. 205-212. # Genocidaris. 222 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. central tropical Pacific realm, of which the Sandwich Islands, the Panamic, the Paumotus, Samoan, and the Fijian may be similar primary subdivisions. None of the trawl hauls made by this Expedition were at a great distance from shore. Our stations, centring as they did at the Galapagos, always had that group as oceanic terminus. From Galera Point to the Galapagos (Chatham Island) the distance is about six hundred miles, and though our line from the Galapagos to Acapulco measured 1200 miles, the greatest distance normal from the shore was not more than 900 miles, and no point on our lines inside of the Galapagos was more than 300 miles from the shore, See Plate 110. There was hardly a station at which a considerable amount of vegetable matter was not brought up in the trawl, derived either from the nearest part of the mainland or from Cocos Island or the Galapagos. This vegeta- ble deposit dropping from the surface plainly shows the extent of the area which may thus be supplied with food by the prevailing currents. The distance of our stations from land was not great enough to have modified to any extent the abundance of the abyssal fauna; for although Echini were brought up in the trawl at only forty-one stations, there was not a single haul of the trawl made which did not bring up abundant animal life, so that representatives of either fishes, crustacea, mollusks, annelids, aley- onarians, or other groups were always represented, according to the nature of the bottom. On the track from Panama to Cocos Island and eastward toward Galera Point, then to Malpelo and to Panama, as well as from Galera Point to Chatham Island, Echini were found at nearly every station. We found them more abundant immediately off Mariato Point, around Cocos and Malpelo, Galera Point; but between Culpepper to off Acapulco they only occurred near Culpepper and about seventy miles off Acapulco in deep water at the foot of the continental slope. We found Echini again along our line from Cape Corrientes into the Gulf of California as far as Guaymas, where the distances from shore were inconsiderable. As will be seen by the chart of our route, Pl. 110, the continental slope of the Panamic district is steep, the 1500 and 2000 fathom lines both run- ning generally parallel to the coast line at a distance of from thirty to ninety miles, except where the 2000-fathom line bulges out to sea to enclose the Galapagos. The dredgings made by the “ Albatross” in 1891* were not sufficiently 1 See List of Stations, p. 242. PANAMIC AND WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. 223 numerous to give us any idea of the association of the deep-water species at any locality. The adjoining Table gives the range of the different species on the Panamic side of the Isthmus, as far as it can be given from the collections made by the “ Albatross” in 1891. BATHYMETRICAL RANGE OF THE PANAMIC SPECIES OF ECHINI. Name. Moira clotho A. Ag. Moira clotho A. Ag. Centrocidaris Doederleini A. Ag. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag. Porocidaris Cobosi A. Ag. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Homolampas hastata A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag. Schizaster latifrons A. Ag. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag. Urechinus giganteus A. Ag. Homolampas hastata A. Ag. Phrissocystis aculeata A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Homolampas hastata A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. _Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Ag. Depth in fathoms. 7 14 52 66 85 100 112 146 182 385 465 511 511 546 628 676 676 680 695 772 782 782 885 899 902 905 978 978 995 995 995 995 995 1010 1067 1132 1132 1132 1182 1175 Name. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Aérope fulva A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. A Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Aérope fulva A. Ag. de _ Echinocrepis setigera A. Ag. Periaster tenuis A. Ag. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Aérope fulva A. Ag. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Echinocrepis setigera A. Ag. Periaster tenuis A. Ag. Aérope fulva A. Ag. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Aérope fulva A. Ag. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Periaster tenuis A. Ag. Dialithocidaris gemmifera A. Ag. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. Phormosoma panamense A. Ag. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Echinocrepis setigera A. Ag. Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag. re ee ee ~] —] 7] “1 =] Depth in fathoms. | | | 75 1189 1823 1879 1879 | 1879 | 224 PANAMIC DEEP SEA £&£CHINI. At Station 3394 in 511 fathoms, we obtained in Panama Bay Brissopsis ~ columbaris and Schizaster Townsendi. - At Station 3363 in 978 fathoms, N. E. of Cocos Island, we obtained Dermatodiadema horridum and Homolampas hastata. At Station 3431 in 995 fathoms, Gulf of Panama, we dredged Phormo- soma hispidum, Schizaster Townsendi, Pourtalesia Tanneri, Schizaster lati- frons, Urechinus giganteus. At Station 3376 in 1132 fathoms, south of Malpelo, we obtained Salenia miliaris, Homolampas hastata, Phormosoma hispidum, Dermatodiadema horridum. At Station 3362 in 1175 fathoms, Mariato Point to Cocos Island, we obtained Salenia miliaris, Phormosoma hispidum, Dermatodiadema horri- dum, Aérope fulva. At Station 3411 in 1189 fathoms, between Bindloe and Wenmam Islands, we obtained Salenia miliaris and Pourtalesia Tanneri. At Station 3375 in 1201 fathoms, south of Malpelo, and at Station 3400 in 1322 fathoms, Galera Point to Galapagos, we obtained Phormosoma his- pidum and Dermatodiadema horridum. At Station 3413 in 1360 fathoms, northwest of Culpepper Island, we obtained the same species, and in addition, Salenia miliaris. At Station 3361 in 1471 fathoms, from Mariato Point to Cocos Island we obtained Salenia miliaris and Aérope fulva. At Station 3398 in 1573 fathoms, off Galera Point, we obtained Derma- todiadema globulosum, D. horridum, Echinocrepis setigera, Periaster tenuis and Aérope fulva. At Station 3360 in 1672 fathoms, southwest of Mariato Point, we obtained Porocidaris Milleri, Salenia miliaris and P. Rathbuni. At Station 3399 in 1740 fathoms, off Galera Point, we obtained Poro- cidaris Milleri, Aérope fulva, Echinocrepis setigera and Periaster tenuis. At Station 3381 in 1772 fathoms, off Galera Point, we obtained Dermatodiadema globulosum, D. horridum, Aérope fulva, Porocidaris Milleri and Periaster tenuis. A At Station 3382 in 1793 fathoms, off Point Mala, we obtained Dialitho- cidaris gemmifera and Brissopsis columbaris. ; At Station 3415 in 1879 fathoms, off Acapulco, we obtained Porocidaris — Milleri, Echinocrepis setigera and Cystechinus Loveni. Out of forty-one stations at which Echini were collected, at twenty-five stations only one species was found, and at sixteen more than one: viz., PANAMIC AND WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. 925 six stations, two species; at three stations, three species; at five stations, four species ; at two stations, five species. On the West Indian side Echini were collected at one hundred and seventy-eight stations. At ninety-eight stations only one species was found; at twenty-nine, two species; at twenty-four, three species; at seven, four species ; at ten, five species; at four, six species; at five, seven; and at one station thirteen species. In the West Indies by far the greatest number of the hauls were made along the continental slope, and compara- tively few in the abyssal region; while in the Panamic district compara- tively few hauls were made along the continental slope, a larger proportion being made in the abyssal region. So that the comparisons here made will probably be somewhat modified after a more extended survey of the Panamic continental slope has been made. The following lists taken at characteristic points will give an idea of the association of the species of Echini on the West Indian continental slope. Station 155, orr Montserrat, 88 FATHOMS. §rarion 157, orF MontsERRAT, 120 FATHOMS. Dorocidaris Bartletti. | D. papillata. ; Genocidaris maculata. Conolampas Sigsbei. Agassizia excentrica. STATION 269, oFF St. VINCENT, 124 FATHOMS. Coelopleurus floridanus. Trigonocidaris albida. Toxopneustes variegatus. Clypeaster subdepressus. Paleotropus Josephine. Orr Havana, 250 FATHOMS. Dorocidaris papillata. Dorocidaris Blakei. Salenia Pattersoni. Podocidaris scutata. Coelopleurus floridanus. Trigonocidaris albida. Echinocyamus pusillus. Conolampas Sigsbei. Pourtalesia miranda. Palzotropus Josephine. Paleopneustes cristatus. Rhynobrissus micrasteroides. Brissopsis lyrifera. _ Agassizia scrobiculata. Dorocidaris Bartletti. D. papillata. Salenia Pattersoni. Genocidaris maculata. Paleopneustes cristatus. Paleopneustes hystrix. Station 274, orr BarBapos, 209 FATHOMS. Asthenosoma hystrix. Echinocyamus pusillus. Linopneustes longispinus. Macropneustes spatangoides. Agassizia excentrica. Schizaster orbignyanus. Station 300, orr Barsanos, 82 FATHOMS. Coelopleurus floridanus. Echinolampas depressa. Palzotropus Josephine. Paleopneustes cristatus. 226 PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. The stations occupied off Havana, varying in depth from 120 to 400 fathoms off Morro Light, were all wonderfully rich in species not only of Kchini, but of Corals and Ophiurans. In my Report on the “ Blake” Echini' I called attention to the inter- esting comparisons to be made between the abyssal Echinid fauna of the West Indian and of the Panamic regions when the material became ayail- able. The Echini collected by the “ Albatross” Expedition of 1891? in the Panamic region comprise twenty-four species, only three of which belong to the continental slopes; the others are deep-sea types, such as Porocidaris, Salenia, a new abyssal genus of Arbaciadze, Dermatodiadema, Phormosoma, three Pourtalesiz#: Pourtalesia, Plexechinus, and Echino- crepis; four species of Urechinidze belonging to Urechinus, Cystechinus, Pilematechinus; two Paleopneustidz: Phrissocystis, and Homolampas; and among the Spatanginz and Brissina, Aérope, Schizaster, Periaster, Bris- sopsis, and Toxobrissus, all of which have abyssal representatives among the West Indian Kchinoidea. The discovery of these species only increases the great similarity already known to exist between the littoral and conti- nental species of the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama. I have given in the “ Blake” Echini* a Table showing the West Indian species of Echini which have representatives in the Panamic area. This Table is here reproduced with the addition of the bathymetrical range of both the West Indian and Panamic species as far as it is known. I have not repeated the list of the nearest representatives in post-Cretaceous and Cretaceous times, as but few additions have been. made to the fossil species of American Echini. The principal additions are found in Clark’s Revision of the Cretaceous Echinoidea of North America.* They consist in additions to my list of two species of Cretaceous Cidaris, of three species of Salenia from the Cretaceous of Texas, of a species of Goniopygus, of Cyphosoma, and of Psammechinus, also from Texas, of two species of Scutella and Echino- brissus from Alabama and Texas, of three species of Cassidulus, of a Periaster, of additional species of Hemiaster, and a Linthia. With the exception of Salenia, Goniopygus, Periaster, and Linthia, no genera not included in my list have been added to the Table. Other interesting additions have also been made by Professor Gregory, who has described two species of fossil Echini 1 Mem. M. C. Z. 1883, X, No. 1, p. 82. 2 Bull. M. C. Z. 1898, XXXII, No. 5, p. 71. 8 «« Blake ’’ Echini, p. 85. 4 W. B. Clark, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, No. 86, 1891. PANAMIC. AND WEST INDIAN ECHINID FAUNA. 227 from the Oceanic Series of Barbados, Archeopneusles abruptus' and Cyst- echinus crassus.” From the list of the species found in the East Indian Archipelago, given by M. de Meijere, and by the “ Valdivia” in the Indian Ocean, we have collated the genera or their representatives which had not thus far been noticed to extend over the Indo-Pacific realm. From the Echinoidea of the “ Valdivia” and “ Siboga” Expeditions and other sources we may add the following genera which have not been recorded before as ex- tending from the Panamic to the Kast Indian realm: Phormosoma, Salenia, Aspidodiadema, Dermatodiadema, Neolampas, Homolampas, Phrissocystis and Moira. The number of Clypeastroids collected from shallow water by the “ Siboga”’ Expedition is remarkable. With the exception of the species of Kchinocyamus and Fibularia, the first of which extends to 1886 metres and the last to 522 metres, the Clypeastroids range from littoral to 350 metres, the majority to less than 200 metres. I have before called attention to the absence of Clypeasteride in the deeper waters of the West Indian area and off the southern coasts of the United States, where Clypeastroids are common littoral forms. The same is the case in the Gulf of California and off the Pacific Mexican and Central American coasts. ; The “Blake” dredged Echinocyamus to a depth of 850 fathoms, and the “Challenger” obtained Fibularia to a depth of 950 fathoms. This agrees with the deeper range of these genera in the East India Islands. 1 Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, 1892, Vol. XLVIII, p. 163. 2 Id. 1889, Vol. XLV. p. 640. 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Jo 48800 oHUEITY *salozy ‘Salpuy 489A “sorpuy “MM ‘Onuey -yy yeordory, “spsyT eIpuy 4yseq SOIDET OMA. Me a SEtE— €E¢-SLT 021-069 969-OLT S8P—-POP 161-64 OST-— aae ELE-68 866-8E 806-16 OSt-99 0&6L-00€ §&6 06-68 S8I-68 "sseBy vroytasy “ef ‘ssuby sisdossrig ‘BY “V Soploioysesotu “yy ‘Sy ‘Vy snsstqousqy ‘SV “VY snyeuoz “FT ‘SY “VY ZU “H "AOTT Snyisi0dxo “FT : ‘Soq] ToyserIulo yy “ABIQ) VNISSIUE ‘ULION WUnpyTyeuued “Ap ‘SY ‘WV SUdOSOART “oT Ae uNyep10o “T] “Ae vNIpreoourqogy ‘SV “V soprosuvjeds "7 ‘ssuSy soysnoudosse yl . ‘ ‘Sy “y sour “¢ ‘oyloug-opuy ‘ouvpyy [eordory, TH S8sHe “BITS JO Jy ‘eueueg Naa ‘TEA VIRNOIGOINS "VY ‘sarpuy “MA | T6S-eL ‘BY “Vy voLyua0xe “Vy ‘ayton pure onuryy uweowomy estes ‘RA Vzesety ‘spsyT vipuy qsey “spsy Aavurg ‘eyunoy

