ite car { Bi R Het Se ey (a we 1 eh he Rh eae Whe if ‘4 i" * AST et balincetale MS ‘t ba adie eb eer ha) Seteaitornt 94 inte eee , tetaht - e heap ery +e it 4: < y Ie alaretece ee! ARTE at ae Sa paeaanta iadbe tie i ti feorennn Re i ¢ rey Hye abhiat diet be } ticlatith es igs se Mie NET eh 1 FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION | FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF > NATURAL HISTORY ; a I Abela iter, i ifr. i Puls " uy d sh ‘i # th 7 Bh tk Oe, Jt aa ; Ui" t a5h 7] | Pai) i j os yf Bits fh | Se Sd f ite rt; " ib } Ny) ‘en G i] ie a Rit an : aaa a " Be ey MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Soo fle 9 VOLUME XLL. ~ Published by order of the Government of India. CALCUTTA : SOLD AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 27, CHOWRINGHEE ROAD. LONDON: MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO.,*LTD \q{2— 1914, 35 Dues . ee rage. Ven! 2 CONTENTS. PART I. The Coalfields of India. By the late Professor V. Ball, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., Entirely revised and largely re-written by R. R. Simpson, M.Sc., Inspector of Mines, formerly Mining Specialist to the Geological Survey of India. PAGE. CHarteR I,—Grorocioan Occurrencn of CoALIN INDIA . *e . (t) Gondwana Coalfields . . 7 > 1 (iz) Jurassic Coalfields f C ° ° . ° 6 (itt) Cretaceous Coalfields . ° ° . ° ye 7 (tv) Tertiary Coalfields . ° . - ° ° q Caaptir [1,—Drtamep Descriptions oF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS 8 (7) Introductory 3 5 > Z ; : 8 (ti) Afghanistan : il AP (ti) Afghan-Turkistan (Chahil and Shisha Wee Valleys, etc.) . c 12 (iv) Andaman and Nicobar Stands) “ © - 13 (v) Assam ; ‘ c . < : : 14 (vt) Baluchistan . ‘ 3 ‘ C . C 31 (vii) Bengal : : ° . < c 35 (vit) Bihar and Orissa . 3 : . > “ 37 (ix) Bombay 7 C FZ - c F é 60 (x) Burma é 61 (at) Central Tdi : . ; : 75 (vit) Central Provinces p = 5 - CG 80 (ait) Hyderabad . ° c - ° é . 95 _ (viv) Jammuand Kashmir. c = 5 C 100 (av) Madras and Southern India‘ . , ‘ : 102 (xvi) North-West Frontier Province : F 108 {xvii) Punjab 3 C ° 5 a 108 (eviti) Rajputana . : ‘ 3 C - c 112 (tz) United Provinces . c = - / 5 114 CHaprer III.—Propvuction, TRADE, LABOUR, ETC. . ~ - : 116 CuaApter IV.—BIBLIOGRAPHY . , 128 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX . 1—XxXxv Sussact INDEX 2 . 4 : F i ® « xXxXxXvii—xliv i CONTENTS. PART II. On the Geology and Coal Resources of Korea State, Central Provinces. By L. Leigh Fermor, D.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Superintendent, Geological Survey of India. PAGE. CHAPTER 1,—INTRODUCTION— General z 7 fs ° ‘ : ‘ 148 Names of the coalfalda - bs 3 é . 149 The Sanhat field. : > F : : r 150 The Kurasia field . . 5 . 5 : 5 150 Geological Map . : . 3 : c : 151 Coal samples ; . . . . . . 15k Other formations . a é 3 5 152 Deccan Trap 0 : . 5 : i 2 152 Archean rocks . 3 5 . « 3 : 152 Pendra Zamindari . 3 “ : x : A 152 ‘Acknowledgments - 5 c ° . . 153 CuaptTeR II.—PuHysicaL ASPECTS AND GENERAL GroLogy— Physieal aspects . 5 2 5 5 c . 154 Geologicalformations . ; ° . . 154 The three plateaux or terraces ¢ . ° 155 CHAPTER II].—Drccan Trarp— Dolerite dykes . : - ; ‘ bs A 156 Dolerite sill . . 5 5 : c ‘ 156 Chrimiri voleanic series - : 5 @ : 158 Caarter [V,—Arcuman— Phunga inlier 4 5 7 7 ° C 5 161 Khargaon inlier_. ° ° ° . 2 5 161 Salbainlier . 5 ° F . : 5 5 162 Patna inlier . q 3 5 2 5 0 , 162 Quartz crystals . c 5 - - : : 162 Siroliinlier . 4 : ; 3 a 5 5 163 Karimati inlier L 4 ; 5 5 163 The pre-Talchir Asien! eae i 5 4 < 163 Easterly extension of the Satpuras . ° ° < 164 Age of the Satpura core . 5 : 0 5 > 164 CHAPTER V.—THE TaLcHIRS— Distribution . 5 é c « . 5 “ 167 Lithology . : . 167 Character of the Buriear’ Talchir poner 5 - 168 Thickness . , , : i : 4 A 169 Dips . Shame 2 F : - : 5 : 170 CONTENTS. ili Paar Caartmr VI.—Tne BaAaRAKARS— Distribution . ' 7 3 ‘ 7 ‘ . 171 Dips . F ‘ : P . . : . 171 Faulting : : ‘ . : ’ , 173 Lateral eoeainenta : Fi c e ‘ ( 173 Sandstone dyke . : F . . - e 174 Contorted sandstone veins H : - P a 174 Lithological characters and peculiarities of the sandstones . 4 175 Sandstones underlying and overlying the eal series. 176 The coal series : ; f ; 7 177 Mode of outcrop of sandstones. . : . . 178 Mode of outcrop of coal seams : : c 178 Cliffs and ravines . ¢ : : é “6 178 Waterfalls or ghags 4 - 3 178 Ferns, stalactites, etc, < 2 7 ' 0 179 Gentle streams é 3 180 Number and thickness of Soule seams in one eRodten 7 180 Characters of the coal . : : : c 5 180 Composition of the coal . ‘ : : : . 181 Caking properties . : : . . . . 184 Sulphur ‘ : 4 : : c . ¢ 184 Calorific value 3 ; - 184 Comparison of Barkui and Kéreun euels : : 185 Comparison of Korean coals with other coals from the Central Provinces and Central India . , 5 186 Fossils . ‘ F : 5 F f 187 Concretions of lithomarge : : ; ; : 187 Correlation of the coalseams . C 3 é C 188 CHAPTER VII.—THE Sanuat CoALFIELDS— Correlation of seams 3 é P Z C C 190 Horizonl] . . c A ; : A : 191 Analyses : : : é : F : 191 Quantity of coal. < - : é “ 192 Horizon2 . - - : 7 : : ¢ 191 Analyses ; c c : c C : 192 Quantity ofcoal . : : . : : 192 Western end of field é : : a E ; 193 Analyses : z > C q c c 193 Previous analyses. é c - < C 194 CuapTer VIII.—Tue Kurasia CoALFIELDS— Dips: c ° c 195 Work of Mewes Hches aad Eire Lal C c - 195 Aneroid readings . < C ; . : 196 iv CONTENTS. A,—The Kurasia Area— Correlation of seams Analyses : ‘ Horizon4 . . Horizon3 . Horizon2 . : Site for borehole . B.—The Chirmiri Area— Correlation of seams Analyses 4 5 Horizon4 . Karar Khoh section, Kaoria Nala Karar Khoh analyses Extension of the Karar Khoh series Quantity of coal . Horizon5 . . C.—General— Conclusions concerning the Kurasia field . CHAPTER IX.—KOREAGARH COALFIELD CHAPTER X.—THE JHAGRAKHAND COAL AREA CHAPTER XI.—GENERAL ECONOMIC SUMMARY Other localities Previous analyses . ApPENDIx I.—Correlated List of Coal Outcrops Apprnpix IJ.—List of Korean Coal Outcrops (after Hughes) AppENDIXx III.—Geographical Index Subsect INDEX . . MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA nat tl , a Came ee | ac? i ar : es ; — rs ey F i ba t +400 We } ‘I ‘Aap. - on 8 eg ae ae -_ = : : 7 7 Oo on r PREFACE. foe many years the third part of the Manual of the Geology of India (Economic Geology: by V. Ball) has been out of print and several projects have been formed for the production of a new edition. Under the first of these it was proposed to re-issue the publication in a series of separate volumes, each dealing with a single mineral, and a beginning was made with Corundum (by T. H. Holland) in 1898. It soon became clear, however, that this method of re-editing would extend over a very long period and the question of reproducing a revised manual on the original lines was reconsidered ; articles were prepared by various members of the Geological Survey, but, pending the completion of the whole volume, were not published; it is hoped that the work will be issued before long in a short form with an extensive bibliography and in the meantime it has been decided to publish such articles as are likely to be of immediate interest. One of these is the article on coal, which was revised by Mr. R. R. Simpson, now Inspector of Mines, while he was still attached to the staff of the Geological Survey ; this he has now further revised and brought up to date. I am indebted to Mr. G. F. Adams, Chief Inspector of Mines, for permitting Mr. Simpson to under- take the work. H, H. Haypen, Director, Geological Survey of India. 7 ‘ “ . 4 n ‘ ‘ C F , is ; - i, « p a i a oy » i” 7 Ce iy 7 : os | de oe 7 oo = , i , ne a a in Su) ae : . F ry MACYS Ce eed an ' ‘ | ‘ Ore V4 alr \ ~~ xe & Py a ‘ ei ai t © an Mat v a + . - « y : ‘ net .. wal wy al wry Pip heaa AL vi " w ces Fibs a! tj Yat) iy The o y a ‘ v he * * a iy i at eu hee ‘ 1 7 uh 4 6 » ° uli AY wy rom a ru poe s) A an ML (i, th a) \ een a © hs : @ As f u : ig 3 ‘ fh a it) Ay : A t te tt he 7 “ote ea 5, REE ees Sg ie A » i. . eae te 7 fe A Pe * il > ty Fa - og “4 7 - i aD ‘ie 7 = PLATE 2”? LIST OF PEATES. 1.—Loading wharf, coal-washer and coke-ovens, Namdang, Makum. 2.—Namdang Coal Mine, Makum. 3.—Lower incline with second and third inclines in the distance, Tikak Mine, Makum. 4.— Jubilee Pit, Karharbari Colliery, Giridih. 5.—No. 2 Central Pit, Serampore Colliery, Giridih. 6.—No. 3 Pit, Dishargarh Colliery. 7.—Incline, Dishargarh Colliery. 8.—Fig. 1. Underground fire, Charanpur Colliery, Raniganj Coalfield. Fig. 2. Burning coal shaft, Charanpur Colliery, Raniganj Coalfield. 9.—Banksimula Colliery, Raniganj Coalfield. 10.—Charanpur Colliery, Raniganj Coalfield. 11.—Fig. 1. Drawing water at Sinking Pit, Jealgora Colliery, Jharia. Fig. 2. Headgear and Screening plant, Ballarpur Colliery, Centra] Provinces. 12.—Fig. 1. No.7 Incline, Singareni Collienes, Hyderabad. Fig. 2. Headgear and Screening plant, Singareni Collieries, Hydera- bad. 13.—Fig. 1. Bridge on Surface Incline, Dandot, Punjab. Fig. 2. Drop-pit, Dandot Coiliery, Punjab. 14.—Coal loading depét, Charanpur, Raniganj Coalfield. 15.—Coal carriers emerging from an inclined drift, Kalipahari, Raniganj Coalfield. 16.—Winding Gin, near Charanpur, Raniganj Coalfield. 17.—Women pushing coal tubs, Raniganj Coalfield. 18.—Map of the Raniganj Coalfield, Scale 1’=1 mile. 19.—Map of the Jharia Coalfield, Scale 1”=1 mile. 20.—Map showing. the coalfields of India, Scale 1”= 64 miles. \ hl & ry ; 7 1 il e ay i i > a bese : 4 ? ) r Pe . ’ ’ adh mt Sy) youll ei peat i (am ‘apn Gali Polite re NH’ Par)) Ly yl ue ler - t dled4.iy Eta", tp gam rie. Goats wud MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. THE COALFIELDS OF INDIA. ‘By the late PROFESSOR V. BALL, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Entirely revised and largely re-written by R. R. SIMPSON, M.SC., /nspector of Mines, formerly Mining Specialist to the Geological Survey of India. Chief Works of Reference. 1881. V. Batt, Manual of the Geology of India, Vol. III, Economic Geology, pages 59—120, 572—5, 598—605. 1898 to date, Tur Director, GnroLogicaAL SURVEY oF InprA. Annual and Quinquennial Reviews of the Mineral Production of Irdia, Records, Geological Survey of India. 1908, Sm TT. H. MHortanp, K.C.1LE., D.Sc, F.R.S. Sketch of the Mineral Resources of India. 1895 to date. Tur Cuter Insproror or Mines in Inp1A. Annual Reports. CHAPTER I. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE OF COAL IN INDIA. (i). The Gondwana Coalfields. The coal-seams of India occur in deposits younger than those ae in which the principal coalfields of Hurope are sehgement, found. With one or two unimportant exceptions the peninsular fields are confined to the great Gondwana (Permo-Triassic) system of Indian geologists. The rocks of this system are considered to have been almost entirely B 2 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. deposited in fresh water and probably by rivers. As a rule they are found occupying basin-shaped depressions in the older forma- tions, and such depressions frequently coincide with the existing river valleys. On the west these areas appear to be basins of original deposition, but on the east abrupt faulting on the southern margin of the fields points to the probability that these areas, in part at least, owe their preservation from denudation to the fact of their having been sunk by earth movements to a level lower than neighbouring portions of the same deposits. From the following table’ the geological sequence of the coal-bearing portion of the Gondwana rocks can be understood :— Panchet . Panchet Raniganj . Almod ? : : | Tronstone or Bijori or Kamthi. Lower Gondwana Den are a Barakar. : Karharbari. Talchir ce The names of most of the groups are taken from the names of their representatives in the Bengal fields, which were first examined ; the best sequence of the beds, however, is seen in the fields of the Narbada valley. The alternative names are those given by the early observers in the fields of the Narbada and Godavari valleys before correlation with the Bengal fields was attempted. Commencing with the lowest member of the system, the Talchir beds consist in general of fine, silty shales and fine, soft sandstones. The shales are usually greenish-grey or olive in colour, and are traversed by innumerable joints. The sandstones are fine, even-grained and vary in colour from olive to pale-pink. They are composed chiefly of quartz and wn- decomposed pink felspar. A thin coal-seam occurs amongst the Talchir beds in the Jhilmilli coalfield in Sarguja, but, as a rule, these beds do not contain coal-seams. Towards the base of the group the frequent occurrence of a remarkable boulder-bed contain- ing striated pebbles points to the existence of glacial conditions in early Gondwana times. It may be remarked that the occurrence of a similar bed (Dwyka conglomerate) in an analogous position in Talchirs. 1 Manual of the Geology of India, 2nd edition, p. 156, GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE Of COAL IN INDIA. 3 the coalfields of South Africa is one of a number of facts pointing to the similarity in age of the coal-bearing rocks of both countries. The Talchirs attain their greatest development in the Raniganj coalfield, where their thickness is about 800 feet. The rocks of the Karharbari stage rest conformably on the Talchirs. They have been chiefly studied in the Giridih coalfield, where they attain a maximum thickness of about 800 feet, but their paleontological characteristics have been recognised in most of the peninsular coalfields. In 1879- 81 Dr. Feistmantel, on paleontological grounds, classified the lower Karharbari beds with the underlying Talchirs, but Dr. Saise,' in the light of more recent exploration, considers the stratigraphical evidence strong enough to upset this classification and prefers to consider them as Barakars. They consist of white, grey, or brown felspathic sandstones, grits and conglomerates with coal-seams ; a little shale is associated with the latter. The fragments of felspar and quartz of which the grits are composed are, as a rule, angular or sub-angular, and are thus sharply distinguished from those in the typical Barakars, which are usually well-rounded. The coal is dull-black in colour, and fairly uniform in structure. It bears a high character as a locomotive fuel. The Talchir-Karharbari group is succeeded by a great series of beds, the Damuda series, in which, with the doubtful exception of the Giridih field, occur the workable coal-seams of Peninsular India. It is divided into three stages which are known in Bengal as the Barakar stage, the Iron- stone shales, and the Raniganj beds. Only the first and last of these are coal-bearing. The names Barakar, Motur and _ Bijori have been given to the same beds in the Narbada valley, but here the coal is confined to the lower division. In the Goda- vari region again, the Barakar is the only coal-bearing formation, and in this area the beds overlying the Barakars are known as the Kamthi stage. The total thickness of the Damuda series is 8,400 feet in the Raniganj field and about 10,000 feet in the Narbada basin. The Barakars attain their maximum development in the Jharia coalfield, where they are 3,300 feet in thickness. They are composed of sandstones, conglomerates, shales and coal. The sandstones are usually soft, coarse and Karharbari beds. The Damudas. The Barakar stage. 1 Rec., Geol, Surv.” Ind., Vol. XXVIT, p- 89 (1894). BQ 4 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. felspathic and are made up of grains of quartz and decomposed or kaolinized felspar, the latter characteristic distinguishing them from sandstones of Talchir age. The typical Barakar sandstone is white, but other tints occur and in some _ parts predominate. The conglomerates are made up _ of small, well- rounded, quartz pebbles, usually embedded in a_ white sand- stone matrix. The shales are grey, blue, or black, and are usually arenaceous and sometimes micaceous. The coals of the Barakar stage ail agree in having a _ peculiar laminated appearance, due to their being composed of alternating layers of bright, and dull, shaly coal. Some of the seams exhibit a peculiar spheroidal structure, and round balls, up to more than a foot in diameter, break away from the mass when the coal is mined, Overlying the Barakar stage in the Raniganj, Jharia and a few other coalfields of the Damuda valley comes the Ironstone Shales stage. It attains a maximum thickness of about 1,500 feet, and is composed of black or grey shales with lenticular bands and nodules of clay iron- stone, some of which is of the carbonaceous variety known as blackband. In the Damuda valley the highest member of the Damuda series is the Raniganj stage, which attains a thickness of 3,000 feet in the Raniganj coalfield. It is chiefly composed of sandstones with some shales, and _ coal- seams. The sandstones are usually coarse and massive, white or brown in colour, showing decomposed felspar, and_ obliquely laminated. The shales are grey, red, brown, or black in colour and are occasionally ferruginous. The coal has the same peculiar, laminated appearance as that from the Barakars. The Ironstone Shales. The Raniganj stage. In the Narbada valley the rocks of the Damuda series overlying the Barakars are known as the Motur and Bijori stages. They are chiefly made up of an immense thickness of sandstones, and do not contain workable coal-seams. The Motur and Bijori stages. In the Godavari valley the equivalent beds have been called the Kamthi group. They are not less than 6,000 feet in thickness, and consist of quartz-pebble conglomerates, ferruginous grits, sandstones of varying characters, The Kamthi beds. GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE OF COAL IN INDIA. 5 shales and red or green clays. ‘They are frequently unconformable to the Barakars. Overlying the Damudas comes the Panchet series, which has a maximum thickness of 1,800 feet and is com- posed of coarse, white, or greenish-white, fels- pathic, and micaceous sandstones, the felspar of which is usually undecomposed. Bands of red clay are interspersed through the sandstones. The Panchet rocks are, as a rule, distinguished from the Damudas by the presence of red clay, the absence of coal or carbonaceous shales and the usually more micaceous character of the sandstones. The Panchet rocks. In general the coal of peninsular India may be described as a laminated bituminous coal, in which dull and bright layers alternate. Much of it does not cake freely, while a not inconsiderable portion will not do so at all. However, from the coal of particular seams in the Raniganj, Karharbari and Jharia fields, fairly good qualities of coke can be made. In the Raniganj field the best coke has been made from the Sanctoria coal and in the Jharia field from Nos. 14, 15 and 17 seams. The percentage of ash in Bengal coal which is brought to market averages from 10 to 15, that is to say that coal with less than 10 per cent. of ash does not commonly occur, and coal with more than 15 per cent. does not, as a rule, find a ready sale. In the producing fields of Hyderabad, the Central Provinces, and Cen- tral India the ash content is much higher, particularly in the latter provinces, where the percentage varies from 15 to 25 per cent. Character of Da- muda coal. As regards the proportion of fixed carbon, which is the most important factor in the production of heat, the average in the Raniganj field is under 55 per cent., while in the Karharbari and Jharia fields it is probably about 10 per cent. higher. There is no case of a true anthracite having been discovered in any of these fields ; but the crushed and powdered coal at the foot of the Dar- jiling Himalayas approximates in character to anthracite on account of the removal of its original volatile constituents. The moisture or hygrometric water varies a good deal in the coals from the different fields. In those of the Godavari and Wardha areas it is exceptionally high, being often 14 per cent., while in the Raniganj field it varies‘ from 1 per cent. in the 1 Saise, Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXXI, pt. 2, pp. 104-107 (1904), 6 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Barakar or lowest stage to 3-81 in the lower seams and 6:86 per cent. in the upper seams of the Raniganj stage. A similar pro- portion appears to obtain in the corresponding stages of the Jharia field. The quantity of sulphur and phosphorus is very variable in different seams, and though often large, coal is to be found suffi- ciently free from these impurities for the manufacture of iron and steel. The average of 31 assays of coals from Raniganj by Mr. Tween’ gave sulphuric acid 0-07 per cent. and phosphoric acid 0-14 per cent. Professor Wyndham Dunstan’ gives the following analyses of Raniganj, Jharia and Giridih coals :— Coalfield. peers See Raniganj (average of 34 samples) 5 ° . ‘ 0-088 0-74 Jharia (average of 12 samples) . . : A : 0-143 0-80 Giridih (average of 6samples) . c : 5 ° 0-019 0-62 (ii). The Jurassic Coalfields. Coal of Upper Jurassic age occurs in Kutch. Mr. A. B. Wynne in his memoir on the Geology of Kutch,* mentions several localities where coal has been worked to some small extent. The workings at Trombow were apparently the largest and here, a seam, measuring 16 inches, con- tained only 8 inches of good coal, the remainder being shale. The seams appear to be so thin and inconstant and the coal so brittle and intermixed with shale that they cannot be considered of any economic importance. Kutch. The occurrence of lignite in the Lower Jurassic rocks of the Trans-Indus Salt Range has frequently excited comment. The deposits are found amongst variegated sandstones and shales and are usually associated with pyritous shales. The seams are thin and 'Trans- Indus Salt Range. 1 Rec., G. 8. [., X, p. 156 (1877). 2 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XX XIII, pp. 246-253 (1906). 8 Mem., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. TX, p. 86 1872). GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE OF COAL IN INDIA. a inconstant, but small workable areas occur near Kalabagh. Coal of the same age is said to occur in the Kohat district of the North- West Frontier Province, and in the Doab Valley, Afghanistan. (iii). The Cretaceous Coalfields. Coalfields of Cretaceous age are found in the Khasia and Garo hills in Assam. The fields of the former hills i ae and Gero usually occur as small basins of original deposi- tion, lying on rocks of Purana age, and on Archean gneiss. The rocks of these basins vary in thickness from about 600 to 2,000 feet, but thin out on the edges of the basins. They appear to be mainly composed of coarse sandstones, conglomeratic towards the base, and with occasionally an inter- mediate zone of fine, glauconitic sandstones. The coal-seams occur near the top of the series and the latter is in places capped by Lower Tertiary deposits. (iv). The Tertiary Coalfields. Coal of Tertiary age is found in the foothills throughout almost the whole of extra-peninsular India, from Baluchistan on, the north- west to Assam on the north-east. It also occurs in Sind, Rajpu- tana, Burma and in the Andamans and Nicobars. The majority of the seams are lignite. They occur in eocene rocks, and are almost invariably associated with characteristic beds of nummulitic limestone. In Upper Assam, however, important deposits of true coal are found, which are considered to be of middle Tertiary, probably miocene, age. The characteristics of the coals of the extra-peninsular areas are so variable that they must be described under their separate head- ings below. Generally speaking, the Tertiary coals are bright, jetty and non-laminated, and they contain a larger proportion of volatile matter than the coal of the peninsular fields; many of them are extremely friable and susceptible to disintegration under exposure ; they do not cake as a rule and the proportion of ash is usually small. 8 BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. CHAPTER II. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. (i). Introductory. In 1873, Mr T. W. HL Hughes’ put forward the following estimate of the extent of the known coal-bearing rocks in India :— Extent of the coal- bearing rocks Name of area, Square miles. Godavari and its affluents . f 5 11,000 Son . C : ; 5 é : 8,000 SargujaorGangpur. : c : 4,500 Assam : 5 6 5 ; : 3,000 Narbada and its affluents ‘ . : 3,500 Damuda . : : 6 6 . 2,000 Rajmahal Z : é ; ; 300 Unsurveyed and uncomputed ° ° 2,700 35,000 This estimate is probably somewhat in excess of the truth, but the additional evidence to date does not permit of a much closer approximation. Over a considerable portion of the area the coal- bearing rocks are covered by younger deposits and must lie at unworkable depths. Although the coal-mining industry has now been in operation in India for more than a century, and although there has been a steady increase in production and consumption, which has been especially notable in the last decade, still it must be stated that the development of the coal resources of the country is as yet in an imperfect condi- tion. Of the numerous coalfields of proved value in India 18 are actually being worked, but only 7 are of any considerable import- ance, whilst 89 per cent. of the total output is produced in the Raniganj and Jharia fields. The reason for this state of things Number of Coal- fields. 1 Rec., Geol. Surv. End., Vol. V1, p. 65 (1878). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS g is not far to seek. Most of the coalfields are too remote from the ports and centres of manufacturing industry to render it possible for their produce to be carried to places where it would have to compete with fuel from the premier coalfields of Bengal, which fields, from their strategic position within easy reach of the coast, practically command the Middle Eastern market. That a lively spirit of enterprise is abroad is, however, evident from the fact that coal prospecting operations are in progress in nearly a dozen separate coalfields. The following list gives the names of all the separate areas in which coal or lignite is known or reported to exist in India, Burma and adjoining territories. The names of those coalfields which are being worked to any extent at the present day are printed in capitals :— Afghanistan. Afghan Turkistan (Chahil and Shisha Alang Valleys, etc.). Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Assam. Abor and Miri hills. Daphla and Aka hills. Naga, Patkai and Singpho hills—Namchik R.; Maxum; Jaipur ; Nazira; Janji; Disai. Mikir hills—Longloi; Dissoma and Diyong rivers; Nambor and Doigrung rivers. Garo iills—Harigaon; Siju; Darranggiri; Rongrenggin, Kalu river. Khasia and Jaintia hills —Maobehlyrkar ; Cherrapunji and Mao- long; Lairungao; Maosandram; Umblay R.; Umrileng; Wapung and Lenkensmit ; Lakadong. Sylhet and Cachar. Baluchistan. Thal-Chotiali; Kuosr, SHaricH, etc.; Sor Rance AND Macu. Bengal. Burdwan District (part of Raniganj coalfield), Darjeeling; Baxa Duars ; Chittagong. 10 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Bihar and Orissa. Talchir; Rajmahal Hills; Jainti; Shahajori and Kundit Kuraiah ; Giripin; Raniganj (part of); JHaria; Bokaro-Jharia; Bokaro Ramgarh ; North and South Karanpura ; Chopé; Ithkuri; Auranga ; Hutar; Datroncans. Bombay. Sind.—Lainyan. Cutch—Trombow; Sisagadh; Guniri. Kathiawar.—Than. Burma. Tennasserim.—Tendau-Kamapying ; Little Tennasserim R.; Lenya R. Henzada. Thayetmyo. Arakan.—Baronga Islands; Ramri Islands; Cheduba Islands, Sandoway. Yenangyaung. Pakokku and Myingyan Districts —Panlaung R., ete. Northern Shan States.—Lashio; Namma; Man-Sang and Man-Se- Le. Upper Burma. Shwebo District, —Kabwet. Chindwin District. Upper Chindwin R. Katha District —Pinlebu. Bhamo_ District. Central India. Umaria ; Korar; Johilla; Sohagpur; Singrauli. Central Provinces. North-Eastern Area—Ramkola-Tatapani; Jhilmilli; Bisrampur ; Bansar; Lakhanpur; Panchbhaini; Sendurgar; Damhamunda ; Rampur (Sarguja); Kuresia; Koreagarh, Chhattisgarh.—Korba ; Mand R.; Rampur. Lameta Ghat, etc. Wardha Valley—Warora; Ghugus; Wun; Sasti; Paoni and BaLLARPUR. Bandar. Satpura Hills —Moupanit; Shapur (Betul) ; Caainpwara. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. il Hyderabad. Kunnigiri; Madavaram or Damercherla; Lingalla; SiINGARENI ; Alapalli; Kamaram; Chinur; ‘Tandur; Aksapur; Antargaon ; Sasti. Jammu and Kashmir. Ladda-Sangar Marg; Siro valley; Lodhra, Mehowgala, Kalakot and Dandli; Ans river; Jehlam R. Madras and Southern India. Malabar and Travancore ; Mysore; Pondicherry ; Place’s Garden, Chingleput ; Bellary ; Nellore; Kadapah; Kistna District. Godavari. valley.—Beddadanol ; Damercherla (or Madavaram). North-West Frontier Province. Punjab. Bhaganwala, Danpvor; Isa Khel; Choi, Attock; Dore valley, Hazara; Kalka. Rajputana. Bikanir —Paana. United Provinces. (ii). Afghanistan. In 1841, Captain Drummond! in his enumeration of places in Afghanistan where coal has been found mentions the following localities :—Dobandi in the Ghilzai country; MHissaruk and Syghan in the Hazara country. The Dobandi seam is said to be thin and the Syghan coal ignites with difficulty. Captain Hutton’? men- tions a report that coal occurs in abundance in the hills of the Hazara country. Several of the specimens of supposed coal, which were forwarded to Mr. Prinsep by Sir Alexander Burnes for examina- tion, proved indeed to be more or less combustible, but were not coal. They were products of petroleum, or clay or rock saturated with 1 Jour., As. Soc. Beng., Vol. X, 88 (1841). 2 Cal Jour. Nat. Hist., V1, 601 (1846). 12 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. them. In 1891 Griesbach' mentions the occurrence of thin seams of mesozoic coal, none of them more than half-an-inch thick, near Shinkai and Tangi in the Dobandi valley. Similar beds were also found between Drang and the La Khugha (Atghoki on map) pass. (iii). Afghan Turkistan. (Chahil and Shisha Alang Valleys, etc.) Coal seams believed to range in age from Permo-Carboniferous to Jurassie were found in Afghan-Turkistan by Mr, C. L. Gries- bach.” The supposed Permo-Carboniferous coal occurs as thin beds of anthracitic graphitic coal in altered micaceous shales to the north of the village of Ak Robat. Seams of graphitic coal are also stated to occur in the Koh-i-Daman. Mr. Griesbach concludes that ‘ taking into consideration the report that coal-seams have been found near Ghazni, the inference may be drawn that the Ghazni coal, if such exists, belongs to the same formation as the graphite of the Koh-i-Daman and the anthracitic coal of the Ak Robat pass and! Saighan.’ In that case we may fully expect to meet with the older coal-measures, equivalent to our best Indian horizon (Karharbari-Talchirs) within easy reach of out Indian frontier.” The ‘Triassic’ coal is well-exposed in the Chahil (Chil) valley. The beds consist chiefly of thick-bedded massive sandstones and grits and are much disturbed. Near the top of the section a few thin coal-seams are found. Lower down coal occurs at regular intervals of from 80 to 100 feet; several of these seams exceed 6 feet in thickness. Still further down a seam of apparently excellent coal, 10 feet thick, occurs. It is succeeded by carbonaceous shales and some distance below a seam of friable coal, 18 inches thick, is found. The thick coal-seam can be traced for a considerable distance up the slope of the Sabz Kotal. To the west in the Shisha Alang valley what is considered to be a continuation of the 1 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., XXV, 79, 87 (1892). 2 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., XIX, 241-9 (1886). 3 Probably Drummond’s Syghan. This material has been shown by more recent searches to be graphite rather than coal and of no value as a fuel; see Mem., Geol. Surv. Ind., XX XIX, p. 57 (1911). € Probably Jurassic rather than ‘l'riassic, see below p. 12 DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 13 same coal-bearing rocks is exposed. Mr, Griesbach found 7 separate groups of coal-measures, each about 300 feet thick. In one of these groups to the north of Shisha Alang five coal-seams respec- tively, 5’4”, 66", 6/0”, 12’0” and 30’0” thick were measured. The two thick seams contained a few partings of clay and in them the coal was rather friable. Mr. Griesbach remarks: “If I assume the average thickness of the best coal-seam at 6 feet only, which could be worked over an area of 9 square miles in the immediate neighbourhood of Shisha Alang, I find that the available quantity of coal would be no less than 50 million tons. In this estimate I have left out of consideration the fact (1) that triassic coal-measures with large seams of coal are actually exposed over a large surface in the Chahil valley and the north-west slope of the Sabz Kotal, and (2) that permo-carbod strata with anthracitic seams appear between Saighan and Bamian and that, therefore, the conclusion is evident that the whole Lower Trias and Permian strata, 7.e., the equivalents of our Lower Gond- wana series, must be buried below the upper cretaceous limestone of the intervening country. It is consequently almost certain that the entire northern Hazarajat is one vast coalfield, which is partially hidden by superimposed Cretaceous limestone.’’ In a recently published paper on the Geology of Afghanistan (Mem., Geol. Surv. India, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 31, 33), Mr. Hayden has given reasons for doubting the presence in this area of represen- tatives of the fluviatile Lower Gondwanas, all the true coal-séams being probably of Jurassic age. There is no evidence therefore of the extension into Afghan Turkistan of the coal-bearing Damuda series, or indeed of any part of the Gondwana system, of India. In the Jurassic rocks of the Doab valley, Mr. Griesbach records the occurrence of an irregular and impure coal-seam of about 2 inches thickness, near the upper boundary of the alum-shales. In recent years certain of the coal outcrops in Afghanistan have been examined by Mr. Hayden, and Dr. W. Saise, but no published information is available. (iv). Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Traces of coal probably of youngest Cretaceous or oldest Ter- tiary age have been met with in several of the islands, but,as yet no regular seam has been discovered, The deposits consist of nests, 14 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. which, in every case where excavation has been attempted, have been speedily exhausted. In 1869 samples obtained from the sinking of a well on Viper Island were forwarded to the offices of the Geological Survey of India. The coal was a lustrous jet and from its appearance pro- bably did not occur as a regular deposit. The result of the analysis of an average sample was as follows : 1— Volatile matter . 4 “ 5 ‘. 26:0 Fixed carbon . 5 5 6 F 50:8 Ash . : 5 ‘5 F 5 : 23-2 In 1903 specimens of coal and fossil plants were forwarded to the offices of the Geological Survey of India by the Deputy Conser- vator of Forests, Andamans. The plants were dicotyledonous and probably of Tertiary age, whilst the coal showed Tertiary character- istics and appeared to be impure. In 1845 Busch, and in 1846 and 1857-59, Drs. Rink? and Hochstetter® found coal on Little Nicobar, Trak, Tries, Milu, Kondul and Great Nicobar Islands. The former states that the nests of brown coal occurred without any order, sometimes in the sandstones and sometimes in the shale, and appeared to be derived from drift-wood. Mr. Ball subsequently confirmed the discoveries, but considered that so far as examination has yet gone there is no ground for believing that a valuable deposit of coal exists in the islands. This opinion is confirmed by Mr. G. H. Tipper* who recently explored portions of the interior of Great Nicobar and other islands of the group. (v). Assam. The Abor and Miri hills—In 1846 coal was discovered by Lieut- enant Dalton® on the Durjmu river at a point north of Dibru- garh. He reported that the seams are from 3 to 8 inches thick, and dip slightly towards the Brahmaputra. Fragments of coal were also found in the beds of the Subansiri and Sundri rivers. 1 Jour., As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XXXIX, pt. 3, p. 236 (1870). 2 Selections from the Records, Govt. India, No. LXXVII, pp. 127-8 (1870°. 3 Op. cit., p. 221. 4 Mem., G. 8S. I., XX XV, pt. 4 (1911). 5 Cal. Jour, Nat. Hist., VII, 213 (1846), Shida Tr ‘ rr ‘e Fi te, ; ‘ wm a“ b .s of & = ‘ j P 1 is Pa ‘> er mn a) a Cie ae a i) al an , i 4 fm : at A Wee wet oe ae : 4 Se OE oc x ‘Id ‘TTX ‘TOA ‘silowsy ‘VPIGNI FO AZAUNS TKITIOTOAI DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 15 In the same year Captain Vetch’? found a “very thin seam of remarkably fine, but singularly heavy coal” on the Dakaru stream, some 6 or 7 miles above the confluence with the Buri Suti and some considerable distance east of Dalton’s find. He mentions a rumour of coal occurring on the Sisi river. Although without certainty, it is probable that these finds may be referred to the Upper Ter- tiary sandstones of Mallet,? La Touche’ and J. M. Maclaren* in which the writers referred to record the frequent occurrence of lignite bands and semi-carbonized wood. J. M. Maclaren, how- ever, in referring to specimens of “ true coal ”’ brought to him from the Subansiri river, mentions a circumstantial account of what might possibly be a burning coal-outcrop, such as has altered to coke much of the outcrop coal at Margherita in the Makum field. Daphla and Aka hills —Damuda rocks were discovered in 1875 by Colonel Godwin Austen’ in the section in the Dikrang river. He records the finding of a much splintered and crushed coal seam which was from 5 to 6 feet thick and dipped 75° to E. 8. E. In character the coal resembles that from the Darjiling foot-hills, and it is unlikely to be of future economic value. In 1883-84 Mr. La Touche® encountered a continuation of the same belt of rocks in the Aka hills to the north of Tezpur. The rocks are well exposed in the valley of the Borholi river, where at least three coal seams were found, the thickest of which measured 18 inches. Their economic value was considered to be negligible. The Naga, Patkai and Singpho hills—The coal-bearing rocks of these ranges were described by Mallet” in 1874-5, whilst the infor- mation has been recently brought up to date by J. M. Maclaren,* R. R. Simpson,? H.H. Hayden, ? and E. H. Pascoe.“ They are best known in the Makum area, but they stretch for 40 miles 1 Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 368 (1846). 2 Mem., G. S. I., XII, 297 (1876). 3 Rec., G. S. J., XVIII, 122 (1885). 4 Rec., G. S. I., XXXI, p. 191 (1904). 5 Journ. As. Soc. Beng., XLIV, p. 37 (1875). ® Rec., G. S. I., XVIII, pp, 121-124 (1885). 7 Mem., G. 8. I., XII, p. 269-363 (1876). 8 Rec., G. 8S. I., XXXI, pp.188-191 (1904). 9 Rec., G. 8. I., XXXIV, pt. 4, pp. 199-239 (1906). 10 Rec., G. S. I., XL, pt. 4, pp. 283-319 (1910). 1 Rec., G. 8. I., XLI, pt. 3, pp. 214-216 (1911). 16 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. north-east, and for a hundred miles south-west, being exposed only along the northern front of the Patkai range. They are con- sidered to be of Tertiary, probably miocene age, and to exceed 2,000 feet in thickness. The most remote coal-bearing rocks that have been noted in these hills are on the flanks of Maiobum in the Dihing valley, where LaTouche’ found two seams of hard, bright coal, the one of which is 3 feet in thickness and dips 20° to 8. E., whilst the other has a thickness exceeding 6 feet. In the overlying sandstones of Upper Tertiary age lenticular bands of im- pure lignite, up to three feet in thickness, were found. This latter is the coal mentioned by Wilcox” in his account of the expedi- tion to the Irrawadi in 1828. Another outlying patch of the coal measures was discovered by Maclaren in the Manabum Range, a long spur parallel with the Noa Dihing river. A limited examination did not reveal the presence of coal-seams. Passing south again to the principal range the same rocks occur in the Namrup, and in the Namchik. Between the Namchik and the Tirap there appears to be a gap, due no doubt to the embaying of the range and the consequent denudation of the coal measures to the plains’ level. From the Tirap to the Namsang river, a distance of 20 miles, the measures appear to be continuous, and it is in this locality that they appear to have attained their maximum development and that the extensive mines of the Assam Railways and Trading Company are situated. In the Namsang the great reversed fault which runs along the base of the hills has either raised the seam sufficiently high to enable the Namsang stream to erode it completely or it lies hidden beneath the alluvium. A _ second reversed fault to the north- west has raised and exposed the coal measures along the north- western flank of the Tipam hills, from whence they strike east of Jaipur to a little beyond the Disang river. They are again brought to the surface by the same or similar faults in the hills south of Nazira and of Moriani. Namchik river—tIn 1911 Messrs. G. C. Webster and HE. H. Pascoe ? made a detailed examination of the coal in the Namchik valley. The seams were found in a small tributary on the right bank of the river. Sixty feet of coal were measured within a thickness of 360 feet of strata. The best seam measures 26 feet and contains 1 Rec., G. S. I., XIX, p. 112 (1884-1885). 2 As. Res., XVII, pp. 322, ete. (1828). ® Rec., G. S. I., XI, pt. 3, pp. 214-216 (1911). - ‘ +> MANA AS CAVA Td ARDWOOADS ‘ Z ‘Id ‘TIX ‘1A ‘sitomay ‘VIGNI JO AFAMAS TFITINOTOTD DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. iby three bands of clay aggregating 4 feet 3 inches in thickness. The dip varies from 42° to 65°. The quality of the coal is excellent. It is, however, doubtful if much of the coal lies above water level and could be worked without heavy pumping. Makum.—The Makum field is the best known of the several coalfields lying along the lower ranges of the hills which form the southern boundary of the Lakhimpur and Sibsagar districts. The coal-bearing rocks dip at high angles towards the axis of the range, and their outcrops occur as a narrow strip some 18 miles in length by about one mile in breadth. The coalfield is probably faulted on the north, but such disturbance is hidden by the allu- vial plain of the Dihing river, which flows parallel to, and about 3 miles from the northern boundary. The most valuable seams occur in the east of the field between the Tirap and Namdang streams, a distance of about 5 miles. Throughout this ground the existence of a coal-seam, from 15 to 80 feet in thickness and_pro- bably not averaging less than 50 feet, has been proved. Several other seams are also said to occur. The average dip of the rocks is about 40° and consequently the seams pass into depth at short distances from the outcrops. Fortunately from a mining point of view, the outcrops in many places are several hundred feet above the plains, and consequently facilities for working the coal by means of adit levels are afforded. Mallet’ in 1875 estimated that between the Tirap and Nam- dang streams within a vertical depth of 400 feet from the outcrop, there is a minimum quantity of 18 million tons of coal. Sub- sequent working has proved the great seam to have a greater aver- age thickness than was apparent during the prospecting stage, and in 1900, Mr G. E. Harris,’ the manager of the collieries, estimated that over the same ground above the natural drainage of the Ledo and Namdang streams, there is a total quantity of 90 million tons of coal. Small quantities of coal had been mined from this field in early times, but extensive operations were not commenced until 1881, when a mining concession was obtained by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, who at once commenced the vigorous ex- ploitation of the coalfield. A metre-gauge railway, 77 miles in length between the Brahmaputra near Dibrugarh and the coalfield, 1 (Op. cit. 2 Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., XXVI, p. 578. 18 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. was speedily constructed and mines were opened at Tikak and in the Namdang and Ledo valleys. In 1884 the output of the colliery was 16,493 tons and since that time the production has steadily increased, the output during the last five years averaging 292,000 tons per year. In 1910 the output was 297,094 tons. Briquetting plant and machinery for washing the coal previous to coking has been in operation for some years past. The coal is a brownish-black to black, hard, bright substance with an irregular cleavage. It does not soil the fingers when touch- ed. It produces a hard, porous, somewhat dull-looking, but excel- lent coke, and is a valuable gas coal, yielding 10,900 cubic feet of gas per ton, the gas having an illuminating power of 17:2 sperm candles. The average composition’ of 10 samples of the coal is :— Carbon < : : : : : : - 40:90 Hydrogen . : ; : ; : : ; 5-18 Oxygen and Nitrogen . : : : - . 12-42 Sulphur ‘ ; c > : : : : 2:32 AS . é : : . ° ° 2-03 Water c . : : : . : : 2-15 The average theoretical calorific value of the same samples was 7,447 calories, which compares very favourably with the value of 6,526 calories calculated for 31 Raniganj coals. The most serious defects of the fuel are the large amount of sulphur which it con- tains either as nodules or disseminations of pyrites, and the state of ‘*small’’ in which it is placed on the market. In the first trials these defects were considered formidable but by the use of specially designed firebars and grates they have been overcome, and Assam coal has now a reputation as the finest coal in India, and the equal of many English fuels. Jaipur.°—The coal-bearing strata of this field extend as a narrow fringe along the western edge of the Tipam hills. The field is divided naturally into three portions by the rivers Dihing and Disang, on the bank of the former of which and within a mile of the coal outcrops, is situated the town of Jaipur, which gives its name to the coalfield. The length of the outcrops known is about 24 miles. The dip of the rocks is to the east or towards the axis of the range, at angles of from 30° to 80°. Only the uppermost 1 Rec. G.S.I., Vol. XV, p. 61. 2 Simpson, R. R.: Rec., Geol. Sur. Ind,, XXXIV, pp. 200-215 (1906), a ‘WANVW “3NIW NVIL “SONVLSIO 3HL NI SANITONI GYIHL GNV GNOO3S HLIM ANITONI Y3MOT ‘CL © ‘ld ‘TTX ISA “SALOW9 [A ‘VIGNI 40 AFTAYAS TVIIDNOTOIO ——= —— =—=== — = - DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS, 19 part of the measures is visible at the surface, the remainder being sunk beneath the alluvium of the plains, The thickest section of the rocks is to be seen in the Disang river where a thickness of 45 feet of workable coal in six seams has been measured. Mallet’ estimated that between Tipam and Boruarchali (a distance of 15 miles) within 450 feet of the out- crops of the seams, and allowing that there is an average work- able thickness of 15 feet, there is a total quantity of 20 million tons of coal. This may be looked upon as a minimum estimate for the outcrops of lower seams probably underlie the alluvium, whilst there is the probable extension of the field south-west from Boruarchali to be taken into account. R. R. Simpson considered the outcrops near the Disang river to be the most promising and estimated that, over a mile of outcrop, 14 million tons could be profitably extracted. The quality of the coal is somewhat inferior to that from the Makum field, the average analysis of eight samples being as follows :— Moisture . d “ s . . . 59 Volatile matter . ‘ A , F : a ode], Fixed carbon ‘ ‘ : Ps % A eoD:0 Ash . 4 . ; 4 5 A - : 4-4 Much of the coal is soft and crumbling at the outcrop, but seams of harder coal are found. As in the Makum coal, the sulphur content is somewhat high. A few quarries have been worked for local purposes on the outcrops of the seams but the total quantity of coal which has been mined is insignificant. A small mine was commenced at Hapjan in 1910 and a tramway 4 miles in length, conveys the coal to Namrup, Assam-Bengal Railway. As the measures seldom or never rise to any considerable eleva- tion practically the whole of the coal lies below the level of the alluvium and the sinking of deep pits will be necessitated when the field comes to be worked on a large scale. Nazira.’"—The Nazira coalfield lies some 20 miles south-west of the Jaipur field and 11 miles east of Nazira and is drained by the Saffrai, Tiru and Dikhu rivers. The coal-measures have a total length of about 16 miles and are highly inclined in a 1 Op. cit., p. 59. 2 R, R, Simpson, Rec., G.S.I., XXXIV, pp. 215-241 (1906). © 2 20 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. south-east direction. On the south the outcrops rise to an elevation of as much as 2,000 feet above the plains, but on the north they are partly concealed by alluvium, and it is highly probable that in this direction they are continuous below the alluvium with the Jaipur measures. There is a large number of seams, but the majority of them are too thin to be workable. The thickest section occurs in the Saffrai river where there are said to be five workable seams, aggregating 734 feet in thickness. Mallet’ estimated that in the Saffrai area, over a length of 44 miles, allowing an average thickness of 51 feet, there are, within 350 feet of the outcrops about 20 million tons of coal. The whole of this quantity les below the alluvium. In the Tiru-Dikhu area the same writer has calculated that, allowing an average thickness of 18 feet of workable coal over a distance of 7 miles, there are, within 600 feet of the outcrop nearly 15 million tons of coal, much of which could be extracted by means of adit levels. These estimates make no allowance for the highly probable extension of the field to the north below the alluvium or for the southern unproved ground. R. R. Simpson calculated that in less than a mile of outcrop on the right bank of the Dikhu river nearly 21 million tons of coal could be obtained by means of adit levels. The quality of the coal is similar to that from the Makum field and most of it is of the hard variety. The average analysis of 11 samples is :— Moisture 5 3 s 6 ; 3 5 : 5:5 Volatile matter . A ; 5 : : ose Fixed earbon 3 ‘ F , : ‘ 5 lays} Ash . : 5 0 : C . hs : 2:6 In former times a number of quarries and even pits were worked to supply fuel for the local tea gardens. No authentic records of the total amount of coal mined appears to be available. Recently prospecting operations on behalf of the Assam-Bengal Railway Company have been undertaken, and that company is contemplat- ing the development of the coalfield. Janji.’—This small and comparatively unimportant field — lies about 8 miles south-west of the Nazira field and is traversed by the Janji river. The length of the narrow strip of coal measures 1 Op. cit. ? Mallet ;: op. cit., p. 75. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 2) is less than three miles. The general dip of the strata is to south 30° east at avery high angle and the boundaries of the field are faults. There are not more than two or three known coal-seams and their thickness does not exceed 3 feet. An analysis of a two feet band in a seam of three feet thickness gave :— Moisture. ‘ - A é : - 638 Volatile matter. % , : ; : 5. oolS Fixed carbon : ; ; . ; ; . 62:9 Ash . ; 5 A : ; 4 : g 6-5 Disai..—This field is situated on the Disai river about 14 miles south-west of the Janji field. It has not been thoroughly explored and its boundaries along the strike of the measures are unknown. The proved length of the outcrops is about 5 miles. The prevailing dip is to south 30° east at varying angles, but there is a considerable amount of irregular disturbance. Five or six coal seams have been discovered ; two of which have thicknesses of three and four feet, respectively. The coal is soft and much crushed. An analysis of the four feet seam gave :— Moisture ; : } cC ‘ r. C 3:4 Volatile matter . , : A > - - 369 Fixed carbon ; : . “ : - - 549 Ash. : : : é C - : 3 4:5 The Mikir hills—The Mikir hills occupy a tract of country lying to the south of the Brahmaputra, between Nowgong and Golaghat. The Jamuna river, with its tributary the Deolao cuts through the hills from east to west, some 20 miles north of Lumding, dividing them into the north and south Mikir hills, the former also being known as the Rengma hills. In 1896-97, Mr. F. H. Smith? found exposures of coal in the following localities within the area. Longloi hill, Meyongdisa valley (Dilangsao and Langator streams), Diphu river and Nambor river. In only the first and last mentioned places did he consider the deposits to be of any economic importance. Longloi.—On the thickly jungle-clad slopes of Longloi hill a single exposure is seen of a coal-seam of doubtful Cretaceous age, 12 feet thick dipping from 19° to 20° to north-north-west. The 1 Mallet: op. cit., p. 76. 2 Mem., @.8.1., XXViU, p. 93 (1900). 99, BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. coal is brownish-black in colour and contains many specks of fossil resin. Analyses of two specimens gave the following results :— Top ofseam. Base of seam, Moisture . ‘ 5 : ; 5:36 3°88 Volatile matter . : ; ; 49-96 57°52 Fixed carbon ; A 3 : 25-32 25-40 Ash . : . 5 : 19-36 13-20 As the coal is of extremely poor quality, and is distant 12 miles— as the crow flies—over difficult country from Lumding on the Assam- Bengal Railway, it does not appear that the deposit at the present time is of much economic importance. Dissoma and Diyang rivers—Coal in these localities was reported on by Dr. Saise in 1904. On the Dissoma there are two seams of ignite, respectively 3 feet 103 inches and 3 feet 34 inches in thick- ness. The mean of two analyses of the coal gave :— Moisture. ‘ ; 6 5 : , . 13:00 Volatile matter . ‘ 5 3 ’ ; . 34:90 Fixed carbon 3 : : i ‘ : - 46-30 Ash . : 5 3 . : . : : 5:80 The seams dip steeply at angles of 37° and 25° respectively. Dr. Saise did not consider them workable at a profit considering the nearness of the locality to the vast supplies of superior fuel in the Naga and Patkoi hills. 3 On the Diyang occur two discontinuous seams of lignite of poor quality varying from 6 to 18 inches in thickness and dipping at 45° and 80° respectively. They were pronounced worthless. Nambor and Doigrung rivers—About 8 miles above the falls on the Nambor river a small patch of coal-bearing rocks (Creta- ceous or Tertiary) occurs. Coal is exposed in the river bed in three places, but owing to the broken section Mr. Smith considered that they may be outcrops of the same bed. The minimum thick- ness in the best-exposed section is 7 feet and the seam dips at an angle of 8°. The average analysis of three samples is :— Moisture . j F : ‘ 5 $ . 10:05 Volatile matter. ‘ ; ; i ‘ . 31-58 Fixed carbon i 3 ; : : : . 26°94 Ash . , . 3 : $ ; : . 31-43 The samples were taken from under water and therefore the quality of the coal may be better than the analysis indicated. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 23 LaTouche! has recorded the occurrence of coal beds which may perhaps be continuous with the Nambor deposit, at a point on the Doigrung river about three or four miles to the west. A single seam of coal 3 feet thick and dipping west-north-west at a low angle is exposed twice in the bed of the stream. Owing to the inclusion of specks of resin in the coal he presumed that the beds are of Cretaceous age. A single analysis yielded nearly 49 per cent. of ash, an even worse result than that from the Nernbor coal. Both these localities were visited by Mr. H. H. Haydey® in 1902. His report confiras the unfavourable opinion expressed above. Garo Hills—The first published account of coal discoveries in the Garo hills appears to be that of Mr. James Bedford, who in 1842 explored the so-called Kurribari coalfield and mentions the occurrence of coal outcrops at Salkura, Champagiri and Mirampura. In 1868 and 1874 H. B. Medlicott® examined the whole of the known outcrops. He reported that the main mass of the Garo hills is composed of gneiss to the south of which against the flank of the Tura range, Cretaceous rocks covered by Tertiary deposits are banked up. These Cretaceous rocks are probably continuous for fully 50 miles and in them coal is found in two localities ; one on the Sumesari river, north of Shushung-Durgapur in Mymensingk, the other in the neighbourhood of Harigaon at the west base of of the hills near the Brahmaputra. Neither of these outcrops shows good coal, but, from the fact that the outcrops are all at the very margin of the original area of deposition, he considered that there was promise of improvement to the dip beneath the covering Terti- ary deposits and suggested a trial boring at Dipkai, aboat 2 miles north-east of Putimari Haut. To the north of the main basin outliers of Cretaceous rocks have escaped denudation at Daranggiri, Rongrenggiri and Kalu and in the first named locality coal of excellent quality has been found. Harigaon.—This is the locality of Mr. Bolton’s ‘‘ Kurribari coal- field.”’ The coal at Salkura and Mirampara is, however, merely a resinous shale, whilst at Champagiri, more to the north and between the other two places, it is a thick bed of dark, stiff clay, with + Rec., G.S.I., XVIII, p. 31 (1885). 2 Mss. G.S.I. (1902). 3 Rec., G.S.I., I, 11 (1868) ; VIL, 58 (1874). 24 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. insignificant strings of lignite through it. In a stream near Tura, 8 miles to east-30°-south of Harigaon hill the deposit consists of few sticks of lignite scattered through sandstone. Syju.—In the Ryuk valley a crushed coal-seam 3 feet thick, and dipping at 80° is found. It is very unequally carbonaceous being locally split by strings of clay and of sand, and it contains but few thin strings of tough, highly resinous coaly substance which burns readily leaving a skeleton of ash. In the Siju valley the same band occurs and here the quality of the coal is a little better. Neither of the exposures, however, contains coal of sufficiently good quality to bear transport toa distance. In former times an attempt to work the Siju coal was made by the Rajah of Sushung. Daranggiri.—This coalfield is situated on both sides of the Sume- sari river, about 6 miles north of Siju. The coal-bearing rocks are of Cretaceous age and lie in a basin on the gneissic floor of the hills. They have a total extent of about 50 square miles, but only the western half lying between Daranggiri and Rengchi, an area of about 20 square miles contains coal of workable quality. There are six coal seams, but only one is of workable dimen- sions. The latter varies from 34 to 74 feet in thickness and it has been calculated by Mr. LaTouche,’ who reported on the field in 1882, that it contains 76 million tons of coal. The coal is bright-black in colour, becoming brown when crushed and contains numerous specks of resin. The assay of two samples gave the following average composition :— Moisture é ; 5 i 3 : z 8-8 Volatile matter . ; ; : F 5 F 36:3 Fixed carbon O 3 ; 5 : é - 49°83 Ashi: 5 5 A 5 : é 5-1 Except on the south-west where the rocks are bent up sharply against the gneiss, the rocks dip at very low angles; and owing to the position of the coal above the main drainage channels most of it could be extracted and the mines drained by means of adits. In 1910 the attention of capitalists was drawn to the field and prospecting work was carried on. The considerable distance from a railway is the only bar to exploitation. Rongrenggirt.—Some miles to the west up the valley of the Sume- sari another basin of Cretaceous rocks is found. In 1882 LaTouche ” I Rec., GST, XV, p. 175 (1882). 2 Tbid. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 95 reported that with the exception of a single seam of good coal, | foot thick, east of Shemshanggiri, no coal outcrops had been discovered ; although a bed of carbonaceous shale about three feet thick occurs and probably represents the principal seam of the Daranggiri field. At a later date P. N. Datta! added three outcrops to that men- tioned by LaTouche, the thickest being 18 inches. Dr. King’ in reviewing the known information regarded it as questionable whether the field could be worked even were the locality less difficult of approach than it is. Kalu river.—-On the upper Kalu, near Chipagiri, there is a small shallow basin of Cretaceous rocks, but no trace of coal has been observed. Khasia and Jaintia hills.