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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/memoirs33harv

MEMOIRS

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

AT

HARVARD COLLEGE.

VOL. XXXII.

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.
1906.

;

University Press: ©
Joun Witson anp Son, CAMBRIDGE

CONTENTS.

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, in charge of ALEXANDER AGassiz, by the U. S.
Fish Commission Steamer ‘‘ Albatross,” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut.
Commander L. M. Garrerr, U. S. N., Commanding. V. GenerAL Report or THE
ExprepiTion. By ALEXANDER AGAssiz. pp. i-xili, 1-75. 96 Plates, and 8 figures in
the text. 1906.

Hlemoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy

AT HARVARD COLLEGE,

Vou. XXXITI.

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ,
BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER “ ALBATROSS,” FROM
OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT. COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT,
U.S. N.. COMMANDING.

V.

GENERAL REPORT OF THE EXPEDITION.

By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.

WITH NINETY-SIX PLATES,

AND EIGHT FIGURES IN THE TEXT.

[Published by permission of Gzorcr M. Bowers, U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.]

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.:
Printed for the fAuseum.

JANUARY, 1906.

a

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION
PAGE
Hydrography, Plates 1-12. . . . 1
Character of the Bottom of the Raster
Tropical Pacific, Plate3 . . . . 5
Bottom Fauna of the Eastern Tropical
Pacific: Plates” . . . - 6
Pelagic Fauna and Fauna of Teterme:
diate Depths, Plate 3°... 12
Distribution of the Pelagic and Boro
Haunasielate 3°. 5) . 2) 1S
Serial Temperatures, Plates 3%, 4- 12. pot)
Record of Serial Temperatures . . . 24
Surface Temperatures, Plate 3° . ... 25
Specific Gravities, Plate 3 . . 26
Record of Specific Gravities of the Bast:
CUMBEACHICM se es ss ol 28

PLATES AND EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

Record of Specific Gravities of the Pa-
namic Region :

Record of Air ariperatntes

Winds, Plate 3% . on ad : :

Record of Pelagic Stations betneen San
Francisco aad Panama = \s

Record of Trawling, Drees and
Pelagic Stations occupied by the
“Albatross” in the Eastern Tropical
Pacific from November, 1904, to
March, 1905 et

The Galapagos, Plates 50-56

Sala y Gomez, Plate 15

Easter Island, Plates 13, 16-49%

Manga Reva, Plates 14, 57-91

ix

PAGE

Oo or or Or Oo
| Se ee

INTRODUCTION.

Tue U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “ Albatross” was, with the consent
of the President, placed at my disposal by Secretary Cortelyou of the
Bureau of Commerce and Labor, at the suggestion of the Hon. Geo, M.
Bowers, Commissioner of Fisheries.

’

The area selected for this cruise of the “ Albatross” included the vast
tract of the Eastern Pacific south of the Panamic region, explored by her
in 1891. This area was crossed by lines from the Galapagos to Aguja
Point (Pl. 1), thence in a southwesterly direction, then to Callao. From
Callao we ran to Easter Island, then to the Galapagos, next to Manga
Reva, and finally to Acapulco, where our exploration ended, after having
steamed from Panama over a distance of more than 13,000 miles.

From Acapulco the “Albatross” ran to San Diego, where the col-
lections were shipped to the Fish Commission, to be distributed to the
specialists who have kindly undertaken to work up the material collected
during her cruise.

The collections made during the present expedition will give ample mate-
rial for extensive monographs on the holothurians, the siliceous sponges, the
cephalopods, the jelly-fishes, the pelagic crustaceans, worms, and fishes of
the Eastern Pacific, as well as on the bottom deposits and on the radio-
larians and dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protozoans collected by the
tow-nets. Small collections of plants were made at Easter Island and
Manga Reva which may throw some light on the origin and distribution
of the flora of the Eastern Pacific.

With one exception, the lines we ran were all well within the steaming
range of the “ Albatross,’ so that the work laid out was satisfactorily car-
ried on. Our last line, however, from Manga Reva to Acapulco, while
practicable under ordinary circumstances, proved beyond the capacity of

1 A brief account of the progress of the expedition was sent to the Hon. Geo. M. Bowers from
Callao, from the Galapagos, and from Acapulco. These letters were published inthe American Journal
of Science for February, April, and May, 1905, and were reprinted in the Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI,
No. 4, April, 1905.

x INTRODUCTION.

the “ Albatross.” Our progress, which was excellent during the first days
of our journey after leaving Manga Reva, soon became greatly impeded by
head winds in the region where we ought to have been in the full swing
of the southeasterly trades. This led us to abandon with great reluctance
all idea of further work when in the equatorial belt of currents; to give
up our proposed visit to Clipperton, and, on account of our limited coal
supply, to make for Acapulco, merely sounding every morning. This was a
great disappointment, as we had every reason to expect to be able to spend
some time in the western region of the equatorial currents belt, and settle
more conclusively than we have been able to do the question of their
influence upon the richness of the fauna living on the bottom in their track,
far from continental shores or insular areas.

We were most fortunate in our arrangements for our coal supply. It
was a somewhat risky undertaking to provide coal at the Galapagos,
Easter Island, and Manga Reva. But, thanks to the interest of Messrs.
Burns, Philp & Co. in our behalf, their contracts to supply us with coal
were carried out most punctually. Their failure to meet us either at Easter
Island or Manga Reva would have been disastrous, as neither of these
islands are visited more than once a year.

We hoped to be docked at Callao, but, owing to the prolonged cccupa-
tion of the dock by a disabled steamer and the uncertainty of its becoming
free within reasonable time, we decided to proceed without further delay to
Easter Island and continue the expedition without docking.

But little is known of the hydrography of the area we explored, but
few soundings are recorded from that area of the Eastern Pacifie before the
present expedition of the “ Albatross;” one to the N. W. of Callao by the
Italian S. “ Vittor Pisani”? in 1882, three by the Cable S. “Silverton” in
1893,’ and four by the U.S. 8. “ Alaska.”’* A few deep-sea soundings east-
ward of the Paumotus, to the meridian of 91° 31’ W., are all taken by
H. M. 8. “Alert” in 1878-80. I do not include the long list of soundings
taken by the steamers of the Central and South American Telegraph Com-
pany along the west coast of South America. They are all within very
moderate distance of the coast, and bear mainly upon the configuration of
the submarine western slope of South America.

111° 4S, 80°33’ W. 2729 211° 14'S, 78°59" W. 2107
210° 14'S. 79°29’ W. 1267 | 11°52 = 78°89 = 2017

10°47' = 79° 3 1115 [ fathoms. 11°51’ ~—s_78° 5d 3368 | *thoms.
11°16’ 078° 4 1169 | 11°53’ = 76°: 3164

INTRODUCTION. bat

The greatest interest attached to this exploration, there is no other
oceanic region situated at so great a distance from a continental area and
interrupted by so few islands. The eastern tropical Pacific extends south
from a line between Acapulco and the Galapagos, and to Cape San Fran-
cisco as a northern boundary, to a distance of over 3000 miles as far as
the latitude of Manga Reva, Easter Island, and a point north of Valparaiso ;
and the distance of Manga Reva from the South American coast is fully
3500 miles, with nothing to break this vast expanse of water.

The investigation of this region promised interesting results and valuable
data regarding the extension of an abyssal oceanic fauna far from shore and
its dependence upon the pelagic food carried by the great oceanic currents.

The “ Albatross,’ under command of Lieut.-Commander L. M. Garrett,
U.S. N., left San Francisco on the 6th of October and arrived at Panama the
22d. On her way along the coast Professor C. A. Kofoid took advantage of
the opportunity for making surface hauls with the tow-nets, as well as
vertical hauls, generally to a depth of 300 fathoms. <A large amount of
pelagic material was thus collected, not at a great distance from the coast,
however. Off Mariato Point the “ Albatross” made two hauls in the vicinity
of the stations where in 1891 she found “ modern green sand,” in 555 and
782 fathoms.’ It was interesting to find the green sand again, as the speci-
mens collected in 1891 were lost in transit to Washington. I was fortunate
in having as assistant for this trip Professor Kofoid, who has had great
experience in studying the Protozoa both in fresh water and at sea. He
was given charge of the collection of Radiolarians and Diatoms, and of
other minute pelagic organisms; and he will prepare a report on the
results of that branch of the expedition.

It will be interesting to compare the pelagic fauna at intermediate
depths collected along the coast from San Francisco to Panama with that
of the Eastern Pacific. A glance at the preliminary records of that line
shows the great abundance along the continental area of the embryos of
littoral types of Echinoderms, of Lamellibranchs, Gasteropods, Acalephs,
Crustacea, Fishes, and others mixed with Dinoflagellates, Radiolarians,
Tintinnids, Globigerine, and pelagic types of Copepods, Amphipods,
Tunicates, Ostracods, Annelids, Sagitte, Pteropods, Cephalopods, Acalephs,
and Fishes. The oceanic lines were marked for the total absence of littoral
embryos.

1 Stations 3357, 3358, Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII, No. 1, p. 5, 1892.

xii INTRODUCTION.

At Panama the “ Albatross” was coaled and provisioned at once; on
my arrival there on the Ist of November I found her ready for sea, and on
the 2d we left for Mariato Point to make a few additional trawl hauls in
the region of the green sand. In both the hauls made off Mariato Point
green sand was found, but not in the quantity obtained in 1891. These
were the only trawl hauls made in the Panamic District north of the
Galapagos.

The changes made in the working apparatus of the “ Albatross” under
the superintendence of Lieutenant Franklin Swift, U. 8S. N., proved
most satisfactory. The alterations in the main drum and the device for
preventing the piling of the wire on the surging drum and the accompany-
ing shock have greatly reduced the risk of breaking the wire rope when
trawling at great depths. The wire rope proved an excellent piece of
workmanship, and worked admirably in the comparatively deep water
in which most of our trawling was done. A new dredging boom was also
installed, and everything relating to the equipment of the “ Albatross”
was carefully overhauled before her departure.

Lieut.-Commander L. M. Garrett was indefatigable in his interest for the
expedition; the officers and crew were devoted to their work; and the
members of,the scientific staff carried out most faithfully their duties of
preparing and preserving the collections made.

I have to thank specially for assistance and advice, during the equipping
of the “ Albatross” for her voyage, Captain Z. L. Tanner, U. 8. N.; the
late Admiral Sir Joseph Wharton, R. N.; Mr. Richard Rathbun, assistant
secretary of the Smithsonian; Mr. J. W. Littlehales for copies of the
report of Commander B. F, Day, U. S. N., of the “ Mohican,’ on Easter
Island, and for the corrections made on the chart of the island by the
the managing director of the Telegraph Con-
struction and Maintenance Company, and Mr. Lucas, the engineer of the

”

officers of the “ Mohican;

company, for advice regarding his automatic sounding-machine; Mr. Jas.
A. Serymser, the president, and Mr. Kingsford, the manager, of the Cen-
tral and South American Telegraph Company; the managing director, and
Mr. A. Birrell the manager, of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company ;
Messrs. Burns, Philp and Co., of Sydney; Messrs. W. R. Grace and Co., of
Callao; Captain Pillsbury of the Bureau of Navigation; the Panama R. R.
Company ; the late Secretary Hay, who was kind enough to obtain through
our embassies at London, Paris, Mexico, Lima, Santiago, Ecuador, and Pan-

INTRODUCTION. Xili

ama, letters from the governments to whom they were accredited recom-
mending the “ Albatross” to the good-will of the officials of the ports we
intended to visit. Nothing could have been more cordial than our reception
at the points where we coaled. I may also mention the assistance given us
by Mr. C. Cooper, the manager of the Easter Island Company, during our
visit to that island, and the cordial reception given the “ Albatross” while
at Manga Reva by the governor, Dr. Fernand Cassiau.

Finally my thanks are due to the officers in charge of the Bureau of
Fisheries at Washington for their attention to all the details called for by
the fitting out of the “ Albatross.”

Newport, R. I., November, 1905.

LIST OF THE OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES STEAMER “ALBATROSS.”

Lieut.-Commander . . IL. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding.

Lieutenant . . . . W. J. Manion, U.S. N., Executive Officer and Navigator.
Boatswain . . . . JOHN Manoney, U.S. N.
Boatswain . . . . Lovurs M. Sopp, U.S. N.
Acting Boatswain . . F. W. Merrers, U.S. N.

Past Assistant Surgeon JoserH C. THompson, U.S. N.
Assistant Paymaster . E. H. Corn, U.S. N.
Warrant Machinist. . Caries Crater, U.S. N.
General Assistant . . L. M. Toncus, U.S. F.C.

Screntiric STAFF.

C. A. Kororp, Assistant.

H. B. Bicerow, Assistant.

F. M. Cuampertain, Naturalist, U. S. F. C.
M. WEsTERGREN, Artist.

“ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
EXPEDITION.

GENERAL REPORT.

HYDROGRAPHY.
Plates 1-12.

During this expedition we sounded every day while at sea, and developed
very fairly the contour of that part of the Eastern Pacific which lies to the
south and west of the line from Cape San Francisco to the Galapagos and of
a line from the Galapagos to Acapulco, limiting an area occupied by the
“ Albatross” in 1891. The area developed by us is included by a line over
3200 miles in length from Acapulco to Manga Reva, and the area north of
a line from Manga Reva to Easter Island and from Easter Island to Callao.

During our voyage one hundred and sixty soundings were taken with
the Lucas sounding-machine. The bathymetrical chart of the “ Albatross”
expedition of 1891! was somewhat modified by the northern soundings of
our present expedition on the lines Manga Reva to Acapulco, Manga Reva
to the Galapagos, and Easter Island to the Galapagos. The soundings affected
the 2000-fathom line off the Galapagos Plateau, and off the Mexican coast
(BI, 1).

The soundings of the area we surveyed in the Eastern Pacific are com-
paratively shallow. With the exception of the area to the westward and south-
westward of Callao, the soundings generally varied from 1800 to 2300
fathoms, while off Callao and in the direction of Easter Island are found
a number of soundings varying from 2000 to over 3000 fathoms (PI. 1).

Following our lines as they developed after leaving Panama, we made a
straight line of soundings (PI. 1) from Mariato Point towards Chatham
Island in the Galapagos (PI. 4), intersecting the ring of soundings we made
northeast of the Islands in 1891.2 The deepest point of the line (1900

1 Pl. III, Bull. M. C. Z. Vol. XXIII, No. 1, Feb., 1892. 2 Tbid.
1

2 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION,

fathoms) was found about 100 miles southwest of Mariato Point. The depth
then continued to show about 1700 fathoms for nearly 200 miles, and
shoaled very gradually to 1418 fathoms about 80 miles from Chatham
Island. From this point it sloped quite rapidly, the 1000-fathom line
being not more than 60 miles from Chatham Island. We ran a short line
south of Hood Island, and found a somewhat steeper slope to that face of
the Galapagos, reaching over 1700 fathoms in a distance of less than 50
miles; the bottom then remained comparatively flat, attaining a depth of
2000 fathoms about 100 miles farther south. This depth we carried east-
ward on a line to Aguja Point (Pl. 7). When half-way, the soundings had
increased to over 2200 fathoms, and remained near that depth to within
60 miles of the coast, when the depth rapidly shoaled. From Aguja Point
we ran a line of soundings to the southwest, to a point about 675 miles west
of Callao (Pl. 6, fig. 7); on this line the depth gradually increased from
2200 fathoms, 100 miles off the Point, to nearly 2500 fathoms. On run-
ning east to Callao (Pl. 9), the depth soon increased to about 2600 fathoms,
and at a distance of about 80 miles off Callao we dropped into the Milne-
Edwards Deep and found a depth of over 3200 fathoms. We spent a couple
of days in developing this Deep, making soundings of 1490, 2845, 458, 1949,
2338, and 3120 fathoms; showing a great irregularity of the bottom within
a comparatively limited area of less than 60 miles in diameter.

The soundings taken to the south of the Galapagos (Pls. 4, 5), developed
the outline of the 1500-fathom curve as well as that of the 2000-fathom
line to the south and west, showing that the latter enclosed a very much
larger area (Pl. 1) than had been inferred from the soundings taken in 1891.
Our soundings also showed that the Guatemala Basin was enclosed by the
2000-fathom line, forming a large elliptical area to the west of the Mexican
and Guatemalan coast (PI. 1).

The soundings we made to the eastward from the Galapagos to the South
American coast (Pls. 7-9, Pl. 10, fig. 7), and to the westward of Callao, as
well as on the line from Callao to Easter Island, all indicate a gradual
deepening to the eastward, to form the northern part of a basin I have
called the Bowers Basin (Pl. 1), and which is independent of what has
been called on the “Challenger” Charts the Buchan Basin, with greatest
depths of 2400 to over 2700 fathoms, and passing at several points near the
coast to Milne-Edwards Deep, Haeckel Deep, Kriimmel Deep, Bartholomew
Deep, and Richards Deep, some of them with a depth of over 4000 fathoms.

HYDROGRAPHY. 33

It is difficult from the absence of soundings between the southernmost

’

lines of the “ Albatross” and those of the “ Challenger” in the latitude of
Valparaiso to fix any limit to the Buchan Basin. For this reason I have
merely kept the legend without attempting to define its boundaries.

The line from Callao to Easter Island (PI. 10, fig. 7), passes through Milne-
Edwards Deep, which is separated from the southern part of Bowers Basin
having a depth of over 2700 fathoms, by a ridge of about 2500 fathoms.

The slope of that line rises very gradually from 2400 fathoms to the
2000-fathom line, forming the eastern flank of the plateau enclosing Sala y
Gomez and Easter Island. The latter, the larger island, rises more suddenly
from a much smaller plateau than the one of which the small rocky islet of
Sala y Gomez is the visible area (Pl. 1), the 1500-fathom line extending
nearly half-way from Sala y Gomez to Easter Island and within a short
distance of Easter Island connecting Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. On the
ridge we found 1142 fathoms near Sala y Gomez, and 1696 fathoms half-way
between that point and Haster Island. The ridge rises rapidly from about
2000 fathoms, the general oceanic depth within about 100 miles, to over
1100 fathoms within a comparatively short distance from both Sala y
Gomez and Easter Island.

The plateau connecting Sala y Gomez and Easter Island forms a marked
spur on the southeast point of the Albatross Plateau (PI. 1).

The two lines centering at Haster Island (Pls. 4, 10, fig. 7), developed the
eastern edge of the Albatross Plateau (Pls. 5, 6, fig. 7, 9, 11, 12), indicated on

”?

the “ Challenger” bathymetrical charts, on the strength of a few soundings
reaching from Callao in a northwesterly direction and of a couple of sound-
ings on the 20th degree of latitude. It is surprising that with the few

”

soundings known at the time the “ Challenger” charts were published so
accurate a sketch of the Albatross Plateau should have been made, and still
more interesting that the plateau should have been called the “ Albatross ”
Plateau, and be developed by the “ Albatross” nearly thirty years later.
The “ Albatross” Plateau is the most interesting bathymetrical feature
of the Eastern Pacific (Pls. 5, 6, fig. 7,9, 11, 12). It is a triangular area
(Pl. 1), indicated by the 2000-fathom line pointing towards the Galapagos,
with a base starting from Easter Island almost reaching Manga Reva.
According to the “Challenger ” bathymetrical chart (Pl. 1B), the Juan
Fernandez Plateau connects with the Albatross Plateau and forms the
southern limit separating Buchan Basin from Barker Basin south of the Juan

a “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

Fernandez Plateau. I hesitate to accept this interpretation of the few
shallower soundings taken by the “Challenger” more than six hundred
miles south of the 2000-fathom line defining the Easter Island and Sala y
Gomez Plateau.

The Albatross Plateau, as developed by the “Albatross” (Pls, 9, 11),
separates the Bowers and Buchan Basins from the great basin to the north-
west. The eastern slope indicated by the 2000-fathom line gradually falls
into deeper water as we pass towards the South American coast, while
the western slope passes into deep water in the direction of Grey’s Deep
and of the Moser Basin and Moser Deep (Pl. 1). The Galapagos Plateau
is separated from the Albatross Plateau by a wide channel of more than
300 miles, with a probable greatest depth of nearly 2300 fathoms.

Our line from Easter Island to the Galapagos (Pl. 12) shows a wonder-
fully level tract, varying in depth only from 2020 to 2265 fathoms in a
distance of nearly 2000 miles.

On our line, Galapagos to Manga Reva, we developed the western extension
of the Albatross Plateau (Pl. 5), and found it varying in depth from 1900
to somewhat less than 2300 fathoms in a distance of nearly 3000 miles ;
about half-way from the Galapagos to Manga Reva we came upon a ridge
of about 200-miles in length with a depth of 1700 to 1055 fathoms, dropping
rapidly to the south to over 1900 fathoms. 1 propose to call this elevation
Garrett Ridge (Pls. 1, 5).

Our line from Manga Reva to Acapulco (Pl. 12) shows the gradual
slope of the western extension of the Albatross Plateau towards the great
basin of the Eastern Pacific. This line is almost level; in a distance of 3200
miles the depth varies only about 400 fathoms. The great area traversed
by the “ Albatross” was practically mare incognitum. Three soundings in
latitude 20° S., towards the Paumotus, and five soundings in a north-
westerly trend from Callao to Grey’s Deep (PI. 8) are all the depths that
were previously known of this great expanse of water. The existence of a
great plateau dividing Bowers Basin along the South American coast from
Grey and Moser Basins (Pls. 1, 9, 11) to the west is most interesting. It
recalls the division of the Southern Atlantic into an Eastern and Western
Basin by a central connecting ridge, the “ Challenger” Ridge.

The existence of a sounding of 2554 fathoms near the equator in longi-
tude 110° W., would seem to indicate a small basin disconnected from
Grey’s Deep and Moser Basin. How far west towards these basins that

CHARACTER OF THE BOTTOM OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 5

extension .reaches, no soundings indicate as yet. It is interesting to note
that along the Mexican coast there are a number of deep disconnected basins
lying close to the shore, just as there are a number of disconnected deeps
close along the South American coast, extending from off Callao to off
Caldera, Chili, opposite high volcanoes or elevated chains of mountains.
These basins and a great part of the steep Mexican continental shelf form a
deep channel, separating in places the oceanic slope from the steep conti-
nental slope. The steepness of the continental shelf is especially well seen
off Acapulco and Manzanilla. One of the small basins along the Mexican
coast, with 2661 fathoms, lies off Sebastian Viscaino Bay ; a second south of
Tres Marias with 2395 fathoms; another with more than 2900 fathoms is
to the west of Manzanilla Bay; a third to the southeast of Acapulco has
about the same depth, and a fourth with 2500 fathoms is off San José,
Guatemala. Our last soundings off Acapulco, about 29 miles south of the
lighthouse, in 2494 fathoms, showed the western extension of one of these
deep holes lying to the east of Acapulco. These small basins off the west
coast, close to the shore, at the foot of a steep continental slope, are in
great contrast to the wide continental shelves of Yucatan and Florida,
which characterize the east coast of Central America and the east coast
of the United States from Florida to the Banks of Newfoundland.

CHARACTER OF THE BOTTOM OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC.
Plate 3.

The bottom of the area explored by the “ Albatross” in 1891 is covered
by green and brown mud mixed with masses of decayed and decaying vege-
table matter. South of this area we come upon the great tracts of the
Eastern Pacific the bottom of which is covered by manganese nodules. The
extent of this tract is shown in Plate 3, where are given the northern and
eastern limits of the manganese nodules as well as its southern limit extend-
ing from Easter Island to Manga Reva. From the northern extremity of
Moser Basin the line forming the northern limit of the manganese nodules
runs in a southeasterly direction to about 100° W. Long, and 5° south of
the equator where it runs nearly due east off Aguja Point, its eastern line
then runs south, parallel to the South American coast. The southern limit
of the nodules as here given (Pl. 3) is probably not its southernmost limit,

’

as the “Challenger” obtained manganese nodules a long way south in the

6 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

latitude of Valparaiso; but nothing is known of the character of the bottom
on the area intervening between the lines of the “Albatross” and “ Chal-
lenger.’ The western and northern and eastern limits of the Radiolarian
ooze (Pl. 5) indicate a great tract partly covering the area of manganese
nodules. ;

To the west of the Radiolarian ooze area lies a great tract of Globigerina
ooze ; it is east of the Marquesas and of the Paumotus and extends north
some way into Moser Basin (PI. 3).

Diatoms are found in a very wide belt reaching from the equator to
nearly the general latitude of 15° S., in some localities south and west of
Aguja Point, as well as others. Close to the South American coast they
occur in sufficient quantities to have formed silicious earth.

It will be noted that the belt where diatoms occur is entirely within
the influence of the western and northern set of the Humboldt current,
and that while diatoms are found in great abundance in an area near the
equator, yet they have undoubtedly been brought north by the Humboldt
current from more southern latitudes than those explored by the “ Alba-
tross,” and have been spread westward by the prevailing southeast trades
of the belt where they are found (PI. 4).

BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC.
Plate 3°.

Hauls of the trawl made off the Galapagos and at the western extremity
of our lines off Aguja Point brought us within the area of the manganese
nodules, with its Radiolarian ooze mud, Cetacean earbones, and beaks of
Cephalopods ; nothing could stand the damaging work of these nodules in
grinding to pieces all the animal life the trawl may have obtained (PI. 3).
Down to a depth of 2200 fathoms or so the bottom was constituted of
Globigerina‘ ooze, its character being more or less hidden when near the
coast by the amount of detrital matter and terrigenous deposits which
have drifted out to sea.

North of the Galapagos, as in the 1891 expedition,’ we found vegetable
matter at nearly all the stations, and between the. Galapagos and Callao
such material was not uncommon in the trawl.

Beyond the line of 2200 fathoms dead radiolarians become quite abun-

1 Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII, No. 1, p. 11, 1892.

BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 7

dant on the bottom, as well as in the mud of the manganese nodules, though
among the nodules it was not uncommon to find an occasional Biloculina.
Many of the dead radiolarians found on the bottom were obtained from
the guts of Salpse swimming near the surface or within the 300-fathom
line in the tow-nets sent to that depth. The same is the case with many
of the Dinoflagellata which have been considered as deep-sea types.

North of Callao our trawls brought up from the bottom many interest-
ing fishes, among which I may mention Bathypterois, Ipnops, Sternoptyx,
Nemichthys, Alepocephalus, Macrurans, Brotulids, Cyclothone, Melamphaés,
and a few bat fishes, all, thus far, described by Mr. Garman from the 1891
expedition. I may mention also a Chimera, different from the Chili species.

Among the Crustacea were Lithodes, Munidopsis, a number of Macru-
rans, many Schizopods, large Pycnogonids, and several species of Scalpellum,
all well-known species of the 1891 expedition; we found a few Molluscs,
and a few interesting genera of Tubicolous Annelids, among them Hyali-
cena. Compared to the 1891 expedition, few starfishes and brittle stars
were obtained, and still fewer sea urchins, only one species of Aceste and
one of Aérope, a new species of Asthenosoma and Homolampas, in marked
contrast to the numerous Kchini collected in the Panamic Basin in 1891.
We obtained, however, a magnificent collection of Holothurians, nearly
every species occurring in the Panamic Basin being found in numbers in our
track south of the Galapagos, in the wake of the great Chili-Peruvian cur-
rent, and at considerable depths. On one occasion, at Station 4647, in 2005
fathoms, we obtained no less than sixteen species of Holothurians, among
them brilliantly colored Benthodytes, Psychropotes, Scotoplanes, Euphro-
nides, and the like. At Station 4670, in 5209 fathoms, we obtained six
species of Holothurians. At Station 4672, in 2845 fathoms, we obtained
also very many specimens of three species of Ankyroderma, a large Deima,
two species of Scotoplanes, two of Psychropotes, with a number of young
stages of that genus, repeating thus the experience of the “Challenger,”
which found Holothurians at great depth in abundance, not only in the
number of specimens but also of species, though the “Challenger” did not
in any locality obtain as many as we did at Station 4647. Mr. Westergren
made a number of ‘sketches of the species which were not obtained in the
1891 expedition. We also collected in the trawl a number of deep-sea
Actinians, Stephanactis, Actinauge, none different, however, from genera
previously found in the Panamic district. We obtained only a few Penna-

8 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

tulids, Gorgonians, and Antipathes, and a very considerable number of sili-
cious sponges, usually associated with the Holothurians found in deep water
in the track of the Peruvian current. In the track of the current, at not
too great distances from the coast, we invariably brought up, even from
very considerable depths, sticks and twigs and fragments of vegetable
matter. On two ocasions we brought up in the trawl specimens of Octac-
nemus. The trawl had been working at 2255 and 2222 fathoms. Both
Moseley and Herdman described this interesting Ascidian as attached to the
bottom by a small peduncle. While the presence of the peduncle cannot be
denied, yet its attachment, if attached at all, must be of the slightest, its
transparent, slightly translucent body, with its eight large lobes, suggesting
rather a pelagic type than a sedentary form. Octacnemus was discovered
by the “ Challenger” west of Valparaiso.

In the “ Albatross” Tropical Pacific expedition (1899-1900) Octaenemus
was obtained in the tow-net from less than 150 fathoms at station 16 Lat.
4° 35’ N., Long. 136° 54’ W., about 600 miles north of the Marquesas.
The “Albatross” also collected in 1885, on her way from New York to
San Francisco, specimens of Octacnemus, off Port Otway, Patagonia, in
1050 fathoms. They were described and figured by Mr. M. M. Metcalf,’
showing that the individuals are not solitary but are attached to one another
in a linear series by means of a slender stolon. It is possible that they were
attached to some solid object or normally lived upon the bottom.