oooroocoy, YF a0 He Oo “ICO CO “1 OC ) S ne eo @Qcecoecesos eo So - COO°O° No oR Ree H CO OO bb He oo > (ee) ao 2 2 oo oo rer hw. 4 Longitude West. ° , ” 78 34 20 8021 0 81 4 0 86 46 0 88 58 30 89 3 30 8917 0 89 28 0 89 38 0 90 21 30 90 24 380 90 32 380 90 54 90 34 ES) 91 43 92 6 96 28 98 40 99 42 99 48 99 52 100 3 100 8 100 010 99 59 99 59 106 23 105 24 106 25 106 25 106 25 LOE 107 31 108 40 109 3 20 109 48 0 109 48 0 110 45 20 110 53 40 Co oc © © ooo ee bo i) ooo lee) bo ocoocoocoocoo] TEMPERA- TURE. Sur- face. Depth in Fathoms. 85 1575 1740 1322 395 421 384 385 53 551 885 684 827 301 1189 918 1360 2232 1879 419 493 660 Tie 664 888 141 94. 676 680 146 80 238 919 852 995 1421 1218 1588 859 905 628 Character of Bottom. stf. gn. M. brk. sh. gn. Oz. gn. Oz. It. gy. glob. Oz. glob. Oz. R. glob. Oz. fne. gy. S. bk. sp. R R. Co. Sh. R. glob. Oz. glob, Oz. bk. S. bk. S. yl. glob. Oz. R: glob. Oz. dk. sp. gn. M. br. M. glob. Oz. fne. br. M. gn. M. br. S. bk. sp. gn. M. bk. sp gn. M. gy.S.bk. Sp. glob. gn. M.&S. dk. gy. S. glob. gn. M. glob. Oz. bk. S. It. bro. M. glob. br. M. bk. sp. br. M. bk. sp. br. M. bk. sp. br. M. bk. sp. br. M. bk. sp. br. M. bb. sp. * Stations at which Echini were collected. Tangles. ) l REMARKS. Surface tow-net. Surface tow-net, Point. Surface tow-net. off Galera Surface tow-net. Tangles. Tangles. Tangles. Surface tow-net. Off | Bindloe Island, 4 miles west. 9 Pp. M., surface tow-net, 5 miles off Wenman Islands. At noon, surface tow-net. Submarine tow-net and surface tow-net. Surface tow-net. Tangles. Surface tow-net. Submarine tow-net and sur- face tow-net. Submarine tow-net dragged on the bottom. About 50 miles south of Guaymas. ¢e MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD. COLLEGE, VOL. XXXL. ‘CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. TED FOR THE MUSEUM. ed oes > ae edna 4 ? “ res 6 > Py i. yy re id oT ‘ ( — P $ & BP rag \ ett ee 4 “ . : at a ay o ni +r i aa “se a " S.. a Fs . P (iM COON AVITREAIMOS TOC ae Ta = University Press: Pd as Joun Witson anp Son, CAMBRIDGE, U.S = AVAL) 61 GUE nF Me ae A LOT 8 - a % OOH AILAD . iriin An’ woe TATVUN? - ‘ cams / te ky i 08 a 4 CONTENTS. ORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO, el AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, in charge of ALEXANDER AGassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ‘* Albatross” ring 1891, Lieut.-Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N., Commanding. XXXII. Tue _Panamic Deep Sxa Ecutnt. By ALExanpER AGassiz. pp. i-x, 1-243. 112 Plates, ; nel ding a chart of the route, and 319 Figures in the text. November, 1904. Are ; of pa CI a oe ' 1 am rem! oa el —_ ’ 1 of anda jue 4 | = . f oe ¥ i ' ‘ 71. we ey f _— ’ + AYKLTAGO (0 26 #0aA0D FW SHT We yore ae “UA SAL COOATATLG BAT WHO O40 ACTER nro & avieliA + cuit imizeiatae’) gt .@-.U ola eee: mee x3 nel PAZ -gatioammo) 7,4 5 WAKE Ae bageunwl- te Jel SOP Det vaekbigay © ermal heerichy See 1S neat Ae a LOOT isdimavra e3 odd si -—— ah mae 2 ‘Ser r - i; i = bal - -. 2 7 ~ = > & a ar Z s pm eX - _* A. a a he atemoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. VoL. XXXI. REPORTS ON AN EXPLORATION OFF THE WEST COASTS OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, AND OFF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER ‘ ALBATROSS,” DURING 1891, LIEUT. COMMANDER Z. L. TANNER, U. S. N., COMMANDING. XXXII. THE PANAMIC DEEP SEA ECHINI. By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. ONE VOLUME TEXT, WITH ONE HUNDRED AND TWELVE PLATES, INCLUDING A CHART OF THE ROUTE, AND 319 FIGURES IN THE TEXT. PLATES. [Published by Permission of MArswatyt McDonatp and GrorcEe M. Bowers, U. S. Commissioners of Fish and Fisheries. ] CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A.: Printed for the suluseum., 1904. ap ee Phormosoma hispidum A. Station 3413. A ates Pure A doe ef? mort. noe jah a ae AAS. oitete 3 aiforq Wie Ss. bwirtisd 4 tk, 4 if ~ ty | ee ee wd P f . % pice’ isn od’ pois ipear | CS At ] oo ae A . T rt r 4 — ae r), * — : i oe \ —_ Md . ~ av i ‘ Pe el e's Gate ‘ : vr : 7 ae eds | ; > chs Pas " i = ¢ a st = i sm * «& a nie Put BL 1. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag.; 54 mm. in length, seen from the size; Station 3376. 2. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag.; 17 mm. in length, seen in profile ; St 3. Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag.; 88 mm. in length, : e ambulacrum, natural size : Station 3415. 7 - a “s a = 9 a) Nestergren del fas - a ONi8 Letodan exuroit [lye gy . BiGi90 wisoslodms tol) O50 ,! > oo “ / KOSe oitmee [eit : 3 . P oe 4 7 7 an = <é.- : 4 . Pari= _* a t v 35 * Pes FcraN ~ i a j - ou 7 a. } is p> in all 7 a a) - PLATE 1. 144. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag. ; all figures natural size. In all the figures unless otherwise stated, the odd anterior an centre of the upper J part of the Te 1. Seen from the abactinal side. 2. Seen from the actinal side, same specimen as fig. 1; figs. 1, 2, Station 68, 3. A smaller specimen seen from the abactinal side. =i 4. Same as fig. 3, seen from the actinal side; figs. 3, 4, Station 3367. — = Ld LS ah eal cay Last ME LAE Li gible a ie , 4 *y ie, ie “ae : PH = : Lo? ig iyi? Weeeisisg eixabiourxo(l 1 iy 4 ett’ * : r Py Ad oa i - . p “g ign veobaypetghs od wodod obte | wis Ot moi? moee tf a, ; ox >. saptouludina Sas 1 Pare 2. Weiss Jie! volt bas .curoslad: ' hee . i sf ms 2 mort 19928 eed old to ut | beburoh gare Phd golwode .CSutioxge omee oil'T* meee = 7 ¥ ” bre dest bobunoh edd to dieq guiworle jalitory 392 ourtooge ome od . Adiipelodia 16 Olle ‘vi ~ f ] / a } t259 bebuneb ods Yo Nag yuigoltls Slilorg oF | iit tis Gite wiih” A nee a iar . Ngee ath aol ts tess \ PLatTeE 2, 1-4. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag.; all Eomee natural size ; Station a 1. Seen from the abactinal side to show the denuded abactinal system, the odd anteric ambulacrum, and the left anterior interambulacrum and ambulacrum. Ae 2. The same specimen, showing the same denuded parts of the test, seen from the side, 3. The same specimen, seen in profile, showing part of the denuded test f anterior interambulacrum. 4. The same specimen, seen in profile, showing part of the denuded test f. anterior ambulacrum. ae ALBATROSS had el 7 + Be 7 ™~ feat £ ata 7 - = 6088 woitnge EGA A slenomaensg sitehioomd .0-! =, -tetominih of ar OF Phare 8. A Yo maseyy incitonde fobyaetl | a ' Pers Hamtooqe & to otste ¥4 isnitoats bebynatl .S ast omnivore % to ‘trteste (2 laniioeds befuaed | 2 + ors ‘ Tadecsnily i; rhs eg a. gain oil Io motays fe sido bobuast 4 ‘ eae sO Baotstn fife bit Quins) mse test TovuT 33 id ecsrt93, es BO OMT vaio wor eat bo uA ae “ba % Pry ~ ‘ . Denuded abactinal system of a specimen measuring 10 mm. in diameter. . Denuded abactinal system of a specimen measuring 18 mm. in diameter. . Denuded abactinal system of a specimen having 7 primary coronal plates, meas arin . Denuded actinal system of the same specimen as fig. 3. . Part of test, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum; same specimen as fig. 3. a . Part of test, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum; same specimen as" ig. : Puate 3. 1-6. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag.; Station 3368. 30 mm. in diameter. e rs ‘ a, Aupatross Ex. 1891. a BMeisel lith + ated oA. Sc shuabinoroG aS ‘Meinivsge 16 staig Kpaselodrcs:i0g. rt 30% BEE nolan alovedisg ui, & to baierbe sim stile lesnetud wares sj 0 Db gool yd shin enw ao bytostorg yoiwgfn ali fiiw A. / ti ~ a iL E Fouiiotye Tea laiq-: peOIg ie it $a 0% " ie %, 7) ‘od vv 7 oa * < ” ,, Pah ep. neeni sloilarr Livgeat sinks : FRE asin ar pal ai itn ao tors no ealovedit Uisaing Sibeis thipor! Asien Mewignge enise YW srt: Ponies Wor t0 i aye end = galery) bart: Saline! utes: stiri Th iear lidar SI VY acai Se Rcsitis BM oleate wiliismrs f-,dic beh ee sduly oo totni toite or. TF « “ 12.. . Youngest posterior interambulacral plate more advanced than fig. 1; two lower se on d- . A genital plate with its opening protected on one side by long digitate . Part of madreporic plate of spécimen measuring 25 mm. in diameter. . Sixth posterior interambulacral plate from the actinostome of same specimen as fi s.4 . Genital plate with numerous pores, of specimen measuring 14 mm. in di meter . Radiole of primary interambulacral area of same specimen as fig. 1. . Primary interambulacral radiole of same specimen as fig. 10, with serrations modifi PLATE 4. 1-12. Dorocidaris panamensis A. Ag. Youngest left anterior interambulacral plate of specimen 30 mm. in diameter, sho vind the first trace of a primary tubercle; Station 3368. ~~ ary tubercles are developed, the primary and two upper tubercles in process of formation. Station 3397. Station 3397. . Part of serobieular area of primary tubercle, on sixth plate from the actinos om left anterior interambulacral area of same specimen as fig. 1. . Primary left anterior interambulacral tubercle, on the fifth plate from the actinost om of same specimen as fig. 1. . Primary interambulacral radiole of specimen measuring 20 mm. in diamet Station 3397. into granules. Slightly magnified granular structure of a primary interambulacral radiole of a sp en measuring 25 mm, in diameter; Station 3397. . — ~ : : . 4 *. ~ £ m. m~ - 6, : » nd gx . r " - ¥ ad ~| Unis . trae bry x Piate 5. . = . a ea 1-4. Centrocidaris Doederleini A. Ag.; all figures from a specimen 261 Station 3369. és 1. Actinal system. 3 vist 2. Abactinal system. 3. Coronal plates seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum, with 7 p rim: ry 4, Seen facing the left ambulacrum. Pad € Lo) Ds ae ‘ ¢ eS, iS =a) {i\\) SO oe IN \\ © \) : LS = re: < oO ov “4s © ge Ba iy ' 7 ott Cy L cow Or’ Sj s vim (i > maa : 6) v4 L\. (| ¢ c. C C y soe eae 20.37 = Za 37,52? B Meisel [ith eee FeLi ey ies ew ECHINL, PLATE 5 J 2 ” eS 4 “wv, 7 ' - 7 ard Poe J et A ’ ene » i i af *}! ‘on : rs 7 . ote : om ET, 7 rs - ae - : ay ' * PLATE 6. ott Seve 1-4. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag.; all figures natural size ; Station 3¢ ¢ Agala as > 3) Ts : : a id Paid A 1. Seen from the actinal side. 2. Seen from the abactinal side. 3. Denuded test, showing the abactinal system of a female. 4. Denuded test, showing the abactinal system of a male. s% a eo oo a aD - ; / PLaTE 7, an Fe ww NS Fb . Abactinal system of a male measuring 28 mm. in diameter; Station 3381. . Abactinal system of a female measuring 20 mm. in diameter; Station 3399. . Actinal system of a specimen measuring 20 mm. in diameter, same as fig. 3; s ta . Left anterior interambulacral plates adjoining actinal system of a specimen measu PLATE 7. 1-7. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Abactinal system of a female measuring 28 mm. in diameter; Station 3381. Abactinal system of a male measuring 18 mm. in diameter; Station 3399. Abactinal system of a male measuring 14 mm. in diameter; Station 3599. 3399. = ee. 28 mm. in diameter; Station 3415. 4 ela 8 Ate R be | oe 2 Bh A brelliM sity binge is oil soled eotaig Fesontind Sue are "Ma skool et wont ES asim: nto3 - Boicte lashed fit2 ostomy lasos Lilie 3 eae: a ye : = ae ap SP o mek eae fe v an som: iy hate a eC is. ~ east Mabey leniion eff-mir? : BEE nos er vf! oni diiw eerepiil rare $e is me sates nesta t i ies Si y-18):| s daria! UG iE it Ye. 4s : Ay Pam 8. Fis 8 a Sag ed? bas ena ato ot Laden; Pet Puate 8. 1-9. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. Figs. 1-3 show the formation of the new ambulacral plates below the ocular plates, seer from the interior of the test of a specimen 33 mm. in diameter ; Station 3415. . The odd ocular plate and young ambulacral plates. . The ocular plate of the right anterior ambulacrum. ro? 2 . The ocular plate of the left posterior ambulacrum. Ber = SON ope . The odd anterior ocular and the young ambulacral plates, seen from the exterior the same as fig. 1. ‘- 5. The actinal plates of the odd anterior ambulacrum with the adjoining buceal plates and surrounding interambulacral plates of a specimen 33 mm. in diameter. on 6. Abactinal system of the same specimen as fig. 5, seen from the interior of the est, the anal system pushed to one side, and the left posterior genital split in two. ‘se 7. The fifth primary tubercle from the actinal system in the right posterior interan bulacrum, specimen 28 mm.; Station 3381. —— 8. The auricles of the right anterior ambulacrum, seen from the interior of the test, sam specimen as fig. 7. Ng = 9. The same as fig. 8, seen from the exterior. # ALBATROSS Ex. 189] ECHINI. PLATE 8. jor) Pate 9. 1-6. Podocidaris Cobosi A. Ag.; natural size; Stat . Seen in profile. te 4 The same, seen from the abactinal side. @ trad‘! The same, seen from the actinal side. Partly denuded test, showing the abactinal system. Partly denuded test, seen facing the right posterior ambu Same as fig. 4, seen facing the left anterior inte ALBATROSS Ex.. 1891. Heliotype Co, Boston PuaTE 10. A presi MNTe & PLATE 10. 1-3. Porocidaris Milleri A. Ag. . Seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen measuring 20 mm., ha ing primary coronal plates, from Station 3399. Same as Pl. 7, figs. 3, 6. . Same as fig. 1, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum. . Lower part of primary interambulacral radiole of specimen measuring 33 mm. i diameter; Station 3415. 4-9. Porocidaris Cobosi A. Ag.; Station 3404. . Seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen having 5 primary coron plates, measuring 8 mm. in diameter. . Seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum, same specimen as fig. 4. . Seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen having 6 primary coro plates measuring 21 mm. in diameter. The artist has omitted the lines joining t pores, as in figs. 1, 2, 4, 8. } . Seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 6. . Seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen having 7 primary - plates and measuring 35 mm. in diameter. . Seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 8. The lines joining the pores have been omitted in figs. 5, 7, 9. ECHINI, PLATE 10 Qo ti) ow B Meisel lith = ras ; Prag aragd =e t Iaodod rR sha TES aide Lojunsiuye Ipiliter belgie dose ba le none ied iHothy 2: Lerag tt: Sp Faby st bead ae $8990 Hearsay sti 2 acu le te HIG? = fiotzs ‘add wort fave, THIS hy int oe walt aren NOR 2 pl ep Gorge eat'T + wmmnty Jnciton odt to erbitienrolorg on . ae ee : 4 7, ¢ ma 2 ee Cs Wee | ee - 1. Seen from the actinal side, 5 mm. in diameter; Station 3380. 2. The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. 3. Actinal system of specimen measuring 8 mm. in diameter ; Station 3407. 4, The same as fig. 3, showing the abactinal system. p; 5. Actinal system of a specimen measuring 10 mm. in diameter; Station 3362. - 6. The same as fig. 5, showing the abactinal system. | PLATE 16. 1-6. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. Q op a7 Om Ys B Meisel lith Re 3 a1 re | ‘ah «A epspilien Blow ce oe | Mags ©: petted b A PO EE or: Ha tew so ebss és: iageds: 623 92993 Sertcasit ite stmt: ur Sthrgey - ate 17, 0 iscyinoge 2 aS Sirroal win +; ; iz yi enn ar To 2 Hilista wat be re ? ad MRI worsdapy Hol GAS Durer? an bai. PEM C Butsiransot hf . a t ig imataxlininis IuhIvioD i sult s | stort rohit do] wei ad ag “4 i sigh I S$4for) ied PuaTE 17. 1-7. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. 1. Actinal system of specimen measuring 15 mm, in diameter; Station 3360. 2. The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. 3. Abactinal system of specimen measuring 16 mm. in diameter; Station 3413. 4, Seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 5 mm. in diaz with 5 primary tubercles, same as Pl. 16, figs. 1, 2; Station 3580. 5. The same as fig. 4, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum. 6. The same specimen as Pl. 16, figs. 3, 4, measuring § mm. in diameter, with 5 p tubercles seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum ; Station 3407. 7. The same as fig. 6, seen facing the left anterior ambulacrum. A ROSS Ex. 1891 CHINI, PLATE 17 a zee ACRE 4°, I ats ij < Ts on a aa ig payed: edvaltion sinwin' 7 ethrinnse ayy WOE DC deh ob! Sultans 2 { 1% Meelis ioe | 7 J on Rar as" nr Si ae awry Silt vine) _ we DES acansa £ peeps! 5 oa dite wEvinelinfima.tahioscs | ae. E / hy Maistebdi taiistns fol sett ion) . Ree 6 90 Bere desectiime <03--0, PMerododmersssi Yeu Pia Be * Miiminiat toireicn ft) als 5 ri Pate 18. 1-6. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. . The same specimen as Pl. 16, figs. 5, 6, Station 3362, measuring 10 mm. in iam seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum with 5 adjoining primary interamb il tubercles. ; . The same as fig. 1, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum. . The same specimen as Pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, Station 3360, measuring 13 mm. in dian seen facing the odd anterior. ambulacrum, with 7 and 6 adjoining or interambulacral tubercles. = . The same as fig. 6, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum. . Seen facing the odd anterior ambulacral area of a specimen measuring 17 n diameter, with 7 and 8 adjoining primary interambulacral tubercles; Stati . The same as fig. 5, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum. aid San) ey Psi iechy MOK ace 4 Mme S001 bi - Xa pmodenniiok ads BP MUIEIA + ming ‘Puate 19. © Sr ae meee ie % bj yang a %% tedtagut ait ) tutors by 4; obt odie sii Ota 2 ot ysis, hs j ee ee ir ig Shuiie td Fo WOLD) Ms - : a SarSolod cris}; 3) barns yf; y Er. ag Bs Bs Kes ; bd Balabenodts Legh | Mpst eioihes tomweludsaserss yi; AB, ers ; Saya % . Part of the actinal system of the same specimen as PI. 17, fig. 3, mea t ri . The third plate from the actinostome of the right anterior i . Showing the striated structure of the interior of a primary plate (the thi . Showing the striated structure of primary interambulacral plate of th . Upper part of the same spine. PLATE 19. 1-8. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. diameter; Station 3413. Spheridia at actinostome of left anterior ambulacrum of specimen 1 in diameter; Station 3362. specimen of PI. 17, figs. 1, 2, measuring 13 mm.; Station 5360. ari the actinostome) of the right anterior interambulacrum with tl 1e a of the odd ambulacrum of the same specimen as PI. 17, fig. 3, meas i diameter; Station 5413. . 2 interambulacrum of same specimen as fig. 2, seen from the interior. . Section across the fifth primary interambulacral tubercle of same speci . Lower part of primary interambulacral radiole from specimen me as diameter; Station 3413. e Su inn Hs Hes Zee MUMS aah ill ae Thi Uf NAMM aS } i A : : SS, it B Meisel lith \ } OS @rmaI A etrallica stasied 4) Bo ai aL (wenliseys Youmirrinlidws 2601: * ‘ OSES aritere | g aS, } Pm cea omipsge a¢ dabisaliting 20: eof - 088 tohiese Sees 15 La gi ree famiooda be Catered wiline roi s525- =a + PLate ag.” nonste peatomiih a5 .9i0 in Ww aurrMalodima tom@ina fiw ad to ss eo eee i Teontat St ie}! Se gSF ninoled pas. ‘ ee ae 185 | emia to Tiina ie sobadeurs) ; rere : ot ttd, ra 4 ae oe ariagtiyilee * i904 to Mirrosl indoiae sod19 «15 DPS se sinelre a . oO bg 7 do semmnlod ise Tohtates Glo is Ha} ORL TNGHGIE 99M sco!) Pate 20. 14. Salenia miliaris A. Ag. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen, Pl. 16, figs. 1, 2, PL 1 5 mm. in diameter; Station 3380. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen, Pl. 16, figs. 3, 4, I 8 mm. in diameter; Station 3407. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen, Pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, Pl. 4 13 mm. in diameter; Station 3360. > . Actinal part of the odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen, P measuring 16 mm. in diameter; Station 3413. 5-7. Salenia Pattersoni A. Ag. . Right posterior ambulacrum of specimen measuring 5 mm. Exp. off Havana. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen measuring 10 mm. in = . Actinal part of odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen mea st ‘i 8. Salenia hastigera A. Ag. . Actinal part of odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen r 2as 2 “Challenger” Exp. Station 195. B.Meisel bith. L © ~ “a .] g = > ¢ & = aveb tq Jan t mS € ono fF & NS . Specimen measuring 1.9 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side; a k . The same, in profile, facing the left posterior interambulacrum. . Buccal plates of the right posterior ambulacrum of the same specimen. . Right anterior genital plate of same specimen as fig. 1, from the exterior; he . Inner view of the same plate as fig. 7. PLATE 2. 1-9. Salenia varispina A. Ag. ae Headed Shot Keys, 515 fms. The same, seen from the abactinal side. . The odd anterior ambulacrum of the same specimen, with 5 and 4 ambulaeral j l 4 primary interambulacral plates. . The odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 5 mm. in diame and 6 primary interambulacral plates; “Blake” Exp. Station 288, « 399 fms. the madreporic body are not yet developed. Anal system of same specimen as fig. 6.. —— SS aray't ©... Mrgh weonigk wicwlaaciA .S~t — sind nt wow BR stivuagoat Kantompe Yo tg ousteonis: * Tetomsth wt ju Siiadatom wyinivege Yo ous Heniasye to sured’ toitadne 1EvIGSeTT 2 srg b isthe wi omen ©. gaivesoat neinisay: eae ne BD yarcgeem sss: G2 Wan Plata oT WO-GIT siitieesm wonton y 2 “ 7 “3 ¥ Yin . i MER Rooster sicotsoors 1 a et at Aeipinitih wt ua OR gute oserinove ao ey Leo CLI Th he ATL outs {pt Bs 40 IDG7& {8 bakst 78 To iudse%e fai: a 2G atocagih 9, site G1 gniwessa Mounooge to oretaye ferris O-tmedeye Iniht redaad s -% YO on . Part of actinostome of specimen measuring 8.8 mm. in diameter. . Part of actinostome of specimen measuring 9 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 7.3 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 9 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 11.5 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 13 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 20 mm. in diameter. PLATE 22. 1-7. Acrosalenia spinosa Agass. . Actinal part of the right anterior ambulacrum of specimen measuring 13 mm diameter. 8. Acrosalenia Wiltonii Wright. ECHINI. PLATE 22 paE0: 4iont itertar # +, fh; RAR OER Ri Bite y 2 iyi: + J \ohe se % 4 daw 7 ure a tis 36390 44 r Mound Se toto: ee sae ork an Tiel esti. to febo fy eidioteoniion ois spor! eroq Aint ost ro ee si ae Fins reutipdind ae . Sei wee bia sedges ST pine aod (Wi hige ‘id ¥ tsirest yo eit "T, th, wii fk 9 pe sien, ane ths here may ot ia4 ond 3s pei Olt to ant) tes c- PLATE 23. 1-13. Dialithocidaris gemmifera A. Ag.; Station 3382. 1. Actinal system of specimen measuring 21 mm. in diameter. «a _ . Abactinal system of same as fig. 1. . The same specimen as fig. 1, seen facing the left anterior interambulacrum. __ 2 3 4, Actinal part of odd anterior ambulacrum of same. ~~ 5. Actinal part of odd anterior ambulacrum, showing the auricles, seen from the e 6 . Actinal part of the left posterior interambulacrum and ambulacram, seen fr interior. | 7. One of the pores at the actinostome. 8. The tenth pore from the actinostome. 9. Ambulacral pore close to the ocular plate. 10. Eye-plate of the left posterior ambulacrum, seen from the interior. 11. Embryonic tubercles of the left anterior interambulacrum. 12. Primary tubercle, third plate from the actinostome, of the left pos ce erum. 13. Base of primary radiole. oe Of - \ 327, Poy OQ 3\ 33 5 Qo PAS (oop on Os. Orne BM Mersel [9 . Somewhat smaller specimen from the abactinal side; Station 3398. . The same specimen as fig. 2, seen facing the right anterior ambulacrum. . Specimen with spines, seen from the abactinal side; Station 5413. . The same as fig. 4, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum. . The same as fig. 10, seer from the abactinal side. . A-small specimen, partly denuded, seen from the abactinal side; Sta ic PLATE 24. 1-3. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. Seen from the abactinal side; Station 3381. 4-12. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Another specimen, partly denuded, seen from the actinal side; Station 33 . A somewhat smaller specimen than fig. 6, seen from the actinal side; § : The same as fig. 7, seen facing the right posterior ambulacrum. The same as fig. 7, seen from the abactinal side. A much smaller specimen, seen from the actinal side; Station 3407. All figures natural size. ALBATROSS EX. 189]. £ Heliotype Co, Boston. i as otadl. is eeaesie Sup6baibod enai0 0.