—Coal of both Cretaceous and Tertiary age has been long known to exist in these hills. The occurrences in a few localities were reported on in considerable detail by Dr. Oldham in the first volume®* of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Ball* mentions the following localities with their eleva- tions where coal is known to exist :— Khasia hills ;-— (1) Byrang, altitude 1,242 feet above sea-level ; Mao-syn-ram (Mousandram ?), 4,000 feet ; Maodon (Modong ?), 400 feet ; Mao-nai-chora, 300 feet ; 9) Mao-beh-lyrkar, 5,000 feet ; 10) Shella (Chela ?), 800 feet ; 11) Thanjinath, 4,400 feet ; Jaintia Hills ;— (1) Amwi, 3,800 feet ; (2) Lakadong, 2,200 feet ; (3) Narpu, 500 feet ; 1 Annual Report, G.S.I., 1891; Rec., G.S.L., XXV, 6 (1892). 2 [bid. 3 ». 185. 4 Manual, Geol. Ind., part 111, p. 108. 26 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. (4) Sah-tyng-gah (Satunga ?), 3,500 feet ; (5) Sher-mang, 4,000 feet. The additional localities discovered since this list was drawn up are :— Khasia Hills.—Langrin, Nongbredem, Um-rileng ; Jaintia Hills.—Borsora, Wapung and Lenkensmit, Jarain, whilst many of these fields have been examined and described by various officers of the Geological Survey. Mao-beh-lurkar.--This tiny field of Cretaceous coal has an area of about 11 acres only. It is situated near the Bogopani river, about 19 miles south of Shillong; the workable coal seam has an average thickness of about 3 feet. The coal is compact, splintery, has a smooth conchoidal fracture and a woody sound when struck. It contains numerous specks and small nests of fossil resin, and a considerable quantity of sulphur as iron pyrites. LaTouche! has stated that at a moderate estimate the field contains some 52,000 tons of coal. For many years the coal of this field was worked for supplying the station of Shillong. Mallet has described the occurrence of coal near Moflong, about 5 miles north of Maobehlarkar. In two localities, near Umsaomat, the seams are only one foot thick and are shaly. On Dedum hill, however, a seam, three feet thick, occurs and appears to be workable. The following analysis of the Maobehlarkar and Dedum coals have been published * :— Maobehlarkar, Dedum hill. Moisture . 5 “ 5 : 3-4 6:0 Volatile matter . A : “ 39:6 24-6 Fixed carbon 5 : : - 55-2 37°38 Ash . é , ; , 5 1:8 31-6 Cherrapunji and Maolony.—In this neighbourhood coal of Tertiary age occurs in several localities, usually on a horizon some 10 to 15 feet above the nummulitic limestone. The thickness of the seam is extremely variable but near Cherrapunji an area of about } square mile has been considered to be workable. In this area the coal is from 3 to 7 feet in thickness and lies almost horizontally. 1 Rec., G.S.I., XXII, p. 123 (1890). 2 Ibid, Vol. VIII, p. 86 (1875). 3 [bid., loc. cit. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. = 97 From the following analysis by Mr. James Prinsep the quality of the coal appears to be excellent :— Per cent. Volatile matter. : : a : k ye Carbon ‘ ‘ 4 : ; C A - 62:0 Ash . . rs 5 ; ‘ - ; 5 0-9 Captain James found that the coal yielded 10,200 cubic feet of gas of 15 candle power per ton, leaving 58 per cent. of coke. He states that the coal is hard, has an irregular fracture and would make an excellent steam coal. LaTouche,! who examined the field in 1889, estimates that it contains nearly 1,200,000 tons of coal. He points out a clerical error in Dr. Oldham’s previous estimate” of from 387,000 to 447,000 tons, which accounts for the discrepancy between the two estimates. In former times the coal was worked on a small scale, but owing to the cost of transport to markets the mining operations were not commercially successful. During 1904 prospecting was taken up by the Maolong Lime and Coal Company, Limited, but so far they are said*® to have met with indifferent success, the coal seam being very irregular at the point of trial. Lairangao.—This field les about 7 miles north of Cherrapunji, and is of the same age as the Cherra coalfield; the two having been separated from one another by denuding agencies. The dip of the measures is to the south at a slight angle, and the average thickness of the seam is about 3 feet. According to LaTouche* this thickness prevails over an area of about half a square mile, and the total quantity available is about one million tons. The same author does not consider the coal to be of such good quality as the Cherra coal, but pronounces it to be a useful fuel which might be taken into Shillong at a cheaper rate than the Maobehlar- kar coal. Maosandram.—This little field hes on the ridge between the Bogopani and Um Gni streams, and is about 14 miles north of Maosandram and 12 miles west of Chela. 1 Rec., G.S.I., XXII, p. 169 (1889). 2 Mem., G.S.I., I, p. 192 (1858). 3 Colliery Guardian, Ind. and Col. Swppl., 1, 20 (1904), * Rec., G.S.1., XXIII, p. 120 (1890). 28 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. The coal measures, which are of the same age as the Cherra and Lairangao deposits have an area of about 22 acres and are found outcropping round the summits of three small knolls. The coal seam is occasionally as much as seven feet in thick- ness, but the average thickness of good coal is not more than two feet; at which thickness LaTouche! estimates that the total quantity of coal is about 63,000 tons. The quality of the coal is poor, but the seam has been mined to some small extent for lime- burning purposes. Umblay rwer.—This coalfield is situated in the south-western Khasia hills. It was first visited by Colonel Godwin-Austen * who reported that the measures are of Cretaceous age and are persistent over a large area. He mentions four seams with a total thickness of 20 feet 4 inches of coal. In 1883-84, it was visited and reported upon by LaTouche, from whose description the following details are taken :—‘* The coal-bearing rocks are exposed over an area of about 30 square miles. They are situated at an average height of 1,500 feet above the plains in a roughly triangular plateau, bounded on the north by a steep scarp overlooking the river Um Blay. The rocks dip to the south-west at about the same inclination (5°-7°) as the surface of the plateau, but plunge steeply beneath the alluvium of the plains at an angle of 30°. On the Um Plu three workable seams occur with a total thickness of 15 feet of coal. In the ravine which debouches on the plains near Borsora three seams are also exposed, the total thickness of coal beng 13 feet 2 inches. Coal is also seen near the villages of Nongyon, Nongkerasi, Nongmaotien and Lakima.’’ Although Mr. La Touche makes no estimate of the total amount, it is evident that a very large quantity of coal is available in this locality. From the following analysis of samples from near Borsora it appears that the coal is of very fair quality :— 2 o No. 1 seam, No. 2 seam, 310% Bew. Moisture . 6 ; P 5°84 3:02 Volatile matter . O 6 3 35:16 39-58 Fixed carbon 6 0 5 ; 50-40 50-80 Ash e ° e ° e e 8-60 6-60 1 Rec., G.S.1., Vol. XXIII, p. 122 (1890). 3 Jour., As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XXXVITI, pt. 2, p. 1 (1869). 3 Rec., G.S.L., Vol. XVI, p. 164 (1883) XVII, v. 143 (1384), DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 99 The coal varies from black to brown in colour, has a bright frac- ture and includes specks of fossil resin. Some of it has a caking quality. Um Rileng.—One of the most recent discoveries of coal in these hills is that made by P. N. Bose? at the foot of Dinghu hill, close to the headwaters of the Um Rileng river and about 7 miles north-west of Shillong. The ground is much covered up by dense grass jungle, and few exposures are found. Pits and trenches have however, proved the existence of athickness of from 9 to 10 feet of coal in two seams, over an area of nearly 100 acres; and Mr. Bose calculates that in this area, allowing for an average thickness of 5 feet, there are considerably more than half a million tons of coal. The average analysis of two samples show the coal to have the following composition :— Moisture. 3 4 A Z ‘ ‘ H 16-69 Volatile matter . ; - "i : : . 45°51 Fixed carbon ‘ 4 ‘ : A P 5 aillesy Ash . D ; : 5 5 : - 2 6:23 In appearance the coal is woody and it contains nests and strings of fossil resin. There is also some iron pyrites. From the large amount of moisture in the fuel it does not appear likely that the coal will ever come into use for more than local purposes. Wapung and Lenkensmit.—Occurrences of Cretaceous coal were found by P. N. Bose” at Wapung (seven miles east of Jowai), and at Lenkensmit (Dongchala on map), six miles south of Wapung. The seams are very variable and nowhere exceed 5 feet in thick- ness. The coal is of excellent caking quality. From the exposures observed at both places, there is a pro- bability of a workable extent of the coal; but, under the present circumstances, the cost of transport to the plains of Sylhet or Cachar is considered to be prohibitive. This is probably the same coal as that noticed by LaTouche * at Jarain, where thicknesses of three to three and a half feet of coal were measured. Owing to the pyritic inclusions within the coal he considered it to be of little value. 1 Rec., G.S.I., Vol. XXXI, p. 35 (1904). 2 General Report, Geol. Surv. Ind., 1901-02, p. 18. 3 Rec., G.S.I., Vol. XVI, p. 199 (1883), 30 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Lakadong.—The coalfield of Lakadong is situated near the south- ern edge of the Jaintia hills, about 7 miles from the plains at Burghat on the Harri river and at an elevation of about 2,200 feet above them. The coal seam is of Tertiary (eocene) age, and is found out- cropping round the edges and near the top of several small plateaus. As in the case of the Cherrapunji deposits, the coal seam and its accompanying beds were evidently at one time continuous over a large area, the imtervening portions having been subsequently removed by denudation. The thickness of the seam varies from nothing up to 10 feet but the average thickness is not more than 2 feet. The two most important coal-bearing areas are the Umlotodo and Umat plateaus, which on the line of the outcrop of the seam have a combined area of rather more than half a square mile. In 1852 Dr. Oldham,’ after an examination of the coalfield, estimated the total quantity of coal in the Umlotodo plateau to be 14 million tons. In a more recent and detailed report LaTouche ” calculates that the total amount of coal in the two plateaus is 1,164,000 tons. As described by the latter the coal is bright and of good quality, but is traversed by numerous small joints which cause it to split into small cuboidal fragments. Owing to its position near the top of the plateaus the depth of the coal below the surface is not more than from 10 to 20 feet and thus its extraction by small pits and adits is rendered simple. Workings have been carried on intermittently for more than 50 years, but the total amount of coal extracted appears to be small. In 1889 the exploitation of the field was contemplated by certain Calcutta firms, but they appear to have taken no practical steps to that end, Some distance to the north of Lakadong, the occur- rence of coal has been recorded by LaTouche.* The localities are near the villages of Nokhara and Satunga; and the seams are said to be one foot and one foot nine inches, respectively, in thickness. Sylhet and Cachar.—So far as is known there is no workable coal in either Sylhet or Cachar, the Lower Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks being covered up by newer deposits. In the North Cachar hills a 1 Mem., G.S.I., Vo}. I, pt. 2, p. 145 (1858). 2 Ree., 4.8.1, Vol. XXIII, pt. 1, p. 14 (1890). 3 Rec., G,S.1., Vol. XVI, pt. 4, pp. 200-201 (1883). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. = 3] few thin bands of coal were found by F. H. Smith’ ina railway tunnel to the south of Kayeng, but they are only afew inches each in thickness, and of no economic importance. From time to time samples have been sent to the Geological Survey offices, but they have invariably proved to be lignites and jetty coals from the nests which so commonly occur in the younger Tertiaries. (vi). Baluchistan. Thal Chotiali, ete.—Coal of good quality was discovered in the Chamarlang valley in the Luni Pathan country, about 75 miles west of Dera Ghazi Khan, by Sir R. Sandeman. In 1874 Ball 2 visited the locality and found that the principal coal-seam is only 9 inches thick, and that there are numerous thinner bands. He pronounced the measures to be of Lower Tertiary age, and gave reasons for doubting that a workable coal-seam would be found. Coal of the same age was discovered by officers? of the Geological Survey in 1891 during the course of the detailed mapping of Thal Chotiali and the Mari country. Near Duki, about 40 miles west of Chamarlang, several seams occur but the thickest is not more than 14 inches. In the Mari country near Khatan, well- known for its petroleum springs, a thin band of impure coal was found. Khost, Sharigh, etc.—In the hills flanking the frontier section of the Sind-Pishin Railway at a height of about 4,000 feet above sea- level coal of Tertiary (eocene) age is found over a considerable area of country. The rocks, as a rule, dip at high angles towards the axis of the range and are much disturbed by faults and landslips. In 1880 Griesbach‘ and in 1881 Blanford® visited the locality and reported unfavourably of the then known outcrops of coal. The latter describes a section near Sharigh in which not less than thirty coal-seams are to be found within a vertical thick- ness of 370 feet of strata. He states, however, that most of them 1 Mem., G.S.I., Vol. XXVIII, Art. 4, p. 72 (1898). 2 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. VII, p. 145 (1874). 3 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXY, 23, 29 (1892), 4 Mem., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XVIII, 27 (1881). + Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. KV, 149 (1882), 39 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. are less than six inches, and many only from 1 to 2 inches in thickness, whilst but four are as much as or exceed one foot, and of these two are chiefly composed of shale. The thickest seam was said to be 21 inches in thickness, to be non-coking and to have the following analysis :— . Moisture. : : . : 6:8 Volatile matter. : A 2 : 40:8 Fixed carbon : 4 : - : 47-6 Ash . : : 3 : “ e 4:8 In 1889, E. J. Jones made an exhaustive examination of the deposits between Kach and Sunri, the results of which were re- ported by Dr. King’ after a personal examination of the principal localities. The latter mentions the occurrence of coal outcrops at Mud Gorge Railway station, 3 miles west of Dirgi railway station, Khila Hakim Khan, Khost, Khila Ali Khan, Sharigh, Harnai and Nasak. He estimated that in the 26 inches seam at Khost, within 1,000 feet of the outcrop, there were more than 800,000 tons of coal. The mean of six analysis of Khost coal, cited by Dr. King is :-— Moisture. : : : : 5 2-29 Volatile matter . : : A e 41-51 Fixed carbon . é 6 - C 46-52 Ash . ; j 3 : : F 9-68 The coal cakes well but contains a large amount of sulphur as iron pyrites, In 1890 R. D. Oldham? examined the Sharigh-Spintangi section mentioning outcrops at Sunari Railway station, Harnai, and Sharigh. In the last-mentioned locality he records the occur- rence of ten or more seams exceeding 4 inches in thickness. His report, however, was unfavourable, despite the fact that he found two seams of good coking coal respectively 15 and 17 inches thick at a point 2 miles south-west of Harnai. Griesbach? revisited the coalfield in 1893 and reported on the Chappar Rift—Harnai section. He emphasized the extreme disturbance of the beds caused by the long-continued dissolving out 1 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. X X11, 149 (1889). 2 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Val. XXIV, 93 (1890). 3 Jbid, Vol. XXVI, 113 (1893). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS, 33 of gypsum bands, instancing a case at Ali Khan where a_ two-foot seam is so distorted that its outcrop has a seeming thickness of fourteen feet. Without venturing on an estimate he considered that there was a large amount of available coal within the field, In his opinion the best localities for mines, after the exhaustion of those at Khost, are at points 34 miles south-east of Sharigh, between Punja Ghat and Harnai and near Ali Khan. The Khost Collieries, according to Griesbach,? are situated in a wedge of strata let down by a system of parallel faults, They have been established since 1877. The two seams worked have an average thickness? of 26 and 57 inches, but the principal seam now worked is from 22to 26 inches in thickness. It is noncoking. At Sharigh, where mines were worked between 1894-1896, and were again re-opened in 1910, the seams are, respectively, of an average thickness of 16} and 27 inches, the latter measurement including from 5 to 6 inches of shale. The thinner seam is the superior in quality, It has a caking quality. The dip of the strata averages about 50°. In 1910 mining on a seam of coal 32 inches in thickness was commenced at Harnai. The mines are the property of and are worked by the North- Western Railway Company, who appear to experience considerable difficulty in obtaining the requisite coolie labour. During the year 1910, 43,428 tons of coal were raised nearly all of which was used on the railway. The mines at work in that year are at Zardalu, Khost, Sharigh and Harnai. Sor Range and Mach.—A number of thin coal-seams, associated with sandstones, occur in clay shales of middle eocene age in the Sor Range to the east and south-east of Quetta. The measures are widely distributed, but are much contorted and broken up by faulting, and obscured by landslips. The first locality in which they excited attention is Mach in the Bolan Pass where they are well exposed on the line of route, and have been long known to travellers.® l Op. cit. 2 James Grundy, Inspector of Mines in India : Report on the Khost and Sharigh coal mines, Calcutta (1896). 3 Hutton, Cal. Jour, Nat. Hist., V1, 570, 601 (1846). eA BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. In 1880 Griesbach* and a year later Blanford,? reported on inspections of the outcrops. Both observers noted the extreme disturbance of the rocks and considered the deposits too poor to be workable. The latter states that the principal seam varies from two feet four inches to two feet eight inches in thickness. He quotes the following analysis :— Moisture . : = - 5 . 10-9 Volatile matter . . , F : 33:1 Fixed carbon : : 5 A P 41-0 Ash ,. : a ‘ : 5 3 15-0 The exposures were again examined in 1890, by R. D. Oldham who mentions that the Mach mines have been worked fitfully for years and measured the following section at a point 2 miles south of Mach :— Coal iY By Shale i? ay? Coal 0’ 10’ Strata I's? 167 Coal 1’ 113” Shale Ommeos Coal 0% 27 Strata 6’ 10” Coal Oo Shale OanG2 Coal On 37 Shale OfS7 Coal 0’ 10’ Toran coat 5’ 104 Analysis of the coal from these seams approximated closely to that quoted above. Near the southern end of Bohr hill in a total of 3 feet 10 inches of strata, 2 feet 9 inches of coal was measured. This coal on analysis yielded 6 per cent. of ash. At Digari in the Zharakhu valley, two seams are found. These vary in thickness from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 11 inches and 2 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 3 inches, respectively. At the time of Mr. Oldham’s visit they had been opened up at intervals over a length of 6,000 1 Mem., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XVIII, 22 (1881). 2 Rec., Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XV, 149 (1882). 3 Report on the Coal Resources of Quetta, etc., Calcutta (1891). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 35 feet of outcrop. The average of two analyses of the coal gave :— Moisture . . : 7 ‘i j : 77 Volatile matter . : 3 ; 3 A 43°3 Fixed carbon . ; ‘ fs : 5 44-7 Ash . ‘ A 5 $ 7 és 4-3 He estimated that in this area within 400 feet of the outcrop there are not less than 400,000 tons of coal, and probably much more than this amount. The same seams were observed on the opposite (eastern) side of the range in the Astangi valley where they can be traced for miles. The measured thickness of four seams is 3 feet, 2 feet 10 inches, 2 feet and 2 feet, but they thin towards the north. Mention is also made of a coal mine at Gandak within 10 miles of Quetta, and of a coal-seam 2 feet 9 inches thick near Spin Karez about 13 miles from Quetta. During the last twenty years a large number of small mines have been opened by petty contractors, but few of whom work on any regular system. They are chiefly situated within from 15 to 30 miles of Quetta and at Mach. Interesting reports on these mines! and on the mines at Khost and Sharigh? have been published by James Grundy, Inspector of Mines in India. The dip of the beds varies from 30° to 50° and the best seams average about 3 feet in thickness, but are very variable. The coal mined is of fair quality, but contains a considerable amount of sulphur as pyrites. During recent years an average quantity of 11,000 tons of coal has been mined annually, the output for 1909 being 12,212 tons. In 1911 mines were in operation at Digari, Mach and the Sor Range. (vii). Bengal. Burdwan District—_Owing to the recent territorial re-adjustment, only the eastern portion of the Raniganj coalfield remains in Bengal. It will be described with the remainder of the field under Bihar and Orissa (infra p. 43). Darjeeling District—The existence of coal-bearing rocks of Damuda age in this region was first recorded by Sir Joseph Hooker in 1849. They occur along the southern side of the Darjeeling synclinal as a narrow band varying from 200 yards to about a 1 Calcutta, 1896 and’ 1899. 2 Calcutta, 1896 and 1900. 36 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFTELDS OF INDIA. mile in width and extending from Pankabari nearly as far as Dalingkot. This is doubtless the same belt of rocks as is found occurring in the Aka and Daphla hills on the north of the Brahmaputra. Although subject to many minor contortions, the general dip of the rocks is to north-north-west at angles.of from 40° to 90° ; and as a result of the crushing to which they -have been subjected the sandstones and shales have been frequently converted into quartzites and slates or even schists; whilst the coal has been crushed to powder and has lost a large proportion of its volatile matter, approximating to anthracite or graphite in composition. In 1873-74 Mr. F. R. Mallet! examined the deposits and, after making a number of excavations and experiments in coking and briquetting the fuel, expressed the opinion that there was little hope of working the coal at a rate less than, or even at one not exceeding, that at which Raniganj coal could be laid down at the foot of the hills. The best seam discovered by Mr. Mallet outcrops near Tindharia, and is 11 feet in thickness. He found that only the coal from one locality was of coking quality. Tn 1890 Darjeeling coal once more attracted attention and Mr. P. N. Bose”? was deputed to the locality. His explorations were confined to an area 23% miles in length by % mile in breadth situated between the Lisu and Ramthi rivers. A large number of thick seams were found and Mr. Bose calculated that 20 million tons of coal of good coking quality were available. Subsequently the same officer examined the entire Damuda area between Panka- bari and the Tista river, but no further promising seams were discovered. The first and only attempt to work the coal on a -commercial scale was undertaken by a Calcutta firm in 1896. A colliery was established at Daling and, until the abandonment of the enterprise in 1900, a total quantity of 7,231 tons of coal was raised. The following analyses of the coal have been made in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of India :— Average of Average of 5 samples. 8 samples. Volatile matter . ‘ = : 9-20 22-94 Fixed carbon. 4 4 < 70:66 59-56 Ash . 5 5 p 5 5 20-14 17-42 The occurrence of Gondwana coal-bearing rocks in the Himalayan foot-hills considerably enlarges the area over which these rocks 1 Mem., G. &. I., Vol. XI (1874) ; Rec., G. 8. I., Vol. X, p. 148 (1877). 2 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. K XIII, p. 237 )1890); Vol. XXIV, p. 212 (1891). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 97 are known to have been deposited; it has given rise to much speculation as to the probable existence of concealed coalfields beneath the alluvia of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. The unknown, but great thickness of the alluvium and the difficulty which it would present to boring operations, together with the lack of indications for fixing upon the best sites for the holes, have, however, up to the present, deterred speculators from making search for such fields. Tertiary lignites of no value have been examined in the sub- Himalayan rocks of the Tista valley by Dr. Oldham,’ whilst Mr. Mallet? mentions two lenticular seams of soft flaky coal, one of which was as much as 6 feet thick in places but only extended for a few yards laterally. The quality of the fuel was inferior. Baxa Duars.—Lignite has long been known to occur in_ the Baxa Duars, near Santrabari and Jaintia on the borders of Bhutan. The locality was visited in 1865 by Godwin-Austen*® and _ later in 1897 by Hayden.* The lignite occurs as isolated logs in high- dipping Tertiary sandstones. According to an analysis by Dr. Saise, it is of excellent quality having only a small percentage of ash. It, however, is found in too small quantity to be of any commercial value. Chittagong..—From time to time samples of brown coal or lignite from the Chittagong Hill Tracts have been received at the Geological Survey Office for examination and report. In no case have they been of a character to encourage a hope that. coal occurs in sufficient abundance to be profitably worked. All the Specimens received are believed to be of Tertiary age and probably come from the nummulitic rocks, which are known to form a portion of the hills, where, however, Cretaceous rocks also occur. (viii). Bihar and Orissa. Talchir,’ etc—The Talchir coalfield is situated in the valley of the Brahmini, which may be regarded as a tributary of the 1 Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, XX XIII, 201 (1854). 2 Mem., Geol. Surv. Ind., X1, p. 46 (1874). 3 Jour, As. Soc. Beng., XXXIV, nt. 2, p. 106 (1855). = Ree: G: S. F., Vol. XCXX,, p. 249! > Manual Geol. India, Vol. IIT, p. 111. § Blanford and Theobald ; Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. 1, pp. 33, 38 (1856); Ball: Rec. G. S.I., Vol. X, pp. 170, 173 (1877). 338 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Mahanadi, since it anastomoses with it in the conjoined deltas. The area is about 700 square miles in extent. The groups re- presented have the following estimated thicknesses: Mahadeva, 1,500 to 2,000 feet; Kamthi and Barakar about 1,800 feet; Talchir, 500 feet. The Talchir stage received its name from this locality, a native state where it was first discriminated. The coal is of inferior quality ; one large seam at Gopalpersad is largely made up of carbonaceous shale, being similar to that to be described as occurring in Hingir. In assays which have been made of fair samples of the coal from the two principal seams at Patrapara, the fixed carbon did not exceed thirty per cent., while the proportion of ash ranged from 30 to over 40 per cent. In a practical trial at Cuttack of some of the Gopalpersad coal there was a residue of 34 per cent. of ash and clinker. The demand for coal in Orissa is too limited to render it probable that under present conditions of communication the field will ever be of much value. Further to the south-east, partly in the Athgarh State and crossing the river not far from the town of Cuttack there is an area of sandstones and conglomerates in which fossil plants of the Rajmahal stage occur. It was at one time thought that these might overlie coal measures, but there is no sign of the characteristic coal measures anywhere on the margin of the deposits. Some black shales seen near Naraj encouraged the idea that coal would be found, but these really belong to the non-coal-bearing Rajmahal stage. Rajmahal hills—In this locality coal measures of Barakar age are exposed over 70 square miles; they doubtless extend, however, over a vastly greater area underneath younger formations. Separated by these overlying rocks five distinct areas or fields may be enumerated; 1. Hura; 2. Chaparbhita; 3. Pachwara; 4. Mhowa- gurhi; 5. Brahmini. These are all on tlie western margin of the hills. There is no continuity between the seams of these areas, and it will be an interesting and economically important point to decide whether the coal measures extend underneath the traps, etc., to the east. If so the total area of the deposits must be con- siderable and they would be close to the water carriage of the Ganges, A boring which was made in about 1885 with the object of finding out whether any coal occurred with some Barakar sandstones near Akbarnagar, north-west of Rajmahal, did not prove successful. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 39 It was carried to a depth of 256 feet without getting through the supposed Barakar sandstone. The coal-seams are thin, varying from 1 to 6 feet in thickness, and of inferior quality. The average analysis of samples from 13 localities is :— Fixed carbon . ° ° . - 42:13 Volatile matter . . . . , - 39°50 Ash ° . . . . ° . 