In the stomach of one of the specimens of Octacnemus was found a
species of Tanais. Of this Dr. Hansen says: The species is certainly new, and
the specimen well enough preserved so that it can be described. All the spe-
cies of Tanaidacea, some curious males perhaps excepted, live on the bottom,
some species rather near the shore, and many forms at considerable or great
depths. This is of interest in the present case, because it would serve to
show that the Octacnemus has taken the animal on the bottom and that
it therefore goes down to the depth recorded — 2222 fathoms. But as this
locality is comparatively near shore and in the track of the disturbances due
to the Humboldt current, it is not safe to assume that the Octacnemus lived
at that depth, as it is also known to live within 150 fathoms of the surface
in other localities.

On our way from Callao to Easter Island in the early part of December,

1 Octacnemus patagoniensis, Spengel, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Anat. u. Ontol., Bd. 13. PI. 40, fig. 80,
p- 572, 1900.

BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 9

as far as 90° west longitude, we remained in the Humboldt current, as we
could readily see from the character of the temperature serials and from
the amount of pelagic life we obtained from both the surface and the in-
termediate hauls. This current also affected the bottom fauna, which was
fairly rich, even as far as 800 miles from the shore, while we remained within
the limits of the northern current (Pl. 3°). As soon as we ran outside of
this the character of the surface fauna changed; it became less and less
abundant as we made our way to Easter Island, the western half of the
line from Callao becoming gradually barren. This current also affected the
deep-sea fauna to such an extent that towards Easter Island, at a distance
of 1200 to 1400 miles from the South American continent, our trawl hauls
were absolutely barren (Pl. 3°); the bottom of the greater part of the line
was covered with manganese nodules on which were found attached a few
insignificant silicious sponges, an occasional ophiuran, and a few brachiopods
or diminutive worm tubes, the same bottom continuing to Sala y Gomez and
between there and Easter Island.

The southern part of our line from Easter Island to the Galapagos shows
all the features characteristic of the western part of the line from Callao to
Easter Island ; like the latter, as far as the 12th degree of southern latitude,
it proved comparatively barren, the bottom consisting of manganese nodules
to within about 250 miles of the Galapagos (Pl. 3°). The pelagic and inter-
mediate fauna from Easter Island to 12° south latitude was very poor, and
the serial temperatures show that we were outside and to the westward of
the great Humboldt current. But near the 12th degree of southern latitude
a sudden change took place; the pelagic and intermediate fauna became
quite abundant again and soon fully as rich as at any time in the Humboldt
current. There was also a marked change in the temperature of the water
as indicated by the serials, showing that from the 12th degree of southern
latitude to the Galapagos we were cutting across the western part of the
Humboldt current (Pls. 3”, 4).

The presence of diatoms in all parts of the Humboldt current, which we
erossed from south of Callao to the equator at the Galapagos and west
towards Clipperton, shows how far the track of a great oceanic current can
be traced, not only by its temperature but also by the pelagic life within or
near it (Pl. 3). When once in the warm westerly equatorial current, the
diatoms disappear and the bottom samples show only surface radiolarians
and globigerine,

10 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

As we passed south from the Galapagos and gradually drew out of the
influence of the western current, we entered the same barren region we
passed through to the eastward when going to and from Easter Island. By
the time we reached latitude 15° S., the hauls became quite poor; this barren
bottom district extended to within a short distance of Manga Reva; cor-
responding to it we found a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface
and down to 300 fathoms—so poor that it could afford but little food to
the few species, if any, living on the bottom in that region (PI. 3°).

The samples of the bottom obtained by the soundings taken by the ex-
pedition or gathered in the mud-bag and in the trawl indicate that an
immense area of the bottom of the Eastern Pacific is covered with manga-
nese nodules, and that they play an important part in determining the
character of the bottom, not only in the area covered by this expedition but
also in other oceanic regions; the Eastern Pacific area of manganese nodules
probably extends to the northwest of our lines to join the stations where
manganese nodules were found by the “Albatross” in 1899 in the Moser
Basin, on the line San Francisco to Marquesas (Pl. 3).

This area may also extend south of our lines, Callao to Easter Island, and
join the line west of Valparaiso where the “ Challenger” obtained manganese
nodules at many stations. I do not mean to imply that manganese nodules
are present to the exclusion of radiolarians and of globigerinz. It is prob-
able that the layer of nodules is partly covered by them, and by the thick,
sticky, dark chocolate-colored mud which is found wherever manganese
nodules occur.

On the northern part of the line, Galapagos (Wreck Bay) to Manga Reva,
we did but little work beyond sounding, as we were likely to duplicate our
former work to the eastward, The fourth day out, in latitude 5° S., we
began a series of trawl hauls, surface hauls, and intermediate towings from
the surface to 500 fathoms. In the northern part of the line to Manga
Reva the hauls were remarkably rich as long as we remained within the
influence of the western extension of the Humboldt current, and as long as
there dropped from the surface masses of the radiolarians, diatoms, and glo-
bigerinz living in the upper waters. Some of the hauls were remarkable
for the number of deep-sea Holothurians and silicious sponges. Among the
former I may mention a huge Psyehropotes, 55 em. long, and another a large
Benthodytes which was viviparous.

As we passed south and gradually drew out of the influence of the western

BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 11

current, we entered the same barren region we passed through to the east-
ward when going to and from Easter Island. By the time we reached
latitude 15° S., the hauls became quite poor; this barren bottom district
extended to within a short distance of Manga Reva; corresponding to it
we found a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface and down to
300 fathoms — so poor that it could afford but little food to the few species,
if any, living on the bottom in that region.

The extensive barren area of the Eastern Pacific is situated a consider-
able distance from land. It is bounded on the north by the curve indicating
the position of — h on Pl. 3°, it is out of the track of great oceanic currents.
Similar but less extensive barren tracts have been indicated by the trawling
of the “ Albatross Tropical Pacific Expedition,’ and by those of the “ Chal-
lenger”’ in the Central Pacific, and in the line from the Paumotus to Valpa-
raiso. All these areas are at a distance from land where no food comes
from telluric sources owing to the steep continental slopes of the adjoining
continents.

We left Port Rikitea for Acapulco on the 4th of February to anchor off
Aka-Maru; on the 5th we left our anchorage, sounded off the east face of
Manga Reva, and took photographs of the islands from characteristic points.

On our way north from Manga Reva to Acapulco we did not begin to
trawl or tow until warned by the contents of the surface-nets that the surface
was becoming richer in animal and vegetable life (Pl. 3 ) and also by indica-
tions of the surface temperatures showing that we had reached the southern
edge of the cold western equatorial current (Pl. 3”). A little north of 10°,
south latitude, we made our first trawl haul and deep tow, and found a very
rich fauna down to the 300-fathom line, recalling the pelagic fauna of the
northern extremity of the eastern lines and fully as rich. On trawling we
found, as we expected a very rich bottom fauna.

Among the animals brought up in the trawl there were some superb
Hyalonemas, silicious sponges, Benthodytes and other deep-sea Holothurians,
fine specimens of Freyella, and some large Ophiurans. This haul is interest-
ing as showing that in the track of a great current, carrying an abundance of
food, we may find at a very considerable depth (2422 fathoms) an abundant
fauna even at very great distances from continental lands. We were, at this
station (4740), about 2140 miles from Acapulco, 1200 miles from Manga
Reva, 1700 miles from the Galapagos, and about 900 miles from the
Marquesas.

12 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

Another haul made under the equator near the northern edge of the cold
current in 2320 fathoms gave us the same results. The pelagic fauna was
very abundant, the surface teemed with radiolarians, diatoms, and globi-
gerine, and swarmed with invertebrates. The trawl contained a superb
collection of bottom species of Holothurians, Brisinga, Hyalonema, and
Neusina; Professor F. E. Schulze has shown these to be a new type of
Rhizopod which he has called the Xenophyophora,' and on this occasion we
brought up the only stalked crinoid collected during this expedition — parts
of the stem of two specimens of Rhizocrinus, of which, unfortunately, the

arms were wanting.

PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA.
Platews®

In the Panamic Basin to the northward of the Galapagos we occupied
ten stations with the tow-nets, hauling both at the surface and at 300
fathoms, and vertically from that depth; we also continued this pelagic
work at nearly all the stations from the Galapagos to Callao.

When off Chatham Island we began to trawl, and used the tow-nets
regularly, occupying twenty stations as far as Callao. The nets were in
charge of Mr. F. M. Chamberlain. The pelagic collections, as a whole, are
remarkably rich. They are especially noteworthy for the great variety and
number of pelagic fishes obtained inside the 500-fathom line at a consider-
able distance from shore—from 300 to 650 miles. Many of these fishes
had been considered as true deep-sea fishes, to be obtained only in the trawl]
when dredging between 1000 and 1500 fathoms or more. On one occasion
the tow-net brought up from 300 fathoms, the depth being 1752 fathoms, no
less than 12 species of fishes; of some species of Myctophum we obtained
18 specimens; of another, 37; of a third, 45; in all, nearly 150 specimens.
On other otcasions it was not uncommon to obtain 8 or 10 species, and from
50 to 100 specimens. Among the most interesting types of fishes obtained
in the tow-net I may mention Plagusiz, Leptocephalus, and, as coming from
less than 300 fathoms, Stylophthalmus and Dissoma, both of which Chun
considers as deep-sea fishes, found in depths of 600 to 4000 meters; also a
species of Eurypharynx obtained for the first time in the Pacific. Styloph-
thalmus I had caught in the tow-net in 1900, during the Tropical Pacific

1 Valdivia Ex., Vol. XT, 1905.

PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. 3

expedition of the “ Albatross,” in depths of less than 300 fathoms. In the
lines we ran across the great northerly current which sweeps along the
coasts of Peru and Chili and is deflected westward at the easterly corner of
the Galapagos Islands, we obtained with the tow-nets an unusually rich
pelagic fauna at depths less than 300 fathoms (PI. 3°). We collected a
number of Schizopods, among them many beautifully colored Gnathophau-
siz, Willemoesia, Eryonicus, Glyptocrangus, and pelagic Macrurans; huge,
brilliant-red Copepods, as well as many other species of blue, gray, mottled,
and banded Copepods. Kuphausie, Saphirine, Phyllosoma, Thysanopoda,
Lucifer, and Sergestes were abundant in many of our hauls. Many species
of Amphipods were collected, Hyperids without number, especially where
the surface hauls were made among masses of Salpx, which, on several
occasions, formed a jelly of Tunicates. Several species of Phronimx also
occurred constantly in the tow-nets. Sagittae were very numerous, a large
orange species being noteworthy. Several species of Tomopteris, some of
large size and brilliantly colored, violet or carmine with yellow flappers, and
two species of Pelagonemerteans and other pelagic Nemerteans. Two species
of orange-colored Ostracods were also common, one having a carapace with a
long spiny appendage. We obtained several species of pelagic Cephalopods,
Cranchia and Taonis among them, and one with telescopic eyes. Two
species of Doliolum also occurred, but they were never as abundant as the
Salpze, two species of which often constituted the whole contents of the
tow-net. Appendiculariz often swarmed and Pyrosomx were occasionally
found.

In the surface and deeper tows we procured also a number of Acalephs.
We have collected more than 150 species of Meduse and Siphonophores,
many of which have been figured by Mr. Bigelow, differing from those of
the 1891 expedition. Atollz and other deep-sea Meduse were common
within the 300-fathom line.

Characteristic genera of the Humboldt current, both off the coast of Peru
and on the line Kaster Island to the Galapagos, are Atolla, Periphylla (once),
Nauphanta, Alginura, Crossota, Colobonema, Halicreas, Haliscera, Aequorea,
Rhegmatodes, Cunina, Solmissus, Pegantha, and a new genus closely allied
to Ptychogena; among Siphonophores, Athorybia, Crystallodes, Vogtia,
Physophora, Porpita; and among Ctenophores, Cestum, Beroé, Mertensia,
_ and Eucharis. There were many genera of very general distribution over
the whole area, especially Liriope, Geryonia, Rhopalonema, Solmaris, Ag-

14 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

laura, Aiginella, Cyteis, Diphyopsis, Diphyes, Praya, Galeolaria, Rhizophysa,
Cymba, Bassia, and very numerous monogastric forms, as Urseea, Eudoxia,
Eudoxella, Aglaisma, and Agalmid larve. In the barren area’ south and
west of the Humboldt current few forms were taken except Liriope. Rhopal-
onema, Aglaura, Pelagia, Tiara, Cyteis, Diphyopsis, Porpema, Sphzronectes,
and one specimen of Stephanomia. Off the coast of Mexico we took Velella,
Porpita, Physalia, Cestum, and Cunina, and in Acapulco Harbor a large
number of Leptoline forms, among them Zanclea, Pennaria, Ectopleura,
Cytzis, Limnorea, Willia, Bougainvillia, Stomotoca, Phortis, Eucheilota,
Oceania, besides Rhopalonema, Cunina, Ocyroé, Mnemiopsis and Agalma
and Diphyes. A few Sertularians were brought up in the trawl.

The Salpz guts gave us, in addition to the finer tow-nets, immense
collections of radiolarians, diatoms, and dinoflagellata, many of which have
been considered to live at great depth and upon the bottom. It is most
interesting to note the number of diatoms found in this tropical region.
They have usually been considered as characteristic of more temperate and
colder regions. On several occasions the surface waters were greatly dis-
colored by their presence, and the extent of their influence on the bottom
deposits is shown by the discovery of a number of localities where the bottom
samples at ‘depths from 1490 to 2845 fathoms, in the track of the great
Peruvian current, formed a true infusorial earth.

The tow-nets also contained many species of Limacina, Spirialis, Atlanta,
Cavolina, Hyala, Cymbulia, Styliola, Cleodora, Tiedemannia, Clio, and the
like. On one occasion the mass of the pelagic hauls consisted entirely of
small brown Copepods, the contents of the tow-nets looking like sago soup.
Another time Sagittae, Salpz, Doliolum, and Liriope, all most transparent
forms, formed the bulk of the tow-net’s catch. Again another time, Firo-
loides, Cymbulia, and Carinaria constituted the bulk of the haul. At other
times Euphausiz and Schizopods constituted the mass of our catch. These
catches, coming on successive days, or interrupted with hauls of more than
mediocre quality, show how hopeless it is at sea to make any quantitative
analysis of the pelagic fauna and flora at any one station within the influ-
ence of such a great oceanic current as the Chili and Peruvian stream,

We came across such huge masses of pelagic surface animals at Station
4647 consisting mainly of Cyteis.

At Stations 4650 and 4660 and Stations 4709, 4720, a large Salpa species
and Doliolum constituted nearly the whole of the catch,

PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. 15

Euphausixz with other Schizopods and Hyperids and Amphipods consti-
tuted the mass of pelagic animals at Stations 4654 and 4676.

Acalephs, mainly Liriope and Glossocodon, filled the nets at Station 4671.

At Station 4743 Crystallodes swarmed with a few other Acalephs and
Siphonophores.

At Stations 4712, 4715 a surface haul contained mainly transparent
types: Sagitta, Doliolum, Pteropods.

Halobates were quite common at the stations where the swarms of
pelagic animals occurred. A large Tornaria with rows of feathery vibratile
cilia was also not uncommon on such occasions.

When coming across such masses of Salpae, of Cytais, or Cymbulia or
swarms of other pelagic animals as to make a thick soup of the water and
its contents, one cannot fail to be struck with the huge quantity of minute
pelagic organisms which must be devoured by these larger pelagic animals.
An excellent example of this is the instance given of the contents of the
guts of Salpz, at Stations 4650, 4660, and 4709. They contained among
other Diatoms: Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Coscinodiscus, Asteromphalus,
and Synedra, many Dinoflagellates such as Ceratium, Peridinium, Steiniella,

and a great number of Radiolarians:

Acanthonia Collospheera Coelodendrum
Acanthochiasma Ellipsostylus Dorotaspidee
Acanthometron Hexalonche Acantharia
Zygacantha Diploconus Lithocampe
Acanthostaurus Haliomma Aulosphera
Quadrilonche Coronidium

Astrolophus Rhopalastrum

Between Panama and the Galapagos and from the Galapagos to Callao
we found very commonly in our tow-nets, from 500 fathoms, Tuscarora,
Tuscarusa, Aulosphera, and others. In depths of 300 fathoms to the surface,
the tow-net was rich in Tintinnide, either dead or moribund Planktoniellx,
and Dinoflagellata. Among these were species of Ceratium, of Peridinide,
Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Pyrocystis, Cyttarocylis, Undella, and Dictyocysta.
On the surface Planktoniella sol predominates, with Asteromphalus, Biddul-
phia, and Thalassiothrix. Among the Dinoflagellata we obtained species of
Ceratium, of Peridinium, and species of other Peridinidx ; among the Protozoa
were a number of Sticholonche ; among the Acantharia were especially to be
noticed Acanthometron, Acanthostaurus, Amphilonche. Collozoum, Thalassi-
cola, and a number of Chirospira murrayana and a few species of Challengeridx
were frequently found.

16 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

It is impossible at present to indicate the geographical distribution of the
Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Tintinnids and Radiolarians thus far collected in
our pelagic hauls. The same genera of these groups are constantly occurring
at very distant points and their distribution seems mainly characterized by
the association of varying numbers of specimens of the same genera and
species. But undoubtedly a closer tabulation of the species of these groups
may lead to a general conception of their geographical distribution over the
area of the Pacific explored by the “ Albatross.”

The principal genera of Diatoms met with are Coscinodiscus, Asteromphalus,
Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Synedra, Gossleriella, Eucampia, Thalassiothrix,
Biddulphia, Euodia.

Of the Tintinnids: Tintinnus, Undella, Dictyocysta, Amphorella, Cytta-
rocylis, Codonella, Porceca are the principal genera found.

Coccoliths, Coccospheres, and Rhadospheres, occurred in the whole area
explored by the “ Albatross.” Noctiluca and Pyrocystis were not uncommon.
Challengeridae, Challengeron, Tuscaroridae and Tuscarusa were obtained in
nets sent down to 150 and 300 fathoms, and from the surface. Trichodes-
mium, Halosphwra, and other pelagic Algae were most common.

Among the Radiolarians the following genera have been noted, many
of which have been described as living at great depths while in reality they
are only the dead carcasses of types living at the surface or close to it and
gradually falling to the bottom :

Collozoum Rhopalastrum Cyrtophormis
Belonozoum Conchidium Lithostrobus
Cenospheera Litholophus Lithomitra
Ethmosphera Acanthonia Eucyrtidium
Odontosphera Acanthostaurus Lithocampe
Cheenicosphiera (Speciesdescribedby Belonostaurus Aulactinium
Siphonospheera > aap se Zygostaurus Aulocantha
“ é Oo
Trypanospheera (tral Pacitic. Amphibelone Sagospheera
Solenosphera Perispyris Aulospheera
Hexastylus Nephrospyris Cannospheera
Hexacontium Litharachnium Challengeron
Echinomma Carpocanistrum Challengeria
Cromyomma Cornutella Cadium
Pityomma Tripocyrtis Medusetta
Ellipsostylus Lychnocanium Euphysetta
Stylatractus Carpocanium Cireoporus
Spongocore Sethoconus Tuscarora
Porodiscus Dictyoceras Tuscarusa
Euchitonia Theocalyptra Tuscaridium

PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. 17

Of the Dinoflagellates the following were recognized.

Pyrocystis Ceratium Ceratocorys
Exuviaella Gonyaulax Phalacroma
Prorocentrum Goniodoma Dinophysis
Glenodinium Diplopsalis Amphisolenia
Ptychodiscus Peridinium Ornithocercus
Pyrophacus Podolampas Histoneis
Steiniella Blepharocysta Citharistes
Protoceratium Oxytoxum Cladopyxis

The great changes of temperature which took place at some localities in
the layers of the water between 50 and 500 fathoms are most striking, and
show what a disturbing element the great mass of cold water flowing north
must be in the equatorial regions of the Panamic district to the south and
to the north of the Galapagos (Pls. 3%; 4, fig. 2; 6, fig. 2; 10, fig. 2).
South of the Galapagos the western flow of the Humboldt current must be
nearly 800 miles wide, and of about the same width when running parallel
to the South American coast.

The range of temperatures between 30 fathoms and 150 fathoms is at
some points as great as 21° (Pl. 4, fig. 2). Such extremes cannot fail to
affect the distribution of the pelagic fauna, and may account for the mass of
dead material often collected in the intermediate tows at depths of less than
300 fathoms, when the range becomes as great as 28°. Such a range of
temperature is far greater than that of the isocrhymic lines which separate
coast faunal divisions. A preliminary examination of the contents of the
nets from 800 fathoms shows nothing which had not been obtained in lesser
depths of from 300 to 150 fathoms from the surface. These nets coming
from 800 fathoms, as at Station 4517,* contained a mass of dead and mori-
bund material collected on its way to the bottom. A lot of Copepods came
up, fully 65 per cent of which were dead. Of the Dinoflagellata, most of
them had no chlorophyll, and of the Radiolarians many were the skeletons
of surface colonial forms. At Station 4697 at 300 fathoms to the surface
more than one-third of the contents of the net was dead.

At 800 fathoms at Station 4701, of the Copepods in the net, 25 per cent
were dead, and of the Radiolarians, 70 per cent.

From 800 fathoms at Station 4715, a great deal of dead material and
débris was collected, mainly of Diatoms and Dinoflagellates.

From the same depth, at Station 4717, many dead Globigerinew were
obtained, and 25 to 30 per cent of the Copepods collected were dead.

18 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

From 800 fathoms at Station 4728 many of the Copepods, Diatoms, and
Radiolarians brought up in the net were dead.

From 800 fathoms at Station 4732, the net sent down on the serial line
contained a great deal of dead and moribund stuff.

At 300 fathoms at Station 4736 a great many dead Diatoms, Copepods,
Radiolarians, Globigerine, and Dinoflagellates were found.

The poor hauls made after leaving Easter Island, and composed of dead
and moribund and battered stuff, occur beyond the limits of the Humboldt
stream, where the pelagic fauna gets no food; it is dying and dropping to
the bottom.

At Station 4710, in a surface haul, much débris of Diatoms, Dinoflagellates,
Tintinnids, and Radiolarians was obtained.

At Station 4721, though still in the current, the Diatoms in the fine nets
had greatly diminished in number.

The next Station, 4722, is still poorer in Diatoms, and at Station 4725
about half-way to Manga Reva very few Diatoms were collected.

In the Eastern Tropical Pacific area, Globigerinze increase in number in
the warmer water. This is very marked on the way from the Galapagos
to Manga Reva. :

At Station 4679, we met in the warmer waters representative tropical
forms of Dinoflagellates, forms not seen since leaving the Galapagos: Gonio-
doma, Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Histoneis, Ornithocercus, Ceratocorys, Dino-
physis; among Radiolarians: Trypanosphzra, Conchidium, Cornutella, Choeni-
cosphera. The abyssal fauna, as we entered the Humboldt current going
north from the Galapagos, gradually became- richer in spite of the bottom
being covered with manganese nodules.

The distribution of the pelagic and bottom fauna can be seen at a
glance on Plate 3°. The curves drawn show in a general way the area over
which the, pelagic fauna is rich, poor, or barren. The northern limit of
the rich pelagic fauna (1) runs somewhat north of the equator from Long.
120° W. and nearly parallel with it as far as the northern Galapagos Islands ;
thence it runs in a northeasterly direction to a point south of Mariato
Point.

The southern limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1) coincides with that of
the rich trawl hauls. It runs east to Long. 105° W., makes a bend to the
south, crossing the 100° W. Long. at about Lat. 15° S., and then trends in
a southeasterly direction, crossing Lat. 20° 8S. at Long. 90° W. The southern

SERIAL TEMPERATURES. 19

limit of the poor pelagic hauls begins off the eastern face of the Paumotus
running east, somewhat north and south of Lat. 20° S. to about 95° W. Long.,
when it runs off in a southeasterly direction. South of the southern limit
of (2) the pelagic fauna is barren ; its southern limit begins off Manga Reva,
running eastward and passing somewhat north of Easter Island and Sala y
Gomez.

The southern limit of the rich trawling is found at the latitude of the
Marquesas, about in Long. 125° W., running in an easterly direction to Long,
100° W., Lat. 7° S., when the curve takes a bend and runs in a southeasterly
direction to Lat. 20° S., Long. 80° W. The northern limit of the poor trawl
hauls extends almost to the southern limit of the rich trawl hauls. It forms
a regular curve from off the east face of the Paumotus, cutting Long. 100° W.
at 10°S. Lat., and thence curves in an easterly and southeasterly direction,
cutting Lat. 20° S. at about 84° W. Long. The whole of the bottom area of
that part of the Eastern Pacific is barren of animal life and forms a great
desert on which but little animal life is found and upon which drop the
dead carcasses of a poor pelagic area; while the belt of the rich bottom
trawling is in a region where the bottom fauna is abundantly supplied with
the remains of a rich pelagic fauna.

No line is shown as the northern limit of the rich trawl hauls, as in the
Panamic district to the north of the northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna
the bottom fauna was found to be uniformly rich from the equator as far as
the coast line.

The area situated between the northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1)
and the southern limit of the rich trawl hauls corresponds to the rich belt
of the pelagic fauna which is swept north by the Humboldt current and then
westward towards the Marquesas and Moser Basin.

SERIAL TEMPERATURES!
Plates 3%, 4-12.
All stations marked * are hydrographic stations.

The serial temperature stations occupied on the lines between the Gala-
pagos to Aguja Point, southwest from Aguja Point to the western edge of
the Humboldt current and east to Callao, as well as on the lines from Callao

1 The stations at which serial temperatures were taken are marked ¢ on Plate 1. For position of
stations see Plate 2.

20 “ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

to Easter Island, Easter Island to the Galapagos, and Galapagos to Manga
Reva, developed the course and width of the Humboldt current, while the line
from Manga Reva indicated its western extension and the position of the
equatorial current to the west of the Galapagos. The temperature conditions
of the Panamie district were observed by the “ Albatross” in her expedition
of 1891, and were noted in my general sketch of the cruise.*

Beginning with a line running in a northwesterly direction from Aguja
Point (Pl. 7) towards the Galapagos, we find at 50 fathoms, at the three
eastern stations, a nearly uniform temperature, varying between 57°.8 and
58°.8, while at a western station the temperature at that depth was 62°.6.
The belt of 60° begins at about 25 fathoms near the coast and widens to 75
fathoms towards the west. At 100 fathoms the temperature is between 54°.9
at the western station and 57°.5 near the coast, and the belt of water adjoin-
ing the coast maintains its greater temperature to a depth of 800 fathoms,
the cold belt of 38° and 40° rising as we go west. Yet the surface tempera-
ture is colder towards Acuja Point. It is 64° at Station 4652, 67° at Station
4651, rising to 71°, 71°.5, 72°, 75°.2, 77, and reaching 78°.5 as we proceed
westward from Station 4652 to Stations 4649, 4647, 4646, 4523*, and 4539*.
Between Station 4651 and Stations 4647 and 4713 the rapid fall of tempera-
ture from the surface to 50 fathoms is very striking, falling from 67° to 58°.8 ;
71° to 57.8; 71°.5 to 58°.6; 75°.2 to 62°.9, or varying between 8°.2 and 13°.2
(Pl. 6, fig. 2).

In a section from Aguja Point in a southwesterly direction (PI. 6, fig. 7)
from Station 4655 to Stations 4662, 4701, the surface temperature gradually
rises as we pass westward. Near the coast it is 65° at Station 4654, 67° at
Station 4655, 70° at Station 4658, 69° and 69°.4 at Stations 4660 and 4662,
and it rises to 74°.7 at Station 4701. The temperature curves of 60°, 50’,
40° and 38° are at about the same depths as those of the more northern line.

A line about west of Callao to Station 4535*, nearly 2750 miles from
Callao, shows the same increase in surface temperature (Pl. 9). At Stations
4509* and 4670, about 80 miles from the coast at the western edge of Milne-
Edwards Deep, it is 67°; it has risen to 69° at Station 4666, to 69°.4 at 780
miles from the coast, at Station 4662, to 72°.7 at Station 4707, to 76°.7 at
Station 4724 on the Albatross plateau, and to 80° at Station 4535*. The
body of water having a temperature above 38° is larger north at Aguja Point

1 General sketch of the expedition of the “ Albatross” from February to May, 1891, Bull. Mus.
Comp, Zool. XXIII, No. 1, Pp) a2:

SERIAL TEMPERATURES, 21

than south off Callao. Off the former locality the curves of 38°, 40°, 50°, and
60° are near the coast at 850, 650, 250, and 30 fathoms. Off Callao they
are at 700, 550, 150, and 40 fathoms. That is, the cold water extends from
150 to 100 fathoms nearer the surface off Callao than at Aguja Point.

In the line from Callao to Easter Island (Pl. 10, fig. 2) we begin near
the coast at Station 4509* with a surface temperature of 67°; between this
station and Station 4676, the surface temperature varies rapidly, passing
to 65° then 70° and 69° at the last station. At Station 4681 it has risen
to 70°, again rising further west to 70°.6y 72°, 73°, 74°, at Stations 4683,
4685, 4687, 4689, 4691, dropping to 75° and 71° near Sala y Gomez and
between it and Kaster Island, when it rises again to 74°1 at Stations 4512*,
4693, 4513*.

At the stations which are nearly on the 20° S. Lat. (Pl. 11), the
surface temperature of 70°.6 at Station 4683 gradually increases as we
go west to 73°, 75°, 81°.5, and 81° at Stations 4685, 4699, 4737, and 4532 *

The rapidity with which the temperature of the Humboldt current drops
from the surface to a very moderate depth is shown in Plates 4, fig. 2; 6,
fig. 2; 10, fig. 2. At Station 4713, south of the Galapagos, the temperature
at 15 fathoms is about the same as at the surface — 75.2. It has fallen 1°
at 30 fathoms, it has dropped nearly 12° at 50 fathoms, and 6° more at 75
fathoms, and has fallen to 54°.9 at 100 fathoms, a difference in 100 fathoms
of 20°.3.