¥- p ai stiem Aves gredoauaib ff nny t.). sirureaain.,homioasa fend i ds hs te rd j “ Siealb Ai IRE BBlWenoGs Nomilooye & Fo Looswys oo * ‘ve ‘ t we oS gto. enige pipes wiming do 1% al Bids notes patent) or . Small specimen, measuring 7.3 mm. in diameter, seen from the actinal side . Actinal system of a specimen measuring 10 mm. in diameter; Station 33 sas . Enlarged view of actinal part of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the sam 2s PuatTe 25. 1-6. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. 2 @ 3362. fig. 2. . Actinal system of a specimen measuring 10.5 mm. in diameter; Station 336: . Actinal system of a specimen measuring 15 mm. in diameter; Station 3: 13. . Lower part of primary interambulacral spine of a specimen m sasuring diameter; Station 3413. 4 ! oO Ic \9 PN bE) / LBATROSS Ex. 1891 A oie us. Te i ‘ . a al 4 et ori se Tee 1 : a Seep eatiried mands a ‘ *y tedoniaib pick “ie OS pitinvkests osiuvioy 8 dee misheve lewisoA <1 3 eh ; oo sbrret af i SES ftoudy arta IY siiedlodis Pree FT a Pees Puein-26. AR aoinds : eolowdsa ye Sa b ai. Ghat ‘a yehurenoiii ‘Faurinege BAG woTghludaiy soHoius Ha) J "all ~ : - Se bbe f é J Rs Ped 2OL3I4 - (8 vast ty Tit heh saceolvdely-smstnibotwicwd & Ba rice juss Sodeosainit Betinede Io indteye leuites: todwL ¢ ; A288 notine Siaswon abisize niiwios!ydurn: sored: aw as.* PLATE 26. 1, 3,4. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. 4 a 1. Actinal system of specimen measuring 20 mm. in diameter; Station 3413. 3. Left posterior ambulacrum of specimen measuring 9 mm. in diameter wi mary tubercles; Station 3364. cS 4. Odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 19 mm. in diameter | ; mary plates ; Station 3413. P ; 2. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. 2. Part of actinal system of specimen measuring about 30 mm. in di: anterior ambulacrum extends upwards; Station 3381. ROSS EX. 1801. g i a iat, tbodanrrocl ie . i ee Nuntiosge to 8 to Woteys lenijonds 16 PAT FO eet POOH aids —~- he bot iets 78 sBiireoy! £ wn OL Porwiensu neminsge Ie pisthy2 lewis 2 irre titan! A ya i i . Plates of part of abactinal system of small specimen measu . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 14 mm. in diameter; Sti ‘ Dee ie he ’ ae <—*ey PLATE 27. 1-6. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. Station 3364. te i” : > . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 6.8 mm. in diameter; Station . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 10 mm. in diameter; Stati . Abactinal system of specimen measuring 12 mm. in diameter ; Static Abactinal system of specimen measuring 14 mm, in diameter; $ ta 0 th Tie ALBATROSS EX 1801. 2G ya ao, ; i PLATE 28. 1, 2. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. 1. Abactinal system of a specimen measuring 20 mm. in diameter with 7. tubercles; Station 3413. 2. Abactinal system of another specimen of the same size as fig. 1, with sma u crowded anal plates; Station 3413. 3, 4. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. 3. Abactival system of a specimen measuring 25 mm. in diameter; S: 4, Abactinal system of a specimen measuring 30 mm. in diameter; St: on 3 3 as Ex. 1891. € 4 oe). 1] PS) 4 a we fea} or Bohiiennr ndmigayje bBo anrellod ws - 3 ; nets ape 2 es A Rom isqK enias wild boy tharspln Nees! wwii Pure 29, CMMI Nina aahicin. } BLES Howe ,aslviw®)s y- - FF saotienye OUTAR aie 46 ain mata diiiss: Agri ~ Pe eves sie antic ae (1901 TOs " in) baghdad iw: & yore 5 ae depicts: ou }—#B Berd wi ‘to. eaissaa td tidied 13 tpi ag oo oe ‘ ¢ > ae ee ~~," ay ti A» a PLATE 29. 1-4. Dermatodiadema horridum A. Ag. . The odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 10.5 mm. in diameter primary tubercles; Station 3363. . The left anterior interambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 1 (Actinal 5 's fig. 4). i . The odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 20 mm. in diame 7-8 primary tubercles ; Station 3413. o . The left anterior interambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 3 (Abac tina 28, fig. 1; actinal syst. Pl. 26, fig. 1). ae | 5-7. Dermatodiadema globulosum A. Ag. = . The left posterior ambulacrum of a specimen measuring 25 mm. in di u 8-9 primary tubercles; Station 3398. . The left posterior interambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 5(A Pl. 28, fig. 3). . ie z (Abactinal syst. Pl. 28, fig. 4; actinal syst. Pi. 26, fig. 2); Station 3381 . The abactinal part of the right anterior ambalacrum of a specimen measur’ Oy a I i ee . a a ROSS Ex 1891 ECHINI, PLATE 29 B Meisel tith fl S ise] a a 6 my Cc mA Aa T&T FF WO DH = S Pxate 30. 1-10. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Actinal view of a specimen from Station 3362. Abactinal view of same as fig. 1, measuring 15 mm. in diameter. Actinal view of larger specimen from Station ge measuring 34 mm. — 1 ¥ NG ars . &s Abactinal view of the same specimen as fig. 3. . a a “ es ~~ —— - Actinal view of specimen measuring 38 mm, in diameter; Station 3374. iy Abactinal view of same specimen as fig. 5, eT Se me Bs ey PY Actinal view of specimen measuring 45 mm. ; Station 3376. Abactinal view of the same as fig. 7. a he Actinal view of specimen measuring 53 mm. in diameter ; Station 3376. | *, » Same specimen as fig. 9, seen from the abactinal side. All figures natural size. Heliotype Co, Boston PLATE 31. 1-3. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. hs mee ge oi test of a specimen measuring 75 mm., seen from thea c 2. Same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. 3. Actinal view of the denuded test of a specimen measuring 120 mm. 3376. koe All figures natural size. 3 7 We ih 0, Bo ston Hotype Cr # PLATE 32. 1, 2. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Abactinal view of the partly denuded test of an imperfect specimen measuring 123 in diameter; Station 3400. 2, The same specimen as fig. 1, seen from the interior. } The odd ambulacrum of both figures points to the left; figures natural size. PLATE 33. 1-3. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Denuded plates of the actinal system (fragment) in prolongation of the odd i : crum of a specimen from Station 3398. ’ 2. The same, seen from the interior. 3. View of the interior of an imperfect specimen measuring 120 mm. in diamet the lanterns and auricles and a number of the ambulacral branc natural size; Station 3400. ALBATROSS Ex. 189¥l. 2 Heliotype Co, Boston a t . ' a atOMLiTS Ai" Se, +5 Pe; | oda | ve —-« , PLATE 34. 1-3. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Interior view of an imperfect specimen showing the imbrication of the int ar ml areas and the reverse imbrication of the actinal system and ambulacral z specimen measuring about 140 mm. in diameter; Station 3400. | 2. A part of the actinostome, seen from the exterior, from fragments of a spec about the diameter of fig. 1; Station 3332. 3. The same fragment as fig. 2, seen from the interior. All figures natural size. A be ALBATROSS LX oe ee Revs) p ¥ Puate 35. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Pe Ae PLATE 36. Phormosoma hispidum A. sere aoe The same specimen as that figured in Plate 35, natural size, 135mm. in di the abactinal side ; Station 3393. oe / is yy ra ~ =; = — ¥ * - 5 = : - ~¢ > i p is a y o De ALBATF Helictype Co, Boston. PLATE 37. a hispidum A. Ag. A specimen seen from the actinal side, partly denuded, measuring 203 mm. in d three quarters natural size; Station 3413. [TBATROSS Ex.. 1891 Hehotype Printing Cc eu ' ee ee ys i, iy 1 aes a - ( ba ie Ay, — ¥ 1 idee 4 I 5 ha ie iw ‘ 7-8 ge Puate 38. Phommasiee ae ae A. Ag. a The same as specimen figured on Pl. 37, seen from the abactinal side, 1 in diameter; Station 3413. ae oe ok Hehiotype Printing Co it in ee on d We 2 » ¥ ’ ; a « | ~« : 6 : = ; } “~ x, 6 = y . a = 1 ee n ~ a = etm, : ; ; ~ - ; ae a a3 us : Be OE gia¥ . el : ry - ‘ SAN oA Py ne - t ’ y es — i : os 2 5 i oe oe > 5 FF a . , x Po i = t i " +s = ~ R ‘ m SI SHLy 4 we Sy 5 Ls mentee Pat «) ne Cf sran‘! : Mt RAL micePidraB8e0 cri0dF arty OST pave : qaisor th conn age f ° X oe . hae on - ‘ | ~ ~ - - ; — 7 o “4 : se Fey i= ’ “ te yey a2) i A 4 ’ : * ae = a) Cree: f a a a) is eo % iri / ay - ‘ >. ¢, thy y 7 ~ hee v. , ‘ ere ae VEeseg * » ‘x a . “a * aie * >. *., ¢ wv ‘_ Be: 0 ne eS i Ls 1 ae 2 PLATE 39. 1-3. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Abactinal system of a specinen measuring 120 mm. in diameter ; Station - - J 2. Abactinal system of a specimen abt. 150 mm. in diameter; Station 3400. : ~~ 3. Abactinal system of specimen 203 mm. in diameter (Pl. 38) ; Station 3413. SIO IR. oO ome p aobiath 3 rt thas a vere fentisetss os Sh pesayte toriisecd } 0 wa CFL) sstemaih aii com at paris aye 8 pe a2 OE 1S} retonrwih Th atin $8. ii tapeore a ll .- 4s av . = t eg Ae 7s tStan12if gi ithe GT aarnidons @ 10 Mmibteye funitood A -b mm 08 asorinsy? .F te tre Oe GONRIE airy jal a | a - & »b . Abactinal system of a specimen 53 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, figs. 9, ie . Abactinal system of a specimen 75 mm. in diameter (Pl. 31, figs. 1, 2 . Specimen 120 mm. in diameter, in which the madreporite is in the et PLATE 40. 1-5. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. Abactinal system of a specimen measuring 15 mm. in diameter (Piz 3 ° Station 3362. —. : Abactinal system of a specimen 34 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, figs. 2, 3) ss lacrum ; Station 3431. ALBATROSS EX. 189]. 29827 7s io ee 9) eS ons wal 9@°? er 1 Gate + * ‘2 « Had nt a 2 5 ~— = " ; ; , | “BB GbE Aotist : Be ©) OP 6725S oI BATROSS EX. 1891. A B Masel lith. | : al > . Pr ‘ | : ; "A 7 ~ st 7 ’ > ' . : Ps * ’ a ~) r Ms ie " Pd ; a tp m : } 4 aa i * » 2 — *% ' 4 .’ ad a p ~~ - » b ay = i an R win tg B C o ¥ ; ere ) = © S F « i>.9 a * $i . . oe = °s 4 $ ry gs t. =. ~ | -” 108Q% Wares . * OF .gf 4 Wsiioswse to Fd BS {9iotoeye Bares tg . 1 einen @ nent) oe;2 OF a Of 9p anit 28 nem: . pis ~ . tas « “ ‘ : BEnom Ts ~ * Y + ata‘ eetoeomriodT 4} fistemsih oi ? fas i LA’ tal f ey oa ees ; i , As h a o -"Y “« aly a sel as 2 lala ® PLATE 43. 144. Phormosoma placenta. . Actinal system of specimen 7 mm. in diameter; “ Blake” Station 150, off fms. . Abactinal system of same specimen as fig. 1. Actinal system of specimen 9 mm. in diameter; “ Blake” Station 29, off Tor fms. | af . Abactinal system of same specimen as fig. 3. 5, 6. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. . Actinal system of specimen 15 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, figs. 1, 2); Sta at . Actinal system of specimen 34 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, figs. 3, 4); Stat . BATROSS Ex. 1891. Sm i: = — in 4% nem aby A swede, Git only” t Wivetei ha ol senks de wety nOredeE % 2 Tld 100574 prise Misteye lasites aT noite % ot >, rote — oe, . any 4 helio a MOTE BAU0y 2 FO matey. lesstind Vai = 4 Por ae} ipmeye Ietitos 15 weiy soi] 2 mw Bafwode wis Ss de 'y 215) ie Tag ad gy moteys ~ oft Oat Fr IDE 3 30 tae0 bee: T0?S4x9 sit! ynt>? Jn PLATE 44. ‘ 1-5. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Actinal system of a young specimen 15 mm. in diameter, the same as Pl. 43, fig. seen from the interior, showing the young auricles; Station 3362. 2. Interior view of the actinal system of an older specimen 43 mm, in diameter; Stat 3392. 3. Interior view of actinal system and auricles of a specimen 64 mm. in diameter; § tion 3375, 4, The actinal system and auricles of a specimen 137 mm. in diameter, seen from interior ; Station 3392. 5. The actinal part of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 4, from the exterior. i) ALBATROSS EX: 1891. TTTRIT vibe) ite: AE . : ze EES : OP arasd ah A mubiqaid nrmoscurrendT lt “i, ch Pemiooge MiHtoey fo sririas tis n4 .: a Re v Jie! ond dorenlSfivs oily dgworld wincieoditus al BS) 49 des ye ord Pace naib ft ain ot a Tr } ae fo! ot to galniius odd duyvidd onederni yon 2.13 “ai ‘ | “ars oni PE TY en sates bd) edettuni + rigid ext idyin od Yo galsiscn mais a. fe 0d Je IS tei se eis) S icet a Aunsath ufc HORHIM |? 3 5 Bion vii) ; eangiinge » b* Se ake ipsonindcss {0} iste } gdurt elt me etre » Pyare @Ght (Gite : soe: plex dine woinotas die! anito Bast aie besidoe bow glo 10 Gl i Sut Gaal an inne paolo’ oa . ge to mt a Holds Jot & Ay # . : soitaxs tuld wfoT) Mood } wy Aohretal oft Riort noes .6 gil — yarns hh wis Sti 5s ms t E & — = 4 = = 5 = ere Hit mor fae fie! edt 1 it) S38 lod Mar IS " - 4 > y S0S- NOMI e to aonitos kn 7 bos wetesthes “hie golonod etist Lins als Bs : = s ; ete, > ; aes Te a! G ee ™~ a 2 i. ON «thin anita - noseees igggaind sp anki So ee ee ody: wear paindor in bas ate Wirsis2eq 21 mo PLATE 45. 1-19. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Auricles of odd anterior ambulacrum of young specimen 15 mm. in diameter; s as Pl. 44, fig. 1. : 2. Looking towards the actinostome through the auricles of the left posterior ambulae of specimen measuring 43 mm. in diameter; the same as PI. 44, fig. 2. 