HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM

OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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JAN 1 2 1332

MEMOIRS

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OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM

OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME VII

HONOLULU, II. I.

Bisriop MusKUM Press
ioi8.

CONTENTS

Number i. Additional notes on Hawaiian feather work. Second supplement. By William T.
Brigham. Pages 1-69. Plates (colpred) I-IV. (The index includes index to other
papers on Hawaiian feather work: Memoirs Vol. I, Nos. i and 3.)

2. A monographic study of the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobelioideae, Family
Campanulaceae. By Joseph F. Rock. Pages 1-394. Plates 1-2 17.

Memoirs B. P. Bishop Museum, Vor.. Vli.

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MEMOIRS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM

OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISIORY

VOL. V(l. — NO. I

Additional Notes on Hawaiian Feather Work

SECOND SUPPLEMENT

BY WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, Sc.D.

honolulu, h. i.:

Bishop Museum Press

1918

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Albert F.J'. :>D President

E.3?AXON Bishop Vice-President

J. M. DowsETT Treasurer

WiLi-iAM Wii,i<ia;mson Secretary

Henky Holmes, Wti.liam O. Smith Richard H. Trent

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) Diredtor

William H. Daii, I'H.D. •• Honorars' Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes • • • • Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) • . Curator of Pulmonata

Charles N. FcJkbes Curator of Botany

Otto H. Swkzey . . • • Honorary Curator of Entomology

John W. Thompson Artist and Modeler

Miss E. B. HiGGiNS Librarian

Mrs. H. S. Robertson Assistant Librarian

John J. Greene Printer

M. L. Horace Reynolds Cabinet Maker

EXHIBITION STAFF

Mrs. Helen M. Helvie Superintendent

John Lung Chung Janitor

Thomas Keolanui Janitor

John Penchula Janitor

IVIAT 2iU lyio

ADDITIONAL NOTES

ON

HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK

SECOND SUPPLEMENT

BY

WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, Sc.D.

Memoirs of the Bernice Paiiahi Bishop Museum
Vol. VII -No. I.

honolulu, h. l:

Bishop Museum Press

1918

r 'If-a.'ZJL. Id- /

r

Memoirs Bishop Mvseum, Vol. VII.

Plate I.

'V

ti:e vSTEen biUvE cape. Copenhagen.

Supplementary Notes {No. II) to an Essay on Ancient Haivaiian Feather Work.
7? I' William T. Brigham, Sc.D., Direfior of the Beniice Pauahi Bishop Museiim,
Honorary Felloiv of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

WHEN in the first part of the first volume of the Museum Memoirs, a formal
account of the ornamental feather work of the ancient Hawaiians was given
to the public in 1899, it was hoped that all of the few remains of this perish-
able fabric might be recorded in the archives of tbis Museum and where possible figured.
The public museums of Europe and America were ready to contribute their specimens
in photograph and sometimes in colored drawings, even her gracious Majesty of Eng-
land, Victoria, ordered excellent illustrations of the specimens recently discovered and
then in her private museum in Windsor Castle, to be sent to the author; but the people
of Hawaii who should have been interested in this preservation of the good and inter-
esting work of their ancestors, did not display these treasures as we might have felt
justified in expecting, and doubtless there are still some small specimens carefully pre-
served that have not been brought to the attention of this Museum. On the other hand
the publication of the material at our disposal led to discoveries quite unexpected, and
in 1903 a supplement was published enlarging to a considerable extent our list, mainly
from the museums on our exchange list whose officers were on the watch for such speci-
mens as might be offered to them.

In the last journey of the Director of this Museum around the world in 191 2 not
only were the rough drawings made in the note books of a previous journey in 1895
replaced by photographs and measurements, but many new specimens were brought to
light. After the first publication a discovery was made in Petrograd (then St. Peters-
burg) of some of the treasures collected on Captain Cook's last voyage. It may be
recalled that the expedition when arriving off the coast of Kamchatka was short of pro-
visions and in no little distress. Captain Clerke was on his death bed and had named
Captain King as his successor, directing the ships to make for what is now Petropaul-
ovski seeking supplies. The account of their reception in this desolate looking harbor"
(April, 1779) as given in the third volume of Cook's last voyage is one of the pleasant-
est episodes in the history of the intercourse of nations. Major Behm the Commandant
and later the Captain Shmaleff his successor, furnished the ships with all the provisions
desired, absolutely refusing compensation, declaring that the Empress Elizabeth would
rejoice to assist Englishmen on such an expedition. In some measure to requite this
unexpected liberality "specimens of all our curiosities" were presented to the Command-
ant." These were carefully boxed and forwarded to the Russian capital.

'See the plate in the Atlas of Cook's Last Voyage. "Cook's Third Voyage, 1785. Second edition, p. ^01.

O )

2 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

As in the case of Vancouver's official collections made fourteen years after the visit
of Cook, these were lost in the Government warehouses; so little was the intelligent inter-
est in Ethnology awakened at that time. Let us remember also that when Cook's reliquce
reached England they were sold at auction and scattered; some of the choicest finding
after many years, a worthy resting place in the Anthropologisch-ethnographische
Abteilung des K. K. Hofmuseum in Vienna. Some of these have been already illus-
trated in the publications of this Museum through the kindness of Dr. Franz Heger
the learned Director." But the time at last came to bring to light the grateful offering
of the survivors of the Cook expedition. I do not know the circumstances of the dis-
covery, nor are they important, but my attention was called to it by a Russian visitor
to this Museum, Vladimir Svjatlovskij, Professor in the Petrograd University. When
at last my opportunity came to visit Petrograd it may well be supposed that the Impera-
torskaja Akademija naiik was not the least attraction. The Russian Imperial Academy
is perhaps the most extensively organized in the world, for besides having scientific
activities extending all over the vast Russian Empire (we cannot yet call it Republic),
it has six distinct and remarkable museums in the capital, and of these the Anthro-
pological-Ethnological of Peter the Great contained the precious relics. It is not always
a great advantage to be a corresponding member of a foreign academy, but here it was
(although the great courtesy found everywhere in Russia might have answered the pur-
pose), but Dr. Wilhelm Radloff the Director, whose name was on my diploma, seemed
to give me a most hearty welcome, and opening the cases containing the treasures put
them at our service, and my Secretary Clarence M. Wilson and I went speedily to work
examining first the feather work, of which the results are of interest here, and then the
other often remarkable objects not only from the Hawaiian Islands, but from all the islands
visited on the voyage of Cook. As we were promised photographs of the important
specimens we did not make sketches, but contented ourselves with a careful examina-
tion. These photographs are used to illustrate this collection in this treatise.

In the dispersal of the collections of Cook part were purchased as curiosities for
what were then called museums, or by private bidders who appreciated the artistic if
not the scientific value of the beautiful specimens that have seldom, if ever, been sur-
passed by the subsequent collections from the same localities. From these private
holders in course of time, as the growing science of Anthropology claimed room for itself
in the Government museums, came as solitary specimens or more extensive collections,
for the shelter, care and exhibition so difficult, when in private houses, the scattered

"curiosities".

While moth and rust corrupted in very ancient times, it seems to those in charge
of modern museums that these destroyers of historical relics have been "gathering their
clans" and become, as the years roll on, greater forces of destruction, until the museum

'Occasional Papers, Vol. I, Plates III-IV. Memoirs I, fig. 20, p. 30,

PRESER VA TION OF FEA THER WORK. 3

curator needs all the resources of science to protect the relics that primitive man made
in the younger world, and his posterity may never make again. Modern museums have
become temples of refuge perhaps more sacred, when the spirit of barbarous man is per-
mitted to revisit the troubled earth, than the temples reared for the worship of the
Creator and Father of all the peoples on earth, and consecrated by that worship through
the centuries.

So it happens that a fine collection of "Cook relics" is now in the Australian
Museum in Sydney, which was first offered to this Museum but declined, perhaps from
the feeling, still strong, that Cook's memory was not sweetened by his acts on this group
or his legacy to the inhabitants who so hospitably received him and even worshipped
him as Lono, chief among their gods. The very interesting specimens are well cared
for in the Australian Museum, and the Director of the Bishop Museum (although not
consulted in the matter) deems them better placed than in the present crowded Bishop
Museum. Australians also remember the wonderful survey that Cook made of their
eastern coast; the memories of Botany Bay bring pilgrims to that beach where Sir Joseph
Banks found so many botanical specimens; and perhaps the best memorial statue of
Cook stands in Sydney. I had myself hoped to collect in one account all the scattered
mementos of Cook, especially the authentic specimens found in the many museums of
the world. The notes made in the museums and the "genealogy" of each specimen
remained unpublished. The subject did not seem to exactly fit into the plan of "the
Deed of Trust", for they were indeed relics of an Anglo-Saxon and not of a Polynesian
and all the Polynesian implements that form so important a share of the "relics" could
not change the flavor of the central figure: the notes may finally appear elsewhere.

To return to the important subject of the preservation of the delicate fabrics of
the Hawaiian feather work, the danger of deterioration, at least in the climate of these
islands, is not confined to the ravages of the innumerable insect and vegetable pests,
but the great actinic energy of the light acts very unfavorably on the feathers, more
especially of the yellow 00; the red of the iiwi is far more resistant. Even in a room so
darkened that a visitor has to adapt the eyes to the small amount of light before seeing
clearly, the cloaks and capes perceptibly lost color in a few years, and the Director de-
vised a case to protect the more valuable ahuula from the insidious ravages of light as
well as from atmospheric and living enemies. An account of this was published in the
Annual Report of the Director for 1915,' but from its intimate connection with the sub-
ject of feather work it seems well to repeat the illustrations with a somewhat extended
description. This case was made by the Art Metal Company of Jamestown, New York,
and is well shown in Fig. i.

The case idea was suggested by a very good one in the Dresden Museum, but
the construction for the Bishop Museum needs was quite different, and as transportation

'Occasional Papers, VI, No. 3, p. 134.

4 B RICH AM ON HA W All AN FEA THER WORK.

was matter for due consideration, it was made in sections and cemented together in the
Museum. Its external dimensions are, 10.5 feet in length, 7 feet in height, and 2 feet
in depth. Ordinarily it stands against the wall quite out of the way, but at the left-hand
front corner is a pivot firmly planted in the masonry of the floor on which the whole
case readily turns supported on wheels eight inches from the floor; the wheel nearest the
pivot turns on its own pivot, and all the wheels are rimmed with a suitable substance

FIG. I. CASE FOR THE AHUULA.

to avoid noise or floor disfigurement. The end door has its inner edge beveled and fits
into a similar bed covered with poisoned felt; the lock is from Jenks, Middleborough,
Mass., bolting top and bottom, and for greater security the bolt is held by an additional
Yale lock. Within the end door are six wooden frames (covered on both sides with
unbleached cotton cloth), which are supported by grooves top and bottom, and are readily
withdrawn and when out are supported by a movable trestle. To these frames on both
sides are attached by a number of points the cloaks spread to their full extent, but sup-
ported in so many places, in all readily detachable, that the least possible strain is
brought upon the fabric. These frames with the ahuula are well shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

FIG. 2. FRAME vSHOWIXG THK JOY AHUULA.

FIG. 3. FRAME SHOWING SMALLER AHUULA AND LEI.

FIG. 4. MOUEIv OF AN HAWAIIAN CHIEF, PETROGRAD.

FIG. 5. SIDE VIEW OF FIG. 4.

8

BRIG HAM ON HA WAHAN FEA THER WORK.

THE COOK COLLECTION AT PETROGRAD.

Unfortunately the photographs sent were not numbered but the descriptions may
identify them. The model which is supposed to represent an Hawaiian chief serves to
show the use of a number of articles in rather an incongruous association (Figs. 4 and 5).
For example, the cloak is worn in a somewhat unusual manner, the remains of a rather
uncomfortable feather lei surround his throat, his right hand holds a fan, his left a flj'-
flap kahili, a dancer's rattle of dog-tusks covers his right shank, and a bracelet of boar-

FIGS. 6 AND 7. .NLAHIOLE OF THE LOW CREST, PETROGRAD.

tusks encircles his left wrist; both helmet and lei show plainly the ravages of insects;
the handle of the small kahili is well made of alternate rings of whale ivory and ca
(tortoise-shell) disks.

The object that first attracted attention in coming to the case containing the
Hawaiian exhibits was a perfectly black helmet of good form with a rising crest, but
wholly covered with black feathers apparently of the 00: it is the only black mahiole
that I have ever seen or read about; of course there was no history connected with this
specimen except its provenance from the Cook collection. Unfortunately no photograph
of this was sent, nor was the one on the model separately figured. Of the others we
have the two shown in Figs. 6 and 7, both badly stripped, while as I remember it the
black one was in good condition. The shape of No. 7 is not unlike the one brought

COOK COLLECTION AT PETROGRAD. 9

home by Vancouver and now in the Bishop Museum.' It will be noticed that in Fig. 6
the network to which the feathers were attached still remains on the body of the mahiole.
The number of this pattern of mahiole found in museums would seem to indicate that
they might have been the insignia of chiefs of the second rank. Such helmets were
strong and a much better protection to the head of the warrior than the often fantastic
structures, now a favorite model for the costumer of the modern pageant. The origin
of this more common form is fully explained in the first volume of Memoirs. It certainly
did not hark back to the ancient Greeks.

Of the ahuula in this collection no separate photograph of the cloak displayed
on the model already figured was received, but it is not difficult to make out the pattern
from the two figures given. It is in fairly good condition and of large size. The smaller
capes are hardly so well preserved, but the patterns are more distinctly shown: yellow
and red with often black spots on the neck or front edge.

Figs. 4 and 5 show a red cloak of ordinary size (although it looks longer from
the way it is disposed on the figure), with a broad border of yellow 00; two yellow cres-
cents are below the middle, and a spherical triangle of yellow touches the middle of the
neck border, with half similar triangles on either side. This cloak >is in better preserva-
tion than the mahiole on the same model.

Fig. 8 shows a red cape with two small yellow crescents, a border of yellow triangles
with an angle introrse, and one of the same form and color on each front edge. This
cape is badl}^ eaten, whether by the tooth of Time or some other is not important.

Fig. 9. A cape of red with two yellow semicrescents on the front borders, and
a graduated yellow band around the base, of which the width at the back is twice that
of the front. The neck border is 3'ellow while the front borders are too far destroyed
to determine the proportion of yellow and red.

Fig. 10. One of the capes worn over the shoiilder for convenience in battle for
wielding club or hurling spear. It was not of a kind to mark chiefly rank. In shape
it much resembles the Maori cape of New Zealand, and is made of black and white
feathers of the common fowl. The curious border of matting which is sewed on (appar-
ently since the cloak was used) is very puzzling. It would seem to render the use of
the cape in battle impossible, and I have wondered whether the similar cape in the
Vienna Museum, No. 70, I, p. 76, which is also from Cook's last voyage will not show
us that such a cover was not unusual. The extreme width is 40 inches. I had no speci-
men of the Red-tailed Tropic Bird {Phacfhon nibricauda) with which to compare the
feathers, and here where the bird-skins are abundant, I have not the cape: the white
feathers are probably Tropic Bird.'

'Memoirs B. P. Bishop Museum, I, p. 5, fig. 2. Still another now in the K. K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseum,
Vienna, from Cook's collection and even more closely resembling this one in Petrograd, is shown in the same volume,
p. 43, fig. 35. See also Occasional Papers, I, pi. iii, 5.

^See Notes and Corrections at the end of this Memoir.

KIGS. 8 AND 9. HAWAIIAN AHUULA. COOK.

FIGS. lO AND II. CAPES FROM COOK COLLECTION.

12

BRIG HAM ON HA WAHAN FEA THER WORK.

Fig. II. A yellow cape with red ornameutation as shown in the figure. The
neck band was of red and yellow while the front bands were smaller and of yellow and
black. As will be seen on the figure the feathers are nearly stripped from the lower
portion of the cape. ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ Sydney.

This war cape in the very interesting collection of Cook relics in the Australian
Museum in Sydney was figured in the first volume of the Bishop Museum Memoirs and

FIG. 12. CAPE, COOK COLLECTION, SYDNEY.

is here repeated to show the variety of ahuula collected by Cook in the best period of
that manufacture. Petrograd, Vienna, Berne, London, Sydney and Wellington have
relics of that immortal expedition, while the Hawaiian Islands cannot show the smallest
cape that has returned to the place of origin. It seems a pity, but on the other hand
we possess finer feather work than any Cook was able to carry away, and ours is in far
better preservation than most of the others.

Except for the neck band and front border the cape looks like a kiwi feather cape
from New Zealand, and has great resemblance to the fine kiwi cloak in the Bishop Museum,
No. 8579. Other similar war capes recorded in the list of Hawaiian ahuula appended

COOK RELICS IN WELLINGTON, N. Z.

13

to this Supplement, are No. 26 which is very like, 33, 34, 35, all in British Museum,
64 in Leiden, and 94 in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., this being No. 73.
It seems that the long greenish-black feathers of the Frigate Bird {Eregafa aquild) used
in these capes and not well cared for are apt to become stringy and hardly recognizable.

THE FEATHER HAT.

In 1896 I found in Vienna a curious hat, evidently of foreign design which seemed
authentically traced to Cook's last voyage: the feathers were few and the relic had
eventually reached a safe port from very stormy seas. It was the only one of its kind

FIG. 13. FEATHER HAT.

so far found in a rather careful search for Hawaiian feather work in the museums of
the world, and it was so evidently an attempted imitation of a liaole hat in genuine
Hawaiian feather work that I attached little importance to it, and indeed it was hardly
sufficiently preserved to form a definite opinion of its origin and object. Wheu another
of these hats was foiind in the collection of Cook relics now in the Dominion Museum
in Wellington, N. Z.,' all doubt as to its manufacture was removed and the good con-
dition of the second specimen permitted a full examination, and by the kindness of Mr.

'These articles were originally in the Bvillock Musenin, Ivondon, and the Dominion Museum has a most interest-
ing priced sale catalogue of the contents of this museum sold on the block. Most of the Cook relics were gathered
into the present collection through private hands. The capes, etc., will be figured later in this essay.

14

BRIG HAM ON H AWAIT AN FEATHER WORK.

Augustus Hamilton, an old friend, then Director, since deceased, I obtained photographs
of this with the other specimens of this fine collection of Cook relics which are here
presented. The first, Fig. 13, shows the upper surface of the hat with its covering of
red iiwi feathers relieved by a generous border of 00 yellow feathers on the outer rim
and a narrow band around the body of the hat. The second, Fig. 14, shows the under
surface with the entire rim covered with the feathers, and the third gives a clear idea
of the basket work of the structure and of the somewhat decaj^ed network to which the

FIG. 14. INSIDE OF FEATHER HAT.

feathers are directly attached (Fig. 15). The weight of the structure is rather too great
for comfort, and I doubt if the officers for whom these feather-covered baskets were made
ever wore them, but it can be plainly seen that the workmanship was strong and skill-
ful; we may well believe that they were a labor of love for the foreigners whom they at
first worshipped and who later treated them so badly and left them so deadly a legacy.
The structure is of wound basket work of great strength such as was often used in
making the mahiole or helmets, and was made wholly independent of the feather cover-
ing, the latter being also made apart and later fastened to the basket by sufficient loops
of fibre. Note also the figure of the same hat shown on the title-page.

LILTUOKALANI CAPE.

15

So far only the pair of hats have been found; of course it is possible that there
may be another in private hands, but none has appeared in museums. The Petrograd
collection was the most likely place to look for one if any more existed, but if the con-
jectures of the author are well founded there would probably not be more than two of
these "complimentary" imitations of foreign mahiole made, one for "Lono", the divine
name given to Cook by the islanders when he first appeared, and the other for Captain
King whom the natives much loved and believed a son of the commander, so evident

FIG. 15. STRUCTURE OF THE FEATHER HAT.

was the confidence Cook reposed in his young lieutenant whom all the staff seem to
have liked, and whom Captain Clerke who succeeded to the command of the expedition
after the death of Cook, on his death bed appointed his successor.

It is certainly curious that in the remarkable scattering of the Cook relics these
hats should now be settled in museums as nearly antipodal as possible on land, Vienna
in Austria and Wellington in New Zealand. It is also interesting that two of the best
existing collections of the articles Cook's expedition gathered from the Pacific have re-
turned to their original home after strange wanderings, while the Hawaiian Islands with
which the name of Cook is sadly though everlastingly connected, have hardly an im-
portant specimen!

i6

B RICH AM ON HA WAHAN FEA THER WORK.

AHUULA BELONGING TO HER MAJESTY LILIUOKALANI, FORMERLY QUEEN OF HAWAH.

By the kindness of Her Majesty we have been allowed to examine and photo-
graph this cloak, and the illustration shows the distribution of iiwi red and oo yellow
and black. The red is so brilliant that I was inclined to think it apapane rather than
iiwi: it is often a puzzle for different specimens of each of these two birds show such
great variation in color that almost any shade of scarlet or crimson can be matched.

FIG. l6. THE LILIUOKALANI CAPE.

The dimensions of the cape are: extreme width, 33.5 inches; depth at the back 16 inches,
at the front 10.5 inches. The network is in one piece and uniform.

In the absence of color in the illustration (Fig. 16) it will be well to specify more
fully. The divided crescent is black with a filling of yellow; the two semicrescents
above this are red as are also the triangles on the lower front. The neck band consists
of twelve black and eleven yellow patches; similar patches ornament the front borders
arranged in the following order from the top: red, yellow, black, yellow, red, yellow, black,
yellow, red, black. The strings are of the square braid olona. The Queen inherited it
from her mother Keohokalole, and of its earlier history we have nothing authentic.

THE FULLER CAPE.

17

THE FULLER CAPE.
In the private collection of my friend Mr. A. W. F. Fuller of Sydenham Hill,
London, is a cape with an interesting history which he had secured a little while before
my visit to him in 1912. It was brought to England in 1821 by Kamamalu (wife and
sister of Liholiho, Kameliameha II) and was given by her to King George IV, who pre-
sented it to the Honorable Miss Paget who gave it to Her Grace the Duchess of Rich-

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FIG. 17. THE FULLER CAPE.

mond (ytice Caroline Paget). She gave it to Mr. E. Humphrey who had a collection of
such curiosities, and he left it at his death to his nephew Mr. Humphrey L. Freeland,
Member of Parliament for the city of Chichester. On the twenty-fourth of February,
1853, he (Freeland) presented it to the Chichester Museum, where it hung in the open
exposed to dust and moth for about twenty-five years until it -was placed in a case by
the Rev. A. Fuller, father of the present owner, who was then acting as Honorary
Curator. On the fourth of June, 1912, it passed into the collection of Mr. A. W. F.
Fuller with the entire ethnological collection of the Chichester Museum.

Memoirs B. P. Bishop Musuum, Vol. VII.-

i8

BRIG HAM ON HA WAN AN FEA THER WORK.

The cape measures in extreme width 31 inches; depth on back, 13 inches; on front,
9.5 inches; circumference of the neck, 18 inches; and of base, 62 inches. The net is fine,
reinforced on neck and front with three-plj' cord sewn on; the short cords at the neck are
of the usual square braid olona, and about six inches long. The base color is iiwi red and
the border and ornaments as shown in the figure are of 00 yellow much faded as might
be expected from its long exposure. The figure shows the form and condition very well.

FIG. 18. THE BEASLEY AHUULA.

On page 108 of the Chichester Museum catalogue is the following entry: "Donor — His
Grace the Duke of Richmond; — presented, June 27, 1853. Cloak made of feathers from
the Sandwich Islands." This cloak is now in the collection of Mr. Harry G. Beasley
(Fig. 17), but there is nothing to directly connect it with the cape. The Duke had many
ethnological specimens.

THE BEASLEY AHUULA.

Among the private collections of England that of Mr. Harry G. Beasley of Abbey
Wood, Kent, is noteworthy and among his treasures are many from New Zealand and
other parts of Polynesia. He has long been engaged on a work of study and illustra-
tion of the fish-hooks of the Pacific. A few years since he obtained the cloak, illustra-
ted in Fig. 18, of a pattern resembling the Joy cloak (No. 16 in the list of ahuula, and
still the largest cloak known of Hawaiian manufacture), the eighteen circles of yellow

THE BE AS LEY CLOAK.

19

00, and the basal border of the same, while the body of the cloak is iiwi red. The meas-
urements are: extreme breadth 8 feet 2 inches; depth of back 4 feet 7 inches; front 4 feet
I inch; the neck line measures 2 feet 4 inches; the basal line 9 feet 6 inches. As the
figure shows it is much worn. There is no history attached to the specimen prior to its
arrival in England. Like the Fuller cape it was obtained from the Chichester Museum
and was presented to that Museum by the Duke of Richmond, June 27, 1853.

CLOAK IN BISHOP MUvSKUM, NO. 958.

Although this cloak was enumerated in the Feather Work of Volume I of the
Memoirs, it was represented merely by a diagram, and it seems worthy of a more com-

FIG. 19. CLOAK NO. 958 B. P. B. M.

plete illustration, although nothing more is known of its origin. Its remarkable length,
9 feet 4 inches, while its depth on back is 50 inches and in front 48, the iiwi red of the
figures occupying nearly half of the surface, make this garment one of the most attrac-
tive that we have seen when placed on the shoulders of a tall muscular warrior. It has
evidently been used to considerable extent as the feathers are worn in places almost to
showing the underlying net, but otherwise it is in good preservation, and the red is very
little faded. As stated in the previous account it was purchased in London for twenty-
five pounds; its history will probably forever remain unknown. Compare this with the
Colgate cape. Fig. 115, p. 81, Memoirs, Vol. I: in both the motif is the same, keeping
in view the effect when worn.

20

BRTGHAM ON HA WAHAN FEA THER WORK.

THE BOOTH CAPE.

This curious specimen of more modern Hawaiian feather work is almost the only
example left on these islands of the use of green feathers for decoration of ahuula. It
belongs to Mrs. C. W. Booth of Pauoa, Honolulu, and she traces it back to ber grand-
father Baker. Mrs. Booth has also a fine collection of lei and other remains of old
Hawaii. The shape of this cape although peculiar in being shorter in the back than in
front, is rather attractive as shown in black and white (Fig. 20), but when the prodi-
gality of color is added it contrasts unpleasantly with the best examples of the older
work. The diagram, Fig. 21, will explain this in the absence of a color plate.

FIG. 20. THE BOOTH CAPE.

The basal color is 00 yellow, the upper half of the broad band of yellow consist-
ing of older and faded feathers, while the lower is of fresher and indeed beautiful plum-
age of the same bird. The narrow lower border is green and seems to be mixed of native
on {Psiltaciroslra psillaced) and the feathers of some foreign parrot of which there were
a number flying free on Hawaii in the second quarter of the last century (W. T. B.).
Above all this comes the extraordinary color scheme consisting of three circles of about
six inches diameter with two semicircles of the same size, their diametrical edge form-
ing the upper part of the front borders. These circles hang from a deep black band
of 00 feathers which also extends down half way between them and is terminated
above by a yellow neck-band. The semicircles are of crimson feathers of the apapane
i^Himatione sangniiiea), with a circumferential border of parrot-green feathers; the cen-
tral circle is wholly of green parrot feathers with the exception of two narrow horizontal

THE BOOTH CAFE.

21

bands of darker ou; on either side is a circle wholly of apapane feathers. The net is
rather coarse, in one piece, and rough to the touch like coconut fibre; the feathers are
generally attached by cotton or linen thread.

The cape measures 40 inches in extreme breadth; depth at back 13 inches, while
the front is uneven, 14 and 15 inches; the circles are about 6.5 inches in diameter.
The general effect is striking from the brilliancy of the apapane, and the deep black
band, but there is nothing of the dignity of many of the more ancient ahuula.

FIG. 21. COLOR DIAGRAM OF THK BOOTH CAPE.

..t.;:;-.vv-

YELLOW

:iA^ ::y;>*G R E E N t^*:hi'».

KEY TO COLOR.

THE AHUULA OF KUAHALIULANI.

This ancient and very interesting cape is almost the only one of which we have
the ownership preserved through several generations. Kuahaliulani was the son of
Kekaulike (king of Maui A.D. 1775) by his wife Kaakaukamalelekuawalu. From
Kuahaliulani it passed in succession to his son Keluluoho, grandson Hawaiiwaaole,
great-grandson Napelakapu-o-Namahanai-Kaleleokalani, and great-great-granddaughter
Harriet Panana Hianaloli, wife of Samuel Keaoililani Parker. Mrs. Parker left it to her
children, Eva Parker Woods, Helen Parker Widemann, Samuel Keaoililani Parker, Jr.,

22

BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

Ernest Napela Parker and James Kehooalii Parker, all of whom gave it to tliis Museum.
No. B 1230. Although the great age of this cape is shown in the worn condition of the
feathers, the red color of the body is still clear; the crescent is of the yellow 00, as are
also the semicrescents, the latter with the upper edge black. The neck-border alter-
nates black and yellow. The extreme width is 28 inches, the depth on the back, 11.5
inches, on front 9.5 inches. The net is of fine mesh.

FIG. 22. AHUULA OF KUAHALIULANI, B. P. B. M.

THE ELGIN CAPE.

Another cape which was merely a number in the earlier essay (97), has now a
more definite existence. Mr. W. F. Wilson of Honolulu writes me:

"During my travels in Scotland in 1902, I visited the Elgin Public Museum and
noticed this cape. As I am interested in Hawaiian ethnology, I had a photograph
taken of it and now have pleasure in enclosing herewith a copy of same, which you
may care to have for your archives. The cape at date of my visit to the Museum was
in fair preservation and the ticket attached to it stated that it had been presented to
the institution by the Dowager Countess of Seafield. Whence or when she had obtained
it the ticket did not mention."

Although we have no measurements it is not difficult to measure it by one of the
same pattern in this Museum formerly belonging to Queen Emma, No. 957 B. P. B. M.,
and described and figured in Vol. I of the Memoirs, p. 60, fig. 56. The latter diagram

THE ELGIN CAPE.

n

is here reproduced that the remarkable similarity may be seen: it will be noticed that
the semicrescents on the front border are longer in the Elgin cape and the twin cres-
cents are wider, but the pattern is identical. I have not examined the Elgin cape and
so cannot express an opinion as to its age; the Queen Emma cape was said to have been

FIG. 23. THE ELGIN CAPE.

FIG. 24. QUEEN EMMA CAPE.

in her mother's family for many years, and it certainly appears to belong to the period
of the best work. The general pattern was certainly a favorite one although I do not
know of two so closely alike as those before us. The measurements of the Queen Emma
cape are 32 inches in breadth, 15 inches depth behind, 8 inches in front. The Elgin
cape probably nearly conforms to these.

24

BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

Since the above description was in type I have received from the Honorary Sec-
retary of the Elgin and Morayshire Literary and Scientific Association (Instituted in
1836), H. B. Mackintosh, F. S. A., Scot., through my friend J. Edge-Partington, Esq., a
full-sized sketch of the cape, which seems to be a tracing, and this gives the measure-
ments less than those of the Queen Emma cape: extreme breadth 27.5 inches; depth
behind 13.5 inches and in front 7 inches. The sketch also shows that the neck-band
was in alternate red and black the former three times the width of the black. Mr.
Mackintosh also kindly searched the Association records and local newspaper files, but

I

FIG. 25. THE REYNOLDS CAPE, PEABODY MUSEUM, SALEM.

obtained no more than the present label contains and which seems to have been renewed
and amplified since 1902 when Mr. Wilson saw it. It reads: "Feather cape of Liliuo-
kalani Queen of the Sandwich Islands. The yellow and black are feathers of the Moho
nobilis, while the scarlet feathers are of the plumage of the Vestiaria coccinea. Both
these birds have been extinct for many years now, and this cape or 'ahuula' to give it
its native name, is undoubtedly unique and valuable. Presented by the Countess
Dowager of Seafield Castle in 1892."

How the name of the late ex-queen became attached to this label is not stated.
She visited England with Queen Kapiolani at the time of the Queen Victoria Jubilee
in 1887, but we have no record that this cape ever belonged to Liliuokalani. It is
hardly necessary to add that the birds furnishing the scarlet, black and yellow feathers
are not at the present writing extinct.

REYNOLDS CAPE IN SALEM MUSEUM.

25

AHUULA IN THE PKABODV MITSKUM, SALEM.

By the kinduess of Mr. L. W. Jenkins of the Peabody Museum I have received
a good photograph of a small cape lately presented to that Museum. Like so manj^
other ahuula, its history is limited to the time it fell into foreign hands. In 1823
Stephen Reynolds went to the Hawaiian Islands and for thirty years he led a curious
life married to an Hawaiian woman, and was sometime harbor master of Honolulu.
He returned to Essex County in 1854 bringing this cape among other specimens of native

FIG. 26. THE CAVE NET NOW IN THE BISHOP MUSEUM COLLECTION.

work. Stephen W. Phillips, Esq., a well-known citizen of Salem who was born in Hono-
lulu while his father was attorney-general there in the reign of Kamehameha V, presented
the Reynolds collection to the Museum. The basal color is yellow 00, the semicrescents
iiwi red with black dots on the front edge. The size is 23.5 inches extreme width, depth
of back 1 1.3 inches, of the front 7 inches. Judging from the photograph the little cape
is in good preservation, the net rather more open than usual in capes of this size.

THE CAVE NET.
In an account of the contents of a fine burial cave on Hawaii (Meinoirs B. P. B. M.,
Vol. II, p. 20), is given a brief account of a net in a very poor condition but still retain-
ing enough of its original shape to show that it was once a feather cape of the rectangu-

26

BRIGHAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

lar form worn over one shoulder in battle, and the few quills remaining attached to the
net show signs of red feathers. The cave was a dry one and well protected, and the carv-
ings and other wooden objects were well preserved, which leads me to suspect that this
garment was used as covering for a corpse which had disappeared but in decomposition
entailed the same fate on the cover. The measurement of the net is as follows: breadth
19 inches, depth sides 9 and 9.7 inches. The condition of the net precludes exact meas-
urements. On the top is a four square cord of olona, much worn, with remains of strings.

FIG. 27. STEEN BILLE CAPE AT COPENHAGEN.

Originally it was a strong, serviceable garment. From the choice articles which were
found in this cave it cannot be supposed that a worn-out or fragmentary ahuula was
deposited with the dead and the watching aumakua. This net with the two aumakua
are now the property of the Museum, the net No. 9070. It is unfortunate that more note
was not made of the disposition of articles in this interesting cache; the insufficiency of
light and the difficulty of removing so many objects must be sufficient excuse.

THE STEEN BILLE CAPE, COPENHAGEN.

The beautiful yellow and green feather cape mentioned in the Report of a Journey
Around the World in 1896" as very interesting but on that visit inaccessible for close ex-
amination or measurement, was on a second visit in 19 12, put most obligingly in our hands
for examination as mentioned in the report of that visit ' and it has seemed best to repro-

' Occasional Papers, I, i, p. 24.

^Occasional Papers, V, 5, p. 198, fig. 46, p. 199.

THE STEEN BILLE AND BLOXAM AHUULA.

27

duce the illustration which was from a photograph kindly sent by Dr. Sophus Muller the
distinguished antiquarian and ethnologist, Director of the Nationalmuseet in Copenhagen.
We were used to the fading of these feather ahuula in the bright light of the tropics, but
were surprised to see that even here the fading was evident since the previous visit.

The measurements are as follow: extreme breadth 36 inches; depth of back 18
inches, of front 12 inches. Red and black spots on the front edges and neck; the cres-
cents and semicrescents are of dark green (yHemiguathns procerus^ Cab.?) or on {^Psitti-
rosira psittacea^ Gmel.). The bird from which the feathers came is uncertain as the
olive green has faded and without the bird for comparison the exact color is doubtful.

In the color plate made from the photograph
sent, with the original color restored as
nearly as possible, this beautiful cape may
be seen. (Frontispiece.)

CLOAK IN NEW ZEALAND, NO. 76.

Among the specimens of which measure-
ments were wanting in the original essay,
but were supplied in the first Supplement
was No. 76 (I, p. 77, fig. 104; measurements
given p. 447). As it is certainly more con-
venient to have the diagram with the meas-
urements which Mr. J. Edge-Partington has
kindly supplied, the original diagram is here
repeated. The measurements show that the
lateral compression was great, doubtless due to the exigencies of a note-book. Width
at neck, 2 feet 7 inches; round bottom, 9 feet i inch; length at back, 4 feet 3 inches;
in front 4 feet. While small for a cloak it is too large for a regular cape. It is a matter
of regret that the possessor is still unknown. If it should finally find its resting place
in some public museum the diagram and measurements will serve to identify it.

The diagram and measurements did indeed serve to identify this cloak sooner
than imagined. In examining my notes on the Bloxam cloak the measurements were
almost the same and quite as close as can usually be made on a cloak somewhat worn
and loose in texture. The shape of the central ornament differed, but I could not doubt
that we had "run to cover" the long unknown owner of this interesting ahuula. I have
left this as originally written in order that the two diagrams may be compared.

' BLOXAM CLOAK, CHRISTCHURCH, N. Z.

An interesting cloak that I was enabled to examine while a guest of the owner in
Christchurch, New Zealand, is shown in diagram No. 29. It belongs to A. R. Bloxam,
Esq., and was obtained during the voyage of the Blonde of which his father Rev. Andrew

FIG. 28. CLOAK NO.. 76.

28

B RICH AM ON HA IV All AN FEA THER WORK.

Bloxam was naturalist and his uncle chaplain (1824-1825). The cloak is in fairly
good condition although somewhat faded, and worn so as to show in places the tiny red
feather often placed at the base of the feather of the 00 to simulate the orange of the
more prized-raamo; hence a mottled appearance in the yellow portions of the cloak.
Through the kindness of Mr. A. R. Bloxam we are furnished with a colored drawing
of the cloak and very complete and careful measurements: the latter are as follows:
Weight 4 pounds 8 ounces; circumference of neck 2 feet 3 inches; depth in front 4 feet,

FIG. 29. THE KLOXAM CLOAK, CHRISTCHURCH, N. Z.

back 4 feet 5 inches; circumference around bottom 9 feet; lower yellow border 6 inches
in front, 7.5 inches at middle of back; yellow rhomb in the middle is 27.5 x 13.5 inches.
The yellow predominates leaving the design in red.

THE LADY FRANKLIN CAPE.

A very beautiful cape given by King Alexander Liholiho (Kamehameha IV) in
1861 to Lady Jane Franklin who in her tireless search for traces of her lost husband came
to these islands in hope of gathering from the hardy whalers then frequenting our harbors
in the winter season some tidings of possible relics of Sir John Franklin's expedition
that might be noticed in their summer visits to the Arctic seas. Public sympathy was
excited strongly and the king noted his by the gift of this much-prized cape.' On the
death of Lady Franklin (July 18, 1875) the cape was bequeathed to Mr. G. B. Austen

' Thirty-nine relief expeditions were sent out from England and America in search of the missing expedition between
1847 and 1S57, five of them by Lady Franklin, the last of her sending the yacht Fox in 1857, Captain Leopold McClin-
tock, found proof of the utter destruction of the expedition, and it was learned that Franklin died June 1 1, 1847.

;:!

-^<MLK. Y

xr

Memoirs Bishop Museum. Vol. VII.

the; lady franklin cape.

CLOAK IN DRESDEN MUSEUM.

29

Lefroy from whom the Museum purchased it in 1909. It was sent on approval that we
might assure ourselves of its excellent condition. Packed with great care and as pro-
tection on the long sea voyage it was soldered in a tin case. It was in a time of peace
and there were no censors. The officials in San Francisco tore open the case (as they
had perhaps the right and certainly the power), assessed a duty of $14.60, and without
restoring the packing sent it on two thousand miles farther by sea. As objects for this
Museum are exempt from duty the Government corrected the mistake of its customs
officer and refunded the money. Even a democratic Government is not always efficient!

FIG. 30. CLOAK IN THE DRESDEN MUSEUM.

The extreme width of the cape is 36 inches; the depth behind is 16.5 inches, and
in front 11. 5 inches. The specimen is in perfect order, the colors bright as when made.
The yellow is 00, the central crescent is of black 00 on the upper half and crimson
apapane feathers on the lower. For the exact color of these rare apapane feathers see
Memoirs I, p. 10, Feather Work." The bird is Himatione sangninea^ Cabanis. The
two open half crescents are of apapane with yellow 00 for centre; the lower half cres-
cents are of black 00. In the neck-band are seven red and six black spots alternating
with yellow. The network foundation seems rather coarse, cut for the cape, and is
turned in on the front borders. Evidently it has not seen much use and was probably
made in the time of the early Kamehamehas. B. P. Bishop Museum No. 9670.

A CLOAK IN THE DRESDEN MUSEUM.

As the figure shows this ahuula is of the variety worn in battle over the left shoulder
leaving the right arm free to use weapons. It is in good preservation, and the arched band
of yellow 00 is a rather unusual form of decoration. The body color is red iiwi, the deco-
rations are yellow 00, and there are no other feathers. It is numbered 12,339 i^ the

■ Since the above was written we were able to procure a satisfactory color plate of this well-preserved cape, Plate II.

30 B RICH AM ON HA W All AN FEA THER WORK.

Museum, but I find uo additional information on the photograph sent me. Of the other
fine specimens in this Museum I have no photographs, but one formerly in London
was figured in the Memoirs of this Museum, Vol. I, p. 71, Fig. 94. The excellent steel
case in which these feather specimens are kept has already been mentioned.

THE REIS CAPE.

This is a genuine old cape of iiwi and 00 feathers. The network is in good order
consisting of a number of radial sections not always of the same mesh although not
varying greatly. Unfortunately, while the colors are fairly preserved, the feathers
have suffered from insects to some extent, as is generally the case in private collections.
It has been in the possession of Mrs. Manuel Reis of Honolulu for some years.

The measurements are: breadth 27.5 inches; depth on back 12 inches, on front
9 inches. The not uncommon arrangement on Hawaiian capes of transposing colors
where the edges come together in front is seen here where the yellow half triangles
meet the black. The body of the cape is iiwi red: on this are three crescents of yellow
separated by a bipronged crescent of black. The base has a border of yellow, the front
and neck border is of alternate red and yellow. Plate HI shows well the scarlet iiwi
and yellow 00 feathers as well as the deep black of the body feathers of the 00.

MALO OF KAUMUALII.

It has been suggested that some explanation of the persons for whom the ahuula
are named (when the name is not merely that of the present owner) should be given to
the reader of this brochure. It will be noted by those who have followed the account of
these relics of old Hawaiian art given in the pages that have already appeared, that
seldom are we able to trace the original owner or the chiefs of distinction who may have
inherited, captured in combat, or received in token of friendship or gratitude the cloak
or cape in question. In the present case we can turn to the names of a number of dis-
tinguished Hawaiians who are connected with the malo during parts of its existence.
Although the author does not pretend to be familiar with Hawaiian genealogies, that
most intricate and uncertain of native historical matters, he can at least appeal to the
best authority we have, Fornander.'

It is not necessary to go back beyond the descendant of the renowned Kualii,*
Kamakahelei who was Queen (Moi) of Kauai when Cook arrived at Waimea in January,
1778. Her first husband was Kaneoneo who was killed on Oahu about 1785-6, and whose
shin-bone forms the ktimu of a famous kahili handle in the Bishop Museum (No. 24).
With Kaneoneo Kamakahelei had two daughters, one of whom Kapuaamohu became one
of the wives of Kaumualii and grandmother of the late Queen Kapiolani. At the time
of Cook's visit Kamakahelei had another husband the celebrated Keaokulani younger
brother of Kahekili, Moi of Maui. With Keaokulani Kamakahelei had a son Kaumualii.
The father was killed at the battle of Kukiiahu, Oahu, November, 1794, two years after
the visit of Vancouver who noticed the young prince as about fourteen years old (he was

'The Polynesian Race, II, 297. "I!. P. B. M. Memoirs, IV, 2H, 369.

^^-iA-^ULjO 30

Memoirs Bishop Museum, Vol. VII.

THE REIS CAPE.

AHUULA OF KAUMUALII. 31

probably several years older). On the death of his mother, a date not recorded but
probably soon after the death of Kaeokulani, Kaumualii became Moi of Kauai.

All the accounts of this prince picture him as an intelligent and worthy sover-
eign. Quoting Alexander: ' "From his personal qualities, both of mind and body, he
was the beau ideal of a Hawaiian chief, and was universally beloved by his subjects
and by foreigners. He was the only Hawaiian who had learned to read and write the
English language to any extent." And again (I.e., p. 175), "At Kaumualii's urgent
request Messrs. Whitney and Ruggles went to reside at Waimea, Kauai. No chief gave
Christianity so cordial a reception, or made such rapid improvement as Kaumualii."
His wife Kapuli or Deborah as afterwards christened, exercised great influence over
his mind. (Jarvis, Chap. VH.)

In 1810 Kaumualii was persuaded to visit Kamehameha on Oahu to consider
the political position of Kauai which alone remained to complete his conquest of the
Group. It required no little courage on the part of the young king in view of the fate
of Keoua who returned to the gods on the altar of Kamehameha's new temple at Kawai-
hae, but the interview proved a pleasant one so far as Kamehameha was concerned, and
Kauai and its adjoining islands were ceded to the Conqueror and Kaumualii was re-
instated as Moi for life with the understanding that he should make Liholiho (Kameha-
meha II) his heir. This was afterward carried out in spite of the opposition of Hume-
hume (George Kaumualii) a son by a woman of low rank. At this interview, it is said,
Kamehameha gave Kaumualii the malo, with a mahiole (helmet, B. P. B. Museum,
No. 959), and some feather capes.

Now comes in modern history and we find that Kaahumanu the widow of Kameha-
meha, and guardian of his son Kauikeaouli, afterwards Kamehameha III (Liholiho,
Kamehameha II having in the meantime died in England), moved perhaps by the
political influence and activity of Kapuli, ordered Kaumualii to visit her at Honolulu.
He came, but expecting death (it was a convenient way to dispose of a rival chief by
killing and throwing the body into the sea on the often rough passage between Kauai
and Oahu), he deposited his prized insignia the mahiole and two feather capes, but not
the nialo, with his good friend Mrs. Whitney of the American Mission. On his arrival
at Honolulu, having escaped a watery grave, he fell into the fire by having to marry
the ponderous alii Kaahumanu who afterwards married his son Humehume to have the
whole family in hand. It made peace on Kauai, but Kaumualii never saw his insignia
again. I saw one of the capes when visiting Mrs. Whitney in 1864 and she evidently
thought that the king had given it outright. At her death half a century after the
deposit, her personal effects were sold at auction to settle her estate, and Mr. C. R. Bishop,
then Minister of Foreign Affairs, purchased the mahiole and presented it to the Govern-
ment Museum. Chief Justice Judd purchased one of the capes (now in the Bishop
Museum, No. B 130, by the kindness of the Judd family). Mr. Henry Riemenschnei-

' A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, p. 155.

32 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

der bought the other cape which he afterward gave to Kalakaua in return for a deco-
ration the king had conferred upon him (see below, now in the Kapiolani Estate).
Where was the malo? A. F. Judd, Esq., President of the Museum Trustees, seems to
have solved this. The malo (or a malo) was known to be in the possession of the
Kalakaua family and I feel justified in quoting the very interesting letter of Mr. Judd
to me as Director of the Museum:

"When at the request of the Trustees, in May, 1910,' I called on the Queen to
receive from her the heirlooms and relics which she desired to place in the Museum, I took
particular pains to inquire of her the story of the 'Kaumualii Malo'. She seemed loath
to discuss the question, and would only say 'I got it from Kalakaua'. I spoke of the
fact that she referred to it as Kaumualii's Malo, and naturally wanted the story, as that
would make the ahuula of greater interest. How did Kalakaua get it? Was it not
improbable that it was a product of Kauai? Might it not have been given to Kaumu-
alii by Kamehameha? Did not Kalakaua consider that it was originally Kameha-
meha's, for he had apparently ordered it used when the statue of Kamehameha was
made, etc., etc.? I spoke to her in Hawaiian as well as English. Colonel laukea, who
was present also, joined in the interrogation, but all the Queen would say was 'I got it
from Kalakaua'.

"Colonel laukea has said that, whenever the Queen was absent from Honolulu,
he placed the ahuula in the vaults of Bishop & Company for safe keeping, and that
the dampness or other conditions there surrounding it showed that the Museum would
be a better depository, as some of the feathers had become detached. He further stated
that the Queen took the ahuula with her from the palace in 1893.

"Having had my curiositj' thus quickened, I made a S3'stematic campaign among
my Hawaiian friends, to learn if there was any one who knew anything about the
'Malo'. I was familiar with the painting of it in the Museum Picture Gallery.

"The only native who said he knew of the 'Malo' was A. K. Palekaluhi, now
deceased. You may remember him as the fine-looking, light-skinned Hawaiian who
for many j^ears owned a very pretentious, half-constructed frame house on School Street
just ewa and makai of the bridge over Nuuanu stream. Palekaluhi said that his family
on Kauai had been retainers of Kaumualii, and had been the Kahu of this 'l\Ialo'.
Early in Kalakaua's reign, the King had gone to Kauai and compelled the then Kahu
to surrender to him the 'Malo', as he, the King, was entitled to it.

"Palekaluhi, on my first interview was disinclined to tell me about the 'Malo' as
the 'gods' had not been propitiated. The knowledge which he had was private, but if
the omens were satisfactory, he felt he could pass on to me the story of the 'Malo' as
it was now in my custody. I gave him the means to square the gods, and he talked
freely to me at the next interview. The Bishop Estate Collector, W. C. Amana, was

' Curiously enough on Uie one hundredth anniversar)' of the presentation of the malo to Kaxnnualii, although neither
party to the transfer seems to have notictil this.

AHUULA OF KAUMUALII. 33

present, and at my request, wrote out in Hawaiian the gist of Palekalulii's statement.
A few days later Palekalulii wrote out his brief statement. Both of these, and a rough
translation, I enclose.

"Some weeks later I happened to meet Palekaluhi near the Court House, and
he said he had been in error in telling me that the name of the 'Malo' was 'Kanikawi' —
that the true name was 'Kanikawa' a name which described the sound which the 'em-
broidered' end of the 'Malo' made when it struck the king's thighs as he strode along.

"The meeting of Kaumualii and Kamehameha off the harbor of Honolulu is a
matter of history. It is a reasonable explanation of the presence of the 'Malo' on Kauai
to suppose that the 'Malo' was given by Kamehameha to Kaumualii as a pledge of the treaty
by which Kaumualii surrendered the sovereignty of Kauai to Kamehameha, who gave it
to him to hold in trust for his son Kamehameha W. (Perhaps the Kaumualii 'Mahiole'
was given by Kamehameha at the same time. Who knows?) I assume that this ahuula
was a product of Hawaii, and not of Kauai, but this may be too great an assumption.

"If this material is of any use to you please avail yourself of it.

"Faithfully yours,

"A. F. JUDD."

The statement of Palekaluhi as taken down by Amana was:
"When Kamehameha desired Kauai (you must understand that there was no
war waged when Kamehameha obtained the island, because of the fact that he and its
king were relatives), he (Kaumualii) sent a messenger to Kamehameha to tell him,
'When the black cloud [kapa] covers (meaning his death), Kauai is yours.' Kameha-
meha desired that they two should confer. They met in the year iSoi [1810] on Oahu.
It was at that time that Kamehameha gave to Kaumualii the Malo, Mahiole and
Ahuula. Then Kaumualii called the Malo 'Kanikawi'. Kaumualii finally died and
these things" were kept by his retainers (Kahu) until the reign of Kalakaua who searched
for them and finally obtained possession of them from Kaumualii's retainers."

This seems to account for the origin and present status of the ahuula described.
The malo is shown in Fig. 31. The teeth used as ornament are good specimens and
well drilled: the end ones are set in rows alternating with rows of what has been called
"palates of rays", but on examination I found the material consisted of small bundles
of fish teeth most ingeniously bound together by delicate fibres of olona into units of
the size of an ordinary molar tooth.

But we will proceed in a more orderly manner to the measurement of this curious
feather decoration and return to a more complete examination of the details of the deco-
ration later. First a closely woven net of olona 4.5 inches wide and 1 1 feet and 10 inches
long, is covered on both sides by red iiwi feathers (the method of attachment has been
fully described in the Memoir to which this is a supplement, p. 51); to this on both

'We have seen how the mahiole and ahuula were otherwise disposed.
Memoirs B. P. Bishop Museum, Vol. VII.— 3.

FIG. 31. KAUMUALIl'S MALO.

CORDON OF KAUMUALII DESCRIBED.

35

edges is attached by frequent cords a lei of oo feathers increasing tlie width of the cordon
to six inches. The chief end which is to hang in front is thickened and weighted by
the insertion of three rows of human teeth (of conquered enemies?), the rows being
separated by the insertion of the Httle bundles of fish teeth already mentioned and to
be more fully described later. All the teeth are included from incisor to molar and
drilled and firmly attached to the net; the different sizes cause different numbers in the
rows, so the first row of small teeth has 17, the second 15 of larger size and the third
row has now 13, two are missing leaving 45 at present; the arrangement is clearly shown
in Fig. 31. A band of j'ellow 00 crosses the cordon 17 inches from the end, with teeth

FIG. 32. TEETH AND THE BUNDLES.

set in the feathers, 4 on one side of the cordon, 10 on the other; a second similar band
comes 33 inches from the end and this has 10 teeth on one side and 13 smaller ones on
the other. After examining a number of fish teeth it seemed most probable that the ones
used were those of the Hilu {Jul is eydouxit) of the family Labridse. Fig. 32 shows
the bundle of teeth in the left hand corner; next on the lower line comes a tooth with
its successor at its side, then the jaw from which it was taken, and other jaws with teeth
in place. In the upper left hand corner is a cluster of bones in the jaw of another fish
which may have suggested the arrangement but are too short for the present purpose.
The beauty of fish teeth has not been generally noticed, but the Hawaiians saw it.

Perhaps the question may arise how could a band four yards long, made as this
is with feathers on both sides be disposed on the wearer? The term malo is certainly
misleading: it is the Hawaiian (and Polynesian) name for the article in question, but
in English it would properly from its use be called a cordon. It seems a part of the

FIG. 33. Gould's statue of kamehameha i.

photographed by A. W- Kice,

COULD' S STATUE OF KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT.

37

author's dut}^ to attempt an explanation and fortunately lie lias a fine lay figure in the
statue of Kamehameha of which, by the kindness of Mr. Arthur W. Rice of this
city, I am able to present one of his fine views of the statue as it now stands in front
of the Judiciary Building in Honolulu (October, 1917). Fig. 33.

A little preliminary history is re-
quired. When the Kamehameha had
been modeled by Gould, the attention
of the Hawaiian Club of Boston, of
which I had the honor of being presi-
dent for ten years, was called to the
completed model and it was noticed
that the great Moi was represented
wearing a sort of apron: the sculptor
was informed that this was by no means
a correct costume of the time of Kameha-
meha and would appear ridiculous to the
modern Hawaiian. Gould then wrote
for a photograph of a Hawaiian wear-
ing a malo in propria forma. Kala-
kaua had recently acquired from its
kalni the "Malo of Kaumualii" of which
we have given the history, and he select-
ed that to be photographed for the sculp-
tor's use, providing the model with an
ordinary malo at the same time, as was
proper. It is supposed that he sent
only a front view of the puzzling deco-
ration, for while the front of the statue
is all right, the use made of the rest of
the long band was impossible.

In the statue the cordon passes from
the pendent end up behind the portion
used as a waist-band, over the left shoulder, outside the cloak, instead of returning down
the back to form the belt as it should have done with the end tucked in to tighten the band,
it leaves this belt as an independent member and passes down over the cloak to trail on
the ground! (See Fig. 34.) In such a treatment it would have been impossible to
keep the long, heavy train in its place on the shoulder of the spear arm, and there is no
provision for the belt. If the mamo cloak and the cordon were ever worn together
(which is not probable), the sculptor has takea "poetical license" in his disposal of the

FIG. 34.

BACK OF KAMEHAMEHA STATUE.

Photographed by A. W. Rice.

38 B RICH AM ON HA WAIIAN FEA THER WORK.

troublesome dorsal band.' The ordinary malo is shown on the statue, a proof that the
cordon was not used as a malo, an impossible feat. Perhaps no competent critic saw the
model after the cordon was added, or it was thought best not to remove the band after
the cast was made. As there was no living Hawaiian who had seen such a cordon worn
either by Kamehameha or Kaumualii, the absence of criticism may be understood.'

That these malo were not peculiar to the Hawaiians may be seen from the ac-
count given in Cook's last voyage^ where in inspecting the Tahitian sacred places they

were shown some bundles. "One of the bundles was now untied; and it was found to

contain the )iialo with which these people invest their kings; and which seems to answer,
in some degree, to the European ensigns of royalty. It was carefully taken out of the
cloth, in which it had been wrapped up, and spread, at full length, upon the ground
before the priests. It is a girdle about five yards long, and fifteen inches broad; and
from its name, seems to be put on in the same manner as the common vialo or piece of
cloth, used by these people to wrap around the waist. It was ornamented with red and
yellow feathers; but mostly with the latter, taken from a dove found upon the island.
The one end was bordered with eight pieces, each about the size and shape of a horse
shoe, having their edges fringed with black feathers. The other end was forked, and
the points were of different lengths. The feathers were in square compartments, ranged
in two rows, and otherwise, so disposed as to produce a pleasing effect. They had been
first pasted or fixed upon some of their own country cloth and then sewed to the upper

» Since the above was written I have seen a copy of the photograph of the model sent to the sculptor and I am glad
to clear him of all responsibility for the strange misuse of the cordon in passing it over the cloak; the blame for this
must rest on those who had the photograph taken. The ungraceful position of the left hand was changed by the
artist but he could not have been expected to be versed in the peculiarities of ancient Hawaiian adornment. In the
photograph sent not only was the cordon placed over the cloak but the main ornament, the terminal set with teeth was
not visible in front! I can only suppose that King Kalakaua in his apprenticeship to royalty as assistant chamberlain
to Kamehameha V, never saw such a cordon adorning his royal master who was greatly averse to personal display as
I was convinced by my acquaintance with that monarch, who probably never saw the cordon in question.

- It seems well to give the history of the statue in brief. In 187S the Hawaiian Legislative assembly made an appro-
priation to provide a monument to commemorate the centennial of the rediscovery of the Group by Captain James
Cook; Messrs. Gibson, Kapena, Kaai, Cleghorn and Nawahi were appointed a special committee to carry out the
work, with powers to act during the recess of the Assembly. The Honorable Walter M. Gibson the originator of the
commemoration idea, engaged the well-known Boston sculptor Thomas R. Gould to design a statue of Kamehameha
as the Commemorative Monument (although the Conqueror had very little to do with Cook's visit, and Vancouver,
who was Lieutenant on Cook's Expedition, refers to him as a young and very savage-looking chief). A contract with
the sculptor was drawn by James W. Austin, Esq., and he with Mr. EMward M. Brewer, both former residents of Hono-
lulu, then of Boston, acted as agents of the Committee. The statue was to be of bronze, heroic size, and to cost Jio,ooo.
The models furnished the sculptor, who had never .seen a Hawaiian, were the original Kotzebue portrait, and that in
the voyage of Duniont D'Urville; photographs of several well-built Hawaiians arrayed in the royal Mamo cloak, the
Mahiole of Kaumualii, the cordon already described and a good war-spear. The statue was to be eight feet and six
inches from the base to the crest of the helmet. As panels in the pedestal four bronzes in has rc/Zey' depicted the fol-
lowing scenes: Kamehameha's first meeting with Cook on board the Resolution off Lahaina in 1778; Kamehameha
warding off five hostile spears thrown at one time; his review of the Peleleu fleet of war canoes off Kohala; and the
old men, women and children reposing in peace by the roadside during his reign. A photograph of the model of the
statue is in the Bishop Museum. The original statue was modeled and cast in Florence, and shipped from Leghorn
in 1S80, but the vessel was lost off the Falkland Islands. The insurance procured a replica which in due time arrived,
was erected in its present place, and was unveiled February 14, 1883, as a part of the coronation ceremonies of King
Kalakaua. It has long been a custom of the Hawaiians to wreath the statue with leis on Kamehameha Day, June 11.
Of late the statue has been illumined in the evening by concealed lights. Several years later the original cast was
recovered, .slightly damaged, brought to Honolulu, purchased by the Government and erected in Kohala, Kameha-
meha's birthplace. (See Thrum's Annual and the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of July 27, 1912.)
^Cook, III Voyage, VoL II, p. 37.

Three AhuulA r^describeD. i^

end of the pendant which Captain Wallis had displayed, and left flying ashore, the first
time that he landed at Matavai. This was what they told us; and we had no reason to
doubt it, as we could easily trace the remains of an English pendant. About six or
eight inches of the malo was unornamented; there being no feathers upon that space,
except a few that had been sent by Waheiadooa, as already mentioned. The priests
made a long prayer, relative to this part of the ceremony; and if I mistook not, they
called it the prayer of the tna/o. When it was finished, the badge of royalty was care-
fully folded up, put into the cloth, and deposited again upon the morai.^''

The remains of another similar cordon is in this Museum, No. 6921, slightly
longer than that of Kaumualii, and without feathers although many of the teeth remain;
fragments also of the former plumage are distinguishable by close examination, so firmly
were the shanks of the feathers bound to the net. This will be described by Mr. Stokes.

THREE AHUULA REDESCRIBED.

In the Memoir published in 1899 three ahuula were mentioned and diagrammati-
cally figured, of which we are now by the kindness of Director F. A. Lucas and Curator
George H. Sherwood of the American Museum in New York, enabled to give better illus-
trations, having received line photographs of the specimens in that great Museum.

THE CHAPMAN CLOAK.

Under No. 44 (No. 87 of the present list) was given a notice of the Chapman
cloak with measurements plotted from a water color sketch given to the author by the
late Professor Benjamin Sharp of Philadelphia: I am now able to give more exact meas-
urements by the kindness of Mr. Henry Chapman, son of the former owner of the cloak,
together with some additional notes furnished by Mr. Chapman. Extreme breadth, 103
inches; depth behind 53.5 inches, in front 46 inches; around the neck it is 22.5 inches
and around the bottom 128 inches. The cloak was taken from Honolulu to India in
the year 1826 by Charles Huffnagle, formerly Member of Congress, who was appointed
in that year United States Consul, the first one to British India, Calcutta. In a few
years he was made Consul General, which office he retained until his death. The cloak
was sold with his effects and later purchased by the senior Henry Chapman who died
in 1907. Mr. Chapman says that the mesh of the net is very fine and the feathers very
small and that the cloak is for sale. It was for some time on exhibition in the American
Museum where the accompanying picture was taken.

THE KEARNEY CLOAK.

A cloak of iiwi red, with broad basal border, two spherical triangles and four semi-
crescents of 00 yellow; the front narrow borders are also of yellow, while the neck band
alternates red and yellow. The dimensions are: breadth 96 inches; depth at back, 48.5
inches; in front 43 inches; the base measures 144 inches. It was given to the late Com-
modore Lawrence Kearney, U. S. N., by Kamehameha III on the occasion of the Commo-

40

B RICH AM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

dore's visit to Honolulu, in 1S43 on a diplomatic errand from tlie United States Govern-
ment. It was afterwards an inheritance to tlie Commodore's son, and is now in the Ameri-
can Museum in New York. The feathers are much damaged although the red have
suffered less than the 00, and the net is visible in places especially on the lower part of the

FIG. 35. THE CHAPMAN CLOAK.

ahuula. No. 57 in the list of ahuula. Kauikeaouli must have valued the services of the
distinguished officer very highly if we judge by this gift which at the time of presentation
some seventy-five years before this photograph was taken must have been in prime order.

THE CUNNINGHAM CLOAK.

Cloak of iiwi red with basal border, eight crescents and six triangles of 00 yellow.
It was brought to the United States by Captain William Cunningham of Cambridge,
Mass. He died in the early part of the nineteenth century from exposure following

THE AHUULA IN THE WELLINGTON COLLECTION.

41

shipwreck, leaving no record of where he obtained the cloak. It came into the posses-
sion of ]\Irs. L. P. M. Curran of Englewood, New Jersey, and is now in the American
Museum, New York. The measurements are: extreme breadth, 82.5 inches; depth
behind, 42.5 inches, front 34 inches; neck circumference 22 inches, base 114 inches;

-

^

-^kT'^^L

^

(^

^•W.

3B

^

1

■

*!^^^T. '-i, ';, '

FIG. 36. THE KEARNY CLOAK.

lower border 4 inches. In good condition but with a spear hole under the right arm;
this was repaired before the present photograph was taken.

THE AHUULA IN THE WELLINGTON COLLECTION.

The ahuula in the Dominion Museum in Wellington consist of two cloaks and
a cape of very unusual form; two mahiole, a hat and a Kukailimoku. The hat has
been described but the cloaks and capes have been held awaiting the measurements so
important in the description, and the mahiole and feather god have kept them company.

42

BRtGHAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORIC.

These have at last arrived, kindly sent by Dr. J. Allan Thompson the Director, who
writes: "The collection was bought by the St. Oswald family at the sale of Captain
Cook's collection, in London, 1819, and presented to the New Zealand Government by
the present Lord St. Oswald a few years ago." The first of the cloaks is shown in

'^^■fet*

^

ESL .

• .

^j^Bk^^k^

^ '^m

K'^^ik

^^M

^^^>^^^^^B "" -'.'5

^L:^

^ri

^ ■ '■M

^K'-- ^

(^•M^^^^^^^^^

'fl

'^^^^ILfldill

^Bfc**'*"^^.

w»."- — iiB

tm

IHl

KfgMj

1

H^^HH

Bfcr^^

fc-'- T

^i^K^V, '^-^ ^^9

^^^^^1

■

^^^^^^^H^^F

kr-^V%?^

^^

Ml

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M

1

W

4l ^^H

■ ^H^l

■■1

I^^HH

hHBBh

B^^%Vm^

V

"^W^HH

A ^^H

W^M

^^^^H

^^H^E

Pyr >^v,jU

\^^^ ^^B

^^L ' ^^^Sb

^^^^M

^^^^^^^^H

^^^^ip^^^i

^V^T^.'^ '^H

^^^Bl ' .^^^

^t^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^1

^^^^^^rj^^^^l

'■^■■^^

i

it

f ■ ■

FIG. 37. THE CUNNINGHAM CLOAK.

Fig. 38 and is of iiwi red with triangles and bands of 00 yellow. Although not spread
out the pattern can easily be seen. The full width is 84 inches; the depth at back 60
inches, and in front 36 inches; the neck-band is 33 inches. In the photograph the
feathers appear to be much worn, but when seen in Wellington in 191 2 they did not make
that impression, although the examination was, owing to the limited time, but cursory.
The medial band is noteworthy. The second cloak. Fig. 39, reminds one more of the Cook
cape in the Australian Museum, Sydney, but the cape neck and front is very different.

FIG. 38. COOK CLOAK, WELLINGTON, I.

FIG. 39. COOK CLOAK, WELLINGTON, II.

44

BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER IVORI^.

The body of the cloak is of the long black feathers of the common fowl apparentlj^, while
the front borders are of iiwi and oo triangles, and the neck-band also of red and yellow.
It seems in excellent condition. The dimensions are: extreme width 96 inches; depth at
back 60 inches, and in front 36 inches; neck-band 27 inches.

The curious cape reminds one more of the Tahitian breastplate (I, PI. II) than
of anything Hawaiian. As a war cape it may have been worn over the left shoulder.
The irregular rhombs of yellow are on a red ground; the yellow neck-band has two red

1

FIG. 40. CAPE IN THE WELLINGTON MUSEUM.

triangles with one apex nearly over the upper corner of the rhombs, and this yellow
band extends down the front on the left with an orange border; on the right is an irregu-
lar red triangle while the border consists of a long yellow inner triangle and an outer
red one. The basal border consists of a narrow stripe of yellow and a much broader
one of longer black feathers. The measurements are: extreme width 40 inches; depth
at back 27 inches, and in front 16 inches; neck-band 18 inches. The collar seems to
be devoid of feathers, and some have gone from the left border; otherwise the cape is in
good order. The net is interesting and I hope Mr. Stokes may give it his attention, as
well as the nets of the cloaks of which excellent photographs were sent.

MAHIOLE IN THE WELLINGTON COLLECTION.

45

Following tlie hat in this collection in the Dominion Mnsenm in Wellington, N. Z.,
we may place the two mahiole shown in Fig. 41 which are of the form often illustrated
and are in remarkably good condition for such specimens which more often than not
have moulted or lost most of their feathers. One seems from the photograph to be
red with a yellow crest, the other mostly yellow with a red edging in front. (The articles
figured between the helmets are bracelets of boar-tusks, a favorite ornament of chiefs.)

^ .j^-^^^ ^ifc>^i^..,ii.^

FIG. 41. MAHIOLE IN THE DOMINION MUSEUM.

There is in this collection one more specimen of the feather war-gcd, Kukaili-
moku to add to the half a score already described. The present specimen looks as if it
had been in battle and was not pleased with the experience. While it is not so compli-
cated in structure as the god shown in the plate in Cook's third voyage it is in form like
the one in the Bishop Museum, figured in the Memoirs of this Museum, I, Fig. 22, p. 32.
It is hard to understand the absence of a helmet on some of these war-gods, and the pres-
ence of human hair as in the Oxford and British Museum specimens described in the
volume referred to. It has been suggested that these unarmed specimens represent the
wife of the god, but no such partner is mentioned in the native legends, although the wives
of some other gods are particularly mentioned. Surely the Vienna specimen, I, Fig. 23,

46

BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

p. 32, has a most amiable and unwarlike expression, wholly out of place in modern wars
however suitable for the more merciful combats of ancient Hawaiian warriors. A little
restoring by simple pressure on the interior of the wickerwork frame behind the cheek
and on the bridge of the nose would greatly improve the appearance of this Kukaili-
moku. The plumage is red with yellow cresting, eyebrows and lips. The lower half
of the neck has the appearance of a later addition, and
is nearly bare of feathers. This is the twelfth of these
feathered war-gods known to exist in museums, and
nearly all of these will be found figured in the Memoirs
of this Museum.

That it was not an exclusive fashion for the god
Kukailimoku to be to some extent decorated with feath-
ers we learn from that most trustworthy and compre-
hensive account of ancient Hawaiian matters of interest,
Ellis's Tour of Hawaii. The account he gives (on page
73 of the fourth English edition) is as follows:

"One of the ancient gods of Maui, prior to its
subjugation by Tamehameha, they said [Keopuolani,
Hoapili and other chiefs], was Keoroewa [Keoloewa].
The body of the image was of wood, and was arrayed
in garments of native kapa. The head and neck were
formed of a kind of fine basket or wicker work, covered
over with red feathers, so curiously wrought in as to
resemble the skin of a beautiful bird. A native helmet
was placed on the idol's head, from the crown of which
long tresses of human hair hung down over its should-
ers. Its mouth, like the greater number of the Hawaiian
idols, was large and distended."

In Captain Cook's Journal, page 82, in describ-
ing a visit to a Tahitian Morae he writes: "The first thing we met with worthy of note
was at one of their Mories^ where lay the scull bones of 26 Hogs and 6 Dogs. These
all lay near to and under one of their Altars. These Animals must have been offered
as a Sacrifice to their Gods either at once or at different times but on what account we
could not learn. The next day we met with an Effigy or Figure of a Man made of
Basket work and covered with white and Black feathers placed in such order as to rep-
resent the Colour of their Hair and Skins when Tattow'd or painted. It was 7^ feet
high and the whole made in due proportion; on its head were 4 Nobs not unlike the
stumps of Large Horns — 3 stood in front and one behind. We were not able to learn
what use they made of this Monster; it did not at all appear to us that they paid it the

FIG. 42. KUKAILIMOKU IN THE
DOMINION MUSEUM.

THE KAPIOLANI COLLECTION. 47

least Homage as a God; they were not the least Scrupulous of letting us examine every
part of it." Cook notes in Admiralty copy: "Tupia informs us that this is a representa-
tion of one of the Second rank of Eahias or Gods, called Mauwi [Maui], who inhabited
the Earth upon the Creation of Man."

THE KAPIOLANI ESTATE COLLECTION,

This remarkable collection made by the late King Kalakaua was left to his widow
Kapiolani and at her death came to the two Princes, sons of her sister. Princess Kekau-
like, the late Prince David Kawananakoa and Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole, now
Delegate representing this Territory in Congress. Between the Princes the eight
capes forming the collection were divided as will be shown below. Some of the capes
are known to be modern, others are undoubtedly ancient, but all are interesting: the
four belonging to the Kalanianaole branch will first be described.

CAPE OF KAUMUALII.

It will not be necessary to go into the history of Kaumualii once Moi of Kauai,
in this place for a few of the events in the life of this enlightened and estimable man
have been described, briefly it is true, in connection with the malo or cordon given to
him b}' his suzerain lord and friend Kamehameha I. This cape is one of those given
to Kaumualii at the time he was invested by Kamehameha with the cordon of authority
in the interview off the port of Honolulu in 18 10. With the other ahuula this was de-
posited with Mrs. Whitney of the newly established American Mission, when Kaumu-
alii was summoned to Honolulu; nearly half a century afterwards in settling Mrs.
Whitney's estate the cape and all the other insignia were sold at auction. The desti-
nation of the other specimens has been told elsewhere in these pages; this was purchased
by Mr. Henry Riemenschneider of Honolulu, who afterwards gave it to Kalakaua the
king in return for a decoration conferred on him by His Majesty.

This cape measures in breadth 32 inches; in depth on the back 14.5 inches and
on the front there is a slight inequality in the two sides, the left is 8.2 while the right
is 9 inches. The cape is yellow 00, the feathers long and handsome; in the centre is a
crescent 3.2 inches wide in the middle and 20.5 inches from point to point, of red iiwi
so well preserved as to resemble apapane in richness; two half-crescents are on each
front border of the same iiwi; the neck-band is of iiwi with seven yellow spots, four on
the right side, three on the left. Both the feathered side and the net substratum are
sufficiently shown on the accompanying figures, 43 and 44.

THE KEKAULIKE CAPE.
This striking cape is of considerable size, the extreme breadth being 45 inches;
depth behind 18.7 inches, in front 14.7 inches. The net is very fine in mesh. While
the base of the cape is iiwi red, the curious split crescents of 00 yellow dart across the

I

™S. 43 ANO 44. K.U,MUAU, CAPK, OBVERSE AMD REVERSE.

THE KEKAULIKE CAPE.

49

field like flashes of lightning: there is also a yellow border, rather narrow; three curved
triangles on either front edge, those on the left being yellow with an intermediate black
one, while on the other the order of colors is reversed, the yellow being in the middle
so that when worn the edges brought the two colors together. In front of these triangles
is a narrow border of yellow, red and black. The arrangement is so peculiar that a
diagram has been made to show the two edges in juxtaposition. Fig. 52. The feathers
about the neck have gone to some extent and their place has been filled by a red tape

FIG. 45. THE KEKAULIKE CAPE.

added in modern times. Below the neck-band are two narrow tapering stripes, that on
the left of black, that on the right of yellow, both considerably worn.

The name Kekaulike is celebrated in Hawaiian history. Perhaps the king of
Maui of that name is the greatest, but there were other chiefs, and as the name in Hawaii-
an may be either male or female, there were chiefesses, among them the mother of
Kalanianaole and Kawananakoa.

By the kindness of Hon. J. Kalanianaole the following note from the Diary of the
late Queen Kapiolani, whose heir he is, is added to the description of this cape: "One
red ahuula presented by Lot Kamehameha in 1857 to E. Faulkner, Paymaster of

Memoirs B. P. Bishop Museum. Vol. VII.— 4.

50 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

H. B. M. Ship Havannah and bought by Kapiolani for $600 and returned to Hawaii."
This purchase was made during the Queen's visit to England in 1S87 to attend the
Jubilee of Victoria, Queen of England and Empress of India.

THE KAPIOLANI CAPES.

Kapiolani the daughter of the Moi Keawemauhili and wife of Naihe a high
chief, was usually distinguished from others of the same name by the qualifying Nui
(Great), and in her case it was well applied, for her coiirage and determination to do
the right thing as it was revealed to her was far beyond any of her people of that day.
As one of the pioneer missionaries was walking on the seashore of his new field of labor
he saw "sitting on a rock, a large, finely proportioned native woman saturating her
skin with the fragrant coconut oil, and basking in a noonday tropical sun, like a seal
or sea elephant.

"When first visited by a missionary in her home, she was lying on the mat with
her two husbands, all nearly nude, and in a state of beastly intoxication." In spite of
this terrible introduction, she was one of the first to listen to the teaching of the Gospel,
and her acceptance of the new views of life, and her practical application to her own
conduct would have been a bright example to the converts of any race: "The standard
in her own mind of propriety and purity was like an intuition born of the cleansing
power of the Holy Spirit".

It is not needful to enumerate all the pleasant proofs of her new and exalted
womanhood; these are told elsewhere," but the most striking event in her life was per-
haps her visit to the crater of Kilauea and of her defiance of the still worshipped Pele,
the most dreaded of the host of the Hawaiian Pantheon on that island of Hawaii where
her supposed "evil deeds" were only too conspicuous.

In 1824 Kapiolani undertook the toilsome journey from her home at Kealakekua
to the crater, the Haleniaunuui (enduring house) of Pele, a wearisome journey of about
a hundred miles mostly on foot, by a rough, forbidding path.' At the brink of the
crater she was met by Mr. Goodrich of the American Mission, then a young man, who
had come up from Hilo. She and her company of about eighty, with her solitary
white man, descended from the rim to the black ledge (I quote from Bingham).

"There in full view of the terrific panorama before them, the effects of an agency
often appalling, she calmly addressed the company thus: ']^\iov2\i. is my god. He
kindled these fires. I fear not Pele. If I perish by the anger of Pele, then you may

'Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands, Hiram Bingham, A.M., p. 254. Kapiolani; a Memorial
prepared by Mrs. Persis G. Taylor, Honolulu, 1897. Kapiolani, the Heroine of Hawaii, Rufus Anderson, D.D., from
"Hours at Home", May, 1866.

^ Forty years after this the author rode on mule back over this same path not mucli improved, and it was indeed in
many places a rough way.

THE KAPIOLANI NUI CAPE.

51

fear the power of Pele ; but if I trust in Jehovah, and He shall save me from the wrath
of Pele when I break through her kapu^ then you must fear and serve the Lord
Jehovah. All the gods of Hawaii are vain. Great is the goodness of Jehovah in send-
ing missionaries to turn us from these vanities to the living God and the way of
righteousness.' Then, with the terrific bellowing and whizzing of the volcanic gases,
they mingled their voices in a solemn hymn of praise to the true God."

The reign of Pele was at an end. Long may the victorious Kapiolani be
remembered !

FIG. 46. KAPIOLANI NUI CAPE.

The virtues of the later Kapiolani, Kalakaua's Queen, less spectacular but no
less genuine may well be remembered in the beautiful cape which bears her name.

KAPIOLANI NUI CAPE.

A beautiful example of work in yellow, red and black. It measures in extreme
width 36 inches; depth at back 15.5 inches, and in front 11. 5 inches. Of the central
crescent the lower half is black, the upper red iiwi; the half crescents cut at the front
are divided in the same way, black on the outside, red within. The neck-band is red
and the front borders alternate yellow and red. The effect of the closed front is shown
in a later illustration. Fig. 51.

52 BRIGHAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

KAPIOLANI CAPE.

The Other Kapiolani cape is quite different in shape and design. It bears on the
net the marks of a burn repaired at some unrecorded time. As will be seen by the meas-
urements it is smaller than the last, the extreme width being 27 inches; the depth on
back 13.5 inches, and in front 8 inches. The base is red iiwi, with 00 yellow border and
decorations, while pendent hangs a black lei as a fanciful afterthought in the decoration.
The neck-band and front borders red, the latter with two black spots on either side.

The four capes of the Kapiolani collection falling to the lot of Prince Kawanana-
koa (since deceased) and now held in trust for his son David Kawananakoa a minor, have

FIG. 47. KAPIOLANI CAPE.

been kindly loaned by Mr. John F. Colburn, the trustee. One of these bears the name
Poomaikalani (a sister of Kapiolani was thus named), one was made by the order of
Kalakaua and bears his name, one is named Kamakahelei, the fourth is called Apikaila.

THE KALAKAUA CAPE.

This cape is decidedly of the crescent style. It is of large yellow feathers (00) , with
two crescents of red iiwi on the sides with a similar one of black between them, and two
semicrescents on the front. The borders of front and neck are of raised yellow feathers.
The dimensions are: breadth 34 inches; depth behind 13 inches and in front 10 inches.
This cape was made during the reign of Kalakaua by Mrs. John Ena (^nce Maria Lane) , and
is thus the latest of the capes here described and there will be no need to search the mele for
any legendary history; the birds alone wore it before this King. Some of the birds were
brought alive to the palace aviary to furnish a portion of the feathers, and Queen Liliuo-
kalani kept a number there during her reign, feeding them the juice of the sugar-cane.

FIG. 48. THE KALAKAUA CAPE.

HHBfii^^l^^^^^HI^^^

/

1

^SL

•^^■v^^
.%^-::^>i

1

lih- -"Mi^^^

EirwCTf^^^^^«3i^lifl'fnnffl

r

S.V

^

^^Bei^SbliMC&^^Sar^Sul^Cii^Bl^l^^^

FIG. 49. THE APIKAILA CAPE.

54

BRIG HAM ON HA WAHAN FEA THER WORK.

APIKAILA CAPE.

This cape is very small but when used in funereal rites has a way of appearing
far more prominent than its size warrants. The measurements are: breadth 24.5 inches;
depth behind 7.5 inches, in front 6.5 inches. It is a black cape with tiny irregular
spots of red and yellow, and a narrow red and 3'ellow band near the neck. The name
is the Hawaiian form of Abigail.

FIG. 50. THE KAMAKAHELEI CAPE.

THE POOMAIKALANI CAPE.

This is another of the larger capes, measuring in breadth 43 inches; in depth
behind 19 inches, and in front 14 inches. It is difficult to say whether the yellow or
red predominates, but with Plate IV the reader can perhaps decide. The double cres-
cent of black with yellow lining in the center is a most striking decoration, while the
black and yellow half-crescents above this fit in most admirably. The red is iiwi and
the yellow and black 00 feathers. The name Poomaikalani was that of a sister of
Queen Kapiolani, well known to the author, but it is quite possible that she was named
for some ancestor not recorded by Fornander.

^^-^-»^^!j^u 5-f

Memoirs Bishop Museum, Vol. Vll.

THE POOMAIKALANI CAPE.

NOTES ON THE TECHNIQUE. SS

KAMAKAHELEI CAPE.

This circular cape is of oo yellow with two black and two red triangles in front.
It measures in width 30 inches; in depth behind 16, and in front 8.5 and 9 inches.
Kamakahelei was the mother of Kaumualii by Kaeokulani; another of her husbands
was Kaneoneo whose shin-bone later formed the kunni or handle of the interesting
kahili (No. 24) in the Bishop Museum. When Cook arrived at Waimea in 1778, and
the people were loudly discussing the wonderful event Kamakahelei said: "Let us not
fight against our god; let us please Him that He may be favorable to us; then Kamaka-
helei gave her daughter as a woman to Lono [Cook]; Lelemahoalani was her name;
she was older sister of Kaumualii, and Lono slept with that woman, and the Kauai
women prostituted themselves to the foreigners for iron." '

Whether the cape ever belonged to the famous chiefess or was simply named as
a memorial of a famous ancestor in the family of the Queen Kapiolani is not recorded.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE TECHNIOUE.

Attention has already been called to the interesting method of alternating
bundles of teeth of a semi-sacred fish with human teeth in the pendant of the cordon of
Kaumualii. Mr. John F. G. Stokes has gone farther in examining the bundles of tiny
feathers used in some capes and his studies have resulted in finding various methods of
attaching these bundles or the individual feathers to the olona nac. When the first
Memoir on Hawaiian feather work was published there was not enough material in
hand to examine in extenso the methods of attaching the feathers to the olona net
which is the basis of all genuine ahuula. The way the bird-catching natives taught
the author was neat and simple and not unnaturally was supposed sufficient for all
purposes. When, however, the uncertainty of the history of these precious decora-
tions rendered farther study of the actual specimens necessary to determine, even ap-
proximately, their period, it was found that foreign thread was used to attach the
feathers (at least where repairs had been made) in capes known to be ancient. More
than that there were various methods of attaching the feathers in the ahuula both old
and new, and the result of the careful study by Mr. Stokes, which I regret is not suffi-
ciently complete to enrich the present publication and must appear later, has brought
to light many interesting facts hitherto unnoticed.

There are one or two points to which I may call the reader's attention without
trenching oh the work of my colleague, whose careful and minute studies are well worthy
a separate publication. One is the curious fashion which I have already mentioned,
but can now illustrate more clearly, of intentionally misfitting the colors of the divided

'D. Malo, Moolelo Hawaii. Quoted in Fornander, Polynesian Race, II, 169.

56

B RICH AM ON HA W All AN FEA THER WORK.

designs where the edges of the cape meet in front; another is the method of covering
the feather gods of Kukailimoku with their proper plumage; and it may be added that
the methods used on the gods was also found in use on the helmets or mahiole, and is
perhaps the reason that so many of the latter are now bare of their original feathers.

FIG. 51. ADJUSTED FRONT OF KAPIOLANI CAPE, FIG. 46.

To illustrate the first I have chosen the front adjustment of the so-called Kapio-
lani cape, shown in Fig. 46, to show the complete matching of the opposite sides, where
the patterns of the front edges form a complete whole and satisfy the demands of har-
mony (Fig. 51); the line of division is almost obliterated and front and back of this cape
seem equally complete. Now in the cape of Kekaulike, Fig. 45, the design is not bal

NOTES ON THE TECHNIQUE.

57

anced in the middle of the back and there is no expectation that it should be so in front.
Let the two designs show the results; Figs. 51 and 52. However it might have pleased
the old Hawaiians, and that it did is shown by the many examples that have survived,
this misfit that a geologist would call a "fault" is not pleasing to the modern eye.
It is shown in the Pauahi cape (I, p. 60, Fig. 53), the Reis cape (VII, PI. Ill), a
Kamehameha cape (I, p. 451, Fig. 18). Some of these are certainly old, others of more
modern date showing that the oddity was not merely a passing fancy.

FIG. 52. ADJUSTED FRONT OF KEKAULIKE CAPE, FIG. 45.

The second point, the covering of the war-gods is well shown in the representa-
tion of the front and profile of the Kukailimoku in this Museum that appeared in the
first part of this Feather Work as Fig. 21, a small woodcut from a photograph taken
in 1865 by the author when the idol was in the cabinet of Oahu College, and in a toler-
able state of preservation. A comparison of the two illustrations will show that the
rather severe expression of the original has given place to an almost despairing coun-
tenance; the net has been torn or loosened and despoiled of its fine red feathers, which
were abundant sixty years ago. The consolation for this ruination is the greater

58

BRIG HAM ON HA WAHAN FEA THER WORK.

facility for showing the exact construction of this potent deity. I do not care to go
into more detail than to say the substructure is rather rude basketwork while the
olona nae to which the feathers were attached was carefully fitted over this in such a way
as to cover the "bones" with more or less success. All this the two figures will show.

_.Jfc^

B^ ^^ ^^^^^

K ^ H

jy-" ^^^^aj^^^^BBH^mi^B

4 ^ ./'^flTfiii g^

tPWH^ '•' ''"'^^ ^IV l^^<

•^■^^^H

H

f

'fa'^\\\\> .\^ I \ 1 i li. U

• ^^^SnUaaHn

^^^''^^^S^^^^Er

FIGS. 53 AND 54. KUKAILIMOKU IN THE BISHOP MUSEUM. FRONT AND BACK.

It should be noted that Ellis speaks of a wooden Kukailimoku with the helmet,
and covered with feathers, in his description of the heiau of Puukohola, dedicated by
Kamehameha to his god at Kawaihae, Hawaii; this was the last biakini built on these
islands, and the Rev. William Ellis visited it only thirty years after its construction
and found it in good condition with bones of the later sacrifices still scattered on the
platform, and there were many people still alive who remembered the dedication sacri-
fice when Kukailimoku was brought in.

LIST OF AHUULA.

59

A REVISED LIST OF HAWAIIAN AHUULA.

While ttis list does not claim to be complete, and in war conditions in Europe
completeness is impossible, great pains and mucb correspondence have been expended
in its compilation, and it should replace the list given on pages 56 and 57 of the
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Memoirs, Volume I.

Article.

1 Cloak of Kamehameha I. (6828)

2 Cloak of Kiwalao. (6829)

3 Cloak of Kalanikauikalaneo. (6830)

4 Pa'u of Nahienaena. (6831)

5 Cloak, London. (323)

6 Cloak, London. (958)

7 Cloak, Joj\ (11,094)

8 Cape, Princess Pauahi. (955)

9 Cape, Queen Emma. (956)

10 Cape, Queen Emma. (957)

11 Cape, Oilman. (6841)

12 Cape, A. B. C. F. M. (7766)

13 Cape, Kamehameha III. (8075)

14 Cape, Kaumualii. (B 130)

15 Cape, Kuahaliulani. (B 1230)

16 Cape, Joy. (11,095)

17 Cloak, Lunalilo.

18 Cloak.

19 Cloak.

20 Cloak.

21 Cape.

22 Cape.

23 Cape.

24 Cape.

25 Cloak.

26 Cloak.

27 Cape.

28 Cape, Christy collection.

29 Cape, mamo.

30 Cape.

31 Cape.

32 Cape, Vancouver.

33 Cape.

34 War cape.

35 Cape.

36 War cape.

37 Cape, Christy collection. (5897)

38 Mat of feathers.

39 Mat of feathers.

40 Cloak.

41 Cloak.

Institution.
B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Mausoleum, Honolulu.
Windsor Castle, England.