At Station 4651 off Aguja Point near the coast, about in the same
latitude as that of Station 4713, the surface temperature of 67° has only
dropped to 57.5 at the depth of 100 fathoms, the body of water between
the surface and 75 fathoms being colder.

At Station 4683 on 20° S. Lat., at a greater distance from land, the
surface temperature is 70°.6, and at 125 fathoms is still over 62° (62°.5), the
water off the western edge of the Humboldt current being much warmer to
a depth of 125 fathoms than that in the Humboldt current itself.

At Station 4685, a little more to the south and west than Station 4683,
the body of water down to 200 fathoms is as a whole warmer than at the
stations to the eastward.

Taking a section in a northwesterly direction from Callao (PI. 8), we note
the same increase of surface temperature as we go west.

At Station 4670, on the western edge of Milne-Edwards Deep, the tem-

1 A current runs north to south between Sala y Gomez and Easter Island.

22 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION

perature is 67. It becomes 70° at Station 4658, 75°.3 at Station 4711, and
79° at Station 4540*, about 2400 miles northwest of Callao, the tempera-
ture of the body of water between the surface and 500 fathoms gradually
rising from 59°.7 to 67°.6 at 50 fathoms, from 54°.1 to 65°.3 at 100 fathoms,
from 48°.9 to 52°.9 at 200 fathoms, from 44°.6 to 46°.7 at 300 fathoms, and
from 42 to 44°.1 at 400 fathoms. At 600 fathoms the temperature of the
same stations differs only 0°.2. It is 59°.4 at the eastern and western stations.

Taking the sections running in a general way from the north to the
south, the line from Callao to Easter Island and that from Aguja Point
in a southwesterly direction have been described. On the line from the
Galapagos to Easter Island (PI. 4, fig. 2) the surface temperature varies from
74 to 75° as far south as Station 4705, where the surface temperature
becomes 72°. This remains the surface temperature as far south as Station
4703, where it is 73°, it rises to 74°.7 at Station 4701, gradually rising to
75 towards Easter Island, where it drops to 72°. At Station 4707 we have
a warmer body of water between 500 fathoms and the surface than at the
stations to the south and north of it. The Humboldt current probably
extends as far as the 12° of southern latitude. On the line from the
Galapagos to Manga Reva (Pl. 5), the surface temperature rises and falls
from 76° at ‘the Galapagos to 75° at Station 4722; from that point, going
south and west, it rises gradually to 81°.5 at Station 4736, and again drops
to 80° at Station 4524* and to 77 at Manga Reva; thus passing across
the colder water of the Humboldt current, which, south of the Galapagos,
must be about 800 miles wide, to warmer waters. South towards Manga
Reva, at 400 fathoms, the temperature is colder near Manga Reva (41°.7)
than near the Galapagos (44°.1); the same is the case at 300 fathoms. But
at 200 fathoms the temperature of that depth, while falling from 52°.9, at
Station 4718, to 50°.3 at Station 4721, and to 48°.5 at Station 4724, rises
again south, of it, at Station 4728, to 50°.1, and continues to rise to 51°.9,
55°.4 and 56.7 as we go south and west at Stations 4732, 4736, 4739, to
drop again to 53°.5 at Manga Reva, at 225 fathoms.

A similar condition of temperature exists at the 200-fathom line. At
100 fathoms the temperature is higher near the Galapagos, at Station
4714; it falls from 65°.3 to 55.7 at Station 4721, to rise to 64°.5 at
Station 4724, and gradually rises to 67°.6 at Station 4729, to 70°.5 at
Station 4732, to 71°.7 at Station 4736, and to fall to 68°.5 at Station 4739
near Manga Reva.

SERIAL TEMPERATURES. 2:

Qo

The water of the western part of the line as a whole being warmer than
the eastern part, the intrusion of a large body of cold water between
Station 4721 and Station 4717, between 50 and 200 fathoms, is a marked
feature of the northern end of the line Galapagos to Manga Reva.

Only two serial temperatures were taken at Stations 4740 and 4742 on
the line Manga Reva to Acapulco (Pl. 12). To the eastward on the line,
Galapagos to Manga Reva we took a number of serial temperatures, passing
from the colder water of the Humboldt current to the warmer waters south
towards Manga Reva. The temperatures at 200 fathoms are nearly
identical. North, a great change in temperature takes place between 25
and 200 fathoms, where there is a difference of 24°. South the belt of warm
water extends 100 fathoms, a great change occurring between 100 and 200
fathoms, a drop of 16°. The serial temperatures taken at the southern and
northern edges of the cold current on the line Manga Reva to Acapulco
agreed well with those taken in the same current to the east.

Station 4725, which is in the same latitude as 4740, shows a difference
(colder) of 4° at the surface, of 5° at 50 fathoms, of 2° at 100 fathoms, and
of 0°.3 at 209 fathoms.

Station 4714 which is a little to the south of the western Station 4742,
shows a difference (colder) of 2° at the surface, 3°4 at 50 fathoms, 11°.1 at
100 fathoms, 1°.4 at 200 fathoms, while at 300 and 400 fathoms the western
station is colder, 1°.2 at 300 fathoms, and 1°.6 at 400 fathoms. At 800
the temperature is 59°.4 at both stations.

It may not be out of place to correlate the temperature results obtained
south of the Panamic region with those obtained in the Panamie district
by the “ Albatross” in 1891.

A transverse section of the Mexican current from Mariato Point to
Cocos Island shows the existence of a cold current running north parallel to
the coast: the northern extension of a branch of the Humboldt current.
This is pushed to the east by the Mexican branch of the California current
and also by the easterly equatorial set. The latter is deflected to the west-
ward and becomes a part of the westerly equatorial current flowing well
north of the eastern set which flows by the Galapagos in the oceanic basin
between them and Acapulco as far as Lat. 12° N., while in the oceanic
valley separating Galera Point and the Galapagos there is a wide current
of cold water flowing north towards the Bay of Panama.

1 Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII, No. 1, p. 12, 1902.

24 “ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

Temperature.

RECORD OF SERIAL TEMPERATURES.

At Fathoms
At Depth in

Ofthe | At the

oF, °

72 71.5

71 71
68 67

Air. | Surface.

Bottom, | Fathoms.

* Hydrographic station.

SURFACE TEMPERATURES. 25

The existence of these large bodies of warm water in the western and
central area of the Panamic region is well shown by the temperature sec-
tions (Pls. VIII, 1X), Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII. No.1. The confusion existing
in the currents north of the Galapagos due to the flow of the cold Humboldt
current between the southeastern islands of the Galapagos is easily traced in
Plates X—XII of the Report of the 1891 expedition.

As we go southwest of Cocos the body of water becomes warmer, but
again becomes colder to the south of Malpelo and still colder to the east-
ward under the influence of the eastern branch of the Humboldt current.
Near Galera Point we find the same extremes of temperature in a small
bathymetrical range: 20° in less than 50 fathoms.

SURFACE TEMPERATURES.!
Plate 3%.

On Plate 3% are found the curves of temperatures characteristic of the
Eastern Pacific from November to March. The heavy lines indicate tem-
peratures of 65°, 70°, 75°, and 80°. As the surface temperatures are known
only along the lines run by the “ Albatross,” they are of course not simul-
taneous observations. A glance at Plate 5” shows the two great warm
areas above 80°. One south of the equator, east of the Marquesas and the
Paumotus; this is somewhat pear-shaped, while the corresponding warm
area, nearly in the same position north of the equator, is elongated in shape
and extends east almost to 100° W. Long. A smaller warm area, bounded
by the 80° curve, runs parallel in a general way to the trend of the Central
American and Mexican coast. Within this area are smaller areas of greater
degree of temperature. The effect of the southeast trades in pushing west-
ward a large body of warm water close to the equator, and with a tempera-
ture between 75 and 79’, is well shown on Plate 3”.

A huge body of water, with a temperature of between 75° and 80, oc-
cupies the greater part of the Eastern Pacific. Next come the warm areas
over 80°. A mass of water, with a surface temperature between 70° and 75,
extends from Lat. 20° S. and about Long. 94° W., to Long. 110° W., and
runs north to the latitude of the Galapagos in the west, when the 75 line
runs east toward the coast of Ecuador. The eastern face of this belt runs
‘north to the latitude of Aguja Point, when it runs in a northeasterly direc-

1 For record of surface temperatures see List of Stations pp. 37-50.

26 “ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

tion towards Cape San Francisco. In this area, south of the equator and
southwest of the Galapagos, lies a small, isolated, elliptical area, having a
temperature of 77°, and one of 75° near Easter Island running in a northeast-
erly direction. An area of cold water exists between the 65° and 70° curve,
extending from 20° of southern latitude to the equator, where the curves meet
across the ridge off Cape San Francisco. The coldest water of this area is
immediately west of the South American coast. It will be noted that,
owing to the mass of cold water between 65° and 70° which is forcing its
way north, the belts of temperature are not continuous either in the colder
area or in the adjoining somewhat warmer area having a temperature be-
tween 70° and 75°. Belts of warm and colder water alternate with one
another, forming thus a most singular set of longer or shorter temperature
lines running from south to north. It is only outside of the 75° curve line
that the temperature lines assume any regularity and limit definite areas.
The surface temperature of the Eastern Pacific is nowhere below 77° north
of the equator, with the exception of a very narrow strip north of the Gala-
pagos, where the temperature falls to 75°. South of the equator, on the con-
trary, east of about 110° W. Long. to the South American coast, the surface
of this great body of water is nowhere higher than 75°, and gradually
becomes colder as we go east, reaching its minimum of 65° immediately off
the South American coast. While west of the 75° curve the temperature
gradually rises toward the warm area enclosed by the 80° curve, which lies
to eastward of the Paumotus.

The warm areas north and south of the equator are separated by a wide
belt in which the surface temperature does not fall below 79°. The warm
shore belt (of 80°) is off the Mexican coast, separated from the northern
equatorial warm belt of 80° by surface water of 79°, but between the former
and the 75° curve, which extends eastward nearly on the line of the equator,
the surface temperatures gradually fall from 80° to 75° passing south.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.
Plate 32. :

On Plate 3° the specific gravity is indicated merely by the decimal
numbers ; to avoid confusion, instead of being given as 1.0252 or 1.0260, it
is given only as 252 or 260 etc., etc. . . .; the 1.0 should be prefixed to each
record. The heavy lines on Pl. 3’ indicate the specific gravities of 1.0240,
1.0245, 1.0250, 1.0255, 1.0260.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 27

Mr. F. M. Chamberlain made two daily observations of the density of
the water, and found the same discrepancies between our observations and
and in the Atlas of

,

those of 1891, and those given by the “ Challenger’
the Pacific Ocean published by the German Naval Observatory. Whenever
we took a serial temperature, he also determined the density at 800 fathoms,

The observations inade in 1891 were not sufficiently numerous to enable
me to draw the curves of densities in the Panamie district and connect them
with the observations taken during the present cruise. They varied so
rapidly from station to station as to indicate great difference in densities in
belts of water separating adjoining stations. This rendered it impracticable
to sketch out a chart of the densities of the Panamic region from the con-
fused data available.

From the effect of the prevailing southeasterly trades and the northerly
set of the Humboldt current off the South American continent the lines of
equal gravity are frequently separated by narrow belts of different gravities.
This is well shown on Pl. 3”, in the area between the curves of 1.0250 and
of 1.0255 off the coast of Peru, as far north as Aguja Point and half-way
from Callao to Easter Island.

This confusion becomes still greater in the Panamie district north of the
equator and to the east of the line run by the “Albatross” from Mariato
Point to the Galapagos. The densities increase in a southwesterly direction
from Acapulco, from 1.0240 to 1.0245, 1.0250, 1.0255, and 1.0260. These
lines are about 600 miles apart, and all trend in a southeasterly direction.
The area of greatest specific gravity is enclosed by the 1.0260 line which runs
from a point north of the Marquesas to about 300 miles northeast of Easter
Island, where the line forms a loop and runs towards Manga Reva about
half-way between Easter Island and the equator. The 1.0255 line coming
from Moser Basin runs east and then, forming a sharp elbow, south, about
parallel with the South American coast line. The 1.0250 curve runs in a
general way about parallel with the 1.0255 and 1.0260 curves and makes
a sharp angle off Aguja Point and runs south in loops about parallel to the
coast off Callao. Towards Acapulco only parts of the 1.0240 and 1.0245
curves are indicated parallel to the 1.0250 line. On the line from the
Galapagos to Acapulco an area of greater density is indicated, with a
_ specific gravity of 1.0256. This area crosses the belt of hot water with
a temperature of 78° to 80° lying to the west of Cocos Island and extending
westward to the Moser Basin.

8

“ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

Station.

RECORD OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

Latitude
North.

—

=

1
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
2
8
8
3
8
2
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
2
8
8
8
8
2:
8
8
8
8
3
8
8
8
8
8
18
8
8
8
8
3
8
8
| 8
8
8
8
2
8
8
0
8
0
8

oF
9-07
7-15
6-58

4-35.4
South.
0-04
0-39.4
2-133

Callao Bay

-anama Bay
7-21.83 |

| 86-05.5

A Temperature
Lonpicnde Depth. by Attached
pee Thermometer

85-11 Surface
82-08 ;
80-46

79-55.8
83-32.3

87-39.5
88-11
89-42.2
89-43.1
89-16.3
87-42.5
87-07.5
85-19.5 do.
85-19.5 | 800 fathoms
84-39 Surface
82-59.7 do.
$2-59.7 | 800 fathoms
82-39.5 Surface
81-24
80-50
83-34.3
84-09
85-35.6

87-30
88-02
89-35 I
89-35 | 800 fathoms
88-55.2 Surface
87-19 do.
86-05.2 do.
84-20.3 do.
84-20.5 | 800 fathoms
83-40.4 Surface
81-452 do.
80-25.6
79-02.4
79-02.4
78-28.2
78-18.3 Hi R
7749.4 x i Specimen taken a short
ea z \ distance beyond station.
‘

78-59

80-13

$1-24 :
81-24 | 800 fathoms
81-41 Surface
8$3-27.4

85-03.8

$646.5

do.
800 fathoms
Surface

200 fathoms
Surface
800 fathoms
95-50.5| Surface

* Hydrographic station.

SPECIFIC

RA VITIES.

29

RECORD OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. — Continued.

|

. A . Temperature
dp ae Latitude | Longitude aries
7308; me Station. | “gouth, West. Denkite Thermometer,
oo Cum °
Dec. 12) 8 a.m.| 4689 24-05 100-20 Surface 72
12,10 nb! 4689 24-05 100-20 | 800 fathoms 37
12; 8 pm.| 4699 2445.8 | 101-46.2 Surface 73
138} 8 a.m.| 4691 25-28.7 | 105-30.8 do. 73
13| 8 pom.| 4692 | 25-40.3 | 104-01.4 do. 72
14/8 am.| 4512*| 26-17.3 | 105-25.2 do 71.5
ESS PIMA vo 6 os 26-387.5 | 106-29.4 do 71
15| 8 am. 26-53 108-00 do 72
15} 8 p.m. Cook Bay, Easter Island do 73
16| 8 a.m.| La Pérouse Bay, Easter Isl. do. 74
17|8 pm Cook Bay, Easter Isl. do. 74
22|;9 aM. oS x a s do. 72
22} 3 po.| 4517*| 26-50.9 | 109-12.5 | 800 fathoms 36.8
22) 8 S 4694 26-84 108-57.3| Surface 72
23/8 am.| 4695 25-20.2 | 107-43.7 do. 74
23/8 p.m.| 4696 24-40.3 | 107-05.3 do. 74
24) 8 a.m.| 4697 23-27.2 | 105-59.6 do. 15
24/8 pm.| 4698 | 22-50.4 | 105-31.7 do. 15
25/8 a.m.| 4699 | 21-39.5 | 104-29.8 do. 15
25/8 pm.} 4700 | 20-28.8 | 105-26.3 do. 74
26/8 am.| 4701 19-10.8 | 102-24.4 do. 72
26/2 epm.} 4701 19-10.8 | 102-24.4 | 800 fathoms 37.2
26| 8 “ 4702 18-89.5 | 102-00 Surface 3
27/8 a.m.}| 4703 | 17-18.6 | 100-52.3 do. 73
27|8 pm.| 4704 16-55.3 | 100-24.6 do. 73
28/8 a.m.| 4705 | 15-05.3 | 99-19 do. 72
28} 8 _pm.| 4706 | 14-18.7 | 98-45.8 do. 72
29; 8 a.m.| 4707 12-33.2 | 97-42 do. ie
29/10 us 4707 12-338.2 | 97-42 | 800 fathoms 37.3
29/8 pm.| 4708 11-40 96-55 Surface 72
80/8 am.| 4709 | 10-152 | 95-408 do. 72
30/8 pm.| 4710 9-30.5 | 95-08.3 do. 74
31/8 a.m.} 4711 7-47.5 | 94-05.5 do. 75
31/10 §s 4711 7-47.5 | 94-05.5 | 800 fathoms 37.4
31} 8 pm.}| 4712 7-05 93-35.5| Surface 74
1905. fe
Jan. 1|8 am.| 4713 5-85.3 | 92-21.6|} Surface To
1| 9 se 4713 5-35.38 | 92-21.6 | 150 fathoms 53.
1}8 pm.| 4714 4-19 91-28.5| Surface 75
2) 8 am.| 4715 2-40.4 | 90-19.8 do. 75
2) 9.80 ‘ 4715 2-40.4 | 90-19.3 | 800 fathoms 38.2
2|8 pm.| 4716 2-18.5 | 90-02.6| Surface 75
3/8 a.m. 1-16.3 | 89-385.7 do. 75
3|8 pa.| Wreck Bay, Chatham Isl. do. 74
T1j1l as. 2-22.9 | 92-47 do. 76
11/8 pm. 2-57.8 | 93-55 do. 76
12} 8 a.m. 4593*| 3-34 95-35.4 do, 77
AZISHe Splarcil) 2.3 3-49.7 | 96-05.5 do. 75
13| 8 am.| 4717 5-10 98-56 do. 76
1310 sé 4717 5-10 98-56 | 800 fathoms 37.9
13/8 em.| 4718 5-82.4 | 99-82.2|} Surface 76
14/8 am.| 4719 6-29.5 | 101-16.8 do. 75.5
14/8 pm.| 4720 7-13.3 | 102-31.5 do. 75
THN Se) Ace | 4721 8-07.5 | 104-10.5 do. 75
15 |10 i 4721 8-07.5 | 104-10.5 | 800 fathoms 37.3
TONS sears |! eons « 8-385 |104-57.2| Surface 75
16/8 am.| 4722 9-31 106-80.5 do. 75
16|8 pm.| 4723 10-14.3 | 107-45.5 do. 76
17} 8 am.| 4724 | 11-134 | 109-39 do. 77
17} 9.30 “ 4724 11-134 | 109-89 | 800 fathoms 37.3
17| 8 pm.| 4725 11-88.3 | 110-05 Surface 76
18; 8 a.m.| 4726 | 12-30.1 | 110-42.2 do. 78
18)} 8 vpm.| 4727 13-00.3 | 112-44.9 do. 77
19/8 a.m.| 4728 | 13-47.5 | 114-21.6 do. tHe

| 1.0257

* Hydrographic station.

Specific |
Gravity
oe REMARES.

0 15°C.

1.0247
1.0258
1.0258
1.0257
1.0256
1.0256
1.0257
1.0257
1.0258
1.0260

1.0255
1.0256
1.0258
1.0256

FPDODMDMWDDODDDDDDWDDHHDDDDERDH DODD DDHHODHHNHHHDHHWDHDHNDHDHHDODHBDHEMS

“ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

fo oMe ole oe solo ole ole ole «)

co
i]
o

RECORD OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. — Continued.

Station.

4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4732
4733
4734
4735
473)
4736
4737
4738
4524 *
4525 *
4738

4739

4526 *

Latitude
South.

° ,
13-47.5
14-15
15-06.2
15-47.2
16-32.5
16-32.5
16-57.4
17-3
18-16
19-00.4
19-00.4
19-15
19-57.5
20-26.5
21-03
21-36.1
22-11.1
22-11.1
22-26.2
22-55.3

aT)
114-21.6
115-13
116-37.7
118-22.5
119-59
119-59
120-48
122-35.6
123-34.4
125-05.4
125-05.4
125-41.4
127-03
128-30.2
130-10.3
181-35.8
133-21
133-21
135-52
134-48.6

Off Rikitea, Manga Reva
Outer Harbor, Manga Reva

4531*
4532 *
4533 *
4534*
4535*
4740

4740

4741

4536*
4537*
4538*
4742

4742

4743

4539*
4540*
4541*
4542*
4543*
4544"

22-15
21-04.5
19-49.2
18-29.4
17-27.2
16-20.3
15-10
13-51
12-39.5
11-20
10-17.4
9-02.1
9-02.1
8-29
7-10.3
5-56.6
4-50.5
3-37.3
2-14
1-19.2
North.
0-03.4
0-03.4
0-21.3
1-35
2-45
3-25.6
4-29
4-55
6-01
7-08.7
8-02.2
8-52.2
9-46.2
10-38
11-34
12-42.5
13-56.3
14-50
15-45.6
16-39

134-09.6
133-01.2
131-57.7
180-15.8
129-48

128-46

127-49.8
126-53.1
125-58.3
125-01.3
124-14.4
123-20.1
123-20.1
122-56

122-13.2
121-30

120-45.7
119-54.9
118-55.1
118-05

117-15.8
117-15.8
117-02.6
116-38
115-55.6
115-05.4
114-00
112-27
111-83
110-45.3
109-40
108-54
107-52
106-47.6
105-42.5
104-45
103-28.2
103-31
100-30
99-53.9

Acapulo, Mexico

Temperature
Depth. by Attached
Thermometer. to 15° C.

{ °
|800fathoms| 37.4 1.0248
Surface 78 1.0260

do. 81 1.0258
800 fathoms 37.4 1.0248
Surface 80.5 1.0260

|800fathoms| 37.3 1.0248
Surface 81 1.0260

800 fathoms 37.4 1.0246
Surface 79 1.0257
do. 78 1.0253 | About 20 minutes’ run
beyond station.

0.
800 fathoms
Surface

Surface
800 fathoms
Surface

* Hydrographic station.

Date.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION,

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION.

Station.

Panama, U.S. C.

.

Latitude
North.

°

S28s

WCwwwwwwwowwt
eoooooeocoeooeo

DEDEDE UU UU UU UU OU UU GY UO UN OY TUN DD DID. D DA AAAARPAMRARWMWARARWEABDRAM MAA agey
wwww
oooofe

Longitude
West.

Of On vr

80 43 00
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 05 30
81 15 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
81 44 00
82 05 00
82 23 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
85 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
3 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 06 00
83 16 30
83 55 00
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 30
85 10 3
85 23 30
85 41 00
86 08 3!
86 08 30
86 08 30
86 08 30
86 08 30
86 08 30
86 08 80
86 08 30
86 08 30
86 08 30
86 23 00
86 45 00
86 45 00
86 45 00
86 45 00

Depth.

Fathoms,
Surface

546

600

900
1,000
Surface

1,000
Surface
do.

Temperature
by attached
Thermometer.

31

Specific Grav-
ity reduced
to 16° C,

1
ul
li
1.025280
1.025680
1.026080
1.026280
1.026280
1.026280

1.025892
1.026092
1.026092
1.026292
1.026092
1.026092
1.026092
1.024092
1.024092

1.025292
1.025692
1.026092

1.026292
1.026292
1.026492
1.026692
1.024092
1.023892
1.023906
1.025706
1.026106
1.026106
1.026306
1.026100
1.026100
1.026100
1.026100
1.026800
1.026300
1.026300
1.028920
1.023720
1.024080
1.024680
1.025480

32

“ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION. — Continued.

Mar.

Station.

"Malpelo Island

Latitude
North.

$2 Co NS ee co
WCNOK Oe Nt

SSSSLR

SSS SSO Gy SSS SSS DD 09 C9 ON ON OD AT CO MTT ATT IID OQ OOO RR BOON NNWNNORROAMHOAoOan o
SSSSSS" SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSsSyssss Sssssssyssssssasssssss:

BmONmNe OS OrWwrkR OO eSeowowourwe oO ~ > °
SAO NE SOC ESSRRRAISS eS ste eS See SS SRN SS SEB SSSSs.

Longitude
West.

org

86 45 00
86 45 00
86 45 00
86 45 00
86 45 00
86 45 00
86 58 20
86 54 30
86 40 00
86 11 20

[o Jos)
oo
ocr
bot

aS
oOo
Nwore

33s
oor
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSESSES

a]
i)
—

“1-3
oo
coon

DOWAWOA

=
o
i

Mwn~1-3
cowed
woo

Re geeegeeeseees

SSS28S SSSSRSESSERN5
S$SSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSS

Depth.

Surface
do.

Temperature
by attached
Thermometer.

Specific Grav-
ity reduced
to 16° C.

1.025680
1.025680
1.025880
1.025880
1.025880
1.026080
1.023780
1.023780
1.023740
1.023740
1.024340
1.024340
1.024340
1.024740
1.024940
1.025340
1.025140
1.025140
1.025140
1.024940
1.025140
1.025140
1.025340
1.025140
1.025140
1.025340
1.025340
1.025340
1.025340
1.025906
1.026106
1.026106
1.026106
1.026106
1.026106
1.026106
1.026306
1.026106
1.026306
1.026106
1.026106
1.025906
1.025706
1.025706
1.025506
1.025506
1.025506

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION. — Continued.

Time of
Day.

Off Chatham Island

Indefatigable Island

Guaymas, Mexico

Station.

Wreck Bay
Charles Island
Duncan Island

“San Diego, Cal.

Latitud itu
South. a 2 Depth
Curler ori Tathoug
0 45 00 87 40 00 do.
0 51 00 88 14 00 do.
eran seat do.
101 00 89 22 00 do.
year ome do.
meas do.
wai do
ae ale do.
0 01 00 90 2300 | Surface
North.
1 05 00 91 17 00 do.
1 23 00 "91.30 00 do.
151 00 91 435 00 do.
2 14 00 91 56 00 do.
2 39 00 92 09 00 do.
31700 92 31 00 do.
3 55 00 92 51 00 do.
4 34 00 93 14 00 do.
5 13 00 93 35 00 do
5 53 00 94 03 00 do
7 1000 94 59 00 do.
7 54 00 95 27 00 do.
8 31 00 95 43 00 do.
9 08 00 95 59 00 do.
9 45 00 96 15 00 do.
10 23 00 96 30 380 do.
10 58 00 96 44 00 do.
11 33 00 96 58 00 do.
12 08 00 97 12 00 do.
12 45 00 97 26 00 - do.
13 33 30 97 57 30 do.
14 09 00 98 18 00 do.
14 46 00 98 40 00 do.
15 28 00 98 19 00 do.
15 49 00 98 09 00 do.
16 10 00 97 58 00 do.
16 82 00 97 48 40 do.
16 50.00 | 100 20 00 do.
17 05 00 100 58 00 do.
17 2000 | 101 34 00 do.
174800 | 102 19 30 do.
181200 | 102 58 00 do.
18 41 00 103 37 00 do.
191000 | 104 16 00 do.
19 4440 | 104 56 30 do.
20 02 00 105 17 00 do.
20 4600 | 105 59 00 do.
2107 30 | 106 21 30 do.
22 58 00 107 20 00 do.
24 20 30 108 34 380 do.
25 33.00 | 109 50 00 do.
265800 | 110 49 30 do.
Sana Whe do.
27 33 00 110 02 00 do.
250600 | 109 61 00 do.
23 07 00 110 08 00 do.
24 41 30 112 16 30 do.
26 40 00 114 06 30 do.
28 6130 | 115 06 30 do.
30 44 3) 116 18 45 do.
Pcs Sie do.
38 55 40 118 54 20 do.
35 49 30 121 86 00 do.

Temperature
by attached

Thermometer.

83
82
82
82
81
80
81
82
81

Co

Ce en ren ree ener Icy

CO? Od aT 7 9 9 93 7 2

Specific Gray-
ity reduced
to 15° C.

1.024906
1.024906
1 024906
1.024906
1.025706
1.025306
1.025506
1.025106
1.624906

1.025106
1.025106
1.025292
1.025192
1.025292
1.025492
1.025692
1.025692
1.026092
1.026092
1.026092
1.025692
1.025492

0
02
-025620
025620
026020
02582 0
1. 0 0420
1.025620
1.026020
1.026220
1.026220

1.025620
1.025420
1.025020
1.025020
1.024820
1.025020
1.024820
1.025020
1.025020

ealeel eal anllsall alan all

SS

Oo

“ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

34
RECORD OF AIR TEMPERATURES IN FAHRENHEIT DEGREES.
Minimum
Date. 7 A.M. Noon. 6 PM Mean. for Date. 7 aM.
24 Hours.
1904. ° ss 9 “2 S 1905. °
7.2 78 85 84 81 77 Jan. 1 76
3 78 85 80 801 78 2 75
4 81 81 78 791 77 3 75
5 77 79 76 768 75 4 76
6 73 77 74 741 73 5 75
7 y 5 6
8 7
9 8
10 9

WINDS. 30

WINDS.
Plate 37.

The daily direction of the winds is indicated on Pl. 3”, the arrows show-
ing the direction, and the number of barbs the strength of the wind accord-
ing to the Beaufort scale.

From Panama to the Galapagos we encountered during the first days
of November southwesterly winds for the first half of the distance, and then
southeasterly winds as far as the islands, and the same southeasterly trades
from the Galapagos to Aguja Point, and in our line to the southwest of the
Point as well as from that point to Callao, the southeasterly trades extend-
ing on the line, Callao to Easter Island, to about 17° 8. latitude and 85° W.
longitude. From that point to Sala y Gomez the winds were from the north-
east. At Easter Island we found them variable during our stay during the
middle of December.

