MEMOIRS OF THE California Academy of Sciences Volume IV THE FISHES OF PANAMA BAY BY CHARLES H. GILBERT and EDWIN C. STARKS Issued P'ebruary 6, 1904 SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1904 \ft 49 7 1 THE FISHES OF PANAMA BAY. CHARLES H. GILBERT and EDWIN C. STARKS. Contents. Plates I-XXXIIL Introduction .............. 3 List of New Species 5 Systematic Account of Species 5 General Remarks on Distribution 205 Table of Distribution 206 Bibliography 219 Explanation of Plates 228 Index 293 iNTKODUCtlON. The ichtbyologic history of Panama Bay falls naturally into three periods. The first, beginning with 1860, depended upon the activity of Captain John M. Dow, whose collections, forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution and to the British Museum, were reported upon by Dr. Theodore Gill and Dr. Albert Giinther. This early work culminated in 1869 through the publication of Giinther's " Fishes of Central America," which contains an admirable summary of the state of our knowledge at that date, with valuable discussions of the faunal relations of both marine and fresh- water forms. The second period was characterized by the work of Dr. Franz Steindachner, based in part upon his own collections, in part upon material obtained through various correspondents. No general summary was given by him, but the diagnoses of new species, which appeared in his -series of "Notizen" and " Beitriige " (See Bibliog- raphy), form a model of accurate and detailed work of that description. 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The third period has resulted from investigations undertaken either directly or with the- assistance of the United States Fish Commission and the Smithsonian Institution. Under their auspices Dr. Gilbert made in 1881 large collections of the fishes of Panama, which served as the basis for numerous papers by Jordan and Gilbert. A second and much larger collection, made by him in 1883, was unfortu- nately destroyed by fire, together with all field-notes and the manuscript report then ready for the printer. The only record of this material is embodied in a list published by Jordan (1885). The new species indicated in that list remained, for the most part, still undescribed and unrepresented in any museum at a period ten years later! The deeper waters off the Panama Bay, out as far as the Galapagos Islands, were thoroughly explored by the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1888 and 18.91. Reports upon the fishes thus obtained have been given by Jordan and Bollman (1889), by Gilbert (1890 b), and recently in most admirable and complete form by Garman (1899). The following account of the fishes of Panama Bay is based primarily upon material obtained in 1896 by an expedition from the Leland Stanford Junior University, generously equipj)ed and sent out by Mr. Timothy Hopkins of Menlo Park, California. The party consisted of Dr. C. H. Gilbert and Messrs. E. C. Starks, C. J. Pierson and R. C. McGregor. During the six weeks (January lOth to Feb- ruary 24th) spent in residence at Panama, an almost hourly inspection of the excel- lent fish-market was maintained; the tide-pools of the reef were explored, and the rocks and islands near the city were investigated by the aid of dynamite. The effectiveness of the party became so reduced by illness during the last weeks of their stay, that they were unable to carry out that part of their plans which contemplated the exploration of the Pearl Islands on the one hand and the rivers of the Isthmus on the other. These localities offer still a rich field for investigation. Of the two hundred and eighty-three marine species obtained, forty-three were new, and included among them all but four {Ttjbsurus sp., Cynoscion sp., Scarus sp., and Citharichthys sp.) of the still undescribed forms of the list of 1885. Descriptions of many of the new species have already appeared in the different volumes of Jordan and Evermann's " Fishes of North and Middle America," and full accounts of all appear in the present paper. We have admitted to our list all previous records of fishes from Panama Bay, unless good reason exists for doubting their validity. Several general references to "Panama," in Jordan and Evermann's work above cited, seem not to be based upon special records, and are rejected by us, even where there is a general probability of their occurrence at Panama in view of the known range of the species. Of the fishes obtained by the Albatross, we have included such only as were dredged within the fifty-fathom line. Even when thus restricted, the assemblage is found to contain many forms which are rarely or never taken along shore, and seem to constitute a sublittoral fauna of characteristic shallow-water species. Tiie genera Prlonotus, tiym'plturus and Dipkctnnn offer numerous examples of such species. GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY List of New Species. Types of all new species are de the Leland Stanford Junior University following list: — Carcharias velox ...11893 Carcharias cerdale 11884 Carcharias azureus 11890 Myliobatis asperrimus 1 1895 Galeichthys xenauchen 5821 Galeichthys eigenmanni 698B Tachysurus emmelane 5818 Tachysurus evermanni 6706 Tachysurus steindachneri 7026 Pisoodonophis daspilotus 5820 Muraena clepsydra 6807 Anchovia rastralis 5812 Anchovia mundeola 5817 Anchovia naso 5816 Anchovia starksi 5814 Cetengraulis engynien 5815 Hemiramphus saltator 6806 Fistularia corneta 6808 Oligoplites refulgens 6799 Hemicaranx zelotes 5819 Peprilus snyderi 6800 Lobotes pacificus 5883 posited in the Ichthyological Collections of , and bear the numbei's indicated in the Lutianus jordani 11988 Rhegnia thaumasiuni 5978 Sagenichthys niordax 6809 Larimus effulgens 5520 Odontoscion xanthops 5519 Stellifer illecebrosus 5515 Stellifer zestocarus 5518 Ophioscion simulus 5516 Polyclemus goodei 5517 Eques viola 5521 Pomacentrus gilli 6803 Halicheeres macgregori (5804 Xesurus hopkinsi 12671 Balistes verres 6805 Prionotus ruscarius 6488 Microgobius miraflorensis 6511 Evermannia panamensis 6509 Batrachoides boulengeri 6487 Porichthys greenei 6485 Hypsoblennius piersoni 6522 Homesthes caulopus 5623 Family GINGLYMOSTOMID^. I. Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmelin). A single specimen taken, 27 cm. long. The body and fins are light brown- ish, marked with small black spots about as large as pupil, those iu front of dorsal arranged rather uniformly in cross-series. Snout unspotted. Lower side of bead whitish, unspotted. Family GALEID^. 2. Mustelus lunulatus (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate I, Fig. 1. Five specimens were secui'ed seeming to agree in all respects with an indi- vidual collected by Dr. Jordan from the type locality, Mazatlan. In a young male 53 cm. long tlie claspers do not project beyond the edge of the ventral fin ; in another 64 cm. long they are fully developed, protruding beyond edge of ventral for about 4 cm. A male from Mazatlan (68 cm. long) has the claspers undeveloped, not reaching beyond margin of ventrals! This seems to indicate considerable irregu- larity in the sexual development of the species. The young of M. lunulatus are as yet unknown. ( 2 ) January 12, 1903. CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The Panama specimens agree well with the original description of the species, except in the following respects: — (a) Distance from insertion of first dorsal to anterior root of pectoral | (not "about 3 ") its distance from tij) of snout. This discrepancy is due, however, to an error in the original description. Mr. Barton A. Bean has kindly re-examined the type, and states that the firsi distance is contained about 2| times in the second. {b) Distance between dorsals 23 to 2h times (not "25 times") base of first, and 2§ to 3^ times ("a little more than 3 times") base of second. Mr. Bean gives base of first dorsal 21 and base of second dorsal 3i, in the interspace between dorsals. This interval is therefore longer in the type than in any of the Panama specimens. The latter agree, however, with the Mazatlan specimens above mentioned. A specimen of il/. lumdatua in the United States National Museum (No. 46838), taken by the "Albatross" at the mouth of the Mulege River, Gulf of Cali- fornia, has the proportions of the type. The base of the first dorsal, excluding the fleshy hump which precedes the rays, is contained 25 times in the interval between dorsals, the base of the second dorsal 31 times in this interval. It is evident, therefore, that the size and relative positions of the tlorsal fins must be used with caution for specific distinction. (c) Middle of dorsal base usually midway between axil of pectorals and anterior insertion of ventrals, sometimes very slightly nearer pectorals. In none of the Panama specimens is it nearer the I)ase of the pectorals by a distance equaling the diameter of the eye, as given in the description of the type (slightly less than this in the type according to Mr. Bean). Following are dimensions of a Panama specimen: — mm. Total length 530 Length of head 95 Length of snout 43 Diameter of orbit 17 Length of spiracle 3-5 Length of middle gill-slit 14 Distance from tip of snout to front of mouth 34.5 Distance from tip of snout to inner angle of nostrils 27 Distance between nostrils 14 Distance between angles of mouth 28 Distance from tip of mandible to line joining posterior angles of lips 21 Extreme length of upper lip 5-5 Extreme length of lowtr lij) 8 Distance from tip of snout to base of pectorals 113 Greatest width of jjectoral base 23 Outer pt'Ctoral margin 71 Inner pectoral margin 40 Distal pectoral margin 57 Axil of pectoral to base of ventrals 1 07 Snout to base of ventrals 230 Outer edge of ventrals 40 GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PA ;^ AM A BAY / mm. Base of ventrals 27 Snout to base of dorsal tin proper, not including fleshy ridge 167 Base of first dorsal 5' Height of anterior margin of first dorsal (not including fleshy hump at base) 65 Height of posterior margin 29 Distance between dorsals 125 Base of second dorsal 39 Distance from second dorsal to base of upper caudal lobe 52 Length of up])er caudal lobe no Distance from tip of caudal to base of notch 41 Distance from base of notch to origin of lower lobe 75 Distance from origin of lower caudal lobe to base of anal 39 Base of anal 26 A specimen of Galeus callfoniiais from Magdalena Bay, Lower California (No. 1404 L. S. J. U.) compared with M. lunulatus has the fins less incised and with rounded angles, the snout broader and less pointed, the lips longer, about equaling width of nostril, and the dorsal more backward in position, its base contained three and one-fourth in its distance from snout. The angle of the mouth is also much greater. O. californicutf ranges to the southward along the entire coast of Lower Cali- fornia and throughout the Gulf of California, where it is found associated with M. lunulatus. It occurs doubtless at Mazatlan, although it has not yet been recorded from that point. It was obtained by the "Albatross" in 1889 at San Quentin and Magdalena bays on the outer coast of Lower California, and in Concepcion Bay, San Luis Gonzales Bay, and at Station 3026 in the Gulf of California. The foetuses reported from Guaymas by Evermann and Jenkins (1891, p. 129), under the name of Galeus dorsalls, belonged to G. californicus, as is sufficiently evident from their measurements. 3. Galeus dorsalis Gill. Plate I, Fig. 2. Previous diagnoses have called attention to the low, comparatively little-incised fins, and the short caudal. More conspicuous differences are found in the small size of the eye, the large spiracle, and the large nostrils. The diameter of the eye is contained 2| to 3 times in the di.stance from tip of snout to front of upper jaw. In 2J. lunulatus of the same size, it is contained twice in this distance. The width of the internasal septum is less than the distance from inner angle of nostrils to margin of snout, while greater than this distance in M. lunulatus. The spiracle is a long slit, I or more than | diameter of eye. The nasal valve is smaller than in related species, produced mesially into a narrow flap, the width of which does not exceed i width of nostril. The inner folds are also much simpler and smallei', and fail to conceal the olfactory membrane. The snout is narrower and sharper, with the outlines less curved; it is also thinner, so as to appear whitish-translucent. The pores on snout are much more conspicuous than in related species, and contribute to give it a spongy texture; they are numerous on top and sides of snout as well as below, and are clustered to form a conspicuous patch below front of eye. The shagreen is much coarser than in M. lunulatus. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Both pectorals aiitl ventrals have broatl, rouiuled outer angles^, and have the posterior margins straight or nearly straight when the fin is spread. The pectoral contrasts strongly with that of M. lunulatus, where the outer angle is prolonged, giv- ing the fin a falcate shape. The tip of the pectoral reaches to or slightly beyond the vertical from the middle of the dorsal base. The first dorsal is low, with rounded anterior angle and gently concave margin, the anterior angle failing to reach the tij) of the posterior angle when the fin is declined. Both dorsals are longer in propor- tion than they are in M. lunulatus, and the caudal peduncle as well as the caudal fin shorter. The base of the second dorsal equals in length the back of caudal peduncle; the base of the anal equals in length the lower side of the caudal peduncle. The bases of second dorsal and anal are much shorter than caudal peduncle in M. lunu- latus. The angle of the lower caudal lobe is rounded or slightly angulated, never acute, the outline very gently concave next the angle. The margin of the posterior lobe is broad, evenly truncate when spread. Following are measurements of a specimen from Panama: — ni 111 . Total length 46S Length of head (to first gill-slit) 84 Length of head (to last gill-slit) 107 Length of snout 4' Diameter of orbit 10.5 Length of spiracle 4 Tip of snout to front of mouth 3 ' Tip of snout to inner angle of nostrils 27 Distance between nostrils 11 Distance between angles of mouth 25 Distance from tip of mandible to line joining posterior angles of lips 18 Extreme length of upper lip 7 Extreme length of lower lip 6 Tip of snout to base of pectoral 107 Width of pectoral base 24 Outer pectoral margin 68 Inner pectoral margin 39 Distal pectoral margin 47 Axil of pectorals to base of ventrals 105 Snout to base of ventrals 233 Outer edge of ventrals 36 Base of ventrals 27 Snout to base of first dorsal 152 Base of first dorsal 52 Height of anterior margin of first dorsal 53 Height of posterior margin of first dorsal 17 Distance betv\een dorsals 1 00 Base of second dorsal 41 Back of caudal peduncle 41 Length of u|)])er caudal lobe 85 Tip of caudal to base of notch 30 Base of notch to origin of lower lobe 62 Origin of lower lobe to base of anal 29 Base of anal 28 GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 9 This species is known as yet onl}' from the Bay of Panama. Like G. califor- nxcu?., from which it differs widely in other respects, it has the young attached to the oviduct by a placenta. The three specimens obtained by this expedition are all females; one of them contains weil developed young. 4. Galeocerdo tigrinus Mrdler & Rente. Recorded from Panama by Jordan and Bollman (1S89, p. 170), their speci- men having been collected by the "Albatross." The species was not seen by the authors. 5. Carcharias sethalorus Jordan idus the distance of snout from hinder margin of pectorals is said to equal the width of the disk, while in U. asterias the disk is constantly somewhat wider (jV to y-g). If another species be discovered at Panama, with disk as wide as long, with stelliform prickles but with no median series of spines, the case will have to be reconsidered. Five specimens were obtained by the expedition at Panama; three of them are males. The females are 42 and 31 cm. long, and contain embryos about two-thirds grown. The coloration in all the specimens is uniform dark brownish on upper side of disk, without the faint dusky spots found in a Mazatlan example. The fringe on velum is much less conspicuous in the Panama material. None of the specimens approach the closely related U. rogersi Jordan and Starks, which is undoubtedly distinct. 22. Urolophus goodei {Jordan d- Bolhnan). Not obtained by the expedition. The types were dredged by the "Albatross" at Station 2795, in Panama Bay, at a depth of thirty-three fathoms. Jordan and Evermann (189G, p. 81) state that this species was taken in Magdalena Bay, Lower California, but the present writers are unacquainted with the record. Boulenger (1898-9, Vol. XIII, p. o) lists it from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil. 23. Urolophus aspidurus {Jordan & Gilbert). Abundant at Panama, where numerous specimens were secured, all but one of which are females. One contains embryos full grown. The following corrections and additions may be made to current descrijitions: The disk, taken to posterior mai'gin of pectorals, is constantly a little broader than long; its length being less than that of tail measured from posterior insertion GILBERT AND ST AEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAT 17 of veiitrals. The amount of exsertion of the snout is very variable, the protruding portion being sometimes short and broad, sometimes long and narrow. The distance from eye to tip of snout is 3^ or 3| in disk, measured as above. The posterior insertion of caudal spine is very slightly in advance of middle of tail (measured from anus). The bucklers on tail vary in the present speci- mens from one to seven (eight in one of the types); they have not appeared at birth, and are still undeveloped in a young specimen 15 cm. long. It will probably be found that there is always a regular series of seven or eight of these when they first appear, a variable number of them falling off later. In the adults, those remaining are usually unequally spaced, the interspaces often showing the scars of the lost bucklers. Minute asperities seem to be constantly present (at least in females), and are most numerous in a strip extending along the median line of disk. The teeth are much as in U. mundus, but are much more deeply grooved. In females the teeth are flat without cusp, each tooth with a deep transverse groove, the hinder margin of which is elevated to form a ridge crossing the tooth transversely behind its middle. In the male, each tooth has a long acute median cusp; those in the upper jaw deei^ly grooved from base to tip along their anterior face, those in lower jaw transversely convex. In U. mundus the cusps of upper teeth in the males are provided with shallow grooves on basal portions only, and the transverse grooves on the flat teeth of the females are shallow, and followed by a lower transverse ridge. In embryos of U. aspidurus, the inner margin of spiracular rim is much elevated and produced anteriorly into a long slender coiled lobe, pos- teriorly into a much shorter projection. AH trace of this raised rim disappears in the adult. 24. Dasyatis longa {Garinan). Not rare. One female specimen preserved. Anterior margins of pectorals gently concave along the middle, becoming convex toward tip of snout, the latter abruptly projecting. The cutaneous fold on lower side of tail is low, not over 3 mm. in height; it begins opposite the anterior insertion of caudal spine, and is evident on about half the length of the tail. An extremely low ridge on back of tail behind caudal spine. The tail is very rough behind the caudal spine. A series of 34 coarse, spinous tubercles on median line of back, the three largest at intersection of median line with shoulder-girdle. Ojjposite this point are two short series of much smaller tubercles converging slightly backward. In addition to these, the interorbital region and the median area of back contain numerous stellate prickles, but few of which are behind the shoulder-girdle. mm. Length of disk 355 Width of disk 420 Tail (from anal slit) evidently broken 790 Tip of snout to middle of nasal flap 80 Outer edge of ventrals 60 Anterior margin of pectorals 260 Longitudinal diameter of eyeball 20 Length of spiracle 25 Width of cartilage between eyes 38 18 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Material is not at hand to decide the relation between D. longa and D. dipterura. The specimen listed by Jordan (1895 b, \). 389) from Mazatlan may be the latter, if the two species are distinct. In one of the Mazatlan specimens, with the disk 32 cm. long, the upper surface is naked, excei:)t three small spines on middle line near shoulder-girdle. The tail is also naked, and possesses, in addition to the very high cutaneous fold below, a free upper fin-fold half the height of the lower. It is probable that the two species are distinct. 25. Pteroplatea crebripunctata {Peters). . Three specimens seen at Panama. The propoi'tions of disk are not essentially different in P. crebripunctata, P. rava, and P. maclura. In all, the distance from tip of snout to front of anal slit equals half the width of the disk (or a little less than half in P. rava); and the extreme length of disk, from tip of snout to hinder margin of pectorals, is contained If to 11 times in the width. A line joining angles of disk intersects very slightly in advance of its middle a line from tip of snout to tip of tail. P. crehripancinta and P. maclura are extremely close, differing principally in color, the marblings and spots being finer in P. maclura, and the lighter markings brighter in color, more sharply contrasting with (he rest. P. rava has a sharper snout than the others, the rostral angle being, however, in excess of a right angle (110 degrees). The type of P. rava is a male specimen, 29 cm. long, with well developed claspers and no trace of caudal spine. Family MYLIOBATID^. 26. Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen). Frequently seen; three specimens preserved, one of which has measurements as given below. Rostro-frontal fontanel narrowing anteriorly to opposite the hinder margin of eyes, then abruptly expanding; its greatest width anteriorly, 21 mm.; least width at the constriction, 13 mm.; greatest width posteriorly, opposite middle of spiracles, 18 mm. lltOl. Tip of snout to front of anus 323 Tip of snout to posterior margin of pectorals 365 Width of disk 615 Length of tail (broken) 1200 Greatest breadth of head (at anterior origin of pectorals) 106 Width at eyes (including the latter) 87 Width of cranium opposite middle of eyes 53 Width of snout opposite front of eyes 56 Length of spiracle 31 Tip of snout to middle of nasal fla]) 61 Width of mouth 44 Diameter of iris 11 The Panama specimens agree entirely with those described by Jordan (1895 b, p. 391). The comparative measurements given in the paper cited are often GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 19 erroneous, as will appear by comparino; them with the above. The size of the spots is somewhat variable, and the length of the tail is unreliable, the latter being usually more or less shortened by injury. 27. Myliobatis asperrimus (Gilbert). Plate III, Fig. 6. Myliobatis asperrimus Gilbert, (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2754). Upper surface of head and body, excepting the snout, an area on outer side of spiracle, the pectoral margin and its posterior angle, and the ventral fins, thickly covered with minute usually stellate prickles of uniform size, most numerous on median portions of head and back; those qn basal half or two-thirds of pectorals are least crowded, and are arranged in definite longitudinal series, corresponding with the muscle bands. The tail is very rough throughout, being covered with similar stellate prickles. It is also crossed by numerous narrow grooves, or indented lines, mostly convex forwards, somewhat irregular in position and direction, and not corresponding on the two sides. In the type they follow at an a\-erage inter\-al of about 10 mm. Lower side of disk mostly smooth, with some prickles on the basal part of pectorals anteriorly, arranged in lengthwise series, and other patches on lower side of head, belly and base of ventrals. Rostro-frontal fontanel scarcely constricted anteriorly, the bounding ridges diverging abruptly at their anterior ends. Nasal flap with a shallow median notch, covering the mouth except the median portion of lower dental plate, its posterior margin coarsely fringed. Teeth in each jaw in one broad, median row, and three lateral rows; those of median row about five times as broad as long antero-posteriorly. The color is dusky-brown above, the anterior portion of pectorals with eight or ten narrow, transverse bars of bluish-white, most of which break up into series of spots towards outer margin of disk, the posterior ones also breaking up towards middle line. The bars and spots are fainter anteriorly, becoming whiter and more intense posteriorly. Towards outer angles of disk the bars are sometimes separated by intermediate series of light round spots. The bars usually fail to meet across the back. The posterior portion of disk, including base of tail and upper surface of ventrals, is covered with round white spots not much larger than pupil; some of those immediately succeeding the bars show a transverse serial arrangement. The top of head shows one or more pairs of indistinct light spots. Margin of snout and of pectorals blackish. Spiracular border black. Dorsal with a black blotch posteriorly. Under side of head and disk bright white. Proximal portion of tail blackish above, lighter below, the entire tail becoming black posteriorly. mm. Length of disk to front of anus 272 Length of disk to posterior edge of pectorals 338 Width of disk 345 Length of tail (not perfect) 1215 Greatest width of head, at origin of pectorals 79 Width of cranium, between orbits 45 Width of snout, opposite front of eye 55 Tip of snout to middle of nasal flap 60 Length of nasal flap 26 Greatest width of nasal flap 35 Diameter of iris 10^ Width of mouth 33 Distance between anterior gill-openings 75 Distance between posterior gill-openings 45 Distance from anterior to posterior gill-openings 45 Length of spiracle 26 Length of fontanel 60 Greatest width (at anterior end) 23 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES One specimen taken, a male, with undeveloiJed clasiDers which do not nearly reach the edge of ventrals. Family SILUEID^. 28. Felichthys panamensis {Gill). Abundant. Of the six specimens preserved, three are males and three females, all being of nearly equal size. The specimens do not differ according to sex in the shape of the dorsal buckler as extensively as is indicated in Steindachner's figures (1876 b, Plate II). Furthermore, such difference as exists is in the opposite direction to that observed by him, as the buckler is larger and proportionally somewhat wider in the females than in the males. More obvious sexual differences are found in the length of the ventral fins and in the shape of the anal. In females, the ventrals are long, constantly extending beyond the front of the anal. In males, they fail to reach the front of the anal fin. In females, the anterior portion of the anal fin is produced, forming a projecting lobe, thus giving a strongly concave arch to the posterior half of the margin of the fin. In males, there is no lobe, and the margin of the fin is nearly or wholly straight. This difference in the shape of the anal was noticed by Steindachner (1876 b, p. 15), but was supposed by him to be due to age and not to sex. Another sexual difference seems to exist in the size of the head, which in the present specimens is less in the case of the females, 34 to 31 (3| in males). The specimens taken range from 325 to 360 mm. in length. 29. Felichtliys pinnimaculatus {Steindachner). Negro encuero. One of the most abundant food-fishes of the Panama market. Sexual peculi- arities seem much less strongly marked than in F. pannmennis. 30. Galeiclithys lentiginosus {Eigenmann S Eigenmann). Frequently seen; nine specimens preserved. The species is at once recognized by the very long narrow occipital process, by the depressed head, which is wide posteriorly and tapers rapidly forward to the narrow pointed snout, by the very convex mouth, and the usually smooth head. In the latter respect, however, there is much variation. The granulations may be confined to the occipital process and the posterior part of occiput, and be faintly visible where present, or they may entirely cover the crown forward to the interorbital space. In the latter case, the pattern of sculpture is exactly similar to that figured for Netuma planiceps (Steindachner, 1876 b, Plate IV), except that the granulations are less definitely in series, and that an evident groove extends backward from fontanel to near base of occipital process. The difference in roughness of the head is dependent neither on age nor sex. The specimen with best marked granulations is a female. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 21 The narrow pointed snout, and large convexly curved mouth combine to give the hitter a considerable lateral cleft, when seen from the side. The length of the head is very constant, 3J to oyo in length, when measured to margin of opercular membrane. Eye o to 3i in its distance from tip of snout. The upper jaw protrudes beyond the lower for about three-fourths the width of the thick upper lip. The maxillary barbels extend beyond base of pectoral spine, but not beyond its basal third. Pectoral pore variable, usually minute and detected with difficulty, occa- sionally an obvious slit. The anal fin is very long, with perfectly straight margin, the rays declining regularly from the longest to the last. Five specimens have respectively 23, 24, 24, 24 and 25 anal rays, including rudiments. The anus is anteriorly placed, its distance from base of ventrals equaling half its distance from front of anal fin. All but one of the specimens are females, and have the inner edge of the ventrals and the upper side of the inner rays covered by a thickened fold of skin. Light brownish in life, with blue and green reflections; the lower portion of the sides coarsely punctate with brown. The fins are all dusky toward tips, the basal portions dull orange yellow. Maxillary barbels blackish, the others white. The specimens answer well to the description of the tyjjes. It is evident that the relative smoothness of the head cannot serve to distin- guish the nominal genera Gakichthys and Hexanematichthys. The character is dependent partly on variation in the granulation of the bones, partly on the amount of thickening of the integument. Many species from different sections of the group show similar individual variations, according to which they might be placed in one or the other genus. The American species with villiform teeth and comparatively narrow cresceutic palatine patches will be ranged under the oldest name, Gakichthys. 31. Galeichthys peruvianus {Lutken). This rare species was not seen. Described originally from Callao, it has been recorded from Panama by Steindachner and by Gilbert, and from Altata, Mexico, by Steindachner. It has not been procured by any of the numerous investigators in northern Mexico. 32. Galeichthys eigenmanni, sp. nov. Plate IV, Fig. 7. This species, found in abundance at Panama, and identified with G. aeemanni by Eigenmann and others, seems to be an undescribed species. G. seemnnnl is from some unknown locality in Central America, not improbably from the Atlantic side. It is described (Giinther, 1864 «, p. 147) as having the top of the head finely granular; the occipital process with a i^rominent ridge; vomerine patches of teeth luidely separated; and j^articularly as having the fontanel reaching to the base of the occipital process. Dr. Jordan (1883, p. 282) has re-examined the type in the British Museum for this last character, and has found it as described. In all these respects the Panama specimens differ strongly, as shown below. , 4 ) March 3, 190;). 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Head broad and fiat, 3| to 3| in length; its depth at base of occipital process li to i§ in its length. The dorsal profile from dorsal spine to tip of snout nearly (appearing perfectly) straight. Snout wide and depresseti, sharply wedge-shaped as viewed from the side; its length to a point on the median line of head between anterior margin of eyes 3| to 4 in head. The prefrontal does not form a protuberance in front of eye as in G. jordani and related species, the contour of snout rising uniformly to the edge of the dermal margin of eye. The interorbital area is flattened and wide; its width between dermal supraorbital margins 2 to 2^ in head. The top of head is coarsely granular, the granulated area extending forward usually to above middle of orbit in two diverging areas, separated by a triangular continuation backward of the naked or smooth area of the snout. The length of the fontanel is variable in the present specimens, but in none of them does it reach the occipital process.' In two specimens evidently abnormal, the groove is very short, extending only to the ape.x of the triangular smooth area, which extends backward from interorbital space. Usually, however, the groove narrows backward uniformly, though sometimes constricted where it enters the granular area of the head, and extends to within | diameter of eye of the occipital process. The occipital process is usually broader than long; in extreme cases it is broader than long by nearly the length of the basal plate of the dorsal spine; from this it varies to only as broad as long. The basal plate of the dorsal spine is twice, or a little more than twice, as broad as long. The median keel is lower than in G. planiccps or G. jordani; in some specimens it is scarcely evident at the termination of the fontanel, but grows stronger on the occipital process. The maxillary barbel usually reaches base of pectoral spine; in one specimen to a.xillary pore, in se\'eral about to middle of opercle. The outer mental barbels often reach but | distance to gill- openings, but sometimes extend beyond the latter. The vomerine patches of teeth usually meet on median line, or are separated by a narrow groove only. In but one specimen (an adult male) are they widely separated (as figured by Giinther and Eigenmann). The eye is contained 6i to 7 times in the head, measured in a straight line from median tip of snout obliquely above eye to gill-opening. As in other related species, the head is longer and the ventrals shorter in the male, the ventrals overlapping front of anal in females and provided with a very large fold of the integument. In the females the black of the ventrals passes gradually into the lighter margin. In males the transition between the two areas is abrupt. In five specimens examined, the gill-rakers are 5-)-io, 5-|-io, 6+10, 5+ 1 1, and 5+12. The pectoral pore is a long slit. The base of adipose fin is twice or nearly twice diameter of eye. The dorsal has 7 soft rays, and the anal 17 or 18. The length of the pectoral is very variable; measuring from base of spine to tip of soft ra}'S, it is contained from 1 1 to i^ in head. Fi'om O. jordani jiiul other related sj)ecies, G. eigenmanni can be at once recognized by the wider, flatter head, especially the more depressed snout, the smaller eye, the rougher head, and the less evident carina on the occipital process. Three males and nine females were preserved. It is not clear what species from Santa Helena Bay is referred to by Boulenger ( 1 peY surface of the inner rays with a much thickened fold of the integu- ment, as in G. i^latypogon and 0. eigenmanni. The specimens taken agree well with Eigenmann's description of the types, except in the size of the palatine patch of teeth, which is in adults about as large as in O. eigenmanni, and many times the size of the small vomerine patch. It is probably true of this species, as of G.gilherti from Mazatlan (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 h, p. 47, under ^ra«s assimilis), that the palatine bands vary "considerably in size and some- what in form, the width ranging from ^ diameter of eye to I, being generally larger in adults." Eigenmann's type of O. jordani was an immature specimen. In the smaller of our specimens the palatine patch is much less developed than in the adult, though somewhat larger and more ovate than in Eigenmann's figure. In both of the specimens taken the fontanel groove terminates a very short distance in advance of the base of the occipital process, not reaching the base of process as described by Eigenmann. The gill-rakers number 5 + 11 and 5-f 12, the most anterior being very minute. If the one at the branchial angle be reckoned with the vertical series instead of the horizontal, as above, one of the specimens will have the formula 6-f 10, as com- pared with Eigenmann's type 6-|-9. Comparing the Panama material with the co-types of G. gUherti from Mazatlan, it is impossible to detect any appreciable differences, unless possibly in the color, which is lighter in the Mazatlan specimens. G. gilherti is said to lack the pectoral pore, but in reality possesses a minute round pore, as is evident in the co-types exam- ined. The adult G. jordani from Panama has the pore likewise minute, while the younger example has a considerably larger, slightly elongate opening. The width of the mouth is the same in the Mazatlan and Panama specimens; measured exter- nally, at the posterior labial angle, it equals the distance from the tip of the snout to the hinder margin of the pupil, and is contained 2^ to 2^ times in the length of the head. The two would be united without question, were it not that the co-types of G. gilherti (three in number) agree perfectly among themselves and differ from the Panama sj^ecimens of G. jordani in having the occipital plate much wider, more evenly rounded in transverse section, and with a much lower keel. The occipital plate is, in each of these specimens, wider than long by half the width of the basal plate of the dorsal spine. In G. jordani the width of the occipital plate is | or | its length. This plate is also much more sharply keeled and more densely granular. On the basis of these differences the two species are held provisionally distinct. In both species the upper lobe of the caudal is longer and more falcate than in related species, reaching far beyond the lower lobe, and contained 3^ to 3| in the length. The head is finely and often sparsely granular, the granular area not con- tinued forward in any of the Panama specimens as far as a line joining posterior margins of orbits. The fontanel groove widens anteriorly, is rather deep, with sharply defined margins, and terminates abruptly, not "merging into the broad, flat, smooth, interorbital area" as is described in the type of G. gilberii. 24 calIfobnia academy of sciences 34. Galeichthys xenauchen {Gilbert). Plate IV, Fig. S. Hcxancniatichthys xenauchen Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann 1898, ]3. 2777). In appearance, O. xeivuichen is most closely allied to species of Netuina, having the low depressed head, with the lateral outlines converging forwards to the narrow pointed snout, and a long largely adherent adipose dorsal. The palatine patches are, however, narrow, and without backwardly projecting lobes. The species is distinguished from all those known from the Pacific Coast of America by the long and extraordinarily narrow occipital process. Type, a female 38 cm. long. Head 3^^ in length; depth at front of dorsal 5-!; anal with 23 rays. Width of head at opercle ly in its length; width at front of eyes 2 in head. Width of mouth at inner angles 2-| in head. Interorbital width 2^^. Eye very small, 9 in head, ^\ in its distance from tip to snout, 4I in postocular part of head, 4^ in interorbital width. Teeth all villiform. Mandibular bands well separated on middle line, very broad mesially, rapidly tapering to a point laterally, the band produced beyond angle of mouth, its greatest width contained 2-| times in its length. Prema.xillary band very conve.xly curved, following the outline of the snout, its width 5I in its length. Vomerine patches roundish, separated by an evident medial groove, marked off from the palatine patches by a narrower groove and a constriction. The palatine patches are equal in width to the vomerine patches, and less than twice as long. They are of nearly equal width throughout. Maxillary barbels very slender, reaching slightly beyond the base of the pectoral spine. The mental barbels do not reach edge of gill-membrane, the outer pair equaling length of snout and half of eye. Nostrils very large, the anterior broadly oval, with widely refie.\'ed rim, the posterior widely elliptical, not concealed by the valve. Distance from anterior nostril to tip of snout equaling that from posterior nostril to front of eye. Fontanel wide, with nearly parallel edges on frontal region, abruptly narrowing at front of occiput, where it is continuous with a narrow and shallow groove. The latter fails to reach base of occipital process by a distance equaling half diameter of eye. The raised margins of the fontanel are continuous with a pair of sharp ridges bounding the groove, these accompanied by a pair of lower ridges on their outer sides and parallel with them. Posteriorly, these ridges are roughened with granules, and merge into the granulated area on posterior part of occiput. Occipital process granu- lated, the granules arranged in more or less definite lines radiating backwards and downwards on each side from median point of base. Lateral portions of occiput with an area of radiating striae, separated from the central ridges by a smooth groove- like depression. A narrow granulated area e.xtends forward on each side of fontanel to above back of orbits. The occipital process is very long and narrow, its width opposite its middle being but 5 (jf its length. Near base it abruptly expands, the basal width being half its length plus that o\ dorsal plate on median line. Opercles and humeral plate weakly striate. Gill-membranes with a wide free fold posteriorly. Ciill-rakers weak and short, I 44 movable ones. No evident axial pore. Dorsal spine slender, with a series of sharp granulations on anterior edge; minutely roughened, not serrate behind. It is JsrokL-n in the type, but its length was aljoiil 5 that of head. Pectoral spines rather slender, rough granular on outer margins, with short fine serrte within. Both are mutilated in the type, but their length was about equal to that of dorsal spine. The pectorals extend nearly 5 distance to ventrals, the \c-ntrals nearly to origin of anal. Distance from anus to GILBEET AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 25 base of ventrals f its distance from front of anal. Anal tin \'ery long, its base If in head, its longest ray \ head. Distance between dorsals 34 in length. Adipose fin long, highest about opposite the middle, with a short almost vertical free posterior margin. Its vertical height is 3| in its length, which is more than twice the distance from adipose fin to rudimentary caudal rays, greater than the base of the first dorsal, and equal to half the length of the head. Caudal fin with broad lobes, the lower rounded; the upper mutilated in the type, but evidently acute and longer than the lower. Color purplish above, more bluish anteriorly; the lower parts silvery, coarsely punctate with brown. Fins all blackish, except the lower surface of the paired fins. 35. Galeichthys guatemalensis {Gihiiher). This species was not seen by the authors. Recorded by Giinther (1868, p. 393) from Panama; by Bouleuger (1899, p. 2) from Rio Lara. Darien. 36. Galeichthys dasycephalus (Ounther). This species was occasionally seen; eleven specimens were preserved, all of which are females. It answers well the description of Giinther (1864 a, p. 157), and of Jordan and Gilbert* (1882 b, page 51), except that the head is constantly longer, 4 to 4^ in length, and the dorsal spine is contained 11 instead of li times in head. The anal contains 21 rays, including the rudiments. The top of the head is constantly much rougher than in G. longicephahis, although exhibiting niuch variation in this respect. The fontanel groove reaches base of occipital process in all of the specimens taken. 37. Galeichthys longicephalus {Eigenmann it Eigenmann). Taken occasionall}^; eight specimens were preserved, all of which are males. There is little variation in the sculjituring of the head, which is either eu- tirel}' smooth, invested with thick skin, or minutely roughened by a few scattered points. None of our specimens have the plates roughly granulated, as in G. dasij- cephalus. The head is very constant in length, 3|, 3|, 3|, 3|, 31, 3|, 3| and 34 times respectively in distance from tip of snout to base of caudal. The maxillary barbel reaches to base of pectoral spine, or to the end of its basal fourth. The outer mental barbels are variable, sometimes not reaching gill-opening, more often slightly beyond it. The eyes vary in length, and equal their distance from hinder end or middle of posterior nostril, and about half their distance from tip of snout. The width of mouth about equals the length of snout, 2| to 3^ in head. In the description of the type, the width of mouth should doubtless stand 3|, not 2i, in head. The distance from the tip of snout to front of dorsal is contained 2| to 2| in the length; the inter- space between dorsals 3| to 4. The color of the upper part is brown, sometimes continued down over the ' Dr. Jordau has kiudly re-exainiued the specimens hei"e referred to, collected by Gilbert at Panama ou a previous expedition, and states that the head measures 4^ (not 4J) in length to base of caudal. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES sides and belly, almost entirely masking the silvery of those parts. In other speci- mens, the sides and belly are bright silvery without brown tinge. The fins are all dusky, in some specimens much darker than in others; the ventrals sometimes nar- rowly edged with bright white. We have been tempted to consider this species the male of G. dasycephalus, as our numerous specimens seem to be all males, while our specimens of G. dasy- cephalus, as well as all those of which we have record, seem to be females. The structural differences are so much greater in amount than are known to be sexual with any other species, that we hold the two forms distinct. In addition to the striking difference in the length and sculpturing of the head, G. longicephalus has shorter barbels, coarser gill-rakers, shorter pectoral spines, a wider fontanel, and a wider snout and mouth. 38. Sciadeichthys troscheli (Gill). Abundant along the entire coast of Mexico and Central America. At Panama it occurred daily in the markets, but seldom in large numbers. The collec- tion contains five specimens from Panama, one from Champerico. The species varies in certain respects more than has been represented. The dorsal buckler varies much in width, and even in general shape; one specimen at hand has it triangular, tapering nearly uniformly from the base forward to the long acute a{)ex, two-fifths of its length on the median line being contained within the notch of the occipital process. In one individual, the granulations are very sparse, and largely obscured by the thickened integument. The maxillary barbels are blackish, with a conspicuous white inferior mar- gin. They vary much in length, often failing to reach opercular opening, sometimes overlapping base of pectoral spine. The vomerine patch of teeth is sometimes long (transversely) and narrow, thus separating widely the palatine bands (as figured by Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, p. 56); sometimes much shorter and wider. The head seems very constant in length, 3^ to 3c in total length (without caudal). 39. Selenaspis dowi (Gill). Large specimens are frequently brought into the Panama market, but seldom- more than two or three at a time. The young are rarely seen. In one of the speci- mens at hand, a curious variation is observable in the shape of the dorsal shield, which has its anterior margin medially produced and wedge-shaped, fitting into an emargination in the occipital process, much as in Sciadeichthys troscheli. 40. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner) . One of the most abundant species of catfishes at Panama. It varies in color from light brown to nearly black on the upper parts, and may be pure white below or variously marked with brown. The fins vary in a similar manner, the caudal, anal, and inner surfaces of pectorals and ventrals being black in the darkest specimens, GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAy 27 merely dusky in others. The vomerine patches vary somewhat in size and shape. A very narrow groove may be detected, sepai'ating them in all of the specimens, and they do not seem to be wholly confluent with the palatine patches even in adults. The pterygoid bands may be wholly absent, or represented by a linear group of small patches, or fully developed as an elliptical patch of large size. Nine specimens were preserved. 