British Museum, London.

Inde.x.

1,58.

L 68, pi. X.

I. 59. f- 49-

1,59-

I, 59. f- 50-

I. 59. f- 51; VII, 19, f. 19.

I, 72, pi. xii.

I, 60, f. 53.

I, 60, f. 55.

I, 60, f. 56.

I, 60, f. 57, 42.

I, 61, f. 58.

I, 61, f. 59.

I, 62, f. 60.

VII, 21, f. 22.

I, 73, pi. xii, f. 96.

I. 63.

I, 63, f. 62.

I, 63, f. 63; pi. xiii, a.

I, 64, f. 64; pi. xiii, b.

I, 64, f. 65; pi. xiv, a.

I, 78, f. 107; pi. xiv, d.

I, 79, f. 108; pi. xiv, c.

I, 79, f. 109; pi. xiv, b.

I, 64, f. 68.

I, 64, f. 69.

I, 65, f. 70.

I, 65, f. 72.

1,65,1.71.

I, 65, f. 73-

I, 65, f. 74.

I, 65, f. 75-

I, 66, f. 76.

I, 66, f. 77.

I, 66, f. 78.

I, 67, f. 79.

I, 67, f. 80.

I, 67; pi. vi.

I, 67; pi. vi.

I, 64, f. 67.

I, 64, f. 68.

6o

B RICH AM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

Article.

42 Cape, Bolton. (3574)

43 Cloak, Aulick. (79,180)

44 Cape, Welling.

45 Cape, Bissell.

46 Cloak.

47 Cape.

48 Cape.

49 Cloak.

50 Cloak, Steeu Bille.

51 Cape.

52 Cloak, Lucas.

53 Cloak.

54 Cloak.

55

56 Cloak.

57 Cloak, Kearu}'.

58 Cloak.

59 Cape.

60 Cloak.

61 Cloak, Byng.

62 Cloak.

63 Cloak.

64 Cape.

65 Cloak, Cunningham.

66 War cape, nae only.

67 War cape, nae only.

68 Cape, fragment.

69 Cape, Cook.

70 Cape, Cook.

71 Cape.

72 War cape.

73 War cape. Cook.

74 Cloak.

75 Cape, Lee.

76 Cloak, Bloxam.

77 Cloak.

78 Cape, Kaumualii.

79 Cloak.

80 Cape, Haalilio.

81 Cape, manio.

82 Cape, nae only.

83 Cloak, Liholiho.

84 Cape.

85 Cape.

86 Cape, fragment.

Institution.
U. S. Nat. Mu.seum, Washington.

Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfiekl,

Mass.
Museum fiir Volkerkunde, Berlin.

Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen.

London.

Z winger, Dresden.

Lord Brassey, London.
Kearny family, New York.
Kelly, London.

Museum, Maidstone, England.
Hotel des luvalides, Paris.
Saffron Walden Museum, Eng.
Ipswich Museum, England.
Rijks Ethnog. Museum, Leiden.

4 1 i \ ( ( ( t

American Museum, New York.
Ethnolog. Mus., Florence, Italy.

Ethnological Museum, Munich.
Hofmuseum, Naturhist., Vienna.

Georgia Augusta University Mu-
seum, Gottiugen.

Australian Mus., Sydney, N.S.W.

New York.

B. F. Wakefield, New York.

A. R. Bloxam, Christchurch, N.Z.

Robeson family. United States.

Kapiolani Estate, Honolulu.

Government Museum(?), Lisbon,
Portugal.

Mrs. E. C. Renjes (see No. 112),
Honolulu.

Mrs. E. C. Renjes. Honolulu.

Honolulu.

London(?).

Peterson family, Honolulu.

Prof. H. Bingham, N. Haven, Ct.

Index.
I, 68, f. 83.
I, 68, f. 82.
I, 68, f. 84.

I, 69, f. 86.

I, 69, f. 87.

I, 69, f. 88.

I, 69, f. 89.

I, 70, f. 90.

I,70,f.9i; VII,26, f.2 7,pl.i.

I, 70, f. 92.

I. 71. f- 93-

I, 71. f- 94-

VII, 29, f. 30.

f. 95; VII, 39, f. 36.

72.

f.

95;

71

71-

73-

73-

f.

97-

74-

74.

f.

98.

74,

f.

99-

74.

f.

100

75-

75-

75-

75,

f.

lOI

76.

76.

VII, 40, f. 37.

I, 76, f. 102.

I, 76, f. I, p. 4; VII, 12, f. 12.

I, 76.

I, 76, f. 103.

I, 77, f. 104; VII, 27, f. 29.

I, 77-

I, 77; VII, 47, f- 43-44-

I, 77-

I, 77, f. 105.
I, 78, f. 106.
I, 78.
I, 78.
I, 78.

I, 60, f. 52; pi. XV.

I, 68, f. 81.

LIST OF MAHIOLE.

6i

Article.

87 Cloak.

88 Cape, Kapena.

89 Cape, Reis.

90 Cape.

91 Cape.

92 Cape.

93 Cloak.

94 Cape, Boston Museum.

95 Cape.

96 Cape.

97 Cape.

98 Cape.

99 Malo, nae only.
100 Cape.

loi Malo, Kaumualii.

102 Cape.

103 Cape, Clark.

104 Cloak.

105 Cape.

106 Cloak, Elieukani.

107 Cloak, Miller.

108 Cape.

109 Cape,
no Cape.

111 War cape.

112 Cape.

113 Cloak, Cook.

114 Cape, Cook.

115 Cloak, Cook.

116 Cape, Fuller.

117 Cloak, Beasley.

InstitiitioH.
Philadelphia.

Mrs. Manuel Rei.s, Honolulu.
British Museum, London.
Starbuck family, Milford Haven,

South Wales.
England (?).

i I

Peabody Mus., Cambridge, Mass.

Liliuokalani, Honolulu.

Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass.

Elgin, Scotland.

York, England.

Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

St. AugustineColIege, Canterbury,
England.

Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Natural History Society, New-
castle-upon-Tyne.

Hon. S. M. Damon, Honolulu.

Literary and Philosophical Society,
Perth, Scotland.

J. Edge- Partington, London.

Burned in Board of Health confla
gration, Honolulu.

Castle Museum, Dover, England.

Metropolitan Museumof Art, N.Y.

Castle Museum, Norwich, Eng.

Mrs. E. C. Reujes (see Nos. 80

and 81 ), Honolulu.
Dominion Mus., Wellington, N. Z.

A. W. F. Fuller, Sydenham Hill,

London, England.
H. G. Beasley, Haddon Lodge,

Shooters Hill, England.

Index.
I, 68, f. 85.
I, 79, f. no.
L 79, f- in; VII, pi. iii.
I, 80, f. 112.

I, 80, f. n3.
I, 80, f. n4.*
I, 80, f. ns.*
I, 448, f. 13.
VII, 16, f. 16.
VII, 25, f. 25.
VII, 22, f. 23.

VII, 39.

VII, f. 31.

I, 448, f. 14.

I, 448; pi. Ixviii.

I, 448.

I, 449. f- 15-

I, 449, f. 16.
I, 450, f. 17.

I. 451-
I, 451, f. 18.
I, 451, f. 19.
I, 452; pi. Ixvii.

I, 62, f. 61.
VII, 41, f. 30.
VII, 44, f. 40.
VII, 42, f. 39-

VII, 17, f. 17.

VII, 18, f. 18.

LIST OF MAHIOLE OR HELMETS.

1 Vancouver, flat form.

2 Kaumualii, full crest.

3 Cook, full crest.

4 Cook, full crest.

5 Cook, flat form.

B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Vienna.

I, 5, f. 2, p. 43.

I, pi. i, p. 42; VII, p. 31.

I. P- 43. f- 33. P- 42.

I> P- 43. f- 34. P- 42.

I. P- 43. f- 35. P- 42.

' See note 4 ad finem.

62

BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

Article.

6 Copenhagen.

7 Berlin, full crest.

8 Berlin, full crest, traces of feathers.

9 Berlin, flat form, traces of feathers.
ID Berlin, 7 projections for crest; bare.

11 Cook, crested, without feathers.

12 Waber, common form, feathered.

13 Paris, black with j-ellow cre.st.

14 Paris.

15 Paris, 5 pins like No. 10, featherless.

16 Legoarand, crest of rays interlacing.

17 Mahiole, structure like last.

18 Mahiole figured in Frej^cinet, PI. 90.

19 Whitehall, fine texture, featherless.

20 Madrid, detached crest on 4 arms.

21 Madrid, red, black and yellow

feathers.

22 Madrid, heavy crest with braid.

23 Madrid, ordinary crest.

24 Madrid, high projecting crest.

25 Vancouver, full crest

26 Vancouver.detachedcrestwithsbars.

27 Vancouver, ordinary crest.

28 Cook (?), like Fig. 32 from Cook.

29 Cook (?), red with yellow crest.

30 Cook (?), red with yellow crest.

31 Cook (?), red with yellow crest.

32 Cook (?), rather high crest.

33 Cook (?), with detached crest.

34 Cook (?), only wicker work.

35 Florence, few feathers.

36 Florence, few feathers.

37 Queen Emma, human hair, not

feathers.

38 Queen Emma, knobbed crest.

39 Queen Emma, detached crest, an-

gular ear.

40 Queen Emma, detached crest, 6 arms.

41 Queen Emma, full crest, red and

black.

42 Alexander, bare, 3 knobs.

43 Tunstall, full crest.

44 Pitt-Rivers, high crest.

45 Norwich, ordinary crest.

46 Norwich, ordinary crest.

47 Cook, wholly black, rising crest.

48 Cook, low crest.

49 Cook, low crest.

50 Cook, high crest.

51 Cook, high crest.

52 Cook, high crest.

Institution.
Nationalmuseet.
Museum fiir Viilkerkunde.

Australian Museum, Sj'dney.
Municipal Museum, Berne.
Musee d'Artillerie.
Jardin des Plantes.

Musee de Trocadero, Paris.

Army and Navy Mus., London.
Museo Arqueologico Nacional.

Index.

British Museum, London.

England(?).

Honolulu.

Real Mus. di Fisica e Storia Nat.

B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
Peabody Museum, Cambridge.

B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Oxford Museum.
Castle Museum.

Mus. Peter the Great, Petrograd.

Dominion Mus., Wellington, N. Z.
Dominion Mus., Wellington, N. Z.

M

•

P

44-

f. 36, a.

P-

44,

f. 36, b.

P

44-

f. 36, c.

44

,f.

37-

P

44.

f. 38.

P-

44;

VII, f. 9, p. 4

P-

45-

P-

45-

P-

45.

f- 39, P- 44-

P-

45-

P-

45-

P-

45-

P

45-

P-

45.

pi. vii, I.

P-

45.

pi. vii, 2.

P-

45.

pi. vii, 5.

P-

45.

pi. vii, J.

P-

45.

pi. vii, 4.

P-

46,

f. 40, a.

P-

46,

f. 40, b.

P-

46,

f. 40, c.

P-

46,

f. 41, a.

P-

46,

f. 41,*.

P-

46,

f. 41, c.

P-

47.

f. 41,^.

P

47.

f. 41, c.

P-

47.

pi. viii

P-

47-

P-

48.

P-

48.

P-

48.

P-

444

P-

444

P-

445

, f. 10, p. 447.

P-

445

, f. 10, p. 447, I

P-

443

. f. 5-

P-

443

. f- 7. P- 445-

P-

443

. f- 6, p. 444.

P-

443

, pi. Ixvi.

P-

444

, pi. Ixvi.

II,

p. 8.

VII,

p. 8, f. 6.

VII,

p. 8, f. 7.

V

11,

p. 6

. 7. f-4. 5-

VII,

p. 45, f. 41.

VII,

p. 45, f. 41.

NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 63

LIST OF KUKAILIMOKU.

I, p. 37, f. 22, p. 32.

I,p.37,f.2i;VII,58,f.53-4-
I, p. 38, f. 23, p. 32.
I, p. 38, f. 24, p. 33.
I, p. 39, f. 26, p. 34.
I, p. 39, f. 25, p. 33.

7 " " I- P- 39, f. 28, p. 36.

8 London Missionary Society. " " I, p. 39, f. 27, p. 35.

9 Cook's Voyage figured ; present

unknown. I, p. 30, f. 30, p. 38.

10 Tunstall. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. I, p. 440, f. 2.

11 Pitt- Rivers. Oxford Museum. I, p. 440, f. 3.

12 Cook. Dominion Mus., Wellington, N.Z. VII, p. 46, f. 42.

Article.

Institution.

I Supposed god of Kamehameha I.

B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

2 From Oaliu College.

" " "

3 Cook.

Vienna.

4 Hewitt.

British Museum.

5
6

1 ( 1 (

NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

1. To THE description of cape No. 16 in the last list, of which the reference
is Memoirs I, 73, pi. xii, may now be added "Attoo, sometimes called 'crown prince',
arrived in Boston by ship Columbia August 10, 1790, and wore cape in procession in
honor of the arrival. The cape was given to Joseph Barrell, one of the owners of the
Columbia, inherited by Mrs. Benjamin Joy (his datighter), then by John Benjamin Joy,
then by Charles Henry Joy." Copied from writing on the back of the printed label on
the Joy specimens in the Boston Art Mtiseum.

2. In No. 70, I, p. 76, the cape attributed to Cook's last voyage had white
feathers which I believe came from the Tropic Bird {^Phaetliott rubn'catida — Koae uld)\
it also had an open net of olona extending from the tipper border one-third of the depth
over all, and it may explain the similar border on the cape of like form noted on the
specimen also from the same voyage in the Petrograd museum, Fig. 10, where, how-
ever, the cover seems to be of mat work.

3. While Kauai depended on the natives of Hawaii for the beautiftil yellow
and orange feathers used for the ahuula, it was not without its feather decorations.
Lisianski (Voyage of the Neva around the World, English translation, page 112) found
in 1804 in the bay of Waimea some natives in canoes who "had nothing to sell but a
few spears and a fan of exquisite beauty made of the feathers of the tropic birds, which
I obtained for a small knife." Later Kaumualii the king came on board the Neva and
accosted the commander in English. "The king was waited on in the vessel by one of his
subjects, who carried a small wooden bason, a feather fan, and a towel. The bason was
set round with human teeth, which, I was told afterwards, had belonged to his majesty's
deceased friends. It was intended for the king to spit in; but he did not appear to make
much use of it, for he was continually spitting about the deck without ceremony."
Perhaps it was to show the strangers his confidence in their good intentions towards
him, for he would surely not have risked his spittle in the neighborhood of enemies.

64 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

4. The cape aud cloak numbered 92 and 93 in the list of ahuula and attributed
to Henry Colgate of Eastbourne, England, are no longer in his possession. He writes
me under date of October 30, 191 7: "The capes and cloaks in my care were returned to
their original owners, who moved awaj^ from Eastbourne into the West of England.
I have entirely lost sight of the owner and have heard no more of the Feather treas-
ures. I wish I could have assisted you in tracing them, but it is now so long ago, the
old Lady to whom they belonged must have died."

5. From Cook's last voyage, page 79, we read: "Between ten and eleven o'clock,
we saw a great number of people descending the hill, which is over the beach, in a kind
of procession, each man carrying a sugar-cane or two on his shoulders, and bread fruit,
taro, and plantains in his hand. They were preceded by two drummers; who, when
they came to the water-side, sat down by a white flag, and began to beat their drums,
while those who had followed them, advanced, one by one; and, having deposited the
presents they had brought, retired in the same order. Soon after, Eappo came in sight,
in his long feathered cloak^ bearing something with great solemnity in his hands; and
having placed himself on a rock, he made signs for a boat to be sent him. Captain
Clerke, conjecturing that he had brought the bones of Captain Cook, which proved to
be the fact, went himself in the pinnace to receive them; and ordered me to attend him
in the cutter. When we arrived at the beach, Eappo came into the pinnace and de-
livered to the Captain the bones wrapped up in a large quantity of fine new cloth, and
covered with a spotted cloak of black and white feathers. He afterwards attended us to
the Resolution; but could not be prevailed upon to go on board; probably not choosing,
from a sense of decency, to be present at the opening of the bundle." There was alwa3'S
unwillingness to be present unnecessarily at the opening of bundles of bones (there
being some kapu attached), and I have seen not long ago when a native was requested
to open a kapa bundle of bones supposed to belong to a chief in the Royal Mausoleum,
he made a long prayer before opening the bundle and was careful to avert his eyes
from the contents.

6. I, p. 43. The mahiole from the Vancouver collection sale purchased by the
late Sir A. Wollaston Franks, was not, as stated, I, page 43, exchanged by the Trus-
tees of the British Museum but by Sir Charles Hercules Read, Director, to whom it
came on the death of the late owner as explained in a letter to the author.

7. VII, p. 39. Kearney should be Kearny.

8. Attention was called to the imitation of feather leis by the use of strings of
Sida blossoms; now the Sida is let alone and the discs of stamped tissue paper have
taken their place, and departing guests or friends are wreathed with strings of various
colored paper.

9. I, p. 18. Last line but one, Rev. C. S. Richards should be Rev. C. S. Stewart,
as on page 20, note 16.

INDEX

TO THE THREE SECTIONS OF HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

ORIGINAL MEMOIR, 1899. FIRST SUPPLEMENT, 1903.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT, 1918.

A. B. C. F. M. cape.
AfrHloccirus, former name oi Moho.
Ahuula (feather cloaks and capes) at
first exclusive propertj' of male.
Cook collection, Petrograd.
Cook collection, Sydney.
Cook collection, Wellington, N. Z.
defined,
fastenings.

given by Legislature to Museum,
how designed,
list of.

No. 958, B. P. B. M.
their history and valuation.
Alald (crow) feathers used for kahili
and idol dressing.
Corvus tropicus, now C. /laivaii-
ensis.
Alexander, W. D., quoted.
Alexander, W. P., helmet.
Allan Museum, note.
Amana, \V. C, at interview of I.iliu-

okalani and A. F. Judd.
American Museum sends photo-
graphs.
Anuu, feather model from Cook,

Vienna.
Apapane, color of.

Apikaila cape.

Ars plumaria in Central America,

Mexico, New Guinea, China.
Aulick cloak.
Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

Bambu joint used as case for lei.

Bardwell cape.

Beasley cloak.

Bingham cape (fragment).

Bird haunts.

hunters.

lime, how made.

names changed.

nets for catching.
Birds that furnished feathers.

Memoirs B. P. Bishop Museum,

I, page 61, fig. 58.
1,457.

I, I.

VII, 10, II.

VII, 12, f. 12.

VII, 14, 41.

I>3.

1,58.

1,58-

1,52.

I, 56; VII, 59-

VII, 19, f. 19.

1.55-

I, 12.

I. 437-
VII, 32.

I, 443> f- 5-
I, 440.

VII, 32.

VII, 39-

I, 29, f. 30.

I, 10, f. 4, d; VII,

20, 29.

VII, 54, f. 49-

I, 2.

I, 68, f. 82.

I, 4; VII, 12.

I, 20.

I, 61, f. 59.
VII, 18, f. iS.
I, 68, f. 81.
1.3-
1,3-
1,3-
I- 437-
I, 13-
1,9.
Vol. VII.— 5.

Bishop, Charles Reed, purchases

Kaumualii's mahiole.
Bissel cape.
Black mahiole at Petrograd.

mahiole mentioned (13, Paris).
Bloxam cloak, Christchurch, N. Z.

feather robes.

VII, page 32.
I, 69, f. 86.
VII, 8.
VII, 62.
I, 77. f- 104;

27, f. 29.
I, pi. viii.
I, 68, f. 83.
I. 7, f. 3-

VII,

Boki and Liliha ;

Bolton cape.

Bone handles of kahili.

Bones of sacrificed enemies used in

kahili handles. I, 7.

Booth cape figured and with color

scheme. VII, 20, f. 20, 21.

Boston Museum feather specimens

now in Cambridge, Mass. I, 444.

Brassey cloak. I, 71.

Bullock Museum, London, note. VII, 13.

cock's feathers.

mamo.

war cape, cock's

Cape, Berlin.
Berlin.

British Museum.
British Museum.
British Museum,
British Museum,
British Museum,

feathers.
British Museum, with two loops.
British Museum, without basal

border.
Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet.
Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet.

Gottingen.

Leiden, iwa feathers.

of which only the net remains.
Capes and cloaks, market value.

did not grow into cloaks.

of cock's feathers.

see list of ahuula.

small, worn by young alii.
Cave net, B. P. B. M.
Chapman cloak.

Chichester Museum.

I, 69, f. 88.
I, 69, f. 89.
I, 65, f. 74.
I, 80, f. 112.
I, 66, f. 76.
I, 65, f. 71.

I, 66, f. 77.
I, 65, f. 73.

:, 65, f. 70.
1, 70, 1. 92.

I, 70, f. 91; VII,

f. 27, pi. i.
I, 76, f. 102.

I, 74, i- 99-

I, 78; VII, 25, f. 26.

1,55.

1,52.

I, 66, 67, f. 76-79.

VII, 59.

I, 60.

VII, 25, f. 26.

I, 68, f. 85; VII,

39, f- 35-
VII, 18.

66

B RICH AM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

Chinese feather decoration.
Christy collection, British Musenm.

collection, British Museum.
Cloak, Berlin.
British Museum.
British Museum, mostly cock's

feathers.
British Museum,
buried in Honolulu,
burned in Honolulu Board of

Health fire.
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet.
Dresden.

Leiden, triangles.
Paris, MuseQ d'Artillerie, Galerie

d' Ethnographic
with crescents, B. P. B. M., 95S.
Cloaks of feathers primarily war
decoration,
captured in battle,
see list of ahuula.
trailing on ground.
Colburn, J. F. , loans ahuula.
Colgate cape.

cape.
Color significance of feathers.
Colors limited, of Hawaiian birds,
of feathers.
of kahili.
Cook cape, Australian Museum,
cape, Florence,
cape, Vienna.
gives first account of Hawaiian

feather robes,
relics, Australian Museum,
relics. Museum Peter the Great,

Petrograd.
relics. Dominion Museum, Well-
ington, N. Z.
Coiyphi/iis fringillaccus furnished

red feathers in Samoa.
Cunningham, Capt. Wni., brings

cloak to United States.
Curran, Mrs. L. P. M.

Designs of ahuula. I, 52.

Dover Museum cloak. I, 450, f. 17.

Dresden Museum cloak. VII, 29, f. 30.

Museum has good steel case for

ahuula. VII, 3.

Dyed feathers. I, 12.

Edge-Partington, note on feather

mats. I, 487.

Ee, name of feathers from under the

wings. I, [4.

Elgin cape. I, Xi; VII, 22, f. 23.

cape, a strange label on. VII, 24.

I, page

2.

1,65,

f.

72.

1,67,

f.

80.

1,69,

f.

87.

1,64,

f.

67.

1,64,

f.

69.

1,64,

f.

68.

1.63.

1,449

■

1,70,

f.

90.

I, 71,

f.

94-

I. 74,

f.

98.

1,73-

1,59

f.

5°-

1,52.

1,52.

vn,

59

1,5-

VII,

52

I, 80,

f.

114.

I, 80

f.

115-

I, 17-

I, 2.

1,9-

I, 17-

1,4,

f.

i; VII, 12

1,75

I, 76,

f.

lOI.

1,4.

VII,

3-

VII, 2, 8.

VII,

41-

1,3.

VII,

1.75
41

40

, f.

f.

f. 37.
100;

37-

VII

Ellis, Dr. Wm., account of Hawaiian

feather ornaments. I, page 6.

Emma, Queen, cape. I, 60, f. 55.

Ena, Mrs. John, makes Kalakaua

cape. VII, 52.

Eye of pearl-shell set in feathers. I, 442, f. 4.

Feather currency', Santa Cruz Id.

decorations in India.

figure of Keoloewa, described by
Rev. W. Ellis.

figure seen in Tahiti.

gods (Kukailimoku).

gods, list of.

hat in Vienna.

hat in Wellington.

mat, under side shown.

mats discussed by J. Edge-Part-
ington.

work of Hawaiians, Supplement I.
Feathers as currency.

attached to net.

dyed in modern times.

injured by sea water.

named from position on bird.
FcUenberg, Dr. Edmund von, of
Berne, sends drawings of ahuula.
Fijian color birds.
Florence ahuula.
Franklin cape.

Franks, Sir A. WoUaston, presents

Kukailimoku to British Museum.

Freeland, H. C, presents cape to

Chichester Museum.
Frcgata aqiiila (frigate-bird) feath-
ers used.
Fuller cape.

I, 452, f.20, pl.lxix_
I, I.

VII, 46.
VII, 46.

1,31; VII, 57-
VII, 63.

I, 3°-

vn, 13, f. 13 15.
I, 438, f. I.

I, 36, pi. vi, p. 437.

I, 437-

I. 14-

1,51; VII, 57.

I, 12.

I. 13-
I, 14.

I, 444.

1.3-

1,75-

VII, 28, pi. ii.

1.38-
VII, 17.

I, 11; VII, 13.
VII, 17, f. 17.

George IV, King, presents cape to

Miss Paget. VII, 17.

Gill, E. Leonard, letter. I, 440.

Gilman, Gorham D., presents cape

to B. P. B. M., No. 6841. I, 60, f. 42, 57.

Goodrich, Joseph, goes to Kilauea

with Kapiolani. VII, 50.

Gottingen cape. 1,76.

Haalelea cape. I, 62, f. 61.

cajie cordate ornaments. I, 77, f. 105.

cape clear yellow mamo. I, "8, f. 106.

Hamilton, A., sends photographs of

ahuula in Wellington Museum. VII, 14.
Handles of human bone for kahili. I, 16.
Heger, Dr. Franz, describes Mexican

fan. I, 2.

Helmet from Cook. I, 41, f. 32.

covered with human hair. I, 48.

from New Ireland. I, 40, f. 31.

royal, of red, not one wholly

yellow. I, 49.

INDEX.

67

Helmets in British Museum.

in Madrid.

list of.
Hemignathus procerus.

I, pages 46, 47.
I, 45, pi. vii.
1,42.
VII, 27.

Hewitt, Geo. Goodman, on Vancou-
ver's ship, had Kukailimoku. I, 3S, f. 24.

Hill, Geo., cloak. I, 78.

Himatione saiigitiiiea ^= \\iaX>^ne. VII, 20.

Hochstetter, Baron F. von, describes

tiara of Montezuma I, 2.

Huffnagle, Chas., takes cloak to

Calcutta. VII, 39.

Huia feathers, ornament and cur-
rency in New Zealand. I, 14.

Hulumanu, the feather body of a

kahili. I, 17.

Human figure covered with feathers,

Tahiti. VII, 46.

Humphrey, E. , who has a collection

of curiosities. VII, 17.

laukea testifies as to the Queen's

ahuula. VII, 32.

liwi, description and color. I, 9.

short feathers added to 00 feathers

as pa'u. I, 10.

Indian feather decoration. I, i.

Ipswich cloak, no illustrations ob-
tained. I, 74.

1-^a^ Frcgala aqiii/a. I, 11.

Jarves, J. J. , estimate of royal mamo. I, 58.

extols Kaumualii. VII, 31.

Jenkins, I/. W. , sends photograph of

Reynolds cape. VII, 25, f. 25.

Joy cape, B. P. B. M. I, 72, f.96, pi. sii,l.

cloak, B. P. B. M. I, 72, pi. xii, 2.

Judd, A. F., Chief Justice, purchases

Kaumualii cape. VII, 32.

Judd, A. F., traces Kaumualii cordon. VII, 32.
interviews Queen L,iliuokalani. VII, 32.
Judd family gives Kaumualii's cape

to B. P. B. M. VII, 51.

Kaahumanu marries Kaumualii and

son. VII, 31.

Kahili. I, 14, pi. iy, f.

bearers (na lawekahili). I, 14.

branches. I, 19, f. 12.

four dyed red used in funeral of
Queen Emma. I, 24.

handle of bone. I, 16.

in B. P. B. M. have modern deco-
ration. I, 25.

list of the large ones in B. P. B. M. I, 21.

of sugar-cane. I, 24.

pole often bore the kahili name. I, 15.

pole of tortoise-shell. I, 16, f. 11.

used as fly-flaps. I, 15.

Kalakaua cape. VII, 52, f, 48.

Kalanianaole, Prince J. Kuliio, col-
lection of ahuula. VII, page 47.

Kalanikauikalaneo cloak. I, 59, f. 49.

Kalanikupule defeated and sacrificed

to Kukailimoku. I, 35.

Kalanimoku bears kahili over Ka-

mamalu. i, 20.

Kalaniopuu fan handle of discs,

B. P. B. M., No. 5011. 1,16.

Kamakahelei, Queen of Kauai. VII, 30.

cape- VII, 54, f. 50.

Kamamalu carries cape to England. VII, 17.

Kamehameha I gives orders to bird-
catchers, i^ 34.
presents to Vancouver cloak and

helmets. I, 7.

statue by Gould (back view f. 34). VII, f. 33.
statue, history of. VII, 38.

Kamehameha IV gives cape to Lady

Franklin. VII, 28.

Kamehameha V gives cape to E.

Faulkner, H.B.M.S. Havannah. VII, 49.

Kanaina buries his son Lunalilo with

his cloak. I, 8.

Kaneoneo husband of Kamakahelei. VII, 30.

Kanikawi,nameof Kaumualii'smalo. VII, 33.

Kapena cape.
Kapiolani Nui cape.
Kapiolani, Queen, cape.

cape, front.
Kauikeauli, funeral of in 1855 sketch

ed by P. Emmert.
Kauila handles of kahili.
Kaumualii cape (Judd).
cape (Riemenschneider), Kalani-
anaole collection. VII, 47, f. 43, 44.
cordon of. VII, 30, f. 31.
deposits helmets and two capes

with Mrs. Whitney. VII, 31.

visits Kamehameha and receives
gifts. VII, 31.

Kawananakoa, Prince David, collec-
tion of ahuula.
Keaokulani, father of Kaumual
Kearny cloak.

I, 79, f. no.
VII, 50, f. 46.
VII, 52, f. 47.
VII, 56, f. 51-

I, 20, f. 14.

I, 16.

I, 62, f. 60.

VII,
VII,

52.

31-
I. 72, f. 95;

39. f- 36.
VII, 48, f. 45-

VII,

Kekaulike cape.

Kelly cloak without description or

figure. I, 71.

Keohokalole, mother of Iviliuokalani. VII, 16.
Keoloewa, image described by \V.

Ellis. VII, 46.

Keoua, fate of. VII, 31.

Ki plant prototype of kahili. I, 14, f. 16.

King, Captain, account of feather

ornaments of Hawaiians. I, 4.

Kiwala6cIoak(calledQueen'scloak). I, 58, pi. x.

cloak, network. I, pi. xi.

Kiwi feather cloaks in New Zealand. I, 14.
Koae, Tropic bird. I, n, pi. y.

Kua feathers. I, 446.

Kuahaliulani cape. VII, 21, f. 22.

68

B RICH AM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK.

Kualii's descendants.
Kukailimoku.

Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Dominion Museum, Wellington.

list of images.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Oxford Museum.

wooden image of CElHs).

VII, page 30.
I, 31-

VII, 58, f. 53, 54-
VII, 46, f. 42.
I, 37; VII, 63.
I, 439, f. 2.
I, 440, f. 3.
VII, 58.

Lee cape. I, 76, f. 103

Lefroy, G. B. Austen, sells Franklin

cape to B. P. B. M. VII, 29.

Lei (feather wreath). I, 26, f. 18,

banibu cases for. I, 27.

imitations, by strings of Sida fal-
tax; now by paper discs.
Leiden ahuula.
Leihula cape.
Lelemakoalani, daughter of Kamaka-

helei, given to Cook.
Liliuokalani cape.
Judd interviews her.
supposed in possession of nialo
Lisbon cloak.
London cloak, B. P. B. M., No. 958. I, 59

19.
Looms unknown to Hawaiians. I, 50,

Lorius soli/ariits furnished the red

feathers in Fiji. I, 3.

Lucas cloak. I, /i

Lunalilo cloak buried with him. I, 63.

Luschan, Dr. F. von, figures helmet

from New Ireland. I, 40.

19-

I, 26; VII, 64, n.

1, 74.

1,79-

VII, 55-
VII, i5.
VII, 32.
I, Si.
1,77-

f. 51;
f. 19.

f.93.

VII,

Mackintosh, H. B., writes about Elgin

cape.
Mahiole, Cook's, at Wellington, N. Z.

defined.

Maui, B. P. B. M.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

not of Greek origin.

or helmets, list of.

Oxford Museum.

Petrograd.
Maidstone cloak.
Malo of Kauniualii.

of Kauniualii supposed in posses-
sion of Liliuokalani.

royal at Raiatea (Tyerman and
Bennett).

Tahitian described by Cook.
Mamo {Diepanis pacijica).

cloak, estimate of James J. Jarves.

cloak of Kamehanieha I.

Mills specimens taken near Olaa
in Puna.

three specimens seen by author in
1890 on Hualalai.
Marquesan head-band of feathers.

VII, 24.

VII, 45. f- 41.

1,3-

I. 443. f- 5-

I, 443, f- 7-

I, 40.

I, 42; VII, 59.

I, 443, f- 8-
VII, 8, f. 6, 7.

1,71-

VII, 30, f. 31.

1,81.

I, 446.

VII, 38.

I, 10, f. 5, d.

1,58.

1,58.

I, II.

I, II.

I, 445, f. II.

Mason, Prof. OtisT., first assisted in

collecting material for list. I, page 57, note.

Mats of feathers in British Museum. I, 36, pi. vi, p. 438,

f. I.

Misfit front of capes. VII, 55, f. 52.

Model of Hawaiian chief at Petrograd. VII, 6, 7, f. 4, 5.

Munich cape (fragment). I, 75.

Museo Arqueol6gico Nacional, Ma-
drid, has helmets. I, 45, pi. vii.

Museum in Petrograd. VII, 2.

Nahienaena in 1S25 with lei, cape

and kahili. I, 17, f. 10.

Nahienaena's pa'u now a roj'al pall. I, 59.
Nets, bird-catching. I, 13.

Network of Kiwala6's cloak. I, 54, pi. xi.

of olona. I, 50, pi. ix.

Norwich Castle Museum capes. I, 451, f. 19,

Ixvii.

pi.

Nuuanu, battle of, 1795; bones for
kahili sticks. I,

17-

Oldland, Mr. H., sends photographs

of mats in British Museum. I, 37.

Olona base of cloaks. I, 50.

nets. I, 50, pi. ix.

scraping for net cord. I, 50, f. 43.

Oo {Moho 7iobilis). I, xo, f. 5; 437.

Paki gives Gorham D. Gilman human

bone handle. I, 17.

left two kahili sticks unfinished. I, 16, f. 11.

Palekaluhi, A. K., knows of "Malo". VII, 32.

Paris cloak. I, 73.

Parker cape (Kuahaliulani). VII, 21, f. 22.

Pa'u of a feather or cluster. I, 51.

of Nahienaena used as royal pall. I, 59.

Pauahi cape (Mrs. Bishop). I, 5o, f. 53.

Peheapueo, a snare for owls. I, 13.

Peleiholani claims for loss of cloak

in Board of Health fire. I, 449.

Perth Literary and Philosophical

Society has cloak. I, 448-

Peterson cape. I, 59, pi. xv.

Petrograd discovers Cook relics. VII, i.

Phaethon crthereus should be P. lep-

turui. I, II, 437-

Phillips, Steplien W., gives cape to

Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. VII, 25, f. 25.

Pisonia iiinbellifera used for bird-
lime. I, 3.

Pittsfield Athenaeum cape. I, 69.

Pomare (Brassey) cloak. I, 71.

Poomaikalani cape. VII, 54, pi. iv.

Portlock and Dixon account of feath-
er work. I, 7-

Preservation of feather work. VII, 3.

PsMiroslia psitlacea. VIZ, 27.

INDEX.

69

Pueo (owl) feathers used in kahili. I, page 12, f. 6.
Pui, name of feathers over the rump. I, 14.
Pupua, name of feathers from tail. I, 14.

Queen Emma cape. I, 60, f. 55.

Queen's cloak, see Kiwala6. I, 58.

Quetzalcoatl wears feather plumes. I, 2.

Raiatea malo.

Red-tailed Tropic bird, Koae ula,
Phaethon rubricauda.

Reeve, James, Esq., Curator of Nor-
wich Castle Museum, sends pho-
tographs.

Reis cape.

I, 446.

I, II.

I, 444.

I, 79, f. Ill ;
30, pi. iii.
Reynolds cape, Peabody Museum,

Salem. VII, 25, f. 25.

Rice, Arthur W. , furnishes photo-
graphs of Kamehameha statue. VII, 36.
Richmond, Duke of, purchases ahu-

ula. VII, 18.

Riemenschneider, H., purchases the

Whitney ahuula. VII, 47.

Robeson cloak. I, 77.

Row, William, gives cloak and hel-
met to Newcastle Museum. I, 448.

VII,

Saffron Walden cloak.
Samoan color birds.
Santa Cruz feather money.

Schmeltz, Director J. D., quotes
story of dyed feathers.

Seafield, Dowager Countess of, pre-
sents Elgin cape.

Skins of red birds brought to Cook.

Spanish discoveries.

Spear (pololu kauila) often used as
kahili stick.

Starbuck cape.

Steen Bille cape, Copenhagen.

Stewart, Rev. C. S., describes cele-
bration in 1822.

Stokes, John F. G. , studies tech-
nique of feather work.

St. Oswald, Lord, gives Cook relics
to New Zealand.

I. 73, f- 97-
1.3-

I, 452, f. 20, pi.
ixix.

I, 13.

VII, 22.

1.5-
1,6.

I, 15.

I, 80, f. 13.
1,70, f.91; VII, 26,
f. 27, pi. i.

I, 18.
VII, 55-

VII, 42.

Svjatlovskij, Prof. Valdimir, makes

known Cook relics in Petrograd. VII, page 2,
Sydney cape, Cook. 1,4, 76, f. i; VII,

12, f. 12.

I, pi. ii.
VII, 46.
VII, 55-
VII, 35, f. 32-

1,30.

Tahitian gorget,

human figure, feathered.

Technique, additional notes on.

Teeth of fish in "Malo".

Temple oracle (anuu), model of,
given to Cook.

Thompson, Dr. J. Allan, Director
Dominion Museum, sends pho-
tographs. VII, 42.

Tortoise-shell handles of kahili. I, 16.

Touchardia laiifolia, the plant fur-
nishing olona fibre. I, 50.

Tropic bird (Koae). I, 11, pi. v.

Tunstall Museum, note. I, 440.

Tyerman and Bennett account of

royal malo. I, 446.

Valuation of ahuula. I, 55.

Vancouver cape. I, 65, f. 75.

Vancouver'saccountof feather work. I, 7.
Victorian ahuula. I, 63, 7S, 79.

Vienna ahuula. I, 75, f. :oi.

Waber cloak at Berne.

Walcott, Allen M. (now Dr.), ques-
tions former owner of Eheukani.

Welling cape.

Whitney, Mrs. Samuel, ahuula sold
at death in 1872.

Willoughby, Mr. C. C, sends photo-
graphs from Peabody Museum,
Cambridge.

Wilson, W. F., letter of, about Elgin
cape.

Windsor Castle cape.

cape.

cape.

cape.

cloak,
cloak,
cloak.

I, 64, f. 66, 444, f.i2.

I. 449-

I, 68, f. 84.

1,42.

1,444-

VII, 22.

I, 78, f. 107, pi.

xiv, d.
I, 79, f. 108, pi.

xiv, c.
I, 79, f. 109, pi.

xiv, b.
I, 64, f. 65, pi.

xiv, a.
I, 63, f. 62.

1.63, f.63, pl.xiii,a.

1.64, f.64,pl.xiii,i.

i

m

PUBLICATIONS

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MEMOIRS.

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-New Hawaiian Plants, IV.

ITIONS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHl BiSffOl' AiUbliUM
IF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY

A Monographic Study of the Hawaiian

Species of the Tribe Lobelioideae

Family Campanulaceae

By JOSEPH F. ROCK

Botanist, College of Hawaii, Consulting Botanist, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and

Forestry, Honolulu. Author of "T/ie Indigenous Trees of tfie Hawaiian

Islands. ' ' and ' ' The Ornamental Trees of Hawaii. ' '

WITH FRONTISPIECE AND TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN PLATES

Published by Authority of the Trustees
honolulu, h. !.:

1919

♦;:;!;':

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mm:m>m^Mmmmm

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■foKN LuNO ( T'iomas Keolanui John IIaili Penchula

lUL 24 1923

A Monographic Study of the Hawaiian

Species of the Tribe LobeHoideae

Family Campanulaceae

By JOSEPH F. ROCK

Botanist, College of Hawaii. Consulting Botanist, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and

Forestry, Honolulu. Author, of "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian

Islands," and "The Ornamental Trees of Hawaii."

Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
Volume VII., Number 2.

honolulu, h. l

Bishop Museum Press

1919

JUL 24 1923

irr^

'^7- ■/.

y.-E y.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM
OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY

A Monographic Study of the Hawaiian

Species of the Tribe LobeUoideae

Family Campanulaceae

By JOSEPH F. ROCK

Botanist, College of Hawaii, Consulting Botanist, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and

Forestry, Honolulu. Author of "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian

Islands, " and "The Ornamental Trees of Hawaii. "

WITH FRONTISPIECE AND TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN PLATES

ISSUED FEBRUARY 20, 1919

IS

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE TRUSTEES

HONOLULU, H. L:

1919

I

of tl)C
Qlelpbratcii iUutaittsit. (Uljarlrs ^auiitdjauli-lpauprp,

uilja iitarourrrii aiii fStahltabcJi tl)c

^amaiiait Ojrncra of IGnbrlioiiicaf. ll|ia iHouograpliir

§'tuby is rrapcrltuUti iiriiratci.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Dedication V

Table of Contents \TI

List of Illustrations V'lII

Preface ."i

Introduction lo

The Lobelioideae 13

( Jrigin of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae 16

The Baccate Genera of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae 19

Avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands Partial to the Lobelioideae 29

The Capsular Lobelioideae of the Hawaiian Islands and Their ( )utside Af-
finities 33

The Genus Treiiiatolobelia 41

The Genus Brighamia 43

Distribution of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae in the Hawaiian Archipelago. ... 47

The Genus Cleniioutia 47

The Genus Cyaiiea 31

The Genus Delissea 68

The Genus Rollaitdia ." 71

Vertical Range of Lobelioideae in the Hawaiian Islands 73

Tables Showing the Distrilnition of the Hawaiian Genera of the Trilie

Lobelioideae 79

Distribution of the Genus Cyaiiea 79

Distribution of the Genus Clennoiitia 81

Distribution of the Genus Delissea 81

■ Distribution of the Genus Rollaiidia ^2

Distribution of the Species of the Genus Lobelia in Hawaii 82

Distribution of the Genus Treiiiatolobelia 82

Distribution of the Genus Brighamia 84

Flowering Season of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae 84

Root System of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae 84

Systematic Position of the Genus Cyaiiea H7

Sections Delisseoideae, Hirtellae and Filosac 88

Section Cyaiieac Genuiiiae 91

The Section Palinaefonnes 94

The Native Names of Hawaiian Lobelioideae 97

Insects Occurring on Plants of the Lobelioideae in the Hawaiian Is'ands. . 98

Bibliography of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae 100

Icones 101

Key to the Genera and Species 102

Key to the Species of Lobelia 102

Key to the Species of Cyaiiea 103

Key to the Species of Clennoiitia 107

Key to the Species of Delissea 108

Key to the Species of Rollaiidia 108

Systematic Part 109

LOBELL-i Ill

TREMAT0L0BRLL4 \39

BRIGHAML-i 149

CYANEA 133

Sect. I. Paliiiaeforiiies 137

Sect. II. Delisseoideae 193

Sect. III. Hirtellae 213

Sect. IV. Geiiitiiiae 231

Sect. V. Pilosae 269

CLERM0NTL4 287

Sect. Cleniioiitioideae 2S5

Sect. Clennontiae Genuinae 308

Doubtful Species 340

DELISSEA 341

ROLLANDLi 361

Doubtful Species 383

Species Excludenda 383

Doubtful Species of Hawaiian Lobelioideae 384

Species of Lobelioideae Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands 383

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate
1

10
11

12

13

14

15

16

18
17

18

THE ISLAND OF KAUAI
The center of tlie island is an extensive open bog Ivnown as Waialeale.
THE ISLAND OF OAHU
It is on the summits of the two main mountain ridges that the true
Lobelias may be found. Eollandia, Cyanea, and Clermoutia inhabit the
middle forest zone in the deep valleys and ravines.
THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI
The Lobelioideae are restricted to the eastern end of the islan.l, espe-
cially to the deep ravines.

THE ISLAND OF LANAI
This island possesses only a few species of Lobelioideae. They occur
mainly near the central ridge and in a few valleys.
THE ISLAND OF MAUI
The Lobelioideae inhabit the wet forests of West Maui, and the
middle forest zone on the windward side of Haleakala and occur also in
restricted areas of the leeward side at higher elevations. True Loljelia
occur also in the southern gap of the huge err.ter.
THE ISLAND OF HAWAII
The largest island of the grou|i with its three lofty volcanoes, Mauna
Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai; the Lobelioideae inhabit mostly the wind-
ward side of the island, especially the dense forests of the Kohala regions.
They do, however, extend into the w-et forests of the lee side.
CLEEMONTIA PERSICI FOLIA Gaud.
Mature tree. Growing epiphytically on Metrosideros, Oliia Leluia, in
Palolo Valley, Oahu.

CLERMONTIA PERSICIFOLIA Gaud.
A young tree growing terrestrially on Palolo crater-ridge, Oahu.

CLERMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS Rock
Growing on the slopes of I'uunianiau crater, Mt. Haleakala, Maui;
elevation about 7000 feet.

CLERMONTIA I'KLEANA Rock
Growing epiphytically on a tall Metrosideros (Ohia lehua) tree below
Glenwood, Hawaii; elevation, 2100 feet.

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray
The tall plant to the right near the Ohia lehua tree. Forests of
Kauai; elevation 4000 feet. Photo by A. Gartley.
DELISSEA UNDULATA Gaud.
Growing in the Koa and Mamani forest (Acacia Koa. and Sophora
chrysophyUa) on the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii; .jOOO-CiOOU feet eleva-
tion; the ]ilant to the left is 35 feet tall.

CYANEA ARBOREA (Mann) Hillebr.
Growing above Ulnj)alakua, Kula, Haleakala, Maui; elevation about
oOOO feet; plant apijroximatcly fifteen feet in height.
DELISSEA UNDULATA Gaud.
Growing in the upper forest on the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii;
elevation 5500 feet.

DREPANIS FUNEREA
A drepanid nectar-feeiling bird ]iartial to Lobelias. (From Wilson
and Evans, Birds of the Hawaiian Islands, 1S90-1899.)
LOBELIA GAUDK'IIAI'DII A. DC.
Fruiting specimen. To left Trematolobfilla macrostachys (Hook, et
Am.) Zahllir. sterile, growing on the cliffs of Pelekunu, Mulokai.
LOBELIA KAUAENSIS (A. Gray) Heller
(Jrowing on a moss-covered tree near the swamp of Kauluwehi, Kauai;
4200 feet elevation.

LOBELIA KAUAENSIS (A. Gray) Heller
Flowering at the summit bog of Mt. Waialeale, Kauai; elevation 5000 feet.
LOBELIA GLORIA-MONTIS Rock
A fine fiowering specimen about five feet tall, growing near the
summit of Mauna Eeke, in open bog. West Maui; elevation 3500 feet.

Group of Lobelia gloria-montis, show-ing sterile plant and plants in
iliffcrent stages of flowering, near the summit of Mauna Eeke, West
Maui; 4000 feet elevation.

Page

8

10

10
11

12

14

15
17

18

20

24

26

30

32

32
33

34

1

Plate. Page.

19 LOBELIA HYPOLEUCA Hillel.r. 36
Growing at Waiakcalolia Vallev, Kauai; elevation 40011 t'eet. A

mature flowering specinion.

20 LOBELIA YUCCOIDES Hillebr. 37
Growing on tlie eilge of a ravine of Wainiea canyon, Kauai; to tlie

right an olil iufioresfence of Wilkesia gymnoxiphium A. Gray.

21 TREMATOLOBELIA MACROSTArHYS (iloi.k. et Arn.) Zalilbr. 38

Growing in tlie swamp baek of Waikolu riilge, Molokai.

22 BRIGIIAMIA INSIGNIS A. Gray 40
Growing on the eliils of Kalaiipapa, Molokai. The ]ilaiits arc all iu

tlower. (Photo by Nevin.)

23 BRIGIIAMIA INSIGNIS A. Gray 42
Growing on the cliffs of Halawa, Molokai.

24 GLERMONTIA PARVIFLORA Gaud. 44
Growing epiphytically on Oibotium tree fern (C. Chamissoi) iu the

rainforest at 29 miles, Volcauo of Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation ^fiOO feet.

25 GLERMONTIA KOHALAE Rock 46
(Left-hand upper corner.) A small tree, growing ou rock walls in

the Kohala Mountains, Hawaii, below Awini.

26 GLERMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS Rock 48
Oue of the most curious Lobelioids, growing ou the slopes of Halea-

kala, Maui; elevation 7U' 0 feet.

27 CYANEA FAURIEI Levi. 49
Growing in Olokele canyon, Kauai. The plaut is about LI feet tall.

28 GYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray .50
Mature specimen in the woods above Waimea, Kauai.

29 GY'ANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray 52
Growing in Kaholuamano forest, Kauai.

29 CYANEA FAURIEI Levi. 52
Growing iu Olokele canyon, Kauai.

30 CYANEA GAY'ANA Rock 53
Mature plant growing iu the forest of Kaholuamano, Kauai.

31 CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray 54
The i>iilni like jdants all through the gulch; to the extreme right

Cyanea spathulata (Hillebr.) Hidlcr, growing in the forests of Kaholua-
mano, Kauai. The trees are Metrosideros collina polymorpha.

32 Several plants of Cyanea leptostegia A. Gray growing along the walls 55
of a small streambed at Kah(duamaiH), Kauai. The small-leaveil plant to

the right is Cyanea spathulata (Hillebr.) Heller.

33 CYANEA Sl'ATIU'LATA (Hillebr.) Heller .56
Growing in the forests of Kaliuluamano, Kauai.

34 In the upper margin, Cyanea aculeatiflora Rock in company with 58
Gunnera petaloidea, growing on the rock walls of Waikamoi gulch. East

Maui; elevation 4000 feet. (Photo and copyright by R. K. Boniue.)

35 CYANEA ACULEATIFLORA Rock 59
Mature plants growing in the rainforests ou the northwestern slope

of Mt. Haleakala, Maui, at an elevation of 4000 feet.

36 CYANEA HAMATIFLORA Rock 60
A group of these remarkable Lobelioids, growing iu a deep gulch,

below Puukakai, northwest slope of Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation 400(j
feet. The tall dowering s])ecinien in the background is about 20 feet iu
height.

37 CY'ANEA ARBOREA (Maunl Hillebr. 62
Growing above Ulupalakua-Kula, Haleakala, Maui; elevation about

5000 feet; plant apiiroximately 15 feet in height.

38 CYANEA GIFFARDII Rock 63
This rare and curious Lobelioid was photographed in the rainforests

near 23 miles, along the Volcauo of Kilauea road, Hawaii; elevation 2500
feet.

39 CYANEA TRITOMANTHA A. Gray 65
Growing in the dense tree-fern forest near Kulani, slopes of Mauna

Loa, Hawaii; elevation 5000 feet.

40 CYANEA PILOSA Gray var. GLABRIFOLIA Rock 66
Growing in fern forest near Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; elevation 1000 feet.

Plate. Page.

41 CYANEA PILOSA Gray var. (iLABRIFOLIA Eock 67
Growing on top of trunk of Cibotiiira Chamissoi (tree fern), forests

of Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation tOUO feet.

42 LOBELIA KAUAENSIS (Gray) Heller 69
Flowering plant about four feet liigh, growing at tlie sununit of Mt.

Waialeale, Kauai; elevation .5000 feet.

42 LOBELIA HYPOLEUCA Hillebr. 69
Growing in the u|iper ravines of Oahu, Manoa Valley; elevation 2000 feet.

43 LOBELIA KAUAENSIS VILLOSA Roek 70
A llovvering and sterile specimen on the summit of Mt. Waialeale,

Kauai; elevation 5000 feet.

44 CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (Hillebr.) Rock 72
Tree 20 feet tall, growing terrestriallj' in the forest of the Kipuka

Puaulu, Hawaii, slopes of Mauna Loa; elevation 4200 feet.

45 CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (Hillebr.) Eock 74
Growing epiphytically ou Metrosideros (Ohia lehua) trees in the

Kipuka Puaulu, near the Volcano of Kilauea, Plawaii; elevation 4200 feet.

46 CYANEA SCABRA Hillebr. 76
Low subherliririMius phuits, about two to three feet tall, growing in the

dense shade of tTrticaceae, near the streanibed in the Waihee Valley, West
Maui ; elevation luOO feet.

47 CYANEA ASPLENIFOLIA (ilann; Hillebr. 78
Growing near the streambed in Waihee Valley, West Maui; elevation

ISOO feet. The Jilant is about six feet tall.
4S Root system of Clermontia Hawaiiensis, growing epiphytically on 83

Acacia Koa (Koa) in the fiuests near the Volcano of Kilauea, Puu Oo
trail, Hawaii; 4:J00 feet elevation. Note the twenty-foot-long taproot,
which clescendeil through the center of the giant Koa trunk; the root was
1..") inches thick where it entered the ground.

49 CYANEA MACEOSTEGIA Hillebr. 85
A fruiting specimen (Sejitember) growing in the dense sphagnum

forests of Puohaokamoa, northern slope of Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation
4200 feet.

50 CYANEA PILOSA A. Gray 86
Plant about .5 feet tall, growing epiphytically in dense rainforest near

Kulani, slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii; elevation 4500 feet. Note the
downward-bent peduncles, along the stem.

51 CYANEA COPELANDII Eock S9
Growing epii)hytically on a fern-covered tree trunk in the forest near

Glen wood, Hawaii; elevation 2400 feet.
.52 CYANEA BISHOPII Rock 90

Plants in full fruit (September) growing in the dense rainforests near
Puohaokamoa, noi'thern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation 4000
feet. The tallest plant is only about 5 feet high.
.53 CYANEA TRITO.MANTHA A. Gray 92

Growing in the forest of Niialehu, Kau, Hawaii; plants 10-15 feet tall.
A'ine in background Freycinetia arborea Gaud.

54 CYANEA NOLI-ME-TANGERE Ro(k 9:)
One of the most spiny Lobolioids, growing always terrestrially in the

dense rainforests in deep shape, near 23 miles. Volcano Roail, Hawaii.

55 CYANEA ACULEATIFLORA Rock 95
A giant Lobelioid growing along a small streanibed near the Waikanioi

trail, Haleakala, Maui; 4000 feet elevation.
56. LOBELIA GAUDICHAUDII He c.-nid. li:!

Specimen from the summit of Konahuanui, Oahu (in the herbarium of
the College of Hawaii).

57 LOBELIA GAUDICHAUDII De Cand. lU
The typical plant from the summit of Konahuanui, Oahu.

58 LOBELIA GLORIA-MONTIS Rock sp. u. 116
Type in the herliariuni of the College of Hawaii.

59 Type of Lobelia gloria-montis longibracteata Rock in lieibarium 118
College of Hawaii.

60 LOBELIA KAl'AENSIS (A. Gray) Heller 120
From a specimen in the Gray Heibariuin, ex coll. A. A. Heller.

61 Type (no. 12741) of Lobelia Kauaensis viUosa Itcn-k in the herbarium 121
of the College of Hawaii.

62 Single brandies of Lobelia hypoleuca Hillebr. 123

Plate. Page.

63 LOBELIA HYPOLEUCA Hillebr. 124
Specinieu ex coll. Hilleliraiiil iu the Gray Herbarium.

64 To the left Lobelia oahuensis Koi-k; to the right Lobelia hypoleuca 126
Hillelir. Note the iliffereuee in the uiniersurfape of the leaves. In

L. Oahuensis the leaves are green; iu L. hypoleuca the leaves are white
beneath.
(iri LOBELIA YUOCOIDES Hillebr. 128

Co-type specimen collected by V. Kuuilseu in tiie Hillobrinul collec-
tion iu the Gray Herbarium.

66 LOBKLIA YUOCOIDES Hillebr. _ 129
Specimen iu the t'oUege of Hawaii Herbarium, Rock no. .")77!l.

67 LOBELIA NERIIFOLIA A. Gray 1.31
•Speeimeu from Mt. Haleakala, East Maui, iu the herljariuiu of the

College of Hawaii.

68 LOBELIA TORTUOSA Heller 134
From a specimen in the Gray Herbarium, ex coll. A. A. Heller.

69 Type of Lobelia Remyi Rock iu the Paris Herbarium. 1.'36

70 TREilATOLOBELIA MACROSTACHY'S Zahlbr. 140
Showing portions of fruiting racemes pierfectly mature.

71 TREMATOLOBELIA MACROSTACHYS Zahlbr. 142

Flowering specimen.

72 Part of the inflorescence of the type of Trematolobelia macrostachys 144
Kauaiensis Rock iu herbarium, College of Hawaii.

73 Tj'pe of Trematolobelia macrostachys grandifoUa Rock in lierliarium, 146
College of Hawaii.

74 Flowering specimen of Brighamia insigms A. Gray in tlie herbarium, 150
College of Hawaii.

75 CYANEA SUPERBA (Cham.) Gray 154
Specimen in Herbarium Beroliuense ex coll. Hillcliiiiml.

76 CYANEA SUPERBA VELUTINA Rock 155

Type in Herbarium Berlin.

77 CY'ANEA REGINA (Hillebr.) Rock 156
Type iu Herbarium Vienna, ex coll. Wawra, ex herb. Hillebr.

78 CYANEA REGINA (Hillebr.) Rock 158
Sijecinien ex coll. Hillebr. in Herbarium Beroliuense.

79 CYANEA GIFFARDII Rock 160
Flowering specinu^n from the forests above Glenwooil, Hawaii. The

plant was 30 feet iu height.

80 CYANEA GIFFARDII Rock 161
Type no. 12802-b iu the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

81 CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA Gray 163
Specimen in Herbarium Beroliuense, ex coll. Hillebr.

82 CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A, Gray 164
Leaves of young plant. S[iecimen in the College of Hawaii Her-
barium, Rock no. 901(i.

83 CYANEA ARBOREA (Maun) Hillebr. 166
Specimen in Herbarium Beroliuense, ex coll. Hillebraml.

84 CYANEA ARBOREA (Maun) Hillebr. 167
Portion of crown of leaves with iuHoresceuce; less than one-tliird

natural size.

85 CY'ANEA SOLENOCALYX Hillebr. 169
Type in the Herbarium Beroliuense, e.x coll. Hillebr.

86 CYANEA SOLENOCALY'X Hillebr. 170
(Y'ouug plaut.) Specimen iu Herbarium Beroliuense, ex coll. Hillebr.

87 CYANEA ^VAILAUENSIS Rock 172
Type no. 8812 iu the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

88 CYANEA PROCERA Hillebr. 174
Type iu Herbarium Beroliuense, ex coll. Hillelir.

89 CYANEA GIBSONII Hillebr. 175
Type in Herbarium Beroliuense, ex coll. Hillebr.

90 " CYANEA ATRA Hillebr. 176
Specimen ex coll. Rock no. 8204 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

91 CYANEA ATRA LOBATA Rock 178
Type (no. 8637) iu the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Plate. Page.

92 CYANEA MACROSTEGIA Hillebr. 180
Type iu Herbarium Berolineiise, ex ooll. llilleliraiuL

93 ' CYANEA MACROSTEGIA Hillebr. 181
Siiecinieu (Rook no. 10264) in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

94 CYANEA MACROSTEGIA VISCOSA Ro.-k 182
Type (no. 8791) in the College of Hawaii Herbariuiu.

95 CYANEA MACROSTEGIA PARVIBRACTEATA Rock 184

One-half natural size.
Type no. 10057 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

96 ' CYANEA HAM ATI FLORA Rock 185

Type iu the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

97 CYANEA HAMATIFLOEA Rock lS(i

Mature fruits.
9S CYANEA ACULEATIFLORA Rook 188

Type in the College of Hawaii Herbarium, Rock no. 851.3.

99 CYANEA TRITOMANTHA Gray 190

Specimen in the Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebr.

100 CYANEA TRITOMANTHA Gray 191
From a living specimen collected iu the forests of Hilea, Kau, Hawaii.

101 CYANEA TRUNCATA Rock 192
Type no. 8840 in the herbarium of tlie College of Hawaii.

102 CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Cham.) Hillebr. 196
Typical specimen from the mountains behind Houolnbi.

103 CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA LANAIENSIS Rock 197
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebr.

104 CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA LANAIENSIS Rock 198
Specimen in herbarium Museum Paris, ex coll. Remy, no. 304.

105 CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA RACEMOSA Hillebr. 200

Type in Herbarium Berlin.

106 CY'ANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA TOMENTELLA Hillebr. 201

Type in Berlin Herbarium.

107 CYANEA MANNII (Brigham) Hillebr. 202
Specimen in Berlin Herbarium, ex coll. Hillebr.

108 CYANEA OBTUSA (Gray) Hillebr. 204
Specimen in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebr.

109 CYANEA CORIACEA (A. Gray) Rock 205
Tvpe in Gray Herbarium, ex coll. J. Reniv no. 302.

110 ' CYANEA FAURIEI Levi. " 206
Specimen in the College of Hawaii Herbarium (Rock no. 5826-a).

111 CYANEA HARDYI Rock 208
Type no. 12767 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

112 CYANEA SPATHULATA (Hillebr.) Heller 210
Specimen iu Herbarium Berolineuse, ex coll. Ilillelir.

113 CYANEA COMATA Hillebr. 212
Type iu Herbarium Berolineuse, ex coll. Hillelir.

114 CYANEA KNUDSENII Rock 214
Type in the Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrauil.

115 CYANEA HIRTELLA (Mann) Rock 215
Specimen in Gray Herbarium, Mann & Brigham no. 574.

116 CYANEA HIRTELLA (H. Mann) Rock ■ 216
Flowering specimen in the College of Hawaii Herbarium, Rock no. 5942.

117 CYANEA HIRTELLA (H. Mann) Rock 217
Fruiting specimen in the College of Hawaii Herbarium, Rock no. 8865.

lis CYANEA EIVULARIS Rock 218

Type no. 5365 in the College of Hawaii Herliarium.

119 CYANEA RIVULARIS Rock 220
A narrow-leaveil form of the sjiecies; the plants with narrow leaves

are taller than those with broad leaves.

120 CYANEA FISSA (Mann) Hillebr. 222
Specimen in the Gray Herbarium, e.x coll. Mann i: Brigham no. 577.

121 CYANEA FISSA (Mann) Hillebr. 223
S|jecimen in Herbarium Vienna, ex coll. Wawra no. 2187 (as Cyanea

humilis Wawra).

Plate. Page.

122 CYANEA GAYANA Eock 224
Type (no. 246;^) in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

123 CYANEA EECTA (Wawra) HiUebr. 226
Type in Herbarium A'ienua, ex coll. Wawra no. 2062 (as Delissea

recta Wawra).

124 CYANEA LARRISONII Eock 228
Type no. 10342 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

12.-) CYANEA SYLVESTEIS Heller 229

Specimen in Gray Herbarium, ex coll. A. A. Heller no. 2601.

126 CYANEA NOLI-ME-'TANGEEE Eock 230
Type in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

127 CYANEA PLATYPHYLLA (Gray) Hillebr. 232
Specimen ex coll. Hillebranil in Berlin Herbarium.

128 CYANEA FEENALDII Eock 234
Co-type in herbarium Museum Paris.

129 CYANEA PROFUGA Forbes 236
Co-tvpe in the College of Hawaii Herbarium, ex coll. C. N. Forbes

no. 313 Mo.

130 CYANEA EOLLANDIOIDES Eock 2.38
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

131 CYANEA FEREOX Hillebr. 240
Type in Herbarium Beroliueuse, ex coll. Hillebr.

132 CYANEA FEREOX.' Hillebr. 241
Specimeu in Herbarium Beroliueuse, e.x coll. Hillelir. A young plant,

but if belonging to C. ferox is not certain.

133 CYANEA FEROX HORBIDA Eock 242
Specimen in Herbarinjn Beroliueuse, ex coll. Hillebr. (Cyanea ferox

i3 var.).

134 CYANEA FEROX? HOEEIDA Eock 243
Specimen in Herbarium Beroliueuse, ex coll. Hillebraud (C. ferox

/3 var.). Young plant; if belonging to C. ferox horrida, is not certain.

135 CYANEA FEROX HOEEIDA Eock 244
Specimen no. 10056 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

136 CYANEA LOBATA H. Mann 246
Type in Cornell Herbarium, ex coll. Mann & Brigham no. 467.

137 CYANEA GEIMESIANA Gaud. 248
Type '? in herbarium Museum Paris, ex eoU. Gauilichaml no. 143.

138 CYANEA GEIMESIANA Gau.l. 249
Specimen in Herliarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

139 CYANEA GEIMESIANA MAUIENSIS Rock 2.50

Type in Berlin Herbarium.

140 CYANEA GEIMESIANA LYDGATEI Rock 252
Type in the Herbarium Berolinense, e.x coll. Hillebrand.

141 CYANEA GRIMESIANA CYLINDEOCALYX Eock 253

Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

142 CYANEA SCABRA Hillebr. 254
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

143 CYANEA SCABEA VAEIABILIS Rock var. uov. 256
Type in herbarium College of Hawaii, ex coll. H. L. Lyon no. 10259.

144 CYANEA SCABRA LONGISSIMA Rock var. uov. 257
Type in herbarium College of Hawaii, Rock no. 8790.

145 CYANEA SCABRA SINUATA RocK 258
Type in Herliarium Berolinense, ex. coll. Hillebrand.

146 CYANEA HOLOPHYLLA Hillebr. 260
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

147 CYANEA SOLANACEA Hillebr. 261
Type, showing young spinose plant and portion of a mature plant

with flowers.

148 CYANEA SOLANACEA Hillebr. 262
Specimen of mature plant in Herbarium Berolinense, e.x coll. Hillebrand.

149 CYANEA SOLANACEA QUERCIFOLIA Hillebr. 264
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

Plate. Page.

150 CYANEA ASPLENIf^OLIA (H. Mann) Hille})!-. 266
Tvjie iu Cornell Herbarium, ex coll. Mann & Brighani no. 464.

151 CYANEA MXILTISPICATA Levi. 268
Co-tyjie in herbarium College of Hawaii, ex coll. V. Fanrie no. 576.

152 CYANEA ACUMINATA (Garni.) HiUebr. 270
Bjiecimcu iu herbarium College of Hawaii, Eock no. 8845.

loo' CYANEA PILOSA A. Gray 272

Tyjie in the Gray Herbarium, ex coll. U. S. Exploring Exjiedition.

156 CYANEA COPELANDII Koclc 278
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

154 CYANEA PILOSA DENSIFLORA Rock 274
Flowering and fruiting specimen from the Mountains of Naalehu,

Kau, Hawaii.

155 CYANEA BISHOPII Rock 276

Type in the Berlin Herbarium.

157 CYANEA STYCTOJ'HYLLA Rock 280
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

158 CYANEA REMYl Rock 281
Type in herbarium Museum Paris, ex coll. .1. Eemy.

159 CLEEMONTIA ARBOEESCENS (Mann) Hillebr. 286
Specimen in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

160 CLEEMONTIA ARBOEESCENS (Mann) Hillebr. 288

Ohawai.

Less than half natural size; showing flowering branch and fruit.

Kil CLEEMONTIA TUBEECULATA Forbes 289

Natural size, showing llowerbuds. Note tubercles on the inflorescence.

162 CLEEMONTIA GAUDICHALTDII BARBATA Eock 290
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hill(d)rand no. 56.

163 Tyiie of Clermontia singuUforia Eock in the herbarium of the College 292
of Hawaii.

164 CLEEMONTIA PELKANA Eock 294

Flowering specimen, reduced.

165 Type of Clermontia coerulea Hillebr. in Herbarium Berolinense. 295

166 CLEEMONTIA COEEULEA Hillebr. 296
One-third natural size; showing flowers and fruits.

167 CLEEMONTIA WAIMEAE Rock 29S
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

168 CLERMONTIA PYRULARIA Hillebr. 300
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, e.x coll. Hillebranil.

169 CLERMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS Eock 301
Less than half natural size. Type in the herbarium of the College of

Hawaii.

170 CLEEMONTIA FULVA Levi. 302
Sketch of the type in Leveille Herbarium, La Mans, France.

171 CLEEMONTIA KAKEANA Meyen 305
Specimen ex coll. Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense

172 CLEEMONTIA PEESICIFOLIA Gaud. 306
Sijecinien collected during Gaudichaud's second visit (1836-37), in

the herbarium Museum Paris.

173 CLEEMONTIA PEESICIFOLIA (4auil. 307

Flowering specimen, reduced.

174 Left-hand uij))er corner, CI. persicifolla Gaud., ex coll. Gaud, visit 309
1836-37, Bonite; left-hand lower coinci-, CI, Gaudichaudii, ex coll. U. S.

Expl. Exp., Kauai; right upper three lea\es, CI. oblonglfolia Gaud., ex
coll. Gaud., \isit 18.'16-:i7, Bonite; single leaf extreme right, middle of
plate, CI. Kakeana, ex coll. V. S. Expl. Exj)., Oaliu,

175 CLEEMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA (iaud. 310
Specimen ex coll. Gaudichauil in Herbarium Paris.

176 CLEEMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA Gaud. 311
Specimen ex coll. Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense.

177 CLEEMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA Gaud. 312

Flowering specimen.

Plate. l^age.

ITS CLETi:\IOXTIA TIAWAIIENSIS (Hillebr.) Rock 314

Specimen of CI. macrocarpa Hawaiiensis Hillebr. in Herbarium Berolinense.

179 CLEEMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (Hillebr.) Eock 816

Flowering and fruiting specimen.

180 Type of Clermontia pallida Hillebr. in Herbarium Berolinense. 318

181 " CLEKMOXTIA KOHALAE Eock 320

Type in tlie herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

182 CLEEMONTIA KOHALAE EOBUSTA Rock 321
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

183 CLEEMONTIA LEPTOCLADA Rock 322
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

184 CLERMONTIA DREPANOMORPHA Rock 324
Type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

185 CLERMONTIA DREPANOMORPHA Rock 325
Flowering ami fruiting specimen, about one-half natural size.

186 Type of Clermontia grandiflora Gaud, in herbarium Museum Paris. 326

187 " CLERMONTIA (JRANDIFLORA Gaud. 328

Specimen ex Herbarium Hillebrand in Herbarium Beroliueuse.

188 CLERMONTIA MULTIFLORA Hillebr. 329

Type in Herbarium Beroliueuse.

189 Type of Clennontia micrantha (Hillebr.) Rock in Herbarium Berolinense. 330

190 '^ CLER.MONTIA MONTIS LOA Rock 332

Type (no. 1U002) in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

191 Type of Clermontia montis-Loa Rock in the herbarium of the College 333
of Hawaii.

192 Type of Clermontia parviflora Gaud, in the herliarium Museum Paris. 335

193 CLERMONTIA PAEVIFLORA Gaud. 336
(Type of Hillebrand 's CI. parviflora pleiantha in the Herbarium

Beroliueuse.)

194 Type of Clermontia parviflora calycina Rock in the herbarium nf the 338
College of Hawaii.

195 DELISSExV SUBCORDATA Gaud. 344
Specimen in the Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

196 DELISSEA SUBCORDATA OBTUSIFOLIA Wawra 346
Type iu the Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

197 Type of Delissea laciniata Hillebr. in Herbarium Berlin. 347

198 Type of Delissea laciniata parvlfoUa Rock in Herbarium Berolinense. 348

199 Type of Delissea sinuata Hillebr. iu Herbarium Berlin. 350

200 Type of Delissea sinuata lanaiensis Rock in Herbarium Berliu. 351

201 Type of Delissea undulata Gaud, in herbarium Museum Paris. 352

202 DELISSEA RHYTIDOSPERMA H. Mauu 354
Specimen iu Gray Herbarium, ex coll. Mann & Brigham.

203 DELISSEA RHYTIDOSPERMA H. Mann 355
Specimen ex coll. Wawra (Delissea KeaUae) in Herbarium Vienna.

204 Type of Delissea faUax Hillebr. iu Herbarium Berolinense. 356

205 DELISSEA PARVIFLORA Hillebr. 358
Type in Herliariuni Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebrand.

206 ROLLANDIA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Hillebr.) Rock 364
Specimen (Rock no. 10250) in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

207 EOLLANDIA PURPURELLIFOLIA Rock 366
In the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

208 ROLLANDIA LONGIFLORA Wawra. 367
Co-type in the Gray Herbarium, ex coll. Hillebrand.

209 EOLLANDIA LANCEOLATA Gaud. 368
Typical specimen (Rock ]io. 10254), in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

210 ROLLANDIA LANCEOLATA VIRIDIFLORA Rock 370

Flowering jdant, much reduced.

211 ROLLANDIA KAALAE Wawra 372
Type iu Herbarium Vienna, ex coll. Wawra.

Plate. Page.

212 ROLLANDIA KAALAE Wawra 374
Spec, ex Herbar. Hillebraud in Herbarium Beroliiionse.

213 ROLLANDIA CRISPA Gaud. 375
Spec'imou foUecteil by H. Manu, in the Gray Hcrbaiiiiiii.

214 ROLLANDIA CRISPA Gaud. :!76
From a living specimen (much reduced) collecteii in the mountains

licliiiid Jloiiolulu. "
21.5 ROLLANDIA CALYGINA G. Don. 378

Specimen in herliarium Museum Paris, ex coll. Gamlirhand no. 41.

216 ROLLANDIA CALYCINA G. Don :!79
Specimen (Rock no. 8S44) in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

217 ROLLANDIA HUMBOLDTIANA Gaud. 380
Showing inflorescence (flowers white), about two-thirds natural size;

from living sijecimeu collected on Mt. Olympus, Oahu.

PREFACE

T^lIE preseut pMiiur reiiresfiits m iH(iii(i.uraplii<' stiidv uf ;ill tlic kiuiwii Hawaiian
Lobelioideae comprising the geuera Lobelia, Tr< matolobelia, Brighamia, Cija-
Ilea, Clcrmontia, Delissca and Rollaiidia. 8ix of the seven genera are peculiar to
the Hawaiian Islands, while the seventh [Lobelia) is of world-wide distribntion.
The largest number of species occur in the geniLs Vijaiiea fifty-two, in Clernioiitia
there are twenty-three, in Eollanelia nine, in Delisxea seven, in Lobelia eleven, ami
one in each of the two remaining genera {Trcmatolubclia and Brigliainia). This
makes a tcilal niiiiilier of one hundred and iour species of Lobelioideae which are
all peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. Hesides these species, there occnr five varie-
ties and one form in Vleriiunilia, twenty-five varieties in Vijaiiea, three varieties in
Ddissea. three varieties in Uolhiiidid. \o\iv varii'tics and imc tonu in Labilia, two
varieties in I'rematolobdia, and one torm in Brighainia, making a tt)tal of one
hundred and forty-nine species, varieties, ami forms. Ilillebrand in his Flora of
tile Hawaiian Islands eiuunerates fitty-eight species of Lnb< tiiiidi ik in all. While
the numher of species and varieties has been more than doubled, it is the writer's
opinion tliat many more species will be brought to light, esjiecially in the genus
Cyanea. Strange to sa}', Ddissea has Ijrought forth no new species; on the con-
trary, the old known species have become extremely rare and several of the
species have not been rc-coUected since the days of Ilillebrand. Delissea is in all
probability a decadent genus. A few new sijecies ma\- be expected in (Jleriiioniia,
Uolleuidia and perhaps Lnbdia. but the greater number of new species must be
expected in Cyanea.

The writer has laliored for nearly ten years on the Hawaiian LobeHnidene.
As Botanist of the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry and of the
College of Hawaii, he made a botanical survey of all the islands of this group,
and from the beginning of his work here in Hawaii he felt especially interested
in these strange and highlj- interesting plants. Thus he became acquainted with
nearly all the Hawaiian Lobelioideae growing in their natural habitat, which is
so essential to the proper understanding of this difficult group of plants. It is
next to impossible to arrange these plants systematicall}' without having seen
them in their native haunts. In the preparation of this monograph, the writer
had at his disposal for study the Ilillebrand Collection in the Berlin Ilerliarium,
the AVawra Collection in the Vienna Herbarium, Gaudichaud's and J. Remy's
Collection in the Paris ]\Iuse\un, Asa Gray's species in the Gray Herbarium,
H. iMann's Collection from the Cornell Herbarium and Bishop Museum Iler-
liarium; he saw A. A. Heller's species and C. N. Forbes' new species in the
Bishop Museiun. and the A. S. Hitchcock Collection which the wi'iter determined
for the U. S. National jMuseum.

In the year IDl^-lDl-l the wi'iter made a .journey sirouud th<' world and for
three months studied the collections in Europe. He examined Adalbert de
Chamisso's species in Berlin, and saw specimens collected by Lay and Coollie,
Bennett, Wawra; Eemy, Gaudichqud and Hillebrand. In America he studied
the collections in the (jray Ilerbariimi at Cambridge.

In luost instances the types of the early authors have been photographed by
the writer, whose own types have also been photograi)hicall.\' re])rodnced. ()nl.\-

ill few iiistanci's the types were not seen ;ind eonseqnently not photographed.
Some of the types are in such a niiseral)h' state or so fragmentary that a photo-
graph of the same woukl be of no lielp whatsoever.

Unfortunately Hillebrand neither numbered his specimens nor did lu' des-
ignate his tyi)es : consequently his species are all electot\'i)es and as such are
here reproduced. Manj- of his new species bear an entirely different name ou the
herbarium sheet from that of the one published in his Flora, and his species
h<i(l to be rediscovered in his collection to a greater or lesser extent. It was
most unfortunate that Hillebrand 's collection was not kept intact, as only a
very comprehensive collection of such polymorphic species as occur in the Ha-
waiian Islands can give a clear idea of the limits of a species and its relation-
ship. As it is, his collection was divided and distributed among many herbaria, to
such an extent that the main collection is in many instances (piite fragmentary ;
rarely is a species represented in the collection from more than oue island ;
Hillebrand records specimens of a species from ditferent localities on one island
and often from another island. In nearly every instance only one herbarium
sheet is present, while the others can be found at Harvard and elsewhere.

Shortly before the completion of this monograph, the writer was enabled to
examine a collection of plants made .jointly by Hillebrand and Lydgate. The
collection was in the possession of ]Mr. Lydgate of Kauai and was sold by him
to the IJishoi) JIuseum. The collection brought forth nothing new, but con-
tained a specimen of Cijatim Iriloniniitlia p. var. Hillebrand, which was labeled
CyaiKa Liidydtei sp. n. This is evidently the only i)lant extant, as tiie writer
did not meet with it in auy of the European or American H(>rbaria, nor has it
again been re-collected.

Co-types of the writer's own species have been deposited in the Bishop
Jluseum together with duplicate photographs of tyi)es of early authors, as far
as available. The monograpli was prepared at the College of Hawaii, partly
during College of Hawaii time and partly dui'iiig tiie writer's own time, when
he labored during the hours of the night or early morning. The j^hotographs
were nearly all taken by the writer; only in few instances were they taken by
others and are thus marked on the individual jilate. The actual specimens were
all photographed by him.

The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks and gratitude to the Directors
of the various herbaria in which he was privileged to woi-k. especially to Prof.
A. Engler, Drs. I. Urban, Diels, Zahll)ruckner. Dr. Le Comte, Drs. Robinson,
Fernald, Prof. Ilosmer, Prof. N. L. Britton, Dr. Rowlee and IMonseign. Leveille.
To the lion. Albert F. Judd, President of the Trustees of the Berniee P. Bishop
Museum, the writer is grateful for the kind interest shown in the present work,
as it is to his desire to further scientific knowledge in the Pacific that the pub-
lication of this monograph owes its existence. To ]\Ir. Henry Holmes, of the
publication committee of the Bishop Museum, the writer is indebted for many
valuable suggestions and cooperation in the reading of proof.

To :Mr. (). II. Swez'^y the writer is grateful for information regarding the
insect fauna partial to Lain liuiih ii< . A list of the insects found on Ldhdiii'uhaf.
compiled by IMr. Swezey, can be found at tlie end of tlie introduction.

In conclusion, the writer wishes to remark that while undoulitedlx' new spe-
cies of Lobelias will I'ew.-ird the biboi's of I'utni'e cxplorcl's. the old and most

I

interesting species are fast disapiicarino- and some of them have already become
extinct: he needs only mention tlic magnificent species of Cyanea arborca,
C. Giff'ardii. ('. supcrba and others; and if the publication of this paper should,
besides gi\'ing- a full and explicit account of every known species, be the means
of arousing interest in the preservation of these rare and curious plants, the
writer's aims will indeed have b(>en attained.

Joseph F. Rock.
Ilouohilu, May 17, I'JIS.

PLATf: 1.

KAUAI

m*

THE JSLAND OF KAUAI
The eenter of the islaml is fiii extensive o]ieii Imj;' known as Wainleale.

PLATE 2.

'OA_M Li

OA^HU

A .rr.StoiuuSquorcMile; 5.)8
Lj.c:ifior islonii 46 Mile-;
.,5lho/lslaii<1 ZS MiUi
lliiShesiElevatioa

Mi.Kuala4o30 ft.
Distance fvorn

CalifocniaglOO Mi
Japan 3.400 Mi
Auslralia4.430 M
i'opulotion 82.000-
.SugavCrcp l3ll-I23,I?STc

THE ISLAND OF OAHU

It is on the summits of the two main mountaiu liilges that the true Lobelias may be
found. Rollaudia, Cyanea, and Clermontia inhabit tlie middle forest zone in the deep
vallej's and ravines.

10

PLATE 3.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

MOLOKAI

39 MHcs ionp'
lvc«i potni 25 mitai feom Oi^hu
^il^^c5( pear. '»^t9 feet

/^na 3,(tl Square m1lca
Willi. T. Vop^

TilE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI

The Lolielioideac are restrioted to the eastern end of the island, espeidally to the

di'pp rnvincs.

LANAI

5 L A N D S

THE ISLAND OF LANAI

Tliis island possesses ouly a few species of Lobelioideae. They oecui- mainly uear the
central ridge and in a f ew'' vallej'S.

11

PLATE 4.

THE ISLAND OF ilAUI

The Lobelioideae inhaliit the wet forests of West Maui, and the iniildle foiest zoue ou
the windward side of Haleakala ami occur also in restricted areas of the leeward side at
higher elevations. True Lobelia occur also iu the southern gap of the huge crater.

12

I'LATIO

THE ISLAND OF HAWAII

The lai-gest isliiiul of tlie group with its tliiec lofty volcanoes, Mnuii;i Kea, M;iuiia Loa
ami Hualalai; the Lobelioideae inhabit mostly the windward side of the island, especially
the dense forests of the Kohala regions. They do however extend into the wet forests of
the lee side.

INTRODUCTION

The Hawaiian Archipelago is composed of eight islands and several small
ones which may better be termed islets. The material of Lohelioideae on which
this monograph is based was collected on seven of the larger islands which may
here be given in their order beginning with the westernmost: Niihau, Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Hawaii. The Island of Kahoolawe does not
concern us here as no specimens of Lohelioideae have ever been collected there.
This does not mean, however, that there never were Lohelioideae on that partic-
ular island. The smaller islands were nearly always neglected in the days of
tlie ea.v\\ navigators. Their stay was usually limited and they confined their
collecting activities to those islands which promised the greater harvest. Thus
practically nothing is known of the flora of Kahoolawe, or rather of the flora
which once upon a time occurred on that island, for today the island is denuded
not only of its plants lint also of its soil especially on the uplands of the island.
On a windy day the island is not visible as it is enshrouded in a cloud of red
dust representing tlir still available soil which is being lilown out to sea. In
all probability it is safe to say that genera like C'ljanca and Ch rmonfia. which
inhabit the moist regions or rainforests, were never present on Kahoolawe. liut
Brighamia insignis and perhaps one or two species of Dilissca did oectu- on it.
The writer believes this to be plausible for he has found Brighaiiiin insignis in
the dry and barren gulch IMauna Lei on the Island of Lanai, from which island
it had previously not been I'ecorded.

Niihau the westernmost island of this group was visited by Jules Remy a
French collector in the years of ISfil-lSSS, and he seems to have lieen the only
one who collected extensively on Ihat island. He collected two Lohelioideae
on Niihau viz. Brighamia insignis and Delissca itndnhifa. Dr. Wm. T. Brigham
re-collected the latter on the same island.

Kauai, Oahu, Molol^ai, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii arc tlien the renuiining
islands, on which the Loheliaideae form a more or less striking part of the vege-
tative covering. Before going into detail as regards the distrilnition of the
various genera and species of Tjolulioideac on each of the above mentioned
islands of the group, it is advisable to consider the tribe Lohelioideae of the
family Canipaunlaeeae as a whole, and then the IIa>\aiiaii endemic genera and
species of this remarkable tribe of plants.

THE LOBELWIDEAE.

The tribe Lobelioideae. formerly recognized as a distinct family "Leihclia-
eeae." is composed of twenty-three genera, of which six are peculiar to the
Hawaiian Islands, Clermnntia, Eollandia, Delissea. Cyanea, Brighamia and Tre-
matolohelia; one to the island of Raiatea and Tahiti, Apetahia; one to Tahiti
and Rarotonga, Selerolln ca -. these comprise the genera which are found in the
eastern Pacific. Next in interest are the two genera Centropogon and Sipho-
eampyhis each possessing about a hundred species distributed over tropical
South America, Central America and the "West Indies.

Madagascar possesses the inonotypic genus Dialiiix liilnm. and I\rexico the

14

H
<

Cl,

- h-l

Hi S

O ^1

CO

H

o

H
o

a

15

PLATE 7.

CLERMONTIA PERSICIFOLIA (iuu.l.
A 3-oimg tree growing terrestrially on Palolo crater-ridge, Oahu.

16

genus Hetcrotoma; Grammatotheca occurs both in South Africa and Australia
with two species, one in each continent.

The herbaceous genus Pratia is found in South America and the neighboring
islands down to the Magellan Strait, New Zealand, Australia and tropical Asia
(one species only in India and Java).

Isotoma to which our Hawaiian genus Briglunnia is very closely related is
composed of eight species of which six are peculiar to Australia, one to the
West Indies and one to the Society Islands.

Tlie genus Lobelia proper which jjossesses about two hundred species has the
widest distribution. It occurs in the tropical as well as temperate regions of
the world with the exception of Central and Eastern Europe and AVestern jVsia.
The remaining genera are more or less dwarfed herbs, usually annuals, to which
category belong also the genera Prntin. Ileteroioma, and Isotoma. Of tlie re-
maining genera three inhabit North America and one the ilediterranean region,
besides occurring in North America and Soutli Africa.

The Lobelioideae may be conveniently dividetl into two main groups, one
with baccate and the other with capsular fruits. It is remarkalile to find that
of the Hawaiian genera four have true baccate fruits. Outside of these islands
there remain only the genera Ccntropogon in South America and Pratia, with
most of its species South American with true baccate fruits. All the rest of
the genera belonging to the Lobelioideae have capsular fruits. Of these we
possess three, Trematolobelia and Brigliamia, which are peculiar to these Islands,
and the genus Lobelia proper, Brigliamia with fruits of a semi-baccate nature or
rather fruits with a somewhat fleshy thin exocarp. From this we may infer
that the bulk of the Hawaiian Lobelioideae the four genera with baccate fruits,
are related to South American species especially fo the genus Centropogon, but
of that later.

The remarkable fact remains that the extensive island groups of the Western
Pacific as for example Fiji and Samoa are void of J^obelioideae and this is
also true of the Malayan region, the Philippines and New Guinea. The only
Pacific islands which do possess Lobelioideae are Tahiti, Raiatea, and Rarotonga,
hut each island possesses only one or two species, while the Hawaiian Islands, ^o
far as they have been explored, have yielded one hundred forty-nine species,
varieties and forms, belonging to seven genera, six of which are endemic.

ORIGIN OF THE HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDEAE.

To the seven genera of Lejbelioideae existing in these islands, we must at-
tribute at least three different ancestors, which again had their origin in as
many different and remote regions. We will divide the IIa\vaiian genera there-
fore into three groups and discuss tlicir relationship with existing foreign
species. The most interesting of these three groups are without doubt those
with baccate fruits so numerous in the Hawaiian Islands. As has been pointed
out in the last part of the previous chapter, the Hawaiian genera Vgaiua. Cler-
niontia, RoUandia and Delixsea are unquestionably of American affinity and find
their present closest relative in the genus Ccntropogon. That tlieir age is enor-
mous and that they form with the Compositae the oldest element in our flora may
be .judged from their iinmerous species and their distriliuticui over the whole

1
i

4

PLATE 8.

17

CLEEMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS Kuc k

Growing on the slopes ol' ruunianiau crater, Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation about

7000 feet.
From: J. F. Rock, The Imligenous Trees of tlie Hawaiian Islands.

18

PLATE 9.

CLERMONTIA PELEANA l.'o. k

(trowing epiphytii-nlly on ii t;ill Metrosideros (Ohia Ifliua) tree below Glenwood, Hawaii;

elevation, 2100 feet.