18°37 Ball! who examined the field in 1869-70, estimated that under the 70 square miles of exposed coal-measures there is a minimum thickness of 5 feet of workable coal, and a total quantity of 210 million tons of fuel, the whole of which lies at easily accessible depths. He adds that there is also a large amount of coal, much of which could be worked, lying beneath the trap. Nearly 20 years later interest in the economic value of the field was revived and between 1888 and 1890 borings were put down by the Government of India acting under the advice of Dr. King,? Director of the Geological Survey of India. The experiments were confined to the Hura field where five borings were put down in the neighbourhood of old outcrop workings at Dakaiti, and further east at Semra. The greatest depth attained was 300 feet, and although two seams with respective thicknesses of 4 and 164 feet were met with yet the inferior quality of the samples of coal obtained led to the abandonment of the exploration. In 1908 Mr. M. Stuart? of the Geological Survey, drew attention to a coal outcrop at Gilhurria midway between the Hura and Dhamni fields, indicating the continuity of the coal beneath the trap. The quality was inferior. In Dr. Oldham’s Review* of Indian Coal Statistics for the period 1858-1868 returns are given of the output from these fields for the three years inclusive from 1858-1860. The most important mines were in the Hura field, where from two, Hura and Borah, a total of about 40,000 tons was extracted in the two years 1859- 1 Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XII, 155 (1877). 2 Rec., G. 8. I., Vol. XXII, 6 (1889) ; XXIII, 5 (1890) ; XXIV, 3 (1891). 3 Rec., G. 8. I., XXXVIU, pp. 150-151 (1909). 4 Mem., G. 8. I., VU, 149 (1869). 40 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 60. The next in importance were at Tesaphuli, in the Chapar- bhita field, where about 16,500 tons were raised in the three years. Altogether it is probable that not more than 100,000 tons have been raised from these fields, and of that amount a large propor- tion was very poor stuff. A few quarries are still being worked for local purposes during the dry season, but the output for 1910 was only 2,788 tons. Jainti, Sahajorr, Kundit “Kuraiah.—These three coalfields are situated in the south of the Sonthal Parganas,in the neighbour- hood of the Adjai river. Their combined area is about 28) square miles, of which 11} square miles are occupied by Barakar rocks, the rest being Talchirs. The coal-seams are few in number and none attains a thickness of 3 feet. Samples from the Sahajori field, assayed by Dr. Waldie, contained from 28 to 37 per cent. of ash. After an examination of the fields, Mr. Hughes! arrived at the opinion that they would never be of much importance owing to the poor quality of the coal they contain and the limited area over which it occurs. In 1909 two mines were opened and worked for a short time. These were situated at Katmirki and Madancotta. Giridih (Karharbari)’\—This small but important coalfield is situated in the Guiridih sub-division of the Hazaribagh district of Chota Nagpur, at a distance of about 200 miles from Calcutta by rail. It is of great importance, both on accouns of its position and the quality of its coal. The total area of the field is 11 square miles, of which 7 square miles are occupied by coal-bearing rocks (Barakars). Faults are numerous and some of them have great throw. There is a large number of igneous dykes, and their contact effects have destroyed many thousands of tons of coal. The most destructive are composed of mica-peridotite, whilst the widest are of basalt. There are many seams of coal, of varying thickness and quality, but the bulk of the workable coal is con- 1 Mem., G. 8. I., VII, 247 (1870). Cf 2 Saise, Rec., G. 8. I., Vol. XXVII, 86 (1894); Holland, T. H. and Ward, T. H., Trans., Min. Geol. Inst. of India, I, part 3, pp. 198-198 (1907). FY Id ‘TTX ‘OA ‘sitowmayy VIMNT HO” SHATNS JVOTIOTOPI DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 41 tained in the Karharbari Lower Seam, which has an average thickness of 15 feet 4 inches and the following composition :— Volatile matter . ; ‘ : : 3 24-42 Fixed carbon A ; - : ‘ . 66°84 Ash . F ‘ 4 4 . F : 9-15 Of recent years this is the only seam which is being mined to any extent. The Upper Karharbari seam has an average thickness where workable of 6 feet and is of good quality. The workable area, however, was only some 150 acres, and the seam is now almost exhausted. Of the Upper or Hill seams the principal is the Bhaddoah Seam, which is found over an area of 913 acres. About 400 acres are of sufficiently good quality to be worked. The average thickness is 6 feet and where it was largely worked the composition is :— Volatile matter . ‘ ; ; F ' 22-51 Fixed carbon. 5 . 5 F ‘ 60-85 Ash . : 5 a 0 : 4 ‘ 15-84 Sulphur. : : c - : 2 0-80 Of the rest of the Hill seams the average aggregate thickness is 66 feet and they extend over an area of some 200 acres. The ash in these seams, however, varies from 13 to 55 per cent., and probably only about one quarter of the total amount of coal is of sufficiently good quality to be workable. From time to time various estimates of the quantity of work- able coal contained within the field, have been made, the latest and probably most reliable, being by Dr. Saise, who calculated that in 1894 there were 825 million tons of coal which might be profitably extracted. Since that time 12 million tons have been mined, the output for 1910 being 679,304 tons, or about 12 per cent. less than the average for the preceding five years. The seams are very favourably situated for working owing to their usual low angle of dip, their accessibility—the deepest coal lying within 900 feet of the surface,—and the comparatively small amount of water contained in the rocks. Coal has been mined at Giridih since 1857, but railway con- nection was not established until 1871, since which date vigorous 42 BALL AND SIMPSON; COALFIELDS OF INDIA. development has taken place. The principal mine operators in the field are the Kast Indian Railway Company, and the Bengal Coal Company, the former company raising by far the largest amount of coal. In this field scientific methods of mining and management have probably reached a higher pitch of development than in any other Indian coalfield. The most improved modern machinery is employed. Coal cutting by machinery, mechanical screening, briquetting, coke- making in closed ovens have been practised for some years, and appliances for the conservation of the valuable bye-products,! formerly lost in the process of manufacture, are now in suc- cessful operation. The following are analyses? of Giridih coal made by the Simon Carves Company, a well-known firm of coke-oven builders :— i No. 1 Sample (wet coal), No. 2 Sample (wet coal). (¢ | races | Ammonia | | Moisture 1°77)| | 1:01 water. J 3°44 > i 191 |) Volatile * | water of 1°67 23°28 | 0°90 | matter. 4 | (condensation | | 23°56 Tar. Bs 5°89 | 754 | Gas and is 13°95 6 14°11 Q Loss. ( Fixed car- ae 61°86 | 64°37 Coke . x bon } 76°72 76°44 tl Ash 5 0 14°86 | 12°07 In both cases the coke was good and without breeze ; the assay in the crucible on the dry coals gave respectively 76:21 per cent. and 74:6 per cent. of coke. No. 1 sample No. 2 sample (wet coal). (wet coal). Gas (in volume) . . per ton 9,764 c. ft. 10,124 c. ft. Ammonia (by weight) . ,, ,, 6:77 Ibs. 698 lbs. Equivalent insulphate of np op AUB). op Zire 5; ammonia. Benzole (at 150°) . see Geckos, COMAass (= -935 7 lbs (=*7 gals.) gals.). Ferro-cyanide of sodium Ss. be) Lear. 083 ,, 1 Ward, T. H., Tvans., Min. Geol. Inst. of India, lV, pp. 351-359 (1910). 2 Rec., G. S. I., XX XI, 102 (1904). mh 3 3 500 Raghunath Bati seam. ; 5 : 4} Strata < 7 , ; - 100 Borodhemo seam . 3 : : ‘ 10 Strata ; , 3 ; F * 400 Dishargarh seam ~. A *5 % 5 8—12 Strata : : ; 5 . a 400 Sanctoria seam - A A . ; 9 46 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Section from Joba to Sibpur. Feet. Feet. Joba (Portharpur ?) seam . ° ; : 14 Strata with thin coal seams : A 650 Koithi seam : ‘ 3 5 é 12 Strata . : 5 C : 5 : 130 Sibpur (Sanctoria ?) seam . - 6 c 16 Strata . . : ‘ : ‘; P 100 Taltore seam . : 6 : : f 33 Strata . : é A , é - 200 7 TRONSTONE SHALES . : 5 : 5 oO Section at Ranigan). Feet. Feet. Searsole seam . c 6 : é : 18 Strata . c C 6 ; : 180 Raniganj or Jamehari seam ‘ ‘ 3 18 Strata . é : : i 5 ; 70 Narrainkuri or Nimcha seam : C : 12 Strata . : é ‘ C é ; 500 ? Raghunathchak seam . : ¢ 5 é 14 Strata . ‘ : 5 E a : ? Kalikapur seam c é c C 10 Section between the Damuda and Adjai rivers commencing north of Ondal. Feet. Feet. Babisole seam . 5 F ‘ - 14 Strata . C 3 : e é c 60 Madhabpur seam : 3 4 : : 16 Strata . a . 4 ; z : 200 Sonachora seam : ¢ : i : 9 Strata . é ; : ; ; 100 Bowla or Mangalpur seam . : : . 380-42 Strata . ; : u ; ; j 10U Bunbehal seam . 5 5 ; F 6 14 Strata . : 5 . : ‘ : 100 Chora or Kenda or Toposi seam . ‘ ; 27 Strata . : r ’ : s ; 120 Dobrana or Chowkidanga seam. : : 18 Strata . é . é 3 A 90 Dhosal seam. , ; : : : 8 Strata . ; 2 : * : 100 Sonpur seam . : ‘ F : - 5-20 Strata . 5 5 ; : : Kendra or Samla Seam. . fi 16 : ° ' ar i ein, a J is > y= —. 7 gt * = ‘L ‘tq ‘TTX ‘OA ‘stloweN ‘VIGNI FO AFAYAS TVIIDOTODI DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 47 The most important seam in the coalfield is the Dishargarh seam. It has an average thickness of 18 feet and can be traced from Nodiha, south of the Damuda river, in a north-easterly direction for about 12 miles to Nuni, 4 miles north of Asansol. Hast of Sitarampur, however, the coal is much damaged by trap intrusions. The Sanctoria seam is 10 feet thick. Except in the neigh- bourhood of Sanctoria itself it has not been much worked. Around Sitarampur the outcrop is completely burnt by trap. The seam is probably workable between Sanctoria and Sodepur, a distance of about 2 miles. The Sibpur seam ranks second in importance in the coalfield. It is from 12 to 18 feet in thickness and can be traced from Chinchuria, 4 miles north of Asansol to Ikrah Junction, East Indian Railway, a distance of about 9 miles. The Ghusic seam is 12 feet in thickness and preserves its valu- able quality for a distance of about 3 miles in the neighbourhood of Kalipahari. The Raniganj seam is 15 feet in thickness and, as its name implies, is found in the neighbourhood of Raniganj. About 2 miles of outcrop have been proved. The workable seams of the Barakar or Lower measures at Chanch, Laikdih, Ramnagar and Salanpur may be considered to average 20 feet in thickness and to have a length of outcrop of 10 miles. Presuming that these seams can all be profitably worked to a distance of 2 miles from the outcrops toward the dip, and deduct- ing one-third for coal already extracted or unworkable the amount of coal available would be :— First class coal.— Dishargarh seam : : : 5 . 300 millions of tons. Sanctoria seam . ; 3 j o ail) 7 5 Sibpurseam . ‘ F ‘ - £88 5 Sy : Total quantity of first class coal - 518 = 5 Medium quality coal.— Ghusic seam . : s : : . 50 millions of tons. Raniganj seam . . : ; ‘ - 40 ‘5 5 Laikdih-Salanpur seam : ; 5 QD ox 5 Total quantity of medium quality coal . 360 48 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. The quantity of coal usually described as second class is practically inexhaustible and can be calculated in thousands of millions of tons. From the above figures it can be seen that at the present rate of output there is not more than 100 years’ supply of first class coal available at a moderate depth. As the mines increase in depth increasing quantities of inflam- mable gas are being encountered, and at certain collieries safety lamps are used throughout the whole of the workings. Most of the seams are liable to spontaneous combustion and large areas of coal have been lost as the result of fires (Plate 8). The coal is a hard, dull to bright black substance, occurring in Seams composed of alternating lamine of bright, jetty and dull shaly coal, and containing a well-defined cleavage. It is bituminous, but only the coal from certain seams has good coking qualities. It contains from 10 to 15 per cent. less fixed carbon than coal from Giridih or Jharia. The best coal is found in the lower seams of the Raniganj series, particularly at Sanctoria, Dishargarh and Sibpur. As a rule the quality of the coal in the very thick seams, particularly in the lower measures, is inferior. to that from the thinner seams. The average analysis of 31 samples analysed by Mr. Tween! in 1870-73, is :— Moisture E 2 ‘ - ‘ : is 4-30 Volatile matter 3 , ‘ Y : , : 25°83 Vixed Carbou : ‘ : ; E F f 53°20 Ash 3 s , . 16-17 The analysis is interesting in that it shows the quality of the coal then worked. More recent analyses by Dr. Saise? gave the* following sum- marized results :— . A os Volatile Fixed Series. Moisture. ane. Carbon. Ash. REMARKS. 1 | Raniganj (upper seams) 6:99 32°30 49°28 11°43 Average of 7 samples. Do. : | 6°64 32°06 40°25 21°05 Average of 4 samples. Raniganj (lower seams) 3°79 31°76 62°94 ilalasy & Average of 20 samples. Do. A 3°74 31°26 46°41 18°59 Average of 8 samples. Barakar . A n a bp 25°13 59°75 14°00 2 samples from | Chanch and Laik- ! | “ih. Do. cr ie 1:00 26°80 | 52:69 19°51 _werage of 5 samples. i] 1 1 Rec., G. S. I., X, 156 (1877). 2 Rec., G. S. I., XXXII, pp. 104-107 (1004). GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memoirs, Vol. XLI, Pl. 8. Fig. 1. UNDERGROUND FIRE, CHARANPUR COLLIERY, RANIGANJ COAL-FIELD. R. R, Simpson, Photo. G. S, 1., Calcutta, Fig. 2, BURNING COAL SHAFT, CHARANPUR COLLIERY, RANIGANJ COAL-FIELD. +. . 4 * « - s, «“ vat b ‘ rs ‘ a 4 . 1 ’ , ~ oy = ” oe im PEELS . y te ae | ‘ . , et rae Crier oS . a re re ane) i wae a 34 cee sel oer | anPap te ve) Merrie aot 2 4) § 3h i ’ Oeste ae Sr fretl mas, DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 49 As Dr. Saise points out, one of the most interesting facts brought out by this table of analyses is the notable increase in the percentage of moisture as we pass from the lower to the higher series. This takes place side by side with an equally marked de- crease in the percentage of fixed carbon. An elaborate series of analyses and calorific values of ‘“‘ Bengal ”’ coals was published by Major F. C..Hughes' in 1910. The _ fol- lowing is a summary of the results for the Raniganj field :— | CALORIFIC VALUE STATED IN CALORIES, ; Volatile Fixed y Sat ee PSY = Moisture. | atter. carbon" Ash, | Calcul- By ex- ated. periment. Raniganj or Upper Measures 4°76 32°16 53°42 9°66 6,835 6,767 «22 samples), | Barakar or Lower Measures (3 1°65 24°76 64°05 9°54 Anal 7,348 samples). | The earliest attempt at coal-mining in the Raniganj field appears to have been made in 1812, but little profitable work appears to have been done until 1843, when by the amalgamation of two of the leading firms in the field, the Bengal Coal Company was formed. This company has continued to mine coal since that date, and for the past 60 years has been the largest colliery proprietor in the field. In 1854, the Hast Indian Railway reached the field, and considerable expansion in the coal trade naturally resulted. In 1860, the produce of the 42 collieries being worked in the Raniganj field was 281,994 tons of coal, whilst in 1910 the output was 4,212,606 tons and the number of collieries had increased to 206. Jharia.—That the existence of coal in this locality has been long known is shown from the fact that in 1777 a proposition was made to Government by Messrs. Farquhar and Motte 2 to be allowed to cast shot and shell in the field. The Jharia coalfield is the most important of the recently devel- oped coalfields in India. It is situated 16 miles west of the Ranigan] 1 Trans., Min. Geol. Inst. of India, V, pt. 2, pp. 114-180 (1910). 2 Jour., As. Soc. Beng., XI, 822 (1842). 50 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. field. It is roughly elliptical in shape, and has a maximum length, east and west, of about 23 miles, the greatest breadth being about 10 miles. The total area of the coal-bearing rocks (Damudas) is about 150 sq. miles. The beds have been deposited in the form of a basin, the rocks dipping towards a common centre at angles of about 10°. High dips, however, prevail on the southern margin of the field, where the boundary is abruptly faulted. The thickest and best coal seams occur among the Barakar beds, in which 18 seams, varying in thickness from a few feet to as much as 100, have been discovered. In the Raniganj series there is a number of thin seams, but they are inclined at high angles, and Hughes,' who explored and mapped the field in 1865, pronounced them to be worthless. Subsequent working has shown that at least one of these upper seams is of valuable quality. Three typical sections across the coal measures are given below :— Jharia section. i el No. of seam. Coal in feet. Strata in feet. | 18 | 13 130 17 | 73 | 300 16 14 | 240 15 23 14 14A 74 80 14 26 | 70 13 6 | | 10 12 10 | 22 il V1 | 120 10 fy 1-Mem,. G. S 1, V. pt. 4 (1866), See CN YVOINV?S "-a1atsa-1voo eb a, *DJIMZIOD “°F "°S °D -o10gq *uosduns -y a °O ‘Id ‘TTX ‘[OA ‘Stlowsly ‘VFICNI AO AXAMAS TV OIIOTOLI DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS BIL: The seams below No. 10 are of poor quality and are practically unworked. Section between Katras and the Jamuni_ river. No. of seam. Thickness in feet. REMARKS. 18 4} 17 of 15 Bottom 44 15 Top 7 14 14 | ne 8 12 15 | 1] 16 10 14 3) 9 8 SA 5 3 g 7 14 . | | | Seen iin 6 5°) + bank of | + Jamuni 5 14 | | River. 4 20 r | Not worked \ 3 20 | | | 2 74) | | 1 100 (10’ zood) | J or bo BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Section across the Upper measures at Murulidih. Name of seam. Coal in feet. Strata in feet. Roper. : : : 6 Not much worked. 200 Middle 2 : ; 8 Do. Bottom fe 6 ‘ : i) 28 The most recently published estimate of the quantity of coal within the field was made in 1890 by T. H. Ward,t who calcu- lated that in seams Nos. 12 and 13 with thicknesses of 11} and 5 feet respectively, there are nearly 1,287 million tons of coal. Since then mining operations have proved the value of Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 144A, 15 16, 17 and 18 seams with an aggregate thickness of more than 150 feet, about half of which is of first class quality. It is difficult, however, to give even an approximate estimate of the coal available, for recent sinkings and borings in the richest part of the field, 7.e., between Bhulanbarari and Balliari, have proved that much of the coal to the dip of the collieries now being worked is burnt and valueless. It is to be hoped that valuable stores of fuel exist to the dip of the burnt zone, but so far as is known at the present time the extent of the burnt areas increases with the depth. Presuming that an average thickness of 100 feet of coal is work- able to a depth of 500 feet between Bhulanbarari and Katras (about 12 miles) the amount of coal would be 840 millions of tons. Of this quantity only about 6 per cent. has been already mined. If half the estimated quantity be considered of first class quality it appears that within the limits given above there is not more than 100 years’ supply of first class coal. Asin the Raniganj coal- field there are vast stores of coal of second class and lower grade quality. There is a marked deterioration in the quality of the coal on the west of the coalfield, and there is no colliery of importance being worked west of Katras. Besides the great fault forming the southern boundary of the field there is a number of minor faults coursing chiefly in a direction 1 Rec., G. S. I., KXV, 110 (1892). Ne _& X eK DY 4 ? is v an a a) WN Weil AC. ‘ ‘ Vk S <= - B3btiwoo suawva ‘Ol “Id ‘TTX “[OA ‘sslowmay VIGNI FO ADZAAXAS TV ITIOTOLZI DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 53 parallel to the strike of the measures. Some of them, as on the west of the Jamuni, have considerable throw and render difficult the correlation of the coal seams. As in the Giridih and Raniganj fields dykes of mica-peridotite and basalt are common. The former are especially destructive and their evil effects on the coal as referred to above are more pro- nounced in this than in the above-mentioned coaifields. The coal resembles the Raniganj coal in appearance and much of it is perhaps superior in quality to the majority of the seams in that coalfield. Several of the seams furnish coal of good caking quality, that from Nos. 15, 14 and Bhowra A seams being perhaps the most valuable for the manufacture of coke. The average analysis by Ward of four samples from seams Nos. 12 (two samples), 13 and 17, is :— Volatile matter A : 3 P 3 ; 29-14 Fixed carbon . F 5 5 - 3 P 3 59-30 Ash : F : - . FE 5 P 11-56 The following assays? of coal and coke were made in 1902 of samples selected by Mr. W. Jones, acting for Messrs. E. P. Martin and Professor H. Louis. The samples were cut uniformly across the working face of the seams, and they are consequently not open to the usual objection made against samples taken from a particular part of a seam :— Mois- {Volatile ture. matter. Fixed carbon. No. of seam. Ash. Sulphur. | &Y@P REMARES. | 7 eneen |e LAO 26'54en 597768 (0-77) 0°53 | 12°91 is) 5 - 0°83 21°79 65°01 11°92 0°46 13°18 | Average of 4 samules. 14 . .| 0-69 | 1860 | 69°68 | 10°50 0°53 | 13°61 | Average of 3 samples. aes |) 1:06 |) 29:01) |) 5b-s000 |) 22°57 0°56 | 12:27 | Onesample. is. A 1-08 20°00 62°69 15°64 0°69 12°7. Average of 2 samples. 1. .| o-92 | 22°02 | S597 | 20-50 4-63 | 12:47 | One sample. wz. .| 114 | 2165 | 62:28 | 1420 | O73 | 1346 | One sample. 1 2) 2 | O68 | 19°56 | 57-39 | 21-75 0°62 | 11:96 | One sample. BhowraA .| 0:78 | 2622 | 65°99 | 7:01 eh Be One sample. nn ee mr RE AS SSNS SE 1 Rec, G. S. I, XXX, pp. 238-239 (1904). 54 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Four samples from seams Nos. 17, 15, 14 and 13 yielded an average of 0-175 per cent. of phosphorus. Of 9 samples of coke analysed for the same gentlemen the average percentages of sulphur and phosphorus were 0°66 and 0°17, respectively. The above analyses are of samples from coal seams all of which occur in the Barakar series, and it is interesting to note that the low percentage of moisture, noticed by Dr. Saise, in the coal of the Barakar series in the Raniganj field, is characteristic also of the Barakar coal in the Jharia field. That there is a cor- respondingly high percentage of moisture in the coal from the Raniganj series is shown from the following analysis! of the Murulidih A seam. Where sampled the seam is nine feet in thickness, and successive samples were taken from each foot of thickness, the first foot which contains more than 20 per cent. of ash being discarded :— Moistiare varies from 2:72 to 3-80 and averages 2-96 Volatile matter varies from 26-16 to 31:00 PP 29-60 Fixed carbon varies from 51-36 to 57-26 5 53°71 Ash varies from 11°84 to 15-24 13-73 The analyses of Jharia coal summarized below were made by Major F. C. Hughes? in 1909 :— CALORIFIC VALUE a STATED IN CALORIES. P Volatile Fixed s Moisture. matters coro. Ash. y ex- Calculated. periment. _ 7 | Raniganj or Upper Measures (2 1°68 3t'62 67°26 10°45 7,183 7,198 samples). Barakar or Lower Measures (22 1°25 23°21 63°77 11°78 7,481 7,197 samples). | Until recent times it was commonly supposed that fire-damp did not occur in the coal seams of this field. As. the workings have increased in depth, however, gas has made its appearance at a number of mines. At one mine in the upper measures safety lamps are used throughout. Another danger which was thought to be absent from the mines is that of spontaneous combustion. In 1911, however, serious fires 1 Tala Hira Lal, Geol. Surv. Ind., Lab. Records (1901). 2 Trans., Min. Geol. Inst. of India, V, pt. 2, pp. 114-180 (1910). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 55 from this cause broke out at two well-known collieries. Smaller fires have also been experienced at other mines. The great thickness of some of the best coal seams adds consider- ably to the difficulty of working for not only does it militate against a high percentage of extraction, but it also introduces serious danger from falls of coal from the lofty pillars formed in the cus- tomary method of working. At a numberof mines this difficulty is being successfully met by a system of working in stages with an unworked layer of coal between the successive stages. At one mine where a seam 100 feet thick dips at an angle of 45° a system of working in horizontal slices has been introduced and promises to be a success. By the extension of the Hast Indian Railway Company’s Barakar branch this coalfield first obtained railway connection in 1894, in which year 15,000 tons of coal were produced. In 1903 the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company extended their lines into the field, and the two railway companies will eventually take each about equal portions of the coal traffic. In 1910, 193 collieries were at work and the output was 5,794,534 tons of coal or about one half of the whole production of India. The expansion during the decade 1899-1908 was almost ninefold, and in 1906 the production outstripped that of the neighbouring Raniganj field, and the Jharia field assumed the lead and became the largest producer of coal in the Indian Empire. Bokaro.—The Bokaro coalfield les some two or three miles west of the termination of the Jharia field. Its greatest length is In an east and west direction and is about 40 miles; its maximum breadth from north to south does not exceed 64 miles. The total area is 220 sq. miles. The rocks represented range from Talchirs to upper Panchets and are much disturbed by faulting; high dips being the rule rather than the exception. Although coal-seams are found in the Raniganj beds, yet the whole of the workable coal occurs in the Barakars. In the opinion of Mr. Hughes! who mapped the area in 1866 the coal cannot be compared in its general quality with that obtained from the Jharia coalfield. The number of coal-seams is very large and some of them are enormously thick. In many places they have been much damaged by intrusions of trap. w Mem., G. S: I., Vol. VI, p. 58 (1867): 56 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. The most productive portion of the field lies between the Kunar river and the eastern boundary. Among several thick seams of good quality in this latter area, one measuring 88 feet in thickness stands pre-eminent. In the same locality the dips vary from 5° to 10° and the ground is, therefore, much more favourable for working than in other parts of the field. Mr. Hughes mentions 1,500 million tons as the probable amount of available fuel which the field can yield. A few workings have been made on the outcrops of the seams for the purpose of supply- ing coal to the civil station of Hazaribagh. Although the inferiority of much of the fuel and the cost of transport would cut it out from the Calcutta market, yet now that the railway companies are extending their lines to the west of the Jharia field it is not unlikely that the opening of a limited number of mines for the supply of coal to up-country markets would be a successful commercial venture. During the coal boom of 1907 a large amount of prospect- ing work was done by firms interested in the field, but no details are yet available for publication. In 1910 four collieries were at work and 2,166 tons of coal were got. The Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company is now engaged in building a line to this coalfield. Ramgarh1—tThis coalfield is situated in the Hazaribagh dis- trict of Chota Nagpur. It les along the valley of the Damuda Tiver some 5 miles to the south of the Bokaro coalfield. Its area is about 40 sq. miles. The rocks exposed have a total thick- ness of more than 5,000 feet and consist of Damudas and Talchirs. The rocks of the Barakar stage contain a large number of thick coal-seams, of which some are of fair quality, but much disturbed ; on the east where low dips prevail the coal is very inferior. Ball2 estimated that about 5 million tons of coal are available, but did not think it probable that the coalfield would ever be worked to any great extent. It is believed that small quantities of coal have been worked by the natives and carried to Ranchi for sale. North and South Karanpura.—These extensive coalfields occupy the head of the Damuda valley and lie at the base of the southern scarp of the Hazaribagh table-land, from one to four miles west of the Bokaro and Ramgarh coalfields. Their respective areas are 472 and 72 sq. miles. Although separated from one another by 1 Ball: Mem., G. S. I., Voi. Vi, p. 109 (1867). 2 Manual, Vol. Ill, p. 84 (1881). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 57 a strip of their common gneissic floor, from one half to three miles in width, for all intents and purposes they form one field. The rock groups represented within the area are the same as those which occupy the easterly fields of the Damuda valley, 1.., Panchets, Damudas and Talchirs. The structure of the field is that of a comparatively shallow and somewhat oval basin, or broad synclinal trough, with a general dip inwards of the strata from all parts of the periphery towards the centre; but itis not exempt from local undulations. Except for the well-defined fault on the south of the fields, dislocations of the strata are few and un- important. There is an extraordinary absence of trappean intrusion and with the exception of two in the southern field the dykes which are seen are not traceable for any distance. There is a number of thick coal-seams but they are much less numerous than in the eastern fields. Mr. Hughes! who mapped the area in detail in 1867-68 estimated that in the northern field, presuming an average thickness of 35 feet of coal to occur over an area of only 250 sq. miles, there is a total quantity of 8,750 million tons of coal. In the southern field he assumed an average thickness of 50 feet of coal over an area of only 15 sq. miles, and a total quantity of 75 million tons of coal. Mr. Hughes points out that these estimates are extremely conservative ones. Much of the coal is of excellent quality ; the following assay is a fair measure of the quality of the better seams :— Volatile matter ‘ 5 ; 5 5 : 3 27-00 Fixed carbon . 3 . A 4 5 & : 64-50 Ash 3 a ‘ 3 A 4 Fi 5 : 8-50 The position of the coalfields between the elevated table-lands of Hazaribagh and, Ranchi,render, them somewhat difficult of access. In time to come, however, | the construction of the projected Jharia- Daltonganj line, wid the Damuda valley, will afford them commu- nication with both up and down-sountry markets. From the latter the, heavy freight , charges would probably keep out the coai until such time as the better coals of the lower coaifields become exhausted ; in the former market, however, Karanpura coal would probably ber in considerable demand. .at highly remunerative prices. Chopé.