3. Looking towards the actinostome through the auricles of the left posterior ambulaert of specimen 64 mm. in diameter, the same as PI. 44, fig. 3. 4. A corresponding view of the auricles of the right posterior ambulacrum of a specim 137 mm. in diameter; the same as Pl. 44, fig. 4. 5. The same view of the auricles of a specimen 203 mm. in diameter (Pl. 41, fig. 2). 6. Actinal plates of the right posterior ambulacrum of a specimen 53 mm. in diame seen from the exterior; Station 3400. 7. Interior view of the auricle and actinal plates of the left anterior ambulacrum of sp men 64 mm. in diameter; same as PI. 45, fig. 3. . 8. Actinal plates of the left anterior ambulacrum of specimen 137 mm. in diameter ; same as P]. 45, fig. 4, seen from the exterior; Station 3392. 9. The same as fig. 8, seen from the interior. 10. Plates of the actinostome of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the same specimen. 11. First buccal plate in odd ambulacrum; one figure is seen in profile, the other . same plate from the inside. 12. Outside view of first buccal plate of the left anterior ambulacrum. 13. Part of right posterior ambulacrum and adjoining interambulacrum from the plate from the actinostome of specimen 203 mm, in diameter, seen froi exterior. 14. The same as fig. 13, seen from the interior of the test. 15. Primary abactinal tubercles with miliaries and secondaries of the odd inter lacrum. 16. Primary spine of an interambulacral area on the actinal side. 17. Another smaller primary spine. 18. The same spine as fig. 17, seen from the opposite side. 19. Base of same spine as fig. 16. B) Meise ith a _ ¥ = “4 ‘ 4 ‘ eye ayo * 4 age ee ae any A seunblanid sieigbocinod’ 5 adte rar aut Bnoiudent od) diew os mf 2 shee ae as is at Sa . eae Aly eae avi mm GOS aario 1 iv -< Roe zi "Yoni tS _* ar pane 46, i en a 2 Hood! , 2 7 . oP ae " ofa: . ¥ a: Bs c H <~ ar ' f a 27006 mot mio foogs gitroy Yo mproslodmered of nomi wos pduty * = ‘ AT ‘pmes to wguinaye onions past Penewone atin s, i : erbvanlidinessse risen tidy tots i psuly beis . sf é 6 git ee «Haim inne Pests pte, 3 . The lantern in place with the imbricating plates adjoining the actinal system, seen fror . The same as fig. 1, seen somewhat in profile. . Compass seen in profile. . The same as fig. 3, seen from above. . Primordial plate in the right anterior interambulacrum, of young specimen 15 mi. . The madreporic genital showing three madreporic openings of same specimen as _ ig . The last interambulacral plate of the right anterior interambulacrum, to show the fi PLATE 46. 1-7. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. the interior of specimen 205 mm. in diameter; Station 3413, diameter; Station 3362. trace of a primary tubercle of same specimen as fig. 5. e ” ALBATROSS EX 1891 ECHINI oo) 2 PLATE 47. 1-12. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 1. Lantern seen from above. | 2. The same as fig. 1, seen in profile. 3. One of the pyramids, seen from the exterior. 4. The same as fig. 3, seen from the interior. 5. The same, seen in profile. 6. The same, seen from above. 7a. Epiphysis of pyramid, from the interior. 7b. Pyramid, in profile, from the interior. 8a. Epiphysis of pyramid, from the outside. 8b. Epiphysis of pyramid, in profile. 9a. Groove of tooth; b, back of tooth; c, tooth seen in profile. 10. Upper part of tooth. 11. The same as fig. 10, seen in profile. 12a. The brace, seen from above ; b, seen in profile; ¢c, from below; d, endwise. Aupatross Ex. 1891. r= “at 4. 4 & ~; a a“ + - J eh 8 | pee A * GG ihe Ae ee 58 RK Ot, t Jydien Hii} « ‘ . Hedin: ne Lite we Ao nutri. & ask - r Jo Adferealied ing " * Miao. » “ ) 1. ine £ ae ‘ i ‘ ta * +4 “bs 30 nurs Mb extras Lh. ey’ oe > ; 2 - mt % fa * ~ ~ was Ca nuet a — i 8 we a» | ~ 4 a te * Pe te ~ & é dbtecnaih ici nor T nopiionge as x SS: ; ies 2 1 sinsosig Al. donciy fie * is .m ot , ._ ae PLATE 48. 1. Phormosoma placenta Wyv. Thoms. . Left posterior ambulacrum of specimen 7 mm. in diameter; “Blake” Station Nevis, 375 fms. 2-6. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen 15 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, igs Station 3362. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen 34 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, fig Station 3362. j . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen 53 mm. in diameter ; Station 3400. . Odd anterior ambulacram of specimen 75 mm. in diameter (Pl. 31, Station 3392. . . Odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen 120 mm. in diameter; Station 3. 31. - vr arin e VAY Hey 4 Mes © shel B Meisel lith - pis 20h aust ah A abigetd antoeomtont B a as ~ ABs -Puate 49, $0 walang Jotvitas diet cf . a 'ye> os i Fi oot Pin ore ems == ai .mer 28 somiostqe “fo aniieelndinsitc: sy. an “ ‘ . “ a P Pea ri bt me 08 poten nomtioeye to inotanlodincreici sme oi! ‘= i *? h4> ° a ae ; : “~ cle ooais ii ay te aaa BL Waniayo0 odd en pid fin «i Bg eaentaih Gi tom SS montiooge 30 sara Hiadal omee aT ti seer OST witcupaes gentivege Yo nurragind werat wallet T ey oo . Right anterior interambulacrum of specimen 15 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, fi sah i 5 Ce Sa ay aad = a “ay % 4 ko PLATE 49. 1-5. Phormosoma hispidum A. Ag. 5 3 Station 3362. The same interambulacrum of specimen 34 mm. in diameter (Pl. 30, fg Station 3362. a 3 The same interambulacrum of specimen 53 mm. in diameter; Station 3400. _ The same interambulacrum of specimen measuring 120 mm. in diameter; Ste ti The same interambulacrum of specimen measuring 203 mm. in diameter (Pl: Station 3413. : In all the figures the continuity is broken at the ambitus. ‘ | > > “3 ia 7 B Meisel lith. .. - oe ws tne ae + 08 atas \ a » hg ; ¥ * * ? * r ¥ : HOBME " synotl ad» PRA .A movonitalbal amopotccin yd é ‘ i o i “TN ieth ai tier i rosats sar « 7; : : Prater 50, fl + 7 sk a AOMINags artiae oF) Yo hea » » . - peibati Sail betiob 043 ; went 77 maten ga rele aot». | 5 Racial | | - Z = a = , ys ° Seef } : = sli fl ~ ’ q eal : ohia bert nerty sa? OO Wy! ox ; : 7 - =~ Of oe by ‘ : oh a pe da cas ; 7 a} 5 i. he in zs ; uy ; a ‘ ; se ~ - a a OTST! eld Gos SSSA ,CtYO 4 a> ae ate WO ateresiodina yliwiuk bho odd %6 vodaley ow %, awd Dy | ee ew oe ee. 5." PuaTeE 50. 1-6. Kamptosoma indistinctum A. Ag.; “Challenger” Station 272. . Actinal system of specimen 42 mm, in diameter. . Abactinal system of the same specimen as fig. i. é . Odd anterior ambulacrum of the same specimen; the dotted line indicates the positic of the ambitus. } . Part of odd ambulacrum on the abactinal side; the abactinal plates are the Dot ic plates. : a . Part of odd ambulacrum, seen from the interior. a - . Inside view of two plates of the odd anterior ambulacrum on the actinal side n the ambitus, . ALBATROSS EX., 1891. BMeisel lith ‘A277 = ree Br uabiaeis pita BE option; Yo us eee ene.” hum ps seins ose Yo cistaya faci uw! f ong < vite, 1 ; one. etek oft Yo mirogiodine valieser i e] a fae = ‘ oF ae i Pi / “4 = be denote Saris $82 io" dds: olais: wpibdne bin 25 wx Ce ae ale parerwiatD » fahfs scotiny : oe : ee pan we Ye isos ie Pu sine to: iieseve lertiondsA igo iteijes ag ale Lgeryt eek ae abe fining SOF jerit ool 5 be og -oinee sift To eee Bev to. io bho, oft wo ie. W IE eofalT i eel ont te sinoctodins BBPMIRK EBS 983 0 CE of BE aetelT - maa ads % sab niicatins soins bio ari In iG + Ad a ye J at Io Soriaiadios scigaone fifo dito Bisia talsae ce GP strlT a eM oY le S OC ser s . Actinal system of specimen 24 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of same specimen as fig. 1. . Part of odd anterior ambulacrum of the same specimen as fig. 3, showing the ir . Actinal system of specimen 34 mm. in diameter. . Abactinal system of same as fig. 5. . Odd anterior ambulacrum of same. a . The first three actinal plates of the odd anterior ambulacrum adjoining the actino . Plates 21 to 24 of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the same. . Plates 36 to 39 of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the same. . Plates 48 to 51 of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the same. . Plate 75 to ocular plate of the odd anterior ambulacrum of the same. PuaTE 51. 1-4. Phormosoma Zealandiz A. Ag.; “Challenger” Station 169. Odd anterior ambulacrum of the same. The dotted line indicates the position the ambitus. a row of tentacles of the double pores. 5-13. Asthenosoma pellucidum A. Ag.; “Challenger” Station 192. Actinal plates of left posterior ambulacrum of same, showing tentacles and spl e : of the same. ALBATROSS Ex. 1891. me MD | eo . U imj300 Ah é L1OD.-sottrerse erie. 4 ey a : op Moe ot GST Peas x e hata Save ~igll -s TAN ' fsitiae: ust . 4 s1(f en - i ~~ P nine to nt ogfndats wis ban ony fisia ironlod rn: Osi arase .f ’ ‘ asatsuls 1001 Puate 52, 1-4. Asthenosoma coriaceum A. Ag.; ‘‘Challenger” Station 173. 1. Abactinal system of specimen 125 mm. in diameter. 2. Abactinal part of left posterior ambulacrum and interambulacrum, seen on interior ; same specimen as fig. 1. 3. Part of left posterior ambulacrum and interambulacrum of same specimen, seen ; the abactinal side. ? 4, The same as fig. 3, seen from the interior. ALBATROSS EX. 1891 << 4 , ai Ma 4, VARA ee . =“ y, a.) hk E . ‘ P deh iil 1 "Ee Ver is = *) 2 ald noi Ylodai bones} ft wanton dna ¥ Lt ¢ gaibaloni rwtoareib is .2cttit G0 uk re IPE; Pilein oll Z GeT PwyWwaye 4 stemivege & to surtesind sas wHedits bho git i +1, oe STAl grogweh sohie Si ae . die s0rpies Ihe, jo oulige dy tapos oot It iti sise8 emee to a erie lend) uprtend YS : a Bae enamioace BEWOY I mates ies 3 a. 4 ri s buuiroT" uz Bint ogy 0-H me, + aga ¥ . The same, seen in profile facing the left posterior interambulacrum. . Large odd terminal tentacle of the right posterior ambulacrum of the same. s . The right posterior ambulacrum and part of the actinal system of the 8 1m . The odd anterior ambulacrum of a specimen 1.5 mm. in diameter, seen from tl] . Ambulacral spine of odd anterior ambulacrum of same, seen in profile. . Interambulacral spine of same, seen in profile. . Abactinal system of young specimens 3.6 mm. in diameter; U. S. C. 8S. G Pate 53. 1-9. Arbacia punctulata Gray. . Young specimen immediately after the resorption of the pluteus, seen from the side, 0.8 mm. in diameter, including the spines. a . The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. The right posterior ambulaert the top in figs. 1, 2. Newport, 1900. ‘ =< i side; Newport, 1872. . Exp., 1868-69, 125 fms. off the Tortugas. ALBATROSS Ex. 189] ae Ee eg RS BIT ALT ee HD blolido cs BhosdsA .t.1 , cy ¢ r ; MOM MS9t «renisify wi ais : : iene > t “- 4 > Pee See / a ; r By t\ : fold BF ogra, Tiauteih ir St OS WM lace Wh gi 2F 4a amt GLE ang nit aed ito: WO-B0EL gel Jeti guiniopha Phane 54, ina. soit bis ta. +:5 dy LF bie g hil a rehash cas oer Goes urs: Coe baits cubn> y uf; i. i$ Pesee.s PLATE 54. a 1-4. Arbacia punctulata Gray. _ . Young specimen 1.5 mm. in diameter, seen from the abactinal side (same as FE 7 figs. 6, 7, 8); Newport, 1872. p> : 4 . Actinal system of specimen 3.6 mm. in diameter, same as Pl. 53, fig. 9; U. 8. C. § Stream Exp., 1868-69, off the Tortugas 125 fms. -” - . Abactinal part of odd anterior ambulacrum with adjoining genital plates and of anal system, seen from the interior, same as fig. 2 and Pl. 53, fig.9. . The abactinal system of a young specimen 2 mm. in diameter, showing the fe of the embryonic spines and ridges; off the Tortugas 125 fms. . 5-6. Arbacia stellata Gray. _- _ J] . Actinal plates of the odd ambulacrum and adjoining interambulacrum of -16 mm. in diameter; “Hassler” Exp., Payta, Peru. . The same as fig. 5, seen from the interior, showing the auricles and the plate. (oad a qj) fr} ALBATROSS Ex. [891 A) 88 wrasT Fgh vA ineanaT of s) : ST wale Tasiitnn exis; indent soit Sal oils prio alitong ni nos. igh tb autoais audisivexelt 2-1 7 ee, y : 9 ‘alike Fede. S13 minor? yrs . | Phare bis | hoivedhig Jol ext BA. ht vid & Sit itoy? Siz Agieae ad’ - 2 cditons Ay Aan ivit pet A 8 Ait , al | x olifs itides © ula monn eg a b - -obie ipeitopin oily sacs? $298 rane ee 4 r tolisdeod dol aliton; bi nese ? ? . OTe isbix lenin 713 ssoit pear ead bie Lanai os GION iroee .oinge oil] Fe Pete he i, i aie on Se a bo 10. nf Pate 55. 1-2. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag.; Station 3431. . Seen from the actinal side. . The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior ambulacrum. 3-5. Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag.; Station 3424. . Seen from the actinal side. . The same, seen from the abactinal side. The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior ambulacrum. 6-8. Aérope fulva A. Ag.; Station 3361. . Seen from the actinal side. The same, seen from the abactinal side. . The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior ambulacrum. 