19

group, but esiiecially from their fauna. Their structural peculiarities and the
large number of sijecies \\i>uld certainly indicate a very ancient occupation of
this group of islands by their imniigraut ancestors. These four genera are in
reality so closely related to each other that botanists have been imable to set
exact specific limits, and it is true that some species, as for example Clermoniia
^Yaimeac, puzzle the botanist as regards their generic value. This was however
brought about by the basing of these genera, by Ch. Gandichaud on irrevelaut
characters, which, as new species were discovered, became untenable. It was
due to the following of Gaudichaud's classification by later botanists that heter-
ogenous sj)ecies were brought together and closely related ones were separated.
Ilillebraud, who has been by far the best connoisseur of our tlora has arranged
them in what must be considered the best possible classification.

THE BACCATP] GENERA OF THE HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDEAE.

To this group belong the already mentioned genera VJcnnontia, Cyaii<a,
Delissea, and Rollandia. Of these, the genus ('yaiua possesses by far the most
species, and is with Clcnnoiiiia, still in the process of evolution, while the genus
Delissea is to be considered in a decadent stage. The characters of these four
genera are not very well ilefined and as llillebrand pointed out were not quite
satisfactoril\- arranged. Gaudichaud estalilished these genera mainly on the
length of the ealyeine lobes, a character not at all relialile as is well illustrated
by certain species of CUrinnntin still in thi' process of evolulinn. Ilillebi-and 's
classification was based on more extensive material, and though a great many new
species have been discovered since Ilillebraud, his classification need not be al-
tered; on the contrary the newly discovered species confirm his classification.
The genus CIcn)W)itia is at once recognized by its cymose inflorescence, and also
by its peculiar branching habit, which to some extent occurs in a few species
of Cyanea. The three remaining genera have all a racemose inflorescence. Cler-
iiiontiae are usually trees or shrubs of which the latter type is quite commonly
epiphytic. The type of branching is candelabra-like as can be seen by the accom-
panying illustrations. The crowns are either dense and I'ouuded, or open and
loosely branched, in one instance (Ch rmontia Halcakalciisis) the branches are
stout and ascending. (See Plate VIII.) Their corollas are rather large and fleshy
(CI. arborescens CI. drepanomorplia, etc.) or thin and slender as well as small,
to this category belong Clcrmontia parriflora, CI. micrantha and CI. midfi flora
the latter in some respects forming with CI. pcrsicifolia the intei'mediate of the
fleshy and large flowering species. Their foliage is usually thick leathery and
shiny above, with two exceptions (CIcnnontia parri/hira and Clermontia Ka-
I'cana). All species have a tendency to become, or indeed are, more or less
epiphytic. The large orange-colored berries are a source of food for the birds
which deposit the seeds with their droppings in the forks of trees, or on thick
mossy branches, or in the fibrous masses of the stout trunks of the tree ferns
Cibotiiim Mcmiesii and (.'. Cltamissoi. Clermontia Peleana has been observed l)y
the writer in the uppermost branches of Ohia lehua trees (Metrosideros coUiiia
polymorpha) on Hawaii, some sixty to eighty feet up in the tree. (PL IX.)

Clermontia Ilalcalialcnsisi which is the largest of all species of Clermontia
is t(>rrestrial (inl.w a1 least so far as lias been observed. Thcv are never single

20

PLATE in.

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. lirav

Tlic tall plniit tci tlio riglit iioar the Ohia lehua tree. Forests of Ki.imi; olevation 41)00

foot, riioto by A. Gartley.

21

stemmed plants as occur in Cyanca, Rollandla and Dclissea but are always more
or less many branched trees or shrubs with trunks varying from a few inches
or even less, to one foot in diameter. The flowers as in the other genera of this
group are axillar.>-. The ealycine lobes are either connate with the corolla, en-
closing the latter completely and dropping off with it after anthesis, or they are
short obtuse lobes or minute teeth. The main characteristic is however the
cymose inflorescence. Only in a single instance has the writer observed a ten-
dency to a raceme; this was in the polymorphic species CI. Waimeac, where two
flowers issued from the apex of the peduncle and a third one about a half an
inch lower down the peduncle. Clermontia Waimeae occurs in the wet forest
of Kohala Hawaii, with other polj'morphic species of both Clermontia and
Cyanca. No such racemose tendencies occur in the species on the older islands.
The seeds of Clermontia are perfectly smooth and shiny and of a l)rown color;
this same characteristic is common to the seeds of Cyanca. In Cyanca however
we have very different types of plants. While we have observed a typical can-
delabra-like branching habit in Clermontia, Cyanca is far from exhibiting such
a constant character. We find it necessary to divide Cyanca into several sec-
tions, of which the section palniacformcs is the most remarkable. It is charac-
terized by a single stem whicli iu'vcr hrjinches, save when it is In'okcn, and then
only will it divide into two or three branches. It is Cyanca which i)roduces the
tallest Lobclioidcac of the Hawaiian Islands; the tallest species Ix'ing Cyanea
leptostegia (see Plate. X), often reaching a height of forty feet, Cyanca
fi'iffardii reaches thirty feet and ('. arborca a similar heiuht. They form stately
trees of palm-like lialnt with a dense crown of long, usually sessile leaves, and
long drooping or closely packed flowers. They certainly are a striking feature
of the landscape. The group Dclisscoidcac exhibits a similar branching habit
as Clermontia only their branches are longer, that is they rarely branch again,
and are more or less straight ascending. This type of Cyaneae has usiially long
racemes and small flowers of a whitish to cream color with a purplish tinge. It
is not apt to grow at as higli an elevation as the section patmacfdrmcs. Its
species are I'arely taller than fifteen feet. Another gi-oup which also possesses
small flowers is the section pilosac which is subherbaceous, especially in the upper
two thii'ds. The plants are rarely higher than three to four feet and grow in
dense shade in the mossy rain forests, especially well developed on Hawaii.

Cyanea acuminata of Oahu and Cyanca multispicata of Kaiuii, tlie latter
perhaps only a form of the former represent this group in the oldest islands
while C. Bixliopii is its representative on JMaui.

It must be remarked that there is a tendency to lobed leaves in the j'oung
state of most of Cyaneae wliile such tendency is not at all present in Clermontia.
Lobed leaves occur espeeially in the section palmaeformcs and so dilTereut do the
young plants look that it is indeed difficult to place them with their respective
species. Thus Cyanea leptostegia has deeply lobed leaves when young; so have
C. solenocaly.r, C. solanaeea and others, and while the leaves become entire in the
old plants they are usually undulated to such an extent as to appear lobed.
Certain species keep the lobed-leaf-eharacter but all gradations exist till we find
the perfect pinnate leaf in C. Crimcsiana which character remains always con-
stant. In the branching species, like Cyanca angustifoUa, C. coriacea, C. Hardyi,
and C. Faiinei. Inlicd leaves never mal^e their .■i|ipeiirauce at any stage, and thus

PLATK 11.

22

DELISSEA UNDULATA (lau.l.

Growing iu tlio Koa ami -Maiiuini forest (Acacia Koa, and Sophora chrysophylla) on tlie
slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii; 5000-60UO feet elevation; the plimt to the left is
35 feet tall.

From: .1. F. Roi-k "The Imligenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islamls."

23

they are again brought nearer to Clcnnont.ia of which they may be a satellite.
Similar to the tendency of lobed leaves in young plants is the tendency to
produce spines or murieations sometimes retained in certain species. An extreme
ease is Cijaiica iiolimctangcrc which has not only densely spiny stems but leaves
bristling with spines on both sides. In the section pahiuii formes we find some-
times spines in young plants especially in Cyanea tritomantha, C. solenocalyx
and 0. aculfatiflora which disappear entirely in old plants or remain in the
shape of a slight murication. In the species of the section Dclisseiiidcae no ten-
dency to spines occurs, and thus they are again brought nearer to ClcDnontia
which has not a single species with spines. CIcrmoDtia tiibcrciihiln hnwevcr,
possesses tubercles on the inflorescence only.

Cyanea is differentiated from Clermontia in the racemose inflorescence
mainly. Delissea has also a racemose inflorescence but the corolla, which is
smooth in Cyanea, has in Delissea from one to three distinct knobs, one on the
dorsal side, or when three, two additional ones on the lateral sides of the corolla.
The main distinction between Cyanea and Delissea is to be found in the seeds.
In Delissea the seeds are a pale yellow or. whitish and are deeply wrinkled, which
character is visible even with the naked eye; the seeds are also a trifle larger
tliJin in Cijanca. The same branching characters are exhibited in Delissea as
are to be found in Cyanea. Two types occur, tall simple stemmed plants
{Delissea unditlata), and branching shrubs {Delissea subeordata). Delissea
inidtilala is the only one in the genus which reaches a height of thirty-five feet
(see Plate XI) and thus brings the genus close to the section paniaeformes of
Cyanea, while Delissea subeordata connects it with Cyanea through the section
Delisseoideae of the latter.

There is again a tendency to lobed leaves as is exhibited in the species
D. laeiniata, D. siniiata, and I>. pfirvi/tiira. while D. unditlata as the name im-
plies has very strong undulate leaves giving if the appearance of being lobed.
The wrinkled seeds and knolibed corolla distinguish this genus at once from the
other three, though the inflorescence is racemose. It may be however, that
what now constitutes the species of the genus Delissea, is nothing but a single
very polymorphic species. The peculi;ii'ify of wrinkled seeds however belongs
to Delissea alone.

We come now to the last genus of the baccate Hawaiian Lobclioieleae, " Uol-
landia." The genus Rollandia, wliile at once recognized even in sterile speci-
mens, bv the botanist familiar with the Hawaiian flora, is mainly distinguished
from the other genera in the staminal tube which is adnate to the tube of the
corolla, usually in its lower third, or lower half. This is a never failing char-
acter. The flowers are arranged in long or short racemes, and are of course
again axillary. The corolla is usually purplish-red, red, or purple. Rollandia
is a genus of a few species only and does not exhibit the wonderful variety of
type's as Cyanea, but is remarkably uniform in habit. Rollandia rarely branches,
its stem is fleshy or woody at the Imse; it is confined to the very humid rain-
forest with a high jn-ecipifafion. It is rarely foinid on exposed ridges, but
always in dense shade in deep ravines, and in that respect has the habit of
Crytandra. It is the farthest removed from Cler)no)itia, phylogenetically speak-
ing. Like the rest of the baccate Hawaiian genei'a of Lobelioidrae if has also a
species which still sliows tli<' process of evolution; this is li'ollinidia hineiolafa

PLATE 12.

24

CYANEA ARBOREA (.Maiiiii llillobr.

(Ji-owiiig :ili(i\i> riu|i:ilakua, Kula, Ilaleakala, Hani; elo\atioii aliont •'JOOO feet; plant
ajiinoximately fifteen feet in lieiglit.

25

which possesses a iiuiiilier of varieties. What Cyanra srabra is in Cyanca,
Deiissea laciniata in Ddksca. Clcrtnontia parvlflora CI. Wainieae are in Cler-
montia, Rollandia laiivcohila is in h'<illini<lia as far as polyniorpliisni of species
is concerned. These species are all in their prime, wliile otliers are on the point
of extinction {pahnac formes of Cyanea). The distribution of the genus Eol-
landia in these islands, (being confined to Oahu, except a single species "Rollan-
dia parvi folia" which occurs on Kauai), would indicate that its ancestor was a
different one from that of the other genera and that it did not arrive contemp-
oraneously with the other original immigrant or immigrants.

The (>ecurrence of the large number of allied species of Lobelioideae would
indicate a very ancient occupation of this island group by their ancestor or an-
cestors, and we come to believe that these closely allied genera and numer-
ous species were evolved here in these islands, becoming modified to such an
extent that their ancestors cannot now be recognized, rather than that they
exi.sfed oi' originated elsewhere, v.iience they arrived in Hawaii, becoming extinct
in their ((luntry of origin. That their ancestor or ancestors was or were American
there remains no doubt whatever. The possibility exists however that the
baccate genera of Lobelioideae were once of wider distribution, that is to say,
that they existed on po.ssible intermediate i.slands, Ijetween this archipelago and
the coast of South America which islands became sulimerged at a later age. The
writer does not entertain the theory of a direct land connection with either Asia
or America; the theory of other volcani(.' islands having existed in the early age
of the Pacific, forming stepping stones between this island group and the con-
tinent of America and Asia seems to him more plausible. In fact such a chain
of islands is still in evidence between Japan and Hawaii, while the Galopagos
Islands are a remnant of the chain of islands which probably existed between
Hawaii and Central or South America. The chain extended probably down to
the island of Juan Fernandez, the llcn-a of which has much in common v.itli that
of Hawaii. Extraordinary however is the fact that neither Juan Fernandez nor
the Galopagos Islands, so close to the American continent, possess Lolielioideac.
Hallier* seems to think that Indonesia, Australia and Polynesia must have
once formed a mighty .\u.stralian peninsula which was bordered by concentric
mountain ranges and v.hose eastern boundary or margin was formed by the
Hawaiian Islands and the Pamnoto archipelago. This ]ieninsula he gradually
permits to sink, partly through periodic earthquakes, so that the lowlands
between these mountain ranges disappeared from the surface of the sea.
This still permitted an exchange of plants between the mountains of Tasmania,
New Caledonia, New Guinea, the iloluccas, Celebes, Philippines and Formosa.
He aLso says that in still earlier times this Australian peninsula was united with
America by means of a broad isthmus.

The depths in the neighliorh'ood of Hawaii are so enormous that such a con-
nection does not seem plausible; it is probable that other volcanic islands existed
near the American Continent which brouglit the Hawaiian Islands closer to
America.

The devehi]iment of the Hawaiian species of Leihelioidi a( and their great

* Medejeeliugeu 's Rijiks Hcrbaiiuiii Leiden. No. 8-14, 1012. Hans Halliei', I'ber
friiliere Landbriicken, Pflanzen ami Vijlkerwanderungou zwischen Australasien und America.

26

PLATE 13.

DELISSEA UNDULATA (iaud.
Growing in thp upper forest on tlie slopes of Manna Loa, Hawaii; elevation 5.300 feet.

27

number are iindoiibtedly due to extremely varied conditions in these islands, pro-
duced by the enormous rang:e of altitude, and eonse((ucnt variable climatic condi-
tions, which proved favorable and remained so, to the development of distinct
forms from an early ancestor. Such widely ranging conditions were not available
in the islands of the eastern Pacitic as Tahiti and Rarotonga, which probably ac-
counts for the vei-.v small number of Lobdioidcac : — in each island one or two
species at most. That the genera ScJcrothica and AprfaJiia were derived from
Australian species there is probably no doubt. In .judging the length of time
that the Lohclioidcac have existed in Hawaii it is only necessary to look, next
to their wonderful development, at the fauna to which they are host. Some of
the birds which are dependent on the Lobdinidi m are quite as remarkable as the
plants themselves, and like them are not known in any other part of the world.

The early species of the Hawaiian baccate genera of Lobelioidcae or their
ancestors must have belonged to a t>-pe that was able to subsist in the less humid
forests or even preferred the more open localities on the higher mountains of this
group. The first immigrants probabl.v have settled at high elevations whence they
descended into the humid forests below, where they found conditions favorable
to the remarkable development which they have now attained. Such old rem-
nants of high mountain forms we find in Clermontia nalcakalensis, which grows
on the upper slopes of I\It. Haleakala at an elevation of 7,000 feet whence one
would never expect a baccate Lobelioid. The fact is that Clermontia Haleaka-
hiisis is the most di.stinet and curious of all species belonging to that genus, and
represents proI)ably the oldest type of CIrnnonfia.

Another high mountain foi'm is D(liss<a iiiidiilata whicli the writer found on
the slopes of Jlauna Loa at an elevation of about 5,()fl0-li.fl()0 feet in the dreary
forests of Mijoporuni saiidicicrii.'<r. Acacia Koa and Suphara chrusophyUa. Clcr-
mnntia Halcakalensis which has the aspect of a Dracaena- grows in company of
a similar vegetation, as Dclissra uiidulala. the ])lants growing nearest to it were
Rubus, Stenogyne rugosa, Santalum, Halcakalac. Sopliora, etc. It is to be re-
gretted that the uplands of these high mountains were given over to cattle graz-
ing. Many more such types as Clermontia Ualeakalciisiti occurred no doubt at
the higher levels, but have now become extinct ; these could have given us a clue
as to the origin or evolution of the Hawaiian genera. CI. Haleakalcnsi^i owed its
survival to a few deep lava gulches on the slopes of the crater Puunianiau
between which it grew, and which were more or less inaccessible to roaming
cattle. Thousands of people have ascended Mt. Haleakala, among them a number
of naturalists, biit it was left, to the writer to discover this rare and curious
species of which only three trees are, or were then in existence. How many of
these curious plants have disappeared from the uplands from where they
descended to the more liumid forest belts below we can not even guess, for the
present number of survivors of such ty'pes is too small. It is quite possible that
the baccate Hawaiian Lobelioideae have originated from two ancestral immi-
grants, of which that of the genus Cyanca antedated that of Rollandia. The
very- fact that Cyanca possesses so many species, almost as many as the other
baccate genera together and the remarkable types of the section palmaeformes,
as Cyanca Icpfostcgia, (' arliorca. and C. Giffardii, point to the great anti(piitv
of that genus, which undoiditedly antedates the other baccate genera. The
peculiar distribution of Rollandia with several species on Oahu, and only one on

28

PLATE 14.

DEEPANIS FUNEREA.

A (lri']iaiiiil iiectar-fceiliiiy h\v:[ |i;iitiMl to Loli.'lins

From Wilson .•mil lOvniis. Ilirds oC tlic Hinv;iii;iii Isliuiils. is'.id isiiii.

29

Kauai would show that it eanic piThaps in a later age than ('naiua aiul I'roiii
another ancestor, the agent which was responsible for the inter-island dispersal
of the o-enns C'ljanca was perhaps at that time extinct or on the verge of being
so, which would account for the fact that RoUandia is practically restricted to
one island. It is more probalile that the single species found on Kauai by Mr.
Forbes is an accidental immigrant, than that the genus is a decadent one and
has nearly disappeared from Kauai; if that were the case we would undoubtedly
find old ones on the other islands like Molokai. Some may claim that the other
islands are perhaps nmch younger than Kauai and Oahu. There is little doubt
that Kauai is the oldest island and that the western mountain range
known as the AVaianae Mountains of Oahu, is of the same age as Kauai, while
the main mountain range known as the Koolau range is prol)al)ly of the same
age as l\rolokai and West jNFaui. That inter-island dispersal has stopped is cer-
tainly undeniable and in all probability it stopped at about the time of arrival
of the ancestor of Follandia. In lioUandia we do not find such remarkable con-
trasts in species as in Ciinnca. in fact the species of EoUaiidla are very close to
each other both strui-turally and in their habits: one need only compare the
small subherbaceous forms of Ciiaiua and the palm-like giants of fiu'ty feet in
height. Even the species of RoUandia found on Kauai comes close to Rollaiidia
angustifolia from Oahu. Were RoUandia of a greater age we undoubtedly- would
find similar gaps as exist in the appearance or stature of the species of Cijanca.
This would especially be the case with a species found on Kauai.

AVIFAUNA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS PARTIAL TO
LOBELIOIBEAE.

Dr. R. C. L. Perkins in his introductory remarks to section Vertebrata of the
"Fauna Hawaiiensis" states: "Remarkable as are some other members of the
Hawaiian Avifauna, yet it is upon the Drepanid birds that the interest of the
ornithologist will always be centei'ed. The Drepanidcae include thirty-five
species belonging to no less than seventeen genera." It may be remarked that
the Drepanidrac are a family of birds peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands and that,
as Dr. Perkins states, they are of luiknown origin, owing to their dubious rela-
tionships with outside forms. "Dr. Gadow has suggested, however, that they
are related to the Cnrwhidiu . which fact, if certain, would leave little doubt as to
their American origin." A large number of the Drvpanidvar are nectar feeders
but Dr. Perkins also notes that nectar is never the sole food, though a most
important source of nutriment, he says: "Nectar is undoubtedly alisolutely
necessary to the existence of Ifiiiiafinnc, ('lilorodirpanift, Y<'<:tiiinii. Jfniiniiiini-
tlins and Drcpauis as they are constituted; small moths, caterpillars, and spiders
— their other food — would certainly fail them in sufficient quantity at certain
seasons." A number of the Dn /lanidcae have developed long curved beaks
"which make one wonder for what purpose sucli an extraordinary development
can have taken place."

"Practically all the jihuits visited by birds for foiul had bcll-slia|ic(l or tubular
flowers, in which the nectar was more or less hard to reach; most striking of
all are the arborescent Lohciioidiae. and the multiplicity of these jieculiar plants
and their isolation from foreign forms bears a striking resemblance to that of

30

T'LATE 15.

LOBELIA GAUDICHAUDII A. DC.

Fruiting specimen. To left Trematolobelia macrostachys ( Hi.ok. et Am.) Zahllir. sterile,
growing on the rlitts uf I'eleluuiu, Jloiokai.

31

the Drcpaiiid birds thernselvos, indicating' likewise an extremely ancient oecnpa-
tiou of the islands, and as the Drcprniid l)irds are the pride of the Hawaiian
ornithologist, so are the Lobelioidcac of the Hawaiian botanist." Perkins again
says: "the development of the extreme forms of these birds is not comprehen-
sible without a knowledge of the island flora."

"A series of observations made on one of the must siiperl) of the Lobelioideae
showed that it could only be fertilized by these highly specialized birds. In this
species the pollen is mature before the stigma is exserted, by which time the
pollen h.as vanished. The latter cannot be wind-borne because it is shed in a
viscid ma.ss on contact and so is constantly deposited on the bird's forehead, from
which it is difficult to remove it." To this the v.-riter would remark that birds
are not essential to the pollination of Hawaiian Lobelioideae though no doubt
they are important factors in pollination. In the Lobelioideae especially in the
Hawaiian specie.s, we find at the apex of the style immediately below the stig-
matie lobes and usually on the lower surface of the stigmatic lobes, rows of hair,
which are on a level with the base of the tube of the anthers at the time of the
pollen-discharge. The pollen remains in tiie tube of the anthers as the anthers
are united and thus the pollen cannot be disseminated. At the time of the
pollen discharge within the tulie. the style has usually not reached its full length,
but it continues to grow and as it pushes through the anther-tube it brushes the
pollen with its rows of hair out of the tube, and there the pollen remains adhering
to the Iiristles or bunches of hair, with which usually the two lower, or in some
cases all five anthers are fitted out at their apices. It can be seen that dichogamy
is not so pronounced that autogamy is not possible. The proterandrous anthers
are often eaten by insects or liii'ds ( .' ) and the pnllen is llins premjiturely dis-
charged.

The base of the corolla tubes, especially those of the large flowering species,
is usually fillrd with great iiiunbrrs of Bnicln/jK /iliis (small insects with short
wings) and the Dii panid birds may find in them a source of insect food. Dr. Per-
kins seems not to have mentioned that fact, though he has often, on being invited,
picked off specimens of lirarlniix pUix from dried herliarium siH'ciniens of the
rarer and new Hawaiian Lobelioideae. When one l)reaks flowering branch(>s of
Ci/aveae or Cleriiioiitiae especially those with large flowers, the inflorescences
become alive with Braehijjicplus as well as small Carabidae.

We can judge from these remarks that the T^obelioideae nnist certainly belong
to one of the oldest grouiis of jilanfs inhabiting this archipelago. Long before
there were any DrepanUl birds the Lobelioideae must have t>ecurred in these
islands, to lie sure not in such numbers, but perhaps in isolated individuals with
structural characters probably ditt'erent from those which are now existing.
Since the Drepanid birds themselves show a relationship to American birds, we
must look to the ancestor of the Brepanideae of today as the possible agent of dis-
persal of tjie baccate Lobelioideae. That the Drepatiid birds and I^obelioideae
had a more or less simultaneous development can again be surmised by the fact
that, in some of the Dv poiiid biivls we slill find individual variation as regards
the length of the bill.

32

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33

PLATE 17.

A tin

LOBELIA GLORIA-MONTIS Bock

34

PLATE 18.

Gioup of Lobelia gloria-moutis. sliowing steiilo plant and plants in different stages
ilowering, near the siunniit of ilauna Keke, West Maui; 4000 feet elevation.

of

THE CAPSULAR LOBELIOIDEAE OF THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, AND THEIR

OUTSIDE AFFINITIES.

To this group of Lvbdiuidtac belong the three reiiiaiuiug genera as Lobelia,
Trematolohelia, and Brigltamia. The two first mentioned genera possess true
capsular fruits while in Brigltamia the capsule is at first somewhat tieshy, but
opens at maturity by two slits on each side. Of all our Lobelioideae the true
Lobelias have unquestionably the more beautiful flowers. The Hawaiian species
may be divided into two groups, comprising ten species and four varieties. What
is now considered the genus Trctnuiulubelia was formerly included in the genus
Lobelia.

The most beautiful of our true Lobelias inhabit the sunmiits of the moun-
tains that harbor more or less extensive bogs with an entirely different vegeta-
tion than one would expect in the tropics. The finest of our Lobelias is Lobelia
gloria-iiio)iiis, a truly royal and superb plant. It occurs on the summit of
Fuukukid on West ^laui, also on ]Mauna Eeke of the same range. There it forms
stately plants with single stems .several feet in height, and when in flower is
really a gorgeous sight; the individual tlttwers are large, cream colored witli i)urple
streaks and are arranged in a terminal iianicle, sometimes three feet in lengtli
and bearing as many as eiglity to a hundred Mowers. On the edge of the bog
overlooking the cliffs of the famous lao Valley there occurs a variety longi-
bracteatu, whicli has a stem of about 10 feet, after which it divides into four or
five ascending branches or flowering sj)ikes with still larger flowers; it differs
from the species also in the long acuminate bracts. The species does not occur
on the moiuitains of Oahu and ilolokai, buf on Oahu it is represented by another
species Lobelia Gaudiehandii witli red flowers, anil snudler spikes. This species
inhabits the very sununif of Konahuanui, Oahu, overlooking the precipices on
the windward side of the i.sland. On the island of Kauai we meet with another
species less robust than the ^laui plants from tlie swamps of Puukukui. The
summit of Kauai is an extensive bog harboring a wonderful vegetation of which
Lobelias form a striking part. Lobelia Kauaensis inhal>its the wind-swept cold
boggy simmiit in company with a variety villosa and another Lobeloid Trcma-
tolobelia tiiacrostaelnjs var. Kauac iisis witli purple to red flowers. Lobelia Kaua-
ensis is nearly always branching, liearing two, three or four spikes of gorgeous,
large and delicate flowers. The flora with which these Lobelias are associated is
of an entirely temperate type, as Plantago which forms large rosettes, Sanicula,
Drosera, tSfiiphelia, Geranium, Orecjbulus. and Aea( iia. also wonderfid Conipositae
as ancient as the Lobelias themselves.

All of the Hawaiian true Lobelias are mouocarjjic, a character which we find
in certain species of Lobelia occurring in the Ab.vssinian highlands, on Mt.
Kenya, Euwenzori and Kilimanjaro in Africa. According to Hillebrand,
Lobelia Gaudichaudii is closely related to a species from the Loo Choo Islands,
specimens of this, a supposedly undescribed species, were said to be in the Gray
Herbarium, but according to Dr. B. L. Robinson no such specimen could be
found.

Lobelia Gaudichaudii, Lobelia gloria-montis, and Lobelia Kauaensis are
probably of Asiatic origin, and their closest relatives will probably be found in
species occurring in the islands south of Japan as Liu Kiu and the Boniue
Islands. This type of Leihdia extends into Asia or ratlier northern India,

36

PLATE 19.

LOBELIA HYPOLEUCA HilU-br.

Growing at Waiakcaloha Valley, Kauai; elevation 4000 feet. A niatnio lloweriiig

specimen.

37

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I'LATE 21.

38

TREMATOLOBELIA MACROSTACHYS (Hook, ct Am.) Zahllir.

Growing iu the swamp liai-k of Waikolu riilge, Molokai.
From: J. F. Rock "The Imligeiuuis Trees of the Hawaiian Islamls. "

39

whence about seven of tlie tall species are recorded in Hooker's Flora of British
India. C. B. Clarke classes them in the section Nlnjinopctaluin of which the
tallest species is about twelve feet in height. Nearly all of these species have
brancbius: stems as occur in Lobelia gloria-montis longibrarteata and Lobelia
Kaiiaeiisi/^. The Indian species inhabit the Himalayas up to an elevation of
from three tliousand to twelve thousand feet. The Hawaiian true Lobelias of
the type to which L. Gaiidicliaudii belongs, inhabit the highest available altitudes
which harbor extensive bogs. If Mauna Kea and Ilaleakala had boggy sununits
we would probably find species of Tjohclia as high up as 1:3,000 feet and 10,000 feet
respectively.

The other group of Lobelia inhabiting Hawaii have blue flowers and are as a
whole quite different in character from Lobelia Gaudichaiidii. The most re-
markable of the blue flowered type is Lobelia yuccoides (see Plate XX), which
renunds one more of the Lobelias of the Abyssinian highland, like Lobelia rkyn-
copetalitm. The latter grows in the province of Semien up to an altitude of nearly
14,000 feet in boggy meadows. It reaches a height of fourteen feet and has an
inflorescence of an additional ten feet in length. This intiorescence bears over a
thousand blue flowers of a finger's length. Lobelia yuccoides as the specific
name implies has the appearance of a yucca and is peculiar to Kauai and Oahu
where it grows at lower elevations from 3,000 feet upward but does not ascend to
the high swampy plateau; it loves canyons and flourishes best near waterfalls
and on the edge of clift's usually in company with the extraordinary and peculiar
composite WiUcesia gynnioripleiioii. The stem of Lobelia yuccoides is often over
six feet in length and bears a single flowering spike three feet in length with up
to four hundred blue flowers. Its habit is decidedly- dift'erent from that of
Tjobelia (huidichaudii and is thus closer related to the African species than to
the X'ortli Indian ones. With Lobelia yuccoides we must class Lobelia oahuensis,
with a large dense crown of thick woolly leathery leaves. As the name implies it
is peculiar to Oahu, to the sunnnit ridge of the Koolau Mountains where it
grows on the exposed, wind-swept cliffs with Cladium Meycnii, Dubautia la.ra.
Coreopsis, Trematolobeliu nHKrotaehys. and others. Like Lobelia yuccoides it is
related to the African forms like Lobelia Volkensii, and Lobelia Deckenii, which
have the single flowering spike in common. They differ however from the Ha-
waiian species in being larger and more rigid in every way, as well as in the
large floral bracts. ]\It. Ilaleakala on Maui possesses also a species of Lobelia
of the /, yuccoides type. It ascends however up to seven thousand feet, while
Ij. yuccoides goes hardly beyond three thousand five hundred feet. There remain
yet Lobelia Injpolcuca. Lobelia lliUebrandii and Lobelia tortuosa. The two first
named species are closely related and differ from the other blue flowered ones
in having several floral spikes instead of one. (See Plate XIX.) Lobelia hypo-
Icvea is exceedingly handsome and reaches a height of four feet, branching at
the apex and bearing a number of spikes with bluish grey flowers. In the
Kohala mountains the writer met with a sterile specimen measuring about fifteen
feet in height, a stem of about three and a half inches in diameter and a huge
crown of broad silvery white leaves which agreed with those of />. hypoleuca.
As the plant was not in flower it was impossible to identify it. In all probability
it represented an undescribed giant species.

Judging from the relationship of the Hawaiian Lobelias with species occur-
ring in such vastly different geographical regions, we must come to the con-

40

PLATE 22.

BEIGHAMIA INSIGNIS A. (ir:

ly

Growing ou the cliffs of Kalaupapa, Molol<ai. The plants are all iu flower.

Photo by Nevin.

41

elusion that they originated from two different immigrant ancestors. The agents
responsible must again have been birds or perhaps wind currents. The seeds of
Lobelia are so minute that they could easily be taken up in the upper air cur-
rents and thus carried across great areas. Their stations as we have seen are
exposed, and swept by strong gales and as they are already at considerable
elevations their fine seeds could easilj- be carried by high winds which blow
almost continuously over these boggy summits with such force that the writer
found it most difficult to wallc. To the writer it seems much more feasible to
attribute the presence of Lobelia proper to wind currents rather than to bird
agency. The fruits of the true Lobelias being capsular they would not attract
birds to such an extent as baccate fruits would, thcnigh there is the possibility
of the seed having arrived in dried nuid on the feet of migratory birds. The
genus Ljobclia proper forms the crowning stage of the ijlant-stoeking of this
island group. Probably long after the present endemic genera, there arrived
species of tlie widely distributed genus Lobelia, which in the course of millen-
niums produced the endemic species of today. We see the same case repeated
in the Coinposifae. The oldest denizens of that family are undoubtedly the
Silversword Argyroxiphium, Hespi ruinainuu, and ^Vilkcsia, while Coreopsis
iCamptjlotheca) and LApochaeta are the youngest, and it is with these that the
genus Lobelia may be compared as far as length of residence is concerned.

THE GENUS TEEMATOLOnELTA.

In the year 1S91, A. Zablbruckner established the genus Trematoearpus on
what was then known as Lobelia maerosleielnjs Hooker et Arnott; the specimen
was collected Ijy Wawra on Kauai, which represents however a variety of the
species occurring on Oahu and jMolokai. Owing to the name of Trematoearpus
being pieoecupied Dr. Zablbruckner suggested the name Treniatolobelia which
was published by the writer in a College of Hawaii publication.* The genus
Trematolobelia differs from the true Lobelia in the capsule, which, instead of
dehiscing at the top into loculicidal valves, does not dehisce at all like a Ijobelia
but disseminates its seeds through oval or round holes in the capsular wall which
become larger towards the base of the capsule; the depressed umbonate vertex
remains however intact.

The genus Trematolobelia possesses only one species T. inacrostachys which
occurs on Oahu, Molokai and Lanai, on the crests of high mountain ridges but
below the habitat of Lobelia Gauelichaudii. It is usually epiphytic but also ter-
restrial. It is a remarkably handsome species and besides ditfering from Lobelia
in the characters above mentioned, differs also in the horizontally branching
inflorescence. The flowers are slender and pinkish in color. On Kauai it is
represented by a very distinct variety (var. Kauaicnsis), occurring on the high
plateau in swampy forests, along stream beds, and at the summit bog Waialeale
in company with Lobelia Kauaensis, and its var. villosa, besides Drosera, Sani-
cula, Plantago, Compositae, Geranium, etc. In the mountains of Kohala on
Hawaii it is represented b.y another variety much more robust and with large
obovate leaves, larger white flowers and long racemes. This var. grandifolia
grows along the edge of Waipio, Alakahi and Kawainui gorges where there is an
enormous precipitation, at an elevation of about ■4,000 feet.

* College of Hawaii Bulletin No. 2:4.5. plates 11 & 12. 1913.

PLATE

42

BRIGHAMIA INSIGNIS A. Gray
Growing on the cliffs of Ilalnwa, Moiokai.

43

There is no doubt that TreiiiatoJobdia is of Asiatic origin, in fact the genns
is closely related to Lobelia rosea Wall., in the subtropical Himalayas. Lohdia
rosea has a stem from four to twelve feet in height; its branches are horizontal
as in Trcmatolobrlia. The flowers are rose to white in color and crowded. The
capsule is suliglobose as is the case in TrrniatoIobcUa. Unfortunately nothing is
said in regard to the dehiscence of the capsules of this species; it would cer-
tainly be reniarkalile if the structure of the capsule of Lobelia ros(a proved to
be the same as that of Tiu muiohibdia. Unfortunately the writer has not been
able to examine a specimen of that species.

The stem of the Hawaiian TreiiHitolohdia is sometimes eight feet in height,
and dies after flowering. Sterile specimens possess a dense crown of narrow
lanceolate, undulate leaves, which gradually drop when the plant begins to
flower. The species proper is also not luicommon on Hawaii especially in boggy
forests near the Volcano of Kilauea and in the forests of Kau, Hawaii, as well
as on the northern .slopes of ]\lt. Haleakala. ]\laui. along the Waikamoi trail, at
an elevation of four thousand feet. As has been remarked above, its ancestor
has reached these islands from the Asiatic Continent, as its closest living relative
is found in Lobelia rosea of the subtropical Himalayas. The seeds of Tremato-
lobdia, are much smaller than in Lobelia, ovate in outline and smooth and not
margined; in the Himalayan Lobelia rosea the seeds are ellipsoidal, compressed
and also not margined. The seed is obviously fitted out for wind-dispersal,
though birds may not l)e e.xcluded as possilile agents.

THE GENUS BRIGHAMLi.

Certainly one of the most curious Hawaiian Lobelioideae, though not one of
the handsome ones is Briyliainia i)isigiiis. It was named in honor of Dr. Wm.
T. Crigham, the director of the Bishop Museum, by Dr. Asa Gray. Botanists
thought at fii'st to unite it with the genus Isotonia with which it is closely re-
lated. Unlike the other genera of Hawaiian Lobelioieleac. Brighamia insie/nis
the Alula or I'uaaUi of the natives, does not inhabit the high mountains or mossy
rainforests, but the steep cliffs on the windward side of Niihau. Kauai, Molokai,
and Lanai. Tlie writer has observed it on the cliffs of Kalaupapa and on
almost bare rockwalls between Kalawao and Waikolu. within the spray of the
sea, only a few feet above the mighty breakers of the Pacific. In Halawa Valley
on the same island Brighamia grows in the di'v rocky gorges at the broad en-
trance to the valley. It certainly is a most grotesque i)lant and has aptly been
compared by Hillelirand with a cabliage put on a fence i)ost. The stem is thick
clubshaped and fleshy throughout, bearing a crown of broad fleshy leaves at
the apex. The flowers appear in the axils of the leaves and instead of drooping
as in other genera, stand erect; they are white and have a strong fragrance
reminiscent of a violet. It is the only species in the genus but is represented on
Kauai by a form described by Charles N. Forbes as forma cifriiia on account
of its orange yellow flowers. Like the other Hawaiian Lobelioideae it is not
known from any other part of the world but its ancestor was undoubtedly Aus-
tralian. As has already been remarked it is related to the genus Isotoma which
consists of about eight species of which six arc peculiar to Australia, one to
the West Indies, and one to the Society Islands. Isotoma longiflora is one of

44

PLATE 24.

CLERMONTIA PARVIFLORA C;nid.

Growing ciiiiilivtic-ally on Cibotiiiiii tree fern (C. Chamissoi) iu the raiuforest at '29 miles,
Volcano of Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation, :!500 feet.

I

45

the most poisonous West Indian plants. While the species of Isotonta are small
herbs, BriglKnnia attains a height of twelve feet, but is fleshy throughout. Brig-
hamia is in all probability a nuich more recent immigrant that has established
itself in these islands, but not sufficient time has elapsed for it to expand and
to produce varieties and species. Only a single form differing from the species
in the orange yellow flowers has been reported so far. It probably was next
to Lohclia the last of the Lolielioideous immigrants to arrive in Hawaii; it is
safer to assume this than to say that the genus is a decadent one and that Brig-
Itaiiiia IS the last survival of the Isotoma-Brighaiiua tribe. Undoubtedly Brig-
liainia was handicapped l)y the restricted area which it found suitable for its
existenc'i and development

Intermediate between Urigluimia and Isotonia is Apctaliia Raiateensis, a
remarkable arborescent species peculiar to the island of Raiatea; the generic
laame being derived from the native name ApefaJii. It is remarkable on account
of its unilocular ovary and parietal placentas. The long floral tube is split to
the base as in Isotoma, and the flowers are also single, while in Brlglianiia the
corolla is salver-shaped, and the flowers are arranged racemosely.

In viewing the Hawaiian Lohelioideae, and their possible country of origin
we find that they must have been derived from four continents. The baccate
genera, Cyanea, Clcrmontia, DeUssca and Rollandia show a strong relationship
to Ceniropogon of Central and South America, Lobelia proper, to species occur-
ring in equatorial Africa as the highlands of Abyssinia, ]\It. Kenya, and Kili-
manjaro, as well as to species found in the islands south of Japan, as Liu Kin
and the Bonine Islands: Trematololxlia to a species of Lobelia from the sub-
tropical Himalayas, and finally nrigJuiinia to Isotoma of Australia and Aprfaliia
of Raiatea.

Cluppy in his valuable work "r)l)servations of a Naturalist in the Pacific"
claims an age of Compositae an age of LobeUoideae as well as an age of Coniferae
in the Pacific. He tries to explain the absence of LobeUoideae from the islands
of the western Pacific, by stating that during the age of the LobeUoideae, that
is to say during the age of their distribution, the western Pacific islands were
submerged and that after their emergence from the ocean, the agent responsible
for the distriliution of the Leihelioideae had become extinct. It is more probable
tliat there were other islands lietween Hawaii and the American continent which
facilitated plant migration, while the western Pacific Islands were more or less
isolated from the area ivhenee the distribution of LobeUoideae took place. The
mountains of the western Pacific islands do not reach such altitudes as in
Hawaii, and besides their location in more tropical latitudes would perhaps
account for the absence of true Lobelias, which seem to be more favorable to
cooler latitudes and altitudes. However the floras of the islands of the south
Pacific are far too little known to permit anything but theorizing. While the
facts and theories set forth in the previous chapters are not conclusive by any
means we must regard them as based on such evidence as is at hand today.
More intensive explorations in the islands of the south Pacific may reveal to us
the presence of LobeUoideae which would throw new light on the question of
their origin and distribution. Suffice it to say that it is doubtful that they
will be found in such large numliers as to constitute as striking a feature in
the floras as t\\ev are in Hawaii.

46

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE HAWAIIAN LOBELIOI-
DEAE IN THE HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO.

In glancing over, the appended charts we are at once struck by the peculiar
distribution of the species of these various endemic genera, and in order to
examine them more carefully- it is best to look at each genus separately.

THE GENUS CLERMOXTIA.

The gciins Ch niuniliti possesses twent.^'-three species and tive varieties so far
as we kuov,- today. Dv. Wm. Ilillebrand in his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
describes eleven species and five varieties. All his species have been retained,
while two nf his varieties have been raised to specific rank, and one var. rosea,
of CI. matrocarpa^=Cl. Knkcaua, has lieen united with that species as not suf-
ficienth' distinct to warrant its separation as a variety. To these there were
added eight new species by the writer, one new species liy C. N. Forbes and one
l)y H Leveille ; besides these new species the writer described three new varieties.
This brin.gs the total to twenty-eight species and varieties of Clennontia; of these,
three species, CI. arhnrc'^cciis, grandillnra. and oblinijii folia, occur each on two
islands, while one species, CI. Kakcana, occurs on three islands. The remaining
species and varieties are each confined to one island with the exception of var.
robiista, which occurs on the same island as the species to which it belongs. By far
the largest numlier of species (eleven) occur on the island of Hawaii, also two
varieties. Kauai possesses only two species (.7. Gaudichaudii and (7. fulva. The
latter is somewhat doubtful. Of the eleven species found on Hawaii seven were
discovered by the writer. Oahu harbors three species, ilolokai, four; ^Maui,
eight: and Lanai, one, while Niihau and Kahoolawe possess none. The highest
elevation attained by Clfrminilia {Ilalekalensiii) is 7,000 feet on the crater slopes
of Puunianiau, a cone crater on the north-western slope of Mt. Haleakala on
IMaui, while CI. Kakeana and CI. Kolialac grow at an elevation as low as from 500
to 1,000 feet. The others inhabit the middle forest zone from an elevation of
two thousand to nearly six thousand feet. Clermontia drepanomorpha, a tall
arborescent species inhabits the wettest regions, as the swampy plateau of the
summit of Kohala, back of the gorges of Alakahi and Kawainui. They are
rarely epiphytic but grow in the thick sphagnum moss which covers the ground.
On this plateau the forest is rather open, and it is here that they abound in
great numbers and in many different forms. The leaf variation is enormous,
while the floral characters are unchanged. With the exceptions of CI. dri i)aiw-
morpha and CI. HalrakaUnsis, the species are both terrestrial and epi-
phytic liut more often the latter. Thev do however en.joy the more open forest
of high swanipv plateaiis with a low tree formation. We find thiin associated
with tree ferns on which they are quite often epiphytic, especially CI. parrifora
which loves the dense fern forests. CI. Hawaiicnsis is mainl.y associated with
tree ferns, Metrosideros, Mjioponiiii , i^iilfnuia. ami Acacia Koa. CI. eocrulca
en.joys a similar plant company with the addition of Sai(fatiini Pilgcri, J'iffo-
sporum. and a predominance of Acacia Koa. The ('Icnnontia drepanomorpha
associates are of a ditferent t.\'pe, we find it with Clermontia Waiiiieae. CI. h pto-

48

PLATE L'fi.

CLERMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS KolI:

One of the iiioot curious Lobelioids, growing on tlie slojies of HaleakrJ.a, Maui; elevation

7000 feet.

49

PLATE 27.

CYANEA FAURIEI Levi.

Growing in Ololtele canyon, Kauai. The plant is about 15 feet tall.
Photo by E. S. Hosmer.

50

PLATE 2s,

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. (irav

Mature specimen in the woods above Waimea, Kauai.
Fioin: J. F. Eock "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands.

51

clada, CI. paiciflora, Plantago, Scltiedea, Cyiiandra. Viola, Pelca psnidoanisata,
Lahordea, Tetraplasaiidra and the curious GiDinera pcialoidea.

The Oahu species CI. Kakcaiia. CI. ik mirifdUa and CI. oblongifnUa inhabit
the rain forest proper. CI. ohlongifolia ranges to the summit ridge but usually
all three species can be observed together. CI. arboresccus inhabits the 4,000
foot level both on Molokai and Maui in the rain forest, with Pelea, Tetraplasandra,
Plah/dcsma, Cijrtandrn, etc. (7. graudiflora loves forested ridges on Jfolokai,
and the swampy plateaus of West Maui. Chnnontia sitigidifiora is on the verge
of extinction; it occurs epiphytically on dead trees in the dead forest of Paau-
hau on the northern slopes of Mauna Kea ; there the forest was once burned over
and since then has been used for grazing purposes. There is no doubt that it
would revive were it not for the cattle which are very fond of the fleshy leaves
of all Lohelioideae. That the Clcrmontia species love or can thrive abiindantly
in the open wet forest lands is demonstrated by almo.st pure stands of Clennontia
Kakeana on the northern slope of Mt. Haleakala where the old forest has com-
pletely died. Thousands of Clcrmontia trees have since then come up even in the
grass land of Pa.'ipaluiii conjugahim.

THE GENUS CYAXEA.

The genus Cyanea comprises today fift\'-t\vo species and twenty-tivo varieties.
It is true that some of these species and varieties have become extinct, and one,
Cyanea Kunthiana. has only been found by Gaudichaud and has not been re-
collected since. As no type or plant is extant in any European or American
Hei'barinni. and as a description has never been published, lint only a plate it is
best that the species be dropped altouether. It was figured by Gaudichaud as
Z>e/(.«.<if« Kunthiana and identified liy Ilillebrand with an entirely different plant
of which Ilillebrand had at tliat time only fragmentary specimens. From the
excellent plate it is evident that the plant in question is a ('yanra and not a
Delissea and the name Kiintliiana being now a synonym should be discarded.
The writer would suggest the name Cyanea Boniia; the specific name Bnnita
referring to the voyage Bonite on which Gaudichaud was botanist. As no mate-
rial is available for study the jjlant is however not included in this monograph.
One variety srhizocalyx of Cyanea sedenocalyx Hbd. is also omitted. No material
is outsfaiidin<i- of this variety in the Hillebrand Herbarium. Ilillebrand him-
self was doubtful as to the identity of his plant as his specimens were without
flowers or fruit. There is the possibility that it is related to the writer's Cyanea
aculeati/lora but nothing can be said as there are no specimens of Hillebrand 's
variety in any herbarium. Of the fifty species of Cyanea, fifteen are peculiar to
Kauai with no varietie.s. Not a single species of the fifteen has been found
outside of Kauai. Oahu possesses six species and three varieties. Of these
species t^nly one Cyanea angustifoUa, occurs outside of Oahu, on Molokai and
Lanai. jMolokai, harbors eight species and one variety. Maui twelve species
and eleven varieties, Lanai one species and two varieties, and Hawaii nine species
and seven varieties. Cyanea nhtiL^a is the only other species outside of Cyanea
angustifoUa, which occurs on more than one i.sland, Maui and Hawaii. The
variety raeemosa of C. angustifoUa occurs on two islands. Oahu and Lanai.
This is the only instance where a varietv occurs on more than one island. We

52

i

^

H

53

PLATE 30.

CYANEA GAYANA \;<..u
Mature plaut growiug iu the forests of Kaholuamauo, Kauai,

platf: .11.

54

I

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Giay

'Die |i:ilni-likp plants all tliroufih tlie k"'''!': *<' t'lP e-xtrpiiie lif^lit Cyanea spathulata
{ llillclir. ) Heller, yidwiiiM in the fojests of Kaliohiaiiiarid, Kauai. Tlie tvees are
Metrosideros coUina polymorpha.

55

PLATE 32.

Several plants of Cyanea leptostegia A. Gray growing along tliu walls of a small stream-
bed at Kaholuamauo, Kauai. The small leaved plant to the right is Cyanea spathu-
lata (Hillebr.j Heller.

PLATE

56

CYANEA SPATHULATA (HilU-lir.) Holler
(frowiiijj in the forests of K:iliciliiaminio, Kauai,

57

can see from this distribution that the species are decidedly local, and that
isolation has produced, or was responsible for these numerous forms.

Hillebrand describes in his Flora twenty-eight species and eighteen varieties,
of these, two had been raised to specific ranl\, one by A. A. Heller, Cyanea
spathulaia. and one by I he writer, G. rrgina, once a species described by Wawra
and reduced liy llillebrand^ Two of llillelu'and's varieties have been dropped
or rather one has been doubtfully identified with the writer's C. Giffardii, and
sliould this contention prove to be correct the name Cyanea Giffardii would have
to stand as IIillel)rand had not named the doubtful variety, but had simply
given it a Greelv letter; for further discussion see under Cyanea Giffardii. One
species as already stated has been dropped as no material is in existence, and
Hillebrand 's specimen which he doulitfully referred to ( Jaudichaud's plant
(Delissea (CyaiKu) Kiniihiaiia) had lieen described as a new species. The
species of Cyan(a similar to those of Clennontia inhabit the rainforests, ranging
from 1200 feet to 5000 feet elevation. Some species grow in the more open
forests along ravines :ind gulches, waterfalls, etc. If we take the species of
Cyanea on Kauai we find C. leptostcgia the most common one as well as the most
stately and tallest of all Lobeliaideeie. (8ee Plate XXIX.) While it occupies the
open forests, and edges of dry ravines with Lubclia yaecoide^i, Wilke<^ia (jym-
■no.riphiuin, Styphelia, Mcfrosideros. Pelea, Xantliaxyhnn. ('eireoiisis eusiimides
and others, it loves watercourses and can then be found on densely fern-covered
Willis together with Cyanea spailndata Aspleniums, Sadleria .seiaarrosa. Clad i urn
Meyenii. Srhiedea stellarinides, etc. (See Plate XXXII.) As we approach the in-
terior of the island we find Cyanea leplosteyia absent and its place is taken by
Cyanea Gayana. and Cyanea rividaris, the latter is an exceedingly liandsome
species with beautiful blue flowers; it reaches its finest development in the gorge
of Waialae especially near the head of this broad valley. There the steep walls
are one mass of this species growing fifteen to twenty feet tall and occasionally
I'.raiu'hing from near the base. There they grow with species of Dubautia,
Cyrtandra. Cyanea Gayana, and the begoniaceous HiUebmndia sandwicensis,
while Lobdia liypoleaca grows near the high water mark of the stream bed. On
penetrating further into the interior of the island near the swampy sunnnit we
find practically an absence of Cyanea. C. hirtella is the only one which can
be found near the high swampy plateau, especially along the streams of Kaluiti
and Kailiili. There they grow' in company with a new species of Gunnera, Tre-
matolobelia, Telraplasandra Waialealae, Lobelia Kauaensis, Cheirodendron platy-
phylliim, Sutfonia, Sclriedea Jyelinoieles, and others.

Cyanea coriacea. C. Hardyi and Cyanea Faurici, three closely related species,
occur on "the lower levels of from about one thousand to two thousand feet ele-
vation. Cyanea Panriei is practically confined to Olokele canyon, but a few
specimens of C. Hardyi may be seen with it. The latter species reaches the
border of the habitat of C. leptostcgia but does not ascend higher. It grows in
compan\- with Eoekia sandwicensis, Boelnneria stipalaris, Perrottetia sandwi-
censis, Viola ehanrissiiniiina var. pubeseens, Sida, etc. Cyanea coriacea is found
on the windward side of the island and so is Cyanea fissa, and Cyanea Larrisonii.
Cyanea Knudsenii is a shrub with a few ascending branches; it is confined to
the forests of Halemanu and can be found in the mixed woods of Ko]iiwai
together with Al phitonin e.rcelsa, SanNdiini pynilarlnin, I'latydcstna rostratiini.

58

PLATE .',4.

Ill tlie uiiper luaigin, Cyanea aculeatiflora Rock in i-oiiiiiauy with Guimera petaloidea,

gi'ovviiif; on the rofk walls of Waikaiiioi gulch. East Maui: elevation 4(10(1 feet.

(I'hoto ami copyiight by R. K. Bonine.)

59

PLATE 35.

CYANEA ACULEATIFLORA Book

Mature plants growing in the rainforests on the northwestern slope of ilt. Haleakala,
Maui, at an elevation of 4000 feet.

60

PLATE -AG.

CYANEA HAMATIFLORA Kink

A group of these reniarkable Lobelioiils, growing in a ileep gulch, below Puukakai, north-
west slope of Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation, 4firiri feet. The tall Howering speeinien
in the baekground is about 20 feet in height.

61

Xaiithoj-uhim dipcfalum Kauaiciisc, Elacocarpus bifidiis, and others of the drier
regions. Cyanca recta inhabits the interior of the ishmd with C Caijana and
C. rivnlans, but is rather rare.

While Kauai is rich in species Oahu is comparatively poor, but this is com-
pensated by the number of species of Rollandia of which genus only a single
species is found outside of Oahu.

Cyanea angustifolia is by far the most common species occurring on the lower
slopes of the mountains all over the island. C. acuminata with white tiowers is
subherbaceous but still five to six feet in height and inhabits the denser rain-
forest. Intermediate between the two stations we find Cyanea Grimesiaiia. The
palm-like type of Cyaneas with loose-leaved crowns as we find in the rainforests
of both west and east Maui and Hawaii are absent on Oahu, but their place is
taken by Cyanea superba and C. regina both stately plants and resembling
greatly Cyanea Giffarclii of Hawaii and C. arborea of Maui.

Cyanea truncata is found on the lower mountain spurs in dense jungle; it
seems to be confined to the Koolau range from Waiahole to Punaluu valleys.

ifolokai has produced the smaller palm-like species which have open loose-
leaved crowns resembling those of Cyanca aculcatiflora on ;\Iaui and Cyanea
tritoinantha on Hawaii Their representatives on the island of ilolokai are
Cyanea solcnocaly.r, C. Wailauensis, C. solanacca and C. feror, as well as
C. procera. they all inhabit the dense rainforests, and may be found on the
ridges on the leeward siiles as well as in the deep ravines of Wailau and I'elcknnu
on the windward sides. In the drier leeward gulches we find ('. anguslifolia,
while C. prnfuga is found in the valley of Mapulehu at a comparatively low ele-
vation. Lanai possesses only one species C. Gibsonii. of Cyanca atra-tyyit^ while
two varieties of Cyanea angnslifolia (var. laiialcnsis and var. raci mosa), occur
in the gulches as !Mahana and Kaiholeua.

The island of Maui, owing to its topographical diversity, altitude, and rain-
rail has produced a goodly number of very interesting species. The most note-
worthy being Cyanca aeuleatiflora and C. Jiamatiflora two very distinct species
inhabiting the dense rainforests of the northern and north-western slopes of Mt.
Ilaleakala at an elevation of from five thousand to six thousand feet. The
former species extends into the deep ravines of Waikamoi and Pnohaolcamoa
(see Plate XXXIV), where it grows fifteen to twenty feet in height or even more.
in company with masses of Gunnera petaloidea, Labordea, Pelea, etc. Cyanca
liamatijiora extends from Olinda to Waikamoi but is especially partial to Punka-
kai an ancient densely wooded volcanic cone in the rain belt above Makajvao.
Cyanea atra is found both on West and East Maui. In the former locality it is
not uncommon in the upper portion of Ilonokawai gulch and in the latter is
fdiuul along the Ukulele pipe line trail, a thousand feet higher tiiaii Cyanca
ac^ileatiflora. C. asplenifotia. C. linlophylla and lobata are found on West Maui
in the gulches of Wailuku and back of Kaanapali in deep ravines. The latter
?pecies occurs also along the Nahiku-Keanae trail. One of the finest and
niost interesting species however is Cyanca arborea. I'nfortunately the
[)lant is practically extinct. It occurred on the slopes of Ilaleakala between
Kula and I'lupalakua. Anyone familiar with the forest region, or rather region,
as the forest has gone, can see wliy C. arhorca one of the finest of hidtdinidj ne
of the Hawaiian I.slands had to succuml). Where there was onci' fine forest

62

PLATE :!7

J'

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1

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It

#

'hS

X,

a:1

r-K,

^ ,1

.. ^'M

^'"^^^Ijf. '

CYANEA ARBOREA (Miniii) llillcl>r.

Growing above Uhipalakua-Kula, Haleakala, Maui; elevation aliout 5000 feet; plant
appioxiniately 15 feet in heiglit.

From: .). F. Roi-k •'Tile Iinligenous Trees of the llnuaiiMii Islands."

I

PLATE 38.

63

CYANEA GIFFARDII Rock

This rare ami curious Lobelioiil was photographed in the rainforests near 23 miles, along
the Volcano of Kilauea road, Hawaii; elevation, 2500 feet.

64

stalked with lieautiful arborescent Lolielias there we find Hilo grass {Paspalidn
coHJugatuiti) and herds of cattle the arch enemy of Hawaiian forests. The
illustration liere sliown represents the last of this Lobelioid. Cijanea comata
another beautiful species which has been recorded by Ilillebrand from that region
has already vanished, uidess it may be found somewhere iu the forests of Kaupo.
We have seen however how extremely local these plants are, and how they are
often confined to a very small area.

Cyanca Bishopii a small species akin to C. pilosa of Hawaii occurs lioth in the
wet forests of Olinda and West Maui.

The island of Hawaii the largest of the group, offers the greatest range in
altitude, and combines all the topographical features from newly vomited lava
Hows to high swampy plateaus (Kohala), deep ravines and forests, the fast-
nesses of which have as yet not been trodden by man. In comparison with ]\raui,
Hawaii, notwithstanding its wonderful and various topographic features, is not
rich in Vijaiua. Two types stand out clearly Cyanca GiffardU a very ancient
species and Cyanca trifmuantlia. The former is the tallest Cyanca on Hawaii.
The writer measured a specimen exactly thirty feet in length. It inhabits a
strip of land near Glenwood which was once upon a time covered by dense forest.
Today these forests are being cut down, and stocked with cattle and liere and
there on this narrow strip of land a few of tliese tall Lolielioids have survived
only to be destroyed in the nearest future. The land about Cxlenwood is inter-
sected bj' many lava flews which are covered with various types of vegetation.
The strip of land on which Cyanca GiffardU occurs is very narrow, no trace of
lava is visible but deep rich humus, while the adjoining strips are scoria (aa
lava) disintegrated to be sure, to some extent, and covered with dense forest.
The ground is however .still full of holes and is therefore quite dangerous. The
type of vegetation ffiund on such flows is of course derived from the adjacent
regions, but is uniform, and LtihtHoiddn ai'e decidedly ab.sent. Therefore in
exploring a region with so many varied tojjographical features as is tlie ease
with the region about Glenwood it is necessary to make a thorough exploration
and not to select a certain parcel of land and judge the rest of the land even the
most adjacent one and its plant covering, liy it. What will prove to be uniform
vegetation in the first hundred feet may lieconie very rich and ancient in the next
hundred feet altci-ualing again with a poorer type of forest. All these types
are luxuriant to be sure, on account of the incessant rains in this region, but
their flora may be entirely different. It is on one of these ancient strips of
lands surrounded liy lava flows which again are covered with jungle, that Cyanca
GiffardU has survived.

Lower down, below Glenwood and back of Hilo we find Cyanca triliiinanllia
together with Cyanca pUif^fph ylla. and a variety cylinclrocalyx of C. Gi-imciiana.

The Kohala mountains are rather poor in Cyanca but rich in Clcniionfia.
Cyanca pilosa and its four varieties occur in the more uniform fei-u forests
either growing terrestrially or on fern ti'unks (see Plate XLI) ; with it we Hud the
.spiny C. noJi)ncta)uj»rc and Cyanca Ciiiidantlii. The latter has tbe tendency
to recline against moss-covered tree trunks, which it ascends, sending ont roots
all along its slcni. In the Kohala mountains proper Hillebraud records as
growing C. nrborca var. pycniHitrpa, unfortunately the writer has not met witli
this plant. From tlii' disti'ibntiou of the six^eies of Cyanca we leani I hat tlie

65

PLATE 39.

CYANEA TEITOMANTHA A. Gray

Growing iu the dense tree-fern forest near Kulani, slopes of Mauua Loa, Hawaii;

elevation, 5000 feet.

66

PLATE 40.

CYANEA PILOSA Gray var. GLABRIFOLIA Roik
Growing ill fern forest near Kilanea Volcano, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

PLATE 41.

67

CYANEA PILOSA Gray vai. GLABRIFOLIA Rock

Growing on top of trunk of Cibotiura Chamlssoi (tree fern), forests of Kilaiioa, Hawaii;

elevation 40U0 feet.

68

species of the section jxihiiacfonius. as Vyanea hptosfcuia, C. sxpcrba, C. ar-
hurai. and V. (jiffanJii are the oldest denizens and that 1hey are on the verge
of extinction, while others are to he considered in their prime and still in the
process of evolntion.

THE GENUS DELISSEA.

I'nfortunately the s;)ecies of Dclissea are not so well known as the species of
Cyanea and Clcnnontia and consequently only little can be added to the infor-
mation fnruishecl by previous authors. It is greatly astonishing that iio new
species have come to light and that even some of the old ones, discovered by
Hillebrand could not again be located. The most common species of Dclissea
are D. subconlata and D. nndulata. The former has however become rarer; this
is due mainly to the fact that it grows at the lower elevations at the outskirts of
forests, which have become invaded by foreign planis, especially the Hilo grass
{Paspalnin conjugatmn) so destructive to Hawaiian vegetation. D. undulata
has been recorded from all of the islands of the group with the exception of
Oahu, Lanai and Kahoolawe. On Hawaii it attains its best development espe-
cially on the high central plateau in the forests of Mauna Loa and Hualalai. At
Pulehua, South Kona, the writer met with large numbers of this species some
reaching a height of thirty-five feet. It ranges from three thousand feet at
Puuwaawa to six thousand feet elevation on the slopes of Mauna Loa. The
beautiful little crowns on stems perfectly straight, are often hidden in the foliage
of the Koa {Acacia Kna) so that only tin- gray straight stems covered with leaf
scars can be seen. They are espec^ially numerous at the bottoms of craters and
volcanic cones. Looking down into one of these cones, one sees the tops of this
curious plant, like cabliage heads protruding over tlu' I'ini of the cone. It is
also found throughout ihe forest on the border of the great plain, but is espe-
cially common in the volcanic cones described above, for the single reason that
they are not accessilile to rattle. Asa Gray seems to have confused the two
plants more or less, for he considers I), undulata merely as a form of D. suhcor-
data. The latter is a .small branching shrub, while the former has an entirely
different habit as can be seen from the illustration. Dclissea rlnjlidospcnna is
only found on Kauai, especially in the drier woods of Waimea, Kealia and else-
where. Heller records it from the east side of Ilanapepe river in wet woods near
the source of the Wahiawa. Dclissea jiarvi/lora was discovered by llillelirand
on the Kohala range and in the woods of ]\Iauna Kea on Hawaii, the plant has not
been re-collected and nothing is known regarding its habit. The same must be
said of n. fallar from the woods of Hamakua and Hilo.

The remaining species D. laciniata and D. sinuata occur on Oahu in the drier
regions, the former from Wailnpe Valley on the eastern end of the island and
the latter I'roiu the dry valley of ilakaleha on the western range. A variety of
D. siniiaia has been found on Lanai. There is no doubt that all these species
are closely related, but they are unquestionably decadent. They are dying out
fast as arr the forests which they once inhabited. The few species may be
looked npon as the remnant of what was once probably an extensive tribe. But
as they seem not to be iiartial to the Inmiid rainforests and as the forests of

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70

PLATE 43.

LOBELIA KAUAENSIS VILLOSA Koek

A flowering ami sterile specimen on tlic sunnnit of Mt. Waialeale, Kauai; elevation

5000 feet.

71

their elioice have since decades been in a state of extermination, they have also
succnmbed to the ravages of goats and cattle.

THE GENUS EOLLANDIA.

It has already been stated tliat the genus RoUandia is practically confined to
the island of Oahn. A remarkable instance was the discovery by,C. N. Forbes,
of a FolhiHclia. which he named parvifolia, on the island of Kauai. No new
species save one, E. purpurcUifolia, were discovered by the writer on the island
of Oahu. It is confined to the dense forest of the Koolan range on the windward
side of the island along the P\inalnu stream and on the ridge leading to Ilauula.
RoUandia llumboldfiano, a remarkable species with either pure white or purple
flowers is partial to higher levels on the Koolau range especially JIanoa Valley
and Palolo.

All Eollandiac are terrestrial. R. Ilwnholdtiana is rarely taller than
two feet and fleshy throughout, while RoUandia criapa which occurs in the
same locality reaches a height of five feet or even more. It does however descend
into the valleys at an elevation of about 800-1000 feet. The Pnnaluu mountains
are a veritable paradise for RoUandia; in the interior ravines, perfectly pro-
tected from, the wind, at an altitude of about 1200 feet, and an enormous rain-
fall, RoUandia caJijcina and R. crispa develop a wonderful crown of leaves, sev-
eral feet in diameter; the.y grow in large numbers forming a society by them-
selves, but often in company with, Platydesma cornutum, Lysimacliia Forbesi,
Viola oaJntcnsis. Musa, Labordia, Anocchtocliilits f:aiidwiccnsis. PhijUiiMecjia,
Kadiia, etc.

Like Delissea. Kollamlia has been rather disappointing as no new species
have been discovered save the two mentioned. The discovery of the Kauai
species is however extraordinary. On the eastern end of Oahu, especially in
Palolo Valley, there occurs a very narrow-leaved species, which Hillebraud
referred to RoUandia longiflora. To the writer's mind it certainly is sufficiently
distinct to be a species. RoUandia longiflora has lobed leaves in the young state,
while RoUandia angustifolia has entire leaves even in the perfectly .young state.

Sufficient has been said aboixt Lobelia, Trematolobclia and Brigliamia in the
general discussion which need not be reiterated here. The writer only wishes
he were gifted to express himself in such a way as to enable him to give a word
picture of the regions which Lobelia Kauaensis and Lobelia gloria-nionlis inhabit.
These vast summit bogs are uncomfortable to visit at any time of the year, as
torrential downpours, high winds and low temperature are apt to make collect-
ing if not difficult at least highly uncomfortable. The writer ascended the
summit of Mt. Waialeale on Kauai three times, the last time with Prof. A. S.
Hitchcock of Washington, D. C, who confessed that it was about the hardest
trip he had ever undertaken. The annual rainfall on that mi)untain is over six
hundred inches; the vegetation is of course stunted. Gyperaceac occur, like the
tussock formation of Oreobulus fureatufi, also Panieum monticola: in these we find
Drosera, Acaena, Sanicula, Vaccinium, creeping Metrosideros, Carex montis
Eela, and rosette-like Plantago with many varieties; of trees Pclea Waialealae,
Snttonia lanecolata. PcUa orbieularis. and Tetraplasandra Waialealae. Together
with these wonderful Lobelias we find curious compositae such as Dvbantia

M S

So

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72,

Waialealar. and even a I'lHosponiin (I'. Gatinuum var. Wainlealae) . There ai'e
however simihir, if nut so extensive bogs here and there in the forests of the high
plateau of Wainica. Kauai, it is on the borders of these bogs as Kauluwehi that
we again meet witli Lohdia Kdiiacnsis, growing on trunks of trees, but with
Trcinafolobrlia iiiacrostaclnis var. Kauaiciisis. which is confined to near the
Siunmit and the snininit proper. It is fortunate tliat these mountain sununits
are diffieult of aeeess, and it is this that will insure the perpetuity of the various
species, nt least on Kauai. Some ruthless people have drained the bog of Puu-
kukui on West ]\Iaui, by the method known as "Louisiana drain" which will
change the entire vegetation of that mountain summit and will gradually denude
its slopes of the existing tree growth, through rapid erosion which must ensue
sooner or later, as the water which under normal condition was absorbed by the
vegetation at the sunnnit, is carried off at once in torrents. Such actions on the
part of ruthless ignoramuses should be curbed at all events.

VERTICAL RANGE OF LOBELWIDEAE IX THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

In regard to the (piestion of altitude at which tlie Hawaiian Lobclioideae occur
in the Hawaiian Islands, it may be said that they range from sea level to seven
thousand feet elevation.

Their best development is, however, reached at an elevation of four thousand
feet, usually on the windward side of the larger islands. The statement "from
sea level to seven thousand feet elevation" is a rather broad one when we con-
sider that not a single species of Cyanea, the genus with the largest number of
species, is represented at either of these points of altitude. The only species of
Lobclioideae which descends to sea level is Brigliaiiiin insignis, of Australian
ancestry, while Clcniiontia H(d( alah iisis is found at the highest mentioned
altitude, seven thousand feet.

The genus Ci/anca ranges from one thousand feet elevation to five thousand
feet, but not higher, with the largest number of species occurring at the four-
thousand-foot level. ('Jcnuoiitia descends lower than Cyanea.Mnd nuiy be found
at 500 feet elevation, but also higher than Cyanea, at seven thousand feet eleva-
tion, the limit of altitude for Lobelioideae in the Hawaiian archipelago. The
genus Delissea with its few species ranges from less than one thousand feet to
nearly six thousand feet elevation : both limits are, however, reached by a single
species {Delis.iea undnlaia) , which has been found on the low island of Niihau,
and at lu-arly six thousand feet elevation on the largest and southernmost island,
Hawaii.

The LdbcJioideav are partial to the rainforests and are practically al)sent
from the dry or mixed forest on the leeward side of the islands usually so rich
in species of trees. The only species which can be considered as belonging to
that region is Drlissea undidata, which is found in North Koua in the forests of
Puuwaawaa and in the dry forest on the slopes of Mauna Loa in South Kona.

Not a single species of Cyaiica has so far been discovered in the actual dry
forest. The nearest approach to such a locality may be found on Kauai, where
we meet with the tallest species of Cyanea {C. Icptostcgia) on the lee side above

74

PLATE 45.

I

CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (HUlebr.) Koik

Growing eiiiiiliytic:illy on Metrosideros (Uliia IoIuki) trees in the Kipuka Puaulu, near tlie
Volcano of Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation, 4200 feet.

75

Waimea, at the outskirts of the rainforests, at an elevation of from 3000 to 4000
feet. Cyanca Hardyii must be considered as belonging to that locality also.

The genus EoUaiidia. which occurs practically on Oahu alone (save a single
species on Kauai), is confined to the rainforests of both mountain ranges, the
Koolau and the Waianae ranges, from a hundred feet elevation to practically
the summit of the ridges A particular species of Lobclioideae may, however, be
confined to a certain elevation, above or below which it does not occur. This is true
of the ma.jority of the species in all genera with the exception of one or two
species of Dclitisca. liesides the restriction of the numerous species of Lohelioideae
to specific altitudes, they are also restricted to certain circumscribed localities
often comjirising only an acre or even less, outside of which area they are not
found. This is at least true today. Previously, of course, when forests remained
undisturbed, conditions may liave been different, but still it must be considered
that they were always more or less local. Today cei'tain species have survived in
a particular locality, from which they cannot spread, as they are surrounded by
grazing animals whiclL devour eagerly any germinating plant, thus precluding
the establishiiig of a progeny, and they are thus doomed to extinction. Clcr-
monfia llalcahalcnsia. for example, has already disajjpeared. A few years ago
three healthy trees existed of this species. It is true they were surrounded liy
their enemies, the cattle, which lirowsed on their lowest l>ranches and trampled
under foot or devoured any seedling which might have dared show its cotyledons
above groiuul even in what nuist now be considered unnatural surroundings and
among foreign plant associates. Today the species has become extinct; not even
a vestige of the trunks of these giants of Lobelioids remains to bear testimony to
their previous existence. Fortunately, the writer photographed these trees when
he discovered them, the only record besides herbarium specimens.

Numerous may have been the species which lived in remote places and became
extinct before they were discovered.

The species occurring in dense rainforests are more secure from extinction
than those which grow in the drier regions, as cattle are usually not found
there save where the forests have been turned over to the rancher for grazing
purposes.

Jlost of the species of Clermontia are epiphytic, and they are thus saved from
immediate destruction. However, the large tree ferns and 3Irtrosideros trees on
which they grow stand sometimes isolated in fields of Paspalum conjugatum,
conniionly known here as Ililo grass, either in a dying condition or already dead
and ready to fall, but with the Clermontia tree still alive in the uppermost
branches. Ch nuonlia I'chana and CIcniionlia situfuUlliim. both species occur-
ring on Hawaii, find themselves in the above descrilied predicament and ready
for extinction, as there are no other healthy trees in the neighborhood on which
birds may be permitted to deposit the minute seeds. In such localities native
birds usually responsible for the distribution of Lohelioids have also vanished,
and the work of dissemination could now only be carried on by the pernicious
and introduced Mvnah l)ird, which nmy now lie found all over the islands from
sea level to more than 10.000 feet elevation.

The deep ravines and gorges of the various islands are inhabited each b.y
their particular species of Lobelioids. and it is not often that the same species is
found in ninri' than two or three valleys. Jnit oftener a particidar species would

7(>

Eh

- o
D

<

M

O
02

<!
M

<
ix
o

4

Ik' contined tn a siii-ilc valli-y. These valleys can often only be exiilored l>y
following the streamhed. nsnally a dangerous undertaking, as heavy downpours
in the heart of the mountains are apt to make egress or further ingress impos-
sible. It is in such localities and in fenced-in forest reserves that the native
vegetation or at least the Lohelioidcac are safe from destruction.

Interesting and rich in Ldhclinideae are the valleys of West ^laui, like Wai-
hee, Waiehu, Ilonokawai and Ilonokahau. In the first mentioned valley we
find Cyanea scahra and Vyniira lioIoplujUa growing in dense shade of urticaceae
and ferns near the streamlied, while ('ijanea asplenifolia, a striking species with
pinnatifid leaves, grows on the small ridges and little ravines leading into the
main streambed from the mighty vertical walls of the main valley. On the sheer
clififs overhanging the streambed we find Clermontia, Kakeana and Clcrmontia
multifloni, shunning the darkness and striving for light as the rest of the species
of ('l( riiioiitia. unlike ('nanra, with most of its species shade-loving and hiding in
dark ravines and under broad-leaved plants. The species of Vyania are nearly
all terrestrial; only a very few, like C. Copciandii, are epiphytic and festoon the
moss-covered trees and tree ferns. (Plate LI.)

Of Cyanea the following may be found in the neighborhood of the 4000-foot
level and beyond: Cyaiua hpfoxtrgia, ('. rivulariif. ('. Gayaiia. ('. recta, C. hir-
tclla. ('. Kiiudsiiiil and Cyaiiiti sputli iilata, on Kauai; Cyaiidi Iiiniiiil l/ldiri, C.
aculcatifiora, V. Bisliopii, ('. iiiarrdstcgid a'nd ('. atra, on ;\Iaui, especudly East
iMaui; a few species arc found slightly lower than 3500 feet down to the .'301 10-
foot level, as C. frro.r Jinri-idii and ('. afra. On Hawaii we find ('. tritoinnntha,
C. plJosa and C. stictuphylla at four thousand feet and higher, while ;it three
thousand we find C. noliinrta)i(irra. C. Giffardii, ('. trifomaiitha and <'. Cope-
Idndii. While still lower we meet with ('. plafyph ylla, ('. F< riiidi]li. ('. Grime-
siana cyliiidrocab/.r and others.

Nearly all the speeies of Ch rinmilid. with very few exceptions, belong to the
middle i'orest region at elevations from 2.')00 to 4300 feet on the various islands.

The bogs at the sunuuits of Kauai and West [Maui harbor true Lobelias only;
neither Clermontia nor Cyanea dare approach but the margins. These flat,
extensive boggy meadows are windsw'ept and receive a rainfall of from sixty to
one hundred inches or more per month, and it is here that the most beautiful
Lobelias can be found.

78

PLATE 47.

CYANEA ASPLENirOLIA (Maun) Hillelir.

Growing near the struninLcM in WailuH' Valley, West Maui; elevation, ISUO feet. The

plant is about six feet tall.

1

DISTRIBUTIOiN OP THE HAWAIIAN GENERA OF THE TRIBE

LOBELIOIDEAE.

Distribution of the genus Cyanea.

Species

Niihau

Kauai j Oalui Molol^ai Maui

1 1

Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

aculeatiflora

#

acuminata

*

angustifolia

a

*

»

var. racemosa

*

«

var. lanaiensis

*

var. tomentella

*

var. Hillebrandii

*

arborea

#

var. pycnocarpa

1

#

asplenifolia

•

*

atra

*

var. lobata

*

Bishopii

* 1

comata

* 1

Copelandii

1

»

coriacea

*

j

Dunbarii

*

Fauriei

*

Fernaldii

«

ferox

*

var. horrida

!

* 1

fissa

*

Gayana

*

1

Gibsonii

*

Giffardii

*

Grimesiana

*

j

*

var. Mauiensis

—

var. Lydgatei

*

var. cylindrocalyx

*

hamatiflora

*

Hardyi

*

hirtella

*

holophylla

»

var. obovata

«

Knudsenli

#

Larrisonii

*

80

Species

Niihau

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Maui

Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

leptostegia

* 1

lobata

*

var. hamakuae

1 *

macTostegia

1 *

var. parvibracteata

»

var. viscosa

*

Maunii

*

multisplcata

#

nolimetangere

■*

*

obtusa

*

*

pilosa

J *

vai'. Bondiana

1 *

var. densiflora

•

1 *

var. glabrifolia

*

var. megacarpa

1 *

platyphylla

1 '"'

1

procera

»

i

profuga

*

recta

*

regina

*

Eemyi

*?

•?

1

'

rivularis

*

'

rollandioides

*

scabra

*

var. longissima

*

var. sinuata

#

var. variabilis

*

solanacea

»

var. quercifolia

«

solenocalyx

*

^ ar. glabrata

*

spathulata

*

stictophylla

*

superba

*

var. velutina

*

sylvestrls

* 1

tritomantha

1

#

var. Lydgatei

*

truncata

*

undiilata

#

Wailauensis

*

1

81

Distribution of the

GENUS ClERMONTIA.

Species

Niihau ' Kauai Oahu

Molokai

Maui

Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

arborescens

*

*

coerulea

«

drepanomorpha

ft

fulva

#

Gaudichaudil

*

var. barbata

.

*

grandiflora

#

*

Haleakalensis

■)*■

Hawaiiensis

«

Kakeana

#

*

*

Kohalae

*

var. robusta

*

leptoclada

*

micrantha

■

*

montis Loa

*

forma globosa

*

multiflora

«

oblongifolia

I

*

*

pallida

♦

var. ramosissima

«

parviflora

*

vav. calycina

«■

var. grandis

*

Peleana

«

persicifolia

#

pynilaria

1

*

singuliflora

*

tubercul&ta

*

Waimeae

1

1

*

Distribution of the genus Delissea.

Species

Niihau

Kauai

Oahu Molokai

Maui

Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

fallax

*

laciniata

*

var. parvifolia

*

parviflora

*

rhytidosperma

*

siuuata

«

var. lanalensls

*

subcordata

*

var. obtusifolia

*

undulata

*

*

* 1

*

82

Distribution

OF THE

GENUS

ROLLANDIA.

Species

Niihau

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Maui

Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

calycina

*

crispa

»

var. muricata

*

lanceolata

»

var. tomentosa

»

var. viridiflora

*

angustifolia

*

Humboldtiana

*

purpurellifolia

#

parvifolia

*

Kaalae

*

longiflora

*

Distribution of the Species op the genus Lobelia in Hawaii.

Species

Niihau

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Maui

Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

Gaudichaudii

*

*

gloria-montis

' 1 *

I

var. longibracteata

*

Kauaensis

*

var. villosa

#

hypoleuca

*

*

#

*

*

forma macrophyta

*

neriifolia

*

*

oahuensis

»

Remyi

*

tortuosa

*

•

Hillebrandii

*

var. paniculata

1 *

var. monostachya

*

Dunbarli

*

yuccoides

*

«

Distribution op the genus Trematolobelia.

Species

Niihau

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Maui

Lanai

Kahoo-

lawe

Hawaii

macrostachys

*

#

*

»

*

var. Kauaiensis

*

var. grandjfolia

*

83

PLATE 48.

Root system of Clermontia Hawaiiensis, growing epiphytically on Acacia Koa (Koa) iu
the forests near the N'olcaiio of Kilauea, Pun Oo trail, Hawaii; 4300 feet elevation.
Note the twenty-foot-long taproot, which descended throngh the center of the giant
Koa trunk; the root was 1..5 inches thick where it entered the ground.

84

Distribution of the genus Brighamia.

Species

Niihau

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Maui ! Lanai

Kahoo-
lawe

Hawaii

insignis

»

*f

*

*

forma citrina

*

1

FLOWERING SEASON OF THE HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDEAE.

The senile Ci/aiica has two distinct flowering seasons. Certain species as
C. GIffardii. ('. arlxnra, C. leptostcgia, (J. oriacca. C. Paurici, C. afra. ('. acidea-
lilhird. ('. jKiiiKiii/liini, etc., flower dnring tlie (late) siunnier montlis, while others
like ('. Bislioj)ii, C. macrostcgia, C. as pic ni folia, V. pilosa and its varieties begin
flowering in the early winter months and are usually in full mature fruit in
the months of July and August. Of the genus Delissea little is known as to the
flowerin'4' periods save that D. iturhilata is usually in full flower during the
month of January. Of course, elevation plays a great part in the period of
flowering, as well as a rainy summer, which delay the flowering period consid-
erably.

The species of ('l( ni'Dnfiu flower nearl\' all during the sunnner months with
the exception of Cleniumtin Gaudicltaudii of Kauai, and Clermontia coerulea of
Hawaii, which flower in the late winter or early spring.

Brighaniid flowers in the sinnmer only. The true Lobelias are monocarpic ;
that is, they flower only once in tlicii- jifi', iiiid thai usually in the summer.

Of the species of lioUandia. a few flower in the late summer, while the others,
like 7i*. piirpufellifolia, R. lanceolata, R. crispa and R. longifora. flower during
the winicr months till Mav.

BOOT SY8TE.M OF THE HAWAIIAN LOJIELIOIDEAE.

Very little is known about the root system of the Hawaiian Lohflioidcac, as
hardly any observations have been made in that regard.

It may be said, however, that the root system of the species of Cganea, espe-
cially those of the section palmaefonnes, is rather weak. Species like Cyanea
Gijfardii seem to have a tap root but very few lateral roots ; how deep the roots
extend into the ground has not been ascertained. The jjlants are readily pulled
up even when thirty feet in heiglit, or rather the tap root breaks a few inches
below the ground, being, like the stem, very brittle.

The subherbaceous species of Cyanea have a very -weak root s.ystem, especially
species like C. hnlopJiylla, ('. scabra, C. Copelandii and others; the stem of these
plants is often trailing, and roots are exposed several inches before they enter
the ground.

The species of the genus Clermontia seem to have a stronger root system; this
is required on account of the candelabra-like br;nicliing habit of most of the
species.

Those growing epiphytically on trees or ferns send tlieir tap root through
the decayed part of the respective tree or fern on which they grow. The accom-
panying illustration shows the twenty-foot-long tap root of Clcrmoniia Hawaii-
cnsis growing on Acacia Koa iu the forests n^ar the Volcano of Kilauea. Hawaii,

85

PLATE 49.

CYANEA MACROSTEGIA Hilleln.

A fruitiug speeinieu (SepteniVjer) growing in the ilense sphagnum forests of I'uohaokamoa,
northern slope of Jit. Haleakahi, Maui; elevation, 4200 feet.

86

PLATK .-)ll,

CYANEA PILOSA A. Gray

Plant about 5 feet tall, growing epiphytic-ally in dense rainforest near Kulani, slopes of
Mauna Loa, Hawaii; elevation, 4500 feet. Note the ilownward-bent peduncles, along
the stem.

87

at an elevation of -4000 feet. The Koa tree, split by the force of the wind, exposed
the tweuty-foot-long' tap root, which made its way right through the centei- of
the big trunk. The tap root was over an inch in diameter where it entered tlie
ground. Only one single lateral root was observed, which w-as, however, dead.
Nothing is known of the root system of the other lobelioideous genera occurring
in these islands save that they must be weak, as the plants are readily pulled up.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE GENUS CYANEA.

The genus Cijatica was first established by Gaudiehaud in 1826 on the single
species C. G)■ilnc.^^ialla. The large foliaceous calyx lobes peculiar to that species
served as the generic character. On the species with dentiform caly.x; lobes he
established the genus Ddissca, such as D. subcordafa, D. undulata, and D. acu-
minaia. Succeeding collectors such as Pickering, Wawra, Ilillebrand, and Mann
brought to light many moi-c new species, especially Hillebrand, who quite suc-
ee.ssfully arranged his large material into the order adhered to in this paper.
The calycine lobes were found to be the most variable character, and the second
factor, the five anthers which were all bearded in ('. Grimrsidiia, jn-oved to occur
in other species which did not have foliaceous calyx lobes, while plants with
foliaceous calyx lobes had again only the lower anthers bearded, and as Hille-
brand remarks: — "were very inisalisfaciorihj dcfiiud bij irrrlvvaiil tcclinical
characters ichich separated in different (jenera closely related species anel brought
together quite heteroejenous ones.'''

The main generic eharacter in Vyanea. as adopted by Ilillebrand, and adhered
to by the writer, is the racemose inflorescence, a ct)rolla without knobs, and
smooth, shining, crustaeeous seeds.

For further reference in regard to distinctions between Cyanea and Delissra
see introduction under the latter.

The genus Cyanea, of which C. Grimesiana is the type, is the largest of all
the seven genera of the tribe or subfamily Lobelioideae represented in the Ha-
waiian Islands. The larger Cyaneae, that is the arborescent ones belonging to
the section palmaeformes, are more distinct and show no such proneness to
variation as is the ease with the herbaceous or subherbaceous species. To the
writer's mind the group of Cyanea forming the section palmaeformes appears
to be the oldest of that genus, while those of section delisseoideae would follow,
with section hirtellae next, and last those more or less subherbaceous ones of the
section Cyaneae ejennineae, which show extreme variation. While there are sev-
eral species in the section palmaeformes which are decidedl.y distinct, there are
others of the same section which seem to be more closely connected, such as
Cyanea atra and Cyanea Gibsonii; the next closest allied is C. macrosteejia, fol-
lowed by C. aeuleatiflora and C. hamatipora. The most interesting species of
that section appear to be C. leptostegia. C. superba. C. arborea and Cyanea Gif-
fardii. These four species are decidedly distinct and probably extremely old,
while the others are closely connected and range more or less into each other,
not only the species from one and the same island district, but others of that
, section occurring on Molokai and Hawaii. They form as it were a common
group by themselves, pointing back to a common ancestor. The four species
above mentioned may however be the remnant of a distinct group, the inter-

88

mediates of which have become extinct, k'aviiig- one or two species of that par-
ticular type on some of the ishuids. It is quite possible and probably true
that a i;(i()(l many cither species of that type existed, whicli, if we had any
kuowledue of their characters would link them together with those of other
sections.

SECTIONS DEI.IStSEOTDEAE. JTIUTELLAE, AND PILOSAE.

The first section was established by llilli'l)i'and and is characterized by the
minute calycine teeth. It may be argued, and it is true, that the calycine lobes
of the Hawaiian Lvbduiidcnc are the most variable character, though in this case,
especiall3' in this section, while the calycine teetli are minute, the corollas are
so much alike, of the same shape and color, a.s well as being arranged on more or
less long drooping racemes, that it would be unnatural not to group them
together.

The first section uinnbers now six species, against ten in Hillebrand's ar-
rangement ; three have l)een classed with section hirtellae, and one very little
known in Hillebrand's time, with the section pilosae. The three former belong
to a section which the writer was justified in establishing by the discovery of a
number of new species, (four in number, to which were added two by other
authors) all of which occur on the island of Kauai. They are quite distinct in
habit of growth and in corolla, whose gener;d character runs through all nine
species.

The species of the section hirlclldr. have (piite a different habit of growth
from the species of the other sections, are usually single-stcmuied plants and
only in one or two instances occasionally branching from the base. This brings
the species of this section closer to the section paUiicK formes, and the writer would
look upon them as miniature forms of the lattei-. The leafy crowns, which are
of course terminal, are much smaller than in those of section pahnae formes.