—This small coalfield is situated on the Hazaribagh pla- teau at an elevation of 2,000 feet above sea-level, and lies about w Mem., G. S: £., Vol. Vil, p: 285 (1871): 58 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 8 miles a little north of west from the civil station of Hazaribagh. lt consists of Talchir and Barakar rocks and has an area of about three-fourths of a sq. mile. There is only one coal-seam with a thickness of about 4 feet but it is found over a very small portion of the area and is of poor quality. Ball! considered that some of the coal might be made use of locally for brick and lime-burning. Itkhuri.—At a very much lower elevation and nearly 20 miles north of the Chopé field another small area of Talchir-Barakar rocks is found on the Mohoni, a tributary of the Gya river. The Barakars occupy only about $ a sq. mile, or j,th of the area. They contain three seams of coal of from 4 to 8 feet in thickness, but the quality is inferior, the average coal containing more than 30 per cent. of ash. Hughes? estimated that from 14 to 2 million tons of coal were available, but did not predict its use for more than lime and brick-burning purposes in the locality. Auranga.—This field lies some 6 miles west of the Karanpura field and is situated in the valley of the Auranga river, a tributary of the Koel, which itself flows into the Son. It is within the boundaries of the Palamau district of Chota Nagpur. It has an area of 97 sq. miles and the rock groups represented range from the Mahadevas to the Talchirs, with a total thickness of 4,500 feet. The shape of the area is extremely irregular owing to the numerous dislocations of the rocks which have taken place. There appears to be an absence of trap intrusions. The whole of the workable coal is confined to the Barakars which cover an area of 58% sq. miles, and contain numerous coal-seams, some of which are of great thickness. In the sections exposed, however, the quality is, as a rule, inferior; the average analysis of 6 samples from different localities is as follows :— Moisture . , : : ; C : C * 7-00 Volatile matter a c z 3 ‘ 28-50 Fixed carbon . é - A 5 é c 36-50 Ash 5 3 A 5 é é 5 6 ; 28-00 It has been estimated *® ‘that about 20 million tons of coal of the quality indicated by the above analysis are available. 1 Mem., G. S. I., Vol. VIII, p. 347 (1872). 2 Mem Gis -) la>) VOlmVAULL sos d2len (Sie): 3 Ball: Mem., G. S. I., Vol. XV, pp. 1-127 (1878). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 59 Hutar'—This field is situated in the valley of the Koel river about 12 miles to the west of the Auranga field; it has an area of 784 sq. miles, of which 57 are occupied by the coal-bearing Barakars. Faults are much less in evidence than in the Auranga field and the prevailing dips are at low angles ; the only trap intrusions known are confined to the ‘Talchir rocks. There are several coal-seams, but only three are of such a thickness and quality that they could be worked with profit; these are as follow :— Dauririver, S. E. of Harilong . : : F 8’ 0% seam. Hurtah river, at Toleh : ; : ; : 8’ 0” Supahi river, at Binda : : : ; 5 13’ 8” The last mentioned seam contains only a small quantity of coal, a fault bringing up the gneiss within a few feet of the outcrop. The lack of continuous exposures renders it unwise to hazard any estimate of the quantity of coal; but with the evidence at disposal the prospects of the field do not appear to be encouraging. The quality of the coal is well up to the average of Indian coals ; the average analysis of 8 samples is as follows :— Moisture . ‘ 3 2 : * 3 : 5 5:95 Volatile matter : 3 4 : : ‘ . 28-00 Fixed carbon . ‘ 6 : 3 : < ‘ 55°35 Ash ; : - s 3 4 3 : : 10-70 Daltonganj.—The Daltonganj field is situated in the valleys of the Koel and Amanat rivers in the Palamau district of Chota Nagpur. The total area of the field is nearly 200 sq. miles, but the coal-bearing rocks (Karharbari Barakars) occupy only about 30 sq. miles of this area. The distribution of the coal appears to be extremely irregular, and there is apparently only one seam from which hope of extracting any large amount of coal may be entertained. The maximum ascertained thickness of this seam near Rajhara is 29 feet but it thins out more or less rapidly in all directions. Various estimates have been made of the amount of workable coal in the field. In 1869 Mr. Hughes? fixed this amount at 18 million tons, but Dr. Saise in 1890 estimated that there was a total quantity of 161,377,000 tons of coal containing 11-7 per cent. of ash. In 1891, however, a number of borings 1 Ball: Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XV, pp. 1-127 (1878). 2 ; 2 Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. VIM, p. 325 (1872). 60 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. were put down under the supervision of Mr. La Touche, and with the evidence thus obtained, the latter considered that not more than 9 million tons of coal could be safely counted upon. The following assays of Daltonganj] coal have been published :— | SINGRA(?)! | RAJHARA.? RAJHARA.? — PANnpvA.! ~ a a amples. | 2 samples, | Average of 2 samples. Moisture yee, ice ae _| Si 810s! 4°50 8:40 Volatile matter - : ; : 22°4 28°80 18°89 27°63 Fixed carbon . C c C C 64°2 63°10 34°56 49°37 Ash = 5 < e . = 13°4 10°00 42°05 14°60 Between 1842 and 1862, collieries were worked at Pandua and Rajhara, chiefly by the Bengal Coal Co., who apparently extracted a considerable amount of coal, which they sent down the Koel river to the Ganges during the rains. In 1901, when the field received railway connection, the same company resumed the working of the mines. The output for the year 1910 was 84,996 tons. (ix). Bombay. Sind—In the oldest Tertiary (lower eocene) rocks of Sind which have been named the Ranikot beds by Dr. Blanford, traces of lignite have from time to time attracted notice; but in only one instance has anything more than a mere layer of a few inches been detected. The locality in question is Lainyan (Lynan or Leilan), 27 miles north-north-west of Kotri, and 15 miles from the right or western bank of the Indus. In the year 1857, a shaft was sunk to a coal seam 5 feet 9 inches in thickness; but on driving out galleries the seam dwindled down to nothing while at the outcrop there was only a thin layer of carbonaceous shale. Dr. Blanford after paying a visit to the locality reported* that the deposit did not extend in workable form for a stone’s throw in any direction whatever. The fuel is said to be extremely brittle and abounding in pyrites. Lainyan. 1 Mem. G. S. i., Vol. VIII, p. 325 (1872). 2 “Rec., '(G. S. .,, Viol XOXaV, p. 141) (S91): ® Manual, Geol. Ind., II, p. 95. * Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. V1, p. 14 (1867). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 61 Cutch\—As early as 1834, if not before it, hopes were enter- tained that coal seams of good quality and workable thickness would be found in the Jurassic rocks of Cutch. Captain Grant, R.E., after carrying on mining explorations for some time was, however, compelled to report that the seams had not been found of workable thickness and the coal was mostly slaty and incombustible. A few thin layers of carbonaceous shale were noticed by Mr. Wynne? as occurring in the Tertiary rocks, but they were not considered to be of economic importance. The most important of Captain Grant’s trials was made at Trombow, about 5 wiles to the north-east of Baj. The old work- ings at this place were examined by Dr. Blanford,* who found that the seam was 16 inches thick, of which only half was good coal. Trombow. Carbonaceous shale with coaly layers is said * to occur in the river north of Sisagadh; there is, however, no workable seam and the coal is excessively brittle. Coaly shale, of which 2 feet were visible, is reported * to occur in a_ stream west of QGuniri, near Sisagadh. Guniri. Lakpat. Kathiawar.—The occurrence of thin strings of coaly matter in a Tt band of carbonaceous shale of Jurassic age near nan. Than, north of Chotila, has given rise to fre- quent reports of the existence of coal in Kathiawar. Mr. Fedden,° who examined the deposits in 1883, has stated that it is not worthy of the name even of “‘ fuel,’’ as it will not support its own combustion. (x). Burma. Tenasservm.—in the Tenasserim Division coal has been found in the Tertiary rocks at a number of localities. Dr. Helfer ° appears to have been the earliest writer on the subject. In the year 1838 he made his first discoveries and described them in glowing language, which was only exceeded by the terms 1 Manual, Geol. Ind., Ul, p. 95. 2' Mem.. G. 8. I., Vol. LX, p. 386: (1872). 3 Ibid, Voi. VI, p. 23, (1867). * Mem., G. S. £., Vol. IX, p. 86 (1872). » Mem. G. S. 13, Vol. XX, p: 133 (1884). 6 Jour., As. Soc. Beng., VII, 701 (1838). 62 BALS: AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. b] “ nexhaustible beds of uniformly good quality ’’ made use of by the Coal Commiitee. In 1841 Captain Tremenheere ! visited and reported on the coal deposits on the Great Tennasserim river at a point 67 miles above Mergui. He described in detail the working of the Govern- ment coal prospects at Tendau. In the year 1855 all the then known localities were either visited by Dr. Oldham? or conclusive information was obtained regarding them. Out of 13 named localities, in five,—namely, Bankyop, Tagoo Creek, Banpyai and Manton, on the Great Tennas- serim river, and in Tagit Creek on the Little Tennasserim no coal exists,—black carbonaceous deposits incapable of supporting com- bustion having been mistaken for coal. Out of the remaining eight localities two were too remote to be visited, and the occur- rence of coal was doubtful. In the Manual of the Geology of India, Ball? quoting Dr. Oldham gives a description of the outcrops at Thoo-hte-Khyoung or Thatay Khyoung, Heinlap or Heimlat, and Kan-ma-pying, all on the Great Tennasserim river; and also at Tsing Koon and Atong-wo, situated respectively on the Little Tennasserim and Lenya rivers. In 1871, Mark Fryar* reported favourably on the coal at Tendau, but considered the distance of the deposit from markets to be too great for profitable exploitation. During the season 1891-92 coal prospecting operations were carried on under the direction of T. W. H. Hughes’ in Kamapying on the Htiphanko stream, a tributary of the Great Tennasserim river, where a seam of good coal occurs. A year later the whole of the coal outcrops on the Great Tennasserim river were ex- amined by P. N. Bose, and described by him under the name of the Tendau-Kamapying coalfield. The following details are abstracted from his report.° Tendau-Kamapying.—Coal of both Carboniferous and Tertiary ages occurs in the Tennasserim valley. The former is the more widely distributed, but although it has been repeatedly examined 1 Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., I; 417-430 (1842). 2 Sel. Rec., Govt. Ind., X, 31 (1855). SAVOl UU palo. * Geol. papers on Brit. Burma, 418-419, 440, 444-446 (1871-72). 5 Rec., G. 8. Z., XXV, 161 (1892); X XVI, 40 (1893), 6 Ree, G. &. I., XXVI, 148 (1893), DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. — 63 by means of boring and sinking no workable deposit has been met with. The most promising locality is at Therabwin, but even here the coal is of poor quality and occurs in thin lenticular strings seldom more than 2 or 3 inches in thickness. The Tertiary coal is found in a narrow synclinal trough, 14 miles in length by 2 miles in breadth, traversed from end to end by the Great Tennasserim river. The dip of the rocks varies from 30° to 35°. Coal is found only on the western side of the river. It was first worked in 1841 at Cha Mitwe (formerly Thatay- Chaung) in the village of Tendau where the thickness is about 7 feet. In this locality the coal seam probably extends along the strike for about 14 miles. Assuming the average thickness to be only four feet the amount of workable coal within a depth of 300 feet from the surface would be more than half-a-million tons. About 11 miles further up-stream coal outcrops in Kamapying in the Heinlat stream, and again in the Htiphanko stream three. quarters of a mile further north. The maximum thickness of the coal on the Heinlat is 23 feet, but borings and sinkings extending for about 300 feet along the strike proved it to be somewhat uregular. The section exposed by excavationon the Htiphanko was :— Coal : ‘4 : ; : ‘ ; 5 ee OClOs Shale : A ‘ 3 : 3 F : Bye” (07 Coal . A 2 ; ‘ ; F : Ane 2 VE Shale ; - é 4 - : ; aos 0% Good coal 5 : ‘ - : 5 A se ac Assuming that the Kamapying seam extends for three-quarters of a mile along the strike, with a workable thickness of 15 feet, the amount of coal within a workable depth of 300 feet would be nearly 900,000 tons. The following are analyses of the Kamapy- ing coal :— Heinlat Htiphanko : stream. stream (lower bed). Moisture . 2 F ; , C 16-40 11°34 Volatile matter : 3 3 ; 35-08 36-40 Fixed carbon . ‘ é A 6 44-24 43-27 Ash . 5 4 ; é ; 4-28 8-99 The first sample caked poorly and the latter not at all. The coal might be floated down the river to Mergui in shallow draught 64 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. barges. Owing to its lignitic character, however, the fuel is not likely ever to command more than a limited local market. Up to the present time no workings on a commercial scale have been undertaken. Little Tenasserim River—Tsing Koon.—This locality is 121 miles from Mergui and 80 miles from Tenasserim, and is on the frontiers of Siam. The seam or seams examined by Dr. Oldham were too small to be of any practical value; the quality, were it not for the presence of a certain amount of pyrites, is good. The dip is iets Lenya River—A-tong-wo.—This locality is about 8 miles above the Lenya village on the Lenya river, which joins the sea south of Mergui. The coal is exposed in the bank of a small tributary called the Phha; but it unfortunately proved to be only an irregular bed varying from 1 foot to 2 feet 6 inches in thickness; it is throughout laminar with thin seams of jetty coal beoeen the layers, and very numerous imbedded nodular lumps of a resinous amber-like substance. The whole appearance of the rocks suggested to Dr. Oldham that they were more modern than those of the Tenasserim district. The coal and associated rocks dip at from 35° to 38°, to between 15° and 30° north of east. The coal ignites with some difficulty, but retains its shape after the lumps become red hot. The amber-like resin causes it to blaze up. It comes out of the bed in large solid masses, and if it occurred in abund- ance would be a useful fuel for many purposes. Henzada.—Coal in this district was reported on by R. Romanis! in 1882, and by M. Stuart? in 1910. The best outcrop was found near the Shuayning stream ata point 4 miles west-north-west of Kywaising, a village 15 miles west of the Irrawadi. An excava- tion exposed the following section dipping at an angle of 30° :— Coal with four shaly partings . : 6 C 2 OF Carbonaceous shale . : : 2 ; é = wel 6m Good coal 3 5 : : S ; : 2 OF Inferior coal. 3 ; ‘ ‘ ‘ : 3 SL QKEOF Near the village of Hleemouk, 9 miles to the south-west, a seam 22 inches thick occurs. The dip is about 45° and the rocks are much disturbed. A third locality is near Posogyi on the 1 Rec., G. 8S. T.,. XV, 178 (1882). 2 Report on the Geology of Henzada, Rangoon (1911). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. = 65 Padau river, 17 miles north of Kywaising. The coal is very friable and varies in thickness from 6 to 18 inches, occasionally pinching out altogether. The general dip is about 60° and the strata are much contorted. The following analyses of the coal have been made :— Kywalsing seam.” Posogyi seam. Moisture . : : “ ; . 1-48 1°55 6°36 Volatile matter - 6 é A 26-58 1300 18-21 Fixed carbon . = . : A 65:12 79:90 69-65 Ash : : > 5 A : 6-82 5-55 5-78 The coal is a bright splintery substance of the nature of anthra- cite. It is non-coking. To burn it properly a forced draught is required, and very careful firing is necessary. It is excellent smithy fuel. Its main drawback is the small state of division in which it is obtained. In 1882 the Kywaising outcrops were tested? by tunnels and borings made under the supervision of the Local Government, and again in 1908 by a Rangoon Syndicate, but the disturbed condi- tion of the rocks and the transport and labour difficulties have up to the present prevented the exploitation of the deposit on a commercial basis. Thayetmyo.—Near Thayetmyo coal was discovered? in the year 1855, and a mine was opened which at first gave good promise of yielding a quality of coal that would have been most serviceable for the steam navigation of the Irrawadi. Owing to the beds being nearly vertical, mining would have been attended with considerable difficulty. This might not have proved an insurmountable obstacle ; but the fact that the two seams which were originally discovered, gradually merged into one, which ultimately died out, led to the abandonment of operations after a few hundredweights had been extracted. Another seam, also worthless, was discovered, according to Mr. Theobald,* near the village of Chouk-kalah on the Mu 1 Figures furnished by Messrs. Gillanders, Arbuthnot & Co. in 1907. 2 Colliery Guardian, XLVI, 984 (1883). 3 Oldham, Dr. ; Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., X, 101 (1856). * Mem. G. S. I., X, pt. 3, p. 154 (1873). 66 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. stream, 3 miles south of Tham-bayadeing boundary pillar. It is a bed of carbonaceous shale including one foot of hard coal and a few stringy seams, amounting in all to 18 inches. The dip is 70° to east by north. Its situation is more than 30 miles from the Irrawadi. In 1878' and again in 18852 further prospecting was carried on on the deposits near Thayetmyo. Apparently the attempts were quite unsuccessful. In the Shu stream above Sabata, traces of carbonized trunks or lignite have been met with, and have given rise to fallacious hopes of a source of fuel. The rocks in these localities are of eocene age. Similar worthless indications of coal have been found in many localities in Lower Burma, as at Dalhousie near the mouth of the Bassein river. Arakan Division.—F¥or a period of more than 70 years attention has been directed to the carbonaceous deposits of Arakan. They admit of being discussed in three groups, the northern including the Baronga Islands, the central including Ramri and Cheduba and the southern the mainland in the Sandoway district. Baronga Islands.—These are three islands situated south of Akyab harbour. On the western coast of the eastern island called Angara-Khyong, about two or three miles from its southern extremity, coal is said to have been found at three localities below high-water mark. In one place it was thought that the bed of coal was 5 feet thick; in another 18 inches; the third being very small. On the central island called Peni-Khyong, at the southern end, coal in a seam one foot thick was reported to exist.2 The dips are so high and the probability of the existence of a large seam of continuous thickness so slender, that in spite of any results from assays no future can be safely predicted for these deposits, though it is conceivable that a limited amount of useful fuel might be obtained. Samples from Baronga were forwarded to the Geological Survey by Colonel Sladen, and through the Economic Museum for examination ; 1 Brit. Burma, Admin. Rep., p. 35, 1877-78. 2 Ree, G. S. I, SSVI, 1500 (8s): ® Coal Committee’s Final Report, 1846, DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. — 67 the former proved on examination to be lignite in which the woody structure was apparent. The assays gave the following results :— Water . . . . . . . 4 5 5 0) Volatile, matter . ; : > 37°5 358 Fixed carbon , . 4 . = . 49-6 52:3 Ash . . . . . . . 8 +4. 6 9 100 100 It is not known where the exact spots were whence these were obtained, or whether they occurred in real seams or merely in nests, as is not improbable. A sample of coal forwarded by the Baronga Oil Co. to England for examination by Mr. Redwood, was subjected to destructive distillation and yielded 13°74 per cent. of tar and 12-03 per cent. of ammoniacal liquor. The sample would not coke and it contained 8 per cent. of ash. Ramri Island.—Although attention has been directed to the car- bonaceous deposits of Ramri for many years, only one seam giving even a slight promise of containing coal in workable quantity, has as yet been discovered. Some ten or a dozen localities might be mentioned where at different times hopes were raised that a source of fuel would be found. In the majority of cases these yielded only lenticular nests of lignite, or, in some instances single logs of carbonized wood imbedded inthe sandstones ; in the others, as at Hung and near Kyaukphyu, the seams were too thin and too steep to be worked. Under these circuinstances it is pleasant to be able to quote from Mr. Mallet’s report! his account of a seam or rather seams of slightly more promise, but it must be stated that these are unlikely ever to possess any very high commercial value. The best seams occur less than one mile west-10°-north of the village of Tsetama. One seam has a thickness of 6 feet, and the other, of 2 feet 5 inches. The dip is 50°. The coal is apt to fall to pieces after a short exposure. Besides the high dip there is one other circumstance unfavour- able to the prospect of the six-foot seam ever proving largely pro- ductive, and this is that in the upturned edges of the beds with 2 Rec., G. S. I., XT, 207 (1878). Ff 2 68 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. which it occurs it does not appear except at this one spot, so that its lateral extension is probably limited. Mr. Mallet believed that the cost of raising it would be so high that it would probably not find a market for local purposes at A yab. The following assays are by Mr. Mallet :— : : Hy grosopic | Caking Colour of Seam. | Carbon. Volatile. erated Ash. | properties. ash: Tsetama . . | 43°5 28°8 8-4 19°3 | Cakes Reddish | slightly. grey. ead be 38°4 28'9 46 || “ea Wepoemmee Light grey. | cake, > 1-ft. 5 48'°6 33°1 10'8 75 Cakes . | Red. Cheduba Island.—Mr. Mallet (loc. cit.) describes a seam _ seen in a stream which descends from a hill north-east of Pallang Rao. It is only two feet six inches thick and dips to east-20°-south at an angle of 40°. It is similar in appearance to the coal at Tsetama. A carbonaceous sandstone was described by Captain Halstead! as occurring less than a mile from the beach to the south of Pagoda Hill. Sandoway.—On the mainland of Arakan, in the neighbourhood of Sandoway, thin carbonaceous deposits have from time to time been discovered and samples of lignite from the Arakan Hill Tracts have been forwarded, but at present there are no solid grounds for believing that a deposit of value exists in these regions. Yenangyaung.—In an account of a visit to the petroleum wells at Rainanhong (Yenangyaung) published in 1797, Captain Hiram Cox? mentions that coal is found in the wells at a depth of 130 cubits from the surface. Subsequent writers have referred to the same fact. Its distribution appears to be sporadic, but, it appears to be connected with the occurrence of the oil. From an analysis made in the Geological Survey laboratory the fuel must be a lignite of moderate quality. Similar strings of coal have been met with in the Yenangyat oilfield.? None of the occurrences, however, are of any economic importance. 1 Jour., As. Soc. Beng., X, 444 (1841). 2 Asiatic Researches, Vf, 130 (1797). ® Grimes, G, E., Mem., G. S. I., XXVIII, 54 (1898). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 69 Pakokku and Myingyan Districts —In 1873 Captain G. A. Strover! mentions that coal is known to exist in the Pakokku district at Yaignaw, east of Nattaik, in the neighbourhood of Yaw. The locality was visited by Mr. P. N. Datta in 1892. No workable deposit was discovered. The analysis? of a sample from near Pakhoung village shows that the coal is a lignite of fair quality. Captain Strover also refers to an outcrop of coal near Pagan in the Myingyan district. Panlaung river, ete.—This coalfield is situated partly in the Meiktila district and partly in the Southern Shan States, at a point about 60 miles south-south-east of Mandalay. Coal in this neighbourhood was mentioned as occurring at Minapalaung by Captain Strover ? in 1873. The area was examined by EH. J. Jones * in 1887, who reports that the extent over which coal occurs is from 150 to 200 sq. miles. He examined 11 separate groups of outcrops, the most promising being at Thabyetaungdan, where seams respectively 2 feet and 54 feet thick were found. The rocks are of Tertiary age, and are much disturbed, lying at angles approximating to the vertical. Owing to this feature and the thinness and extreme inconstancy of the coal seams together with the crushed condition of the coal Mr. Jones was not sanguine of its profitable exploitation. From the following analysis it can be seen that some of the coal is of excellent chemical quality :— Average of Average of 3 samples. 4 samples. Moisture . ‘ ; A A : 2-68 2°76 Volatile matter 5 é é : : 21:31 10-63 Fixed carbon . . - é 6 72-39 64:58 Ash 5 : ‘ a 5 F : 3°62 22-03 A considerable amount of coal is said to have been quarried from these outcrops in King Mindoon’s time, for use at the Sagaing iron-works. Coal seams of similar character but inferior quality were also examined by Mr. Jones at Legaung, near Singulebyin and Ngu, near Pwehla, localities some 20 odd miles south-east of the Panlaung coalfield. About 12 miles still further south-east the same observer found a seam of lignite of moderate quality at Thigyit, 1 Indian Economist, V, 14 (1873). 2G. 8. I., Laboratory Records. 3 Indian Economist, V, 14 (1873): 4 Rec., G. S. I., XX, 177 (1887). 70 BALL AND SIMPSON; COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 11 miles west of Indeinmyo. The thickness of the bed varies from 2 to 3 feet, and in one case 6 feet The dip is from 15° to 45°. At a later date outcrops of a similar lignite bed were found at Nangon, near Pwehla by C. §8. Middlemiss! who also examined what he considered to be a continuation of the Panlaung and Legaung coal seams at Payabyu (Po-pyu) near Inwin, 8 miles south-west by south of Thamakan. He also visited the outcrop at Ngotko-Yagyi (Mr. Jones’ ‘‘ Ngu’’), and characterised the mineral as graphitic shale. A similar material is said to occur north-east of Thit-e-bin, near Pindaya. Northern Shan States.—Beds of lignite of late Tertiary age have been found to occur in scattered basins occupying depressions in the ancient Paleozoic floor of the Northern Shan States. Four of these known as the Lashio, Namma, Man-Sang and Man-Se-Le coalfields, have been examined and mapped by officers of the Geological Survey. Lashio."—The area of this coalfield is about 50 sq. miles and it lies within two or three miles of the terminus of the Manda- lay-Lashio railway. Outcrops of coal have been found at several points, but owing to the thick coat of alluvium which obscures the rocks no attempt at correlating the seams and estimating the amount of fuel can be made without recourse to boring operations. The thickest outcrop measures 25 feet, whilst others are 3, 53, 6 and 11 feet in thickness. Bulk samples of the thick seam were recently obtained from inclines sunk by the Burma Railway Com- pany. After trials the coal was condemned as a locomotive fuel. It is a brown-black lignite, disintegrating on exposure to air. Representative analyses are :— Hsunkwe, Naleng. Moisture . A 5 3 : M 5 19-79 17-76 Volatile matter é 5 ‘ 7 : 34:79 35-64 Fixed sarbon . 5 6 3 a - 30-42 37-40 Ash 5 C 5 6G ; : ‘ 13-57 9-20 Sulphur . c 5 o 5 : 1-43 Namma2—This coalfield lies 11 miles south of the Lashio field, and is of about the same area, %.e., 50 sq. miles. The 1 Genl. Rep., G. S. I., 1899-1900, p. 150. 2 Noetling, F.: Rec., G. S. I., XXIV, 2, 99 (1891); LaTouche, T. D., and Simpson, R. R. : Rec., G. S. I., XX XIII, 2, 117 (1906). 3 Simpson, R. R.: Rec., G. S. I., XXXII, 2, 125 (1906). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 7] principal coal seam is found near Namma village and its outcrop has been traced for about half-a-mile, the thickness varying from 7 to 17 feet. The coal is a lustrous lignite of which the following represents an average analysis :— Moisture . ° - : A - - 18-16 Volatile matter 4 : 2 : ‘ ‘ 34-96 Fixed carbon . 5 ‘ : : ; ; 38-39 Ash 5 3 ; : : : ; 7-66 Sulphur . . : : : : ; : 0-83 It has been estimated that about half-a-million tons are avail- able near Namma. 5 F ; 5 16-92 Johilla.—Coal on the Johilla river was known to occur as early as 1840, when Dr. Spilsbury* mentions the fact. The measures are exposed about 13 miles 8S. E. of Umaria and constitute two tracts, of which only the larger, an area of 114 square miles, is known to contain workable coal deposits. The most notable out- crop is near the confluence of the Ganjra stream with the Johilla river, where shallow borings proved seams of coal, respectively, 17 and 6 feet in thickness. The inclination of the rocks is moderate and the quality of the coal good. The following is the average of three analyses given by Hughes :— Marjada outcrops. Volatile matter . - 5 ° 5 - P 34-85 Fixed carbon , . s . ° = ° 54-43 Ash 5 5 A ° ° 5 ° e 10-72 In summing up the capabilities of the field Mr. Hughes*® says “There appears to be quite}20 feet of coal and although the out- crop of the seam cannot be traced for more than two miles, it is 1 Hughes, op. cit. 2 Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 1X, 903 (1840), 8 Op. cit, 78 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. almost a certainty that both in the direction of Khodargaon and of Pali shallow sinkings would touch it.” Although unwilling to hazard a close estimate he considered that within a depth of 500 feet there are at least one hundred million tons of coal available. In 1902 borings undertaken on behalf of the Rewah Durbar, met with encouraging results and the field is now looked upon as a valuable reserve against the exhaustion of the Umaria coalfield at some far distant period. Sohagpur.—This, the main area of coal measures exposed in south Rewah, has a superficial extent of nearly 1,600 square miles and stretches from the river Son to the river Rer. The number of coal seams is small, and for such an area there is not an abundance of coal. The following are the most promising outcrops found by Hughes :!