41. Netuma insculpta (Jordan & Gilbert). Hitherto known only from the type (an adult male) and two young co-types, all from Panama. To these, the present collection has added an adult female, 27 cm. long. The species is very close to N. planiceps, but diflers in its wider head, more numerous and coarser granulations, wider occipital process, longer barbels, and shorter higher adipose fin. The occipital process is less sharply keeled, and the palatine teeth are in larger patches. In our specimen, the vomerine patches are large, the apposed magrins rounded, meeting in the middle but not confluent; evident furrows mark them off from the palatine patches. The ' latter are very large, with straigiit parallel inner edges, as in N. plaUjpogon. In the following measurements the specimen varies somewhat from the type description: Head 3f in length. Interocular width 2\ in head; snout 2|; width of mouth (external measurement) 2; maxillary barbel reaching to end of second fifth of the length of the pectoral spine; outer mental barbel to little past gill-opening. Occip- ital process a little wider at base than its length on the median line. Length of predorsal plate on the median line one-third the length of one of its sides. The base of the adipose fin is contained 2| times in the head, its height If in its length. The ventrals overlap the rudimentary anal rays. The anal has 14 developed rays, 3 rudi- ments. The posterior face of the pectorals is black, the other fins dusky. The maxillary barbel is silvery white, with a black upper margin. 42. Netuma planiceps (Steindachner). Of frequent occurrence. This proves to be an extremely variable species, the variations not being dependent on age or sex, and not correlated. The occipital process may be very much narrower than figured by Steindachner (1876 b, PI. IV), more tapering jwsteriorly; or it may be broader than there represented and more expanded at the base, so that the lateral margins are more concave and the greatest width and length of the plate are about equal. There is usually a wide shallow groove extending backward from the fontanel to within about a pupil's diam- eter of the occipital process. This is often obscured posteriorly by granules or granulated ridges, and may even be obliterated by the latter, as shown in the figure already cited. The carina on the occipital process is usually sharp, rarely 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES rounded posteriorly. In the former case it is not infrequently continued backward onto the dorsal plate. The granulations are always very fine; they are sometimes arranged in series, and are always rather distant and inconspicuous. The teeth on the palate are especially variable. The vomerine patches are usually small, and may be either confluent with each other and with the palatine patches, or may be separated from both by a groove. This variation seems to be not determined by age. The palatine patches are sometimes ovate, small, with very indistinct backward processes; sometimes fully twice as large, produced backward, with their inner margins nearly straight and diverging. The snout is usually broadly rounded or subtruncate, seen from above. In some cases, however, it is sharply convex, the mouth then with more lateral cleft, and often with swollen lips. In all the specimens, the premaxillary band of teeth is long, its width being contained not less than four times in the length. The barbels are always short, the maxillary barbel seldom reaching the gill-opening. In adults, the appearance is often peculiarly modified by the great enlargement of the upper portion of the cheek muscles, making the top of the head transversely concave. The long adipose fin is highest near its middle, where the vertical height is about one-third the length. The fin is not wholly adnate, there being a short, free posterior border. It is constantly a little longer than the base of the first dorsal. 43. Netuma platypogon {Gilnther). Abundant in the Panama market. Of the ten specimens preserved, six are females, with elongate ventrals, whicii overlap the front of the anal. Unlike G. eigenmnnni, the vent is constant in position, not more anteriorly placed in females. As in G. eicjenmanni and G. jordani, the inner ventral ray is somewhat broadened in females, and gives attachment to a dermal thickening, less marked, however, in this species. In one male sj^ecimen taken at .some date between January 10 and February 24, the mouth contained eggs, and was obviously functioning as a brood-cavity. The strong arch to the buccal roof was evident. It is clear that the breeding season is not confined to June and July, as given by Steindachner (1876 h, p. 17). N. platypogon has the basal portion of the paired fins jet black on their upper surfaces, in both males and females. The anal is blackish in its anterior two-thirds, with a wide white margin. The fontanel groove is everywhere sharply defined. It is widest a little in front of the middle of its length, tapering slowly backward to the base of the occipital plate, the base of which is always reached. Anteriorly, it narrows more rapidly, terminating in an acute point which is opposite or in advance of the middle of the eyes. The dor.sal spine is very narrowly comi)re.ssed, its anterior margin sharp, .strongly serrate. 44. Netuma oscula (Jordan <£■ Gilbert). Two specimens are distinguishable from N. planicep>i only by the smaller mouth and the shorter band of premaxillary teeth. The width of the latter (antero- GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 29 posteriorly) is contained but three times in its length. One specimen is a young male, the other an adult female with very narrow convexly curved snout, and small convex mouth with thick lips. The adult agrees exactly with adults of N. planiceps, except in the characters mentioned. N. oscula may represent an extreme variation in that most variable species, but tlie two forms are retained until intermediate speci- mens are obtained. It is doubtful whether the specimen described by Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1890, p. 74) as 7\ichisurus oscnlus is properly referred to this species, as the mouth is wider (two in head), and the intermaxillary band is wider antero-posteriorly, its width one-fourth its length. The vomerine patches seem also much more widely separated than in N. oscula or N. planiceps. In our adult female the head is contained 3| times in total length (without caudal). 45. Netuma elattura {Jordan rt CO 0. 4> V 3 P •?£ a Sa "S t.^ P. X H X 0 w '^ a 0; i4 n 0 > a 362 177 185 38 8 3 5 9^ 6i 2f 3i 5 48 3 12 401 203 198 48 10^ 3i 7 1 1 7i 3i 4 6 53 4 ■4i 492 248 244 52 1 1 3i 7i i6i 8^ 3i 3? 6J 68 51 18 494 255 239 56 12 4i 7 16 H 4^ 4 6 68i 5* 16 GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 37 Four specimens were secured, three obtained in brackish water at the mouth of a small stream which empties into Panama Bay, the fourth in a fresh-water pond at Miraflores. There is some reason to suppose that they burrow in the mud. 62. Ophichthus triserialis (Kdup). No Panama record is known to the writers. The species is abundant on the Mexican coast, and has been recoi'ded from the Galapagos Islands (Gilbert, 1890 ^», p. 450). 63. Ophichthus zophochir Jordan 1- a 52 bo •a t^» 01 CQ ss - •o •6 ii ff. 5-§ is ^ V . H S H » 0 0) w Q B*' 675 311 364 106 45 20| 7 59 72 630 289 341 96 38 i8i 6i 52i- 70 612 287 325 98 39 19 6i 47 64 473 203 270 66 28 13 51 40 50 397 177 220 58 21 1 1 4* 27 39 This species is abundant at Panama, where it is frequently brought to market. About 25 specimens were seen during the visit of the expedition, all essentially alike in coloration. The type is 397 ram. long (see table of measurements), and has the spots on body less numerous than in larger specimens. 68. Mureena lentiginosa Jenyns. Originally described from the Galapagos Islands, this species seems much more abundant in Mexico, toward the northern limits of its range. No specimens were seen by the authors, the single Panama record being by Rowell (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882/, p. 381). Family ELOPIDJ^. 69. Elops saurus Linnceus. This species was occasionally seen, but was not abundant. Family ALBULID^E. 70. Albula vulpes {Linnceus). Not abundant. A few specimens only were seen in the market. Family CLUPEID^. 71. Sardinella stolifera (Jordan d- Gilbert). The species is apparently not abundant at Panama, as but two or three small specimens were seen. It is now known to extend as far south as Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 1). 40 CALIPOKNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES 72. Opisthonema libertate (Gunther). Abundant; several s^oecimens preserved averaging about 25 cm. long. Young specimens were also seen at Acapulco. This species differs from 0. oglinum m coloration, in the shorter dorsal and anal fins (the latter containing 20 or 21 rays), and in the more numerous gill-rakers. The alleged differences in length of head are not reliable, both species varying greatly in this resj^ect and no average difference being evident. Six specimens of 0. libertate give the following measurements:^ Ifead in length. Depth in length. 3l H 31 .2| 4 3l 4tV 3 4i 3tV 4! 2-"- In addition to the details of coloration already reported there is frequently present a series of small, round, evenly-spaced dark spots, behind the humeral spot, along the line separating the blue of the back from the silvery of the sides. Scutes 18+14 or 15. 73. Ilisha furthi {Steinduchner). Pellona fiirthi Steindachner, 1875(7, p. 14. Pellona paiiaiiifiisis Steindachner, 1. c. p. 14. A very abundant food-fish at Panama, but of inferior quality. The species is extremely variable in shape, but the deepest forms with strongly arched ventral out- line {I.fnrlhi) grade imperceptibly into the more slender forms with weak ventral curv- ature (/. pnnaviensis) . No other characters are correlated with this difference in ventral curvature, and it appears certain that but a single species is represented. The deeper specimens are constantly the smaller ones, so far as indicated b}^ the material at hand. The eye is therefore proportionately larger, and the snout (measured into the eye) apparently shorter than in the larger, slenderer individuals. In none of the specimens do the first five to seven anal rays originate under the dorsal fin, as describ- ed in I. furthi In both deep and slender forms the first anal ray is approximately under the last of the dorsal. The front of the dorsal is constantly nearer the tip of snout than the base of the caudal, the difference varying from f to f diameter of orbit. The following table of measurements exhibits the variation in depth of body, and in size of eye and snout. The length into which the depth of body is meas- ured, is taken from the tip of snout to base of caudal, excluding the projecting tip of lower jaw. Steindacliner has apparently included the latter in his measurements. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 41 Total length iu taillimeters. Depth into the length. Orbit iuto bead. Snout iuto orbit. 255 . 2f 2f H 280 24 2f 4 295 2i 2t% If 295 2H 3 H 305 3 3 (+) 4 310 2| 3 If 320 3i 3i li 330 3i 3l H 390 3(+) 3i I 74. Opisthopterus dovii {Gtintlier). This species is known only from Panama, where it occurs but rarely. Four specimens were seen, 18 to 20 cm. long; they agree well with Giinther's diagnosis. Head 4f to 5 in length; depth 3i to Si. Eye 31 to o\ in head; maxillary lA or 2. Pectorals long, pointed, 4 to 41 in length. Origin of dorsal nearer caudal than scapula by half length of head. A. 55, 59, 61, 62 in our specimens; D. 11, 12, 13, 14. Scutes 27 or 28. Teeth in jaws strong, incurved, in a single series. Color light olivaceous above, bright silvery below angle of gill-opening. A faint bluish streak sometimes present along upper edge of silvery area. No dark humeral spot. A broad black vertebral band. End of snout and tip of lower jaw black. Fins translucent, with dark specks along the rays. 75. Opisthopterus macrops (Gunther). Occurring but rarely. Three specimens were obtained, each about 225 mm. long. The species is readily distinguished from 0. dovii by its much larger eye, more oblique mouth, strongly concave occipital profile, and deeper body with much stronger ventral curvature. The teeth are much smaller than in 0. dovii, and there is a conspicuous humeral spot, lacking in the latter. In the specimens taken, the head is 41 or 41 in length, the depth 2f to 3. Eye 21 to 2t in head. Front of dorsal slightly nearer root of caudal than scapula, farther forward than in 0. dovii. Pec- toral 4i to 41 in length. Scutes 27. D. 13 or 14. A. 62. Coloration as in 0. dovii, but with a large black humeral spot. Not heretofore reported since the discovery of the type at Panama by Capt. J. M. Dow. 76. Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner) . Only the type specimen is known. 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Family ENGEAULIDTD^. 77. Anchovia miarcha {Jordan d- Gilbert). Collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley in the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 n, p. 622); not seen by us. 78. Anchovia ischana {Jordan c& Gilbert). Three specimens taken, the largest 63 ram. long. 79. Anchovia curta {Jordan & Gilbert). Numerous specimens were taken. Some of these have the lateral streak "somewhat indistinct," as given in the original description of the species, while others have the streak much better marked, with well-defined edges. It widens on the caudal peduncle and wholly disappears anteriorly. 80. Anchovia opercularis {Jordan d- Gilbert). A specimen of this species is recorded by Gilbert (1890 6, p. 4-19) from Al- batross Station 2802, Panama Bay, in 16 fathoms. 81. Anchovia lucida Jordan d; Gilbert. Five specimens were taken, the largest 57 mm. in total length. In the original description of this species the cheek is described as being over half the length of the head. This is evidently a mistake, and should probably read, cheek over half the post-orbital part of the head. This would agree with the speci- mens taken. 82. Anchovia rastralis (Gilbert l- Pierso'ri). Plate VIII, Fit;. 14. Stolephorus rasii-alis Gilbert & Pierson (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 281 1). Head 3. 16 (3.1 to 3.3); depth 3.8 (3.5 to 4.2); eye 3.4 in head (3.33 to 4). 0.14(12 to 15) A. 26 to 32. Length 5 to 8 cm. Body much compressed and deep; belly sharply keeled in front of ventrals; dorsal outline much less curved than ventral. The lower profile rises very rapidly from a point opposite middle of pectorals to tip of snout, the shape of head thus closely resembling that of Cetengraulis. Ma.xillary reaching almost but not quite to gill-opening; snout high, compressed, its length 1 to f diameter of eye. Gill rakers averaging in larger examples 51+64, in smaller specimens 44+50; the largest about as long as eye. Insertion of dorsal fin variable, but never posterior to a point midway between base of caudal and middle of eye; pectoral fins reaching to or nearly to insertion of ventrals; the latter not to vent. Color olivaceous, the lower part of sides with violet reflections; sides of head silvery; a con- spicuous silvery lateral band, varying in width from about one and one-third times length of orbit in the largest examples to less than one-half the orbit in the smaller specimens. The band is widest before GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 43 dorsal, and tapers to half or less than half its greatest width on caudal peduncle, where it frequently disappears in the young. In larger specimens the ventral edge of this band is frequently ill-defined anteriorly. Top of head with widely spaced black specks. A dark vertebral streak, more or less of which often consists of two narrow lines. Tips of caudal lobes often blackish; fins otherwise unmarked. Differing from closely allied species in the following characters: From A. hicida, in the much longer head, more compressed body, well defined lateral stripe, and smaller eye; from A. coynprcssa, in the longer head and wider lateral band; ixoxw A. panaincnsis -axxA A. miiiideo/a, in the much more numer- ous gill rakers, and the more anterior position of the dorsal relatively to the anal, the origin of the anal being under the middle of the dorsal, while in A. pananiaisis the origin of the two fins lie in the same vertical. 83. Anchovia naso {Gilbert d; Pierson). Stolcphorus naso Gilbert & Pierson (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2813). Head 3.3-3.5 in length; depth 4. 7-5.8; eye 4.5-5 in head. Anal 22-24; dorsal 14 or 15; lateral line about 35. Dorsal and ventral outlines weakly arched; body slender, compressed, its greatest depth 1.5 in head; belly carinated in front of ventrals, and sometimes' behind them in larger specimens. Head long and slender, its greatest width 1.5 to 1.7 in its length, the lower profile much more oblique than the upper. Snout long, compressed, bluntly rounded, its length exceeding the small eye. Cheek with a very acute posterior angle. Opercle narrow, oblique. !\hi.\illary rather bluntly pointed, failing to reach gill-opening by about one-half diameter of pupil. Teeth on the ma.xillary quite prominent and directed forward. Gill-rakers short, i7-}-20 in number; the longest \\ in eye. Scales large, thin, deciduous, only a few scattering ones remaining on our specimens. Dorsal fin inserted midway between front or middle of orbit and base of median caudal rays. Origin of anal under or slightly behind middle of dorsal; length of anal base about equal to the distance from front of orbit to base of ventral fin. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, their length about one-half length of head. Length of ventrals equaling or slightly exceeding distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil. Color light olive, with the usual bright reflections; a large dark patch of brown dots on occiput; a double series of dots along median line posterior to dorsal, this absent in some specimens; large specimens with a bright well defined silvery streak, slightly narrowing anteriorly and on caudal peduncle, its greatest width about equaling diameter of eye. In the young, this band is fainter and narrower. A conspicuous series of black dots at base of anal. Characterized by the slender form, well defined silvery streak, sharply carinated breast, the small eye, and the very long, compressed, deep and rather bluntly rounded snout. Most closely resembling A. starksi, from which it differs in smaller eye, longer snout, and slightly longer anal. Length 40 to 52 mm. 84. Anchovia starksi {Gilbert £• Pierson). S(o/ep//orus s/arksi GiLEERT & Pierson (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2813). Head 3.3 to 3.6; depth 4.8 to 5.5 in length, 1.3 in head. Eye 3 to 3.5 in head. Dorsal 15 or 16; anal 17 to 22; scales about 41. Vertebrae 40 (counted in one e.xample only). Body long and slender, slightly deeper and more compressed than in A. ischamts, which much resembles this species. Dorsal outline very little arched ; ventral outline nearly straight from gill open- ing to insertion of anal fin, the lower profile of head oblique, nearly straight. Belly compressed, keeled for anterior two-thirds of its length in front of base of ventrals. Headlong and pointed, its width i^ times in its length. Maxillary abruptly widened opposite the mandibular joint, tapering posteriorly to a blunt point, which reaches almost to the gill-opening, its length equal to length of base of anal. Snout long, sharp, and projecting, abruptly compressed in its 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES terminal portion as seen from above, its length two-thirds diameter of orbit, or slightly more. Branch- iostegal membranes united at base for a very short distance. In four e.xamples e.xamined as to this point, the gill-rakers are as follows: 20-I-25, 23-(-24, 21-I-23, 19-1-30; the longest contained il to 1 1 in eye. Scales large, thin, deciduous, a few only remaining on the specimens at hand. Origin of the dorsal fin equally distant from the base of the caudal fin and the tip of snout or front of eye. Anal inserted under beginning of posterior third of base of dorsal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter extending three-fifths distance to front of anal. Color light olive, with broad, well defined, lateral silvery streak of nearly uniform width, usually narrowing anteriorly and on middle of caudal peduncle, its width in our largest specimens five- si.xths diameter of eye. The silvery streak has a slight golden tinge. A narrow dark vertebral line, which widens on the nape. Occiput blackish. This species differs from A. cultrata in its slenderer body, shorter snout, wider opercle and smaller teeth; the belly is also not sharply carinate, the dorsal is more anteriorly placed, the ventrals are farther back, and tbe silvery streak is wider anteriorly. It differs from A. delicatissinia in its longer, slenderer head and body, smaller eye, longer, sharper snout, and much wider, better defined silvery streak. Length 4 to G cm. Named for Mr. Edwin Cliapin Starks. 85. Anchovia panamensis (Steindachner). This species was found to be rather common. Dr. Steindachner seems to have had both A. panamensis and A. mundeola, as his description covers both in many I'espects. His count of scales would apply better to A. mundeola than to A. panamensis, which has 38 to 41. The length of head, 4|, applies better to A. panamensis, that of A. mundeola being generally about 4 in length of body. Otherwise there seem to be no differences. 86. Anchovia mundeola {Gilbert & Pie.rson). Stolcphorus miindcolus Gilbert & Pierson (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2812). Head 4.15 (4 to 4.25); depth 3.77 (3.40 to 4.25); eye 3.44 in head (3.12 to 3.70). Dorsal 13 or 14; anal 33 (33 to 35); scales 36 (36 to 39). Dorsal and ventral contours about equally and gradually rounded from the middle region of body to the tip of snout and base of caudal fin. Snout short, high, compressed, blunt at tip, its length if in eye. Eye very large. Maxillary broad, taper- ing to a sharp point which reaches margin of gill-opening. Gill-rakers i7-)-2i to 22-4-24; the longest I ^ to 2 in eye. Anterior insertion of dorsal fin varying from a point midway between base of caudal and middle of eye to a point midway between the caudal and tip of snout. In ten examples its inser- tion is before that of the anal. Anal fin long, averaging 33 rays; its origin beneath the anterior third of the dorsal; length of base shorter than in A. panamensis, being 32'j in length, while in the latter its length is contained 2\ in length. Pectorals long, reaching well beyond the insertion of the ventrals, equaling length of head behind front of pupil ; a large axillary scale. Ventrals scarcely reaching vent. Color uniformly light olive with silvery reflections; a faint, narrow, silvery stripe, sometimes scarcely distinguishable. Sides of head plain silvery. Upper margin of orbital rim black. Dorsal region blackish. A faint, narrow, dark line on each side of the light mid-dorsal streak. Caudal slightly dusky. Fins otherwise unmarked. This species is closely allied to A. panamensis and A. compressa, but may be distin- guished from the former by its longer head, larger eye, greater depth, fewer scales along the lateral line, and its much shorter anal base; also by the much fainter lateral silvery stripe. The eye is con- tained 14 to 16 times in length, excluding the caudal; while in panamensis the length contains the eye 16 to 20 times. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 45 From A. compressa it differs in the relative length of the head and maxillary. In A. nmnde- ola the maxillary is contained in the head i^ times (i.igto 1.37); in compressa li times (1.30 to 1.81). In mundcola the head is contained 4.15 times in the length; in compressa 4.44 times. Since the publication of the above description, as cited, the material has been further studied by Chloe Lesley Starks, whose results we are permitted to incorporate below. Twenty-seven specimens were measured, ranging in size from 72 to 120 mm. in length. In A. pa>ia?neiisis the head measures .21 to .25 of the length exclusive of the caudal; in A. miaideola .24 to .26. The depth of panamcnsis is .24 to .26; of imindcola .24 to .27. The size of the eye is the most striking difference between the two species, holding well from .05I to .o6|^ in panamensis and from .07 to .07^ in mundcola. The maxillary measures about the same throughout (doubtless some tips are broken). \x\ panamensis the snout measures about .04 and in mnndcola from .04 to .05. Gill- rakers and also the rays in the dorsal and anal fins number about the same in the two species. The length of anal base in panamensis seems generally longer, running from .35 to .39 of length, while in mundcola it runs from .33 to .36. The number of scales varies from 39 to 41 m panamensis; from 36 to 39 in mundcola. The extremes of the two species differ greatly in a^ipearance, and no diflficulty is encountered in separating thera; but a few specimens seem to come so nearly inter- mediate that it is difficult to know to which form to assign them. When collected the two species were easily separable on account of the faint, silvery, lateral stripe of mundeola, but since preservation it has so faded in both species that it cannot be considered. These two species may prove to be the same, but since A. mundeola has been described, it will be better to consider the two as distinct, until enough material can be obtained to settle the point beyond question. Measurements in Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal. 3 - "ffl 1 1^ m ^ *« 11 ^- Ul CO •0 K CO d 0 u w 0 >- 1> . 0 1- 0 X. ^ tn Xn =1 5g « ex u K 3 ^ 0 CO ss- SS' a n 4J >x 3 ^ 3 K W S tfi n 2; 2; !?; % AnCHOVIA PANAMENSIS. 77 24 25i 6 18 4 36 16 -f 22 34 13 40 89 23 25 H x%\ 4 38 16 -f 22 32 13 40 92 22 26 6f 19 4 36 15 -f IS 32 12 41 86 21 24 51 i7i 4 38 16 -f 22 32 13 39 71 23 24 6 18 4 37 16 4- 22 33 13 41 88 23 25 6 17^ 4 38 16 -f- 24 35 14 39 89 23 24 6| 17 4 39 17 + 22 33 13 40 109 24 26 6f 19 4 35 16 + 25 30 14 40 105 24 26 6| i8| 4 36 18 -|- 22 32 13 39 79 25 26 6| 20 4 35 15 + 19 32 14 40 (7) October 12, 1903. 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal. "rt ? p := CC o ca ^" B CA s_- >. rt o 0 o o £•§ 0; ^ o; . <^ . 0^ a ^ «i J3 ^ a V u >^ W a M #=5 tfi z 55 S5 % Anchovia mundeola. 84 25 251 7i 19 5 36 16 + 23 30 13 39 83 25i 24i 7 igi 4^ 35 16 -t 22 33 13 38 91 254f 25 7 19 4i 36 16 i 19 31 13 37 87 25 26^ 7 21 5 34 16 + 19 31 13 39 78 25 24 7 20 4i 35 17 + 22 32 13 38 104 26 25i 7 19 4i 35 17 + 23 33 13 37 108 24 27 7 18 4 36 20 -|- 24 35 14 37 102 24i 27 7 i8| 4 36 16 + 25 33 12 37 93i 25 26 7 20^ 41, 34 17 -h 23 32 13 39 lOI 24i 26 7i 19 41 34 17 + 22 33 12 37 82 26 26 7 21 5 33i 16 + 17 31 13 37 116 25 28 7 20 5 34 17 + 22 31 13 39 120 24 27 7 19 4 34 16 + 23 32 14 37 108 24i 27 7 20 4f 35i 18 + 22 31 14 36 75 25 26 n 20 4i 35 17 + ^2> 31 13 38 103 25 26i 1\ 21 4 33 17+24 30 12 37 107 25 26 1\ 20J 4 35i 20 4- 23 31 14 36 87. Anchovia spinifera {Guvier A Valenciennes). Plate VIII, Fig. 15. Two specimens were taken in shallow water by means of a cast-net. Head 4 in length; depth 4; dorsal 16; anal 38; scales 42. Form moderately slender, the dorsal outline ascending in nearly a straight line from snout to front of dorsal, where it reaches the greatest height; thence descending at about the same angle in a straight line to caudal peduncle; ventral outline evenly curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Abdomen somewhat compressed, not serrated. The head is rather long, and has a sharp conical snout. The upper posterior outline of the gill-opening is very oblique. A line drawn from snout to angle of opercle would nearly parallel the oblique ma.xillary. The subopercle projects beyond the opercle in a triangular process. The eye is placed within the first two-fifths of the head. The maxillary is slender, and not angulated on its upper outline towards its posterior end. It is widest near angle of mouth, and ends in a rather sharp point near lower edge of gill-opening. The teeth are small but sharp. The gill-rakers are slightly shorter than the orbit; about 15+17 in number. The origin of the anal Ls about under the middle of dorsal. The pectorals extend to or slightly past the middle of the outer ventral rays. GILBEKT AND STARKS —FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 47 Owing to the action of formalin, these specimens have little of their original color left. Where scales remain, the lower parts of the sides are bright silvery, rather abruptly shaded to olive above. Apparently no lateral stripe was present. The caudal and the first rays of dorsal are tijjped with black. In life, the caudal and dorsal were otherwise bright yellow. Measurements in Hundredths of Length to Base of Caudal. .2 S CQ A 3 3 01 *« 0 0 'S.S 0 0 •0 CO ft M^ ■0 J3 ::: bO a- DO CO a V □ C cd ^ i flj >. 0 <- ►^S M Q W S U) "* hJ .-J k4 96 26 25 5i 22 4 38 20 15 i7i 99 26 26 5i 22 41 39 19 14 17 88. Anchovia macrolepidota {Kner ik Steindachner). Very abundant, reaching a large size and used for bait. The body is closely compressed, and very minute teeth persist in the maxillaries even in adults. 89. Cetengraulis mysticetus Giiniher. Abundant; often used as bait in hand-line fishing. It reaches a length of 20 cm. Our specimens have been compared with C. edentulus from Jamaica, and are found to differ from this closely related Atlantic representative in the slightly longer head, slenderer body and caudal peduncle, smaller eye, and shorter anal fin. The anal has an average of but one less ray, instead of three less, as given by Jordan & Evermann, 1896, p. 450. In the original description, the gill-rakers on the lower part of arch are said to number 42. Dr. Boulenger has kindly reexamined for us the three types in the British Museum, and finds in each from 55 to 60 gill-rakers. The number in the specimens at hand ranges from 53 to 66. In these specimens, the pectorals usually do not reach the ventrals, either terminating some distance from them, or rarely approximating them. The color in life is light olivaceous or olive-green above, passing into the bright silvery of sides and lower parts. No lateral stripe. Caudal margined with dusky. 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length zcit/iout Caudal. Species Locality Length without caudal, in mm Head Depth Orbit Maxillary Snout Greatest length from pre- opercular ridge to gill- opening Number of dorsal rays.. Number of anal rays Number of scales CETENGRAULIS MYSTICETUS Panama 149 36 31 8 21 4 14 15 22 42 153 144 145 36 37 37 30 31 29 1\ 7i 8 2li 22 21 1 4 4 4l 15 15 14 15 15 15 23 23 22 40 43 43 152 35i 3°^ 1\ 21 4 15 14 22 42 CETENGRAULIS EDENTULUS South Atlantic 106 96 lOI 109 34 33 33 33 3ii 33 33 341 8 9 8 8* 20 20 19 20 5 5 5 5 12 12 12 II 14 14 15 15 24 24 23 23 39 40 41 40 104 33 32 9 20 5 12 15 23 41 90. Cetengraulis engymen Oilberl <& Pierson. Cetengraulis cngymcn Gilbert & Pierson (Jordan and Evermann, 1898, p. 2815). This species differs from C. mysticctus in the much narrower union of the gill membranes, the less numerous gill-rakers, and in the longer snout. Head 3 to 3.3 in length; depth 4 to 4.9; eye 4 in head; dorsal 14 or 15; anal 20 to 23; vertebrce 41. Body compressed, fusiform, not so deep as in mysticetus or edcntulus. The dorsal and ventral outlines are about equally and regularly curved in the larger specimens; in the smaller specimens the ventral contour is more nearly straight. Belly trenchant, but not carinate nor serrate; caudal peduncle moderate, its depth being contained 1.5 times in its length. Head similar to mysticctus; the snout longer, contained 5.5 to 7 times in head, i\ times in eye (the snout is contained 8 to 9 times in head, in mysticctus). Both jaws bear minute teeth, those on the maxillary largest. Branchiostegal membranes united for only f to | of the distance between tip of mandible and mandibular articulation; wholly free from the isthmus. Tij) of mandible directly beneath the anterior border of orbit. Gill-rakers long, nine-tenths diameter of eye, 20 to 30 on the upper limb, 25 to 30 on the lower limb; in five examples as follows, 2^-\-t,o, 27-J-25, 30-I-26, 25-I-30, 23+29 to 20-f-25. The origin of the dorsal is midway between base of median caudal rays and a point varying between front and middle of the eye. Insertion of anal below the posterior fourth or third of the dorsal, its length equaling the distance from the posterior border of the eye to insertion of pectoral. The pectoral is short, 2^ to 2\ in head, failing to reach the insertion of the ventrals by half or nearly half its length. Caudal deeply forked, its median rays 2^ to 3 times in head. Color uniformly silvery, -with a distinct, well defined lateral sil\-ery band, extending from upper angle of gill-opening to base of caudal; its greatest width equals the diameter of orbit, becoming narrower on caudal peduncle. Length 38 to 57 mm. GILBEKT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 49 91. Lycengraulis poeyi {Kner £ Sieindacliner). Seven specimens were taken, the largest 198 mm. in total length. In some of the specimens the j^ectorals scarcely reach to the base of the ventrals, while in others they reach a very little past this point. The gill-rakers become shorter and somewhat thicker with age. We have corajiared these specimens with a single specimen of L. grossidens from Pernambuco, Brazil. The latter specimen seems to differ from L. jweyi in having a slightly longer maxillary, a greater distance separating the tip of snout from lower angle of cheek, and in the slightly larger teeth, which are more uneven and more widely spaced. I\Icasurcmcnts in Hundredths of Length 7i>ithoul Caudal. Species Locality Length without caudal, in mm Head in looths of length Depth Eye Maxillary Origin of dorsal from snout Greatest distance from eye to gill-opening Snout to lower angle of cheek Dorsal rays Anal rays Gill-rakers Scales 186 23^ 26 5 18 564 15 i8i 15 24 14-I-20 40 LYCENGRAULIS POEYI. Panama. 159 23 24 5 i7i 56 14 i8i 14 25 15-I-19 40 153 23i 24 5 i8i 54i i4i iS 15 24 I4-f20 41 189 23 25 5 18 55 i4i 18 14 24 144-20 41 198 23i 24 4l 18 54i 14 19 14 25 124-19 40 L. GROS- SIDENS. Brazil. 169 24 25 4| 201 55i 15^ 20\ 15 24 I4 + I' 39 Family SYNODONTID.E. 92. Synodus evermanni Jordan S BoUman. Dredged by the "Albatross" in Panama Bay, at Stations 2795 and 2797, 33 fathoms; not seen by us. The species is also known from "Albatross" Stations 2831, 3043, 3044, off the coast of Lower California, in depths of 12 to 74 fathoms; and Station 2998, Gulf of California, 40 fatlioms. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 93. Synodus scituliceps Jordan d; Gilbert. Sytiodiis jenkiHsi Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 153. Two sj^ecimens seen, one of which is 40 cm. long, and is preserved. The head is remarkably long, 3| in length. Five rows of scales between lateral line and median series before dorsal; seven rows between lateral line and median series before anus; sixty scales in lateral line; six rows on cheeks. These characters would range the specimen under the nominal species 8. jenkinsi, which we are unable, however, to distinguish from 8. scituliceps. Specimens from Mazatlanwith short head (typical 8. scitulicejjs) have five or six rows of scales on the cheeks (never four as originally described), and have the anterior dorsal rays reaching or not reaching tip of posterior ray when depressed. In these, the head varies from 3j to 4^ in length, no specimen before us having the head as small as described for the type of 8. scituliceps (4|). The species was also seen at Acapulco (Dec. 20), several specimens being observed lying on the sandy bottom near the wharf. They lie rigidly in a straight line, and their colors harmonize so well with that of the sand that they are detected with difficulty. One specimen, on coming to rest after swimming a short distance, disapi?eared in the sand, leaving only the tip of the snout exposed. It did not enter head first, but settled into the sand with its whole length at once, apparently throwing uj) the sand by motions of its jiectoral and ventral fins. Family PCECILIID.E. 94. Pcecilia elongata Oi'mther. Very abundant in the brackish sloughs about Panama. We found it also in the market, where numerous specimens were taken from 5 to 18 cm. in length. These are all females, no males being seen. All of the specimens examined have young in the oviduct, about 18 mm. in length, apparently about ready to be set free. They have four or five narrow, distinct cross-bars on the body. The scale-iiouches have also a narrow, dark border, which shows through the scales as in the adult. We here suj^pleraent the original description, from specimens 10 to 18 cm. in length. Head 3 J to 4| in length; depth 31 to 4. Eye 3| to A\ in head, slightly less than half the interorbital width in tlie larger specimens, slightly more than half in specimens 10 cm. long. Interorbital width half head. Height of caudal peduncle 11 to 1| in head, diminishing in height but slightly (sometimes not at all) from dorsal to caudal base. Scales in six specimens 30, in six specimens 31, in four specimens 32. Nine specimens have 10 dorsal rays, two have 9; eight specimens have 9 anal rays, four have 8. After removing and drying the jaws, a narrow band of very fine villiforra teeth, behind the dark-tijiped slender outer teeth of each jaw, may be seen by the aid of a lens. GILBEKT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 51 95. Poecilia boucardii Steindachner. Very abundant in fresh and brackish water. Found in every pond and stream in the savannah about Panama. They agree very well with Dr. Steindach- ner's descrijition of the typical specimens, which were taken about Colon. The black spots on the caudal are quite variable in size. In most specimens the caudal fin and even the posterior part of the caudal peduncle, is profusely covered with rather large black spots. There are elongate or elliptical spots between the rays, and smaller indistinct spots are on the rays. In a few specimens the spots are small and diffused, those on the rays being most persistent. The young, 25 to 40 mm. long, have only small indistinct spots. 96. Anableps dowei Gill. Not seen by us. The types of the species have been ascribed to Panama, this locality being based on the following ambiguous statement by Gill (18G1 a, p. 3): "There has recently been sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Panama, by Cajitain J. M. Dow, a new species of the genus Anableps." While this specimen was sent from Panama, it was ajjparently not captured at that point, as witness the following statement published by Dow (1861, p. 30): "Some time since, while in the bay of La Union, State of San Salvador, I caught ... a coujile of what I supposed was Anahlejis tetroph- thalmus; but upon sending them to my friend. Professor Baii-d, of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, was somewhat surprised and gratified to hear that they were of an entirely new species . . . A. dowii." On a subsequent trip, Dow obtained (1. c.) from the same locality several sj^ecimens, which were likewise sent to the Smithsonian Institution (see Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 i, p. 373). Others are recorded by Giinther (1866 «, p. 338) from Chiapam and Guatemala, and still others (Giinther, 1864 6, p. 27) are said to have been collected by Captain Dow on the "Pacific Coast of Panama." There seems to be no warrant for changing the sj^elling of the specific name, as has been done, to doivi, dowii or dovii. It appears as dowei in three j^laces in the original description, a fact which sufficiently indicates the deliberate intention of the author concerning it. ^o Family ESOCID.F:. 97. Tylosurus scapularis Jordan -+c i^ r+e r^:* i: rO ■^ t-^ \o x> fO 00 VO t^ ^ t^ (N CO '"' iM -4n *■*» r*l HN -*t .-*» -*N on (N rO M> vO r^ •+ CO ^O VO Ov »o CO n ON (N tN CO lO 55 *"* S r-fc« -*« r+* -*t r*« r^ r+S r*» ■^ t^ ^O t^ rO 00 VO t^ o CO N M J l-l tN N CO '"' '"' lO < .C .-fc« ^*) CO -d- t^ o ^ ^ CO to r^ Ov 'T- n <-> ON O O CO "O t m Si r*S -*> -«* r+6 •-fc* t^ '^f r^ ^ »o ■St 00 VO r^ OV cO M CO X o IN HN a*t < X 'rt 0^ -i- CO ^ o CO CO VO r^ 0 CO (N l-l E w "^ fO CO " " " in -*N p4n ■+• '^ S to CO ^o lO vO T> 00 VO VO o m N (-1 (N M CO »-* 1-4 to w o "* N n « (N CO u-j IN '*' rO vO lO ID ^ 00 t^ o OV •+ CN •rt 00 n CN CO ts lO cs r*< r*l ■-to r*) (li M "* lO VO C* lO 0^ t^ O OV ■^ ri ■^ lO C4 ^ CO (N lO o M H ^ r4M •-fc) -«< r*l -to f^ rO lO lO O lO CO r^ OV CO 'i- N 'O CO o lO h4 W < t/) Hw - t/1 u~. o. rt ty: a 0 O E C > o ^ tt] ct: o 1/5 bfj X ;-< O p 1 o C a. o OJ 15 v» o 0 OJ 3 a, c ^2 £ c re C 01 — . •- 1 rt rt C ■> ■■5 5 1) a c a ■a 3 ce o 0 c o OO c V 'o c V o Si c tr ■> a; E 3 U V , 1 -J IX C tl <^ •^ J — Z "Z. tfl GILBERT AND STARES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 55 Family EXOCCETID^. 104. Fodiator acutus {Ciivier d- Valenciennes). Abundant in Panama Bay; many were seen flying, and four specimens were taken, 145 to 158 mm. in length. They agree well with the description of the type. 105. Cypselurus callopterus (GUnther). Two specimens were cojlected, 25 and 31 era. in length. They agree well with Dr. Giinther's description and plate. 106. Exonautes rufipinnis {Cuvier <& Valenciennes). Only the type of E.coc&ius dowi Gill, 1863, p. 167, ( = E. rufipinnis), is known from the vicinity of Panama. Family FISTULARIID^. 107. Fistularia depressa Gilnther. A single large specimen was taken in the market at Panama. We have examined specimens from Japq,n, Honolulu, the Philippines, and La Paz, L. C, and can distinguish no differences between them. In the figure of this species given by Dr. Giinther (Shore-fishes, Challenger, Plate XXXII), the greatest width between the diverging ridges on the anterior part of the snout is indicated at a point too far forward. In our specimens the ridges are farthest apart at the beginning of the anterior 'i or -\ of the snout. The interorbital area appears to be more concave in small specimens (25 cm. in length) than in the larger ones. In the latter the interorbital is contained 5^ in the postorbital part of the head. In specimens 50 cm. in length the orbit (measuring the extreme length between the bones surrounding the eye) is from 9^ to 9| in the head, and the length of the max- illary is 9L In a specimen 69 cm. in length, the maxillary is contained 10 times and the eye 11 times in the head. A large number of small specimens 25 to 28 cm., and one specimen 41 cm. in length from Honolulu, are plain brown on the back, while a larger specimen 61 cm. long has blue spots, as in our Panama specimen. Four specimens from La Paz, 51 cm. long, all show blue spots. The following color description was taken from our Panama specimen in the fresh condition. Olive-brown on upper parts, white below. A pair of narrow blue stripes, interrupted anteriorly and posteriorly, begin at the nape, diverge backward and cross the lateral line just in front of the point where it becomes straight, then run just above and parallel to the lateral line as far as the tail. Another pair of streaks, made each by a series of blue spots, runs close along each side of mid-dorsal line, from a 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES point above axil of pectorals to front of dorsal. Behind dorsal a single series of spots occupies the median line of back. io8. Fistularia corneta sp. nov. Plate X, Figs. 18 anij ISa. Five specimens, each 62 cm. long, were seen in the Panama market; two of these were preserved. Besides these, we have in the collection of Stanford Uni- versity several small specimens from Panama, collected by the "Albatross," and several small ones from Mazatlan. Head 3 in length. Depth of body, a short distance in front of dorsal fin, | the depth at occiput. At insertion of ventral fins the width of the body is twice its depth. The extreme length of the orbit is contained 9 times in the length of the head; maxillary I3f to 13I; interorbital v\idth (bone) 3| to 4 in postorbital part of head. Length of pectoral, from base of upper ray to tips of longest rays, 6| to 7 in head ; ventrals 1 1 . The maxillary is rather short, and has a concave posterior border. The upper lateral ridge of snout is serrated on its posterior three-fifths. On the anterior half of the serrated portion, the serra- tions become abruptly finer and more crowded. The two superior ridges of the snout are rather wide apart posteriorly, and very gradually approach each other anteriorly. They are scarcely divergent or even parallel in the large specimens, but in the small ones they diverge slightly on the anterior half of the snout. The distance between them is everywhere much greater than their distance from the upper lateral ridge. The area between the upper lateral ridge and the superior ridges is generally smooth, sometimes somewhat uneven, but never roughly sculptured. The interorbital area is flat and roughly sculptured on each side, and its middle third is depressed to form a smooth channel. The pectoral reaches about one-third of the distance between the base of its upper ray and the insertion of the ventrals. The dorsal and anal fins are exactly opposite and equal in length; their base. 4 times their distance from the middle caudal rays. The skin is everywhere smooth; the lateral line is not armed with bony plates. In the five specimens seen at Panama (fresh) the back was a uniform dark brown. In the small specimens from Panama and Mazatlan there is usually a lighter stripe, with ill-defined edges, on each side of the back, a short distance above the lateral line, and following its course to the base of the caudal fin. This species differs from F. depressa in having a shorter maxillary, a larger eye (in specimens of the same size), and particularly in having a much wider inter- orbital space. There is no trace of blue markings in our material. We have several specimens of F. petimba from Formosa and Japan, which agree well with the description given by Dr. Giinther (Shore-fishes, Challenger, p. 68) under the name F. serrata. They differ from F. corneta in having the superior ridges of the snout very close together and pai'allel for nearly their whole length. (They are spoken of as ridges, though they appear, in this species especially, as a single, raised, flat area posteriorly, the sides of which are left in relief as ridges anteriorly.) The distance between them is everywhere much less than their distance from the upper lateral ridge. Tlie area between the upper lateral ridge and the superior ridges is roughly sculptured with radiating lines, as shown in the illustration accomj^anying the description cited above (Plate XXXII). The interorbital area is GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 57 deeply concave and without flat supraorbital areas. The serrations of the upper lateral ridge are coarse. The skin is rough to the touch, and the lateral line is armed with small, bony, stellate plates, which become larger posteriorly. We have no specimens of F. tabacaria, but from current descriptions it is difi^erent from F. corneta. It seems always to have blue spots and to have few or no serrations on the upper lateral ridge. It has not been recorded from the Pacific. Family SYNGN ATHIDiE. 109. Siphostoma auliscus Sivain. Two specimens, 122 and 88 mm. long, were taken in the Rio Grande, at Miraflores, near Panama. We have compared them with two small sjiecimens of S. atilisciis from Magdalena Bay, L. C, and find the onl}' difference to be the more anterior anal opening in the smaller specimen, in which it occupies the ring just anterior to dorsal. In the other specimens it is in the same ring with the front of dorsal. The Panama specimens are darker and more mottled. Each body ring has a broken vertical white streak, and on about every fifth ring is a faint dark streak. no. Hippocampus ingens Girard. Three specimens taken, 5, 8, and 10 cm. long. The smaller two, a male and a female, are rough with papillae, and have many dermal flaps. The largest one, a female, is almost perfectly destitute of these, though upon close examination with a lens very small, white papilhie are to be seen. Two specimens from Mazatlan in the collection of the Stanford University have been examined. One is smooth, the other covered with dermal flaps. Family ATHERINID^. III. Kirtlandia pachylepis (Gmither). This species and K. gi/berti, referred to the genus Menidia by Jordan and Evermann (1896, pp. 798 and 801), the former afterwards transferred to the genus Thyrina by these authors (1898, p. 2840), belong to the genus Kirtlandia. We have compared them with K. vagrans, the type of the genus. Like the latter, they have crenate scales, which are, howevei", smooth, not " very rough to the touch," as described by Jordan and Evermann. Our specimens of K. vagrans and K. pachy- lepis have no scales on the dorsal. The base of the anal has a row of rather long scales. Both the dorsal and anal of K. gilberti are scaleless. Nine specimens of K. pachylepis were collected. They differ from Giinther's description only in the slightly longer head, and in a greater range of fin-rays. Head and depth 5 in length of body without caudal. Eye and snout about equal, 3^ in head. Angle of lower jaw slightly in advance of front of orbit. Inter- 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES orbital space one-fourth or one-fifth wider than eye. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth. Pectorals reaching nearly to tip of ventrals. Anal and soft dorsal conter- minous. Scales 41 to 43. About 27 scales on back in a series between occiput and spinous dorsal. Fins unmarked. Snout and a small area on top of head behind eye dusky. Back dusky, with small brown punctulations, which narrowly border each scale. Lateral streak dark above, shading downward into silvery, widest under the dorsals. A dark line on back from dorsal to occiput, composed of a single row of dark brown dots; more conspicuous in the smaller specimens. Mcasitremcnts in Hundredths of Length icithoiit Caudal. Length without caudal, in mm.. Head Depth Eye Snout Insertion of ventrals from snout.. Length of anal base Length of pectoral Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Scales 115 99 97 99 109 100 97 97 20| 20| 20 20 21 20i 20 20i 20| 21 20 20^ 20 20J i9i 20| 7 6 6J 6 6 6i- 6 H 6i 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 43 41 43 41 42 42 42 42i 24 24I 251 2 5i 24 26^ 23i 25i 28^ 28 27 29 27i 28 27 27 v-i,8 iv-i,7 v-i,8 IV-I,S v-i,7 v-i,7 iv-i,7 v-i,7 1,21 1,22 1,21 1,21 1,23 1,23 1,21 1,21 42 43 43 42 44 42 43 41 82 20 I9i 6i 6 40^ 25 26|- v-1,7 1,21 42 112. Kirtlandia gilberti (Jordan (£GiIopus. The ventrals have lighter or GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 65 colorless tips. In one sjiecimen the ventrals are immaculate, in the other a slightly- dusky tinge is present. The three specimens of M. pmcilopus have the tips of the ventrals darker, running from dusky to black. There is a dark pigment spot above pupil in M. occidentalis, which is absent or very slightly dusky in M. poecilopus. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal in mm... Head Depth Eye Snout Length of pectoral Length of ventral Height of soft dorsal Height of anal Length of caudal Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Scales 45 35 37 15 7i 22 22 l8 l8 24 x-i, 14 IV, 12 3-40-7 46 35 36 15 1\ 24 23 16 16 24 x-i, 14 IV, 12 3-39-7 124. Myripristis poecilopus (Gill). Three specimens taken. Very small villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; the imlatine patches very long and narrow, the vomerine patch anchor-shaped, its length about three times its width across lateral arms. The median backwardly extending limb is narrow and pointed. Color of back slaty brown, passing into bright, iridescent silvery at the upper part of the band of scales which bears the lateral line. Upper end of opercle with bluish reflections. Directly below the lateral line is a narrow, straight, dusky streak, commencing three or four scales from gill-opening and ending a little behind tip of pectoral. Tips of ventrals varying from slightly dusky to black. Base of caudal with a dusky band. Spinous dorsal dark or nearly black. Other fins colorless. 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal in mm.. Head Depth Eye Snout Length of pectoral Length of ventrals Height of soft dorsal Height of anal Length of caudal Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Scales 50 44 34 35i 35 33 14 15 7i 8 20 21 20 20 15 15 15 15 22 23 x-1,14 x-i, 14 IV, 12 IV, 12 3-35-7 3-35-7 45 35 35 15 8 21 21 15 16 23 x-i, 14 IV, 12 3-34-7 125. Holocentrus suborbitalis QUI. Taken in abundance in the rock-pools. Our specimens do not materially differ from the description of the type. The statement that "the tail behind the vertical fins nearly equals a ninth of the total length" should doubtless read "the height of the caudal peduncle behind the vertical fins nearly equals a ninth of the total length." The length of the tail behind the vertical fins is about 3i in the total length. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal.^ Length without caudal in mm. Head Depth Orbit Maxillary Preopercular spine Third anal spine Third dorsal spine Base of soft dorsal Length of pectoral Length of ventral Dorsal Anal Scales 153 145 150 112 no 65 32 32 32 32 31 35 37 37 38 38 37 39 II 12 "1 12 12 14 13 13 121 13 13 15 Si 81 8 7 61 51 19 17 19!, 21 20 22 17 17 i8i 19 17?, 20 i3.i 141 14 131 14 i4l 22 23 24 25 25 27 21 22 24 24 24 26 X1-13 XI-14 XI-14 XI-14 XI-14 XI-14 IV, 9 IV, 9 IV, 9 IV, 9 IV, 9 IV, 9 39 38 38 38 37 37 68 341 38 14 1 41 7 22 19 141 27 25 XI-14 IV, 9 37 1 In this table, the head is measured to the augle formed by largest nperoular apine and edt^o of Knl)opprcle. The preopercular sptiie ia measured along its upper edge from its angle with preopercle. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OP 'PANAMA BAY 67 Family MULLID^. 126. Upeneus grandisquamis Gill. Several specimens collected in the Panama market. This large series enables us to add the following range of variations to the original description: Head 31 to 31 in length without caudal; depth 3 to 3g. Eye 41- to 5 in head; snout 2 to 2|. The fin counts in our eleven specimens are constantly VIII-I, 8 for the dorsal, and I, G for the anal. The third dorsal spine is longer than the fourth, but does not project beyond it. Sometimes it does not reach its tip. Dr. Gill's measurement of the length of the spinous dorsal fin includes the membrane which connects the last spine to the body. As most sj^ecimens have this membrane broken, we have considered the base of the fin to extend to the base of the last spine. The base of the first dorsal equals or sometimes slightly exceeds the interval between the dorsals, the latter equaling or sometimes slightly exceeding the base of the second dorsal. The interval between the dorsals contains 4 scales along the median line. The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen : Red above, silvery below; 2 silvery streaks along the sides anteriorly, follow the rows of scales above and below the latei'al line, and are continued forward on the head to a point behind the eye. Other silvery streaks follow the rows of scales, but are much less conspicuous. Dorsal and caudal deep orange-red with wide translucent margins. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal, in mm..' Head Depth Snout Eye Length of 3d dorsal spine Length of pectoral Height of second dorsal Spinous dorsal from snout Front of first dorsal to front of second dorsal Number of gill-rakers Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Scales 160 154 145 142 32 30 31 29i 32 29 29 29 15 14 14 14 7 6i 7 6i 21 21 20 i9i 25 23i 25 23 12 I2| 13 13 40 38i 39 38 29 30 28 29 6+1 1 6+1 1 6+ 1 1 6-I-12 viii-1,8 viii-1,8 VIII-1,8 VIII-1,8 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 2-30-5 2-30-5 2-31-5 2-31-5 121 30 30 14 7i 19 24 13 38 28i -6+ II VIII-1,8 1,6 2-30-5 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Family SCOMBRID^. 127. Sarda chilensis Guvier 1 1— 1 en X P H « ^ •^ ^^ „lw He-. '¥• c 1^ X ►J D u ^ lO CO M ^ rO vO "i- i^ CO OJ t-H I •-H 0 CJ 0) " 01 UO u-j " o - - > t^ 1 LO + < ^ pq ^ J^ CO >< rn'-N X lO CO M '^ rO vD 01 vO •* !-> CO *-> 0 00 f) Ol Ol lO LO >— ( o 1-4 ; 01 1 l-H pq > X 1 n 1— ( H=^ -^ ^^ «'o» > ^ !N cs 00 ■* cs \D >o OT r*" •-' HH ^D > '~* 00 M H-l )_i 01 ID LO i_i >— 1 1— < 01 t^ 1 + (N l-H LO * > T l-H CO ><; l-H 0 04 CT> ■* vO CO 01 CO ^o > 0 lO M l-H 01 ID LO i-< 1— ( l-H 01 *~' 1 + ro ^ VO 1— 1 1 ^ > 1 X "-* »-H < -;=. -(:. > l-H l-l lO 01 0 •* — 1 CO ^i) > O CJ cs 1— 1 01 ID LO »-t f-H 01 1 « O « 1 + !S1 5 > X »-H X fi q; X o lO 0) O -* OJ o 't t-^ ^- CO 01 I^ t^ •-H CO o 1 CO P) 01 """ Ol u-j lO ►-. *"* " 01 1 vO l-H («! i-< 7 -:j- W > ^ S X X O -(J» r-(N l-H X u lO CO O ■* Ol l^ lO 0 ^ (N h-l CO vO l-H l-H U) O 0) 0) KH 01 lO vO hH 1— 1 1— < 01 1 1— ( CO > X 10 T + CO X -ill ^!ci l-H X in (N O ':t M vO -+ O -i- (N 01 r^ ,A HH M 0 CO n 01 HH 01 in LO " '-' " 01 »— 1 1 10 ( t-H l-H "T 1 CO > X _^ X ^ ^_^ ^(ii ^i -)»> — p» c 0 X CI ^ «■ r^ CJ ■^ 0) ^o lO t^ CO 01 a; 00 « S 0 Ol 01 l-H 01 LO to " 1— 1 ^ 01 ""* 10 + CO £ "^ £ pq > )I^ X rt Cfi la S >. C/3 n3 T3 13 o 13 o 03 13 l-H 3 O T3 C T3 rt 0 13 c O 4-) O It 3: n 1 c rt T3 03 "So :S o c C rt c '0 '0 '0 > S > " o o c ^ "o C "c u> Lh u y "■ ^ a: +-• 4-» ■t- ^ .fcj ^ OJ i) i! ^0. V j: ^ % ^ .4_) 4_t 4_ ^ .£ ^ ^ ^ ■l, C ^ OJ 4- C ' a. ■^ ^ - ■5 _b. 0 1 0, « B 3 E 3 a 3 CA 1 H- J 3: c c s C/) C^ t/ H- K I 2 Z 2 (10) November 13, 1903. 70 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Family TRICHIURID^. 129. Trichiurus lepturus Linnaus. Recorded from Panama by Jordan and Bollman, 1889, p. 180. Family NEMATISTIID^. 130. Nematistius pectoralis Gill. Pi'obably rare as far south as Panama; only three or four seen. The following measurements are from a specimen 30 cm. in length. Head 3|- in length; depth 3!. Eye 5 in head; snout 3^; maxillary 2j\; interorbital (bone) 3|. Dorsal VIII-I, 26; anal T, IG. Gill-rakers 3 + 9, the longest two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Family CARANGID^. 131. Oligoplites saurus (Block d- Schneider). Not uncommon in the market, though much less abundant than 0. rnundus. The top of head and nape are smooth and without conspicuous pores in saimis and there is no membrane connecting the anterior branchiostegal rays of the two sides. Our material shows that no reliable character can be drawn from the com- parative size of the lowest suborbital bone and the next above. In saurus the lowest suborbital seems constantly narrower than the one above it, but they vary greatly in size, sometimes differing on opjiosite sides of the same specimen. Larger specimens have proportionately deejDer bodies, so this character also must be used with caution. We have compared our material with sjiecimens from the Atlantic, and can appreciate no difference whatever. GILBEKT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY vO 01 \0 U-) ro (N 0^ o ^1 0 0 r- \ lo UO o o 01 01 l-H l-H -:t- T) M ; l-H CO - l-H —• 5: (-H > ^ 1-^» ^ (51 -J> ^■pi -(5> -|M -JM O 0 (^ OJ ^ ro I^ m C* (N l-H CO 01 01 OS '^ -t- •+ o Ol Ol t-t >— 1 lO LO l-H 01 l-H h" "■ PI > 1- H -^si -+M -|M o o !N 01 t^ -t M l-H On 0 ro 01 01 OS ^^ ^- -f ^ O Ol 01 >-l >-« -t- u-j '"' 01 i-i "■ '" « >■ .- TV O 0 lQ -i»l ^^ l« ^^( T-iM fM rj S (M ro vo ■+ CN CN 01 •-< ro 01 ^ On ^ '*" ^ ON 01 01 h^ l-H LO lO hH 01 M 1— t 1- *-' > :i c^ o T-^» r-bj — :^» 1— 1 r-i t^ 01 v£) "* M l-H o o CO ^ l-H OS „ -1- -t- I^ 01 01 >-H HH '* ^ kH 01 l-H V """ *~* > ^ 1- M -^ o o S K ^J rO M I-^ lO CI M 33 CO -i- « CO 0 lO LO ■1 r^ M 01 01 . Tj- •* l-H 01 l-H > : « o o ^ -fej ->» -Is. -*. 01 01 N 01 O ^ (N) »-l o l-H ■* CO " 0 - T) ■^ to 01 ro ►- * l-H lO lO l-H 01 l-H ^ ^ •*»* C) > ti ■- 1 -^ r-|N Wn t^M -m — tl 0 o 01 ;^ '»»i g 00 01 O ■* m ^ c^ c^ CO o l-H o - lO ^ o 01 01 -:)- ^ l-H o l-H ■" " ■- - -Si '*^ ^ "i» -*" 0 o <1 01 Ol 0\ lO 0» M o ON ^ CO w OS _ lO lO CO 01 01 »— 1 l-H ^ >* M 01 •-H (-H HH 01 > G \> O 0 T-^ *- « -(I> 01 ?i <^ u-> 01 o ^ OJ « o o -t- CO " o _ lO rl- ■«i t-l 01 ro l-H l-H lO lO 01 l-H ^H t— ^ ^ « 0) > " ■^ »-'« '-!« — :« -15) o ON s « t^ t^ '^ CI --H ON o CO Ol •-H o lO •* vS SJ >— I o 01 l-H l-H ■^ >n l-H 01 — 1 " >— ^ ^ 04 ?■ 5 .g o o r-;c» -In -T5» -)M 01 N O) 01 t^ Tt- n •- o OS CO 01 01 0 _ lO Tj- ■S 0) 01 Ol l-H —• ^ ■* 01 •"* > - ^ S" r^ M >-* o OS CO Ol -H OS o o ^., "! -d- •^ a 0 01 01 hH l-H •* •* l-H 01 l-H ,__, 1 Ol > ^ T-^ — CJ -(!1 —I** -in -tn -t!. c 01 O 01 04 r^ ■^ tN 0 ON 0 CO 01 KH OS . '^l- 1* 0 01 01 -rl- u-> 01 l-H 01 > i ~c c — ;^ — '^» -|»i — I?l — fM OJ oi 0 01 r^ -h M o c> o CO hH ON . lO ^ O 01 01 •— l-H -*• in l-H 01 — < I— 01 > i v S >^ ^ ^ (U (J o B 1-4 u 'o OJ rt _c M-. ■ 1 , .^ IT o o "3 t« > ^ ■, c c s o O - 'rt "a s ^ 'C -a tj 'TZ Cfi , . O "« o _o o J3 0^ o 'o c OJ Qh a. u o 0] ■a c CO XI > '? > O 03 o "o "o 'o 'o "o "o i2 J3 7. *-) ^ ,c 4_( 4-1 ^ <5 o 3 O c - o c in c 1-4 0 c OJ J bj '5 0 _b/ 3 e 3 a u o 2 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES 132. Oligoplites altus {Gilnther). Plate XI, Fig. 20. One specimen taken in the Panama market. Head 4^ in length without caudal; depth 3^. Eye 4^ in head; snout 3|; maxillary j|. The interorbital width equals the diameter of the eye. Dorsal V-I, 19; anal II-I, 20. Body moderately deep, as in specimens of O. satirus of equal size; contour very slightly angulated at front of soft dorsal and anal. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching slightly past eye. The bands of teeth on jaws are wider than in either O. sauriis or O. »iinidus, and differ from them in having the outer row of the lower jaw composed of slender movable teeth which are more or less in contact and project above the other teeth. They are bluntly rounded as viewed from the side, but are laterally compressed to a sharp cutting edge. The width of the mandibular band of teeth anteriorly is about a fourth of the diameter of the eye or one-fourth wider than maxillary near the posterior end. The premaxillary band is somewhat narrower. The patch of vomerine teeth is rounded in front and acutely pointed behind; its length about half the diameter of the eye, its width about two-thirds of its length. The palatine patches are about half as wide as the vomerine patch. Gill-rakers moderately slender, their length about two-thirds eye. Top of head and nape with pores, as in O. mundiis. Anterior branchiostegal rays connected across isthmus by a thin transparent membrane. The anterior rays of dorsal are a little longer than those of anal. The last rays of dorsal and anal are produced; those of anal a little longer, barely reaching to the short anterior caudal rays. Pectoral about if in head; its tip reaching slightly past tips of ventrals. Origin of ventrals nearer front of anal (behind detached spines) than tip of lower jaw by about half eye. Caudal lobes subequal. Color not unlike O. viundus. Back slaty-brownish, lower parts and sides silvery. Top of head to tip of snout dark; tip of mandible black. Pectoral fin dusky on inner face, growing darker or black at base. Dorsal and caudal dusky, median rays of caudal darker at tips. Ventral and anal white. This species differs from 0. inundus in having a smaller mouth, a more slender body, and in the character of the teeth in the lower jaw. Dr. G. A. Boulenger has kindly re-examined for us the type of 0. altus in the British Museum, and informs us that the top of the head is densely beset with pores, and the anterior branchioste- gal rays of the two sides are joined by membrane. There can be no question, there- fore, as to the correct identification of our sj^ecimen. GILBEKT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 73 Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Eye Maxillary Snout to posterior margin of eye Snout to soft dorsal Snout to first anal ray Length of pectoral Length of caudal Longest dorsal ray Longest anal ray Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Number of a:ill-rakers 225 23 30 5 14 49 50 16 27 I2i lOi V-1,19 11-1,20 4-fio 133. Oligoplites refulgens sp. uov. Plate XI, Fig. 19. Head 4f in body without caudal; depth 4*. Eye 4-^ in head; ma.xillary 2\\ snout 3|-. Inter- orbital width little exceeding diameter of eye. Dorsal V- 1, 20; anal II-I, 19. Body more elongate than in other members of the genus; the ventral and dorsal outlines similar and symmetrical, without angles at origin of dorsal and anal fins. Head pointed; its greatest width i\ in its length; its depth at point of occipital crest a little anterior to edge of opercle, i^ in its length. Mouth comparatively small; its outline curved upward anteriorly and downward posteriorly; lower jaw slightly the longer; maxillary scarcely reaching to below middle of eye. Teeth on jaws in narrow bands which are scarcely as wide as exposed portion of maxillary anteriorly. Bands on vomer and palatines wide, that on vomer about if as long as it is wide, its greatest width in its anterior third or fourth; palatine bands at least twice as wide as those on jaws. Tongue with minutely granular patches. Head entirely scaleless. Scales on body about as in the most conspicuously scaled examples of O. saurits. Top of head and nape smooth as in O. saurus, without the conspicuous pores of O. fnundus and O. altus. Insertion of ventrals about midway between base of first anal spine and the vertical from anterior orbital rim; their tips reaching over half way to second anal spine. Pectoral extending to tips of ventrals. Longest anterior dorsal ray a little longer than longest anal ray. Last ray of dorsal and anal elongate, that of the anal the longer, reaching rudimentary caudal rays. Caudal rather short, the lobes equal; its longest ray i^ in head. Sides bright silvery; top of head and snout nearly black; extreme tip of lower jaw black. Two very dark brown or blackish bands run parallel along the back and upper part of sides; the 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES lower sharply defined below by the silvery of the sides, passing gradually above into dusky silvery. The upper band is uniform in color and joins its fellow of the opposite side, forming a well defined median band on back as viewed from above. Dorsal spines and anterior part of soft dorsal blackish; anal slightly dusky anteriorly, its spines white. Ventrals white; pectoral dusky on inner face, growing darker towards base. Upper and lower edges of caudal dusky; the upper the darker. A single sj^eciraen, 22 cm. in entire length, was taken in the Panama market. Measurements in Hundredths of Length 'without Caudal. Length without caudal Head Depth Eye Maxillary Snout to posterior edge of eye Snout to soft dorsal Snout to anal . . . Length of pectoral Length of caudal Length of longest anterior dorsal ray Length of longest anterior anal ray.. Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays .-. . . Number of gill-rakers 203 2ii 22 5 9\ II 49 51 18 ^ 7 v-i, 20 11-1,19 6+17 134. Oligoplites mundus Jordan Jk StarJcs. In the Panama market this species is more abundant than any other of the genus. 0. mundus resembles 0. alius, and differs from ihal division of the genus to which 0. saurus and 0. refulgens belong in having the top of its head and nape closely covered with pores, which open into short canals ramifying beneath the skin. In a large specimen from Mazatlan, about IG inches in length, these pores and canals are very conspicuous and extend posteriorly in a patch on side of back to a point above the anterior third of the pectoral fin. 0. mundus and 0. alius have also the anterior branchiostogals connected across the isthmus by a thin, but tough trans- parent membrane. The bands of teeth on the jaws are wider, the body is deeper, and the caudal is longer. GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. 75 Locality . Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Eye Maxillary Tip of snout to posterior edge of eye.. Tip of snout to soft dorsal Tip of snout to anal ' Length of pectoral Length of caudal Height of dorsal Height of anal Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Number of gill-rakers above angle .... Number of gill-rakers below angle ... Panama 198 210 25 25i 35 34 5 5i i7i i7i 14 "i 51 52i 52 53 i6i i7i 25 27 i5i 16 15 15 iv-1,19 IV -1,20 11-1,19 II -1,20 3 3 10 II 205 264 36 5i i7i 12 53 54i 17 28 16 15 IV-I,20 11-1,19 4 10 208 26 35 5 18 12 53 55 i6i 26| 16 14 v-1,19 ii-i, 19 4 ID 174 26 36I 54 18 12 53 55 i6i 27 15 14 iv-i, 18 11-1,18 3 9 Algodones I Lagoon, Mex. 209 26 34 5 i7i 12 52 52i i7i 27 16 15 V-I,20 11-1,20 4 10 151 25i 33 5i 17 12 51 52 16 25i 15 14 IV-1,19 11-1,19 3 10 Masat- lan, Mex. 385 241- 35 4 16 lOl 51 51 16 24ir 14 i3i V-I,20 11-1,20 4 10 135. Trachurops crumenopthalmus (Block). Occasionally brought to market, where numerous specimens were collected. It was also observed at Acapulco. We are unable to find any differences between specimens fi'om the Atlantic and the Pacific. The head varies from 3J to 3.^ in length; the depth from 3| to 3|; the pec- toral from 3i to 3|. Orbit 2f to 3J in head; maxillary 2]- to 2|; ventral 2 to 2]. Plates and scales along the entire lateral line vary from 86 to 91. 136. Hemicaranx atrimanus (Jordan & Gilbert). Of frequent occurrence in the Panama market, where it appeared sometimes in considerable numbers. As the original description was taken from a single specimen, we append the following notes giving a wider range of variation. Head 3| to 4| in length; depth 2| to 2|; length of pectoral 2^ to 2J; chord of curve of lateral line 3| to 4; straight part of lateral line If- to 2. Orbit 85 to 4^ 76 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES in head; maxillary 3{ to 3|; ventrals li to 2J; highest dorsal spine 3 to 3.\; second dorsal ray I4 to 2. Length 23 to 36 cm. The following color description was taken from a fresh specimen: Back deep blue, with faint traces of cross-bars. Snout and opercles dusky. Cheeks dusky yellow, with coarse brown specks. Lower part of sides silvery, with some dusky shading and without yellow. Caudals and pectorals light lemon-yellow, the caudal narrowly edged with black. Pectorals with a jet-black blotch involving base and axil of fin and basal portion of all except the lowest rays. Dorsal, anal and ventrals orange-yellow, more or less dusky; dorsal inconspicuously margined with black. 137. Hemicaranx zelotes Gilbert. Plate XII, Fig. 22. ''•■' Hemicaranx zelotes Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2845). Closely related to atrimamis, with which it agrees in having a large jet-black area on axil and base of pectorals. It differs from atrimanus in the following characters: The more rounded profile of snout; the lower spinous dorsal; the longer maxillary; the higher, shorter curve in the lateral line; the wider scutes, which are also fewer in number; the darker coloration of body and fins. Head 4 to 4| in length; depth, 2| to 2|; D. VII-I, 26 to 29; A. II-I, 23 to 25; P. 20 to 22. Scutes 51 to 53 (over 60 in atrimamis'). Body regularly elliptical, its greatest depth about in the middle of its length, exclusive of caudal peduncle. Head small; anterior profile more decurved, the snout hence blunter than in atrimanus; depth of head just behind eye about five-sixths its length. Jaws subequal, the tip of the lower slightly projecting; maxillary narrow, not quite reaching anterior margin of pupil, about 3 J in head (3|- in atrimamis). A single series of small, close-set subequal teeth in each jaw; no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue. Orbit considerably greater than snout, 3J to 3^ in head. Interorbital width (taken at anterior margin of orbit) slightly less than orbit. Occiput with an evident carina. Distance from snout to first dorsal spine greater than length of pectorals. Spinous dorsal very low, the highest spine considerably less than orbit (greater than orbit in atrimanus). A well developed antrorse spine before the dorsal. Soft dorsal and anal similar, not falcate; the rays decreasing in size from the first; the highest ray of the soft dorsal 2 to 2\ in head; the highest ray of the anal about 2\ in head. Dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales, the last 3 or 4 rays uncovered. Caudal fin wide, well forked, the upper lobe the longer, the longest ray not quite one-fourth total length of body. Pectoral fin long, falcate, but much shorter than in atri- manus, 3^ to 3f in body (2^^ to 2* in atrimanzis). Ventrals 2| to 2| in head. Scales as in atrimanus. Lateral line with a very strong curve anteriorly, the height of the curve 2\ to 3 J in its length; its length 2 J to 2\ in the straight portion. The entire length of the straight portion is furnished with scutes, which are very small in front and behind. The scutes are considerably wider and lower than in atrimanus: the widest about one-half the diameter of orbit (about one-third diameter of orbit in atrimatius). Coloration much as in atrimanus, but darker and the fins without yellow. Blackish olive above, dusky silvery below, top of head and snout black. Spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal and anal black, except a narrow light streak at base. Caudal dark, margined with black; pectorals very dark, black on inner face, the extreme lower rays light. A large jet-black blotch covers the base of the pectorals and extends for about one-fifth of the whole length of the fin; the axil is also black. Four specimens were obtained in the market at Panama; none others were seen. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 77 138. Hemicaranx furthii (Steindachner) . Only the types known, from Panama. Probably not distinct from H. leucurus. 139. Hemicaranx leucurus (Gilnther). Only the type known, from Panama. 140. Caranx vinctus Jordan & Gilbert. But few specimens were seen, four of these preserved. They agree well with the description of the type. The measurement of the eye in the original description is evidently of the entire orbit. Between the adipose eyelids, the eye is 5 to 5] in head. 141. Caranx hippos (Linnceus). We have compared seven specimens from Panama and Mazatlan with five specimens from Jamaica and Cuba. The Pacific examples seem to differ slightly in having an average larger number of gill-rakers and more plates in the straight part of the lateral line. In five of the seven Pacific specimens, the ventrals end con- siderably in advance of the vent; in one specimen they reach the vent, and in one they extend beyond it. The Atlantic specimens all have the ventrals reaching to or a little past the vent. The Panama specimens are all a little more slender than the Atlantic or Mazatlan specimens. It is not probable that these differences have any imjjortance for classification. Meas2ire77ients in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Locality Length in mm. without caudal . Depth at base of ventrals Distance from base of ventrals to 1st detached anal spine Distance from vent to base of ven- tral fins Panatna Mazatlan, Mex. Jamaica 252 204 260 261 254 185 177 200 200 193 172 32 34 3oi- ZA 31 36i 36 354- 36 36 35 2C% 2li 24 22 21 2ii 19 20J 21 20^ 20 i4i i6i 16 16^- 15 15 14 14 Hi 14 i3i 228 38 (11) < < < < n m ft P n> 3 3 3 3 cr r+ r+ r^ "n p P P •o C/l U) UJ Cf. ■-t rD ro 0 13 »-t ft 0 u V < < UJ r> (T) ' — o < 3 P ■-1 < < 3" 3 fB 3 O November 14, 1903 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Table of gill -rakers and plates of straight part of lateral line. Locality Panama Mazatlan Jamaica Li *Gill-rakers Plates 16 + 2 39 16 + 2 42 16 + 1 41 16 + 2 37 15 + 2 38 16 + I 39 16+ I 38 14 + 2 33 15 + 2 35 14 + 2 36 15 + 2 32 14 + 2 36 ^ 142. Caranx caballus {Giinther). Frequently appearing in considerable numbers; seven specimens preserved. These, in addition to three specimens from Mazatlan, have been compared with four specimens of C. crysoa from the Atlantic (two from Jamaica; one from Woods Hole, Mass.; one from Florida). C. caballus seems to be more slender, the depth varying from 3] to 3^ (3 to 3-5- in C crysos). The former has two or three of the plates on the caudal peduncle lengthened antero-posteriorly. Counting from a point opposite the base of the last dorsal ray to opposite the beginning of the short outer rays of the caudal, they num- ber four or five in 0. caballus, and seven or eight in C. a^ysos. The two species do not differ in length of the pectoral or in the number of plates in the straight part of the lateral line, as has been alleged. In both, the pectoral varies from 2| to 3^ in the length, and the plates from 47 to 50. 143. Caranx marginatus Gill. Common in the Panama market. We supplement the description given by Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 922) as follows: Head from 31 to 3| in length; depth 2^ to 3. Dorsal in four specimens VIII-I, 21; in two specimens VIII-I, 20. Anal in four specimens II-I, 16; in two specimens II-I, 17. Eye (iris) 4 to 4g in head; maxillary 3 to 3!, reaching to below posterior border of pupil. The gill-rakers number 4 or 5 -|- 14 or 15. Pectoral 2^ to 3 in body. Arch of lateral line 1| to 1|- in its straight portion. Plates in straight part of lateral line in two specimens 30, in three specimens 31, in one specimen 32. We have specimens in the collection of Stanford University from Mazatlan, Socorro Island and the Galapagos Islands, which agree with our Panama specimens in all respects. Doubtless all of the records of the occurrence of C. latus in the Pacific are referable to either C. marginatus or-C. medusicola. C. marginatus differs frorft C. mednsicola and C. latus in having a slenderer form, and fewer plates in the lateral line. We have re-examined the two type specimens of C. medusicola from Mazatlan, and also several specimens from Clarion Island. None of them exceed 7 inches in length. From C. latus of the same size (of which we have specimens from Key West, St. Lucia and Bahia, Brazil), 0. medusicola differs in the following respects: * OiU'rakers givei) for lower arcb only; the rudimeuts enumerated separately In each case. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 79 The maxillary is shorter, 2f to 2^ in head (2 to 2f in C. latus). The preorbital is wider, in the narrowest part two-thirds the diameter of the eye (half eye in C. latus)- The snout is longer, from 2^';^ to 3 in head (3f to 3| in C. latu^). The gill-rakers are more numerous, 4+ 17 or 18 (4+ 14 or 15 in C. latus). It has 1 or 2 more soft rays in the dorsal and anal, 22 or 23 dorsal rays, 18 anal rays (20 or 21 dorsal rays, and 16 or 17 anal rays in C. latus). One of the Mazatlan specimens is deeper than any specimen we have seen of C. latus, the others are of the same depth. The figure of C.medusicola given by Jordan (1895 5, plate 34), shows the characters of this species very well, except that the preorbital is not wide enough. In the original description, the number of the dorsal spines, gill-rakers, and lateral plates is wrongly given. The first dorsal has 8 spines, the plates to the bend in the lateral line number from 36 to 38. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Species Locality Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Snout Least width of preorbital Maxillary Eye : Chord of curve of lateral line Straight part of lateral line Number of soft dorsal rays Number of anal rays Plates in straight part of lateral line C. MEDUSICOLA Mazatlan (TlPES. ) Clarion Island C. LATUS Bahia, Brazil Kev I Flor 103 III 33 32i 43 43 9 9 3 3 15 15 8 8 28 30 45 43. 21 20 17 16 37 36 98 123 133 3ii 3oi 32 461 42i 40 IQl loi II 4 4 4i iH 12 13 8 1\ 1\ 30 30 30 4ii 4ii 42 22 22 22 18 18 18 36 36 37 139 32i 42i III 4i I2i 7i 30 42 23 18 38 108 32 43 9 3 i5i 8 30 45 21 17 35 144. Gnathanodon speciosus {ForsLdl). Appearing infrequently; on two occasions many large ones were brought to market. Our five specimens all have 19 rays in the dorsal and 16 in the anal. 145. Citula dorsalis {Gill). Frequently brought to market. We preserved seven specimens from 24 to 36 cm. in length. To the description given by Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 930), we make the following additions and corrections, based upon our material. 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Depth from 1* to 2 in length. Eye 4^ to 4| in head; snout 2| to 3. Pec- toral one-fourth to one-fifth longer than head. Ventrals reaching well past vent, about half the distance from their insertion to the third anal spine. Length of gill- rakers a little over half diameter of eye, their number 6 + 16. In three specimens the dorsal rays number 19 and the anal 17; in three the dorsal is 18 and the anal 16, and in one the dorsal is 19 and the anal 16. Scales in the straight part of lateral line 48 (not 58). 146. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). But few of this species were seen. We have compared our material with a single specimen from Jamaica and can appreciate no differences. 147. "Vomer setipinnis (MitckUl). Brought into the market almost daily, sometimes in large numbers. We preserved nine adult specimens and several young; the latter were taken in the tide-pools. We have compared our adult specimens with three specimens from Beaufort, N. C, and a single large specimen from Jamaica. From the former, ours difier in the following respects: The body is more slender, the declivity of the anterior profile is less steej), the space between the eye and the angle of profile above eye is shorter, the bases of the anal and soft dorsal are shorter, and the scutes on the caudal peduncle are larger. They difier from the Jamaica specimen only in having larger scutes. We have compared the young with specimens of the same size from Galveston and find them similar. The specimens from Beaufort seem to occupy a position between the Panama specimens and V. sjjixii. Our material from the Atlantic is so meagre that we are unable to decide whether the species from the Pacific is distinct or not. GILBEKT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 81 Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Locality Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Maxillary Eye Eye to middle of upper curve of head Eye to anterior tip of maxillary... Least distance from eye to anterior profile Eye to opercular angle Straight part of lateral line from base of middle caudal rays Chord of curve of lateral line Length of soft dorsal base. Length of anal base Length of pectoral Length of caudal Beaufort, N. C. ^ Panama Galveston 150 33 55 13 8 1 61 15 6i 40 34i 45 53 34 Bro 164 33 57 13 7i 138 33i 58 13 1\ 16 17 i5i i5i 6i 7 12 "4 41 41 31 33 46 46 54 52 35 37 ken. 248 33 5ii i3i 8 i3i 14 6i I2i 41 33 44i 48 34 29 159 225 34i 32 5oi 50 i3i 13 8 7 13 13 Hi i3i 7 7 13 I2i 39 4ii 32 32 42i 44i 48 48 38+ 37 29 28 204 34 48i 13 7 12J- 13 7 13 42 30 43 48 38 29 172 204 63 66 65 33i 32i 39 38 38 52 51 68 63 66 13 13 14 13 14 8 7i 9i 9 10 13 I2i 18 17 19 14 i3i 18 17 20 7 6i 1\ 7 1\ I2i I2i i3i 12 II 40i 43 40 38 37 31 31 29 28 32 44 44 46 45 45 48 48 55 52 54 40 38 37 36 35 30 28 30 28 32 66 38 65 14 9i 19 18 7 12 37 33 46 53 34 30 148. Selene cerstedii Liitken. Common; brought into the market ahnost daily with S. vomer. It may be at once distinguished from all other members of the genus by the occipital region being scarcely angulated, and by the comparatively large ventral fins. The following description is from a specimen 31 cm. in length. Head 2| in length; depth i|. Eye 4 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3I. Dorsal VI, I, 18; anal II, I, 15. The profile of snout is less nearly vertical than that of head in front of eye, with which it forms a slight angle just below the level of the eye. In smaller examples the angle is less noticeable. The upper profile forms a broad even curve from just above eye to spinous dorsal. The outline of the body is angulated at front of soft dorsal and anal. Teeth small, blunt, and not much crowded, in bands on jaws and palatines, in a quadran- gular patch on vomer. Preorbital space contained 3 times in postorbital space. Gill-rakers contained 2^ times in diameter of eye; their number 4-(- 14. The pectoral reaches to above eleventh or twelfth anal ray, or to within twice the diameter of the eye of the base of the middle caudal rays. The ventrals reach to the first detached anal spine; in specimens 21 cm. in length, they reach to the first anal ray; in specimens 11 cm. long, they reach to the caudal rays and are about half the length of the entire body. Anterior dorsal and anal rays filamentous. Second dorsal spine as long as the maxillary, reaching when fin is depressed, two-thirds the distance between its base and the front of the soft dorsal. In a specimen 11 cm. in length it is longer than the head by a distance equal to the diameter of the eye. Color silvery with bluish reflections above. Spinous dorsal and front of soft dorsal dusky; other fins colorless. In specimens 21 cm. in length or less, the distal half or more than half of the ventrals is black. 82 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hicndredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal in mm. . Head Depth Eye Snout Length of pectoral Length of ventrals Length of caudal Length of dorsal base Length of anal base Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays 243 150 160 37 37 39 60 66 68 91- 9 9 19 20 2oi 46 47 46 Hi 20 17 36 38 40 45 48 47 43 43 44 vi-i, 18 vii-i, 17 VII-I, 18 n-i, 15 ii-i, 15 ii-i, 15 86 42 73 10 22 43 60 37 45 45 n-i, 15 149. Selene vomer {Linnmus). Common at Panama. We have compared our specimens with others from Florida and Jamaica, and find only individual differences. 150. Chloroscombrus orqueta Jordan <& Gilbert. Frequently taken in abundance. We have compared our specimens with the original description (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, 0, p. 6-10) and with specimens of C. clirysurus. The depth is very variable; in our most slender specimens the depth is 2f in the length, while in the deepest specimen (of the same length) it is 24^. Between these extremes are all intermediate shapes. 151. Trachinotus rhodopus Gill. Not abundant; eight specimens preserved, from 15 to 3G cm. in length. We have compared them with a single specimen of 2\ glaucus from Key West. In addition to the less vertical snout noted by Dr. Gill, they differ in having much longer, slenderer, and more numerous gill-rakers. The scales appear to be smaller, and the dorsal and anal are probably slightly longer. The dorsal formula in seven specimens is VI, I, 20, in one specimen VI, T, 19; the anal in three specimens III, 19, in five specimens III, 18. The gill-rakers are long and slender, and do not greatly taper in size from their base to their tips. GILBERT AND STAltKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 83 They number 14 or 15 on the lower limb of the arch, and in length are from three- fiftha to two-thirds the diameter of the eye. The character of width or position of the cross-bars is without value. In one of our small specimens, the second bar on one side occurs directly midway between the first and second bars on the reverse side, while the third bar is only a little beliind the second bar of the reversed side. The first two bars are not always nearer together tha-n the others, as described by Jordan and Evermann. The bars are not so conspicuous in our small specimens as in the large ones, but they are evident. In our specimens of T. glaucus, the dorsal formula is V, I, 19, the anal III, 17. Tlie gill-rakers are short and thick at the base and taper rapidly to a point. They number 9 on the lower j^art of the arch, and in -length are but one-third the diameter of the eye. Measurements in Hundredths of Length 'without Caudal. Species Locality Length without caudal in mm Head Greatest depth at angle of dorsal Eye Snout Maxillary Interorbital (bone) Pectoral fin Ventral fin Upper caudal lobe Length of gill-rakers Height of caudal peduncle Number of dorsal spines Number of dorsal rays Number of anal spines and rays Number of gill-rakers on lower limb of arch TRACHINOTUS RHODOPUS Patiatna TRACHINOTUS GLAUCUS Key West 227 27 51 6i 6i 9i 9 23 10 50 3i VI, I 20 HI, 18 15 26i 54 6J 7 10 9i 24 loi 53 4 VI, I 20 III, 19 15 232 27 49 6i- 7 9i 9i 23 "i 51 4 9 VI, I 20 III, 19 14 226 26| 53 6i 6i 9 9i 2li Hi Broken 9 V, I 19 III, 17 9 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 152. Trachinotus culveri Jordan & Starks. A single specimen was taken in the market. This species seems to differ from T. fahatus in having a slightly shorter dorsal and anal. Our Panama sj^ecimen and the type and co-type from Mazatlan have the following fin counts: Dorsal VI, I, 18; VI, I, 18; VI, I, 17; anal III, 16; III, 17; III, 16. In twelve specimens of 1\ falcatus, three have 20 soft rays in the dorsal, nine have 19; in the anal, nine specimens have 18 soft rays, three have 17. As the largest specimen of falcatus in our possession is hut 8 cm. in length, other comparisons are unsatisfactory. T. culveri differs from 2\ kennechji in having a deeper, more angulated body and in having the mouth more oblique. The anterior end of the preraaxillary is on a level with a point a little above the lower rim of the orbit in T. culveri, while it is slightly below the orbit in T. kennedyi. 153. Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner . Frequently brought to market but never in large numbers. Six specimens were preserved, 28 to 31 cm. in length. They are smaller than the specimens from which Dr. Steindachner wrote his excellent description, and differ slightly as follows: Head 3g- to Si in length; depth 1| to 1^. Eye 4 to 4| in head; interorbital width 2V. The maxillary reaches to below the middle of the eye or only slightly beyond that point. 154. Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starks. One adult specimen taken, 31 cm. in length. We have in addition a large specimen from Magdalena Bay and several small ones (including the types), from 5 to 10 cm. in length, from Mazatlan and San Juan Lagoon, Mexico. For comparison we have a single large specimen and two smaller ones of T. carolinus from the Atlantic. 2\ paloma differs from T. carolinus in having a smaller eye, 5f to 54 in head in adult, 3| to 4i in young (4| in carolinus in adult, 3 to 34 in young). The gill- rakers are longer, their length contained 6 times in the postorbital part of the head in the adult (10 times in the adult of carolinus). They number the same in the two species, 4 + 9 or 10. The snout is longer, 34 in head (4 in head in carolinus), and the maxillary is shorter, 3 in head (2^ in carolinus). The anal lobe seems to be shorter, l.j in head, I4 in anal base (in carolinus it equals head and is 14 in base of anal). We find little difference in size of head between the two species, though such was alleged to exist in the original description of 2\ pialoma. 155. Nomeus gronovii (Gmelln). Recorded from Panama by Dr. Eigenmann (1894, p. 629), who states that they were taken in "rocky pools at Panama." It has not been taken by other observers. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 85 156. Peprilus palometa {Jordan & Bollman). This species was frequently brought to the Panama market. As the type of the species was only 7 cm. in length, we supplement the original description by the following taken from specimens 19 to 23 cm. in entire length. Head 3 J to 3! in length without caudal; depth i,^ to i^. Eye 4^ to 4| in head; maxillary 2,^; dorsal III, 44 to 46; anal III, 41 to 43. Lateral line 100. Gill-rakers 5+ 16 or 17. Body compressed and deep, the dorsal and ventral outlines similar in contour behind the head. Dorsal profile of head more convex than ventral; the snout blunt. Mouth small and oblique, the maxillary barely reaching past the anterior orbital rim. Teeth in a single row on jaws; none evident on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers about half as long as the diameter of the eye. A few scales present on head under and behind the eye, and a few at upper end of opercle; head otherwise naked. Scales on body smooth, crowded, and loosely attached; those of lateral line more firmly attached. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins covered with fine crowded scales. In the co-types, with which we have compared our specimens, no lobes are evident on the dorsal and anal fins. In the adult specimens, the lobes are well developed, though variable in length; they are generally longer in the larger specimens. The spines of dorsal and anal are scaled over, as are the rays. Anal lobe much longer than that of dorsal, often reaching to below the tips of the last anal rays, or to base of caudal fin. Dorsal lobe sometimes extending to opposite tip of pectoral, sometimes reaching further back. Dorsal and anal rays behind the lobes of about equal height, generally a little higher than the diameter of eye, though often less than that in the smaller specimens. Tip of pectoral generally reaching to half way between its base and tips of middle caudal rays. Pelvic bones ending as a short sharp spine. Upper lobe of caudal the longer, sometimes filamentous. Color bluish brown on back, silvery on lower parts of body. Top of head and snout colored like the back. Opercle with dusky brown areas. Dorsal, anal and caudal variously dusky. Pectoral dusky behind base; the rays sparsely covered towards their ends with rather large brown dots. ( 12 ) November 20, 1903. 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES T^Sl t45J CCt^ 4; VO 04 lO 1 lO o ^c VC VO OC ^ 00 CV lO t^ "^ ^ -" 1 r^ CN lO O VO rf .d- Ov ^-T m" + u « 1^ "O CQ -t o\ t^ '^ t^ a: O^ .^ Ov C lO " vc> Ov -1- -* - r^ CN lO Cv o CO -^ cjv -r _ : + u E " VO m ^^N ^H- ^j VO CN lO 0 oc ro vC l^ oc fv >- C CO 0 TT T « 1 t^ (N lO ro lO -^ -^f 0 „' „- + 1 •" " « " VO -+« -^ Hh> '^ c^ t^ 00 r^ •- VC r^ oc lo C c ON >0 "^ '=^ " 1 vC M >o CO VC ^ lo c^ ►- ^ - + •- *Z Z VO ■4-t e CO -*> vD r^ OC c lo « r^ CO CO Ov O ■+ -h « vO (N lO CO lO •* CO O ^ ' + ^ « :: lO ^ O VC 'O t^ ex c c c OV CO J^ OC VO Cvl vO ^ ^ ^ c lO CN •o c ^ '^ C Ov „' _ ' 4- £ ^ PC ;- t^ ^ VO c g r45* r-J-JJ ^^1 in ro ^o 1 a VO o ro t^ t^ a: c 1- ^ ro -T T- « 1 CO rO lO CO lO ^ C C ,_ f_ " + M L- " VO 1 p: •- •- VO »H CO t^ t^ Ov >- CO CO lO •- »>4 rO CO to CO "^f * "^ C I- ^ - + M ^ ^ VO Si 1 lo O CN ^4S -t^ -^N t^ t>. 00 lo w M CO C VO CO VO 1 n CO lO CO >0 ^ ■* C ^ k- - + ^ ■"^ ^ - VO ^ r*l ,-lM rn^N vC c ,. ^ N (M ^ r^ r~. ov ov vc CT> 0 lO ^ "^ " 1 1 rO ro VO cs ^ CO ^ c^ K- ^ " + •^ ^ i= VO •1 CO t^ o O t^ 1- c i2 OC ^ ^ ^ lO to lO M h- c O _ ^_ - + ^ ■^ ffi ^ ►^ VO R r-(M -*> 0, 1- c (U ^ . !2 f- 1 •t^ >^ 5 r^ r^ 0 o t^ M CO i_i ^ 00 ■^ xj- h-i 1 V s lO ro lO M rO p O H- ^ - + O CO "1 0. .-a ^ ^ VO O vO CO O CO a CO t: 0 »0 CO \0 lO ro •^ M M 0 c 2 a u 0 ^ j^ VO « 6 S > CO IS > CO It ^ * c > ^ 3 If} CO OJ c« CT 'a c^ 3 > 2 ^ (J 3 E o S 3 O "cc c O O OJ "o It ■a CO jS 1) ;-. o ■4-» _-t- "* OJ n: > 1) J2 "o J3 C o i-H o 11 J3 _a ^ ^ "^ n o C a 3 3 r^ J X Q W CA) § Q < J D m Z, Z o 1 GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 87 157. Peprilus snyderi sp. no v. Plate XII, Fig. 23. Head 3|- in length without caudal; depth 2|. Eye 5| in head; snout 3^; maxillary 3f. Scales no. Dorsal III, 45; anal III, 43. Gill-rakers 5+ 16. Dorsal and ventral outlines of body similar, the body not greatly compressed, more elongate than in any other American species. Snout blunt. The occipital crest forms a sharp ridge on top of head. Mouth rather small, the maxillary barely reaching to the vertical from anterior edge of eye; jaws subequal. Teeth small and close-set in a single even series, those of lower jaw fitting inside those of upper jaw when mouth is closed. Gill-rakers moderately slender, half as long as the diameter of the eye, their number 4 or 5 -f- 14 to 16. Top of head with a network of sensory canals ramifying over it, the most conspicuous branch vein-like above anterior part of eye. Branching canals also extend more or less over the scales of back above lateral line, sometimes reaching nearly to dorsal spines. Head entirely scaleless except the cheeks and upper part of opercles. Dorsal, anal and caudal with very small, crowded scales, extending nearly to the ends of the rays. Pectoral scaleless. Body completely invested with rather loosely attached scales. Dorsal and anal fins with moderate lobes, that of anal slightly longer than that of dorsal, about equal to the length of head without snout. Base of anal a little shorter than that of dorsal. Tip of pectoral nearly reaching to the vertical above notch behind anal lobe, its length greater than that of the head by the diameter of the eye. Pelvic girdle ending as a small sharp spine. Caudal longer than pectoral by nearly half eye. Color bluish brown on back, changing to a warm Vandyke brown on naked parts of head. Caudal a rich dark brown similar to that of head. Pectoral brown at base, toward end of rays dusky, with dark points. Other fins dusky. One specimen is more silvery than the others, and may represent more nearly the original coloration. Top of head brown. Caudal, dorsal and anal slightly dusky. The type is 255 mm. in entire length. The species came to market on but two days of our visit of six weeks. Seven specimens in all were seen and preserved. The species is named for our friend and associate, Professor John O. Snyder, who has helped us materially in the preparation of this report. 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hiaidredths of Length without Caudal. Type Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Eye Snout Maxillary Longest dorsal rays Longest anal rays Length of pectoral Length of caudal Number of scales Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Number of gill-rakers 200 28|- 37 8 i9i 20 32 34 107 "1-45 "1,43 5+16 215 28 38 5i n i9i- 21 32 34 112 III. 45 111,42 4+14 21 1 27 37^ 5i 7i 8 19 20 31 33 106 I", 43 "i>43 4+16 1S7 28 39 5i 8 8^ 22 24 33 36 111,44 111,42 4+16 180 29 41 5i 8 H 2ii 23 32I 34 II I 111,44 111,42 4+14 187 28 n 8 20 21 32 35 loS i",45 "1,43 4+15 192 39 5i 7i 8^ 22 23 33 35 109 111,44 111,42 4+14 158. Peprilus medius {Peters). The Panama record of this species (Jordan, 1885, p. 375) needs verification. The specimens obtained may have belonged to one of the forms above recorded, both of which were at that time unknown. Only the tyf)e of P. medius is now extant. Family CHEILODIPTERID^. 159. Apogon dovii Gilnther. Abundant about the rocky islands in Panama Bay. The species varies in color from light to dark red, with much or little black pigment. The caudal may be translucent or blackish, the soft dorsal is translucent, or may be tipped with black, or may be largely black with only the posterior rays whitish. The anal and ventral fins may also be translucent, or with the terminal portions more or less largely black. Young specimens are marked with a very con- spicuous round or elliptical black spot on the end of the caudal peduncle, and a rather poorly-defined dusky streak around the snout and across the opercle. The streak wholly disappears and the caudal spot becomes very faint and diffuse with age. GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 89 There seem to be no differences, save those of color, between A. dovii and A. reti'osella. The fin-rays, general proportions, and squamation seem alike in the two. The fin-formula is: dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. The lateral line traverses 24 or 25 large scales to the base of the caudal fin, and 5 or 6 scales of reduced size on the fin itself. Between the lateral line and the base of the spinous dorsal are 2^ rows of scales (as in retrosella). In A. atricaudus there are 4i or 5-i- rows, in A. atridorsalis 3-2- rows between the lateral line and the spinous dorsal. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Species Locality Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Eye Interorbital (bone) Snout ■ .' Maxillary Third dorsal spine Second dorsal ray Second anal spine Second anal ray Pectoral Ventral Caudal APOGON DOVII Panama 1 70 62 40 41 35 34i 12 13 9 9 10 10 21 21 i5i i5i 22 23 9i TO 21 20 24 24 20 19 29 29 60 40 34 I2i 9i 20i- 17 24 lU 20 25 20i- 28 A. RETROSELLA Mazat- lan, Mex. 76 40 34 13 8^ 9 21 17 25 I2l 21 25 22 28 San Benito Id., Mex. 55 42 34 12 9 9 21 17 24 12I 21 24 20 29 Family CENTEOPOMID.E. 160. Centropomus undecimalis (Block). Frequently found in the Panama market. We are unable to follow Dr. Jordan (1895 h, p. 452) in recognizing the Pacific form as a distinct species (C. viridis). The separation is based on the supposed greater length of the appendages to the air-bladder in viridis, and the shorter second anal spine. We find, however, that the third anal spine projects beyond the second in Atlantic specimens as well as in those from the Pacific, and there seems to be no 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES diflference between them in this respect. The appendages to the air-bladder vary widely in length, from a trifle less than the diameter of the eye to twice the diameter, in our Panama specimens. In the few individuals we have been able to examine from the Atlantic (Havana and Jamaica), the appendages vary from I5 to 1^ times the orbital diameter. It is highly improbable, therefore, that this character possesses any significance. 