It may also lie remarked that the species of section delisscoidcac occur in the
outskirts of the forests on the leeward sidr and at hiwer altitudes, l()()()-3()00
feet, not in the swainpy forests, while those of the section liirtcllac occur in the
wet forests from 3000 feet up to otHln feet, in the humid rainforests, save a few
eicceptions, occurring in lower altitudes, but still in the rain forests on the wind-
ward side.

Anyone knowing them from field experience cannot help but arrange them
in a section by themselves ; this would perhaps not be done by a person only
acquainted with them from herbarium specimens. Of course it would sinq)lify
matters very much indei'd would one adopt the method set forth by II. Baillon in
his Histoirr dcs phnils where he throws all niir Hawaiian endemic lobelioideous
genera togethei- iiitu our genus {Delissra), dividing the latter into as many sec-
tions as there existed genera. That is one w;iy out of the diiificulty but to the
writer's mind, does not lead to a better undo'sanding of this striking element
of our Flora. Tlir (h'eper we go into the study of these plants, dividing them
according to tlieii' natural affinities, tin- moi-e we will learn in regard to their
ancestry, evolution. ag<'. etc., more than by simply throwing them all together
into one genus, without furthei- thought. These plants must be studied in the
field: only then can one come to iirojiei' coiiclnsions.

89

PLATE 51.

Growing epiphytically on

CYANEA COPELAN0II Koc k

fern-covere.l tree trunk in the forest near Gleuwoo.!, Hawaii;
elevation, 2400 feet.

90

PLATE 512.

CYANEA BISHOPII Ko, k

Phiuts in full fruit (September) growing in the dense rainforests near Puohaokanioa,
northern slojics of Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation, -KliHl feet. Tlie tallest plant is
only about 5 feet high.

91

Of the first section, C. angusfifolia, with its many varieties, has spread from
Oahii as far as jMaui and Lanai, but not to Kauai, which island is separated
from Oahii by a channel of 60 miles width; its var. racfmosa from the Koolau
mountain range, Oahu, and Lanai, links togetlier three species occurring- on Kauai,
C. coriacca. C. Faurici and ('. Hardyi. All three in turn are related to a ilaui
species, C. coniata. It may be suggested that there is a possibility of C. augusti-
folia, C. Mainiii, and C. ohtu:<a, especially the first, with its many varieties being
the outcome of the two extremer species C. coriacca and ('. romata, the former
from Kauai, the latter from ]\raui.

In regard to the species of section two, it has already been stated that they
are all peculiar to Kauai, and may be grouped as to their affinities, showing their
scala of evolution, or better, range of satellitic offsprings as follows: Vyanea
fissa, C. Knudsenii, C. sylvestris, all three broad-leaved plants, Cyaiica Gaijana,
C. hirtella, C. rivularis. with more oblong lanceolate leaves to C. recta, (!. undu-
lata, C. Larrisonii with from broadly lanceolate to linear lanceolate leaves.

Of the six species which form the section [lilosni , one, ('. Cojirlandii, is in-
eluded with some doubt, while in other respects belonging to this section it
lacks more or less the general characteristic, as the dense clustering of the fioral
racemes around tlie fieshy stem below the leaf-whorls. This is however less
striking in a variety of C. pilnsa. the type of this section, var. (jJahrifolid from
Hawaii.

This section is distril)iited over four islands and finds in ('. )ii iilt ispicaia,
with no known varieties at present, its sole representative on the most distant
island, Kauai. Its closest congener can be found in Vyanea acmniiiata on (_)ahu.
On Molokai, the intermediate island between the former and ^laui, there is so
far no representative known, while on the latter island the section is represented
by C. BisJiopii which is closest related to ('. pllosa. and its many varieties, found
on Hawaii. The latter species may be looked upon as the youngest and still in
the process of evolution. This may be accounted for by the various regions of
Hawaii in which this plant grows, as for examjile, the extreme southern forests
of Naalehu, Kau, with moderate rainfall, the forests of Kilauea, with a moi-e
constant rainfall, and the .swampy moss-covered rainforests of the oldest portion
of the island of Hawaii, the Kohala mountains. Quite different is it with
('. CoprJandii. All the other species are terrestrial, while C. Copclandii is semi-
epiphytic, its semi-fleshy stem is often found ascending the mo.ss-eovered trunks
of trees and attaching itself by means of roots which extend the whole length of
its prostrate stem.

All species of this section are unbranched and subherl)aceous, the only excep-
tion being C Copclandii, which sometimes branches from the common rootstock
and sends out long rambling or scandent branches. They ai)proach the species
of the next following section, ('. (j( iniiiiac.

SECTION CYAXEAE GENUINAE.

This section, the writer found it convenient to divide into two subsections : —
scabrac, and nhdjriflorac. The former possesses four species, the latter five. The
writer considers that this section represents the youngest group of ITawaiian
Cyaneae. ^Yith the exception of f'yaiKa solaiiacKi, which occurs on IMolnkai,

92

PI.ATE 5:',.

CYANEA TRITOMANTHA A. Gray

Growing in tlie forest of Naalehu. Kaii, Hawaii; plants 10-15 feet tall. Yhw. in

background Freycinetia arborea Gaud.

Prom: J. >\ Eotdi "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islamls. "

93

PLATE 54.

CYANEA NOLI-ME-TANGEEE Eoek

One of the most spiny Lobelioiils, growing always terrestrially in tlie ileuse rainforests in
deep shade, near 2S miles, Volcano Roail, Hawaii.

94

represented onl>' by a rather doiihtfnl variety on Maui, all of the remaining
species occur either on ilaui or Hawaii or on both islands; one species ('. Grimr-
siana even ranging from Oahu, and ]Molokai, to Maui, with a variety on Hawaii.
All the species of this section have a proneness to lobed leaves, in fact are lobed
in their young state; gradiuilly, after becoming more mature, their leaves are
notched. In Cyanea Grimesiaiia. the widest distributed species over this island
group, is represented the extreme type with perfectly pinnate leaves. The ten-
dency of lobed or sinuate or even pinnate leaves occurs in both subsections.
though the corolla in one subsection is muricate, and in the dllicr perfectly
glabrous. All species are more or less spiny along the stem, or at least muricate,
a character found again in a few species of the section, palmae formes. Of the
first subsection the species Cyanea scabra is the most variable; all gradations exist
from entire to deeply pinnatisect leaves, from smooth petioles and stems to
densely muricate ones, while the corolla remains unchanged.

C. JwlopliyUa and C solanacea are next closely allied, with C. a^pJcnifoUa
following. It seems, however, curioiis that the latter species, which is nearer to
(J. Grimesiaiia, than to any other in this sectit)n, should have muricate corolla-
lobes, while those of the latter are smooth ; in aspect and general habit they are
alike, differing however in the corolla, which in C. aspleiiifolia is narrower, with
muricate lobes, and also in the linear lanceolate acute ealycine lobes, while
those of C. Grimesiaiia are broader, with smooth lobes, and in the ealycine lobes,
which are large foliaceous.

Cyanea platypliylla is very close to C. seabia, differing in the glabrous
corolla. C. fcrox, with deeply lobed leaves, is an exceedingly spiny species and
must be classed as the next closest relative to C. Grimesiaiia, though somewhat
ditferent in habit, i1 lieing a tall branching slii-iili with ascending, prieldy. bi-ittle
branches.

C. tinlinu tiuiiiere is an exaggeration of C. pJiil ypliylla. the former being
spiny all over bdt h leaf-surfaces, as well as stem and petioles, to such an extent
that it is impossible to touch them with bare hands; the Howers are white-
greenish and perfectly smooth.

On Hawaii and ]\lani this section seems to have reached its liest development,
but is still in the process of evolution, which is well illustrated by C. scabra,
while C. Grimesiaiia seems to lie a rather settled type occurring farthest away
(Oahn) from its congeners, witli a few varieties on Maui and Hawaii.

THE SECTION I'AUJAEFOHMES.

The section palmaeformes jjossesses the most interesting species of the genus
Cyanea and, as has been remarked, represents the oldest type of Cyanea. A very
unique plant is Cyanea iepieisteejia, which reaches a height of forty feet, with
a single stem abdul thi'ee inehes in diaiiii'ter and a large crown of leaves at the
apex, the leafs- crown having a diameter of often five feet or even more.

Here again we find the most settled species on old islands such as Kauai,
Oahu. and Maui, \\liile on Hawaii twn species occur C. I riloimuil Iki and C. Gif-
farelii. the former is however very closely related to ('. maemsteyia of Maui,
while the latter represents an exeeedinyly old tyiie related to C. superba of Oahn.

95

PLATE 55.

CYANEA ACULEATIFLORA Eock

A giant Lobelioid giowiug iiloiig a small stieaiiilied near the Waikamoi trail, Haleakala,

Maui; 4000 feet elevation.

96

lu this section nearly all the species have a decidedly different aspect when
young as compared to mature plants, a fact which has prompted even such a
careful worker as Asa Gray to describe the yimni;- tlowerless plant of C. Icpto-
stegkt, his own species, as a variety pinnatiloba of C. coriacea an entirely dif-
ferent plant. The young plants of ('. acuhatiflora and C. iviioiiuuttlia have
deeply bipinnatisect leaves, usually iirickly but otherwise resembling a deeply
divided fern-frond; old plants however have usually entire leaves.

As has been remarked, the writer believes this section to be the oldest ; first,
because it is found on all the islands of the lii'oup with the exception of Niihau
and Kahoolawe; their nonexistence there is due to the .smallness of the islands in
((Uestion and consequently do not otter the range of conditions found on the
larger islands, so essential to their development.

While in Berlin the writer had occasion to examine species of both genera.
dentropogon and Sipliocanipyliis. as far as represented in the Royal Botanical
Museum, and b\- studying them came to the above conclusion based on the fol-
lowing facts:

Outside of some of our Hawaiian genera of Lobelioideae, Cciil nijiiiijini is the
only genus with true baccate fruits; the species of Centropogoii. like Cyaiira,
are nearly all shrubby; only a few ai-e herbaceous. The fruits of the genus
Pratia have a fleshy pei'icarp; the species are however in nearly every instance
prostrate herbs and have no resemblance to our jirborescent Hawaiian forms.
SipJiocampylus. a South American genus Avitli over 100 species has capsuhir
fruits opening at the apex into two valves.

The only important dift'erenee between Ci ii/nipngd)! and Cgnui <i is the corolla,
which is very shortly slil at tlie baek'. in the former, while the Hawaiian species
of ('[jaiua are deeply slit to beyon<l the middle. The calycine lobes are also a
very variable character in Ccntropogan, ranging from linear-subulate, elongate
to linear lanceolate, or are reduced to teeth; the tlowers are arranged singly in
the axils of the leaves, a character never occurring in Cyanca, or are racemose
or in terminal corymbs The genus Apetaliia. with its single species (.1. raia-
teensis) from the islands of Raiatea and Tahiti, seems to be an intermediate
between the strictly capsular and baccate genera. Apetaliia possesses an indehi-
scent ( ?) rather dry fruit which is unilocular, and possesses an undivided
stigma. S(I( rollii ca with two species in the Society Islaiul (Tahiti), and one in
Rarotonga, is of great interest. The fruits of this genus are capsular and the
seeds are dispersed by two pores at the apex of the capsule.

THE NATIVE NAMES OF HAWAIIAN
LOBELIOIDEAE.

"We iiiul that the Ilawaiiaus of by-g'one days were quite familiar witli the
Flora of these islands and had adopted a system of naming- plants. They named
not only those that were of especial use to them, either medieinall.v or other-
wise, hut even plants occurring in very remote places in the islands, difficult of
access.

The Hawaiians gave tlu'se plants names, corresponding to the generic names
in botany and designated the different species of a genus b.v a special name
which had either reference to the size of the leaf or the resemblance of a leaf,
or the plant itself, to another plant. Some of the names are of mythological
origin or are connected with Kahnuaism (native witchcraft).

The most common Hawaiian names for Cyaneas and Clermontias are Haha
or Oha. To these they have added so-called specific names. The name Haha is
usually applied to all Lobelioideae with the exception of Lohelia proper and
Biigliaiiila.

The name Olia seldom occurs alone but is used in conjunction with the word
ivai, like Oha-icai for species of Clermontias and Cyaneas but especially for the
former.

Ualia — for species of CJcnimiifia and Cjianca in general.

Haha-hia — for ('ndiiea Icptostegia.

Haha-ai-a-ka-inanH — for Clcrmontia Gaudicliaudii ; the meaning of the word is

"The II all a- eaten by the birds".
Ilaha-iiui — for Ci/anra fcrox — meaning of llalia-nai : "The large Haha."
Aku — for Gyaitca tritomaiitha.
Aku aku — for Cijaiica rollaiidioidcs.

Kolii — for Trriiialoliihi iia niafrnslaclnjs var. Kauairusis.
Kuhiaika-moo-waJiic — Lohi Iia In/polcuca.
Liua — Lohelia hypoleuca.
Oltawai — f'Icrm nniia spp.
Paiiaunait — LobiJia ijuccoidcs.
Popolo — Cijaiua solaiiacca ; the name popolo is also applied to species of Solarium,

the leaves of Ciianea solaiiacra resemble those of Solatium inconiplcfum.
I'liaala — Brifihamin iiisif/iiis on Molokai.
Alula — Br'ujhamki iiisignis on Kauai.
Puakala — Cyaiiea solcnocalijx.
Pu 'e — Lobelia Kauaensis.
Ku( -iiiii — Ciiniiia (rriiiirsiaiia.

It may also be remarked that the milky juice of some of the species of
Clernwniia was employed by the natives as bird lime, while the leaves of C'yanea
anguxfifnlia, C'yanea tritomaniha and Cyaiiea rollandioides were cooked and
eaten like cabbage.

The fruits of some of the Clermontia species, especially those of the Kauai
species Clemiontia Gaudicliaudii^ were eaten by the natives.

98

Oat of seventeen names siveu ahuve. only five occur in Ilillebrand's Flora,
besides the eomniou name Olia-wiii : for the remaining- names tlie writer is in-
debted to Mv. Francis Gay of Kanai. who knows the Kauai i)hints l)y their
respective native names. The writer liad the ph'asure of camping with ;\[r. Gay
in tile mountains of Kiiuai and this eiiahliMl liini tn associate the luitive names
with the ])laiits to wliirh thi-y lielongetl.

INSECTS OCCURRING ON PLANTS OF THE
LOBELIOIDEAE IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

J3y Otto II. Swezey.

The species of this family are not much attacked by insects. Those which
do attack them are not particularly injurious to the plants. The fact that so
few insects attack the Lolieliaceae accounts for there having been less special
attention given to collecting in.sects from thesi' plants than lo many others
which yield insects in greater numbers.

Some of the insects mentioned below may lie specially attached to their
respective plants, not having been reared from others ; but the records are alto-
gether too meager to state with certainty until more observations are made.
The following list is made up from the records of several entomologists: Dr.
Perkin.s, Messrs Giffard, Swezey. Timberlake and Bridwell. These records are
almost entirely from collecting on the island of Oahu. If special collecting
should be done on the Lobeliaceae on the other islands no doul>t many more
species could ]»■ addi'cl to the list.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Family ('arixisiiiidae.

Hetefocrossa dlivaccoiiiti us. This moth has often been reared from larvae
in the fruit and dower buds of ('liriiKmliii h'iil:ra)ia. It has been reared also
from various other kinds of fruits.

Heterocrossa gemmata. This moth has been reared from the flowers and fruit
of Rollandia, and from the fruit of Clenaoiitia.

Heterocrossa criiiifcra. This species occurs as a leaf-miner in h'oUnnclin
Thtmholdtiaim.

Heterocrossa sp. An undetermined species reared on one occasion from a
larva boring in stem of C'l/aiica.

Family Hiiixninmnitidnc.

Hijpirddsi/s ( rmiloijiniiidliis. This moth was reared from a larva in the
dead stem of Cln'moiilia. It has been found in dead wood of other kinds as
well.

DIPTERA.

Family Agroiiij/^idar.

Agroniij:ii sp. On ,i few occasions the leaves of Clcrmontia persicifolia have
been found mined with the larvae of a flv. but none were reared to maturitv.

99

IlEMIPTERA.

Family I>( liihacidae.

Nesosydnc hlathhurni. This l('nf-lKii)i)i'i' lias l)eeii taken on CU rinontia parvi-
fora on Hawaii, but it nsually occurs on other plants.

Xcsosydiic ijscudoruhcsccns. This species has also been taken on CUniunilia
parviflora, though it usually occurs on koa.

Nesosydnc lobeliae aud jV. nioiitis-taiitalus occur on Lobelia hypoleuea.

Nesosydnc timbeiiakei has been taken un Cyanea tnincata.

Nesosydnc icailiipensis has been collected on Rollandia crispa.

Ncsodryas gijfardi has been collected in abundance on EoUandia crispa.

Family T< tl if/diiiiddc.

NcsopJirosyne spp. Several sjiecies of this family of leaf-hoppers have been
collected from ditt'erent Lobeliaceae, but they are as yet undetermined.

Family Miridae.
Several species of plant bugs have been collected from Lobelioidea, but they
are as yet undetermined

Family Aiilhocoridac.

A bug of this famil.\- has been taken in hollow dead stems, where in search of
P.rey.

COLEOPTERA.

Family ('(irabidac.

A few species of this family are sometinu's found hiding, or in search of
prey, in the hollow dead stems of CIcrniontia.

Family Nil idnlidac.

Oiiluisinhis nibitshi-i. and other beetles of this family arc often found very
numerous in the flowers and decaying fruits of many if not all species of
Lobelioideae.

Family I'mh rhiiiidac.

An undetermined species of this family has been reared from larvae in dead
Clcnnoniid stems. There may be other species also.

Family Scolytidae.
A species of this family has lieen taken in dead Cii rmnnlia stems.

Family Curcidiunidac.

Dryophthorus crassus. This large Cossonid has been taken in abundance in
dead Clermontia stems.

Oodcnias sp. has been taken in similar situations as the above.

ORTHOPTERA.

Family (IryJlidac.

T'rocjnathiKjrijlhts alafiis and /'. si rididans. These peculiar crickets and
other allied species are often f<iund hiding in hollow dead stems of CIcrnionfia
and other Lobelioideae.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HAWAIIAN
LOBELIOIDEAE.

Ch. Gaudiciiaud, Botany Voyage Uranie 457-459 iiicius. 1826.
II. 6. L. Reiciiexbach. Conspeotiis regiii vegvtabilis, page 114 nos. 278(5 et 2788.
1828. {Dclissca genus Goodenovinrum .'', Vlermoiitia.)

F. B. I^ARTLING, Ordines naturales plaiitarnm page 148-151. 1830. [DcUssca-

Clermontia.)
Adalbert de Chamisso, in Linnaea VIII :218-233. 1833.

G. Don, A (ieneral System of Gardening III:fi98. 1834. {('Ifniioiilla. Rnl-

Jaiidia. )
K. B. 1'kesl. Prodroniu.s iionographia Ijoljeliarearuiu 47 et 48. 183(3. (Clcr-

montia, Cyanea, Dclissca, h'oUandia.)
Stephan Endlicher, Flora der Suedsee Inseln, in Annalen des Wiener Museum

1:170. 1836.
H. G. L. Reichenbacii. Ilandbueh des natuerliclien Ptianzen-systems 186. 1837.

(Clcnnoniia, RoUandia. Kittclia, 3Iacrochilus.) Noni. page 102, no. 3998.

genus Delis.seaeearum, et no. 4001.
Stepiiax Endi.icher. Genera Plautarum 512-513, et 1392. 1838.
K. F. Meisner, Plantarum vaseulariinn genera secundum ordinis, 241 (148').

1839.
Aug. Pyramo de Candolle, Prodronnis svstematis Xatural. reuiii veget. VII :2.

341-344. 1839.
E. Spacii, Histoire natui'elle dts vegetaiix Plianerog. IX:572. 1840.
Stepit. Endlicher, Enehii'idiou liotan. exhib. class, et ordin. plant. 264. 1841.
Hooker et Arnott, Botany Cai»t. Beechey's Voyage, 88. 1841. (Lobelia.)
Meyen, Beitr. Botanik (Jes., Reise um die Erde. 358. 1843. (CIcrmonfia.)
Meyen, in Walper's Repert. Botan. System. 11:708. 1843. (CirrmonHa.)
Th. Nutt.vll. in Transact. Amer. Pliilds, Sor, 11:8. 251, 1843. (Cli ixtoutia.')
J. LiNDLEY, The Vegetable Kingdom 693. 1847.
Asa Gray, Proceedings Amer. Acad. Sciences. V:146-151. 1862.
Horace Mann, Proceedings Amer. Acad. VII :177-187. 1868.
II. ]\Iann, Notes on Bririliiniiia in ^lemoir. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., WA. I. |)art IV:

531-532, 1869.
II. Wawra, Flora od. All-em. Pot. /eit, XXX:568, 1872. Vol. XXXI:7-58.

1873.
Bentham et Hooker, Genera Plantarum II. 2 :546. 1876.
H. M. Baillon, Histoire des plantes VIII :364. 1886.
IT. M. Baillon, Dictionnaire Botanique II :96, 310. 1886.
W. Hillebrand, Flora Hawaiian Isl. 234-264. 1888.
SCHOENI.AND, in Eiigler et Prantl, Natiirl. Ptlauzenf. IV. 5:64. 1889.
A. Zaiilbruckner, in Auiudeu des Wiener Museums VI:43(l-432. 1891. {Tn-

matocarpus.)
W. B. Hemsley and a. Zaiilbruckner, Anuales of Botaiiv, Vol. ^'I:154. 1892.

Vol. VII, 289-290 1893. ( Trematocarpns.)
Drake del Castillo, lUustrat. Flor. lusul. Maris Pacif. VII:217-221. 1892.
O. St.\pp, in Annales of Botany, Vol. VII :396-399. 1893. (TrrmatocariJiis.)
Jack^^on, in Index Kewensis Vol. 1:339, 560, 675, 725. 1895; Vol. 11:102,

728. 1895: Supl. I. 101, 1901-1906; Supl. II. 43, 1904.
.\. .\. Heller, in IMinnesota Botanical Studies IX: 906-912. 1897.
Dalla Torre et Harms. Genera Siphonogamarum 520, nos. 8685, 8688. 19(i(l-

1907.
Charles X. Forbes, Occasional Papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Jlnseum, Vol. V:

pages 8, 12, 1912; Vol. VI. no. 3. pages 68-73, 1916. Vol. VI: no. 4, page

11, foot note, 1917.
Joseph F. Rock, Bot. Bull. No. 2, Hawaii Board of Agric. 6c Forestr.N-. 1913.

101

Joseph F. Rock. Indigenous Trees IIa\vniiau Islands, 469-494 ot 508-512. 1913.
Joseph F. Rock, Collesiv of Hawaii Publications, Bulletin 2, pases 40-48 inelus.

1913.
Joseph F. Rock, in Fedde Repertorium Specierum novar. XIII :354. 1914.
Joseph F. Rock, in Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin, Vol. 42:77-78, 1915; Vol.

44 :229-239. 1917 ; Vol.' 45 :133-13S, 1918.

GENERAL.

A. R. Wallace, Island Life page 306, 1880.

A. Engler, Versuch einer Entwickhingsgeschichte der I'Hauzenwelt, part. II:

122, 131. 1882.
H. B. GUPPY, Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacitic, Vol. II :253-260. 1906.

ICONES.

Gaudichaud, Botany, \'<>yage I'ranie, jilates 71, 72, 73. 74, 75, 76. 77, 78. 1826.

Gaudichaud, Botany, Voyage Bonite, plates 45-47, 49, 75-77. 1839-1852.

11. Mann. Notes on Alsinidcndron. Platijdesma and Brigliaiiiia in ilenioirs Bos-
ton See. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, part IV, plate 23. 1869.

Ch. N. Forbes. Occasional papers B. P. Bishop Museum, Vol. V, no. 1 (three
plates, not numbered), 1912; Vol. VI, no. 3 (three plates, not numbered),
1916.

J. F. Rock, Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands, iilatcs 6, 17, 24, 196. 197,
198, 199, 200, 201. 202, 203, 204. 205, 206, 207, 208", 209. 1913.

J. F. Rock, in Torrev Botanical Club Bull., Vol. XLII. plate 8. 1915; Vol.
XLIV, plates 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1917; Vol. XLV, plate (6). 1918.

J. F. Rock, College of Hawaii Publication Bull. no. 2, plates 9, 10, 11, 12. 1913.

J. F. Rock, Report Board of Commiss. Agricul. ancl Forestry for the period
1908-1910, plates 14, 15, 16. 1911.

A. A. Heller, in Minnesota Botanical Studies. Vol. IX, plates 64, 65, 66, 67.
1897.

A. S. Hitchcock. Smithsonian Miseell. Collect., Vol. 66. n(». 17, jilale 76. 1917.

A. Zahlbruckner. In Annah'u tics Wiener Museums. Vol. VI. tiuure (one).
1891.

A. S. Hitchcock, in "The Scientific Monthly," figures 31, 41 and 42 (represent-
ing Trematolobclia macrostachys, Cyanea Fauriei, and Lohclia Kauaensis,
erroneously labeled Cyanea sp.).

102

KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Corolla salvcrsliaiicil, the straight -tube entire; fruit capsular, at first fleshy, later ilehiseiug

by two lateral slits Brighamia

Corolla tubular, curved, deeply slit at the back.
Inflorescence a terminal raceme or racemes.

Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top into loculicidal valves Lobelia

Capsule subglobose with an indehiscent depressed umbonate vertex, o[ieniug' by

round pores in the wall of the capsule Trematolobelia

Inflorescence axillary.
Fruit a berry.

Seeds smooth, crustaceous, brown, shiny.

Inflorescence a cyme, flowers two to thirteen Clermontia

Inflorescence a strict raceme.

Staminal column free from the corolla Cyanea

Staminal eolunm a<lnate to the corolla, the latter laterally compressed

Eoilandia

Seeds greyish-white, dull, v\-rinkled, flowers with one dorsal or two adilitioual
lateral knobs Delissea

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LOBELIA.

Corolla curved, with converging upper lobes, cream colored to purjile.
All anthers penicillate, seeds marginate.

Stem simple, flowering spike large pyramidal, bracts broad foliaceous.

Flowers cream colored, 8 cm long, 1.5 cm wide

Lobelia gloriamontis

Flowers deep wine colored, raceme and flowers smaller, the latter (i cm long,

less than 1 cm wide Lobelia Gaudichaudii

Stem branching candelabra like, flowering spikes two to four.

Flowers cream colored as in L. gloriamontis, but bracts and calycine lobes

linear-lanceolate L. gloriamontis longibracteata

Flowers purplish to pink, or greenish-white with deep puijdisli streaks.

Eaeemes slender, deep purple glabrous or jmlierulnus, leaves linear acute

as are the bracts L. kauaensis

Racemes stout, villous throughout, greenish, leaves broad oblong, bracts
broadly ovoid, the ujiper ones cordate L. kauaensis villosa
Corolla suberect, the upper lobes spreading, lower anthers penicillate, seeds marginate.

Calycine lobes and bracts subulate.

Stem solid, ending in a single raceme, flowers bluish, leaves linear with revolute

margins Lobelia yuccoides

Stems hollow, flowers blue.

Stem erect, spikes large, single or several.

Capsule cylindrical, leaves broadly lanceolate, .30-4(1 rm long, white beneath

Lobelia hypoleuca

Capsule ovoid or obovate-turljinate.

Leaves elongate-linear 10-20 cm long canescent beneath

Lobelia neriif olia

Leaves linear oblong 50 cm long, 5 i-in widi'. liirsutc> with greenish

gray hair beneath Lobelia oahuensis

Stem prostrate or clustered from a thick mass of roots.

Flowering branches virgate, single or with one or more distant smaller

ones; corolla 18-i!0 mm long, lilac coloreil

Lobelia Hillebrandii

Flowering branches arising from a wooily base, the former angleil; corolla

25-36 mm long, garnet colored Lobelia tortuosa

Calycine lobes and bracts green, foliaceous, flowers as in Lnlnliii 11 iHi hniiiilii . , . .
Lobelia Dunbarii

NOTE: — L. Remyi is not suiBciently known and is therefore not included in this kev.

103

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYANEA.

PALMAEFORMES Hillebrand

Corolla nsually larui^ rieshy, peduuoles long droopini;- or short and densely
clustered around the stem ; calyeine lobes of variable leugtJi, leaves lartje, undi-
vided (or lobed but then only in the young' state) ; berries large ovoid-oblong,
yellowish or purple. — Stem or trunk usually undivided, straight, unarmed, or
muricate, foliose at the apex, of palm-like habit. The i)lants reach a height of
from 1 m to 14 m.

Palmaeformes.

Peduncles long droojiing, up to '!2 cm long.

Calyeine lobes oblong, coriaceous, as long or longer than tlie tube.

Peduncles longer than the leaves, bracts foliaceous Cyanea superba

Peduncles shorter than the leaves, but longer than the petioles, corolla grayish,

velvety tomentose Cyanea regina

Calyeine lobes short, triangular or minute tooth-like.

Corolla broad arcuate, purfdish black, glabrous; leaves broadly oblong, acuminate,

sinuately lobed at the base Cyanea GiffardU

Corolla white, slender, suberect; leaves oblong, sessile Cyanea arborea

Peduncles short, up to 5 cm.
Leaves sessile.

Calyeine lobes 6 cm long, filiform, corolla semierect slender, reddish

Cyanea leptostegia

Calyeine lobes as long as the tube, 2 cm, broadly obtuse, corolla tleshy suberect,

hamatiform at the apex, magenta reil Cyanea hamatiflora

Leaves petiolate.

Calyeine lobes short triangular, 4 mm long.

Corolla glabrous, bluish below, greenish yellow above, thick fleshy

Cyanea procera

Calyeine lobes foliaceous.
Calyeine lobes smooth,

Calyeine lobes one nerved.

Calyx and corolla deep purplish-black erect.

Staminal column hispid Cyanea atra

Staminal column glabrous Cyanea Glbsonii

Calyx thin, green, hispid, peduncle multibracteate from the base.

Calyx and corolla hispiil, the latter 6 cm long, staminal column

hispid Cyanea tritomantha

Calyx puberulous, corolla smaller, glabrous, ]ial«' wii-.e colored;

staminal column glabrous Cyanea truncata

Calyeine lobes several nerved.

Calyeine lobes broad foliaceous, connate, corolla scabrous hispid, dark

purjile Cyanea solenocalyx

Calyeine lobes not connate, green,

Calyeine lobes acute, 15-18 mm, corolla a dirty white hirsute, and

hidden Cyanea Wailauensis

Calyeine lobes 4 cm long emarginate, corolla dark jmrjile, hirsute,
leaves narrowing into a short petiole... Cyanea macrostegia
Calyeine lobes ilensely muricate, corolla 6-6.5 cm long, strongly muricate
outside Cyanea aculeatiflora

DELISSEOIDEAE Hillebrand

Calyeine lobes mostly minute tooth-like (Cyanea any list I folia. (!. Ilardyi,
C. Fauriei, C. coriacea, ('. comata. and C. spathulata), or the triangular lobes
one-third to one-half the length of the tube {Cyanea obtusa, C. Mannii) ; tube of
corolla suberect and slender, pale lilac, or arcuate (as in Cyanea comata), not
exceeding three mm in width ; berry globose. — I'narmed shrulis, branching or
single stemmed, or sparinuly branching, the branches ascending, leaves entire,
not lobed, but dentate to serrate or crenate: young plants generally with a
simple stem.

Of the eight species belonging to this section, one {Cyanea an {justi folia)
occurs on Oahu with two varieties, while a third variety occurs on Lanai, and a

10-t

fourth on Maui. Four species {Cyanca coriacea, C. Ilardyi, C. Faurici and
(J. spathulata) occur on Kauai; one, very close to C. angustifolia {Cyanea
Mannii) occurs on ilolokai, while ('. coiiiata and C. ohtusa occur on ^Inui, the
latter species has been doubtfully recortled from Hawaii.

Delisseoideae.

Calycine teeth minute shorter than tlie tube.
Leaves entire, dentate, serrate or creuulate.
Corolla subereet slender, glabrous.

Racemes longer than the petioles.
Petioles 7-11 em long.

Leaves oblong, serrulate, membranous, 16-20 em long

Cyanea angustifolia

Leaves obovate-nblong, acute or subtruucate at the base, 2'2o'2 cm

long, racemes 22-26 cm long Cyanea Fauriei

Petioles margined 4-7 cm long.

Leaves linear spathulate, 20-35 cm long, decurrent, racemes long
slender about 20 cm, corolla dark purple.. Cyanea Hardyi
Eacemes shorter than the petioles.

Leaves obovate-obloug, coriaceous, 30 cm long, 8 em broad, racemes 2.5

cm Cyanea coriacea

Leaves linear spathulate, 10-22 em long, 1.5-2,5 cm wide

Cyanea spathulata

Corolla slender strongly areheil, larger than in the other species

' Cyanea comata

Calycine teeth one-third as long or longer than the tube.

Leaves glabrous, calycine lobes one nerved, corolla glabrous.. Cyanea Mannii
Leaves with a gray tomeutum, calycine lobes one-half as long as the tulie or shorter,,
corolla pubescent Cyanea obtusa

HIRTELLAE Rock

Calycine lobes dentiform (C. Larrisonii), to triangular, acute, and subulate,
as long as or longer than the tube; corolla tomentose, erect, subereet, or curved,
slender or broad ; berry larger than in Delisseoideae. purple or yellow, pyriforni,
obovoid, ovoid, or globose. — Unarmed shrubs, either branching (C. fissa, (J. Knucl-
senii), or simple stemmed and only in one instance occasionally branching from
the base {Cyanea rivitlaris). All eight species of this section, of whic/( C. hirtella
is the type, occur on the island of Kauai ; they have all the tomentose corolla in
common,

Hirtellae.

Calycine lobes shorter thnii the tube.
Racemes long, 6-10 cm.

Corolla blue with pale streaks, broad, fleshy Cyanea rivularis

Eacemes shorter.

Leaves hirtellous.

Petioles 4-10 cm in length.

Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse at the ai)ex, corolla slender, i-urved, bluish

" Cyanea Knudsenii

Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, corolla purple

Cyanea hirtella

Petioles 1.5-3 cm in length.

Peduncles stout multi-bracteate from the base, corolla subereet.

Leaves oblong, Iduntly acuminate Cyanea Gayana

Peduncles slender, with small subulate bracts, corolla straight.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends

Cyanea recta

Leaves glabrous.

Leaves linear, dark green above, pale-whitish underneath, 23 em long, 12-20
mm wide.

Peduncle 1 em, corolla dark bluish-black Cyanea Larrisonii

Leaves broadiv obovate oblong, pale green on both sides, creuulate, ijeduncle

many-flowered Cyanea sylvestris

Calycine lobes longer than tlie tube.

Eacemes up to 6 em long, corolla subereet, purjile Cyanea fissa

105
CYANEAE GENUINAE Hillebrand

Calyc'iiie lobes as long as the tube or longer, linear, snbnlate to foliaceous;
corolla loltes smooth or mnricate; leaves lobed. sinuate, notched, pinnate or
entire.

Branehing shrubs, generally nuiricate or aeuleate with thiek conical spines,
or simple stemmed and somewhat tleshy, with jn-ickly or murieate petioles, stem,
and leaves (Ctjanea nolimetangere and Cyanea rullandioides), or unarmed
{Cyanea pfofu<ja. Cyanea Fenuddii and Cyanea Dunharii).

Cyaneae genuinae.

Calycine lobes as long as the tube or longer.

Leaves lobed or sinuately uotcheil or pinnate to the rliachis.
Leaves lobed or sinuately notched.

Calycine lobes nearly three times the length of the tube, 5 to 9-nerved, den-
ticulate above.

Corolla glal irons, purplish, curved, the lobes smooth

Cyanea lobata

Calyciue lobes thick, oue-uerved, 8-12 mm long.
Calycine lobes murieate.

Corolla coarsely hairy Cyanea ferox

Calycine lobes green, glabrous.

Corolla sjiarsely hispid or glabrous, stamiiial column pubescent, plant

armed Cyanea solanacea

Corolla glabrous, white, staminal column glabrous, plant unarmed.

Cyanea Diinbarii

Leaves pinnate to the rhachis.

Calyciue lobes large foliaceous, many-nerved and net veined.

Corolla falciform, the lobes glabrous, upper anthers tufted

Cyanea Grimesiana

Calyciue lobes as long as the tube or shorter, acute.

Corolla suberect, the lobes murieate, upper anthers nakeil

Cyanea asplenif olia

Leaves entire.

Stem and petioles spiny.

Corolla lobes murieate Cyanea scabra

Corolla lobes smootli.

Leaves glabrous, on petioles of about 10 cm.

Calycine lobes several-nerved, linear oblong Cyanea holophylla
Calycine lobes sharp dentiform, acute, corolla wliitc, tliin and glabrous

Cyanea platyphylla

Leaves spiiny on both sides.

Plant densely foliate, forming a close crown.

Calycine lobes linear acute, as long as the tube, corolla purple

or with pale streaks Cyanea roUandioides

Plant loosely foliate, pale, leaves covered with ]iale s]iines.

Cah'cine lobes shorter, triangular; corolla pure white

Cyanea nolimetangere

Stem, petioles and leaves smooth.

Peduncles short, 2..5 cm, glabrous.

Corolla white, slender, glabrou.s, leaves elliptical. Cyanea profuga
Peduncle long, 8-10 em, pubescent.

Corolla white pubescent, leaves lanceolate oblong Cyanea Femaldil

100

PILOSAE Rock

Calycine lobes trinnuular dentate or linear and as long as the tube (only
in C. Bishopii). corolla pubescent or glabrate iC. pilosa. iesic Gray), whitish
with purple tinge or greenish white, small, on short racemes which are clustered
all along the stem below the leaves, berry yellow, ribbed, globose or ovoid ; leaves
obovate, oblong, pubescent or hirsute. — Unarmed subherbaceoiis simple stennned
plants of 0.3-1.5 m in height, woody only at the base, terrestrial and epiphytic.

Of the six species which form this distinct section, three occur on Hawaii,
one on Mani (C. Bishoiyii), one on Oahu (C. acuminata), and one (C. multispi-
cata) on Kauai ; while they differ apparently in several respects their habit of
growth is the same; all species are nnbranched and subherbaceous.

Pilosae.

Calycine lobes as long as the tube or longer.
Leaves entire.

Leaves obovate to ovate-elliptical, hairy, erosoilentate.

Corolla greenish-white, lobes glabrous Cyanea pilosa

Leaves obovate-oblong, pubescent underneath.

Corolla purple, lobes short, retrorsely scabrous Cyanea Bishopii

Calycine lobes shorter than the tube, acute.
Leaves entire.

Corolla white, suberect, {luberulous.
Peduncles short, 1..5 cm.

Leaves obovate-oblong, rounded at the base Cyanea multispicata

Peduncle 2.5-6 em.

Leaves oblong acuminate at l)Oth ends, pale underneath, staminal column

pubescent Cyanea acuminata

Corolla yellowish with purple pubescence.

Leaves oblong acuminate, green on both sides, staminal i-ohmui glabrous

Cyanea Copelandii

Leaves sinuately notched, lanceolate oblong, hirsute underneath.

Corolla j'ellowish white, sparsely puberulent Cyanea stictophylla

107

KE\' TO THE SPECIES OF CLEKMONTIA.

Calyx lobes shorter than the corolla, persistent.

Cyme two flowered, rarely single (CI. singuliflora).
Conimou peihinc-le 5-8 nun.

Bracts and bracteoles small.
Flowers smooth.

Flowers thick fleshy, strongly curved, calycine lobes tliirk. obtuse or

deltoid, fruit deeply furrowed CI. arborescens

Flowers slender, calycine lobes minute dentiform.

Pedicels 3-4.5 cm long, stout usually one, bibracteolate near the

base, corolla glabrous CI. singuliflora

Flowers tuberculate.

Calyx and corolla covered with Uibercles, fleshy, fruit globose, strongly

tuberculate CI. tuberculata

Bracts subfoliaceous.

Flowers yellowish pubescent, suberect CI. fulva

Common peduncle 1..5-6.5 cm.

Pedicels .S-4.5 em long, berry globose.

Peduncle 1.5 cm, calycine lobes minute, ovarian portion broadly globose,

purplish-black as is the strongly curved corolla ... CI. Peleana
Peduncle 2 5-4 cm, slender, calycine lobes broadly deltoid to dentiform,
ovarian portion turbinate, bluish to greenish white, corolla nioilerately

f iij.yed CI. coerulea

Pedicels 1.5 cm or less, berry pyriform.

Peduncle 5-6.5 cm, deflected, drooping, pedicels resupinatc

CI. pyrularia

Peiluncle about 1 cm, corolla arcuate, greenisli, i)ulierulous

CI. Gaudichaudii

Cyme four to more flowered.

Branches slender, leaves linear-lanceolate, loose-open, on petioles of 2-.'! cm, corolla

pale purido, calvcine lobes twisted or reflexed, up to 20 mm long

' \ ■ CI. Waimeae

Branches thick, stout, leaves oblong-spathulate, fleshy, subsessile i>r on a sliort-

winged petiole, corolla white CI. Haleakalensis

Calycine lobes connate as long as ur little shorter than the corolla, not persistent.
" Peduncle two flowered.

Peduncle much longer than the pedicels, arched.

Peduncle 8-11 cm long (rarely .1 cm), filiform, pendulous, flowers gieenish to

purple, thin, not fleshy. ..'. CI. grandiflora

Peduncle not filiform, 6-10 cm long (rarely 2.5 cm), stout drooping.

Flowers greenish-white, long tubular, acuminate in the bud, ovary turbi-
nate strongly ribbeil, fruit ovoid to oblong, ribbed CI. Hawaiiensis
Flowers deep 'pnri)le, thick fleshy, tube short, with a lurvc.l beak in the

bud, ovary smooth, fruit globose smooth CI. drepanomorpha

Peduncle short, erect, as long as the pedicels or shorter.
Calvx and corolla little curved when open.

' Leaves dull green, broadly oblong, pubescent underneath, calyx and corolla

crreen oi, j^aKcana

Leaves shining above.

Leaves glabrous, ovarian portion turbinate.

Flowers whitish, 5.5-6 cm long, slender, pedumdes 1 cm, leaves

whitish underneath CI. persicifolia

Flowers dark purplish-black broadly tubular, peduiudes 2-3 cm,

leaves green underneath CI. Kohalae

Leaves pubescent umlerneath, ovarian portion narrow, oblong.

Flowers 4.5-5 cm, j)urplish green, peduncle and pedicels 1 cm,

fruit ovate-oblong CI. mentis Loa

Calvx and corolla strongly arched when open, leaves pale and glabrous under-
neath : Cl. oblongifolia

Peduncle three to eleven-flowered.
Flowers large 6 em.

Peduncle 3-4 cm long, flowers two to four, calyx and corolla fleshy, dark purple,

suberect Cl. leptoclada

Peduncle about 1 cm long, 2-7 flowered, calyx and corolla thin, green with

purplish tinge, leaves on petioles of 7-10 cm Cl. pallida

Flowers small 3-4.5 cm, suberect even in the bud.
Peduncle 1.5-2 cm, 7-10-flowered.

Leaves lanceolate, pale, calyx and corolla pinkish red Cl. multiflora
Leaves broadlv oblong, dark green, calyx and corolla bluish-imi'iile, the

lobes reflexed Cl. parviflora

Peduncle 5 mm, 2-5-flowered, flowers pink, 3 cm, leaves small. ^ im long,
1.5-2 cm wide Cl. micrantha

108
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DELISSEA.

Flowers over 3.75 cm long, curvetl, white.
Branching shrulis ISi-'.i m high.

Leaves laciniately lobed D. laciniata

Leaves broailly cordate or ovate oblong subcntire, serrulate-dentate

D. subcordata

Stem simple erect up to 2 m high.

Leaves oblauceolate or spathulate with sinuate margin D. sinuata

Flowers less than 2..5 cm long, suberect, groonisli white.
Stem simple erect up to 10 m high (D. undulata).

Leaves ovate oblong, corolla with three knobs D. undulata

Leaves elongate-oblong on petioles more than one-half their leugtli, ((.((dla with a

single dorsal knob D. fallax

Branching shrubs.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong dentate or serrulate on petioles of less than or one-
third their length D. rhytidosperma

Leaves laciuiate, on petioles of one-fourth tlieir length or less, D. parviflora

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ROLLANDIA.

Leaves slightly pubescent, or densely tomeutose underneath.
Leaves somewhat pubescent, especially along the nerves.

Staminal column hairy, leaves lanceolate, corolla glabrous

Eollandia lanceolata

Staminal colunm glabrous, leaves broail (d.iovate, very shortly jictiolate, corolla ]iale

reddish, pubescent Eollandia crispa

Leaves tomeutose underneath.

Eacemes long drooping (8-40 cm), corolla white or purplish, staminal colunm

glabrous Rollandia Humboldtiana

Eacemes shorter and erect.

Leaves papilose hispid above, petioles and stems niurii-ate, anthers hairy along

the base Rollandia calycina

Leaves glabrous above.

Staminal column glabrate, leaves large, 62 cm long, in cm broail....

Rollandia Kaalae

Staminal column hairy, leaves elongate narrow

Rollandia lanceolata tomentosa

Leaves glabrous on both sides.

Leaves pale whitish umlerneath.

Calyx truncate, at the ape.x dentate.

Leaves linear elongate, entire Eollandia angustifolia

Leaves sinuately lobed to laciniate or subeutire. lanconlato

Rollandia longiflora

Calyx cylindrical, the lobes oblong, thin, 1 cm long, loaves lauccuhitr acuminate,

18-22 em long, on petioles 2.8 em, with small lenticels

Rollandia parvif olia

Leaves dark purple underneath shining, oblauceolate, very sliortly acute, on short
margined petiole; inflorescence glabrous Rollandia purpurellifolia

SYSTEMATIC PART

LOBELIA Linn.

113

PLATE 5(1.

LOBELIA GAUDICHAUDII De C'an.l.

Specimen from the summit of Kouahuauui, Oahu (in the Heiliarium of the College of

Hawaii).

114

PLATE 57

LOBELIA GAUDICHAUDII De Caiid.
Tlie typii-al plant from tlic suiiiiiiit of Konalniaiuii, Oahu.

113
LOBELIA Linn.

Calyx five-toothed or lobed. Corolla slit open on the upper side to near the
base, five-lobed, the two upper lobes half the length of the corolla, forming an
upper lip, the three lower united into a tridentate or trifid lower lip. Stami-
nal tube free from the eorolla, the two lower anthers or all bearded at the top with
a tuft of short stiff hairs. Style shortly two-lolied, with two patches or a ringlet
of short hairs below the lobes. Capsule two-celled opening at the top into two
loculicidal valves. Seeds numerous, small, with a thin smooth testa. — Shrubs or
arborescent plants or mostly herbs. All the Hawaiian species are shrubliy.
Peduncles one-tlowered. arranged in terminal braeteate racemes or spikes.

The genus Ijobelia consists of over two hundred species distributed in the
tropical and temperate regions of all continents, with the exception of Central
and Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Of the Hawaiian species, which num-
ber eleven, Lobelia (jhiria-)iiontis, L. Gaudichaudii, and Lobelia Kauaeiisis are the
most beautiful of all our Lobelioicleae. They inhabit the summit of moun-
tains like Konahuanui on Oahu. Waialeale on Kauai, and Puukukui on West
Maui. Ijobelia liypoleuca and Lobelia nenifolia are of second rank. Originally
the gemis included five Hawaiian species of which one species L. macrostaclnjs
had been separated from Lobelia and a special genus had been erected for it
owing to the peculiar dehiscence of the capsule (see Trematolobelia). Lobelia
(jloria-tHontis and Lobelia Eernyi are here described for the first time. The for-
mer was included liy HiUebraud with Lobelia Gaudichaudii, and the latter rep-
resented an undescribed species in the Paris Herbarium. It is here named after
its discoverer the celebrated Jules Remy, who botanized in these islands during
the years 1851-1855. All in all there are here described eleven s])ecies, four
varieties and one form.

Lobelia Gaudichaudii De Cand. in Prodr. A'll :384. 1838.
Lobelia Gaudichaudii coccinea Rock in Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 44 ;2,iS. 1917.

(Plates 15, 50, .57.)
Stem 3-7 dm long or longer, glabrous, closely covered with rhomboidal leaf-
scars, leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, the margin thickened or revolute with
callous teeth, acute at the apex, narrowing at the base, sessile, 15-18 cm long,
1.5-2.5 cm wide, the strong midrib pubescent beneath with white hair; the single
spike up to 60 cm long, raceme open-tiowered, glabroiLs throughout, pedicels
braeteate at the base, compressed equalling the bracts in length ; cal.yx tube hemi-
sphaerical-turbinate. the lobes lanceolate twice as long as the tube ; eorolla arcu-
ate, deep red-purple, glalu'ous, 5 cm long, 7 mm broad, widening at the apex,
bilabiate, the lower lobe tri-dentate at the apex; staminal column purple, glab-
rous, anthers glabrt)us, all five penicillate; capsule ovoid, the apex conical, dehis-
cing loculicidally ; seeds compressed, ovate-reniform, margined.

OAHU: Wo-ahu, 1837, Gaudichaud no. 149 in herliai'ium :\Ius. Paris; —
Konahuanui, Hillebrand; — Punahin 'Sha. summit ridge, fruiting December 3-4,
1908, Rock no. 65 in herbarium College of Hawaii; — suiumit of ]Mt. Konahuanui
3030 feet, flowering September 1912, Glen. W. Shaw no. 12742 in herbarium
College of Hawaii; — Konahuanui summit, flowering-fruiting September 1914,
\elson & Stone no. 10003 in the herbarium College of Hawaii.

Gaudichaud 's specimen came from the summit of the Oahu range, (ad acumen
montis 0-Wahu Sandwieensium) and is the type of Lobelia Gaudiehaudii DC.

116

PLATE 58.

LOBELIA GLORIA-MONTIS Kurk sp. n.
Type iu heibaiium College of Hawaii.

117

De Caiidolle states plainly ''corolla basi rosea, supernea ritbro-violacea.^' Hille-
brand incorporated the Kauai and AVest Maui plants with the typical Lobelia
Gaudicltaudii DC, but they are quite ditferent from the typical species. Hille-
braud's description of the tiowers was evidently drawn from the West Maui
plant; about Avhich he says: "Corolla 3-3.5 inches long, 1.5 inches broad, at the
base, etc., of thick texture, cream-colored." The flowers of the Oahu specimens
are much smaller and of a dark red-carmine-purijle. The aspect of the plant as
a whole is ciuite ditferent and so are the leaves. It was Hillebrand's description
which caiTsed the writer to err and describe the true Lobelia Gaudicliaudii DC.
as a variety eoccinva. The West Maui plant must be considered an undescribed
species.

In the Gray Herbarium are a few fragments of the type of this species col-
lected by Gaudichaud, ex Museo Bot. Paris ; also leaf specimens collected by the
II. S. Exploring Expedition ; they belong to the true L. Gaudichaudii DC. The
midrib of the leaf is distinctly pubescent beneath, as in the writer's specimens
from Konahuanui, Oahu

Lobelia gloria-montis Rock sp. nov.

Lobelia Gaudicliaudii Hillebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 236. 1888. not De Candolle
(in part.)

(Plates 17, 18, 58.)
Stem 1-1.5 m high, thick near the base; leaves oblong, spathulate, acute at
the apex, broadly sessile at the base, 12-13 cm long, 3-4 cm wicle, thick coriaceous,
pale green, glalirous on both sides, ciliate at the margins near the base, upper
margin revolute, with thickened, dark, minute teeth; raceme 50-60 cm or more
long, glabrous, bracts broadly spathulate, 3-1: cm long, 1.5 cm wide, denticulate
in the upper margin, ciliate in the lower; pedicels as long as the bracts; calyx
tube turbinate, 2 cm broad, the lobes lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm long, pale with purplish
tinge; corolla large, 8 cm long, 1.5 cm broad at the base, broader at the apex,
beautiful cream-colored with faint purplish streaks; staminal column glabrous
cream-colored ; the anthers grayish blue, glabrous, all five penicillate ; capsule not
seen.

]\[AUI : West IMaui, Mauna Eeke Ilillebrand Herbarium Berlin and Gray
Herbarium: — top of ]\It West Jlaui, ilann et Brigham no. 462 in Gray Her-
bariiun; — Puukukui elfvatioii 5000 feet in bog w-ith Wilkesia Grayaim. Acaena
cxigua, Argyro.riplniiiii sp ? etc., flowering August 1910, Rock no. 8209 in
herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Puukukui. flowering, September 24-26 1916,
A. S. Hitchcock no. 14861 in U. S. National Herbarium; — Mauna Eeke, flowering
Septemlier 3, 1918. Rock & Hashimoto, no. 13130 in Herbarium Rock.

Tliis glorious .species has been mistaken for the Oahu Lobelia Gaudichaudii
to which it does come very close. It differs from it in the very large pyramidal
racemes with large cream-colored flowers which are nearly twice the size of the
Oahu species ; the leaves are oblong to broadly spathulate instead of oblong lance-
olate. To see this species growing is one of the delights of the botanist. During
the summer mouths the big bogs of the West Maui mountain summits are re-
splendent with the huge racemes of large cream-colored flowers. The writer
has not seen this species on any of the mountains save on West Maui. The
Kauai species which Ilillebrand also included with Lobelia Gaudichaudii is quite
different in aspect.

The young plants of Lobelia (tloriainonfis are pubescent on both sides with
long white hair.

PLATE 59.

118

Type of Lobelia gloria-montis longibracteata lid.k in licrli.iiiuni College of Hawaii

119

Lobelia gloria-montis longibracteata Rock

Lobelia Gaudichaiidii loiujihractcata Rock in Coll. Hawaii Publ. Bull. 2 ;47. 1913.

(Plate 59.)
Plant 3-5 m high branching candelabra like into five to seven erect, ascending
branches ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly of even width, 18-20 em long, 3-3.5 cm
wide, glabrous, and not eiliate at the base; racemes larger than in the species
50-60 cm or more, five to seven forming one iutloreseence ; pedicels 5-6 cm long ;
bracts linear lanceolate, exceeding the length of the pedicels 6-8 cm or more
long, S-10 mm wide; calyx tube turbinate 1 cm high, the lobes three and one half
times the length of calyx tube; corolla as in the species.

MAUI: Summit of I'luikukui on the edge of lao Valley in forests with
Clermontia grandifJom. Pelca. etc. ; — flowering August 1910, Rock type no. 8S1S
in herbarium College of Hawaii.

This variety is at once distinguished from the species in its branching habit,
and larger size, but mainly in the long racemes with their long, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate bracts, and long calycine lobes. One of the handsomest Hawaiian
Lobelias.

Lobelia Kauaensis (Gray') Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. 1X:911. 189".

Lobcliii Gaiidiihaudii var. Kauaensis A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. V:1.^0.

1862.

Lobelia Gaudiehaudii Hillebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 236. 1888 (not De Candolle)

in part.

(Plates 16, 42, liO.)

Stem 1-2 m high, closely covered with leaf scars, about 3 cm in diameter;
leaves linear lanceolate glabrous even in very young plants, subsessile or on short
petioles 3-5 mm long, acuminate or acute at both ends, mucronulate at the apex,
coriaceous, 12-15 cm long, 15-20 mm wide, purplish beneath as are the somewhat
revolute margin, midrib and minute callous teeth; inflorescence branching into
two or visually four racenies 35-40 em long or more, the rhachis deep purple,
glabrous or pubernlous; pedicels 1.5-3 cm, bracteate at the base, the bracts
narrow linear lanceolate, purple, finely mucronate, glabrous or pubernlous ou
the margin, shorter than the pedicels, or of eciual length; calyx tube broadly
obconieal, the lobes twice as long (little longer than the calyx tube teste Gray),
corolla creamy-white with deep purplish streaks, 4-5 cm long, 1 cm wide at the
middle, the two lateral lobes linear, deeply cut 3-3.5 cm, 4-5 mm wide, the lower
lip shortly trifid; staminal column glabrous, as are the anthers, all bearded at
the apex; capsule black, pyriform, with a long acuminate conical vertex 12-14
mm high, seeds linear-reniform, glossy, of a reddish brown, the margins thick-
ened, shining.

KAUAI: U. S. Explor. Exped. in Gray Herbarium; — Pohakupili, Wawra
no. 2044 in Herbarium Vienna; — bog at the head of the Wahiawa river, Octo-
l.er 19, 1895, A. A. Heller no. 2888 in the Gray Herbarium; — summit of Kauai,
I\lt. Waialeale in the bog, Howering September 1909, Rock nos. 5109, 5823, in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — same locality October, 1911. Rock in her-
barium College of Hawaii ; — Hanapepe, 800 m. Abbe Faurie no. 552 in herbarium
Leveille and herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Mt. Waialeale, flowering, fruiting
October 21, 1916, Rock no. 12845 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — same lo-
cality. A. S. Hitchcock no. 15499 in IT. S. National Herbarium.

This species, while quite distinct, comes closer to the typical L. Gaudiehaudii
from Oahu ; the main dift'erence being the branching inflorescence, dark purple
stems, purplish leaves which are perfectly glabrous and very handsome creamy-
white flowers with deep purple streaks.

120

]*LATK (id.

LOBELIA KAUAENSIS (A. Oiiiyj Holk-r
Fioiii a sjicciiiieii in the Gray Herbaiiiiiii, ex coll. A. A. Hfller.

121

PLATE 61.

Type (uo. 12(41j of Lobelia Kauaensis villosa Kock iu tlie herbarium of tli(

College of Hawaii.

122

Asa Gray states calyx viseons. the lolies little longer than the tube; in all the
specimens collected the calycine lobes are twice as long as the tube.

The plant does not only occur on the summit of Kauai as for example on
j\[t. AVaialeale, but also on the outskirts of the bogs in the forests at a lower
elevation. When found in the latter locality the stems are stouter and taller;
they then grow usually on the trunks of moss-covered trees.

Specimens were observed in the forests on the Ixirder of Kauluwehi swamp at
an elevation of 4000 feet. Lobelia Kauaciisif; is a very handsome species worthy
of cultivation, as are the other species of Lol)elia occurring in Hawaii.

When growing on the extensive bogs at the sunniiit of Kauai (Mt. Waialeale,
5200 feet elevation) it is associated with Felca Waialcalae, Panicum monticoUi,
Panicuni isarhn(ildes, Oreohuhis fiircattis. Saiiiciila, Acntnia e.rigua. Viola Kaua-
cnsis. I) II ha 1(1 ill Waialealac and others.

The type of Asa Gray's Lobelia Gaudichaudii var. Kauaensis in the Gray
Herbarium ccmsi.sts of a few fragments of tlowers, and the outline drawing- of a
leaf, which must have been made after a leaf taken from a .sterile specimen ;
the drawing of the leaf is exceptionally large and leaves of that size occur only
on plants which have not as yet reached the flowering stage. When the plants
begin to flower the leaves drop oft" gradually.

Heller's specimen is in excellent condition, and is identical with the glabrous
specimens collected by the writer on 'SIX. Waialeale. Kauai.

Lobelia Kauaensis villosa R(jck in Torrey Bot. Club IJull. 44:237. 1917.

(Plates 43, 61.)

stem (i-10 thii high, covered with leaf-scars as in the typical form of the
species, inflorescence branching candelabra-like, or a single spike about 55 cm
long and 1 cm or more in diameter, villous-hairy throughout, light green in
color; lower leaves oblong, sessile with a broad l)ase, 9-14 cm long, 3.5 cm wide,
with thick prominent midrib and obscure venation, liluntly acute at the apex,
glabrous below with the exception of the midrib and the entire margin, pubescent
above, upper leaves gradually reduced to foliaceous, broadly ovate bracts;
raceme more densely flowered than in the typical form, villous, the flowers ar-
ranged along the upper third of the spike, pedicels and calycine tube villous
with whitish gray hairs, the calycine lobes green, but ciliate at the margin;
corolla shorter than in the typical form but broader, whitish green, the veiiLs
Very indistinct, oifly visilile in the buds, slightly pur|)lish tinged.

KAUAI : ]\rt. Waialeale at an elevation of 5000 feet, flowering September
23, 1909, Rock no. 5823 in herbarium College of Hawaii ;—]\It. Waialeale,
flowering October 22, 1916, Rock and Hitchcock no. 12741 in herbarium College
of Hawaii; — same locality flowering October 22, 1916, Hitchcock nos. 15432.
15450, 154S4 in V. S. National Herbarium.

A much stouter plant than the typical form of the species, difl:ering in the
broad, fleshy, oblong leaves, and broad, ovate bracts. The whole aspect of the
plant is dift'erent ; the typical form is glabrous and lias dark purple, slender,
glabrous racemes, while the racemes in the variety, which is almost worthy of
specific rank, are thick, stout, bright green and villous throughout. The villosity
and compact character of the plant are not due to location, for both the typical
form and the variety grow side by side in the open bog of ]\It. Waialeale on the
island of Kauai, at an elevation of 5000 feet, in company with Compositae.
Drosera longifolia L., several species of Plaiifago, Paniciiin monficola Hook, f.,
P. isachnoidca Munro, P imbricaium Hillbrd. and Onoboliis fiirvafiis H. ]\lann.

I

PLATE 62.

123

Single braiuhes of Lobelia hypoleuca Hillebr.

124

PLATE ().•',.

LOBELIA HYPOLEUCA Ilillclir,
Sipei'iiiieii ex coll. liilleliiaiiil in the Gray TIeili:iriiiiii.

125
Lobelia hypoleuca llillebr. Flora Hawaii Isl. 238. 1888.

(Plates 19, 42, 62, 6.3.)

Erect subherbaceoiis, the hollow stem 1-5-2 m high, with few distant leaves,
hranohinf;' above, the long- branches bearing one to four distant leaves and ending
in a rather loose raceme 15-25 cm long; leaves broadly lanceolate 80-45 cm long,
2.5-7.5 cm wide, acute, gradually narrowing into a petiole up to 2.5 cm in length,
sharply dentate or serrulate with callous teeth, soft chartaceous, white beneath
with a" thick layer of matted, cobwebby wool; bracts linear or filiform, as long as
the pedicels or longer, the latter 12 mm long, bibracteolate near tlie base; calyx
tomentose white, with an elongate tube 6 mm long, the lobes of about the same
length, subulate from a broad base; corolla bluish, pnberulous, very slender,
erect, 30-36 mm long, with revolute lobes; filaments puberulous; anthers glab-
rous, bluish only the lower ones penicillate ; capsule whitish, cylindrical 16-18
mm long, the free conical vertex less than one-fourth of the length, with ten
warty ridges ; the calycine covering being very thin, the capsule is apt to split
laterally before the vertex : seeds very minute, smooth, ovoid, light brown.

OAHU: AVaialua and llelemano Ilillebrand in Ilerbariuin Herlin and Gray
Herbarium; — Remy 1851-1855, in herbarium Mviseum Paris; — Punaluu ilts.,
2000 feet, fruiting. November 14-21,. 1908, Rock nos. 807, 808, in herbarium
College of Hawaii; — Konahuanui. ilt. Olympus trail, flowering 1911, 1912, May
1918, Rock no. 1311-t in herbarium College of Hawaii.

KATL\I : Waiakealoha waterfall, elevation 3600 feet, flowering August
1909, Rock;— Waialae Valley, flowering October 1911, Rock no. 12842 in her-
barium College of Hawaii.

MOLOKAI: Pali of Pelekuuu, Ilillebrand. Pali of Waihanau, 3000 feet
elevation. l\Iay 27, 1918, Rock no. 14035 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

MAl'I: Gulches of Ijaliaina and Wailuku. Ilillebrand.

LAXAI: 1-pper part of mountains September 21, 1916. A. S. Hitchcock nos.
15603. 14675, 14665, in V. S. National Ilerliarium.

HAWAII: Woods of Kohala, Ilillebrand;— woods of Waimea, flowering
October 1909, R. S. Ilosmer no. 6096 in herliarium College of Hawaii.

Lobelia Jnjpolcuca was flrst collected by Jules Remy. It seems to be a very
variable species if the plants from the other islands belong to it. The Oahu
specimens seem to have the typical cylindrical capsule, wliile those from Hawaii
and Kauai seem to be more ovate. It is douiitful indeed if some of the Kauai
plants should be referred to this species; they appear to belong to Lohdiii )tcrii-
folia A. Gray, to which Wawra referred his specimen from llalemanu, Kauai,
no. 2108. though the typical Lobelia liypeileuea does occur on Kauai.

On Hawaii the writer collected a specimen which was unfortunately not in
flower. It was over ten feet in height, had a single erect trunk about 10 cm
thick at the base, at the apex there was a dense crown of large leaves 60-65 cm
long, about 10 cm wide, on thick fleshy petioles of 3 cm; the plant is so di liferent
in habit from the true Lobelia hypoleuca that it deserves to be regarded at least
as a new form, forma »iittr<i})lni1a Rock forma nova.

Lobelia hypoleuca forma macrophyta Rock f. n.

Plant 3 m or more liigh. stem erect 10 cm in diameter at the base, crown of
leaves dense at the apex ; leaves 60-65 cm long. 10 cm wide, acute at the apex,
thin chartaceous, irregularly denticulate to subentire, dark green above, white
cobwebby woolly beneath ; petioles 3 cm long thick fleshy ; flowers and fruit
unknown.

126

PLATE 64.

To the left Lobelia oahuensis Rook, to tlie right Lobelia hypoleuca Ilillelir.
Note till' (liffci-oiife in the imdersurface of the leaves. In L. oahuensis the leaves are
green; in L. hypoleuca the leaves are white beneath.

127

HAWAII: Holokaiea giileh, back of Wainiea, elevation 3000 feet, July 9,
1909, Rock no. 4767 in lierbarium College of Hawaii.

Lobelia oahuensis Rock in Torrey Dot. CI. Dull. \'ol. 45:137. 1918.

(Plate 04.1

Plant rather stout, s,tem short and thick, solid and not hollow; rosette of
leaves very dense and about 1 ni in diameter; leaves densely packed around the
apex of the stem, linear-oblong, acuminate at both ends, merging at the base
into a winged tleshy petiole about 2.5 cm in length, 50 cm long, 4.5-5 cm wide,
thick, coriaceous, dark green, glabrous above and covered with a strongly im-
pressed, very close, reticular net work, young leaves densely hirsute underneath,
especially along the very prominent pro,iecting midrib and veins, of a dirty grey
or fawn color on the older leaves, the margins revolute, denticulate with thick
callous teeth; flowers not seen, a single dead terminal flower stalk was seen on
one of the plants, which was about 1 m long; inflorescence composed of several
hollow, ascending spikes, 1-1.5 m high; spikes hollow gray woolly as is the under-
side of the leaves, and densely covered with linear bracts, bracts acuminate at
the apex, broadly sessile at the base, 20-25 mm long, about 3 mm wide, irregularly
denticulate with reddish, thickened teeth, median nerve prominent, covered on
both sides with a grayish pubescence ; flowers unknown, but reported to be pale
blue ; flowerbuds green ; calycine teeth about 15 nun long, acuminate, with a
prominent median nerve, ovarian portion ovate to obovate, densely covered with
grayish-white hair, as are the pedicels, the latter 2 cm when with fruit, and
stout, staminal eohunn puberulous, the two lower anthers bearded only; capsule
(not mature) densely i)ubeseent with dirty grayish-brown hair, 10-ribbed, obovate-
tnrbinate, 10-14 mm long. S-Ul non wide, crowned by the long calycine lobes ;
seeds ovate, not margined.

OAHU : At the ver\- top of the main crest of the island overlooking the cliffs
of Waimanalo at an elevation approaching 3000 feet, September 14, 1917, Rock
no. 123(> type in the herbarium of the C'ollege of Hawaii; — same locality, May
12, 191S, Rock & Tasartez no. 13113 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — same
locality, flowerbuds and fruiting, October 1918, Swezey & Timberlake in her-
barium College of Hawaii.

Several plants were seen growing together, the lower ones of which could not
be reached owing to the vertical cliffs on which they grew immediately below the
knife-edge crest of the backbone of the island of Oahu. The plant forms a large
rosette with the leaves densely packed at the apex in an almost horizontal posi-
tion, that is at right angles to the sti^in. It grows in company with Trvinafulo-
helia macrosiachjjs (Hook, et Arn.), Dubantia laxa, Mctrosideros rugosa, etc.

The plant is evidently related to Lobelia Injpolenca Hillebr., from whiclr it
ditfers in the thick coriaceous, closely reticulate veins of the leaves, not silvery
beneath but hirsute, being covered with fawn-colored or dirty gray hair.

In Lobelia hypohuca^ which is a branching species, the leaves are few and
more or less scattered, thin and chartaceous ; it does not ascend to such high
elevations, but remains more at the lower levels from 100(1-1500 feet in very
sheltered situations, especially deep ravines.

The stem, though solid, has very little woody tissue; the central part of the
stem is fllled with a fleshy pitii which is stuTounded by a very narrow woody
tissue.

The old rootstock produces small plants or offshoots which probably never
reach the flowering stage.

PLATE 65.

128

LOBELIA YUCCOIDES llilhl,r.

Co-t\-pe sjieeimen collected by V. Kiunlspu in the llilli'lufiiiil collection in tlie (iray

Herbarium.

129

PLATE <i6.

LOBELIA YUCCOIDES Hilkbi.
Siieciiiieu iu the College of Hawaii herbarium, Rock no. 5779.

130

The writer is indebted to ilr. O. 11. Swe/.cy and Mr. P. H. Timberlake. both
eutoiiiologists, for fruiting specimens, one of wliieh possessed a few Howerlnids at
the apex.

The writer was justified, as stated before, in estalilishing this new species;
his viewpoint has been verified by the material collected by Swezey and Timber-
lake. They reported a number of specimens growing on the cliffs overhanging
Waimanalo, one specimen of which was in flower (said to be of a pale blue) but
grew at an inaccessible place and could not be collected. The species is closely
related to L. hypoleuca, biit differs in the densely dirty gray pubescent racemes,
the long numerous bracts, the densely-packed racemes, and gray woolly, obovate
to turbinate capsules; the leaves are of an entirely different texture, as can be
seen by the illustration.

Lobelia yuccoides liillel^r. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2i7 . 1888.

(Plates 20, 65, 66.)
Trunk simple erect with a thin woody zone and compact medulla, 1.5-2 m high,
2.5-3.25 cm thick, closely covered with spires of rhomboidal leaf-sears and bear-
ing a crown of leaves at the end, and passing at once into a thick terminal raceme
of 6-10 dm in length, which is closely covered with two hundred to four hundred
flowers; leaves linear, 24-37.5 cm long, 7-15 mm wide, acuminate or acute at both
ends, with revolute margins, entire or minutely denticulate, whitish gray be-
neath, dark green above, cliartaceous, with almost horizontal nerves ; pedicels 8-12
mm, with setiform bracts and bractlets; calyx whitish pubescent as are the pedi-
cels, the obconical striate tube 5 mm, the subulate lobes of the same length or
shorter (somewhat longer teste llillebrand) ; corolla puberulous, bluish, very
slender, suberect, 36-40 mm long, the upper lip spreading, the lower deeply
trifid; filaments puberulous, a small patch <if pubescence at the base of each
anther, only the two lower anthers penicillate; eapsule ovoid or almost cylin-
drical, 10-12 mm high, semi-inferior, with a conical apex, loculieidal in the free
portion and at last down to the base.

KAUAI: Waimea, elevation 2000-3000 feet, Knudsen in Herbarium Berlin
and Gray Herbarium ; — on the edge of dry canyons below Kaholuamano, eleva-
tion 3000 feet, in company with Wilkcsia gtjiniioxipliiuiii, Coreopsis cosiiioides,
etc., flowering-fruiting, September 1909, Rock no. 5779 in lierbariimi College of
Hawaii ; — Waimea, March 1910, IT. Paurie no. 553 in herbarium Leveille and
herbarium College of Hawaii ; — same locality October 1916, Rock no. 12836 in
herb. Coll. Hawaii ; — Kaholuamano, fruiting, October 21, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock
no. 15432 in TT. S. National Herbarium.

OAHU: Ridge of Waiauae, mountains above Lihue, Hillebrand, anno 1869,
in Gray Herl)arium.

A tall and handsome true Lohclia well named yuccoides. for the plant truly
resembles a small yucca in habit. It inhabits the dry ridges and canyons of the
Waianae JMountains of Oahu and the leeward side of Kauai. It differs from
L. hypoleuca in the solid wood.y stem, long simgle racemes and uari'nw linear
leaves. The racemes are, however, hollow.

Lobelia yuccoides Hillebr. is exceedingly close to Lulxlin turiifolia A. <!ray,
but differs from it in the tall .stem, long raceme, and the very slender much longer
flowers, which are a grayish blue. There is an excellent flowering specimen in
the Gray Herbarium, collected by V. Knudsen. The leaves are less canescent
beneath than in L. iicriifolia Gray.

131

PLATE fi7.

LOBELIA NERIIFOLIA A. Gray
Specimen from Mt. Halcakala, East Jlaui, iu the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

132

Hillebrand's speeinieii, in the Gray Ilerbariuin, from the Waianae ilouutains,
OahU; is quite fragmentary and is labeled ''Lobelia iicriifolia var. yuccaeformis
same as comm. by V. Knudsen. " Hillebrand himself was not quite sure if his
plant was not, after all. referable to Gray's L. ncriifolia; since the Oahu speci-
men consists of the upper portion of a raceme only, it cannot be determined
whether it belongs to L. neriifolia or L. yuccoides.

Lobelia neriifolia A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. \':150. 1862.

(Plate 67.)
Stem frutieuse stout, the medula solid; leaves crowded, elongate-linear, nar-
novving at Ijoth ends, attenuating into a marginate petiole about 5 mm long,
coriaceous, transversely veined, margin entire revolute, glabrous above, whitish
below, 10-20 em long, 5-14 mm wide, raceme virgate, densely tlowered, 15-40 cm
long; bracts and calycine lobes subulate-setaceous, the former 3,5-4 cm long, the
latter about 10 mm long, calyx tube whitish, turbinate; corolla blue, suberect,
puberulous; stamiual column pubescent; anthers glabrous, only the lower peni-
cillate: capsule dehiscent through the short and obtusely conical vertex.

MAUI: East I\Iaui, U. S. Exploring Expedition, type in llerliarium Gray; —
Haleakala, 8000 feet, Maui, Wm, AVendte in Gray Herbarium ; — Puuniauiau cra-
ter, elevation 6500 feet, along watercourses or gulch ending north of Puuniauiau,
Mt. Haleakala, flowering October 22, 1910, Rock no. 8612 in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii ; — Kaupo gap in Haleakala crater, fiowering-fruiting Septem-
ber 1910, Rock no. S612-a in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Koolau gap, crater
of Haleakala, flowering Octoljer 11)10, Rock no. 8640 in herbarium College of
Hawaii;— Haleakala crater, 6000 feet, flowering October 2-5, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 14947 in V. S. National Herbarium.

KAUAI: Waialae Valley along l>anks, stream bed, and rm-k walls, flowering
September 6, 1909, Rock no. 5959 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

Hillebrand absolutely ignored the original description of A. Gray's Lobelia
neriifolia and drew up a description from an entirely difi'erent plant; his descrip-
tion is exactly the opposite of that given by A. Gray. The original specimen
was collected on East Maui evidently on Haleakala, where the writer collected
his material. The species is rather abundant at an elevation of from 5000-7000
feet on the northwestern .slope of the crater as well as in both the Koolau and
Kaupo gaps in the crater. The species resembles somewhat Lobelia hypolenea
but differs from it in the short and narrow leaves with revolute margins, the
densely flowered raceme, and ovate, obtuse capsule. The racemes are usually
single; oidy occasionally two or three small ones appear at the base of the main
raceme (no. 8640). The Kauai plant no. 5959 is here referred to this species on
account of the ovoid obtuse capsule and the leaves, which are like those of
Lobelia neriifolia from Haleakala; the plant does not exactly agree with the
typical species, though comes much closer to it than to Lobelia hypoleuca. The
latter does, however, occur on Kauai, where it reaches a height of six feet or
more.

The type of Lohdia m rii folia A. Gray in the Gray Herbarium is exceedingly
fragmentary, consisting of three single leaves and a few very old capsules; the
leaves are about 31 cm long and 8-10 mm wide, and belong unquestionably to
plants found on Mt. Haleakala on ilaui. The question arises if Lobelia neriifolia
is not identical with Hillebrand's Lobelia yuccoieles. The fragmentary type of

133

Lobelia' IK rll folia dofs nut perniit a definite statement to that effect; it may
however be remarked, that while the species of Lobelia found tin MX. Haleakala,
and in the crater proper, comes exceedingly close to Lobelia yuceoides, it is suf-
ficiently distinct to warrant its retention as a separate species, and as it agrees
well with the type and the description of Lobelia neriifolia Gray it is referred
to it. Hillebrand's Lobelia neriifolia has nothing in common with Asa Uray's
species of that name, and is here described as Lobelia IIiUebraii(lii. The species
found on Kauai along the streambed of Waialae Valley bcloiiu- for the most part
to Lobelia neriifolia A. Gray.

Lobelia Dunbarii Rock sp. n.

Stem woody at the base, green, solid with fleshy pith ; leaves linear lanceolate,
sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex, thin membraneous when fresh, green and
glabrous on both sides, 14-15 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, serrate to dentate; raceme
single or with two smaller ones arising from the base?, the leaves becoming
reduced to foliaceous bracts the whole length of the raceme, the most terminal
ones still measuring 3 cm in length ; flowers single in the axils of the large
foliaceous bracts, on pedicels of 3 cm ; calyx green the ovarian portion turbinate,
5-ribbed, each rib projecting into a narrow wing which extends the length of the
pedicels, 6-10 mm high, the ealycine lobes bright green, broad foliaceous 15 nun
long. 3-4 mm wide, acute and apiculate at the apex, glabrous inside and outside;
corolla a bright ultramarine blue. 2.5 cm long. 2.5-3 mm wide, glabrous, the lips
revolute; staminal column pale blue puberulous, anthers greyish blue, glabrous;
capsule unknown.

]\10IjOKAI: Along the streambed of Waihanau on rock walls, in company
with Hillebreindia mndwieeusis, etc., flowering August 13. lillS. L. M. Dunbar
type no. 13125 in herbarium Gollege of Hawaii; — ]\launahui in a <lci'|) ravine iin
a clay bank, I\larch 21. 1910. Rock no. 6134 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

This very distinct species, which is here named for ilrs. L. ]\1. Dunbar, who
collected the type material, is evidently related to L. Ililbbrandii. but differs
from it in the large foliaceous bracteate raceme, the large green calyx and long
foliaceous calyx lobes, which give this species an entirely different aspect from
any of our other known Hawaiian true Lobelias.

Lobelia Hillebrandii Rock sp. n.

Lobelia neriifolia Hillel)r. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 238. 1888. not A. Gray.

Low prostrate, the woody trailing stem about 6 mm thick and studded below
with knobby leaf-scars, distant!^' foliose aliove and ending in a long raceme, with
generally one or more distant smaller ones in the axils of the upper leaves;
leaves chartaceous. linear lanceolate 10-22 cm long, 8-14 mm wide, acute at both
ends, glandular dentate to serrulate, or with revolute margins, snbentire espe-
cially near the base, pale green, paler beneath and whitish gray pubescent;
raceme 8-22 cm long, loosely flowered ; bracts linear, calyx tube short obconical
about 3 mm high, the subulate lobes about 5 mm; corolla lilac, slender, suberect
18-20 mm long, the lips revolute; filaments pubescent; anthers glabrous, only the
lower penicillate: cajisule ovoid 6 mm high, the free conical portion loculicidal
and septicidal; seeds minute ovoid.

MAUI: West ilaui ridges of Wailnku (in Gray Herbarium ex coll. Hille-
brand) and Waikapu :— Haleakala 2000-3000 feet, Hillebrand ;— Lahaina, West
Maui, fruiting September 21), 1916. A. S. Hitchcock no. 14881 in U. S. National
Herbarium and part in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

ILES SANDWICH: Gaudichaud in herbarium Jlusenm Paris.

134

I'LATK (iS.

LOBELIA TORTUOSA ll.ll.r
From a siictiiueu in the Gray Herbaiiuni, ex coll. A. A. Heller.

135

This species was first collected by GaudieliMud. llillebrand misinterpreted
Asa Graj-'s species of L. ncriifnUu and referred this species to the former, draw-
ing up a description of his own and ignoring Asa Gray's description altogether.

Lobelia IlUhhraiidii is a small species in comparison to the magnificent, tall
Lobelias of the high mountains of these islands.

A fragmentary specimen of llillebrand's Lobelia neriifoIia^= L. Hillehrandii
Rock ex coll. Hillebrand in the Gray Ilei-barium possesses a single leaf glabrous
on both sides; only a small secondary raceme is attached to the sheet. The speci-
men is labeled as the "typical form of L. nerii folia," which is, however, not
the case.

Lobelia Hillehrandii paniculata Rock

Lobelia lu-riifolia llilklir. fi \ar. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 238. 1888.

Trailing as in the species; leaves elongate-linear, serrulate, acute at the apex,
long attenuate at the base snbsessile or on a short margined petiole, green under-
neath, glabrous; inflorescence paniculate, five to six secondary racemes besides
the terminal one (teste Ilillclirand).

MOLOKAI : ;\l;nmahui trailing among Lijcopodinm fasfi(/i<if iiiii, llillebrand:
— Kamolo. lUOO feet, June 1910, V. Faurie in herbarium Leveille, and U. Faurie
no. 557 in herbarimn College of Hawaii; — Waialeia ridge, August 9, 1918, Mrs.
L. ]\I. Dunbar no. 13124 in Herbarium Rock.

This variety comes very close to the species and differs from it mainly in the
green leaves, and according to llillebrand in the paniculate iufiorescenee.
U. Faurie 's specimen is without flower or fruit.

Lobelia Hillehrandii monostachya Rock v. n.

Lobelia iwriifolia Hillebr. y var. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 238, 1888.

Leaves narrow linear 4-8 mm wide, green underneath, membranaceous, crenu-
late; a single raceme 12,5-15 cm long; capsule 6 mm high, the free portion more
than half its length,

OAHlT: Xiu Yalle>-, on a dry exposed slope, Hillebrand, in herbarium
Bishop Museum.

This variety is not known to the writer save from Ilillebrand's specimen.
Hillebrand states in his Flora that the stems are only one foot long, and exhibit
the growth of several seasons; the I'emnants of old racemes stand at th(^ base of
the latest growth.

Lobelia tortuosa Heller in ]\Iinnes. Rot. Stud. Vol. IX:912, pi. 57, 1897,

(IMate lis.)
''Woody; stems clustered from a thick mass of roots, the older ones almost
2,5 cm in diameter at the base, gnarled and twisted, the young flowering and
leaf-bearing ends ascending and sparingly branching, closely studded with leaf-
scars; leaves narrowly lanceolate-oblong, slightly cyathiform, acuminate at the
apex, tapering at the base into a short winged petiole, 15 cm long, 18 mm wide,
light green and somewhat jtubescent above, pale and densely soft pulx'scent be-
neath, with prominent midveins; flowering branch angled; pedicels 12 mm long,
horizontal for half their length, then twisted and curved upwards; bracts subu-
late tomentose ; calyx shallow cup-shaped, truncate, shortly puliiscent, the lobes
linear, almost as long as the tube; corolla 3.6 em long, garnet colored, somewhat
contracted near the middle, i)ubescent, the lobes revolute; stamens glabrous, or

PLATK fiO,

136

Type of Lobelia Remyi Koil; In thf Paris Ilfiliariuin

137

occasionally with a few scattered hairs; lower anthers penieillate only; style with
a pubescent ring at the base of the stigma."

KAUAI : On perpendicular cliffs along the Hanapepe river, flowering, June
24-2fi, 1895, A. A. Heller no. 24-13 in herbarium Bislioj) ^luseum; — Gray Her-
barium, and herbarium Bronx Park, Xew York.

Lobelia tortuosa is an e.\cellent species and remarkable for its branching stem
which is quite stout, and the garnet-colored flowers which are urceolate in shape.
In the other branching Hawaiian Lolielias, the stem branches usually at the ape-x
into several flowering racemes, or at the very base from the rootstock as in
L. Hillebrandii.

Heller states that the thick knotted mass of roots protrude from crevices of
the rocks, and from them spring the first declined and twisted, finally ascending,
sparingly branched stems. It is probably closely related to Lobelia Rcmyi Rock.

Tlie description is quoted almost entirely from Heller; only the measurements
have been clianged into the metric system, and a few snperfluoTLs phrases have
been omitted.

Lobelia Remyi Rock sp. n.

(Plate (i9.)

Leaves linear lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, thick ehar-
taceons, 12-1 K cm long, 14-26 mm wide, on petioles 5-8 mm long, glabrous above,
grayish tomentose or woolly beneath ; racemes short 12-15 cm long ; pedicels 12-14
mm long ; ovarian portion of calyx broad cup-shaped about 5 mm high, the teetli
triangular acute to acuminate (anthers glalirous) ; capsule wliitish. the conical
vertex higher tlian the lower portion.

OAHU: J. Remy no. 298 type in lierl)ari(nu iluseum Paris.

This species, whicli has not been re-collected, is described from a specimen,
collected by Jules Remy on Oaliu, in the herbarium in Paris. It is at once dis-
tinguished from the other Hawaiian Lobelias in the compact short raceme and
the small grayish woolly leaves. It comes evidently close to Lobelia tortuosa
Heller, with which it has the tomentose leaves in conunou. The sjiecimen pos-
sesses old flowers, and is alread\' in the fruiting stase.

I

TREMATOLOBELIA Zahlbruckner

140

I'LATK 70.

TREMATOLCBELIA MACROSTACHYS Zahll.i.
Sliowiiij; jiortioiis of fnuting rafciiies jierfeetly mature.

141
TREMATOLOBELIA Zahlbruckner

Trematolobelia* Zahbruck in ( Rock descript. new spec. Hawaii. Plants ) Coll.

Hawaii Publ. Hull. no. 2:45. 1013.
Trcmatocarpns Zahbmclv. in Annal. Mus. \'indob. \'I. 3-4, 430. tig. 1 1891.

"Calyeis tubus subanthesi adnatus, subglobosu.s, limbus 5-pai-tibus. Corolla
areuata/decidua. tubo dorso a basi fisso, liinbi lobis incurvis inaequalibus, 2
nia.ioribus altins sohitis. 3 niinoribus counatis solum apiee breviter trifidis. Stain-
imnn tulnis a corolla liber, rectus, tul.io eorollae multi lontiior; anthcrae 2 minores
vertiee penicillatae, 3 majores glabrae. Ovarium inferum, 2-locidare, placentis-
ovolatis. Capsida iiifcra, ligiiosa vcrtice dausa ct nnibonafa, latcralitcr i)der
castas praesertim versus basim foraminibns ovalibiis ant rotundatls drliisccns.
Semina parva pressione mutua marginata. Embryo rectus, radicula justa hilum,
lobis rotundatis planis.

"Frutex foliis alternantibus. Intloreseentia raeemosa, i)cduiiculis ad axillae
bractearum solitariis, bibracteolatis et articulatis. "

A single species with two distinct varieties inhabiting nearly all the islands
of the Hawaiian group. Of the varieties one occurs on Kauai, the other on
Hawaii. In regard to the validity of Zahlbruckner 's genus (Trcmatocarpns)
there .seems to have been a lengthy discussion by Hemsley and Stajif, both of
whom did not think it .iustifiable to erect a new genus on the mode of seed dis-
persal of {Lohrlia) Tr( inalolobdia inacrnstaclnjs (Hook, et Arn. ) Zahlbr. which
does not take place through a loculicidal dehiscence of the cdnical vertex, but
through peculiar holes in the wall of the capsule, which are very numerous anil
of different sizes and shapes, becoming larger at the base of the capsule.

nemsle.\' suggested that the holes imiy have been the work of insects in the
herbarium and that Zahlliruckner had monstrous capsules. This the writer can
absolutely prove to be not true, as he has studied the plants in the field in all
stages of growth; plants from the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, forests of
Naalehu were devoid of all foliage and flowers; even the epicarp had decayed and
only the skeleton of the fruits had remained; the capsules were, however, not
dehiscent and even after pressure had been applied did not open, nevertheless the
capsules were empty and only very few seeds could be found at the very base of
the capsule; the rest were dispersed through the numerous holes in the wall of
the ligneous capsule.

In regard to Trcniatdcarpus. which is now a synonym of Tn tiuttoJidxtia.
A. Zahlbruckner wrote the following in the Annales of the Vienna ^Museum of
Natural History, Vol. VI :430, 1891 (translated by the writer) :

"I established this genus {Tn inatocarptis) on a plant which was coUecteil by
Wawra in the Sandwich Islands and which he identified and published as
Lubclia macrostacJnjs Hook, et Arn. I do not doubt that the plant is indeed
identical with that described species, though the descriptions as well as the plate
by Gaudichaud differ from the actual facts. Neither Hooker and Arnott nor
Hillebrand saw mature fruits of this species, and Gaudichaud prepared his
plate (figure) from a specimen still in an immature flowering stage. The mode
of dehiscence, I considered sufficient to separate the genus Trematocarpus. The

* Formeil of to rpr^fia = The IkiIp and Lnhiiiii.

142

PLATE 71.

TREMATOLOBELIA MACROSTACHYS Z:ililbr
Flowering sjiecimeii.

143

ahuudant material of fruiting' specimens in all stages of development iu the
Wawra collection, permitted me to study most thoroughly the structure and the
development of the capsule. I shall describe the actual facts more thoroughly,
first because it necessitated the geuerical separation of Lobelia iiiacrostacliij>i
Hook, et Arn. and second liecause this mode of dehiscence of this plant is the
only one known witliin the family CaiiipaiiuJaceac as understood by Bentham &
Hooker.