9-10. Homolampas hastata A. Ag. . Seen from the actinal side. The same, seen from the abactinal side. All figures natural size. ALBATROSS Ex. 1891. lo Heliotype Co,Boston tbe AAigoel in niga TE MEE D0) , 4 be TEE. ody inet, aad t <2) aa Mig WiTohen bo wil) giiocl G4. htt iF 4) PF} Thuitoods aid yalbanorspy (Pita jo J#0) Yy is - Bde ony ra 2 ai i wWitd290q dibuiz one a. iid 17 00 it &i ee a . Seen from the actinal side, 17 mm. in length. . The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. . The same in profile, seen facing the right posterior interambulacrum. . Abactinal part of test of same, surrounding the abactinal system. . The same as fig. 5, seen from the interior of the test. PuaTeE 56. 1-6. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag.; Station 3431. End view of the same, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum. ATROSS Ex. 189] SG a 3 fn} | i }. ; Ve et | ¥ a8 ae Mimokivdinwayii hid ¢;: | Peate 87. OT ‘marti wae b uie 4493 Jo Ber | hen tay: ee” ma ab MARION Z ogy 416008T sieoleti og Se ban Aurioalid mepiagy i Tortadan fife of BH) 20 Whineqo vil UAival rote 2 Maes 683 Gui laspeoruse Meal dagerss 1 me Gi!) Suilnblowke PFW folein « : « a ut? ; STi ae uaa § DT Ril) Te a m a = ee Pate 57. 1-5. Pourtalesia Tanneri A. Ag.; Station 3431. . Actinal part of the odd interambulacrum and parts of test su oundin actinostome of a specimen 16 mm. in length. . The odd anterior ambulacrum and parts of test adjoining actinostome, seen fr interior, the same specimen as fig. 1. . Actinal parts of the odd posterior interambulacrum and adjoining parts of I seen from the interior facing the opening of the actinostoie, the same as. fig . The plates of the odd interambulacrum surrounding the anal opening, the same a J] he . Development of the plates of the test surrounding the actinostome, the same a o> my C7 wi E.CHINI, PLAT ALBATROSS EX. 1891 e “ee: Be. + $ —~ * 7, eat a. fy B eraies, a3 yh r) eas nuaidoexe!t 4-1 Wu £ vg hd Late, ‘sort heeg ditanel at agin US wagienck’ .j %. 1 | Phare 88. lestits fédeoy dial odd ynise3 thor ii note yank oil path; on Mit APs ary ee toe) ‘I ae wlrsdeog bho han aedaye lanes 360 piu owoly fur out? a ; 2A A suceisewt brn o> oe it Gz “otslil” <4 a i son eons Boye 30 weir Jatiiok 3 Pe GC NS . Specimen 20 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. . The same, seen in profile facing the left posterior interambulacral area. = . Actinal view of specimen, 30 mm. in length; “Blake” Exp., 1878-79, S = ax .7 —_ Ties -- 5 2. we Sle i a en a aay ies “ee eter) ar : ae * enna PLATE 58. 1-4, Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag.; Station 3424, The same, seen from the abactinal side. . The same, end view, facing the anal system and odd posterior ambulacrum. 5. Urechinus Naresianus A. Ag. a -s od a St. Lucia. _ ALBATROSS Ex. 1891 T Amr - ATT. Q = Se : | F i ; } Se ara ORME 2 BAA mites eunidceesnt! -: OF Bice od _ Piare 59. es 1 a Wea Dns tates) be--le' » sextet] ee. ptocrget!) ¢s- - ape ft sp we secs ol bx ota 7Ur pity | Seas PLATE 59. 1-3. Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag.; Station 3424. 1. Actinal system of specimen 20 mm. in diameter, the same as Pl. 58, iT ei hd 2. Anal system with surrounding interambulacral plates and part of fascic le ¢ about 20 mm, in length (fragment). P 3. Development of the coronal plates of the same as fig. 1, seen from th ef c Ecuini, PLATE 59 B Meisel teh, PLATE 60. 1-3. Plexechinus cinctus A. Ag.; Station 3424. 1. Abactinal part of the test of specimen measuring 20 mm. in length, the s fig. 2. 08 avast 2. Abactinal part of the test of another specimen (fragment) about 20 om seen from the interior. “Ss - 4 3. Abactinal plates of the odd ambulacrum; same as fig. 2, somewhat mor 2 A 4,5. Urechinus Naresianus A. Ag. ‘aa 4. Abactinal part of the test of specimen 30 mm. in length, the sa 16 “Blake ” Exp., 1878-79, Station 222, off St. Lucia 422fms. o 5. Abactinal part of the test of the same specimen as fig. 4, seen from the B Meisel lith 8 arait TOA ovtihecons. but. ‘ " ' ith hi “PLare 61. poe ligt Mi sian & nomisage 5 Abie leaidondy ey tac MON nee ttomicaye omar vdT -& natsct Tofradpog Hal ods geiont Gite ci asse ome oT & ; aioroaloace bo ods dutine! yomeea to. weiv ha A matni bho has modeye Sone PRE Saiset omee Io woiry 8 36 eeutiodeonitan edt goibexorayye asd 6M3 Io woscin. fenigos 5 ; : ~ Ae FOE nottaiR ; dh; falad : & a . PuLaTE 61. 1-6. Aérope fulva A. Ag, a ‘4 ; 1. Specimen 32 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side; Station 3361. * 2. The same specimen, seen from the abactinal side. ; x : 3. The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior interambulacrum, 4, End view of same, facing the odd ambulacrum. , ; % 5. End view of same, facing the anal system and odd interambt : 6. Actinal plates of the test, surrounding the actinostome, of a spec: men length; Station 3381. NI ») > Y) 2) \@) @/ nes Be 5-2) ec 0) 8185%/@ rfl ») OF i @pas ®) @, ! iO OP ® ono ROSS at % 1891 B Meisel ‘ith. >. eo & y , - peters sas WSO arasd a> Bh A sein eqowsA %i-! ~ gag eo < eae, ; * t pi awe i ares 88 ation ae Sane sail gts £8 Beacios 4 . fe ex % 7 a vo sin ys gc ae: en Rode , ro lg Hasé jetaotec: west "s ’ 4 f moveonijos od? paebiee | SATITAB: f pustidoun odd si 4 iatne)i +. gee sloihps lnisaledmerstni etki to » = prs iit a esta Sh jiuibda fe ase Io ai Nats 1fO1dind A RE ae j soloinant oss aidsineatlotod. Betoaluds Bier etd dott Siniher bie lids D thtg at Mi) a 06 dnods noises 3}: ‘ ie & 7. : ‘i iy” “a > ‘> “ Ath: a> FOSS pas x ese : internal), é aol at sat GS dsodstisicioc)2 _ 62. : ssp My Balgis 4112 40 eovely POL ed? pint} montst eicthes lsteslod sts "7 = ! - ~* Zl a r: od : iid - ' ed - “i HS o f - a | < *, f ’ tt ! & . a ae | £28 start > Se oa naqaisiomen ft-/ ie Sasa sitgdel ni gm Eh, fi hak otai Tonsieog fo! asf? peta ae fi ae Fs PLare 63, vGiE® pies to ar “> a) 70h; ami ieee: 3; ag sisiw fmunioags enioie ealt Yo 1 ; 2s prrelemaih ni ant 8% noitinnge 2 * eeloiedud poeluesnaania yaedig: ho: Ayia" So eh i eisai yal . Sta Guts bollim bas 6s - O me iin J heminoge sage pe best eretni yremia'l 7 PLATE 63. 1-11. Homolampas hastata A. Ag. 1. Abactinal view of specimen 32 mm. in length; Station 3363. 2. The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior interambulacrum. 3. Abactinal system of the same specimen. — 4. The same as fig. 3, seen from the interior. 5. The anal system of the same specimen with the surrounding plates of th interambulacrum. . 6. Actinal system of a specimen 35 mm. in diameter (fragment) ; Station 3376. 7. Primary and miliary interambulacral tubercles near the ambitus of specil mm. in length. . 8, 9. Primary interambulacral spines of same specimen. 10. Primary interambulacral spine of same specimen, seen in profile. 11. Base and milled ring of fig. 10. “ie oS RSE SI LATA PAL RSA ACL SOR SETS PS ALBATROSS EX. 1891 yw” £ye ae. a6 oe an aa eee eS = As : Da oe i 4 ; “ : ce ee 4 4, . eG e - J — é = 53) oA ns og a SOiretien Del «;it a} Wola Pasninsivs? titer he te ante eit ap adubel ~ oil} baton Hace sina add Jo anrsonindms forming: If * @f2 aortt nove Oates oft pai Aginersan 2d 59 es oA A etetund enguisiomoH . oe SS isan £24; cock Bonga Vadtaly Bhanibi bs bus anid aT ett) eanerash seqaislottase = Leet, tna 2 51;- nye d© ti ibs: entety bus siand OOSEiy bagre: 1, e ine osli gilbpions: eshitiy’ bag tS? lng} at Ah adallstad: paatielogyn 1-3 “St gomisege to Stole Belbnsorsie hes ites iin ote i sae —- RO guiiedc 27 al nee Pe ke pune Te sitstsye |: Moesni sh adie see So pact 2 faut rine ss ' ; 2 Pt , is le ee *. " s viet. eye oe ome oe . Actinostome and plates surrounding it, of specimen 4 mm. in leng . Actinal plates of odd anterior ambulacrum of the same, seen from the . Abactinal system and plates surrounding the same, seen from the inter 1 . Abactinal system of same. . Abactinal system of same, seen from the interior. PLATE 64. 1. Homolampas hastata A. Ag. Specimen 32 mm. in length, fragment showing the left anterior ambul: e ambitus and adjoining plates; Station 3363. . 2-5. Echinolampas depressa Gray. ; ngth, interior of the test; “ Blake,” 1878-79, Station 253, off Grenada 9 - tad Abactinal system and plates surrounding the same. 6-8. Neolampas rostellata A. Ag. . Actinal system and surrounding plates of specimen 10 mm, in dia 1877-78, Station 5, off Key West 229 fms. = Our aArr 5 * - ECHINI, PLATE 64 Lith Ansty Wermer&Winter Frankfurt? M_ sali — ® 4 @ 4 ite a, “ | as ge - SOBA SE . Aris ed D.. ra eae Rabbictan ma I ith 80 sigan Ties weides? Publ fort ‘ty wit (pd daze hbo to 3 at ietiiok a ‘ PLave 65. MD Senne iit ARTEP US geass icy: ae 36 ee. ti isos HS58 .— a tg [at noemisoca finns Po Mee herds { 4 sa sHIIDoge to TOITBIAL GHP ‘a100) indeg, « dene 22, MMi incineGA .t “t= > 34 hid i ietagt Peqmatonco 338 - Ba pele « erraenn to rerenlnditan 6.9 10 steer Trini Fy ; ¥ esa} Aa dust! Halnsny 8 a PRE at ‘a ae ; ties, nat SB HENGE oLnZe % dey! lo tey isiitas 2p 7 > Se A m5 ie . nai oon AMBENNGE SKE IE inoseys |, pehk St — te0 >. A ee. ae 2 € pd ~ Le <2 - . PLATE 68. 1-5. Echinocrepis setigera A. Ag.; Station 4 39 : 1. Interior view of the actinal face of specimen 92 mm. in length (Pl. 2. Interior view of abactinal face of same specimen (Pl. 67, fig. a i 3. Enlarged view of anal system and posterior part of test, seen fro same specimen (PI. 67, fig. 1). ; % . 4. Enlarged view of apical part of the posterior ambulacra and od I the same specimen as fig. 2, seen from the interior. ~ 5. Primary interambulacral tubercle with surrounding seconda ies actinal plate from the left posterior interambulacrum. __ ans: acai q B Meisel lith a ——_ a — y eel 7. —< i _ J = e x Ta ee > oa 7 > ~~ _ ef) weal Dieter 407 008s Se Ow 2 We) em ~ 4 wis: ie ee Pin] J 4a w eel aed baie =) t Paez tet Beaters Léntitnei 2 pews) Veg ets: a st > see . “*4 eo ) Abts Bs t8taln Len y of A - 9 < : « . - “. ‘_—- “ q wy | a ® ao ? , PLATE 69. 1-5. Echinocrepis setigera A. Ag.; Station 3399. . Actinostome with surrounding plates, seen from the interior, facing 1 ambulacrum of specimen 92 mm. in length. . The same as fig. 1, seen obliquely from the interior, showing the plates” anterior ambulacra and of the adjoining anterior interambulacra. . Enlarged view of abactinal system of same specimen (PI. 67, fig. 2). . The same as fig. 3, seen from the interior (PI. 68, fig. 2). . . Development of the actinal plates of same specimen, seen from the fig. 1). ; oh Revco CHINI, Ma . ~ \ \ \ B. Meisel lith arr > ie. > 4 OY aril » . ‘ 4 A, a - 7 Sabie ‘eee acid srcert i: Shia lautjoula ald to 4: Shs erhe SDL ele . ARBRE wld 98 wri nisi xo 3.212 Pe Re eee Puate 70. 1-5. Spatagocystis Challengeri A. Ag.; ‘‘Challenger ” Stat Specimen 48 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. : The same, seen from the interior. The same, seen from the interior of the abactinal side. Actinostome and plates surrounding the same. Anal system and posterior extremity of the same. > > »! Lith AnstvWerner & Winter, Frankfurt? M. AT ara Dd figdoe:- wh AL Fens ifs cid BhevobesrnnR tt ; phcab fomiooge 16 Oietdacnitar ost ‘Sy Vi 7 A | pies ing torrodut orig rw? Oilers; fesse -T . § o>. re Puate 71. — mines je fins t ; Solpetai SS gq 5: fa ednodni eit ios} nS Deets: Bitte ould to cued nati ‘an BRT cick Bas i LP iar sst ‘ ‘3 a ee “du hia: rg % Me shie Leititss wii Bo Bishi id Faigith ~) : s 7 tt 30 esinaint vision fig. ; PTAC P7011) ues 63 Io mirrisciididh twyiieiinn 2, ; it 2 Puate 71. 1-7. Spatagocystis Challengeri A. Ag.; “Challenger” Station 147 . From the interior, seen facing the actinostome of specimen 48 mm. in lengt . The same as fig. 1, seen in profile from the interior, facing the right ant lacrum. . Abactinal system of same specimen. . The same as fig. 3, seen from the interior. . The anal system of the same specimen, seen from the interior, showing the plates of the odd interambulacrum and the course and position n of the adjoining posterior interambulacra. a . Development of the coronal plates of the actinal side surrounding the the same specimen. : * » < . Showing the primary, secondary, and miliary tubercles of the mouth of the right anterior ambulacrum of the same specimen. | 4} ECHINI, PLATE m pas) ArpaTross Ex. 1891. B Meisel lith a a iis ro ¢ baal Peter ee 5 ar > — oma eee. * aw On eT SP, a : i : ‘eee % * > pear 4 PLATE 72. 1-3. Urechinus giganteus A. Ag. ; § 1. Seen from the actinal side. 2. The same specimen, seen from the abactinal sie “* ted 3. The same, seen in profile, facing the right posterior amt All figures natural size. oe ay type Go, Boston _ 2 - » . i 3 ee 40619 7ae A aui@nsgin sonido t-! : pets! gf tena OF Plate 73.— ME Wun s vos Hus mats? Atorigtinge soreseng atl) ti ~ | x Wixeoy pRaee 00s eition? ddyoul of oni O8 yawsivede to te Eg ae . Bhi tit | ‘ } 7 f. mas heist od going? jesiline teen .cominags ooine Ie tect tS 4 " mipinl aotradeog isl eri} 10 ogiotsouiion sii nsoxt scaly fide oP 4 apd 73 SH erie - - Fie 73 {ers a § PRISE hi += f <¢ - * ¢ m Be ~~ ; , * * “> - - on et Ta ee = Ys eo ee oT oe a — os ke i id . The third plate from the actinostome of the left posterior inte: . Anal system of same. PLATE 73. 