— A coal seam exceeding 5 feet in thickness comes to the surface between Bargaon and Kelhauri and can be picked up along its outcrop for a distance of 10 miles, appearing thrice in the Son river. Subsequent exploration by G. F. Reader’ in 1899-1900, showed that this seam varies in thickness from 154 feet (containing 134 feet of good coal) on the Bageha stream near Amlei to 4 feet 8 inches on the Son river near Bokahi. The dip is about 3°. On the Jamuniha stream near Nandnah, seams respectively 5 and 4} feet thick outcrop and can be traced over a very large area. At Bhalmuri and Dumarkachar outcrops a seam of coal exceeding 7 feet in thickness, but including a twelve inch band of carbona- ceous shale. This seam can be traced in the bed of a stream for. a mile and a half and its continuation is met with in other streams further afield. In astream north of Balbahara a 10-feet seam of coal outcrops and its probable extension is found in streams to the westward. Of the seams examined by Reader workable thicknesses with fair qualities of coal were found to occur south of Sabo in a tributary of the Bageha stream, near Rampur in a tributary of the Katna stream, as well as in the Amlei-Bokahi area mentioned above. 2 Op. cit. % Genl. Rep., G. 8. I., 1899-1900, p. 69, DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 7g The following are a few of the published analyses of coal samples from this field :-— Bhalmuri- Amlei, Bokahi. Nandnah, | Dumarka- | Balbahara, char Seam. Moisture . 5-2 Nominal. a 6°7 Volatile matter , 22-2 27°4 25-20 28-2 29-04 Fixed carbon 57-2 61-0 62-69 59-6 54:08 Ash . 15-4 11:6 12-11 55 16-88 Although the number of coal seams within the field is not large, yet the lateral extent is so great and the strata are, as a rule, lying at such low angles, that a very large amount of coal is available at a minimum depth. Singrauli—The name of this coalfield is derived from that of a petty principality now absorbed in the Rewah State and the adjoining districts of the United Provinces. The first discovery was made in 1840 by Captain Wroughton’ and analyses of the coal gave only 2 per cent. of ash. The best-known locality was Kota, where four bands of coal aggregating 4 feet 9 inches in thickness are found in a total thickness of 6 feet 3 inches of strata. For some years mining was carried on, the coal being carried over bad roads, a distance of about 80 miles to Mirzapur, where it was sold for use on the Ganges steamers. In reporting on the coalfield in 1857, D. Smith? refers to an outcrop of 9 feet of clean coal at Toorah, near Nowar Nagar, about 6 miles west of Kota. He also found coal being quarried in Rewah at Pudree, about 18 miles west of Kota, the seam being 21 feet in thickness. In 1894-96 the area was geologically mapped by a party under R. D. Oldham* during the course of the season’s operations in Rewah. The total area of Damudas is about 900 square miles. Coal seams were found in several localities, the thickest being near Ujeini and Amilia where thicknesses of 6 and 5} feet, respectively, 1 Eng. Jour., Caleutta, I, 340 (1859). 2 Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., LXTV, 93 (1868). 8 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. XXVIII, 117 (1895), 80 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. were encountered. The analyses’ of samples brought to Calcutta appear to have been disappointing. In 1896 mining was again carried on in the Mirzapur District (United Provinces). About 1,000 tons of coal were raised, but the enterprise was soon abandoned. (xii). Central Provinces. Ramkola-Tatapani.—This area is situated in the Sarguja State. It comprises the north-eastern portion of an extensive spread of Gondwana rocks, which reaches into Central India on the west. It is bounded on the east and west by the rivers Kunhar and Rer, and covers about 800 square miles. Less than one-third of the area is occupied by Lower Gondwana rocks ; the remainder being covered up by newer deposits. It is much disturbed and cut up by faults and there are numerous sheets and dykes of trap. The coal-bearing rocks (Barakars) cover about 100 square miles. They contain a fair number of coal-seams, but few of them are of workable thickness or quality. The best seam is found in the vicinity of the Morne river; it varies from 3} to 17 feet in thick- ness, and can be traced for more than a mile. The area was examined and described by C. L. Griesbach? in 1878-9, but he did not hazard an estimate of the available quan- tity of fuel nor submit the latter to the test of analysis. Owing to the uncertainty on these points and the isolated position of the field its present economic importance is not great. Jhilmilli®—This coalfield is situated in the Jhilmilli State, and lies across the Rer valley on the south-west of the Ramkola- Tatapani field. The coal measures (Barakars) occupy a lenticular area of about 41 square miles and their boundary is faulted on the north. In the Manikmara stream seven coal outcrops are exposed, the respective thicknesses of which are—l’0", 2”0", 3’6", 1’4", 1/2", 6’ 6”, and 6/0”. Only the top of the sixteen-inch seam was exposed 1 Rec., G. S. I., XXX, 4 (1897). 2 Mem., G. S. I., Vol. XV, p. 129 (1880). 8 Hughes: Mem., G. 8. J., Vol, XXI, p. ®9 (1885). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. = g] and from the analysis of this portion appended it can be seen that it is of excellent quality :— Volatile matter : ‘ . A : 5 33°8 Fixed carbon . / é ; : : ‘ 60:6 Ash A é : ; m : . , 5:6 It is, moreover, a good coking coal. All these seams are nearly horizontal and accordingly so far favourable for working. Their position in the valley is, however, eminently not so. Bisrampur.—This field lies in Central Sarguja, at an elevation of 1,800 feet above sea-level; its area is about 400 square miles. The coal measures are Barakars ; they are little disturbed by fault- ing and are for the most part horizontal. Trap intrusions are few, A large number of coal seams has been discovered ; most of them are of small thickness and the covering of alluvium which obscures the rocks renders their correlation impossible. Ball," who mapped the area in 1872, considered that good coal exists in fair abundance ; but that borings are necessary before the extent and thickness of the seams can be estimated. The landlocked and isolated position of the field renders it unlikely that its resources will be drawn upon for many years to come. The following analyses of the coal are taken from Mr. Ball’s report :— Average of Average of 3 2 sampues samples from the from the Rer and Mahan and Pasang Masan rivers, rivers. Volatile matter : 4 ‘ : 37°6 32:3 Fixed carbon . : : : 2 57-0 48-1 Ash : F 6 C : 6 5-4 19-6 Bansar.—A. small coalfield in this locality was mapped by Lala Hira Lal’ in 1888-89. It lies some 5 miles east of Bisrampur and has an area of about 10 square miles. A coal seam exceed- ing one foot in thickness was found at a point 1 mile N. W. of Darridih. Lakhanpur.—This field is situated on the Hestho river partly in Sarguja and partly in Bilaspur. It is separated from the 1 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. VI, p. 25 (1873). 2 MS. Report, 1888-89, 82 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Bisrampur area by a fault and a belt of Talchirs. In 1882 Ball? wrote concerning the field as follows :— “The coal-bearing rocks are Barakars, and they contain several seams of coal. The best seam outcrops in the Chandnai river near Kutkona; it is 5 feet 6 inches thick and contains about equal parts of good, fair and burnable shaly coal.” He suggested borings within a mile radius of Ambera and Kutkona, and considered that there was a good prospect of coal being found of fair quantity and quality at no great depth and in aproximately horizontal beds. In 1885-87 the whole field was examined by Lala Hira Lal,’ who estimated the total area to be 340 square miles. He mentions outcrops of coal seams as occurring on the Mani stream near its confluence with the Rer river, near Salih, near Rode, on the Ranai stream near Khorbahar, near Kohikundra, on the Atem stream north of Parsa, on the Chornai stream, on the Bisrar stream N. and N. E. of Kedai and in other localities. The thickness of coal varies from 3 to 9 feet, whilst the ash varies from 5 to 28 per cent. A typical 3ample from a seam exceeding 5 feet 6 inches in thick- ness on the Atem stream, north of Parsa gave on analysis :— Moisture . : 4 . 5 6 4 3 7:50 Volatile matter 4 és ° 5 6 28-70 Fixed carbon . 4 5 5 6 : 50-90 Ash = E 5 : a : é F 12:90 None of the samples possessed caking qualities. PanchbhainiIn Paharbula, Sarguja. This is a small area of about 44 square miles. According to Lala Hira Lal® there are several seams of good quality, varying from 18 to 40 inches in thickness. Sendurgar’—This outlier of the Lakhanpur coalfield is sit- uated in Mahtin, and lies some 5 miles west of the Hestho river. The coal measures form a plateau of about 20 square miles in 1 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. KV, p. 108 (1882). 2 MS. Report, 1885-87. 3 MS. Report, 1885-86. 4 Lala Hira Lal: MS. Report, 1885-86. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. gg extent. The following are analyses of coal seams with a thickness of 10 and 4 feet, respectively :— 10’ seam, 4’ seam. Moisture . 5 < ‘ ‘ ; 6:50 8-46 Volatile matter 5 : 4 - 20-20 30°74 Fixed carbon . é : : : 50-20 54-40 Ash 5 : ‘ : 5 : 23-10 6-40 non-coking caking. The country is a rough one and difficult of access. Damhamunda..—Another outlier is found near Damhamunda in the same sub-division. The area is 4} sq. miles. The coal is poor and the seams thin. Rampur (Sarguja).—This coalfield must not be confounded with that portion of the Raigarh-Hingir field which Mr. G. F. Reader has described in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Volume XXXII, part 2, and to which he gave the same name. The area under discussion adjoins the Lakhanpur coalfield on the north, and is bounded on the east by Mainpat; on the south it passes into the Mand area described below, and on the west it is connected with the great area of coal-measure rocks which stretches to Korba. In 18827 Ball reported that the only seam of any value which has been discovered crops out near the foot of Ramgarh hill. It is 4 feet 6 inches thick and the coal is rather stony. Coal is also said to occur on the Chornai river. The field was re-visited in 1886-87 by Lala Hira Lal* who estimated the total area to be 70 square miles. He mentions numerous localities in which coal occurs in seams of from 2 to 7 feet in thickness. From his analyses the inorganic matter appears to vary from 12 to 25 per cent., but a five feet seam outcropping in a tributary of the Dhamgora stream at a point a mile east of Bhakue, yielded less than 4 per cent. Kurasia.—This field is situated on the east of the Hestho river in the Korea State. The superficial area of the Barakar rocks is 48 square miles. In the course of a partial examination of the field Hughes * discovered seven outcrops of coal. The three most important seams 1 Lala Hira Lal : 17S. Report, 1885-86. 2 V. Ball: Rec., G. &. I., Vol. XV, p. 111 (1882). 3 MS. Report, 1886-87. 4 Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XX, p. 208 (1885) 84 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. occur in the neighbourhood of the village of Kurasia; their respect- ive thicknesses are 13}, 6 and 8 feet. From the following analyses it can be seen that the coal is of excellent quality :— 134 feet 63 feet seam, seam, Moisture . : 5 : 5 : 2-20 6:84 Volatile matter : C C : 26-95 25:59 Fixed carbon . ; ' 0 7 64-65 59-95 Ash : - 5 a 5 5 6:20 7-62 Although no estimate of the total quantity has been put forward there is little doubt that in this field there is a large and valuable reserve of fuel. As, however, it lies fully 30 miles distant, over dificult country, from the nearest railway line (Bengal-Nagpur Railway, Katni-Bilaspur bianch) its resources are not likely to be requisitioned for some time to come. Koreagarh.—This independent area of Barakars is a small basin of which merely the outline has been traced. It lies rather more than 2 miles to the south-east of the Kurasia field and covers about 6 square miles. No seams of any value have been noticed, but Hughes? con- sidered it highly probable that with closer search they will be proved. The Chhattisgarh coalfields—These fields are situated in the Chhattisgarh Division and the neighbouring tributary states on the north. The area comprises some 2,500 square miles, but is con- nected on the north-west with the Sarguja fields. Over a large portion of the ground the coal-measures are overlain by younger rocks. The former are exposed in three distinct areas:—(1) in the neighbourhood of Korba, (2) on the Mand river, (3) in the vicinity of Rampur on the Keb river. Korba.—This portion of the Chhattisgarh coalfields stretches through the village of Korba in an east and west direction for some 36 miles with an average width of about 8 miles, but also extends far to the north being practically continuous with the Lakhanpur coalfield. It was first visited by W. T. Blanford,? in 1870, who reported favourably on the thick seam outcropping in the Hasdu river near Korba. In 1886 boring exploration was undertaken under the superintendence of W. King,® who found 2 Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XXI, p. 204 (1885} 2 Rec., a. Semles Vol. III, 54-57 (1870). 3 Rec., G. 8. I., Vol. XIX, 223 (1886), XX, 198 (1887). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 85 that the Korba seam had a thickness of 69 feet and consisted of a series of alternations of poor coal and carbonaceous shale, yield- ing on the average 37:28 per cent. of ash. A more promising seam, about 5 feet in thickness, occurs near Ghordewa. Assays of this seam gave the following figures :— Boring 72 feet Outcrop. deep at 429 feet from outcrop, Moisture. P : ‘ ; 8°52 5:30 Volatile matter . ‘ : : 30-03 28-08 Fixedcarbon . ; : : 54-65 53°21 Ash : : : 2 : 6-80 13-41 On the Ganjar stream, 22 miles west of Korba, a seam 22 feet thick outcrops. The average analysis of the coal yielded 25 per cent. of inorganic material. As the coalfield lies not less than 20 miles from the railway, and no large amount of good coal has been proved it does not offer much inducement to investors. Mand rwer.—This coalfield was partially examined by Blanford ! in 1870, and in more detail by Ball” in the following year. Although neither was successful in finding workable coal seams of good quality they were hopeful that boring operations would be successful in bringing them to light. The length of the coalfield from north to south is about 35 miles and it lies along the valley of the Mand river, the width being about 10 miles on the average. There is a large number of coal seams, but their quality is inferior, most of them being little if any better than carbonaceous shale. In 1886, a number of bore-holes were put down by King® in the neighbourhood of Tuinidih, about 20 miles N. W. of Raigarh. In every case the quality of the coal seams was found to be too poor for profitable exploitation. Rampur.—This, the most eastern portion of the Chhattisgarh coal area, extends from the Keb river for a distance of more than 50 miles to the north-west reaching within 8 miles of the Mand river field. The coal-bearing rocks are exposed over an irregular area of about 300 square miles. They were originally described by Ball* as the Raigarh-Hingir coalfield, but the present name was 1 Rec., G. S. I., 11, 71 (1870). 2 Rec., G. S. I., XV, 112 (1882). 3 Rec., G. S. I., XIX, 222 (1886); XX, 194 (1887). 4 Rec., G. S. I., IV, 101 (1811); ibid, VIII, 102 (1875). 86 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. adopted by the Government of the Central Provinces for convenience, the most important part of the area being in the neighbourhood of Rampur,’ a village situated 24 miles north of Sambalpur. Between the years 1884 and 1886 systematic boring experiments were carried on by King” in the Lillari, Oira and Baisandar valleys, but although there is a large number of seams of considerable thickness the quality of the coal was in every case found to be inferior. Some 10 years later interest in the field was again aroused by the discovery of a seam of coal in the excavation of the foundation of the Eeb bridge on the Bengal-Nagpur Rail- way. A number of bore-holes, one of which reached a depth of 828 feet, and a shaft were put down in the neighbourhood by the railway company, but the general results were unsatisfactory, the extension of the seam remaining unproved. In 1900 a detailed examination of the Heb river was made by G. F. Reader,* who demonstrated that the seam found in the bridge excava- tions is faulted. He considered this to be the only seam of value within the area and advised the putting down of a series of shallow borings on the outcrop duplicated by the fault. The thickness of this seam in the best section obtained is 7 feet 10 inches, including a band of bituminous shale 8 inches thick. Samples of this seam obtained from shallow pits gave the following analyses :— Moisture . 2 ; ; ‘ : 8-00 9-00 Volatile matter . ‘ < A ‘ 20-90 24-30 Fixed carbon 3 ‘ c " 52-20 54-90 ASH ere 5 5 é 5 3 : 18:90 11-80 In concluding his account of the Eeb river coal area Mr. Reader gave it as his opinion that despite the extensive boring experiments which had been carried out the lower 200 feet of the Barakar rocks were still unexplored. He advised the putting down of a bore- hole to the Talchirs at a poimt 3 mile HE. S. E. of Kodopali, and estimated that the depth would be about 600 feet. Such a bor- ing would pass through the Keb river seam and _ facilitate the determination of its fauited outcrop. Rampur was recentiy included in the Bengal Presidency, but a portion of the coalfield is still in the Central Provinces. 2 Rec., XVII, 123 (1884) ; XVIII, 169 (1885) ; XTX, 210 (1886) ; XX, 200 (1887). 3 Mem., G. S. L., Vol. XXXII, 89 (1901). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 87 In 1909 the area again attracted attention and the establish- ment of a working colliery was initiated. In 1910, 830 tons of coal were mined. Lameta Ghat, etc.—This locality is on the right bank of the Narbada, near Lameta, and about 9 miles W. 8S. W. of Jabalpur. The coal is of Upper Gondwana age; it occurs as a seam 2 feet 11 inches thick, of which an 8-inch layer is composed of shale in two bands.!' The fuel is impure and has a distinctly lignitic character; a picked sample yielded 20 per cent. of inorganic matter. Coal, on approximately the same geological horizon was found at a depth of 70 feet in a well at Jabalpur. The Lameta coal has been quarried intermittently for brick-burning purposes since early times. Coal of the same age was also extracted on the Sher and Machariwa rivers near Sehora and similar deposits have been exa- mined in the following localities : ?— (1) On the Mahanadi, N. E. of Jabalpur ; (2) In the Hard river, a tributary of the Sakkur ; (3) On the flanks of Nimugarh, south of Mohpani. In no single case have the deposits been considered worthy of exploitation for more than purely local purposes. Wardha Valley—tThese coalfields are situated in the Chanda and Wun districts. They occupy the valley of the Wardha river for a distance of about 72 miles in a straight line, the total area being 1,600 square miles. The coal-bearing rocks (Barakars) have a thickness of only 250 feet, and as a consequence their distribution is very broken, and the area they occupy at the surface small. There is hardly a con- nected exposure in the field, and the knowledge which has been acquired of the composition of the rocks, and their order of suc- cession is due far more to the details ascertained by borings than to any natural sections. There appears to be only one coal horizon, and it occurs near the top of the coal measures. The thickness of coal varies from nothing up to 90 feet, the average being about 30 feet. he general dip of the rocks is low. Our knowledge of the coalfields is almost entirely due to the labours of T. W. H. Hughes? who between 1870-1876 mapped 1 Mallet : Rec., G. S. I., XXII, 146 (1889). 2 Medlicott, H. B.: Rec., G. S. 7., TIL, 65 (1870). 3 Mem., G. S. I., XVI, pt. 1 (1877). 88 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. the area, and superintended the execution of an elaborate scheme of boring operations. Warora.—The Warora basin is situated about 62 miles south of Nagpur and in the Chanda district. The coal-bearing rocks are overlain by younger deposits, chiefly alluvium. Borings commenced in 1870 proved that they occur in a basin to the east of Warora at a depth of from 63 to 285 feet from the surface. The area actually proved was about three-quarters of a square mile, but the extension of the basin to the south appeared to be probable. There are two seams of coal, the thicknesses! of which average 12 and 15 feet, respectively. The coal is somewhat friable and dis- integrates on exposure to the air. It is inferior in quality to Raniganj coal, owing to the excess of moisture and smaller amount of fixed carbon which it contains. The following analyses were made prior to 1877 :*— Average Average of 2 of 2 samples, samples, Moisture. : : ; 5 . 11-72 2 Volatile matter . 5 3 : 5 29°33 33°25 Fixed carbon : c és ; 43-80 52-50 Sulphur. . - : : : 1-55 2 Ash ; : é : ‘ A 13-60 14-25 The coal is very liable to spontaneous combustion, and about 70 per cent. of the proved coal-bearing area is said® to have been lost by fire and to be dammed off. The quantity of coal in 1877, was estimated by Hughes to be 20 million tons, and he considered that the probable extension of the basin to the south might swell this amount to 60 or 109 million tons. Collieries were worked in this field under the direction of the Gov- ernment of India from 1873 to 1906, and owing to the excessive quantity of water andthe frequency of underground fires, consider- able expense was incurred. In 1891-93, efforts were made to prove by means of borings the extension of the coal seams to the dip, but they appear to have been unsuccessful. In 1906 so considerable a subsidence took place as to necessitate the closing down of the collieries. Such a contingency had been 1 R. W. Clarke: Coai Mining in India, /rans. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXII, p. 87 (1901-02). 2 Hughes : loc. cit., pp. 99-100. 8 Clarke : loc. cit. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 89 provided for by the sinking of shafts at Ballarpur, about 30 miles further down the Wardha river. The staff and machinery were transferred to these new winnings and a considerable output is now being obtained. Since the commencement of mining operations at Warora up to the year 1904-05 nearly 3 million tons of coal’ were raised; the output for 1904-05 was 112,319 tons, whilst the largest output on record was raised in 1902, the amount being 153,336 tons. Ghugus.—This area contains about 3 square miles. Allowing a thickness of 30 feet, the amount of coal would be 90 million tons. The average assay of 32 boring samples of the coal gave :— Volatile matter . . ;: , 5 5 5 33°49 Carbon 6 : $ ; i ; 3 . 45-61 Ash . : A : | 5 : A P 20-90 A pit was sunk in 1870. The depth to coal was 74 feet and the thickness of the seam exceeded 32 feet. For some time about 70 tons of coal per month was raised, but the mine was eventually closed down owing to the advantage of position possessed by the Warora basin. Wun.—In this area there are at least 80 square miles of probably productive coal lands, the total amount of coal being about 2,100 million tons. Actual proof of the occurrence of coal was obtained throughout 13 miles of country between Wun and Papur; the area is 7 square miles and allowing 15 feet of coal, the amount would be 105 million tons. Similar proof exists of an area 5 square miles between Junara and Chicholi, under which the thickness of coal averages 30 feet. The quantity is 150 million tons. In the above figures only the coal above a depth of 500 feet is taken into account. In the early days of the exploration shafts were sunk in the Wun-Papur area at Pisgaon; the seam was found to be 21 feet thick, and to be of the usual quality. Analyses are as follow :— 2th tect, feet, Volatile matter . 0 . 5 ‘ 19-6 19-2 Fixed carbon O : : : 62:8 651 Ash . ; 2 6 : 9 3 17:6 15:7 1 Annual Report on the Warora Colliery, 1904-05. 90 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Ballarpur, Sasti and Paoni.—This coal area lies 7 miles S. S. E: of Chanda and is situated chiefly on the Hyderabad side of the river. At an early date borings proved coal in two local basins, one between Paoni and Gaori and the other east of Sasti. The average thickness is 40 feet, which, over an area of 1} square miles, gives 60 million tons of coal. Analyses of the coal are :— Average of 2 outcrop Average samples of 5 of the samples lower 74 from A feet shaft, and, Moisture. : é A : 5 4-50 } 22-76 Volatile matter . : 5 é : 36-20 Vixed carbon a : A ° A 50-55 60:95 Ash . é 6 6 : C c 8°75 16-29 In 1905 an exploration for coal was carried on by the Govern- ment of the Central Provinces at Ballarpur on the British side of the river. Borings proved 36 million tons of workable coal over an area of 2 square miles. Two pits reached the seam, which exceeds 50 feet (20 feet workable) in thickness, at a depth of 200 feet from the surface. A working colliery has since been established and in 1910 the output was 93,276 tons. Up till July 1910 some 200,000 tons of coal had been raised from this mine. An analysis of a sample from the boring cores gave the following result :— Moisture . : 5 és : s : 5 11-10 Volatile matter . : 4 3 : c , 31-56 Fixed carbon 3 A F 5 4 ‘ i 45-47 Ash’ 6 5 a 5 . ‘ ‘ : 11-87 Bandar1—tThis field is situated near the village of Chimur, 30 miles north-east of Warora, in the Chanda District. The exist- ence of coal measures under a small tract of Kamthi beds, five to six miles square, has been proved by boring. Three seams of coal have been ascertained to exist, and these have a maximum total thickness of 38 feet. The coal is similar in character to that of Warora. 1 Hughes: Mem., G. S. I., XIII, 145 (1877). R, R, Simpson, Photo. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memoirs, Vol, XLI, Pl. 1. < —— gee - - NUNS i Fig. 1. DRAWING WATER AT SINKING PIT, JELGORA COLLIERY, JHARIA, G. S, 1., Calcutta, Fig. 2, HEADGEAR AND SCREENING PLANT, BALLARPUR COLLIERY, CENTRAL PROVINGES. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF 'THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. gl Satpura Basin..—The Satpura Basin, so called from a range of hills included within it, is situated south of the Narbada valley. It is difficult to speak of this area as a single expanse of coal measures, since, as a matter of fact, they only appear at intervals under the margins of younger groups, covering a wide extent of country which stretches for a distance of about 170 miles. Accordingly, the estimated dimensions of the basin vary much according to different authorities. About 2,000 square miles appears to be a safe minimum, but besides this it should be remembered that there is a considerable tract in which the underlying formations are concealed by the Deccan trap, and a large area towards Jabal- pur, in which no coal measures have been proved to exist under the younger formations which prevail there. The principal localities where coal measures occur are near Mohpani and in the valleys of the Tawa (Shahpur or Betul field) and Pench (Chhindwara field) rivers. Under the orders of the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces, advised by the Geo- logical Survey, borings* have been made both in the alluvium of the Narbada valley on the margin of the rocky area and in valleys to the south of it within the area occupied by the younger rocks but, though these borings were carried to considerable depths, the coal measures were not reached ; these depths were, Gadawara, 251 feet ; and Sukakheri, 491 feet. Neither of these when stopped had proved the rocks underlying the recent alluvial deposits. In the Dudhi valley borings, at Manegaon to the depth of 420 feet and at Khapa to the depth of nearly 720 feet, established the fact that the younger formations still persisted, the coal measures, if they exist below, not having been reached. As the progress of boring by hand at 720 feet was slow and costly the work was abandoned. Borings at Tundni, 10 miles west of the Mohpani field, which it was hoped might prove a similar area of coal measures on the margin of the basin, were unsuccessful. Two of them at depths of 328 and 172 feet, respectively, struck contact and trappean rocks, and another further south, at 243 feet, had to be abandoned owing to the tools sticking, and as the dip of the beds was high there was no inducement to renew the attempt. 1 J. G. Medlicott : Mem., G. S. J., 11, pp. 97, 268 (1860); H. B. Medlicott : adem, X p. 133 (1878) ; Rec., G. S. I., I, p. 63 (1870) and VIII, p. 65 (1875). 2 Annual Report, G. S. I., 1877; Rec., G. S. I., XI, p. 7 (1878). > 992 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Near Lokartalai on the Moran, at the western extremity of the basin, where some carbonaceous outcrops occur, borings were put down to depths of 254, 84 and 88 feet, but without proving coal. In the open valley of the Tawa on the south of the basin at Kesla, on the Betul and Hoshangabad road, borings to the depth of 302 and 241 feet had the same result as the boring at Khapa. Other borings between the Piparia and Bunkheri stations, on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and Pachmari, although sunk in deposits belonging to the Upper Gondwanas, close to Talchir outcrops, failed to reach the coal measures, which are there con- sequently overlapped. Mohpani..