From Easter Island to latitude 19° S. we encountered westerly and north-
easterly winds; from that point northward to the Galapagos we met south-
easterly and easterly trades. From the Galapagos towards Manga Reya the
same easterly and southeasterly trades flanked us as far as 10° 8. latitude.
The winds then became northeast almost to Manga Reva, where they were
southwesterly.

From Manga Reva towards Acapulco we encountered, north of 20'S. lati-
tude, northerly winds for about 500 miles. The winds then became easterly
or southeasterly to nearly 5° N., where we struck strong northeast trades to
within 250 miles off Acapulco, where we met light northwesterly winds.

From Panama to the Galapagos, from the Galapagos to Aguja Point, on
the line to the southwest of this point, and thence to Callao, and from Callao
about a third of the distance to Easter Island, the set was usually in the
direction of the wind. Though near the shore the current was in a north-
easterly direction, and from latitude 20°S. as far as Sala y Gomez the set
was strong in a northeasterly direction.

On the line from Easter Island to the Galapagos there was a strong
southeasterly set as far as latitude 15° S. Then the set was in the direc-
tion of the wind to the northwest as far as the Galapagos. It became
variable in the vicinity of the Galapagos.

From the Galapagos half-way to Manga Reva the set was in the direc-
tion of the southeast trades to the northwest. The remaining distance

56 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

there was a strong northeasterly set changing to northwest near Manga
Reva. .

From Manga Reva to Acapulco there is a southeasterly set as far north
as latitude 10° S. Then the set is northwest as far as 5 N., where it
becomes southwest until within the influence of the Mexican coast winds off
Acapulco.

RECORD OF PELAGIC STATIONS.

RECORD OF PELAGIC STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION
STEAMER “ALBATROSS” BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., AND
PANAMA DURING OCTOBER, 1904.

&
o
2
g
z Dare, Time.
a
pI
D2
Rn

U.SF.C.| 1904. h. m.

4572.| “ 7 5 30 p.m.
4573 | “ 7-8 | 7004.

4574 18) 3 45 p.m.
4575 | “ 8 5 30 p.m.
4576 | “ 8 8 51 p.m.

4577 « 8-9 7 00 a.m.
4578+) “ 9 7 00 p.m.

4579 | “ 9-10} 7 00 a.m.

4580 | “10 11 20 a.m.
4581 | “10 7 00 p.m.

4582 | “10-11|] 700 a.m.
4583 | “11 10 30 a.m.
4684 | “11 7 00 p.m.

4585 | “11-12) 700 a.m.

4586 | “12 7 30 p.m.

4587 «12 10 39 a.m.
4688 | “12 8 50 p.m.

4589 | “ 12-13) 1030 a.m.
4590 | “138 10 40 a.m.
4591 | “13 7 00 pm.
4592 | “13 7 54 pM.
4593 | “14 7 00 a.m.

4567 | Oct.6 1 30 p.m.

4568 a6 5 30 p.m.

4569 | “ 6-7 | 6 004.m.

4570 | “ 7 9 00 a.m.
4571 an | 4 23 p.m.

REMARKS.

Pace”
Position. 2 Fs
28 3 Time ;
es BC . Distane
EE Ee oe ne Tani
Lat. Long. g@ ag
North. | West: & Bs
[=]
Oe Of ° h. m. tiles
37 25 | 122 26 | 60-63 28] 3 30 4.25
36 45 | 122 02 | 60-63 486] 4 00 10.0
34 45 | 120 15 | 60-63 38 | 12 30 11.5
34 20 | 120 20 | 63-64 187] 38 00 6.8
33 40| 11935) 71 825 | 18 00 18.3
33 30 | 119 25 | 64-66 899} 8 30 13.4
31 85 | 118 10 | 64-67 | 1076] 13 30 62.6
30 35|11715| 69 330 | 42 00 69.3
80 15 | 117 10 | 67-70 | 1466 | 10 30 56
29 52| 11656] 69 1466 | 21 00 55.2
28 25 | 115 55 | 66-70 | 1279] 13 30 17.3
27 02 | 114 40 | 70-71 543 | 12 00 14.4
25 20 | 118 13 | 70-72 75 | 12 00 45
24 55|11245| 76 19 | 20 00 14.4
24 15 | 111 52 | 72-77 40 | 12 00 5.1
2 12 | 110 82 | 77-82 323 | 12 00 19.5
22 45/110 5] 83 1048 | 28 00 8.2
22 05 | 109 10 | 81-87 | 1624 | 12 00 62.3
21 00 | 107 87 | 80-88 | 1747 | 12 00 64.3
19 62 | 106 22) 83 1923) 9 30 28.7
20 42| 10725] 82 1885 | 24 00 58
19 52 | 106 22 | 81-83 1923 | 20 00 28.6
18 50 | 104 50 | 82-83 1038 | 13 00 21.8
18 50 | 104 50 | 82-83} 1038 | 22 00 21.8
18 20 | 108 40 | 83-87 30} 8 30 4.5
18 20/103 40} 84 30 | 24 00 4.5
17 25 | 101 50 | 82-85 627 | 12 00 19.0

(eee filter No. 20 silk started at|
10 a.m. at 37° 50’ N. and 122° |
| 80’ W.
Pump filter. Started at 1.30 p.m.
at 37° 25’ N., and 122° 26’ W.
jPump filter No. 20. Started at}
5.30 p.m., Oct. 6, at 36° 45’ N.,
\ and 122° 02’ W.
{Pump filter. Started at 6 a.at. at
(34° 45’ N., and 120° 15’ W.
Surface haul
Vertical haul. Started at 3.04 p.m.
ae filter. -Started at 9 a.m. at
34° 20’ N. and 120° 20’ W.
(Pump filter. Started at 5.30 p...
tat 33° 80’ N., and 119° 25’ W.
Vertical hauls,
Pump filter.
Surface haul.
Pump filter at 5.80 p.a., Oct. 8, at
| 30° 15’ N. and 117° 10’ W. +
Pump filter. Started at 7.00 a.a.
at 28° 25’ N., and 115° 55’ W.
j Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.ar.,
Oct. 9, at 27° 02’ N. and 114°
\ 40’ W.
Vertical hauls.
Pee filter. Started at 7 a.m. at
25° 20’ W. and 113° 13’ N.
Pump filter No. 20. Started at
| 24° 15’ N. and 111° 52’ W.
Vertical hauls.
(Pump filter. Started at7 a.m. at
28° 12’ and 110° 32’ W.
Pump filter. Started at 7 pm.
{ Oct. 11, at 22° 05’ N. and 109° |
10° W.
er filter. Started at 10 a.m.
at 20° 42’ N. and 107° 25° W. |
Vertical hauls.
Surface haul.
j Pump filter. Started at 19° 52’
\ N. and 106° 22’ W. at 7.80 p.m., |
Oct. 12.
Vertical hauls.
jPump filter No. 20. Started at
) 10.80 a.at. at 18° 50’ N. and 104°
50° W.
Surface hauls.
\ ump filter. Started at 7.00 p.ar.,
Oct. 138, at 18° 20’ N. and 104°
40' W.

38 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.
RECORD OF PELAGIC STATIONS. ETC., — Continued.

f a Ee

8 Position. 2 2s

| £8 bed} Tim A

2 | pa | toe BE | Ga fin Min.| ity. REMARKS.

a Lat. Long Ba 3 2

é North. | West. & B:

U.S.F.C. 1904. h. m. pe JY: ° h. m, miles.
4594 | “14 10 30 a.sr. | 1720] 10132] 84 627 | 30 00 16.0 ne be nents
4505 | “14 | 700aa.|1647|10027| 84-85] 838| 900] 144 |{* 47Poq'N antaoay Wo
4596 | “14 7 24pm. | 1647/ 10027] 84 838 | 24 00 14.4 Surface haul.
Pump filter. Started at 7 P.M.,

4597 | “15 700 a.m. | 1610] 9837 | 81-84 30 | 12 00 71 { Cae at 16° 47’ N. and 100°
4598 | “15 |1085a.m.|1558] 9813] 84 99 | 30 00 4.5 Sue eae
4509 | “15 | 700P.0.| 1586] 9700|80-85| 160|1200| - 63 |{PUmp.itey Stared at am

4600 | “165 725 p.m. | 1536] 9700] 82 160 | 25 00 5.3 Surface haul. Startedat 7.00 p.m.

Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m.
4601 | “16 700 a.m. | 1458] 9517]81-83} 120] 12 00 61.2 Oct. 15, at 15° 86° N. and 97°

00° W

Pump filter. Started at 7.00 a.m.
at 14° 58’ N. and 95° 17’ W.

Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m.,
Oct. 16, at 18° 387’ N., and 93°
52’ W.

Surface haul.

Vertical hauls. Started at 1 p.m.

(
i
(A 2 filter No. 20. Started at
Le
|
f
40"

4602 | “16 700 p.a. | 1887) 93 52 | 79-82] 2166/12 00} 103.2

4603 | “17 730 a.m. | 1230] 9230] 81-83] 2166/12 30} 110.0

4604 | “17 11 80 a.m. | 1221) 92138] 84 2166 | 30 00; 110.1
4605 | “17 130 p.m. | 1221} 9218) 85 2166 | 30 00 110.1

4606 | “17 700 p.m. | 1200} 9130) 81-83} 2500/11 30] 116.0 7.30 a.m. at 12°30’ N., and 92°

4607 | “17 7 22em.| 1200} 9130] 83 2500 | 22 00| 116.0 Surface haul.
Pump filter. Started at 7 p.m.,
Oct. aa at 12° 00’ N. and 91°

4608 | “18 800a.m.| 1115} 8948 | 82-83] 2052 | 18 00

4609 | “18 +/1030am./1105|] 8935] 81 1970 | 30 00} 182.2
4610 | “18 700 pm. | 1083) 88380) 78-83] 1792|11 00} 185.0
4611 | “18 723 p.m.| 1033} 8830! 78 1792 | 23 00| 185.0

4612 | “19 700 a.m. | 950] 8640) 78-80} 1883 | 12 00 66.7

4613 | “19 10 30a.m. | 945] 8620] 80 1833 | 30 00 54.4
4614 | “19 700p.m.| 9 7] 8511] 79-82} 1708 | 12 00 26.2

4615 | “19 720p.m.| 9 7] 8511] 80 1708 | 20 00 26.2 Saas haul. Started at 7 p.m.
Pump filter. Started at 7 P.M.,
4616 «20 700a.m.{| 810] 8333] 79-80 956 | 12 00 17.2 ag at 9° 7 N. and 88°
usb

4617 | “20 425em.| 745] 8225] 78 1185 | 25 00 10 Vertical haul. Started at 4.00 p.m.
4618 | “20 | 700rm.| 715| 828 |77-80| 792/1200/ 128 eee Pana ok ama

4619 | “20 720pm.| 715] 828 79 792 | 20 00 12.8 Surface haul. Started at 7. 00 p.m.
Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m.,
4620 | “21, 800 a.m. | 645] 8147 / 78-79 782 | 13 00 27 {

Oct. 20, at 7° 15’ N., and 82°
8 W.

4621 1 1026 a.m.} 636] 8144] 79 581 | 36 00 36.4 Vertical haul.

4622 “21 1250p.m.} 631] 8144] 81 581 | 74 00 40.8 Vertical haul.

4623 | “21 | 700r.a.| 668] 8046|78-81| 592/1100| 128 Pump let eee ao at

4624 | “21 730p.m.| 658] 8046) 79 592 | 30 00 12.8 Surface haul.

Pump filter. Started at 7 P.m.,

4625 «22 700 am.| 800] 79383) 79-80 75 | 12 00 37.6 Oct. 21., at 6° 58° N., and. 80°

46’ W.

4626 | “22 700pr.m.| 855) 7982] 80-84 Pump filter. Started at a aM. |
6/1200) 0.7 If "at 8° 00’ N., and 79° 33” W.

Vontinal hauls.

Pump filter. Started at 8.00 a.m.
at 11° 15’ N., and 89° 48’ W.

Surface haul.

Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m.,
Oct. A es at 10° 33’ N., and 88°
30° W

Vertical hauls. Started at 10 a.m.

Fume filter. 9° 50’ N. and 86°

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS.

9

oo

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS OCCUPIED BY THE
UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION STEAMER “ALBATROSS” IN THE EAST-
ERN TROPICAL PACIFIC FROM NOVEMBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905.

6 Position. TEMPERATURES. a
2 3
8 3 Character
z, Date. Time iB of REMARES.
3 ; , a Bottom.
E ee ets | a | te | |
A |
1904. | h. om ora on" 7 ° ° :
4627-4640 Panama TO GALAPAGOS ISLANDs.
4627 |Nov. 2| 7 pem.| 721.3 | 79 55.8 | 81.5 ges Sole ye eee Surface haul.
4628 ee i Os) eine.) 7 15 80 5.5 |80-83} ... OMIM _ eeceulerar va Pump filter.
; Pump filter. Trawling
4629 So )8i) St acm. |\6:62 8142.5 | 81 40.5 556 s
} gn. S., Irge. glob. for the green sand col-
4630 Soo) | Asse, |/'6'53 81 42.5 814 ( lecteditm 1891:
j Pump filter. Trawling
4631 Seno!) LL) P| 6:26 81 49 82 38.0 774 gn. S , for the green sand col-
\ lected in 1891.
4632 “—3/ 8{ pm.| 548.5 | 8216.3 | 79-83} ... emo «fewest. s Pump filter.
4504*| “ 3/10 pm.| 5 36 82 28 80 36.4 1885 fine gn. M.
4033 S48 sam. 4:40 83 24.4 | 79-80; ... RI rice aot Fes filter.
é ; Trawl. Towed at 300
4634 4/1080 a.m.! 435.4 | 83 82.3 | 80 36.9 77-4) | ee arisen 1 fui homal
4635 | “ 4/8 pm.|3525|84143] 79 | ... | .. eae pense Hasty POnD Ae
: . er.
4505*| “ 6] 3 am.| 811.6 | 8457.4 | 78 36.4 1705 gn. M., glob.
4636 “« 5) 8 am.| 244.5 | 8623.5 | 78 hehe etd ee aes Pump filter.§
,Globigerinae similar to
those found in pump
. filter on surface (8a.o.).
4637 SO O8 P.M. 131 86 32 76 | norecord | 1541 uk bg nis glob.,|| Thermometer did not
BORE: trip. Towed at 300
fathoms and _ vertical
haul to surface.
Thermometer did not
trip.
At Stn. 4638 also made a
“ , r ) surface haul and towed
4638 6) 7 am..| 027 87 18 75 |norecord | 1450} It. gn. glob. Oz. with open net at 300
futhoms and vertically
to surface. Pump
Latitude filter.
South. 1 ieeOE
pu.|0 4 | 87805 | 76 | 354 | 1418 | 4£¥ 8) 9% YF} surface haul poor.
P.M.| 021 87 57.5 | 75 |norecord | 1433 |gy. glob. Oz., br. M.
| Pump filter, and extraor-
px.| 039.4 | 8811 1b 97.4 1061 no sample { dinarily rich surface

haul, with a large num-
| ber of pelagic fishes.

* Hydrographic Stations where soundings alone were made. See Note, page 60.

t Stations occupied at 8 a.m. are usually trawling stations at which temperature serials were also taken and
intermediate tows at 300 fathoms and to the surface.

} At 8 p.m. a surface haul was usually made daily.

§ When not mentioned to the contrary, the pump filter was run each day.

40

“ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

8 Position. TEMPERATURES, 5
EI 2 Character
Zz Dare Tre. Fa of
= : E 4 Bottom.
; grrr fe en eee |e a
a
1904, h m u ° : 2 2
4641-4644 Sourneast Face or GaLapaGcos IsLanpDs.
4641 | Nov.7| 8 a.m.| 1344 | 8930.2 | 74 39.5 633 | It. gy. glob. Oz.
4642 * 711030 a.m.| 130.5 | 8935 74 48.6 300 | brk. Sh. & glob.
4643 “« 7] 1380 p.ar.| 128.7 | 8948.5 | 74 67.2 100} brk. Sh. & glob.
4644 “ 7) 830 p.m.| 218.3 | 8942.2 | 72 35.4 1752 |fine lt. gy. glob. Oz.
4645-4654 Garapacos To AGusa PornT.
4645 | Nov.8 | 800 a.m.| 337.6 | 8943.1 | 70 | 36.0 | 1955 /fine It. gy. glob. Oz.| {
> Pe ” 7 ef fine lt. gy. glob. Oz.
4646 8 a 00 p.m.| 4 1.6 | 8916.3 72 35.4 2058 AGG REALE
447 “« > very lt.gy.glob.Oz.;
4647 9} 800 a.m.| 433 87 42.5 70 35.5 2005 large giob., br. M.
4648 “ 9] 700 p.m.| 443 87 7.5 | 71 4036
340 Py, = a, |stky. gy. M., very
4649 10} 800 a.m.} 517 85 19.5 70 35.4 2235 few glob.
4650 “ 10] 700 p.w.| 5 22 84 39 71 yoda +
| 465 “« lf , F stky. fine gy. S.;
4651 11 | 800 a-m.| 541.7 | 82 59.7 66 35.4 2222 tC OR REARS
4652 “ 11] 700 p.m.) 544.7 | 8239.5 | 66 s.08 ous Soa8

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

REMARKS.

Trawl haul, 10 miles
{ from Hood Island,
Galapagos.
5 miles from southeast
[ena of Hood Island;
Tangles.
About 4} miles south-
west by south from
the west end of Hood;
Tangles and Trawl.
Surface haul with many
{ fishes ; pump filter.

Trawlcame up empty.
(Pump filter.)

Towed 20 minutes with
open net at 300 fath-
oms and yertically to
surface.

Trawl, magnificent haul
of Holothurians, open
net tow to surface from
800 fathoms.

Surface haul and towed
20 minutes at 300 fath-
oms and vertically to
surface. Swarm of
Cytwzis on surface.

Trawlhaul. Octacnemus

in the trawl. Pump fil-

ter. Open net tow from

800 fathoms to surface.

|
|
|
=

Salpae ; towed 20 min-
utes at 300 fathoms and
up to surface.

Trawl, fine lot of sili-
cious sponges; net
towed open at 800 fath-
oms and to surface.

Surface haul. Towed 20

min. at 400 fathoms and

to surface.
min. at 200 fathoms and
to surface (Dissoma).

Towed 20 min. at 100

fathoms and to surface.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 41

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

Serial Number.

4507* | Nov. 12| 700 a.m.| 543.6 | 8143.8 | 64 34.9 2

a
PosITIoN. TEMPERATURES. 5
= Character
Dare. TIME Fy of REMARKS.
= Bottom.
Latitude | Longitude | Sur- 4
South. West. face, | Bottom. &
a
1904. h. m. Oy av eee 9 °

fine stky. blue M.,
shore M., Pumice.

dk. br. gy. shr. M.,
«12/1027 an.| 547 | 8124 | 65 | 413° | 636 (Be toms.

« 42] 100 pa] 546.5 | 81269 | 65 38.5 685 | dk. gn. shore M.
5 op |dk.br.M.,veg.Mat.,
«“ 12] 150 pw.| 546 | 8131.9 | 65 87.3 | 1036 any Taian

we)
rare
nw

-Trawl, much vegetable
| aah

{ matter 17 miles from
\ land, Nonuna Pt. |

i Trawl.

l
i Trawl.

4655-4661. Line rrom AGusa PoInT TOWARDS THE OUTER WESTERN EDGE OF THE C

4655

4656

4657

4658

4659

4660

4661

4663

Noy.12| 7 vm.|6675|80560 | 6 | ... |..] .....
fine gn. M. mxd.
« 13| 8° ax] 6546! 83343] 69 | 35.2 | 2299 ies a Pe
many Diatoms.
eg O0sem.|7126.|84-9 | 69 | ... | ..] waeee
« 14] 800 a.m.| 829.5 | 85356 | 70 | 35.3 | 2370 earn Mang.
Pera (Oke | 8645/86 55 \60 |... |..| seoee
fine br. M.; Mang.
« 15| 800a.m.| 955.6| 8730 | 69 | 354 | 24295 So enone
spic.
einem |t017 |s82-| eo | ... |..] «....

4662 | Nov.16) 800 a.m.| 1118.8) 89 35 69 35.2 2439 |

HILI-PERUVIAN STREAM.

jSurface haul. Towed at
+ 400 fathoms,20 min. and
to surface ; Pump filter

trawl: Octacnemus in
trawl.

j Surface haul. Towed at
\ 300 fathoms and verti-
- eally to surface.
(Trawl full of Manga-
nese nodules 3 to 5”
in diameter. Sharks’
} teeth. Cetacean ear-
bones. Towed with
Tanner closing net at
300 fathoms 20 min-
utes, failed to close.
{20 min haul and towed

20 min. at 300 fathoms
and vertically tosurface.

aoe pump filter.

Surface haul. Salpa soup.
I Towed at 300 fathoms,
\ 20 min. and to surface.

4662-4669. From THe WESTERN PART OF THE PERUVIAN CURRENT TO THE
or Mitne-Epwarps Deep.

WESTERN EpGE

nod.

“ 16 | 700 p.m./ 1120.3) 88 55.2 | 69 megs si sBanier sist

r. Rad. Oz., Mang.| }

j Pump filter; towed net
at 800 fathoms and to
surface,

(/ Pump filter, surface haul;

| Salpa soup. Towed at

| 800 andtosurface. Yel-
low Pelagonemertes.

* Hydrographic Stations.

“ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.
8 PosiTIoN. TEMPERATURES. B
8 2 Character
Zz, Date. Time. She of REMARKS.
= Latitude | Longitud Su 3 ey
-— atitu e. r >
3 South. i face. Bottom. =
AQ
1904. | he m, Fae) Cay ° °
Pump filter, surface haul,
towed at 300 fathoms
4664 ov. 17} 800 a.m.| 11 30.8) 8719 Sie ily, Peter oe | itcr cl eaaneteete re eae and to surface, Tanner
closing net at 400
fathoms.
Surface haul, poor tow
4665 “ 17 | 700 p.ss. | 11 45 86 5.2 CT erate Sa deco at 300 and vertical to
surface. Pump filter.
It. By : re eae Trawl, angular frag-
“ | 7 9 Dy , . j
4666 18} 8 00 a.m. | 11 55.5 | 84 20.3 67 84.9 2600 nods Cetaceanieare mente of rocks. Pump
bones. 7
Surface haul. Towed
4667 “ 18} 700 p.m. 1159.5] 8340.4] 68 9 { at 300 fathoms and to
A surface.
fine gy. Oz., few .p
¢ ¢ . 3 anner net towed at 300
4668 “ 19} 800 4.m.}12 9.3] 8145.2 | 67 |norecord | 2620 etre & Ral cat aeTOO anates!
Surface haul. Tow at
4669 “« 19} 700 p.m. | 12 12.7 | 80 25.6 OT], scree Tee || ee eee 300 fathoms and to sur-
face. Pelagonemertes.
4670-4675 From THE WestTEeRN Epo or MILtNe-Epwarps Deep orr CALLAO.
’
(“owed Serial temp. and
4670 | Nov. 20} 800 a.m.|12 8.7} 79 24] 66 35.4 3209 sft. lt. br. M. { ‘towed net at 800 fath-
oms to surface.
Water of late discolored
fine gn.clay; infus.|] by Diatoms. Surface
4671 “ 20) 700 pa./12 69] 78282] 66 35.4 1490 | earth full of Dia-|; haul and tow at 300
toms. fathoms to surface.
Pump filter.
Trawl. Fine haul of Ho-
4672 “ 21] 700 4.m./1811.6] 78183] 65 35.2 2845 | similar to above { lothurians. Tanner net
towat 400. Pump filter.
4673 | « 21| 700 pw./1280.5| 77494| 67 | 425 | 4658 rky. pSaseceeauand sow.at
“« 99 . fine dk. gn. M.
4509* 22| 700 a.m.| 1226.6) 7834.5] 67 35.2 1949 many Diatoms. ; {Pump filter.
fine dk. gn. M.,
: Sponge spic.; few .
4674 | “ 22] 900a.m./1214.4] 78434 | 68 | 35.1 |2888| Diat. & few Rad.||“arge angular frag.
¥ Diat. Oz. in mud.
bag.
fn. dk. gn. M., floc. 2 oh
p “ R 9 organic matter,| | Surface haul tow at
4675 22| 700 p.m.| 1254.0] 7883.0} 68 |norecord | 3120 Diat, débais a} fathoms and to surface,
cious infus. earth

* Hydrographic Station.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 3

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

3 :
5 PosITION. ‘TEMPERATURES, S
e | cS Character
a Date. TIME. 2 Cnc REMARKS.
i 3
: mgtiete |tongentol Gu | notin. | $
1904, m. - ; f ‘ i
4510*-4514* 4676-4693 CatLtao to Easter IsLanp.
fine It. gy. clay Oz.;
‘ floc. mat.; few
4510* | Dec. 4] 700 p.m.| 13 48.2 | 8013.0] 70 35.2 2548 Rad., Spongespic,;
Diat. Oz.
(eame filter every A.M.
finedk.br.Oz.,Diat.| | at 8. Lost trawl frame
4676 | “ 5) 800 a.m.| 1428.9) 81 24 69 BOE aii e ads Mag. mad |) and ag: aes ete
F | and tow at 300 fms.
“ 6] 700 p.m. | 1437.5] 81 41 GS eerie liesetterd (PMN, stctetna. ra Poor surface haul.
sett ‘ It. br. Rad. Oz.;
4511*| “ 6] 800a.m.| 1539 83 27.4] 69 35.2 | 2620 | Rad. filled with M.,
no Diat.
4678 ae G) | nuoOePat 16.802} 8d! 8.8) 682) ste foe | 2 ae aie Tb aay
It. br. stky. O2.|| “Wrater hae “ 7
4679 | “ 7] 800 aar.|17 26.4] 8646.5] 69 | 35.3 |2485/ Sponge spic., few), jV.ater has been a most
: Rad. or glob. | dav.
{ Very little in tangles.
4680 “« — 7| 700 p.m. | 17 55 87 42 GSy | Races nih |p ty cere cece \ Very fine surface haul.
Cymbulia soup.
Tow at 300 fathoms, se-
ial temp.; trawl came
choc.br.clay,Mang. | ee pci |
4681 | “ 8] 800a.m.|1847.1| 8926 | 68 85.4 | 2895] nod., few glob.,|- gatgese aranets bed
few Rad. left in bag; must have
been too heavy a load.
Surface haul; Cymbu-
AGson <= Sil 7 30pm. | 19 76:1 90106) 62 | ... | .. | «..... {tia pa ernins y
dk. choc. col. clay,)) o.. Sar
4088 | “ 9] 800axr./20 24) 9162.5] 70 | 95.2 /2885) no Diat, very few |stats ore
glob. Mang. nod.
4684 Seem) PESHOOPACHT.1/'20140:3i)98;19:2 |) 72 | 2. | 2. | seuss Poor surface haul.
Tow at 300 fathoms and
to surface; very poor
| Spaey cick aye haul. Serial tempera-
[4686 | “ 10) 800a.0./ 21362] 9456 | 72 | 953 | 2205] clay, ‘no 'Diat,) We, Pes Nene
| See P ied with 1} tons of manga- |
eee posed: nese nodules, very lit-
tle animal life.
4686 | “ 10) 800 P.m.| 22 2.2) 95 52 TURE PMaaera eres, asec ||P MRP assests Very poor surface haul.
‘Tow at 300 fathoms,
very poor. Towat 2125 |
fathoms ; nothing not
dk. choc. col. clay, | taken before; very little |
e b.| J i t, e than in |
4087 | “ 11) 800am./22495) 97806] 73 | 354 | 2184] Fy "Rag, “vers/) B0OtING hauls Sueta|
few Sponge spic. || haul very poor here,
out of current. 1260)
miles from Callao and

* Hydrographic Stations.

500 from Sala y Gomez. |

44 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

5 Position. TEMPERATURES, E
g @ Character
x DarTE. Time. & of REMARES.
Z Latitude | Longitude} § A Ser
=z attitude nm ude ur-
an South. West. face, Bottom. =
a
1904. | h. m. oF oy ° °
4688 | Dec. 11| 8 00 a.m. | 23 17.2 | 98 37.5 | 72 chef ome Surface haul very poor.
dk. br. choe. clay,| ( Tow at 300 fathoms, ex-
4689 “ 12) 800 a.m.}24 5 | 10020 72 35.4 |2185| mrkd. incr. in|} tremely poor haul. Se-
glob., few Rad. rial temperatures.
4690 | « 12] 800rm.|2445 [10145 | 73 | ... |..] ..... See serena y

poor.
Tow at 800 fathoms;
very poorest haul of all;
trawl came up torn,
with lot of angular
fragments of volcanic
rocks, pumice, and
manganese nodules.
Nothing in surface haul.
Off Sala y Gomez. Did
not dare to trawl.

It. yl. br. glob. Oz.,
4691 “ 18] 8 00 a.m. | 25 27.3 | 103 29.3) 73 35.3 1939 | few Rad., Sponge
spic.

4692 “ 18] 8 00 p.m. | 25 40.4 | 104 1.8) 72 mene ake © 5 wlohe
4512*| “ 14) 800 a.m.} 2617.3 | 105 25.2] 71 36.4 885 rky.

rky.,fine glob. from
mudbag of trawl.| | Sharks’ teeth and ceta-

~~ A M————_S—

4693 « 14} 11 00 a.m. | 26 80.1 | 105 45.2 73 35.4 1142 Lava rk. & Mang. cean earbones in trawl.
nod.
45138*| “ 15!) 200 a.m.| 26 50 | 107 30 71 35.4 1696 |rky., ne Poe oe Re. eee
Ph ' > |yl-clay,Mang.nod., nchored in Cook Bay.
tee 15] 100 rm./27 16/108 56 | 74 | 85.4 | 1652) tow giob.& Rad. | Master, 6.80ru. |

4515*-4518* 4694-4716 Easter Istanp ro CHaTHAM ISLAND, GALAPAGOS.