1-5. Urechinus giganteus A. Ag.; Station 3431. . Actinal system and surrounding plates of specimen 80 mm. in length, s! oWil tion of miliaries in the posterior ambulacra. ~ . Part of test of specimen 80 mm. in length, facing the right posterior intera nl showing resorption of tubercles. . Part of test of same specimen, near ambitus, facing the right anterior ambulac ~ resorption of tubercles. ECHINI, PLATE 73 Lith Ansty. Wemer&Winter FrankfurtM. "\r =) ao = — = e YT BTASd + $ERS cians tk A eibiawuin esinidnes A : sdyef otha 3 ; ‘ * si] iitrd3 re shhet i j S23 Vs ; ‘ } ket = Bae 0 tall batsalns grou Sadweinc 7 me) te 3 ? : tt2 ? : Se a ad a Hixson! ad} gos) Ais! | ese! ad oes: te . SIDI ¥ ry BESS woitase eq7a“atcii* ; mA J Base wcritistoartT : wal tom Gl remisege To estnle Suibsromne bas arajces | A = Mortis & Sricep | creeshs r lasignid? - Snipe old Yo alone? als vs z +. La Maotrilurr i eye Wis fp bit Sy ie PLATE 74. 1-5. Urechinus giganteus A. Ag.; Station 3431. Abactinal system and adjoining plates of specimen 93 mm. iu length. The same, seen from the interior of the test. Abactinal extremity of the odd ambulacrum, seen from the interior. . Abactinal extremity of same, somewhat more enlarged than fig. 3. oR wf . Twelfth abactinal interambulacral plate from the mouth, showing the resorpti 7 primary and miliary tubercles. = 6-8. Urechinus Naresianus A. Ag.; “Blake” Exp., Station 222, off St. Lu ¢ , i 6. Actinal system and surrounding plates of specimen 13 mm. in diameter. = 7. Abactinal system of same specimen. 8. Anal system and rudimentary anal fasciole of the same. ae _ ALBATROSS Ex. 1891. Ge ° °o " fo}e ke) ° Lith Anstv Werner Winter Frankfurt *M. = ; fs, ine i Arm atirldcy ou 2 7 PuaTe 75. 1-4. Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag.; Station 3415, 1. Seen from the actinal side, 83 mm. in length. 2. Another specimen, 88 mm. in length, seen from the abactinal side, di 3. Fragment showing the abactinal side. 4, The same fragment, seen from the interior. All figures natural size. 4) _ t 4 tee fi oH vol Paras i tute 4; E = ity A ine ee Pugest' Bhs ce Tet 52 ‘ 4 . Ta ra) see be ? = y el p F en a . 7 - ° Beis 5 ‘Ps PuateE 76. 1-5. Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag. ; Station 2 15. ri nd 1. Specimen 83 mm. in length (PI. 75, fig. 2), seen in profile, fz sing interambulacrum. i‘ a) ef 2. The same as fig. 1, seen from the anterior extremity, facing the O 3. The same specimen, facing the odd interambulacrum. _ ; 4. Fragment showing the actinostome and the surrounding plates, seen oc 5. The same fragment, seen from the interior of the test. All figures natural size. ‘9 IVELUNI, PLATE, / 0, we a ae : + ae i Ctl . : | =. ‘ ; oi : ; fo bev oh Sine ee een oe 8 ere ae =: | al eee | bp 2 ie Puate 77. ts = i A e : “os oe ask, Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag.; Station 3415. . Le i in length, from the actinal side (PI. 75, fig. 1). : 2. Abactinal er of specimen 88 mm. in length (PI. 75, fig. 2). | 3. The same as fig. 2, seen in profile, facing the right anterior ambulacrum (Pl. 76, fig. 1). | 4, Part of the right posterior interambulacrum at the ambitus, with the adjoining abactinal plates showing the sporadic resorption of the primary and miliary tubercles. IGT Oh ee 7 be TY ara’ Puate 77. i fos Gi Sis o at nese < 3h ER Sige ofT et is = eae P. Ba i a Ag oe oe - %& Se Rela a © S - i] - { avaidoatesO | wont digress of om $F aominege xe to weir Innttoad sé iotvect ddgit odd lo dint : ol gaiwode eedalg ALBATRO ac Wi EX. 1891 Heliotype Co, Boston. . a8 uta if eno ae i ns Rtiaitioe se 37) PS Piate 78. cseiateeaict bbe edd weiag? y << ae Oils Ee) Srimanigdates yoitatiez bho aif) : i oo a8 dtd HSL YS iM esgic sf 5 i — Hfienol Gf act BA teed: aie Ginga 12 to soi a oo -F © DH . The same as fig. 1, seen facing the odd anterior ambulacrum (PI. 76, fig. : . Actinostome and adjoining plates of specimen about 85 mm. in length . Anal system of specimen about 88 mm. in length (fragment). . Actinal view from the interior of the same specimen as fig. 3. . Abactinal extremity of left anterior ambulacrum of same specimen as f : a ae rae ny, PLATE 78. 1-6. Cystechinus Loveni A. Ag.; Station 3415. pes ; y Specimen 88 mm. in length, seen facing the odd interambulacrum (Pl. 7 7 a Pa i the interior. TROSS EX. 1891. i rw ++ ON Frankfurt ” “ mer & Wine: Lo nstv.We lithAr OP ars7i eG oss3e ; aA 4 roevea! ee. iu iia oh kes =i ho eget to nadaley galsioti bese mas re tastitseds ae StS. Fy: { 5 slime ' Sit meeten mit tay gq gains; - ial 63 enivvods “alsane! aE ery 628 Juodh cor 4 } SA ell YS & 7" Prati; 7 5 “a Suivous dtyenkogt sumac) dice: stoimion +: 28 ae 7a “ag . roe 243eho st ee ae fe iF ie vis - ' , a aT { wrt an PuaTe 80. on tinteze Lente Thi ions : usdeye losis A 23 an setee to Wetv t0ietal ‘ bir, “SLATE ee : i Hie Landon. ; 4 oft 10 weir toiasal > rt Pie j USA 10 Aes, tap B . 7 ALBATROSS EX. 1891. ECHINI, PLA _ PLATE 79. AMV AM West \ Lye serOrt le} stergren dei -. { “es nidcetamelid Sf 4 : ‘obie feaiion ods nivtt nose usutin a | - it = a «= Ag , Z | : Ra ee “ae, 0. Ste lésisoats edd wort soe MIM page ong oT .S a > aks § Je eae , . ee. “onie fertuten estagit tod - 3 tod m | % é a Ais ae “Fs Aes PuaTeE 81. 1, 2. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag.; Station 3 1. Specimen, seen from the actinal side. 2. The same specimen, seen from the abactinal side. Both figures natural size. lithAnstyWemerAWinter, Frankfurt’ M. ALBATROSS EX. 1891. = ore BTN, ?O02 4 o/)2oe95, AMWestergren de} =! : . . B8-at | 7 nee ps F ares noliest eA ats fap dst mS fis SNF eRe |, ‘ fe ont a are =} e ry Jit 2 > PuatTe 82. 2 S8 atTasT 7 1,2. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag.; Station 3374. 1. The specimen figured on Pl. 81, seen in profile, facing the right poster 2. The same, seen facing the anal system and odd posterior interam pulae: Both figures natural size. ALBATRO ? Heliotype Co, Boston OS — ——— » =e Ges = . * : © ba) . 4 : os 7 S : 4 RSs yt a = ’ b= ect in Vlaeal SALE i s pane < 2 _ 5 s S = | = P ¥. ro y we 4 a5 = : - ; a e ‘ 7 3 ter SE 3 nung a 3 a . . 4 D a as ; 7. : ° j 3 Pa’ 2 — Se u a a = 3 ” 5 ¢ y - : — = Pr Bh Bk ice > ‘ , ~— , P ~ oO La os - % 2 p As L] P - ae : Se ; > ‘ _ G Ome iy d ia . id . - ee oF ees (see = =e a's j tee ede ae y ? : . Ms ot one - a & 3 > , a . . a e : ‘* ’ 3 eee ‘i = oe, a i , en 5. ~ . F 3 ‘ 2 VS . a? £ ’ 3 ¢ wy oe 3 3 _ * - ' . : nid PLATE 83. . 1,2. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag.; Station 3374 1. Specimen 92 mm, in length, denuded, seen from the actinal side (Pl. 81, fi 2. Specimen 92 mm. in length, denuded, seen from the abactinal side (Pl. i 31 : = pe “a Both figures natural size. _ 3 g: ce < ie ; co gaia Aue ee ye ie AG esagt 224 < : . eas & 30 B Meisel lith - a $8 wraat poole ;.yAN A oie gayoicosiacitl | medaye fans odt-yoioat osde 8.7) 74.1! * eB sit ti rolrateog tiyit ou) Baton) cept jolitery ai coal : | osi6 arian eeunht itoff ete ¢ ve ei + “4 : 7 ; : es be as ¢ i G my -~ on * > a Ss ‘ “te _ rer 4 eae a, rats i . - A? ee a A PLATE 84. : * 1, 2. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag.; Station 337 1. Same specimen as PI. 83, fig. 2, seen facing the anal system n d interambulacrum. 2. The same specimen, in profile, seen facing the right posterior inte: fig. 1). _ Both figures natural size. - om | 7 i B Maisel Lith. S. a Rpts) wig cer | Pee ace ae a MOTIbE tionniis bas putade nis : Atos! a ae ay isto Sie. tae elt La rina Bid MOT Hees ges to mSteve aniink & PF ind CO aodtinete AI Weleda woiivivosiue fire modve forvisauds torretdti oat fet} 1982 YSmsbe 3 ; 2 Tis)? 5 cove FS « eiDse (4 (RI Iso i me i, yascaiig, 6 Yo sarsiige itt guiwods 2g Iecitondls ot 7 - ai els ;eolotsdn3 yutilinn fas: Uremirg oft to neste eo sls fs Pa ‘A i iwartS ¥ i io, ae ~~ eo Ge 288. ne ct 5 a is Med PLATE 85, , ae 1-5. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag.; Station 3374. 1 Actinostome and adjacent surrounding plates of a specimen 85 mm. in ] : J 's P STAC Lo ris, Actinal system of same, seen from the interior of the test. Abactinal system and surrounding plates of a specimen 95 mm. in length Abactinal system of same, seen from the interior. One of the abactinal plates showing the splitting of a primary inte ram and the resorption of the primary and miliary tubercles; this is also 1 and 3. , a 7 7 > ® we” ROSS EX igo) ats Cry vo°°F yg s oY . : Spoite a Stay, Ingo Jeutidivog urlitiiople: bubséiidow Se eget am ) 86 Ne i] nit silo Hits ¥> itt at} fait ad rsating eitwods None oils itor! 7 bait UPA beisx AHA 4 smuiosinios s0feias diyis wld wick? awoiscieem Jo ence : ; - 4 Mionw has Yituig Sniwode diwoim oft aod. eet owsy oe * 0 =o Bo: oi Yo Relotedat yramisq dtiw bebworm somes bs Bt ¥ > Aitgual ii wif? act os : Sdinsasini hbo bit Yo Ser aes ns + tee at) >t fe at cc 98 sig» fo staiq’ yipating » to ye pitt ie: > [ Fe? Pgs 3 Sotensaih a rat G8 gensionre £ to pisve inuh 7 a ‘ F Cr . Seventh plate from the mouth, showing partly and whally resorbed & . One of the plates of the odd interambulacrum, seen from the i . Anal system of a specimen 95 mm. in diameter. PLATE 86. 1-5. Pilematechinus Rathbuni A. Ag.; Station 3374, “ : . Part of ambitus and adjoining abactinal coronal plates to show t he r the primary tubercles in a specimen 95 mm. in length. Part of fifth and sixth plates from the mouth, showing primary tuberc stages of resorption, from the right anterior ambulacrum. region crowded with primary tubercles of the odd interambu: 85 mm. in length. splitting up of a primary plate of a specimen 85 mm. in length. he i rm i. Lith AnstvWerneraWinter, Frankfurt$M. “— 4 eB stiad ; E nes eile - Pao] = oe » Puate 87, i be baa jloimast lense Mipete thas M19 wisigad : ft 7 ‘AP mor eae asarioays a 36 ately einai: obin Idhitesn odd molt pes 1 inita! Betis hh 7 pA A fuewh.? BHootHiomisyT it : As hie Lanigjonda od? uso) «19 elie sdai 1obeteog tt aul? aiisa? ,elileig ui r99 yf ints Hig amiots rit 26 noun eines Yo eafehy snidibiie bas matey iegasl ni iinin FT siStntooge to tnote7s t Ply apn eh Sfuae oilt to woiv yor Mh de sh - 2 I gt efaisatiovg? Siiice oid to osiote: seLe orld lo misteye | a a didgnolest anit IS semisode 30 emoteon! nal ij Pw ef o> ; a = e Ee S i ML a eee Ol es ee el idee’ 2 rn 5 - aie a a . Specimen 23 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. . Interior view of the same as fig. 6. . Actinostome of the same specimen as fig. 1. © Cy SS Ge R167 RO . Anal system of the same. . Actinostome of specimen 21 mm. in length. . Anal system of specimen 17 mm. in length. PuLateE 87. 1-11. Palewotropus Loveni A. Ag.; “Challenger” Statio The same, seen from the abactinal side. . The same, seen in profile, facing re left ie: ca interambulacram The same, seen facing the anal era, eae fasciole, and c . Actinostome and adjoining plates of a specimen 21 mm. in lengt al ¢ . Abactinal system and adjoining plates of same specimen as fig. 1 i an ax e- 2° ane \ =s ae a a - ~Piate 96. ae thy Gt iininid a -a74 3 : man G3 To s07te0nt 8) cio o r . F qatar Ot duods fonils uy to extsiq gnibnverice nie mie 7 + ais 4 ni) ! ret Seoiee lo mat bart? ’ PLATE 96. _ 1-5. Paleopneustes cristatus A. Ag. . Actinostome and surrounding plates of specimen measuring 140 mm. in lengtk 1878-79, Station 132, off St. Cruz 115 fms. . Same as fig. 1, seen from the interior of the test. « . Abactinal system and surrounding plates of specimen about 140 mm.; “ Blake,’ off Havana 200 fms. . Anal system of same. . Primary tubercles with more or less imperfect scrobicular rings. ‘ ’ ins! . . on" at ‘ ? 4 at o~ bd , ee — cs, ~ es 7 ow . 1% 4 od < re = a Pec C Pe ee > * ; ; ra pi eivithisets si) ie ot mutt ase pears anne) devises habiandl 4 Selina. te nivey 7 4 a: ss = Muse 10 Wists ve f = pbia fa $52 Sif to slitge Estonliiinimiedii riers ‘i Sie ti odd.20.euigs Lntosludanratal e1nesis' : oan FF © HO FS - Denuded specimen, 135 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. a . Abactinal system of same. . Anal system of same. . Primary interambulacral spine of the actinal side. . Primary interambulacral spine of the abactinal side. | Daedel ~ _ Cie Pn day « PuaTE 97. 