"Immediately after anthesis the corolla drops oft" and the staminal tul)e with
the basal part of the enclosed style breaks someAvhat above the conical insertion.
The calyx remains however on the receptable. The capsule assmnes gradually a
woody consistence through a thick zone of sclerenchym fibres which form lieneath
the parenchymes of the receptacular wall. It appears that Hillebrand consid-
ered this stage as the mature capsule. When the development of the scleren-
chymal zone has reached a certain point, then the epidermis of the receptacular
wall becomes separated from the woody part of the latter and with the epidermis
also the parenchymal layers beneath it. At the same time occurs the dropping
oft' of the calyciue teeth. During the process of separation there are formed in
the lateral woody part of the capsular wall, between the strongly protruding
ten ribs, oval or circular holes, which find their origin in the even accumula-
tions of sclerenchym fillers. The number of holes is variable, and becomes
greater at the base of 1lie capsule, also the presence of the same is more con-
stant at that place, between each two ribs. In all other Lobrlioidcae the recep-
tacular wall remains adnate or united with the carpids even at maturity of the
fruit; different, however, is the ca.se in Trematocarpus. Within each ci41 of the
capsule, the carpids separate from the woody capsular wall by means of shrivel-
ling and finally become torn. The small seeds, which in the meantime became
fully mature, reach the vacant space between the capsular wall ;ind the carpids,
and are dispersed from the capsules through the movement of the plant ; dispersal
is facilitated through the downward bent position of the capsule.

■•Occasionally there appear during the drying of the capsule, on the e(iually
ligneous vertex, fine slits or furrows; these very rarely extend the entire thick-
ness of the vertex wall, and are even then nuich too small to permit the passing
of seed. These slits or furrows evidently caused Hillebrand to assume that the
capsule does occasionally open with fine slits at the apex ( 'indehiscent or opening
by small pores at the vertex").

"The seed is small, about 1 nnn long, usually ovoid, or weak pyramidal, red-
dish brown and smooth; laterally the seed is surrounded l)y a lighter-colored
duplicature of the testa which is almost square in shape ; this margin is formed
through the miitual pressure of the numerous ovules. The testa is composed of
a single layer of cells; these are elongate to polygonal, are arranged in longi-
tudinal rows, and their walls are minutely perforated. The albumen consists of
relatively large polygonal cells, in cross section arranged in four to five rows;
their contents are rich in fat. The embryo is straight, the radicle thick spindle-
shaped, constricted below the semicircidar lobes of the seed. The pollen is glo-
bose and exactly as in Lobelia."

For the criticism and replies by Bolting IIemsle\, Stapf and ZahlViruckner,
see Annales of Botany, Vol. VI:1.')4 (1892), Vol. vfl :289, 396 (1893).

144

PLATE 72.

Part of the iiitlcneseence of the type of Trematolobelia macrostachys Kaiiaiensis Rock
in herbarium, Colloye of Hawaii.

145

Trematolobelia macrostachys Zalill)ruck. in Coll. Hawaii Pulal. Bull. no. 2:45,

pi. XI, XII. VAi.
Trci/iatOiarpiis niacrostucliys Zahlbrk. in Annal. Mus. Vindob. VI. 3-4. 432.

18')1.
Lobelia inacrustacliys Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. \'oy. 88. 1832.
Dclissca ( ?j inacrostaclivs Presl. Prodr. Monogr. Lobel. 47. 1836.

(Plates 21, 70, 71.)
Plant 1.5-4 m high, the woody stem erect 2.5-3.5 em thick, dividing at the
apex (only when Howeiing) eandelalira-like into five to sixteen or more hori-
zontal branches (the young branches densely pubescent) each 4 dm or rarely 1 m
long and terminating in a many tlowered raceme, the leaves rather abruptly fall-
ing oft' to bracts; leaves glabrous, membranous, lanceolate 25-30 cm long, 2-2.5
cm wide, acuminate, gradually narrowing into a margined petiole, faintly cre-
nate in its upper portion, with a small gland under each crenature; racemes
about 3 dm or more long, the pedicels horizontal, 2.5-3 cm long, bibracteolate in
the lower third, the bracts as long as the pedicels and longer, usiuilly 3.5 em,
2 nnn wide; calyx glabrous, its tube globose, about 6 mm, the lobes lanceolate, of
nearly the same length ; corolla glabrous, pale rose or pink, slender, 5-6 cm long,
about 5 mm wide, suberect before expansion, more or less arcuate when open,
^ the two upper lobes spreading, the lower lip shortly tritld: staminal column
glabrous, excepting a small hairy patch at the base of each anther; only the two
lower penicillate: stigmatic hairs in a ringlet; capsule coriaceous-ligneous, sub-
globose 8x12 mm, with prominent lines and a broad umbonate indehiscent ver-
tex, tlie walls of the capsule pierced by numerous holes of various size, larger
towards the base, the peripliery of the holes with a thickened ring; seeds minute,
ovoid.

OAHU: Lay et Collie, type in Herbarium Kew ; — U. S. Explor. Exped. in
Gray Herbarium; — Gaudichaud no. 150 (flower liuds only) in Herbarium IMus.
Paris: — Remy no. 297 in Herbarium ilus. Paris; — Mann and Brigluim no. 643 in
herbarium Cornell I'nivers. and Gray IIerl);iriuiu ; — (3n liigh ridges at eleva-
tions of 2000-3000 feet, on lioth ranges, llillebrand in Herbarium P>erolinense
and flowering and fruiting July 18()5, llillebrand no. 71 in Gray IIeri)arium: —
Punaluu Mountains, fruiting December 24-29, 1908, Rock no. 468 in herliariiun
College of Hawaii: — ridge leading to Ilauula from main range, fruiting De-
cember 23, 1908, Rock no. 471 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Konahuaniii,
on ridge, fruiting (young) January 8, 1910, Rock no. 6083 in herliarium CoUege
of Hawaii: — Konaluianai ridge, flowering Jlay 1912. I*. Ceresole no. 12841 in
herbarium College of Hawaii.

:\[OLOKAI: U. S. Explor. Exped. :— 11 inebi'aiuC—Waikolu ridge ami open
fiat swamps above Waikolu. flowerbuds, April 1910, Rock no. 8819 in lierbarium
College of Hawaii ; — Pukoo, flowering October 8, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 15n(i8
in U. S. National llerl)arium.

:MAUI: West ilaui, Puukukui, September 24-26, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no
14817 in U. S. National Herbarium; — East ^Maui, Olinda-Waikamoi pipe line
trail, Waikamoi gulch, observed only. Rock. Hept. 1910, March 1911.

LAXAI : Upper parts of mountains. September 21. 191(i. A. S. Hitchcock no.
14684 in V. S. National Herbar.

HAWAII : r. S. Exploring Exped., one single leaf in Gray Herbarium ; —
Hillebrand; — forests of Naalehu, Kau, south slopes of Mauna Loa, fruiting Jan-
uary 1913. Rock no. 10360 in Herbarium College of Hawaii; — Volcano of Ki-
lauea. fern forest open places, flowerbuds, May 1911, observed only (Rock) and
along automobile road to Kilauea crater proper, fruiting August 1917. Roclc in
Herbarium College of Hav/aii.

146

PLATE

Tvpe of Trematolobelia macrostachys grandifolia Jio.k in lioiliarium, C'oUugt' of Hawaii.

147

An excedinyly liaiulsome species when in full hlnnni; the flowers are usually
pink. The species is a nionocarp, as well as some of our true Lo])elias. Prof.
A. 8. Ilitclicock collected it for the first time on the island of Lanai. It is not
unconnnon in the mountains of Oahu, especially on the upper slopes of the ranges
back of Honolulu.

The flowering' habit of this species is quite different from that of the Ha-
waiian true Lobelias; the dowering spikes number usually nine and are arrangeil
horizontally like the spokes of a wheel; in this it resembles Liibclia rosea from
India, which has a similar intioreseenee. As the spikes reach nuiturity the
cluster oi' leaves at the apex of the stem drops off and when fully mature the
spikes alone remain without any leaves at all.

Trematolobelia macrostachys Kauaiensis Rxck in Coll. Hawaii I'uhl. Bull.

no. 2:46. I'll 3
Lobelia wacrostachys Kauaiensis Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 77. 1913.

nom. nud.

(Plate 72.)
riant 1.5 m high, stems black, leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, acuminate at
both ends, dark green, glossy above, paler beneath, with red veins, midrib and
callous glands, 16 cm long, 3 cm wide; racemes fewer than in the species, not all
horizontally arranged, one or two always considerably lielow the others, shorter,
24-34 cm long, Howers strongly arched, returning to the level of the base and
beyond, in the bud and when mature, scarlet to deep purplish red, smaller,
otherwise as in the species.

KAI'AI : Pohakupili. AVawra no. 2190 in herbarium Vienna; — summit of
j\It. Waialeale in open bog, elevation 5200 feet, flowering October 20, 1911, Rock
no. 8877 type in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — same locality, flowering and
fruiting Oetolier 20, 1912, Rock no. 8031 in the herbarium of the College of
Hawaii: — Kaluiti and Kailiili streams to Waialeale, flowering October 1916,
Rock no. 12843 in herbarium College of Hawaii; — Waialeale, near summit, How-
eriug October 1916. A. 8. Hitchcock no. 15496 in C S. Xatiimal Herbarium.

This variety is (juitc snudler than the species and ditt'ei's from it in the
strongly archetl scarlet-jiurple smaller corollas, the fewer racemes, short leaves
with red venation, and black stems. The branching of the inflorescence is some-
what different from that of the species; the brandies are fewer, semi-erect, and
widely scjiarated.

Wawra's specimen no. 2190 served Dr. Zahlln-uckner as the type of his Trmia-
iocarpus ^^ Trematolobelia and not the species from Oahu or the other islands;
the species does not occur on Kauai. It is associated with Lobelia Kauaensis,
Tetraplaxandra Waialeahie. (rrraiiiinn liiimlh Kauaeiise, Ditbautia Waialealae,
Peira Waiah itlar, (Ininiera, !<i(ftoiiia laiiceolaia, etc.

Trematolobelia macrostachys grandifolia Rock in Coll. Hawaii Publ. Bull.
no. 2:46. 1<)13.

(Plate 7?..)
Plant erect, branching as in the species; stem dai'k I'cdilish, leaves large, obo-
vate-oblong. subentire or faintly crenulate with callous glands, pale green, midrib
dark, blackish, acute or obtuse at the apex, gradually narrowing at the liase into
broad, nuirgined petioles of 2-5 cm in length. 26-30 cm long, 5-7 cm broad;
racemes longer than in the species, robust 50-60 cm long, bracts broad, folia-
ceous: calyx twice as large as in the species, corolla not of even width, somewliat
sigmoid, pure white, broader and longer than in the species.

148

HAWAII: ^lomitaiiis of Kohahi alcum llic edge of Kawainui uorge. eleva-
tion 4400 feet, ttowering October 1909, K. S. llosnier type no. 6090 in the her-
barium of the ("olleae of Hawaii.

Tills variety differs from the species in the large, obovate-oblonu' leaves, the
long stout racemes and large white tiowers ; the plant is quite robust in compar-
ison to the other variety and the species proper.

In the Gray Herbarium is a single broad leaf collected by the U. S. Exploring
Expedition on Hawaii. It is mounted with a narrow-leafed young flowering
specimen collected on Oahu. The single leaf may be referrable to the writer's
var. gra)ir]ifoUa, but it differs in the snbsessile base.

On the same sheet are fragments belonging to Trcmatulubdki inacroslaclnjs,
collected bv Gaudichaud during the visit of the Bonite.

BRIGHAMIA A. Gray

10

150

PLATE 74.

Flowerii)}; sppciiiioii of Brighamia insignis A. Gray in the herliarium, College of Hawaii.

151

BRIGHAMIA A. Gray

Calyx tube oblong-eylindrical, ten-ribbed, with short lobes; corolla salver-
shaped, tube long, straight, entire, the lobes spreading, valvate in the bud, the tips
and margins intiected, nearly equal, two separated by deeper slits; staminal
column adnnte to the corolla below the middle, highest at the back; all anthers
subenclosed, and bearded at the ape.x ; ovary bilocular, with peltate placentas;
stigma shortly two-lobed. the rounded flat lobes faintly pubescent externally;
capsule at flrst fleshy, later opening by two slits on each side ; seeds ovoid, nu-
merous, testa thin, .smooth and pale; embryo straight, shorter than oleose albu-
men.— A perennial plant with a thick fleshy simple stem couically enlarging at
the base and densely foliose at the apex ; leaves entire ; flowers white or yellow
on erect axillary racemes, with small deciduous bracts and straight pedicels.

The genus Brighamia was dedicated to Dr. W. T. Brigham, Director of the
B. P. Bishop ]\luseum of Honolulu, by Dr. A. Gray. It consists of a single
species and a recently described form. It is related to the Australian genus
Tsotoma. which has a representative in the Society Islands.

Our Brkjliamia as has been discussed in the introduction to this monograph
is xuidoubtedly of Australian origin. The question whether it is a declining
species, and represents the last remnant of an ancient genus, or an accidental
immigrant from Australia, with its peculiar characters developed here, is a dif-
ficult one to. settle, though the latter assumption seems to the writer the more
plausible.

Ilalophytes usually develop fleshy stems and fleshy leaves, and Bri(/liaiiiiii can
well be classed with halophytic plants, as it is always found in more or less
close proximity to the sea. It even occurs within the spray of the breakers, a
little above the high surf on the windward side of Molokai, on steep cliffs where
it must occasionally get drenched with sea-water on stormy days. It does, how-
ever, grow on steep rocky cliffs in the valleys of ]Molokai and Lanai, quite a
distance from the .sea.

Brighamia insignis A. Gray in Mann Enuni. Hawaii. Plants, in Proceed. Am.
Acad. VII:185. 1868.

(Plates 22, 2:1, 74.)

Stem simple 1.5-5 m high, naked and smooth, fleshy throughout, thickest at
the base, leaf-scars mostly obliterated at the base; leaves simple, obovate more
or less cup-shaped, contracting at the base, subsessile, thick fleshy, glossy, sub-
entire to sinuate crenate, light green, 20-30 cm long. 12-15 cm wide; peduncle
stout, fleshy 1.5-12.5 cm long, naked below, bearini;- five to fifteen flowers in its
upper half on naked pedicels 5-25 nun long; bracts small dentiform: calyx tube
12-14 nnu long, the lobes triangular or lanceolate, 2-8 mm long; corolla white to
cream-colored: corolla tube 7.5-12.5 cm long, the lobes ovate acuminate, contract-
ing at the base, sometimes subbilabiate, the two anterior lobes separated from
each other and from the lateral ones by sinuses forming narrow claws of nearly
the length of the lobe; staminal column glabrous, almost white, the anthers
scarcely pro.iecting beyond the cleft of the corolla, all bearded; fruit capsular,
ovoid to cylindrical 16-18 mm long, crowned with the ealyeine lobes.

KAUAI or NIIIiAU: Remy no. 309 ter. in Herbarium l\lus. Paris.

]\IOLOKAI : Steep rocky cliffs near Halawa, W. T. Brigham ; — on steep
palis of the northern coast, Kalaupapa to Halawa, Hillebrand in herbarium
Berolinense; — steep slopes of Halawa valley, April 1910, Rock no. 8817 in her-
barium College of Hawaii : — Kalauj)apa-Kalawao-Waikolu, April 1910. Roelc

152

no. SS17-;i in lierbar. Coll. Hawaii; — Kalaupapa pali, flowering August 1911,
N. B. Nevin no. 8S17-b in herbar. College of Hawaii; — Ilalawa, June 1910, U.
Faui'ie no. ;i74 in herb. Leveille (La ]\Ians, Franee) and in herb. Coll. Hawaii
LANAI: At the head of ilaunalei Vallry cm stee|) nicky elilt's, July 1910
Roc'lx. observed only.

The i)lant liad not been previously recorded from Ijanai ; it grew on the
vertical walls of jMaunalei gorge and could nut l)e collected.

The natives call this species Aluhi on Kauai, and Puaala on Molokai ; the
plant has been compared by Hillebrand and that ajitly to ;i ealiliageJiead stuck
on a naked pole. The flowers are sweet-scented witli an odiu- like that of violets.
The natives of Wailau Valley on the windward side of IMolokai cultivate this
species in their front yards within the spray of the sea.

The writer brought about ten large individuals of this species to Honolulu,
for the purpose of growing' them ; they all died, however, after a short time.

The juice of the stem is watery and not glutinous and milky as in the other
Hawaiian LohrJinidrar.

Brighamia insignis forma citrina Forlies & Ly dilate in r)ccas. Pap. B. P. Bish.
Afus. \'(.l. \'I. no. 4:11 anot. 1917.

Leaves as in the species; calyx teeth shortei'. ronilhi lenKJii yellow, brighter
yellow on the inner side of the expanded lobes, tlie latter acute.

KAUAI: Ilaupn range near Xawiliwili Bay. flowering, October 31, 1916.
Forbes no. 70(i-k in herliarimn Bisliop Mnsenin. lloiidlnln.

Whether the plants from Kalalau, Kauai, ai'e referalile to this form or
belong to the species proper cannot be determined in absence of specimens from
Kalalau, where the plant has apparently been only (il>served by J. ;\I. Lydgate
and Forbes.

CYANEA Gaudichaud

SYNONYMY.

Cyanea Gaudichaud Bot. \'oy. Uranie 457. 1826.
Macroclnhis PresI Prodr. Alonogr. Lobel. 47. 1836.
Kittelia Reichenb. Haudb. 1S6. 1837.

Dclissca (sect. Cyaiica) Baill. Hist, des pi. VIII :364; 1886. Post et Kuntze Lex.
Gen. Phan. 166, n. 273 ; 1904. Uphof, Die Pflzengatt. 24 n. 17; 1910.

154

PLATE 75.

CYANEA SUPERBA (Cham.) A. Gray
8iH'i-iincii in Herbarium Beroliiiense, ex foil. Hillebraiiil.

155

PLATE 7ii.

CYANEA SUPEKBA VELUTINA Rock
Type in Herliarium Berlin, ex ooll. Hillebiaud.

156

PLATE 77.

CYANEA REGINA ( Hillebr.) Rock
Typo in JlcrliMiiiiiii Vienna, ex eoli. Wawra, ox lierl). Ilillel.iranil.

157
CYANEA Gaudichaud

Calyx-tnbe adnate, ylobose to cylindrical, tlie lobes of variable length, short
tooth-like to several times the length of the tube, often foliaeeous, valvate rai-ely
connate, often separated by broad sinuses, persistent ; corolla tubular, more or
less curved, occasionally arched, 5-cleft, sub-bilabiate, the dorsal slit extending
beyond the middle ; staminal column free from the corolla, the two lower anthers,
rarely all tufted or bearded with whitish hair at the apex; stigma 2-lobed, hairy
at the back or l)ase of the short tleshy lobes; berry 2-eelled, orange yellow to purp-
lish red, or dark purple, globose to ovoid, with tleshy placentas ; seeds small,
ovoid, with a crnstaceous, smooth, shining brown testa ; milky shrubs or small
trees with only a few subherbaeeous species, including a medullary cavity, armed
or unarmed ; leaves entire or sinuately lobed or pinnate ; tiowers in axillary
racemes, of various sizes, whitish-green, with purplish tinge, to white and bluish,
and blue to dark purplish-red, to almost black. The pedicels bibracteolate about
the middle. An endemic Hawaiian genus with 52 species and 25 varieties, for
convenience's sake divided into five sections as follows:

Cyancai

I.

PahiHK formes.

II.

Dclisscoidcae.

III.

HirtcUac.

IV.

Genuinae.

V.

Pilosae.

SECT. I. PALMAEFORMES HiUebr.

Cyanea superba (Cham.) A. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. V:149. 1862.
Lobelia siipcrba Chamisso in Linnaea VIII :223. 1833.
Macrodnliis siipcrbiis Presl Prodr. Monogr. Label. 47. 1836.

( Plate 75.)
Trunk smooth 4-5.5 m high and 7.5-12.5 cm thick at the base, ivith a thin
woody zone, the large medullary cavity septate by closely set chartaceous dia-
phragms ; leaves obovate-oblong, 6-10 dm long, 15-20 em wide, obtuse or rounded,
but shortly acuminate, narrowing at the base, on distinct petioles of 5-7.5 cm,
crenate, but almost entire below, coriaceous, glabi-ate; peduncle (with ripe fruit)
30-35 cm long, tomentose, drooping, with the numerous s\ibsessile berries crowded
in a cluster near the apex, for the rest distantly bracteate, the bracts tomentose.
broad-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, 24-40 mm long, besides two bracteoles of 12
mm in length at the base of each Hower; calyx velvety tomentose, the tube ob-
eonical, 10-14 nnn. the oblong coriaceous lobes 10-16 unn long; corolla arcuate,
tubular, with short eonnivent lobes and a long dorsal slit, 3.75 cm long, coria-
eeoas, whitish or cream-coloi'ed ; staminal column glabrous ; berry obconical, 16-20
mm long, 12-16 mm wide, yellow or orange, ribbed, erownecl by the calycine
lobes which are separated by conspicvious sinuses ; seeds rather large, 2 mm, dark
brown, smooth and shining.

OAHU: Gulches of ]Mt. Kaala. ]Makalelia. Hillebraiul in Herbarium Berlin.

The writer is not familiar with this species, as he has not seen it growing in
the field: he has, however, examined llillebrand's material in the Berlin Her-
barium.

Cyanea superba velutina Rock

Cyaiica superba p var. Hillebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 261. 1888.

(Plate 76.)
Plant as in the species ; leaves larger on stouter petioles, and with a brownish
tomentum underneath.

158

PLATE 78.

CYANEA REGINA ( Ilillol.r. ) Kcick
S])Oiiinen ex coll. llillebi-. in licrliaiium Berolineusc.

159

OAHU: Gulches on the eastern slope of Mt. Kaala. Ilillebrand :March 1870,
type in Herbarium Berlin.

llillebrniurs specimen has young tlowerlnids only.

Cyanea regina illillebr.) Ruck

Dclissca rcii'tua Wawra in F"lora od. Allgcm. Bot. Zeit. XXX :9. 187.3.

Cyanea supcvha y var. rcgiiuic Hillebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 261. 1888.

(Plates 77, 7.8.)

Leaves chartaeeous. tomentulose underneath \\hen young, but glabrate with
age, 50-75 cm long, 10-17.5 cm broad, connnonly acuminate but sometimes
rounded, the base gradually narrowing into a petiole of 5-7.5 cm ; peduncle about
20 cm long, drooping, naked below, distantly In-acteate above, bearing near the
apex 5-10 tiowers on short resupinate pedicels of 6 mm, bracts 12-36 mm; bract-
lets 4-6 mm; calyx velvety-tomentose, bluish, as are also the upper bracts, the
tube 16 mm, the oblong obtuse lolies 6-10 mm, separated by intervals; corolla
coriaceous, velvety-tomentose, cream-colored, with purplish nerves (not "rosea"),
arcuate, the apex returning to the level of the base, 5.75-7.5 em in length and of
even width 9 mm throughout, the lobes short connivent, the dorsal slit extending
to the middle; staminal column glabrous; anthers white, with purplish stripes,
the upper ones beardless ; stigmatic hairs in two patches ; berry obconical, ribbed,
16-20 mm long. 10-12 unn wide.

OAHU : Niu and Wailupe Valley, elevation 1500-2000 feet, Ilillelu-aud jun.
and Lydgate in Herbarium Berlin; — Wawra, ex Herbarium Hillebraud, no. 223!l
(not Kaala, Oahu ) in Herbarium Vienna.

According to Ilillebrand and Wawra a truly superb and royal plant. The
writer has not met with this specie.s ; the lower .slopes of Xiu and Wailupe, the
region where this plant once flourished, is now grazing land, and otherwise more
or less barren The writer fears that this magnificent plant has. like other Ha-
waiian LohdioicJrae of the lower elevations, suceuml)ed to the ravages of cattle.

Ci/iiiud rifiiiui differs from Cfiiuua siipirlm in ac>\te or acuminate leaves, the
much shorter [leihuicles. which are somewhat louLicr than the iietiole, and the
shorter linear-s])athulate bracts.

Cyanea Giffardii Ruck in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 45:133, pi. 6, 1918,

(Plates 38, 79, 80.)
A tn-e 5-10 m tall with a single trunk 15 cm in diameter near the base,
gradually tapering towards the apex, bark smooth grayish green, with scattered
leaf-scars, woody zone thin near the apex of the trunk, the medullary cavity
septate by chartaeeous diaphragms; leaves obovate-oblong, about 50 cm. loutr
and 12-15 cm wide, broadest portion in the upper third, margins strongly undu-
late and minutely denticulate, appearing sinuate, due to strong undulation, sub-
entire with exception of the base, which is unevenly lobed, acuminate at the apex,
mucronate, gradually tapering at the ba.se into a stout petiole 3.5-6.5 cm long,
thin, subchartaceous, dark green and shining above, pale and dull iniderneath.
midrib stout and prominent as are the lateral veins, the latter arcuate and
united with other arcuate veins near the margin, the whole surface of the leaf
covered with a pellucid i-eticulate network, glabrous above, pidieseent underneath
especially on the midrib and veins; peduncles axillary, droojiing, stout, terete.
glabr(uis, 10-16 cm long or slightly longer, about 1 cm thick, distantly bracteate
the entire length, the upper bracts linear, 15-30 mm Ions, 3-5 mm wicle, rounded
and mucronate at the apex, bracts less distant towards the apex aud also smaller;
flowers on pedicels 2-3 mm long, with three small, acute bractlets at the base
and dorsal side of the flowers; calyx glabrous, dark purplish black, tube obcon-
ical, usually seven-ribbed, with two tubercles at the base, IS nun long, 15 mm
wide ; calycine lobes broadly triangular, acute. 5 mm each wav, with broad sinuses

160

PLATE 79.

CYANEA GIFFARDII Kcj.k

Flowering specimen from the forests above Glenwood, H;i\v;iii. The plant was 30 feet

in height.

161

PLATE 80.

CYANEA GIFFARDII Rock
Type no. 12802-b iu the lieil)arium of the College of Hawai

162

intervpnint;'; corolla stroniily arcuate, 7-8 cm Ions', glossy, glabrous, dark pur-
plish outside, slit at the back, ouly wheu fully mature, three fourths its length,
the tive lobes of the corolla entirely connate; staminal column protruding, per-
fectly glabrous, pale, anthers glaucous, glabrous, the two lower only penicillate;
style black, the stigmatic hair encircling the stigma, the latter yellowish tinged
with purple ; Howers usually ten on a peduncle, crowded at the apex ; fruits
globose nearly 25 mm each way, dark purplish black, lociiles small, each con-
taining from six to twelve rather large whitish seeds; milky juice of the plant
yellowish.

HAWAII : In the forest on the windward slope of Kilauea-]\Iauna Loa, near
Cllenwood at 22 miles, along the homestead road, elevation 2000 feet, flower buds.
August 27, 1917, W. Giffard no. 12802 in the herljarium of the College of Ha-
waii;— along the Volcano Road at 23 miles in wet forest, flowering and fruiting
(specimens) September 1st, 1917, Rock jind llnlm. tyi>c no. 12802-b in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii.

This very remarkable plant, which is closely related to Cyanea superlm
(Cham. 'I Gray, ditfers from it in the pubescent, deeply undulate leaves, which
are lobed at the base instead of being entire; in the glabrous, much shorter
peduncle, and in the glabrous deep purplish black flowers and fruits. Cyanea
superha occurs on the island of Oahu in the gulches of iMakaleha and ]Mt. Kaala,
while Cyanea Giffardii occurs on the .southernmost island of the group. It is
also miich statelier than Cyanea superha, as it reaches a height of thirty feet,
with a single crown of leaves at the apex. It grows in company with Antidesma
platyphi/Uuin ]\Iann, Lahordkt, Cyrtandra, Straussia liatraiiensis Gray, Stron-
gyloddii litcidum Seem., (Icnnontia parvlflora Gaud., Cihathim Mciiziesii Hook,
and ('. Cliaiiiissoi Kaulf.. the last two being the common tree ferns of the region.

When the species was first discovered by Mr. W. M. Giffard, in whose honor
it is nnmeil. ()nl\- two plants were observed, one with large flower buds and the
other without flowers, the latter i)lant divided iiitci three branches at the apex
on account of an injury.

]\Iatui'e ones (type specimen) with flowers and fruits were collected on the
road to the Volcano of Kilauea — Glenwood — at an elevation of 2400 feet. The
largest plant seen was thirty feet in height.

The plants are difficult to see in the forest, as the trunk, which is usually-
covered partly with moss, does not branch and the crown of leaves is hidden
amongst the foliage of other trees.

Ci/aiica Gi/f'ardil may be Hillebrand's var. fS of his Cyaiua arhorea (Mann)
Hillebr., from the woods of Hilo, Hawaii. The writer is w^ell acquainted with
Cyanea arhnrca and can only state that the new species is quite different
from the latter and that it comes much closer to Cyaiifa superba. Cyanea
arhorea has a much larger and denser crown of leaves, which are sessile and
linear-oblong; the peduncles are nuich longer and tln^ flowers are very thin,
narrow and slender, subereet and whitish to grav.

163

PLATE 81.

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray
Speciiiieu in Herbarium Berolineiise, ex eoll. Hillobr.

164

PLATE 82.

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray

Leaves of younj;' iilaiit.

Specimen in tlie College of Hawaii liciliaiiviiii, Rock no. 90\G.

165

Cyanea leptostegia A. (ira\- Proc. Am. Acail. \':149. 1862.

Delissea Dricssertiaiia var. p'mnatiloba A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. \';147. 1862.

Dclissca coriacca Gray var. ? pinnatiloba A. Gray Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. ined.

(Plates 10, 28, 29, 31, 32, 81, 82.)

Trunk smooth 10-14 m hiyh. densely covered in its upper portion with rhoni-
boidal leaf-sears: leaves of youny' plants siuuately lohed in the hiwer half, deeply
Inbed in the upjier. narrow lanceolate, sessile, with undulate niaryins in mature
plants, 75-100 cm long-, fi.o-8.5 cm wide; denticulate or subentire, glafu'ous on
both surfaces, .shining above, chartaceons, the prominent midrib hollow; peduncle
4-6 cm. slender, naked behiw, many tiowered at the apex, 12-25 flowers in a
crowded cluster, on pedicels of 1-1.5 cm ; bracts linear, 24 mm ; bractlet 12 mm ;
calyx glabrous, the tube cylindrical, somewhat produced beyond the ovary, 15-18
mm, the tiliform-linear erect lobes 5-5.5 cm long. 1 mm or less broad; corolla
reddish to dark purple, glabrous, semi-erect and slender, 5 em long, 3 mm widi^.
thin, W'ith a long dorsal slit; staminal colunui and anthers glabrous; berry ovoid.
20-35 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, crowned by tlie long calycine lo])es.

KAUAI: Upper edge of the forest near the tabular summit of Kauai. U. S.
Expl. Exped. in. Gray Herbarium; — ilann and Brigham no. 575; — Walder von
Halemauu, Wawra no 2116 in Herbarium Vienna; — Waimea leg. Knudsen in
Herbarium Hillebrand, Herbarium Berlin; — tyiie locality. September 9. Heller
no. 2793 ; — forests of Ilalemanu and Kaholuamano flowering and fruiting, Sep-
tember, Rock no. 5818 in herbarium College of Hawaii and Gray Herbarium; —
same locality fruiting October 24, 1911, Rock no. 10256 and 9016 (the latter
young leaves) in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Kaholuamano, A. S.
Hitchcock, October 20, 1916. no. 15359 in U. S. National Herbarium.

(!)ne of tlie most remarkable of Cyaneas. It is the only species that reaches
a height of forty feet. The writer observed a specimen at Opaiwela, near Ka-
holuamano. of fully that height. The young plants, like a good many of the
species of the section palmae formes, have deeply lobed leaves. Asa Gray's
Delissea coriacea var. jiiimal ilnliii. «hich the writer examined, is none other
than a young plant of ('. leptostegia. The .species is more or less peculiar to
the outskirts of the forest and is not found in the interior of the island. It
grows in company wdth Antidcsma platijplnjHum var., Xijlosma hawaiiense, Maba
sandwieensis var., Rockia sandwicensis, Cyanea spatliulata and Cyanea hirtella.
Numerous species of caterpillars (probably Heterocrossa) feed on the fruits and
•withered flowers. Tlie native name of the species is HiilialiKi. The milky .sap is
of a canary yellow.

Cyanea arborea (H. Alann) Ilillebr. Mora Haw. Isl. 261. 1888.
Delissea arborea H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. Ml :180, no. 26.^. 1868.
Delissea coriacea Gray var. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. V:148. 1862.
Cyanea loiujifolia Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. IX :909. 1897.

(Plates 12, ,'i7, S3, 84.)

Trmik 4-S m high, smooth, leaves sessile, oblaneeolate. 66-88 cm long, 6-12
. cm wide, shortly acuminate, apicnlate. gradually luiiTowing toward the base,
faintly dentate, subentire and wavy towards the base, glabrous and shining above,
slightly pubescent underneath, especially along the very prominent midrib,
chartaceous to coriaceous, midrib impressed above, reddish; peduncle slender,
but stiff, 15-32 cm long, almost naked below, closely many-flowered in the upper
fourth; the pedicels short, 4-8 mm; bracts 3-5 mm, bractlets 1 mm; calyx subglo-
bose, glabrous, shortly toothed, the tube 1 cm, the calycine teeth 1 mm ; corolla
slender moderately curved or subereet 4-5 cm long, 4 mm wide, glabrous, cream-
colored to bluish gra.v, rather thin with a deep dorsal slit and connivent lobes;
staminal column glabrous, antiiers glabrous, the two lower l)eard?d : stiumatic
lobes tufted with whitish hair underni'ath ; berry globose, faintly ri'ilied. 10-12
mm in diameter.

11

166

PLATE 8;i.

CYANEA ARBOREA (Miiiin) llilli^l.i.
Siiccinicii ill Hoilniiiiiiii Hcniliiioiise ex coll. llillolpi ami.

PLATE 84.

167

CYANEA AKBOREA iMaiiii) Jlilli'l.i.

Portion of crown of leaves with iuflorescenfe; less than onc-thinl natural size.
From: J. F. Rock "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islanils. "

168

MAUI: riuinilakiia. ^lanu & Urighaiii no. 4(il ; — fratcr of East INFaui, V. S.
Explor. Exp. in Gray Herbarium; — Ulupalakua. South Halealvala. Ilillebrand
in Herbarium Herlin and herbarium l^isiiop ;\Iuseiun. Honolulu, Gray Her-
barium;— above Kula, youthern .slopes of Haie;ikala, elevation 50()() feet, flower-
ing March 1913, Rock no 10354 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii, Gray
Herbarium, New York liotanieal Museum, berbar. (.'alif. Ac. of Sc.

This is oni' of the handsomest species of Cyanea : it is of palm-lik'c liabit and
reaches a height of 2-4 feet (8 m). Unfortunatel\- it is exceedingly scarce and the
writer fears that it has become extinct. AVhere there was once a forest at
Ulupalakua there is now onl\' grass land with planted Eucalypti. Tlie writer
met with liut a single plant in a very narrow ravine which was inaccessi1)l<' to
cattle.

Horace Alauii's description of the inflorescence is wrong; the peduncles are
long and many-flowered and not " pediiiicnlis axiUaribus brevibus pauci/loris."

The trunk is simple erect or (as in the case of tlie writer's specimen 1 l)rancli-
ing near the base.

In the Gray Herbarium is a drawing of a Ciiinua from Alakawao, Maui,
marked />r/i'.s.scfl arhorca! in Asa (Jray's handwriting. It was drawn from a
specimen collected by F. L. Clarke in 1877, and bears the following legend:
"From 20-40 feet in height. Leaf entire-sessile; veins anastomozing, coriaceous,
slightly downy on the upper surface; veins distinct." The specimen itself is
missing; only a section of the stem is ])reserved in an envelope.

The plant, as can be judged from the drjiwiiiii-. is not closely related to
C. arhorca, still less identical with it. It w(]uld eonie closer to Ci/aiirti (H/'fiirdil,
which has the flowers arranged in a similar way at the apex of the iieduncle. It
is probablj' intermediate between ('. sujxrha and C. Giffanlii. Ilillebrand's
var. /3 of Cyanea arborea from the woods of Ililo, is not to be found in Ilille-
brand's Herbarium; judging from the short tlescriptiou it is probalily itlentical
with the writer's ('. (li/f'airlii, but liesides the arborescent stature it is very dif-
ferent from ('. firhiiriii and could not be chissed as a variety of the latter.

Cyanea arborea picnocarpa Millebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 261. 1888.

Leaves smaller, mcinliranous, runuing out into a distinct petiole of 3,75 cm,
pubescent underneath; pediinele slendci' naked, 7.5-10 cm long, bearing at its end
a cluster of sessile subglobose. truncate lieri'ics 12 mm in dianietei-, the acute tri-
angular calyx-lobes 4 mm.

HAWAII: Koliala ranue, Ilillebrand.

This variety has never been re-collected, nor is there a specimen lo be found
in Ilillebrand's collection in the Berlin llerliarium.

Cyanea solenocalyx llillebr. hdora Haw. Isl. 2.^8. 1888.

(Plates S5, S(i.)

A stout and tall shrub, 2-4 m high, flie s1ein hollow, the thick and stiff'
branches muricate below, aculeate aliove willi pali' yello\\- coidcal spines; leaves
iliinori)hous, Ibose of tlie yonnu' |)bint liroadly ovate or cordate, slioi'tly lobed.

169

PLATE 85.

CYANEA SOLENOCALYX Hillcbr.
Type ill the Herbiuiuni Beioliiieusc, ex c-oll. Hillebv.

PLATE 86.

170

IVliiseiiiti hotniiiciifii Beroliiieiise.

CYANEA SOLENOCALYX IlilU'ln.

(Young plant.)

Spei-iiiion in HerbariuMi Beioliiiense, ex coll. llillcbr.

171

prickly on both faces ; those of the adult plunt obovtite-ol)lon<;', 37.5-60 cm long,
12.5-22.5 cm wide, on fle.shy nmrieate petioles of 12.5-25 cm ; shortly acuminate
or obtuse at either end, sinuate or entire, thin chartaceons, coarsely hispidulous
nnderneath, the rib muricate; raceme tleshy 3.75-5 cm bi-acteate from near the
base, the pedicels 12-24 mm, the bracts linear-lanceolate, 18-35 mm ; the bractlets
S-12 mm, calyx scabrous and hirsute or hispid, but almost glabrous with age,
the adnate portion 12 mm. the broad foliaceous several nerved lobes 20-24 mnj
long and coiniate entirely or in part in a broad cylindrical or funnel-shaped
sheath; corolla semierect but amjjliate, 30-40 mm long, S-10 mm wide, slit beyond
the middie, scabro-hispitl, dark purple; staminal colunui glabrous, anthers purple,
the upper ones beardless; berry ovoid l(i mm. seeds j)ale yellow.

IMOLOKAI : In deep gulches of Kalae, ilapulehu and elsewhere, lliHebraiid
type in Herbarium Berlin; — Molokai, no. 2 leg. Lydgate, J. F., young plant with
lobed leaf; — forests of Mapulehu, flowering April 1910, Rock no. 6112 in her-
barium College of Hawaii ; — ridge leading to Pelekunu, fruiting April 1910, Rock
no. 8813 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Mapulehu, May 6, 1915, Rock no.
12521 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Pukoo, October 8, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock
no. 15009 in U. S. National Herbarium, and part in College of Hawaii Her-
barium.

According to Hillebrand the native name of this species is PualaJa. The
species is very distinct, but does not branch and shimld therefore come under
section nalmai formes: the mere fact that the stem is armed and the i)etioles and
peduncles muricate is no reason to include it with ('. scaJira and the other species
belonging to that section. Tlie writer's ('. aciilrati/lorn is decidedly armed, but
not branching, and has the outward appearance of ('. tn'tomanllia. which llille-
branil includes in section pnliiKu faniit s. Hillebrand "s variety scJiizocali/.r evi-
dently does not belong here; there is no specimen in Hillebrand 's collection of
this variety. It may. however, be related to the writer's ('. acuUatifofa from
the same region (Ilamalaia, E. Maui), where Lydgate collected the material of
that variety.

Cyanea solenocalyx glabrata Rock var. nov.

Habit as in the species, stem smooth, spineless, as are the leaves, petioles
slightly nmrieate only ; leaves oblong, glabrous above, hisiiidulous underneath ;
peduncle thick fleshy, muricate, about 3 cm long, bracteate at the apex, the
bracts linear-lanceolate hispid, calyx green, glabrous, ovarian portion turbinate
12 mm high, the funnel-shaped connate calycine lobes 2 cm long, and irregu-
larly slit at the apex, the nerves indistinct, corolla short, fleshy, 4 cm long, 10 mm
wide, glabrate, waxy white with purplish streaks, the dorsal slit not quite extend
iug to the middle; staminal column glabrous, anthers purple.

MOLOKAI: Gulch of Wailiauau in I'ainforest along streambed, Howering
August 13, 1918, L. il. Dunbar type no. 13118 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

This variety differs from the species in the smooth stem and spineless leaves
and glabrate calyx and flowers; the bracts are apparently at the apex of the
peduncle instead of extending down to the stem.

The variety was discovered by Mrs. L. M. Dunbar of jMolokai, who has shown
great interest in this group of plants.

172

PLATE 87.

N.. es^/^

nli, IIAVI'AIIAN ISLANDS

•w

-i/a-» /_.A^t-*-i

£..-/(

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CYANEA WAILAUENSIS K'u.k
Ty]n" 110. NSll' in tlic luTliaiiiini of tlic ('olle};e of Hawaii.

173

Cyanea Wailauensis Rock Coll. ?Iaw. Publ. Bull. 2:43. 1913.

(Plate 87.)
The plant erect, 1.5 m hi^h, not branching', stem tleshy. but woody at the
base, unarmed and covered in its upper portion with leaf-scars, with a crown of
leaves at the apex; leaves chartaceous when dry, somewhat tleshy when fresh,
pale green, dull and glabrous above, with prominent veins and imj)ressed mid-
rib, obovate-oblong, cuspidate to acute at the apex, gradually narrowing at the
base, somewhat wavy and eroso-dentate at the margin, puberulous underneath,
30-4:0 cm long, 10-18 cm wide on petioles of 4-8 cm, young leaves hispid ; racemes
arranged along the upper jiortion of the stem, somewhat similar to Cyanea acu-
nihtata. peduncle thick about 4 cm long, densely studded almost from the base
with large close knobby sears of a pale color. 6-8 tiowered at the ajiex. peduncle
hirsute as are the linear bracts; pedicels 1 cm long, hispid; calyx hisitidulous to
hirsute, the ovarian ]iortiou 10 mm, the linear oblong lobes 15-18 mm. free to
the base: corolla of a dirty wliite, the tube 22-25 mm, hirsute as are the unequal
lobes, the dorsal slit extending 2/5 its length; staminal column dark purple,
glabrous, the lower anthers bearded, stigma surrounded at its base by a tuft of
small, white hairs; fruit unknown; but calyx-lobes persistent with fruit as is
evidenced from very young fruits.

MOLOKAI: Valley of Wailau, elevation 1000 feet, ah)ng streambed at the
head of the valley in company with ('i/anea Griinesiana. flowering April 1910,
Rock no. 8812 type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii and cotype in
Gray Herbarium; — ^Majiulehu, ilay 1915, Rock in herl)arium College of Ha-
waii;— Pukoo, llr. Conradt's place, rain forest flowering October 8, 1916, A. S.
Hitchcock no. 15008 in IT. S. National Herbarium and part in herbarium
College of Hawaii: — perhaps also a plant from the same locality, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 1507.S in U. S. National Herbarium.

The plant differs from ('ijaiua xolcnocahjr. to which it is closely related,
luainly in the thick peduncle with closely set knobby scars, the very short M-hite
flowei's which are almost hidden in the calyx. The species is single-stemmed
and unarmed.

Hitchcock's specimens have not the knobby peduncles as in the type; perhaps
it is only a very variable species and identical with Cyanea solenocaly.r.

Cyanea procera llillebr. M.ira Haw. Isl. 262. 1888.

(I 'late s,s. )
Trunk and leaves as in Cyaiica arhorca, the leaves broader ll)-15 cm, closely
denticulate, pubescent undei-neath ; peduncle short, thick and fleshy, 2.5-3.75 cm
long with many (10-20) flowers near the apex, the pedicels 6-10 mm, bracteolate
at the base; bracts 10 mm, bracteoles 4 mm; calycine tube glabrous, cylindrical,
10-14 mm in length, with triangular lobes of 3-4 mm; corolla (undeveloped)
glalirous, over 6 mm broad, bluish below, greenish-yellow above, thick fleshy.

ilOLOKAI: Kamolo, 2000 feet elevation, Hillebrand; type in Herbarium
Berlin, and co-type in the Gray Herbarium.

Nearly related to Cijanca arborea (Mann) Hillebr. In both the trunk has a
thick woody zone which includes a narrow cavity septate by niuuerous paper\-
diaphragms.

To the writer the species is only known from the material in the Berlin
Herbarium : co-type in Gray Herbarium, labeled Dellssea procera sp. n. iMolokai,
Kamolo.

I'LATK 88.

174

CYANEA PROCEEA Ilillelir.
Tyjie in Herbarium Beroliiicnse, ex coll. Ilillebr.

175

PLATE 89.

'/v'>-ift1'i'%i

■^

CYANEA GIBSONII Hillebr.
Type in Herbarium Beroliiiense, ex coll. Hillebr.

176

PLATE 90.

tl WF. ^ |-(>Kl'>m\. llt't«H(i«% (VI HAWAII

('lilt Mf-n aCiii //^/"A A ' ■ ■ '-(

^A.^-^<.

CYANEA ATRA llilleli:

Specinicri ex coll. Bock no. SL'04 in lifiliaiiuni Collojjp of Hawaii.

177

Cyanea Gibsonii llillehr. Flora Haw. Isl. 263. 1888.

(Plate 89.)
Tnuik 1-160 m hi^h, smooth; leaves broad elliptical or obovate-oblong,
acute, generally rounded at the base, wavy, crenate or denticulate, membraneous,
pubescent but i;reen underneath. 3(1-20 cm long-^ 10-15 cm wide, on petioles of
7.5-12.5 cm; peduncle d;irk purjjle, thick fleshy. 2.5-3.75 cm, many flowered, the
pedicels 16-20 nun. bracteolate above the base, the bracts narrow linear, 12-18
mm; calyx dark purple, pubescent, the conical tube 12 mm, the lobes 16-20 mm,
oblong, somewhat acute, thin, herbaceous, one-nerved; corolbi hirsute as in
Cyanea afra, dark purple, staminal column glabrous.

LAXAI: On the highest wooded ridge, flowering July 1870. Uillebrand. type
in Herbarium Berlin; — at the head of Mahana Valley at the bottom of a rock-
wall, near the waterfall, and at the summit of Lanaihale, young plants only,
July 23, 1910, Rock no. 8051 in the College of Hawaii herbarium.

This species is very closely related to C. atra and may be only a form of
the latter. The writer is not ac(iuaHited with the mature plants, having only
collected and observed two young specimens. The type in the Berlin Herbarium
has flower buds only.

Cyanea atra llillebr. Flora Maw. Isl. 263. 1888.

(Plate 90.)
Trunk 1.3-2 m high ; tuberculate in the ujiper p(U'tion ; leaves broadly lance-
olate to obovate-oblong, acute at the ape.x, gradually tajiering into a thick muri-
eate petiole of 5-8 cm, crenulate, coriaceous, with prominent nerves 40.5-50.5 cm
long, 7.5-14 cm wide, pubescent underueath, papillose above ; peduncle short.
1.5-2 em, thick, 4-10 flowered, the pedicels 1-2.5 cm; bracts 6-15 mm long, 2 mm
wide, bractlets at the middle of the pedicel, 3 mm long; calyx dark purplish of
the same color as the corolla (hirsute teste Hbd. ), pubescent, the cylindrical tube
15 mm, the thick, oblong, (i])tuse, mucronate, or emarginate lobes one-nerved,
of variable length, usually 2 cm: corolla suberect 5-6 cm long, 6-8 nmi wide,
dark purple almost Ijlack, hirsute with reddisli brown, coarse hair, the lobes
linear; staminal cohunu dark piu'i^le, glabrous, the two lower anthers Ijearded;
l)erry ovoid 2-2.5 cm. orange colored, with grfiyisli toiiientum; seeds pale yellow.

MAUI: West Maui, back of Lahaina, Wailuku, 3000-4000 feet, Hillebrand,
no specimen e.xtant; — in dense forests along llonokawai gulch, back of Kaana-
pali. elevation 4000-4300 feet, flowering and fruiting August 24. 1910. Rock no.
8204 in the hei-b;iriuui College of Hawaii and (iray Herbarium: — Puu Kul<ni,
4000-5000 feet, fruiting September 24-26, 1916. A. S. Hitchcock no. 14749 and
14847 in U. S. National Herbarium: — Honokahau Valley, flowering September 3.
1918. Rock & Ilashinuito no. 13126 in Herbarium Rock.

There is no specimen of tiiis species in Hillebrand 's collection in the Berlin
Herbarium. One sheet marked Ctiaiua afra in the above herl)arium is ('i/aiua
macrosfffiia Ilillebraud. and not C. aha. The leaves of that specimen are larger
than in ('. atra and the calycine lobes ai'e many nerved.

The original label was uuirked in Ilillebrand's handwriling Cijaina oidy :
the specific name atra was written by someone else, and as the color of the ink is
much fresher it would indicate that the plant was errt>neously identified by some-
(Uie of the Berlin Herbarium staff, and the original ('. atra was given away in ex-
change to some herbarium; the writer has, however, been unabh- to find it.

The species is related to Ciiaiiea macrostcgia but differs from it in the dark
purple calyx and calycine lobes and corolla, the former being one-nerved instead

178

T'LATE 91.

CYANEA ATRA LOBATA lio.k
Type (no. S6:i7) hi tlie College of Havv.-iii Ileiliiiiiiiiii.

179

of niauy-nerved as in ('i/diKd imicrdsh i/in ; the rtowers aiiel falyx are almost black,
lieuee the name ulni: tlii» t'rnits are densely uray tomentose; llie species is usnally
single stemmetl, Init is occasionally t'oniul hrancliing once ov twice near the base.

Cyanea atra lobata Kock The Indigenous Trees Haw. Isl. Add. .^11. I'Uo.

(Plate 91.)

Elrect single stemmed with snbentire and lobed leaves, petiole murieate, 6-7
cm, leaves coriaceous, -ivhen not lobed the margin is almost fringed, or lobed
irregularly, deeply, but not to the rhaehis, tubereulate above, covered with an
olivaceous tomentum underneath; peduncle longer than in the species, 3-4 cm,
many-tlowered, bracts and bractlets as in species; pedicels 15-18 mm; calyx and
corolla as in the species, the staminal colunni and anthers glabrous.

MAUI : Upper ditch trail leading from Ukulele to Waikamoi gulch in dense
rain forest, 5000 feet, flowering October 1910, Rock no. 8637 in the herbarium
College of Hawaii, and Gray Herbarium.

Only few plants Avere observed when in company with Air. L. von Tempsky
of .^lakawao.

Cyanea macrostegia Ilillelir. Flora Haw. Isl. 263. 1888.

(Plates 49, 92, 9:i)

Plant 2-4 m high, rather rough but unarmed, leaves as large as in Cijnnca
(ritoinaiiUia or smaller, 45-62 cm long, 7.5-11 cm wide, gradually narrowing into
a petiole of (2.5 cm. teste Hbd.) 10 cm in length, pubescent underneath, papil-
losa above, eroso-dentate .- peduncle short 1.5-3 cm, thick fleshy, racemose from the
base, densely hirsute in the writer's material, pedicels 1.5-2 cm, bracts broad,
oblong of various length from 20-40 nun long, about 6 mm wide, green, liispid,
liraetlets 10-12 nun; cahx {smooth glalirate teste Ilbd. ) hirtellous in the writer's
specimens, the tube obconical glabrate or hirsute with coarse whitish gray hair,
2 cm long, 1 em wide, the calyeine lobes 2.5-5 cm long, 8 nun broad, olitnse, or
emarginate, many-nerved, the nerves anastomosing, green ; corolla suberect 5-6
cm long, 10 mm wide, fleshy, dark purplish (at first pubescent along the linear
lobes, but soon glabrate (teste Hbd.), densely hirsute or strigosely hispid with
yellowish coarse hair, especially in its i;pper half and on the lobes, deeply slit
at the back; staminal (column and anthers glabrous, dark purple; berry large
ovoid 20 mm long, 16 mm wide, yellow, crowned by the large 50 nun long calyeine
lobes; seeds shining.

JIAUI ; West ]\Iani. Kaanapali, Ilonokahau. Wailiee in deep wooded ravines,
Hillebrand, gulch at Kaanapali, August 1870, in Herliarium Berlin, and Gra.y
Herbarium as Cijaiica tritniiianf]ia Gray; East Maui, Ilanuikna, Waikamoi-Olinda
trail, elevation 4000 feet, in dense rain forest, fruiting Septemlier 1910. Rock no.
8524 in herbai-iiiiiiCnUege of Hawaii and (Jray Ilerliarinm; — Honoinanu, flow-
ering April 1911, Rock no. S524-a in herbarium t'oUege of Hawaii; — Honomanu,
flowerins iMav 1911, Rock no. 10262 in herbai'ium College of Hawaii; — forest of
Nahikn. tlowi-riug ;\la.\' 1911, Rock iki. 1(1264 in hri'liarinm College of Hawaii.

Ci/iinrd iinirrosf('f/ia Hillebrand is one of tall-stennned species pectdiar to the
rainforests of both West and East j\Iaui ; in the latter locality it grows in com-
pany with Ci/aiiia ncuJi 0*111 ara. Ci/aina liainatifhira, ('!< rinonfia arbonscens,
TrfrapJamiKjra wciaiidni. Itnlntu, Cnjlamlra niauii iisis, Stoiogyiw, I'liijllostegia,
Acacia Koa. Diihautla, t-tc.

The specimen in Hillebrand 's collection (Berlin Herbarium) is labeled
C. atra Hbd., but is in reality C. macrostegia Hbd. As Hillebrand did not num-

180

PLATE 92.

I

CYANEA MACROSTEGIA Hillcbr.
Type ill Jl('ili:uiuMi I-tcidlitu'iise ex i.-oll. ITilleliraiiil.

181

PLATE 93.

CYANEA MACROSTEGIA Hillebr.
Spei-inien (Rock no. 102(34) in the College of Hawaii Herb;

12

182

CYANEA MACROSTEGIA VISCOSA Ro.k
Type (uo. 87!) 1 ) iu tlio College of Hawiiii Herbarium.

183

her liis plants nor niai'k his types it i.s now very difficult to locate them. A
oreat many duplicates were given away In- the Berlin authorities, and as some of
them were only scantily labeled, some of his plants which were undoubtedly his
types were given away. This accounts for the ninnber of species not represented
in his herbarium. In a great many instances llillebrand's original labels have
not been mounted with the respective plants. While the writer's material does
not exactly agree with llillebrand's description of that species, it nevertheless
cannot be separated from it, as it agrees with the above species in the specific
ehai-acters, as for example many-nerved oblong calycine lobes, and in the very
long and numerous bracts. The East j\Iani material is very strongly hispid,
that is the inflorescence, while llillebrand's plants from West ^laui are more or
less giabrate. It is a very variable species whose forms cannot well be separated,
while the specific characters remain constant.

In the Gray Herbarium is a sheet ex coll. llillebrand marked ('. iritninantlm
which is Cijaiiia macroslcgia.

Cyanea macrostegia viscosa Rock

Cxanca macrostcyia fi var. Hillebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 263. 1888.

(Plate 94.)

Habit as in the species; leaves about 50 cm long, 6.5-8 cm wide, on thick Heshy
petioles of 6-7 cm, the latter muricate, leaves giabrate or puberulous above, with
an olivaceous pubescence underneath, lanceolate or oblong, acute to acuminate
at the apex, gradually tapering below; inflorescence viscons, the bracts broad
foliaeeous 3 cm long, 1 cm wide, pubescent ; calycine lobes broad and much shorter
than in the species, nearl.y 2 cm long, 8 mm broad; corolla densely strigosely
hispid with yellowish gray hair; staminal eolinnn and anthers u'labrons.

^MAl'I : West ilaui, John Lydgate no. 50 in Herl)arium llillebrand in Her-
barium Berlin; — Honomanu, East Maui, flowering ^lay 1!:)11, Rock no. 8701 in
herbarium College of Hawaii.

The \ariety differs from the species mainly in the viscous inflorescence, In'Dad
and shorter calycine lobes and bracts, as well as lanceolate tomentose leav&s.

Cyanea macrostegia parvibracteata K^ck Coll. Hawaii Public. Bull. 2:43, pi. X.

(Plate 9.5.)
Leaves large, -45-65 cm liy 7-14 cm, coriaceous, scabrous aliove, dull pubescent
nnderneath, margin irregularly notched or laciniform, broadly oblong in outline ;
peduncle 4-6 cm, fleshy, bracteate at the apex, bracts linear-subulate 5 by 1 nun;
pedicels 15 mm. apparently naked; calyx pubescent, the ovarian portion oliconi-
cal, the lobes 20-30 mm long-, 4-5 mm broad, green; corolla dark iiui-ide. as in
the species, 6-7 cm long, slightly eur^'ed, pubescent with reddish brown hair;
berry ovoid, dark yellowish, 25-30 mm long, 18-27 mm thick, crowned l)y the
calycine lobes.

ilACI: Northwest slope of Mt. llaleakala, along the Waikamoi-Oliuda trail,
elevation 5000 feet, flowering ;\larch 1912, Rock and Ceresole no. 10057 in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — northern slopes of llaleakala along a
stream back of Nahiku, elevation 3000 feet, fruiting I\Iay 1911, Rock no. 8792 in
the herbarium of the College of Hawaii, and Gray Herbarium.

This variety is apparently an interjuediate l)etween Cijaiiea atra and C inn-
er osi eg ia.

184

PLATE 95.

CYANEA MACRCSTEGIA PARVIBKACTEATA lidrU

Oiif li:ilf natural size.

Tvi>o no. l(l(ir)7 ill tlic lK'il)aiiiiiii nf tlie College of Hawaii.

From: Colleyo of Hawaii I'lil.lii-at ions, Bulletiii No. 2, li»i:i.

185

PLATE 96.

CYANEA HAMATIFLORA Rock
Type in the heibarium of the College of Hawaii.

['LATE 07.

186

CYANEA HAMATIFLORA Kock
Mature fruits.

187

Cyanea hamatiflora Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. Add. 510. 1913.

(Plates :_!6, 96, 97.)
Plant 3-8 m hiuli, luinnned, glabrous, erect not brauehini;- ; leaves broadly
lanceolate, somewhat acute, broadly sessile at the base, 60-70 cm long, lO-l-i cm
wide, puberulous above, pubescent underneath, irregidarly dentate with callous
teeth ; niidi'il) thick fleshy, red : inflorescence axillary, hidden by the leaves which
stand at riglit angles to the stem, pediuicle 1.5-2 cm, bracteate at the apex and
at the middle of peduncle ; bracts lanceolate acuminate pultescent, with a prom-
inent median nerve, pedicels 5-6 mm with linear-lanceolate bracteoles at their
base; calyx ovate, green, 1.5 cm high, 6-7 mm wide; lobes of irregular length,
two uisually shorter, lanceolate, obtuse 12-18 mm long, 4 mm wide; corolla pur-
plish to magenta red, the dorsal slit extending more than one third of its length,
lobes sharply curved at the apex only, thick fleshy in texture and somewhat hir-
sute, staminal column glalirous, with a patch of purjilish hair at the base;
anthers sparingly hispid along the sutures, tlie two lower oidy bearded; berry
obovate, dark purplish-red, 10-12 riblied, crowned by the long calyeine lobes,
4 cm long. 2.5 cm wide, fruit flcsli i)urple, seeds dark l)rown shining.

MAUI : Slopes of Mt. Haleakala, in dense rainforest between Waikamoi and
Honomanu, also conniion on the crater of Puukakai in the same region, elevation
4000-4500 feet, flowering September 1910, Rock (type) no. 8514 in herbarium
College of Hawaii, co-types in Herbarium Berlin, and Vienna and Gray Her-
barium;— same locality, fruiting ]\larch 1912, Rock; — type locality, flowering
August 1918, Rock & Hashimoto no. 13132 in Herbarium Rock.

The plant is easily distinguished from the other Cyaneas by the broad, sessile,
light green leaves wliich stand out horizontally. The whole inflorescence of this
species exudes a very viscous substance, especially the young flowerbuds, which
adhere to the paper in the herbarium.

The species is peculiar to the rainforests of Hamakua district, East Maui,
where it grows in company with Cyanea aculeatiflora, Cyanea ferox horrida,
Clennontia fuhrrciilafa. Clcnnontia arborescens, Cyanea macrostegia, Ruhvs,
Stenogyne. PJtyUostegia. Duhautia, Pelea, Crytandra mauiensis, Tetraplasandra
meiandra var., etc. It is one of the most robust species, reaching a height of
about twenty-five feet, with a trunk of five inches or more in diameter.

Cyanea aculeatiflora Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. Add. 309. l')13.

(Plates 34, .3.5, 55, 98.)

Plant 3-7 m tall, single stemmed or occasionally lu-anching not far above
the ground, covered with leaf-scars, especially in the upper portion; leaves large,
40-60 cm long. 10-20 cm wide, thick and stiff, dark green above, lighter under-
neath, the midrib as well as the 15 em long fleshy petiole muricate ; the upper
surface muricate at the angles of the veins, densely tomentose-hispid underneath;
inflorescence muricate throughout with aculeate tubercles; inflorescence racemose
in the axils of the leaves; peduncle 6-10 cm with large foliaceous bracts of 3-4
cm, scattered along its entire length, the pedicels 1-1.5 cm; calyx tube oblong
2 cm. the oblong, obtuse, linear, muricate lobes 2.5 cm long, 0.5 cm wide; corolla
dark purple, curved, covered with yellowish spines, the inner side of the lobes
smooth, bluish-white, spreading, densely- muricate on the outside; staminal column
glabrous, purple, longer than the 5 cm long tube of the corolla ; anthers dark
purple, glabrous, the two lower bearded only; style thickening towards the
shortly 1wo-lobed hirsute stigma; fruit unknown.

PLATE 98.

188

CYANEA ACULEATIFLORA Koik
Type ill the College of Hawaii Herliaiiniii, Rock no. 8513.

189

MATH : Northwpstern slopes of jMt. Haleakala, iu dense rainforest, and along
streams, Waikanioi to Ilononianu, elevation 4000 feet, tiowering September 1910,
Rock no. 8513, type, in herbarium College of Iliiwaii. eo-type iu Herbarium Ber-
lin, Vienna and Gray Herbarium; — Olindn. tiowering October 1. 1916, A. S.
Ilitcheoek nos. 14904 and 14905, the latter (young leaves) in the U. S. National
Herbarium; — type locality, tiowering August 1918, Rock & Hashimoto no. 13133
in Herbarium Rock.

('i/aiira acuh afi/lorn is foiuul in company with Ch niunil ia arlxircscciis. Ci/a-
nea hamati flora, Tcfraplasandra, etc. The young plants of this species are cov-
ered with spines throughout, while the trunk of old ones is prickly only at the
base.

Hillebrand's var. /i nihizdcdhj.r of C. solciiocali/.r collected by Lydgate in
Haniakna, E. Maui, may be related to this species, though his jilant has only
peduncles of 2.5 cm. However, there is no material of Hillebrand's variety
e.xtant in the European herl3aria.

Cyaiiea aculeatiflora belongs to the section palmaeformes notwithstanding that
it branches occasionally at the base, which fact seems to appear only when the
plant has been broken.

Cyanea tritomantha .\. Gray Proceed. Am. Acad. \':14'). 1862.

(Plates :19, .53, 99, 100.)

Trunk 18-30 dm high, rough, tuberculate; leaves broadl\- oblong-lanceolate or
obovate, 37.5-70 cm long, 12.5-20 cm wide, on muricate petioles of 12.5-20 cm,
acuminate sinuate-dentate, suddenly contracting at the base, thick chartaceous,
pubescent underneath along the prominent nerves; peduncle 2.5-6.25 cm long,
thick tieshy, closely bracteate from near the base, somewhat nuiricate, bracts
linear oblong 14-42 nnn, the lower ones almost foliaceous, flowers 5-20 near the
apex of the peduncle on pedicels of 20-30 mm, bi-bracteate either immediately
under the calyx (as in Gray's specimen) or about, or below the middle; calyx
green, scabro-hispid or subglal.rous, the lobos green, linear lanceolate one-nerved,
acute as long as the tube or longer 16-25 mm ; corolla either dark purple or
greenish white with the apex dark purple, pubescent, falciform, 6-7.5 cm long,
6 mm wide, bluish grey inside, the lobes narrow linear, staminal column glab-
rous: anthers dark purple, glalirous, the lower only penieillate ; mature fruits
unknown.

HAWAII: Windward side of ]\launa Kea, V. S. p]xploring Exped. in Gray
Herbarium; — Hilo, Lydgate in Herljarinm Berlin, and herbarium Bishop ;\Iu-
seum, Ilonolidu; — Kohala Mountains, Aiiril 1871, in Herbarium Berhn: —
southern slopes of JIauna Loa, forest region of Ililea, Kau, elevation 1500-3000
feet, tiowering January 1912, Rock nos. 10013 and 10013-a in herbarium Col-
lege of Hawaii, Gray Herbarium, Herbarium Botanic Garden New York, Nation.
Herbarium Sydney N. 8. W., Calif. Acad. Science Herbarium ; — Ililo, flowering
December 1912. Bro. Matthias Newell no. 10261 in herbarium College of Hawaii ;
— in dense forest from 29 miles near Volcano Kilauea to Kulani. Rock and Hashi-
moto, flowering August 15 1918, no. 13135 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

Cijanca friloniiuitha, which the natives call Akii. is a very variable species.
The specimen in the Gray Herbarium consists of a single flower; the leaf is drawn
on the sheet. Hillebrand's specimen in the Berlin Herbarium possesses flower-
buds and immature fi-uits; the liracteoles which are (iresent immediately under

190

I'LATK itil.

CYANEA TRITOMANTHA A. (iiay
Specimen in the Herbarium Berolinense, ex coll. Hillebr.

191

PLATE 100.

CYANEA TRITOMANTHA A. Gray

From a living specimen oollecteil in tlie forests of Hilea, Kau, Hawaii.

192

PLATE lUl.

CYAJSTEA TRUNCATA Ko.k
Type no. SS40 in the lierliiij-iinii of tlie College of Hawaii.

193

the calyx in Asa Gray's specimen, are wanting- in the Hillehrand and the writer's
material. In the Gray Herbarium is another slieet ex coll. Hillebraud, marked
C. tritoinaiiUia from West ]\laui, collected in 1870; this plant is not C. ivito-
mantJui Init C inacrostegia Hillebrd.

Cyanca tvitomantha grows in conijiany with Ch rniontia rornilea, Cltrmontia
parviflora, Antidcsmn platyphylhii)!, Fn ijcinctia arborea, Straussia, etc. The
young leaves of this species resemble greatly those of Cyaiica iioliinctaitgcre ; in
fact, the young plants of the former may easily lie mistaken for mature ones of
the latter when not in tiower.

Cyanea tritomantha Lydgatei (llillebr. ) Rock.

Cyanea tritomantha p var. Hillebr. Flora Haw. Isl. 262. 188S.

Cyanca Lydgatei sp. n. llillelir. MSS.

Leaves thick coriaceous, oblanceolate-oblong, acute at the apex, deciirrent at
the base, acute, 31 cm long, 8 cm wide, with stout midrib and veins, giabrate
above, but with small pustules scattered over the surface, pubescent below with
brownish hair especially on the veins-, margin subentire to unevenly denticulate,
petioles 14 cm long, stout, sparingly muricate its entire length, and villous pube-
scent; inflorescence as in Vijanca tritomantha, In-acts 10 cm long, 1-1.5 nnn wide,
villons-pubescent ; pedicels 1-2 cm, bibracteolate about fhe middle, liracteoles
2-2.5 mm; calyx obconical-oblong, 12 mm, the calycine lobes linear, 8 mm lonu',
2 nmi wide, acute, with a median nerve: corolla narrow, 8 cm long, 5-6 mm wide,
of even width, dark I'eddish-purple, with a grayish-brown pubescence, the lobes
thickly muricate, the dorsal slit extending to the lower third, staminal column
giabrate to puberulous; anthers piiberulous, hirsute along the sutures, the lower
ones bearded only ; fruit unknown.

IIAAYAll : Kona, tioweriug January IS?:!. J. Lydgate ex coll. J. Lydgate in
the herbarium of Bishop iluseum.

The Avriter did not find this variety in the Berlin. ]Ierl)arium nor in the (Iray
Herbarium. Recently the Bishop ^Museum acquired by purchase from Mr. J.
Lydgate a collection made by Dr. W. Plillebrand ; the Lohdioidcac of the col-
lection were carefully examined by the writer and among the plants there v.-as
found this rare variety. It was hrst named Cyanca Lydgatei sjl n. by Ilille-
brand, but later in his Flora referred to Cyanca tritomantha as a variety ft. It
differs from the species in the smaller leaves and muricate corolla lobes.

Cyanea truncata Ruck in Ti.irrcx- l!ot. CI. I'.ull. XLI\":23-I-, plate 15. 1''17.
Rollandia tnincata Rock in Coll. Hawaii Publ. Bull. 2 ;44. 1913.
Cyanea Juddii Forbes in Occas. Pap. B. P. Bishop Mus. \'(il. \'l. no. 3, 68, plate,
1916

(1'l.ite 101.1
A low plant 3-4 dm high with Heshy nuiricate stem -, leaves large, charta-
ceons, broadly obovate-oblong, acute at the apex, decidedly truncate at the base
witli perhaps a slight indication of becoming subcordate, pale green, glabrous
above, with here and there, especially on the veins, a few minute conical spines,
40-42 cm long, 18-20 cm wide, puberulous underneath, on muricate jietioles of
14 cm : racemes axillary, slender, 5.5 cm long, bracteate from the l)ase, hispidu-
lons, the number of bracts increasing towards the apex, whole inflorescence
rather broadly contracted, the lower flowers mature, while the apical ones occur
as minnte buds; pedicels single in the axils of each bract, long, slender, 22-26 mm
long, bi-bracteolate at or below the middle, pubescent ; calyx 10 mm long, the
ovarian portion obconical, the lobes as long as the tube, 5 mm, broadly obtuse;

194

corolla pale purplish-piiik, slender, very thin piiberulous in the lind, s'lahrons
when open, slightly curved, or almost strait;ht, the dorsal slit extending to the
middle, 32 mm long, 5 mm wide, almost of even width, puberulous, the three
lower lobes very short, 5-7 mm; staminal column glabrous, free, pale, anthers
bluish, glabrous, the two lower bearded.

OAIIl^: Mountains of Punahni, valley trail, elevation 1000 feet, flowering
August 1911, Rock (typei no. 88-10 in the herbarium College of Hawaii, and
Gi"a.y Herbarium; — Waiahole Pali, flowering February 6, 1912, C. N. Forbes
no. 1477-0 in herbarium Bishop Museum (as C. Judii) ; — Waiahole, ficnvering Au-
gust 2n. 1917. Dr. II. L. Lyon no. 12830 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

The outward aspect of this species resembles that of a RoUandia, to which
genus it comes very elo.se, but is differentiated from it in the free staminal
column. It inhabits the windward side of Oahu from Waiahole to Punaluu
Valley, at an elevation of about one thousand feet; in Punaluu it grows in com-
pany with Cijrtandra, Scacvola Chamissoniana, Acacia Koa, etc.

It is, as Mr. Forbes points out, related to Cyanea tritomantha A. Gra^- of
Hawaii, but differs from it in the much smaller .stature, smaller leaves, and
smaller glabrous flowers. The only character it has in common with the Hawaii
species is the bracteate peduncle.

195

SECT. II. DELISSEOIDEAE Ililld)r.

Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr. Mora Hawaii. Isl. 2^3. 1888.
Lobelia (Dclissca) angustifolia Chamisoo in Linnaea \"III :219. 1833.
Dclissca angustifolia Presl. Monogr. Lobel. 47. 1836.

Dclissca acuminata var. angustifolia A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. V:148. 1862.
Dclissca Hoiiolulcnsis W'awra in T'lora od. Allgem. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :11. 1873.

(Plate 102.)
A shrub 2.5-5 m high, stem simple or sparingly branched or (in the broad-
leaved forms) a much branching shrub or small tree; branches erect to sub-
erect, densely foliose at the ends, glabrous, the cavity of the stem septate by
closely-set chartaceous diaphragms ; leaves lanceolate or elongate-oblong, 15-"2o
cm long, 2-5 cm wide, equally acuminate at botli ends, or acute and minutely
mucronate, often with undulate margins and irregular serrature, entire in tlie
lower portion, glabrous on lioth surfaces, but pubescent along the midrib, mem-
branous, the transparent veinlets minutely reticulate, on petioles of 8-10 cm;
peduncles as long as the petioles, slender, densely-tlowered near the apex, naked
below, glabrous; pedicels filiform 1.5-2 em; bracts subulate 1.5 mm; bractlets
miniite or wanting; calyx turbinate, 5 .mm, minutely toothed; corolla slender,
moderately curved, pale violet, glabrous, the dorsal slit extending to near the
base, 3-4 cm long, 2.5 )nm wide; anthers and stnminal column glabrous; berry
6-8 mm, globose, bluish ; seeds dark yellow.

OAHU: Graudichaud anno l,sl7 in llcrbarir.m Paris; — U. S. Exploring
Exped. (two leaves) in Gray Herbarium; — Jules Remy, Howering, coll. 1851-
1855, no. 299 in Herbarium Paris and Gray Herbarium ; — main range, Mann and
Brigham no. 231 in herbarium Bishop Museum ; — fruiting, Wawra no. 1975 ( as
Dclissca Hoiioluloisis) in Herbarium Vienna: — Xiu Valley, Hillebrand in Her-
barium Berlin, Kalihi, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin and herbarium of the
College of Hawaii; — spec, ex coll. Hillebrand in Bishop Jluseum herbarium
(flowerbuds) ; — Palolo Valley, flowering, Rock no. 1(17 in herbarium of the Col-
lege of Hawaii ; — Pauoa Valley, flowering January 7, 1909, Eock no. 1032 ; —
Wahiawa, fruiting August 1908, Rock no. 35 ; Pauoa Valley, flowering Xovember
4, 1908, Rock no. 10272 ; Manoa Valley, flowering September 1912, Rock no. 10256 ;
Punaluu trail, flowering November 1914. Rock no. 10357; IMaunawili. flowering
1914, O. H. Swezey no 13107 in the herl)arium College of Hawaii : — ex coll.
Rock nos. 8799. 1060, and two sheets without number in Gray Herbarium; —
Palolo Valley. August 7. 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 14132 in U. S. National Her-
barium;—Kalihi Valley, Augn.st 2, 1916, A. S. Hichcock no. 14094 in V. S.
National Herbarium.

LANAI : Mahana Valley, flowering August 3, 1910, Rock and Hammond no.
8105 in the herbarimn of the College of Hawaii.

MOLOKAI: Valley liack of Kaluaaha, Rock, observed only.

A very eonmion species at the lower levels back of Honolulu and the main
ransc. The plants found in the valleys back of Honolulu are all alike, forming
shrulis with few erect branches, while those of the Koolau range beyond Kahana
Valley are small trees or much branching shrubs, with denser crown and nuich
broader leaves Hillebrand classes with this species plants found on West and
East !i\laui, which dift'er decidedly from those of Oahu ; ('i/aiica angustifolia is
very varia1>le and ranges into Cgdiua Hardgi, ('. Faurici and Cyanea, coriacca;
these three species are, however, very nnich larger plants.

196

PLATE 102.

CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA (CIkiiii.) Hillcl.r.
Typical si)eeimen from tlie niouiitaiiis lioliiml Iluuohihi.

197

PLATE 10:i.

CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA LANAIENSIS Kock
Type in Herbarium Berolinense, ex eoll. Hillebr.

13

PLATE 104.

198

CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA LANAIENSIS I;,h k
Sliecinicii in liciliririum iliiseuni I'aris, ex coll. Rciiiy, no. '■W-i.

199

Cyanea angustifolia Hillebrandii Rock in Torrey Dot. CI. Bull. 44:234. 1917.
Cxuiica aiujiistifulia (Cham.) Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 253. 1888 (in partj.

A small, sparinuly liranchiui:- shrub 2 m hiuh. branches slender, glabrous;
leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 8-14 em long-, 3-4 cm wide, on petioles 2.5-3.5 em
long, glabrous above, puberulous underneath, serrulate to crenulate, acute at
both ends, peduncle very short, 1-1.5 em long; pedicels 5-10 mm long, flowers as
in the typical form of the species, only very small, 15 mm long, 1.5 mm wide.

MAUI : Northern slopes of ]\lt. Haleakala, Keanae Valley, elevation 1000
feet, flowering April 1911, Rock no. S799 in the herbarium of the College of
Hawaii ; — West Jlaui, Lydgate no. 140 in Herbarium Berlin.

The leaves in var. Hillchrundii are smaller than in the species; the flowers
are also much smaller, and on very short peduncles (1.5 cm). It grows along the
lower ditch trail and in Keanae Valley, on the windward slope of ]\It. Haleakala.

Cyanea angustifolia lanaiensis Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 44:235. 1917.
Cxanca anijitstifnlia (i. \ar. Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 253. 1888.

(Plates' 10:i, 104.)

Plant 3-4 m high, branching a few decimeters above ground, the branches
erect and densely foliose at the apex; leaves dark green, membranous, glabrous
on both sides, elongate-oblong, bluntly acute at the apex, rounded at the base,
or slightly unevensided, coarsely serrate with uncinate teeth, 10-18 em long, 4-5
cm wide, on petioles 4.5-6 cm long; racemes much shorter than in the typical
form of the .species, about 3.5 cm long, few-tlowered, flowers smaller, whitish.

LAXAl: Without definite locality. Voyage de M. J. Remy 1851-1855, no.
304 in Herbarium Paris (marked L'ollaiidia) ; — July 1870, llillebrand in Her-
barium Berlin ; — ]\lahana Valley, flowering July 1910, Rock no. 10257 in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Kaiholena Valley, flowering July 23,
1910, Rock no. 8053 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii, and the Gray
Herbarium; — ravine, moist woods, September 22, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no.
14705 in the U. S. National Herbarium.

The variety lanaiensis differs from the typical form of the species in the
broader leaves, which are rounded at the base and coarsely serrate with uncinate
teeth; also in the short and few-flowered racemes.

llillebrand 's specimen is labeled Dclissca infer angustifoliam et obtusam,
while Remy's specimen in the Paris ]\luseum is labeled Bollandiaf

Cyanea angustifolia racemosa Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 253. 1888.

(Plate 10.3.)

Leaves ehartaceous. longer than in the species. 21-22 cm long, 4-6.5 cm wide,
crenate, on petioles of 10-10.5 em ; peduncle much elongate 12.5-25 cm long,
drooping, naked in the lower third or half, racemosely flowered above, pedicels up
to 2.5 cm long; flowers pale, as in the species.

OAIIU: Kaala mountains, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin.

LANAI : Waiopaa, G. C. Munro, September 18, 1916, flowering, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 15572 in the U. S. National Herbarium, ])art in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii.

Variety rav( inosei is intermediate liefween ('. anjjiistifuh'a and ('. Faurici and
C. Harcjiji: it was previously only recorded from ilt. Kaala, Oahu, the moun-
tain range nearest Kauai, on which island the two latter species occur. G. C.
Munro collected varietv racemosa on the island of Lanai.

200

PLATE 105.

CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA RACEMOSA Ilillcbr.
Tvjie ill lloiliariuiii Berlin.

PLATE 10(i.

201

CYANEA ANGUSTIFOLIA TOMENTELLA flillelir.
Type ill Ih'ilpaiiuiii Berlin.

PLA-TE 107

202

CYANEA MANNII ( UriKlinnn IHllfln-.
Spociiiieii ill Berlin Ilcrlimiuiii, ox coll. Ilillrlir.

203
Cyanea angustifolia tomentella Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 253. If

(Plate 106.)

Traces of pubescenci' on leaves, calyx and corolla ; leaves oblanceolate, 30 cm
by 6.8 cm, on petioles of 7.5 cm; peduncles thicker, 7.5 cm long; calycine teeth
one-fourth the length of the tube.

OAIHT: Helemano ( Iliilemaini llillcbi'and ), tloweriiig s])ecimen, Hillelirand
in Herbarium Berlin.

The writer has not collected this variety and nothing is known of its habit.
It is very close to Cyanea obtusa and together with that species, Cyanea Mannii
and the other varieties of Cyanea angustifolia may form one very variable
species, which might all be included with Cyanea angustifolia. One would then
have to include Cyanea Paiirici, Cyanea Harelyi, C. coriacea and also C. spatli-
ulata. all fi-oni Kauai.

Cyanea Mannii (Brighani) Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 253. 1888.
Dciis.<;ca Mannii Brighani in Mann, Fnum. Haw. Plants in Proceed. Am. Acad.

\^n :1S2. 186S.

(Plate 107.)
Habit and size of Cyanea angustifolia; leaves elongate-oblont;', base rounded,
15-20 cm long, 4.5-5 cm wide, on petioles of 3.8-6.3 cm long, glabrous or puberu-
lous along the midrib below; peduncle (with advanced buds) 5-7.5 cm, naked in
the lower half, puberulous; pedicels 8-12 mm, bracteolate below the middle;
bracts linear, 6 mm, but often foliaceous; bractlets 2-3 mm; calyx puberulous,
the adnate tube 6 mm, the lanceolate mostly three-nerved lobes as long or
longer; corolla almost straight, and probalily of the same size as C. angustifolia,
glabrous, purplish blue; staminal colunni glabrous.

MOLOKAI: W. T. lirigham in Herbarium Bishop ^dnseum? ;— Kalae, 1870
(flowerbuds), Ilillebrand in Herbarium Berlin, herbarium College of Hawaii,
and Gray Herbarium.

The writer has not collected this species ; it is only known to him from the
Hillebrand material.

The species is undoubtcdl.v very closel.v related to Cyania angustifolia and
may be only a variety of it. It differs from it in the pubescent inflorescence
and the longer calycine lobes; the leaves are like those of C. angustifolia.

Cyanea obtusa (Gray) Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 254. 1888

Dclissea obtusa A. Gray in Proceed, Am. Acad. V:148. 1862 (^inclusive var.

mollis A. Gray 1. c).

(Plate 108.)
A much branching shrub 23-50 dm high, the stem of a compact wood, Avith
narrow cavity, the branches spreading, tomentose; leaves elongate-oblong, 15-30
cm long, 3.8-9 cm wide, on jietioles of 3.8-10 cm, olituse or shortly acuminate,
contracting below, serrulate with patent teeth, membranous, the ribs and veins
puberulous on both faces; peduncle 5 cm, naked in the lower half or two thirds;
pedicels 16-24 mm, bracts 2 mm; calyx tomentose, bluish, the c.ylindrical tube
6 mm, the acute triangular teeth one-third to one-half of its length : corolla
tomentose, grayish blue, suberect, 30-36 mm long; staminal column glabrous.

]\IAl'I : Mountains of ]\Iaui, IT. S. Exploring Exped., not in Gray Her-
barium; — ]\Iann and Brigham no. 466 in herbarium Cornell University; — Homi-
aulu, Hamakua, Waikapu, Lahaina, Haleakala south, East ilaui, flowering Sep-
tember 1870, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin.

HAWAII: ]\Iauna Kea, U. S. Explor. Exped. (not in Gray II(M-barium ).

PLATE ins.

204

CYANEA OBTUSA (A. Gray) }lill.'l.r.
Specimen in Herliarinni Berolinensp, ex eoll. Hillebr.

205

PLATE 109.

CYANEA CORIACEA (A. Gray) Rock
Tviie in Gi;iv Ih'iiiariiiiii ex cull. J. Ri-niy iin. 'M)2.

206

PLATE 110.

FLORA or THE HAWAIIAN ISL\NDS

IIERBARILM

^- OF HA\

l:"ARDOt At.RIC(,LILiHtfc hOHti-mv. rtHRtTORY OF HAWAII

cOtX£|.^OR ) f. ROCK 4 fi./i. *'*^*>^i^

(si/ A »-t^^ e^t-t^-^^--^ /Y^^-

CYANEA FAURIEI \a-\\.
Specimen in the College of Hawaii llerliariiiiii (Rock no. oS2(3-a).

207

There are no specimens of either the species or the supposed variety in the
Gray Herbarium. The plant is only known to the writer from Ilillebrand's
and Mann's specimens.

The writer collected in September, 1910, a Cijaiica above Jlakawao, East
ilaui (no. 8517), which may be referrable to Cijanca obtusa. Ilillebrand re-
marks about the stem of this species as having a compact wood with narrow
cavity; the writer's material has the stem hollow, but divided into narrow
chambers by horizontal chartaceous diaphragms.

Cyanea coriacea (A. Gray) Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 44:237. 1917.
Dclissca coridcca A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. V:147. 1862.

(Plate 109.)
Leaves thick coriaceous, repandly serrulate, oblong lanceolate, acute at the
base, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 32 cm long, 8 cm broad, on petioles of 8-12
em, veinlets conspicuously reticulate, light green above, pale underneath, per-
feeth^ glabrous on both sides; racemes many-flowered, never exceeding the peti-
oles, 2-5 cm long; limb of calyx obsoletely or minutely dentate; corolla 2.5 cm
long, glabrous, purplish.

KAUAI: Voyage de 11. J. Remy 1851-1855, t \ pe no. 302 in Gray Her-
barium;— co-type in Herbarium Paris; — Waioli river basin, 500-700 feet, flow-
ering November 1015, V. W. Hardy no. 12713 in herbarium of the College of
Hawaii.

This species is characterized by the thick leathery leaves, long petioles and
short, stout racemes. It was confused by Hillebrand and other writers with a
different species from Olokele canyon, which was recently described by H. Le-
veille as Cijanca Faurici.

Cyanea coriacea has only lieen re-collected once since Jules Remy's time, by
v. W. Hardy in the Waioli river liasin on Kauai at an elevation of between
500 and 700 feet, and not 5000-7000 feet as misprinted in the Torrey Bot. Club
Bull. 44:237. ini7.

Cyanea Fauriei Levi, in Fedde Repert. Spec. Xciv. X;10/14, 156. 1911.
Cvanca coriacea Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2.^4. 1888.

(Plates 27, 29, 110.)
Branching or .simple, more often branching, 2.5-4 m high, the medidlary
cavity of the stem septate by chartaceous diaphragms, the leaves crowded at the
ends of the branches; leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-laneeolate. 24-30 em long,
6-8 cm wide, on petioles of 6-10 cm or more, shortly acuminate, moderately con-
tracting at the base, chartaceous, dark green above, pale underneath, glabrous on
both surfaces, with midrib and veins prominent underneath, erenate to denticu-
late, more or less entire at the lower portion of the leaf; peduncle in full ma-
tured inflorescences exceedingly long, 16-26 cm, slender, naked four-fifths of its
length ; ])edicels filiform, about 2 cm long, the minute bracts and l)raetlets evan-
escent ; calyx greenish, the tube obovate, about 5 mm, with minute teeth ; corolla
purplish to i)ale violet, somewhat larger than in C. angustifolia. glabrous, slender,
moderafel.v curved. 2.5-3 cm hmc, 3 nun wide, the dorsal slit extending to near
the base; staminal cohnnn and anthers glabrous, berry globose, as in ('. aiie/iis-
tifolia.

KAUAI: Waimea, 1500-2000 feet, Knudsen in herb. Hillebrand in Her-
barium Tierlin ; — banks of Ilanapepe and "Wahiawa rivers, July 22, 1895, A. A.
Heller no. 2597 in Herbarium Paris; — Olokele canyon, flowering Septendier 30,

208

PLATK in.

CYANEA HARDYI Kock
Tvjie no. 127(i7 in the Colleye of Il.'uvaii Ifoilinriiini

209

1909. Rook no 5826, Olokele, tiowering October 1909, Roek ;uul .Marsliall no.
8526-b in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Koloa, fruiting 1909, Abbe
Faurie do. 565 in Herbarium Leveille and in the hei'barium of the College of
Hawaii ; — Olokele can,yon. Octolier 1916, Rock no. 13108 in the herbarium of
the College of Hawaii ; — same locality, floweriug October 18, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 15243 in the U S. National Herbarium.

This species is distinguished froiu ('ijandt vorkicca in the long flowering
raceme, sometimes more than twice the length of the petiole, while the racemes
of C. coriacca never exceed the petioles. The leaves instead of being coriaceous
are chartaeeous. Hillebrand misinterpreted Asa Gray's species, and unfortu-
nately nearly all other authors followed Hillebrand.

Cyanea Hardyii Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 44:236. 1917.