161. Centropomus nigrescens Oilnther. Only a few small specimens seen. 162. Centropomus pedimacula Poey. Very abundant at Panama. We have had for comparison a single specimen from the Atlantic, which shows a slightly longer anal spine and a slightly wider interorbital space than any of our Pacific examples. In all other characters there seems to be perfect agreement with our Panama specimens. We believe that the slight differences found are well within the range of variation of the species, and shall therefore not recognize Centro- pomus medius 1[the Pacific form) as distinct in any degree. A full series from the Atlantic may eventually prove, however, that these characters have a higher value than we have assigned to them, and necessitate specific separation of the two forms. C. grancloculatus is certainly not separable from C. medius {^pedimacula). The scale-counts of different authors vary widely in this group, as some have included a number of the scales overlying the base of the caudal fin, and others cease the enumeration at a point corresponding to the base of the median rays. In this paper we have adopted the latter course, and find very uniformly 47 or 48 tubes in speci- mens from Mazatlan, Panama and Havana, including those from the San Juan Lagoon, Mexico, upon which is based the description of grandoculatus given by Jordan and Evermann. The first dorsal fin contains uniformly 8 sj^ines, as in all other species of the genus. The describers of grandoculatus seem to have neglected the first spine, which is very short and often concealed by the scales. Other characters assigned to grandoculatus, such as the form of the body and the size of the eye, have no significance. The amount of black on the ventral fins is also subject to wide variation, and has no distinctive value. In young specimens, the black is usually very distinct, but in adults it grows fainter and often disappears. 163. Centropomus unionensis Bocourt. Plate XIII, Fig. 27. Abundant in Panama Bay. The species is closely related to armatus and rohalito, but has shorter anal spines and weaker ridges and spines on head than in either species. It agrees with rohalito in the slender, flexible dorsal spines, the second one of which is very short, in the anterior position of the vent andin the pale lateral line; with armatus in the small number of gill-rakers, and the increased number of scales in a vertical series above the lateral line. The second anal spine scarcely extends beyond the tip of the longest GILBERT AND ST AEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 91 anal ray, and extends beyond the third anal spine a distance less than half the diam- eter of the pupil. The interspinous membrane is not dusky. The dorsal spines are slenderer even than in rohalUo; the third is not heavier than the fourth, and is usually shortened a little, giving a rounded contour to the fin, which is sometimes, however, sharply angular. The second dorsal spine is very short, varying from one-fourth to one-sixth the length of the third. The distance from the vent to the base of the first anal spine equals that between the tip of the snout and some point between the hinder margin of the pupil and the hinder margin of the orbit. The preorbital and the horizontal and vertical limbs of the preopercle are very weakly spinous, the spines being scarcely perceptible in some specimens. There are 2 stronger spines, as usual, at the preopercular angle. The ridges on top of head are low and nar- row; the median pair are most widely separated at a point over the middle of the occiput. There are 5 or 6 developed gill-rakers on the vertical limb of the outer arch, 11 or 12 on the horizontal limb, besides 2 or 3 rudiments on each. There are 47 or 48 scales in the lateral line in advance of the base of the caudal, and 74^ in a vertical series between the middle of the soft dorsal and the lateral line. The lateral line is uniformly pale. Measurements in Hundredths of Le7igth without Caudal. Length in mm. without projecting lower jaw or caudal Head without lower jaw Depth Eye Interorbital (bone only) Maxillary Third dorsal spine Fourth dorsal spine Fifth dorsal spine Second anal spine First anal ray Second dorsal ray Pectoral Ventral Caudal Caudal peduncle (height) Vent from front of anal Distance from anal to base of ventral spine Longest gill-rakers 254 251 244 255 239 41 40 39i 28 28 28 5i 5 5 51 6 5-i 14 i3i 14 i7i- i7i 18 17 i7i i7i i4i i4i 14 1 81 19 18 i5i 16 16 broken i5i 15 23A- 24i 23i 2li 21 2li broken about 24 14 12 II 16 i4i 15 i4t i5i 38 3St 39 4 3i 4 250 i4i 92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 164. Centropomus armatus Gill. Plate XIII, Fig. 26. Abundant in Panama Bay; distinguishable at sight by the excessively developed second anal spine with the black interspinous membrane, and by the strong, inflexible dorsal spines. The species is placed by Boulenger (1895, p. 370), in the synonoray of C. ensifents, but this is wholly inadmissible, as has been pointed out by Jordan and Evermanh (1896, p. 1123). C. ensiferus agrees with armatus in the strongly spinous bones of the head, and in its greatly developed second anal spine and black membrane; but it differs consjMcuously in the slender, flexible dorsal spines, and in the course of the cranial ridges and the shape of the included areas. In the three specimens of ensiferus, before us from the Atlantic, there are but 5 or 6 scales in a vertical series between lateral line and middle of second dorsal fin. The gill-rakers in these specimens are as follows: 9+17, with 3 additional rudiments on each limb; 9 + 17 with 4 rudiments above, 5 below; 8+16, with 4 rudiments on each limb. The distance from the middle of the vent to the base of the first anal spine equals, or a little exceeds, that from tip of snout to hinder edge of j^upil. The second anal spine extends to opposite the edge of the scaly area on base of caudal, and is contained 3,'^ to 3f times in the length. The character and direction of the ridges on top of head are very charac- teristic, and are well shown by the accompanying figure (PI. XIII, fig. 24). In C. armatus, the second anal spine is longer than in any other Pacific species, to be compared in this respect with C. ensiferus only. The fifteen specimens secured by us vary little in the length of this spine, which extends, when depressed, to opposite the base of the caudal in young specimens, well beyond that point in adults. The third anal spine usually exceeds slightly the longest soft ray. The membrane between the second and third anal spines is jet-black in the young, and is usually blackish in varying degree in adults. In none of our specimens has the pigment entirely disappeared, but it is not improbable that it occasionally does so. The dorsal spines are much stronger than in any other known species, and are wholly constant in this regard. The third sjiine is the strongest, and is inflexible; it is but little longer than the fourth, which projects beyond a line joining the third and fifth, giving a rounded contour to the fin. There is considerable variation in the height of the spines, the fourth spine, when depressed, reaching occasionally to or beyond the origin of the second dorsal, but usually falling short. The second spine is pro- portionally long, 2i to 3| in the third spine. The dorsal formula is VIII-I, 10 (11 articulated rays in one specimen); the anal III, 6. The vent is posteriorly placed, the distance from its center to the base of the first anal spine about equaling the dis- tance from the tip of the snout to the middle of the eye. The preorbital has 5 to 7 strong retrorse spines; an equal number of still stronger spines are in the " humeral" jirocess; preopercular si^ines much larger than in rohalito or unionensis. The median pair of ridges on top of head are very strong. From the middle of the occiput they diverge a little, both anteriorly and posteriorly, and are separated GILBERT AND STARKS —FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 93 at their posterior euds by a distance equaling the diameter of the pupil; anteriorly they converge, meeting at a point opposite the front of the eye. The gill-rakers are long and slender, the longest two-thirds to five-sevenths the diameter of the eye, there being 5 or 6 movable ones on the vertical limb, and 11 or 12 on the horizontal limb, besides 2 or 3 immovable rudiments on each limb. There are 51 or 52 tube-bearing scales in the course of the lateral line, corresponding in number with the approximately vertical series along the back. Each vertical row under the middle of the second dorsal fin contains 7i or 84 scales in the fifteen specimens examined. The lateral line is pale, but is accompanied above and below by short stitch-like lines of black pigment, one pair for each scale. Measurements in Hundredths of Length zvithout Caudal. Length in mm. from tip of snout to caudal base. Head without lower jaw Depth Eye Interorbital (bone only) Ma.xillary Third dorsal spine Fourth dorsal spine Fifth dorsal spine Second anal spine First anal ray Second dorsal ray Pectorals Ventrals Caudal Caudal peduncle (height) Vent from front of anal Distance from anal to base of ventral spine Longest gill-rakers (13) 207 222 230 39i 40 39 27 29 27i- 6 6 ^\ 5i Si 5i 14 14 i4i i7i i7i 17 i7i 18^ i6i 15 i5i i4i 2 7i 27 27 18 18 18 i7i 18 17 26 27 27 23i 23 22 26 25 25 Hi 12 lU I2i- I2i 14 39 36 37i 4i \\ 4i November 21 1903 94 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 165. Centropomus robalito Jordan li- Gilbert. Plate XIII, Fig. 25. Very abundant at Panama. Dr. Boulenger places this species in the synonomy of C. ensiferiis, and Jordan and Evermann consider the two probably identical. They are easily distinguishable, however, by the different size and the direction of the ridges on the top of the head, by the larger serrations in C. ensiferus, the longer anal spines, and the rounded con- tour of the spinous dorsal. The membrane between second and third anal S2:>ines seems to be constantly blackish in ensiferus, and is usually pale in robalito. From C. armatus, robalito differs strikingly in the longer, more flexible, dorsal sj)ines, the angular contour of the spinous dorsal fin, the ridges on head with the shape of the enclosed areas, the shorter anal spines with the light interspinous membrane, the more anterior position of the vent, the more numerous gill-rakers, the larger scales, and the uniformly light color of the lateral line. The third anal spine fails to attain the tip of the succeeding soft ray. The second spine extends beyond the third for a distance equaling one-half to three-fourths the diameter of the eye ; it sometimes attains the base of the caudal fin, but more frequently fails to do so. The dorsal spines are long and flexible, the third little heavier than the fourth. The fin is sharply angulated at the tip of the third spine, which usually reaches a straight line joining the tips of the succeeding spines. The second spine is very short, contained 4 to 4-i times in the third. The distance from the vent to the base of the first anal spine nearly equals that from tip of snout to hinder margin of orbit, varying a little from that measurement in either direction. The spines on the margin of the pre- orbital and preopercle are distinct and strong, but less so than in armatus. The median pair of ridges on head are stronger than in any other species, and enclose a narrower space, which is widest opposite the posterior ends of the ridges and is regularly wedge-shaped, the ridges meeting at a point opposite the nostrils. The gill-rakers are long and slender, the longest two-thirds the diameter of the orbit. They are more numerous than in armatus, 7 or 8 movable ones on the vertical limb and 15 or 16 on the horizontal limb, with 2 or 3 rudiments at each end of the series. There are 46 to 49 scales in the lateral line in advance of the base of the caudal fin, and 5 or 6 scales in a vertical series between the lateral line and the middle of the second dorsal. The lateral line is uniformly pale. In the fresh state the ventrals are rich golden yellow, whitish at the base, with white pigment at tips, best marked on the inner rays. Anal lemon-yellow, including the membrane between the spines, which is rarely dusky; the base of the fin and the last two rays are translucent. The spinous dorsal is translucent dusky, not dis- tinctly black; the soft dorsal similar, translucent at base. The caudal is dusky trans- lucent, slightly tinged with straw color, the latter best marked on the lower lobe. The pectorals are translucent. GILBEKT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 95 Measicrements in Hundredths of Length u'ithoitt Caudal. Length in mm. without projecting lower jaw or caudal Head without lower jaw Depth , Eye Interorbital (bone only) Maxillary Third dorsal spine Fourth dorsal spine Fifth dorsal spine Second anal spine First anal ray Second dorsal ray Pectoral Ventral Caudal Caudal peduncle (height) Vent from front of anal Distance from anal to base of ventral spine . Longest gill-rakers 192 261 250 240 242 222 40 39i 39i 27i 28 27 61 5h 5i 4f 4i 4i 131- 14 1 31 19 18 18 18 i5i- i6i 15 13 14 24 20 20 171 16 16 i8i 17 18 25* 24 25 23i 22 23i 271 I2i- 25 12 I2i i5i i6i 16 16 16^ 17-^ 39 40 41 5 4} 4i 242 17 Family SEREANID^E. 166. Petrometopon panamensis {Steindachner) . This species is seldom brought to the market, though it is very abundant about the islands in Panama Bay. The excavation in the frontal bones for the reception of the posterior processes of the premaxillaries is not so deep as in P. guUaiiis. It more nearly resembles in this respect Epinephelus louti, as figured by Boulenger (1895, p. 173). To the type description we add the following range of measurements, taken from specimens 19 to 28 cm. in length: Head 2f to 2|- in length, without caudal. Eye 5| to 6 in head: interorbital width (bone) 94-; snout 3J to 4. The fin formula seems to be constant as described: Dorsal IX, 14; anal III, 8. The small canines anteriorly in each jaw are sometimes paired on one or both sides. 96 CAIilFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 167. Epinephelus analogus Gill. Abundant among the islands in Panama Bay, brought to market in consider- able numbers. No variation has been reported in the number of dorsal spines, which seems to be constantly ten. In a specimen 20 cm. long, the u^^per parts were dusky- olive, the under parts lighter, the cross-bars very faint. The spots were brownish- red. The dorsal and the upper caudal rays were colored like the back; the fins otherwise were slaty-blue with a whitish margin, all of them spotted like the soft dorsal. In si:)ecimens 8 to 10 cm. long, the dark bars are distinctly six in number, one on the nape, two below the spinous and two below the soft dorsal, and one on the tail. They are well marked above the lateral line, but fade out on lower part of sides. The round dark spots are confined to the bands, where they are arranged in pairs, forming two vertical series in each band; the two middle bands contain five pairs each. 168. Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns). Abundant in the Panama market. In our smallest specimens, 6 and 15 cm. long, there is no trace of the numerous gently undulating pale lines running upward and backward, described by Stein- dachner (1876, b, p. 5) in a specimen 75 mm. long. In none of our specimens was the inside of mouth salmon-yellow, as described by Jordan (1895, b, p. 444); the lips were faintly tinged with yellow. The distal half of the upper pectoral rays was deep red, shading below into the yellow of the lower rays. The black saddle on caudal peduncle seems to be constantly present. The number of articulated dorsal rays is constantly 17, as given by Jenyns and Gill. 169. Promicrops guttatus {Linnams). Very large specimens are frequently brought to market. 170. Alphestes multiguttatus (G-iinther). Abundant in Panama Bay, the young very numerous in the tide-pools. The young have fewer spots, mostly confined to the head, while the sides of the body are marked by wavy longitudinal dusky streaks, which are much darker where they traverse certain vertical areas, thus producing a number of vertical bars, which soon disappear. The dark streak behind the maxillary is more conspicuous than in adults. In specimens less than 35 mm. long, the preopercular angle is provided with a large furcate spine, with a long posterior and a short anterior limb. The posterior limb rapidly diuiinishes in size, while the anterior limb elongates and becomes appressed to the preopercular margin, forming the antrorse spine character- istic of the genus. As has been pointed out, this species is well distinguished from A. afer, by differences in color and in the contour of the head and body. We find no differ- GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 97 ence, however, in the relative lengths of the second and third anal spines, and very little difference in the length of the gill-rakers. A. multiguttatus has the gill- rakers a trifle longer than in A. afer, but they do not exceed two-thirds the length of the gill-filaments. 171. Mycteroperca boulengeri Jordan & Starlcs. Probably rare; only two specimens taken, each about 23 cm. in length. We make the following corrections to the original description, and to the description given by Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 1175): Head 2| in length (2| in type, 30 cm. long); depth 3^ (2^V in type). In our specimen, and in the type and co-types (3 specimens) from Mazatlan, the dorsal is constantly XI, 16, the anal III, 11. Scales 23-90-44; ctenoid posteriorly, becoming cycloid anteriorly. Snout 4 in head; eye 5| (6|- in type); longest anal ray 2 (1| in type); third dorsal spine 3. 172. Hypoplectrus lamprurus {Jordan d- Gilbert). Only the type is known, obtained by Gilbert in 1881, at Panama. 173. Paralabrax humeralis (Cuvier iamc>isis, agreeing in this respect with L. crate, the depth less than half the length. Upper profile deeply concave at occiput, thence strongly conve.x to front of dorsal. Head shorter and narrower than in L. surinamensis, the interorbital width but slightly longer than snout, 3^'^ to 4 in head (3^^ to 3^ in head in L. surinamensis'). Eye small, 6| to 7^- in head, 2 or 2^^ in interorbital width. Mandible strongly protruding, but without symphyseal knob. Maxillary narrow, not concealed in closed mouth, its tip reaching vertical from middle of pupil, 2| to 2y\ in head. Upper jaw with a moderate villiform band of teeth, in front of which is a single series of conical close-set canines. Lower jaw with a single series, similar to outer series of upper jaw, and behind them a very narrow band of villiform teeth which grow slightly larger towards symphysis. Palate toothless. Posterior margin of preopercle vertical, the angle protruding little or not at all. In five young specimens, 175 to 275 mm. long, the preopercular teeth are fine, acute, short and inconspicuous, about as in species of Pomadasys. They increase but little in size towards the angle, where they are never spine-like; below, they are perceptible only in the immediate vicinity of the angle, the remainder of the horizontal limb being entire. In the adult the vertical limb is finely and evenly toothed, the angle and lower limb slightly roughened or entire. Opercle with two short spinous points, behind the lower of which a narrow tongue-shaped process of the subopercle extends to near the edge of opercular membrane. The humeral process is very weakly toothed, contrasting with the strongly serrate condition in L. surinamensis. Branchiostegals 6. Gill-rakers short, two-fifths diameter of eye in young, comparatively shorter in adults, 5 on vertical limb, all but one of which are broad firmly fi.xed tubercles, 14 on horizontal limb, the anterior two or three tubercular. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OP PANAMA BAY 101 Spinous dorsal low, with gently rounded outline. Notch between dorsals shallow, the eleventh spine two-thirds the length of the longest, which is contained 2 to 2^ times in head in the young, 3 times in adults. When declined, the spines are partially received within a scaly groove. Soft dorsal, anal and caudal with basal portions densely scaled, and with series of scales running up on membrane to beyond middle of fin. Soft dorsal and anal of equal height, forming bluntly rounded lobes, the longest rays of which are about half head in adults, i^ to if in head in young. Third anal spine about half length of longest ray. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, 2 to 2 J in head; ventrals i|- in head in young, shorter in adults. Scales less strongly ctenoid than in L. surinauicnsis. Tubes of lateral line mostly simple, occasionally with one to three branches. Color grayish or brownish, with plumbeous or silvery reflections. The youngest specimens show faintly the dark streaks so conspicuous in young of L. suriiiamensis, viz: a pair running back- wards from interorbital space; a pair from upper posterior border of eye converging towards front of dorsal; a broader band from eye downwards and backwards across cheeks. Soft dorsal, anal and caudal uniform blackish, or the caudal with an ill-defined lighter edge. Pectorals translucent; ventrals blackish. Abundant at Panama, where it is known as Bcrrugate. Family PRIACANTHID.E. 182. Pseudopriacanthus serrula {Gilbert). Only the type known, from Albatross Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms (Gilbert, 1800 b, p. 450). Family LUTIANID.E. 183. Hoplopagrus guentheri Gill. This species had not been taken previously farther south than Mazatlan. We secured one large specimen with dynamite among the rocky islands in the Bay. It must be very rare at Panama. Lutianus. The characters relied upon to separate Neomcfini><, Lutianus, Genyoroge and Evoplites, seem wholly lacking in distinctive value. The band of temporal scales may be narrow or wide, and may be isolated or may be surrounded by bands of smaller scales. All degrees of scaling of top of head are found among the Asiatic species, and considerable variation among the American members of the group. The temporal ridge never joins the orbital rim, but terminates at varying distances between that and the median crest. Its approximation to the median crest depends in part upon its production anteriorly, and this is in many species a question of age. No groups can be separated by this character, nor can the natural affinities of the species be determined by its aid. A third character is derived from the emargina- tion of tlie preopercle, into which may fit a knob of the interopercle. Most Amer- ican species have this weakly developed or absent, but L. jordani forms an obvious transition between the two conditions, and this will doubtless be made more complete by an examination of the Asiatic forms. Lutianus (Evoplites) viridis is evidently the descendant of an Asiatic form, and has the notch and knob strongly developed. ( u ) November 28, 1903. 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The temporal ridges do not join the median frontal ridge, though they are continued well forward and approach it. In this paper we have used the oldest name, Lutianus, for all American species. 184. Lutianus jordani (Gilbert). Plate XIV, Fio. 29. Neom^fits Jordan/' Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 1251). Head 2f to 3 in length; depth 2f to 2f ; eye 4^ in head; dorsal X, 14; anal III, 9; scales 5^ above lateral line, 43 to 47 oblique series running downwards and backwards. Body deep, with regular curves, the two profiles nearly equal. Snout short, with gently rising upper profile, 3^ to 3^^ in head. Eye large, its diameter much greater than the width of the preorbital at middle of length, where it is one-seventh length of head. Maxillary reaching slightly beyond front of pupil, its length equaling that of snout and half eye, 2| in head. Least width of preorbital half the diameter of the eye. Temporal ridge ceasing about middle of orbit, much nearer orbital rim than median crest, but not confluent with either. Mandibular teeth in a villiform band, which is of moderate width anteriorly and tapers rapidly on sides. An outer series of distantly placed moderate canines. Teeth in premaxillaries similar to those below, the canines small, a pair on each side enlarged, but small for this genus. Vomerine teeth in a kite-shaped tract, rapidly reaching its greatest width, then tapering slowly backward for twice the distance. The anterior margins are gently concave, the posterior deeply so. Preopercular margin with a rather deep emargination above the angle. The interopercle forms a slight protuberance opposite the preopercular notch, the prominence failing to fill the notch, as it does in viridis and other species of the " Genyoroge " group. Above the emargination, the edge is very minutely and finely serrulate, at the angle provided with a few short slender rather distant teeth. Gill-rakers strong, those above angle short, all but one tubercular, the one at angle abruptly lengthened, about half diameter of eye; seven developed on horizontal limb of arch. Posterior nostril elliptical. Five or si.x series of scales on cheeks, the band running upward to level of upper margin of orbit. A single narrow band of scales on occiput, separated by a naked space from those on nape. Top of head, snout, mandible, preopercle, maxillary, and inferior half of interopercle naked. Scales above lateral line in series parallel with the lateral line; those below lateral line in horizontal series. Scales on the breast not much reduced, as large as those on opercle. Basal half of dorsal and anal with series of scales which form a sheath at base; basal three-fourths of caudal densely scaled. Dorsal spines heavy, not flexible, the fourth the longest, 2 J to 2| in head. Second and third anal spines about equal, half the length of snout and eye. Soft dorsal and anal low, rounded, the longest ray (measured from free edge of sheath) about one-third head. Caudal lunate, the middle rays three-fourths the outer, i| in head. Pectorals very long, nearly reaching vertical from vent, i^ in head. Ventrals if in head. Color: Back and top of head deep olive; lower half of sides and below dark reddish-purple. Many of the scales on sides with a silvery spot near the margin, producing faint lengthwise stripes. Fins reddish-purple, the basal portions of soft dorsal and caudal tinged with olive. Iris silvery, with an inner and an outer orange circle. No blue lines on the head. Inner lining of gill-membranes and the shoulder girdle largely orange-red. Pectoral fins orange-brown. Of rare occurrence at Panama, but occasionally taken in considerable num- bers. It is a small species, reaching a length of about 40 cm. 185. Lutianus novemfasciatus OiU. Occasional; reaching a large size. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 103 i86. Lutianus argentiventris (Peters). With the exception of L. guttatus, the most abundant species of the genus. The species is marked by the very slender sharp snout, the profile being concave in front of the nape, convex behind it. The snout is three-eighths to four-elevenths the length of the head, and equals the length of the maxillary; it is not depressed anteriorly. The blue stripe below eye is conspicuous only in the young. It may extend, without interruption, from the tip of the snout along entire side of head to opercular margin. It is more often limited to the anterior part of the head, and becomes variously broken up into a series of dashes or dots. 187. Lutianus Colorado Jordan & Gilbert. Not abundant; reaching a large size. 188. Lutianus guttatus (Steindachner). The most abundant species of the genus; never reaching a large size. This species has the temporal region more extensively scaled than in other American representatives of the genus in the Pacific. The usual temporal band of large scales is present, in addition to which are bands of small scales in front of and behind it. 189. Lutianus aratus (Gi'mther). Less abundant than other species of the genus; several specimens secured. The maxillary reaches past the middle of the eye. 190. Rabirubia inermis {Peters). A single mutilated specimen was found. The species must be one of the rarest known, as but three specimens have been noted by collectors. The figure published by Jordan (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895, Plate XXXIX), errs in the number and obliquity of the dark streaks above the lateral line. Nineteen or twenty of these can be distinguished on the specimen from which the drawing was made, and the streak from last dorsal spine runs to the tenth scale of the lateral line. The anal fin contains ten rays in each of the Panama specimens known. 191. Xenichthys xanti QUI. Brought to market in abundance. The best description of this species is that given by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 a, p. 325) under the name of X xenops. The following details may be added. Eye 3 to 3| in head. Scales 52 to 5-4; those on head and nape less coarsely ctenoid than elsewhere. The fourth dorsal spine is as long as the third, or some- times a little longer; the fifth is but slightly shorter. In the declined fin, the fifth spine reaches past the tips of all the other spines anterior to the tenth; the pectoral does not reach the vertical from the vent. In the six specimens counted, the dorsal was constantly XI, I, 18, the anal III, 17. 104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES We have compared this species with X. agassizii from the Galapagos Islands, and find it to differ in having fewer scales, a larger eye and a shorter pectoral fin. X. agassizii has 58 to 61 scales; the eye is contained 3^ to 3| times in the head; the pectoral reaches to beyond the origin of the anal. Family H^MULIDiE. 192. Hgemulon scudderi Gill. The most abundant species of the genus at Panama. In eight half-grown specimens, five have 11 dorsal spines, three have 12 dorsal spines. In thirty-six young specimens, with the streaks and caudal spot still conspicuous, thirty-three have 11 dorsal spines, three have 12 spines. The articulated dorsal rays are 16 or 17 in number; the anal rays 7 or 8. In twelve specimens from Mazatlan, ten have 12 sj^ines, two have 11. In young specimens, are three well-developed streaks and one rudimentary one. The uppermost starts on the median line of occiput, runs to the spinous dorsal, and is continued along each side of the base of the dorsal, gradually growing fainter and disappearing before reaching the second dorsal. A pair begin just inside the nostrils, run just above the eyes, diverging backward to a point opposite the oi'igin of the dorsal, thence converging to the base of the last dorsal ray, behind which the 2)air unite on upper median line of caudal peduncle, on which they reach base of upper caudal rays. Another pair begin at tip of snout and extend backward through eye to middle of caudal peduncle, where they become faint or entirely disappear. A faint streak extends backward from upper margin of orbit to begin- ning of lateral line, along the anterior part of which it may be faintly indicated. A large black oval spot three-fourths the size of the eye is half on the caudal peduncle, half on the base of the fin. Comparing these streaks, which disappear in adults, with the permanent coloration in H. viacrostomum, we find them characterized by the rudimentary condition of the streak along (or just below) the lateral line, and the total absence of a streak, present in niacrostoinum, running from above eye along sides just above the lateral line. n. scudderi differs from its Atlantic representative II. parr a: (1) In having usually 11 dorsal S2:)ines instead of 12; (2) In having longer falcate pectoral fins, which extend beyond the tips of the ventrals, and are nearly devoid of scales; (3) In the greater compression of occiput and nape, forming a crest which may be traced in adults to the interorbital space; (4) In the greater compression of the' snout, which is also produced upward at tip, so that in adults the upper profile of snout and head as far as occiput is concave. In H. parra, the dorsal spines are normally 12. In but one specimen of imrra out of sixteen examined, have we found 11 spines, a number which seems not to be recorded for the species. The pectoral fins are short and rounded, not reaching tips of ventrals. They are very densely covered with scales to their tips, both membranes and rays being completely invested. The ventrals also are much more densely scaled than in scudderi. The occiput, nape and snont are transversely broadly rounded in both young and old specimens, while GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 105 the upper profile forms an uuinterrupted even curve from tip of snout to front of dorsal, and beyond. The fin and scale formula does not differ from that in scud- cleri, except as noted. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, corresponding with the number of vertical series above it. Meas7iremc7its in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Species Locality Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Eye Snout Inlerorbital (bone) Maxillary Third dorsal spine Second anal spine Length of pectoral Length of ventrals Length of upper lobe of caudal.... Height of caudal peduncle H^MULON SCUDDERI Panama H^MULON PARRA Havana, Cuba 205 200 205 36 35i 36 40 37 37 n 7i 9 Hi 14 15 9 9 7i 15 i4i 15 i5i 15 16 15 i4i i3i 28 29 23 22 22 21 26 27 20i II lOi I I 198 34i 37 9 14 7i 14 15 13 21 20 20 10 193. Haemulon steindachneri {Jordan d- Gilbert). Frequent in the market and about the islands in the bay. A detailed and wholly satisfactory description of this species is given by Stein- dachner (1876 a, p. 15) under the name Hcemulon caudbnacula. 194. Lythrulon flaviguttatum {Gill). Lvthrulon opalescens Jordan & Starks (Jordan, 1895, P- 459. PI- ^I-; Mazatlan). Abundant in the Panama market; often taken with dynamite about the islands in the bay. We have compared our specimens with the type of L. opalescens, and find no differences between them. The following account of opalescens is based on a re-examination of the type, the published description being faulty in several respects: Head 3?; depth 2J; dorsal XII, 17; anal III, 10 (the last ray cleft to the base, the parts somewhat separated, the posterior half again forked, both joining the last 106 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES interha3inal) ; snout 3f in head; maxillary 2|; eye (between eyelids) 3|; interorbital width (between edges of frontal bone) 4; longest (fourth) dorsal spine 2; longest dorsal ray ol; second anal spine 2|; scales 6 or 7-53-14. Gill-rakers 9+17 on one side, 9+19 on the other. For comparison, we subjoin a statement of measurements and counts based on five Panama specimens of Jfavigut latum, each about the same length as the type of oj)alescens. Head 3| to 3| in length; depth 2| to 2|; dorsal XII, 16; XIII, 16; XII, 17; XII, 17; XII, 17; the anal has 3 spines and either 10 or 11 rays; when there are 10 anal rays, the last ray is divided to the base and the two halves are well separated. Snout 3? to 3| in head; eye (between eyelids) S'l to 4; bony interorbital width 3g to 4; longest (fourth) dorsal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 3] to 3g; second anal spine 2| to 2f; scales 6 or 7-51 to 53-13 or 14; gill-rakers usually 10 + 18 or 9+19, in one si^ecimen 11 + 20. 195. Orthostcechus maculicauda Gill. Seldom seen by us. Well described and figured by Steindachner (1870 b, p. 12, PI. VI) as Hcbmulon mazatlanum. The outline of the sjiinous dorsal is, however, widely different from that shown in the figure. It is convexly rounded throughout, not concave behind the highest portion of the fin, the second spine exceeds the seventh, and the third is usually slightly longer than the fifth. There is usually a faint indication of the caudal sj^ot. 196. Anisotremus pacific! (Gunther). Rather common in the Panama market. The general color is dusky silvery, with four very faint dusky cross-bars, which correspond in position and extent with the more conspicuous bars of A. dovii. The soft dorsal, anal and ventrals are blackish, the caudal and pectorals yellowish. The species is characterized by the very short, blunt and wide snout, the narrow preorbital, the very large eye, the short pectoral, and the short dorsal and long anal fins almost devoid of scales. The soft dorsal and anal fins are also rounded in contour, the middle dorsal rays being longer than the anterior rays, and the anal fin not emarginate, as it is in dovii. The head is contained 2iV to S-jV times in the length to base of caudal; the depth 21 to 2|. Eye 4 in head. The preopercular margin is indented above the projecting angle, on which the teeth are moderately or scarcely at all enlarged. Below the angle, the teeth are again reduced and point downward and backward. The normal fin-formula is: dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 10. AVe find in one specimen only, dorsal XII, 13; and in one other, anal III, 9. The second anal spine is con- tained If to 14 times in the head; the third anal spine 2^ to 3^ times. The soft dorsal and anal have short series of scales on basal half only of interradial mem- branes, the rays, together with the entire distal half of fins, being naked. In both GILBERT AND STARES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 107 dovii and ccesiiis, these fins are densely scaled to their tips. The pectorals are short, not nearly reaching vertical from tips of ventrals, their length 1| in head. The scales on the back are in series parallel with the lateral line, but lose their regularity under the soft dorsal. There are 5|r or 6i series between the lateral line and the base of the spinous dorsal, and 46 to 48 scales in the lateral line. 197. Anisotremus caesius (Jordan it Gilbert). This species, known hitherto only from the types taken at Mazatlan and one specimen from Acapulco, was found to be abundant among the islands in Panama Bay. It is readily distinguished from its nearest relatives in the Pacific by its uni- form coloration, its longer dorsal fin, and its very long falcate pectoral. The preorbital is also wider, four-fifths diameter of eye. None of our specimens show trace of dark bars. The description of the types answers well to our specimens, but the maxillary extends to middle of eye, instead of " not quite reaching to front of eye." Of nine specimens examined, all had 12 dorsal spines; there were eight with 16 dorsal rays, one with 15; seven with 10 anal rays, two with 9. The third anal spine is longer than in dovii or jnicijici, protruding beyond the wide basal slieatli for two-fifths length of liead. The caudal is much more deeply forked and the ujiper lobe more decidedly the longer; the median caudal rays are slightly less than half the upper. 198. Anisotremus dovii {Giinther). Occasionally brought to market. The normal fin-formula in this species is: dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 9. We have no specimen with 12 spines, but this variation is to be expected. The soft dorsal varies to 15, but apparently not to 16. The type was described as having 12 dorsal spines and 16 rays. The vertical fins are scaled to their tips, but the anterior half of each ray, with a narrow strip of the membrane 2>receding it, is naked. Where the rays fork distally, they become entirely invested. There are 6i horizontal series of scales between the lateral line and the middle of the spinous dorsal. The pectorals do not extend to opposite tips of ventrals, 1^ in head. This sjiecies is very close to A. pacijici, but differs in the longer sharper snout, larger dorsal and anal spines, greater scaliuess of the fins, the presence of but 9 anal rays, and the intenser color of the bands. 199. Anisotremus interruptus (Gill). We have two specimens, one 23 cm., the other 43 cm. long. They throw no additional light on the relation of inlerruptm to its Atlantic representative surina- mensis. In both specimens, the scales above the anterior portion of the lateral line are conspicuously enlarged, an oblique series downward and backward from first dor- sal spine containing but 7 scales. Sj^ecimens of siirinamensis have somewhat smaller scales, and are darker in color, especially on the fins. These are slight differences, however, and may well prove inconstant. The species interruptus should be accepted only provisionally. 108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 200. Anisotremus taeniatus Gill. Occasional in the market; of more frequent occurrence about the rocky ishmds in the Bay. The species is undoubtedly distinct from its Atlantic representative A. vir- ginicus, although some of the characters which have been relied upon to distinguish the two are of no value. Thus, the gill-rakers are alike in both and the eye does not differ in size. The second anal spine is variable in both; in trejiiatus, its tip usually fails to reach the tip of the soft rays, in virgiaicas it usually reaches beyond their tips. The most striking difference is in the color, as has been sufficiently described by previous authors. In addition, we note that the fins in virginicus are more densely scaled, this being especially well marked with the pectorals. The anterior portion of the spinous dorsal differs widely in contour: in virginicus, the third spine is longest, the second five-sixths or more than five-sixths the length of the fourth; in toiniatus, the fourth spine is usually the longest, the second very short, not more than four- sevenths the length of the fourth. Our material is not sufficient to enable us to deter- mine the limits of variation in the relative lengths of the dorsal spines. The pectoral seems to be slightly longer in tceniatus, and the preorbital a little narrower, but these differences are unimportant. Measurements i?i Hundredths of Length ivithout Caudal. Species Locality Lentjth without caudal in iiini Head Depth Eye Snout Maxillary Interorbital -Second dorsal spine Tliiril ilorsal sjiiue Fourth dorsal spine Second anal spine Length of pectoral Length of ventral Llpi:)er lobe of caudal ANISOTREMUS T^NIATUS Panama 170 33 49 8i- 12 9 9 10 '51 i6i 16 36 23 29 193 33 48 8 12 91 9 91 16 '7 16J, 36 22 29 ANISOTREMUS VIRGINICUS Key West, Fla. 180 33 49 8 12 9i 9 I2i 16 '5 '5i 34 23 J 28 143 M\ 49 9 I2i 9i 9i i2i 17 1 61 36 24 29 GILBERT AND ST AEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 109 201. Brachydeuterus nitidus (Steindachner). Four specimens taken. They agree with Dr. Steindachner's description in most particuhirs. Head 3 to 3| in length without caudal; snout 3 to 3] in head; eye 4 to 4^; interorbital (bone) 5. Scales 48 to 50. Two of our specimens have 9 anal ray.s, one has 14 dorsal rays; the others have 8 anal and 15 dorsal rays. The upper lobe of the caudal is conspicuously longer than the lower lobe. 202. Brachydeuterus leuciscus (Giinther). Very abundant; the young and half-grown specimens exhibit the same bewild- ering variety of form and general appearance for which the species is noted in other parts of its range. Compared with adults, the young appear much slenderer, with longer sharper snout, smaller mouth, and less arched frontal region. The preorbital usually appears much wider; but in all these respects there is wide variation among young of the same size. It reaches the length of 31 cm.; adults vary little in appear- ance, and ajiproach nearly the even contour of Pomadasis panamensis. The pectoral is never falcate, and equals the distance from tip of snout to upper preopercular margin. 203. Pomadasis panamensis {Steindachner). This species was very abundant at Panama. Our material shows few varia- tions from Dr. Steindachner's description. Eye 4|- to 5| in head; interorbital 4V to 5; second anal spine 2-g- to 2f. The maxillary reaches a vertical from the anterior margin, or the anterior third, of the pupil. Dr. Steindachner's statement that the third dorsal spine is from 2 to 2^ times as long as the second is doubtless a slip of the pen. The third dorsal spine in our sjjecimens varies from 3 to 31 times the length of the second. 204. Pomadasis bayanus Jordan it Evermunn. Pristipoma humilc Kner & Steindachner, 1S64, p. 222, PI. I, fig. i. Steindachner, 1879 a, p. 33. Not Pristipoma humilis Bowdich. Pomadasis daya>i/ts ]oRUAN & Evermann, 189S, p. 1331. One specimen, 36 cm. long, was taken in the Rio Grande River, at Miraflores, a jwint above tide-level, where the water is perfectly fresh. A small specimen is in the museum of Stanford University, collected at San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, by Mr. J. F. Abbott. The records do not show whether this specimen was taken in the river at San Jose, or in the sea. The species is very close to P. crocro, agreeing with it in general shape and color, and in fin and scale forrauh^. Both species have normally 13 dor,sal spines. P. bayanus has a longer snout, larger mouth and shorter second anal spine. The latter varies greatly with age. In our smaller specimen, it reaches far beyond the tip of the soft rays, to the base of the anal, and is contained 4 times in the length; in the larger specimen, it fails to reach the tip of anal rays, and is contained 64 times ( 15) November 30, 1903. 110 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES in the length. The dorsal contains 13 spines, 12 rays; the anal III, 7. The scales are very irregular, and difficult to enumerate. We count 52 pores in the lateral line, in each specimen. The head is contained 3 times in the length (2g is a misprint for 3| in Jordan & Evermann's description, /. c). The eye is contained 5 times in head in the larger specimen, 3J times iu the smaller; snout 23^0; maxillax-y 25 in large specimen, 2j in the smaller; fourth dorsal spine 2i and 23 ; second anal spine 2 and If. The base of the second dorsal is one- half the base of the spinous dorsal. The gill-rakers are short and weak, 13 on hori- zontal limb of arch, 3 or 4 of the anterior being rudimentary, immovable. Striking characters of this species are : the ploughshare-shaped snout, narrow- ing upward and forward to form a ridge, which terminates in the acutely angulated premaxillaries; and the small accessory scales, which are larger than such scales are apt to be, are more irregular iu shape, and are scattered more widely over the surface of the other scales. 205. Pomadasis macracanthus {Gilnther). A common species in the market. The following additions to cui-rent descrip- tions are from specimens 18 to 26 cm. in length. Head 2| to 2| in length; depth 2| to 2|. Eye U to 4| in head; snout 2^ to 3J; interorbital (bone) 5 to 51. Three of our specimens have 13 dorsal rays, three have 14. The anal has constantly 8 soft rays, as described by Giinther, tlie last sjilit ray counting as 1; not 7 rays, as given by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1332). Pectoral 3 to 3V in length. Our specimens have the scales rather strongly ctenoid, not smooth as described by Giinther. 206. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner). A single specimen was obtained. The dorsal spines seem to be indifferently 13 or 14 in number. There are 14 in our specimen. 207. Orthopristis chalceus {Giinther). Very common; seen daily in the markets. The dorsal spines are usually 12 in number, only one of our specimens has 13; the articulated rays are usually 15 (exceptionally 10). We have found no specimen with 14 rays, as recorded by Steindachner (1870 b, p. 3, PI. II; as Pristipoma kncri). The anal rays are usually 11 in number (exceptionally 12). The tubes in the lateral line (corresponding with the series of scales above the lateral line running obliquely downward and backward) are 52 to 54 in number. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the preorbital, 4f in the head; pectoral IJ to liV; snout 21 to 2j\; the maxillary extends beyond the front of the eye. Brownish streaks follow the centers of the rows of scales, alternating with narrower grayish blue streaks along the mar- gins of the rows. No pale streak below the dorsal and no darker cross-bands in any specimens seen by us. GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 111 208. Orthopristis brevipinnis (Steindachner). Plate XV, Fig. 30. Four specimens, from 28 to 31 cm. long, were obtained by us in the Panama market; no others were seen. The species has been made the type of a distinct genus {hnciella Jordan & Fesler), differing from Orthopristis in the presence of accessory scales, from Micro- lepidotus in the larger scales, the presence of accessory scales on the bases of the larger ones, and tlie shorter spinous dorsal. A re-examination of Microlepidotus inornatus (Magdalena Bay, Albatross collection) shows however that the scales have been incorrectly enumerated in that species. They are in reality of the same size as the scales in hrevipinnis, there being 60 in the lateral line. There are furthermore numerous small accessory scales on the bases of the larger ones. The dorsal and anal are scaled in inornatus, almost as fully as in brevipinnis. The two species are very closely related, differing principally in the relative sizes of the two dorsal fins. This difference is not greater than that occurring between species of Pomadasis or Anisotremus, and seems not worthy of generic recognition. In one specimen of 0. inornatus from Mazatlan, we find 15 dorsal spines. The only character to separate the two species as a generic group {Microlepidotus) distinct from Orthopristis, is the possession of the small accessory scales on the sides. This character appears also in Brachydeuterus, where elongatus and axillaris possess it highly developed, while nitidus and corvimeformis are without it. We have no indication of the condition in the type of Brachydeuterus {auritus). Should the latter have no accessory scales, the subordinate group consisting of elongatus and axillaris would be without distinct- ive name. We have preferred to reduce Microlepidotus to the rank of a subgenus, of equal value with Evajmstis, which forms a transition between it and the ordinary forms of Orthopristis with naked fins and no accessory scales. Steiudachner's description of the type of brevipinnis (1870ri!, p. 10, PI. V) refers unquestionably to the present species, but the accompanying figure is so poor and inaccurate as to suggest a very different fish. Prominent among the unfortunate features in this drawing are: the upper contour, which should be evenly curved from snout to caudal peduncle; the dorsal spines, which should be longer and slenderer; the soft dorsal, which is much more completely scaled; the streaks above the lateral line, which are much less oblique, much wider, more irregular and wavy, and less numerous; the series of scales below the lateral line, with their accompanying streaks, which should be horizontal, instead of oblique. The usual fin formula is: dorsal XIII, 17; anal III, 13 or 14. The third dorsal spine is the longest, '2,\ to 2^ in the length of the head. The lateral line con- tains 60 to 62 tubes. The scales in the species of Orthopristis are more nearly uniform in size than current descriptions would seem to indicate. 