1145 fine vol. S., few) (5 miles off N. Pt. of

4515* | Dec. 22 | 11 00 a.m. | 26 58.7 | 109 20.3] 72 35.5 glob.,Sponge spic.| | Easter Id.

" « 60)19°9, on < ~ |finevol.S.,Obsidian| (10 miles off N. Pt. of
4516* 22 | 12 30 paw. |26 64.8 /109164| 74 | 854 | 1627 [PANGS op ee

It. br. Oz. many/ (15 miles off N. Pt. of

4517*| “ 22) 130 p.m.|26 60.9|10912.5| 74 35.4 1723 | glob. Orbulina, a Easter Id. ; serial tem-
few Rad., vol. part.| \ peratures.

fine lt. br.Oz., many
Irge. & sml. glob., | 20 miles, off Easter Id.,

4518*| “ 22) 330 r.m. | 26 47.38) 109 9.3] 75 35.3 1770 Sponge spic., few|[ too rough to trawl.
Rad.

Surface haul fair; very

4694 “ 22) 800 p.m.|26 34 |10857.3| 72 eaters aie sO008 { many Radiolarian col
onies.

Lost thermom. and 90

in mudbag fine It.)] fms. wire. Trawl haul,

4695 “ 283} 800 aunt. | 25 22.4 | 107 45 74 ... | 2020} br. Oz.,very many]; very littleinbag. Man-
glob., few Rad. ganese nodules, sharks’
« teeth.
4696 | “ 23] 800 p.m. |2440.3/107 5.3) 74 dae Pole og 55 Very poor surface haul.
Tow at 3800 very poor.
dk. br. choc. clay, +
4697 | “ 24) 800 a.1.|23244]106 22] 75 | 35.6 |2188| fewRad.,very few | etna Or oan
aoe fine min. ganese nodules.
4698 | “ 24| 800 ra.|22504/10531.7| 75 | ... | .. soa PI meee or

* Hydrographic Stations.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 45

PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND

5 PosITION. TEMPERATURES, 8
3 é Character
z Dare. Hie | Bolton enaes
Z sae oa tage Ge | polis | “2
n A
~ 4904. bh; m: ci at? a 8 ° °
dk. br. choc. clay,|
Tow at 300 fathoms;
4699 | Dec. 25] 800 a.m. |2189.5 104208] 75 | 355 | 2168 | very few Rad.,are- every poor hack
| i Surface haul, very |
|} marked improvement
4700 “ 25] 800 p.m. | 20 28.8 | 103 26.3) 74 arccheel face ey Ve ae caulenene in catch; getting into
\ trade wind region.
Tow 300 fathoms ; very
dk. br. choc. clay,|}| much better haul, more
sharks’ teeth, ear-|} likethose half way from
4701 « 96] 800 a.mw.|19 11.5 | 102 24 72 35.3 2265 | bones,Mang.nod.,/, Callao to Easter Id.,
very few glob. & | poor trawl haul, bot-
Rad. tom still very barren.
\ Serial temperatures.
{ Surface haul very poor,
4702 | “ 26] 800 p.m. | 18 39.5 | 102 TOV Bees pees | ee eo \ some increase in the
fine stuff in the water.
Tow at 300 fathoms,
Hin yahoos ool. (OF hauls continue poor,
“ m.| 17 18.6 | 100 52.3} 73 85.3 | 2228 | oh.) & few more Copepods.
4703 21,000 am 5 some glob. Trawl obtained noth-
ing; barren bottom.
« 8 00 p.ar. | 16 55.3 | 100 24.6) 73 Surface haul quite good.
4704 zi ex , Tow at 500 fathoms and
very It. gy. yl. glob, 2 eee aaaree
jaul; arein the western
4705 « 98) 8004a.m.|15 5.3| 9919 72 35.38 | 2081) Oz., some Se edge ofthe Humbolde
Very many ia current. Brought up|
very little in the trawl.
4706 | “ 28| 800Pm./1418.7| 98458] 72 | ... | -- J seeee Very fair surface haul.
: 2120 dk. choc. br. oe {Tow at 300 fathoms,
4707 | “ 29| 800 a.m.|1283.2| 97 42 72 35.3 bod & Coschiod | \ excellent haul.
4708 « 99] 800P.m.|11 40 96 55 OM ere ew leer) samscdeass Very good surface haul. |
Fair haul towing at
[ 300 fathoms. Trawl
; It.gy.glob.Oz.,very|] tripped, but good trawl
4709 “ 30] 800 a.m.|1015.2| 9540.8) 72 35.3 2035 many Rad.& Diat.|| haulinbag. Earbones,
. sharks’ teeth, and Man-
. ganese nodules. |
Surface haul. Salpa
4710 “ 30] 800rm.| 9805) 95 83} 74 | ... | -- | we eee \ soup P
Tow “at 300 fathoms,
very good haul. Ring
It. gy. glob. Oz., trawl sent to tow at bot-
‘5 800 a.m.| 747.5) 94 5.5) 75 35.8 | 2240) with many Rad. &|, tom. Brought uplarge
arth BH 4 Diat. all dead. load of Manganese nod-
ules and a few sharks’
teeth and earbones.
4712 « $81) 800Prm.| 7 5 OSIShios le Paes Mee bemcal lee Ml fess congeusé: | Fair surface haul.
it. br. glob. Oz. at),
1905 top of cylind., It.|| Serial temperatures.
4718 |Jan. 1 | 800a.m.| 535.3) 92216] 73 35.3 | 2191 | gy.glob.below,few) ; Tow at 300 fathoms,
glob. at top, many|} good haul.

Rad.,few eee

46 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

: = F |
5 PostrI0N. TEMPERATURES. 3
3 3 Character
Zz, Dare. Time. A of REMARKS.
= ; i =| Bottom.
5 Tgouth | Weer | face, | Bottom. | 3
A
1905. | hem Orit o ° °
} :
4714 |Jan. 1| 800Prm.| 419 91 28.5| 75 Ewems fae as abe (Seria temperate
Serial temperatures, at
: It. gy. glob. Oz., i Sead
ae Petar wp t{failed: toc. 5 base of rim of rise of
4715 2 | 800a.m.) 240.4) 9019.3) 75 register 1743 many ae and the Galapagos. Splen-
tates did haul at300 fathoms.
Trawl, fair haul. Sur-
face haul excellent
about 55 miles from
4716 | “ 2 | 800am.| 2185] 90 26] 75 | ... |.. ee) Sg emer pas
Bay, Chatham Island,
Galapagos January 3
at 11 a.m.
4519*4526* 4717-4739 GaLapracos To Manca Reva.
40 miles from abeam
4519* | Jan. 10| 700 p.m.) 131 91 4 76 35.5 | 1885 hard. { P. O. Bay, Charles Is-
land, Galapagos. :
About 75 miles from
4500*| “ 11/1206a..| 1468] 9136 | 74 | 355 | 1816 [@Y- Blob. Oz, very { last station, on course
many Rad. & Diat to Manga Reva.
Ki mE : = failed to 71 slob. Oz. as at St. f About 143 miles from
4521* 11) 8 00am.) 2148) 9229.9] 75 tip *° | 1871 Eee + oie
It. gy. glob. Oz., gt eon
R96 “ z F 2 ” p filter collected on
4522* 11} 400Prm.| 2424] 9330 77 35.4 | 1924 Diatoms. and \ this line at 8 a. at. daily.
9° “ 46s x h. glob. Oz., very
4523* 12} 8004.m.| 334 95 35.4] 77 35.3 20381 | many Rad. &Diat.
meas a hoe || at 300 fathoms,
az | “ 18) 800m.) 510 | 9856 | 75 | 352 | 2163] up, many Diat. & ee a
many Rad. fille | :
withblk. min. part. cere Tae:
4718 “ 13] 800 p.1.| 5324] 9932.2] 76 & Oe ol te 84. Sab oo Excellent surface haul.
Th. failed Red clay, e cup cut} ( Excellent haul 300 fms.
4719 “« 14) 8004a.m.| 6 29.8/)101 16.8} 75 ae os 2285 | Mang. nod., noj|) tosurface; did not dare
8 glob. or Rad. to trawl,mang. nodules.
4720 | “ 14) 730pmM.} 718.3] 102 31.5] 76 oon Toe) lon) wegen Surface haul, Salpa soup.
Tow 300 fms. and up to
filed’ to It. br. glob. oz.,|| surface; excellenttrawl
| 4721 “ 15} 800a.m.} 8 7.5;10410.5| 75 as 2084 | Spongespic.,many)) haul; temp. serial.
8. Diat., few Rad. Huge Psychropotes 55
Y ‘ em. long.
472 | « 16| 800a.m.| 981 |10630.5| 75 | 35.1 |1928 rky. Gued nank G0) fms. to
4723 “ 16] 780 p.m. | 1014.3 | 107 45.5] 76 mete el | peome eames Fair surface haul.
Tow at 300 fms. to sur-
4724 | « 17] 800am./11134/10939 | 79 | 35.1 | 1841 |hrd.,col.cup empty. ie al aes
empty.
4725 “ 17) 730 p.m.}1138.38/110 5 77 oO Soul) eeragod Poor surface haul.

* Hydrographic Stations.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING,

AND PELAGIC STATIONS.

47

PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

large & sml. Mang.

mudbag. Serial temp.

| Posirion. TEMPERATURES. 5
g a Character
% Dare. Time. = of REMARKS.
3 Latitude | Longitude | Sur. 2 bi
3 South. West. face. oS =
4
1905. h. m. CDi o 4% S oS
choc. br. M. full of (About half way to)
glob., aren. For.|}| Manga Reva from

4726 |Jan. 18] 800 a.m. | 12 30.1} 111 42.2] 78 35.1 1700 | Sponge spic., few|, the Galapagos. Garrett
Diat. Coscin., few Ridge; trawl came up
Rad. | empty. |

4727 “ 18} 730e.m./13803 |112 44.9] 77 He 4 ll coed. tl emeoscrorcan Fair surface haul.

Tow at 300 fms. to
glob. S. pkd. hrd.|} surface, trawl empty,

4728 « 19} 8 00 a.m. | 13 47.5 | 114 21.6 | 77 35.8 1055 | in mudbag. Few); mudbag full of glob.
Diat. & Rad. | sand, temp. serial, Gar- |

rett Ridge.

4729 | “ 19) 730P.m./1415 |11518 | 78 Gti Sisal lear Ratherpoorsurfacehaul. |

[ac at 300 fms. to sur- |
3 face, fair haul, dropped

4730 | “ 20| 800ax./15 7 [117 12] 79 36 | igia [Clasper did not!) yack to general level of

close. F “
| oceanic plateau (“ Al-
\_batross”’).

4731 Cee ZOE OOP ats,||LO47:21018:22.5 | 79:5 | see | ne | bs oe Very poor surface haul.
It. gy. glob. Oz.,|)
sharks’ teeth, and) | Serial temperatures, tow |

« earbones, mang.|| at 300 fms. to surface,
4732 21} 8 00 a.m. | 16 32.5 | 119 59 79 34.8 | 2012 nod. very few|{ very poor; little in|
Diat. & Rad, | trawl.
Sponge spic.
4733 « 21} 730 p.m. | 16 57.4 | 120 48 SOMME encccams |mvor cial |) oo eeraravavens Fair surface haul.
‘Tow at 300 and up
4734 | “ 22) 800a.m.}1736 | 122 35.6) 81 34.9 | 2019] nothing in cup \ to surface, very poor
. haul.

4735 SSO 80pm, (1816, (128,844) SL | ... | se | wevee Surface haul very poor.
dk. br. choc. M. full) ) Tow at 300 and up to
of glob., very few)| surface, very poor.

a . Rad., in trawl)! Trawl frame badly
piee 25) 6 00am.) AD" 0-4) 1251 5-4) (81 Se6 ae sharks’ teeth, ear) | twisted,nettorn. Mud-
bones, pumice c| bag fullof brown sticky
Mang. slabs. mud.
| { Towat 300 and up tosur-
verylittleinclasper,|} face, very poor haul.

4737 « 24) 800 a.m. | 19 57.5 | 127 20.3) 81.5 34.8 | 2060] dk. br. choc. M.|; Towed Petersen clos-
full of glob. ing net from 550 to 400,

. fathoms, nothingin net.

4738 «“ 24) 730 p.m. | 20 26.5 | 128 30.2] 81 aa ate WB Gees : Very poor surface haul.

. choc. len

4524*| “ 25| 800a.m./21 3 /|13010.3| 80 34.6 | 2197 Pehsiiaae wea: \ Too rough to work.

stky. red clay with |
“ 99] glob., no Diat.,| |

46525* 25| 7 00 p.m. | 21 36.1 | 181 35.3) 80 34.8 2123 very few Rad.,fine |
min. part. )
dk. gy. glob. Oz., no}

Diat.,very few Rad. | Tow at 3800 very poor
« 9 on49 | in mudbag, obsid-| | haul, trawl tripped.
2780 26 | 800 a.m. | 2211.1) 138 21 79 84.9 2082 dian like fang. | Bag empty. Little in

nod.

* Hydrographic Stations.

48

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND

“ ALBATROSS”

EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

5 Position. TEMPERATURES. 8
ge | z Character
a DATE. TiME. rs of REMARKS
3 5 : | “3 Bottom.
: zene fs con Pal
A
e 1905. . h. m. : pet D is c S
Orr East Face or Manca Reva.
- = : 11 m. N. E. off 9n7 Very steepoff the group.
4526*| Jan. 27| 645 a.m,| 11m NE 78 | 846 |2070| It. br. glob. Oz. |} "No plateau here:
4527*-4530* Taken on Leavinc Manca Reva.
sore | Ta Reef flat about } 3S -
4527* | Feb. 5 aehann theship | 77 63.5 225 | coralline & wh. S.| Off Tekava.
te Reef flat about } coralline S.,brk.Sh.| ) Off East Point of barrier
4528* 2 m.from the ahi 78 50.4 245 Pteropods, Nullip.) 5 reef.
— 7 Reef flatless than .
4529* 5 a ins AOE Loa 61.5 | 241 |hard. Off Vaitekeue.
fs 7 About3}m.N.E.\ .
4530* 5 frou laat stations 77.5 35.0 | 1394 (coral S. & coralline.
4531*—-4547* 4740-4748 Manga Reva To ACAPULCO.
rd. clay M., many
7 9| 7 . min. part., very c :
4531* | Feb. 6 800 a.m. | 21 4.5) 183 12] 79 35.0 | 2225 few glob.,no Rad. Very little in the tubes.
or Diatoms.
dk. br. choc. M., few
4532*| “ 7/800 a.m. | 18 29.4 | 180 50.8) 81 84.5 | 2319} Irg. glob., Sponge
spic., Mang. nod.
4553" “ 8] 800a.m.|16203| 12846 | 82 | 345 | 2194/84me Pot as Sim) Very tittle in claspers.
dk. gy. glob. Oz.,Irg.
glob., many blk.
Mang. part. few | Quantities in tow-nets
4534*| “ 9/ 800a.m.|}13561 | 126 53.5] 82 34.6 | 2185) crystals. Aren.) > begin to increase.
Foram, Sponge
spic., very few
Rad.
It. gy. glob. Oz.,
very few blk. min.
4535*| “ 10; 800 a.m. /1120 | 125 1.8] 80 34.5 | 2215! part, quite a no. of
Rad., some Diat. &
Coscinod. Euodia.
} dk. gy. glob. Oz.
ie cob ew pod Excellent trawl haul,
very many eee earbones, Manga-
“ 9 9 5 nese nodules. Superb
eae 11} 800 a.m. | 9 2.1) 128201] 81 84.2 | 2422 repartee fay sharks’ teeth, very fair
ial types, Irge. no. 8 ae 300, fathomp
of Diat. 10° from P:

equator.

Po ee

*

Hydrographic Stations.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING,

AND PELAGIC

STATIONS.

49

PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

Serial Number.

4741

4536*

4537*

4538*

4742

4743

4539*

4540*

4541*

46542*

4543*

Dare.

1905.
Feb. 11
“ 12
“ce 13
1d
its 15
“ 15
« 16
“ 17
“ 18
“ee 19
« 20

PosITION,

TEMPERATURES.

Latitude
South.

Longitude
West.

Bottom.

Depth in Fathoms.

Character
of
Bottom.

8 00 a.m.

8 00 a.m.

8 00 a.m.

8 00 a.m.

7 30 p.m.

8 00 a.m.

8 00 a.m.

8 00 a.m.

7 10.8

4 50.5

214

0 21.3

135

3 25.6

4 55

8 62.2

122 56

122 13.2

120 45.7

118 55.1

117 15.8

117 26

116 88

115 54

112 27

110 45.3

108 54

80

80

79

79

77

78

78.5

79

80

80

79.5

84.3

34.3

34.3

34.3

34.4

344

34.5

84.7

2350

2291

2320

2189

2200

nothing in tubes
prob. looser glob.
Oz.than yesterday.
very lt. gy. fne.
glob. Oz., few blk.
min. part., gd. no.
of Rad., some Dia-
toms, Coscinod.
very fine It. gy.
glob., very many
Rad. & Diatoms,
Cosc. Euodia; few
min. part.
very lt fine gy. glob.
Oz., very few blk.
min. part., much
silicious débris;
greatmany Rad. &
Diat. Cose. Euo-
dia,Synedra; short
silic. needles, some
Silico-flagellates.

tubes came up clean
probably still less
stky. glob. Oz., all
washed out.

dk. gy. glob. Oz.,
Irg. glob., many
blk. mang. part.,
many Rad. & Dia-
toms, few Cosc.,
Sponge spic.

dk. gy. glob. Oz.,Irg.
glob., Rad. filled
with blk. mud.

no sample in tubes.
rd. cly. dk. choc.
br. stky. M., few
glob., many sm.
blk. Mang. part.,
few Rad., Sponge
spic., transp. min.
cryst, mass of yel.

|
|

|
|
|
|
|

floc. mat.

* Hydrographic Stations.

|

Very fair surface haul;
fine stuff in net very |
thick ; haul resembles |
those of the northern |
part of Eastern lines.

Tow at 300, very good
haul. Trawl; superb
haul: Rhizocrinus
stems, viviparous Ben-
thodytes. Strange egg
cluster. Squid?

Excellent surface haul.
Physalia sailed by.

Large Velellasailed by ;
from surface net: Ap-
pendiculariae, Ptero-
pods, Copepods, Cosci-
nodiscus Euodia, Syn-
edra, Acantharian
Radiolaria, Pyrocystis
Ceratium Planktoni-
ella; approaching west-
erly warm current.

Diatoms have disap-
peared; are in warm
western tropical cur-
rent.

50 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued.

3 PosrrIon. TEMPERATURES, a
g 3S
z, &
z, DATE Tixe.
a A Bottom.
E Latitude | Longitude} Sur- 4
a North. West. face. Bottom ee

| Aa

1905. h. m. Oe ) ’ ° °

stky. dk. choc.
4544* | Feb. 21| 800 a.m. | 1038 | 106 47.6| 80 34.4 | 1955] br. M., many blk.

Mang. part.
stky. dk. choc. br.
4545*| “ 22) 800 a.m. | 12 42.5) 104 45 79 34.9 | 1753| M., blk. part. o:
Mang.
istky. dk. choc. br.
4546*| “ 23) 800a.m. | 1450 | 101 31 81 35.2 | 2050| M., many blk.
part. of Mang.

About 29 miles south
of Acapuleo Light;
4547*| “ 24) 400 a.m. | 1620.2} 9958.4) 83 35.2 | 2474 shot brought back.|; western extension of
deep hole east of Aca-
pulco. Last sounding.

* Hydrographic Stations.

Note. — Owing to an error in the records of the ‘‘ Albatross,” the Hydrographic numbers
4504* to 4547* are incorrect; they should be Nos. 4805* to 4847*. As a mass of pelagic
material was labelled to correspond to these stations as originally recorded, it was found
impossible to change the record, and to prevent confusion we can only call attention to the
discrepancy.

THE GALAPAGOS. 51

THE GALAPAGOS.
Plates 50-56.

We arrived at Wreck Bay, Chathain Island, Galapagos (PI. 51), on the
third of January, where we found a schooner with a supply of coal. We
reached Chatham Island towards the end of the dry season when everything
is dried up; the vegetation seems dead with the exception of a few small wild
cotton plants, weeds, cactus, and an occasional mimosa (Pls. 52, 54). The great
gray slopes of the island (PI. 50, figs. 1, 2), covered with dry brush and shrubs,

presented fully as uninviting an aspect as when Darwin described them.!

On THE Way TO THE HactENDA, CHATHAM ISLAND.

When the “ Albatross” visited the Galapagos in March, 1891, everything was
green, presenting a very marked contrast to its present desolate appearance.”

The volcanic boulders covering the surface are fully exposed to view
during the dry season (Pls. 53, 56), while during the rainy season they are
hidden by the thick growth of brush and bushes. Cactus do not flourish

1 Darwin, C. Journal of Researches in Geology and Natural History, 1840, p. 454 : —

“ Nothing could be less inviting than the first appearance. A broken field of black basaltic lava
is everywhere covered by a stunted brushwood, which shows little sign of life. . . . The thin woods,
which cover the lower parts of all the islands, excepting where the lava has recently flowed, appear
from a short distance quite leafless, like the deciduous trees of the northern hemisphere in winter.
It was some time before I discovered that, not only almost every plant was in full leaf, but that the
greater number were now in flower.” (September 17, 1835.)

? General sketch of the Expedition of the “ Albatross” from February to May 1891, p. 61, by
A. Agassiz, Bull. M. C, Z. XXIII, No. 1, 1892.

52 “ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

on the limestone plateau to the rear of the landing-place. Its vegetation
consists mainly of mimosas and wild cotton plants (Pls. 52, 55, fig. 7),
while the cactus flourish among the decomposed volcanic boulders and
attain a considerable height on some parts of the island, on the way to the
hacienda (Pls. 53, 55, fig. 2; 56).

Since our visit to Chatham Island in 1891, the contract laborers rose
against Mr. Cobos, the former lessee of the island. He was killed during
the rebellion. The Ecuadorian government now maintains a small garrison
on the island, and Wreck Bay has become a port of entry.

SALA Y GOMEZ.
Plate 15.

The island is somewhat less than half a mile long, and about a fifth of a
mile across its eastern part, which is rectangular and joined by a rocky
narrow neck with a small western promontory of perhaps 50 feet in height
(Pl. 15, fig. 2). The southeastern point is nearly 80 feet high (PI. 15,
fig. 2). The whole island appears to consist of dark brown volcanic rocks,
deeply pitted and weather-worn into small rounded or mammary pinnacles
or sharply weathered pinnacles, the sea breaking over the low parts of
the island and the spray flying over the greater part. Judging from the
soundings given in the Chilian surveys, the island must formerly have occu-
pied a larger area than at present. Petrels, Gannets, and tropic birds were
resting in numbers on different parts of the islet. A comparatively shallow
area surrounds the island, and a mile to the northeast Scott’s Reef is found,

on which the sea breaks.

From H. O. Chart 1119. Scale 1 mile = 1.50.

PLAN oF SALA ¥ GOMEz,

EASTER ISLAND.

cr
ceo

EASTER ISLAND.
Plates 18, 16-494.

The Chart of Easter Island (Pl. 15), is taken from the U. S. Hydrographic
Chart No. 1119, which is based upon Chilian surveys made in 1870, with
important additions and corrections by the U.S.S. “Mohican” in command
of Commander B. F. Day, U.S. N., in 1886, during her visit to Easter Island
on behalf of the Smithsonian. Before that time the island had been
visited by a German gunboat, the “ Hyiine,” under Captain Lieutenant
Geiseler ' (1882).

To Paymaster Thomson, U.S. N., and Dr. Geo. H. Cooke, surgeon, U. 8. N.,
of the “Mohican,” we owe an excellent account of Easter Island fully
illustrated. At the time of the visit of the “Mohican” its officers were
fortunate enough to find still at Kaster Island Mr. A. A. Salmon, who had
resided for many years on the island, and to whom much of the infor-
mation obtained by Paymaster Thomson is due. Mr. Salmon was thor-
oughly familiar with the traditions, customs, and language of the natives,
and to him we owe the preservation of some of the wooden tablets upon
which are cut the written language giving us the traditions and legends
of the Easter Islanders. Besides the translations of some tablets given by
Paymaster Thomson (1. c. pp. 517-526), there is an important pamphlet
on the “Tle de Paques,” by Mgr. Janssen, Bishop of Axieri, published in
Paris in 1893 from notes left by the bishop, giving among other things an
account of the signs carved on the wooden tablets.

During the short time at our disposal [ could not hope to add anything
of importance to the knowledge of Easter Island beyond that published by
the officers of the “ Mohican,’ whose material was supplied by so able and
competent a coadjutor as Mr. Salmon. I may add from my own impressions
while on the spot that everything seems to point to the immediate ancestors
of the present inhabitants as the workers who carved the stone images of
the island.

One gets a general impression of the sudden collapse of all work on the
island owing to some great catastrophe. The number of images left half fin-
ished in the quarries and workshops and in all stages of preparation imply a

1 Die Oster Insel. Bericht von Kapitiin-lieutenant Geiseler, Berlin, 1883. Captain Geiseler also

owes the information regarding the natives contained in his pamphlet to Mr. Salmon.
2 Report U. S. Nat. Museum for the year ending 1889 (June 30). 1891, Plates 13-60.

o4 '« ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

great activity suddenly come to an end: tools abandoned in all direc-
tions; images in all possible positions, ready to be transported to their
final resting-place ; images scattered all over the island on the way to their
destination.

Some of the natives pretend that their great-great-grandfathers were
cutters of images. In a volcanic island like Easter Island, with craters
rising in all directions, it is not impossible that an eruption may have
destroyed a great part of the large population which undoubtedly existed
at one time on Easter Island. With the reduction of the population but
little work may have been done after such a calamity, and the work of
cutting images have been gradually given up. In 1860, the population
previous to the time of the kidnapping by the Peruvians of a great number
of the natives, was said to be 3000. It diminished very rapidly from that
time. Ten years later there were only 900 inhabitants, and at the present
time less than 150.

The traditions indicate one immigration from the mainland of South
America, another from the Galapagos, and a third from the Paumotus. The
last two localities do not seem very feasible in view of the direction of
the prevailing winds in both cases. Boats would have to traverse in one
case, 1500 miles against the trades, in the other, nearly 2000 miles, while
from the east, about in the same latitude as Easter Island, the prevailing
winds are favorable. Yet the natives of to-day are more closely allied to
the inhabitants of the Paumotus and Society Islands than. to any other
natives.

In spite of the difficulties of. the navigation eastward from the Paumotus
to Easter Island, Mr. Salmon is of the opinion that the first inhabitants of
Easter Island came from the Paumotus.

Skirting the northern coast of Easter Island one obtains an excellent idea
of the character of that part of the island, which is also that of the rest of
the island. Everywhere long slopes falling from La Pérouse Mountains (PI.
21), or from the Blossom range (PI. 22), the summits to the west of Cape
O'Higgins (Puakatiki), or the slope of Rana Kao (Pl. 20, fig. 2) covered
with tall bunchy grass growing between the blocks of lava scattered all over
the surface, while on the sea face the projections of the slopes have been cut
off into steep bluffs (Pls. 16, 19, 20, 29). Plate 16, fig. 2, shows a bluff to
the west of Cape O'Higgins (Pl. 19, fig. 2), with three characteristic cones of
denudation on the ridge of the slope running towards the summit of Pua-

EASTER ISLAND. Do

katiki. Somewhat more to the westward is the rounded hill forming
Rosalie Point, the outer slope of which has been weathered (Pl. 17) to form
a small landing place in Ovahe Bay (Pl. 18, fig. 2). To the west of La Pé-
rouse Bay are irregular bluffs on the shore slope of the saddle separating
La Pérouse Bay from Anakena Bay (PI. 16, fig. 2).

One of the many amphitheatres of the north shore is formed by the
falling in of the volcanic tufa bluffs at the foot of Blossom Range to the
west of Anakena Bay. Skirting the west coast, somewhat south of North
Cape, we see the range of isolated rounded domes extending from Kotatake
(Mount Powell) in a southeasterly direction towards Mounts Palmer and
Orito (PI. 20, fig. 2). Mount Beechey is seen in the distance to the left.

From our anchorage in Cook Bay an excellent view is obtained of the
western and northern slope of Rana Kao, with the steep bluff of the western
rim of Rana Kao at Orongo forming the southwesterly extremity (Karikari
Point) of Easter Island (Pl. 20, fig. 2).

Rana Roroka is a small, low volcanic cone rising gently from the level
of the great plain to the south of La Pérouse Bay, in the rear of Tongariki,
Hanga Nui Bay (PI. 13). Seen from the west (Pl. 26, fig. 7) the rim of the
crater is somewhat lower on that side, giving access to the crater through
a gap on the southwest side of the rim. The eastern rim is a good deal
higher than the western, and has a deep gap separating the northern
from the southern part of the rim of the crater (Pl. 26, fig. 2). The south-
eastern face is quite steep, with a talus reaching nearly half-way towards
the gap on that side of the crater.

The low northern rim of the crater of Rana Roroka (Pls. 18, fig. 7; 25),
has a very moderate slope. The crater is filled by a large pool, the edges of
which are overgrown with reeds and bulrushes. It is more open than the
pool of the crater of Rana Kao, which is carpeted by a nearly solid bed of
moss, reeds, and bulrushes, strong enough to allow cattle to walk over the
greater part of the carpet of vegetation and to reach the small open pools
of water scattered on its surface (Pls. 23, 24).

The highest point of Rana Roroka is not more than about 630 feet. The
pass into the crater, but little above the level of the water in the crater, is
about two-thirds that height. The slope of the crater is quite gentle.