(I'late 111.)
A small tree 5-7 m in height, with several straight ascending Iiranches bear-
ing large crowns of leaves at the apices; branchlets covered with leaf-scars;
leaves narrow, linear-oblong, chartaeeous. the margins crenulate to denticulate,
deiiticulations close in the upper portion, coarser and wider apart in the second
third, lacking at the base, midrib prominent underneath, the veins purplish,
closely reticulate, dark green above, light underneath, 20-30 cm long, 2.5-5 cm
wide, acuminate to acute at the apex gradually tapering into a margined petiole
'2.5-8 cm in length; racemes ver.y slender, axillary, in the axils of the leaves and
below the crown of leaves in the axils of the scars of fallen leaves, 20-25 cm long,
naked in the lower three fourths, minutely bracteate; the tiliform [ledicels bibrac-
teolate at the middle; flowers deep purplish black, the calyx turliinate, strongly
ribbed when dry, minuti ly toothed: corolla semi-curved, the dorsal slit extending
to the middle, glabrous, anthers and staminal column glabrous, the lower anthers
bearded; fruit unknown.

KAUAI : Olokele canyon, (devation 1400 feet, flowei'ing November 1915,
V. W.. Hardy no. 12767 type in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Olokele
canyon one mile from intake, October 1916, Rock no. 12765 (sterile specimens)
in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — below Kaholuamano, elevation
2600 feet, October 1916, Rock no. 12766 (with undeveloped racemes) in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii ; — Olokele, October 18, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock in
the U. S. National Herbarium.

In certain respects C. TlanJi/i is intermediate between ('. Fintri( I and ('. cori-
acea. It differs mainly in its leaves, which are linear-oblong and acuminate,
tapering gradually into a margined petiole. It is further characterized by-its
habit and by its dark purplish black inflorescence. In C. Fauriei the leaves are
obovate-oblong. with longer petioles and abruptly cuneate at the base, the petioles
not being margined ; the inflorescence is pale lilac and more robust.

The following species, given in their natural order, range into each other and
are consequently very closely related: C. coriacea, C. Faiirlfi, C. Hardi/i. C.
spailnilala, C. angusfifolia. C. comata and perhaps C Maiuiii and C. ohtusifoUa.

The species was named in honor of Mr. Y. W. Hardy, Assistant Engineer in
the United States Hydrographic Survey.

Ci/aiica Hnnhji has a later flowering period than C. Fauriri. The former
flowers in the winter months, while the latter is usually over flow-ering in
October. When the writer collected the last material of this species in October,

210

PLATE 112.

I

CYANEA SPATHULATA ( 1 1 illchr. ) Heller
Speeinieii in Heiliariiiiii Berolineiise, ex coll. lliilcli

211

191G, Cyaiica Faurici was in full bloom ami was also beginning- to fruit, while
Cyniica Jlardyi just began to send out the peduncles; the latter were only about
5 cm or less long and showed only a few braetlets but no Howerbuds.

Cyanea spathulata ( Hillebr. I Heller in Minnes. l!ot. Stud. lX:y09, pi. 65.

18')7.
Cyanea coriacca llillel)r. var. sl^afliiilafa Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 234. 1888.
RoHaiidia Faurici Levi, in Fedde Repert. Spec. Nov. XII :. 306. 191.V

(Plates :',:'., 112.)
A nuich branching shrub 2-3 m high, often branching from near the base,
with the aspect of a Clennontia, glabrous; leaves linear spathulate, dark green
above, lighter underneath, with prominent reddish midrib, veins impressed above,
the upper leaf surface covered with a dense areolar network, crenate to dentate,
bluntly acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, 10-24: em long, 1.5-2.5 cm
wide, gradually narrowing into an almost winged petiole of 1.5-6 cm, somewhat
pubescent as is the midrib and veins on the underside of the leaf; racemes a.xil-
lary, peduncles 2-6 cm long, naked, the racemes often developing into a small
branch, the filiform pedicels 1-2.5 em in length; fiowers and berry as in Cijanea
angiistifolia.

KAUAI: Waimea, 4000 feet, Kinidsen no. 11 (two specimens, one labeled
Dclissca micrmitha var. 8 coriacca) in Herbarium Herlin; — we.st side of the
Waimea river, 4000 feet, August 30, 1895, A. A. Heller no. 2768 in Herbarium
Paris ;^ — W. Brighani, without date or locality (Ddissca coriacca var.), in (iray
Ilerliarium; — forests and outskirts of forests of Kaholuamano-Opaiwela, eleva-
tion 3600-4000 feet, flowering ilarch 3-10, 1909, Rock no. 2425 ;^same locality,
September 1909, Rock no. 5664; — Kaholuamauo, fruiting October 1911, Rock no.
9008 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Waimea, Abbe U. Faurie, March
1910, no. 568 {Iiollandia Faurici Levi.) in Herbarium Leveille and in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii ; — Kaholuamano, October 20, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 15369 in the U. S. Natioiuil Herbarium ; — Kaholuamano, fruiting Oc-
tober 1916, Rock no. 13109 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Cyanea spathulata (Hillebr.) Heller certainly is worthy of specific rank: it is
quite different in aspect from Ci/aiica coriacca, as it is a very nuich branching
shrub of much smaller stature; it is, however, related to ('yaiica coriacca, as
well as to Cijanca anguslifolia, ('. obtusa. ('. coiiiata. and C. Maniiii.

Cyanea comata ililleljr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 256. 1888.

(Plate li:i.)
An unarmed shrub 1.6-2.6 m high, with few ascending, distantly foliose
branches; leaves obovate-oblong, 15.2-20.3 cm long, 7.6-9 cm wide, on petioles of
2.5-3.8 cm. obtuse or shortly pointed, somewhat contracted at the base, closely
and sharply dentate, puberulous underneath, chartaceous, the veins minutely
areolate; peduncles much longer than the leaves, often exceeding 30 cm, slender
and drooping, naked, bearing from 6-12 resupinate flowers toward the end, the
pedicels 16-20 mm, curved upward, with minute braetlets above the middle;
bracts 3 mm; calyx glabrous, liroader than high, 6 liy 8 nun, the short triangular
teeth about one-third the length of the tube; corolla strongly arched, 5 cm long.
4-5 mm wide, with the dorsal slit very deep, glabrous, grayish or pale lilac:
anthers glabrous, much exserted, 5-6 mm long; Ijerry sid)glol)ose, truncate, 8 by
14 mm, broadest at the base; seeds complanate, smooth and shining.

212

I'LATK U:!.

CYANEA COMATA llillclir.
Type in Herbarium Berolineiise, ex coll. Ilillcl)

213

MAUI: Southern slope of ilt. Ilaleakala, 30004000 feet elevation, Augriist
1S7U, Ilillebraud type in Herbarium Berlin, elastotype in herbarium of the
College of Hawaii, and co-type in the Gray Herbarium.

Cyaiiea comata is related to Cyanea Paurici but ditt'ers from it in the larger
and arcuate flowers and in the shorter obovate-oblong leaves. The writer is
only acquainted with this species from material in the Berlin and Gray Her-
baria ex herbarium Ilillebrand.

It probably occurs in the forests of Kaupo, Maui, or did occur back of Ulu-
palakua, which is, strictly .speaking, on the southern slope of Ilaleakala; how-
ever, all native vegetation has disappeared from that region, which is now
covered with Paspahim coiijugatitia and planted Eucalypti.

SECT. III. HIRTELLAE Ruck

Cyanea Knudsenii Rock sp. nov.
Cyanea hirtcUa Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. ly?. 1888.

(Plate 114.)
A tall branching shrub 4-6.5 m high, the young shoots hirsute with short
rusty hairs; leaves broadly obovate-oblong, 22-27.5 cm long, 7-10 cm wide near
the apex, on petioles of 5-8 cm, obtuse or shortly acute, euneately contracting at
the ba.se, sinuate-dentate or serrulate, the ribs and veins shortly pubescent under-
neath : peduncle 2-5 cm long, naked lielow, ten to twelve-Howered, in the upper
third or half; pedicels aliout 12 mm; bracts and braetlets deciduous; calyx rusty
tomentose, cylindrical 8-10 nnn long, the narrow triangular or subulate lobes
half as long or as long ; corolla moderately curved 4 cm long, 4 mm wide, slit
beyond the middle at the back, purplish-blue, tomentose; anthers glabrous; berry
pyriform, seeds pale brown.

KAUAI: Waimea, V. Knudsen in collect. Ilillebrand, Herbarium Berlin,
and Gray Herbarium ; — Kopiwai forest below Ilalemanu, flowering February 14,
1909, Rock no. 2418 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii, and Gray Her-
barium (as Cyanea hirtella).

Dr. W. Ilillebrand misinterpreted Horace IMann's Delissea hirfcUa^^ Cyanea
hirtella, and referred a ditferent plant collected by Valdemar Knudsen to
H. Mann's species. The writer followed Ilillebrand, as the specimens of H.
Mann, Delissea hirtella, were in a deplorable c(mdition and could not well be
recognized. The writer collected the same species which Ilillebrand referred to
Cyanea hirtella, in the type locality where Knudsen gathered his specimen.
When visiting the forests on the other side of Waimea canyon, he found another
species, which he considered new and which he described as Cyanea communis,
on account of its being so very common in the region ; it was, however, not ob-
served at Ilalemanu, Knudsen 's collecting ground. This latter species is in
reality Horace Mann's Delissea hirtella. now Cyanea Juriella (H. Mann) Rock,
while the plant referred to Cyanea hirtella by Ilillebrand was an undescribed
species and is here named in lionor of Mr. V. Knudsen, who collected the species
for the first time. It is ([uite a di.stinct species with a short trunk and three to
four ascending branches; it differs from Cyanea hirtella in the tall habit, the
broadly obovate-oblong leaves, and in the slender corollas.

Heller was right in stating that " Ilillcliraiid probalily had an entirely dif-
ferent plant" from Cyanea ( Delissea i liirtiUa.

14

PLATE 114.

214

I'li'M llntlii.il'll^i

CYANEA KNUDSENII Ro.-k
Type in Herliariuni Berolineuse, ex coll. Hilleln-aiid.

215

PLATE 115.

CYANEA HIRTELLA (Maun) Rock
Specimeu iu Gray Herbarium, Mann & Brigham no. 574.

216

PLATE 110.

CYANEA HIRTELLA (H. Mauu) Bock
Flowering sia-ciTiuMi in the I'oliege of Hawaii Herbarium, Eoi.-k no. 5942

217

PLATE 117.

CYANEA HIETELLA ( H. Mann) Bock
Fruiting sperinien in the ('ollege of Hawaii Herbarium, Roek no. 8865.

PLATE 118.

118

I

lirttllAHICM
ILHI A lOHt-SIKV, ItjmnxjRV ■
'rtUflOl* J h. WKK

I)..,. // '^y

CYANEA RIVULARIS K<xk
Type no. 5:!G.j iu tlio College of Hav.-aii Herbarium.

219

Cyanea hirtella (H. Mann) Rock

Dclissca hirtella H. Mann Enuni. Haw. Plants in Proc. Am. Acad. VII :179, n. 258.

1868.
Cyaiica loinmuiiis Rock Coll. Hawaii Publ. Bull. 2:41. 1913.

(Plates 115, 116, 117.)
Plant single-stemmed, erect, not branching, fleshy, liut woody towards the
base, hirsute in the upper portion, 4-30 dm high, leaves pale green, ovate-oblong,
acnminate at both ends, chartaeeous, irregularly serrate to dentate with the ex-
ception of the base proper, glabrous or slightly liispidulous above, pubescent
underneath or only along the prominent veins and midrib, young leaves hirsute
on both faces. 10-20 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, on hirsute petioles of 2.5-6 cm; racemes
arranged all along the naked stem and in the axils of the leaves; peduncle 1.5-3
cm, hirsute, occasionally with foliaceous liracts, or naked, or with a few knobby
sears at the end, 3-7-flowered, pedicels slender, hirsute, 6-12 mm; calyx ovoid,
puberulous, the lobes one third its length or less, acute, triangular; corolla pale
purple to pink, slightly curved, tomentulose, 30 mm long, 4 mm wide, very thin,
the dorsal slit extending only one third its length, or even less, the lobes luiequal,
linear; staminal column glal)rous as are the bluish anthers; fruit ovoid to glo-
bose, dark orange colored 10-16 mm in diameter, crowned by the calycine lobes;
seeds smooth, shining, reddish brown.

KAirAI : ^Mountains above Waimea, Mann and Brigham no. 574 in the her-
barium of the Bishop ^Museum, and Gray Herbarium ; — Waimea, August 30,
1895, A. A. Heller no. 2761) in Gray Herbarium, and herbarium of the Bishop
Museum ; — Lehua ilakanoe-Kaholuamano, September 1909, Rock no. 4885 in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Waialae Valley, September 1909, Rock no.
5942, Kaholuamano, August 1909, Rock no. 5359, September 1909, Rock no. 5658,
October 1911, Rock no. 8865, October 1916, Rock nos. 12784 and 13103 in ths
herbarium of the College of Hawaii, and nos. 5359, 5658 in Gray Herbarium; —
Kaholuamano. fruiting October 20, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock nos. 15353 and 15371
in the U. S. National Ilt-rbarium;— Waialeale, October 22, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock
no. 15843 in the U. S. National Herbariiun.

Horace Mann records this species as a branching shrub twenty feet in height ;
like Heller, the writer saw only plants about 10 feet in height.

Cyanea hirtella is a very variable plant; as has already been remarked under
C. Kiiudscnii, the writer's C. communis is identical with Mann's Cyanea hirtella,
although the former includes specimens with calycine lobes much longer than
those in the typical C. hirtella. The latter occurs along streambeds together
with Cyanea Icptostegia and Cyanea spallndata, while those with longer calycine
lobes, shorter and pale leaves, and pale midribs occur at the high plateau and up
to Waialeale in the den.se swampy forests. The specimens from the latter lo-
cality may represent a variety of Cyanea hirtdla. It is the only Cyanea that
occurs on ilt. Waialeale proper.

Cyanea rivularis Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. add. 511. 1913.

(Plates lis, 119.)
A shrub 4-5 m high, stem simple or branching at the base, leaf whorls at
the end of the tomentose branches; leaves linear-oblong, bluntly acuminate at
both ends, crenate or serrate with callous teeth. 20-30 em long by 3-8 cm wide,
pubescent above, densely velvety tomentose underneath, and pale, on tomentose
petioles of 4-8 cm long, whole inflorescence tomentose including the blue corolla,
peduncle 4-8 cm hmg, naked two thirds of its length, many flowered, the pedicels
1-1.5 cm. bracts linear subulate; calyx dark purplish green, its teeth sharply

220

PLATE 119.

CYANEA EIVULARIS liovk

A ii:irrovv li'iiveil form of the species; the plants with luinow leaves are taller tliari those

with broail leaves.

221

triangular; corolla 3-4 cm Ions', light pale to whitisli with dark iillrainarine blue
streaks, velvety tomentose with short white hairlets, the dorsal slit extending one
third its length, curved, with a knob in the bud showing the termination of the
dorsal slit, lobes short; stamina! column glabrous, white, anthers bright blue,
slightly ])ubescent at the base, only the two lower ones penicillate, stigmatie lobes
pubescent outside; berr^- dark blnisli-l)lack, globose 1-1.5 cm in diameter, crowned
by the calycine teeth, seeds wliitish. large, and somewhat minutely wrinkled.

KAUAI: ;\l()untains above Waimea along streambeds at th<' high [liateau
only, elevation 4200 feet, Waiakealoha waterfall, flowering September 1909, Rock
t\pe no. 6365 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii, and co-type in Gray
Herbarium; — Waialae Valley, flowering and fruiting October 15, 1911, Rock no.
901(1 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii, and in the Gray Herbarium; —
Kaholuamano, dowering October 20, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock in the U. S. National
Herbarium; — same locality, flowering October 1916, Rock no. 13104 in the her-
b;a-iuin of the College of Hawaii.

The only ('i/diiia with bright l»lue (lowers; a very handsome species, distantly
related to Cijanea hirtdla, but of quite different aspect.

The steep walls at the head of Waialae Valley, in the heart of the island of
Kauai, are covered witli the tall graceful plants of this beautiful species. At
Waiakealoha it is a much smaller plant; the leaves are rather variable, linear-
lanceolate and broadly oblong acute forms can be found.

Cyanea undulata Forbes Occas. Tap. B. P. Bishop Mns. \':1, 12. 1012.

Single stem. 18-36 dm high; leaves lanceolate, entire, acuminate, undulating
near the edges, or the edges sometimes irregularly turned over, the apex some-
times spirulate, coriaceous, hispididous on the under side, the veins rusty tomen-
tose underneath, 36 cm long, 4 cm wide, on rusty tomentose petioles, 5 cm long;
flowers 5-6 in racemes, peduncle 3-4 cm long, pedicels 1 cm long, both rusty
tomentose, flowers in the bud ; calyx hirsute, cylindrical, the lobes triangular,
acute, 4 mm long; corolla hirsute on the outside and inside, slightly curved,
yellowish; staminal column hispidulous, 22 mm long; anthers elongate, glabrous,
7 mm long; berry obovate, yellow, 17 nun long, 11 mm thick; seeds obovoid,
smooth, dark reddish-brown.

KAl'AI: Damp woods surrounding the Wahiawa swamp, flowerbuds l\lay
1908, J. :\I. Lydgate;— fruiting August 1909, C. N. Forbes no. 292-k in her-
barium Bishop JIuseum.

The wi'iter examined the type no. 292-k in the Bishop iluscum, liut the
specimen is so badly eaten and in other v.ays so fragmentary that nothing can
be done but to quote C N. Forties' description. J. "M. Lydgate's specimen with
flowerbuds is not in the Bishop lluseum h.erliariimi.

It probably belongs to this section with Ci/diiiii ndc and ('. fssn from the
same island.

222

PLATE 1211.

(f^

CYANEA FISSA (Mriiiin llillcl.r.
Speciiiicn iu the Gray Herbarium, ex coll. M;nni & Brigham no. 577.

223

PLATE 121.

CYANEA FISSA (Mann) Hillebr.
Specimen in Herliarium Vienna, ex t-oU. Wawra no. 21S7 (as Cyanea humilis ffawra).

224

PLATE 122.

CYANEA GAYANA Hock
Type (no. 246.'!) in the ColU'st' of Hawaii Herliaiiiiiii.

225

Cyanea fissa (H. Mann) Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 255. 1888.
Dclissca fissa H. Mann, Enum. Haw. PL in Proc. Am. Acad. VH:182, n. 271.
1S68.

Cxaiica hiiiiiilis W'awra in Flora od. Aiigem. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :47. 1873.

(Plates 120, 121.)
A branc-hing shrub 'iA m liigh : leaves olxivate-lanceolate, 40,5 cm long, 9 em
wide, including tlie petiole in which they gradually merge, acuminate, crenate,
glabrous above, sparsely hairy underneath, particularly along- the rib and veins ;
peduncle covered with coarse glandular hairs as are the calyx and corolla, 2.5-5
cm long, 8-12-fiowered ; pedicels 12 mm, braeteolate; bracts 6-8 mm; calyx tube
6-8 mm, the acute narrow-lanceolate lobes as long or considerably longer ; corolla
pale purple, slightly curved or erect, slender, the lobes linear, the dorsal slit ex-
tending to the base ; anthers glabrous.

KAUAI : Valleys of Kealia and Ilanalei, flowering, Mann and Brighani no.
577 in the Gray Herbarium, and lierbarimn of the Bishop i\IiLseum ; — Hanalei,
Wawra nos. 2186 and 2187 (the latter as C. humilis) in Herbarium Vienna; —
forests of Kealia to Haruilei, flowering, V. W. Hardy no. 13105 in the herbarium
of the College of Hawaii.

Wawra 's Cyanea humilis is identical with Cyanea fissa,. The difference in
the length of the calycine lobes and peduncle is not sufficient to warrant its sep-
aration, even as variety, from C. fi^ssa.

The plant collected by Abbe Faurie and described by Leveille as Cyanea
Feddei was by mistake referred to Cyanea fissa by the writer; it is, however,
identical with Cyanea sylrestris Heller.

Cyanea Gayana Rock in The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. add. 510. 1013.

(I'lates ;!0, 122.)

Trunk 1-1.5 m high, hardly woody, erect, stem smooth, not branching (only
when Ijroken^, foliose at the apex; leaves growing at almost right angles to the
stem, thick fleshy, lanceolate oblong, bluntly acute, denticulate 28-35 cm long.
5-8 cm wide, gradually narrowing into a margined petiole of 1 cm, making it
appear subsessile, the lower portion entire, dark green above, glabrous, veins and
midrib bright red, thick fle.shy, lighter underneath, and covered with a grayish
pubescence; peduncles thick fleshy, multi-bracteate from the base, hispid-.strigose,
bearing flowers from half its length to the apex ; pedicels densely hirsute. 1-1.5
cm long, bracteate at the base; calyx dark, hirsute as in the corolla, tube ovate-
obeonical, (i-8 nun, the lobes triangular dentiform, 4 nun; corolla, suberect ma-
genta red with darker streaks, 3-4 cm long by 4 mm wide, the dorsal slit ex-
tending to the base; staminal cohunn glaln-ous as well as the anthers, of the latter
the two lower only penicillate; fruit ovoid, of a glaucous color, about 2-1.5 ( f ) cm
long, crowned by the calycine teeth.

KAUAI : Mountains back of Waimea, woods of Kaholuamano, 4000 feet,
along streams only, near Waialae and Waiakealoha, flowering March 10, 1909,
Rock no. 2463 in herbarium College of Hawaii; — September 1909, fruiting. Rock
& Forbes;— Waiakealoha. October 20, 1911, Rock no. 9015 (flowerbuds) in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Waialae Valley, flowering September 1909,
Rock no. 4S93 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Kaholuamano, Oc-
tober 20, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 15302 in U. S. National Herbarium.

The specimen was named in honor of 'Sir. Francis Gay of Kauai. It grows
in company with Cyanea recta, Cyanea spathulata, Hillebrandia, Clernwntia
fraudichfDidii. Crytandi a and others.

226

PLATP: 123.

CYANEA RECTA (Wawra) Hillebr.
Type ill TTei-li:iriuiii \'ic>iiii.T, ex roll. Wawra no. 2(i(i2 (as Delissea recta Wawra).

217

Cyanea Gayana is closely related to Cyanea fissa, from which species it dif-
fers iu the much shorter calyciue teeth, shorter, miilti-bracteate peduncles, and
peculiar habit of growth, being single stemmed, while Cyanea fissa is a much
branching shrub of often more than 4 m in height.

Cyanea recta (Wawra) llillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 255. 1888.
Dclissca recta Wawra in Flora od. Allgem. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :30. 1873.

(Plato 12:;.)
Stem short, simjile ; leaves broadly lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, entire, den-
ticulate, gradually narrowing into a petiole of 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous above, pube-
scent below especially along the veins and midrib, about 25 cm long, 3-5 cm wide,
peduncle twice as long or of same length or even shorter than the petiole, sc^ua-
mose ; pedicels 1.75 cm, filiform, slightly i^ubescent, calyx globose, the size of a
pea, five-toothed with short acute patent teeth; corolla slender, pubescent as is
the calyx, 3.5-4 cm long, purplish with lighter stripes, erect, or curved in the
bud, the dorsal slit extending beyond the middle; staminal column glabrous, the
lower anthers bearded: stigmatic lobes (irbicular, ciliate; berry subglol>ose,
larger than a pea; seeds brown smooth shining.

KAUAI : Foi-ests of Kealia, flowering, Wawra no. 2062 in Ilerbariam
Vienna ; — near Waiakealoha, central plateau of Kauai, elevation 4600 feet,
flowering October 1911, Rock no. 10355 in the herbarimn of the College of
Hawaii.

A distiuct species closely related to Cyaiua Gayana. Cyanea fissa and Cyanea
hirtella.

It is very distinct from Heller's Cyanea sylvestris and has nothing in com-
mon witli C. anfiustifniia var. 8 as Hillebrand suggested.

Cyanea Larrisonii Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. XLIl :77, pi. \'III. 1915.

(Plate 124.)
Stem Heshy, apparently not branching, foliose at the ajiex, jiuberulous; leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, minutely mucixmate, pale whitish
underneath, light green above, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib and veins prom-
inent below, chartaeeous, 20-23 cm long (including a puberulous petiole of 15-18
mm), 12-20 mm wide, entire or minutely denticulate in the upper third; raceme
1 cm long. 4-6-tlowered. bibracteate at the middle; bracts 12 mm by 1 mm; jiedi-
cels 5-6 mm long; calyx subglobose, dark jiurplish-black, 5 nun, minutely toothed,
tomentulose; corolla slender, 3 cm long. 3.5-4 mm wide, dark bluish-black, sliubtly
curved, the dorsal slit extending beyond the middle, tomentose, especially near
the apex; staminal column dark purple, glabrous, with a patch of purplish liairs
at the base, anthers glabrous, pale, with purplish streaks, the two lower only
tufted at the apex; stigma minutely two-Inlied, scarcely protruding; berry (im-
mature) globose, purplish-black.

KAUAI: Upper llanalei Valley, on ridge between Hanalei and Kalihiuui,
elevation 1800 feet, flowering October 17, 1914, G. K. Larrison no. 10342 type in
the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

A striking species somewhat related to Cyanea reeta. The corolla is only
slightly curved and almost black. It was named in honor of Jlr. (i. K. Larrison,
who discovered it while making a water survey of Hanalei stream.

228

PLATE 124.

/.-;■ V ^/

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

I'OliECE OP HAWAII HEftBARIUM ,

/;.., , ...

.-\ Y^ l.-J-y-^^?■^-tv.

V /ti-c/c

CYANEA LAREISONII Kurk
Type no. I(li'i42 in tlie College of JIavvaii Heiliariiim.

229

PLATE 125.

CYANEA SYLVESTRIS Holler
Specimen iu Gray Herbarium, ex eoll. A. A. Heller no. 2691.

15

230

I'LA'l'K iL'li.

I

CYANEA NOLI-ME-TANGERE Ku. k
Tvpe ill lioilpariuiii College of Hawiiii.

231

Cyanea sylvestris A. A Heller in Minnes. Hot. Stud. IX :909. 1897.
Cyaiica Fcddci Levi, in Fedde Repert. Spec. Nov. X:10/13, 136. 1911.

(Plate 1'2.5.)

An unbranehed slirub 1.3-2.6 m high, with a trunk 2.5-5 cm in diameter,
leaves large, disposed at the summit of the erect stem, lanceolate or ovate lance-
olate, 30-35 em long, 7.5-10 cm wide, thick, glabrous, light green and shining
above, paler beneath, serrulate, acute, narrowing below into a stout petiole, veins
prominent on both sides, the midrib raised on the upper side, Hat and broad on
the lowei- side; petioles 2 5-5 cm long; inflorescence somewhat pubescent with
short, brownish hair, flowers mostly in the axils of the upper leaves; peduncles
shorter than the petioles, several flowered ; calyx sulicampanulate, the lobes nar-
rowly lanceolate, much shorter than the tid)e ; corolla nearl.y 5 cm in length,
slender, curved, puiple; stamiual column glabrous; berry yellow, obovate, 4.37
cm in length, with a diameter of about 1.25 cm, crowned by the persistent style ;
seeds brown, very glossy.

KAUAI : Wet woods near the Wahiawa river, at elevations of 2500-3000
feet, always found back in tlie forest, never in open places, fruiting (flowerbuds)
August S, 1895, A. A. Ileller no. 2691 in Gray Herbarium ; — ridge west of Ha-
napepe river (undeveloped flowerbuds), August 1895, Heller no. 2-194; — Hana-
pepe Valley, fruiting July 23, 1895, A. A. Ileller no. 2607 in Gray Herbarium ; —
Kauai, fruiting March 1910, U. Faurie no. 567 in Herbarium Leveilie and her-
barium of the College of Hawaii (as Cijaiwa Feddei Levi.) ; — Olokele canyon,
flowerbuds, October 18, 1916, Rock no. 13106 in herbarium of the College of
Hawaii ; — same locality, A. S. Hitchcock, October 18, 1916, no. 15232 in U. S.
National Herbarium and part in herbarium College of Hawaii.

This is a very distinct species, and while the leaves are perfectly glabrous
on both sides, the flowers are of the same type as (' . hivtdla and the other species
of the section IlhicUae.

SECT. IV. CYANEAE GENUINAE Hillebr.
SUBSECTION GLABRIFLOBAE.

Cyanea noli-me-tangere Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 44 ■.229, plate 9. 1917.

(Plates 54, 126.)
Plant subherbaceous, 3-20 dm high, terrestrial, branching only when broken,
spinescent throughout, with the exception of the fruit and corolla ; stem green,
somewhat fleshy, entirely covered with strong, pale yellow, hollow spines; leaves
bright green, ovate-oblong, somewhat acute at the apex, rounded at the base,
thin in texture, irregularly and sinnately notched, with minute, mucronulate
teeth along the margin, covei'ed with yellow spines at more or less regular inter-
vals of 7-10 mm on both surfaces. 9-21 em long, 4-7.5 cm wide, on spinescent
petioles 1.5-4 cm in length, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; inflorescence axillary,
the spinescent peduncle 2-2.5 cm long, multibracteate two thirds its length ; pedi-
cels 6-10 mm long when in flower, 20 mm when in fruit, pubescent with whitish
hairlets; calyx similarly pubescent, calycine lobes triangular, acuminate, 3 mm
long; corolla greenish uhite, slightly pubescent, strongly curved, 4 cm long, of
unequal width, broadest portion (7 mm) beyond the dorsal slit, the latter extend-
ing one third the length of the corolla, upper corolla lobes 12 nmi long, the three
lower 8 mm long; stamiual column green, glabrous, as are the anthers, only the
two lower being penieillate; stigma pubescent; fruit orange-colored, pubescent.
ovoid, 1 cm long; seeds dark brown, shining.

232

PLATE 127.

CYANEA PLATYPHYLLA ((iray) Hilli'l.r.
Specimen ex cull, llillolnaii.l iu Jiciliii llcilpaiiiim.

233

IIAAVAII : Terrestrial, in the forests of Glenwood, usually iu the more or
less uniform fern forest at an elevation of 3500 feet, fruitiny; March 20, 1908,
H. L. Lyon no. 884:7 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — same locality,
flowering December 23, 1914, Rock & C'Opeland (type) no. 10351 in herbarium
College of Hawaii; — near Kalauilelma, elevation 3000 feet, ( flowerbiids ) August
27, 1917, Rock no. 12834 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — east of
Honaunau Mountains, 2000-3000 feet, September 4, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no.
14569 in the IT. S. National Herbarium.

MAUI : In the rainforest on the northwestern slope of Mt. Haleakala, along
the Honomanu trail, April 1011, Rock no. 8796-a in the herbarium of the College
of Hawaii.

Ciianea nnJi-mc-tangcrc differs from Cyanea scabra in the spinescent leaves
and in the corolla lobes, which are smooth instead of scabrous. The corolla lobes
are usually smooth; only in one plant, no. 12834, could the writer detect a muri-
cation of the corolla lobes in the bud. Muricate corolla lobes are evidentl.y not a
very reliable character, similar to the variability of the length of calycine lobes.

Cyanea platyphylla (Gray) llillcbr. i'lora Hawaii. Isl. 2fi4. 1888.

Dclissea? platyphylla A. Gray Proceed. Am. Acad. V:14S. 1862.

(Plate 127.)
Stem slender, 1-1.(1 ni high, Heshy or somewhat woody at the base, often
only 60 em tall, covered in its upper portion with short and sharp pale spines;
leaves obovate-oblong 20-45 cm long, 8-20 cm wide, on prickly or muricate
petioles of 5-10 cm, obtuse to acute at the apex, contracted at the base, midrib
and veins prominent underneath, wavy or sinuate, denticulate, glabrous above,
puberulous underneath, rather fleshy ; Jiedunele muricate or unarmed, naked,
or distantly braeteate below, or covered with leaf-scars, many flowered at the
apex, 2.5-3 cm long; the slender pedicels 12-25 nmi, bracts 4-8 mm, often folia-
ceous ; calyx glalu'ous, the tube cylindrical 6-8 mm, the lobes dentiform or subu-
late 3-4 mm; corolla white, thin glabrous or pubescent along the nerves and apex,
falciform or often semierect, 5 em long, 6-8 mm wide; staminal column pale,
glabrous ; berry ovoid 8 mm ; seeds crustaceous, reddish, smooth.

HAWAII: District of Puna, U. S. Exploring Exped., not in Gray Her-
barium;— Puna and lower woods of Plilo, Ajiril 1870, Ilillebrand in Herbarium
Berlin; — Ililo? {Delissen nair<ili( iisis) Ilillebrand no. 168 in Herbarium Berlin;
— Hilo, Ain'il 1871, Ilillebrand in herb;irium Bishop ]\Iuseum ; — woods of Ililo,
flowering Jul>' 1912, Rock no. 10260 in the herbariinii of the College of Hawaii; —
above Hilo, flowering December 1912, Bro. Math. Newell no. 10259 in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii : — Puna, Kalapana road, flowering September 3,
1917, Rock no. 12832 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

C. ijlatyplnjlJa belongs to the group of ('. scabra and C. noli-me-iangere, but
is quite distinct from either. It is only found in the lower forest region on the
windwai-d side just a few hundred feet al)ove sea level.

Ilill(4)rand's no. 168 bears the remark: — Determined at Kew as BoUandia
lhni\bol'ltiaiui. A. Gray's remark that it resembles Gaudichaud's Rollaiidia
ci'ispa is certainly erroneous; they can be distinguished at a glance. The muri-
cation on peduncle and petioles as well as on the stem varies as in C. scabra.

234

PLATE 128.

CYANEA FERNALDII i;(..k
Cotyjie in lii'iliaiiiiiii .Museum I'ai-is.

235

The presence of seabrosity on the corolla lobes in Puna specimens of this
species, make C. platyphylla little remote from Cyanea scabra.

Cyanca Fcrnaldii, C. plaiyphyUa, C. noli-me-tangpre, Cyaiiea profiisa, C.
scabra and C. rollandioidrs are so closely related to each otlier th;it tht-y may be
looked upon as one very polymorphic species. Their haliit of growth is, how-
ever, quite ditt'ereut, in some instances at least, whicli permit us to recognize
them as distinct species One could trace a species througli a nuiuber of others
even to species belonging to other sections. What Cyanca plalyphfiUa is on
Hawaii or Cyanea scabra, for instance, on Maui, Cyanea angustifulia is on
Oahu, with its many relatives on JIaui, Lanai, and its main relatives or, better
said, ancestors in Cyanea coriacca, C. spatlndafa, C. Faurici and C. Hardyi on
Kauai. They all form a continuous chain, but leave isolated the older species
of the section palmaeformes as Cyanea leptostegia, C. arborca, C. Giffarclii, etc.,
pi'obably the oldest Lobelioifleac of the Hawaiian Islands.

The Jol)ed forms of C. scabra unite that species with C. hoJophyUa. C. sola-
nacea, C. lobata to C. fcro.r, and again from C. fero.r to C. asplenifolia to
C. Grimesiana, the true pinnate type' of Cyanca. The varieties of the latter
species, especially C. Grimesiana cylindrocalyx, make this circle perfectly com-
plete.

Cyanea Fernaldii Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 44:231, pi. 11. l'»17.

'(P)ate 1:^8.)

Leaves lanceolate-(ibli)ng, thin in te.xture when dry (chartaceous), dark gi-een
above, paler underneath, with prominent midrib, subentii'c with somewhat wavy
margin, minutely and closely denticulate, bluntly acuminate at the apex, 34-40
cm long, puberulous on both sides, the apparently fleshy petiole 12-19 cm or
more in length, near the blade of the leaf showing signs of murication ; peduncle
fleshy (apparently), nearly as long as the petioles, 8-10 cm long or a little more,
naked its entire length, pubescent with round sears near the ape.x ; bracts folia-
ceous, 3.5 cm long, dentate, only present at the apex of peduncle: pedicels short,
filiform, 12-15 mm long, pubescent ; calycine lobes ti'iangular, 2.5 mm long, the
ovarian portion of calyx 7 mm long, oblong, nearly cylindrical, pubescent; corolla
evidently white, pubescent outside, slightly curved, 4 cm long, 6 mm wide,
glabroiK inside, the lobes not muricate: staminal column glabrous, as well as
anthers, the lower onl.y penicillate; fruit unknown.

HAWAII: Without definite locality, 1851-1855, J. Remy no. 301, type in
the Gray Herbarium, and co-type in Herbarium IMuseum Paris; — Waipio Val-
ley, flowering July 1909, Rock no. 4663 in the herbarium of the College of
Hawaii.

The specimen in the Paris Museinn, a photograph of which is here repro-
duced, is labeled Eullandia and Dclissea ; the duplicate in the Gray Herbarium
is marked RoUandia Hiimboldtiana Gaud. That the species is not a IxoUandia
is evident by the free staminal column, while the absence of dorsal knobs would
separate it from Dclissea. The species belongs, in fact, to the section Cyaneae
ejenumae and comes exceedingly close to Cyanea platyphylla Hillel)r., differing
in the long, narrowly oblong leaves and in the exceedingly long peduncles; other-
vdse the two species correspond closely.

The plant is named for Professor Fernald of the Gray Herbarium, to whom
the writer is indebted for many favors received and especially for the loan of this
particular species. The type is in the Gray Herbarium, Remy no. 301. The

236

PLATE 129.

CYANEA PEOFUGA Forbes
Co-tyjie ill the Ccillege of llnwaii Ileiliariiiiii, ex roll. ('. X. Forlies ilo. .IIM Mo.

237

writer had at first drawn up a description from the specimen in the Paris
Museum, whicli is much better than the type specimen. Unfortunately the
description was in some way lost after the specimen had been returned to Paris.
Professor Fernald then sent him again the one in the Gray Herbarium, from
whicli the description is drawn. The illustration represents the nuich more com-
plete specimen in the Paris Museum.

The writer's specimens from Waipio Valley, no. 4663, are doubtfully referred
to this species; they come very close to it and are perhaps intermediate between
Cyanca plal i//iIiiiU(i and C. Fenialdii. Asa Gray states in his description of
C. pJatyphyUa, peduncles short; those of Cyanca Fcr)ialdii and in the writer's
no. 4663 are long' (10 cm). The petioles are also very lony (12-lit cm).

Cyanea profuga Forbes in Occas. P,ap. B. P. IJishop Museum \'l, no. 3. 70,
with plate. 1916.

(Plate 129.)
Stem simple, lS-2-t dm high; leaves broadly elliptical, acuminate, acute at
the base, unclulate, somewhat irregularly so, glabrous, pale whitish lielow, char-
taceous, 23.-1 cm long, 9.8 cm wide, on petioles of 12.2 cm in length; peduncle
naked below, glabrous, 9-12 flowered. 2.8-4.1 cm long, the pedicels 9-10 mm long;
ealyx cylindrical to obconical, glabrous, the tube 7 mm long, the lobes oblong
with rounded apex, 5 mm long; corolla white, slender, subereet, glabrous, with
dorsal slit nearly to the base, 3.4 cm long; staminal column and anthers glab-
rous: berry not seen.

MOLOKAI: ilapulehu Valley. Howering July 1912, C. N. Forbes (type;) no.
313 ^lo. in the herbarium of the Bishop Jluscum and co-type in the herbarium
of the College of Hawaii.

The species is (piitc distinct, lint seems to be more closely related to Cyanca
■platypliylla than to C. actiiiiiiiata. as suggested by ilr. Forbes; the corolla is
more slender than in the former species, but the leaves and the aspect of the
plant would slidw a relationshij) with that species.

Cyanea rollandioides Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. 4.^:13.^. iyi8.

(Plate lliO.)
Plant 1-1.5 m high, stem simple, fleshy towards the apex, woody towards the
base, stem muricate to spinose in the upper portion ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute,
fleshy when fresh, pai)ei'y when dry, dark green above, paler underneath, but
with dark purjile midi'ib and veins and a prominent dark purple reticulate n('t-
work, puberulous or glalirous on both surfaces, but more or less covered with
spines on both sides, those of the upper surface .yellow, those of the lower surface
deep purple, margins eroso-dentate to irregularly notched, and somewhat uneven-
sided at the base. 30-50 cm long, 8-15 cm wide in the widest portion, which is in
the upper third, on fleshy stout spinose or muricate petioles, 8-15 cm long;
racemes glabrous, peduncle 3-6 em long, naked three fotu-ths its lower length,
but distantly covered with .scars of fallen flowers, bearing in its upper fourth
about fifteen flowers ; bracts subulate. 3 nun long, sujiporting each pedicel, the
latter filiform, 10-25 mm long, bibracteolate, the bracteoles alternate, one at
about the middle of the pedicel, the other near the apex, 0.25 mm long; ealyx
tube turbinate to obovate-oblong, 7-10 mm high, the linear calycine lobes as long
as the tube; corolla deep purplish red or purple to pale yellowish white with
dark purplish streaks, moderately arcuate, broadest at the middle, 5-8 nun, about
4.5 em long, thin and glaln-ous. dorsal slit very shallow, extending only one fourth
the length of the tube oi- a little beyond the two ui)per linear subulate lobes, the
three lower lobes a little shorter; staminal column glal)rous, as are the pale
greenish antliers. the lower ones only penicillate; fruit \ud<n(iwn.

238

I

PLATE l:!0.

~i,/ii'-if

Kl.ORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

(OIIKX-i: ni HAWAII Hr.BBARUM

C;<ti*jC*, 1^

,.,,J'^/:iA9/?. ^c^p.^^. j:

CYANEA ROLLANDIOIDES Rork
Type in the herbarium of tlie College of Hawaii.

239

HAWAII : Forests of Puna in dense woods along the Kalapana road not far
from Pahoa, flowering September 3, 1917, Rock & Newell (type) no. 12S31 in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

This rather variable species is renuirkably like a ItiiUaiidia. The plant varies
considerably in the spinosity of the leaves, petioles and stems ; some of the speci-
mens almost approach Cyanca noU-inc-Uinyrrc Rock in spinosity, while others are
only muricate. The color of flowers is also variable, ranging from pale yellowish
white with deep purplish streaks to entire dark purple. In haltit it approaches
RoUandin lanccohtta. but actually seems to come close to Cijaiica iioU-)nc-tangere;
from the latter it differs in the long-petioled leaves, which are much larger, and
in the longer naked peduncles which are not spinose. The plant as a whole is
much larger in every way, the flowers are purple, as are the veins and midrib of
the leaves; the whole inflorescence is glabrous. Cyanca noli-ine-tangere is very
loosely foliate, while C. rdllaiidloides is simple-stemmed and has at its ape.x a
dense crown of leaves. It seems that its closest congener may be looked for in
Cyanca pInfyphyUa, and it is on that account that it is placed into this section,
rather than in section palmaeformcs.

The plants grow in the wet forests of Puna, on Hawaii, a little explored dis-
trict and one of the most primitive regions on the island of Hawaii. A stalwart
Hawaiian gave the writer the native name Aku-aku for the species in question, of
which he said the leaves were cooked with meat and eaten like cabbage. The
name Akti alone is applied to Cyanca tritoniantha, to which our plant has no
resemblance. The species was collected in company with Brother Matthias
Newell of Ililo, an ardent naturalist.

Cyanea ferox llillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 23'). 1888.

Cvaiica aruiata sp. n. var. piniuitifida Hillebr. MSS. in Herb. Berlin.

(I'hUes i:!l, 132.)

"Size and habit of Cyanea solonacea Hillebr., the branches bristling with
thorns; leaves of young plants bipinnatisect, to the rhachis in the lower portion,
and covered with spines; those of the adult plant oblanceolate in outline 2-5-30 em
by 7.5-10 cm, deeply cut into patent oblong sinuate segments of 2.5-5 em in
depth which shorten to auricles at the base, on petioles of 3.75-5 cm, papilloso-
hispid on the upper, scabro-hispid on the lower face, thick chartaceous, with
prominent nerves, not aculeate; peduncle (with buds) 2.5 em long, floriferous at
the end ; calyx muricato-hispid, the lobes one-nerved, oblong, ol^tuse, apiculate,
longer than the tube, 12 mm, corolla coarsely hairy."

MOLOKAI : Alountains back of Kamolo, anno 1870, Hillebrand in Her
barium Berlin ; — leaves only ex coll, Hilleljrand in herbarium Bishop Museum ; —
heights of Waikolu near the type locality, March 1910, Rock no. 879-1 in. the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — heights of Kamole, flowering August 9,
1918, IMrs. L, M. Dunbar, no. 13117 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

Hillebrand evidently did not label his specimens with the flual name under
which he published his species, or tlie authorities of the Berlin Herbarium were
not at all careful in the distribution of the duplicates of his Hawaiian plants.
Hillebrand 's material should have been kept together, but as it is, his collection
is now scattered to the four winds; even types are missing, and Hillebrand 's
original labels have been discarded and replaced by Berlin Herbarium labels;

240

PLATE l.'Jl.

\l')Si'iiiii (Hit:MM<-inii Itt'i'dliiiriiM

ri..i.i ILntaii'lisN

■ W. [Ill.I.l^UHANi

CYANEA FEROX liill.'l.r.

Tvjn' in IIiMliariuni BoroIiiUMisc, ex coU. Hillebr.

241

PLATE laa.

CYANEA FEROX? llillebr.

Speciiiieu iu Herbarium Beroliiipnso, ex r-oll. Ilillelir. A youug jilaut, but if belonging

to C. ferox is uot eertain.

242

PLATE 133.

CYANEA FEEOX HORRIDA Rock

S[icciiMcii ill llorb.'iiium Beroliuense, ex coll. Hillclir. (Cyanea ferox /3 var.).

PLATE 134.

243

Museum botanicum Beroliiiense.

CYANEA FEROX? HORRIDA Kock

Speeiiiien in Herbarium Beroliiieuse, ex coll. Ililieliraiid (C. ferox /3 var.).
Young plaut; if belouging to C. ferox horrida, is not certain.

244

PLATE 135.

\NPS

•; -' ^>x9t*^

CYANEA FEROX HORRIDA Rixk
Slice i 111011 no. 10056 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

245

plants have been misidentified by inexperienced botanists, and thus Ilillebrand's
collection is not half as valuable as it was. Specimens of one species, coming
from different localities, have been separated and only one retained, instead of
keeping them together for comparison, a thing so necessary with Hawaiian plants
on account of their pol> morphism. We find what is to be regarded as the type
of Cyanca fevox, labeled Cijanea annata var. pinnatifida from Kamolo, Molokai.
The description of Vyatica fcros tits this specimen only; besides, there is no
specimen labeled Cijanca ferox in the Ilillebrand Herbarium. Prom his de-
scription of that species we learn that he had flowei'buds only and the specimen
here figured corroborates this fact. There is another sheet in the Hillebrand
Herbarium containing young leaves of Cyanca ferox and labeled as such.

The writer collected this species at the heights of Waikolu, but it was neither
in flower nor in fruit. Mrs. L. ]\1. Dunbar collected this species recently with
flowerbuds : it evidently tlowcrs in the late sninmcr or autunni.

There seems to lie some doubt as to the validity of the varieties of Cyanea
solaiiacca, and of the species Cyanea ferox and its variety from East Maui. Fur-
ther explorations will have to decide the question. The .straightening out of
Hillebrand's own material will serve as a good basis to build upon intelligentl.y.
The thinner leaves labeled Cyanea ferox ex coll. Hillebrand-Lydgate in the
Bishop Museum are probably referable to the var. fi. of tliat species from East
Maui. The leaves of the ]Molokai specimen are of thick texture.

Cyanea ferox horrida Rock in Torrey Bot. Club. Bull. 44:23.^. 1917.
Cyanea ferox ji var. Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 259. 1888.

(Plates 133, 134, 135.)
"Leaves thinner, pinnatisect to near the rib; berry glabrate and smooth,
ovoid 7 lin. (14 mm) long, the linear-oblong lobes 14-18 mm; jjinnae or segments
of the leaves in young plants separated by small lobules or auricles."

JIAUI : Flupalakua. Makawao, Hamakua, Hillebrand no. 55 in Herbarium
Berlin, and lierbarium Bishop iMuseum ; — Haleakala south, February 1862, sine
flor. V. fruct., Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin ; — crater of Puukakai, elevation
4500 feet, along watercourses, quite abundant in company with Cyanea hamati-
ftora, liubus Hawailcnsis. etc.. fruiting IMarch 1912, Rock & Ceresole no 10056 in
the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

The writer collected this variety in the type locality, on the western slopes
of Mt. Haleakala in the wet forest, on the crater of Puukakai, The following
is a description of the writer's material from Puukakai:

A branching shrub 18-22 dm high, branching usually at the base, trunk and
branches covered with thorns; leaves all iiinnatiseet, crowded at the apex of the
branches; peduncles arranged all along the branches for about 25 cm, four to
five-flowered, bracteate at the apex, bracts 5 mm ; pedicels 10 mm, bracteolate at
the middle; flowers unknown; berry ovoid to oblong 20-25 mm, bright yellow,
crowned by the calycine lobes.

It is very doubtful, however, if the JIaui plant is a variety of Cyanea ferox
from Molokai ; it would i-ather appear from the habit of the two plants that the
latter represents a distinct species {Cyanea horrida Rock), but as no mature
flowers are known of either at present, the varietal rank may be adhered to,

ic

246

PLATE 13(5.

I

CYANEA LOBATA II. Maim
Tyjje in CorucU Herbariuiii, ex coll. ilann A: Brighani uo. 4IJ7.

247

Cyanea lobata 11. :\rann Proceed. Am. Acad. VII :183, n. 276. 1868.

(Plate 136.)
"A branching shrub 1.3-2.3 m high, sparsely muricate or aculeate, or un-
armed ; leaves obovate or elliptical oblong, 45-50 cm long, 15-17.5 em wide, irreg-
ularly cut into broad triangular lobes, acuminate, narrowing at the base, glab-
rous, membranous, on ]>etioles of 10-17.5 cm long, these and the midrili gen-
erall.y with some scattering conical spines, pedimcle 6.25-7.5 cm long, bracteate
from the base, many flowered, the pedicels 2.5-3.75 cm long, the bracts linear,
S-12 mm, often foliaceous; cah'x tube obconical 12 nun, its lobes 18-24 mm
foliaceous, 5-9-nerved, net-veined and denticulate, oblong obtuse, mucronate;
corolla 5-6.25 cm long, 3.5 lin. (7 mm) wide, glabrous and smooth, white below,
purplish above ; stamens glabrous ; anthers purplish, the upper o'les eiliate at
the apex; berry yellow, globose; seeds yellowish."

MAUI : "West Maui, valley of Waihee, Maun and Brigham no. 467 in the
herbarium of Cornell University, and Gray Herbarium; — Kaanapali, Honokahau,
Wailuku and elsewhere. (Kaanapali) August 1870, Hillebrand in Ilerliarium
Berlin and part in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Hillebrand's specimen bears in his handwriting the name Cyanea {aniicifa)
and in fresher ink, lobata Mann. It agrees exactly with Mann's plant in the
Cornell Herbarium, only the leaves seem to be narrower and on longer petioles.
It is undoubtedly very close to Cyanea Grimcsiana, as it has also the upper
anthers eiliate, as is the ease in C. Grimesiana.

Cyanea lobata hamakuae Rock

Cyanea lobata ji var. Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 237. 1888.

"Stem quite prickly, leaves 30 cm long, 15 cm wide, more deeply lobed ; tubes
of calyx 6 mm, its lobes 10-12 mm; lobes of corolla muricate."

MAUI: East Maui. Ilamakua, Lydgate. no specimen is extant; — X;ihiku,
September 1909, U. Faurie no. 670 in Herbarium Leveille and the herbarium of
the College of Hawaii.

No specimen of this variety is to be found in any of the herbaria. Abbe
Faurie 's specimen is very fragmentary, but seems to Itelong here; the calvcine
lobes are shorter than in the species, and the leaves are deepe;- lobed, but tlie
corolla lobes are smooth. The writer's no. 10350 may belong here; it was col-
lected near Keanae, East ]\Iaui, in May, 1911 ; it was without flower or fruit.

Cyanea Grimesiana Gaud. Bot. Voyage Uranic, 4.^7, t. 75. 1826.

(Plates 137, 138.)
A stout, branching shrub or often also single-stemmed and not branching,
1-3.3 m liigli, aculeate at the base, the stem hollow; leaves broadly oblong in
outline, 30-45 cm long, 20-30 cm wide, on muricate or prickly petioles of 7.5-20
em, pinnate below, pinnatisect toward the apex, the pinnae 9-12 on each side,
broadly sessile, often separated by small kibules, lanceolate, entire or sinuate,
12-30 em broad, the lowest diminisliing to mere auricles, membranous, glabrous;
raceme 5-7.5 em long, bracteate from near the base, 6-10 flowered in the upper
half; pedicels 2.5-3.75 cm; bracts lanceolate 12 mm; calyx glabrous, the tube ob-
conical, 12-16 mm long, the lobes broad foliaceous, crisp and brittle, 20-36 mm
long, 8-12 mm wide, many nerved and net-veined, acute; corolla falciform, nearly
7.5 cm long and 1.25 cm wide, whitish or light purple or lilac, with deeper stripes,
glabrous, but the lolies sometimes warty; staminal cohunn glalirous, of the same
color, the upper anthers tufted at the apex with long and stiff' hairs; berry large,
obconical 2.5-3.75 cm, orange colored, crowned with calyeine lobes.

248

PLATE l:!7.

!!;»!! .Mrs. I AIMS

CYANEA GRIMESIANA Caii.l.
Type ? ii) li('rl>:ii-iuni Museum Paris, ex coll. Gaudii-hnud no. 14.'!.

249

PLATE ISS.

CYANEA GRIMESIANA Gaud.
Speoimeu in Herbarium Beroliueuse, ex foil. Hillebrau.l.

250

PLATE i:!!>.

CYANEA GRIMESIANA MAUIENSIS Rock
Type in Berlin Horbai-iuni.

251

OAHU: lies Sandwich, Gaudic'h;iad no. 143 in herbarium Museum Paris; —
Mann and Brigham no. 201 in lierbarium University Cornell; — U. S. Exploring
Expedition in Gray Herbarium; — on both ranges, Hillebrand in Herbarium
Berlin and herbarium Bishop Museum: — Konahuanui, WawTa nos. 1719 and
2354 in Herbarium Vienna; — Pauoa Valley, flowering January 7, 1909, Rock no.
1061 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Pauoa Valley, fruiting April
20, 1912, Rock no. 102o5 in the herbarium of the College of Haw-aii; — Manoa
cliff trail, flowering October 10, 1914, Rock no. 10349 in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii.

MOLOKAI: Wailau Valley, observed witliout flower or fruit, March 1910,
Rock.

Cyanca Grimcsiana, the type of the genus Cyauca, is not uncommon on the
lower valley slopes of Oahu at an elevation of 1200-1500 feet, Init owing to the
approach of foreign vegetation, especially Paspalum conjiigatutu. into the regions
of its habitat it has of late become very scarce.

Asa Gray's var ? citrulJifoIia from ]Mauna Loa and ]Mauna Kea, Hawaii, is
nothing but a young plant of ('ijaiua Irihniianlha Gray, which is very common
in these regions. The writer has observed Inindreds of young plants of that
species identical with Gray's var. citruUi folia in the forest of Naalehu, southern
slopes of ilauna Loa, under adult plants of Cyauca tritdininiflta.

Cyanea Grimesiana mauiensis Rock

Cyaiica Griincsiano fS. \ar. Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2.^8. 1888.

(Plate ]:«).)
Pinnae larger and broader, laeiniate, decurrent along the rhachis; calyx tube
cylindrical, the lol)es twice as long, 24-3(3 nun; corolla almost white.

JIAUI: West .Maui, Olowalu, flowering August 1870, Hillebrand in Her-
barium Berlin; — Waikapu Valley, without flower or fruit, April 1910, Rock no.
10265 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

LANAI : Ravine in mountains, moist woods, flowering Septenfl)er 22, 1916,
A. S. Hitchcock no. 14703 in the U. S. National Ilei-lnii'inm and (fragment) in
the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

This variety was previously not reported from Lanai.

Cyanea Grimesiana Lydgatei Rock

Cyaiica Griiiwsiaiia y \ar. llillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2,^8. 1888.

(Plate 140.)

"Pinnae sinuately notched, contracted at the base; calyx tube short cylin-
drical, S nun long, the lobes 12-16 mm long."

MAUI : IMakawao, Hamakua, flowering, Lydgate no. 62 in Herbarium Berlin.
Not known to the writer save from the type in the Berlin Herbarium.
Cyanea Grimesiana cylindrocalyx Rock in Torrey Hot. CI. Bull. 44:23.t, pi. 16,

vn7.

(Plate 141.)
Leaves pinnate at the base, pinnatiseet towards the apex, the pinnae sinu-
ately notched or lobed, the lobes denticulate ; calyx tube long, cylindrical, 2.5-
3.5 cm, including the ovarian portion, irregularly lobed, the lobes of uneven
length from 4-10 mm; corolla more or less hidden in the calyx tube, dark purple;
the upper anthers not bearded.

252

PLATE 140.

CYANEA GRIMESIANA LYDGATEI Kock
Type in Hc>ili;iriuiii Beioliiicnse ox c/oll. llillelir:iiul.

253

PLATK 141.

CYANEA GRIMESIANA CYLINDEOCALYX Eoik
Type ill the lierbariiim of the College of Hawaii.

254

PLATE 14-2

CYANEA SCABRA Hillebr.
Type ill Herbaiiuiii Beroliiiciisc, ex coll. Hillelirniid.

255

HAWAII: Wiiipid Bay, December 1851. without flower or fruit. J. Remy no.
309 in heriwrium Museum Paris; — Waipio Valley, Waima liranch, flowering
July 16, 1909, Rock no. 4(529 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

A distinct variety, ilift'ering in the very shortly and unevenly lobed, cylin-
drical calyx, and in the upper anthers which are not bearded; the leaves are not
openly pinnate, but closely pinnate in the lower portion and pinnatiseet in the
middle and upper portions of the leaf.

SUBSECTION SCABEAE.

Cyanea scabra llillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 256. 1888.

Cxaiica aruiata Hillebr. sp. n. MSS.

(Plates 46, 142.)
Original description: "A small shrub, 1.3 m high, the erect branches
prickly toward.s the ends ; leaves broad, obovato or elliptical-oblong, 25-35 em by
8.75-12.5 em, on petioles of 6.25-10 cm, shortly acuminate at both ends or obtuse
at the l)ase, the undulating margin denticulate, ribs and veins faintly hispid
underneath and sparsely covered, as well as the petiole, with short conical spines
or tubercles, membranous; peduncle 5-7.5 cm hispid and muricate numy flowered
from the base, pedicels slender, 12-16 mm ; bracts linear-oblong 8 mm, occasion-
ally foliaceous; calyx sparsely hispid, the tube obconical 5-6 mm. the lobes of the
same length or a little longer, obtuse, 1-3-nerved; corolla curved 5 em long, 5 mm
wide, with the dorsal slit extending less than half its length, hispid, the lobes
muricate, whitish, with lilac streaks ; stamens glabrous, the upper anthers re-
curved I' and scantily ciliate at the apex?)."

ilAUI: West :\Iaui. Kaanapali, 1500-2000 feet, August 1870, Ilillebrand in
Herbarium IJerlin; — Valley of "Waihee in dense shade near streambed, flowering
September 5, 1918, Rock and Hashimoto no. 13129 in herliarium College of
Hawaii.

Cijaiiea scabra is a very variable species, which extends from West to East
Maixi mainly on the windward side. The writer has collected this species in the
Valley of Waihee near the riverbed, where it grew in company with Cyanea
hoJopliijUa. from which it seems only to ditfer in the glabrous corolla and spine-
less stem and leaves; the flowers of Cyanea scabra are pure white and strongly
hispid.

In the Ilillebrand Herbarium there is a specimen from ^laui labeled Cyanea
scabra sp. n. var. inermis; the corolla lobes are. however, not muricate, which
fact lu'ings this plant closer to Cyanea platyphyUa than to Cyanea scabra.

The various forms of Cyanea ticabra occurring on East ^laui may be described
under the variety name variabilis.

Cyanea scabra variabilis Rock var. nt)v.

(Plate 14.3.)

Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or sinuate, or deeply lolied, obtuse or acumi-
nate at the apex rounded, truncate or decurrent at the base, 20-36 cm long, 8-14
em wide, on petioles of 5-12 cm, with sparingly scattered conical spines; flowers
white not hispid, lobes muricate; fruit ovoid, truncate at the apex orange-yellow,
on pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm, crowned by the narrow, acute calyciue lobes.

MAUI : Upper ditch trail. East ilaui, Kailua, flowering November 18, 1908,
H. L. Lyon no. 10259 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Honomanu
Valley, I\Iay 1911, Rock no. 8789-a, and Keanae Valley, fruiting ]\Iay 1911, Rock
no. 8798 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Ilouonumu VallcA-. fruit-

PLATE 14:;.

256

4

MORA Ol II :

&J .

/O^.

?.r^

CYANEA SCABRA VARIABILIS K(i,k \iir. iii.v.
Tj-pe ill licrbarium College of Hawaii, ex coll. H. L. Lyon no. 102.59.

257

PLATE 144.

CYANEA SCABEA LONGISSIMA Rock vai'. iiov.
Type ill licibiiiiiini College of Hawaii, Rock no. 8790.

258

PLATE 14.-I.

nil liiit;iMlr;Miii B<'l'"l:iii-liS(!.

CYANEA SCABEA SINUATA I>'o< k
Type ill Herbariuiii Beioliiiouse, ex coll. Hillebraml.

259

ing ilay 1911, Eock no. 8797-a (deeply lohed leaves) in herbarium College of
Hawaii; — Keanae Valley, ilay 1011, Rock no. 8797 in herbarium College of
Hawaii.

To this variety may also be referred no. 8796 a specimen without flower or
fruit ; its position is, however, doul)tf ul.

Cyanea scabra longissima Rock var. nov.

(Plate 144.)

Plant subherbaceous, nnarmed throughout; leaves lanceolate-oblong, gradu-
alh' narrowing into a short margined petiole, 30-50 cm long including the petiole,
5-10 cm wide, somewliat fleshy, light green ; peduncle short 1.5 cm, many-flowered,
corolla curved, 4-6 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, glabrous, waxy white, with pale lilac
streaks, the lobes muricate; fruit subglobose to ovoid, 10-12 mm long, orange
colored, seeds dark smooth shining.

MAUI: Honomanu ditch trail along watercourses in dense swampy shaded
woods, northern slopes of j\It. Ilaleakala, April-May 1911, Rock no. S790 (flow-
ering and fruiting specimen) in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

A rather distinct variety difl:'eriug from the species in the long lanceolate
leaves on sliort margined petioles and in being unarmed. It loves the deep and
shaded ravines, as well as the lianks of streambeds, where it grows in the dense
shade of the urticaceous Toncliardin Jatifnlid.

Cyanea scabra sinuata Ruck

Cyaiica scabra /i \ar. Hillebr. Mora Hawaii. Isl. 2?7. 1888.

(Plate 14.5.)
"Leaves drawn out at the base into a shorter petiole, siliuately lobate with
numerous triangular somewhat obtnse lobes about 12 mm deep; corolla sparsely
hispid, sometimes glabrate, but nniricate on the lobes: peduncle 2.5-3.5 em long;
berry ovoid, 10-12 mm.

MAUI: West Maui, Laliaina. AVailua, Waihce, Ilillebrand no. 5 in Iler-
barinm Berlin.

The writer has not collected this variety, but it comes very close to some of
the sinnately-lobed specimens of variety variabilis, but dift'ers again in the short
petioles and short pedicels.

Cyanea holophylla Ililleljr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2S7. 1888.

(Plate 14G.)
"An unarmed slirul), 1.3 m high; leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, 25-35 cm
long, 7.5-12.5 cm wide, on petioles of 10 em. shortly acuminate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, sinuate or entire, glabrous, flaccid; raceme 1.87-3.12 cm:
pedicels 12 mm; calyx-lobes nearly twice as long as the tube, 12-14 mm; corolla
quite glabrous and smooth, otherwise as in C. scabra (upper anthers ciliate at the
apex)."

MAUI : West Maui, Valley of Waiehu, Waihee Angust 1870, Ilillebrand in
Herbarium Berlin ; — Valley of Honokahau, flowering September 3, 1918, Rock
& Hashimoto, no. 13128 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Valley of Waihee near
streambed, flowering August 5, 1918, Rock & Hashimoto, no. 14079 in herbarium
College of Hawaii.

The following legend appears on an accompanying label: "Cyaiica s\i. n.
hnbitu T)cUss(a acuiniiiafa. Frutex 4-pedaIis inermis glabcr; fol. ineinhranaccis
(jUtbris, subtiis paUidioribus. Icnicfc pctiohifis, obloncjis i)ifra rotinidnfis. supra
acuminatis. Pcduiiculi pctiolcj dimidio rel plus brcviorcs, muUiporrs."

260

PLATE ua.

CYANEA HOLOPHYLLA Hillel.i.
eciiiu'ii ill Hcrli^iriuin Hcrnliiienso, ex coll. Hillebr.

261

PLATE 147.

CYANEA SOLANACEA Hillebr.
Type, showing _young spiuose plant ami portion of a mature plant with flowers.

17

262

PLATE 148.

■

CYANEA SOLANACEA ]lillebr.
Specimen of inatiire jihiiit in Ilerliariuin Beroliiiense, ex coll. Ilillclirniul.

263

This species, which resembles a form of Cijaiica scabra variabilis (no. 8789
from Ilojiomami. East ^laiii), is closely related to Cijaiua scabra and belongs to
the section of which the latter is the type.

Hillebrand's statement in regard to the upper anthers being ciliate at the
apex is incorrect; the writer examined Hillebrand's type and could not corrob-
orate his findinus: neither is it to be foiuid in his variety 13.

Cyanea holophylla obovata Rock

Cyanca holophylla p var. Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2?7. 1888.

Leaves 19-41 cm lonu'. about 15 cm broad, otiovate, acute at the apex, narrow-
ing at the base into a i)eliole 6-10 cm long, peduncle 1.5 cm long, bracteate at the
apex: calyx oblong 8 mm long, the lobes 10-11 nun long, with a strong median
nerve and two obscure lateral ones, acute: corolla curved, muricate on the ventral
side only, in the bud, puberulous.

MAUI: West JMaui, type in Herbarium Herlin, part of type (flowers) in the
herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

The large obovate leaves distinguish this variety at once from the species.

Cyanea solanacea Hillebr. Mora Hawaii. Isl. 2.^9. 1888.
C\aiica aniiata Hillebr. AISS.

(Plates 147, 1-18.)
"A stout freely-branching shrub, 20-27 dm high, the stiff ascending branches
aculeate with slender straw-colored thorns; leaves of young plants deeply cut
into sharp sinuate segments, the stem, petioles, ribs and nerves bristling on both
faces with thorns, which resemble those of Solamim aruleatissimuni; leaves of
adult plants obovate-oblong, 25-32.5 cm long, 7.5-12.5 cm wide on petioles of
2.5-1 cm, shortly acuminate, contracting at the base, sinuate or lobed, the blunt
lobes seldom exceeding 12 mm in depth, hispidulous underneath, unarmed, thick
ehartaceous. with jn-ominent veins; peduncle tieshy, 2.5-5 cm, bracteate from the
base, but bearing flowers only near the apex; pedicels 8-12 mm; bracts 2-4 mm;
calyx green, glabrous, the tube obconieal 8 mm, the lobes oblong, truncate, 4-8
mm, thick fleshy, 1-nerved, apiculate, with intervening sinuses ; corolla white,
with a lilac tinge, semierect, slender 5 cm long, 4 mm Itroad, sparsely hispid or
glabrous, with lobes warty (rather scabrous as in ('. scabra Hbd. (J. F. Rock), the
dorsal slit deep : staminal column pubescent ; the upper anthers beardless ; stig-
matic hairs in a ring: style lilac: berry obovoid IB nnn long, orange-colored;
seeds reddish, smooth.

MOLOKAI: Kalae, Mapulehu, 1000-2000 feet, anno 1870 Hillebrand in
Herbarium Berlin ; — Kamolo, fruiting June 1910, U. Faurie no. 668 in Her-
barium Leveille and the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

The writer has not collected this species, but has examined Hillebrand's type
in the Berlin Herbarium; his original label is lost, and the Berlin Herbarium
label reads: "Cyanea solanacea Hbd. var. cjuerci folia Hbd. Kalae auf Molokai."
Hbd. 's ^ar. qucrcifolia comes from Ulupalakua, Maui, and not Kalae, ilolokai,
and as there is no plant in his collection answering his description of the variety,
and as there is no other plant in the herbarium labeled as C. solanacea, the one
from Molokai mast be the type of the species, the description of which it answers
perfectly; both plants, the species and variet.w are here reproduced.

There is another specimen i?i Hillebrand's herbarium marked in his hand-
writing, "Cyanea annafa sp. n. Ifolokai": this is identical with Cyanea solanacea
Hillelir. llillclirand never adopted his older name armala. but puliIisluMl his

264

PLATK t4i).

CYANEA SOLANACEA QUERCIIOLIA llillHlu.
Tyiie ill Hciliaiiuiii Beroliiiciise.

265

species as Cyanea solanacea. The variety qucrcifolia still bears in his hand-
writing the name Cyanea armata sp. u. var .qucrcifolia. It is the variety querci-
folia of Cyanea solanacea from Ulupalakua, Maui. All four specimens are here
published ; the first is considered as the type, the second is a mature form of the
species. The type shows a young plant and a portion of a mature plant and
an inflorescence. Young plants of this species are densely spinose when young
but lose them when they become mature; the leaves in old plants also become less
lobed than in young plants. This accounts for the specimen represented on the
second plate being without spines and having sinuate leaves only.

There is another specimen in IIillel)vand's herliariuni in Berlin, consisting of
three ditt'erent types of leaves: one very young one, almost bipiiniate; a large
pinnate one representing a leaf of a young plant and a subentire or notched
smaller leaf from a mature plant. These three leaves belong to Cyanea solanacea.
They are labeled in a heavy handwriting, "Jlolokai, ins. sandvic. W. Hillebrand,
1870."

Cyanea solanacea quercifolia Hillehr. -Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2S'>. 1888.

(Plate Hfl.)

Leaves laruer ST.o-.lO cm long, 7.75-15 cm wide, thicker scabrous on the upper,
hispid on the lower face, with prominent nerves, the lobes deeper and rounded,
cut to the rhaehis at the narrow base; calyx glabrous, the lobes 4 mm; corolla as
above, but glabrous; the staminal column and anthers pubescent; berry 16 mm.

jrAUI: East Maui, Ulupalakua, 3000-4000 feet, anno 1870 Hillebrand in
Herbarium Berlin; — Hamakua, Hillebrand, not in Herbarium Berlin.

According to Hillebrand this variety attains the size of a .small tree fifteen
feet (five meters) high. The writer has not collected this variety and knows it
only from Hillebrand 's material in the Berlin Herbarium. At Ulupalakua the
plant has become extinct; there is not a vestige of forest left in that district.
The only remaining sif':n of a forest is here and there a tree of Pterotropia
dipyrcna; the rest is grazing land and planted Eucalyi)ti.

From the description it would appear that this supposed variety is a distinct
species referable to the section palniaeformcs, but owing to the scanty material
the writer thought it best to follow Hillebrand.

Cyanea Dunbarii Rock sp. nov.

Plant 1.5-2 m liigli with several straight ascending branches, perfectly un-
armed, .stems woody at the base, fleshy above, with a loose crown of leaves ; leaves
ovate-elliptical, thin, sinuately notched or lobed, the lobes 1.5-2.5 cm, triangular
and denticulate, dark green above, paler underneath, perfectly glabrous on both
sides, midrib and veins prominent, especially underneath, the midrib continuing
into a fleshy jietiole of 8-12 cm; racemes axillary. 4-7 cm long, floriferous near the
apex, bracteate from the liase, the bracts linear subulate, 5 mm; pedicels 12-15
mm, bibracteolate at the middle, the bractlets 0.5 mm ; calyx green, ovate 6-7 mm
high, the teeth linear, acute 2-3 mm long, 1 mm wide, with broad sinuses inter-
vening; corolla white 3-4 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, slightly curved, glabrous, ridged
at the apex in the bud. the dorsal slit not extending to the middle; stamina)
column whitish glabrous, anthers green, ulabrous, the two lower penicillate; style
green, glabrous; berry unknown.

PLATE 150.

266

I

CYANEA ASPLENIFOLIA ( H. Maiiiij Hillelir.
Type in ('oriu'U Ilorliariuni, ex coll. iraiiii & Brigliain no. 4(34.

267

MOLOKAI : In the deep ravine of Wailianau, in shade aking streambed,
elevation 3000 feet, tlowering August 13, 1918, L. jM. Dunbar type no. 13119 in
herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

This interesting species conies close to Cijcuua sdhiinicra llillclii'., but differs
from it in the smaller thinner leaves and the spineless character of the plant;
the pedicels are longer, and the staminal column glabrous.

The species is somewhat variable, especially the color of the tiower. which is
sometimes not pure white but has lilac to bluish stripes; the ape.x: of the corolla
is then warty instead of ridged. The species is named in honor of Mrs. L. M.
Dunbar, who collected the type material. The writer collected sterile specimens
of this species during the month of ^lay in the type locality.

Cyanea asplenifolia ( H. Mann) llillel>r. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 260. 1888.
Dclissca asfilriiifnlia H. Alann in Proceed. Am. Acad. VII:182. n. 273. 1868.

(Plates 47, 1.50.)

A branching shrub 1.3-2 m high, sparsely aculeate: leaves obovate-oblong in
outline, 32-1-2 cm long. 10-25 em wide, on prickly petioles of 7.5-10 cm. deeply
cut into connected segments or pinuatisect to the rhachis with or without inter-
vening lobules, or pinnate, the segments contracted at the base, almost stipitate,
gradually or suddenly decreasing in size toward the base, all bluntly acuminate,
entire or sinuate, membranous, glabrate sparsely murieate on ribs and nerves;
peduncles 5 em long, slender, naked or distantly bracteate below, 10-15-rtowered
near the apex; pedicels 8-12 mm; bracts setaceous. 3 mm. but sometimes folia-
ceous; calyx glaliroiis. the tube obconical, 4-6 nun, its lobes as long or shorter,
linear lanceolate, acute; corolla semierect, 38 mm or more in length, sparingly
hispid, the lobes murieate; staminal cohnnn glabrous; ujiper anthers naked.

MAUI: AA^aihee Valley, ilaun and Brigliam no. JiHl in herliarium Cornell
T"ni versify and Gray Herbarium; — Kaanapali, August 1870 (flowering speci-
men), Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin, and Gray Herbarium; — Waihee Valley,
tlowerbuds, September 5, 1918, Rock & Hashimoto, no. 13134 in herbarium College
of Hawaii.

According to Hillebrand the leaves in specimens from Kaanapali are pin-
natisect, and those from Waihee and Waiehu pinnate. The jdant resembles
greatly C. Gn'nwsiana outwardly, luit is related to ('. sohnidcdi and belongs to
the group of ('. .icnbra Hillelir.

The writer has collected this species in the type locality and has examined
ilann's type no. 464 in the herbarium of Cornell University. Hillebrand 's
specimen in the Gray Herbarium has nnich larger leaves and longer pinnae than
those in the Berlin Herbarium.

The jnurication of the corolla is better visible when the flowers are not yet
oi^en. In II. Alaun's type the murication of the corolla is less pronounced than
in Hillebrand 's plant, on account of the open, mature flowers.

268

PLATE 151.

COLLEGE OF HAWAII HERBARIUM

n t' I ty^ *ltt< I V •

CYANEA MULTISPICATA Lovl.
Co-type in herb.-iriiiin College "f Hawaii, ex eoll. U. Faurie no. 576.

269
SECT. V. PILOSAE Rock

Cyanea multispicata Levi, in Fedde Repert. Spec. Xov. X:10, 11, l.v. I'Ul.

(Plate 151.)

Stem densely pHbescent, with 12-20 thick racemes lielow the leaf whorl, ex-
tending down the stem for about 10 em: leaves 30-40 cm long, 5-9 cm wide (teste
Levi.), only 10-12 cm by 4 cm in the specimen obtained from V. Faurie, on peti-
oles of 3-3.5 cm, ovate to obovate-olilong. acuminate at the apex, rounded or at-
tenuate at the base, thin ehartaceous, pubescent on both sides, young leaves
densely pubescent underneath, entire or slightly dentate; peduncles very short,
1.5 cm long, rather thick, with knobby scars, pubescent; calyx cylindrical, 6 mm
wide, the calycine teeth trianuular, 2 nun long, acute; corolla 3-3.5 em long, 3 mm
wide, color apparently whitish .', puberulous. almost straight or slightly curved,
with obtuse lobes, staminal column and anthers glabrous.

KAUAI: Waimea, 3000 feet, tiowering IMarch 11)10, U. Faurie no. 576 and
594 in Herbarium Leveille, no. 576 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Abbe Faurie "s specimens are very badly preserved, and the fact that his cited
localites are not reliable makes it very difficult to check up his plants. For
example, his specimen no. 576 is merely labeled "Insulis Sandwich." while in
the publication it is cited as coming from Waimea, Kauai. Adding to this the
very meagre description by Leveille, it is indeed difficult to make out the affinity
of the plant. The species in question is either identical with Cyanea acuminata
or it is at least very closely related to it. It seems to differ from the latter in
the shorter peduncles, tb.ick coriaceous flowers, cylindrical calyx tube, and glab-
rous anthers, otherwise identical with Cijanca acuminata. Till more materia! is
at hand, or the ])lant is re-collected, it will have to remain an obscure species.
A co-type is in the College of Hawaii hcrliarinni.

Cyanea acuminata ((laud.) llillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2.^4. 1888.
Dclissca acuminata Gaud. Bot. \'oy. Uranie 457. pi. 76. 1826.

(Plate 152.)
Stem simple and erect, or sparingly branched 1.3-l.(i m high, leaves broad-
oblong, acuminate at both ends, dark green above, pale whitish underneath,
puberulous on both surfaces, especially along the midrib and veins underneath,
flaccid, thin, ehartaceous, entire or faintly denticulate. 14-30 cm long, 4-7 cm
wide, on petioles of 2-6 cm ; inflorescence numerous along the stem for about
18 em, in the axils of fallen leaves, peduncle 2.5-6 cm in length, puberulous, either
naked or covered with knobby scars from the base, bearing from 6-20 flowers near
the apex; pedicels slender, filiform, puberulous, 1 cm long, bracts linear, 8-12
mm, bractlets minute, deciduous: calyx faintly pubescent, greenish, the tube 4-5
mm; the narrow sharp lobes 2 nnn ; corolla white with a slight bluish tinge,
puberulous, suberect. about 3 cm long, 4 mm wide, the dorsal slit extending to
near the base, staminal column i)ubescent ; anthers blue, hirsute with whitish
hair, the two lower bearded only, the bhiutly lobed stigma glabrous: berry
globose, yellow. 4-6 mm ; seeds pale.

OAHU: Gaiulichand in herbarium ^luseum Paris; — Lay and Collie: — ;\Iann
and Brigham no. 233 in herbarium Cornell University; — Manoa, Moanalua and
Xuuanu Valley. Hillebrand in Herbarium IJerlin, Gray Herbarium and her-
barium Bishop iluseum ex coll. Lydgate-llillebrand; — Wawra no. (1793), 2286
in Herbarium Vienna; — Pauoa Valley, elevation 1000 feet, flowering October 24,
1908. Rock no. 712 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Punalnu ^Fts..

270

PLATE lo2.

I

CYANEA ACUMINATA (Oau.l.) Hillebr.

271

August 1908, Rock no. 450 (flowering) in the herbarium of the College of
Hawaii and Gray Herbarium; — ^same locality, December 24, 1908, Rock no. 456
(fruiting) in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Koolau Mts., flowering
August 1911, Rock no- 8845 in the lierbarinm of the College of Hawaii.

Tlie specimen in the Paris Hei'barium, collected by Gaudichatid, is labeled
Delissea acuiiiiiKita var. There is no question of its identity, though only a
few leaf fragments and a portion of a peduncle are left. On the label is
written: "fleurs blancli anthcres violaees. cal. overt flavescent, fruits jaune-
orange arondis lobez overtc flavescent * * * (a part is not legible) plant
sont laetescentes, etc. ' '

This species is very distinct, and ([uite common in the mountains back of
Honolulu ; it is conspicuous in the forest on account of its mass of white flowers
clu.stering along the stem in the axils of fallen leaves for often more than 18 cm.
In the writer's opinion Cyanea acuminata is much closer affiliated with Cyanea
Bislwpii, and the many varieties of Cyanea pilosa, than with Cyanea angustifolia.
It has the habit of the first mentioned species, being somewhat subherbaeeous and
only woody at the base, while Cyanea angustifolia is a muchbi-anehed robust
shrub, or even small tree. It is therefore inchided in the section with Cyanea
pilosa. Wawra records a variety latifolia from Mt. Kaala, Oahu, no. 2251 ; it i.s,
however, doubtful if that plant has anything in common with this species, he
having collected leaves only.

Cyanea pilosa A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. \':149. 1862.
Dclissea pilosa Alann in Proceed. Am. Acad. VII:1S2. 1868.

(Plates .50, 15.3.)
Plant low subherbaeeous, 8 dm to 1 m tall, hirsute, leaves liroadly obovate to
obovate-oblong, 14-30 cm long, 7-12 cm wide, long acuminate at the apex, acute
or rounded at the base, erosodentate, flaccid, densely hirsute on both surfaces,
more so on the lower, with soft yellowish-golden hair, especially along the mid-
rib, the hirsute petioles 3-5 em in length; infloresence a short and few-tlowered
raceme; peduncle hirsute 1.5-2 cm fwlien with fruit), the hirsute slender pedicels
8-10 mm; calyx glabrous, tlie lobes linear, of the same length as the oblong tube
(teste Gray) (shorter in the writer's specimen) ; corolla small grayish-blue,
glabrous; berry small, globose, 8 mm in diameter; seeds smooth light brown.

HAWAII : ]\Iauna Kea, U. S. Exploring Exped., type in the Gray Her-
barium ; — Holokaiea guleh, Waimea, fruiting July 9, 1909, Rock no. 47(59 in the
lierliarium of the College of Hawaii; — Alakahi ditch trail, fruiting July 13, 1909,
Rock no. 4753 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Kohala ]\Its., near
summit, fruiting June 23, 1910, Rock no. 8726-a in the herbarium of the Col-
lege of Hawaii ; — Kohala. seven miles above Awini near summit, in swampy
forest, 5000 feet elevation, fruiting June 1910, Rock no. 8726 in the herbarium
of the College of Hawaii ; — in the forest beyond Kalanilehua, at the Volcano
Kilauea, August 26, 1917, Rock no. 12833 in the herbarium of the College of
Hawaii; — forest between 29 miles and Kulani, August 1918, Rock & Hashimoto
(not flowering but developed peduncles) no. 13137 in herbariiun College of
Hawaii.

Dr. Gray suggests tliat this species is doulitless related to (^'hamisso's Lobelia
calyeina. amhigua. etc.; these two latter species are true Rollandias and have

PLATE 153.

977

CYANEA PILOSA A. Gray
Ty|K' ill tlic (irny Herbarium, ox coll. U. S. Exploring Ex|i('iliti(iii.

27Z

nothing in oonnnon with Cijaiira pilosa. thougli the leaves do resemble IioIIandia
calyciiia in outline only. Di'. Gray's material was too scanty, wliieh accounts
for his great many mistakes.

Cijaiica 'pilosa Gray is certainly a very distinct species and is represented in
the forests of Hawaii liy several varieties. The species occurs on the windward
side of ilanna Kea at the lower nuirgin of the forests, where it was collected by
the IT. S. Exj)loring Expedition, and in the wet forests back of AVaimea. facing
the big Wainiea plain which is part of the slope of ilauna Kea, and also near
the summit of the Kohala Mountains. The writer recognizes four distinct varie-
ties, which occur all on the same island; two on the slopes of Mauna Loa (that
is. one on the southern slope, in the forests of Naalehu; the other on the wind-
ward side of ]\Iauna Loa, in the vicinity of the Volcano of Kilauea). The other
two, var. Boiidiaiia and var. mrgacarpa. occur in the swampy forests of the
Kohala ^Mountains at an elevation of 4200 feet, in company with lierliaceous
species of Cijrtandra and Lahordia. The specimen collected by ilacrae, Ins.
Owhyhee, ad montem Kaah Jinie 1825, belongs to variety drnsifiora. Though
there are only single fruits remaining on the peduncle, the jilant agrees in all
other respects with that variety, the fruits having evidently been lost; in its
luitural habitat the plant, which is here figured, has a densely-flowered inflor-
escence, which, in order to preserve the plant, has to lie thinned out. ; var. glah-
n'folia was first collected by J. Remy on Hawaii, no. 303 in herb, ^luseum Paris,
and labelled J'oHandia.

Cyanea pilosa is represented on ilaui by Cyaiua Bishopii. to which it is
closely related, but differs in the smooth corolla lobes, which are retrorsely den-
tate or scabrous in the latter species. Cyanea pilosa forms a distinct section in
the genus with the following relatives: Cyanea Bishopii, Cyanea Copelcndii,
Cyanea stictopJnjlla, and vaguely Cyanea hirtclla which forms the transition
type to another section which includes Cyanra recta, Cyanea fissa. Cyanea
Gayana and others.

Cyanea pilosa densiflora Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl., add. 3US. 1''13.

(Plate 1^54.)
Leaves olilong-obovate, same as in the species; somewhat fleshy, white or
silvery underneath, dark green above; the hirsute 10-16-flowered peduncle very
short, pedicels hirsute; flowers white or with purplish tinge; staminal colunni
M'hite, glabrous; anthers wliite, hirsute, the lower ones jienicillate only; berry
dark orange colored. lO-ribbcd. I'l'owncd by the small linear I'alycine lolies. sjiai'-
ingly hispid.

HAWAII: Southern slopes of j\Iauna Loa, in the forest of Naalehu, Kau, in
swamny jungle (terrestrial), elevation 4000 feet, flowering and fruiting January
9, 1912, Eock, type no. 10001 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; —
Owhyhee ad montem Kaah, fruiting June 1825, Alaerae ex herbarium Soc. Hort.
Lond. in the Gray Herbarium.

Cyanea pilosa glabrifolia Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii Isl., add. 508. r,'13.

(Plates 40; 41.)

Herbaceous, terrestrial, about 9-10 dm high, the stem strigosely hispid; leaves

elliptical-oblong, acuminate at both ends, thin chartaceous. pale green above,

paler underneath, 18-28 cm by 5-8 cm, on hirsute petioles of 2.5-3 cm, young

leaves densely hispid underneath, old ones glabrous above, hispid along the

274

PLATE 154.

CYANEA PILOSA DENSIFOLIA Rock
Floworiiig and fruiting speeimeu troiii tlio iiioiiiitaiiis of Naalclui, Kau, Hawaii.

275

midrib and veins; fiowers several on a hirsute peduncle of aliout 7 em, brac-
teate above the middle; pedicels 6-10 mm long, tiliform, sparingly hispid
and bibracteolate at the base; bracteoles linear lanceolate, about 4 nmi long;
calyx greenish, the ovarian portion 5 mm, the lobes of nearly the same length
(4 mm) ; corolla greenish white, sparingly hispid, 2 cm long; staminal eolnmn
glabrous, whitish, the anthers densely hirsute; berry glabrous, oblong, dark
orange, crowned by the calycine teeth; seeds light yellow.

HAWAII : In the dense swampy forest near Kilauea, elevation 3700 feet,
ilowering and fruiting July 1911, Rock type no. 8805 in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii; — Kalanilehua, January 1918, W. ISl. Giffard in herbarium of
the College of Hawaii ; — lies Sandwieli, 1851-1855. J. Remy no. 303 in herbarium
Mu.seum Paris.

The variety (jlnbrifoJia is especiall\- numerous in ilr. W. ^I. Gift'ard's moun-
tain home, Kalanilehua; outside tlie fenced jiortion in the forest it is scarce,
owing to cattle which are allowed to graze in portions of the forest. The plant
is usually small and can easily be overlooked, as it grows in dense shaded places,
hidden under the numerous ferns and other foliage.

Cyanea pilosa Bondiana Ruck The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl., add. 508. 1913.

Plant about 8 dm high, terrestrial, stem hirsute; leaves short petiolate, coria-
ceous, obovate oblong, glabrous above, covered with a soft light-brown tomentum
underneath, acuminate at both ends, 10-14 cm by 3.5-5.5 cm; peduncles very
short, 3 nun, few-Howered, hirsute, as are the pedicels and calyx, the lobes of the
latter of the same length as the ovarian jtortion, linear; (tiowerhuds only) corolla
purpli', sparingly hisiiitl; berry glabrous yellow, globose.

HAWAII: Mountains of Koliala, about 7 miles above Awini near siunmit,
5000 feet elevation, in dense swampy forest, flowerbuds and fruiting June 1910.
Rock no. 8727 in the herliarium of the College of Hawaii.

Named in honor of Dr. B. D. Bond of Kohala for many courtesies received
from him by the author. Only one single specimen was olxserved; it grew in
company with Cyanea i^ilosa proper.

Cyanea pilosa megacarpa Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii Isl.. add. .508. 1913.

Plant erect, terrestrial, stem hirsute, leaves large, obovate-oblong, blunt at the
apex, narrowing suddenly into a Heshy petiole of 5 cm, with few scattei-ed
single hairs above, sparingly hispid underneath, 20-22 em by 9.5-10.5 cm; berries
large, 22 nun in diameter, globose, crowned liy the broadly triangular 8 mm long
calyx lobes (flowers unknown).

HAWAII: Mountains of Kohala in swampy forest back of Waimea along
the Alakahi gorge, elevation 4200 feet, fruiting June 1910, Rock no. 8728 in
the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Only a .single plant was observed; it is doubtfully referred to Cuayiea pilosa.
The plant looks quite different, at least the leaves are not of the C. pUosa t.ype,
but the habit of the plant is the same. The fruits are very large and globose.