0. forbesi, from Albemarle Island, Galapagos Group, is said to have 80 to 85 series of scales. Examination of one of the types makes it evident that the vertical rows were counted, instead of the oblique rows. The number of oblique rows corresponding to the pores in the lateral line is 65. 112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Family SPARID^. 209. Calamus brachysomus (Lockington). Chrysophrys calavuis Gunther, 1869, p. 421 (Panama). Known from tlie Gulf of California, from Panama, and from Santa Helena Bay, near Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 7). Several small specimens were seen in the market and a number of large individuals were taken by the aid of dynamite about the islands. Four specimens were preserved, ranging in length from 23 to 43 cm. Its southern representative, 0. taurinus, is a more slender species and has shorter dorsal spines and a shoi'ter pectoral. Two specimens of taurinus which we have examined from the Galapagos are darker in color, especially about the head, and have the inner base of the pectoral blackish. The original description of C. hracJujsomus contains numerous errors and can- not be relied upon. To the description given by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 1453), we make the following additions: Head SI- to 3,^ in length; depth 2 to 2]. Eye 3| to U in head; snout If to 14. The maxillary reaches to below the anterior orbital rim. There are but five very small, short gill-rakei's on the lower branchial arch. In our specimens, the dorsal is constantly XII, 12 and the anal III, 10. The third dorsal spine is contained 1|^ to 2f times in the head; the second anal spine is generally longer than the third, but does not reach to its tip in the declined fin. Its length is 3^ to 41 in head. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY Alcasiucmcnts in Hundredths of Length icithoiit Caudal. 113 Species Locality Length without caudal in mm Head Depth Eye Preorbital (least depth) Interorbital (bone) Snout Maxillary Pectoral Third dorsal spine Second anal spine Ventral Caudal Caudal peduncle (height) BRACHYSOMUS Panama La Paz, L.C. TAURINUS Galapagos Islands 286 177 175 255 286 34 31 31 31 34i 48 46 49 46 43 7 8 H Vz 7i i4i 12 12 13;. i4i 8 8 8 8 H 19 17 i8| 19 20 13 12 12 1 31 15 37 37 40 371 35 i6i 16 16 17 12 7 8 91 7 7 22 23i- 24 22 18 26 29 31 Broken 26 9 io| II 9 9 216 -. T I 424 8 Hi i7i I2i 36 13 6i 22 31 9 Family GEKRIDtE. 210. Eucinostomus californiensis {Gill). Diapterus dowii Gill, 1S63, p. 162. We found this species very common at Panama, and carefnlly selected a series of about twenty specimens, with a view to exhibiting all the variations to which it is subject. We have also a large number of specimens from other localities. Our extensive series seems to prove E. dowii to be invalid. It is alleged to differ from this species in having the maxillary groove " linear " instead of " broad and semi-oval "; in having the scales 5-47-10 instead of 6-44-13, and in having the " spinous dorsal blackish at the margin " rather than " fins immaculate." Our specimens show all intermediate stages of the maxillary groove, from linear to broadly U-shaped. In some individuals the groove is as wide at the anterior or open end as at the middle, but in most of them it is more or less constricted ante- riorly by the encroachment of the scales on each side. In one specimen the groove is wholly closed in front by the meeting of these scales. The scale-formula in our 114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES specimens is 5-44 or 45-10. The margin of the spinous dorsal varies in color from dusky to black, but we have some small specimens, collected by the Albatross, in which the fins may be said to be immaculate. Our specimens of the young up to 65 mm. in length show light brown cross- bars on back. One at the nape runs obliquely downward and backward to the upper end of gill-opening; one at the front of the spinous dorsal runs obliquely downward and forward to lateral line, nearly meeting the one at the nape; between these there is a shorter vertical bar, and more posteriorly are several bars running downward and forward, which become more or less indefinite along the middle of their length. One or two of these bars are represented by the spots on the upper edge and at the middle of the caudal peduncle. Our material from the Atlantic is so meager that we are unable to discuss relationships between E. calif or niensis, E. hnrengulus, and E. pseudogula. Measurements hi Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Locality Panama 149 153 150 154 149 95 80 32 33 31 32 31 33 33 37 38 37 37 36 36 38 lO 10 10 9 9 10 ID 34 32 32 32 33 33 32 19 19 18 18 i7i 18 17 9 9 7i 8 8 9 9 27 17 28 26 27 16 27 26 18 17 17 18 iS II 10 io4 II 10 "i 10 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 IX, 9 111,7 111,7 111,7 111,7 111,7 111,7 111,7 5-44-10 5-44-10 5-45-10 5-45-10 5-44-10 5-44-10 5-45-10 Chatham I., Gala- pagos Length without caudal ex- pressed in mm Head Depth Eye (inside of adipose eyelid).. Pectoral Second dorsal spine Second anal spine Caudal Ventrals Snout Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Scales 156 30 32 9 32 i7i- 8i 28 16 ^o\ IX, 9 HI, 7 5-45-10 211. Xystaema cinereum {'Walhaum). Panama records are by Giinther, 18G9, p. 391 (as Gerres squamipinnis) ; and Jordan, 1885, p. 384. 212. Gerres aureolus Jordan unGtatus from Mazatlan, Clarion Island, and San Benedicto Island; X. laticlavius from the Galapagos Islands; and the type of X. clarionis from Clarion Island. We have not sufficient material to decide upon the validity of the last-named species, and for present purposes will consider it distinct from the others. The outlines of the body are evenly curved. The snout projects but slightly as compared with the other species, and the upper anterior outline is shallowly concave. From before eye to dorsal, the profile is regularly rounded and without a projection at nape. Dorsal VIII, 26 or 27; anal III, 23. The head is smaller than in the other species, 26 or 27 hundredths of the length. In seven specimens of X. punctatus, the head averages 31 1 hundredths of the length; in three specimens of laticlavius, 31^ hundredths; in clarionis, 30 hundredths. The mouth is smaller; the maxillary forms but 6^ hundredths of the length (in punctatus, ji hun- dredths; in laticlavius, 8| hundredths; in clarionis, 8 hundredths). The teeth are much smaller, though they number the same as in the other species, 8 or g on each side of the upper jaw. The eye is smaller, 4 or 4^ in the snout, 5 hundredths of the length (in punctatus b^ hundredths; in lati- claviiis, 7|- hundredths; in clarionis, 6J- hundredths). The pectoral is broad and rounded at its tip, reaching to above the base of the second anal spine, when forced into a horizontal position. It seems to incline obliquely upward in its normal position. The ventrals nearly reach the first anal spine, and are about two-thirds the length of the pectorals. The dorsal and anal are as in related species. In the larger specimen, the first dorsal spine has become almost entirely concealed beneath the skin, the first anal spine wholly concealed. The posterior part of the body is rather thickly covered with sharp spines, the bases of which are expanded as rough plates. The spines are somewhat inclined forward and are occasionally bifid (some specimens of other species have scattered rough plates which sometimes bear low sharp keels, but never high spines). The three bony shields on the caudal peduncle bear thick blunt spines, their points broad and smooth, as though worn. Color light slaty on lower parts, dark above. One specimen is faintly spotted with black on nape and opercles. 156 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal, in mm Head Depth Maxillary Eye Horizontal limb of preopercle from behind fold in mandible. Vertical limb of preopercle Length of pectoral Length of ventral Length of fifth dorsal spine Longest anal rays Height of caudal peduncle just behind base of dorsal Length of longest caudal ray in upper lobe 360 335 27 26i 51 49 6i 6i 5 5 II 12 13 13 26 25 16 16 12 II 12 12 iii 12 24i 23i Family TETRAODONTID^. 286. Spheroides angusticeps {Jenyns). Not seen by us; recorded from Panama by Jordan and Gilbert (1882 n, p. 631) from the Bradley collection, and by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 183). 287. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner). Obtained at Panama by the Albatross; not seen by us. 288. Spheroides testudineus (Linnaiiis). Probably rather rare at Panama, where four specimens were taken. Compared with others from Jamaica, they seem to show a slight diflference in the length of the head and snout, but our series is insufficient for the verification of this distinction. Our specimens are much bleached, so that nothing can be made out except the pat- tern of coloration, which agrees with that of the Jamaica specimens. No satisfactory comparisons can be made as to the size of spots, or the distinctness of markings. This species differs from S. nnnulatus in having the interorbital space (bone) narrower, the dorsal and anal shorter, the spots a trifle larger, and the termination of the dorsal and the anal further from the caudal, the insertion of the fins being more anterior and the base shorter. As the interorbital increases in width with age, only specimens of about the same size should be compared in this respect. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 157 Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Locality Length without caudal in mm Head from teeth to middle of gill-opening, Depth at occiput Orbit Interorbital (bone) Snout (from teeth) Length of dorsal Length of anal Length of caudal Termination of dorsal from caudal Termination of anal from caudal Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays Panama Jamaica 164 150 135 168 137 133 32 33 33 34 35i 34 2li 23 21 23 25 22 7 n 6 6 7 7 7i 8 8 7 7i 7i i6i i6i i7i 18 18 18 18 iS i7i i6i 17 18 15 15 14 131- 14 15 24 25 24 25 25 24 14 13 14 i4i 13 14 13 13 i3i i3i i3i 13 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 151 34 22^ n n 171- 15 25 14 i3i 8 7 289. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns). Appearing frequently in the Panama market. The young are common also in the tide-pools, associated with the young of Tetraodon hispidus. In the young, the concentric rings are less variable and less interrupted than in adults. The ground color of the back is generally not broken up into small spots, as is so frequently the case in adults. The spots on the sides are usually larger and fewer in the young, or are sometimes entirely absent. The caudal is rather abruptly blackish upon its pos- terior half, the other fins are colorless. One specimen, 15 cm. in total length, differs from all the others in the some- what more prominent sharper spines, and the very different coloration. Ui^on the middle of the back is an S-shaped marking, the extremities of which are equidistant respectively from the eye and the front of the dorsal, the interval being in each case twice the diameter of the eye. Around it are very irregular incomplete rings. A curved line runs from just behind the eye to the middle of the gill-opening and another from the nape to above the base of the pectoral fin. Across the snout and caudal peduncle are irregular lines. The sides have fewer spots than is usual, and the fins are as here described for the young. The measurements of this specimen are the third listed in the appended table. We have examined specimens from Mazatlan, La Paz, and the Galapagos Islands. Some of the larger northern specimens {S. politus) have the color of (21) December 23, 1903. 158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the back broken up into smaller spots than in the southern specimens, though some of the smaller northern specimens are like the southern in this as in other respects. Sjjheroides politus has been recorded from Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 183) and from Santa Helena Bay (Boulenger, 1898-99, Vol. 14, p. 8). We consider it identical with annulatus. The Galapagos specimens vary greatly in depth of color. One has the back, pectoral, dorsal, and caudal very dark brown, almost black, while the anal is dark. The color of the back grades in other specimens to light brown, while the fins are nearly colorless. One specimen differs from the others in having a very concave interorbital. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Locality Panama Galapagos La Paz, Mex. Maza Me 200 158 121 170 185 200 116 215 114 37 36i 36i 34 35 34 35 36 36I 24 24 24i 25 24 24 24 24 23 5i 7 5i 7 6 4i 8 5i 6 13 12 9 loi 12 "i 10 13 10 20^ 19 i6i i6i 18^ 18 18 20 18 i8 18 18 20 19 19 19 19 18 i6i i6i 15 18 i6i 17 i6i i6i I5i 24 26 26 25 24 24 25 24 25 9i H 10 8 7 8 9 8 9 9\ 8 9i 7* 8 n 9 7 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Length without caudal in mm Head from teeth to middle of gill-opening. Depth at occiput Orbit Interorbital (bone) Snout (from teeth) Length of dorsal Length of anal Length of caudal Distance from tip of dorsal rays to caudal . Distance from tip of anal rays to caudal.... Number of dorsal rays Number of anal rays 92 35 22 7 7i 18 17 16 25 10 10 8 7 290. Spheroides furthii (Steindachner) . A rare species, not taken by us; recorded from Panama by the describer, and by Jordan (1885, p. 393) from the Gilbert collection. Guentheridia gen. no v. (Tetraodontidce). Type, Tetrodon formosus Giinther, 1870, p. 283. This genus differs from Spheroides in the character of the olfactory organ, which is a transversely-placed tube, open at each end to its full diameter. The outer end is squarely, the inner obliquely, truncate, making the upper margin of the tube GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 159 very narrow. The inner surface of the tube is closely covered with large cup-shaped pits, visible to the naked eye. To these pits the olfactory nerve is distributed; they are undoubtedly the end organs of the nerve. Similar pits are developed in the genus Tetraodon (erethizon, setosus, aerostaticus, perspicillaris, hisjndus), where they occupy the inner surface of the nasal flaps; but they are not found in other genera. The nasal organ of Tetraodon could be formed from that of Gtienthei-idia by cutting through the upper edge of the tube, thus leaving two lobes springing from a common base. The American species of Sj^hei^oides, nearly all of which we have examined, have the olfactory tubes with small openings, and without cup-shaped pits on their inner surfaces; the latter are smooth, or are sometimes provided with one or two slight folds of skin. 291. Guentheridia formosa (Gunther). Common at Panama, twelve specimens being secured. In addition to these we have examined six specimens collected by the Albatross at Panama in 1888. We found no young of this form, though the young of Tetraodon hispidus and Spher- oides annulatus were common in the tide-pools. The color pattern is variable. In some examples the spots are almost evenly distributed over the back and upper part of the sides, with no indication of concen- tric arrangement. Other examples have the spots confluent into smooth concentric rings, arranged with the smallest ring in the middle of the back. Between the examples with scattered spots and those with smooth rings are all intermediate stages — some with the spots arranged concentrically but not united, some with them more or less united, forming rings with uneven contour. The spots vary also in size. Sometimes they are little more than half the size of the eye, and are separated by interspaces of the gray ground color of about their own width, sometimes they are as large as the eye, or larger, and are so closely set that the ground color shows only as narrow lines between them. In one specimen some of the spots have fused into small irreg- ular rings about twice the size of the eye, and enclose small spots of the ground color. The top of head has transverse rows of spots or solid bars. The latter are some- times united in pairs, forming wider and fewer bars. Tetraodon formosus was described from a single specimen from South America. The type description is not detailed, so the identification with this Panama form must be considered provisional, until direct comparison can be made with the type. 292. Tetraodon hispidus Linnceus. Arothron erethizon Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, p. 631. This species is not rare about the rocky islands in Panama Bay, where numerous specimens were obtained, ranging from 15 to 330 mm. long. The long quill-like spines protrude only when the fish is inflated. When retracted, the position of the spines is indicated by the pores in the skin. 160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In our smallest specimens, the belly is white, the back brown with small white spots, one at the base of each spine; along lower margin of sides are light spots of larger size, enclosed in a network of dusky lines. In slightly larger speci- mens, the white spots on back have disappeared, and the under parts are covered with a close black reticulum, the lines of which show a tendency to a lengthwise arrangement. This tendency becomes dominant in specimens about 3 cm. long, the lower parts then marked with parallel black lines of varying width and intensity, which occasionally anastomose. The white dorsal spots soon reappear, and the length- wise streaks begin to fade, wholly disappearing in adults. We have had for comparison numerous young and adult specimens from the Hawaiian Islands, and two young individuals from Japan. No differences are discov- erable, so we have been forced to conclude that T. hisjndus is identical with T. erethizon, and is a species of universal distribution in the tropical Pacific. 293. Eumycterias punctatissimus {Oilnther). Plate XXIII, Fig. 46. Not rare among the rocky islands in Panama Bay. The white spots are always numerous and crowded, especially on the lower part of the sides, but they vary considerably in size, and the brown lines forming the network enclosing them are sometimes wider, sometimes narrower. The belly is always white. The sides and top of the head, the najie and the whole dorsal line, are marked with numerous small blue spots, usually surrounded each by a darker ring; the eye is occasionally, but very rarely, surrounded by blue radiating streaks. Young specimens are sometimes marked by an obscurely ocellated dusky area below the dorsal fin, but no trace of this persists in adults. The youngest specimen, 12 ram. long, is a uniform warm brown, without trace of spots. The basal fourth of the caudal fin is usually covered with fine white spots, the remainder of the caudal and all the other fins, translucent, unmarked. The vertical fins are short, with evenly rounded margins. The pectorals are strongly emarginate, with the upper lobe the longer. The dorsal and anal each contains 9 rays (rarely 10). There is a short nasal tube widely open at the summit. Family DIODONTID^. 294. Diodon holacanthus Linnceus. Three specimens were secured, 115, 179, and 280 mm. long. All show the characteristic black cross-bars and blotches ascribed to this species. Round black spots are also present on the lighter spaces of the back, and on the postocular area, where they are largest. Small black spots are present on the snout in the two smaller specimens, but are lacking in the larger one. In all of the specimens, large black spots are present over the ventral region, one in the axil of each spine. They are GILBERT AND STAKES —FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 161 more prominent in the youngest example than in the older ones, but their shape is less definite. The fins are immaculate in all, and the upper lobe of the pectoral is notably longer than the lower lobe, a character which becomes more pronounced in the older specimens. So far as our specimens are concerned, there is no indication that with increasing age there is an approach to D. hystrix. The species should be held distinct until a full intermediate series is obtained. Family SCORP^NID^. 295. Scorp£ena histrio Jenyns. Taken by the Albatross at Panama (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 182). 296. Scorpaena pannosa Cramer. Only the type known; taken by the Albatross at Panama. 297. Scorpaena mystes Jordan & Starks. Of frequent occurrence in the Panama market, the collection containing nu- merous specimens from 10 to 30 cm. long. In the type of S. mysies, the supraocular cirrus is longer than the diameter of the eye, but this is a very variable feature. In the majority of our Panama specimens, the cirrus is shorter than the diameter of the pupil, and in some individuals no trace of it can be found. Two Panama specimens have it long, as in the type; in a third it is long on one side and short on the other. In one adult co-type from Mazatlan, it is short, as is also the case in a young specimen from La Paz, L. C. The variation is dependent on neither age nor sex. The nearest relative of S. mystes is the representative form S. plumieri of the Atlantic. The differences alleged to separate the two are slight. In all the speci- mens we have examined, those from the Pacific can be distinguished by the darker duller coloration, and the wider shallower grooves and pits on the top of the head. 8. -plumieri is currently described as having a long supraocular cirrus. From the following statement, however, it is evident that the species varies in this regard as does its Pacific representative: "Junge individuen besitzen bios wenige, oder selbst keine Hautlappen, und einem jungen Weibchen fehlen audi die tentakeln liber dem Auge." (Kner, Novara Fische, 1866, p. 115). 298. Scorpaena russula Jordan & Bollman. Dredged by the Albatross at Stations 2795 and 2797, in Panama Bay, 33 fath- oms; only the types known. 162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Family TRIGLID^. 299. Prionotus xenisma Jordan <£• Bollman. Dredged at Albatross Stations 2795 and 2805, in Panama Bay, 33 and 51^ fathoms; the types only known. 300. Prionotus loxias Jordan. Only the types known; dredged at Albatross Station 2805, Panama Bay, 51^ fathoms. 301. Prionotus quiescens Jordan d- Bollman. The types were dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, in depths of 7 to 51| fathoms. 302. Prionotus albirostris Jordan d- Bollman. The types from Albatross Station 2795, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms. 303. Prionotus horrens Richardson. This species is very similar in general appearance to P. ruscarius, with which it has been frequently confused. The two agree in having a continuous sharp ridge running from the margin of the snout across preorbital and cheek to the preoper- cular spine, this ridge bearing several strong bramble-like spines standing out from the head at right angles, and hooked backward. In this respect, both species differ conspicuously from P. tribuius, in the adults of which the rostral spine, the spine on the middle of preorbital, and that on the middle of cheek become inconsjiicuous or wholly wanting. P. trihulus cannot be considered a representative Atlantic species of either of these Pacific forms, for the relationship is not so close as has been assumed. P. horrens seems to be less abundant than P. ruscarius. We secured four adults at Panama. Three others have been reported by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 182) from Albatross Station 2800, in Panama Bay. Aside from these, the species is known only from the Gulf of Fonseca, where the types were obtained. The following description is drawn from the seven specimens above noted: Head 2| to 2| in length to base of caudal; depth 4 to 4^. Snout equaling maxillary, 2^ to 2^ in head; eye 5^ to 6; interorbital width 4. Dorsal X, 11; anal 9. Snout depressed, the longi- tudinal profile nearly straight, the sides concave, flaring strongly outwards to the sharp ridge at its lower margin. Beneath the ridge, the surface of the preorbitals is horizontal, continuous with that of the widely exposed dentigerous portion of the premaxillaries, and with the lower surface of the head. The snout is squarely truncate, or the preorbitals, especially in the young, may project slightly beyond its tip. They are never strongly produced, as in P. ruscarius, and permit a wide strip of the premax- illaries to be seen from above in the closed mouth. The interorbital space is wide and flat, bounded by bluntly rounded supraocular ridges, which are usually low, but vary somewhat. This space is never deeply concave, as in P. ruscarius and P. tribulus. GILBERT AND STARES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 163 The head is very finely granular, the radiating ridges delicate and very numerous, the minute granules almost uniformly covering the bones. The anterior margin of the preorbitals is minutely serrulate or granular, the posterior tooth sometimes larger than the others, projecting spine-like. Immediately behind the rounded portion of the preorbital, from which it is separated by a notch, is a strong compressed spine directed outward and backward. Behind this, on the ridge already mentioned, is a series of similar spines increasing in size posteriorly. One of these is on the center of the pre- orbital, one on the center of the cheek, the third at the base of the preopercular spine. These spines decrease but little with age; but it may be possible that none of our specimens is fully grown. The preocular, supraocular, occipital, nuchal, opercular and humeral ridges and spines offer nothing peculiar. No spines immediately behind the. eye. A single pair, similar to the occipital spines, located slightly in advance of the latter, on the blunt postocular ridge. No trace of a postocular groove. The anterior nostril has a broad short flap arising from its posterior margin. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching a vertical which passes through spine on middle of cheek and traverses the orbit midway between its anterior margin and the front of the pupil. Mandible with a small but evident symphysial knob, much better developed than in P. ruscarius, the intermandibular space anteriorly acute. Vomerine and palatine patches of teeth varying greatly in width, the vomerine patch greatly constricted mesially, but not wholly divided in any of our specimens. The vomerine patch about equals in length one of the palatine patches. Gill-rakers varying in length from two-fifths to four-fifths diameter of pupil. They are usually heavy, club-shaped; 6, or rarely but 5 movable ones are developed on horizontal limb of arch. The membrane between the opercular spines is partly cov- ered with cycloid scales. Scales thin, smooth or weakly ctenoid in the young, wholly smooth with entire edges in adults. The scales of the lateral line have their exposed portions roughened with minute projections, the free edges coarsely spinous in the young. The size and roughness of these scales vary widely in different individuals. The sides of body are wholly scaled, save for a narrow naked strip in the axil of the pectorals and ventrals. The breast is variously scaled, but less completely so than in P. riiscariiis. The scaled tract is sometimes limited to a narrow medial band, with a constriction opposite the base of the ventrals; when wider than this, it is in adults still bounded in front and on the sides with distinct naked margins. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, and about lOO vertical series above the lateral line. The dorsal spines are slender and flexible, none of them roughened or serrulate on their anterior margin. The first spine is but little shorter than the second (the longest) ; the free margin of the fin is slightly concave. The eighth is the last spine to bear movable membrane, the ninth being thick and short, declined, firmly embedded in the integument, and the tenth little more than a conical bony nodule, which is sometimes entirely concealed. The caudal is truncate when spread, rarely slightly emarginate. The pectorals are very short, barely reaching the vent in adults, slightly beyond that point in the young. In the very immature type (115 mm. long), the pectoral is figured as extend- ing to a point opposite the fourth anal ray. The posterior margin of the fin is evenly rounded, the sixth to the eleventh rays the longest. Detached pectoral rays very long and slender, the uppermost about as long as the rest of the fin, extending well beyond tips of ventrals. In adults, the tips of ventrals fall a little short of the tips of the pectorals, and neither fin reaches the vent. The dorsal contains invariably 10 spines and 11 soft rays; the anal has but 9 rays. As noted above, the last dorsal spine (or tubercle) is sometimes concealed. Color in spirits : dusky brown above, an obscure broad dark bar extending downwards from anterior part of spinous dorsal, and a second, more distinct, from posterior part of soft dorsal. A dusky shade on cheeks, continued on to lower side of head, where it widens from the cheek spine backward to behind tip of maxillary. Lower parts bright white. Spinous dorsal dusky, especially on its anterior half, where there may be disconnected traces of a distinct black margin. Gill-cavity blackish; peritoneum white. 164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The soft dorsal has its rays faintly barred, the posterior half darkest, the margin irregularly blackish. Caudal with much white pigment, the terminal fourth with a series of oblong black blotches, occupying the membranes between the rays. The remainder of the fin has two or three irregular cross- series of smaller roundish black spots. The anal is white, some of the rays occasionally margined with black. Ventrals white, sometimes black-margined. Pectorals dusky at base, becoming black toward middle of fin; the distal half is occupied by a conspicuous white cross-bar, beyond which is a narrow bar of black. The white cross-bar does not involve the upper or the lower rays. Measurenietits i?i Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Total length in mm Length to base of caudal in mm. Greatest depth Least depth Length of caudal peduncle Head. Snout . Orbit . Interorbital width Maxillary Greatest width of snout without spine., Snout to first dorsal spine Base of spinous dorsal Base of soft dorsal Longest caudal ray Middle caudal rays Upper pectoral ray Fifth pectoral ray Ninth (longest) pectoral ray Upper detached ray Second detached ray Third detached ray Snout to first anal ray Base of anal Ventral spine Outer ventral ray Inner ventral ray 232 213 224 185 171 182 25 24i 24i 9i 9i 9 17 17 17 43i 40 40 I9i 18 l^ 7i n 7i Hi lOi lOi i9i 18 18 24 23 23 431 4oi 40 23i 2li 204 24 24i 26 26^ 24i 24i 24A 22i 22J 18 i8i i7i- 28 27 25i 32 31 29 3ii 30 31 27 24 24 21 i8i 20 66| 65 64 19 20 20i 14 14 14 19 18 18 24 2li 22i 152 121 28 9 18 44 i9i H 12 20 26 44 23i 23 29 261 20I 29 33 35i 2H 24 65 20^ 21 24 GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 165 304. Prionotus ruscarius sp. nov. Plate XXVII, Figs. 50, 50a. Prionotus horrcns Jordan, 1895 b, p. 492 (Mazatlan); Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2172 (Panama; Magdalena Bay) ; not /V/(7«<;/z« /wrr^«5 Richardson. Prionotus birosiratiis ]oYLT>K^, 1885, p. 3S7; Jordan & Hughes, 1886, pp. 332, 337; not Prionotus birostratus Richardson. This species strongly resembles P. horre7is, with which it is found as.sociated. It differs in the coarsely granular head, which is usually strongly birostrate, the con- cave iuterorbital space, the strongly ctenoid scales, the more numerous rays in the vertical fins, and in the shape of the pectoral. Like P. horrena, this species has a ridge extending from edge of preorbital backward to base of preopercular spine. The ridge is less sharp than in horrens, being scarcely keel-like in our younger specimens, and decidedly rounded in a large individual 34 cm. long. The rostral plates are usually produced into rounded lobes, with a deep emargination between them; but the lobes vary greatly. Where the lobes are large, the premaxillaries are wholly or almost wholly concealed, when viewed from above. In the largest sjiecimen the lobes project but little, and the premaxillaries ai'e exposed. The ridges and granules are much coarser than in P. horrens, more nearly resembling P. trihidus. The ridges are everywhere easily discernible. The spines are slightly smaller than in /-". horrens, but occupy the same positions and are for the most part similarly developed. The supraocular spines are usually smaller, with two present above each orbit, a minute one projecting into a notch in the immediate bony rim of the orbit, and a larger one farther removed from the rim, on the rounded supraocular ridge. But one supraocular S2)ine is present in P. horrens. The humeral, opercular and occipital spines and ridges are sharper and stronger in P. ruscarius. Head 2^^ to 2f in length to base of caudal; depth 4| to 4J; snout 2^ to 2^ in head (to edge of opercular flap); eye 5^ to 6; interorbital width 4 to 4|. Dorsal X, 12; anal 11. Interorbital space deeply concave, as in P. tribulus. Anterior nostril with a slender flap, longer than in P. horrens, reaching when depressed to or beyond anterior margin of nostril. The maxillary usually fails to reach vertical from spine on middle of cheek. The intermandibular space is rounded anteriorly; there is little or no trace of a symphysial knob. Vomerine patch of teeth con- stricted mesially in young specimens, wholly divided into two separate patches in adults. Each half of vomerine patch about equals one of the palatine bands. Gill-rakers 6 (movable), the longest about three-fourths diameter of pupil. The membrane between the opercular spines is covered with cycloid scales. Scales thick and firm, strongly ctenoid on back and sides, becoming cycloid on belly and breast, and on anterior portion of nape. The scales of the lateral line are less roughened than in P. horrens, the edges not strongly spinous. The breast is almost completely scaled, a small tract immediately behind the isthmus, and a narrow area at base of each ventral, naked. There are 50 to 52 scales in the lateral line, and about 100 vertical series above the lateral line. The dorsal spines are fle.xible, but stronger than in P. horrens. The first and second spines are about equal, the succeeding ones rapidly shortened, the margin of the fin straight. The ninth spine bears a movable membrane. The tenth is immovably imbedded, very strong, the basal tubercle (22) December 29. 1903^^ 166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES bearing a well-developed, backvvardly directed spinous process. The lower caudal lobe is slightly longer than the upper; the margin is concave rather than truncate, when the fin is spread. The pec- torals are very short, reaching to or slightly beyond the vent in adults, a little longer in the young. The fin is sharply angulated above, the third and fourth rays the longest; the posterior margin from the fourth to the ninth rays is vertically truncate or slightly emarginate; the whole contrasting strongly with the evenly rounded fin of P. horrens. The detached rays are short, the upper not nearly reach- ing the tips of the ventrals. The dorsal contains invariably lo spines and 12 soft rays; the anal has 11 rays in all of the eighteen specimens examined, except in one which had 10. Color in spirits: dark brown on back and sides, white below; a faint ill-defined dark bar under spinous dorsal, and one slightly more distinct under posterior half of soft dorsal. Gill-cavity blackish. Dorsals translucent, the spinous dorsal blackish toward tip anteriorly; posterior part of soft dorsal dusky at base, the fin with a more or less distinct blackish margin, which does not involve the tips of the rays. Caudal translucent dusky on basal portion, with faint dark blotches arranged in one or two irregular cross-rows. In the terminal third, the rays become charged with much white pigment and the intervening membranes are black. Anal and ventrals translucent, unmarked. Pectorals dusky on basal half, becoming blackish toward middle of fin. The distal half of the third to the ninth rays with a broad whitish bar, broadly margined with black. This species is now known from Panama, Mazatlan and Albatross Station 3041 (Magdaleua Bay, L. C). GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 167 Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Total length in mm Length to base of caudal in mm Greatest depth Least depth Length of caudal peduncle Head (to edge of flap) Snout Orbit Interorbital width Maxillary Greatest width of snout without spine Snout to first dorsal spine Base of spinous dorsal , Base of soft dorsal Longest caudal ray Shortest caudal ray Upper pectoral ray Longest (fourth) pectoral ray Ninth pectoral ray Upper detached ray Middle detached ray Lower detached ray Snout to first anal ray Base of anal Ventral spine Outer ventral ray Inner ventral ray 153 225 270 119 177 222 25i 22| 20^ 8 8 8 15 i6i 15 42 39 36i 19 i7i 17 8| 1\ 7 lOi 9i 9 18 17 i5i 25 2li 20 41 37i 34i 24 23 20|^ 24i 27 25 27i 28 24i 26 24 2li 25 27 23 33 33 29 31 34 28 26 26 23 21 22 19 16 \b\ i4i 60 58 58 26 26i 25i i4i i4i 13 20 19 i7i 281 25i 23 157 24 8 Hi 40 i7i 8 10 17 22 381 23i 25 30 26| 25 33i 32* 27i 23 20 25 Hi 2C4 28 Family GOBIID^. 305. Philypnus lateralis QUI. Abundant in the Rio Grande at Miraflores. In life, the scattered spots on the sides and the streaks about eye were reddish in color. 168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In tlieii* List of American Gobiidse, Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1888, p. 52) distinguish the Atlantic and Pacific sjjecies of Philypnus {P. dormitor and P. lateralis) by the size of the scales, the length of the head, and the number of anal rays. In going over this ground later, Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2195) state: " The only constant difference between this species \_P. lateralis] and Philypnus dormitor seems to be the brighter coloration of lateralis." We have examined in this connection five specimens of P. dormitor, and thir- teen specimens of P. lateralis. These bear out in the main the differences assigned by Eigenmann. In P. dormitor, the head averages shorter, although the extreme of variation includes some measurements of P. lateralis. The scales are smaller in P. dormitor, although here again there is an overlapping in the formuhe. But in P. dormitor the anal rays are constantly 10, while in P. lateralis they are constantly 11. Below are data for individual specimens examined: p. LATERALIS. Mazatlan Panama Head H 2* 2| 3tV 2| 2f 2f 2f 3 2ii 2| 2f 2| 2| Scales 52 54 55 56 52 56 55 55 54 54 53 56 53 51 Scales in cross-series 17 II 20 I I 19 1 1 17 II 18 II 17 II 17 1 1 18 I I 16 1 1 17 II Anal 1 1 II 1 1 II P. DORMITOR. Havana Jamaica Tampico, Max. Head 3? 3 3+ 3i 3i Scales 56 56 59 59 61 Scales in cross-series 19 19 18 21 20 Anal 10 10 10 10 10 We have not sufficient material to enable us to decide whether there are any constant differences in coloration. The young of both species are marked by a longitudinal band, interrupted, or narrowed at intervals by incursions of the ground color. The only young specimen of P. dormitor in our possession shows three con- spicuous cross-bars on the back: one under jwsterior portion of spinous dorsal, con- tinued on the fin as a jet-black bar traversing its posterior and distal half; the second, immediately behind the soft dorsal; the third, much narrower, just in advance of the caudal fin. These become faint in adults, but we find traces of them in all our specimens. Where traces of these bars exist in Pacific material before us, they are very faint, even in brightly colored young, and do not involve the spinous dorsal. GILBERT AND STARRS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 169 306. Dormitator maculatus {BlocJi). Abundant at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Of the two forms recognized by Eigenmann as occurring in the Atlantic, our material agrees almost exactly with the second, which he had from Gurupa and Rio Graude do Sul. Our younger specimens, 10 to 15 cm. long, are slender, with the upper profile usually noticeably depressed above the eyes. The head is 3 to 3| in the length, the depth 3f to 35. Highest anal ray If to 1^ in head. Distance from snout to base of first dorsal spine equaling distance from first dorsal spine to base of last anal ray; it is sometimes slightly greater, sometimes slightly less than this distance, but always approximates it. The color was light grayish, with numerous oblique dark bars running down- ward and forward from the back. A blue spot surrounded by a black area above the base of the pectoral. Base of pectoral with a blue or black cross-bar. A dark bar downward from eye to angle of mouth, and four jmrallel longitudinal dark streaks across cheeks and opercles. The spinous dorsal was broadly edged with bright red in life. Two adults, 255 mm. long, have the depression above the eyes less marked, the head larger, 2| in length, the depth much greater, 2^ in length, and the coloration plain dark brown on body and fins, save the red margin to the dorsals. Distance from snout to base of first dorsal spine equals distance from the latter to base of third anal ray. It is probable that this widely-distributed brackish-water species is subject to local variations in different parts of its range, variations which are not geographically progressive and are incajiable of systematic recognition. According to this view, the resemblance of the Panama and Rio Grande do Sul specimens is a chance one, depending upon independent local variation from the common stock. A number of small specimens from the Rio Presidio at Mazatlan, Mex., do not agree precisely with either form, though they stand nearer the one here described. But the head averages somewhat smaller (3g- to 34 in length), and the distance from snout to first dorsal spine is about equal to that between first dorsal spine and middle of anal. There seems to be no basis for the division of these specimens into three groups, as indicated by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2197). 307. Eleotris pictus Kner £ Steindachner . Eleotris (Equidens Jordan & Gilbert, 1881/", p. 461. Abundant in muddy overflow ponds and ditches at Miraflores, where a few specimens were obtained. These agree perfectly with Kner and Steindachner's description and figure, also with typical E. cequidens from Mazatlan. Both show the characteristic mottlings of white or bluish white on the under side of the body. The black bars on the sides of the head are not visible in the larger individuals, but are very apparent in young specimens 50 to 125 mm. long. They consist of a short narrow line on each side of occiput, more or less broken up into series of dots, and of two rather broad dark bars diverging backward from eye. The upper bar extends 170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES to the upper end of the pectoral base, but is not well marked posteriorly. The lower runs backward and slightly downward across cheeks to the preoj^ercular margin. The lower part of cheeks is crossed nearly vertically by three broad dark shades separated by two narrow light streaks. In none of our specimens, do we note the bar described by Kner and Steindachner beginning at the angle of the mouth and joining the second bar at preopercular margin. All of the fins are dark, rather finely barred with blackish and lighter. The spinous dorsal has usually a rather wide translucent margin, and a submedial lengthwise translucent streak. The teeth are equal or nearly so. In young .specimens, a slight enlargement of the outer mandibular teeth can often be detected. In specimens of Eleotris pisonis from Havana (Rio Almendares), the outer series in the upper jaw are slightly enlarged, more noticeably on the sides than in the front of the jaw. A few of the posterior teeth near the middle line of the upper jaw are also slightly enlarged. In the medial portion of the mandibles, the anterior row is slightly larger. The inner mandibular series is also enlarged, the teeth increas- ing in size laterally where the band narrows to a single series. In U. abacurus, the teeth are similar to those of U. jnsonis, but the canines are much larger. Both outer and inner series are enlarged in the upper jaw, the inner series less so, and the teeth are declined. It is extremely probable that U. ahacurus is a synonym of E. arnblyopsis. 308. Alexurus armiger Jordan £ Richardson. A single specimen, 172 mm. long, slightly larger than the type. This is the second individual to be reported, and extends the known habitat of the species from La Paz, L. C, to Panama. The type description needs modification in the following respects: The diameter of the eye is contained 9i times, the length of the snout 5 times in the length of the head. There are broad bands of villiform teeth in each jaw, the outer series enlarged to form small canines. In the upper jaw, these increase in size laterally, and extend as far as does the villiform band. The inner teeth are not enlarged. In the mandible, the outer canines are confined to the central portion of the jaw, numbering only about 5 on each side of the symphysis. The teeth of the inner mandibular series are also enlarged, but less so than the outer, and are directed backward. The cheeks and opercles are wholly covered with cycloid scales similar to those on the occiput. They do not overlap, and are more or less embedded and concealed. As indicated in the published drawing of the type (Jordan, 1895 b, PI. XLVIII), the rays of the procurrent portion of the caudal fin are unbranched and not articulated. In the Panama specimen, the fin rays number: dorsal VI, 14, anal 11. 309. Gymneleotris seminudus {Giinther). Only the type known from Panama. GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 171 310. Gobius soporator Cuvier ilk Valenciennes. The most abundant fish of the tide-pools among the rocks. 311. Gobionellus sagittula (Gfmther). Not seen by us; the species was described from specimens taken on the Pacific Coast of Central America, and has been recorded from Panama Bay by Jordan (1885, p. 387) and by Boulenger (1899, p. 3; Kio Tuyra, Darien). 312. Gobionellus microdon (Gilbert). Plate XXVIII, Fig. 51. This species has been known hitherto from two immature specimens taken in a brackish lagoon a short distance south of Guaymas, in the Gulf of California. We now report it from the Panama region, where two specimens were secured in the Rio Grande, at Miraflores, a point entirely above the action of the tides. One specimen is immature, only slightly larger than the types, the other is 113 mm. long, apparently adult. These enable us to correct the original account of the species in respect to the dentition and the coloration. The teeth are minute in both jaws. Those in the mandible are in a narrow band, with the outer series very slightly enlarged, inserted on the extreme outer edge of the jaw, and directed almost horizontally. They are not separated by an interspace from the rest of the band. Those in the upper jaw are extremely minute, in a wider band than those in the mandible, the outer series stronger than the others, but scarcely longer. Here again, there is no interspace between the stronger series and the rest of the band. In Q. sagittula, the upper jaw contains an outer series of strong conical teeth, separated by a well-defined interspace from a narrow inner series of small villiform teeth; the villiform band in mandible is somewhat wider, of slightly coarser teeth, with an outer series less enlarged, and with two or three pairs of strong conical teeth in the inner series next the symphysis. Color in spirits: light greenish olive, the snout and interorbital region brownish; a narrow black streak extending backward from eye; a second narrowly V-shaped streak on opercle. A series of five to seven vertically oblong blotches or bars on middle of sides. In the young specimen, these are distinctly band- like, and reach nearly to upper and lower profiles of body. In the adult, they are much shortened, and the anterior ones are obscure. Alternating with these bars above, is a series of blotches extending half way to middle line of sides, becom- ing confluent in the dorsal region with a brown reticulum which encloses variously- shaped areas of the ground color. A series of three brown blotches occupies the naked predorsal strip. Dorsals whitish, each with three or four irregular lengthwise streaks, slightly looped from ray to ray. The caudal has a number of narrow cross-bars composed of series of small spots on the membrane. Other fins are colorless, or nearly so. A bright green spot is on the base of the tongue in life. 172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredl/is of Length zoithout Caudal. Total length in mm Head Snout Maxillary Eye Interorbital width (bony) Depth Depth of caudal peduncle Distance from snout to dorsal Distance from first dorsal spine to first ray Base of second dorsal Snout to anal Base of anal Highest dorsal spine Length of caudal Length of pectorals Length of ventrals Transverse rows of scales Dorsal spines Dorsal rays Anal rays 87 ID 5 2J 19 9 31 19 39 55 37 24 34 2U 21 65 VI I4 + I I4+I 313. Garmannia paradoxa (Giinther). Plate XXVIII, Fig. 52. Abundant in tide-pools on the Panama reef, where numerous specimens were obtained. Females are light olivaceous in color, with nine or ten dark cross-bar.