1-5. Paleopneustes hystrix A. Ag.; “ Blake,” 1878-7 om Station 157, off Montserrat 120 fms. an i) 7 - _ ALBATROSS EX. 1891 | | easiny ie a B Meise lith ( equal “selanalt eat eilioem EIR goud 4 tee soba. van! : Abie Li oid wm eri a 1 iL if ’ Z J bia Lennins ) {3 isse sie itr, - Pate 98. , Obie Laer dient ioae * rd imaaedini IOI Paden diel addi unio olffoag of nase © AS 70 asutiogsge to eaiaiq ultthosernigd bus on it ’ : 1 7 e.ohtuaol ii im BT usatiosg: oy -Mtpeol af site nominoye 5 a segue! ai ciar tf gSiniooge « } lSucol mm a Ft .C 30 Jo momio agz sili jo iG toitedeog Yial ois to ones sofzsieog.oil3 to = ihren: TL depress. t0 xeisilg auibuvorwe bus moieve Jani é = a . olatze te = ‘ vee A “ : o>! ! ry siensS Of I l {iL ate EBs O15 t te fi Be }" oo 10. A PLATE 98. rs) 1-11. Nacopatagus gracilis A. Ag.; “Hassler” Exp., off — ‘ Juan Fernandez 65 fms. Young specimen of 6.5 mm., seen from the actinal side. Specimen 17 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. The same as fig. 2, seen from the Pr os Be . The same as fig. 2, seen in profile facing the left posterior interambu le . Abactinal system and surrounding plates of specimen of 6.5 mm., s exterior. Fn. Abactinal system and surrounding plates of specimen 17 mm. in len: xth, se interior. Actinostome of specimen 11.5 mm. in length. . The second plate of the posterior zone of the left posterior ambulacrum of mm. in length. The same plate of a specimen 9 mm. in length. The same plate of a specimen 11 mm. in length. The same plate of the specimen of fig. 2, 17 mm. in length. a _ ALBATROSS EX. 1891. eres fart a ssa Koro ae - 4 oy pai Pte pe SoS eA SS OF SF & b& — =) . Young specimen with spines 1.6 mm. in length, taken from the bree . The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. . The abactinal system of fig. 4, magnified. . The abactinal and anal systems of a specimen 1.9 mm. in length, ma nif . Specimen 37 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. ; . The abactinal system of the same as fig. 8, magnified. B h . The anal system of the same specimen as fig. 8, magnified; it has the s a PLATE 99. 1-10. Abatus cavernosus Trosch.! U. S. ‘Transit of Venus ” Exp., 1874-75, Kerguelen Islds., Dr. J. H. F National Museum. from the actinal side. The same as fig. 1, denuded, seen from the actinal side. The same as fig. 2, denuded, seen from the abactinal side. The same as figs. 3, 4, seen facing the odd posterior interambulacrum. anal plates in the outer row as in the young, fig. 7. 1 Tripylus cavernosus Phil. 4 Papisata jah A iboeenwoT todessidiod t-! ite Lanitowds 9d3 mort nese iltgae! ci ..com Of ftogimega nasoY .! B= - ). shia lauitos oid mort o itt wtrar OD nentineqe & Abie lnaitosde art se Sul at Saina oT .é ts A Sy ae nove aiftow ai emer olT tb . Pe Bho bad motays las odd pitiost .ost0ug “= 66 sleqossi1g .7 2 q i Wopa altgaol st saad wistaya-Isne odd gitiost Be ie ve . wo e ono FP oF bt . Young specimen 10 mm. in length seen from the abactinal side. ce . The same as fig. 2, seen from the abactinal side. A ; ; Fa STAs | . The same in profile, seen facing the left posterior ambulac . The same, facing the anal system and odd posterior interamb . Specimen 48 mm. in length, seen in profile facing the left . The same, seen facing the anal system. ae ee Oe Te Pr. ay “>. ae 3 , Aen at! ts ~ ~ = > : i 45 ~ 4 7 6 yee ; aa ear eel < (my ee : ee eee 2 - So Piate 100. 1-5. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag.; Station 3425. rr}. Specimen 40 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side. ree oat y > 6,7. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. ; Station 3 ‘Ts All figures natural size. + =e 2 ArpaTross Ex. 1891. Heliotype Uo, Boston % LOL wrant ’ AE GisWE 4 veh .A ihavecwoT hejatsideR 01-1 sin i 7 : i ita idgisl mit wht 0) ohis leciine odi mort not me: ; abie lessidondes oft mozt neez J oil an seine oT oe a Bf aomtioege OINSE le setola golbinorim bua meiey: Tangtoad 2 Piate 101, “ $47, a. , i-wun an varee to euroteantioA — - “ T pit et oth 8 ho otmieve tend. p 4 “add aio node ityasl ci wag Ol attamtiDss]2 Past sbie feabsooe, ad? mozi made sh 7 orane Sd aehsine 7 {7 yi 2h, sores Db nicteye Incitoadh eas | boyiclas git es eka to Sprotaicitok if i * «ts »@ “jo -bogisise ¥ 298 a6 Sinat lo sosayaderh OE 6. 368 Ae S32 (Gt aie) CRO RS ie ee f—) . Seen from the actinal side, 40 mm. in length. . The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. “@ ; . Abactinal system and surrounding plates of same specimen as fig. 2, e il . Actinostome of same as fig. 1. . Anal system of same as fig. 1. . Small specimen 10 mm. in length, seen from the abactinal side. ta . The same as fig. 6, seen from the abactinal side. | . Abactinal system of same as fig. 7, enlarged. . Actinostome of same as fig. 6, enlarged. . Anal system of same as fig. 7, enlarged. PuLaTE 101. ee @ r 1-10. Schizaster Townsendi A. Ag.; Station 3425. = Si SOL arastt _ ALBATROSS EX. 1891. ECHINI, PLATE a’ B Meisel hth ss - ; SOL. ats Jt! DP2D 5 pmetiie: 3A A enirtivel rethasigoe 4! Peay } . Ff } o . » “5 a i digi! or afar TI bre ta tise. oc (NOPE? Wwe $ £3 . + * aes bis lanigonds silt inet) 1998 0 Sort ee suri ie { < ‘BATES gniban eo DOs mogeys ientjond A sin, 40 sipinest gisiigutiber bas muyeye laws agA-A eixed‘atifoa bes Guairir es z Re noiiate be beationie sed ineeat sid a Si iit n lS sseniaege . «ii ot sim 82 newiogdqe e vaishy waiba vorica hon sroteonitoA a? ; Vi ¢ 5 a ae 2 : eS se ed ite5A * ¢i¢ te - = - a ve noida he tULTSIZS coe ap Bian EB: montioaye eee to sloises} hae finders liurA tea 8:4 ef #6 MSarigage gripe to slnisen? Triste seT 7? opine oy . Seen from the actinal side, 17 mm. in length. . The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. . Abactinal system and plates surrounding same. . Anal system and rudimentary fasciole es ae. . Specimen 22 mm. in length, from the abactinal side; Station 3353. . Actinostome and surrounding plates of specimen 48 mm. in lengtl Pl. . Part of anal fasciole of same specimen as fig. 7, 39 mm. in length. PLATE 102. 1-4. Schizaster latifrons A. Ag.; Station 3431. STASI 5-9. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag. Station 3334. . Abactinal system and surrounding plates of specimen 39 mm. in length, exterior; Station 3356. . Anal system and fasciole of same specimen as fig. 5, 22 mm. in leng' h i ATROSS EX. 1891. | % a Mig] Sy ’ = “SaR2O. AD,S § a0 20 py 78 wm > ? ‘] (CH wee ia pe* i, wary Pe . t *s i @ ~ 4, 1p Gans id bl i. “oo, = ~*~ eS, SS Ae > Hettale — Sie oem iT r f = st C eit VO ot Vag ane - oo = ee TE pon . tj B od 4 oo! Pee ah « Pin ice gy a ’ al ‘> ; : ie f eee ”- ‘ U2 ia aie i = _ °s PLATE 103. 1,2. Brissopsis columbaris A. Ag.; Station 3394. 1. Actinal view of specimen 48 mm. in length, same as PI. 100, figs. 6 2. The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. ; 3,4, Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag.; Station 335 3. Seen from the actinal side. SOL arard 4. The same as fig. 3, seen from the abactinal side. 5-T. Poriaster tennis A.Ag. 5. Fragment, showing the actinal part of the test from the ir terior 6. Fragment, showing the abactinal part of the test denuded; St at 7. The same fragment as fig. 6, seen from the interior. Ss ra All figures natural size. 4 al 4 Se o el F = 4 oy SS nee ees chee « . yee .< : “a ry = ees : J PLATE 104. 1-5. Periaster tenuis A. Ag. . Specimen 58 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side, partly dent le The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side, partly denuded. : ‘ The same, seen in profile facing the right posterior interambulacrun ° Another specimen, 67 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side; 8 tat The same as fig. 4, seen from the actinal side. a hell od wf \ ae > > we .8 «4 a * me POL a7. Van 5 Bt noire . . 7, ke RRO tate ssog ..4 wy - PLATE 105. te ie titgire! iil ja ea HITE fy . uy te wi 7 ’ lzners inf t 201 Ad) tgaal ni ie 8 svvirines a ; be 7 ' . mA : aa fins ; 7 Arai mn! ft Popitainisere tn a mt 5! pA oh, S0DRiond aliszitdexoT i! eMigne! yi saw OD neiscis ja 30 extiely yathonoriuse be MudGA of + a ; = - 2 7 > - aes 5 ? zit RE Italo BeIniy adiinisossu- | ve ta fe Pak rae an qildpial dicta 7, genriosgs Ip slvines? bangedie- frre piers lan? Shes Fe <_ — a ae ta pe iss a agi ide is (ni 1 ral I i iy f 4\ > - | ‘iL 2. 3. a oOo - . Abactinal system and surrounding plates of same as fig. 4. a PLATE 105. 1-3. Periaster tenuis A. Ag.; Station 3598. SOL ata st Actinostome and surrounding plates of specimen 58 mm. in length Anal system of specimen 54 mm. in length. 4-6. Toxobrissus pacificus A. Ag. Actinostome and surrounding plates of specimen 50 mm. in length 5 SI }, Anal system and sub-anal fasciole of specimen 50 mm. in length ; Stal i pei as ** ALBATROSS Bx. 1891. 2) ® Noy DY. a A OIONS) IDM. ww FeO: 498 \e ay @ pL) a a ‘ ult; 1 ats » *! 4’ | Ae 7h : , a pe wis ' pe ; As x - - , Puate 106. OL a71.2'1, . es , * BOTS -trottaie {A.A -mberaaiT stare bopa sq = med dott oqexD To .cosionin') wee od .¥ Yo oe .abiz fag}ios Odi most Hoqolevab wigewsl ui ori BA osmivega .t = ett Sis 7G inde ve Lae rgoe wie 2 imeley rid = a OL sraul PLATE 106. 1-4. Spatagodesma Diomede A. Ag.; Station 2769, “ Albatros: Exp., N. Y. to San Francisco, off Cape Dos Bahias. > ~ 1. Specimen 5.3 mm. in length, developed from the actinal side. 2. Abactinal system of the same. 3. Anal system of same. 4, Abactinal system of same, seen from the interior. Lit Ansty Wemer a Winter. Frareézt? Mh ee q =<%% : ‘ ~~ ¢ + : 7 FTE &: tfasc > ue 4 acleten © 47 Psi YU “>. i ‘ a * rs eae gestsasT Wes 6: 1 - “ehas etse *G?3 poor? A<-c ¢ Pe as es er , ‘ Pate 107. : ah > a0 we 4 i 1 ad TMM Mayeditt treater: Ti aes — + ia. r =S 7 . Sates bbe att lure & Ss 2 see 4 a ¥ : i tut NM 5 ; SIs mer [i ioe a o> 'efare tac e - s SS dtiw odie leniioaic “Hi get pe 2 smape 6f2.qthare tee © 6 jg 12s pe Foe oS oS if 8, 9. Primary spines of the sternum. 10. Spines of the fasciole. . The same, seen from the abactinal side. . The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior interambulacrum. . Specimen 5.5 mm. in length, seen from the abactinal side, with its sp i — a 7 3 >) ee - ¥ Bots 4 e . bis, eat > a, ee a oe at ‘. a a ay y * eee -. rd mae esi Puate 107. 1-10. Spatagodesma Diomedz A. Ag.; Station 2769, “ Alb: ' aie Exp., N. Y. to San Francisco, off Cape Dos Bahias. od 4 Denuded specimen 5.3 mm. in length, seen a the actinal side. NOL areas’ aa Seen facing the anterior loop of the fasciole and the odd ambulacru 1 ® Ns vL Seen facing the anal system and the odd interambulacrum. 7 4 a The actinostome and plates surrounding the same. BATROSS EX. 1891. 5% pees Yaar LithAnstvWemera Winter, Fran cand a iis a) dieil ateranil) ni Puate 108. eivbnhed fio Ae plete lenitpide: ma nT 2 cons at 20h redeK: died: ah iran SCE ai oeee_om eee? : } ue 3 bue vines fits ail? piingt cose junkes SIT .& (Fag das ey de he we hd Z ; ; , ; ee t AN eer etre Shia Inoieinds oft seyt vinds aby gato pape Hol-orlt guise) ese whitow ci bam ray a Ee - iy +? ee al LF . * ae ‘ * Hitt G ya ot) | ye siti f % | iit Yo eatehi; siinivibe Maia wide ts Ineritonde net ry + . The same, from the abactinal side. . The same in profile, seen facing the left posterior interambulacrum. ees a ci: 4 om aoe oF . Pe I Pate 108. 1-9. Agassizia excentrica A. Ag. Young specimen, 5 nm. in diameter, from the actinal side; “ Blake,” 1 290, off Barbados. Ot ee The same, seen from the abactinal side. The same, seen in profile, facing the left posterior interambulacrum, The same, seen facing the anal system and the odd a The abactinal side of the same, seen from the interior. A specimen, 16 mm. in diameter, from the actinal side; “ Blake,” off St. Vincent. . The abactinal system and adjoining plates of the same, seen from the i n »s ‘ cow e s * eer 4) diag! Fee > « = a eoL in = Bh -A odtolo jezicth a | I art» 7 Obie fuarivan mo gabe taste shin + asmigegh of =. 2 a ee sr Rell OB aise roovioamtl pees ae lay 2 gi be sata &. roan i es F asinlg gutibyorus bas Meteye thn af ' ‘3 2 ® : ro” : oh canlememabe dee eae BBR ota nt mt wo an vam gh | Ls. a | pe é 9h = a, <> od =? he ie 3inse lo noe $° | HH oe ' af hab! tte y a fo ri 2 ce ai Pe i (= & %@ a ~“ = “te Piate 109. 1-8. Moira clotho A. Ag. . Specimen 34 mm. in length, seen from the actinal side; “ Albatross ” Ex Francisco, Station 2800, Bay of ges . The same as fig. 1, seen from the abactinal side. » af . The same as fig. 1, seen facing the left posterior interambulacrum. __ . Abactinal system and surrounding plates of specimen 31 mm. in Exp., N. Y. to San Francisco, Station 2801, Bay of Panama. . The same as fig. 4, seen from the interior of the test. . Fragment of interior fasciole along the left anterior interambulacrum of s as fig. 4. 7 . Actinostome of same specimen as fig. 1. . Anal system of same as fig. 1. ALBATROSS EX. 1891 I ANIMAS Pau ee OOO O05 -Z%, Weaeayelerans cel 2PO0OTKO te, ° 95°52? 3.0299 9295. ch) 29959 . bets Vad ig ee a oe Te vd Z ene are: as r Phew q =| We atts 7 Puate 110. “a OLE ata ie yen Boh Sesimel?. tamee ooieshomo) deft... ait Yo dom'l me aeeu geoW “sid uf xopaguiai) oft Wt wotrauh ienics”) jo Jeni’) \ es Ee, Ar tel a i feb ch! Dire - ; y i") “ % 1 star ah ae ec ‘ ba J cali: mee tine coe ~ Bane ; + , -) meant) / 4 ae i ait La OLf£ wraa'l . Puate 110. Track of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “ Albatross ” during he Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast « in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz durin Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. 8. N., commanding. +4 290 Fathoms Rast ? re P Angele, fathoms ." Fn 0 BINDING SECT. JUNG i QL Harvard University. Museum 1 of Comparative Zoology H35 Memoirs vel PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE Pe OR eb Pee Bey neey ae Peterkin eS ” wpeby be re7Et: Ones heehee abt Cie set beae ieee eee oor iS eer bake rene nmish iy . 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