27(>

PLATE loo.

CYANEA BISHOPII Kock
rype in the Berlin Iloil.iariuiii.

277

Cyanea Bishopii Rock The Indig'. Trees Hawaii Tsl., add. 509, 1913, and

Turrey Hot. CI. Bull. 44:233, pi. 13, 14, 1917.
Cyanea Kiiiithiana? Hillebr. Hora Hawaii. Isl. 264. 1888.

(Plate.s .52, 155.)

Plant subherbat-eous woody only at the base 10-14 dm higli, rarely branch-
ing, leaves crowded at the top, obovate-oblong. bluntly acuminate at the apex,
gradually tapering into a margined petiole of 3 em ; leaves 20-30 cm long, 4-7
cm wide (measured at their widest portion), sparingly hispid with scattered
Avhitish hairlets above, pubescent underneath, especially along the veins and mid-
rib ; iutlorescence densely clustered along the stem, immediately under the leaves,
extending down for about 12-15 cm; tlowers numerous on a short, hirsute, many
bracteate peduncle, <i nnn in length ; pedicels 5-6 mm when with tlowers, 12 mm
when with fruit, bibraeteolate aliuve the middle, bracteoles linear subulate 3 mm;
calyx hirsute the subglobose ovarian portion (i mm, calycine lobes as long as the
tube or longer; corolla slender, somewhat curved, 3 cm long. 4 mm wide, hirsute,
pale or lilac with whitish streaks, lobes very short, 3-4 mm, retrorsely dentate
above, the dorsal slit extending one-third the length of the tube ; staminal
column sparingly hispid, anthers densely covered with strigose pale purplish
hair, the lower ones only penicillate: Iterry subglobose, deep orange 8 mm in
diam., ci'owned by the calycine lobes. ■

MAUI: On ridge overlooking Wailuku. and liack of Lahaina, January 1871
(with fiowerbuds), E. F. Bishop co-type in Gray IIerl)arium, type no. 47 in
Herbarium Berlin ; — slopes of Haleakala, wet forest between Waikamoi and Ho-
'nomanu gulch, along Kula pipeliue trail, elevation 4000 feet, flowering May
IDll. Rock no. 8806 in the herbai'ium of the College of Hawaii; — same locality,
fruiting October 1910, Rock no. 8572 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ;
— upper forest of Puu Kukui, West ]\Iaui, 3000-5000 feet elevation, fruiting
September 24-26, 1916. A. S. Hitchcock no. 14846 in the U. 8. National lier-
l)arium and the herbarium of tln' College of Hawaii; — valley of Honokahau along
the trail to ilt. Eeke, 3000 feet elevation, Rock & Hashimoto, August 3, 1918
(observed only).

Half of the specimen collected by ]\Ir. Bishop was sent to lliUebrand, so in
reality both can be considered the type. With the specimen in the Gray Her-
barium is a letter addressed to Professor Asa Gray by ilr. Bisliop, who writes as
follows :

I have recently come to East Hampton, June 15, 1872, from the Hawaiian
Islands and have brought a few jilants which I have collected. While there I
had communication with Dr. Hillebrand, who has made large collections. But
he left for Germany, where he intends publishing a work on the Island Flora. I
have therefore some plants which are entirely new. All my collections have been
made on West ]\laui.

I enclose two plants herewith: a Cyanea found at an elevation of 4000 feet.
It was unfortunately not quite open, but the buds are large and apparently of
full size. The plant has a simple uprisht stem about 2 to 4 feet high. There
are probably 10 to 15 full-sized leaves closely ranged at the apex of the plant.
The specimen is full sized. Found January, 1871.

He then i-efers to the other plant, a Hesperomannia ; at tlie foot of the letter
is a note, probably written by Professor Gray, as follows: "Write and send
the Cyanea to Hillebrand."

Hillebrand referred this plant doubtfully to Ciiiiiica Kuiilliinna (Gaud.), a

18

278

PLATE 156.

CYANEA COPELANDII Rock
Type ill the Herliariuiii C'ollege of Hawaii

279

species figured but not described by its author* under the name Dflissia Ktiii-
thiana. That it is not this species is evident by the fact that the lobes of
the matare corolla are exceedingly short and retrorsely dentate or scabrous; the
whole aspect, moreover, is different from the plant figured.

Cyanea Copelandii Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Hull. 44:231, pi. 10. 1017.

(Plates 51, 1.56.)
Plant herbaceous, epiphytic, 30-40 cm tall, not branching, stem fleshy through-
out, green, with distant leaf-scars ; leaves dark green, oblong, acuminate at the
apex, gradually narrowing and slightly rounded below. 22.5-27 cm long, 5-S cm
wide, on iietioles 4.5-5.5 cm long, midrib prominent underneath as are the veins,
the latter slightl.y impressed above, margin of leaf unevenly wavy, minutely and
closely denticulate, denticulation mueronulate, glabrate above, slightly puliescent
below, especially the veins and midrib, pubescence consisting of minute reddish
brown hairlets ; inflorescence axillary, peduncles 4-5 cm long when in flower,
5.5 em long when in fruit, with a rusty-colored pubescence ; pedicels three or
four, 11-16 mm long, 2 mm thick, calyx greenish with purplish tinge, pubescent,
ovarian portion ovoid-oblong, 1 cm high, 6 mm in diameter, ten-ribbed, the
calyciue lobes triangular-dentiform, the tips dark purplish, 2 mm long; corolla
yellowish Hesh-colored, slightly curved" when open, of equal width throughout,
4 cm long, (i mm wide, the dorsal slit extending not quite to the middle, tlie
two upper lobes 2 cm long, the three lower 1 cm long, Avith a purplish pubescence
maiul,v along the nerves, the tips of the lobes mueronulate: sfaminal column
green, pale, perfectly glabrous, shorter than the corolla, the tube glabrous inside,
' with the exception of the base, which is tufted with whitish hairlets ; style green,
glabrous, stigma slightly two-lobed; anthers glabrous, the lower only penicillate;
fn;it dark orange, oblong, 15 mm long, 10 nun wide, slightly ribbed, crowned b,y
the calycine teeth.

HAWAII : On trunks of trees and tree ferns, in the rainforest of Glen-
wood, elevation 2400 feet, flowering and fruiting December 23, 1914, J. F. Rock
& M. L. Copeland no. 10350 tj-pe in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — ■
Glenwood. Hiiwcring September 1917, Rock no. 12848 in herbarium of the College
of Hawaii; — same locality, flowering and fruiting January 1918, W. M. Gift'ard
no. 13087 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — at 23 miles in dense fern
forest plentiful on trees and tree ferns, flowering and fruiting August 1918, Rock
& Hashimoto, no. 13138 in Herbarium Rock.

This species is related to Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea stivtoijliylla, to Cyanea
multispicata and Cyanea hirtella.

It is usually an epiphyte, but occasionally it roots in the ground at the base
of a ti'ee, against which it reclines and ascends, the stem rooting practically all
along its whole lengtli on the moss-covered trunk.

It was named for the writer's friend, M. L. Copeland, who accompanied him
on botanical excursions on Hawaii.

Cyanea stictophylla Rock The Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl., add. 509. 1913.

Cyanea palakca Forbes in Occas. Pap. P.. P. Bishop Mu.seum VI :3, 72, plate.

(Plate 1.57.)
Plant 2 m high, erect, not branching; leaves 20-30 cm M-ide, linear lanceo-
late, l)luntly acuminate at both ends, narrowing into a petiole of 2.5-3 em. glab-
rous above and evenly punctate with glandular points, hirsute underneath espe-
cially along the midrib and veins, with an undulate or irregnlarl.y notched
margin, peduncles axillary 1-2.5 em long, hirtellous, bracteate at the apex,
usually 5-flowered, pedicels hirtellous 7-15 mm long, bibracteolate below the
middle; calyx green puberulous, ovarian ]iortion ovoid, calycine lobes triangular
about 2 mm (flowers unknown).

* Voyage Bonite, pi. 77. 1839-52.

280

PLATK 157

CYANEA STYCTOPHYLLA Roi k

Type iu the herbaiiiim of the ('ollege of ITinviiii.

281

PLATE 158.

^V

CYANEA REMYI K.ick
Type iu herbarium Museum Paris, ex coll. J. Remy.

282

HAWAII : Mountains of Kaiholena in rainforest, southern slopes of Mauna
Loa, Kau, elevation 6000 feet, January 1912, Rock type no. 10055 in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii ; — dense forest east of Palakea, about 10 miles
north of Kilauea, Hawaii, June 29, 1915, C. N. Forbes no. 1003-H in the her-
barium Bishop jMuseum

Tlie native who was with the writer when he collected this species assured
him that he had seen it before in that same locality, and stated that the Howers
are yellowish. This species is related to C. Copelandii Rock, and probably also
to C. pilosa Gray.

Forbes gives the stem as spiny. The stem iu the writer's was not spiny with
the exception of some murication at the base. Spinyness is a variable character
and cannot very well !)e depended upon; for example, Cyanea platyphylla is
sometimes very spiny, and then again we meet with perfectly glabrous specimens.

The single corolla which adhered to the specimen was lost, but the writer
remembers it to have been yellowisli-white. Furlies describes the flowers and
fruits as follows:

"Calyx obconical. glabrous, the tuV)e 5-6 mm long, the teeth narrow acute,
3-3.5 mm long; corolla white nearly glabrous, siiarsely puberulent under a lens,
falciform 3.6 cm long; staminal column and anthers glabrous; berry globose,
orange-colored, rather flat-topped, seeds crustaceous, smooth reddish."

Tlie writer examined Forlies' tyjie of Cyaiica pdlalxca and found it identical
witli tlie writer's C. stictapJiyUd.

Cyanea Remyi Rock in Torrey Rot. CI. I'.ull. 44:233, pi. 12. 1917.

(Plate 158.)
Plant glalirous tlironghdiit ; leaves thick, chartaceous, iimstly 38-40 cm long
and 15 cm wide, on petioles 10-12 cm long; peduncle 7-8 cm long, pedicels fili-
form, 2 cm long; flowers (only a single flowerbud remaining) purplish pink,
glabroTis, and of very thin texture.

KAUAI or NIIHAU: Without definite locality, 1851-1S55, J. Remy 302 bi.^.
type, in the herbarium of the Natural History ]\luseum at Paris. The specimen
is labeled Dclissra. but represents a typical Cijaiiia. The species has not again
been colk^cted and is very distinct. Nothing is l^nown in regard to height or
lialiit of growth.

Species MINUS COGNITA.

Cyanea Remyi Rock
Cyanea undulata Forbes

Species EXCLUDENDA.

Cyanea Blinii Rr\l. in Fedde Repert. X. 10 14 (l''ll) ISf) ^ Clermontia par-
viflora Gaud. ( var. (3 pleiantha H1)d.).

CLERMONTIA Gaudichaud

I

285

CLERMONTIA Gaudichaud

Calyx lobes eitliev as lonji- as the corolla and then eonnate liilabiate, colored,
caducous, or shorter than the corolla and free, persistent; the ovarian portion
giohose or turbinate; corolla tubular of even width throut^hout, arched, or sidj-
erect, almost unilabiate, the dorsal slit extendini;' to the base, the lateral slits to
the middle, and the anterior ones falling' little short of the latter; stamiual column
free from the corolla, generally glabrous; only the two lower anthers penieillate;
stigma two-lobed. hairy below the lobes; fruit a globose to oblong, or pyriform
berry with a broad epigynous disk, two-celled, fleshy placentas which fill the
entire cells; seeds numerous, crustaceous, ovoid, smooth. — Unarmed glabrous or
tuberculate shrubs or trees with a thick tenacious milk sap. branching horizon-
tally or candelabra-like from the base upwards; flowers in simple or irregularly
eompoiuid cymes (two t^i ten-flowered), flowers green to pinkish purple, or white,
or deeji ]inrplish black.

The type of the genus is CUimoniia ohliniiiifuhd (iaud. The genus was dedi-
cated by (4audichaud to M. le iManjuis de Clermont-Tomere, who was ilinister
of the French Navy (Jlarine'). Origin;dly the genus consisted of five species,
three described b\- (iaudichaud and one Hgurcd by that auth(U' Init not described.
One was described by Asa Gray from a specimen collected by Gaudichaud. The
genus Chrmnntia comprised originally only such species as had a connate
calyciue tube as long as the corolla. That character, as has been shown, is not
tenable for generic distinctions, as the greatest variability occurs, to such an
extent that it is sometimes not even permissible to be used in specific distinc-
tions (.see Clermonlia /mrvl/tora and compare with its variety calycina) . Hille-
hrand added four new species and transferred one species of ('j/a)ica descrilied
by Manif and one species of Ddissea described by (Jaudichaud to Clennontia.

The writer added eight new species, and raised two of Hillebrand's varieties
to specific rank — Ch niiuiiHa mitrdiiflia (llillebr. ) Rock, and (7. Hawaiiensis
(Hillebr.) Rock. ('. N. Forbes described one new species (CI. tubnrulata)
and H. Leveille one valid one (CI. fulva) ; the status of this species is, however,
still somtwhat doubtfifl.

Threi^ of Hillebrand's varieties were reduced to their respective species;
three varieties were described as new by the writer. This brings the nunflier of
CIrDiKiiilia up to twenty-three .species, five varieties and one form.

Ilillebrand divided the genus into two sections, viz: ('!( riiioiiiiac genuinae
and Clennoitiiuideac. Of the first, (7. ohlongifoUn nuist remain the type, and
of the second Clerniovtia Gaudichaudii {Delissca clcrnioutiokles Gaud.).

To Vhrmoniinc gciiuiiiac witli a connate calycine tube as long as the corolla
belong the following species: ('I. (iblongifnlia. CI. Kakcaiia, CI. pcrsicifulia, CI.
Kohalac, CI. hptorlada. CI. dr( panotimrpUa, CI. pallida, CI. Hawaucii.^is, CI.
imi}ifi.'i-L(ia, CI. iindli/lnni, CI. iiiirraiilha. CI. griiti<li/I(ira. CI. /larrt/Inrn. exclusive
variety calycina.

To CUrmontioidcac \\\X\\ short persistent cal\-cine lobes belong the follow-
ing: CI. Gaudichaudii. (_'I. siiiguliflora, CI. arbnrescens. CI. tuberculata. CI.
fulva. CI. coerulca. CI. ptjrularia, CI. Hah al;al< usi^. CI. Waimiai and CI. Prlc-
ana, also Clermontia parviflora calycina.

PLATE 159.

286

CLERMONTIA ARBORESCENS (Mann) Hillebr.
Specimen in Herbarium Bcrolinense, ex roll. Ilillebrand.

287

Section CLERMONTIOIDEAE Hillebr.
Flora Hawaiian Isl. 240. 1888.

Clermontia arborescens (Alann) Millebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 242. 1888.
Cyaiica arborescens Mann in Proceed. Amer. Acad. Vn:183. 1868.
Dclissca IVaihiae Wawra in Flora XXXI :8. 1873.

(Plates 1.59, IGU.)

A small tree 5-8 iii in height : leaves obovate oblong, 12-16 em long, -i-a cm
wide, on petioles of 3-6 em, shortly aeitminate, acute, or ronnded at the apex,
acute to acuminate at the base, crenate to serrulate, coriaceous, dark green and
glossy above, paler beneath, glabrous on both .sides; peduncle very short, 5-8
mm long, thick fleshy, two-flowered; bracts small; pedicels about 25 mm long;
bracteoles minute, at the base of the pedicels, calyx green, ovarian portion cam-
pannlate about 20 mm high, the lobes usually deltoid, fleshy about 5 mm high,
separated by siiuLses. or connate and each lobe deeply emarginate, or dentiform;
corolla thick fleshy, strongly arched, about 6 cm long, of even width, greenish
white or sometimes cream-colo.red with a tinge of reddish purple; stamiual
column glabrous, anthers thick, glabrous or hirsute along the sutures; berry sub-
globose to obovate, orange yellow, deeply furrowed and crowned by the cal.ycine
lobes or truncate; .seeds pale yellow, shining.

JMAUI : West Maui, Mann et Brigham in Herbarium ? ; — West Maui, eleva-
tion 2000-3000 feet, Ilillebrand ;— Waihee Valley (not Kauai), Wawra no. 1956
in Herbarium Vienna; — Houokawai gulch. West ]\Iaui, flowering August 22,
1910, Eock no. 8202 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Waikamoi
trail, Olinda, northwestern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, flowering September 1910,
Rock no. 8515 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Olinda along pipe-
line trail, October 1, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 14923 in U. S. National Her-
barium;— Puukukui, October 26, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock nos. 14754, 14794 in
U. S. National Herbarium.

MOLOKAI : Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin ; — heights of Pelekunu, flow-
ering March 17, 1910, Rock no. 6109 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; —
Maunahui-Waikolu, fruiting March 21, 1910, Rock no. 6137 in the herliarium of
the College of Hawaii; — above Kamolo, flowering 1910, Rock no, 6176 in her-
barium of the College of Hawaii ; — Pukoo, October 8, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no.
15074 in II. S. National Herbarium; — north of Kamolo, 4000 feet, October 10,
19] 6, A. S. Hitchcock no. 15080 in U. S. National Herbarium.

LANAI : Sinnmit ridge Lanai Hale and Haalelepakai, elevation 3000 feet,
July -August 1910, Rock, observed only; — (Hillebrand in Herbarium '?) ; —
upper part of mountains, September 21, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 14648 in
U. S. National Herbarium.

The ]\Iolokai specimens come close to Clermontia Gaudiehaudii in the very
.short dentiform calyeine lobes; the flowers are also less fleshy than in the Maui
specimens, which have broad fleshy deltoid calyeine lobes and corolla lobes 5 mm
thick; the leaves are, however, all dark green glossy above and paler beneath.
The species is otherwise much more robust than CL (idndiehniiiHi : its closest
relationship is. however, with the latter species.

It is very common throughout the wet forests of West and East I\Iaui and
]\Ioliikai. but is less common on Lanai. With CI. drepannmorpha it possesses
the largest flowers of the genus Clermontia.

PLATE 160.

288

CLEBMONTIA ARBORESCENS (Mmiii) Hillebr.
Ohawai.

Loss tliaii lialf natural size; sliowiuu- tldwciinj; Inancli anil fruit.

Friiin: .1. V. Rock "Tlic Indijjouous Trees of lli.' Hawaiian Islands.'

289

PLATE Uil.

CLERMONTIA TUBERCULATA Koil>es
Natural size, showing liowerbuds. Note tubercles on the inllorescence.
From: J. V. Rook "The Inaigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands."

290

PLATE Ki:;.

CLEEMONTIA GAXTDICHAXJDII BARB AT A Rock
Type in Herbarium Beroliueuse, ex coll. llilloliraii.l uo. 56.

291

Clermontia tuberculata Forbes Occas. Pap. B. P. Bishop Museum \' :8, pi.
1912.

(Plate 161.)
A small tree 4-5 m high, many branched; leaves obovate to spathulate oblong,
denticulate to serrulate, 15-20 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide, on petioles of 2-5.5 cm,
coriaceous, dark green above, paler and minutely pubescent along the veins
underneath; peduncle two-flowered, 5 mm long pedicels 2-3 cm, both covered with
tubercles ; calyx tul)e campanulate with short obtuse lobes and covered with
tubercles throughout ; corolla somewhat cui-ved, 3.5-4 cm long, fleshy and cov-
ered with tubercles; anthers dark red, glabrous; berry globose, strongly tuber-
cnlate, 1.3 cm in diameter (teste Forbes) ; seeds smooth, yellow, shiny ovoid.

JIAUI : East j\Iaui, western slopes of Mt. Haleakala, to the east of and
between Olinda and Ukulele, flowering July 1910, C. N. Forbes no. 201-m in
the herbarium of the Bishop Museum ; — along the Ukulele-Waikamoi trail, eleva-
tion 5000 feet, flowering March 1012. R<ick & Ceresole no. 12837 in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii.

This species is not at all eonnnon ; one tree was observed along the T^kulele-
Waikamoi trail, and a second one along' a stream between Puukakai hill and the
Kula pipeline trail.

It comes close to Ch iiikihI in urhnrr.'icriis (^lann) Ililleljr., liut dous nut
develop such a size. It is a very distinct species and can be at once recognized
by the strongly tuberculata inflorescence, a character which occurs, however, in
Cyanea aculeatifloi-a Koek of the section palmaefo'rmes and from the same locality.

Clermontia Gaudichaudii (Gaud.) Hillebr. Flora Mavvaii. Isl. 243. 1888.
Delissea Clennoiitioides Gaud. Bof. Voy. Bonite. pi. 47. 1839-18.^2.
Clermontia Clennoiitioides (Gaud.) Heller in Minnes. Bof. Stud. IX;906. 1897.
Clermontia Faiiriei Levi, in Fedde Repert. Spec. uov. X:156. 1911.

A shrul) or small tree, branching candelabra-like, and forming a somewhat
flat crown; leaves elliptieal-olilong. to lanceolate, 8-14 cm long, 1.5-4.5 cm wide,
subcoriaceous to chartaceous, glalirous on both sides, glossy shining above with a
close reticulate impressed network, dull and paler beneath, with well-marked
darker venation, acute at both ends, margin crenidate, on petioles of 2-4 cm;
peduncle short, 1-3 em, bibracteate at the apex; pedicels as long or slightly
longer, bibraeteolate at or below the middle; calyx broad campanulate, 15 mm
high, with Ave short, acute teefli, 1.5 mm long; corolla arcuate, about 5 cm long,
6-8 nun wide, greenish purple, glalirous ; anthers pale glabrous; berry subglo-
bose, furrowed. 3 em high, 2.5 cm wide, truncate at the apex.

ILES SANDWICH: Gaudiehaud.

KAUAI: Waialeale and Pohainipili, Wawra nos. 2043, 2198 in Herbarium
Vienna; — Waimea, Knudsen not in Herbarium Berolinense; — U. S. Exploring
Exped. (leaves only) in Gray Herbarium ; — woods near the source of the Wahiawa
river, August 12, 1895, A. A. Heller no. 2704; — Kaholuamano, flowering March
10, 1909, Rock no. 2499 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — near Mt.
Waialeale, Kaluiti stream, fruiting and flowering September 1909, Rock no.
5062; — Waimea, March 1910, Urban Faurie no. 578 in Herbarium Leveille and
herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — Kaholuamano forest, October 1916, Rock
no. 12793 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Kaholuamano, October 21,
1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 15428, and on Mt. Waialeale, October 22, 1916, A. S.
Hitchcock no. 15482 in the U. S. National Herbarium.

292

PLATE l(i:i.

I

Type of CLERMONTIA SINGULIFLORA Rock in lieibaiium College of Hawaii.

293

This species is peculiar to the middle forest region of the island of Kauai.
It occurs as a shrub and as a small tree, sometimes epiphytically on MctrosuJcros
collina polymorplia or on Chcirodcndron platijphyllum. It ascends as high as
to the foot of Mt. Waialeale at an elevation of 4600 feet along Kaluiti and Kai-
liili streams. It is asociated with Gunncra. Trcmatolubdia macrostacliys Kuuai-
eiisis, Tetraplasandra Waialealac, and others.

Horace ]\Iann has apparentl}' not collected this species, and the description
he published was drawn up from a fragment collected by the U. S. Exploring
Expedition. The specimen con.sists of a small twig with leaves only and is
mounted on a sheet with other fragments of Clermontia ohlongifolial, CI. persici-
fulia and perhaps also CI. Kak(a}ia. Leveille's Clermontia Faurici is a young-
twig of this species.

The natives as well as the birds are very fond of the large, sweet yellow
berries. The native name of the species is Flalia-ai-a-ha-iiiaiiu = the Ilaha- whicli
is eaten by the birds.

Clermontia Gaudichaudii barbata Rock

Clcnnoiitia (jaiidiilnutdii /i. var. Ilillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 243. 1888.

(Plate l<ii2. )
Calyx and corolla as in the species; uiii)er anthers pubescent "along the
sutures and at the apex; leaves liroader oblong, glossy, as if varnished on the
upper face.

MAUI: East ilaui, llamakua, Lydgate no. 56 in llerl)ariuni Berolinense.

The writer is not familiar with this variety; according to Hillebrand the
upper aiitliers are bearded. Tliere is a specimen in the Berlin Herbarium col-
lected by Lydgate.

Clermontia singuliflora Rock

Clcniiov.tia LJaudichaiidii \ar. shii/ididora Rock in Inclig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. .^12.
1913.

(Plate Hi:'..)
An e))ii)hitic shrub, l..")-2 m high, glabrous thrduglmiit. leaves ellijitical. uvate-
oblong, acute at botli ends, coriaceous, 8-15 cm long, 3.5-5 cm wide, glabr(.)us on
both .sides, shining above, dull underneath, with fine reticular network impressed
above, projecting below, margin irregular, serrulate to denticulate, petioles 2.5-5
cm; peduncle short, about 8 mm, bibracteate at the middle and bibracteolate at
the apex ; pedicels 3-4.5 cm long, bibracteolate about 4 mm above the base ; calyx
tube turbinate about 15 mm long, and about as In-oad at the apex, the lobes tri-
angular dentiform about 2 mm high; corolla glabrous, greenish white, arcuate,
5-6 cm long; staminal column glabrous, pale, as are the anthers; fruit unknown.

HAWAII: Paauhau no. 1, northwestern slopes of Maunakea. elevation 3500-
4000 feet, flowering June 1901), Rock no. 3252 type in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii.

Clermontia Hiuijuliftora, as the specific name implies, has usually single
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, but occasionally two may be observed.
The species is closely related to Cln-minitid J'ddiiin. but diftVi's from it in tlie
very short peduncles, long pedicels, and smaller elliptical leaves; the flowers are
whitish green, while those of CI. Prlrana are puriilisli black. It is also epiphytic
and grows usually on ('In imdi iidnni CaiidiclKiiidii and ('itmtium ti-ee ferns. The
forest in which this species occurs was in a dying condition ue.irly ten years ago,
and in all probal)ility it has disappeared by now.

19

294

PLATE 104.

I

CLERMONTIA PELEANA Rock

Flowering specimen, reiluceil.
From: J. F. Rock "The Imliy-enous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands.

295

PLATE 165.

Type of CLERMONTIA COEEULEA Hillelir. in the Herbarium Berolinense.

296

PLATE im.

CLERMONTIA COERULEA llilicl.i.

One tliiid natural size; showing ilowers anil fruits.
From: J. F. Rock ' ' Tlie Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands

297
Clermontia Peleana Ruck Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 483. pi. 200. 1013.

(Plates 9, 1(54.)
A snifill tree or shrul) 6 m or more hig'h, usually epiph>'tie, li'labrous through-
out; leaves oblong' acuminate IS to 20 em long by 3.5 to 4.5 em wide, dark green
above, glossy somewhat lighter underneath, with dark purple veins and midrib,
irregularly crenate to near the base of the leaf, which is on a petiole of 4 to 6 cm;
flowers axillary usuall.v two on a short peduncle of 1.5 cm with two small linear
bracts at the middle; pedicels 3 to 4 cm with two bracteoles at their common
base; calyx dark green, the ovarian portion turbinate 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter,
with minute teeth; corolla strongly arched when open, 4 to 5 cm, dark blackish
purple, thin not fleshy, silky, the apex almost returning to the level of the l:)ase ;
staminal column glabrous dark purple, as are the anthers of which the two lower
are jieuicillate ; style glabrous with a bluntly two-lobed stigma; fruit globose,
truncate at the apex, about 3 em in diameter, orange y(41ow ; seeds chestnut-
brown shining, about 1 mm in diameter.

HAWAII : Near Glenwood along the road to the Volcano, epiphytic on
Ohia Ichua trees, flowering July 11. 1911, Hock no. 8800 type in the herbarium
of the College of Hawaii; — same locality. July 12. 1!H2; and fruiting Au'iiist :!(•.
1917, Rock no. 1284(i in the herbarium -of tiie College of Hawaii.

Clermnntia Peleana is named after the Hawaiian goddess Pch . whose abode
is in the fires of Kilauea, in the vicinity of which this species grows.

It is a tree about 20 iVet in height, but nuich smaller plants were observed;
the tallest ones were seen in the upjiermost forks of giant Metroskh roa cnUiiia
(Oil id lelnia) trees in the wet forest at an elevation of 2500 to 3000 feet; it is an
exceedingly handsome species on account of its synunetrical growth, dark green
glossy leaves with dei'|i juii-ple venation and dark pui-|ilish-black flowers. It
grows in company witli Clrniiontia Hawaiieiisis, Chcirudc iidroii Gaudkhnitdii,
Cjirtaiulra phit/jpIniUa. Cibotiiim Cliamissoi. C. Mcnziesii, Ilex anomala sand-
wicfiisis. Copnismia pulx iis and others. Like CI. Haleakalensis. CI. Peleana is
soon to be a thing of the past. It inhabits the tallest Ohia lelnta trees, which,
deprived of their native luidergrowtli, are ready to fall to their death, and with
them this interesting Clermontia.

Clermontia coerulea Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 243. 1888.

(Plates 165, 166.)
A small tree or shrub 4-6.5 m high ; leaves oblong 12-20 cm long, 2-4.5 cm
wide, shortly acuminate, mucronulate or bluntly acute, or obtuse at the apex,
acuminate at the base and contracting into a petiole of 3-5 cm in length, minutely
denticulate, membranaceous, glabrous above, with a scattered pubescence along
the midi'ib beneath; peduncle slender 2.5-4 cm long, bracteate considerably above
the middle; pedicels as long or longer than the peduncle (in Hillebrand's speci-
men the pedicels are shorter than the pedinicle), bracteolate below the middle;*
calyx greenish white or purple, the tube oblong or turbinate, the lobes either
large 15-17 lum, or minute dentiform; corolla moderately curved about 4 cm
long\ greenish in Kau specimens, purplish in Kona specimens, of a thin texture ;
berry globose yellow about 2 cm in diameter, somewhat furrowed.

Hillebraml 's statement that the bracteoles are at the iniiWle is incorrect; his speci-
men, which the writer examined, has the bracteoles also below the miiMle.

298

TLATE l(i7

I

CLERMONTIA WAIMEAE Rock
Type in the heibaiiiuii of the College of irawai

299

HAWAII: AVoods of Kona. Hillebraiid type in Herbarium Berolin. ; — lies
Saiidwifh, Hawaii, J. Reniy, 1851-185."). no. 808 in herbarium ihis. Paris; —
iloonuiahea, slopes of .Mt. Hualalai, rtoweriui;- June 10, 1909. Rock no. 3737 in
herbarium of the College of Hawaii: — Ilinalsapauula, Hualalai, tiowerbnds, June
10. 1909, Rock no. 3762 in lierbarium College of Hawaii: — Xaalehu forest, Kau,
3000 feet elevation, flowering January 1912, Rock no. 10003 in herbarium Col-
lege of Hawaii ; — forest of Kealakekua. tlowering February 10, 1912, Roek no.
10031 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Pulehua, South Kona, flowering Feb-
ruary 1912, Rock no. 10032 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

Clermonfia cocnilea is the most common ('!< riiiiuitia in the southern part of
the island of Hawaii. It ranges from Kau to South Kona, extending over the
slopes of Jlauna Loa to Xortli Kima over the slo|)es of Mt. Hualalai. It can be
found at an elevation of 2000 feet above Xaalehu, Kau, in wet rain forests up to
an elevation of 4000 feet. It also occurs in the wet forest back of Kapua, where
it extends up into the Koa belt. It is not unconniKni in the forests above Keala-
kekua and on the slopes of Hualalai back of Iluehuc. In Kau it is a tree 15 to
20 feet in height with a trunk of about 4 to 5 inches in diameter, and is freel.v
branching. In the specimens from Kau, tlie calycine lobes are minute dentiform,
while in the Kona specimens the lobes are broad deltoid. In the latter locality it
is a shrub.

The species was first collected bv Jules Rem.v, but was never described by
him. His specimen no. 308 in the Paris Herbariujii has long calycine lobes such
as are found in the Xorth Kona specimens.

Clermontia Waimeae liock in Coll. Hawaii Publ. Hull. 2:40. 1''13.

(Plate 1(57.)
A shruli 3-5 m high, man.\- branched, of the typical Clermontia t.\pe ; Ijranches
slender, glabrous; leaves bright green, glossy, subcoriaceous to chartaceous,
glabrous on both sides, only the young leaves puberulous underneath, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, mucronate at the apex, crenate to crenulate, cal-
lous, covered with a tine impressed areolar network, midrib reddish, 10-15 cm
long, 2-3.5 cm wide, on petioles of 2.5-3.5 cm ; cyme 3-5 flowered, puberulous,
axillarv. the conmion peduncle 2-3 cm. jiedieels 10-15 mm, biliracteolate at or
below the middle; ovarian portion of cal.vx subglobose, 6-8 mm in diameter, the
lobes linear-lanceolate recurved, acute, 5-8 mm long, puberulous, corolla purple,
■ slender, slightly curved, somewhat pubescent, 3-4 cm long, 3-4 mm wide, deepl.y
lobed more than half the length of the corolla, the lobes linear-lanceolate, acute,
the dorsal slit not alwa.vs extending to the base, but often only be.vond the middle:
staminal colunui glabrous, anthers entirel.v glabrous, the lower ones bearded
onl.v: fruits dark orani;(' yellow, globose with ti'uncate apex and persistent cai.v-
eine lobes.

HAWAII: Dense swampy forests aliove Waimea village, Parker Ranch,
elevation 4000 feet, flowering July 12, 1909, Rock, type no. 4794 in the ho'barium
of the College of Hawaii : — Waimea forests, flowering Jul.^• 1910, Rock nos. 4794-b,
4794-c, 4794-d, 4794-e;— Alakahi gorge, flowering July 13, 1909. Rock no. 4756;—
Kohala reservoir mountains of Kohala, flowering Jiily 1910, Rock no. 8847.

Cleniioutia Waiiiicac is a very variable species, the most varialile part being
the eal.^'cine lobes. This species shows well the impossibility of establishing
li'enera on such a variable character as the length of calvcine lobes.

300

PLATE 168.

t'lom ll*iraii-ii>lv

CLEEMONTIA PYRULARIA Ililltlir.
Type in Herbaviuiii Bcroliiiciise, ex coll. Hillebi-aiiil.

301

I'LATE 16!t.

CLERMONTIA HALEAKA.LENSIS Rock

Less than half uatural size. Type in the herljariuni of the College of Hawaii.
From: J. F. Rock "The Iniligenons Trees of the Hawaiian Islands."

302

PLATE 170.

?-t -t-tx^f-^" / -i 1 trf^^"^^

A-. *A ^i^ct^*^ 1

^ t

r: -- N

wis; \v)

r -A

^ f^,.

/i^A^t^UiL-^ /fi-<t viit

CLEKMONTIA FULVA Li'vl.
Sketfh of the type in Leveillr Herliaiiuiii, La Mans, France.

For example, we find in no. 47f)4-d, ealyeiue lobes measurino 22 mm in length;
they are, however, not ''onnate, but free to the base. In no. 4794-b the ealycine
lobes measure 8 nnn. There are other intermediates with ealycine lobes of all
lengths, but not as long as the corolla, and only in one instance (no. 4794-c) is
there a tendency of the lobes becoming connate. The species is closely related to
Clermoniia montis-Loa, CI. parviflora and CI. parvifora cahjcina. There is also
a tendency to develop a raceme instead of a true cyme, and thus the species
probably establishes the link between Cyaiiea and Clcrinontia. The habit of the
plant as well as the leaves is that of a tjT)ical Clermoniia.

Clermontia pyrularia llillel)r. Mora Hawaii. Isl. 243. 1888. amend.

(I'late UiS.)
Leaves lanceolate acute or bluntly acuminate 20-28 cm long, up to 5 em in
width, chartaceous, dull, glabrous above, pale and wliitish pubescent underneath,
on petioles of 2.5-8 cm long, peduncle 5-6 cm long, deflected, nodding, (|uite naked,
two to three-tlowered, pedicels 8 mm to 2 em long, resupinate. with short brac-
teoles near the base: calyx turbinate 12 mm long and broad, with short obtuse
teeth, puberulous; corolla moderately curved, 6-8 nmi wide, puliei'ulous; berry
large pear-shaped 2.5 cm long, about 2 cm wide; seeds dark brown, shining.

HAWAII: Woods of Ilamakua, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin: — ]\Iauna
Kea, northeast slopes, elevation 70(10 feet, fruiting August 28, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 14305 in the U. S. National Herbarium and part in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii.

Prof. A. S. Hitchcock was the first to re-collect this interesting species. It
comes close to CI. dn paiioimirplin, but differs from it in the short obtuse ealycine
teeth, while those in Clermontia drcpanoniorpha are as long as the corolla and
enclose the same. It grows in the wet shady woods on the northeast slopes of
.Mauna Kea at an elevation of 7000 feet, llillehi-and simply gives as localit.v,
woods of Ilanuikua, Hawaii. The Ilamakua district is exceedingly large and
ranges from sea level to 10,000 feet elevation in' even more; without more defi-
nite locality it is certainly difficuH to locate such i>recinctive species as lielong
to the Lohdiiiidrac.

Clermontia Haleakalensis R<ick Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 48'', pi. 204, 203.

1913.

(Plates 8, 26, 169.)
A small tree 6.5 m high, with few robust lu'anches, glabrous ; leaves 20 to 30
cm long including the short margined petiole, Heshy, 1.5 to 4 cm wide, obtuse,
oblong lanceolate, dark green above, pale underneath, midrib thick prominent,
veins impressed, pellucid, the upper half crenate, lower half entire, glabrous,
gradually tapering into a short margined petiole; cymes in the axils of the leaves,
peduncle 2 to 5 cm long, bearing usually 6 fiowers on pedicels of 1 to 1.5 cm, the
Ijracts linear subulate al)out 7 nnn, the pedicels bibracteolate below the middle;
calyx tube oblong turbinate 1.5 cm slightly judiescent, the lobes linear suliulate
5 mm long, corolla whitish green 3.5 to 4 cm long, curved, the dorsal slit not
always extending to the base, sometimes only to the middle, lobes linear lanceo-
late glabrous; staminal colunni white pubescent at the base, as is the disc, glab-
rous in the upper part, the two lower anthers penicillate; style slightly pubescent,
inner side of the staminal column hispid with white hair in the lower half, berry
oblong, seeds smooth whitish.

304

MAT'I: East Jlaui, western slopes of 'Sit. llaloakala, on the crater of Pnn-
nianiau. elevation 70U0 feet, tio^vering- October 11, 191U, Roek type no. 8595 in
herbarium of the College of Hawaii. Gray Herbarium, herbarium New York
Botauic Garden, herbarium Sydney Hot. (lard., Hi'rbai'iuiu Hero!.. Herbarium
Vienna.

A .small tree lU to 20 feet tall, with few very robiust branches, having at first
glance the aspect of a Dracaena. It is soft-wooded, and glabrous. This very
curious tree, which has almost an antediluvian appearance, comes nearly between
Clennonlia and Cyanea Its decidedly cymose inflorescence places it with the
former genus, while the dorsal slit of the corolla does not always extend to the
base, but to the middle. It also has a characteristic of the genus Dclissca, and that
is the thickened portion or knob in the flowerbud about the middle, indicating
the termination of the dorsal slit ; though the seeds, which in Delissea are deeply
wrinkled, are smooth and shining in the species in question.

This remarkable tree is undoubtedly one of the oldest forms of oiir Hawaiian
LohcUoideac, as it is so strikingly different from all the rest of the Lohdioideae
inhabiting these islands.

This species was discovered by the writer October 11, 1910, on the island of
JIaui, on the western slopes of Jit. Haleakala, on the crater of Puunianiau, at
an elevation of 7000 feet, in a locality wliere no one would expect to find a
member of this wonderful tribe. It grows in open, dry scrub in company with
plants belonging to the upper forest zone, siu'h as KaiUavdia plati/pliylla, Argtj-
ru.ilpliimii rircsccH.'i, Sapliara cJirn.'nipInilhi. Siniliiluiii Ilali iilalac. etc. Unfortu-
nately, only three trees are in existence, and as they are peculiar to the above
locality, it will not be long before they will have shared the fate of so many of
our native trees, becoming extinct, as cattle have free access and browse on the
lower brandies within their reach.*

Clermontia fulva Lj\l. in b^edde Repert. Spec. nov. XII :506. 1013. amend.

(Plate 170.)
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, undulate, pale green, slightly puliescent luiderneath,
especially along the midi-ib and nerves, the margins wav\-, crenate and with nu-
merous teeth, acute to acuminate? at the apex, acute at the base, 23 em long, 8 cm
wide, on petioles of 2.5 cm; peduncle 1 em, bracteate at the base, the bracts sub-
foliaceous, greeu glabrous ; pedicels not bracteolate, 1.5 cm, pubescent, yellowish ;
calyx ovate, ovarian portion about 13 mm. the teeth triangular 3 mm long acute,
distant; corolla suberect, (bud) 3 cm long, yellowish tomentose, fruit unknown.

KAITAI : Kaahao (in specimen), Kauhoa (in puliiication), flowerbucls, ]\Iarcl)
1910, Urban Faurie no 11 in Herbarium ricveille. La Alans, France.

No specimens are extant in other herbaria as far' as the writer is aware; the
description has been drawn up by the writer from the miserable specimen in
Leveille's herbarium.

The species is indeed an odd Cleniuittita; it has more the habit of a Cyanra.
The inflorescence as far as can be made out is apparently a cyme.

* The writer's fears in regard to the destruction of this rare species, were well founded;
the species has become e.xtinct. While on Maui for the i)urpose of taking photos of Luhclioi-
fh'iir. he made a special trip to Puunianiau to see tliis species once more, but to his great
sorrow not a vestige of this interesting species coiihl be found; it hail sucnimbed to the
ravages of cattle.

305

PLATE 171.

CLERMONTIA KAKEANA ifeyen
Specimen ex coll. HiUelirand in Herbarium Berolineuse.

306

PLATE 172.

CLERMONTIA PEESICIFOLIA Gau.l.

Sijecimen (•(jllcctpil ilurijig Gauilichauil 's secDihl visit (1836-37), in tlio liorliaiiuiii

Museum I'aris.

307

PLATE 173.

CLERMONTIA PERSICIFOLIA Gaud.

Floweriiifj siiei-imeu, reiluoed.
From: .J. F. Roc-k "The Iiuligenous Trees of tlie Hawaiian Islands.'

308

Section CLERMONTIAE GENUINAE.

Hillel)r. Flora Hawaiian Isl. 2i'>. 1888.

Clermontia Kakeana i\Ieyen Reise uni die Erde 11:358. 1843.
Clcvmonlia macrocarpa Cjaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite, t. 49. 1839-1852.
Clermontia macrophylla Nutt. Transact. Amer. Philos. Soc. II, 8:251. 1843.
Clermontia <jrandiflora y longifolia A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. V:150. 1862

(Plate 171.)
A tall shrub or small tree 3-(i m high, branching eandelalira-like, young shoots
tomentose; leaves obovate-oblong, 15-25 em long, 5-8 em wide, on petioles of 3-6
cm, sliortly acuminate or acute at the apex, acuminate at the base, closely den-
ticulate with callous teeth, but entire along the base, membranous when dry, a
dull green, not shining and glabrous above, faintly pubescent or puberulous
beneath; peduncle pubescent, 2-3.5 cm long, two to five flowered; pedicels 15-20
mm long, bibracteolate lielow or above the middle, or the bracteoles accrete to the
pedicels and therefore apjiarently at the base of the calyx; calyx green, ovarian
portion globose 10-13 mm in diameter, the tubular portion e(|ualling the corolla,
5 cm long, about 8 mm wide, suberect, green ; corolla yellowish green to pale rose-
colored ; staminal column and anthers glabrous, the latter purplish; berry globose
20-30 mm in diameter, faintly ribbed ; seeds pale.

OAHU: Gaudiehaud in herbarium Museum Paris; — ]\leyen, Xuttal, in Her-
barium?;— ]\Iann et Brigham no. 232 in Herbarium Cornell; — Ilalemanu gulch,
March 1870, Ilillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense; — Waiolani ]\Iountain, AVawra
no. 1658 in Herbarium Vindolionense ; — Kaala ]\lts., Wawra no. 2246 in Her-
barium Vindobonense ; — Kaala. Ilillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense; — along
Tantalus. April 2, 1895, Heller no. 2059 in Herbarium Cornell. Gray Ilerljarium;
— Pauoa Valley, flowering January 7, 1909, Rock no. 711 in herbarium College
of Hawaii; — Waliiawa, flowering July 1908, Rock no. 8725 in herbarium College
of Hawaii; — Kaukonahua gulch, flowering ■May 15, 1909, Rock no. 8723 in her-
liarium College of Hawaii; — Waikakalau gulch, flowering October 1912, G. W.
Shaw no. 12839 in herbarium College of Hawaii; — Waiaiui Valley (Waiahole),
flowering January 22. 1909, Rock- no. 1199 in licrliai-ium College of Hawaii.

JIOLOKAI: Ilillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense; — ;\lapulehu, Molokai,
flowering April 1910. in herbarium College of Hawaii; — Pukoo. Octolier 8, 1916,
A. S. Hitchcock no, 15032 in V. S. National Herbarium.

IMAIJI: West Maui. Puukukui, September 24-26, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock nos.
14793, 14795 in U. S. National Herbarium ; — East !\Iaui, Ilonomanu ditch trail,
flow-ering IMay 1911, Rock no. 8815 in herbariiun College of Hawaii ; — Kahiki-
nui, southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, flowering November 1910, Rock no. 8688
in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Olinda pipeline trail, elevation 4000 feet,
October 1, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 14928 in U. S. National llerbarimn.

CJcrniiiiitiii Kah(<ui(i. while not so variable as oilier species of the genus Cli r-
iiioiitia, is nevertheless one of the most conniKiii spi'cies. It occurs on Oahu. ^lo-
lokai and j\Iaui, growing at elevations of l()()0-40()0 feet. The plant was com-
monly known as ('Icrmoiitin mnirocnvpa. but the sjieeific name Kalrnna given
by ^Icycn is the older one. INleyen also published the first description, while
(iaudicliaud only jmblished a ])late, which is, however, excellent and better than
any description. Ililleiirand records three varieties of this species in his Flora.

I

309

PLATE 174.

Left-hand upper corner, CI. persicifolia Gaud., e<l coll. Gaud, visit ISSG-S?, Bonite:
left-hand lower corner, CI. Gaudichaudii, ex coll. U. S. Expl. Exp., Kauai; right upper three
lenves, CI. oblongifolia Uaiid., ex rcill. (inud., visit ls:i6-M7. Bouite; single leaf extreme right,
middle of plate, CI. Kakeana, ex coll. U. S. Expl. Exp. Oahu.

20

310

PLATE 175.

I

CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA Gau.l.
Specimen ex coll. Gauilic-liMud in Ilerbariiiin Paris.

311

PLATK 176.

CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA (i;ui.l.
Specimen ex ,.-011. Hillebraii.l iu Ileil.arimii Berolinense.

312

PLATE V,

CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA (<:n\<}.
Flowering sperinieii.

313

The two first ones, var. 13 ( !/)ii(isa and y rosra, are not sufficiently distinct to sep-
arate them from tlie species ; a five-flowered cyme occurs in specimens from
Oahu and also from ]\Iolokai, while two-flowered ones occur on these same plants.
His third variety, 8 Hawaiiensis, is sufficiently distinct to be raised to specific
rank (see Rock, Indigenous Trees Hawaiian Isl., page 477, plate 199).

In the Paris jMuseum is a specimen ex coll. Gaudiclnuid no. 146. C. viridis,
which may be referable to this species; to the writer's mind it seems to approach
a larger-flowered form of Clcrmoniia parviflora.

Clermontia persicifolia Gaud. Bot. A'oyage Uranie 459, pi. 72. 1826.
Clcrmoniia grand iflora var. /3. ohlongifolia A. Gray in part. Proceed. Amer. Acad.

V:150. 1862.
Clcrmoniia pari'iflora ^^'awra in Flora XXXI :47. 1873. not Gaudicliaud.
Clermontia pcrsicacfolia Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 241. 1888.

(I'lates 6, 7, 172, 173, 174 in part.)

A shrub or small tree 5-6 ni high with a broad, spreading crown ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong to spathulate, acute or rounded at the apex, acuminate at
the base, subeoriaceous, dark green, glossy above, pale beneath, eoarselj' crenate
or serrulate, 8-10 cm long. 1-2 cm Avide, on petioles of 4-6 em ; peduncle 10-14 ram,
usually two-flowered, with a pair of bracts below the middle; pedicels 12-15 mm
long, bibracteolate at or near the base ; calyx and corolla slender, whitish to white
with purplish tinge, greenish when young. 5.5 em long. 7-8 mm wide, slightl.y
curved; staminal cohunn glabrous; anthers whitish glabiMus, the hiwcr three
penicillate ; berry subglobose orange yellow.

OAHU: Gaudiehaud in herbarium ilusetnn Paris; — ex collect. Gaudichaud
no. 148 in Herbarium Paris ; — Montagnos, Avril 1855, J. Remy ]io. 307 in Her-
barium Paris; — Puahakea, Wawra no. 2206 in IIerl)arium Vindobonense; — Pa-
lolo Valley, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense; — Waiolani. 2500 feet eleva-
tion, June 6, 1895, Heller no. 2391 ; — Punaluu, main ridge Koolau Mountains,
December 3-14, 1908, Rock no. 698 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Palolo
Vallej^ near crater, 1912, Rock no. 12791 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

LANAI: Tapper forests of the mountains. September 21, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 14643 in the U. S National Herbarium.

Clrnnoiiiia p( rsieifolia, hitherto thought peculiar to Oahu. has lately been
found on Lanai by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock. It is evidently very rare, as the
writer, who spent several weeks on that island, did not find it.

It is a handsome shrub or small tree, growing either terrestrially or epiphyti-
call,y on Metrosideros trees. It is most common in Palolo Valley at an elevation
of 1300 feet along the crater rim.

Remy's no. 307 is the typical CI. persicifolia, and so is Wawra 's no. 2206
{CI. parviflora Wawra not Gaud.). Gaudichaud collected two specimens of this
species, one on his first visit, the other on his second visit. One, the type with-
out number, has a three-flowered cyme; the other consists of leaves only. It
bears the number 148 and is labeled CI. ohlongifolia?? var. cuneata. It was
evidently collected during his second visit on the Bonite in 1836-37. Fragments
of this plant are also in the Gray Herbarium on a sheet with specimens of
CI. ohlongifolia. CI. Gaudichaudii, and perhaps also CI. Kakeana; it is marked
var. cuncaia. Bonite. Gaudichaud.

314

PLATE TVS.

CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (Hillebi-.) Eock
Specinu'ii of CI. macrocarpa Hawaiiensis Hillcbr. in Herliariuin Beiolineuse.

315

Gaudiehaiid evidently did not recognize his own speeies established in 1826,
which is not at all surprising, since the material at its best is fragmentary.

Clermontia oblongifolia Gaud. Bot. Voyage Uranie 459, pi. 71. 1826.
Clermonlia grand illora ji ohloiujifolia A. Gray in Proceed. Amer. Acad. V:150.

1862. pro parte.
Clcnnoniia oblongifolia Mauicnsis Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 476. 1913.

(Plates 175, 17(5, 177.)
A small tree 5-7 m high or more often a shrub ; leaves oblong to obovate oblong,
or lanceolate oblong, bluntly acute, or obtuse or shortly acuminate at the apex,
acute or acuminate at the base, coriaceous to subchartaceous, jiale or deep green,
lighter beneath, glossy shining above, 8-19 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide, the margin
crenulate, on petioles of 3-9 cm ; peduncles two to three flowered, 1.5-4.5 cm long,
with one or two pairs of dentiform bracts; pedicels 2-4.5 cm, bibracteolate near
the base, calyx greenish, the lobes as long as the corolla, the latter strongly
arcuate, 6 cm long, 12 mm wide, glabrous, greenish or purplish and dull, the apex
returning to the level of the base; staminal column glabrous, the anthers glabrous
or hirsute at the sutures; the berry globose not furrowed, seeds dark brown.

OAHU: Gaudichaud in Herbarium Paris; — H. S. Exploring Exped. in Her-
barium Gray; — Mann et Brigham no. 232 (in part) in Herbarium Cornell;—
Hillebi-and in Herbarium Berolinense; — Wawra no. 2356 ex herb. Ilillebrand in
Herbarium Vienna; — Konahuauui, elevation 2500 feet. May 2, 1895, Heller no.
2239; — Pauoa Valley, flowering November 1908, Rock no. 10(i in herbarium of
the College of Hawaii ; — Konahuanui, flowering January 7, 1909, Rock no. 983
in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Punaluu, Koolau, December 24-29, 1908, Roek
in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Pauoa Valley, April 20, 1912, Nuuanu Valley
1912, Rock no. 12784;— Konahuanui, 1912, Rock no. 12783 in herbarium College
of Hawaii;— Mt. Kaala, 2000-4000 feet, July 9, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 13933
in U. S. National Herbarium.

LANAI: Mahana Valley, flowering July 23, 1910, Rock no. S014-a ;— Kai-
holena Valley, flowerintj' July 1910, Rock no. S014-b in lierbarinm of the College
of Hawaii.

MAUI: Honomanu, East Maui, elevation 3000 feet, flowering April 1911,
Rock no. 8804 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Of Clermontia oblongifolia there is one sheet in the Herbarium Paris, col-
lected by Gaudichaud, but it seems never to have been properly labeled. In
pencil appears the following legend, translated: " Attcnuata. Clermonlia oblon-
gifolia? violaeca, a light purple, greenish, corolla green-yellowish, stamens
whitish purple, style light green, stigma dark green." There is no question of
its being CI. oblongifolia.

In the Cornell Herbarium is one sheet of the Mann & Brigham collection,
part of which is CI. oblongifolia and the other part CI. Kal< ana.

The specimens from Lanai and Maui ilitfer somewhat from the Oahu speci-
mens, but they must be referred to ^7. oblongifeiUa. In the Maui specimens the
anthers are a deep purple and are hirsute at the sutures; the leaves are also
acuminate.

PLATK 179.

316

CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS ( llillobi-. ) Eock

Flowering anil fruiting specimen.
?"rnni: J. V. Roi-k "The Imligenous Trees of the Hnwniinn Tslamls

317

Clermontia Hawaiiensis ( Hillebr.) Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 477,

pi. 199. 1913.
Clermontia macrocarpa var. Haivaiicnsis Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 241. 1888.

(Plates 44, 45, 48, 178, 179.)

Leaves ovate-obovate, oblong', undulate, dark green, glossy above, glabrous,
lighter beneath, pubescent along the veins and midrib, the veins impressed, 15-22
cm long, 3-6 em wide on reddish petioles of 2.5-3 em. ehartaeeous, acute or acu-
minate, obtuse or rounded at tlie apex, acuminate at the base; peduncles two to
four-flowered, 3-6 cm long, bibracteate in the ujiper foui'tli, bracts foliaceous, 2-8.5
cm long, linear-oblong, denticulate; pedicels 2-4 cm long, bibracteolate at the
middle and at tlieir common base, pnberulou-S; ovarian portion of calyx sub-
globose to oblong, turbinate, pronouncedly ten-ridged, the dorsal ridge almost
wing-like, the lobes green or purplish as long as the corolla and enclosing the
same, 6-6.5 cm long, the dorsal slit extending to the base, the latteral slits beyond
the middle, each lobe strongly nerved, each nerve being a continuation of a ridge
of tlie ovarian portion of the calyx; corolla slightl.y curved, especially before
antliesis, and thickened toward the apex in the bud, white to greenish purple or
purple; staminal column ghibrous, green or ])urple, anthers pale purple, or dark
and hirsute ahing the sutures or glabrous, the two lower penciUate only; berry
large 3 em in diameter, truncate at the apex, orange yellow, ten-ribbed.

HAWAII: From Hilo to Waiohino, flowering, Ilillebrand in Herbarium
Berolinense; — Volcano road, flowering July 1911, Rock no. 8801; — ^launa Loa,
Kipuka Puaulu, flowering July 1911, Rock no. 8802; — Puaulu and Maunaloa,
flowering July 1911, Rock no. 8803 type in herbarium of tlie College of Hawaii ; —
Puna, Hawaii, on road to Tree-moulds, flowering September 2, 1917, Rock no.
12847 in lierbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Clermontia Hawaiiensis embraces ciuite a numlier of forms. Ilillebrand "s
typical var. Hawaiiensis of CI. macrocarpa was obtained evidently back of Hilo
or Puna. It is true that the plants from these two mentioned localities come
rather close to ('l. macrocarpa^ CI. Kakeaua, but those found higher up the
mountain on Mauna Loa, as, for example, in the famous Kipuka Puaulu
and in the fern forest at 4200 feet elevation, look quite different; it is a
compact tree up to twenty feet in height with a dense round crown. These
different forms range more or less into each other, and it is desirable to rec-
ognize them all as a species. In Puna the species is exceedingly common ; whole
aa (trough) lava flows are taken up by this species, which forms a regular scrub
forest to the exclusion of everything else.

The leaves are sometimes oblong or ovate, the peduncle either very long and
then twice as long as the pedicels and two-flowered, or as long as the pedicels or
little longer and then four-flowered; the two inner pedicels are shorter and
thicker (almost quadrangular) tlian the two outer pedicels. In the four-flowered
specimens the corolla is purple, while in the long-peduncled, two-flowered speci-
mens the corolla is either whitish or greenish. In the forests of Keauhou, on
]\Iauna Loa, about three miles from the Volcano House, it is exceedingly plenti-
ful and grows usually on trunks of Cihoiium tree ferns or it is also occasionally
terrestrial. In the above-mentioned region it is associated with Acacia J(oa lia-
icaiiciisis. Metrosiclcros collina polymorplia, BIyoporum sandwiceiise, Straussia
hawaiiensis. etc. The plants found immediately back of Hilo may not be refer-
able to this species, but to Clermontia Kakeana.

318

PLATE 180.

Wuseuin botanicum Berolinense. I ^

y^iA^.-^t.-f."* pit.ic.4*-

Type of OLERMONTIA PALLIDA llillcl.r. in I!<Ml>;iriiim Berolinense.

319
Clermontia pallida Hillehr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 241. 1888.

(Plate 180.)

A small tree 4 to 5 m liigh, quite glabrous leaves crowded at the ends of the
branches, pale, ehartaceous, dull, not shining, elliptico-oblong, 10-15 cm long,
3-4.5 cm wide, on petioles of 6.5-10 cm long, caspidate at the apex, acute at the
base, bluntly serrulate; peduncles 7.5-15 nun long, cymosely three to seven flow-
ered, with a pair of empty bracts, pedicels up to 2 em long, bibracteolate below
the middle; bracts 14 mm. linear-oblong, braetlets 10 mm long; calyx green with
a reddish tinge, the free tubular portion moderately arched, about 5 cm long, 10-12
mm wide, glabrous; corolla of the same color as the calyx or darker, glabrous;
staminal column bluish purple, pruinose, puberulous, the anthers bluish glal)rous ;
fruit (immature) gloljose. truncate.

ilOLOKAI : Pali of Wailau, Ilillebrand type in Herbarium Bei'olinense,
part of type in herbaritun of the College of Hawaii,- co-type in Gray Herbarium;
— "Wailau Pali on ridge overlooking the valley, flowerbuds May 1915, Rock no.
12788 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Wailau Pali, flowering and fruit-
ing (innnature) December 24, 1!115, Rock no. 12790 in herbarium of the College
of Hawaii ; — Kamolo, north of, about 4000 feet elevation, flowering October 10,
1916, A. S. Hitchcock in the U. S. National Hei'barium and part in herbarium
of the College of Hawaii, no. 12786; — Central Molokai, wet forest, October 13,
1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 15189 in the U. S. National Herbarium and part in
herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Clermontia pallida is evidently related to CI. muliiflora. but differs from it
in the larger flowers, much larger leaves and long petioles; the name pallida
refers to the very pale green leaves. The species is peculiar to Molokai. A co-
t.ype in the Gray Herbarium is labeled: " ClrniKiitfia sp? an oblongifolia Gaud.?
CI. longiper herb. mei. ]\lolokai : pali of Wailau and Pelekunu."

On the cliffs of Waialeia and Waihanau a variety of the species is quite com-
mon : it presents a different aspect from the plants found at Wailau and Pele-
kunu; the leaves are much smaller and the flowers are larger and on very short
peduncles and pedicels. Were it not for the two-flowered cyme the plant could
be referred to CI. multiflora. It is a very much branched, densely foliate shrub
or small tree and may be recognized as a new variety of the species as var.
ramo!<issima Rock, type no 13116 in Herbarium Rock.

Clermontia Kohalae Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 476. 1913.

(Plates 25, 181.)
A small tree 5-6 m tall, loosely branched ; leaves linear oblong, bluntly acute
at the apex and slightly emarginate. acuminate at the base, 7-16 cm long, 2-3 cm
wide, griidually narrowing into a petiole of 2 to 4 cm, glabrous, dull, pale undei"-
neath. with impressed veins, ehartaceous to membranous, denticulate or serrate in
the upper two thirds, entire at the base; peduncle 15-35 mm long, two-flowered,
hispid or even scabrous, with two triangular bracts above the middle ; pedicels as
long as the peduncles, bibracteolate ; ovarian portion of calyx turbinate, green,
the lobes as long as the corolla, dark purplish black, thin, subereet or slightly
arcuate, glabrous; corolla dark purplish black, glabrous, 5-6 cm long; staminal
cohunn glabrous; anthers pale, hirsute along the sutures, the two lower anthers
only penicillate; berry subglobose, about 2 em in diameter; seeds pale brown,
smooth, shining.

320

PLATE 181.

CLERMONTIA KOHAIiAE Rock
Type in the herbaiiiiiii of tlie College of Hawaii.

321

PLATE 182.

CLERMONTIA KOHALAE ROBUSTA Rotk
Type ill the lierViariiim of the College of Hawaii.

322

PLATE 183.

CLEEMONTIA LEPTOCLADA Bock
Type iu the berbariuiu of the College of Hawaii.

323

HAWAII : AVoods above Hiilawe, Waipio Valley, Kohala, flowering July
IS, 1909, Rock no. 4573 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — gulches back of
Kohala proper, lower forests along the sti'eams at an elevation of 1500-2500 feet,
flowering and fruiting July 1910, Rock, type no. 8810 in the herbarium of the
College of Hawaii, co-type in Gray Ilerbariiuii. Herbarium Sydney, Calif. .Acad-
emy of Science. Herbarium Berlin, and Herbarium A'^ienna.

A ver^- handsome species. It flowers during the spring and sunuuer munths
and is restricted to the windward side of Hawaii, district of Kohala. It is un-
doubtedly related to Clcrnioiitia Ilaivaiiciisis of the same island, but difl^'ers from
it in the long, thin purplish black flowers and in many other respects also.

Clermontia Kohalae robusta Rock in Coll. Hawaii Pulil. I'ull. 2:41. 1013.

(Plate 182.)
A small tree or shrub, branches exceedingly stout, woody to tlie last ramifica-
tion, bark thick corky and covered with numerous thick knobby leaf-scars ; leaves
smaller than in the species and on much shorter petioles, densely crowded at the
apex of each branchlet ; inflorescence the same as in the species, flowers thicker
and more fleshy, the c.ymes in the axils of the uppermost leaves and not all along
the stem as in the species.

HAAVAII: ilountains of Kohala, along stream beds and near waterfalls at
an elevation of 1500 feet, back of Kohala proper, flowering July 1910, Rock, type
no. 8811 in the herbarium of thi' College of Hawaii.

A very robust Clevmtintia. perhaps oifly a form of the species.

Clermontia leptoclada Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 477. I'M 3,

(Plate 183.)
A tree 6-7 m tall, branching candelabra-like, branches slender, loosely foliose;
leaves lanceolate-oblong, acinuinate at both ends, 12-18 em long, 2.5-4 cm wide,
denticulate with callous teeth, dark green above, with a dark purplish tinge at
the margins and apex, glalu'ous aliove, coriaceous, with impressed veins, pale
tuiderneath and sparingly hispid along the veins and midrib, on petioles of 4-6
cm; flowers all along the slender stem, on cymosely branching hirsute peduncles
of 2.5-4 em, braeteate in the upper third; pedicels two to four, 1.5-3.5 cm long,
bibracteolate at the middle, the bracteoles linear-subulate, 5 mm long; ovarian
portion of calyx subglobose, 14 mm in diameter, the tube as long as the corolla,
purplish with prominent hispid nerves; corolla slightly arcuate 4.5 em long, lobes
linear-lanceolate, dark piu-ple, hispid with white hair; staminal column purplish,
puberulous, the anthers hirsute along the sutures, bluish purple, the lowej* only
penicillate; fruit globose, 2.5 cm in diameter; seeds brown, smooth, shining.

HAAVAII: Forests alxive AVaimea. along the Alakahi-Kawainni ditch trail,
elevation 4200 feet, flowering and fruiting July 13, 1909, Rock type no. 4760
in herbarium of the College of Hav.-aii ; — Alakahi trail, flowering June 1910,
Rock no. 8814 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

This species is closely related to CI. montis Loa, but differs from it in the
larger flowers, long peduncles and pedicels; though no. 8814 comes very dose
to it. It inhabits the high .swampy plateau of Kohala back of AVaimea, and
grows in company with f'l (Inpnnntnorpha, Gunnera peiuloidca, Labordia spp.,
Cyrtandra paludasa. ('In inidi iidron Gaudicliaudii, etc.

324

PLATE 184.

CLEEMONTIA DREPANOMORPHA K(« k
Type iu the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

325

PLATE 185.

CLERMONTIA DREPANOMORPHA Kn

Flowering and fruiting specimen, about one lialf natural size.
From: J. F. Rock "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands."

326

I'l.ATK l,S(i.

i

Type of CLERMONTIA GRANDIFLORA (inu.l. in licil.anuiiL iluseum Paris.

327

Clermontia drepanomorpha Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 473, pi. 196.

1913.

(Plates 184, 185.)
A small tree 4-6 m tall, jnueh branching, leaves lanceolate-oblong, obovate.
linear-elongate, S-IS em long, 1.5-4 em wide, glabrous above, sparsely hispid
underneath along the prominent I'eddish midrib, dark green above, lighter under-
neath, denticulate in the upper two thirds with callous teeth, entire in the lower,
coriaceous aeuminate-mucronate at the apex, acuminate at the base, the margin
often revolute ; petiole 2-5 cm ; peduncle glabrous, two-flowered, 6-8 cm long with
flowers, 10 cm with fruit, naked, deflected, nodding; the pedicels 2 em, resupi-
nate ; bracts and bracteoles triangular ; calyx dark purplish, the ovarian portion
1.5-2 cm, turbinate to globose, the lobes as long as the corolla, purple; corolla dark
purple, fleshy, slightly curved, 4-6 em lonu', 1.5-2 cm wide, pnberulous; staminal
column glabrous, purplish, anthers bluish-lilac, hirsute along the sutures on the
inner side, glabrous outside, the lower only penicillate: berry large globose,
orange yellow, 3 em in diameter ; seeds yellowish brown, smooth.

HAWAII : On the swampy high plateau of Koliala along the gorges of
Alakahi and Kawainui and near the summit of Kohala in the more open swampy
forest, growing terrestrially in ^Sphagnum moss, flowering July 12-13, 1909, Rock,
type no. 4751 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii; — same locality, no. 4745; —
tabular summit, swampy forest of Kohala, flowering July 1910, Rock nos. 8807,
8808, 8809 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — Waimea, Hawaii, August
25, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock in U. S. National Herbarium.

This remarkable species, with flowers as large as those of CI. arboresccns, if
not larger, inhabits tlie summit swamp-sphagnum forests of Kohala, Hawaii;
the species occurs in thousands of trees, but each seems to have a different
aspect. It is a very variable species as far as the foliage is concerned, but the
inflorescence does not vary at all, only perhaps in color. It is one of the finest
Cle7-montias and at once recognizable by the long drooping inflorescence and
large purple flowers. The calyx is as long as the corolla ; otherwise it would
come exceedingly close to Clcnnnntia pyndaria.

Clermontia grandiflora (iaud. Hot. \'oy. Uranie 439, pi. 73. \^2(>.
Clermontia grandiflora var. brei'ifolia A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V:150. 1862.
Dclissca fiUgcra W'awra in Flora XXXI :31. 1873.

(Plates 180, 187.)

A small tree 4-5 m high, glabrous ; branches slender ; leaves obovate to
oblong, shortly acuminate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, bluntly serrulate or
dentate, narrowing and acuminate at the base, 8-15 cm long, 2.5-4.5 cm wide,
chartaceous, glabrous and dull; petioles 1-5 cm long; peduncle filiform and pen-
dulous 2-11 cm long, bracteate at the apex and above the middle, two-flowered,
the slender pedicels 3-6 cm long, bibracteolate near the middle (or sometimes
three or by dichotomy of the pedicels eymosely four to five-flowered teste Hille-
brand); calyx glaljrous. rather thin, purplish or greenish, the ovarian portion
low cup-shaped, 1 cm high, about 15 mm broad, the free portion tubular, strongly
curved before expansion, much less so after, as long as or shorter than the corolla ;
corolla about 6-7.5 cm long, 8-10 mm wide, purplish or greenish, glabrous ; stam-
inal column glabrous, as are the anthers; berry obpyriform, deep orange yellow.

ILES SANDWICH: Gaudichaud. type in Herbarium Paris.

IMOLOKAI: Voyage de M. J. Remy 1851-1855, Remy no. 306 in Herbarium
Paris and Grav Herbarium; — heights back of Kamolo, Julv 1870. Hillebrand in

328

PLATE 187

I

CLEKMONTIA GRANDIFLORA Caml.
Specimen ex Herbarium llilleViraiiU in Ilerliarium Beroliiieuse.

329

PLATE ISS.

CLERMONTIA MULTirLOKA Ilillobr.
Type in Herbarium Berolineuse.

330

PLATE 1S9.

Museum botaiiiciirn BcrolinciiserT08r^

•-t >i-(i . fi'.iivfii ■••

Tyi.c of CLERMONTIA MICRANTHA i llill.'l.r. i Eofk iu Herbarium Beroliiieiis

331

Herbarium Borolinense; — Kainokn camp above Kaunakakai, elevation 3500 feet,
below a waterfall, tlowerbiids, Jlarch 20, 1910, Rock no. 6117 in herbarium
College of Hawaii; — woods above Mapulehu-Wailan Pali, April 1910, Rock no.
S069 in lierbarinm College of Hawaii; — ^lapnlchu, April 1910, Rock no. TOfiS in
herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Mapulehu, flowering May 1915, Rock no. 127S1
in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Pukoo, October 8, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no.
15013 in U. S. National Herbarium.

LANAI: Slopes of Mahana Valley and on the main riduc, tlowering July
22, 1910, Rock no. 8018 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii: — upper forests,
September 21, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock no. 14677 in IT. S. National Herbarium.

JIAUI: West Maui, U. S. Exploring Exped. in Herbarium Gray; — Waihee
(not Kauai), Wawra no. 1955 in Plerbarium Vindobonense; — Puukukui, near
summit, flowering August 1910, Rock no. 8193 in herbarium College of HaAvaii ; -
Honokawai, flowering August 1910, Rock no. 8205 (intermediate between CI.
grandiflcva and CI. oblongifolia) in herbarium College of Hawaii; — Waikamoi
gulch, elevation 4300 feet, flowering and fruiting September 1910, Rock no. 8503
in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Olinda, October 1, 1916. A. S. Hitchcock no.
14898 in U. S. National Herbarium; — Puukukui, young fruits, September 24-26,
1916. A. S. Hitchcock nos. 14762 and 14788 in U. S. National Herbarium.

This distinct species inhabits the rainforests of IMolokai, Lanai, West and
East ilaui, from an elevation of 2000 to 5000 feet. The specimens from above
Mapulehu or the Molokai specimens in general have the longest peduncles, wliile
the Maui specimens have the shortest (2 cm). The Lanai specimens vary slightly
and some have the aspect of Clcrmontia obhuigifolia, with which the species is
doubtless closely related. On Lanai it grows in the more dry district at the
ridge of Kaiholena and ]\Iahana valleys, where it is a shrub; in the more shaded
localities it becomes a small tree 15-18 feet in height. It is very plentiful at 4000
feet elevation on the windward side of Haleakala, East Maui, in the dense mossy
rainforest along Waikamoi, Puohaokamoa, and Honomanu gorges.

The specific name (jraiuliflorn is very misleading, as its flowers are exceeded
in size by CI. arbarcscois and (7. iln panoiiuirplut.

Clermontia multiflora llillelir. Mora Hawaii. Isl. 242. 1888.

(Plate 188.)
A glabrous shrtib 2-4 m high, leaves lanceolate-oblong 11.25-12.5 cm long,
2.5-3.15 cm wide, on long petioles of 6.25 to 7.5 cm, equally acute at both ends,
erenulate, pale, ehartaceous to membranaceous ; peduncle 1.75 cm long, slender,
umliellately many (seven to ten) flowered, with empty bracts only when fewer
flowered: pedicels as long, bracteolate at the base; the bracts 1-2 mm; calys__cif
thin texture, glossy pale green, the ovarian portion obconical, 8 mm long, the free
tuliular jiortion as long as the corolla, 24-32 mm long and 5 nun wide, suberect;
corolla purple at the top as are the anthers.

]MAri : Gulches of Waihee and Lahaina, flowering August 1870, Hillebrand
in Herbarium Berlin and imrt of type in herbarium of the College of Hawaii,
and Gray Herbarium.

OAHU: Wailupe Valley, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berlin and part in her-
barium of the College of Hawaii, no. 12782.

A very interesting and distinct species, which so far has not lieen re-collected.
The specimen in tlie Gray Herbarium is labeled: "ClcrnKDifia unilli/lora sp. n.?
affln. pi/finiia." Tlie n:imc /iniiiina refers to his CI. )iuilti/lnr(i var. tiiicnniflHi.

332

PLATE ion.

CLERMONTIA MONTIS LOA Rock
Type (iio. 1(1002) in the College of llawiiii Herbarium.)

333

PLATE 191.

Type of CLEKMONTIA MONTIS-LOA Kix-k in the lierb;iiium of the College of Hawaii.
From: College of Hawaii Publ., Bull. No. 2.

334

Clermontia micrantha (llillebr. I Ruck

Clennontia multillora niicraiitim Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 242. 1888.

Clermontia imtltiHora micrantha moutana Rock Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. .^11.

1913.

(Plate 189.)

A shrub 1.5-2 m hiuh ; leaves small thick eoriaeeons when fresh, light green
with pinkish veins and denticulate margins, linear-lanceolate acute to acuminate
at both ends, glabrous on both sides, 5-10 cm long. 15-25 mm wide, on petioles of
2-3.5 cm long; peduncles usually two-tlowered (three to five-tlowered according to
Hillebrand*) ; peduncle 5-6 mm long, pedicels about 12 mm; calyx greenish
pink, as long as the corolla; corolla 2.5 cm long, pinkish purple, glabrous; stam-
inal column and anthers pruinose-bluish : berry ovoid to subglobose, deep orange,
15 mm in dia'iieter.

ilAlT: Waihee Valley, tlowcring August 1870, Hillebrand in Herbarium
Berolinense; — above Kaanapali, on ]\It. Puukukui, elevation 4000 feet, Howering
August 1910, Rock no. 8179 in herbai'iimi df the College of Hawaii; — upper
forest of Piuikukui, West IMaui, flowering and fruiting September 24-26. 1916,
A. S.. Hitchcock nos. 14821 and 14784 in the IT. S. National Herbarium and part
in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — near the summit of ^Mauna Eeke,
flowering September 3, 1918, Rock & Hashimoto, in Herbarium Rock. no. 13131.

A vei-y handsome plant worthy of .specific rank; it is a small shrub with
pinkish purple flowers and bright green leaves with a pinkish tinge. The
peduncles are nearly always two-tlowered and only rarely three to five-flowered,
as stated by Hillebrand.

Clermontia montis-Loa Rock in Coll. Hawaii I'libl. Bull. 2:40, pi. 9. 1''13.

(Plates 190, 191.)
A small tree or shrub, usually epiphytic; leaves coriaceous, oblong, oljtuse or
bluntly acute at the apex, acuminate at the base, glabrous above, covered with
close reticulate network, dark green above, pale whitish underneath, and pube-
scent with whiti-sh hair, the margin crenate, 10-18 cm long, 2.5-3.5 em wide, on
petioles of 3-4.5 cm long; peduncle about 3-8 mm, two-flowered; pedicels of the
same length, bracteate at the base, and minutely bi-bracteolate at about the
middle; ovarian portion of calyx tube oblong to turbinate, green 12 mm long, the
tube as long as the corolla 3.5 cm, glabrous, corolla light purplish green, the
dorsal slit extending below the middle; staminal cohuun glalirous dark purple,
anthers darker, glabrous, only the two lower penicillate; berry ovoid-oblong,
25 mm long, 15 nnn wide, dark orange; seeds elliptical, small, shining, dark
brown.

HAWAII : Forests of Naalehu, Kau, southern slopes of Mauna Loa, eleva-
tion 4000 feet, in dense forest, flowering and fruiting January 9, 1912, Rock,
type no. 10002 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; — slopes of Kilauea-iianna
Loa, near 23 miles, in the neighborhood of Kalanilehua, flowering August 30,
1917, Rock no. 12833 in herbarium of the f'ollege of Hawaii ; — forests of 29 miles,
flowering and fruiting August 1918, Rock & Hashimoto no. 13121 in Ilei'barium
Rock.

The species comes close to ClrniKDitia parri/tnra and forms jici-haps an inter-
mediate between CI. prrsicifolia and CI. Kaluaua mi one side, and CI. pnrviflora
and CI. hptodada on the other. It is, howevn'. quitr distinct and easily recog-

* Hillebrand 's spcfinicn is mostly two-tlowerpil.

335

PLATE 19:2.

Type

,>f CLERMONTIA PAKVIFLORA Gau.1. in the herbarium Museum Paris.

336

PLATE 193.

CLERMONTIA PARVIFLORA Gaud.
(T,vpe of Hilli'liriiiiil 's CI. parviflora pleiantha in tlie Ilorliariuin Beroliiiense.)

337

nized in the short peduricles and pedicels, the former sometimes measuring only
3 mm.

The specimens from Kilauea differ slightly from the Kau specimens in the
darker leaves and darker venation; otherwise they are exactly the same. The
species is epiphytic, usually on Cibotium tree ferns.

Clermontia montis-Loa forma globosa Rock f. n.

A shrub as in the species; leaves smaller, shorter petioled, glossy shining
above, glabrous on both sides; peduncle and pedicels as in the species; flowers
a trifle larger; berry large globose, 3 cm in diameter, perfectly smooth, not
ribbed.

HAWAII: Forests of Kilauea near Kalanilehua, flowering and fruiting
August 30, 1917, Rock no. 12835 in herbariiun of the College of Hawaii.

Forma globosa differs from the species mainly in the large globose, perfectly
smooth fruits. It grows epiphytically on tree ferns, as does the species.

Clermontia parviflora Gaud, in Asa Gray in Proceed. Amer. Acad. V:150.

1862.
Clermontia oblongifolia Hook, et Arn. not Gaud, teste A. Gray.
Clermontia pan'iflora pleiantha Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 242. 1888.
Cyanea Blinii Le\-1. in Fedde Repert. Spec. nov. X:156. 1911.

(Plates 24, 192, 19.3.)
A shrub 2-3 m high, many branched; leaves obovate-oblong to lanceolate-
oblong 10-18 cm long, 3-5.5 cm wide, on petioles of 2-1.5 cm, chartaceous, shortly
acuminate and nuicronulate at the apex, acuminate at the base, closely or irreg-
ularly denticulate, dull green, paler and faintly pubescent beneath ; peduncle
short. 10-12 mm. bibracteate above the middle, three to (six?) four-flowered;
pedicels 8-10 nun ; calyx suberect, the ovarian portion 5-8 nmi high, oblong to
turbinate, the free portion as long as the corolla or slightly longer, purplish l_ilue,
glabrate; corolla 2.5-4 cm long, purplish blue, the dorsal slit almost extending to
the base; staminal column glabrate as are the bluish anthers; berry ovoid dark
orange yellow.

HAWAII: Ins. Owhyhee, ad montem Kaah (Mauna Kea), flowering .Tunio
1825, ^Macrae in herbarium Soeiet. Ilortic. London and in Gray Herbarium; —
I. Sandwich, Owhj-hee, Bai Byron, Gaudichaud in Herbarium Museum Paris: —
1851-1855, Remy no. 305 in herbarium Mus. Paris; — Mann and Brigham no.
296 in Herbarium Cornell ; — Kohala range. Waimea mountains, flowering De-
cember 1872, Lydgate-Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense; — FTolokaiea gulch,
Waimea, flowering July 10, 1909, Rock nos. 4362, 4363, 4366 in herbarium Col-
lege of Hawaii ; — Kohala Mountains, flowering June 1910, Rock no. 4364 in her-
barium College of Hawaii ; — Paauhau no. three, Ilamakua, flowering July 6.
1909, Rock no. 4360 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Gleuwood, Hawaii, flow-
ering May, 1909, Frban Faurie no. 575 in Herbarium Leveille and in herbarium
of the College of Hawaii ; — Waimea, August 26, 1916, A. S. Hitchcock nos.
14363, 14408 (fruiting") in Y. 8. National Herbarium; — common at 29 miles.
Kilauea Volcano, flowering-fruiting August 1918, Rock & Hashimoto no. 13122
in Herbarium Rock.

OAHU: ]\lay 1825, Macrae in Herb. Soc. Ilort. London, and Gray Her-
barium.

338

PLATE 194.

Type of CLERMONTIA PARVIFLORA CALYCINA Koik in tlie liorljuiiuin of the

(.'ollet;e of Hawaii.

339

Clennoiitia iiai-vi/lnra is a very variable species and may be found in the wet
forests everywhere on tlie ishind of Hawaii. It grows at altitudes of 600 to
3000 feet elevation or even higher. The type is a specimen collected l\v Gaudi-
chaud on Hawaii, in Byron Bay, now Kilo or Kuliio Bay. It was labeled by
Gandichaud "Clernwntia Byronii pyrtfoliaff, parviflura," but never described.
Jlacrae Avas the first to collect it on Hawaii ; he also collected a specimen on
Oahu (Woahoo), which must be referred to this species. It is labeled in pencil,
" Eolhtiidia lanceulata Hook, et Arn.," and on the laliel in A. Graj's liandwrit-
ing, ''Chrmoiitia parviflura?" There is no doubt that it is the latter species.
As it has not been re-collected on Oahu, and as it docs not occur on the interme-
diate i.slauds of Jlolokai and Jlaui, some doubt exists about the locality cited.
Macrae or someone else might have mixed up the labels, especially as the labels
did not bear any name, but simply the printed legend.

Hillebrand's variety plciantlia came from the type locality "Hilo" and does
not differ considerably' from the type. He remarks, "Peduncle six to ten-
flowered"; and a footnote says: "Here the median branch of the cyme often
divides in place of tlie lateral ones and lengthens out, simulating a short raceme,
but in the young inflorescence the lowest lateral branches generally bear two or
three flowers." Near the Volcano of Kilauea there is a small form of this
species, growing always e|)ipliytically on trees or tree ferns ; it is a small compact
shrub with smaller leaves and perhaps smaller flowers. The writer is of the
opinion that it is better to refer this plant to the species, as the latter is so ex-
tremely variable Hybridisation is also not excluded. There are a number of
forms in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii ; they were collected by the
writer iu the \vet forests of Waimea, Hawaii. All these plants must be referred
to CIcnnoiifia pa rvi flora, though they dift'er considerably more from the typical
specimen than Hillebrand's variety pleiantha.

The writer's number 4788 has much larger flowers and large globose fruits;
the flowers measure 4.5 cm iu length, including the ovarian portion of the calj'x;
the fruits measure nearl}' 3 em in diameter, but the leaves and aspect of the
plant are those of CI. parvi flora; the varietal name grandis may be suggested for
the specimen with no. 4788 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii. Another
specimen, no. 4780, has ;dso large flowers but smaller fruits, and may be referred
to variety grandis. AVhile no. 12834 has flowers of the size of the typical CI.
parviflora. but fruits much larger, measuring about 2.5 cm in length, they are
not globose but oblong-ovoid and about 15 mm wide ; the leaves resemble more
those of Clermontia montis-Loa, in which company it grows.

There is no doubt that Clcrnioutia parviflora represents the youngest type of
a Clermontia. as it is still in the process of evolution; this is exhibited by its
many intermediate forms.

The following numbers must all be referred to this species: nos. 8764, 8736
and 13030, from Kilauea Volcano region. These specLmens were first referred to
Hillebrand's variety plciaiitJia. by the writer, and are all deposited in the her-
barium of the College of Hawaii.

Leveille's Cyanea Blinii behuigs to this species.

Clermontia parviflora forms a natural link with CI. inoiifis-Loa. CI. Wainuae,
CI. leptoclada, and even CI. drepanomorplia, also with CI. ni id ti flora and CI.
micrantha.

340

Clermontia parviflora calycina Rock in Indig. Trees Hawaii. Isl. 512. l'U3.

(Plate 194.)
A shrub; leaves as in the species, of little thicker texture, cuspidate, and on
petioles of 2.5-5 em, the margins slightly undulate ; peduncle 15 mm long, three-
flowered; pedicels thick. 8-10 mm long; ovarian portion of calyx about 11 mm
long, tho subulate lobes 5 mm ; corolla 3.5 cm long, about 5 nun wide, slightly
pubescent; staminal column and anthers glabrous; berry globose 2.5 cm in
diameter.

HAWAII : High plateau of the Kohala mountains, back of Waimea, along
Alakahi ditch trail, elevation 4000 feet, flowering July 12, 1909, Rock, type uo.
4793 in the herl)arium of the College of Hawaii ; — Waimea, June and July 1910,
Rock ill hi'rl'arium College of Hawaii.

The only difference is the subulate ealyeine lobes, which are nuich shorter tlian
in the speciers; the flowers are much larger, of the size of those of the var.
grandis, but otherwise has the aspect of Clermontia parviflora. Two sheets
without number, from the Waimea mountains, belong here, though the ealyeine
lobes while subulate are nearly 18 mm long; they are not at all connate, but
divided to the base.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Clermontia carinifera Levi, in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. XX :505. 1913.

I

I
I

DELISSEA Gaudichaud

343

DELISSEA* ( iaiulicliaud

Calyx-tube turbinate or oblou^', its lubes deutifonu or sulnilate; corolla more
or less curved, tubiilar, widening from a narrow base, shortly bilabiate, the dorsal
slit not extending beyond the middle, the termination of the dorsal and often
also of the lateral slits indicated in the bud by a knob or.gibbus; staminal
column free from tlie corolla, white, glabrous, only the two lower anthers tufted
at the apex ; stigmatic lobes shortly pubescent outside ; berry ovoid, orange or
blaek, with narrow epigynous disk, two-celled; seeds dull white, the thin testa
finely wrinkled in transverse wavy lines. — Unarmed, glabrous, often subher-
baceous shrubs, the stems branching or simple, more or less fleshy ; leaves entire
or laciniate, succulent when fresh, flaccid and transparent when dry, bright
green, giossj' ; flowers in axillary racemes, with small deciduous bracts and naked
pedicels, always white or greenish white with purplish tinge.

The genus Ddissca* was first erected by Gaudichaud on three lobelioideous
plants found in the Hawaiian Islands, D. sithcurdala (type of the genus), D.
uiiihilaia and Dclissea acuminata, the last now Cyama acuminata. The genus
was founded on quite an artificial character; it was mainly based on the 5-dentate
calyx lobes and the two lower bearded anthers. Gaudichaud 's genus Cijaiica.
of which only a single species (('. Grimcsiana) was then known, was based on
the long foliaeeous calyx lobes of the above-mentioned species, which hajipened
to possess anthers which were all bearded. The latter character is, however,
not constant, as it appears in a number of species of ('ijaiua which have not
foliaeeous calj'x lobes.

Hillebrand, who had much more material at hand and who was familiar with
the plants, having seen them growing in the field, certainly was justified in
rearranging the genera; the writer can only uphold Hillebrand 's arrangement,
which is an excellent one, as it brings together species which were previously
separated in different genera by mere artificial and untenable characters.

The seven species of Dtlisst a are well defined and can never be mistaken for
Cyaneas. Tliey all have the deeply wrinkled, dull white seeds in common, and
the dorsal gil)bus of the corolla is always jiresent, characters absent in L'yanca.

All species of Delis.ica seem to have a tendency to at least sinuate leaves, even-
D. suhcordata, whose leaves show signs of becoming sinuate to laciniate near the
base of the leaf.

The fact, liowever, that the genus [)(tiss(a occiu's on nearly all the islands of
this group, fi-oni distant Kauai, the oldest island. In Hawaii, the iiresuniably
youngest, shows that they are not all one variable species, which may be classed
with ('ijnuca. but are distinct enough specifically, possessing a common charac-
teristic which separates them from Ciiama, forming thus the genus Ddissca.
While some of the specific differences may not be so readily recognized in dried
material, no one who has seen them growing in their natural habitat can for a
moment doubt their specific distinction. For example, the species Delissen
uudiitata and D. suhcordata; Gray unites these two species, not even recogniz-
ing the latter as a form of the former. Had he seen the plants growing he would

* Dedicateil to A. M. Delisse, iiharniacist, naturalist of tlie Freiu-h e.xiiedition, 1800 to
1804.

344

PLAT?: 195.

DELISSEA SUBCORDATA Gaud.
Sjipi'inioii ill the Herliariiiiii Bcioliiu'iise, ex coll. Hillelirauil.