«, two of which are on head, one opposite base of pectorals, two under spinous dorsal, three under soft dorsal, one on caudal peduncle and sometimes a fainter one at the base of the tail. The bars are usually wider than the inters2:)aces, and each contains a number of small spots of the light ground color, arranged in one or more vertical series. A narrow horizontal black line traverses each bar at middle of sides. The dorsals are coarsely speckled, the caudal finely barred. The anal is blackish, the pectorals and ventrals faintly dusky; a small blackish blotch is sometimes present at GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 173 base of upper pectoral rays. The under side of the head is coarsely spotted, usually witli two parallel cross-bars. Males are much darker, sometimes nearly uniformly blackish, with all the fins black. Six spines have been erroneously attributed to this species. Seven are present in all specimens examined by us, including the one obtained by the Hopkins Expedition to Mazatlan (see Jordan, 1895, p. 497, PI. LIX). The normal fin-formula is dorsal VII, 12; anal 10. In ten specimens counted, one had 11 dorsal rays and one had 13; in all others, tlie normal formula was found. The first dorsal spine is constantly produced into a filament, which usually fails to reach the middle of the soft dorsal, but extends beyond the first dorsal ray. The dentition has not been correctly described. There is in the upper jaw a moderate band of villiform teeth, along the front of which is a series of strong curved canines, which decrease in size regularly toward the angles of the mouth. Behind the band, in the middle of the jaw, are four much slenderer canines, directed back- ward, all evenly spaced. In the lower jaw, the teeth are in a villiform band, with an outer and an inner series of strong canines. Laterally, these all give place to a single close-set series of teeth, which are but little larger than those of the villiform band. The canines of the inner series increase in size laterally and are directed obliquely backward. The outer canines are stronger than the inner, and decrease in size laterally. The scales are large and strongly ctenoid, covering the body behind the ver- tical from the second to fourth ray of second dorsal. There are about 16 cross-series of scales, the anterior series containing about 12 scales each. The head is contained 3^ in the length to base of caudal; 4g^ to 4^ in the total length. 314. Enypnias seminudus (Gilnther). Plate XXIX, Fig. 53. Fifteen specimens were secured of this rare species, which had not been reported since the discovery of the types in 1861. Examination of our material shows that the species is widely separated from typical Goblus, and also from Oarmannia, pos- sessing the following characters: The dorsal spines are constantly 7 in number instead of 6, the number assigned in current descriptions. There is a pair of thick barbels on the chin, each of which springs laterally from the edge of the median frenum of the lower lip. The body is much more completely scaled than is the case with Gavmannia jjaradoxa. The belly is naked, and has continuous with it a naked strip extending up into the axil of the pectoral fin. The head and nape are also naked, a narrow naked strip extending backward along base of spinous dorsal. Otherwise, the scales cover tlie body, the scaly area narrowing anteriorly behind the base of the pectoral fin. Ante- riorly, the scales are very small and are arranged irregularly. They increase in size posteriorly, and are there inserted in regular series. There are about 50 or 60 scales in a line along middle of sides. (23) Pecember 30, 1903. 174 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In this species, as in Garmannia jtaradoxa, we fail to find the "2 small curved canine teeth on each side of lower jaw." The mandible contains a broad band of rather coarse villiform teeth, with an inner and an outer series of enlarged canines. The ujjper jaw is simihir, but contains no enlarged inner series. None of the dorsal sjiines are filamentous or elongate. They are constantly seven in number, the last two much more widely spaced than the preceding five. The last membrane joins the base of the first soft ray. The head is large, with swollen cheeks and a blunt nose. Its length is con- tained 31^ to 3| times in length to base of caudal, o'\ to 3^ times in total length. The greatest depth of body is contained 41 times in length to base of caudal, 5g- in total length, in a female; 4| (5|) in a male. In females, the body is obscurely cross-banded, a horizontal black line on each bar along dorsal outline, and another where each crosses middle line of sides. The soft dorsal and caudal are coarsely speckled in cross-series; a black bar at base of upper and one at base of lower caudal rays. A conspicuous black blotch at base of upper pectoral rays. Males are much darker than females, the fins all blackisli and without cross-barring, the bars on sides little evident. The normal fin-formula is D. VII, 15; A. 11. In fifteen sjjeciraens examined, all contained 7 dorsal spines, thirteen contained 15 dorsal rays (one had 12, and one 16 rays), fourteen contained 11 anal rays (one had 10 rays). There is nothing in the squamation to distinguish this species generically from Oohius. The geuus Enypnias may be based upon the 7 dorsal spines and the pair of mental barbels. 315. Bollmannia chlamydes Jordan. Only the types known, from Albatross Stations 2800, 2802, 2803, 2804, 2805, Panama Bay, depths 7 to 51^- fathoms. 316. Aboma lucretiae {Eigenmann & Eigenniann). Only the type known, from Pearl Island, Bay of Panama. 317. Microgobius emblematicus {Jordan <& Gilbert). Microgobius cyclolcpis Gilbert, 1891, p. 74. About thirty specimens were secured in tide-pools on the Panama reef. In spirits, the coloration is largely lost, the fish having the translucent oliva- ceous cast so characteristic of the typical members of this genus. On the back, along the base of the dorsal fins, are more or less distinct traces of five elongate dusky blotches, the intervals between which are narrower than the eye. Most specimens show a distinct, vertically oblong black humeral spot. The fins are translucent dusky, darker in males, in some of which the ventrals and anal are black. The spinous dorsal has occasionally one, or several, lengthwise series of small dark sjjots, one for each spine. The red streak on caudal is often represented by a pale line traversing obliquely the dusky fin. For the coloration in life, we can refer to the original description. GILBERT AND STARES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 175 The species varies greatly in depth, in squamation, and in the length of the dorsal sjsines. The depth varies from 4i to 6 in length to base of caudal. The scales grow larger posteriori}', and are there regularly arranged. More anteriorly, they are reduced iu size and crowded, and are very difficult to enumerate. Different speci- mens vary greatly in size of scales, in amount of crowding and irregularity in the anterior part of the body, and also in the relative completeness with which the ante- rior part of the body is invested. The head, nape, and belly, and a strip along base of spinous dorsal are always naked. A narrow vertical strip immediately behind pectorals is usually scaleless. The scaly area of sides therefore narrows anteriorly and ends at a point about opposite the first dorsal spine. In some si^ecimens the scales cease more posteriorly, opposite fourth or fifth dorsal spine. This condition does not differ essentially from that found iu Alicrogohius signatus, the type of the genus, nor in 31. thalassiniis. The genus Zaly2miis, based on emblematicus, must therefore be withdrawn. As above indicated, the enumeration of the rows of scales is attended with great difficulty, and cannot be made with any high degree of accuracy. In diflferent specimens, our counts have varied from 45 to 70, the majority ranging between 55 and 05. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines are usually somewhat produced, often extending to middle of dorsal base, or even beyond this point. In some siJeeimens, apparently females, the fin is evenly rounded in outline, with none of the rays pro- duced. Microgohius cydolepis was based on a specimen, 5 cm. long, from the Gulf of California, said to differ from J/, emhlematicus in the lower spines, the larger scales, and in the presence of a round black humeral si50t. Our present material shows that all of these characters fall within the range of variation of M. emhlematicus, of which M. cydolepis is doubtless a synonym. The dentition is as follows: The ujiper jaw is provided with an anterior series of slender canines extending along the proximal half only of each premaxillary. Those nearest the center of each jaw are upright, backwardly curved toward their tips; the others are strongly curved (almost hooked) in the direction of the angle of the mouth. Behind the canines is a single series of minute villiform teeth, extending much farther laterally than do the canines. The mandibular teeth are arranged like those in the lower jaw, the outermost canine on each side larger than the others. Opposite the point where the anterior series terminates, the teeth of the posterior row are abruptly transformed into laterally curved canines, which I'eplace on the sides of the jaw those of the anterior row. In ten specimens, the fin-formula is as follows, the last ray of both dorsal and anal divided to the base and enumerated as one ray: Dorsal spines Dorsal rays Anal rays Number of rays Specimens VII lO i6 I 17 6 i8 3 i6 I 17 7 18 2 176 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES One specimen with 18 rays in the dorsal has 17 in the anal. In all other cases the two fins agree. All specimens possess a sharp thin dermal fold which extends from the first dorsal spine, to the base of which it is attached, forward over nape and occiput to a point immediately behind the eyes. A similar fold exists in M. signatus, and will doubtless be detected in M. thalassinus. It does not exist in M. gulosus, which is in other respects less closely allied to the species under con- sideration, and will doubtless in time receive generic recognition. A similar fold is found in Oohius nicholsi, and again, in an exaggerated form in Lophogobius cyprinoides. M. einblematicus is most nearly allied to M. thalassinus, which it seems to represent in the Pacific. No structural features which promise to be permanent are alleged to distinguish them, but we have no specimens of thalassinus at hand for comparison. It seems altogether probable that M. eulejns, from Fortress Monroe, is a synonym of M. thalassinus. Measurements in Htindredths of Length ivithout Caudal. Total length in mm Length to base of caudal in mm Head Snout Eye Interorbital width Maxillary Depth of body Depth of caudal peduncle Longest dorsal spine Longest dorsal ray Longest caudal ray Longest pectoral ray Longest ventral ray 48 50 38 40 27 26^ 5i 5i 7 7i li 2 12 14 21 17 10 10 16 43 12 •7 26 28 18 18 21 . 21 318. Microgobius miraflorensis sp. nov. Plate XXIX, Fio. 54. A species with comparatively large ctenoid scales, with produced spinous dorsal, and with plain coloration. Resembling in general appearance M. emblematicus, but the body less elongate, the mouth larger, the caudal more produced, the scaling and the coloration entirely different. There is also lacking the cutaneous fold on nape and occiput. Head 3| in length; depth 5. Maxillary \\ in head; eye 3 J. Dorsal VII, 17. Anal 17; the last ray split to the base, the two halves separated for half the distance found between distinct rays. GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 177 The body is rather elongate, the mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching slightly beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. The interorbital space is very narrow and shal- lowly grooved, its width but half the diameter of the pupil. The gill-opening is produced below the level of the pectoral base. There are no fleshy appendages on the inner edge of the shoulder girdle. The teeth are in a double row in each jaw, those of the outer series enlarged to form slender curved canines, as in other species of Microgobius. The outer series is confined to the anterior portion of each jaw, the inner series extending laterally beyond them. In the mandible, these lateral teeth are somewhat enlarged, replacing those of the outer series, which they do not equal in size. The spines of the dorsal fin are all very slender and flexible, all but the first and seventh produced, but connected by membrane to their tips, the tip of the produced lobe reaching middle of soft dorsal when depressed. Soft dorsal and anal of equal extent, high, the last rays slightly over- lapping the caudal. Pectorals and ventrals reach the same vertical, which is slightly behind the origin of the anal fin. The caudal fin is lanceolate, the middle rays produced, their length equaling the distance between the tip of the snout and the base of the middle pectoral rays. The scales are large, all but the anterior ones regularly arranged and strongly ctenoid. Ante- riorly, in the post-pectoral region, the scales become reduced in size, cycloid, and less regularly arranged. As nearly as they can be enumerated, there are 44 or 45 in a longitudinal series. The head and nape, a narrow strip along spinous dorsal, and the breast and belly are naked. There were no bright colors in life, while in related species (except gulosus) there are blue, green and red. In spirits, the head and body are light grayish olive, with a soiled appearance due to minute punctulations and the faintly darker margins of the scales. The snout, and the marginal portions of the vertical fins, are more distinctly dusky. The sides are crossed by a number of extremely narrow dark lines, 4 or 5 of which can be counted on that part of sides corresponding to anterior halves of dorsal and anal. A more distinct narrow bar descends from the front of the spinous dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals colorless. Measureinents in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Total length in mm f. Length to base of caudal in mm Head Depth Depth of caudal peduncle Maxillary Eye Interorbital width Snout to first dorsal spine. Base of first dorsal Base of second dorsal Snout to origin of anal Base of anal Length of caudal Length of pectoral Length of ventral Longest dorsal spine 39 29 29 21 8 8 2 35 17 38 54 37 33 23 25 39 178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 319. Evermannia zosterura {Jordan d- Gilbert). Seven specimens were secured from the tide-pools of the Panama reef, where it was associated with the much more numerous U. ■pannmensif^. The species had been detected heretofore only at Mazatlan, Mex. In the Panama specimens, the normal fin-formula is D. IV, 14-f 1; A. 13+1. One specimen only varies from this in having the anal rays 14+1. In seven additional specimens from Mazatlan no variation exists. U. zosterura agrees with U. panamensis in having a rather long flexible appendage to the shoulder-girdle, and in the presence of embedded scales; though both characters are denied in all published descriptions. The scales are very few in number, and can be detected only by the examination of detached portions of the skin under high magnification. There are thus no characters remaining to separate Evermannia from Ilypnus, save that the latter has five instead of four dorsal spines, with none of them filamentous or produced; the scales are also regularly arranged and are not concealed. These characters seem doubtfully sufficient for generic division, but the groups may be provisionally retained pending further examination of allied species. C/evelandia is somewhat less closely related. It is said to have no fleshy appendages to the shoulder-girdle, but in 0. ios, which we have re-examined, there is an evident low sharp crest along the lower portion of the girdle, rising at about two points to form inconspicuous papillae. This condition is quite difforent from that obtaining in Evermannia and Jlyjmus, where a single long flexible finger-like process arises from the same locality in all of the species. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length of body in mm Length of head Length of snout Length of maxillary Diameter of orbit Depth of body at ventral base Distance from snout to spinous dorsal Base of second dorsal... Distance from snout to anal Base of anal Length of pectoral fin Length of ventral fin Length of caudal fin 22 30 33 32 6 7 15 i3i 5i 6 + 20 18 42 43 35 34 59 61 32 27 16 i6i 23 22 26i 24 GILBERT AND ST AKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 179 320. Evermannia panamensis sp. no v. Plate XXX, Fig. 55. Head 3^ in length, depth 5^-. Dorsal IV, 16; anal 14; pectoral 19. Body slender, highest opposite base of ventrals, which in preserved specimens protrude much below the general contour of the belly. The body tapers comparatively little posteriorly. The upper profile descends in a long even curve from the front of the dorsal to the tip of the snout, with an indentation in front of occiput. The lower jaw is curved upward toward tip, well included within the upper. The teeth are minute, slender, and slightly curved; in a narrow band on the e.xtreme edge of each jaw, growing wider in front; the outer series is slightly enlarged. The ma.xillary extends beyond the_orbit for a distance about equal to its diameter; its posterior extremity slightly behind the middle of the head. The eyes are small, 6i- in head, separated by a narrow space which is less than half their diameter. The edge of the shoulder-girdle has one rather long flexible appendage, inserted opposite the fourth to si.xth pectoral ray counted from below. The first dorsal spine is filamentous in the male, e.xtending in the type specimen to base of ninth soft ray, when depressed. The second spine is also somewhat produced, reaching in the type to slightly beyond the base of the second soft ray of dorsal. The third and fourth dorsal spines are shortened, but extend slightly beyond base of first soft ray. The first three spines are close-set and evenly spaced; the fourth is more widely separated from the third, the interval about equaling that separating the first from the third spine. The distance between the base of the fourth dorsal spine and the origin of the second dorsal equals the length of the snout. In females the first spine is usually produced, but less so than in males. In some specimens it fails to reach the base of the first soft ray. The origin of the anal is opposite the interspace between the third and fourth dorsal rays. Its last ray is slightly posterior to the last dorsal ray. The last rays of the dorsal and anal overlap the base of the caudal. The caudal is produced, lanceolate, its length four-fifths that of head. Scales small, cycloid, partially embedded, not easily distinguishable. Color in spirits: males dusky brown, somewhat lighter toward middle line of belly, the pigment dots on head much coarser and more widely spaced than those on sides of body. A faint vertical dark line below the eye. Pectorals, ventrals, dorsals, and upper half of caudal fin translucent, with dusky rays. Anal black, its upper half translucent, strongly contrasting. In life the upper half of caudal was yellow. The females are lighter and less uniform in coloration. The ground color is light olive, the upper part of head and the dorsal region finely mottled with brown, the sides of body with narrow streaks following the lines which separate the myotomes. The dorsal fins have translucent membranes, and almost uniformly dusky rays. The caudal has the upper half plain or faintly cross-banded, the lower half translucent or faintly shaded, the coloration of the two halves never sharply distinguished as in the male; there is a faint submarginal dusky streak, better defined on upper half of fin; the margin is narrowly translucent or whitish. The basal two-thirds of anal fin is dusky, more intense toward middle of fin, the marginal third translucent or whitish. The pectorals and ventrals are translucent, the former with dusky rays, the latter unmarked. This species is closely related to E. zosterura. It is more extensively scaled than the latter, and seems to attain a larger size. It has one or two more soft rays in the dorsal and anal fins. The male is readily distinguished by its striking and peculiar coloration. The females require careful inspection, but can be separated usually at sight by the coloration of the second dorsal fin, which is noticeably speckled in E. zosterura. Forty specimens of this species were obtained in tide-pools on the Panama reef. 180 CALIFOEKIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length 'without Caudal. (Type) S Length without caudal in mm Length of head Length of snout Length of maxillary Diameter of orbit Interorbital width Depth of body at ventral Least depth of caudal peduncle Distance from snout to spinous dorsal. Distance between front of dorsals Base of second dorsal Distance from snout to anal Base of anal Length of caudal peduncle Height of longest dorsal spine Length of pectoral fin Length of ventral fin Length of caudal fin 35 33 8 i7i 5 li i7i 8 43 15 35 6o 31 ID 30 14 19 25 32* 33i n 17 5* 2 i7i 8 44 16 34i 61 30 10 38 16 23 27 31 32I 7 15 6 17 7i 42^ i6i 35i 64 27 H 16 i6i 22 26 32i 32 7 i3i 6 li 18 4li i6i 36 62 30 8 i5i 15 21 24 321. Tyntlastes brevis (Gi'mlher). This si^ecies is known from the type, and from two partially digested speci- mens taken from the stomach of a Centropomus (Gilbert, 18906, p. 451). Family ECHENEIDID^. 322. Echeneis naucrates Linnceus. Recorded from the Gulf of Panama by Boulenger (1899, p. 3). 323. Remora remora (Linnceus). Obtained at Panama by Gilbert (Jordan, 1885, p. 372); not seen by us. Family OPISTHOGNATHID^. 324. Opisthognathus punctatum Peters. Recorded from Panama by Jordan (1885, p. 389) on specimens secured by Gilbert; not seen by others. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 181 Family DACTYLOSCOPID^. 325. Dactyloscopus zelotes Jordan & Gilbert. Only the type known, collected at Panama by Captain J. M. Dow. Family URANOSCOPID^. 326. Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan & Bollman. Known from the type, dredged in Panama Bay at Albatross Station 2800, in 7 fathoms (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 163). Recorded by Garman (1899, p. 75) from depths of 56 to 210 fathoms. Family BATRACHOIDID.E. 327. Batrachoides pacific! {Giinther). Very abundant at Panama, appearing daily in the markets; the young abun- dant in the tide-pools of the reef. The youngest specimen obtained by us is 24 mm. long, and shows a well-developed adhesive disk between the ventral fins. In a specimen 30 mm. long, no trace of the disk remains. In the young, the ground color is much lighter than in adults, while the black cross-bars on body and fins are much more conspicuous. In their account of this species. Meek and Hall (1885, p. 61) make two serious errors, which are repeated by Jordan and Evermann (1898, p. 2814). The scales are said to be ctenoid, whereas they are perfectly smooth, with entire edges; and the anterior mandibular teeth are described as in two rows, while they are in a cardiform band, some or all of the outer and the inner series enlarged as strong conical canines. In the outer row there seem to be regularly two or three pairs of these canines. The upper lateral line is interrupted under the middle of the soft dorsal, the lower line at a point slightly posterior to this: the two are then continued at the immediate base of dorsal and anal respectively, and are again interrupted near the ends of these fins, to reappear on caudal peduncle at their former levels; they are discontinued on the base of the caudal fin, but are each represented on the fin itself beyond the base by a series of two or three pores. The smaller number of fin-rays and the much larger eye serve readily to distinguish this species from surinamensis and boukngeri. In dentition, it seems to agree more nearly with the latter. (24) January 6, 1904. 182 CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Lengtli to base of caudal in mm Length of head Greatest width of head Length of snout Diameter of eyeball Interocular width Length of maxillary Greatest depth of body Depth of caudal peduncle Snout to first dorsal spine Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray) Snout to front of anal Base of anal (to base of last ray) Length of caudal Length of pectoral (from middle of axil) ... Length of ventral 208 235 38 3Si 32 33 8 8i 6 5i 8 10 20i 22i 18 17 7i n 35 i 37 51 51 55 581 42 40 18 17 18 17 15 15 328. Batrachoides boulengeri sp. iiov. Plate XXXI, Figs. 57-57a. Batrachoides surinamensis Gunther, 1861 b, p. 174 (in part); Gunther, 1868, p. 388. Not Batrachus surinatnensis Block & Schneider (Surinam). Head 2| to 2^ in length; greatest width of head 3|; depth 5|. Interorbital width 2f to 2| in head; snout 4^; maxillary i| to i| in head. Eye 3| to 4 in interorbital width, 10 to 11 in head. Dorsal III, 27 to 29; anal 25 or 26. Head very strongly depressed, the posterior part of trunk strongly compressed, the depth and width about equal at a point opposite the tip of the pectoral fins. The arrangement of pores and barbels on the head is essentially as in B. pacifici, but the filaments are more numerous and larger. As in other species, the filaments are clustered, being for the most part the fringed margins of cutane- ous flaps which occur in pairs on either side the organs of the lateral lines. The teeth near mandibular symphysis are in a broad cardiform patch, with the outer series enlarged to form broad conical canines. The sides of the mandible are occupied by a single series of very strong conical canines, two or three of which near the middle of each ramus are much larger than those in front and behind; this series is continuous with the posterior series of the cardiform band, where they decrease rapidly in size, those nearest the symphysis being scarcely larger than the others of the band. Vomerine teeth normally eight in number, the median ones small, the others increasing rapidly, the outermost usually as large as the largest of the palatine series. Palatine teeth strictly in a single series, eleven in number on each side; they increase regularly from the anterior end backward to the sixth, which is the largest, the remaining five being subequal, and about as large as the third. GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 183 The premaxillary teeth are all finely villiform, in a narrow band which tapers laterally to a point, and is discontinued opposite the fourth or fifth of the palatine series. Opercle and subopercle each with two strong diverging spines, the lower in each case shorter than the upper. The entire head, with the throat and breast and the pre-pectoral area are naked. The rest of the body, including the entire belly, is covered with elongate imbricated cycloid scales, the margins of which may be slightly crenate. As in other species of the genus, there are two lateral lines: the upper begins on a level with the upper opercular spine, runs parallel with the back for a distance slightly exceeding two-thirds the length of the trunk, to a point opposite the base of the eighteenth dorsal ray; it is there discontinued, to reappear at the extreme base of the dorsal fin, along which it is evident from the twentieth to the twenty-fifth ray; it is there again interrupted, reappearing at its former level, where it is continued to a point opposite the end of the dorsal fin. The lower lateral line curves around the lower base of the pectoral fin and up behind it, then runs nearly parallel with the base of the anal to its interruption at a point opposite the twelfth anal ray; it is then continued along the base of the anal to within a few rays of its end, when it reappears at its former level. Two short longitudinal series of filaments divide the basal portion of the caudal fin into thirds, and seem to represent a pos- terior continuation of the two lateral lines. There is a deep glandular pocket behind the upper portion of the pectoral fin. On the inner face of each pectoral toward the base is a series of grooves, one in each interradial membrane; these are continued proximally as canals which penetrate the base of the fin. The color is gray, very finely mottled with olive-brown. About seven dark bars cross the back and sides. The belly and under side of the head are whitish. The ventrals are whitish, the other fins colored like the body. This species seems to resemble the Atlantic B. surinamensis, with which it has been identified by Dr. Giinther. No specimens of surinamensis are at hand for comparison, but published descriptions indicate important differences between the two forms. According to Cuvier and Valenciennes (Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vol. XII, p. 488), B. sitrinamensis has a very small eye, the diameter of which is contained eight or ten times in the interorbital space; the palatine teeth are in two rows, the throat is scaly, and the two lateral lines disappear near the middle of the length of the trunk. Meek and Hall (1885, p. 61) state that the vomerine teeth are small, about fourteen in number, and the pectoral is without pores on its inner surface. All of these features are essentially different in the species here described, as has appeared in the above description. Authors are not agreed concerning the arrangement of the palatine teeth in B. surinamensis. They are variously described as in two rows, in one irregular row, or in a single series. We are also uncertain concerning the anterior mandibular teeth; Cuvier states that those of the anterior series of the cardi- form band are stronger than the others, while Giinther describes a villiform patch, the outer teeth of which are not canine-like. Through the courtesy of Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, we are enabled to give the fol- lowing notes on the specimen of B. surinamensis, on which Meek and Hall based their account of the species. The specimen is 111 mm. long. It is numbered 2080 in the catalogue of the Indiana University Museum. The longitudinal diameter of the eye is one-third the interorbital width. The palatine teeth are conic, irregular in size, in a single row. The vomerine teeth ai'e 14 in number, increasing in size outward. The mandibular teeth are in a single series laterally, in a band in front, the anterior and the posterior series of the band 184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES evidently enlarged. Upper jaw with a narrow band, the posterior row slightly enlarged. Region in front of ventrals naked. Lateral lines disappearing near middle of tail. No pores at base of pectoral rays on inner surface. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length to base of caudal in mm Length of head Greatest width of head Length of snout Diameter of eyeball Interocular width Length of maxillary Greatest depth of body Depth of caudal peduncle Snout to first dorsal spine Base of second dorsal Snout to front of anal Base of anal Length of caudal Length of pectoral from axil Length of ventral Base of caudal to bend in upptr lateral line. Base of caudal to bend in lower lateral line.. 295 35i 29 H 3i iH 20I 16 7 35 55 50 47 16 16 i3i 22 27 255 36 3ii- 3i 13 21 18 7 35i 56 50 49 18 17 15 19 22 329. Porichthys margaritatus (Richardson). Taken by the Albatross in Panama Bay at Station 2802, at a depth of 16 fathoms. Also reported by Dr. Boulenger (1899, p. 3) from Rio Tuyra, Darien (as P. notatus). 330. Porichthys greenei sp. no v. Plate XXX, Fio. 56. A small light-colored species, taken by us in the tide-pools of the Panama reef. It differs from all other species of the genus in the complete union of the dorsal and anal fins with the caudal, in the small head, and in the comparatively weak development of the phosjihorescent spots. Head 4^^ to 4J in length; depth 5^. The mouth is oblique, the lower jaw longest, the ma.x- illary extending beyond the eye, slightly more than half length of head. A pair of slender cutaneous slips at tip of snout. Tip of maxillary with a cutaneous flap, the free edge of which is fringed. GILBEBT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 185 Mandible anteriorly with an outer series of small canines, behind which is a narrow band of short cardiform teeth. The latter pass toward sides of jaw into a single series of canines, enlarging toward angle of mouth and hooked backward and laterally. Premaxillaries with a single close-set series of slender conical teeth, a median pair slightly larger than the others, but scarcely canine-like. Vomer with a pair of widely separated canines, about equaling the large teeth in sides of mandible, and much larger than any of the palatine teeth. The latter are of small size, nearly uniform, ten to twelve in number. The eye is small, its diameter about equaling the bony interorbital width. The lines of sense organs and phosphorescent organs of this species have been described by Dr. C. W. Greene (1899, p. 676), to whose paper we refer. As there stated, the rows agree very closely with those in P. notatus and P. margaritatits. The phosphorescent organs are, however, much smaller, proportionally, than in these species, and are less developed in the dorsal region and on top and sides of head. The following account gives the principal differences between P. greenei and the other species mentioned. In some minor details, it differs from the account given by Dr. Greene. In the dorsal series, no phosphorescent spots are present. In the lateral series, there is no upper row of phosphorescent organs. In Xhe pleural row, both sets of organs are constantly present; the sense organs are difficult to distinguish, as they are not accompanied by dermal filaments; the line is discontinued at a point opposite the twenty-first anal ray. Concerning the phosphorescent organs in this series in P. nofatiis, Greene says (1. c, p. 671): "The organs of this line have no relation to the body segments." We find that the typical arrangement, in the three species known to us, gives two spots to each anal ray, along that part of the line which is parallel with the anal fin. The spots are not equally spaced, but are rather obviously arranged in pairs, though one member of a pair is occasionally undeveloped. Both caudal rows are well developed as in other species. The gastrogular row is always complete, but the sense organs are again difficult to detect, owing to the absence of filaments. In the upper opercular series, and in a row along the lower edge of the black subocular blotch, the phosphorescent organs are well developed; they are absent, however, or very sparingly developed on all other series on top and sides of head. The dorsal and anal fins are longer than in other species, the dorsal containing 2 spines and 38 or 39 rays, the anal 35 or 36 rays. The membrane of the last dorsal spine joins base of first soft ray. The last two or three dorsal rays are shortened, and the last ray is joined for its full length with the upper ray of the caudal; there is thus a notch between the two fins. The anal is continuous with the caudal, without notch, as the last rays are not shortened. As in other species, a gland is present in the axil of the pectorals; also a series of canals pene- trating the base of the fin on the a.xillary side, as in Batrachoides, one for each interradial membrane. The color is translucent grayish or olive, with five broad dark cross-bars on back along base of dorsal fin, and a si.xtli on nape (including base of spinous dorsal); there are also one on occiput, one behind orbits and one on snout, the last three less intense and more or less joined. The basal portion of the pectoral fin is more or less dusky. Fins otherwise translucent, unmarked. Twelve specimens were obtained. The species is named for Dr. Charles Wesley Greene. 186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length without caudal in mm Head Snout Interorbital space (bony) Eye Maxillary Depth Least depth at base of caudal. Snout to dorsal Distance between dorsals Base of second dorsal Snout to anal Base of anal Caudal Pectoral Ventral 76 75 24 24 5 5 3+ 3i 4 3i 13 I2i 18 i8i 3i 4 25 23 4i 70 71 37 37 63 61 II II 18 18 II 12 331. Thalassophryne reticulata Gnnther. Teeth on mandible, vomer and palatines similar, in single series, small, nearly uniform in size, antero-posteriorly compressed so as to resemble diminutive incisors. Sometimes single teeth are crowded out of line, but they are never in two definite series, not even, as alleged, on front of mandible. The maxillary teeth are similar, but very much smaller, in two rows or a narrow band. The last dorsal and anal rays are inserted at a distance from base of caudal equaling more than half their length. They are joined by membrane for their entire length to the caudal peduncle and to the portion of the caudal fin which they overlap. The type is described as having 24 rays in the dorsal and 24 in the anal fin; it is figured, however, with 25 rays in the dorsal. Nine specimens counted by us show uniformly 26 rays in the dorsal fin, 25 in the anal; a tenth specimen has 27 dorsal and 25 anal rays. GILBEET AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY Measurevients in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. 187 Length to base of caudal in mm Length of head Greatest width of head Lengfth of snout Diameter of eyeball Interorbital width Length of maxillary Greatest depth of body Depth of caudal peduncle Snout to first dorsal spine Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray) Snout to front of anal Base of anal (to base of last ray) Length of caudal Length of pectoral (from middle of axil)... Length of ventral (outer ray) 255 218 31 31 30 30 6 6 3 3 6 7 16 16 19 19 b\ 6 28 29 56 54 44 46 52 53 18 20 22i 23 i4i i4i 332. Thalassophryne dowi Jordan & Gilbert. This species seems to be rarely taken. A single specimen was obtained by us, 150 mm. long. The only others known are the three types from Pnnta Arenas, Costa Rica, and two specimens dredged by the Albatross in the Bay of Panama. The lower half of the body is whitish, unmarked; the dorsal portion is blackish, relieved by the white lateral line and by a few irregular blotches of white, which are most numerous toward the middle of the sides. The head is blackish above and on sides, very finely marbled with gray. The lower lip and the front of the' lower jaw are similarly marked; the gular membrane is slightly dusky; the under side of the head otherwise white. The eyes are seen with difficulty, being colored like the surrounding area. The anal is white, e.xcept some of the posterior rays, which are margined with black. The basal half of the dorsal is white or grayish, sharply contrasting with the black marginal half. The terminal half of caudal is jet-black, the basal half white, blotched more or less with brown. The ventrals are white; the pectorals white, marbled with brown on their basal portion. Teeth in premaxillaries small, in two series, the front tooth of the outer series on each side a strong conical canine. Sides of mandible with a single series of strong canines, which increase in size backward to the eighth or ninth, then suddenly diminish. On the front of the mandible, are two series of similar teeth. The vomer contains twelve canines, increasing in size laterally. The palatine teeth are in a single series, about twelve in number on each side, large and small teeth regularly alternating in the series. The head is contained 3J to 4 times in the length. It is cuboid in shape, with vertical cheeks, and very oblique mouth; in appearance resembling Astroscopus. Greatest depth of head three-fourths its greatest width. 188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The last two or three rays in the dorsal and anal fins are progressively shortened, giving a rounded contour to the end of these fins. The last rays of each are united for their whole length by membrane to the caudal. In three specimens at hand the second dorsal contains respectively 30, 31, and 32 rays; the anal 29, 29, and 30. Two pairs of filaments project from the free margin behind the upper lip, one in front of each eye, the second pair nearer the median line. A pair of similar filaments on lower lip near symphysis. No other filaments on head or body; but pairs of inconspicuous thick fleshy lobes close in front of the isolated sensory organs on the lower jaw, and on the sides and top of the head. The opercular spine, and the spines of the dorsal fin are wholly enveloped in the integument. They contain a central canal, which ojiens in a shallow groove on the anterior face of the spine, at an appreciable distance below the tip. The genus Dcector Jordan & Everraaun (1898, pp. 2313 and 2325), of which this species is the type, seems to have little value, and is not here recognized. The characters assigned are the many rayed dorsal and anal fins, and the union of these with the caudal. Other species of Thalaa&oiylir yne have 19, 20, and 26 rays in the dorsal fin; 18, 19, and 25 rays in the anal. It seems unwarrantable to distinguish from these generically a species containing 30 to 33 rays in the dorsal and 29 or 30 in the anal. As regards union of the dorsal and anal fins with the caudal, this occurs in varying degrees, and is not correlated with increased number of fin rays. T. maculosa (D. II, 19; A. 18) seems to have the fins wholly distinct; T. amazonica (D. II, 20; A. 18) has them completely joined; T. reticulata (D. II, 26; A. 25) has them almost wholly united. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length to base of caudal in mm Length of head Greatest width of head Length of snout Diameter of eyeball Interorbital width Length of maxillary Greatest depth of body Depth of caudal peduncle .Snout to first dorsal spine Base of second dorsal (to base of last ray) Snout to front of anal Base of anal (to base of last ray) Length of caudal Length of pectoral (from middle of axil).. Length of outer ventral ray 134 272 23i .1 1 42 2 6 13 20 25 61 39 58 16 18 9 GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 189 Family GOBIESOCID^. 333. Gobiesox rhodospilus GUnther. The types of this species are from Panama, but it was not seen by us. It is recorded by Boulenger (1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8) also from the Bay of Santa Helena, near Guayaquil. Gobiesox gyrinus Jordan & Evermann (1898, p. 2331) is founded on Giinther's description of specimens in the British Museum, to which he has applied the name Gobiesox niidus Bloch (see Giinther, 18616, p. 502). These specimens were partly from the West Indies, partly from the Island of Cardon (misspelled Cordova, fide Giinther, 1868, p. 381) on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, and are probably not con- specific. Giinther's description (copied by Jordan and Evermann) was doubtless based upon the adult specimens from the West Indies, not upon the very immature Nicaraguan specimens. Family BLENNIID.E. 334. Malacoctenus delalandi {Cuvier <& Valanciennes). Not seen by us; known from Mazatlan to Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8). It is recorded by Giinther (1861 a, p. 371) from the "Pacific coast of Central America," where it was collected by Captain Dow. 335. Mnierpes macrocephalus {Giinther). This species has been taken several times at Panama, but was not seen by us. It is recorded by Boulenger (1899, p. 4) from Flamenco Island, Panama Bay. 336. Auchenopterus monophthalmus Giinther. A very abundant species in the tide-pools at Panama. The sexes are readily distinguished by the coloration, and by the size of the mouth. In females, the lips, mandibles, and the lower portions of the cheeks and opercles are marbled or finely blotched with dark; the ventrals, the lower pectoral rays and the caudal are cross-barred. In males, all of these regions are plain, excej^t the caudal, which may be faintly barred. In females, the mouth is small, the distance from tip of snout to tip of maxillary not exceeding (in adults) that from tip of snout to posterior edge of pujiil. In males, the length of maxillary as meas- ured above, exceeds the distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of orbit. The first three dorsal rays form a detached fin, its posterior membrane joining fourth spine at or immediately above the base. The three spines are flexible, not pungent at tip, much weaker than the succeeding spines. The fourth spine becomes abruptly stiff and strong. So slender are the tips of the first and second spines that it is difficult to detect them where they terminate in the membrane. The first and second spines are about equal, and are somewhat longer than any of the spines in (85) January 8, 190-1. 190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES the posterior portion of the fin. The third spine is shortened, but still is longer than the fourth. The dorsal formula is III, XXVI+l. In ten specimens examined, the anal fin contained constantly 2 spines and 20 rays, the last two rays being distinct, but closely approximated at the base. The lateral line traverses 38 to 40 scales, including the scale which overlies the bsfse of the caudal fin and is sometimes without tube. The arched portion of the lateral line contains 18 to 20 scales, the straight portion 19 to 21. The scales con- stituting the upper portion of the arch are slightly enlarged, and are perforated on the anterior two-fifths only by a tube which opens on the under surface of the scale. At the summit of the arch, a single series of scales intervenes between the lateral line and the base of the dorsal fin. At the beginning of the straight portion of the lateral line, it is separated by five horizontal rows from the base of the dorsal, and by five rows from the base of the anal. The second dorsal fin is marked by seven dark bars, which are continued more or less definitely ujion the back and sides, where every alternate band is more distinct, the fainter ones being often with difficulty distinguished. On the middle of sides, the bands are variously confluent and irregular. The dorsal ocellus occupies the nest to the last dorsal bar; and is rarely accompanied by a second smaller ocellus developed in the last dorsal bar (in two out of eighty specimens). No small ocel- lated spots are present on the dorsal fin in advance of the main ocellus. The anterior dor.sal fin is without ocellus, and is variously blotched with dusky; the first spine is light, with four narrow cross-bars in the female, plain in the male. The dorsal ocellus is found between the twentieth and twenty-second spines of the second dorsal, occasionally encroaching on the membrane between nineteenth and twen- tieth spines. The anal shows six or seven oblique dark bars, or is more frequently uniform blackish, with a white margin. The caudal, pectorals and ventrals are finely cross-barred in females, plain in males. In females, the lips, mandibles, and lower portion of cheeks and opercles are barred or freckled, these regions plain in the males. The opercle has a dark blotch; a dark shade is usually present below the eye. A dark blotch occupies the basal portion of some of the pectoral rays, this more specialized on the lower rays in females. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. 191 Length in mm Length of head Length of snout : Length of maxillary Diameter of orbit Interorbital width Greatest depth Depth of caudal peduncle Length of first dorsal spine Length of second dorsal spine Length of third dorsal spine Length of fourth dorsal spine Length of twenty-sixth dorsal spine. Length of first anal spine Length of second anal spine Length of longest anal ray Length of caudal fin Length of ventral fin Length of pectoral fin i s S 67 52 67 30 31 31 8 8 8 16 16 i3i 6 6 6 4 4 31 24 23 25 9 8 8 gi- 10 I2i ll iii- 13 7 7 9 6 b\ 7 9i 9 II 6i 6i 71 8 8 9i 12 15 151 23 23 24 19 21 22 24 24 24 50 29 7 I2i 6 3 24 81 II 1 1 n 7 10 7 u i3i 22 20 24 337. Hypsoblennius piersoni sp. nov. Plate XXXII, Fig. 60. Resembling H. gefttilis and H. gilbcrti, but with shorter spinous dorsal and much longer soft dorsal and anal. Head 4; depth 5. D. IX, 25; A. II, 24; P. 16; V. I, 3.