Rana Kao is more than twice as high, 1327 feet. The path leading to
the bottom of the crater (the level of the lake) is very steep. The lake is
fully 700 feet below the highest point of Rana Kao, and is about a mile in

56 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

circumference. There isa gap in the rim (PI. 23) towards the south, and
to the west; on the side where the stone houses of Orongo are found,
Rana Kao is precipitous, the rim of the crater very narrow (PI. 138).

Half-way up the gentle slope of Rana Kao, to the south of Mataveri, one
gets an excellent panorama of Easter Island. Plate 21 gives the aspect of
the western shore of the island, as seen looking north towards La Pérouse
Mountain (PI. 13), the highest point of the island. Plate 22 is a view of
the central part of the island looking in a northeasterly direction from the
northern slope of Rana Kao, towards the Blossom Range (Pl. 13). The sur-
face of the island is everywhere covered with high tufts of coarse grass, as
is shown in the foreground of Pls. 21 and 22, with blocks of black lava crop-
ping out in all directions, as is also seen in the foreground in other views of
the island (Pls. 18, fig. 2; 26, 28, 51, 41, 42), and on the inner and outer
slopes of Rana Roroka (Pls. 32-40).

Along parts of the coast on the northern side of the island the scattered
lava blocks are larger and more numerous than towards the central part
of the island. This is well seen on Plate 17, a part of the coast of La
Pérouse Bay to the south of the landing-place on the small sandy beach
in Ovahe Bay at the foot of Uremamore Point (Pls. 13; 18, fig. 2).

At Eastér Island we found our collier awaiting our arrival. We moved
from Cook Bay to La Pérouse Bay to coal, as there was less swell there
than in Cook Bay, where we could scarcely have gone alongside for this
purpose.

Considerable shore collecting was done at Easter Island. We must have
brought together at least thirty species of plants. The flora of Easter Island
is very poor. There are neither trees nor native bushes. Not even the
bushes which characterize the shore tracts of the most isolated coral reefs
of the Pacific are found there; and yet some of the equatorial counter-
currents must occasionally bring some flotsam to its shores. We collected
a number of shore fishes, and made a small collection of the littoral fauna.
The fishes have a decided Pacific look, and the few species of sea-urchins we
came across are species having a wide distribution in the Pacific.

While coaling, we spent some time examining the prehistoric monuments
which line the shores of Easter Island. During our stay at La Pérouse Bay
we visited the platforms studding the coast of the bay, and made an excur-
sion to the crater of Rana Roroka, where are situated the great quarries
from which are cut the colossal images now scattered all ever the island.

EASTER ISLAND. 57

On our return to our anchorage at Cook Bay, we examined the platforms
within easy reach of the settlement, and also the crater of Rana Kao, on the
north rim of which, at Orongo, are a number of the stone houses built by
the people who quarried the great stone images. At Orongo are also found
sculptured rocks, but neither the sculptures nor the images show any artistic
qualities, though the fitting of some of the cyclopean stones used in building
the faces of the platforms indicates excellent and careful workmanship. To
Mr. C. Cooper, manager of the Easter Island Company, we are indebted for
assistance while visiting the points of interest of the island. He was inde-
fatigable in his exertions in our behalf.

Rep Tura Crown, 3 Fr. Hien, 4 Fr. Diam. La Pérovuse Bay.

We took a number of photographs during our stay, illustrating not only
the prehistoric remains, but giving also an idea of the desolate aspect of
Easter Island during the dry season.

Many of the images have fallen near the platforms upon which they
were erected, or have been abandoned in different parts of the interior of the
island while on their way from the quarries at Rana Roroka to the various
platforms where they were to be erected. Near Rana Roroka, at Tongariki,
is the largest platform on the island, about 450 feet in length with its wings,
to the rear of which are fifteen huge images which have fallen from the

58 “ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

pedestals upon which they once stood. The plain in the rear of the plat-
form is crowded with stone houses, most of which are in ruins, and in the rear
of the platform towards Rana Roroka the ground is one huge burying-place.

The eastern slope of Rana Kao is covered with fragments of obsidian.
This is found at Mount Orito, a short distance to the east of Mataveri
(Pl. 15). The red tufa of which the crowns of the images are cut is
obtained from Mt. Teraai (Pl. 15) to the east of the Mission,

The fallen images once standing on the face of the great Tongariki plat-
form are shown on Plate 29. One of the images 1s still left standing upon
the lower part of its base, on the right of the Plate. These images are all
broken or badly damaged. Large pieces of the red tufa crowns, more or less
broken, are to be found among the mass of rubbish to the rear of the plat-
form (Pl. 29). Two of them can be seen in the right of Plate 29 and one
on the very left of the plate. The little islet of Marotiri to the west of
Point Anataavanui (PI. 15) is seen standing out beyond that promontory
(Pl. 29.) Plate 30 shows the western extremity of the Tongariki platform,
seen from the sea, with the base of one of the images still standing (PI. 30,
fiz. 7), The whole of the sea face of that part of the platform is built up
of cyclopean stones fairly fitted together; Plate 50, fig. 2, shows the greater
part of the’ platform from the western end towards the eastern extremity.

On Plate 41 are seen fragments of the images found on our way between
La Pérouse Bay and Rana Roroka, about half-way between the two locali-
ties, on the plain to the south of La Pérouse Bay. A short distance from the
point where the fragments on Plate 41 were photographed, we found a very
large broken image, with a comparatively short head, which must have been
nearly forty feet in length (PI. 42, fig. 2). Another large image, broken in
three pieces, was lying at the foot of Rana Roroka, near the southwest corner
of the outer-slope of the crater. Many other fragments of images of all
sizes and states of preservation could be seen scattered on the plain to the
west of Rana Roroka, as far as the eye could reach (Pl. 31). At the foot of
the western face of the crater (Pl. 31) are seen a few images still standing,
buried nearly to the chin; others have fallen over, and other broken ones are
seen in the distance.

I have given views of the most characteristic and best preserved platforms
found in the vicinity of La Pérouse Bay (Pls. 27, 28). They are not in as good
a condition as that of Tongariki, but show the same essential features as do
all the platforms in whatever part of the shore line they are found. The

EASTER ISLAND. 59

platforms near La Pérouse Bay are comparatively small and are not placed
as close to the shore as those on the south shore of the island.

The platform figured on Plate 28 is about an eighth of a mile inland.
The desert aspect of that part of the island is well shown in the background
to the platform on Plate 28. Fragments of the images once raised on these
platforms are found in their rear (Pl. 27, figs. z, 2). At a little distance
inland from one of the platforms a small red tufa crown was found. It was
about four feet in diameter and three feet high, deeply grooved horizontally
and vertically. See Fig. on p. 57.

A number of images are left standing on the outer slopes of Rana Roroka
(Pls. 31-33), showing the heads in profile, in full face, or from the rear.
These heads are not as large as the heads of the images figured on Plates 34-
36, of which the head alone is more than 15 feet.

Paymaster William J. Thomson, U.S. N., to whom we owe such an excel-
lent account of Easter Island," states that the images on Easter Island were
carefully counted, and shows a total of 550 images. Of these, he says, 40
are standing inside of the crater of Rana Roroka, and as many more out-
side, at the foot of the slope, where they were placed ready for removal to
the different platforms. “The large majority of the images are lying near
the platforms round the coast, all more or less mutilated.”

The images on Plate 31 are at the foot of the western slope of Rana
Roroka; those on Plates 32 and 33 on the southeastern slope, and those on
Plates 34 to 36? on the intermediate slope, facing somewhat in a southerly
direction, at the foot of one of the lowest outside quarries or workshops.
Many of these images are known by special names to the natives. They
are cut from a conglomerate material easily worked with their rude stone
hammers, but also readily disintegrated by weathering.

The quarries and workshops where the images were cut are found both
in the interior and on the exterior slopes (Pls. 37-40) of the crater of Rana
Roroka. On Plate 37 is shown part of the upper quarry and workshop of the
interior slope of the crater with a number of images standing, and others
fallen on different parts of the slope. On Plate 38 is shown a part of the
lower quarry and workshop on the outer slope of the southeastern face of the
erater. A large image is seen roughly cut out in the centre of the plate.
Part of the upper quarry of the outer slope of the southeastern face of the

1 Report of U. S. Natl. Museum for year ending 1889 (June). 1891.
? The image on Plate 35 is the same as that figured by Geiseler, 1. c. Pl. 3.

60 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

crater is seen on Plate 40. The images are all in fragments and more or less
disintegrated. One of the most interesting parts of the workshop near the
base of the outer southern slope of the crater is that given on Plate 39, which
gives a view of an unfinished image partly cut out of the face of the quarry.
The face and the ventral part of the image alone is free from the surround-
ing rock, though the sides are partly cut away, leaving only a comparatively
small area of the back to be freed and leave the image ready to be moved
down the slope, and be transported to its destination.

Kircuen or House. West Store or Rana Roroka.

There is very little variation in the aspect of the images (Pls. 31-37) ;
the expression of the face is the same in all, the head is quite flattened,
tapering towards the top, the brows are heavy, overhanging, the eyes indis-
tinct, the nose is long, concave, pointed, slightly turned up, the nostrils are
flaring, the lips are pouting, the upper lip is short, the lower lip is very thin,
the chin is sharp, the neck short, the ears long and narrow, the cheekbones
slightly prominent, the back of the neck curved in. When the arms are
visible they are merely indicated as held close to the trunk. None of the
images are finished below the hips.

On the southern slope of Rana Roroka we found remnants of the curb-
stones of houses such as have been figured by Paymaster Thomson on p. 502
of his Report on Easter Island. Such curbstones are found scattered over
many parts of the island.’

1 Such curbstones are figured by Geiseler, 1. c. Pl. 4.-

EASTER ISLAND. 61

The tools used in carving the images are large stone hammers made out
of hard lava rocks, and smaller tools of obsidian which must have been used
for carving the wooden idols and cutting the wooden tablets.

The stone images seem to be of very different age. Those found scat-
tered over the island are of coarser workmanship than those found at Rana
Roroka, all of which have a more animated expression. The difference may
perhaps be due to the longer weathering and exposure of the images dropped
on the way to their respective platforms.

The older images distributed on the platforms have large square heads,
fitted to carry the red tufa crowns, while the conical heads of the more re-
cent images found at Rana Roroka seem to preclude their ornamentation
with crowns.

At many points of the island are found ruins of extensive settlements,
suggesting a former extensive population. On the west coast, west of Kota-
taki Mountain, the “Mohican” found the remains of stone houses, ellip-
tical in shape, built of rough stones, with doorways facing the sea, with a
niche at the rear end covered with loose stones forming an arch supported
by a fairly shaped keystone. We found the remnants of such an elliptical
house near the shore of La Pérouse Bay (PI. 48, fig. 7), and I have given on
Pl. 49, fig. 2, a figure of the arch of one of the niches with its keystone.
Geiseler has given a restored figure (I. c. Pl. 5) of such an elliptical
stone house, as well as sections of some of the stone houses at Orongo on
the west face of Rana Kao (I: c. Pls. 9-11), showing the narrow passages
leading into them. We also found the remnants of a stone house in the
crater of Rana Kao, on the edge of the lake (Pl. 49). The ruins of similar
extensive settlements of stone houses exist also at Tongariki and in the
vicinity of the larger platforms all along the coast of Easter Island. But
by far the most interesting settlement is that of Orongo on the western rim
of Rana Kao. Sketch plans of the location of these stone houses on the
sharp rim of the crater have been given by Paymaster Thomson (I. c. p. 479),
and by Geiseler (1. c. Pl. 20).

On Pls. 45-48, fig. 2, I have given views of the most characteristic and
best preserved of the stone houses. Plate 45 shows a stone house with a
double entrance. Plate 46 is a characteristic stone house with a single en-
trance. Plate 47 shows a stone house with two entrances widely separated,
with a second house placed at right angles to the larger one. Plate 48,
fig. 2, is another large stone house with two entrances. The houses are all

62 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

built of flat slabs laid dry. Similar but thicker slabs form the jambs of the
entrances; these are frequently ornamented with rough carvings similar to
those of the sculptured rocks beyond the stone houses.

The houses are more or less elliptical in outline, and are placed so as to
abut against the face of the slope of the ground forming the rim of the
erater. The roof is built up of slabs similar to those forming the face, and
the roof is covered by sod to a thickness often of three to four feet.

Beyond the stone houses, on the very extremity of the narrowest part of
the rim of the crater, where it forms the southern gap of Rana Kao, are
found masses of huge, hard, volcanic rocks, on most of which are found very
rude sculptures (Pls. 43, 44) greatly weathered; but we can still recognize
carvings similar to the paintings of the stone houses and caverns, the
mythical “meke meke” (PI. 49%) being one of the most common of the
carvings. Others are birds, fishes, distorted human faces, and indifferent,
apparently meaningless, ornamentations.

The shores of Easter Island are riddled with caves. Many of them are
quite extensive and have served as habitations to the image carvers. The
roofs of the caves are often ornamented with rude painted figures (PI. 497),
very similar to those found on the slabs covering the stone houses such as
have been figured by Thomson (I. c. Pls. 19, 23) and by Geiseler (1. c. Pls.
7, 15-18). The cave from which the pictures on Plate 49% were taken is
situated in a small indentation of the coast to the west of Mataveri, south
of Hanga Piko landing-place. The cave at the landing of Ovahe Bay is
not decorated, the cave being formed of conglomerate easily disintegrated,
while the roof of the other cave consists of thin voleanic slabs.

Geiseler has given a number of rude cave paintings made by the natives
to commemorate the advent of the whites (I. c. Pls. 8, 13, 14). These as well
as the paintings found in the stone houses are all made with the coarse
red pigment obtained in the red tufa quarries of Teraai.

MANGA REVA.
Plates 14, 57-91.
We arrived at Manga Reva on the 27th of January and found our collier
awaiting our arrival.
While at anchor in Port Rikitea (Pls. 58, 62; 63, fig. 2), we examined
Manga Reva (Pl. 14), the principal island of the Gambier group, from its

MANGA REVA. 63

central ridge on the pass leading from Rikitea to Kirimiro on the west side
of Manga Reva, as well as from the pass leading to Taku. On both these
passes we obtained excellent views of the encircling reef to the west, north,
and east of the Gambier Islands (Pls. 63, fig. 7, 66, 69-71). We could trace
in the panorama before us the western reef extending in a northeasterly
direction parallel to the general trend of Manga Reva Island for a distance
of about five and a half miles (PI. 69).

From the northern horn to nearly opposite Kirimiro Bay the barrier reef
(Pl. 14) has only three small islets; it is narrow, of uniform width, about
one-third of a mile, plainly defined, submerged in places, and forms the
western boundary of a large northern bight with from 7 to 11 fathoms,
dotted with numerous interior coral patches from a quarter of a mile to a
mile in diameter or length. The southern part of the western barrier
lagoon off Manga Reva is irregularly dotted with many small patches of
reef, with an occasional deep hole of from 15 to 20 fathoms near Manga
Reva Island. From the terminal islet of the western reef to the west of
Kirimiro there are but few coral patches, indicating a reef which dips
gradually in a distance of a mile to a deep channel of from 4 to 6 fathoms,
which separates the northern and western reef from the great reef flat
lying to the southwest of Tara-Vai. This flat has a width of nearly two
miles, is about four and a half miles long, and is marked at its southwest
extremity by a series of low islets arranged in a somewhat circular line,
formed by three deep bays and spurs from the outer line of islets, as so
frequently occurs on a wide reef flat in atolls of the Pacific.

This part of the reef is called Tokorua (Pl. 14). It shelves very gradually
from 34 to 4 fathoms on the west face to 7, and connects with the plateau
upon which stands Tara-Vai and Aga-kanitai. From Tokorua the reef
extends in an indefinite narrow ridge eight miles long, with from 3 to 8
fathoms, in a southeasterly direction. The western edge is steep to, and
the eastern face passes gradually into, the lagoon, which at that point has
a general depth of 8 to 20 fathoms. The deepest part of this region is at
the foot of Mount Mokoto, between it and Tara-Vai, though Tara-Vai is
united with Manga Reva Island by a plateau varying in depth from 3} to
41 fathoms.

At the southeastern point of the reef it passes into a wide plateau with
from 9 to 10 or 15 fathoms. This plateau is about nine miles wide southwest
of Tekava (Pl. 14). That part of the atoll has not been well surveyed, so

64 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

that the position of the reef flat has not been ascertained further west on
that part of the east face; but the southeast passage indicates 5}, 6, and
63 fathoms, where it probably marks the southwestern extension of the
eastern barrier reef, separating the lagoon from the southern plateau to
the south of the encircling reef.

The western face of Manga Reva and of Tara-Vai are indented by deep
bays (Pl. 14), which are formed by spurs running from the central ridge
of these islands (Pl. 63, fig. 7), the remnants probably of small craters
which flanked the large crater, of which Manga Reva forms the western
rim and Au Kena is the remnant of the southeastern edge, the former
extension of this rim being indicated by the spits uniting the base of Mount
Duff with Au Kena; and by the projection of Au Kena towards the eastern
outer barrier reef, and of the numerous patches of coral reef off the north-
east point of Manga Reva towards the outer line of motus until they almost

unite with the barrier reef.

Canores IN Port Rrxkirea.

The western bays of Manga Reva Island are filled with fringing reefs
whiel: leave here and there a deeper pass to the shore (Pl. 14). The south
face of the bluff at the foot of Mount Mokoto and Mount Duff is edged by a
flourishing fringing reef, which extends nearly half a mile on the plateau at
their base. The port of Rikitea is a reef harbor formed within the large
fringing reef which occupies the whole of the southern bay of Manga Reva
Island. The east face of Tara-Vai and part of the east and of the west face
of Aga-kanitai are also fringed with reefs.

|
;

MANGA REVA. 65

The islets and the islands of Aka-Maru, Mekiro, and Maka-pu are within
a fringing reef flat which runs around the west and northern faces of Aka-
Maru; Au Kena is also fringed by an extensive reef which runs out in a spit
of more than half a mile in a northeasterly direction almost to the outer
line of motus, which are nearly united with it by these irregular patches
(Pl. 14). To the west of Au Kena a huge spit of two miles in length ex-
tends towards the base of Mount Duff and almost unites with the fringing
reef off the cemetery, leaving a narrow, but deep pass for the entrance of
ships into the inner harbor of Rikitea. There is only one to two and three-
fourths fathoms of water on these two spits.

The depth of the basin within the area, bounded by Manga Reva and
Au Kena and its connecting spit, with from 25 to 31 fathoms, would be nat-
urally explained as being part of an ancient crater, as in Totoya in Fiji; its
northeastern rim is also perhaps further indicated by the comparatively
shallow flat of the lagoon, dotted with reef patches, to the west of the
eastern barrier reef, with from 5 to 11 fathoms of water.

The principal islands of the group are in the central part of the lagoon
(Pl. 14). The four larger islands are Manga Reva (Pls. 61, 62, 64), Tara-
Vai (Pl. 65), Au Kena (Pl. 66, figs. 7, 2), and Aka-Maru (PI. 67). Tara-Vai
is flanked by Aga-kanitai and another islet to the west called Tepou-nui;
Aka-Maru is flanked by Mekiro to the north, and by Maka-pu to the
south. The southwest face of Aka-Maru (Pl. 67, fig. 7) is an extinct crater,
of which Maka-pu (PI. 67, fig. 2) forms the south rim. The main ridge of
Tara-Vai is the edge of parts of three craters now opening to the west
(Pl. 14). The four small volcanic islands in the southern part of the lagoon
are isolated fragments, steep to, greatly weathered, and disintegrated (P1. 68).
No soundings exist to show their relation to the other islands of the group.

The soundings thus far made indicate in the southern part of the lagoon
a depth of about 23 fathoms, with an occasional hole of from 38 to 40,
and a gradual slope towards the outer sunken reef. To the south of the
old crater of Manga Reva the general depth of the bank varies from 6 to 11
fathoms, with a deeper channel varying from 20 to 40 from southwest of
Au Kena towards Tara-Vai. The lagoon seems to form a western basin
where the depth varies from 10 to 20 fathoms. An eastern basin runs to
the east of Au Kena and Aka-Maru, lying between them and the line of
islets on the outer encircling reef. A similar, but shallower, basin exists

off the northern end of Manga Reva, between it and the northern horn
5

66 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

of the barrier reef, with from 7 to 11 fathoms. Its rim is formed by a
ring of reef patches of varying size.

On two occasions we visited the outer encircling reef and examined the
outer line of islets of the eastern face of the Gambier Islands (Pls. 78-91).
The position of the islets as marked on the chart (Pl. 14) is not that of
to-day, and the position of the reef flats is not accurate. The position of
Tekava and Tauna (PI. 72, fig. 2) appears to be correct. Opposite Au Kena
and in its extension, the east face of the encircling reef projects sharply to
the east, forming an angular horn (Pl. 73, fig 2), with one island south of
the horn and the other north, running at sharp angles with it, so as to form
a deep triangular bight opening westward to such an extent that when off

Manca Reva ISLAND SEEN FROM VAIATEKEUE.

the northern side of the horn we could see Tekava far to the westward
of it. The second island is followed by a third and then by an island
(Tarauru-roa) nearly two miles long; these islands are separated by small
gaps. Then comes a larger island (Amou) followed by three small islands
separated by deep gaps (Pl. 14). —

At Vaiatekeue' (not the Vaiatekeua on the chart, which is north), the
reef flat becomes quite narrow; it is hardly more than one hundred yards
wide; the islets perhaps fifty. The northern islets are small and separated
by long stretches of low shingle, and carry but little vegetation and very
few cocoanut trees (Pl. 77). There are but few short sand beaches all the
way from the northeastern to the eastern horn of the eastern face of the
encircling reef of Manga Reva (Pls. 74-76). A regular dam of shingle
from ten to fourteen feet high, on the top of which the usual coral reef

1 Vaiatekeue is the islet on the encircling reef due east of Point Mata-iutea.

MANGA REVA. 67

vegetation flourishes, extends along the outer face of the reef flat, which
varies from fifty to one hundred and fifty yards in width, and is flanked
at the base by low buttresses of modern elevated coral reef rock and
of breccia in places, all more or less weather-beaten and honey-combed
(Pls. 83-88).

The islets and their formation (Pl. 91) and their junction or division
into larger or smaller islets, and the gaps which separate them (Pls. 79, 82,
83, 89), the mode of formation of the buttresses (Pls. 85, 86) of the planed-
off, hard, nearly level, reef flat (Pls. 84, 86) of the corralline mounds of the
outer edge (PI. 84), all these differ in no way from what has been described
in other barrier reef islands and atolls of the Pacific.

a aes i aa —

“Se seiere:

eo as =

She

a

Native Hur on Outer Encirciuine Reer.

The beaches of the lagoon are steep (Pl. 81), and corals do not seem to
thrive in those parts of the lagoon to which the sea does not have access or
are at some distance from shore. This is well shown by the vigorous growth
of corals in the fringing reef to the south of Mount Duff on the outer edges
of the reef patches of Port Rikitea, and on the spits which connect Au
Kena with Manga Reva, in contrast with those along the west face of the
lagoon flats to the west of the eastern barrier reef.

There is a northeast horn of the eastern barrier reef in the extension of
Manga Reva Island, forming the northern culmination of the central bight
of the eastern face of the encircling reef (Pl. 14). From that point the reef
flat runs westerly to form the northern horn about three miles north of
Manga Reva Island. The position of the outer reef cannot be correct on
the chart (H. O. No. 2024). On leaving Manga Reva we made three sound-

68 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

ings close off the reef flat line of breakers—one off Tekava, at the most
one-third of a mile from the reef, in 225 fathoms. Our position, plotted by
tangents to the volcanic islands or by their summits, indicated in this case,
on the chart, a distance of one and one-half miles. A second sounding of
245 fathoms off the eastern horn at less than.one-half mile, indicated on
chart No. 2024 a distance of two miles from the horn; and a sounding of
241 fathoms one-fourth of a mile off the point which we had visited
(Vaiatekeue) indicated a distance of three-fourths of a mile on the chart.

The slope of the Gambier archipelago to the east is steep. On coming
in sight of Manga Reva we sounded in 2070 fathoms at a distance of eleven
miles from Mount Duff, that is, six miles from the outer edge of the reef,
bearing southwest; and on coming out we sounded again halfway to
that point at a distance of three and one-fourth miles from the breakers
in 1394 fathoms.

One cannot fail to be struck with the similarity of the Manga Reva
archipelago with the great atoll of Truk.’ Darwin also called attention to
this from a study of the charts. Yet, owing to the great size of Truk, no
less than one‘hundred and twenty-five miles in circumference, and the great
distance of the barrier reef from the encircled voleanic islands, the effect as
one steams into Manga Reva is totally different from that produced by Truk.
In the latter some of the islands, though large, and of the same height
as those of Manga Reva, are much more scattered, and seem of compara-
tively small importance in the midst of the huge lagoon which surrounds
them. The islets of the encircling reef of Truk are from eleven to fifteen
miles distant from the encircled volcanic islands. In Manga Reva, which is
only forty-five miles in circumference, after passing the small islands in the
southern and open part of the lagoon when once off Maka-pu, we can fairly
well take in the atoll as a whole (Pls. 14, 64-68). The westernmost island
(Tara-Vai) is only five miles off; Manga Reva and Au Kena are about
three, as are also the islets of the east face of the encircling reef; these dis-
tances, as you approach the entrance to Rikitea, are constantly growing less,
so that when in the gap between Manga Reva Island and Au Kena, at the
foot of Mount Duff, none of the larger islands are more than three miles off ;
and the islets of the eastern face of the barrier reef are seen to the northeast
about four miles off. When on the summit of the central ridge of Manga
Reva one can, in a radius of a little more than four miles, take in the whole

1 See Plate 14 (B. A. Chart 1112) and compare it with B. A. Chart 982 or Plate 231 Mem. M. C. Z.
Vol. xxxiil.

MANGA REVA. 69

panorama of Manga Reva (Pls. 66, 69-71), and get an impression of the
relations of its different parts far better than can be conveyed by the
chart, for the whole of the visible part of the archipelago is included in
a line drawn east and west, north of Maka-pu; south of that line the
position of the southwestern reef can be traced only by the discoloration
of the waters.

Manga Reva is an intermediate stage of erosion and denudation, between
a lagoon archipelago such as Truk, and a barrier reef island like Vanikoro

! Huaheine,

and other islands in the Society groups, such as Bora Bora,
Raiatea, Eimeo, in which the surrounding platform has comparatively little
width and the barrier reef is close to the principal island and often becomes
part of its fringing reef. Manga Reva is open to the south and to the west,
Vanikoro to the east, while the volcanic islands of Truk are completely
surrounded by the outer encircling reef, as are the Society Islands just
mentioned, which have several wide passages into the lagoon through the
wide barrier reef.

One is tempted to reconstruct the Gambier archipelago of former times,
and to imagine it with a great central volcano, with a deep crater of more
than 34 fathoms, of which Manga Reva and Au Kena are parts of the rim
which once were connected from the southeast point of Manga Reva to Au
Kena, and thence along the line of the outer islets to the northeast end of
the former island. On the west face it was flanked by smaller craters ex-
tending to the western islets of the encircling reef, of which the bays of Taku,
Kirimiro, and Rumaru, and the bays of the west side of Tara-Vai are the
eastern ridges. There were probably also other secondary volcanoes, of
which Aka-Maru and the islets of the south part of the lagoon are the rem-
nants, the latter all being situated on the gentle slope of the southern part
of the Manga Reva plateau; this may have been the southern slope of the
principal voleano of the group, on the face of which have grown up the
outer lines of the encircling reef and its islets.

The existence of a large central voleano would readily explain the depth
of the lagoon in its different regions, as well as the great depth of the outer
face of Manga Reva, depths showing slopes which are however no steeper nor
more striking than the height and slopes of the southern part of Manga
Reva (Pls. 58-62), or Tara-Vai (P]. 65), of Aka-Maru (PI. 67, fig. 2), and of
Maka-pu (PI. 67, fig. 2), supposing them to be extended into the sea.

1 See A. Agassiz, The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific, Plates 210 and 231.

70 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

Mount Mokoto (Pl. 61) and Mount Duff (Pls. 57-61) drop precipitously for
more than one-third their height, and in less than a quarter of a mile fall
from over 1300 feet to the level of the sea. Similar slopes are found along
the voleanoes of Easter Island (Pl. 13) where there are no coral reefs. The
edge of the crater of Rana Kao drops perpendicularly a height of nearly
1000 feet in less than one-eighth of a mile horizontal distance; and the
eastern face of the crater of Rana Roroka rises vertically about 800 feet
above the plain of Tongariki (PI. 26).

|

Sp pep oe er ee are

\\ \ iy
| |

——EEE

CANEBRAKE.

It is interesting to note how poor is the flora of the Manga Reva archi-
pelago as compared with that of the more western volcanic islands like the
Marquesas and the Society Islands and some of the western elevated Pau-
motus.! In the Gambier archipelago the forests are reduced to a few patches
extending along the small valleys of the slopes of the voleanie spurs (Pls. 58,
61, 62). I am informed that even in the thirties of the last century, when

1 The vegetation on the islands of the outer encircling reefs consists of the usual Pacific reef-
shrubs: Tournefortia, the “miki miki” (Pemphis acidula), the ‘‘ Huhu” (Suriana maritima),
Triumphetta procumbens, and the universal Scaevola konigii exclusive of Pandanus, and cocoanut

trees.

MANGA REVA. a

the missionaries first landed at Manga Reva, the forest trees, while more
numerous, yet never attained the luxuriance of growth that they attain in
the Society and Marquesas Islands. At the present day, with the exception
of the forest patches just mentioned and a few trees which have been intro-
duced for cultivation, the islands of the group are in great part thickly
covered with a species of cane closely resembling that of our Southern states.
The fauna of Manga Reva is also extremely poor. There are no mammals,
and, with the exception of a “sandpiper,” no indigenous birds. Sea birds
are few in number, and in our trip in the Eastern Pacific we rarely had
more than three or four birds accompanying us, usually tropic birds or gan-
nets; often only one, and frequently none was visible for days. There are
a few lizards on the islands, apparently of the same species as those in the
Society Islands.