345

never have come to such a conclusion. D. undiilafa is a simple-stemmed plant
reaching a height of 35 feet, bearing at the top of the less than 5 em thick stem
a single crown of leaves; the flowers are small and have three dorsal knobs.
D. subcordafa is a small branching shrub for the most 10 feet high; the main
stem rarely taller than 4 feet before branching; the flowers are twice the size of
the former species and have oifly one dorsal knob.

The Ilillebrandiau arrangement is therefore the best and is here adopted as
the most satisfactoiy.

Ilillebrand divides the genus into two sections:

MACRANTHAE: Flowers over 3.75 cm lonu', curved and white.

MICRANTHAE: Flowers less than '2.5 cm long, suberect and greenish
white.

These two sections are adopted in the pi'esent paper.

Delissea subcordata Gaud. Bot. \'oy. Uranie 457, pi. 77. 1826.
Prlissca tindulata A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. V:148. 1862. in part.

(Plate 195.)
A branching shrul) 1.5-3 m high, glabrous; leaves ovate, thin, membranaceous,
acuminate or acute at the apex, subcordate or subtruncate with nnsymmetrical
base, glossy above, paler, dull and glabrous beneath, 15-23 em long, 7-12 cm
wide, on petioles 7-18 em long, the margins unequally serrate, with acute teeth,
often laciniate at the base; racemes fleshy 7-10 cm many flowered, naked in the
lower fourth; pedicels 16-18 mm: bracts 3 mm; calyx tube ovoid-obtuse at both
ends, 5-dentate at the apex ; corolla falciform, 4.5 em long ampliate above, with
a single dorsal knob above the middle, the short lobes connivent ; berry ovoid-
oblong 15 nun long, S nun wide; seeds whitish, deei>ly wi'inkled.

ILES SANDWICH : Gaudichaud, type in herbarium ^luseum Paris.

OAHU: U. S. Exploring Exped. in Gray Herbarium; — Kaala Mts., ]Mann
et Brigham no. 573 in Herbarium Cornell and Gray Herbarium; — Kaalagebirge,
Wawra nos. 2224, 2229 in Herbarium Vienna; — Wailupe, Manoa, Nuuanu, Wai-
alua, Kaala, Hillebrand 1870, without number in Herbar. Berolinense and Gray
Herbarium ; — Pauoa Valley, near Tantalus, flowering June 1908, Rock no. 4859
in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Niu Valley, flowering August 22, 1909, Rock
no. 4859-b in herbarium College of Hawaii.

KAUAI : Hillebrand, not in his herliarium.

The species is quite distinct and can never be taken for D. uiididnta, of which
A. Gray thinks it not even a form.

D. subcordata is a much branching shrub, while D. iiiidtilala is single stemmed
and reaches a height of thirty feet or more, with a crown of leaves at the apex of
a slender stem. It also differs in the larger flowers, which have a single dorsal knob
instead of three, and in the much longer peduncle, the nmch larger leaves, and
large oblong berries.

Gaudichaud 's type specimen in the Herbarium Paris consists of a single leaf
only.

Mann's no. 573 is a robust ])lant with very large leaves; the fruits are olilong
and have a broad truncate apex. The specimen collected by the U. S. Exploring
Expedition consists of two leaves only. These are mounted on the same sheet
with a specimen of Ddissca inidulata collected by Remy, no. 300 bis, and pre-
sented bv the Paris ^Nluseum to Dr. Grav's herbaritnn.

346

I'LATK 106.

■*.'-^^

"V'

<■■>'" S^

'~^

--ar^

DELISSEA SUBCORDATA OBTUSIFOLIA Wiiwni
Tyjir in tlic Heiliariiiiii Bcioliiu'iise, ex cdll. II illclii.'i ml

347

PLATE m7.

Miiseuiii botaniciim Berolineiise.

Type of DELISSEA LACINIATA llillria'. in Uerbariu.n Berlin.

348

PLATE ms.

Type of DELISSEA LACINIATA PARVIFOLIA Roik in Herbarium Berolinense.

349

The specimen collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition is so fragmentary
that Dr. Gray evidently thought it to be the same as Dclissea undulata, especially
as the two fragmentary leaves were rather small and resembled those of D. un-
clulaia.

Delissea subcordata obtusifolia AN'awra in Flora od. Allgem. r.ot. Zeit. XXXI :

;. 1873.

(Plate 196.)
Leaves 22.5-30 cm long, 10-17.5 em wide, broadly oblong, obtuse, even sub-
orbicular; calyciue teeth longer, often almost equalling the tul)e; the dorsal knob
of the corolla often wanting.

OAIIU: Helemano, Waipio, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense and Gray

ITerbai'ium ; — Wawra no. 2355 (ex herb. Hillebrand') in ITei'barium Vienna.

The first description was jniblished by Wawra in Flora as follows: "foliis
qiKtin in prri( cede lit i multo umplioribus, rotundatis.'^

Delissea laciniata Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 249. 1888.

(Plate. 197.)
"A branching shrub, leaves oblong in outline, 12.5-15 cm long, 9.25 cm wide,
on petioles 7.5-12.5 cm long, irregularly cut into patent acute lobes, the lowest
lobes 2.5-3.75 cm deej), with irregular serratures, somewliat decnrrent along the
petiole; raceme 3.75-5 cm. slender, naked in the lower half, 6-10-tiowered, the
pedicels 12 mm; bi'acts short linear; cal.vx oliconical, its teeth sliarp triangtdar or
subulate, 2 mm or more ; corolla 37 mm long, falcate, white, a dorsal knob below
the middle and generally two lateral ones a little higher, the lobes rather long,
their slits extending to the knobs; anthers faintly pubescent at the base; berry
bluish, obovoid, about 12 mm long."

OAHU: AVailujie. Ilillebi-and in Herbariinn Berlin (type), and Gray Her-
barium;— specimens ex herli. Hillebrand in Risliop ^luseuni lierbariuni.

This species has not been re-collected so far.

Delissea laciniata parvifolia Rock n. v.

(Plate 198.)
Leaves mueli smaller ()-ti.5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, ovate, acuminate at both
ends, irregularly serrate, membranaceous; flowers smaller, 2.5 cm long, 5 mm
wide ; berry aliout 7 mm long.

OAHIT: Wailupe Valley, Hillebrand, tyije in Herbarium Berolinense.
Hillebrand mentions this form in a footnote as follows: "A variety of the
same region has .smaller leaves wiiich are only irreuularly serrate."

Delissea sinuata Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 250. 1888.

(Plate 199.)
"Stem simple, erect, 6-12 dm high, subherbaceous, leaves oblaneeolate or
spathulate, 25-27.5 cm x 5-7.5 cm, bluntl.y acuminate graduall.v contracting into
long petioles of 7.5-12 5 cm, the margin sinuate and denticulate with ap-
pressed teeth; peduncle 37-50 mm, nearly naked, the numerous flowers crowded
near the apex ; pedicels 10 mm ; bracts short linear ; calyx tube cylindrical, 8-10
mm long, the sharp subulate teeth one quarter to one third of its length; corolla
about 37 mm, curved, white, the dorsal gibbus generall.v wanting, but at the
middle when present; anthers faintly puberulous at the base."

350

PLATE UI9.

DELISSEA SINUATA Ilill.-br.
Type in HiTliariiiiii Bcruliiicuse.

351

PLATE 200.

n„ni ll..»..i.ii

DELISSEA SINUATA LANAIENSIS Eock
Typo in Heibariuni Beroliueiise.

352

PLATE 201.

DELISSEA UNDULATA (i;iu.l.
Type in horbarium iluseuin I'aris.

353

OAIIU : Makaleha Valley, northern side of Kaala, March 1871, Hillebrand
in Ilei-barium Berlin and Gray Herbarium; — ]\Iakaleha Valley, observed, flow-
ering' ilay 3, 1918, Rock.

A co-type in the Gray Ilerl>ariiun is labeled. "Dclissca laciniata var., jMaka-
leha, Oahu, Kaala JMt." The single leaf of this latter specimen is almost laci-
niate toward tlie base, rudoubtedly D. Iaci}iiahi. D. siiiuata and D. parvifora
are very closely related

Delissea sinuata lanaiensis Rock

Dclissca sinuata fi. var. Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 250. 1888.

(Plate 200.)
Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 15-17 cm long, .5 cm wide, on jx'tioles 2.5-5 cm
long; peduncle V2 mm or less, few flowered; lierry cylindrical 10 mm long.

LANAI : July 1870, Ilillebi'aiid in Herbarium Berolinense and Gra.y Her-
barium.

This variety has not been collected by the writer. It comes very close to
Delissea rhytidospcrnia Mann of Kauai, all of which seem to be extreme forms
of D. laciniata, found on the various islands of the group. The variety dift'ers
from D. rlnjtidospcrnia mainly in the larger flowers and cylindrical berry.

Delissea undulata Cyaud Bot. \'oy. Uranie 457, pi. 78. 1826.
Dclissca tiudidata scrndata Waw^ra in Flora od. Allg. Bot. Zeit. 8. 1873.

(Plates 11, 13, 201, >
Stem sim])le and sti-aight 18-90 dm high (only liranching when broken'),
gray, -about 37 mm thick at the base, covered with rliomboidal leaf-scars down
to the base, with the remnants of the peduncle in each axil of leaf-sears; densely
foliose at the ape.x, leaves ovate-oblong subcordate, glabrous on botli sides, ihirk
green above with reddish spots, margins undulate, irregularly sinuate, dentate or
serrate, with sharp, reddish, protruding teeth, 14-16 cm x 4-8 cm, on petioles of
5.5-15 cm; inflorescence axillary, jicduncles short 12 nun to 25 mm bracteate at
the apex, pedicels 4-5, minutely bibractcolate at base, 5-S nnn; calyx green or
reddish, the ovarian portion ovate oblong, minute flve-toothed ; corolla somewhat
curved, wider at the apex, thickening below the middle, with three protuberances
at the back, corolla reddish pink to yellow or green, the dorsal slit extending to
the protuberances; staminal column glabrous, pale, anthers grayish brown, the
lower two penicillate; stigma green, the lol)es ovate; berry globose or ovoid, black
when ripe, 10-] 2 nnn long, .juice purple; seeds white, deeply wrinkled.

ILES SAXDWIGH : Gaudichaud, t.vjje in herbarium iluseum Paris.

KAUAI or Niihau: Remy no. 300 bis in nerl)arium Paris and Gray Her-
barium.

NIIHAU: Mann and Brigham in Herbarium Gornell.

]\rAUI: Gulches of Lahaina, Olowalu and Waikapu, on exposed cliff.s, dry
pali, August 1870, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolinense; — Waihee Valley,
Wawra no. 1943 in Herbarium Vindobonense.

HAWAII: Puuwaawaa hill, Xortli Kona, elevation 3000 feet, flowering June
15, 1909, Rock no. 3950 in herbarium College of Hawaii; — Pulehua, South Kona,
southern slopes of ilauna Loa, 5000 feet elevation above Kealakekua, flowering
and fruiting February 14, 1912, Rock no. 10053 in herbarium College of Hawaii.

Dilissca undulata had previously not been recorded from the big island
Hawaii ; it grows on the slopes of Mt. Hualalai, and also on the southern slopes

354

PLATE 202.

DELISSEA RHYTIDOSPERMA II. .Maim
Siioc'iiiu'ii ill Gi'ay Herliariiiiii, ex cdll. Mann & Brigham.

355

PLATE 203.

^'a^.

•./'/•''->--■<

DELISSEA RHYTIDCSPERMA H. Mann
In Herbarium Vienna, ex i-oll. Wawra (as Delissea Kealiae Wawra).

356

PLATE 204.

DELISSEA FALIiAX llillclir.
Type iu Herbarium Beroliiioiise

I

357

of Jlanna Loa at elevations of 5000-5300 feet in company with Acacia lua. Myo-
porum sandwiccnse, Sophora chrysophylla, and Santahim Fihjcri.

Until now the plant had only been recorded from Niihaii. Kauai and ]\Iaiii,
and that from a lower elevation.

It is really astonishing to find this curious plant on the slopes of ^lauua Loa
in the upper forest zone in company with Sophora and Acacia koa: it is here
that the plant reaches a height of more than 30 feet, growing mainly on the
many wooded extinct cinder cones and at the bottom of extinct craters as well
as all through the forest where it is easy to overlook the plant on account of its
leaf whorls being hidden in the branches of Koa and Jlanidni trees.

At Puuwaawaa. but especially Waihou forest, the plants are numerous, but
do not reach such a height as on Mauna Loa.

Asa Gray says in Proc. Am. Acad, that D. subcordata belongs to this species,
but nothing can be more different in habit than these two species; D. siihcordata
is a small branching shrub of the habit of a Clermontia (as far as branching is
concerned), while D. undulata is not branched and has a single straight slender
stem of often more than 30 feet in height. The flowers of D. subcordaia are also
larger than in D. undulata. In the Gray Herbarium is a specimen collected by
J. Remy on Kauai no. 300 marked Delissea undulata var. attcnuata; the jjlant is
identical with D. rhytidospcrnni ilann from the same island. The plants from
Niihau collected by Remy are much more robust, the stems being nearly 5 cm in
diameter. In the Paris Herbarium are two sheets, one no. 300 ter coll. Remy,
leaves deeply serrate on long petioles, no locality given ; the other Remy no. 300
bis — from Kauai or Niihau. A duplicate of the latter is in the Gray Herbarium.

Delissea rhytidosperma 11. Alann Proceed. Am. Acad. \'ll :180. 1868.

Ddissca Kcaliac W'awra in Flora od. Allg. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :10. 1873.

(Plates 202, 203.)
A branching shrub or small tree (according to Mann) ; leaves oblong lanceo-
late 12-19 em long, 25-55 imn wide, bluntly acuminate, tajiering at the base into
a petiole 20-50 mm long, membranaceous, sinuate-dentate or serrulate, pale
green ; peduncle 10-20 mm long, naked below, bearing 4-12 flowers on pedicels
of usually 10 mm long; bracts linear about 5 mm long; calyx tulie iihconieal
minutely toothed; corolla greenish-white, glaln-ous outside, fariudse-puberulous
inside; staminal column glabrous, the length of the corolla, anthers partly hir-
sute at the base, the two lower ones penicillate; style filiform; stigma pilose;
berrj- ovoid or gloljose, dark orange colored. 7-12 mm high ; seeds white wrinkled.

KAUAI: Waimea, 2000-3000 feet elevation, ilann and Brigham no. 576 in
Herbarium Cornell and Gray Herbarium; — Kauai or Niihau, Remy no. 299 in
Ilerbariiun Paris; — 1851-1S55, Remy no. 300 in herbarium Mus. Paris and Gray
Ilerluiriiuu: — Waimea, Knndsen no. 102 in Herbarium Berolinense; — forest of
Kealia, Wawra nos. 2026, 2050 in Herbarium Vienna; — along the Ilanapepe
river near the falls. July 2-8, 1895, A. A. Heller no. 2487 in Gray Herbarium
and Herbarium Cornell

Not collected by the writer.

The plant was first collected by J. Remy on Kauai, but had never been pub-
lished by him. There is a specimen in the herbarium JIus. Paris, Remy no. 300
without name, which belongs there; a duplicate with the same number is in the
Gray Herbarium, ex herb. Paris, labeled "Delissea undulata var. atenuata" and
again marked with pencil, "7>. acuniinala."

2.3

358

PLATE 205.

I

DELISSEA PARVIFLOBA llill.l.r.
Tvin' ill IkMluiiiuiii Boioliiu'iiso, ox i-oll. llillcliraiid.

359

Hillebrand's specimen in tlie Ilerbariinii Herlin is very incomplete and con-
sists only of a sinule leaf, with tiowerlnids and young fruits: it was originally
labeled as D. laciniata var. 7 .subiiitcgra micrantha; but then identified by him as
T). rhytidospenna.

In Wawra's specimen (D. Kcaliae) the leaves are larger and on longer peti-
oles. He says in Flora: "Stands very close to D. rhijtidospcrma. but differs
from it in being a shrub, in the larger leaves, the raeemosely arranged tlowers,
and in the presence of bracts."

It seems that in Mann's specimens, which are rather imperfect, the bracts
must have dropped, as Remy's specimens, which are identical with Mann's with
the exception of longer petioles and peduncles, have linear bracts, as well as
Hillebrand's specimen, and that of Heller in the Gray Herbarium; the latt(n-'s
specimen is in fruit, which are larger than in all the other specimens of the
various cdlleetors.

Delissea fallax HiUehr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2.^1. 1888.

(Plate 204.)
"Stem simple ( .'), tleshy in the upper portion, distantly foliose: leaves lance-
olate or elongate-oblont;', 20-22.5 cm long, 5 cm wide, on long petioles 10-12.5 cm
long, obtuse, sharply denticulate, suddenly contracting at the base, dull, but trans-
lucent; peduncle with fruit :!7-5() mm long, naked in the lower half: pedicels 10
jnm long: bracts subulate, 3 mm long: calyx tube 4-7 mm long, tlie teeth about
3 mm long: corolla 18 nnn long, suberect, with a dorsal gibbus at the middle;
anthers glabrous; berry subglobose, 6-8 mm high: seeds white, wrinkled."

HAWAII : Woods cf Hamakua and Ililo, llillebrand, type in Herbarium
Berolinense ; — same locality, Hillebrand in Gray Herbarium.

llillebrand in his Floi'a remarks of this rare sjiecies : "leaves in shape like
those of Cyaiicn dhtitsa." The co-type in the Gray Herbarium is simjily marked
"Delissea sp '" and with pencil below the generic name, "obfusa? Gray, received
July 18ti5, Dr. Hillebrand." The specimen in the Gray Herbarium is identical
with, and is a co-type of Delissea f'aUar Hillebr.

Delissea parviflora Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 2.^1. 1888.

(Plate 20.5.)
"Rranchinu- ( ?), the stem or branches tleshy and distantly foliose; leaves
lanceolate or oblong in outline, 12.5-15 cm x 12-37 mm, sharply cut into irreg-
ularly di'ntate or serrulate lobes of G-12 mm in depth, gradually tapering into a
petiole of 25-37 nnn, dull, not shining in the badly jn'eserved specimens, but
flaccid and pelhteid; peduncle 18-21 mm, several flowered in the upper half;
pedicels 6 mm; bracts dentiform: calyx 4-5 mm, shortly toothed; corolla sub-
erect 18 mm, with a dorsal tubercle at the middle: berry subglobose 8 mm : anthers
quite glabrous; seeds white, wrinkled."

HAWAII: Kohala range, and woods of ^lauiia Kea, elevation 4500 feet,
Hillebrand (Parker) no. 84, type in Herbarium Berolinense; — Hamakua, Hille-
brand in Gray Herbarium.

The plant comes very near to D. laciniata, from which it differs in the very
small flowers and leaves, which are, however, almost laeiniate.

The specimen in the Gray Herbarium (ex herb. Hbd. ) is marked "Delissea
laciniata var., Hawaii, Hamakua,"

The description is quoted from Hillebrand's Flora.

I

ROLLANDIA Gaudichaud

363

ROLLANDIA- r.audichaud

Calyx-tube adiiate. (ivdid-cloiijiate. tlii' limb tive-toothed nv lobrd, the lobes
imbricate in the bud, persistent ; corolla tubular falciform or sigmoid, laterally
compressed, gradually widening from the base and contracting towards the
mouth, with lobes subequal and spreading, short, not exceeding one fourth of
its length, the dorsal slit never extending to the base; staminal column glaln-ous
or pubescent, adnate to the corolla : stignui two-lobed, the lobes thick ovoid, with
a patch of hairs at their bases; berry rather dry, two-celled, obovoid; seeds
small, ovoid crustaceous. smooth and shining. — Woody or subherbaceous plants
with a simple stem, foliose at the apex ; leaves in the young plant often lobed
(save in ]i. avgiistifolia), those of the adult ones lanceolate, oblong or obovate or
linear elongate, entire or dentate with patent, callous teeth ; flowers alternate in
axillary racemes puri^lish red. or dark purple, the pedicels bibracteolate aliout
the middle.

The genus linlJciKlia consists now of nine species and two varieties. Only one
single species has so far been reported off the island of Oalni; the remaining
ones are all peculiar to the latter island, where they inhabit the very wet or rain
forest from an elevation of 600 to 3000 feet.

The genus is easily distinguished from the other genera in the adnate stam-
inal column. Asa Gray unfortunately confused the Hawaiian LubcUoidrac to a
great extent ; this was. however, due to the fragmentary and very poor her-
barium material which he had as a basis for his paper. For example, he remarks
that the adnate character of the staminal column in lioUandia is probably a
mistake. It is evident from the fact of his placing a young, plant of one of his
own species Cj/anea leptostcgia. to BoUaiidia lanccolata (his Ddissea Ddesserii-
ana) as a variety pinnatifida, what a conception he had of the Hawaiian Lobclio-
deae. This was, however; due to the miserable material with which he had to
work; and, second, he had never seen these superb plants in their environment.

No Hawaiian Lobdioideac have been in such a state of confusion as those
belonging to the genus RoUandia. This was due to the naming of species from
miserable specimens — and some of the types of the old species consist of insect-
eaten leaves only. The drawings in the atlas of the T'ranie are very poor and do
not allow the recognizinir of species, while the drawings in the atlas of the Bonite
are excellent. Unfortunately no descriptions were issued with these jilates,
which accounts for the mistakes made by other authors. Not all doubt as to the
absolute identity of one or two species has been removed; this is due to the brief
original desciijitions and second to the miserable types extant, especially of
RolhDidia crispa and E. hniccolata. No type of R. HHiiiboIdfiaiia seems to occur
in any of the European herbaria. Rullaiidia Jaiicralafa is the type of the genus.

* Dedicateil by Ch. Gaudichaiul to Mr. Eollanil, quartermaster cannonier of the Expedi-
tion; he had rendered great services in the science of ornithology.

I'LATE 206.

364

IIOHA 111 rUR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

., ,M IM ..^ . 1 tT--.-, X ftp--

A i-iCiix.^-< '"

EOLLANDIA ANGUSTIFOLIA (llillebr.) Ro.k
Sjipciiiu'ii (Rock uo. 10250) in tlie College of Hawaii Herbarium.

365

Rollandia parvifolia Forbes Occas. Pap. B. P. Bishop INIus. \', no. 1 :10, pi..
1912.

"Single stem 9 dm high; leaves lanceolate, acuminate with a minute mnero
at tlie apex, gradually narrowing from tlie upper third to the petiole, entire,
glabrous, coriaceous, pale whitish below, 18-22 cm long, 2.3-4 cm wide, with
petioles 2.S cm long, which are occasionally sparingly marked with small lenticels;
flowers five to six in a raceme, the peduncles 3-4 cm long, bibraeteate, the pedi-
cels 1 cm long, braeteolate above the middle, glabrous; calyx tube cylindrical,
glabrous, 8 mm long, with the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely mucronate, thin 1 cm
long; corolla purple, strongly sigmoid, 6.5 cm long, the lower lobes split less than
one-half the distance of the tube 1.5-2 cm long; staminal column adherent to the
corolla for about one-third its length, the upper half puberulent as long as the
C(U'olIa : ;inthei's puberulent; berry not seen."

KAUAI: Waioli Valley, tloweriug August 1, IHOO. C. X. Forbes no. 103-k in
the herbarium of the Bishop ]\Iuseum.

This is the first Rolhnidia which has been reported off the island of Oahu. It
is certainly interesting to find that ItolUnuVia also occurs on Kauai; in all proba-
bility thei'c may be other species to be found in the remote valleys of the island
of Kauai.

Rollandia angustifolia (Hillclir. ) Ruck in Torrey Bot. Club Bull.. 4.^:136.

1918.
Rollandia lomjittora aiujustifolia Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 246. 1888.

(Plate 206.)
Stem .smooth, 1-1.5 m liigh, leaves linear-lanceolate, 18-35 cm long, 2.5-3.75
cm M'ide, thick, fleshy, dark green, glossy above, pale whitish underneath, with
dark purplish midrib and veins, acuminate, mucronate at the apex, gradually
narrowing at the base into a fleshy petiole 2-4.5 cm long, glabrous on both sides;
racemes slender, 3-4 cm long, four to five-flowei'ed ; pedicels thin, about 14 mm
long, bracteate at the base, bibracteolate about the middle ; calyx turbinate, 1 cm
long, the apex truncate-dentate, or oftener lobed, the calycine lobes acute, of ir-
regular length, usually 3 mm long, with a median nerve; corolla deep purplish
red, 7-8.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, the lobes 1.5 em, the dorsal slit extending one-fifth
the length of the tube ; staminal column glabrous adherent up to about the middle
of the corolla, the anthers glabrous, the lower onl.v bearded ; fri;its globose,
crowned liy the tubular liml) of the calyx, which disappears at the maturity of
the fruit.

OAIITJ: :\It. Kouahuanui trail, Palolo Valley, i\It. Olympus and Manoa Val-
li'y; Kalihi Valley, fruiting January 1870, Ilillebrand in Herbarium Berlin
and one specimen ex coll. Ilillebrand in herbarium Bishop Museum; — Palolo
Valley, flowering June 14, 1908, II. L. Lyon no. 8816 in herbarium College of
Hawaii; — Mt. Ol.vmpus trail, !Manoa Valley, flowering September 2, 1912, and
Kouahuanui trail, flowering Septembei' 1914, Rock no. 10250 in herbariiun Col-
lege of Hawaii,

The plant in question is certainly wortliy of specific rank. Young plants
which the writer observed were of the same habit as mature ones, both having
linear-lanceolate leaves, while the true Holhiudia liuifii/liii-a Wawra has sinuate
leaves when younu' and also when in a mature state, h'. aiit/ugtifolia difl'ers

366

I'LATE 20

ROLLANDIA PURPURELLIFOLIA Koc k
In the liorliiiriiiiii of tlio (.'ollege of Hawaii.

367

PLATK :208.

EOLLANDIA LONGIFLORA Wawra
Co-type in the Gray Herbarium, ex roll. Hilleliraml.

368

PLATE 200.

ROLLANDIA LANCEOLATA (iaiid.
Typical siioi-iiiion ( Kock no, 10-."i4 1 in tho Collotje of Hawaii Herliaiiuni.

369

mainly in tlie linear, entire, minutely denticulate leaves, which give the plant an
entirely different appearance from that of Rollandia longiflora.

The specimen collected by Dr. H. L. Lyon, no. 8816, has the longest t^.owers
of any h'oUandia observed; they measure over nine cm including the calyx tube.

Rollandia purpurellifolia Rock in Coll. Hawaii Publ. Bull. 2:44. 1913.

(Plate 207.)
Plant 3-5 dm high with fleshy stem, unbranehed, unarmed and glabrous ;
leaves subsessile or on petioles of 5-8 mm. linear-oblong, shortly acute at the apex,
decuri-ent at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, dull deep green above or
grayish green when cUy, deep purple and shining underneath, glabrous above,
but slightly liirtellous on the nerves but not midrib underneath, 16-35 em long,
3.5-6.5 cm wide, the margin minutely denticulate, but entire in the lower fourth
or third ; inflorescence glabrous ; peduncles slender, with few knobby scars, 15-25
mm long, bracteate at the apex ; pedicels slender blackish purple, 12-20 mm long
bibracteolate below the middle; tlowers unknown; fruits dark purple to black,
obovoid, 15-18 nun long, crowned by the 4-6 nmi long, acute calycine lolies.

OAHU: Dense forests of i'uualuu Mountains and on the suunnit ridge above
Hauula in dense shade with Lysimacltia Forbesii Rock, fruiting AugiLst 1911,
Rock, type no. 8824 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

No flowering specimens of this species have been secured so far and therefore
the generic position of this species cannot positively be determined; the outward
aspect, the leaves and fruits are, however, unmistakably those of a KvUandia.

The plant is close to Rollandia longiflora AVawra.

Rollandia longiflora W'awra in Mora od. Alli;em. Dot. Zeit. XXXI ;44. 1873.
Rollandia sanyuinca Hilleljr. in herbar.

(Plate 208.)
Stem smooth 1.3-3.3 m tall, leaves lanceolate 3(1-40 cm lung, 6-S cm wide,
acute, gradually narrowing into a short petiole of 2.5 cm, entire or denticulate,
sinuate particularly near the base, even faintly laciniate, glabrous on both sides,
shining, thin chartaceous; raceme slender ca 3 cm bracteate from the base. 5-10- •
flowered, pedicels 10-15 mm, bracts 2-3 mm. bractlets dentiform or wart-like;
calyx five-toothed ; corolla dark red sigmoid 6-6.5 cm, gradually widening from
a slender base to a width of 1 cm with a deep dorsal groove; staminal column
adherent up to the middle of the corolla, dark red, glabrous, the upper anthers
not tufted; berry pyriform 1 cm or little more. The young plant is prickly or
muricate and has the leaves unevenly lobed or laciniate.

OAHU: Western division of the main ridge, from Waipio to Helemano,
IIilI('l)raii(l in Herbarium I5ei-liii, the herl)arium of the Hislinp Museum, Hono-
lulu, and the Gray Herbarium ; — Wawra no. 2285, ex herljarium Ilillebrand in
Herbariiun Vienna ; — Scliofield Barracks, east range, July 11, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 141133 in the U. S. National Herbarium, "Washington, D. C. ; — right-hand
branch of ^lakalcha Valley, at an elevation of 1000 feet, on steep forested .slopes,
flowering ilay 3, 1918, Rock no. 13110 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

This species is easily distinguished b.v the calyx, which is only sinuately five-
toothed instead of lobed as in the other species of the genus. The species grows
much taller than was recorded by Ilillebrand; the writer met with plants ten
feet in height. The flowering season is in the early sprinu-, April to May.

370

PLATE 211

ROLLANDIA LANCEOLATA VIRIDIFLORA ii'urk
Flowering plant, much reclnceil.

371

Rollandia lanceolata Gaud. Dot. \'oy. Uranie 438, tab. 74 ( R. montana).

1826.
Rolhuidia lanceolata \ar. (jraiidifolia DC. in Prodr. \'II:344. 1838.
Rnllaiidia Dclcsscrtiana Gaud. Bot. Voy. Boiiite, table 73. 1839-1832.
Delissca lanceolata A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. \':147. 1862.

Trunk unarmed about '2 ni liigh, leaves dblaneeolate 24-60 em joui;', 5.5-10.5
cm wide, gradually acuminate at both ends, on distinct petioles of 2.5-7.5 cm;
deuticitlate often sinuate, chartaceoits, the veins ttnderueath with a short pube-
scence; peduncle many-flowered (8-16), 6-12.5 cm long-, distantly bracteate h-om
the base: pedicels 6-18 mm long; bracts 2-8 mm; bracteoles minute; corolla pale
reddish to deep purplish, or pale greenish with purple streaks, sigmoid up to
7.5 cm long, very slender below ; staminal cohunn adherent to the middle, reddish,
hirsute with purplish hair, especially at the base of the anthers; the upper
anthers tufted or ciliate at the apex; berry pyrifcu'm 16-18 mm long; seeds
smooth shining.

OAHU: Gaudichaud type in herliarium Jluseum Paris; — Woalioo. ^laio
1825, ]\Iacrae ex Herb. Soc. Hort. London, in Gray Herbarium; — W. T. Brig-
ham in Herbarium ? ; — Moanalua, Halawa var. a ; — Kalihi, Waipio var. /?. ; —
Helemano (Halemanu), May, 1870, Willie, var. y; — Wailupe, Nuuanu, leg. Lyd-
gate, var. 8 cn'spa, Hillebrand in Herliarium Berlin and Bishop jMuseura her-
barium;— Wahiawa, var. e; — Helemano (Halemanu), var. ^, Hillebrand in Hen-
barium Berlin; — Waialua, Hillebrand var. £ in herbarium Bishop Museum; —
Pauoa A'alley, flowering April 20, 1912, Rock nos. 10252, 10253, 10254 in her-
barium of the College of Hawaii ;— Kalihi Valley, August 2, 1916, A. S. Hitch-
cock no. 14115 in U. S. National Herbarium.

h'olhiiulia Idiiccolala is an exceedingly variable species; lliUebrand's varie-
ties enumerated in his Flora are too vague to be upheld; they have all save var.
t and ^ been cla.ssed with the species proper. The largest leaved specimens come
from Palolo Valley. The species is not unconnnon at the lower levels on Oahu,
where it occurs in nearly all the valleys. It is at once distinguished by the
glabnuis calyx and cdrnija and hirsute staminal cohunn and anthers.

Rollandia lanceolata Gaud, typica Rock

(Plate 209.)
A tall, stciut, single-stennned plant 2-3 m high, leaves 35-50 cm long, dark
green with jiurplish tinge along midrili. 7-12 cm wide, paler beneath, acuminate
at the apex, stronuly mucronate, bluntly acute at the base, or abrui)tly decur^
rent, on a petiole 5-5.5 cm long, thick fleshy, leaf margin serrate, undulate, mid-
rib and nerves prominent underneath, with purplish, short spine-like i)rotuber-
anees which extend to the petiole; racemes extending along the stem from the
upper leaf axils to below the crown of leaves not dense but loosely clustered ;
racemes deep purple throughout about 5 cm long or longer with fruit; bracts
broad and strongly cuspidate at the apex, at the base of the pedicels, the latter
about 8 mm; calyx deep purple, ovarian portion ovate, shining, the triangular
teeth 1.5 mm long, mucronulate; corolla deep purple ().5-7 cm long, narrow at
the base, broadest at the middle about 13 mm, puberulous, the dorsal slit ex-
tending one-third its leiigth, the narrow lobes of nearly equal length scabrous in
the bud, with whitish pubescent margins wlien open; staminal eolunni adnate
more than half its length, ciliate with whitish hair ; anthers whitish jntbescent
throughout, especially so at the base of the anthers, the lower strongly bearded,
the upper ciliate; stigmatic lobes glabrous, but with a ring of purplish hair at
the base.

372

'LATE Ull.

KOLLANDIA KAALAE Wawia
Type in Herbarium Vienna, px coll. W'awra.

373

OAIIU: At lo^vel■ elevations (1000 feet) ; Pauoa Valley, flowering April 20,
1912, Rock no. 10254 in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — lower left-hand Valley
of Palolo (Manoa ridge). 1200 feet elevation, flowering May 12, 1918, Rock no.
13111 in herharinm College of Hawaii.

This is apparently Gaudichand's E. laiiceolata so far as can be determined
from the fragmentary specimen in the Paris i\Iuseum. It is the most striking of
all the nnmerons forms ; the flowers are a deep purple, the leaves are broader than
in the other varieties.

Rollandia lanceolata viridiflora Rock n. v.

(Plate 210.)
Stem 2 m higli or more with large crown of leaves at right angles, inflor-
escence densely clustered near the ape.\ of the stem; leaves lanceolate, acuminate
at the apex, acute at the base, about 40 cm long, 7 em wide, dark green above
and glo.ssy, margin irregularly crenulate, midrib and veins prominent ; petioles
about 1 cm long ; racemes about 3 cm long, closely bracteate, stout, deep purple ;
calyx purplish, the teeth triangular, ' minute ; corolla greenish with purplish
stripes, flesh.y, smaller than in var. iypka, less broad, staminal column as in var.
iypiva.

OAIHT : Eastern Manoa ridge dividing Manoa from Palolo Valley, at lower
.elevations (1000-1200 feet), flowering May 12, 1918, Rock & Tasartez no. 13312
in herbarium College of Hawaii.

Variety viridiflora is distinguished by the greenish pale flowers and the thick
closely bracteate racemes; the leaves stand almost at right angles to the stem,
while those of var. typica are re-curved, forming a globose crown ; the racemes are
closely packed in the upper part of the stem, while those of var. typica extend
along the stem below the crown of leaves. This variety begins flowering very
young and the young plants have the leavts narrower lanceolate and purplish
beneath : the racemes are fewer flowered and naked.

Rollandia lanceolata tomentosa llillebr.

Rollainlia lanceolata \ar. £ ct 4- llilleljr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 24(S. 1888.

Calyx 2-.^ nun, corolla ashy ])ale, faint iuir|)le at the back, dark inside, pube-
scent along the lobes or hairy throughout; anthers pubescent at the base only or
almost glabrate, with a few cilia at the upper anthers; leaves elongate, narrow
lanceolate tomentose underneath.

OAHU: Ewa, Wahiawa and Helemano (Hakmianu), Hillebrand in Her-
barium Berlin; — Waialua, Hillebrand in herbarium Bishop IMuseum.

The variety tomentosa is distinguished from the species in the brown tomen-
tose leaves and pubescent corolla.

Rollandia Kaalae ^^'a\vra in Flora od. AUti^em. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :45. 1873.
Rollandia Hnmhaldtiana Hillebr. not Gaudich. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 248. 1888.

(Plates 211, 212.)

Stem 1 m tall, simple, fleshy; leaves nearly 62 cm long, 10 cm broad, sub-
coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, merging into a hirtellous petiole of 7.5-10 cm in
length, dark green, glabrate. and papilose above, pale yellovv'ish tomentose below,
the nerves dark tomentose; peduncles axillary half as long or as long as the
petiole: pedicels about 12 mm, hirto-tomentcllous as is also the calyx; calyciue
tube 12 nun long, the lobes half or a third as long as the tube, rounded at the

24

374

PLATE 212.

ROLLANDIA KAALAE \V,uvi:i
Spec, ex Hci'bar. Hillebraud iu Herbarium Beroliueuse.

375

PLATE 21.1.

ROLLANDIA CRISPA Gauil.
Speeimeu ex coll. ilaiiii & Brigham in the Gray Herbarium

376

PLATE 214.

ROLLANDIA CRISPA (inml.
From a livinj; s]ii'ciiiiOM Omiili rcdiu'cil i i-ullceteil in tlio iiioinitaiiis beliiml Hniicilulii.

377

apex, 01" subeniai'jiinMto. very slmrtly innci'omilate ; corolla ."> cm or more, slightly
sigmoid, rose-colored or liuht jnirple with reddish streaks; staminal tulu^ glab-
rous, anthers puberulous, all tufted at the apex.

OAHU: Kaala, Wawra no. 2241 in Herbarium Vienna; — slopes of Kaala
and Moanalna, Hillebrand in Herbarium Berolin. and Gray Herbarium.

That this species has nothing in conunon with the TtoUandia Iluinljnhlfiana
tigured by Gaudichaud is evident on examining his plate (76) in the Atlas
Voyage Bonite. For further discussion see RoUaiiditi Ilumholdtiana.

Wawra 's variety toiiiciilclla of his RoUandia Ilumboldfiana is in all proba-
bility a variety of />'. laiiccohiUt. The writer has not seen material of this
variety, nor does Hillebrand mention it in his Flora.

Rollandia crispa Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie 459. 1826.

Cyanca/ Rollaiuiia A. Gray Proceed. Am. Acad. V:149. 1862.

Rollandia grandifolia Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 245. 1888.

Rollandia grandidora Drake Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif, \'II :218. 1892.

(Plates 213, 214.')

Sabherbaceous- 0.3-1.3 m high, smooth, the stem rather fleshy; leaves large
obovate oblong, 30-75 em long, 10-16 cm broad, shortly acuminate, sinuately cre-
nate or entire, gradually running out into a thick fleshy margined petiole of about
.8 mm, memln-anous, glabrous above, pale, almost white beneath, slightly pube-
scent or the widely-sweeping nerves shortly puberulous, rarely glal.n'ous; raceme
short and thick, 2-3 cm. many-tlowered or bracteate from the base, the pedicels
1-2 cm ; bracts broad obiong, obtuse, 18-8 nun, bractlets below the middle of the
pedicel and often accrete, 8-4 mm; calyx puberulous. obconical, the ovarian por-
tion 8-12 mm, the lobes as long or longer, broad oblong, obtuse apiculate, strongly
imbricate; corolla falciform 5-6 cm or more long, puberulous or pubescent with
short whitish hair, pale purplish-red, with deeper stripes along the nerves; stam-
inal column adherent in the lower third or half, glabrous, pale, the anthers of a
deeper color, the upper ones often hispid at the apex, the lower ones penicil-
late; berry globose 10 mm in diameter.

OAHU: Gaudichaud in lierbariiun ^luseum Paris; — U. ^laun and Briuham
no. 58 in herbarium Cornell Fniversity and Gray Herbarium; — Pauoa Valley,
anno 1870, Hillelirand in Herbarium Berlin, Gray Herbarium, and herliarium of
the Bishop Jluseum ; — Waiaini Valley, windward Oahu, flowering January 22,
1900, Rock no. 1205 in the lu'i-harimn of the College of Hawaii and Gray Her-
barium;— Palolo Valley. Howei-insj' ]\Iay 2, 1912, Rock no. 10220 in herbarium of
the Colh'ge of Hawaii ;- -^It. Olympus trail, flowering ilareh 1918, Rock & Lyon
no. 14078 in herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

L'ollaiidia crispa is certainly a distinct plant, but there is some doubt as to
the identity of it. Gaiuliehaud's specimen of his L'. crispa consists of a single
leaf, of which part of the petiole is broken ; there are no flowers or fruits left.
The margin of the leaf of the type is certainly ditferent from that of the plants
I'eferred to this species by H. ifaun. There is, however, a possibility of Gaudi-
chaud having had a younger leaf.

It was probably on the strength of the crisp margin mentioned by Gaudichaud
that Hillebrand referred it to one of his varieties (S) of R. lanccolata. It is,
however, more likely that < laudichaud's 7i'. crispa is identical with the plants

378

PLATE 215.

ROLLANDIA CALYCINA (i. U.m

Sjiecinien in licrliaiiiiiii Museum Paris, ex coll. Gauilifluiuil no. 41.

379

PLATE L'Ki.

EOLLANDIA CALYCINA (J. Dim
Siiecimen (Eoi-k no. SS44) in tlio College of Hawaii Herbarium.)

380

PLATE 217.

ROLLANDIA HUMBOLDTIANA (i.iii.l.

Showiiii; iiilloiesi-eui-e (flowers white), about two-tliiiWs ii:itiir:il size; fiuni living siieriiiieu

eollec'ted on Mt. Olymims, O.-iliii.

381

here referred to it. Tlie ((iK'stion will always be an oi)en one, as it is next to
impossible to identify the fragmentary specimen in the Paris ^NFuseum.

Bollandia crispa occurs at the lower elevations from a few hundred feet in
the valleys on the windward and leeward side up to 1800 tn'\ alony the Mt.
Olympu.-; trail, in company M'ith Cijrfaiidra, Bocloiicria slipulnris. Tinuliardia
lati folia, Musa, and others.

Rollandia crispa muricata Rock var. nov.

Habit of the species, leaves obovate oblong, up to 50 em long, 13 cm broad,
pale green glabrous above, with an olivaceous tomentmn underneath ; peduncle
longer up to 8.5 cm ; calyx green, pnljescent, the lobes oblong, green, pubescent,
as long as the tube; corolla pubescent outside, thin, the lobes muricate or scab-
rous as in Cijanca mahra; stamiual eohunn glabrous, only the lower anthers
tufted.

OAHU: Xuuanu Valley, flowering September 1914, Rock no. 10283 in her-
barium of the College of Hawaii.

The specimens referred to var. muricata cannot be placed with any other

species than JxnUandia erispa. It has the short petioled leaves and the glabrous

staminal column in common with the species, but differs in the tomentose leaves

■ and muricate or scabrous coi'olbi lolies. It grows at an elevation of aliout 600

feet in Nuuanu Valley.

Rollandia calycina G. Don Gen. Syst. Gard. 111:699. 1834.
Lobelia calycina Cham, in Linnaea VHI :222. 1833.
Delissca calycina Presl Prodr. Monogr. Lobeliac. 47. 1836.
Cyanea aspcra A. Gray in Proceed. Am. Acad. V:148. 1862.
Rollandia scahra W'awra in Flora od. Allgem. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :46. 1873.

(Plates 215, 216.)
Stem 1.3-2 m tall, muricate, the young shoots and inflorescence covered with
a dark brown tomentum ; leaves chartaeeous ovate-elliptical to obovate-oblong,
20-42 em long, 7-12 cm wide, on petioles 3.5-8 em long, shortly acuminate, con-
tracting more or less suddenly at the base, unevenly crenulate or dentate, the
upper face dotted with short stiff hairs on conical papillae, the low^er coarsely
tomentose, particularly along the veins, the rib and petiole muricate; raceme 4-8
cm in flow^er, longer when with fruit, several-flowered near the apex, distantly
bi-acteate below, the bracts about 8 nnn ; pedicels about 2.5-3 cm, bibracteolate at
the middle; calyx pubescent the obconical tube 12-15 mm, the broad truncate
oblong lobes 5-10 mm; corolla falcate from a rather broad base, np to 8 cm in
length, faiuth' pubescent, dark purplish-red with blackish stripes; staminal
column adnate to less than one-half its length, slightly pubescent, the anthers
hairy along the base and sutures, the upper and lower anthers tufted at the
apex ; berry ovoid nearly 2 em long ; seeds pale yellow.

OAHC: Chamisso in Herbarium P>erlin; — Gaudichaud no. 141 in herbarium
Museum Paris (as Bollandia fcrvuyinca, as per a) ; — U. S. Exploring Exped. ; —
Wawra no. 1794 in Herbarium Vienna ; — Waiolani, Hillebrand in Herbarium
Berlin; — Punaluu ]\Iountains, flowering August 1908, Rock no. 410-a. fruiting
December 24-29, 1908, no. 410 in the herbarium of the College of Hawaii; —
Punaluu-Koolau range flowering August 1911, Rock no. 8844 in herbarium of
the College of Plawaii.

382

L'lilliiiidia valjjviiHi is a very distinct species and is easily recognized, even if
ncit in a flowering stage, by the papillose hispid leaves.

The species was collected by Gaiidicliand in young fruit: it was never pub-
lished by him, but liears the name UoUandki ferrughua ospern, with a question
mai-k after Rnllandia.

Wawra's specimen (h'oUaiulia scabra) belongs to RnUaiidid cahiciiid and imt
to li'dllnitdia laiiccolata as reported by llillebrand.

The writer's materia! varies slightly from the original description; the leaves
are longer and less suddenly contracting at the base, the i)eduncles are also
longer; otherwise the same.

According to Hillebi'and, Jleyen's specimen labeled "//. crhpa" belongs to
B. cahjcina.

RoUandia Humboldtiana Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite, table 76. 1839-1852.
Dclissca raccJiwsa Mann in Proceed. Amer. Acad. VII :181. 1868.
Rollandia pcdiinculosa \\'awra in Flora od. Allgem. Bot. Zeit. XXXI :46. 1873.
RoUaiidia raccmdsa Hillebr. Flora Hawaii. Isl. 246. 188S.

(Plate 217.)
Strm 1 m to 2 m tall, leaves chartaeeous, obovate oblong, 26-40 cm long, 8-15
cm wide, shortly acuminate at the apex, suddenly decurrent at thi? base, merg-
ing into a short petiole of 3-4 cm, the latter slightly margined, glabrous above,
pale, and pubescent underneath, veins darker, margin eroso-dentate ; racemes
axillary of variable length 8-40 cm, horizontal or drooping, pubescent, loosely
bracteate, floriferous in the upper third ; pedicels 1.5 cm, in the axils of the
bracts, bibracteolate about the middle; calyx cylindrical to ovate about 10 mm,
the lobes varying in length from 3-10 mm, acute or truncate, pubescent; corolla
■white or purple, falcate 7-7.5 cm long, pubescent; stamina! column glabrate;
anthers glabrous the Iowa- onltj bearded; fruit ovate to obovate, pale orange
yellow.

OAHU: Gaudichaud; — Horace ]Mann & Brigham in Herbarium Cornell
{Dclissca raccmosa) ; — Wawra no. 2520 in Herbarium Vienna; — Konahuanui,
flowering anno 1884, J. Lydgate in Herbarium Berlin; — Konahuanui, October
1872, Hillebrand in liirbarium Bishop Museum, llon(]lulu; — Punaliin Mts.,
flowering November 14, 1908, Kock no. 811 in herbarium of the College of Ha-
waii ; — same locality. October 31, 1914, Eock in herbariinn College of Hawaii ; —
Punalnu camj). August 1911. Rock no. 8841 in herbarium College of Hawaii; —
Kiinahuanui, September 1912, Rock in herbarium College of Hawaii ; — Palolo-
'SW. Olympus trail, flowering October 1912, Rock no. 10251 in herbarium of the
College of Hawaii.

h'dlldiidia Iliniibdld'idita figured In' Caudichaud in his Atlas of the Botany
Voyage Bonite represents a plant in the flowering stage, but with flowerbuds only.
Everyone who has worked on Hawaiian Lobelioideae knows that a raceme keeps
on growing till practically the la.st fruit has matured. This accounts for the
variable length of the racemes (8-40 cm). Hillebrand was well aware of the
facts above mentioned, but could not have been very well ac([uainted with (iaudi-
chaud's plate of R. H iiinbnldtiaiia or else he would have placed Mann's Dclissca
racemosa as a synonym of Ii. II iniiJidldliaua. This latter species has very short
petioled leaves, and as can be seen in the excellent plate, the upper anthei's are
naked; this is also the ease with the plants referred by both JIann and Ilille-

383

braud to R. raccmusa. which is a syuouym of R. HumbohJliaiid. The plants
which Hillebrand refers to R. Humboldtiana have long lanceolate oblong leaves on
long petioles, and racemes about 7 cm long; he also says floriferous from the
base. Anyone on examining CJandichauds plate can see that the raceme is not
floriferous from the base, but at the apex.

Hillebrand also states upper anthers ciliate; they are not at all ciliate. In
Gaudiehaud's plate the drawing of the undeveloped raceme measures about 12
em. As the plant is evidently considerably reduced, the specimen from whieh
the drawing was made must have had a raceme about 16-18 cm long. The some-
what erect habit of the raceme is in all probability due to its being an immature
one. as there are no open flowers on it.

^lann's siiecimen of his Dilissca raccmosa was without flower and conse-
quently he was unable to place it in Rollandia.

"Wawra justly described a Rollandia KaaJar from ilt. Kaula, whence ^laun's
and Hillebrand 's specimens were eollected and which were referred by them to
7i*. HiDiiholdliaiia. Hillebrand reduced Wawra's Rollandia Kaalac to what he
considered R. Iliiinboldliaiia. Wawra himself states that R. KaaUu is closely
related to Rollandia lanceolata, and so it certainly is. if not a mere form of that
variable species. There is no other Rollandia save Rollandia raccnidsn which in
habit can be compared with Gaudichaud's Rollandia Hinnboldtiana. There is
no doubt that these tv.o i)lants are identical, and as the specific name Hinn-
boldtiana is the older t>ne, II. raccmosa must be reduced to it. In regard to the
calycine lobes, it may i)e remarked that the writer found exactly the same
calycine lobes as described by Maiui ( iiardly exceeding a line in length) and
intermediates ranging up to Id iinn hiug: they are acuminate, munded, acute and
truncate: in one word, exceedingly variable.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Lobelia piiiuatifida Cham.
Lobelia •nnbifnia Cham.

The above two species are in all pniliahility Rollandias; the first one is perhaps
a young plant, as neai-ly all the Hawaiian Rollandia have lobed leaves in their
young state. Jjobelia pinnatifida is, of course, not a true Lobelia, as in the de-
scri])tion it is .stated '' raccmis axillaribus." It may be related to Wawra's
T'dlhiiidia Innijiflora, whicli keeps its siiuiately lobed leaves even in the flowering
stage.

The second species, which is Rollandia.' antbigua G. Don. may be identical
with Rollandia H iiinlxildl iinin, but tiiat is a mere conjecture.

SPECIES EXCLUDENDA.

Rollandia Fauriei Levi, in Fedde Repertor. Spec. nov. XII :506. 1913. = Cyanca
spafhiilata (Hillebr.) Heller.

384
DOFBTFl'L SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDEAE.

Delissea Fauriei Lrvl. in Fedde Repert. Spec. nov. XII :505. 1''13.

"Frutex 4-5 pcdibus alta raiiiosa ; eortiro exfoliaiite ; folia obloiig'a, glahra
flaccida pc41nc'ida ; pedimfiilo Vi; pt'lliee; corolla 2', 2 poll, lonsa; eapsula fyjin-
drico-oblonj.;;!. "'

SANDMaCII: Molokai. I'aviiic a I'ukoo. ran-, luai 191(1 ( Frb. Faurie. 572).

The description of this species is wortidcss; besides, none of the Hawaiian
Lobelioideons genera save Lobelia and Tr< iiiatolobelia have capsules. His
Dclissra Fauriei may be anythint;', as. for example. Lobelia In/poh iira. which has
an oblong cylindrical capsule, or it may be Cl< rnumtia arborcsccns, which has no
capsules.

The writer has not seen a specimen ; among the plants sent him by Leveille,
neither this species nor the other two, Cyanea salicina and Clerniontia earinifera,
were represented. Clermontia earinifera is perhaps Clermoiitia Gaiielieliaitdii or
('naiua fissa. His Cijanea salieiiia is in all probability ('!ja)ua sjiallnilahi. as he
described specimens of that latter species as Iiollaiidia Fauvi(i.

Ciianea spathulata varies considerably in the length of the h'af, an<l this
might have induced him to describe it again in amither genus.

Following are the descriiitions of the other two species:

Cyanea salicina I.evl. Fedde Repert. Spec. nov. X1I:.^03. 1")13.

"Folia tiaccidissima elongata anguste lanceolata, nervis areuatis, margine
eonfluentibus, vix vel non snbdenticulata, subtus secus nervos expassim sparse
pilosa, breviter petiolata acuminata."

"A. C. apathulaia foliis Haccidissimis valde acnfis ditt'<'rt."

In the descri|)tion of Ci/ciiki siiIiciiKi unly the leaves are described; hnw he
came to tlie eoni'lnsion that Fani'ie's plant nn. 10 is a Cj/diKd is nmrc tliaii a
puzzle.

. SANDWICH: Kauai, Kealia .iaiiv. IHKl (Frb. Faurie no. 569).
Clermontia earinifera Le\l. I'edde Repert. Spec. nov. Xll:.^05. 1013.

"Folia ovata memi.iranaeea ;>.pice abrupte ct)ntraeta anastomoso nervia crenu-
lala glabra nervo primaria si;pra carinato. petiolo 3 cm longo; peduneulo 1 em:
calyx eampanulatus ; dentibus acutis cucullatis, remotis ; tertiam corollae imrtcm
aequano; corolla subereeta tomentelbi.'"

SANDWICH: Kauai, Koloa, dee. 19(19 (Frb. Faurir. 10).

385

SPECIES OF LODELIOIDEAE CULTIVATED IX THE HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS.

Lobelia Erinus L., a native of South Africa, is occasionally cultivated as a
border plant; while a true Lobelia, it has little in common with our native arbor-
escent forms.

Lobelia Erinus is well known and cultivated for its bhie tiowers.

Isoioma longiflora Presl; a native of the West Indies, is an exceedingly poi-
sonous plant. It is cultivated in Hilo, on Hawaii, where it has spread consider-
ably. It can be found all through the pasture lands at lower elevations back of
Ililo. It is commonly known as "The Star of Bethlehem." The leaves are
lanceolate, .sinuate; the iiedicels very short, corolla white, as long as the leaves.

38 7

AUTHORS' x\.ND COLLECTORS' XUMBERS OF HAWAIIAN

LOBELIOIDEAE.

All immlicrs cited were exiiniined hy tlie writer, witli the exeeptioii (if those
marked in italics. The Ilillehraiul ctillectinn, a.s well as the U. S. Exploring
Expedition's collection, are not nnniliered, and are therefore not cited here; both
collections were, however, thoroiiuhly examined.

P. Ceresole no. 12841.

E. P. Bishop no. 47.

L. M. DuNB.VR nos. 13125, 13124,
13118, 13117, 13119.

LT. F.MTRiE nos. 552, 553, 557, 574, 565,
568, 567, 670. 668, 576, 594, 578, 11,
575, 572, 569, 10.

Ch. N. Forbes nos. 706-k, 1477-0,
292-k. 313-Mo, l()3-h, 201-m, W3-\i.

r4AnDicHAUD nos. 149, 150, 143, 148,
141.

AV. :\r. GiFFARD iins. 12802, 13087.

V. W. IIardv nos. 12713, 127(i7.
13105.

A. A. Heller nos. 2888. 2443. 2793,
2597, 2768, 2769, 2691, 2494, 2607,
2704. 2059, 2391, 2239, 2487.

W. Hillebrand nos. 71, 168, 55, 5.

A. S. Hitchcock nos. 14861, 15499,
15432, 15450. 15484. 15603, 14675,
14(;(i5. 15432, 14947. 14881, 15068,
14S17. 14684. 15496. 15359. 15009.
15008, 15073, 14749. 14904, 14905,
14132. 14094. 14705, 15572, 15243,
15369. 15353. 15371, 15843, 15302,
15232, 14569. 14703. 14846. 14923,

14754. 14794, 15074, 15080, 14648,
15428, 15482, 14305, 15032, 14793.
14795. 14928, 14643. 13933. 12786,
15189, 15013. 14677. 14898, 14762,

14755. 14821, 14784. 14363. 14408,
14033, 14115.

R. S. HosMER nos. 6096, 6090.

V. Knudsen nos. 11, 102.

G. K. Larrison no. 10342.

J. Lydgate nos. 2, 50. 140. 62. 56.

H. L. LvoN nos. 12830. 8847, 10259,
8816.

Mann et Brigham nos. 462. 643, 575,
461, 231, 466. 574, 577, 467, 201,
464, 233, 232, 296, 573, 576, 58.

Nelson and Stone no. 10003.

N. B. Nevin no. 8817-b.

M. Newell nos. 10261, 10259.

Parker no. 84.

J. Remv nos. 298, 297, 309-ter. 299.
304, 302. 301. 309. 303. 302-bis. 308.
307, 306, 305, 300-bis, 299. 300.

J. F. Rock nos. 65. 8209. 8818. 5109.
5823, 12845, 5823-b, 12741, 807.
808, 13114, 12842, 14035, 4767,
1236, 5779, 12836. 8612, 8612-a,
8640. 5959. 6134. 468. 471. 6083,
8819, 10360, 8877. 8031, 12843.
8817. 8817-a, 12802-b, 5818, 10256,

9016, 10354, 6112, 8813, 12521,
8812. 10264, 8051. 8204. 8637, 8524,
8524-a, 10262, 8791. 10057, 8792,
8514, 8513, 10013, 10013-a, 8840,
107, 1032, 35, 10272. 10256, 10357,

8799, 1060. 8799. 10257. 8053. 8517,
5826, 5826-b, 13108, 12765. 12766.
2425, 5664, 9008, 13109, 2418, 4885,
5942, 5359, 5658, 8865, 12784,
13103, 6365. 9010, 13104, 2463,
9015, 4893. 10355, 13106. 12834,
8796-a, 10260, 12832, 4663, 8794,
10350, 1061, 10255, 10349, 10265.
4629. 8789-a. 8789. 8797, 8797-a,
8796, 8790, 712, 450. 456, 8845,
4769. 4753, 8726-a, 8726, 12833,

10001, 8805, 8727, 8728, 8806. 8572,
12848, 10055, 8202, 8515, 6109,
6137, 6176, 2499, 5062, 12793. 3252,

8800, 12846, 3737, 3762. 10003,
10031. 10032, 4794, 4794-b. 4794e,
4794-d, 4794-e, 4756, 8847, 8595,
711, 8725, 8723, 1199. 8815, 8688.
698, 12791, 106, 983, 12784, 12783,
8014-a, 801 4-b. 8804, 8801, 8802.
8803. 12847. 12788. 12790, 13116,
4573, 8810, 8811, 4760, 8814, 4751.
4745. 8807, 8808. 8809, 6117, 8069.
7068, 12781, 8018. 8193. 8205, 8503.
12782 ex coll. Ilillebrd.. 8179.

10002. 12833, 12835. 4362, 4363,
4366. 4364, 4360. 4788. 4780, 12834,
8764, 8736, 13030, 4793, 4859, 4859,
3950, 10053, 10250, 8824, 13110,
10252. 10253. 10254. 13111. 1205.
10220, 10283. 410-a, 410. 8844. 811.
8841. 10251.

Rock & Ceresole nos. 10056, 12837.
Rock & Copeland nos. 10351, 10350.
Rock & Hammond no. 8105.
Rock & Hashimoto nos. 13130. 13126,

13132, 13133, 13135. 13129. 13128.

14079. 13134, 13137, 13138, 13131,

13121, 13122.
Rock & Lyon no. 14078.
Rock & Newell no. 12831.
Rock & Tasartez nos. 13113, 13112.
Glen W. Shaw nos. 12742, 12839.
O. H. Swezey no. 13107.
H. Wawra nos. 2044, 2108, 2190,

2239, 1975, 2116. 2186, 2187. 2062.

1719, 2354, 1793, 2286, 1956, 2043,

2198, 1658. 2246, 2206, 2356, 1955.

2224, 2229. 2355. 1943. 2026, 2050.

2285, 2241, 1794, 2520

4

INDEX.

All new species, varieties and tbrnis are in bold type. Italics refer to
synonyms, with the exception of the native names, which are also in italics. The
figures in bold type refer to each species in the systematic part, where each
species is treated fully.

Page

Acacia Koa 27, 47, 68, 84

Acaena .35, 71

Agroniyza sp 98

Agi'omyzidae 98

Ak-u .'. 97

Ah'u-alu 97

Alphitonia exeelsa 57

■Alula 43, 97

AnoeetDchilus santlwicensis 71

Antliocoi-idae 99

Apetahia 13, 27, 96

Apetahia Raiateensis 45, 96

Ai'gyroxipbiiim 41

Baillou, H 88

Boeluneria stipularis 57

Braehypeplus 31

BrifhTcll 98

Brighainia A. Gray 13, 16, 43, 1-J9, 151

Brigliamia iusiguis A. Gray

13, 43, 73, 84, 97, 151

Plates 22, 23, 74.
Brighamia insignis forma citrina Forb.

& Lydg, ...'. 43, 84, 152

Brigham, W. T. Dr 13, 4,3

Campanulaceae 13

Carabidae 31, 99

Carex montis Eeka 71

Carposinidae 98

Centropogon 13, 16, 96

Cheirodendron platyphyllum 57

C'lilorodrepanis 29

Cibotium Chamissoi 19

Cibotiiim Menzie.sii 19

Cladium Meyenii 39

Clarke, C. B 35, 39

Clermontia Gaud

13, 16, 19, 21, 47, 283, 285

Clermontia arborescens (Manu) Hillebr.

19, 47, 51, 81, 287

Plates 159, 160.

Clermontia carinifera Levi 340, 384

Clermontia Clermontioides (Gaud.) Hel-
ler 291

Clermontia coerulea Hillebr.. 47, 81, 84, 297
Plates 165, 166.

Clermontia, Doubtful Species 340

Clermontia drepanomorpha Eock

19, 47, 81, 327

Plates 184, 185.

Clermontia Fauriei Levi 291

Clermontia fulva Levi 47, 81, 304

Plate 170.
Clermontia Gaudicbaudii (Gaud.) Hillebr.
47, 81, .84, 97, 291

Page

Clermontia Gaudicliaudii barbata Rock. .

81, 293

Plate 162.
Clermontia Gaiidichaudii /3 var. Hillebr.

293

Clermontia Gautliclwuilii var. nin<iulifora

Rock 293

Clermontia genuinae Hillebr., Sect 308

Clermontia grandiflora Gaud. .47, 51, 81, 327

Plates 186, 187.
Clermontia grandiflora var. brevifolia

A. Gray 327

Clermontia grandiflora /3 oblongifolia

A. Gray 315

Clermontia itirandiflora y longifolia

A. Gray . .' 308

Clermontia Haleakalensis Rock

19, 27, 47, 73, 75, 81, 303

Plates 8, 26, 160.
Clermontia Hawaiiensis (Hillebr.) Rock

47, 81, .84, 317

Plates 44, 45, 48, 178, 179.
Clermontia Kakeana Meyen

19, 47^ 51, 77, 81, 98, 308

Plate 171.
Clermontia Kohalae Rock 47, 81, 319

Plates 25, 181.
Clermontia Kohalae robiista Rock... 81, 323

Plate 182.
Clermontia leptoclada Rock 47, 81, 323

Plate 183.

Clermontia macrocarpa Gaud 47, 308

Clermontia maerocarpa var. Hawaiiensis

Hillebr 317

Clermontia macrophylla Nutt 308

Clermontia micrantlia (Hillebr.) Rock. .

19, 81, 334

Plate 189.

Clermontia montis-Loa Rock 81, 334

Plates 190, 191.
Clermontia montis-Loa forma globosa

Rock SI, 3.S7

Clermontia multiflora Hillebr

19, 77, 81, 331

Plate 188.
Clermmitia multiflora var. micrantha

Hillebr 334

Clermontia mvUiflora micrantha montana

Rock 334

Clermontia oblongifolia Gaud

47, 51, 81, 315

Plates 175, 176, 177.
Clermontia oblongifolia Hook, et Arn.

not Gaud 337

Clermontia oblone/ifolia Mauiensis Eock

' 315

Clermontia pallida Hillebr 81, 319

Plate 180.
Clermontia pallida ramosissima Rock. . . .
81, 319 anot.

390

Page

Clermoiitiii parvitldni Giuiil

lit, li.'i, 47, SI, 9ft, 337

' 'piates 24, 192, 19.1.
Clermoiitia parviffora Wawvii imt (iaud.. ..'11".
Clermontia parviflova ealveiiia KoL-k. .81, 340

Plate 194.
Clermontia parriflora var. plfiaitiha

Hillebr ■_ ■'-'■"

Clermoutia Peleaiia Kook 19, 7.J, 81, 297

Plates 9, 164.

Clermontia pcrsicaefolia Hillebr '.^\?^

Clermontia persicifolia Gaud

19, 51, 81, 98, 313

Plates 6, 7, 172, 17.-^, 174 in part.

Clermoutia pvmlaria Hillebr 81, 303

Plate Ill's.
Clermontia singuUflora Rock.. ,51, 7.5, 81, 293

Plate 163.
Clermontia tuberculata Forbes. .23, 81, 291
Plate 161.

Clermontia Waimeae Rock

19, 21, 23, 81, 299

Plate 167.
Clermontia, distribution of the genus. . . 81

Clermontia, key to tlie species 1117

Clermontioideae Hillebr., Sect 287

Coleoptera 99

Compositae 3.5, 41, 45

Conif erae -15

Coreojjsis 39, 41

Coreopsis cosmoi<les 57

Curculionidae 99

Cyanea Gaud. . . .13, 16, 19, 21, 51, 153, 157

Cyanea aculeatiflora Rock

■ 23, 51, 61, 77, 79, 84, 87, 96, 187

Plates 34, 35, 55, 98.
Cvanea acuminata (Gaud.) Hillebr. . . .

" 21, 61, 79, 91, 269

Plate 152.
Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr. . .

21, 51, 61, 79, 91, 97, 195

Plate 102.
Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr. in

part 199

Cyanea angustifolia (3 var. Hillebr 199

Cyanea angustifolia Hillebrandii Rock..

79, 199

Cyanea angustifolia laiiaiensis Rock. . . .

■. 61, 79, 199

Plates 103, 104.
Cvanea angustifolia racemosa Hillebr...

" 51, 61, 79, 91, 199

Plate 105.
Cyanea angustifolia tomcntclla Hillebr.

79, 203

Plate 106.

Cyanea arborea (H. Mann) Hillebr

21, 27, 61, 68, 79, 84, 87, 165

Plates 12, 37, S3, 84.

Cyanea arborea pienoeaqia Hillebr

■ 64, 79, 168

Cyanea arborescens H. Mann 287

Cyanea armata Hillebr. MSS 255, 263

Ci/anca armaia var. pinnatifida Hillebr.

MSS 239

Cyanea aspera A. Gray 381

Cyanea asplenifolia (H. Mann) Hillebr.

61 , 77, 79, 84, 94, 267

Plates 47, 150.

Page

Cyanea atra lobata Rock 79, 84, 179

Plate 91.

Cyanea Bishopii Rock

21, 64, 77, 79, 84, 91, 277

Plates 52, 155.

Cyanra Blinii Levi 282, 337

Cyanea Bonita 51

Cyanea coniata Hillebr 64, 79, 91, 211

Plate 113.

Cyanea eommunis Rock 219

Cyanea Copelandii Rock

64, 77, 79, 84, 91. 279

Plates 51, 156.

Cyanea coriacea (A. Gray) Rock

.".57, 79, 84, 91, 207

Plate 109.

Cyanea coriacea Hillebr. not Rock 207

Cyanea eoriacea Hillebr. var. spatlinlala

Hillebr 211

Cyanea Dunbaril Rock 79, 265

Cyaiieae Itcli.sseoideae Hillebr., Sect. II

■ 21, 87, 88, 195

Cyaneae Genuinae Hillebr., Sect. IV. . . .

87, 91, 231

Cyaneae genuineae glabriflorae, subsec-
tion 91, 231

Cyaneae genuineae scabrae, subsection . .

91, 2.55

Cyaneae hirtellae Rock, Sect. III. .87, 88,213
Cyaneae palmaeformes, Sect. I, Hillebr.

21, 68, 84, 87, 88, 94, 157

Cyaneae pilosae Rock, Sect. V...21, 88, 269

Cyanea Fauriei Levi

21, 57, 79. 84, 91. 207

Cyanea atra Hillebr 61, 77, 79, 87, 177

Plate 90.

Plates 27, 29, 110.

Cyanea Feddei Levi 231

Cyanea Fernaldii Rock 77, 79, 235

Plate 128.

Cyanea ferox Hillebr 61, 79, 94, 239

Plates 131, 132.

Cyanea ferox /3 var. Hillebr 245

Cyanea ferox horrida Rock 77, 79, 245

Plates 133, 134, 135.

Cyanea fissa (H. Mann) Hillebr

57. 79, 91, 225

Plates 120, 121.
Cyanea Gayana Rock. .57, 61, 77, 79, 91, 225
Plates' 30, 122.

Cyanea Gibsonii Hillebr 61, 79, 87, 177

Plate 89.

Cyanea Giffardii Rock

"21, 27, 57, 61, 68, 77, 79, 84, 87, 94, 159
Plates 38, 79, SO.

Cyanea Grimesiana Gaud

21, 61, 79, 87, 94, 97, 247

Plates 137, 138.

Cyanea Grimesiana /3 var. Hilleln- 251

Cyanea Grimesiana y var. Hillebr 251

Cyanea Grimesiana cylindroealyx Rock . .

64, 77, 79, 251

Plate 141.
Cyanea Grimesiana Lydgatei Rock. .79, 251
Plate 140.

Cyanea Grimesiana Mauiensis Rock

79, 251

Plate 139.

391

Page

Cyaiiea bamatiflora Rdi'k

01, 77, 79, 84, S7, 187

Plates 36, 96, 97.
Cvanea Haiclvi Rock. .21, .57, 7.5, 79, 91, 209
Plate 111.

Cyauea hirtella (H. JMaiiii) Eook

57, 77, 79, 91, 219

Plates 115, 116, 117.

Cyanea hitieUa Hillebr. not Roek 21.3

Cyanea liolophylla Hillebr

61, 77, 79, 84, 259

Plate 146.

Cyanea liolophyVn /3 var. Hillebr 26,3

Cyanea holopbylla otovata Rock .... 79, 263

Cyanea horrida Rock 245

Cyanea humilis Wawra 225

Cyanea Juddii Forbes 193

Cyanea Knudsenii Rock. .57, 77, 79, 91, 213
Plate 114.

Cyaiita Kiinthiaiia.' Hillebr 51, 277

Cyanea Larrisonii Eock....57, 79, 91, 227

Plate 124.
Cyanea leptostegia A. Gray.... 21, 27,

57, 68, 73, 77,, 80, 84^ 87, 94, 97, 165
Plates 10, 28, 29, 31, 32, 81, 82.

Cvanea lobata H. Mann 61, 80, 247

Plate 136.

Cyanea lobata /3 var. Hillebr 247

Cyanea lobata hamakuae Rock,... SO, 247

Cyanea longifolia Heller 165

Cyanea Lydgatei sp. ii. Hillebr. MSS...193

Cyanea macrostegia Hillebr

80, 84, 87, 94, 179

Plates 49, 92, 93.

Cyanea macrostegia (3 var. Hillebr 183

Cyanea macrostegia parvibracteata Rock

80, 183

Plate 95.
Cyanea macrostegia viscosa Rock. . . .80, 183
Plate 94.

Cvanea Mannii (Brigh.) Hillebr

" 8(1. 91, 203

Plate 107.
Cvanea multispicata Levi. ..21, SO, 91, 269
Plate 151.

Cvanea noli-me-tangere Rock

' 23, 64, 77, SO, 94, 231

Plates 54, 126.

Cyanea obtusa (Gray) Hillebr

'. 51, SO, 91, 203

Plate 108.

Cyanea palal'ea Forbes 279

Cyanea pilosa A. Gray

.'64, 77, 80, 84, 91, 271

Plates 50, 153.

Cyanea pilosa Bondiana Rock 80, 275

Cyanea pilosa densitlora Rock SO, 273

Plate 154.
Cyauea pilosa glabrifolia Rock.. 80, 91, 273
Plates 40, 41.

Cyanea pilosa megacarpa Rock 80, 275

Cvanea platvpbvlla (Gray) Hillebr

■ ."..." 64, 77, SO, 94, 233

Plate 127.

Cvanea procera Hillebr 80, 173

Plate 88.

Cyanea profuga Forbes 61, 80, 237

Plate 129.

Cyanea recta (Wawra) Hillebr

■ 61, 77, 80, 91, 227

Plate 123.

Page

Cyanea reglna (Hillebr.) Rock

57, 61, 80, 159

Plates 77, 78.
Cvanea R*myi Rock 81), 282

Plate 1.58.

Cvanea rivularis Rock

■ 57, 61, 77, S(l. 91, 219

Plates 118, 119.

Cyanea? Hollandia A. CJray 377

Cyanea rollandioides Rock' 80, 97, 237

Plate 130.

Cyanea salicina Levi 384

Cyanea scabra Hillebr. ..77, 80, 84, 94, 255
. Plate 46, 142.

Cyanea scabra /3 var. Hillebr 259

Cyanea scabra longissima Rock 80, 259

Plate 144.
Cyanea scabra sinuata Rock 80, 259

Plate 145.
Cyanea scabra variabilis Rock 80, 255

Plate 143.

Cyanea solanacea Hillebr

21, 61, 80, 91, 97, 263

Plates 147, 148.
Cvanea solanacea quercifolia Hillebr. . . .
" 80, 265

Plate 149.

Cyanea solenocalv.x Hillebr

■ 21. 2:;, 61, SO, 97, 168

Plates 85, 86.
Cyanea solenocalyx glabrata Kock..s(l, 171

Cyanea soleiwcalyj: var. srlii:iiciili/.r 51

Cyanea spatbulata (Hillebr.) Heller . . .
57, 77, SO. 211

Plates 33, 112.

Cyanea, species E.xcludenda 282

Cyanea, species minus cognita 282

Cyanea stietophylla Rock 77, S(l, 279

Plate 157. '

Cyanea superba (Cham.) A. Grav

61, 68, SO, 87, 94, 157

Plate 75.

Cyanea superba p. var. Hillebr 157

Cyanea superba y reginnc Hillebr 159

Cyanea superba velutina Rock 80, 157

Plate 76.
Cyanea svlvestris Heller SO, 231

Plate 125.

Cyanea tritomantba A. Gray

23, 61, 64, 77, 80, 94, 96. 97, 189

Plates 39, 53, 99, 100.

Cyanea tritomantha /3 var. Hillebr 193

Cyanea tritomantha Lydgatei (Hillebr.)

'Eock 80, 193

Cyanea truncata Rock 61, SO, 99, 193

Plate 101.

Cyanea undnlata Forbes SO. 91, 221

Cyanea Wailauensis Eock 61, 80, 173

Plate 87.

Cyanea, distribution of the genus 79

Cyanea, key to the species 103

Cyanea, systematic position of the genus

87

Cyperaceae 71

Cyrtandra 51, 57

Delissea Gaud 13, 16, 19, 68, 341, 343

Delissea acuminata Gaud 87, 269

392

Page
Delissea acuminata var. angustifolia

A. Gray ] 95

Delissea angustifolia Presl 19i3

Uelissea arborea H. Mann 1(55

Delissea asplcnifolia H. Mann 267

Delissea ealijeina Presl 381

Delissea Clermont ioides Gaud 291

Delissea coriaeea A. Gray 207

Delissea coriaeea var. Gray Kio

Delissea coriaeea var.'? piiinntilobu A.

Gray 9(5, 10.')

Delissea (sect.) Ci/anca Baill 153

Delissea Delessertiaiia var. pinnatitoba

A. Grav 165

Delissea fallax Ilillclir 68, 81, 359

Plate 204.

Delissea Fauriei Levi 384

Delissea fiHgera Wawra 327

Delissea fissa H. Mann 225

Delissea hirtella H. Mann 219

Delissea Honolulensis Wawra 195

Delissea Kealiae Wawra 357

Delissea Kimthiana 51, 57

Delissea laeiniata Hillebr

23, 25, 68, 81, 349

Plate 197.
Delissea laeiniata parvifolia Rock.. SI, 349

Plate 198.

Delissea lanceolala A. Gray 371

Delissea Sect. Macranthae Hillebr 345

Delissea ( ?) inaerostaeln/s Presl 145

Delissea Mannii Brigh 203

Delissea Sect. Micranthae Hillebr 345

Delissea obtusa A. Gray iucliis. var.

mollis Gray '. 203

Delissea parviflora Hillebr. . .23, 68, 81, 359

Plate 205.

Delissea pilosa H. JIann 271

Delissea .' platyphijlla k. Gray 233

Delissea racemosa H. Maun 382

Delissea recta Wawra 227

Delissea regina Wawra 159

Delissea rliitidospernia H. Mann. .68, 81, 357

Plates 202, 203.
Delissea sinuata Hillebr. ..23, 68, SI. 349

Plate 199.
Delissea sinuata lanaiensis Rock... SI, 353

Plate 200.

Delissea sinuata /3 var. Hillebr 353

Delissea .subeordata Gaud

23, 6S, 81, S7, 345

Plate 195.
Delissea subeordata var. obtusit'olia
Wawra si, 349

Plate 196.

Delissea undulata Gaud

23, 68, 73, 81, 84, S7, 353

Plates 11, 13, 201.

Delissea undulata A. Gray in part 345

Delissea undulata serruhila Wawra.... 353

Delissea Wailiiae Wawra 287

Delissea, distributiou of the genus 81

Delissea, key to the specie.s 108

Delphacidae 99

Dialypi.-taluni 13

Di]itera 9S

Dracaena 27

Drepanid birds 31

Drepanideae 29, 31

Drepanis 29

Page

Drepanis funerea 28

Plate 14.

Droscra 35. 41, 71

Dryophthorus erassus 99

Dubautia 57

Dubautia la.\a Hook, et Am 39

Dubautia Waialealae 71-73

E

Klaeoearpus bifidus 61

F

Forbes, C. N 43, 47, 71

G

Gadow, Dr 29

Gaudichaud, Ch 19

Gay, Francis 98

Geranium 35, 41

Giffard, W. M 98

Grammatotheea 16

Gray, Asa, Dr 43

Gryilidae 99

(iunnera 57

Gunnera petaloidea 51, 61

Guppy, H. B 45

H

JJaha 97

Halia-ai a-l,a-manu, 97

Halia-lua 97

Halia-nui 97

Hallier, Hans 25

Heller, A. A 57

Hemignanthus 29

Hemiptera 99

Hesperomannia 41

Heterocrossa crinifera 98

Heterocrossa gemmata 98

Heterocrossa olivaceonitons 98

Heterocrossa sp 98

Heterotoma 16

IliHebnind, W. F 19. 47, 57

llillebraudia sandwicensis 57

Hilo grass 75

Himatione 29

Hitchcock, A. S., Prof 71

Hyperdasys eryptogamielhis 98

Hypononieiitidae 98

I

Isotonia 16, 43

Isiitonia longiflora Presl 43, 385

K

Kadua 71

Kittelia Reiehenb 153

Kou 68

Kolii 97

Kue-nui 97

Kuliia i-l;a-m(io-\r(iliie 97

L

Labordca 51, 61, 71

Lepidoptera 98

Leveille, H. 47

393

Page

Lipochaeta 41

Liua 97

Lobelia Liim 5, 16, 111, 115

Lobelia amiiffua Cham 383

Lobelia calyciiia Cham 381

Lobelia Deekenii 39

Lolxlia (Drlisma) angiistifolia Cham... 195

Lobelia Dunbarii Rocls 82, 133

Lobelia Erimis L 385

Lobelia Gaiulichaudii coccinea "Rock 115

Lobelia Gaiulichaudii DC

35, 39, 41, 82, 115

Plates 18, 56, 57.
Lobelia Gaiidichaudii Hillebnl. not DC.

117. 119

Lobelia Gaiidieliaudii var. Kauaensis A.

Gray 119

Lobelia Gaudichaudii longibracteata

Rock 119

Lobelia gloria-montis Rock. .35, 71, 82, 117

I'lates 17, IS, 58.
Lobelia gloria-montis longibracteata

Rork ;;.1, 39. S2, 119

I'l.Tte 59.

Lobelia Hillebrandli K'oik 39, s2, 133

Lobelia Hillebrandli inonostachya Rock

82, 135

Lobelia HiUebrandii paniculata Rock. .

82, 135

Lobelia hvpoleuea Hillebr

'. 39, 82, 97, 99, 125

Plates 19, 42, 62, 63.
Lobelia hviioleuca forma macrophyta

Rock ..' s2, 125

Lobelia Kauaensis (Grav) Heller

35, 39, 41, 57, 71, 73, 82, 97, 119

Plates 16, 42, 60.

Lobelia Kauaensis villosa Rock

35, 41, 82, 122

Plates 43, 61.

Lobelia macroslachijs H. et A 145

Lobelia macrostaeliys Kauaiensis Rock.. 147

Lobelia neriifolia A. Gray 82, 132

Plate 67.
Lobelia neriifolia Hillebr. not A. (.iray..l33

Lobelia neriifolia |S var. Hillebr 135

Lobelia neriifolia y var. Hillebr 135

Lobelia Oahueusis Rock 82, 127

Plate 64.

Lnhilin pin iiatifidu Cham 383

Lobelia Remyi Rock 82, 137

I'late 69.

Lolielia rhyncopetalum 39

Lobelia rosea 43

Lobelia superba Cham 157

Lobelia tortuosa Heller 39, 82, 137

Plate 68.

Lobelia Volkensii 39

Lobelia yuecoides Hillebr

39, 57, 82, 97. 130

Plates 20, 65, 66.
Lobelia, distribution of the species of the

genus in Hawaii 82

Lobelia, key to the species of 102

Lobelioideae 13

Lobelioideae, avifauni of the Hawaiian

Islands partial to 29

Lobelioideae, baccate genera of the Ha-
waiian 19

Page

Lobelioideae, Bililiography of the Hawai-
ian .....' 100

Lolielioideae, capsular, of the Hawaiian
Islands and their outside affinities. . . . 35

Lobelioideae, distribution of in the Ha-
waiian Archipelago 47

Lobelioideae, distribution of the Hawai-
ian genera of the tribe 79

Lobelioideae, doubtful species of Ha-
waiian 384

Lobelioideae, tioweriug season of the
Hawaiian 84

Lobelioideae, insects occurring on plants
of the, in the Hawaiian Lslands 98

Lobelioideae, native names of the Ha-
waiian 97

Lobelioideae, origin of the Hawaiian... 16

Lolielioideae, root system of the Hawai-
ian '. 84

Lobelioideae, vertical range of, iu the
Hawaiian Islands 73

Lvsimachia Forbesii 71

M

Macroeliilus Presl 153

MaerocJiilus superbiis Presl 157

Metrosideros 47, 57, 71, 75

Miridae 99

Musa 71

Mynah bird 75

Jlyoporum 47

Myoporum saudwicense 27

N

Nesodryas giff ardi 99

Nesophro.syne spp 99

Nesosydne blackburni 99

Nesosydne lobeliae 99

Nesosydne montis tantali 99

Nesosydne pseudorubescens 99

Nesosydne timberlakei 99

Nesosydne Wailupensis 99

Nitidulidae 99

Ohawai 97, 98

Ohia lehua, trees 19

Oodemas sp 99

Oreobulus -.35

Oreobulus furcatus 71

Orthoptera 99

Orthostolus robustns 99

Perkins, R. C. L., Dr 29, 31

Panaunau 97

Panicum mouticola 71

Paspalum eonjugatum 51, 64. 68, 75

Pelea .51, 57, 61

Pelea orbicularis 71

Pelea pscudoanisata 51

Pelea Waialealae 71

Perrottetia saudwicensis 57

Phyllostegia 71

Pittosporum 47

Pittosporum Gayanum var. Waialealae. . 73

394

Page

Plautago 35. 41, ol, 71

Platydesma 51

Platydesma conuituni 71

Platvdesnia rostratuni 57

Poiwlo 97

Pratia 16, 96

Prognathogryllus alatus 99

Prognathogiyllus striilulans 99

Protprhinidae 99

Piwala 43, 97

PuakaJa 97

Pu'e 97

Remy, Jules 13

Rockia sandvvieeuais 57

Rhyncopetahim section 35, 39

. 35
363

Robinson, B. L., Dr.

RoUandia Gaud. 13, 16, 19, 71. 361,

Rollandia angustifolia (Hillebr.) Rock..

29, 71, 82, 365

Plate 206.

Rollandia calycina G. Don 71, 82, 381

Plates 215, 216.

Rollandia crispa Gaud 71, 82, 99, 377

Plates 213, 214.
Rollandia crispa muricata Rock

82, 84, 381

Eollandia Delessertiana Gaud 371

Rollandia, doubtful species 383

BoUaiulia Fuurirl Levi 211, 383

HoUamJui ijrintili/lora Drake Del Cast.. 377

Rollandia urmidifolia Hillebr 377

Rollandia Hund)oldtiana Gaud

71, 82, 98, 382

Plate 217.
Bollaitrlia Hvmboldtiana Hillebr. not

Gaud 373

Rollandia Kaalae Wawra 82, 373

Plates 211, 212.
Rollandia lanceolata Gaud

23, 25, 82, 84, 371

Plate 209.
Eollandia lanceolata var. e et ? Hillebr.

373

Eollandia laiiceolata \ar. grandifolia DC.

371

Page
Rollandia, distribution of the genus.... 82

Rollandia, key to the species 108

Rubus ". 27

Rollandia lanceolata tomentosa Hillebr.

82, 373

Rollandia lanceolata typica Rock 371

Rollandia lanceolata virldiflora Rock..

82, 373

Plate 210.
Rollandia longiflora Wawra

71, 82, 84, 369

Plate 208.
Eollandia lomjiflora aiuiustifolia Hillebr.

' 365

Eollandia montana Gaud 371

Rollandia parvifolia Forb;>s..25, 71, 82, 365

Eollandia ■pedunculofsa Wawra 382

Rollandia puri)urellifolia Rock

71, 82, 84, 369

Plate 207.

Eollandia raccmosa Hillebr 382

Eollandia sanfiuinca Hillebr. in herb 369

Eollandia scabra Wawra 381

Rollandia, species e.xeludenda 383

Eollandia trunrata Rock 193

S

Sadlcria squarrosa

Sanieula 35, 41,

Santalum Haleakalae

Santahun Pilgeri

Santalum pyrulariuni

Sehiedea

Schiedea lychnoides

Sehiedea stellarioides

Selerotheca 13, 27,

Scolytidae

Sida

SilversW'Ord

Sipliiicanipylus 13,

Solanuni iucompletum

Sophora chrysophylla

Stenogvne rugosa

Stypheiia 35,

Suttonia 47,

Suttonia lanceolata

Swezey, Otto H

Svstenuitic Part

71
27
47
57
51
57
57
96
99
57
41
96
97
27
27
57
57
71
98
109

Tctra]dasandra 51

Tetrajdasandra Waialealae 57, 71

Tettigoniidae 99

Timberlake 98

Tremaiocarpiin Zahlbr 41, 141

Trematocarpu.'i macrostachys Zahlbr 145

Trematolobelia Zahlbr 13, 41, 139, 141

Trematolobelia macrostachvs Zahlbr

' 41, 82, 145

Plates 21, 70, 71.
Trematolobelia macrostachys grandifolia

Rock .' 41, 82, 147

Plate 73.
Trematolobelia macrostachys Kauaiensis

Rock 35, 4l", 73, 82, 97, 147

Plate 72.
Trcmatolobrli:!, distribution of the genus 82

Vaccinium 71

Vestiaria 29

Viola 51

Viola. ( 'liamissoniana var. [uibeseens . . . . 57

Viola oahucnsis 71

W

Wawra, H. R. v. F 41

Wilkesia 41

Wilkesia gymnoxiphiuni 39, 57

X

Xanthoxyhim 57

Xanthoxyluin dipetalum Kauaiense .... 61

Z

Zahlbrucknrr, A 41

ERRATA.

Page 117, second line from bottom of page, read: "The younu' i)lants of
Lobelia gloria-rnontis are," etc., instead of "The young phmts of Lobelia
gloriamontis are," etc.

Page 194, nintli line, read: "No. 1477-o in herl)ariuni ISisliop ^luseuni (as
C. Juddii)" instead of '■'' * * (as T. JkJ//)."

Page 309, plate 174. first lino rend: "CI. persicifolia (iaiid., ex e.ill. (!aud.,"
etc., instead of "CI. persicifolia Gaud, cd eolL, " etc.

PlPiPiiPliiiillitf^

3 2044 072 224 11

Date Due

iire^^lK^