* The form is elongate, with very bluntly rounded snout, the mouth subinferior, as in the other species mentioned. There is a slender nasal tentacle, longer than in its nearest relatives. The orbital tentacle is as long as diameter of eye; above a short basal stalk, it is finely dissected to form five or six slender filaments, one or more of which may be branched. The mouth is very small, largely trans- verse, reaching posteriorly to a vertical midway between front and middle of pupil. No posterior canines. Gill-opening extending below to opposite lower edge of pectoral base; from this point, the margin of the branchiostegal membrane can be traced across the throat, but it is nowhere free. * In six specimens of H. gilherti from San Diego, the fin- formula stands: Dorsal XII, 17 XU, 18 XII, 18 XI, 19 XII, 19 XII, 19 Anal II, 18 II, 19 II, 19 11, 19 II, 19 II, 20 In one spi-ciraen of H. gtntilis from San Diego, we find D. XII, 16; A. II, 18 192 CALIFOENIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The lateral line is conspicuously developed in its anterior part only, for a distance equaling the length of the head. The dorsal spines are very slender, and increase regularly in length posteriorly, there being no notch between spinous and soft dorsals. It differs in this respect from related species, there being a distinct though not conspicuous notch in H. geniilis and H. gilberti. The color is very light olivaceous, with black blotches and markings following the same pat- tern seen in H. gilberti. Along the back is a series of si.x quadrate blotches, below each of which is a similar smaller blotch, those anteriorly separated by a light streak corresponding in position to the lateral line. Below the middle of sides is a series of dark spots arranged in seven pairs, those of the anterior pairs developed as short vertical streaks. A few scattered smaller spots on head and sides of body. There is a narrow V-shaped bar on occiput, a broad bar downward from eye to angle of mouth, and a faint V-shaped mark on gular region. A conspicuous oval black blotch on front of spinous dorsal. The fin is translucent with dusky markings not in definite pattern. A conspicuous black point at the base of each anal ray. The anal is translucent, with a dusky lengthwise streak along the base of the distal third of the fin. Pectorals and ventrals translucent, with some dusky markings. Named for Mr. C. J. Piersoii, a member of the Panama Expedition, to whose untiring industry much of its success was due. Aleasurefnents in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Length in mm. to base of cauda! Head Snout Eye Gape of mouth Interorbital width Length of orbital filament Depth of body Depth of caudal peduncle Length of dorsal base Length of anal base Length of pectorals Length of ventrals Length of caudal 32 25 7 7 + 7 2i 8 20 8 80 53 22 15 15 338. Hypsoblennius striatus (Sieindachner) . Abundant in the tide-pools of the Panama reef. The following details may be added to the original account given by Stein- dachner (1877, p. 15, PI. VIIT, fig. 4): The free tips of the rays and spines of the dorsal fin are white, the color less intense than that on anal margin. The edge of the membrane between the spines GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 193 and between the anterior dorsal rays is black, contrasting sharply with the white- tipped spines and rays. A well-defined elliptical spot of jet-black occupies the mem- brane between the first and second dorsal spines; it is nearly as large as the eye, and is margined with a whitish ring. Tlie blackish blotch, mentioned by Steindachner, between third and fifth dorsal spines is diffuse and ill-defined, and sometimes extends beyond the limits assigned. There is a black spot at the base of each anal ray. The ventrals have the basal portion dusky, the distal tiiird or half of each ray white. The suiiraorbital tentacle is crossed with red and whitish bars. The usual fin-formula is dorsal XII, IG; anal 20: occasionally dorsal XII, 15; anal 19. The dorsal spines are constantly twelve, and the dorsal rays never as numer- ous as seventeen. Steindachner's type, described with seventeen dorsal rays, is figured with sixteen rays. The pectoral fin contains constantly fourteen rays, as figured, not fifteen, as stated in the description. The ventrals are described with one spine and two rays. They have constantly one spine and three rays. The spine is short but strong, and the inner ray is usually hidden in the integument enveloping the second ray, but is sometimes distinguishable externally. The ventral fins have been examined by us in H. gilhertt, scrutator, 2)unctatus and gentilis, and are found to contain con- stantly one spine and three rays. The interorbital sjiace is rather deeply grooved. The anterior nostril is in a short tube, the posterior rim provided with a cirrus. The long supraorbital tentacles are unfortunately omitted in Steindachner's drawing. The length of the gill-slit equals the distance from the tip of the snout to the front of the pupil, scarcely extend- ing below to the level of lower base of pectorals. A short lateral line extends to or into the second dai'k cross-band behind the head, its posterior portion more or less broken up into detached fragments. It gives off a few short and irregular branches above and below, each ending in an open pore. We have examined the mandibular teeth in twenty specimens without finding a posterior canine, such as was reported by Steindachner in one of his typical examples. 339. Hypsoblennius brevipinnis {Gunther). The species is apparently rare, as but one young specimen was obtained. Homesthes Gilbert. Homesthes Gilbert (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2394) {canlopus). Differing from Hypsoblennius, chiefly in the presence of four articulated ventral rays instead of three as is usual in Blenniinoi. We have examined the ventrals of Hypsoblennius striatus, jmnctatus, ionthas, gentilis, and gilberti, and have found them to consist constantly of one short strong spine and three simple articulated rays. In Homesthes caulopus there is one strong short spine and four well-developed simple jointed rays. 194 • CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 340. Homesthes caulopus Gilbert. Plate XXXII, Fig. 61. Homesthes can/opus Gilbert, /. r. , p. 2394. Head 3!; in length; depth at base of ventrals 4, at middle of abdomen 3|; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in length of head; snout 4; eye 4 to 4^; longest dorsal spine 2f ; last dorsal spine 3^; longest (tenth) dorsal ray 2; longest (fifteenth) anal ray 2^; ventrals if; longest pectoral ray if to if; caudal i^. Dorsal XII, 15 or 16; anal II, 17; pectorals 14; ventrals I, 4. Robust, moderately compressed, with wide heavy head and short bluntly rounded snout, the anterior profile of which is nearly vertical. In shape and general appearance much resembling- Hypso- blennius gilberti. Mouth very wide, horizontal, short, the maxillaries reaching vertical from hinder edge of pupil, 3 to 34 in head. Teeth as usual in this group, the posterior not enlarged or canine- like. Nostrils with slightly elevated margins, scarcely tubular, the hinder edge of anterior nostril produced into a conspicuous laciniate flap, about two-thirds as long as the diameter of orbit. A similar but larger orbital cirrus, divided nearly to the base into six or eight slender filaments. Interorbital space deeply grooved, without median ridge, opening posteriorly into the deep transverse groove which separates the orbital region from the somewhat swollen occiput, its width i^ eye. The mucous canals of head give off transverse branches which open by numerous pores, which thickly beset the snout, subocular region, top of head, preopercle, and upper portion of opercle. Width of gill-slit equaling or slightly exceeding one-half length of head, confined to area above lower base of pectorals. First dorsal spine over margin of preopercle; spinous dorsal low, of nearly uniform height, much lower than second dorsal, the spines rather strong at base, with weak reflexed tips; membrane of last dorsal ray joined to extreme base of rudimentary caudal rays. Anal low, rising slightly poste- riori)', leaving a short free interval between its last ray and the caudal. Lateral line strongly developed anteriorly for a distance equaling length of head; from that point it is only faintly visible, declining abruptly to middle of sides, along which it may be traced to base of caudal; the anterior portion gives off numerous pairs of short transverse lines, each of which ends in a pore; no pores or lines are visible posteriorly. Blackish, without sharp markings, the sides with irregular light blotches, some of which are subcircular in outline and contain one or more black central specks; the light markings near the back are elongate and vertically placed, faintly outlining dark bars of the ground color; lower parts lighter. A vertical black blotch on cheek behind eye; no distinct bars on head; tentacles whitish. P'ins all blackish; the anal, the ventrals, the lower caudal and pectoral rays deeper black; anal and caudal margined with white, some of the dorsal rays narrowly tipped with white. Two specimens, 102 and 115 mm. long, from Panama Bay. 341. Scartichthys rubropunctatus {Cuvier £ Valenciennes). Recorded once from Panama (Joi'daii & Gilbert, 1882 n, p. 628). 342. Rupiscartes atlanticus {Cuvier d- Valenciennes). There is no Panama record for this species, which is known, however, from the Mexican coast to Guayaquil (Boulenger, 1898-9, Vol. XIV, p. 8). 343. Emblemaria nivipes Jordan & Gilbert. Tlie type from Pearl Islands, Panama Bay; not seen by us. GILBERT AND STARKS ^ FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 195 Family CERDALID^. 344. Microdesmus dipus Gilnthcr. Not seen by us. In addition to the type, this species is known only from a specimen recorded by Lockington (1881, p. 114), from La Paz, L. C. Dr. G. A. Boiilenger has kindly re-examined for us the type of the species, and writes: "There are four ventral rays. The fifteen anterior dorsal rays are simple and inarticulate; further back they gradually become branched and articulate, and are distinctly so from the eighteenth. The anal rays are all articulate and branched." 345. Microdesmus retropinnis Jordan £ Gilbert. Plate XXXI, Fig. 59. Seven specimens were obtained in rock-pools on the Panama reef. The genus Microdesnius — with the two species M. dipua and Af. retropinnis — • has been described as having the ventrals reduced each to a single ray. Our material has shown, however, that in M. retropimiis a serious error was committed, for each ventral fin consists of a short slender spine and three slender unbranched rays, the inner of which is the longest. Through the great kindness of Dr. G. A. Boulenger, who has examined for us the type of 31. dipus, we learn that that species also has "four ventral rays " (undoubtedly one spine and three rays). In M. retropinnis, the dorsal fin contains 15 slender spines and 32 to 34 rays. Each of the rays is definitely articulated, and the majority of them are many times forked. The anal rays are all articulate and all but the first one forked. We are informed by Dr. Boulenger that in M. dijms also the fifteen anterior dorsal rays are simple and inarticulate, while further back they gradually become branched and articulate, being distinctly so from the eighteenth back. In this species the anal rays are all articulate and branched. In one specimen of M. retropinnis, we enumerate 58 vertebrte in addition to the hypural element. The latter is assisted by one spine in forming the basis for attachment of the caudal fin. In six specimens the fins count as follows: Dorsal. Anal ... 49 29 48 30 48 30 48 31 47 29 47 29 The scales are circular in outline, attached by their entire margin, and are non-imbricate. On the head and the anterior part of the body, they are closely crowded and are arranged in definite rows. Toward the tail, they are more widely spaced, and on the abdomen they are partially or wholly embedded and difficult to detect. They cover the entire head, including snout and branchiostegal membranes. The margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillaries, the broad max- 196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES illary lying behind it. The teeth are strong and conic, with rather acute tips; those in the mandible are in two rows anteriorly which narrow to a single series laterally; those in upper jaw apparently in a single series. 346. Cerdale ionthas Jordan Plate XXXI, Fig. 58. Gilbert. Eighteen sjiecimens were secured on the Panama reef. The genus Cerdale was described as differing from Microdesmus in having two rays in the ventral fin, but this was due to an error in observation. As in Microdesmus, the ventral fin contains one spine and three rays. The two genera seem to differ only in the much shorter body and fewer vertebra; in Cerdale. The vertebrae are 20-|-23 in number in addition to the hypural element. One hfemal spine assists the hypural in supporting the caudal fin. The dorsal fin contains 12 slender spines and 30 to 32 branched articulate rays. The anal contains 27 to 29 branched rays (by error given 36 to 38 rays, instead of 26 to 28, in the original descrijition and subsequently). Following are the fin-counts in twelve specimens: Dorsal.. Anal... 44 44 44 44 44 44 43 43 43 43 43 28 28 28 28 28 27 28 28 28 27 27 The pectoral fin contains fourteen rays. The 250st-temporal is forked, and rather firmly joined to the skull. The supra- clavicle is apparently absent. The actinosts are thin, flat, and very large, the three uppermost joining the hypercoracoid, the lower one joining the hypocoracoid. The opercular bones are all present. The front of the mouth is formed by the premaxillaries only. The maxillaries are slender and much curved. The teeth are small and conic in both jaws, uniserial in the premaxillaries, biserial in front of mandible becoming uniserial laterally. No teeth on vomer or palatines. The branchiostegal rays are five in number. The restricted gill-openings can scarcely suffice to distinguish a family Cerda- lidte from the Blenniidse. Family OPHIDIID^. 347. Lepophidium prorates {Jordan X- Bollman). Known only from tyjie and co-types taken in Panama Bay. 348. Otophidium indefatigabile Jordan tt- Bolhnann. Recorded from Albatross Station 2797, Panama Bay, 33 fathoms (Gilbert, 1890 6, p. 453). GILBEKT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 197 Family FIEKASFERID^. 349. Fierasfer dubius Putnam. A single specimen, 58 mm. long, was taken in a tide-pool at Panama. We think it better to use the name dubuis rather than nffinis (Giinther) for this species. The type locality for dubius is the Pearl Islands, near Panama; while the locality of qffinis is unknown, and the description inadequate. In our very small specimen, the head is one-eighth the length, the dorsal begins a head's length behind the occiput, the pectoral equals the maxillary and is half as long as the head. The outer mandi- bular teeth, and the teeth on front of vomer are slightly enlarged. Family BROTULID^. 350. Ogilbia ventralis (Gill). Not rare in tide-pools on the Panama reef. Heretofore known only from Mazatlan and Cape San Lucas. The tip of the snout and the terminal portion of mandible are furnished with sharply elevated curving sensory ridges. Family BREGMACEROTID^. 351. Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson. Dredged by the Albatross in Panama Bay, Station 2804, 47 fathoms; these are the types of B. hatliy master, Jordan and Bollman, 1889, p. 173 (see Jordan and Evermann, 1898 h, p. 2520). Family PLEURONECTID.E. 352. Hippoglossina bollmani Gilbert. The types only known, from Albatross Stations 2804 and 2805, Panama Bay, 47 and 51| fathoms. 353. Paralichthys woolmanni Jordan & Williams. The type of this species was collected by the Albatross, in 1888, at Panama, and was first listed by Jordan and Bollman (1889, p. 182) as P. adspersus Steindach- ner. Later, when made the type of a new sjiecies, it was erroneously credited to the Galapagos Islands. The species is abundant at Panama, where we obtained numer- ous specimens, and is known to range as far north as the Gulf of California (Mazat- lan, Guaymas, La Paz). Specimens from Mazatlan and La Paz have been distin- guished under the name P. sinaloce Jordan and Abbott (see Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2872), but seem to differ in no respect from P. looohnanni. In ten specimens from Panama, the fin-rays and gill-rakers are as follows: Dorsal Anal Gill-rakers., 70 70 70 72 73 73 74 75 75 52 53 54 5« 56 57 57 58 58 12 14 14 13 14 13 14 14 13 76 58 13 (26) January 11, 1904. 198 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In nine siiecimens from Mazatlan (including the type of /'. sinaloa;), the gill- rakers on horizontal limb of arch are constantly thirteen or fourteen in number, and the fin rays as follows: Dorsal.. Anal ... 72 72 73 73 73 73 74 76 56 57 56 58 58 59 56 60 76 61 The longest gill-raker in P. ivoolmanni is two-fifths to one-third as long as the diameter of the eye; on the vertical limb of the arch 4 or 5 are usually present, 1 or 2 of which may be immovable and rudimentary. In the northern portion of its range, P. woobnanni is accompanied by the closely related P. cestuarius, which differs in its more elongate form, the longer, more numerous gill-rakers, the more numerous fin-rays, and the lighter, more nearly uniform coloration; a row of distinct small white spots follows the contour of the body, near the base of the vertical fins. P. magdalence Abbott (Jordan & Evermann, 1898, p. 2871), is a synonym of P. cestuarius. We have comj^ared the types of the two species. Measurements in Hundredths of Length without Caudal. Locality Total length in mm Length to base of caudal in mm Head (without opercular membrane)... Snout (to upper eye) Maxillary Upper eye Interorbital width (total) Greatest depth Depth of caudal peduncle Longest gill-raker Length of caudal Length of ventral Length of pectoral Longest dorsal ray Longest anal ray Chord of arch of lateral line Panama Guaymas, Mex. 272 270 260 219 219 208 28^ 29i ZO\ 6i 6 + 7 14 14+ 15 5 5 + 5i H 2i A 45 46i 471 12 12 + I2i 2-1 2f 2i 24 23i 24 8^ 9 8i 14 141 14 13 13 12I- 13 13 12 I54r '5 GILBEKT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 199 354. Ancylopsetta dendritica Gilbert. Plate XXXIII, Fig. 62. Hippoglossina sabanensis Boulenger, 1899, p. 4. Infrequent; five specimens obtained. In this species tlie tubes of the lateral line are profusely branched in adults, but the structure does not differ from that found in other flounders with branched tubes. We are uuable, therefore, to recognize the genus Ramularia Jordan and Ever- mann (1898, p. 2633) based on this character. The species is closely related to A. quadrocellata Gill, from which it differs most strikingly in having the anterior dorsal rays not produced. This also we consider of less than generic importance. Our specimens are smaller than the type. The depth is If in the length. The interorbital width is about half the diameter of the upper eye. The length of the maxillary is contained 2| to 2| times in the length of the head. The color is blackish brown, becoming black on distal portion of vertical fins, which are narrowly margined with white. The fins are similarly colored on the blind side; the head and body of the blind side are also more or less washed with dark brown, especially around the margins. The ocellated spots are arranged as in A. quadrocellata, but the one above the arch of the lateral line is wanting. The central light spot is yellow in life. In five specimens, the fin-rays are as follows: Dorsal . Anal ... 77 64 79 64 79 65 82 67 84 67 This is the species described by Boulenger (1899, p. 4) from Eio Sabana, under the name Hippoglossina sabanensis. 355. Platophrys constellatus Jordan. Taken by the Albatross in Panama Bay, at Stations 2795, 2796, 2797, at a depth of 33 fathoms (Jordan & Bollman, 1889, p. 183). 356. Engyophrys sancti-laurentii Jordan <£• BoUmann. Panama Bay, Stations 2795 and 2805, depths 33 and 514 fathoms; recorded by Garman (1899, p. 222). 357. Syacium latifrons {Jordan & Gilbert). Known only from the types, which were taken at Panama. 358. Syacium ovale {Giinther). But few seen; nine specimens obtained. None of these show any tendency to increased width of interorbital space. 200 CALlFOBNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 359- Cyclopsetta querna (Jordan hy of the subject is given by Gregory (1895), together with a resume of the geological and biological evidence for the former existence of such an interoceanic connection, and a discussion of the probable date of its occurrence. From the biological side, the subject is treated in a most satisfactory way by Faxon (1895), with whose views we find ourselves wholly in accord. The ichthy- ological evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the existence of a former open communication between the two oceans, which must have become closed at a period sufficiently remote from the present to have permitted the sj^ecific differentiation of a very large majority of the forms involved. That this differentiation progressed at widely varying rates in different instances becomes at once apparent. A small minority of the species remain wholly unchanged, so far as we have been able to determine that point. A larger number have become distinguished from their representatives of the opposite coast by minute (but not "trivial") differences, which are wholly constant. From such "representative forms," we pass by imper- ceptible gradation to species much more widely separated, whose immediate relation in the past we cannot confidently affirm. Of identical species, occurring in both ( 27 ) January 26, 1904. 206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES oceans, our Panama list contains 43, as shown on the appended table of distribution. To these should be added the following forms, unrecorded as yet from Panama, but known from other localities on the Pacific Coast of North America: Manta birostris Scomber colias Trachurus picturatus Remora albescens Trachurus trachurus Mola mola Caranx lugubris Diodon hystrix Thunnus thynnus Lampris luna Germo alalunga The total number of identical species which we recognize in the two faunas now separated by the Isthmus is therefore 54, as compared with the 71 enumerated by Jordan (1885). It is obvious, however, that the striking resemblances between the two faunas are shown as well by slightly divergent as by identical species, and the evidence in favor of interoceanic connection is not weakened by an increase in one list at the expense of the other. All evidence concurs in fixing the date of that connection at some time prior to the Pleistocene, probably in the early Miocene. When geological data shall be adequate definitely to determine that date, it w^ill give us the best known measure of the rate of evolution in fishes. Of the 82 families of fishes represented at Panama, all but 3 (Cerdalidic, Cirrhitidaj and Nematistiidiie) occur also on the Atlantic side of Central America; while of the 218 genera of our Panama list, no fewer than 170 are common to both oceans. The well-developed families Centropomidaj and Dactyloscopidne are pecu- liar to the two tropical faunas now separated by the Isthmus of Panama. Table of Distribution. The following table indicates the distribution of Panama fishes, in so far as they have been reported from the Gulf of California, the Galapagos Islands, the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and the Atlantic Ocean. For the Gulf of California, we have depended upon Jordan (1895 b), Evermann and Jenkins (1891), and Gill (1862). For the Galapagos Islands, we have at hand a manuscript list by Messrs. Snodgrass and Heller. Ecuador is known tons principally through the list published by Boulenger (1898-9), and Peru through the paper by Abbott (1899 «). Very few characteristically South American forms extend their range northward to Panama; and very few species from the Indo-Pacific fauna reach the continental shore-line, though a somewhat larger number of the latter find their way to the series of out- lying islands (Revillagigedos and Galapagos). GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 207 Panama Ginglymostonia cirratum . Mustelus lunulatus Galeus dorsalis Galeocerdo tigrinus Carcharias aethalorus Carcharias velox Carcharias cerdale Carcharias azureus ScoHodon longurio Sphyrna tiburo Sphyrna tudes Sphyrna zygsena Squalus sucklii Pristis zephyreus Rhinobatus leucorhynchus Zapteryx xyster Raja equatorialis Narcine entemedor Discopyge ommata Urolophus halleri Urolophus mundus Urolophus goodei Urolophus aspidurus Dasyatis longa Pteroplatea crebripunctata Aetobatus narinari Myliobatis asperrimus Felichthys panamensis Felichthys pinnimaculatus Galeichthys lentiginosus . . , Galeichthys peruvianus Gulf of California Galapagos Islands Ecuador Peru + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Atlantic Ocean + + + + + + 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Panama Galeichthys eigenmanni ... Galeichthys jordani Galeichthys xenauchen Galeichthys guatemalensis , Galeichthys dasycephalus .. Galeichthys longicephalus.. Sciadeichthys troscheli Selenaspis dovvi Netuma kessleri Netuma insculpta Netuma planiceps Netuma platy pogon Netuma oscula Netuma elattura Tachysurus steindachneri . Tachysurus emmelane Tachysurus f urthii Tachysurus evermanni Tachysurus multiradiatus .. Cathorops hypophthalmus Cathorops gulosus Symbranchus marmoratus Congrellus gilberti Congrellus nitens Congrellus proriger Muraenesox coniceps Neoconger vermiformis .. Myrophis vafer Myrichthys tigrinus Pisoodonophis daspilotus . Ophichthus triserialis Gulf of California Galapagos Islands + + Ecuador Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + + + + + + + + GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 209 Panama Ophichthus zophochir Rabula panamensis Lycodontis verrilli Lycodontis dovii Muraena clepsydra Muraena lentiginosa Elops saurus Albiila vulpes Sardinella stolifera Opisthonema libertate Ilisha fiirthi Opisthopterus dovii Opisthopterus macrops Odontognathus panamensis Anchovia miarcha Anchovia ischana Anchovia curta Anchovia opercularis Anchovia lucida Anchovia rastralis Anchovia naso Anchovia starksi Anchovia panamensis Anchovia mundeola Anchovia spinifera Anchovia macrolepidota Cetengraulis mysticetus . . . . Cetengraulis engymen Lycengraulis poeyi Synodus evermanni Synodus scituliceps Gulf of California + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Galapagos Islands + + + Ecuador + + + Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Panama PcEcilia elongata Poecilia boucardii Anableps dowei Tylosurus scapularis Tylosurus stolzmanni Tylosurus fodiator Tylosurus pacificus Hyporhamphus unifasciatus... Hyporhamphus roberti Hemirhamphus saltator Fodiator acutus Cypselurus callopterus Exonautes rufipinnis Fistularia depressa Fistularia corneta Siphostoma auliscus Hippocampus ingens Kirtlandia pachylepis Kirtlandia gilberti Atherinella panamensis Mugil cephalus Mugil thoburni Mugil curema Mugil hospes Chaenomugil proboscideus Querimana harengus Sphyraena ensis Polydactylus approximans Polydactylus opercularis M yripristis occidentalis Myripristis pcEcilopus *San Liiia (lonzales Bay (Albatross) Gulf of Galapagos California Islands + + + + + + + + Ecuador Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + GILBERT AND STARRS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 211 Panama Holocentrus suborbitalis Upeneus grandisquamis Sarda chilensis Scomberomorus sierra Trichiurus lepturus Nematistius pectoralis Oligoplites saurus Oligoplites altus Oligoplites refulgens Oligoplites mundus Trachurops crumenophthafmus Hemicaranx atrimanus Hemicaranx zelotes Hemicaranx furthii Hemicaranx leucurus Caranx vinctus Caranx hippos Caranx caballus Caranx marginatus Gnathanodon speciosus Citula dorsalis Alectis ciliaris Vomer setipinnis Selene cerstedii Selene vomer Chloroscombrus orqueta Trachinotus rhodopus Trachinotus culveri Trachinotus kennedyi Trachinotus paloma Nomeus gronovii Gulf of California Galapagos Islands + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ecuador Peru + + + + + + + + Atlantic Ocean + + + + + + + + 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES F'anama Peprilus palometa Peprilus snyderi Peprilus niedius Apogon dovii Centropomus undecinialis Centropomus nigrescens... Centropomus pedimacula.. Centropomus unionensis... Centropomus armatus Centropomus robalito Petrometopon panamensis Epinephelus analogus Epinephelus labriforniis ... Promicrops guttatus Alphestes multiguttatus ... Mycteroperca boulengeri.. Hypoplectrus lamprurus... Paralabrax humeralis Diplectrum radiale Diplectrum macropoma ... Diplectrum eury plectrum.. Prionodes fasciatus Paranthias furcifer Rhegma thaumasium Rypticus nigripinnis Lo botes pacificus Pseudopriacanthus serrula Hoplopagrus guentheri ... Lutianus jordani Lutianus novemfasciatus . . . Lutianus argentiventris Gulf of Galapagos California Islands + + + I T + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ecuador + + + Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + + + + GILBERT AND ST ARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 213 Panama Lutianus Colorado Lutianus guttatus Lutianus aratus Rabirubia inermis Xenichthys xanti Haemulon scudderi Hsemulon steindachneri Lythrulon flaviguttatum Orthostoechus maculicauda . . Anisotremus pacifici Anisotremus caesius Anisotremus dovii Anisotremus interruptus Anisotremus taeniatus Brachydeuterus nitidus Brachydeuterus leuciscus.... Pomadasis panamensis Pomadasis bayanus Pomadasis macracanthus .... Pomadasis branicki Orthopristis chalceus Orthopristis brevipinnis Calamus brachysomus Eucinostomus californiensis Xystaema cinereum Gerres aureolus Gerres peruvianus Gerres brevimanus Ky phosus elegans Sectator ocyurus Isopisthus remifer Gulf of California Galapagos Islands + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ecuador Peru + + + + + + + + + + + + Atlantic Ocean + + (28) January 2C, 1904. 214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Panama Cynoscion prtedatorius.... Cynoscion squamipinnis .. Cynoscion othonopterus ... Cynoscion reticulatus Cynoscion albus Cynoscion stolzmanni Cynoscion phoxocephalus Sagenichthys mordax Nebris occidentalis Larimus argenteus Larimiis effulgens Larimus acclivis Larimus pacificus Odontoscion xanthops .... Corvula macrops Elattarchus archidium Bairdiella ensif era Bairdiella armata Bairdiella chrysoleuca Stellifer oscitans Stellifer furthi Stellifer illecebrosus Stellifer ericymba Stellifer zestocarus Ophioscion typiciis Ophioscion simulus Ophioscion strabo Ophioscion imiceps Ophioscion scierus Sigmurus vermicularis Scisena deliciosa Gulf of California + + + + + + + Galapagos Islands Ecuador + + + Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + GILBEKT AND STAEKS— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 215 Panama Micropogon altipinnis Umbrina xanti . . Umbrina dorsalis Menticirrhus nasus Menticirrhus panamensis Menticirrhus elongatus.... Polyclemus dumerili Polyclemus rathbuni Polyclemus goodei Paralonchurus petersi Eques viola Cirrhites rivulatus Chromis atrilobatus Pomacentrus rectifrsenum Pomacentrus gilli Pomacentrus flavilatus Nexilarius concolor Glyphisodon sa.xatilis Microspathodon dorsalis.. Harpe diplotaenia Halichaeres sellifer Halichjeres macgregori .. Halichaeres dispilus Pseudojulis notospilus Thalassoma lucasanum .... Pseudoscarus perrico Chsetodipterus zonatus. . . . Parapsettus panamensis .. Chaetodon nigrirostris Chaetodon humeralis Pomacanthus zonipectus , Gulf of California + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Galapagos Islands + + + + + + + + + Ecuador + + + + + + + + Peru Atlantic Ocean + 216 CALlt-ORNtA ACADEMV OF SClENtES Panama Holacanthus passer Teuthis crestonis Balistes polylepis Balistes naufragium Balistes verres Xesurus hopkinsi Spheroides angusticeps Spheroides lobatus Spheroides testudineus Spheroides annulatus Spheroides furthii Guentheridia formosa Tetraodon hispidus Eumycterias punctatissimus Diodon holacanthus Scorpaena histrio Scorpaena pannosa Scorpaena mystes Scorpaena riissula Prionotus xenisma Prionotus loxias Prionotus quiescens Prionotus albirostris Prionotus horrens Prionotus ruscarius Philypnus lateralis Dormitator maculatus Eleotris pictus Alexurus armiger Gymneleotris seminudus ... Gobius soporator Gobionellus sagittula Gulf of California Galapagos Islands + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ecuador + Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + + + + + GILBERT AND STAKES— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 217 Panama Gobionellus microdon Garmannia paradoxa Enypnias seminudus Bollmannia chlamydes Aboma lucretije Microgobius emblematicus Microgobius miraflorensis Evermannia zosterura Evermannia panamensis Tyntlastes brevis Echeneis naucrates Remora remora Opisthognathus punctatiim Dactyloscopus zelotes Kathetostoma averruncus Batrachoides pacifici Batrachoides boulengeri Porichthys margaritatus Porichthys greenei Thalassophryne reticulata Thalassophryne dovvi Gobiesox rhodospilus Malacoctenus delalandi Mnierpes macrocephalus Auchenopterus monophthalmus. Hypsoblennius piersoni Hypsoblennius striatus Hypsoblennius brevipinnis Homesthes caulopus Scartichthys rubropunctatus .... Rupiscartes atlanticus Emblemaria nivipes Gulf of California Galapagos Islands Ecuador Peru + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Atlantic Ocean + + + + + 218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Panama Microdesmus dipus Microdesmus retropinnis .... Cerdale ionthas Lepophidium prorates Otophidium indefatigabile .. Fierasfer dubius Ogilbia ventralis Bregmaceros macclellandi .. Hippoglossina bollmani Paralichthys woolmanni Ancylopsetta dendritica Platophrys constellatus Engyophrys sancti-laurentii Syacium latifrons Syacium ovale Cyclopsetta querna Azevia panamensis Citharichthys platophrys .... Citharichthys gilberti Etropus crossotus Achirus klunzingeri Achirus fonsecensis Achirus scutum Symphurus atramentatus .... Symphurus elongatus Symphurus atricaudus Symphurus leei Lophiomus caulinaris Antennarius strigatus Antennarius sangunieus Zalieutes elater Gulf of GalapaQ'os ! y, , ^ ,t ■ T 1 J Ecuador Caliiornia Islands + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Peru Atlantic Ocean + + + BiBLTOGKAPHY 1S40-42. Jenvns, L. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1S32 to 1836. Fish. 1840-42. 1860a. Gill, Theodore. Monograph of the genus Labrosoinus Sw. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., i860, pp. 102-108. 1860^. Gill, Theodore. Monograph of the Philypni. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., i860, pp. 120-126. i86ia. Gill, Theodore. Description of a new species of the genus Anableps of Gronovius. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1861, pp. 3-6. 1861^. Gill, Theodore. Synopsis generuni Rhytici et affinium. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1861, pp. 52-54. i86i(r. Gill, Theodore. On several new generic types of fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, 1861, pp. 77-78. 1861a'. Gill, Theodore. Monograph of the Tridigitate Uranoscopoids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1 86 1, pp. 263-271. i86i«. GtJNTHER, Albert. On a collection of fishes sent by Captain Dow from the Pacific coast of Central America. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lotid., 1861, pp. 370-376. i86i<5. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes of the British Museum, Vol. III. 1861. Dow, John M. [Letter concerning Anableps dowei.] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 30. 1S62. Gill, Theodore. Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Insti- tution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, 1862. Part I, pp. 140-151; Part II, pp. 242 246; Part III, pp. 249-262. 1862. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum. Vol. IV. 1863a. Gill, Theodore. Description of some new species of Pediculati, and on the classifica- tion of the group. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1863, pp. 88-92. i863i^. Gill, Theodore. Descriptive enumeration of a collection of fishes from the western coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain John M. Dow. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, 1S63, pp. 162-174. 1864. Kner, Rudolf, and Steindachner, Franz. Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fischen aus Central-Amerika. Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. ITissen., Vol. X, 1864, pp. 1-61. i864«. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. V. 1864^. Gunther, Albert. On some new species of Central American fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1864, pp. 23-27. Also, A7in. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol. XIV, 1864, pp. 227-232. 1864^. Gunther, Albert. Report of a collection of fishes made by Messrs Dow, Godman and Salvinrin Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lu7id., 1864, pp. 144-154. • 220 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES iSG^d. GtJNTHER, Albert. On a poison-organ in a genus of Batrachoid fishes. Proc. Zoo/. Soc. Land., 1864, pp. 155-158. 1865. Gill, Theodore. On a new generic type of sharks. Proc. Acad. Nal. Sci. Phil., 1865, p. 177. 1865. Dow, John M. [Letter concerning examples of Thalassophryne obtained at Panama.] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lo7id., 1865, p. 677. i866«. GuNTHER, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. VI. 1866*5. GiJNTHER, Albert. Memoir on the fishes of the states of Central America. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, pp. 600-604. 1868. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (VII). Sitsb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien , Vol. LVII, 1868, pp. 965-1008. 1868a. Bocourt, M. F. Note sur des poissons Percoides appartenant au genre Cenlropome, provenant du Mexique et de I'Amerique Centrale. Ann. Sci. Nat., 5th Ser. , Vol. IX, 1868, pp. 90-91. i868i5. Bocourt, M. F. Descriptions de quelques Acanthopterygiens nouveaux appartenant au genre Serran et Mesoprion, recueillis dans I'Amerique Centrale. Ami. Sci. Nat., Vol. IX, 1868, pp. 222-224. 1869. GuNTHER, Albert. An account of the fishes of the states of Central America, based on collections made by Captain J. M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq., and O. Salvin, Esq. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lojtd., 1869, pp. 377-494. 1869. Peters, W. Neue oder weniger bekannte Fische des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. Monalsber. Konigl. Akad. Wissen. Berlin, 1869, pp. 703-711. 1869. Bocourt, M. Descriptions de quelques reptiles et poissons nouveaux appartenant a la faune tropicale de I'Amerique. Poissons de la famille des Scienoides. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. d' Hist. Nat., Vol. V, 1869, pp. 21-24. 1870a;. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (VIII). Sitsb. k. Akad. Wisseii. JVien, Vol. LX, 1869 (1870), pp. 120-139. 187015. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (IX). III. Uber einige neue oder seltene Arten von Mazatlan, Lagos und Santos. Sitzb. k. Acad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. LX, 1869 (1870), pp. 305-315. 1870^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Notizen (X). Sitsb. k. Acad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. LXI, 1870, pp. 623-642. 1870. Gunther, a. Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, Vol. VIII. 1871. Cope, E. D. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, Vol. XIV, 1871, pp. 445-483. 1874. Putnam, F. W. Notes on Ophidiidse and Fierasferidae, with descriptions of new species from America and the Mediterranean. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, pp. 339- 348- 1874. Vaillant, L., and Bocourt, M. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans I'Amerique Centrale. 4th part. Etudes sur les poissons, 1874. 1875a:. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (I). Sitsb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wiefi, Vol. LXX, 1874(1875), pp. 375-390- 1875^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische' Beitrage (II). Sitsb. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. LXXI, 1875, pp. 443-480. 1876a. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (III). Sitsb. k. Akad. JVissefi. Wien, Vol. LXXII, 1875 (1876), pp. 29-96. GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 221 iS-jbd. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (IV). Siisd. k. Akad. Wissen. IVien, Vol. LXXII, 1875 (1876), pp. 551-616. 1877. Steindachner, F. Ichthyolog^ische Beitrage (V). Si^si. k. Akad. IVissen. IVieu, Vol. LXXIV, 1S76 (1877), pp. 49-240. 1877. Streets, T. H. Contributions to the natural history of the Hawaiian Islands and Fanning Islands and Lower California. Fishes of Upper and Lower California. B?i//. U. S. Nat. Jlhis., No. 7, 1877, pp. 43-56. 1877. Gill, Theodore. Synopsis of the fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phil., 1877, pp. 175-191. 1S78. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (VI). Sitsb. k. Akad. Wisseu. Wieti, Vol. LXXVII, 1878, pp. 379-392. 1879(1. Steindachner, F. Ueber einige neue und seltene Fisch-arten aus den k. k. Zoologisch- en Museen zu Wien, Stuttgart und Warschau. V. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Siid-Amerika's. Detikschr. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. XLI, 1S79, pp. 28-44. 1879^. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (VII). Sitzb. k. Akad. Wisse?i. Wie?i, Vol. LXXVIII, 1878 (1879), pp. 377-400. i879f. Steindachner, F. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Sudamerika's. II. Ueber eine Sammlung von Fischen aus dem Mamoni-Flusse bei Chepo. Denkschr. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. XLI, 1879, pp. 159-169. 1880. Lockington, W. N. Description of a new Sparoid fish {Spams brachysomics), from Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 284-286. 1880a. Steindachner, V. Zur Fisch-fauna des Cauca und der Fliisse bei Guayaquil. Denksch. k. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Vol. XLII, 1880, pp. 55-104. i88oi5. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (VIII). Sitzb. k. Akad. Wissen. JVien, Vol. LXXX, 1879 (1880), pp. 119-191. 1 88 1. Lockington, W. N. List of the fishes collected by Mr. W. J. Fisher upon the coasts of Lower California, 1876-77, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phil., 1 88 1, pp. 113- 1 20. 1881. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Beitrage (X). Sitzb. k. Akad. IVissen. Wien, Vol. LXXXIII, 1881, pp. 179-219. i88ia. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Notes on a collection of fishes made by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., on the west coast of Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 225-233. 188 1(5. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., in the Gulf of California and on the west coast of Lower California, with descriptions of four new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1S81, pp. 273-279. i88if. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of thirty-three new species of fishes from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 338-365. i88i«f. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species oi Pomadasys from Mazatlan, with a key to the species known to inhabit the Pacific coasts of tropical America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 383-388. iSSiif. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Xenichthys {Xetiichthys xenurus) from the west coast of Central America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 454. (29) January 28, 1904. 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES i88iy". Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of five new species of fishes from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. I\fus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 458-463.. 1882. Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes observed at Punta Arenas, on the Pacific coast of Central America. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. II, 1882, p. 112. 1882a. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of nineteen new species of fishes from the Bay of Panama. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. I, 1881 (1882), pp. 306-335. 1882^. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. A review of the Siluroid fishes found on the Pacific coast of tropical America, with descriptions of three new species. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 34-54. 1882c. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Mazatlan, Mexico, by Charles H. Gilbert. Bjill. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 105-108. 1882a'. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Charles H. Gilbert. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. II, 1882, pp. 109-111. i882if. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of four new species of sharks, from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 102- no. 1882/. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Conodon {Coyiodon serrifer) from Boca Soledad, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nal. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, PP- 351-352- 1882^. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Catalogue of the fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas, which are now in the U. S. National Museum, with descriptions of eight new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 353-371. 1882/;. Jordan, D. S. , and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at Colima, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 18S2, pp. 371-372. 1882/. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Capt. John M. Dow, now in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 373-378. 1882^. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of a collection of fishes made by Mr. L. Belding near Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 378-381. 1882/. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes collected at Panama by Rev. Mr. Rowell, now preserved in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 381-382. i882?«. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Urolopkus ' {Urolophus asterias) from Mazatlan and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 579-580. i882«. Jordan, D. S. , and Gilbert, C. H. List of fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, collected by Professor Frank H. Bradley, at Panama, with descriptions of three new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 620-632. 18820. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of two new species of fishes {Myrophis vafer and Chloroscombrus orqueia) from Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. V, 1882, pp. 645-647. i882/>. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new eel {Sidera castaned) from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 647-648. 1883. Jordan, D. S. Notes on the American fishes preserved in the Museums of Berlin, London, Paris and Copenhagen. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1883, pp. 281-293. GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 223 1883. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species oi Rhi7iobahis (^Rhino- batus glaiicostigma) from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VI, 1883, pp. 210-211. 1884. Grant, W. R. Ogilvie- A revision of the fishes of tlie genera Sicydmm and Lentipes, with descriptions of five new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1884, pp. 153-172. 1884. Jordan, D. S. Notes on the fishes collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. H. F. Emeric, with a description of Gobiosoma histrio, a new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. M71S., Vol. VII, 1884, PP- 260-261. 1884. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of Sciczna sclera, a new species of Scicena from Mazatlan and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. I\/us., Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 480- 482. 1884a. Jordan, D. S., and Swain, Joseph. A review of the American species of Epinephelus and related genera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mies., Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 358-410. 18841^. Jordan, D. S., and Swain, Joseph. A review of the species of Lutjaninae and Hop- lopagrinae found in American waters. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 427-474. 1884. Meek, Seth E. A review of the American species of the genus Synodus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phil., 1884, pp. 130-136. 1884a. Meek, S. E., and Newland, R. G. A review of the American species of the genus SphyrcEua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1884, pp. bi-i^. 18841J. Meek, S. E., and Newland, R. G. A review of the American species o{ Scomber omorus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1884, pp. 232-235. 1884. Meek, S. E., and Hoffman, M. L. A review of the American species of the genus Teuthls. Proc. Acad. A^at. Scl. Phil., 1884, pp. 227-231. 1884a. Meek, S. E. , and Goss, D. K. A review of the American species of the genus Trachynotus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1884, pp. 121- 129. 1884^. Meek, S. E., and Goss, D. K. A review of the American species of Hemirhamphus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Phil., 1884, pp. 221-226. 1884. Fordice, M. W. a review of the American species of Stromateidse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1SS4, pp. 311-317. 1885. Meek, S. E., and Hall, E. A. A review of the American genera and species of Batrachidje. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1885, pp. 52-62. 1885. Hall, E. A., and Mc Caughan, J. Z. A. A review of the American genera and species of Mullidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1885, pp. 149-155. 1885. Jordan, D. S. A list of the fishes known from the Pacific coast of tropical America, from the Tropic of Cancer to Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1885, pp. 361-394. 1885. Eigenmann, C. H., and Fordice, M. W. A review of the American Eleotridinae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phil., 1885, pp. 66-80. 1885. Garman, S. Notes and descriptions taken from Selachians in the U. S. National Museum. P>oc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, 1885, pp. 39-44. 1886. Jordan, D. S., and Edwards, C. L. A review of the American species of Tetraodon- tidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1886, pp. 230-247. 