The illustrations of Manga Reva accompanying this Report (Pls. 57-91)
have been taken to show the inner islands and the encircling reef as seen
from the most important points of view in the interior of the Lagoon. A
second set of views shows the inner islands of the Gambier group as seen
from characteristic positions across the line of the outer encircling reef, while
skirting it as close as practicable. A third set of views shows the details of
the islets and beaches of the encircling reef, and characteristic views of the
larger islands of the group. Entering through the southeast passage we see
on the left (Pl. 68, fig. 7) the islands of Maumi and Kamaka, and the island
of Makaroa with its satellite Motu-teiko (Pl. 68, fig. 2).

Steaming north we come on the right upon Maka-pu and beyond it can
see the southern part of Manga Reva with its high peaks Mount Duff and
Mokoto (PI. 64, fig 7). Plate 67, fig. 2, gives a closer view of Maka-pu with
Aka-Maru in the rear. After passing Maku-pu, Aka-Maru and the little
island of Mekiro come into view (PI. 67, fig. 7). A view taken about half-
way between Aka-Maru and the pass leading to Port Rikitea, shows more
in detail than in Plate 64, fig. 2, the southern part of Manga Reva with Mount
Mokoto and Mount Duff (Pl. 64, fig. 2). Coming abreast of the base of Mount
Duff, Tara-Vai, and Aga-kanitai are seen to the southwest (Pl. 65, fig. 7).
From a point on the terrace at the base of Mount Duff is seen the southern
part of Tara-Vai and Aga-kanitai disconnected from Tara-Vai (PI. 65, fig. 2).

From the channel leading into Port Rikitea, at the extremity of the spit
to the west of Au Kena (PI. 14), Mount Duff is seen in profile with its south-
ern vertical face and slope to the northward (Pl. 57), towards the gap

72 “ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

through which Mount Mokoto can be seen from Port Rikitea (Pl. 61). In
Plate 58 the northern slope of Mount Duff is seen from our anchorage at
Port Rikitea.

Plates 59 and 60 are two views of Mount Duff seen from the southeast,
looking up to the summit from the top of the terrace which runs round the
base of Mount Duff, and forms so conspicuous a landmark on the east face
of the southern part of Manga Reva Island (PI. 57).

The eastern side of the ridge of the northern extension of Manga Reva
beyond Port Rikitea is shown in Plate 63, fig. 2. A more detailed view
of the eastern slope of Manga Reva north of the village is shown in
Plate 62.

The crest of the ridge of the eastern extremity of Manga Reva and
Mata-iutea Point are shown in Plates 70, 71. The western slope of Manga
Reva as seen from the pass leading to Kirimiro is shown in Plate 69, fig. 7,
as far as Teaua-ua Point, and the crest of the ridge north of the pass, in
Plate 69, fig. 2. The outline of the western and northern encircling reef is
seen in both the figures of Plate 69.

On the west face of Manga Reva, nearly opposite the southern termina-
tion of the western encircling reef, lies the bay of Gaatavake (Pl. 14), in the
centre of which is the small island of Kotu-marei (Pl. 63). This deep bay is
formed by the remnant of the rim of an extinct crater similar to those of
the shallower bays to the north.

On Plate 66 are given views of the eastern inner islands as seen from
Manga Reva. Au Kena is seen from the anchorage off Aka-Maru on Plate
66, fig. 7. The same island is seen facing the northern side from the anchor-
age at Port Rikitea (Pl. 66; fig. 2), and the gap between Aka-Maru and Au
Kena is shown in Plate 66, fig. 3. The encircling reef seen through the gap
is not often clearly visible, as the outer islands are quite small.

The line.of the western and northern encircling reefs, as seen from the
pass leading to Kirimiro, are shown in Plate 69. In Plates 70 and 71 are
shown such parts of the northeastern and eastern encircling reefs as are
visible from the summit of the central ridge to the east of Taku, the south-
ern continuations of which are indistinctly seen in Plate 66, figs. 7-3,

We may now pass to views showing the aspect of the inner islands as seen
on our way out from Manga Reva, across the encircling reef and its islets
(Pl. 14). The inner islands of the southern part of the Gambier Islands as
seen after rounding the southeast pass, are shown on Plate 72, fig. 7. Aka-

MANGA REVA. 13

Maru is the principal island on the right of the figure, with Maumi, Aka-
Maru, and Makaroa on the left.

Plate 72, fig. 2, shows Mount Duff in the centre as seen across Tauna,

with Au Kena to the right of the figure, and Mekiro to the left. Moving
north we look across the eastern horn of the eastern encircling reef north of
Tekava Island (Pl. 73, fig. 7).
' Next we come upon the inner islands of the eastern part of the group
Aka-Maru and Mekiro to the left, and Au Kena to the right of the fig-
ure (Pl. 73, fig. 2), seen across the island to the north of Tauna. Another
view of Au Kena and of Aka-Maru and Mekiro in the centre, somewhat
more to the north, is seen through a gap between two islands to the south
of Tarauru-roa (Pl. 74, fig. 2).

When looking across the encircling reef east of Au Kena, the massif of
Mount Duff and the eastern face of the greater part of the Island of Manga
Reva are seen to the north of Au Kena (Pl. 74, fig. 7). A very similar view
is shown, looking across a barrier reef islet through the gap between Au Kena
and Aka-Maru, with Mount Duff on the right (Pl. 75, fig. 7).

Plate 75, fig. 2, shows a view very similar to that of Plate 74, fig. 7, from
a point somewhat more to northward. A view very similar to that of Plate
79, fig. 2, but somewhat more to the north of Au Kena, is shown in Plate
76, fig. 1, extending to the eastern extremity of Manga Reva.

Another view of the massif of Mount Duff and of the east slope of Manga
Reva is shown in Plate 76, fig. 2. It is seen through a gap between Ta-
rauru-roa and the island to the south of it.

Mata-iutea, the eastern point of Manga Reva Island, is seen across the
islets of the eastern encircling reef which front the eastern face of Manga
Reva Island in Plate 77, fig. 7. The next figure on the same plate shows the
massif of Mount Duff, with Mount Mokoto as seen from the east across the
east face of Manga Reva and the islets fronting it; it will be noticed that
the islets of that part of the encircling reefs are covered with a very
scanty vegetation.

The remaining plates (Pls. 78-91), are devoted to details taken on the
islets of the eastern encircling reef opposite the eastern face of Manga Reva
Island. They are the islets north of Tarauru-roa shown in the distance in
Plate 70, fig. 7. In Plate 78, fig. 1, is
of the narrow islets facing the eastern extremity of Manga Reva Island.

given a view of the interior of one

A Pandanus occupies the foreground, and the bushes in the rear are tall

74 “ ALBATROSS” EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

“miki miki.” The lower figure of the same plate shows the eastern face
of Manga Reva Island seen through a gap in the lagoon sand beach. The
gap is flanked with bushes of miki miki and young Pandanus. On Plate
80 are shown a number of miki miki bushes growing close to the beach of
the lagoon. The east face of Manga Reva Island is seen across the channel
with Mount Duff in the rear (see also Pl. 79). A view of the lagoon coral
sandy beach seen at low tide is given in Plate 81. The bushes extend to
high-water mark, and are frequently, as well as the Pandanus, washed by
high tides (Pl. 89, figs. 7, 2), and often run close to the sea face when the
islets are narrow (PI. 91, figs, 7, 2). On the lagoon side we find, occasionally,
stretches of beach rock (Pl. 89, fig 2). On the sea face the vegetation runs
along the ridge of the coral rubble dam (Pls. 79, 83-85, 87, 88, 90, fig. 2).

Where the islets are narrow (PI. 91), coral rubble often extends across the
islets from the sea face to the lagoon side or runs along the flanks of the
gaps from the sea face towards the lagoon beach (PI. 90, fig. 7). Some of
the wider gaps are shut off from the lagoon by sand dams, the extensions
of the adjoining lagoon beaches across the head of the gaps (Pl. 79), as
seen from the coral rubble flat. A view of a lagoon sand dam taken from
a point nearer the lagoon dam is seen in Plate $2 and in Plate 90, fig. 2.

Some of’ the wider and deeper gaps cut through the coral rubble flats
(Pls. 79, 83), and extend well across towards the lagoon.’ I did not notice
any sand dams across gaps, on the sea face, as is so common in other reefs
of the Pacific.

The mode of formation of the coral rubble beach is well shown on
Plates 83-87, 90, fig. 2. In Plate 84 the outer reef flat is covered by the
tide, and washes at the base of the rubble beach the larger pitted and
honey-combed horses which indicate the former level of the reef flat before
it had been planed down by the sea and the material thrown up to form
the shingle and rubble beach dam (PI. 84). The Nullipore knolls on the
sea face of the reef flats do not assume at Manga Reva the prominence they
have in other reefs of the Central Pacific.

In Plate 85 is a similar view of the reef flats and rubble dam seen looking
south at a somewhat lower stage of tide and with larger coral horses thrown
up at the base of the rubble beach or still forming a part of the reef flat.

1 Dr. Seurat (Etablissements francais de l’Océanie, gouvernement de Tahiti; L. G. Seurat, Obser-
vations sur les iles basses de l’archipel des Gambier, Mai 1903, p. 2.) has called attention to this
structure in the islands on the encircling reef of Manga Reva.

MANGA REVA. 75

Plate 86 shows a still lower stage of water on the reef flat, a great part
of which is dry, and the base of the coral rubble flat is flanked by large
horses of coral rubble still attached to the reef flat or piled together in
masses previous to being broken up and thrown upon the rubble flat. Plate
90, fig. 2, is a similar view to that of Plate 86.

In Plate 85 the reef flat has not been planed off to such an extent as
is seen in Plates 84-86, so that the coral rubble flat is low and has not
been thrown up into such high dams as in Plates 84, 86-88, where the
outer reef flat has been planed off to a very considerable extent. This is best
seen in Plates 84, 87, 88. The rubble dam is very high in Plate 87, where
the large coral shingle has encroached to a considerable extent upon the
vegetation growing on the ridge of the coral rubble beach dam. The extent
to which the rubble may encroach upon the vegetation is well seen in
Plate 88, which shows the inner slope of the coral rubble dam extending
towards the lagoon side. The whole of this slope is studded with patches of
vegetation which are gradually extending over it as fast as the coral shingle
becomes decomposed into coarse sand capable of supporting vegetation.

—-

97,

"PLATES

a

‘EXPLANATION, OF THE PLATES.

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PLATE 1.

Bathymetrical chart of the Eastern Tropical Pacific with the track of the ‘‘ Albatross” in
1891 in the Panamie district, in 1899-1900 in the Central Tropical Pacific, and in
1904-1905 in the Eastern Pacific.

ATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905. AGASSIZ: REPORT PLATE L
ate 3

REFERENCE

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RN PACIFIC EXPED. 19041905 BATHYMETRICAL CHART
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Track of Albatross tn J89

————— Track of Albatross in 1904-1905.
Stations t denote sertal temperature

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ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 2
{20°

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SSSS''~S' “=a
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STATIONS

Acassiz Report Plate 2

4590,
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Track of Albatross in 1899
Track of Albatross: 2 1904-1905.
Stations t denote sertal temperature

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Showing the character of the bottom of the area of the Eastern Pacific traversed by the
‘* Albatross ” during 1904-1905.

SATROSS. EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905.

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 3

140
—
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BARTHOLDHEW +34 9°

DEEP

EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 19041905 CHARACTER OF BOTTOM AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 3
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= od 22850"
ESAS. Igy = S2r0 oh of
2a : “AN, ra / slob \ A
5 of S a Does t
3 glob
Df/e wm 2000... Sra Diat
coe = oFess
hg oo i rocky
ad aw
Zo ty 22 5 yes:
P7641 ¢
wo — DX rd Vv
Pa; ° Z
‘OTy A Lr) I"
T ~ MN ts
On F = y eae, To Dias {
4 6) I fe glo 1055 J
a < RDG sd. A
2° 3 rg — see, mit of | Sy)
ral — .., Southfern |, Umit. sem ih
a ze —— -... y
| * A Z p 2le4 he
7 / MN fae t ae
= C roa HN 22257 KRUMMEL 2989
io) — RUM MEL Shes
2519 5 js U
Z 5 %,
” plesie 0 x! “ BARTHOLOMEW “343.9
| z 2 : 4N Re 265 ty we DEEP .
: 2% 4 1 ie glob R. . s nee i
g 2066.5 A = - z: + =
[si B
Ay tle
ae P26.
a © MN
a R
pi
1394.85%070 seise MN ;
glob is. Glob Ree, Nees ( Rglob }
x iz = M j
ss —~7t
< . x |
< g J a |
ch m0 Ss z ' RICHARDS: #70:
man 2 pz0% 9 BUCHANIBASIN pee
+ R glob. Rglob |
9) | 4175
_ i}
LEGEND ‘80>
hrd. Hard. Dat Diatom Ooze
~~ Track of Albatross in 1891 MN Manganese Nodules brM Brown Mud
__ Track of Albatross tn 1899 Mang Manganese GM Green Mud
Track of Albatross tn 1904-1905. glob, Globigerina Ooze WM = Blue Mud
Wlallons t denote serial temperature R Radiolarian Ooze vol.S. Voleanic Sand

40 120

7
=
wei ee me vet’ =
MIKEY 24 Isviqueen annitete all 2 Fiermet yocen., os
: otf a esFto2 Traci var 8 12.0127 1G st° itz Fil iar i

: “Aid tua ED Sows

PLATE 3%.

Surface temperature observed at the stations occupied by the ‘‘ Albatross” in the Eastern
Pacific during her cruise of 1904-1905. The heavy curves indicate the temperatures of

65°, 70°, 75°, and 80.°

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 32

ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905.

e

REFERENCE

BARTHOLOMEW {3439°
OFEP ~

is ty y
Yy

———_

140

iid ot

T ES AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 3*
904 MPERATUR
ASTER PAcieic ExPED. 1904-1905. SURFACE TE

- 0

a ae = = =< — ~ —

BAS TN 25005, —
2599 SS es
~~ -—™

REFERENCE _ Sea Level

100 Fathoms.

a

eo

| : RICHARDS; #70
OEEP
I/ 275 |

Track of Albatross in 189).
Track of Albatross in 1899

——— Track of Albatross in 1904-1905
Stations t denote serial temperature.

6
;
© =
it
SET Ya, SA EMR et B91 > Tes by
oot to"Yind gotoglt bninies§ dul ot Las i.
eae s ;
Hine orn eisritn bas CLUE List iets wu ee
= 20)" :
= ve ol
ao ;
.
é ;
bs ee
Soe, ‘
ss
—
= P- re is
@ i - *
a

Ss

Prats 32.

Record of densities in the Eastern Pacific observed by the ‘‘ Albatross” during her cruise
of 1904-1905. ‘The last decimal figures only of the specific gravities are indicated.
Thus 252 off Callao should read 1.0252, and others are similarly abbreviated.

“ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC ExPED. 1904-1905 |

AGASsiz REPorT PLATE 3°
140 80

_____ REFERENCE

100 Fathoms. !

SARTHOLOMEW (343.9"

!
Deep WES NS =|

5S EASTERN PACIFIC ExPED. 1904-1905,

qanugnuent
| GALAPAGOS 15

__REFERENCE

~~ - Track of Albatross in 189).
_. Track of Albatross in 1899

+€ areas] : 7 :

outa tari) Lecce CEE by
hair? Aly Rohini hws

Wiad) }

(hed

&-

eps

7 a) car -

Z Tet don al fit wilted 64-5 i
¥, i A

La - - filed srarte paay: f
. # sink Peipecnny MA —1 Gr dineiyrienii=e
7 7 = 7) P< -

me et Wray Heaitvna Vidas (S196 Tye eicaid ice

]
;

Vir]

r Ped Mint) ert wild nas aj i on Wane ay ii isy
, ss Pu

PLate 3°.

Showing the pelagic and bottom faunal distribution.
h indicates a good haul of the trawl.
—h indicates a poor haul of the trawl.
i a good surface tow.
2a poor surface tow.
Oa barren surface tow.
t indicates that serial temperatures were taken at that point.

The curves show the northern limit of (2) good surface tows.
The southern limit of 7.

The southern limit of h. Its northern limit is not indicated as the bottom fauna of the
Panamie district was everywhere rich.

The curye of the southern limit of (— h) poor trawl hauls is indicated.

The curve of the southern limit of (2) poor surface tow is shown.

The curves of the northern as well as the southern limit of the barren tows (0) are indicated.

ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905.

AGassiz REPORT PLATE 3°

M

O
Re

Sea Level
100 Fathoms.

KROMMEL “98S
DEEP edit

BARTHOLOMEW \3439°:
Fre ~e

PELAGIC AND BOTTOM FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION.

GUATEMAL
BASIN

7
mel
-
ere Da
co — SS eet cena © coment a) mes

et
oq 2 Southern lim

1

S

errs

ety

REFERENCE

1394,

Sao gS
eta

wane

~ Track of Albatross in 891.
_ Track of Albatross in 1899
Track of Albatross 17.1904-1905,
lations t denote serial temperature

bs

fh =

LEGEND

A good trawl haul
-h poor.” ”

1 good surface tow
2 poor 0

o barren" x

¢ serial temperature

eo Mi

sot, edt ii (olige Srctyigeth) haiw-ads Wy) olbgdnets 1
PGishol Mi tiysnows aft eaesihal frie oui kisses ee
es 4 P

Puate 37.

Shows the direction and strength of the wind (Beaufort scale) in the Eastern Pacific; the
number of the barbs of the arrows indicates the strength in Beaufort scale. |

Acassiz REPorT PLATE 3°

or 23-Dec.3,1904.

ALBATROSS EASTE

«

CALLAO

ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC ExPED 1904-1905

40

NOv.S.9

AGassiz REPORT PLATE 3°

|
Feb ls !
— 4 = = Ss —~ —-||
| | Sov 4 |
RbI7 | | |
| ||
| |
| Febl6 | se |
| | |
| i}
“ — 2 lk Feb IS = ie P a __CGALAPAGOS Jan. Jan JO905——_—_ynove _| FREE DAT AEG oe Ho
/ SS || 5 |
ale by |
by, |
Feb 14 ‘ov
Jani | i)
/ CA Jan2-Org | |
JandZ2,Q QYov & | | | 1 ||
Wow ¥ | | \ | |
t eres = 1 T |
Jan. /3 Nov. OO . |
OD, DgNou: /: 1
Nov. ee | |
| | Nov 13 | |
| \\ i t |
{
| Now ON | | \
| ) |
| |
AA n6 | | OGiov.5 | | Masreestbe A 4 Wns
Dec. 30 | | i |
|
Nov. 16 TO ONou!Z now 18. Nov > { j |
Fe Ww) CALLAO: Nov. 22-Dec 31904. | |
‘Dec. 28 | }
} |
Tinl9, |
{
t
Jan. 21. | |
|
| |
20 i] Eo
}
| |
RS | |
| i
MAGNA REVA- Jan 27-Feb.5.1905 ]
= = — |
|
| }
| }
| | |
| | EASTER ISLAND: DecJ5—Dec 24,1904 | |

B Meisel bith

7
8
é
*
4 - ihe
Whur sa, aut ihe

at OG! cf eye ui lead 17) ss 2

PLATE 4.

1. Temperature section from Mariato Point to the Galapagos and to Easter Island.
November.

2. Temperature at Station 4713 from the surface to 150 fathoms.

’

: EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905. AGassiz REPorT PLATE 4

paw z
5 2
= = a
~ 5 =
Sas : ° S$
seg § Z Z < 3
y= 2 5 a 5 £26 «x = = ‘
74 ; Bi 2 a G = s
=| 5 a aye Gees i =
Surface — = 75:2 Surface
15, 75:2
30 RA
50 = 625
75 56:3 _
100 a
125 St
150 5.3°8

*Paciric Exped. 19041905.

I952 m

or
Radiat

ei
Fad.

Diat

A509 2200

——qlob Ra
153 Diat

GALAPAGOS

Hood Id

& Isat

Mariato PL.

AGassiz REPORT PLATE 4.

Surface

100

15

:
& a Fathoms

150_

2
=
1552.

75:2

a

dekh Se) -ecrannTeT) -
tire ‘ “pe hise

a4

—— tear
i
i

es

WT baltad

MSIE EF yf!

.
7 _
=
’
t
oa
of

rerees]

Jiits

Phat Gadel

.

PuaTE 5.

Island, Galapagos, to Manga Reva, showing the

‘

Temperature section from Charles
Albatross Plateau and the Garrett Ridge.

"ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905.

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 5

Se :
g Z

« Pr

2 3 + zg £

Sia £28 & a 3 2 i ae on
73 ae ta Sere cs

Surface ZMTS 78 19 80 80 Bis ars BL Pat - 7 a 15° 16 s

373

31:4 - a

300.. = 374

Ue

ee = 1) Vag = i

Bre EAOIENT FU BACEM. (owe lee

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 5.

= a 2982 miles ae Ss ee ates why
=
g s
Ee: 2 2 S s 2 = 2 3
Sz BE & 2 & z g zg 063 3 A F Hy g z Eigse
Surface ZTTS 78 79° 80 80 ars a's at a 79° 78:7 18 16:7 75 8 162 7 7” 1 16 3
2. a = = == — a
bol — — = = fib ri
= =e =
100 6a, = iS a7 = = o's 616 = 65 — 3: i ei
200... = S67 — = S54 aa S19 S01 = i wees 033 {
300. so 446 ee — at = oe . ae:3 5 : ‘63
100. Ai7 _| —— it —* = eS 42:4 te =
$00 4g ‘ sae ont At
600 393 aigigsne— 30:3 39:1 <2 eS a 392
700. aie = a — ! =
#00 _ 314 = 31:3 314 374 ese oat 78
200. ¥. — = 4s oe ee Se —_ Se E r
1000 ole pay = = i am a a SS
100 =A Eas aaa s ah 2 =
1200. a > = —_—_—_— — —
bn
B00 =
oe + S——=
1400 a5\ 3 a = =
=) = =
—E
1500. 8 —E—E_—EEEES _ SS Ee —
oO
1600 = 2 (ek =
dr.
Diat ?
noo Rad: Ese = _ ———- — —
1400 a ee 5 =
St
1900 E =e, =
Thy 351
=e. Alb > Prat =
atross Plateau ;
slob glob
200 “ 7: Diat-
2200

Om Ihe 7 ae —— Se

a
Pate 6.

MECH Tiley wit Seiu tnt wri

a

PLATE 6.

1. Temperature section from Aguja Point to a point about 1800 miles in a southwesterly
direction.

2. Temperature sections at Stations 4651 and 4656 from the surface to 100 fathoms.

’

“ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 19041905. AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 6

Pi : abo
%
a
§ 2
= $ ns ws
3 g = 5 BY be
Ss : S § =} hs os
Surlace gat Reeves 67 7 67 Surface
100: 635 10 65
60
200. eee es 20 —__&.0:6
| 25 _ 61
300. 43°5 30. ——— 51929
+00 413
500. : _| 50 —_ 58:7 50. S878
fe ce a aaa |
500 — 29°
700... |
75 Sa SIS *
800. a72
900. —
1000 : - | 100 eee Yb 100 57S
Hoo H BigEe
1200. 7
1300 pee
1400 = =
1500 =
(600 .
noo ADatross\ Plateau
100
1900
2000
2100
2200

: ROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. :
ALBaTI ExPeD. 1904-1905 AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 6.

* about 1800mtes South Vesterty direction from Aguja Pt >
z =
© ee : Jeo i fer e e § #
S Surface HT. 69:4 69 70 67 65° Surfte 61 ese tarfaica
5 = = 5 67
be = so: 10_ 6s
ZOO: s 20 ee
25 6

300, 30. 59:9 .
+00 =
500. 50. SBF 50 5a8
800 =
700 L ——— ar

75. S79
800
300 > —
1000. ~< ~ = 100. és 571 100. 57S
100 ee = Fig.2.
1200. ——— = =
300 = — = -
1400 —— = ”

Fig. I.

1500 — — — _ —
1600 = =—
noo ADatross\ Plateau | a

1900

2000

2100

aml 4

7 _ if 2
ae a
a

came) ofr. <-

xf * Pina :
EDDIE fisode Saiog x.

PLATE 7.

Temperature section from Aguja Point to a point about 2100 miles in a northwesterly
direction.

"ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 19041905. AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 7

a

v
4

327
J Aguja Poin

ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905. AGassiz REPORT PLATE 7

about 2100 mites No Westerly from Aguja Point

2554
2056
031

% 2058
2005
2235
2222

IS za
327
Aguja Poi

2300 Ty Mos
2400

2500

i!

tras. aetleq OURS Ruurte Scioy aod Dolly) uw

=

°
’
*
: ‘
a
«
; -
fr
a
é
<>
Hi
¥ '
> -
J
- &
a

i

PLave 8

“ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905. AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 8

a

¥

7]

3 2 $ g Z z

3 BY 3 5 5 2 3
a a = 70 67" és _¥ Surface

a = 6

ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905 AGASsiz REPORT PLATE 8.

‘ : - abt. 2400 miles NW of Callao.

es
E =
§ 3 2 3 g 2 3 2
$ # + a Hy § =
s — = = 162 75:3 10" 68 S Surface
=== == — = : HE aa SS = — ow
100. —— —— 65:3 S49 2
50
52:0 si =
200 = a
300. = — 46'7 456
E 3
400 ee = eer i 4 4304
i
00 —— = = — _— a - kor
394 2 392 i 94
00 se j= =
00 a = = = 3
37:9 a 314 381
00 = - : he
t i
200 = —— —— ee
: i
1000 = ——
00 = = — mt zs ;
{
1200 = — — = — ;
t
noo ss = — a :
1400 —— = a ~ :
I
1500. —— —= —— -
i
1600 a= ae = !
00 —_ —_ = - a ;
1800 = =
1900 he = = = =
2000 EL i
glob
2100 ——— ia 7 i
x0 !
350 : |] Diat
za - a SSS= z Hong Hi ad
2 gn. ! 35:1
= Z SA WN ETE
: RG \ a
7700 oo hs eal
2000 2 :
3100 = =
= — Se moe NY
az00 = as+

TE Jods votsih Wisieowdsion e ui Galley west jalians =

Pres
Tp,

PLATE 9.

Temperature section from Callao in a northwesterly direction about 2750 miles.

“ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905.

LUM 20'S
Long 125:13'W

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 9.

"ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905 AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 9.
TE

Lat. 20'S

2750 miles N West from Callao.
“Tong 225:13'W

% Sx Punoms
2
3

— —- — — 727 70"
200. —_ :
300. 7<2 —_ —- 2 453 ——— — 45:1 2
' i] t
400. = = = #2: ———_— = = 42:2 pe 42's 3:2. Y i 4
i 2
500. — os = —— — = ~ — —— } }
40° . = : F
i =] 40°
600 291 —— — = = 3.911 394 29:4 7 a
700 = ee = | H i i i |_|
} 5 alhae
800 Fs = ae 9:3 ——— 37:3 37:4 373 i 38 { |]
ee : 2 LG EPs cy eee (a i
000 —— = ——s ——————— = = Ss = . f i 2
Fe al
1200. ve = 2 = = — —— = —— —- =f 3
oe ee ee onl eS LU
7 ; i |
400. = = eS ee es es ; i
| | at
1500 — = ——— - ~ = —— = = —— = et i
H 1 | fl
1600 —* ee ee eee es ks = — ; i!
1800 : ——— = = _ - at: ||
Ta 5 | ! |
100 ee = - 3 = = = i se. re 3 \ il
r : 3si2| i
2000 ———— = = = = — ~— —— = + aan |
Albatross Plateau j
2100. ——- ed = = ~ = = ~ — ~
glob

2200,

be :

- siete ay _ _
—— = 2 =
ae | ms

,
— r Prats 10.

r

eee

In igus fpisiisient «i in)!
it (ee le GF sontans od! pin’ fx

PLaTE 10.
1. Temperature section from Callao to Easter Island through Sala y Gomez.

2. Temperature at Station 4683 from the surface to 200 fathoms.

ALBATROSS EASTERN PAciric ExPED. 1904-1905. AGassiz REPORT PLATE 10

A
Vv

Fathoms

Fathoms
Saster Id

1696
Bue
SalayGomez
> 885

1933.

2u
& 2184

Surface 70°56 Surface

ry
oO
\o
6

m5 50:4

2800

"ALBATROSS EASTERN PACIFIC ExPED. 1904-1905. AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE 10

2039 miles. =
>

SalayGomez
18S
wt

2205,
385,
2ans
248s
2820
2m
3 2543
Boas

75...

125.

150.

nee

a PL .
cane ,

to M08 “walk nek jeow Zhvtemizonyin Miviededy eyet, f woes yond a
— eatin OOS greats 16 4 yy

PuatTeE 11.

Section from Cape Lobos running approximately west, in the 20° of South Latitude, a
distance of about 3600 miles.

ASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905.

Kan

Abt. 300 m_N W. of Manga Reva.
< 3
2

mu
80° BLS
—— T

o

2

1875,

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE IL

n
2 = Fa aie
1 2
a 5 “4 2. e

Albatross”

AGASSIZ REPORT PLATE IL

(CIFIC EXPED. 19041905.
Line running Wirom Cape Lobos approximately on 20'So Latitude abl.3600m. 2 eae TE >
3 g Q 3 cue = =

Albatross

Plateau

br.

Puate 12.