1886. Jordan, D. S., and Hughes, Elizabeth G. A review of the species of the genus Prlonotus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IX, 1886, pp. 327-338. 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1886. EvERMANN, B. W., and Meek, S. E. A revision of the American species of the genus Gerres. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phil., 1886, pp. 256-272. 1887. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. Description of a new species of Thalassophryme (^Thalassophryne dowi) from Punta Arenas and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X, 1S87, p. 388. 1888. EiGENMANN, C. H., and Eigenmann, R. S. A list of the American species of Gobiidae and Callionymidffi, with notes on the specimens contained in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Proc. Cal. Acad. Set., 2nd Ser., Vol. I, 1888, pp. 51-78. 1888-89. Eigenmann, C. H., and Eigenmann, R. S. Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi, I, II. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. I, 1S88, pp. 1 19-172; Vol. II, 1889, pp. 28-56. 1888. Jordan, D. S. List of fishes collected by Alphonse Forrer about Mazadan, with descrip- tions of two new species — /Zeros bca7ii and Poccilia biitleri. Proc. U. S- Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1S88, pp. 329-334- 1888. Jenkins, O. P., and Evermann, B. W. Descriptions of eighteen new species of fishes from the Gulf of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. A/iis., Vol. II, 1888, pp. 137-158. 1889. Morrison, W. L. A review of the American species of Priacanthidre. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1889, pp. 159-163. 1889. Kirsch, p. H. a review of the European and American Uranoscopidse or Star-gazers. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1889, pp. 258-265. 1889. Jordan, D. S., and Bollman, C. H. Descriptions of new species of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887- 88. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XII, 1889, pp. 149-183. 1889. Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H. A review of the Scijenidae of America and Europe. Rep' t. U. S. Com'r Fish and Fisheries, 1886 (1889), pp. 343-451. 1889. Jordan, D. S., and Goss, D. K. A review of the flounders and soles (Pleuronectidae) of America and Europe. Rep' t. U. S. Covir Fish and Fisheries, 1886 (1889), pp. 225-342. 1890. Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H. A review of the genera and species of Serran- idte found in the waters of America and Europe. Bull. U. S. Fish Com.,Vo\. VIII, 1888 (1890), pp. 329-433- 1890. Kirsch, P. H. A review of the American species of Thread-fins (Polynemidae). Aim. N. V. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1890, pp. 231-236. 1890a. Gilbert, C. H. A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross on the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1S89, with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. Proc. CI. S. Nat. A/us., Vol. XIII, 1890, pp. 49-126. 18906. Gilbert, C. H. A supplementary list of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and Panama, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIII, 1890, pp. 449-455. 1890. Eigenmann, C. H., and Eigenmann, R. S. A revision of the South American Nema- tognathi or cat-fishes. Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890. 1891. Jordan, D. S. A review of the Labroid fishes of America and Europe. Rep't. U. S. Corner Fish and Fisheries, 1887 (1891), pp. 599-699. 1891a. Gilbert, C. H. Description of Apodal fishes from the tropical Pacific. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 347-552. GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 225 iSgiiJ. Gilbert, C. H. Description of thirty-four new species of fishes collected in 1888 and 1889, principally among the Santa Barbara Islands and in the Gulf of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 539-566. 1891. EvERMANN, B. W., and Jenkins, O. P. Report upon a collection of fishes made at Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, pp. 121-165. 1892. Jordan, D. S. , and Davis, B. M. A preliminary review of the Apodal fishes or eels inhabiting the waters of America and Europe. Rep' t U. S. Com'' r Fish and Fish- eries, 188S (1892), pp. 581-677. 1893. Jordan, D. S. , and Fesler, B. A review of the Sparoid fishes of America and Europe. Rep't U. S. Com' r Fish and Fisheries, 1889-1891 (1893), pp. 421-544. 1894. Vaillant, Leon. Sur une collection de poissons recueillis en Basse-Californie et dans le Golfe par M. Leon Diguet. Bidl. Soc. Philovi. Paris, 3rd Sen, Vol. VI, 1S94, pp. 2-8. 1894. Eigenmann, C. H. Notes on some South American fishes. A7in. N V. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1894, pp. 625-637. 1895a. Jordan, D. S. Description of Evermannia, a new genus of Gobioid fishes. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. IV, 1892-1894 (1895), p. 592. i895<5. Jordan, D. S. The fishes of Sinaloa. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, 1895, pp. 378-514- 1895. Boulenger, G. a. Catalogue of the Perciform fishes in the British Museum, Vol. I. 1895. Faxon, Walter. Reports of an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross", during 1891, Lieut. -Commander Z. L. Tanner, commanding. XV. The Stalk-eyed Crustacea. Mem. Rhis. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, Vol. XVIII, 1895, pp. 1-292. 1895. Gregory, J. W. Contributions to the Palaeontology and Physical Geology of the West Indies. Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac, Vol. LI, 1895, pp. 255-312. 1896. Jordan, D. S. Notes on fishes, little known or new to science. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896, pp 201-244. 1896. Jordan, D. S., and Starks, E. C. Description of a new species of Pipe-fish {Siphosioma sinaloce) from Mazatlan. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896, p. 268. 1896. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America. Part I. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47. 1896. Gilbert, C. H. Descriptions of twenty-two new species of fishes collected by the steamer Albatross, of the United States Fish Commission. Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIX, 1896, pp. 437-457. 1896. RuTTER, Cloudsley. Notes on fresh-water fishes of the Pacific Slope of North Amer- ica. III. Note on a collection of fishes made in streams near Cape San Lucas by Dr. Gustav Eisen. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Sen, Vol. VI, 1896, pp. 263-266. 1898. Evermann, B. W. Notes on fishes collected by E. W. Nelson on the Tres Marias Islands and in Sinaloa and Jalisco, Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XII, 1898, PP- 1-3- 1898. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America. Parts II and III. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47. 1898. Ogilby, J. Douglas- New genera and species of fishes. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IV., Vol. XXVIII, 1898, pp. 280-299. 226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1898-9. BouLENGER, G. A. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nel I'Ecuador e regione vicine. Pois- sons de I'Equateur. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anal. comp. Torino, Vol. XIII, 1898, pp. 1-13; Vol. XIV, 1899, pp. 1-8. 1899. Greene, C. W. The phosphorescent organs in the Toad-fish Porichthys notatus Girard. Journ. Morph., Vol. XV, 1899, pp. 667-696. 1899. Jordan, D. S., and McGregor, R. C. List of fishes collected at the Revillagigedo Archipelago and neighboring islands. Rep' I U. S. Com' r Fish and Fisheries, 1898 (1899), pp. 273-284. 1899. Garman, Samuel. Reports of an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross," during 1891, Lieutenant-Com- mander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. XXVI. The Fishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, Vol. XXIV, 1889, pp. 1-431. 1899. BouLENGER, G. A. Viaggio del Dott. Enrico Festa nel Darien e regioni vicine. Pois- sons de I'Amerique Centrale. Boll. Zool. Anal. comp. Torino, Vol. XIV, 1899, pp. 1-4. 1899a. Abbott, J. F. The marine fishes of Peru. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1899, pp. 324-364. 18993. Abbott, J. F. Notes on Chilean fishes, with description of a new species of Sebastodes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1899, pp. 475-477. 1900. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. The fishes of North and Middle America. Part IV. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47. iqoia. Pellegrin, J. Poissons recueillis par M. L. Diguet dans le Golfe de Californie. Bull. Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, pp. 160-167. igoi^. Pellegrin, J. Poissons recueillis par M. L. Diguet dans I'Etat de Jalisco. Bull. Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Paris, 1901, pp. 204-207. 1903. Heller, E., and Snodgrass, R. E. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. XV. New fishes. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 1903, pp. 189-229. 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE L PAGE Figs. I, la. Mustelus lunulahis Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 5 Figs. 2, 2a. Galeus dorsalis Gill. Panama. 7 Figs. 3, 3a. Carcharias velox Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 9 Ph in Is: in w cq [3 J ^ 230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL PAGE Figs. 4, 4a. Carcharias cerdale Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 10 F'gs. 5, 5a. Carcharias azureus Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 11 Ph s S □ s 232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE 111. Fig. 6. Myliobaiis asperrimus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 19 PAGE H E-i PU is; □ Ln s □ 234 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. PAGE Fig. 7. Galeichthys xenauche^i Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 24 Fig. 8. Galeichthys eigenmanni Gilbert & Starrs. Type specimen; Panama. 21 Memdihs Cal.Acad. BciVol IV [ Gilbert a Starks] Plate IV" ■kV PKDTO-LITH.BRITTnN AHE^-BT 236 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. PAGE Fig. 9. Tackysurus steindachieri Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 29 Fig. 10. Tachysiirus evermanni Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 32 Memdirs Cal.Aeal. Sci.Vol IV [ Gilbert 5 Btahks] Plate V PHHTa -LrriLHHlTTQi: *HEV.ar 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL PAGE Figs. II, 11^. Tachys2irus emmelane Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 31 s PL, in M m m □ S 240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. PAGE Fig. 12. Pisoodonophis daspilotus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 36 Fig. 13 Murcena clepsydra Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 38 e-: Ph W Ln ,3 1 — I □ s ?*^?w ..»««'« 242 CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL PAGE Fig. 14. Anchovia rastralis Gilbert & Pierson. Type specimen; Panama. 42 Fig. 15. Anchovia spinifera Cuvier & Valenciennes. Panama. 46 S un ►J □ Ln tn S □ 244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. PAGE Fig. 16. Hemirhamphus sallafor Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 53 Fig. 17. Atherinella pa7iamensis Steindachner. Panama. 59 X s P-. m Is; in w pa 3 □ w 246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE X PAGE Figs. i8, i8a. Fistiilaria corneta Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. , 56 s m in p> > ^ ^ 248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL PAGE Fig. 19. OHgopNtes refidgens Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 73 Fig. 20. Oligoplites altus Gunther. Panama. 72 Ph in 1^ H PQ 3 □ > LJ □ w 250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIL PAGE Fig. 21. Oligopliles mundus Jordan & Starks. Panama. 74 Fig. 22. Hemicaranx zelotes Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 76 Fig. 23. Peprilns snyderi Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 87 Memdihs Cal.Ai:ad.5ci.Vdl1V [Gilberts Starks] Plate Xll. A^, .'':J I I- ; I ( ) •Sg> r.;nTrv ■■ '.^ I-iTHBRlTTDM »HEV;6T 252 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. PAGE Fig. 24. Centropomus ensiferus Poey. Havana. 92 Fig. 25. Centropomus robalito Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 94 Fig. 26. Centropomus armatus Gill. Panama. 92 Fig. 27. Centropomus unionensis BocouRT. Panama. 90 m t3 Ul □ 254 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. PAOE Fig. 28. Lobotes pacificus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 100 Fig-. 29. Lutiamis jordani Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 102 X w a. in 03 W 3 S a -^ y^ ^.. ""^ w 256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. PAGE Fii^. 30. Orlhopristis breviphuds Steindachner. Panama. ill Fig. 31. Rhegina thaumasium Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 99 H f-; S Ph •-. L\ in ^ \V '^ n %\i S '^^^ jj w i en CD > Ln I re w 258 CAXIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVL PAGE Fig. 32. Sagenichthys mordax Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 121 f^'g- 33- LaiiniHs effidgens Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 123 w m ►J □ Ln □ •> 260 CALIFORNIA ACADEM? OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL PAGE Fig. 34. Larimus acdivis Jordan & Bristol. Panama. 124 Fig. 35. Odontoscion xanthops Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 124 262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIIL PAGE Fig. 36. Stellifer illecebrosus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 128 Fig. 37. Stellifer zestocarus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 129 en M 264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. PAGE Fig. 38. Ophioscion sinnihis Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 130 Fig- 39- Ophioscion scierus Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 131 H in Ln w CQ S □ 266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. PAGE Figs. 40, 40rt. Polyclemus goodci Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 135 Fig. 41. Paralonchu7'us petersi BocouRT. Panama. 136 S :^ n3 □ Ln □ 268 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL PAGE Fig. 42. Eques viola Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 138 Fig. 43. Chromis atrilobatiis Gill. Panama. 139 3 PL, ■si a3 w cq □ Ln □ 270 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIL PAGE Fig. 44. Potnacentrus gilli Gilbert &. Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 14X Ln 03 □ Ln m S 3 S u 272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIIL PAGE Fig. 45. Halich(zres macgregori Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 145 Fig. 46. Eumycterias punclalissimus Guntuer. Panama. 160 m □ S w 274 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. PAUE Fig. 47. Cli(rtodon nigriroslris GiLL. Panama. 148 S m id. a3 H c3 276 ' CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. Fig. 48. Xesurus hopkinsi GILBERT & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 155 PAGE C— . W X) Ln 278 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVL PAGE Fig. 49. Balistes verrcs Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 153 H H « a3 w CO LJ Ln Ln □ 280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIL PAGE Figs. 50, 50«. Prionoliii ruscan'iis Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 165 S in H w t3 □ Ln re □ S 282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIIL PACK Fig. 51. Gobioncllus microdoii Gilbert. Panama. 171 Fig. 52. Gannannia paradoxa Gunther. Panama. 172 3 CQ □ Ln en 284 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLA I'E XXIX. PAGE F'&- 53- Enypnias seminudiis Gunther. Panama. 173 Fig. 54. Microgobius mirafloiensis Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 176 ><; s is; w CQ LJ Ln □ s f^MFfr^^tr.^ 4\ ^^^^ w^ w<>^' 286 CALIFOENIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. PAGE Pis'. 55. Evcrma7inia panamensis Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 179 Fig. 56. Porichthys grecnei Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 1S4 en w > □ > Ln □ 288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXL PAGE F'gs- 57. 57«- Batrachoides bou/ciige>i Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. 182 F"ig. 58. Cerdale ionthas Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 196 F'g- 59- A]icrodesmus retropiinas Jordan & Gilbert. Panama. 195 2 w i3 yct'Wt'"'i^''*ii f;v- > □ > u Ln > 4 \ i. f>k,, ^ I ■^ 4 £fi: I. IS ^ ^ '^3 I J^ 1 — r □ 5^ 200 CALIFOENIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIL PAGE Fig. 60. H\psoble7inms piersoni Gilbert & Starks. Type specimen; Panama. igi Fig. 61. Hofnestkes caulopus Gilbert. Type specimen; Panama. 194 cu in W 03 in m K □ U2 292 CALIFOjmiA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIIL PAGE Fig. 62. Ancylopsetta dendritica Gilbert. Panama. 199 H m W ►J [3 □ > [J^ □ Index to Volume IV. New names iu heavy-faced type. ABACURus, Eleotris 170 Aboma lucretiaa 174, 217 acolivis, Larimus 123, 124, 214 Achirus fouseceusis 201, 203, 218 kluuziugeri 200, 201, 218 mazatlanus 200, 201 scutum 202, 218 acutus, Fodiator 55, 210 adsi^ersus, Paralichtbys 197 lequideus, Eleotris 169 aerostaticus, Tetraodon 159 iBstuarius, Paralichtliys 198 lethalorus, Carcharias 9, 11, 207 Aetobatus nariuari IS, 207 afer, Alphestes 96, 97 afJiuis, Fieiasfer 197 Isopisthus 117 agassizii, Xenichthys 104 alaluuga, Germo 206 albescens, Kemora 206 albirostris, Priouotus 162, 216 albomaoulatus, Serrauus 97 Albula vulpes 39, 209 Albulid* 39 albus, Gyuosciou 119, 214 Alectis ciliaris 80, 211 Alexurus armiger 170, 216 Alphestes afer 96, 97 multiguttatus 96, 97, 212 altipinuis, Micropogou 132, 215 altus, Oligoplites 72, 73, 74, 211 aluta, Bairdiella 127 amazonica, Tbalassopbryne 188 amblyopsis, Eleotris 170 Auableps 51 dowei 51, 210 tetropbthalmus 51 analis, Umbrina 133 aualogus, Epiuephelus 96, 212 Kypbosua 116 Auchovia compressa 43, 44, 45 cultrata 44 curta 42, 209 delicatissima 44 ischaua 42, 43, 209 lucida 42, 43, 209 macrolepidota 47, 209 miarcba 42, 209 mundeola 5, 43, 44, 45, 46, 200 naso 5, 43, 209 opercularis 42, 209 pauameusis 43, 44, 45, 209 (38) Auchovia rastralis 5, 42, 209 spiuifera 46, 209 starksi 5, 43, 209 aucylodou, Sageuichlhys 121 Aucylopsetta deudritica 199, 218 quadrocellata 199 Augelichtbys 151 augusticeps, Spheroidea 156 Auisotremus 1 1 1 cwsius 107, 213 dovii 106, 107, 213 iulerruptus 107, 213 pacifici 106, 107, 213 suriuameusis 107 taiuiatus 108, 213 virgiuicus 108 auuulatus, Spheroides 156, 157, 158, 159 Autenuarius sauguiueus 204, 218 strigatus 204, 218 Apogou atricaudus 89 atridorsalis 89 dovii 88, 89, 212 retrosella 89 approximaus, Polydactylus 63, 210 aratus, Lutiauus 103, 213 archidium, Elattarchus 125, 214 Archosciou 117 argeuteus, Larimus 123, 124, 214 argcutivenlris, Lutiauus 103, 212 argus, Murama 38 arioides, Bagrus 32, 33 Arius assimilis 23 melanopus 29 seemauni 22 armata, Bairdiella 126, 214 armatus, Centropomus 90, 92, 94, 212 armiger, Alexurus 170, 216 Arothron erethizou 159 asperrimus, Myliobatis 5, 19, 207 aspidurus, Urolophus 16, 17, 207 assimilis, Arius 23 asterias, Urolophus 16 Astroscopus 187 Atherinella pauameusis 59, 210 Atheriuida) 57 atlauticus, Rupiscartes 194, 217 atrameutatus, Symphurus 203, 218 atricaudus, Apogou 89 Symphurus 204, 218 atridorsalis, Apogou 89 atrilobatus, Chromis 139, 140, 215 atrimanus, Hemicaraux 75, 76, 211 Jauuary 30, 1904. 294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Auchenopterus mouophthalmns 1S9, '217 auctorum, Lobotes 100 auliscus, Siphostoma 57, 210 aureohis, Genes 114, 115, 213 auritns, Brachydeuterus HI rtverruucus, Kathetostoma 181, 217 axillaris, Brachydeuterus 111 Azevia pauameusis 200, 218 azureus, Carcharias 5, 11, 12, 207 Bagros ARioiiiES 32, 33 bahiamis, Teuthis 151 Bairdiella 128 aliita 127 armata 126, 214 chrysoleuca 127, 214 eusifera 126, 214 icistia 126 balao, Hemirhamphus 53 balearicum, Ophisoma 34 Balistes capistratus 153, 154 earolinensis 152 naufragium 152, 153, 216 polylepis 152, 153, 216 verres 5, 153, 154, 216 Balistid£B 152 bathymaster, Bregmaceros 197 Batrachoides 185 boulengeri 5, 181, 182, 217 pacifiei 181, 182, 217 suriuamensis 181, 182, 183 Batrachoidida) 181 Batrachus suriuamensis 182 bayauus, Pomadasis 109, 213 Beloue truucata 52 birostris, Mauta 206 birostratus, Prionotus 165 Bleuniidai 189, 196 Blenuiiua) 193 bollmani, Hippoglossiua 197, 218 Bollmannia chlamydes, 174, 217 boncardii, Pcecilia 51, 210 boulengeri, Batrachoides 5, 181, 182, 217 boulengeri, Mycteroperca 97, 212 Brachydeuterus 111 auritus 111 axillaris 1 1 1 corvimoformis 1 1 1 elongatus 1 1 1 leuoisous 109, 213 uitidus 109, 111, 213 bracliysomus. Calamus 112, 113,213 brauieki, Pomadasis 110, 213 brasiliensis, Hemirhamphus 53, 54 Bregmaceros bathymaster 197 macclellandi 197, 218 Bregmacerotidie 197 brevimanus, Gerres 115, 213 brevipinuis, Hypsoblenuius 19.3, 217 Orthopristis 111, 213 brevis, Tyntlastes ISO, 217 Brotulidfc 197 Buccone 118 CAEALi.us, Caranx 78, 211 ea'sius, Anisotremus 107, 213 Calamus brachygomus 112, 113, 213 tauriuus 112, 113 calamus, Chrysophrys 112 califoruicus, Galetis 7, 9 californiensis, Eucinostomus 113, 114, 213 callopterus, Cj'pselurus 55, 210 capistratus, Balistes 153, 154 Chiietodon 149 Carangidai 70 Caranx caballus 78, 211 crysos 78 hippos 77, 211 latus 78, 79 lugubris 206 marginatus 78, 211 medusicola 78, 79 viuctus 77, 211 Carcharias 9 juthalorus 9, 11, 207 azureus 5, 11, 12, 207 cerdale 5, 10, 11, 207 uicaragueusis 12 velox 5, 9, 207 Carcharinus cerdale 10 velox 9 earolinensis, Balistes 152 carolinus, Trachinotus 84 Gathorops 34 gulosus 33, 208 hypophthalmus 33, 208 caudimacula, II:imulon 105 cauliuaris, Lophiomus 204, 218 caulopus, Homesthes 5, 193, 194, 217 Centropomidffi 89, 206 Ceutropomus 180 armatus 90, 92, 94, 212 eusiferus 92, 94 grandoculatus 90 medius 90 nigresceus 90, 212 pedimacula 90, 212 robalito 90, 91, 92, 94, 212 uudecimalis 89, 212 uuioueusis 90, 92, 212 viridis 89 cephalus, Mugil 59, 210 (!erdale 196 ionthas 196, 218 cerdale, Carcharias 5, 10, 11, 207 cerdale, Carcharinus 10 Cerdalid;T3 195, 196, 206 Cetengraulis 42 edeutulus 47, 48 eng-ymen 5, 48, 209 GILBERT AND STARKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 295 Ceteugraulis mysticetiis 47, 48, 209 Chieuomugil proboscideus 61, '210 Chfetodipterus 148 faber 147, 148 zouatus 147, 148, 215 Chsetodon caiaistratiis 149 humeialis 149, 215 uigrirostris 148, 215 Chfetodoutida) 148 chalceus, Orthopristis 110, 213 Cbeilodipteridas 88 chilensis, Sarda 68, 211 clilamydes, Bollmauiiia 174, 217 Chloroscombrus chrj'sunis 82 orqueta 82, 211 Cbromis atrilobatus 139, 140, 215 notatus 140 chiysoleuca, Bairdiella 127, 214 Cbrysophrys calamus 112 chrysiirus, Chloroscombrus 82 ciliaris, Alectis 80, 211 ciueieum, Xysta'ma 114, 213 ciuereus, Microspathodon 144 cirratum, Giuglymostoma 5, 207 Cirrhites rivulatus 139, 215 Cirrhitidaa 139, 206 Citharichthys 4 gilberti 200, 218 platophrys 200, 218 spiloplerus 200 Citula dorsalis 79, 211 clariouis, Xesurus 155 clepsydra, Murseua 5, 38, 209 Clevelandia 178 ios 178 Clupeidaa 39 colias. Scomber 206 Colorado, Lutianus 103, 213 compressa, Auchovia 43, 44, 45 coucolor, Nexilarius 143, 215 Scomberomorus 68 Cougrellus gilberti 34, 208 uitens 34, 208 proriger 34, 208 couiceps, Mura3nesox 35, 208 coustellatus, Platophrys 199, 218 corneta, Fistularia 5, 56, 57, 210 corviu:i'formis, Brachydeuterus 111 Corvula macrops 125, 214 crebripuuctata, Pteroplatea 18, 207 creolus, Serranus 98 crescentalis, Pomacauthus 150 crestouis, Teuthis 151, 216 crocro, Pomadasis 109 crossotus, Etropus 200, 218 crumenophthalmus, Trachuvops 75, 211 crysog, Caraux 78 cuUrata, Auchovia 44 culveri, Trachiuotus 84, 211 curema, Mugil 60, 210 curta, Auchovia 42, 209 cyclolepis, Microgobius 174, 175 Cyclopsetta querua 200, 218 Cynosciou 4, 117, 118, 120, 125 albus 119, 214 othonopterus 119, 214 phoxocei^halus 120, 214 pricdatorius 118, 214 reticulatus 119, 214 squamipiunis 118, 214 stolzmauui 119, 214 cyprinoides, Lopbogobius 176 Cypselurus callopterus 55, 210 Daotyloscopiu^ 181, 206 Dactyloscopus zelotes 181, 217 D.'pctor 188 daspilotus, Pisoodouophis 5, 36, 208 Dasyatidas 15 Dasyatis dipterura 18 louga 17, 18, 207 dasycepbalus, Galeichthys 25, 2fi, 208 declivifrous, Glyphisodou 143 delalaudi, Malacocteuus 189, 217 delicatissima, Auchovia 44 deliciosa, Sciajua 132, 214 deudritica, Aucylopsetta 199, 218 depressa, Fistularia 55, 56, 210 Diapterus dowii 113 Diodon holacauthus 160, 216 hystrix 161, 206 Diodoutidaj 160 Diplectrum 4 euryplectrum 97, 98, 212 macropoma 97, 98, 212 radiale 97, 98, 212 diplotasnia, Harpe 144, 215 dipteriara, Dasyatis 18 dipus, Microdesmus 195, 218 Discopyge ommata 15, 207 dispilus, Halichaires 146, 215 Dormitator maculatus 169, 216 dormitor, Philypuus 168 dorsalis, Citula 79, 211 Galeus 7, 207 Microspatbodou 14,3, 215 Umbrina 133, 214 dovii, Auisotremus 106, 107, 213 Apogou 88, 89, 212 Lycodoutis 37, 209 Opisthopterus 41, 209 dowei, Auableps 51 dowi, Exocoetus 55 Seleuaspis 26, 208 Thalassophryue 187, 217 dowii, Diapterus 113 Euciuostomus 113 dubius, Fierasfer 197, 218 duuierili, Polyclemus 134, 135, 215 296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ECHENEIDIDiE ISO Echeneis naucrates 180, 217 edeutulus, Cetengraulis 47, 48 effulgens, LarimuB 5, 123, 214 eigenmanni, Oaleichthys 5, 21, 22, 23, 23, 208 elater, Zalieutes 204, 218 Elattarclius archidium 125, 214 elattura, Netuma 29, 208 elegans, Kyphosiis 116, 213 Eleotris abacurus 170 SBquidens 169 amblyopsis 170 picUis 160, 216 pisonia 170 elongata, Pcecilia 50, 210 elongatus, Brachydeiiterus 111 Meuticirrhus 134, 215 Symphunis 203, 218 Elopidas 39 Elops saurus 39, 209 Emblemaria uivipes 194, 217 emblematicus, Microgobius 174, 175, 176, 217 emmelane, Tachysiirus 5, 30, 31, 208 EngraiilididiB 42 engymen, Ceteugraulis 5, 48, 209 Eugyophrys saucti-lanrentii 199, 218 ensifeia, Bairdiella 126, 214 ensiferus, Centropomiis 92, 94 ensis, Sphyrajna 62, 210 eutemedor, Naroiue 15, 207 Euypuias 174 seminudus 173, 217 Ephippidae 147 Epinephelus analogiis 96, 212 labriformis 96, 212 loiiti 95 equatorialis, Eaja 15, 207 Eques viola 5, 128, 138, 215 eiate, Lobotes 100 erethizou, Arotbron 159 Tetraodon 160 ericymba, Stellifer 129, 214 Esocidaj 51 Etropus crossotus 200, 218 Euciuostomus californiensis 113, 114, 213 dowii 113 harengulus 114 pseudogula 114 enlepis, Microgobius 176 Eumycterias puuctatissimus 160, 216 euryplectruni, Dipleotnim 97, 98, 212 Evapristis 111 evermanui, Syuodus 49, 209 evermanni, Tachysiirus 5, 32, 208 Evermanuia 178 panamensis 5, 178, 179, 217 zosteniia 178, 179, 217 Evoplites 101 Exoctetid.T) 55 Exocoetus dowi 55 Exouautes ruHpiunis 55, 210 FABER, ChiBtodiptenis 147, 148 falcatus, Tracbiuotus 84 fasciatus, Genyanemus 134 Prionodes 98, 212 Feliohthys pauamensis 20, 207 piimimaculatus 20, 207 feiuandiuus, Sqiialus 13 Fierasfer affinis 197 dubius 197, 218 Fierasferidaj 197 fischeri, Solea 201, 202 Fistularia corneta 5, 56, 57, 210 depressa 55, 56, 210 petimba 56 serrata 56 tabacaria 57 Fistulariidfe 55 flaviguttatum, Lythnilon 105, 106, 213 flavilatus, Pomaceutrus 142, 215 Focliator acutus 55, 210 fodiator, Tylosurus 52, 210 fonseceiisis, Acbiius 201, 203, 218 Solea 201, 202 forbesi, Orlhopristis 1 1 1 formosa, Guentheridia 159, 216 formosiis, Tetraodou 159 Tetrodou 158 forsteri, Sphyrajua 62 furcifer, Parautbias 98, 212 fiirtbi, Ilisha 40, 209 Pellona 40 Stellifer 127, 214 furthii, Hemicaraux 77, 211 Spheroides 158, 216 Tachysurus 30, 31, 32, 33, 208 Galeichthys 21 dasyoepbalus 25, 26, 208 eigenmanni 5. 21, 22, 23, 28, 208 gilberti 22, 23 guatemaleusis 25, 208 jordani 22, 23, 28, 208 leutiginosiis 20, 207 lougicephalus 25, 26, 208 peruviamis 21, 207 platypogou 23 set-inauui 21 xenauchen 5, 24, 208 Galeidas 5 Galeocerdo tigrimis 9, 207 Galeus oaliforuicus 7, 9 dorsalis 7, 207 Garmanuia 173 paradoxa 172, 173, 174, 217 gentilis, Hypsobleniiins 191, 192, 193 Genyanemuhi fasciatus 134 Geuyoroge 101, 102 GILBERT AND STAKES— FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 297 Germo alaluDga 20G Gerres aureolus 114, 115,213 brevimauus 115, 213 liueatua 1 15 olisthostomus 115 peruviauus 115, 213 sqnamipiuuis 114 Gerridas 113 gilberti, Githarichthys 200, 218 Congrellus 34, 208 Galeichthys 22, 23 Hypsoblennius 191, 192, 193, 194 Kirtlaudia 57, 58, 210 gilli, Pomaceutriis 5, 140, 141, 215 Ginglymostoma cirratum 5, 207 Ginglymostomid* 5 glaucostigma, Khinobatus 14 glaueus, Trachinotus 82, 83 Glyphisodon declivifrous 143 saxatiiis 143, 215 Guathauodon speciosiis 79, 211 Gobiesoeidse 189 Gobiesox gyriuus 189 uudus 189 rhodospilns 189, 217 Gobildae 167 Gobiouellus microdou 171, 217 sagittula 171, 216 Gobius 173, 174 nicholsi 176 soporator 171, 216 goodei, Paraloucliurua (Zaclemus) 135 goodei, Polyelemus 5, 135, 215 goodei, Urolophus 16, 207 Gramma 98 Grammistes 98 graudisquamls, Upeueiis 67, 211 grandoculatus, Ceutropomus 90 greenei, Porichthys 5, 184, 217 grouovii, Nomeus 84, 211 grossideus, Lycengraulis 49 guatemalensis, Galeichthys 25, 208 guentheri, Hoplopagrus 101, 212 Guentheridia 158, 159 foimosa 159, 216 gulosus, Cathorops 33, 208 Microgobius 176 guttatus, Lutiauus 103, 212 Petrometopon 95 Promicrops 96, 212 Gymneleotris semiuiidus 170, 216 gyrinus, Gobiesox 189 Hmmvlidm 104 Haemulon caudimacula 105 maorostomum 104 mazatlauum 106 parra 104, 105 scudderi 104, 105, 213 steiudachueii 105, 213 Halichieres dispilus 146, 215 macgregori 5, 145, 215 nicholsi 145 sellifer 144, 215 hallei-i, Urolophus 15, 207 hareuguhis, Eucinostomus 114 hareugus, Querimana 61, 62, 210 Harpe diploticuia 144, 215 Hemioaraux atrimauns 75, 76, 211 furthii 77, 211 leucuriis 77, 211 zelotes 5, 76, 211 Hemirhamphidio 52 Hemirhamphus balao 53 brasiliensis 53, 54 saltator 5, 53, 54, 210 Hexanematichthys 21 xeuaucheu 24 Hippocampus ingens 57, 210 Hippoglossiua bollmaui 197, 218 sabanensis 199 hippos, Caranx 77, 211 hispidus, Tetraodou 157, 159, 160, 216 histrio, Scorpioua 161, 216 Holacauthus 151 passer 150, 216 strigatus 150 holacauthus, Diodon 160, 216 Holoeentridaj 64 Holocentrus suborbitalis 66, 211 Homesthes 193 caulopus 5, 193, 194, 217 hopkinsi, Xesurus 5, 155, 216 Hoplopagrus gueutheri 101, 212 horrens, Priouotus 162, 165, 166, 216 hospes, Mugil 60, 210 humeralis, Chretodou 149, 215 Paralabrax 97, 212 humile, Pristipoma 109 humilis, Pristipoma 109 hypophthalmus, Cathorops 33, 208 Hypoplectrus lamprurus 97, 212 Hypopriou 9 Hyporhamphus poeyi 52 roberti 53, 210 unifasciatus 52, 210 Hypsoblennius 193 brevipinnis 193, 217 geutilis 191, 192, 193 gilberti 191, 192, 193, 194 iouthas 193 piersoni 5, 191, 217 punctatus 193 scrutator 193 striatus 192, 193, 217 hystrix, Diodon 161, 206 icisTiA, Bairdiella 126 Ilisha furthi 40, 209 pauauieusis 40 298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES illecebrosus, Stellifer 5, 128, 129, I.'iS, 214 Ilypnus 178 imiceps, Ophiosciou 131, 214 incilis, Miigil 59 iudeffttigabile, Otophidium lOO, 218 iuermis, Eabirubia 103, 213 iugens, Hippocampus 57, 210 iuornatus, Mierolepitlotns 111 Orthopristis 111 iusculpta, Netuma 27, 208 iusulanim, Miirajua 38 iuteiTuptus, Auisotremus 107, 213 ioutbas, Ceidale 196, 218 Hypsobleuuius 193 ios, Clevelaudia 178 Isaciella 111 ischaua, Auchovia 42, 43, 209 Isopisthus 117, 122 affinis 117 parvipiuuis 117 remifer 117, 213 JENKINSI, Syuodus 50 jordaui, Galeichtbys 22, 23, 28, 208 jordani, Lutianus 5, 101, 102, 212 jordaui, NeomfBuis 102 KaTHETOSTOMA AVERRtTNCUS 181. 217 kenuedyi, Trachiuotus 84, 211 kessleri, Netuma 26, 208 Kirtlaudift 57 gilberti 57, 58, 210 pachylepis 57, 210 vagraus 57 klunziugeri, Achirus 200, 201. 218 kueri, Pristiijoma 110 Kyphosid.Tj 116 Kyphosus aualogus 116 elegaus 116, 213 Laerid^e 144 labriformis, Epiuephelus 96, 212 Lampris hiua 206 lamprurus, Hypoplectnis 97, 212 Larimus acclivis 123, 124, 214 argenteus 123, 124, 214 effulgens 5, 123, 214 pacificus 124, 214 lateralis, Pbilypuus 167, 168, 216 laticlavius, Xesurus 155 latifrons, Syacium 199, 218 latus, Caraux 78, 79 leei, Symphurus 204, 218 leutiginosa, Murai-ua 39, 209 leiitigiuosus, Galeichtbys 20, 207 Lepophidium prorates 196, 218 LeptocephalidiB 34 lepturiis, Trichiurus 70, 211 leuciscHS, Bracliydeuterus 109, 213 leucnrus, Hemicaranx 77,211 leucorhyuchus, Rhinobatus 14, 207 libertate, Opistbouema 40, 209 lineatus, Gerres 115 liropus, Tachysurus 29, 30, 31 lobatus, Spberoides 156 Lobotes 100 auetorum 100 erate 100 pacificus 5, 100, 212 siirinameusis 100, 101 Lobotidai 100 louga, Dasyatis 17, 18, 207 lougicephalus, Galeichtbys 25, 26, 208 lougurio, Scoliodon 12, 207 Lophiomus eauliuaris 204, 218 setigerus 204 Lopbogobius cypriuoides 176 louti, Epiuephelus 95 loxias, Priouotus 162, 216 lucasauum, Thalassoma 146, 215 lucida, Auchovia 42, 43, 209 lucretim, Aboma 174, 217 lugubris, Caraux 206 luua, Lampris 206 lunnlatiis, Mustelus 5, 6 7, 8, 207 Lutianidaj 101 Lutiauus 101, 102 aratus 103, 213 argeutiventris 103, 212 Colorado 103, 213 (Evoplites) viridis 101, 102 guttatus 103, 213 jordani 5, 101, 102, 212 uovemfasciatus 102, 212 Lycengraulis grossideus 49 poeyi 49, 209 Lycodoutis dovii 37, 209 verrilli 37, 209 Lythrulou flaviguttatum 105, 106, 213 opaleseens 105, 106 MACCLELLANDi, Bregmacei'os 197, 218 macgregori, Halicbasres 5, 145, 215 mac.lnra, Pteroplatea 18 macracauthus, Pomadasis 110, 213 macrocepbalus, Muierpes 189, 217 macrolepidota, Auchovia 47, 209 macropoma, Diplectrum 97, 98, 212 macrops, Corvula 125, 214 Opisthoptenis 41, 209 macrostomum, Haamulou 104 maculatus, Dormitator 169, 216 Scomberomorus 68, 69 macnlicauda, Orthostiecbus 106, 213 maculosa, Thalassophryuo 188 magdaleuai, Paralichtbys 198 Malacocteuus delalaudi 189, 217 Mauta birostris 206 margaritatus, Poricbthys 184, 185, 217 marginatus, Caranx 78, 211 GILBERT AND STAKKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 299 marmoratus, Symbrauchus 34, 20S matoides, Teuthis 151 mazatUiuuin, Hasmulou 106 mazatlauus, Achirus 200, 201 medius, Ceutropomus 90 Peprihis 88, 212 raedusicola, Caraux 78, 79 melauopus, Ariiis 29 Tachysurus 29, 31, 32 melanotis, MuriBua 38 Meuidia 57 Meuticirrhus elongatus 134, 215 uasus 133, 134, 215 panamensis 133, 134, 215 simus 133 miarcha, Auchovia 42, 209 Microdesmus 195, 196 dipus 195, 218 retiopiunis 195, 218 microdon, Gobiouellus 171, 217 Microgobius 177 cyclolepis 174, 175 emblematicus 174, 175, 176, 217 eulepis 176 giilosus 176 miraflorensis 5, 176, 217 siguatus 175, 176 thalassinus 175, 176 Microlepidotus 111 inornatus 111 Micropogon altipiuuis 132, 215 Microspathodon ciuerens 144 dorsalis 143, 215 miraflorensis, Microgobius 5, 176, 217 miuor, Stellifer 128 Maierpes macrocephalus 189, 217 Mola mola 206 mola, Mola 206 mouophthalmus, Auchenopterus 189, 217 mordax, Sageuichthys 5, 121, 214 Mugil cephalus 59, 210 curema 60, 210 hospes 60, 210 iucilis 59 thoburni 59, 210 MugilidiB 59 MiiUid* 67 imiltiguttatus, Alphestes 96, 97, 212 multiiadiatus, Tachysurus 32, 3^!, 208 mundeola, Auchovia 5, 43, 44, 45, 46. 209 muudeolus, Stolephorus 44 muudus, Oligoplites 70, 72. 73, 74, 211 Urolophus 16, 17, 207 Muraena argus 38 clepsydra 5, 38, 209 iusularum 38 leiitigiuosa 39, 209 melanotis 38 panamensis 37 Murfenesocidai 35 MurfBuesox coniceps 35, 208 savanna 35 MursBuid.-B 37 Musfelus lunulatus 5, 6, 7, 8, 207 Mycteroperea boulengeri 97, 212 MyliobatidiB 18 Myliobatis asperrimus 5, 19, 207 Myrichthys tigriuus 35, 208 Myrid.-c 35 Myripristis occideutalis 64, 65, 210 pa3cilopus 64, 65, 210 Myrophis puuctatus 35 vafer 35, 208 mystes, Scorpajna 161, 216 mysticetus, Celengraulis 47, 48, 209 Nakcine extemedor 15, 207 Narcobatida* 15 narinari, Aetobatus 18, 207 naso, Auchovia 5, 4.3, 209 uaso, Stolephorus 43 nasus, Meuticirrhus 133, 134, 215 naucrates, Echeneis ISO, 217 uaufragium, Balistes 152, 153, 216 Nebris 122 occideutalis 122, 214 zestus 122 nebulosus, Urolophus 15 Nematistiidaj 70, 206 Nematistius pectoralis 70, 211 Neoconger vermiformis 35, 203 NeomtBuis 101 jordaui 102 Netuma 24 elattura 29, 208 insculpta 27, 208 kessleri 26. 208 oscula 28, 29, 208 planiceps 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 208 platypogou 27, 28, 208 Nexilarius concolor 143, 215 uicaragueusis, Carcharias 12 nicholsi, Gobius 176 Halichasres 145 uigresceus, Ceutropomus 90, 212 uigripiuuis, Eypticus 100, 212 uigrirostris, Cha3todou 148, 215 uitens, Congrellus 34, 208 nitidus, Brachydeuterus 109, 111, 213 uivipes, Emblemaria 194, 217 Nomeus gronovii 84, 211 uotatus, Cbromis 140 Porichthys 184, 185 uotospilus, Pseudojniis 145, 146, 215 novemfasciatus, Lutiauus 102, 212 nudus, Gobiesox 189 occiDENTALis, Myripristis 64, 65, 210 Nebris 122, 214 ooyurus, Sectator 116, 213 300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Odontoguathus paiiameusis 41, 209 Odontosciou xanthops 5, 124, 214 aurstedii, Selene 81, 211 Ogilbiu veutralis 197, 218 oglimim, Opiathouema 40 Oligoplites altus 72, 73, 74, 211 mundus 70, 72, 73, 74, 211 refulgens 5, 73, 74, 211 saurus 70, 72, 73, 74, 211 olisthostomus, Gerres 115 ommata, Discopyge 15, 207 opalescens, Lythiulon 105, 106 opercularis, Auchovia 42, 209 Polydactylus 63, 64, 210 Ophichthns tiiserialis 37, 208 zophochir 37, 209 Oijhichthyida) 35 Ophidiida. 196 Ophiosciou imiceps 131, 214 scierus 131, 214 simulus 5, 130, 131, 214 strabo 130, 131, 214 typicus 129, 131, 214 Ophisoma balearicum 34 Opliisurus xystvirus 35 OpistboguathidiB 180 Opisthognatbus puuctatiim ISO, 217 Opisthouema libertate 40, 209 ogliuum 40 Opistbopterus dovii 41, 209 maorops 41, 209 orqueta, Cbloroscombrus 82, 2 1 1 Orthopristis 111 bievipinuis 1 1 1, 213 chalceus 110, 213 forbesi 1 1 1 iuornatris 111 Ortbostu3cbus maculicauda 106, 213 oscitaus, Stellifer 127 oscula, Netuma 28, 29, 208 osoulus, Tacbisurus 29 otbonopterus, Cyuosciou 119, 214 Otopbidium iiidefatigabile 196, 218 ovale, Syacium 199, 218 PACHYi.EPis, Kirtlaudia 57, 210 pacifici, Anisotremus 106, 107, 213 Batracboides 181, 182, 217 pacificus, Laiimus 124, 214 pacificus, Lobotes 5, 100, 212 pacificusj, Tj'losurus 52, 210 paloma, Tracbiiiotus 84, 211 palometa, Peprilus 85, 212 pauamensis, Aucbovia 43, 41, 45, 209 Atberiuella 59, 210 Azevia 200, 218 panamensis, Eveimauuia 5, 178, 179, 217 pauamensis, Felicbtbys 20, 207 Ilisba 40 Meuticirrbus 133, 134, 215 paniiniensis, Muriena 37 Odoutognathus 41, 209 Parapsettus 148, 215 Pellona 40 Petrometopon 95, 212 Pomadasis 109, 213 Kabula 37, 209 Solea 201, 202 p.'umosa, Scorp:i'ua 161, 216 paradoxa, Garmauiiia 172, 173, 174, 217 Paralabrax bumeralis 97, 212 Paralicbthys adspersus 197 asstuarius 198 magdalensB 198 siualoae 197, 198 woolmauni 197, 198, 218 Paraloucburus 136, 137 peteisi 135, 136, 215 (Zaclemns) goodei 135 Paranthias furcifer 98, 212 Parapsettus panameusis 148, 215 parra, Haamulon 104, 105 parvipinuis, Isopistbus 117 passer, Holacautbus 150, 216 pectoralis, Nematistius 70, 211 pedimacula, Ceutropomus 90, 212 Pellona furtbi 40 pauamensis 40 Peprilus medius 88, 212 palometa 85, 212 snyderi 5, 87, 212 perrico, Pseudosearus 146, 215 perspicillaris, Tetraodou 159 peruauus, Polyclemus 135 peruvianus, Galeicbtbys 21, 207 Gerres 115, 213 petersi, Paraloucburus 135, 136, 215 petimba, Fistularia 56 Petrometopon guttatus 95 panameusis 95, 212 Philypnus 168 dormitor 168 lateralis 167, 168, 216 pboxocepbalus, Cyuosciou 120, 214 picturatus, Traehurus 206 pictus, Eleotris 169, 216 piersoni, Hypsobleunius 5, 191, 217 piuuimaculatus, Felicbtbys 20, 207 pisouis, Eleotris 170 Pisoodouopbis daspilotus 5, 36, 208 plauiceps, Netuma 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 208 platopbrys, Citbaricbtbys 200, 218 Platopbrys oonstellatus 199, 218 I'latypodon II platypogou, Netuma 23, 27, 28. 208 PlenronectidoD 197 plumieri, Scorpa>ua 161 Poecilia boucardii 51, 210 elongata 50, 210 Poeoillidio 50 GILBERT AND STAEKS — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 301 poecilopus, Myripristis 64, 65, '210 poeyi, Hyporhamphus 52 Lyceiigraulis 49, 209 politus, Spberoides 157, 15S Polyclemiis 135 dumerili 134, 135, 215 goodei 5, 135, 215 pevuanus 135 rathbuni 135, 215 Polydactylus approximaiis 63, 210 opercularis 63, 64, 210 polylepis, Balistes 152, 153, 216 Polyuemidaj 63 Pomacauthus crescentalis 150 zonipectus 150, 215 Pomaceuti'idiB 139 Pomacentrus flavilatus 142, 215 g-illi 5, 140, 141, 215 rectifrienum 140, 141, 142, 215 Pomadasis 111 bayauus 109, 213 brauicki 110, 213 crocro 109 macracanthus 110, 213 pauameusis 109, 213 Pomadasys 100 Porichthys greenei 5, 184, 217 margaritatus 184, 185, 217 notatus 184, 185 prajdatoriiis, Cyuosciou 118, 214 Priacanthidie 101 Priacanthns serrula 212 Prionodes fasciatus 98, 212 Priouotus 4 albirostris 162, 216 birostratus 165 horrens 162, 165, 166, 216 loxias 162, 216 quiesceus 162, 216 ruscarius 5, 162, 163, 165, 216 tiibuhis 162, 165 xenisma 162, 216 Pristidfe 14 Pristipoma huniile 109 humilis 109 kneri 110 Pristis zephyreus 14, 207 proboscideus, Chaiuomngil 61, 210 Piomicrops guttatus 96, 212 prorates, Lepophidium 196, 218 proriger, Congrellus 34, 208 psendogula, Euciuostomus 114 Pseudojulis notospiUis 145, 146, 215 Pseudopriacautbus serrula 101 Pseiidoscarus perrico 146, 215 Pteroplatea crebripuuctata 18, 207 maclura IS rava 18 punctatissimus, Eumycterias 160, 216 puuctatum, Opisthognathus 180, 217 (39) puuctatiis, Hypsulileuiiius 193 Myrophis 35 Xesurus 155 QUADKOCELLATA, Aucylop.set ta 199 Querimana harengns 61, 62, 210 querna, Cyclopsetta 200, 218 qiiiesceus, Priouotus 162, 216 Kabirubia inermis 103, 213 Rabula pauameusis 37, 209 radiale, Diplectrum 97, 98, 212 Kaja equatorialis 15, 207 Eajidaj 15 Eamnlaria 199 rastralis, Auchovia 5, 42, 209 rastralis, Stolepborus 42 rathbuui, Polycleruus 135, 215 rava, Pteroplatea 18 rectifraauum, Pomaceutrus 140, 141, 142, 215 refulgens, Oligoplites 5, 73, 74, 211 remifer, Isopisthus 117, 213 Eemora albesceus 206 remora 180, 217 remora, Eemora 180, 217 reticulata, Thalassophryue 186, 188, 217 reticulatus, Cyuosciou 119, 214 retropiunis, Microdesmus 195, 218 retrosella, Apogou 89 Bheg^ma 98 thaumasium 5, 99, 212 Rhegmatinse 99 Ehiuobatidaj 14 Khinobatus glaucostigma 14 leucorhyuchus 14, 207 rhodopus, Trachinotus 82, 83, 211 rhodospilus, Gobiesox 189, 217 rivulatus, Cirrhites 139, 215 robalito, Centropomus 90, 91, 92, 94, 212 roberti, Hyporhamphus 53, 210 rogersi, Urolophus 16 rubropuuctatus, Scartichthys 194, 217 rufipinuis, Exouautes 55, 210 Eupiscartes atlauticus 194, 217 ruscarius, Priouotus 5, 162, 163, 165, 216 russula, Scorpaiua 161, 216 Eypticiuas 98, 99 Eypticus 98 uigripiuuis 100, 212 SABANENSis, Hippoglossiua 199 Sageuichthys 122, 137 aucylodou 121 mordax 5, 121, 214 sagittula, Gobionellus 171, 216 saltator, Hemirhamphus 5, 53, 54, 210 saucti-Iaurentii, Eugyojihrys 199, 218 sauguiueus, Autenuarius 204, 218 Sarda chileusis OS, 211 Jauuary 30, 1901. 302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Sardiuella stolifera 39, 209 saurus, Elops 39, 209 Oligoplites 70, 72, 73, 74, 211 savanua, Mui-.-Buesox 35 aaxatilis, Glyphisodou 143, 215 scapularis, Tylosurus 51, 210 Soarifl;n 146 ScarticLtbys rubropTUiofatns 194, 217 Scarus 4 Seiadeichthys troseheli 26, 20S Soiaiua deliciosa 132, 214 Scifeuid:e 117 scienis, Ophiosciou 131, 214 scitiiliceps, Syuodus 50, 209 Scolioilou longurio 12, 207 Scomber colias 206 Scomberomorus coucolor 68 maculatus 68, 69 sierra 68, 69, 211 Scombridas 68 Scorpaua histrio 161, 216 mystes 101, 216 pauuosa 161, 216 l)lumieri 161 russula 161, 216 SeorpajuidiB 161 scrutator, Hypsobleuuius 193 scudderi, Ha-uiulou 104, 105, 213 scutum, Achirus 202, 218 Sectator ocyurus 116, 213 seomanni, Arius 22 Galeichthys 21 Seleuaspis dowi 26, 208 Selene oRrstedii 81, 211 vomer 81, 82, 211 sellifer, Halichaires 144, 215 semmudus, Euypuias 173, 217 Gymneleotris 170, 210 Serrauidss 95 Serrauus albomaculatus 97 creolus 98 serrata, Fistularia 56 serrula, Pseudopriacanthus 101, 212 setigerus, Lophiomus 204 setipiuuis, Vomer 80, 211 setosus, Tetraodou 159 sien-a, Scomberomorus 68, 69, 211 Sigmurus vermicularis 132, 214 siguatus, Microgobius 175, 176 Siluridai 20 simulus, Opbiosciou 5, 130, 131, 214 simus, Meuticirrhus 133 sinalofB, Paralichthys 197, 198 Siphostoma auliscus 57, 210 snyderi, Peprilus 5, 87, 212 Solea fisoheri 201, 202 fouseceusis 201, 202 pauamensis 201, 202 Soleida) 200 soporator, Gobius 171, 216 SparidiB 112 speoiosus, Guathanodou 79, 211 Spheroides 158, 159 augusticeps 156, 216 aiiuulatus 156, 157, 158, 159, 216 furthii 158, 216 lobatus 156, 216 politus 157, 158 testudineus 156, 216 Sphyrreiia eusis 62, 210 forsteri 62 SphyrEBuid.i:! 62 Spbyrua tiburo 13, 207 tudes 13, 207 zygii-ua 13, 207 Spliyruidai 13 spilopterus, Citharichthys 200 spiuifera, Auchovia 46, 209 spixii, Vomer 80 Squalidaj 13 Squalus 13 feriiaiidinus 13 sucklii 13, 207 scpuimipiunis, Cynoscion 118, 214 Gerres 114 starksi, Auchovia 5, 43, 209 starksi, Stolephoriis 43 steindachneri, Hremulou 105, 213 steindachneri, Tachysurus 5, 29, 30, 208 Stellifer 128 ericymba 129, 214 furthi 127, 214 illecebrosus 5, 128, 129, 138, 214 miuor 128 oscitaus 127, 214 zestocarus 5, 129, 214 Stolephorus muudeolus 44 naso 43 rastralis 42 starksi 43 stolifera, Sardiuella 39, 209 stolzmanui, Cynoscion 119, 214 Tylosurus 52, 210 strabo, Ophioscion 130, 131, 214 striatus, Hypsobleuuius 192, 193, 217 strigatus, Auteunarius 204, 218 Holacanthus 150 suborbitalis, Holoceutrus 66, 211 sucklii, Squalus 13, 207 suriuamensis, Anisotremus 107 Batrachoides 181, 182, 183 Batrachus 182 Lobotes 100, 101 Syacium latifrous 199, 218 ovale 199, 218 Symbranchidaj 34 Symbrauchus marmoratus 34, 208 Symphurus 4 atramentatus 203, 218 atricaudus 204, 218 GILBERT AND STAKES — FISHES OF PANAMA BAY 803 Symphui'us, elougatus 203, 218 ^ leei 204, 218 Syuguathidai 57 Syuodoutidno 49 Syuodus evermauui 40, 200 jenkiusi 50 scituliceps 50, 200 TABACARiA, Fistulavia 57 Tachisurus osculus 29 Tachysiirus 29, 30, 31, 34 emmelane 5, 30, 31, 208 evermanni 5, 32, 208 furtbii 30, 31, 32, 33, 208 liropus 29, 30, 31 melauopus 29, 31, 32 multiradiatus 32, 33, 208 steindachneri 5, 29, 30, 208 tajuiatiis, Auisutremus 108, 213 tauriuus, Calamus 112, 113 testudiueiis, Spheroides 156 Tetraodou 159 aerostaticus 159 erethizou 160 fonuostis 159 hispidus 157, 159, 160, 216 perspicillaris 159 setosus 159 Tetraodoutidas 156, 158 Tetrodou formosus 158 tetrophtbalmus, Auableps 51 Teuthidid^' 151 Teuthis bahiauus 151 crestouis 151, 216 matoides 151 thalassinus, Microgobius 175, 176 Tbalassoma liicasaiium 146, 215 Thalassophvyue 188 amazouica 1S8 dowi 187, 217 maculosa 188 reticulata 186, 188, 217 thaumasium, Rhegma 5, 99, 212 tboburui, Mugil 59, 210 Thuunus thyunus 206 . thyuuus, Thunuus 206 Thyriua 57 tiburo, Spbyrna 13, 207 tigriuus, Galeocerdo 9, 207 Myiichthys 35, 208 Tracbinotus caroliiius 84 culveri 84, 211 falcatus 84 glaucus 82, 83 keuuedyi 84, 211 paloma 84, 211 rhodopus 82, 83, 211 Trachurops crumeuopbtbalmus 75, 211 Tracburus picturatus 206 tracburas 206 tracburus, Tracbmus 206 tribulus, Priouotus 162, 165 Trichiuridm 70 Trichiurus lepturns 70, 211 Triglidiu 162 triserialis, Ophichthus 37, 208 troscbeli, Sciadeicbtbys 26, 208 truucata, Beloue 52 tudes, Spbyrua 13, 207 Tylosurus 4 fodiator 52, 210 paciticus 52, 210 scapularis 51, 210 stolzmauui 52, 210 Tynllastes brevis ISO, 217 typicus, Opbiosciou 129, 131, 214 0MBRIFER, Urolopbus 15 Umbrina aualis 133 dorsalis 133, 215 xanti 133, 215 uudecimalis, Ceutropomus 89, 212 uiiifasciatus, Hyporbampbus 52, 210 uuiouensis, Ceutropomus 90, 92, 212 Upeneus graudisquamis 67, 211 Uranoscopid;x) 181 Urolopbus aspidurus 16, 17, 207 asterias 16 goodei 16, 207 balleri 15, 207 muudus 16, 17, 207 uebiilosus 15 rogersi 16 umbrifer 15 VAFER, Myrophis 35, 208 vagraus, Kirtlandia 57 velox, Carcbarias 5, 9 velox, Carcbariuus 9 veutralis, Ogilbia 197, 218 vermicularis, Sigmurus 132, 214 vermiformis, Neoconger 35, 208 verres, Batistes 5, 153, 154, 216 verrilli, Lycodoutis 37, 209 vinctus, Caraux 77, 211 viola, Eques 5, 128, 138, 215 virgiuicus, Auisotremus 108 viridis, Ceutropomus 89 Lutiauus (Evoplites) 101, 102 Vomer setipiunis SO, 211 spixii 80 vomer, Seleue 81, 82, 211 vulpes, Albula 39, 209 wooLMANNi, Paralicbtbys 197, 198, 218 XANTHOPS, Odoutoscion 5, 124, 214 xauti, Umbriua 133, 215 Xeuicbtbys 103, 213 xenauchen, Galeicbthys 5, 24, 208 304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES xeuaucheu, Hexauematichthys 24 Xeuichthys agassizii 104 xauti 103, 213 xenops 103 xeuisiua, Priouotus 162, 216 xenops, Xeuichthys 103 Xesurus clarionis 155 hopkinsi 5, 155, 216 laticlaviuB 155 puuctatus 155 Xystn'ma ciuereuiu 114, 213 xyster, Zapteryx 15, 207 xysturus, Ophisurus 35 Zalieutes klater 204, 218 Ziilypuus 175 Zapteryx xyster 15, 207 zelotes, Hemicaraux 5, 76, 211 zelotes, Dactyloseopus 181, 217 zephyreiis, Pristis 14, 207 zestocarus, Stellifer 5, 129, 214 zestus, Nebris 122 zonatus, Chsetodipterus 147, 148, 215 zouipectus, Pomacanthus 150, 215 zophoehir, Ophichthus 37, 2"9 zosterura, Evermanuia 178, 179, 217 zygiBua, Sphyrua 13, 207 ERRATA. Page 5, 2 1st line, for '' Hcmiramphtis" read Hcmirhainphus. Page 21, loth line from bottom, for ''Fig. 7" read Fig. 8. Page 22, 17th line, for " G. planiceps" read Nctuma planiccps. Page 23, 2nd line, for "G. platjpogoii" read Nctuma platypogon. Page 24, 2nd line, for "Fig. S" read Fig. 7. Page 43, 7th line from bottom, for "A. isc/ia/ius" read A. ischana. Page 74, I2th line from bottom, after "Jordan and Starks," insert Plate XII, Fig. 21. Page 75, 14th line from bottom, for '' cruinoioptha/mus" v^nd crumenophthainiiis. Page III, 20th line, for ' ' elongatus ' ' read leuciscus. Page 128, 6th line, for ''Stcl/ifcnis" read Stellifer. Page 133, 2 1st and 22nd lines, for " Menticirrus'' read Mcnticirrlius. Page 134, ist and 26th lines, for "Menticirrus'' read Metiticirrhus. Page 135, 17th line, for " Polydemns fasciatus" X&2.A Polyclcmus dumerili. Page 159, 4th line, for " erethison" read hispidus. Remove parentheses from names of authorities for the following species: Mustelns liiiiulatiis (page 5), Pristis zephyrcus, Rhiyiobatus leucorhynchus (page 14), Zapteryx xyster. Raja eqita- torialis, Narcine cntemcdor, Discopygc ommata, Urolophus hallcri (page 15), Urolophus goodei, Uroloplms aspiduriis (page 16), Ptcroplatea crebripunctata (page 18), Myliobatis aspcrrimus (page 19), Galeichthys peruvianus (page 21). Enclose in parentheses names of authorities for: Galeus dorsalis (page 7), Scoliodon longurio (page 12). .M(![ WHCIl I IISRARY UH ITFA + 49