Temperature section from Manga Reva to Acapulco. :

*

|
=
=
—
& @ owomn 2 3 8 g Fs
7 a tt | | } | H
& Set | |
y » ogpndeoy | |
3 wz 2 a ees
<x

Wbatross Plateay

A

OSS EASTERN PACIFIC EXPED. 1904-1905
AGassiz REPORT PLATE 12

W78 miles

_
‘
~
* '
“J —
2
=
; hee
a
. 4“ i
7 ad a | “
‘ s
. . .

ee et Lee

Y Seesaw ey

‘Tied Seaip

Lea WS rear) " i
IN OT Sy Soteee ater

“i Lantbegy pear

Ra AY
¥ ‘
‘rae

a

PuaTE 13.

Chart of Easter Island from H. O. Chart No. 1119. Seale 5 miles to 4 inches.

Me

v 7

Wg cre

‘ orygen
ot

hing,
t
A

HON! SHL OL S3TIW €'L 31VOS an

ot

tz

ar )qoasmoreporyed ey

bur ee):

O4%t POUT Ma * 8H

49 6 ee ee
aq BOROOy WS, eer Pe
anges \
tie: edvuoy elt
ok ),[ Yous ueH

\
F qeeiey soaeeeo
Te uous
tA 2 - : - . U j
: 5 Ni. fe ee 5 f
et “1 ee 3 seri wees)” -”

ou

ot

6t u VATU 2 + (eakewor) Ff 4 (1a ect rec ty
ag 6 6 any pbuvy " = wOWOL aow(eg 3 ¢ qaot : weduany
5 ; Sars 7 ¥ ve
5 mt Y u
paneaese xe ;
Pe Oe ei sere,
; : exc doy IW -

a werdyyadayu g

(yoy Wary)
ysoeg Te

PAOD TOUPL

"x04,

on
fig Warogexoay (equxeaog) |

sus SHO edyy

Cog mosoyny

ie aug veung
4 Bt eu Jaq POLAHON
rd Pa
; or wu
Avy vsnoiggy VT
? Nes
Avg ayraor
is
(aq e40mE mIt) arpesey ets ad y
aa

it ze

kysou Aya'puns's

4334 NI SLHOIGH
SWOHivV4d NI SONIGNNOS

PR 00T
Gr eceueeey) Cie watoK

rd 9
; , Fi uz
SPULON NS LACG A Lapwvuiuro 5 ‘ueorpow S'S 1 94F FO oe
NS YoOMM10D op WD PED LEARN Pue‘spuowis Wy yweuagnary Aq
OQRT UE SWOTIIAIIOD pue SsUOTIIPpe YIM
OL8I ut Aoaang yUsuIMIBACY UaTTTD & wor

(ANVISI VONGHH AL OLid GL)

GNVISI] 4aLsvVva

S*@

; od
=
am

ey
aoe
re pty ;

, “—_> &

és
1
——
;
g

x.

PD mbsA ra ead

PLATE 14.
Chart of Manga Reva or Gambier Islands, From Brit. Adm. Chart, No. 1112. Scale

2 miles to the inch.

“Albatross” Eastern Pacific Ex. 1904-1905. Agassiz Report. PLATE 14.

MANGA REVA

GAMBIER ISLANDS

Caupiled from Surveys by Capt" FW Beechey RN FRS. 1826.
Capt! D Urville of the French Navy, 1838
with corrections (rom other French Govern! Survey to 18KL

Wn fine line are from a Fiencs Ohare
Othe aise Some® ere 1887

SOUNDINGS i= FATHOMS

The upright
ahowiny the

Fron

Bape (SP side:

i :
* MANGA-REVA
Q (PEARD je

Apparently :
Foul reund

AKA-MARU I
Wassiwright |

2

e
Kas adoa I. o> *
| tak Meh dan aw *
ie aware shoal wate . >
/ | ; ,
oper Torey, |
wt? \ 1 Mr, \ %
Vera ap \ ws sd
"| oe? .
' .
| a >
. ‘
\
.
\
° .
a
>
yi
a | .
Fo
Minera? 5 ag
“a SCALE 2 MILES TO THE INCH

ide Ais igeet) Week.

3
Ly
;

r beta Apo eedt - =F a
3) 1 ala io Saint Geawiieee iy ,
; wa & "

AO WT A A AT eisting © |
mis A Ti yd yostia eta ae 5

% a carers
B (oliavl 2 ol Hivoler me £
O Emidoleyol ai souipieanee

bo

PuatE 15.
Sala y Gomez seen from the south. Distant about one-fourth of a mile.

Western extremity of Sala y Gomez seen from the southwest. Distant about one-fourth
of a mile.

The initials H. B. B., F. M. C., and C. A. K. Photog. indicate that the photographs
were taken either by H. B. Bigelow, F. M. Chamberlain, or C. A. Kofoid.

I am indebted to Mr. Kelley, of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce, for his kind
assistance in deyeloping our Plates.

O010Hd “G8 'O ‘HM

“ST ALVIg uoday zissesy *So61-bo61 “x DyIOVg ussgjseg ,.ssoijeqry,,

PLATE 16.

PLATE 16.
1 North face of Easter Island. Bluff and hill west of La Pérouse Bay.

2. North face of Easter Island. Bluff west of Cape O’ Higgins.

‘Ol ALVT ‘yaoday zissesy
c UZ! V

*So61-Fo61 “xq oylovg ulayseq .sso.jeqyy,,

PLATE 17.

Puate 17.

Easter Island. Northern bight of La Pérouse Bay, seen from the east. |

'

‘AI aLVIg ‘yaoday zissvsy

*SO61- F061 “xq oyjoug wsiaysey ,ssonjeqyy,,

. : -
tha! MM real Te 5
ot ee

- _
eter Ml oily) >

= =

a =
eo
~

—

Y
;
7
‘
oF

PLATE 18.

1. Easter Island. Part of northern rim of crater lake of Rana Roroka with fringe of
bulrushes.

2. Easter Island. Landing place at Ovahe Bay, north of La Pérouse Bay.

‘‘Albatross” Eastern Pacifié Ex. 1904-1905. \g iz Re PLATE 18

ial, 3)

iN

PLATE 19.
1. Puakatiki Mountain, seen from La Pérouse Bay. Cape O’Higgins to the left.

2. Amphitheatre at foot of Blossom Range, west of La Pérouse Bay. Easter Island.

Ol aLVIg ‘woday zissusy

*So61-Fo61 “xq oylovg usaysey ,ssoaeqy,,

PLATE 20.

1. Looking eastward while skirting west coast of Easter Island between Matu Tautara
Point and Cook Bay.

2. Cook Bay with bluff (Rana Kao), forming the southwest cape of Easter Island.

NOLSOO '°O9 3dALOIIGH

‘Ot ALVIg ‘woday zissesy *$061-Fo61 “xq oylorg usayseq «SSOALGTY,,

we

J

A

fest i qu ye:

a

Ly

PLATE 21.

General view of western face of Easter Island, looking north towards La Pérouse Mountain,
on the way up to Rana Kao.

NOLSOG ''09 3dAL0119H

IZ BLVIg ‘yaoday zissusy

‘$o61-Fo61 *x| oytovg ulajseq ,ssoreqiy,,

PLATE 22.

General view of the southern slope of Easter Island, looking eastward towards Cape
Roggewein on the way up to Rana Kao. Cape Roggewein, the eastern cape of Easter
Island, is seen on the extreme right of the plate.

.

i

a
nq

PLATE

Report.

gassiz

A

5.

Eastern Pacific Ex. 1904-190

‘*Albatross”

YSTON

HELIOTYPE ¢

PLate 23.

Se toate’ a Grr]

PLATE 23.

Gapin the southern rim of Rana Kao, seen from the west, showing the surface of the
crater lake overgrown with reeds and mosses.

‘tt ALVIg ‘yuoday zissusy

*$o61-Fo61 *xq oyrourg usayseq ,ssosjyeqry,,

ae ©

Part of the eastern rim of the crater and of the crater 1

‘tt ALVIg ‘jloday zissusy

*$061-Fo61 “xy oytorg ulajseq «SSO.1RQY,,

'
“ 7 is
- ’
Tees TSH

aie Pith Ba hl gettin vile
Ve ~ tf Lc A : ve

PLATE 25.

Part of the northern rim of the crater and crater lake of Rana Roroka with the fringe and
patches of bulrushes.

seek OPK

hye Reire ei aang AWM RENTED .
eee 5 esa un

"St ALVIg ‘jloday zissusy

*So61-Fo61 “xq oypoug usiajsey ,ssoreqiy,,

al
ae
bd
> ies PL,
aah > a zs
P mld De Ww adt Way) jive perio avail jo iy
Ae OY
5 i 3 :
aito: mT Marvy averesn WANWOH Ona 04

PLATE 26.

1. The western rim of the crater of Rana Roroka, seen from the west on the way from La
Pérouse Bay.

2. The southern rim of the crater of Rana Roroka, seen from Tongariki.

’

‘*Albatross” Eastern Pacific Ex. 1GO4-1905. \ zR

es | :

PLaTe 27.0
1. Front view of platform near La Pérouse Bay.

2. Remnant of large blocks of platform near La Pérouse Bay.
os

. . ;

‘Lt aLVIg ‘yaoday zissusy

*$061-Fo61 “xq oylovg usajseq «SSO1EQY,;

PuaTE 28.

Front view of remnant of platform to south of La Pérouse Bay, showing the character of
the surrounding country to eastward of Anakena Bay.

‘gt ALVIg ‘todayy zissusy

*S061- F061 “xq oylovg ulajsey ,ssoujuqyy,,

Fe

Puate 29.00

Rear view of large platform at Tongariki, showing th
Point Anataavanui is seen beyond the islet of Marot

‘OT ALVIg ‘yaoday zissesy .
Ua ZIssesy *So61-to61 "xq oylorg uloyseq ,SSojjeqsy,,

a

Pp.

=_

PLATE 30.

1. The front face of the western extremity of the large platform at Tongariki, facing the
sea. A part of one of the images is still standing.

2. The western and central part of the platform at Tongariki, facing the sea. At high tide
the sea washes the large blocks of the lower part of the photograph.

of ALVTg ‘jloday zissusy *So61-to61 ‘xq oylorg ulajseq ,ssorjeqy,,

F

PuaTeE 31.

Images on the western face of the rim of Rana Roro
extending towards Blossom Range.

’
.
. -
Pa
.
aa
4 »
‘ 4
u =
+ +
»
7 .
» *

TE Aov Tey “yaoday zissvs

*So61-fo61 ‘xq oy1ovg Ulajseq ,Ssoijeqry,,

Images on the south face of the oute

NoLsBe ‘09 agklonaH

‘ce ALVIg ‘yaoday zissusy

*So61- F061 “xq oylovg usloyseq ,ssosjeqry,,

’

a]

o°@

shee

OT Bo tH Wage nal} Ty

jem

Puate 33.

Group of images on the southeastern face of the outer rim of Rana Roroka.

SE gLvig

‘yloday zisse8y

pos

*So61-to6r "xq oyrovg usayseq «SSOIJEQLY,,

my

“Albatross” Eastern Pacific Ex. 1904-1905. \s

oe ; : "o = aR

KH. B. B. PHOTOG.

} 1

lo Whe nae as, (i
ee ea A RA Pare

Puate 35.

Large image on the west face of the outer rim of Rana

we

NOLSOB ''O9 adALONNaH

ee — ee

-So61- F061 ‘X@ Wylovg uslajsvq .ssoijyvqy,,

*

=

——

PLATE 36.

Large image and cluster of smaller images on the west face of the outer rim of Rana
Roroka.

Id ALOVIGH

"Qf aLVIg ‘yuoday zissesy

*So61-to61 “xq oylovg usayseq «SSO1EqTY,,

ss A. re

peretita..

Ie ig r . SE ~
eae page *So61-to61 “xq oytorg Uld}SUq SSL y,,

‘gf ALVIg ‘yroday zissusy

‘So61-to61 *xq oylovg usajseq «SSOlzPLQTY,

Large image partly cut out, on the outer

Pa
.
-
.
a 5
+
]

Oi i “% b,

6 ALVId aoday zissusy *So61-to61 “xq oyloeg Uldjseq ,,Ssoiwqry,,

iia

ae

Laidd.yo wine's
i py i i

oma

Maia

———

Quarry on the outer face of the southern rim
Cape O'Higgins. ’

’
A
a «
i.
.
«
- :
i

‘ob TLVIg ‘yioday zissesy

*So61-to61 “xq oyloeg Ulaysvq ,ssoiqeqyy,,

Scattered images on way |

.

‘ib aLvig ‘yloday zissesy

*So61-to61 *xq oylovg ulajseg ,,ssoiqeqry,,

PLATE 42.

1. Large broken image at foot of the eastern outer face of Rana Roroka, showing the :
held close to the trunk.

2. Large broken image on way from Rana Roroka to La Pérouse Bay.
’

wate “— Sones Vg - <n “

th ALVIg }loday zissuBy

a | U1DISVA SSOMRGTY,,

PLATE 43.

PLATE 43.

Sculptured rocks at Orongo, to the south of crater of Rana Kao; stone house in the rear,
on the left.

‘eh aLvIg ‘loday zissesy

*So61-Fo61 “xq oyglorg UlI}SL| ,.SSOsqr

bt aLVIg jaoday ZISSUS\Y

*So61-Fo61 "xq oy

vq Ulgseq ,SSOiVqy,,

+

Puate 45.

ee

Pen ta

Sie ALN Te ‘yaoday zisseSy

*So61-Fo6I *xq oylovg usajseq «SSO1JUq Ty,

Puate 46.

Stone house at Orongo with a sing]
i o 7

OF ALVIg ‘Jloday zissvsy

‘So61-to61 “xq oylovg Ulajsvq ,Ssoirqry,,

SP tear Soe:

Presa

‘Lb aLvIg ‘yloday zissesy

*So61-to6r *xq oytorg UldIsSvy ..SSoieqy,,

1. Ruins of stone house near shor

2. Double stone house at Orongo.

’
- .

‘gh aLVIg ‘yaoday zissusy

"S061-bo61 “xq oylovg uaiseq «SSOIJEQY,,

nn. © ——

:

=) 0h sau Yo viel eta i> auhi Bie 5 catch sqohs te tstedp ot
nm oe VF ae

Bon Seviod ue, Jrqulter e PWM i ATi

2. Keystone of opening to part of cave of a ruined.

’

PHOTOG

(o}s

i)

Puate 49%.

Entrance to cave in a small indentation of the coast, south of Hanga Piko Bay, west of
Mateveri.

Roof paintings on ceiling of cave.

’
Another painting in same cave.

‘Albatross’ Eastern Pacific Ex. Agassiz Report. PLATI

RB BOUF mined Oy etek fy Bilt eA ty, 3
2
L toss FP aitivit lun

Aloe hes wily

PLATE 50.
1. Summit of Chatham Island, Galapagos, as seen from anchorage at Wreck Bay.
2. First ridge adjoining Wreck Bay, showing character of vegetation on the slopes during

the dry season.

.

Ea 3
aY ZIssvsy *So61-+to61

2d UlasSvT «SSOT}E

.

Looking across Wreck Bay from the

i pe

Is ALVI ‘yaoday zissvSyw
< ad Zz! V

*So61-to61 “xq MYlovg Ulojsvq ,ssoijeqry,,

J

=
Aah
e:
-f

ta

PLATE 52.

PLATE 52.

Vegetation during the dry season on the limestone plateau to the rear of landing-place at
Wreck Bay; wild cotton on the right.

‘7S BLVIg day zissusy ‘So61-Fo61 “xq yore Ulojse” ,Ssoyeqry,,

PLATE 53.

Puate 53.

Vegetation on voleanic rock soil during the dry season, as seen on road leading to hacienda, —
Chatham Island.

<

Eastern

D
L

PLATE 54.

Vegetation on volcanic rock soil during the dry season, on way to hacienda, Chatham
Island.

2 FLV Ig ‘jaodayy zissi

*So61-to61 ‘XY Oyrorg t

SUq sso,

nit yi i= fi

We tans. Siiesloy : bested moesttan ,

Viena

Beeesel! jhaskeE-acelsect) ull aon Ve

s

PLATE 55.
1. Vegetation to rear of landing-place, Wreck Bay, Chatham Island ; limestone plateau.

2. Vegetation on way to hacienda, Chatham Island; volcanic rock soil.

PLATE

1QO4 -1905

Ex.

Pacific

ern

+

as

E

‘*Albatross”

~~ -
_ et i -

PLATE 56,

‘9S ALVIg ‘yuoday zissesy

"So61-to61 *xq oylorg usajseq «SSOMLATY,,

Mount Duff, Manga
Harbor.

4

Reva Island, seen from the east fr

Le
*
“+
Pa
“ r
ae
.
oa
, -
i
@
i
az

‘LS ALVIg

day zissusy *So61-Fo61 "xq oyrorg U19}svVq

SSOljeqry,,

Prats 58,

’
°
P
ri
ic ~
.
7
-
«
*
a
s =
a
-” » .
26 = »
~
4
; od =
* =
7 -
.
é
a
*
j
@
=

Oe ot

gS aLVIg ‘jloday zissesy

*S061-Fo6I “xq oyIoeg usajseq «SSO1JRqLY,,

‘‘Albatross” Eastern Pacific Ex. 1904-1905.
FO4 -19

Agassiz Report. PLATE

sg

f

H. B. B. PHOTOG.

Seen facing Mount Duff from the same plat
westward.

“Albatross” Eastern Pacific E

1GO4 =1905

Mount Mokoto seen from 1

=
~~

NOLSOG ‘09

‘IQ ALVIg “jaoday

*So61- F061 “xq oylorg usayseq «SSO1VLqLY,;

PLATE 62.

A part of the central ridge of Manga Reva Island to the north of Port Rikitea, seen from
the anchorage.

>

PLATE 62.

Agassiz Report.

1904-1905.

‘‘Albatross” Eastern Pacific Ex.

i)

PLATE 63.

1. Ancient volcanic crater, forming bay to south of Kotu Poto Point, with Kotu Marei
Island on the west face of Manga Reva Island, seen from the ridge west of Port
Rikitea on way to Kirimiro.

2. Bay and Port Rikitea, showing the central ridge of Manga Reva Island to the north.

.

fo a LV1q jaoday zissusy

*So61-bo6r “xq oylovg ulayseq «SSO1}Eq LY,

as
&

PLATE eS —

1. Mow t Duff, Mount Mokoto. and central ridge of
of Moka pu island.

—* » d Mount M. kot», seen from the

> =

‘tg ALVIg ‘yaoday zissesy

*So61-Fo61 “xy dyIovg ulajsey «SSO1VLY;,

2

: He 7
PU Dati’

PuatTE 65.
1. The Islands of Aga-kanitai and Tara-Vai, as seen from the anchorage off Aka-Maru.

2. Aga-kanitai and Tara-Vai, as seen from the plateau at the base of Mount Duff. The
western line of the outer encircling reef is seen in the gap between the islands.

59 ALVIg aoday zIssusy *So61-to61 *Xq oYylovd ulajsveq ,.ssoieqy,,

ith ma hii
nua ei Cr

PLate 66.

Au Kena as seen from the anchorage at Aka-Maru, with the line of the eastern encircling
reef on the north and south of the island.

Au Kena as seen from the anchorage at Port Rikitea.

The gap between Au Kena and Aka-Maru with the line of the eastern encircling rc-°

seen from the anchorage at Port Rikitea.

’

‘09 ALVIg

‘yloday zissvsy

sae

*S$o61-to61 “xq oyTorg

Ulajseq ,.Ssoieqry,,

©?

PLATE 67.
1. The islands of Mekiro and Aka-Maru, seen from our anchorage to the west of Aka-Maru.

2. Aka-Maru, with the island of Maka-pu in front, forming the western rim of the former
Aka-Maru Maka-pu crater.

’

SS

~

‘lo ALVIg ‘yaodayy ZISSUBY .
‘SO61-FO6I “xy ylovg usayseq .ssoueqry,,

=

PLATE 68.

1. The islands of Maumi and Kamaka, as seen from the east, steaming out of the southeast
pass.

2. The island of Makaroa, with its satellites Motu-teiko and Maumi, as seen from our
anchorage off Aka-Maru.

NOLSOU ''O9 add LONG

‘So61-Fo6I “xy oyovg usayseq <SSO.ULQY,,
‘SO ALVIg ‘woday zissesy

PLATE 69. ;

1. The northwestern and northern encircling reef
crest of Manga Reva near the tunnel leadin:
The extreme land is Point Teaua-ua, the northw v

2. A part of the same encircling reef line as fig.
the central ridge.

2

‘69 ALVIg ‘oday zissesy

‘So61-Fo6r "xy ylorg usayseq .ssoijeqiy,,

a i
TT fae 4 dS} ty Je 1} Mi
— :

pat ha Tee) |

PLATE 70.

1. A part of the eastern encircling reef line, as seen from the crest of the eastern end of
the central ridge immediately above Point Mata-iutea.

2. A part of the northeastern encircling reef line, as seen from the crest of the central ridge
well towards the eastern extremity of Manga Reva Island, looking over Point
Mata-iutea.

‘of ALVIg oday zissvs

¢ ‘So61-to61 “xq Iylovg Ulayseq ssorjeqyy,,

s hiktel Oe, :
Clint

PLATE 71.

1. A part of the eastern encircling reef line, seen from the southern face of Manga Reva,
looking over Point Mata-iutea.

2. A part of the eastern encircling reef line, seen over Point Mata-iutea from the eastern
part of the south face of Manga Reva Island.

oe

1f aLVIg ‘loday zissusy

‘So61-Fo61 ‘xq oylovg usayseq .sso.eqry,,

1
= oe vl "tl se de as
how :
Palrdnd, Cee (ui i ple ne

SiN 74 (ea ire nal ah ev Gale =|
va

wre ane uy ot

PLATE 72.

1. The islands of the southern part of the Gambier group, seen looking to the northwest,
across the southeastern line of the encircling reef after rounding the southeast
passage going north. The large island is Aka-Maru, with a part of Mekiro to
the right, Makaroa to the left of Aka-Maru, and Maumi on the left edge of the plate.

2. The islands of the Gambier group, as seen from the east, looking to the northwest across
Tauna Island, Mekiro on the left, Tara-Vai in the rear, Mount Duff to the north of
Taufna, and Au Kena to the right of the plate.

NOLSOB '°O9 9dA1LO0I79H

‘th ALVIg ‘aoday zissusy *$o61-to61 -xq oy1oeg uAayseq «SSO1eq|Y,,

2

Utes
bs P

aula

7 if ; i: 7 ; ‘
(eaees parleny caUtian | a ; Lm
Te Wie irate Pree eet). = '

ic -

7
i

ieee ae aes
ay
%

PLATE 73.

1. Looking across the eastern horn of the eastern encircling reef line, to the north of
Tekava Island, seen from the south.

2. The islands of the eastern part of the Gambier group, as seen looking west across the
last island of the eastern encircling reef line, north of Tauna. Aka-Maru and Mekiro,
to the south of the extremity of the barrier reef island, and Au Kena to the right

of the plate.

NOLSOG ''09 3dALOIISH

‘tL aLVIg aoday zissusy

‘S$o61-to61 “xq oyTog ulasuq .Sssoueq y,,

PLATE 74.

1. The Mount Duff massif with the central ridge of Manga Reva, looking across the encircling
reef as seen facing the eastern part of Au Kena; on the left, Makaroa in the distance?

2. The islands of Aka-Maru on the left, Mekiro in the centre, and Au Kena on the right,
as seen from the east through a gap between the southern end of Tarauru-roa and an
islet to the south.

NOASOU '°O9 4AdALOINSH

‘+L aLvVIg ‘yloday zissvsy *$o061-Fo61 “xq oylovg ulayseq .ssoueqy,,

thang rit ones

" ab) ieinel 2

PLATE 75.

1. Looking westward across an encircling reef islet to the gap between Aka-Maru and
Au Kena, with Mount Duff to the right.

2. Looking westward across encircling reef island opposite the eastern face of Au Kena;
Mount Duff and Manga Reva to the right.

’

NOLSOB ''09 4dALOI13H

rca: BEN ZISau ay *So61-to61 “xq oyloeg usaysey ,.sso.eqiy,,

PLATE 76.

1. A view similar to that of Plate 75, fig. 2, but taken nearer the northern extremity o1
Au Kena, so as to take in the whole of Manga Reva Island from the eastern point
to Mount Duff.

2. The western part of Manga Reva Island, with the Mount Duff massif seen from the
east through a gap in the eastern encircling reef line between Tarauru-roa Island
and an island to the south of it.

’

‘of ALVIg

‘aoday zissusy

= Ma Bt ina é

*So61-to61 “xq oylovg uaayseq

<SSORQIV;

7

————

PLATE Wd

1. The eastern extremity of Manga Reva Island, seen across
the eastern encircling reef. In the distance are see1
the barrier reef. vo) al

2. Looking westward across the narrow eastern encircling :
face of Manga Reya Island, with Mount Duff and Mount Mok

oe

“NOLSOH '°O9 ADALON GH

‘LL ALVIg

‘yloday zisseSw

*So61-tob1

‘XQ oglovd uiayseq ,ssoijeqry,,

a

PLATE 78.

1. Vegetation of one of the islets of the eastern encircling reef line, about opposite the
eastern face of Manga Reva Island.

2. The northeastern part of Manga Reva Island, distant about 2 miles, seen through a gap
in the eastern encircling reef line.

’

“~

Te
—

Puate 79,

The eastern face of Manga Reva Island, distant about 3 miles, with Mount Duff in the rear,
seen looking westward through a gap in the eastern narrow encircling reef line.
Lagoon coral sand dam crossing the gap.

"NOLSOB *°O9 FdALONSH

*So61-to61 ‘xq WyIovg uaagjseq ,Ssoijeqry,,

Pate 80.

The eastern face of Manga Reva Island and the Mount D m:
same point of view as that of Plate 79. Point Te
Mata-iutea on the left. ‘* Miki Miki” bushes on t

-

‘08 ALVIg ‘juoday zissesy

*$o61-to61 *xq yIOvg uUlajseq ,ssoijeqry,,

Lagoon beach of Vaiatekeue about opposite the eas
of the northern horn are seen in the distance.

S “SF = "XW OyI19R u.1la}sV7z SSOIJEQTY,,
‘Ig ALVIg aoday zissusy So61-to61 “xq oytovg SUA « 11

x
7 Owe re ae a Pilon 0 14

ty MI eagle dia let tad Ws Any tu
L

PLATE 82.

Lagoon face of an islet to the north of Vaiatekeue, showing sand dam with gap leading to
the sea face of the island through the coral rock beach.

‘TQ ALVIG ‘jaoday zissusy ‘So61-to61 *xq oy1ovg Ulojseq ,Ssoljeqly,,

Pate 83.

Puate 83.

Wide gap on sea face of another part of the eastern en 1
at high tide. A second gap is seen a little more

‘fg ALVIg ‘yuoday zissusy

*S$o61-Fo6I “xq IyTOvg ulayseq ,ssoijeqry,,

PLATE 84.

Another part of the sea face of the eastern encircling reef line, looking north, at high tide,
sea breaking against the steep coral rock beach.

‘tg TLVIg

‘ywoday zissvsy

*So61-to61 ‘xq oyroeg

Ulajsveq ,.Ssoiyeqry,,

Aree ¥
MUSE netaRno off! Yo deg 236 oe) 20%
oe atl frtel blo silt Yo wolders oe)
By PK. x me

PLATE 85.

Sea face of a part of the eastern encircling reef line, looking south, about half-tide, showing
the erosion of the old land line.

SQ aLvig ‘yloday zissvesy

*S$o61-Fo61 "xq oyIOVg ulajseq ,ssoijeqly,,

PLATE 86.

Near the same part of the eastern encircling reef line as Plate 85, looking north, at low tide,
showing the large blocks left from the erosion of the old land line.

‘98 ALVTd ‘yaoday zissesy *So61-to61 *xq

Ug Ulo}seq ,SSoljeqly,,

fageseans Nien+

padi Maiden 0 te Sal 3

: Has Lewes phi 1h ONE wil a
é
is
” '

‘Ase ieee Pals Pec i. ee

PLATE 87.

Showing the line of demareation between the outer reef flat
land line at the base of the coral rubble dam.

".

oe

‘Lg ALVIg ‘ylodayy zissvsy

*So61-to61 ‘xg oylovg uaajseq «SSO1LQY;;

PLATE 88.

The summit of the coral rubble dam formed from
ward and in places covered by vegetation. —

8s

PLATE

Report.

Agassiz

1904-1905.

Eastern Pacific Ex.

** Albatross”

‘

italane' oct : asap ania diay pr ory ;
> Wee te)

mrad escent iz viow Pr ete i

-
a
/

1
Vie? eae” Cate @ Ce Py

PLatEe 89.

1. Islet covered with vegetation, thrown. up on a spur- between
encircling reef line, seen from the sea face.

2. Lagoon beach of eastern encircling reef line looking north, s

68 ALVIg ‘yaoday ZISSUBY eS

os

Pate 90.

1. Gap in eastern encircling reef line, extending from the sea face to F
ing it from the lagoon, also showing beach sand outcrop. _

2. Showing line of demarcation between the reef rock flat and ero
the old land line.

o

‘06 ALVIg ‘yaoday zissesy

‘So61-to61 “xq oylovg ulajseq ,ssomeqry,,

“

PLATE 91.

-Piate 91.

1. Narrow part of the eastern encircling reef line seen from the lagoon
the sea face by a narrow belt of coral boulder breccia.
ees.

2. Sea face of Plate 80, with only a narrow belt of coral breccia throw
flat. Re

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16 ALWIg ‘yioday zissesy

‘$o61-fo61 "xq oylorg Ulayseq .ssoijeqy,,

BINDING SECT. SONS ‘gpg

QL Harvard University. Museum
ni of Comparative Zoology

H35 Memoirs

Ve33

Biologicel

& | al

Seria

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