—The Mohpani coalfield is the most northerly of the several small coalfields of the Satpura-Gondwana basin, and for many years it was the only one of them which had been extensively worked. It is situated in the Narsinghpur district of the Central Provinces, and lies on the south of the Narbada alluvial valley, at the foot of the northern spurs of the Satpura hill ranges. The exposed coal-measures (Barakars) occupy an area of rather more than one square mile. Their limits are ill-defined. On the south, they pass under younger rocks, and on the east and west they are overlapped by the same deposits. The northern limits of the field are obscured by the Narbada alluvium. There are four seams of coal with average thicknesses of 17, 25, 5 and 63 feet respectively. The average analysis of a number of samples of the coal recently assayed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of India, is :— Coal, Splint, Moisture. ‘ : d : 2-52 2-84 Volatile matter. , ; : : 24-26 20:55 Fixed carbon ; : : : ; 48-71 37-42 Sulphur : ; 5 c : . 0-50 0-95 AShar : 6 ‘ ; 5 , 24-01 38-24 The coal has only occasionally a caking quality. A recent estimate has fixed the amount of workable fuel at rather more than 8 million tons, but further exploration may considerably augment this total. 1 J. G. Medlicott : Mem., G. S. I., If, pt. 2 (1860). H. B. Medlicott: Mem., G. 8. I., X, 133, (1873); Rec., G. S. I., Tl, 62, (1870); IV, 66 (1871); V, 109 (1872); VIII, 65 (1875); XU, 95 (1879); Unpublished Notes, G. 8. I. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 93 Mining operations were undertaken by the Nerbudda Coal and Iron Company in 1862 and the Company worked on under excep- tional difficulties until 1904 when the collieries were sold to the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company. Prior to 1892 their workings were confined to a small area of about 30 acres on the Sitariva river. Great trouble was experienced owing to the extreme irregularity of deposition of the coal-seams, the considerable disturb- ance which they have undergone, the large flow of water and the occurrence of underground fires. Since 1875, large sums of money have been expended both by the Government of India and by the Company, in unsuccessful attempts to prove coal by means of bor- ings outside this area. In 1892, however, the pertinacity of the manager, Mr. F. L. G. Simpson, who was assisted by Dr. King and Mr. LaTouche of the Geological Survey of India, was rewarded by the discovery of a second coal-bearing area of more than 100 acres in extent, situated about 2 miles west of the old mines. Further borings have, since, considerably extended the boundaries of this ground. The present workings are entirely confined to this area, the old mines having been finally closed down in 1902. The output for 1910 was 39,484 tons. Shapur (Betul).—This field is situated on the Tawa river in the neighbourhood of Shapur, a village in the Betul district. The exposed coal-bearing rocks have an extent of about 26 square miles. They are divided by faults into three distinct portions to which the following names have been given :— (1) The Dolari area. (2) The Machna river area. (3) The Suki and Sonada area. Outcrops in the neighbourhood of Sonada attracted much attention in 1848 when a quantity of coal was extracted and con- veyed to Bombay for steamer trials.1| In 1875 the coalfield was geologically mapped by H. B. Medlicott,2 who mentions a number of fairly promising outcrops, but apparently found no coal seam of value. Under his advice, in 1881, a number of borings? were put down within the field. All of these went completely through 1 Sel. Rec. Bom. Govt., XIV, 27-115 (1848). 2 Rec., G. S. I., VIII, 65 (1875). 3 Rec., G. 8. 1., XVI, 2 (1883), 94. BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. the coal measures, but in none of the holes was a workable coal seam encountered, Chhindwara.—The exposed area of coal measures in Chhindwara covers an area of about 100 square miles and stretches from within a few miles of the Shapur field, in an easterly direction for 50 miles to a point 10 miles nearly due north of the civil station of Chhindwara. They occupy a portion of the valleys of the Tawa, Pench and Kanhan rivers. Since the discovery of the fields in 1852 by Dr. Jerdon? and Lieutenant Sankey, a large number of reports have been made, the most important being by Blanford’ in 1866 and E. J. Jones®* in 1887. The latter distinguished five semi-detached areas of coal measures, which he named the Sirgora, Barkoi, Hingladevi, Kanhan and Tawa fields, respectively. The Sirgora area covers rather more than a square mile. The best coal seam found is from 4 to 5 feet thick and has been proved over about jth of a square mile, but its outcrop probably extends for 1} miles. The most promising outcrops are found in the Barkui (Pench Valley) area which has an extent of about 7} square miles. The principal coal seam is known as the Barkwi seam. It is 6 feet thick and of good quality. It was worked for some time many years ago, but owing to difficulties of transport the works were eventually abandoned. A second seam 33 feet thick outcrops between the villages of Bhandaria and Dongur-Parasia; whilst a third, 15} feet thick and containing 12 feet 3 inches of coal is found between Chinda and Dighawani. Another promising seam, 5 feet thick, outcrops about 3 mile N. W. of Gajundoh. In the Hingladevi area which occupies nearly 3 square miles the only outcrop of importance occurs in the Hingladevi stream near the deserted village of Dhow. It is said to be about 5 feet thick. The Kanhan area covers 12 square miles. Seams respectively exceeding 10 and 8 feet in thickness occur near the villages of Datla and Panare. In the Tawa area, notwithstanding the fact that the measures occupy an extent of some 79 square miles, outcrops of coal are few. 1 Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., X, 55 (1852) 2 Rec., G. S. I, XV, 121 (1882). 3 Mem., G. S. I., XXIV, pt. 1 (1887). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. g5 The most important seam outcrops near Tanse and is 5 feet thick. Another seam, 11 feet thick, is found near Patakhera, but is faulted close to its outcrop and has not been traced to a distance. The following analyses of samples of Chhindwara coal have been published :— Kanhan Barkui field. Tawa field. (Average of Kanhan field. Sirgora (Average 3 samples field. (Average of field. of 3 from (Datla.) 2 samples. ) samples.) | Panara and Datla.) Moisture . : ( 3:05 5:34 3°05 2 ‘ 22:8 28 Volatile matter . (19-08 28-36 26-20 | J Fixed carbon . 53:5 | 31-82 48-58 51-90 61:6 Ash . ° ; 23°6 46-05 17-72 18°85 10:4 Extensive prospecting operations were carried on in 1904 chiefly in the Barkui (Pench Valley) area, by private firms. The results were so encouraging that in 1907 the Bengal Nagpur Railway Company’s lines were extended to the field. At the present time the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company is engaged in building a line from Itarsi to the coalfield. This should be opened in 1913. Since 1905 collieries have been actively worked at Chandameta and Barkui, and an output of 87,677 tons of coal was raised in 1910. A number of other mines were opened in 1908, but are now closed down until such time as the extension of the Great Indian Penin- sula Railway Company’s line into the field enlarges the supply market. (xiii). Hyderabad. Within the limits of the Nizam’s territory coal-bearing Barakar rocks are found in the following localities, proceeding from south to north: Kunnigiri, Madavaram or Damercherla, Lingalla, Singareni, Alapalli, Kamaram, Bundella, Chinur (or Sandrapali), Tandur, Aksapur, Antargaon and Sasti. These localities, with the exception of Alapalli, are all situated on or beyond the margins of a tract of Kamthi rocks, which doubt- less overlie coal measures, but to what extent is not yet known, 96 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. It can only be determined by deep borings. Dr. King’s memoir? on the geology of the Pranhita-Godavari valley contains the latest information on the subject. Kunnigirt or Kanigheri.—This is a small tract of Barakar rocks, which extends for a distance of about 6 miles at the salient angle of the Lower Godavari basin, 25 miles south-west by west of Bhadra- chellam. No coal has yet been found, but the presence of the coal-measure rocks is of great importance with reference to future exploration by boring. Madavaram or Damercherla.—This small field is situated in the bed of the Godavari below Bhadrachellam, extending thence for a short distance on either side into British and the Nizam’s territory, respectively. It was first reported upon by Dr. W. T. Blanford ? in 1871, by whom it was estimated that on the British side, as above stated, there are 25,000 tons of coal, of which perhaps only half are available on account of the great admixture of shale. Under the orders of His Grace the Duke of Buckingham a shaft was sunk to a depth of 56 feet in 1880; but the work was not completed. In the bed of the river on the Nizam’s side a series of 14 borings was suggested by Dr. Blanford, but after six had been carried out operations ceased in consequence of representations made by the Nizam’s Government. In 1874, according to Dr. King,? some borings were made by the Nizam’s officers in an area 3 miles from the village of Ryagoodium, and 5 miles south of the Godavari. Three seams of coal were discovered as follows: (1) One foot thick at 247 feet from surface ; (2) four feet thick at 272 feet; (3) six feet thick at 314 feet. The quality of the coal appears to have been somewhat inferior. The following statement concerning later developments on the British side of the river was furnished by the Collector of the dis- trict in 1897 :—‘‘ The extent of coal-bearing rocks on the British side is about 16 square miles, of which about 10 square miles may be taken as containing workable coal. Aseam of fine quality has been found opposite the village of Rajahzompalli, and over 2,000 tons were taken out of the trial pit. It averages 5 feet 6 inches in thickness. This seam is estimated to yield, after deducting 4 for waste, about 24 million tons of coal.’? According to the official 1 Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XVIII, pt. 3, (1881). 2 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. IV, p. 59, (1871), a Op. cit, DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 979 statistical returns of output 3,657 tons of coal were raised from the Rajahzompalli pits between the years 1891-95. In the latter year, however, the enterprise was abandoned. Lingalla—In the small area of Barakar rocks surrounding Lingalla, two seams, neither of them exceeding 2 feet in thickness, were found by Dr. Blanfordt in the bank of the Godavari, and another 5 feet thick in its bed. A boring put down to test the extension of this bed inland was unsuccessful. In the year 1880, officers in the Nizam’s service were engaged, according to Dr. King,? in making borings to test the field on the western side of the river, but they were apparently unsuccers- ful in proving coal seams of workable thickness and quality. As the coal found on the British side is of poor quality, and as it would be difficult to work these beds under the bed of the river, even if they were of better quality, the field is not of much value. In 1897 enquiries made by the Geological Survey elicited from the Collector of the district the following statement: ‘* The coal- bearing rocks on the British side cover about 5 square miles. A seam of coal was struck in 1891, and a trial pit, 11 feet deep, sunk. Seventy tons of very good coal were taken out. The coal was 5 feet thick (including a bed of shale 6 inches thick, 2 feet from the floor). Allowing 4 loss on mining, this field on the British side is estimated to yiela 8 million tons of saleable coal.’’ Singarent.—The Singareni coalfield is situated near Yellandu, about 115 miles due east of Secunderabad. It is an elongated strip of Lower Gondwana rocks, 134 miles in length, 3} miles in ereatest breadth, and with a total area of about 19 square miles. The coal-measures (Barakars) occupy about 9 square miles, but except in a few small patches they are completely covered up and overlapped by unconformable deposits of Kamthi age. The average dip of the rocks is from 8° to 10°. Except on the north the bound- aries of the field are faulted against the crystalline rocks on which the basin hes. Four seams of coal have been found. Their respec- tive thicknesses are as follow :— Feet Thick coal, alternating bands of coal and shale . . 30 to 40 New coal contains 20 per cent. of inorganic matter. 64 Stone coal ,, 30 = nn ‘D ; 4} King seam . : 5 - c : 5 . df to7 1 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. TV, p. 59. 2 Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XVIUI, p. 194, 11881). 98 BaLL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. The lowest or King seam is the only one being worked, but part of the thick coal seam is considered to be workable. The following analyses have been published :— Thick coal, King seam. Moisture . ‘ 2 : : ‘ ? 7:60 Volatile matter . ; ‘ : . 38450 25-25 Fixed carbon : : : : ay aPAda0) 56-50 Ash , . - ; - : . 13:00 10-65 The coal from the King seam is a dull, hard, non-coking steam- coal, considered to be about 15 per cent. inferior to the best Bengal coal. It contains little pyrites, but is lable to oxidation, causing it to split up and take fire spontaneously on exposure to the air. The coalfield was discovered’ and described by Dr. King, who found the only known outcrop of coal within the area. Borings were subsequently put down, and in 1886 the working of the coal was commenced under the direction of T. W. H. Hughes. In 1887, Mr. Hughes” reported that 156 million tons was a moderate esti- mate of the amount of coal in the thick coal and King seam., whilst Dr. Saise* in 1894 considered that there was a total quantity of 45 million tons within the King seam alone. The mines are owned by the Hyderabad (Deccan) Company, who hold a monopoly of the coal and minerals over an extensive tract of country. In the earlier stages of development 75 per cent. of the coal was extracted, small pillars being considered sufficient for the support of the strong sandstones overlying the seam. A wide- spread subsidence which occurred in 1903, seriously curtailing the output of coal, has proved the unsoundness of the judgment then exercised. Up till 1894 the coal was brought to the surface through inclines driven down from the outcrop, but since that time shafts have been largely employed ; the deepest was sunk in 1904 and is 750 feet in depth. The mechanical equipment of the collieries is of modern description and includes coal-picking belts, compressed air and electrical pumping and hauling plant, and ventilating fans. The surface and pit bottoms are lighted by electricity and com- munication by telephone is provided. By the construction of a dam in 1898 a large water supply was assured, the quantity pre- viously available being precarious. 1 King: Rec., G. 8. I., Vol. V, pt. 2, p. 65, (1872). 2 Hughes: Report to the Director, Hyderabad (Deccan) Co, 3 Rev., G. S. £., Vol. XXVII, p. 53, (1894), GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memoirs, Vol. XLI, Pl. 12. Fig. 1. No. 7 INCLINE, SINGARENI COLLIERIES, HYDERABAD. z < a 1 a & hI, ass Beg * 4B eae BRE. Sy aagore R, R. Simpson, Photo, GS, 1, Calcutta, Fig. 2. HEADGEAR AND SCREENING PLANT. SINGAREN! COLLIERIES, HYDERABAD, F a Aa) t. e - tile Pw ae i a Y F . i : ~ * J : ; > Ey ‘ : é ’ A = i - S > & , : Foss wh — 7 2 \ 3 yt Ce oe Pe ee a) ao) DE hd aise oy : ‘ te Go eed . : ° —- « . = ay > = i ‘ =f eo rs. 4 cs Mi Paws! on ean ~ 7 é : yee a Pee <., Oee Ri. ety | ny arte ers ier: nae ves 4 RYE = y ee eee ak Lay “ae < + * ‘? DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS 99 The output of the colliery is consumed by the principal railways and mills in Southern India, and owing to the favourable geo- graphical situation of the mines the company holds a_ practical monopoly over an extensive area. In 1903 the outturn was 362,733 tons, a reduction of more than 20 per cent. on the figures for the previous year. This curtailment was entirely due to the subsidence referred to above. In 1910, 506,173 tons of coal were produced. Alapalli.itDr. Blanford! describes the discovery of fragments of coal in the Kinarswami stream, a tributary of the Godavari, near a village called Alapalli, 30 miles south-west of Dumagudam. The rocks seen there seemed to be Barakars, but no seam was found, though a concealed outcrop may exist under the sand. Kamaram.’—This name has been given to two small fields situ- ated near the village of Kamaram, which lies 40 miles a little north of east from Warangul. The larger one is 6 miles long by about 1 mile broad; it consists of Talchir, Barakar and Kamthi rocks lying at high angles. It includes two seams of fair coal measuring, respectively, 9 feet and 6 feet. The available coal is estimated at 1,132,560 tons, and it is stated to be equal to the average coal of the Wardha fields. Its position is unfavourable to its development as it is off the main lines of communication. The smaller field, which is about half a square mile in area, is believed to be of no importance. Chinur—A narrow outcrop of Barakar coal measures between the village of Chinur and Sandrapali was discovered by Mr. Hughes.’ The total thickness of the beds is 200 feet; no outcrop of coal is disclosed, but large fragments of coal which had been car- ried into the Godavari by the Sandrapali stream were found. Mr. Hughes was of opinion that a boring on the right bank of the Godavari below the point where the stream joins it would strike coal at no great depth. He alludes to the old operations in con- nection with the supposed occurrence of coal at Kota,* 4 miles north of the Godavari. 1 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. IV, p. 82, (1871). 2 King, W.: Rec., G.S.L., Vol. V, p. 50 (1872); and Mem., G. S. I., Vol. XVIII, 3 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. XI, p. 22, (1878). 4 Walker, Dr. : Madras Jour. of Lit. and Sc?.. Vol. XVII, p. 261, (1856); and Vol. KVIII, p. 256, (1857). H2 pt. 100 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Tandur.—As being about the centre of a strip of Barakar rocks which extends from Kairgura to Aksapali, the village of Tandur may be used to indicate the position. It contains one seam of 15 feet, most of which is coal and much of that of fair quality. Mr. Hughes (1. c.) traced this seam with varying thickness as far as the Guloti river, where the dip is 11° to north-20°-east. To test its further extension southwards borings are recommended. Aksapur.—Between Kasni and Aksapur there is a small exposure of Barakars, but no coal is yet known to exist. Antargaon.—South of Antargaon the Barakar rocks, according to Mr. Hughes, include a seam of about 6 feet, of which 9 inches is shale. The following analyses are from this locality and from the above-mentioned Kairgura seam :— Kairgura. Antargaon. Fixed carbon : C 5 ° 45:6 51:26 Volatile matter . ;: aC 42-2 28-25 Ash . C : 5 P 5 12-2 20-49 100 100 Moisture. 0 5 ; C 9-4 8-7 Mr. Hughes states that the Antargaon samples were from the sur- face; they may, therefore, perhaps not give a fair indication of the quality of the coal. Both coals include a large proportion of mois- ture, which is a common characteristic of the coal in these fields. Sasti.—The coal of Sasti and Paoni is referred to in the account of the Wardha valley field, although it isin Hyderabad territory. One seam of 50 feet has been proved. It contains a considerable pro- portion of good coal frem which fair results were obtained in a trial at Bombay. Mr. Hughes estimates the area to be 1} square miles. Mining operations were carried on here by the Nizam’s officers from 1871 to 1874. (xiv). Jammu and Kashmir. Coal has been iong known to exist in the Jammu hills. The Dandli outcrop was visited by H. B. Medlicott? in 1859 and the same observer in 1876 published a report” on the general geolo- gical features of the country. Detailed reports on the economic 1 Cfficial Corresvondence on Coul and Iron in the Punjab, (1859). 2 Rec., G. S. 1., Vol. TX, 49, (18/6) DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 10] value of the coal deposits were made by LaTouche! in 1888, R. R. Simpson? in 1904 and C. M. P. Wright* in 1906. The coal-bearing rocks are of Tertiary (subathu) age; they are much disturbed and, as a rule, lie at high angles. Denuding agencies have exposed them in at least six separate areas situated in the hills some 30 miles north of the city of Jammu. Owing chiefly to the difficulty of transport no one of the fields is at present worthy of commercial exploitation. The seams have been much crushed and the coal has acquired a graphitic texture, and is extremely friable. It is very variable in composition, and, as a rule, the volatile content is low, and the ash percentage high. Ladda-Sangar Marg.—In this the main area the length of the outcrop is about 40 miles. The single coal seam varies from nothing to 20 feet in thickness. The only workable portion lies between Ladda and the Anji valley, where the seam averages about 31 inches in thickness and 1? million tons of coal are considered available whilst about 2 million tons in addition are possibly workable. Siro Valley—tThis coalfield les about 8 miles west of the prin- cipal field. The coal is of fair quality and occurs in two seams from one to four feet thick. The dip of the rocks is at an easy angle. It has been estimated that more than # million tons could be extracted from within a mile of the outcrop. Lodhra, Mehowgala, Kalakot and Dandli.These are detached fields of which the first lies 10 miles north-east and the others irom 6 to 40 miles to the south-west of the principal coalfield. The quality of the coal in the Mehowgala and Kalakot fields is fair, but the difficulties of extraction too great for profitable expioitation. In the Lodhra and Dandli fields the fuel is worthless. Ans river."—-On the Upper Ans river, a tributary joining the Chenab near Riasi, thin strings of bright brittle coal are common in rocks considered by Lydekker to be of Carboniferous age. Jehlam river..—At Kohala and Uri on the Jehlam river, and in other localities among the rocks of Tertiary age in Kashmir thin strings of coal are not infrequent. Nearly 30 years ago about a bushel was extracted near Kohala and forwarded to the Rec., G.S.f., Vol. X XI, 62, (1888). Mem., G.S.I., Yo). XXXII, pt. 4, (1904). Ree., G. S.I., Vol. XXXIV, pt. 1, pp. 37-39, (1906). Lydekker, R. : Mem., G.S.I., Vol. XXII, 332, (1883). Ibid. oF Op 102 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIFLDS OF INDIA. Commissioner of Hazara. The occurrences are of no economic importance. (xv). Madras and Southern India. To the yreat importance which an accessible supply of good coal would possess in Madras is no doubt to be attributed the number of discoveries in that part of India of so-called coal seams, which on investigation by qualified experts have in most cases proved to be something very different from what the enthusiasm of the discoverers led them to believe. These discoveries, which were calculated to, and did, stimulate the interest of the Government and of the public, gave rise to a large amount of literature, whether in the form of original descriptions with the speculations dependent thereon, or of subsequent correspondence. As this literature still exists it is right that it should be noticed here. The statements made in one volume must be placed side by side with their refutation in others. Hf this were not done the former might be a cause of trouble and confusion in the future when all memory of the refutation had passed away. As a rule the extravagant speculations of enthusiasts find a more ready circulation than do the more matter- of-fact and often less sanguine opinions of experts. As evidence of the thoroughness with which search has been made in the Madras Presidency the following are not without their value. It would surprise and amuse the reader were a list made of all the heterogeneous substances whose presence has been stated to afford ‘‘ favourable indications ’’ of the presence of coal. Malabar and Travancore-—A carbonaceous deposit, which was discovered at several points along the Malabar Coast by Captain Newbold? and General Cullen,” having given rise to a supposition that coal might be found close by, may be most conveniently described here. The first exposure of this bed described by Captain Newbold was seen in the bank of the Bepur river within the range of the tide. It was a lenticular mass varying in thickness from 5 feet down to 2 inches. Portions were laminated and earthy; others seemed to consist wholly of carbonized woody matter; the colour varied from greenish to jet black. In places shells were imbedded. The further description mentions carbonized trunks and_ branches 1 Madras Jour. of Lit. and Sci., Vol. X1., p. 239. 2 Op. et vol. cit., p. 242. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 103 eroded and projecting from the mass. Similar deposits were met with at Vorkully (Warkilly), 15 miles south of Quilon, in the banks of the Tutalla river, in South Malabar and between Palghat and Calicut. The bed at Quilon, which had a lenticular shape, was stated by General Cullen to be included in laterite which rests on eneiss. This locality was subsequently examined by Dr. King," who found that the lignite occurs with Tertiary sandstones and alum shales, which he thought are probably of the same age as the Cuddalore sandstones. There appears to be no prospect of these deposits yielding a large amount of fuel. Mysore.—Dr. Hunter,’ Superintendent of the School of Art, Madras, described as coal a substance received from Dr. Orr of Bangalore, which he said was from shaly stuff, and which burnt feebly, emitting a bituminous smell, but did not catch fire; it was in thin layers not more than from half an inch to three-fourths of an inch thick. It was coloured green with chlorite, and the fact of its being in very small pieces and associated with what is called a ‘‘ true transition conglomerate,’’ very rich both in iron and manganese, was apparently considered to be a good ‘‘indication.’’ This coal does not appear to have attracted so much notice as some of the other ‘‘ discoveries ’’ noted beiow. Pondicherry—tIn 1883 a discovery of ‘“‘lignite’’ was made in French territory, under the alluvial flat between Pondicherry and Cuddalore. An account of the occurrence was _ published by Dr. King in the Records of the Geological Survey® but no officer of the Department appears to have examined the deposit. Borings were put down at Bavur (Bahour), Aranganur (2 miles north- north-east of Bavur) and Koniakovil (5 miles north-east by north ot Bavur), and a seam of carbonaceous material varying from 27 to 50 feet in thickness proved at #epths of from 203 to 330 feet. The average assay of seven samples analysed in Paris gave 8°35 per cent. of ash and 91°65 per cent. of volatile matter. On the strength of these flattering results a company was formed with the object of mining the deposits and compressing the fuel into bri- quettes. Nothing, however, was done and although, according to A. P. de Closet,* the hitch was purely a financial one, the inference 1 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. XV, 87-102, (1882). 2 Indian Economist, Il, p. 210. 3 Rec., G. 8. L., Vol. XVII, 194, (1884). 4 Indian Engineering, LX, 290, (1891). 104 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. is that the quality of the ‘lignite’? was found to be not up to the standard of the first analyses. Samples furnished, by the engineer of the company, to the Geological Survey of India were found to consist of a brownish-black, crumbling, slightly sandy, carbonaceous mud. Analyses in the Survey laboratory and also by the Chemical Examiner for Bengal gave— A A A B B Lignite. Briquette. a —— (Average of | — Lignite. Briquette. | (Average of Lignite. two analyses.) ‘wo analyses.) Moisture 19-38 35-3 17-4 9-44 16-28 Volatile matter 25:28 29-1 25°6 32:30 38:55 Fixed carbon . 27:95 25-2 23-0 26-25 37:72 Ash 27-39 10-4 34-0 32-01 745 ———— Place’s Garden, Chingleput—tIn 1891 the débris from a_ boring for artesian water at Place’s Garden, Kilacheri, Chingleput, was examined by R. B. Foote,’ who, from the indications therefrom, was of the opinion that the boring, which commenced at the surface in rocks belonging to the upper division of the Gondwana system, had penetrated beds representing the Damudas. The locality is within 30 miles of Madras. At that time the boring had reached a depth of 307 feet, had passed through 25 feet of bituminous shale, and was stopped owing to lack of funds. By the help of sub- sidies granted by Government buring has been resumed at recur- ring intervals, Early in 1905 the depth attained was 660 feet, and so far no coal seams have been passed through. Arkonam.—The cores from a series of borings near Arkonam in North Arcot were examined by Mr. H. Walker of the Geological Survey of India in 1911. The greatest depth attained was 991 feet. Mr. Walker considered that the rocks passed through belong entirely to the Upper Gondwana system. No workable coal is known to occur in rocks from this system. Bellary.—Near Gooty samples of coal were discovered by Dr. Hunter in 1871, and the Madras Government were strongly urged to have borings made in order to win the seam from which they A. By the Geological Survey of India. B. By the Chemical Examiner, Bengal. 4 Rec., G. 8. ., Vol. XXV, 2, (1892). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 105 were supposed to have come. Before this was done, Mr. Foote * was deputed to examine the actual spot where the coal had been picked up. He found that the prevailing rock was granitic gneiss traversed by trap, and he demonstrated most clearly that the coal must have either dropped off a passing cart or have been carried by some other means from a depot of English coal on the railway, 3 miles off. Nellore—Mr. G. Powell” in 1857 discovered in four different spots in the Caligherry taluk a substance which he states has such a strong similitude to coal that he “takes the liberty of calling it coal,” and the places where he obtained it in quantities “seams ”’ ; notwithstanding his matter-of-fact account of its mode of occurrence, his samples proved, on examination by Mr. Wall, to be simply fragments of schorl,®> but they did include one combustible sub- stance which Mr. Wall stated to be asphalt, but it appeared to have no history. Some real coal, that had previously been found here by Mr. Powell, Mr. Wall concluded had been carried there by accident. A piece of lignite from the alluvium in the Tada taluk had been shown to Mr. Wall by Dr. Hunter. Kadapah—Dr. Hunter in the year 1871 brought to the notice of the Madras Government the opinion of a Mr. Adams, a_ prac- tical coal-miner, that there were good indications of coal at a spot 5 miles north-north-west of Kadapah, where the limestones of the Karnul series have been quarried. The locality was visited by Mr. Foote,‘ who failed to find the faintest trace of any carbonaceous matter in the rocks. Kistna District—In the year 1851 Colonel Applegarth was impressed with the idea that the rocks of Jugiapetta contained coal, and having made several small sinkings a substance which supported combustion was brought to him by those whom he employed ; much correspondence ensued, and at last, in January 1868, the locality was visited by Dr. Oldham, who was accompanied by Colonel Applegarth and Mr. Sturt, Acting Head Assistant of the dis- trict, who had already endeavoured without success to find traces justifying a belief in the existence of a coalfield. After careful examination, Dr. Oldham was compelled to report ° that there were no grounds whatever for hope that coal would Sites (CRIS Jes OG LY, os NG 2 Madras Jour. of Lit. & Sci., Vol. XVIII, p. 291. 3 Cf. King, W. ec., G. S. J., Vol. VU, p. 160. Sehee Gays: L.saVolenVil wpe lite 5 Proceedings, Madras Govt., Rev. Dept., 5th March 1868. 106 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. be found in the area. The rocks, without exception, belonged to formations long anterior to the coal-bearing rocks of India, and their lithological and metamorphosed characters were wholly inconsistent with the idea of coal occurring with them. There was, moreover, no more reason for coal occurring there than in any other part of the districts where the same rocks are found. The Government of Madras accepted with regret the fact that Dr. Oldham’s exploration and report had proved “beyond all doubt ” the non-existence of coal in the valley of the Kistna. But the matter was not allowed to drop. Colonel Applegarth again and again addressed the Government on the subject, and published letters in English and Indian newspapers, insisting upon the existence of a coalfield where the subsequently published geological report by Messrs. King* and Foote” showed it absolutely impossible that coal measures should ever have been found. At length, in the year 1874, on the suggestion of Mr. H. B. Medlicott, then Officiating Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, the Government of India addressed a letter to the Government of Madras proposing that Mr. Vanstavern, then engaged on _ borings in the Beddadanol field, should be directed to set the matter finally at rest by making borings at points indicated by Colonel Applegarth with his own hand on his own map. In April 1875 Mr. Vanstavern supplied sections showing the rocks passed through in eleven borings at the indicated localities at Raveralu and Vadadey. ‘These borings, it is perhaps almost needless to remark, did not prove the presence of any rocks younger than those seen at the surface nor did they encounter any rock resembling coal. Phoenix-like, this matter will possibly rise under the fostering care of some enthusiast who may meet with the early positive statements. It is for this reason alone that so much space has been devoted to the subject here. Godavari Valley.—Although there is an extensive tract of Kamthi rocks which may overlie coal measures in the Godavari valley, there are only a few points on its margins where they actually crop out, and as yet it is not known how far they may extend under- neath, nor at what depths the coal would be found if deep borings 1 Mem., G. S. I., Vol. VIII, (1872). 2 Special Memorandum on the subject by Mr. Foote, Dept. of Agriculture, Kevenue ani Commerce, 1874. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 107 were undertaken. The outcrops in the Madras Presidency are at Beddadanol and Madavaram (or Damercherla). Beddadanol.—This field, which is about 5} square miles in extent, is situated about 38 miles west-north-west of Rajamahendri. It was first discovered by Dr. W. T. Blanford! in 1871. Subsequently in 1875 it was visited by Dr. King,” who gives further details as to the strata which are exposed. No coal was seen, but the sandstones presented a strong resemblance to those of the Singareni field. Borings made here by Mr. Vanstavern in 1874 fully bore out the prediction that this was an area of coal measures, as four seams were struck, the largest being 4} feet thick and at a depth of 188 feet 4 inches from the surface. But the quality of the coal, as indicated by analyses made by Mr. Tween, showed that it was excessively poor stuff and perfectly worthless as fuel. This is a most unfortunate fact, as the discovery was the first genuine one which had been made in the Madras Presidency. The analyses were as follows :— AVERAGE. PICKED. | Coal. Coke. Coal. Coke. Carbon 4 4 5 2 a c 2 16-4 22:5 37:0 59-5 Volatile 5 } A . 5 5 . 30°6 AG 37°83 Ash . 6 5 . : c f f 53-0 77-5 25-2 40:5 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 In the Manual of the Geology of India, Vol. III, Ball quoting King’s opinion states that “It seems to be still possible, however, that borings to the deep within the margin of the over- lying Kamthi rocks may prove coal of better quality and greater thickness. The coal proved, it should be remembered, was in all probability near the original edge of the deposit, where it might easily be less pure and less thick than nearer to the centre of the basin.” In 1903 exploration was taken up once more; this time by a private firm. A number of boreholes were put down, but the 1 Rec., G. S. I., 1V, 49-52 and 59-66, (1871). 2 Idem, V, 112, and VII, 159, (1872-74). 108 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. undertaking was abandoned before the holes had been carried to a depth sufficient to demonstrate that coal seams are non-existent. Damercherla (or Madavaram).—The most important part of this field being included on the Nizam’s side of the river Godavari, it is described under the Hyderabad section. The amount of coal on the British side was considered by Dr. Blanford not to exceed 25,000 tons. (xvi). North-West Frontier Province. No coal of economic value has as yet been discovered in this province. As early as 1833 Lieutenant Burnes’ wrote a short account of what was supposed to be coal from the neighbourhood of Kohat, where it was found near the petroleum wells. The sub- stance contained 37 per cent. of volatile matter and only 6-2 per cent. of fixed carbon; it was apparently a bituminous shale. In 1838 the same individual forwarded to Mr. Prinsep” for analysis a specimen of lignite of fine quality said to have come from a thin seam near Luagarkheyl, a village under the Malik Buda, between Tak (Tank) and Kaneegorum (Kaniguram). In his report on the Kohat Salt District, written in 1876, A. B. Wynne® mentions a supposed find of coal near Dand, north-west of Shakardarra. Further enquiry from the local officials disclosed a doubt as to whether the locality were not Shin Dand, a village near the Jawai (or Zhuwakai) Pass, between the Kohat and Peshawar districts. Nothing further was heard of the dis- covery, which may be referred either to the thin layer of lignite occurring in Upper Tertiary sandstones in other parts of the country, or to the nummulitic horizon. In his account of the geology of the Sherani hills, T. D. LaTouche* alludes to previous reports of coal discoveries in that country, and while admitting that coaly strings occur in rocks of nummulitic age, states that he did not dis- cover or hear of any actual seams. (xvii). Punjab. The coal of the Punjab has for many years attracted notice, the great importance which a supply of good fuel would possess, 1 Jour. As. Soc. Beng., V1, 267, (1833). 2 Jour. As. Soc. Beng., VU, 853, (1838). 3 Mem., G.S. I., Vol. XI, 294, (1875). 4 Rec., G. S. I., Vol. XXVI, 96, (1893). DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 199 if found in the vicinity of the Indus, having caused attention to be directed to every spot where any trace of carbonaceous matter had been seen on the surface. The earliest writer on the subject appears to have been J. Prinsep,’ who in 1838 reported on specimens of coal collected in the Salt Range and elsewhere by Lieutenant (afterwards Sir Alexander) Burnes. Since that date a copious literature has accumulated. Reference to the individual papers will be found in the appendix. The whole of the known deposits of importance are of Tertiary (eocene) age, and are found chiefly in the Salt Range, but also occur in the hills north of the Rawalpindi plateau. The following is a list of the localities visited by Oldham? in 1864 :—Bhagan- wala, Kheura, Pidh, Dandot, Nila, Kuru, Nurpur, Sowakhan, Dehiwal, Kutta, Chamil, Sunglewan, Amb or Umb, Kalabagh, Kot- ki, Chushmea and Mulla Khel. All of these places are situated in the Salt Range; Bhaganwala is the only locality in which Dr. Oldham considered that any large amount of coal might be profit- ably extracted at that time. Bhaganwala.—Near the eastern end of the Punjab Salt Range, about 19 miles to the east of Dandot, coal occurs in the plateau overlooking the village of Bhaganwala. As a rule the rocks dip at very low angles, but dips of as much as 45° are occasionally encountered. The seam varies from 0 to 7 feet in thickness and the coal is of variable but usually poor quality. It is very pyri- tous, and fires induced by the decomposition of that mineral have occurred in the underground workings of the mines. The area of the plateau beneath which the coal occurs is about 7 square miles. In 1864 Dr. Oldham considered that about 60.000 tons of coal were available. In 1893, however, Mr. Luckstedt, Executive Engineer, North-Western Railway, estimated that the total amount of coal was 20 million tons. In the same year, Mr. T. D. LaTouche,® after a careful examination of the field, found that the amount of proved coal was 88,480 tons, and that about 3 million tons might be counted upon. Between 1877 and 1893, about 2,000 tons were extracted from the coal outcrops by native contractors. About 1893 mining was commenced 1 Jour. As. Soc. Beng., VII, 848, (1838). 2 Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., LXIV, 126, (1868). 3 Rec., G. S, I., Vol. XXVII, 16, (1894), 110 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. by the North-Western Railway Company, and some three years later this company completed a branch line, 10 miles in length, between the collieries and Haranpur, Sind-Sagar Railway. The maximum output from the mines was produced in 1897, when 13,145 tons were raised. In 1899-1900, owing to the poor quality of the fuel being mined, the collieries were closed down. Dandot.—The Dandot plateau is one of the few localities in which the coal deposits of the Salt Range have been found to be economically workable. It is situated in the Pind-Dadan-Khan sub-division of the Jhelum district, at a height of more than 2,000 feet above sea-level. The coal seam occurs a few feet below the nummulitic limestone, and varies in thickness from 18 to 39 inches. The deposit is roughly basin-shaped, the rocks dipping at angles of from 0° to 14°. In 1887, R. D. Oldham? estimated that the plateau had an area of about 2 square miles and contained some 5 million tons of coal. A more recent estimate by Mr. EH. L. Hope, the late manager of the colliery, considerably reduced this amount. The coal is a friable lignite and is much jointed. An assay made in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of India showed that a sample had the following composition :— Moisture . i : : ; ; 3 : 6:13 Volatile matter. ‘ ‘ P 5 : . 36°81 Fixed carbon : “ ‘ : ; : : 47-17 Ashi. 3 F 5 ; ‘ . 3 : 9-89 The general run of the coal, however, is probably considerably inferior to this. It contains a large percentage of sulphur as iron- pyrites, and is very liable to spontaneous combustion. Experi- ments made in 1881 at the Rawalpindi Gas Works” showed a production from picked coal of 10,900 cubic feet of gas of 123 candle- power with a yield of poor sulphurous coke. Mines are worked at Dandot and at Pidh, about 3 miles to the north-east, by the North-Western Railway Company. They have been in operation since 1884. The production during 1910 was 47,000 tons, the output showing a gradual decline since the year 1899, when 81,218 tons were raised. In 1911 the North-Western Railway Company finally abandoned the mines, which were taken over by local contractors. 1 MS. report, Geol. Sury. Ind., (1887). 2 Rec., G. 8. I., KV, 63, (1882), GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memoirs, Vol, XLI, Pl. 13. Fig. 1. BRIDGE ON SURFACE INCLINE. DANDOT, PUNJAB. 1 1RR Simpson, Photo, G, S. 1,, Calcutta, Fig. 2, DROP-PIT, DANDOT COLLIERY, PUNJAB. El ih Beery | FOMSUA pies pA a v - ' Wate i} ahs re on ; . y _ - © * . ag a = ray Re ys ortega EAS ¥ - ‘9 a . = wot IO TONS 4 DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. ]]] Isa Khel.—These deposits are situated in the Trans-Indus extension of the Salt Range in the neighbourhood of Isa Khel, in the Mianwali district. They were condemned as permanent sources of fuel by Oldham in 1864, but a later examination by R. R. Simpson? gives hope that in at least one locality, apparently only superficially examined by Oldham, mines might be established successfully. The coal is of two geological ages. The Jurassic or older beds attain their best development near the Indus in two localities in the neighbourhood of Kalabagh and Kuch. The seams are thin and inconstant, but it has been calculated that about 86,000 tons are available. Workings in these deposits have been carried on spasmodically for many years, but the total quantity extracted is insignificant. About 1,000 tons are said to have been mined in 1902. The younger coal, probably of Tertiary age, can be traced as a fairly continuous seam with an average thickness of 27 inches, between the Barochi pass near Mulla Khel to a point due west of Sultan Khel, a distance of about 64 miles. It has been calcu- lated that nearly halfa million tons might be extracted from above the natural water level. In order to bring this coal to market a tram-line 16 miles in length would require to be constructed between the mines and the Indus at Kummure, from whence the coal would be carried up the Indus in barges, a further 16 miles to Mari, the terminal station of the Daud-Khel branch of the Kundian- Campbellpur section of the North-Western Railway Company. In 1903 a mine was opened at Makarwal, the coal being carried on camels to Kamar Mashami on the Indus river, a distance of 7 miles, The Isa Khel coals are bright-black, fairly hard lignites; the following are representative analyses :— Mulla Khel-Sultan Kalabagh, Kuch. Khel. (Average of 21 samples.) Moisture . f 4 : 4-04 10-19 9 Volatile matter . ‘ : 24-16 22-74 37 Fixed carbon : : f 42-29, 46-12 40 AGH. : I 5 5 25:12 18-60 10 Sulphur C - 4-39 2°35 4 1 Rec., G. S. I., XXXI, 9, (1904). 112 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Choi, Attock—Nests of nummulitic coal near Attock have fre- quently excited attention. In 1883 the deposits near Choi, in the Chita range, 10 miles south of Attock, were thoroughly examined by means of borings.’ No workable coal seam was discovered. Dore Valley, Hazara.—In the hilly country of Hazara the nummulitic coal horizon frequently comes to the surface. The coal seam varies in thickness from nothing up to at least 17 feet, and it, together with the contaiing rocks, is much crushed and contorted. In 1883 and 1888 drifts were made on the outcrops in the Dore ravine and about 7,000 maunds of coal were extracted and carried to Abbottabad, where the fuel was used for lime and brick burning. The difficulty of transport joined to that of working so irregular a deposit was sufficient to render the enterprise a financial failure. The analyses” of samples taken foot by foot from the 17-foot outcrop at Begarmul, near Juswal, yielded on the average 40 per cent. of ash, whilst the best individual sample gave 17 per cent. Kalka.—The existence of very thin strings of coal in the Simla district has been known for very many years. The best exposure, according to C. L. Griesbach,’ is near Kalka, in the valley of the Kassaulia stream, about 13 miles up-stream from Tuipra, and 1 mile west-south-west from Datiar Chauki on the Simla-Kalka Road. The seam has an average thickness of from 2 to 3 inches, but at one point it is from 8 to 12 inches thick. The quality is fair, but there is not enough of the fuel to warrant working. (xviii). Rajputana. 3 Palana, Bikanir—Late in 1896 coal was discovered during the sinking of a well at Palana, 13 miles south-west of Bikanir. The locality was visited in 1897 by T. D. LaTouche of the Geological Survey of India, who reported* that the coal seam occurs at a depth of 212 feet from the surface, is from 4 to 8 feet thick, is directly overlain by nummulitic limestone, and is, therefore, of eocene age. As the country for many miles round Palana is a sandy desert, no estimate of the extent of the deposit could be hazarded. 1 Scott, G. F.: Rec., G. S. I., Vol. XVII, 73, (1884). 2 Middlemiss, C. S.: Mem., G. 8. I., Vol. XXVI, 289, (1896). S Rec. (Ga Seles VOle XOXOV p> 7) (S92): 4 Rec., G. S. J., XXX, 122, (1897); Gen. Rep., G. 8. I., 1898-99, p. 33, (1899). DETATLED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE COALFIELDS. 113 In 1898 mining operations’ were commenced in a_ second well, situated 1,500 feet from the first, where the seam was found to have a thickness of 20 feet. A winding shaft was subsequently put down and a working colliery established and connected by a branch line, 10 miles in length, to the main line of the Jodhpur-Bikanir Railway. According to information supplied in 1905 by Mr. G. Dixon, for some time the manager of the colliery for Messrs. Bird & Co., the lessees, the seam has been followed for some 1,500 feet to the west of the winding shaft, the thickness of coal being about 30 feet throughout. On the south a fault has been met with at a point 600 feet from the winding shaft. On the north inferior coal was encountered and no work is proceeding in this direction. 9, Colombo . 3:12) 0 ‘hw oO . BO O s op s,s Bombay . 412 0 By ey Oy a) Ss. Saas a Cardiff to Bombay. 10 to 10 6 Rs: Ward; 'T. EH... Rec., G. S. I., XXV, 2, (1892); Stonier, G. A., Gen. Rep., G. S. I., for 1901-02, p. 14, (1902); Martin, E. P., and Louis, H., Rec., G. S. I., XXXI, p. 237, (1904); Coll. Guard.. map of Jharia coalfield, (1904). Karanpura.—Dunbar, Dr. W., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 1X, p. 1128, (1840) ; op. cit., X, 300, (1841); Hughes, T. W. H., Mem., G.S.I., VII, 285, (1871). Rajmahal.—Buchanan, F., Glean. im Science, III, 1, p. 6, (1881) ; McClelland, J., Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., III, 501, (1843); the same, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ind. for 1848-1849, (1850); Piddington, H., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XX, 4, p. 366, (1851); Sherwill, Capt. W. S., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XX, 7, pp. 563-4, 573, 583, 598-603, (1851) ; Oldham, T., op. cit., XXIII, 3, p. 263, (1854); Eng. Jour. Cal., II, pezii, (1859); Ball, Ve Mem. G2 S. 7. XI, pt. 2, p: 72,.(1877) ; Burke, P., Ind. Engineering, IV, 148-9, (1888); King, W., Rec., fae t., Soi p: 6; (1889) CX p55 (1890); XXIV, pe 3, (1891); XXXI, pp. 49-52, (1904); Stuart, M., ‘‘ Coal at Gilhurria, Rajmahal,’’ Rec., G. S. I., XXXVIII, pp. 149-151, (1909). Ramgarh.—Williams, D. H., Report on the Ramgarh Coalfields, pub. Calcutta, 1852, (1848); Ball, V., Mem., G. S. I., VI, pt. 2, p. 4 (1867). Ranganj.—Heatly, 8S. G. T., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XI, pp. 811- 835, pub. 1842, (1775); Jones, S., Glean. in Science, I, p. 261, pub 1829, and As. Res., XVIII. p. 163, pub. 1833, (1815) ; Jacquemont, V., “* Voyage,’’ tome I, p. 275, pub. in Paris, 1841, (1829); Mornay, Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., V1, 2, p. 126, pub. 1842, (1841): Homfray, J., 134 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XI, p. 723, (1842); Robinson, 8. H., Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., U1, p. 418, (1843); Homfray, J., ‘‘ The Damuda Valley or Ranyanj Coalfield,’ pamph., 8°, Calcutta, (1847); Williams, D. H., Report on the Damuda Valley Coalfield, pub. 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Econ., I, pp. 19, ete., to 274, (1870); II, pp. 312, 344, (1871); III, p. 77, (1872); Johnston, TM. Ei wnd: Econ We pies (lSi2): Bansar.—Lala Hira Lal, WS. Report, G. S. I., (1885-86). Bisrampur.—Ball, V., Rec., G. S.1., V1, p. 25, (1873). Chhattisgarh, ete.—Franklin, Capt., Glean. im Science, I, p. 178, and II, p. 217, (1829); Anseley, Col., Coal Commn. Final Rep., 1846, (1840-41) ; Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XVII, p. 65, (1848) ; Haughton, Capt. J. C., sbid., XXIII, p. 105, (1854); Shortt sm J> sel Rec. Govt. Beng., XXIII, p. 183, (1855); Saxton, Capt., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XXIV, pp. 185, 354, (1856); Dalton, Col. T., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XXXIV, 2, p. 1, (1865); Blanford, W. T., Rec., G.S. I., Ill, pp. 54, 71, (1870); Gaz. of Ind. Suppl., pp. 836-9 and 911, (1870); Ind. Econ., Il, p. 43, (1870); Ball, Vo) (hee.5 1G. S. 9. IV, p. 101, (1871); VIII, p. 1025 (1875); X, p: TOE eS77)e Kame: BIBLIOGRAPHY. 139 W., id., XVI, p. 128, (1884); Mining Jour., LIV, p. 1230, (1884) ; Rec., G. S. I., XVIII, p. 169, (1885); Lal, Lala Hira, MS., G. S. ., 1885-89 ; King, W., Rec., G. S. JI., XIX, p. 210, (1886); XX, p. 194, (1887) ; XXIII, pp. 89, 205, 206, (1890) ; XXIV, pp. 2, 77, (1891) ; Reader, G. F., Gen. Rep., G. S. I., p. 63, (1899-1900); Mem., ee Aen mot; 2, ip. Soi) (L901). Chhindwara.—Jerdon, Dr., and Sankey, Lieut., Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., X, p. 55, (1854); Hunter, Rev. R., and Hislop, Rev. 8., ¢d., XI, p. 556, (1855); Hislop, Rev. 8., Geol papers, W. India, p. 291, (1857) ; Ashburner, Maj., Gaz. of India Suppl., pp. 979-986, (1867) ; Blanford, W. T., Gaz. of India Suppl., No. 52, pp. 367-377, (1866) ; reprinted in Rec., G. S. I., XV, p. 121, (1882); Admn. Rep.,-C. P., (1867-68) ; Rec., G. S. I., XXIII, p. 272, (1890), and XXIV, pp. 203, 258, (1891), and XXXI, pp. 49-52, (1904). Damhamunda.—Lal, Lala Hira, MS. Rep., G. S. I., (1885-86). Godavari Valley—Admn. Rep., C. P., (1870-73). Jabalpur, etc—Spilsbury, G. T., Jew. As. Soc. Beny., VIII, p. 530, (1839) ; Jacob, A. A., Sel. Rec. Bom. Govt., TX, p. 42, (1854) ; reprinted idem, XIV, p. 136, (1855); Mallet, F. R., Rec., G. S. L., XXII, p. 146, (1889). JhilmilimMan. Geol. Ind., 1st Edn., I, pp. 104, 109, (1879) ; Hughes, T. W. H., Mem., G. S. I., XXI, 3, (1885). Lakhanpur, ete-—Man. Geol. Ind., 1st Edn., I, p. 206, (1879) ; Ball, V., Rec., G. S. I., XV, p. 108, (1882); Lal, Lala Hira, MS. Rep., G. S. I., (1885-87). Mohpani.—Ouseley, Capt. J. R., Jour. As. Soe. Beng., IV, p. 648, (1835); Jacob, A. A., Sel. Rec. Bomb. Govt., IX, p. 42, (1854) ; reprinted XIV, p. 136, (1855); Eng. Jour., Calcutta, III, p. 178, (1860) ; Admn. Rep., C. P., 1863 to date; Mining Jour., XXXVIII, p. 388, (1868) ; XL, pp. 488, 512, (1870); XLI, p. 467, (1871) ; Medli- cot. cH. Bs hee: G. S.) Ws wills pa, (1870) 5 DV, , pic66}(1871):; XII, p. 95, (1879); Coll. Guard., XXXVII, p. 983, (1879); Grundy, J., Report on an Inspection of Mohpani Colliery, Govt. Ind. Press, Cal., (1894). Narbada Valley.—Fenwick, R. H., Sel. Rec. Bomb. Govt., XIV, pp. 74-101, pub. 1854, (1848); Impey, Surgeon E., idem, XIV, (1855); Medlicott, H. B., Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., X, p. 12, (1855); Blackwell, J. H., Sel. Rec. Bomb. Govt., XLIV, (1857) ; Medlicott, H. B., Mem., G. S. I., Il, p. 91, (1860) ; Haines, R., Eng. Jour., Cal., IV, p. 86, (1861) ; Medlicott, H. B., Rec. G. S. Z., VIII, p. 65, (1875). 140 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Panchbhaini.—Lal, Lala Hira, MS. Rep., G. S. L., (1885-86). Raipur.—Bose, P. N., Rec., G. S. £., XVII, p. 130, (1884). Ramkola-Titapani.—F ranklin, Capt., Glean. in Science, 1, p. 178; Il, p. 217, (1829); Griesbach, C. iL. Mem Gs iS) i, XV, pis: (1880). Satpura Range.—Proc. P. W. D., C. P., (1862-83); Medlicott, H.. B., Rec., G. S. I., V, p. 109, (1872); X, p. 133, (1873); XI, p. 1, (1878); Jones, Hy Ji, Wem; GS) 1, Sox, pte eso) Sendurgar.—Lal, Lala Hira, MS. Rep., G. S. I., (1885-86). Shapur (Betul).—Finnis, J., Glean. in Science, UI, p. 293, (1831) ; Ouseley, Capt. J. R., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., II, p. 435; III, p. 395, (1834) ; Ind. Review and Jour. For. Scv., I, p. 416, (1837) ; Johnstone, A., Sel. Rec. Bomb. Govt., XIV, pp. 58, 62, (1848); Hamilton, R. C. N., and others, 2bed., XIV, pp. 27-115, (1848); Jacob, A. A., ibid., IX, p. 42, and reprinted XIV, p. 136, (1855) ; Blanford, W. T., Rec., G. S. I., 1, p. 8, (1866); Medlicott, H:? B., 2bid., VILL, p. (65; (1875); XVI, p. 2, (1883). Wardha Valley—Blanford, W. T., Rec., G. S.I., 1, p. 23, (1867) ; Admn. Rep., C. P., (1868 to date); Oldham, T., Rec., G. S. TI., II, p. 95, (1869); Gaz. Ind. Suppl., pp. 832, 833, (1870); Reec., G. S. I., TI, p. 45, (1870) ; Berar Gazetteer, p. 25, (1870) ; Ind. Econ., I, pp. 306, 317; II, p. 22, (1870); Gaz. Ind. Suppl., p. 835, (1870) ; Fryar, M., Ind. Econ., III, p. 136, (1871); Ind. Econ., I, pp. 19, 29, 30, 64, 114, 186, 218, 274, (1870); II, pp. 312, 344, (1871); I, p. 77, (1872); Oldham, T., Rec; Gos. J..0 ps ae) uehes T. W. H., shed., V, p. 7, (1872); Ness, W., Hughes, T. W. H., and others, pamph. (reprinted from Suppl. Gaz. Ind., Novr. 28, 1874), pub. Cal.; (1874); Hughes, 1. W. H., Mem. G. S. 75 Xe pias (1877); Rec. G..-SoD., X, p92" (877) » Hackney, Wares. weap Ind. Eng., 2nd Series, TX, p. 185, (1879); Rec., G. S. 7., XXXI, 1, pp. 49-52, (1904). Warora.—Ness, W., Coll. Guard., XXVIII, p. 745, (1874) ; XXXIV, pp. 629, 658, (1877); Bunning, C. Z., Maughan, J. A., and others, pamph., P. W. D., Nagpur, (1887); Bunning, C. Z., Trans. Min. Mech. Eng., Newcastle, XX XVIII, (1888-89) ; reprinted in Ind. Engineer, VIII, pp. 340 and 353, and IX, pp. 4 and 130, (1890) ; Agabeg, F. J., Ind. Engineering, VII, pp. 274, 313, (1890) ; Rec., G. S. I., XXIII, p. 207, (1890) ; XXX, p. 258, (1897) ; Grundy, Jas., Rep. on Inspection of Warora Colliery, (1895); Clarke, R. W., Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Mech. Eng., Newcastle, XXII, (1902) ; BIBLIOGRAPHY. 14] Simpson, R. R., ‘‘ Abandonment of collieries at Warora, ©. P.,’’ Reo, G. S. P., XXXIV, p. 132, (1906). Hyderabad. General.—King, W., Rec., G. S. I., V, p. 46, (1872); Coll. Guard., LXXX, p. 489, (1900). Godavari Valley—Walker, W., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., X, p. 341, (1841); Walker, Dr., Madras Jour. Lit. and Sci., XVI, p. 184, (1850) ; XVII, (new series), p. 261, (1856); Wall, P. W., idem, XVIII, (old series), p. 256, (1858); Blanford, W. T., Rec.,G. S. I., IV, 3, 49, 59, 82, 107, and Gaz. of Ind. Suppl., p. 1117, (1871); Ind. Econ., II. pad, (l8ch) hing, Wine. Ga Ss. 2. °°V, pp. 65, 112, (1872); Mon. Gs. LX Vill pt. 8, p. 29; (18st). Singarent.—King, W., Rec., G. S. I., V, p. 65, (1872); ‘‘ The Singarent Coalfield,’ 8°, Madras, (1883), and Mining Jour., LIV, pp. 344, 382, (1884); Foote, R. B., Rec., G. S. I., XVIII, p. 12, (1885) ;Coll. Guard., LI, p. 589, (1886); King, W., Rec, G. S. L., XXII,"fp. 2, (1889); XXIII, p. 269, (1890); Kirkup, J. P., Trans. Min. Mech. Eng., Newcastle, XLIII, (1893-94); Saise, W., Rec., G. S.I., X XVII, p. 53, (1894); Grundy, Jas., Rep. on the Inspection of the Singareni Colliery, Govt. Ind. Press, Cal., (1895). Wardha-Godavari River—Hughes, T. W. H., Rec., G. S. I., XI, p- 17, (1878). India. Prinsep, J., Glean. in Science, III, p. 280, (1831); Edin. New. Phil. Jour., \st Series, XIII, pp. 347-8, (1832). Reports and Abstracts of a Committee for investigatiny the coal and mineral resources of India, with reference to coal and iron, Govt. of Ind. Press, Cal., 8°, (1838), folio, (1841), fisep., (1842), folio, (1846) ; reprinted in Jour. As. Soc. Beng., VII, pp. 197 and 948, (1838), and IX, p. 198, (1840). Prinsep, J., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., VII, p. 197, (1838); Grant, J. W., Ind. Review and Jour. For. Sci., Tl, p. 119, (1839); McClelland, J., Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., WI, p. 614, (1843); Thornbury, Capt. N. H., Ind. Review and Jour. For. Scr., VII, p. 721, (1843) ; McClelland, J., Cal. Jour. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 153, (1844); Ansted, Prof., Brit. Ass. Rep., App., p. 63, (1846); Piddington, H., Jowr. As. Soc, Beng., XXI, p. 270, (1852); Oldham, T., cdem, XXIII, p. 617, (1854). Mem., G.S. [., II, pt. 1, (1861): Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XXX, p. 177, (1861); Rep. Proc, P. W. D., App. No. 6, p. 89, (1862); Quart, 142 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXIV, p. 98, (1864); Rec, G. S. I., I, p. 37, (1868); Danvers, F. C., Gaz. Ind., Suppl., pp. 86-89, (1868) ; Oldham, T., ‘‘ Coal Resources and Production of India,’’ Cal., flsep., (1867) ; Geol. Mag., IV, pp. 264-5, (1867), and Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., LXIV, pp. 40-73, (1868); Danvers, F.C., Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., No. LXIV, p. 157, (1868), and Eny. Jour., Cal., XI, 3, p. 51, (1868); XII, p. 102, (1869); Fryar, M., ** Coal Mining in India,’’ pamph., Coll. Guard., Lond., (1869); Oldham, T., Mem., G. S. I., VI, p. 131, (1869); Gaz. Ind. Suppl., (1866-67 and 70); Hunter, A., Ind. Jour. Arts and Sci., 1, pp. 208-213, (1850); 2nd Series, I. 50-75, (1856), and Znd. Kceon., III, pp. 75-76, (1871); Hughes, T. W. H., Rec., G. S. I., VI, p. 64, (1873); Oldham, T., Rep., Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 45-54, (1873), and Geol. Mag., 2nd decade, I, p. 269, (1874) Hughes, To. JH.) Ree: Ga S10, Xo, Osan Mosa, P., ‘‘ The Coalfields of Asia,’ p. 11, 8°, Simla, (1877); Hughes, T. W. H:, Rec, G.°S. 2, XII) ip 83, (18 79)ce Balle ve Rep., Brit. Ass., p. 334, (1879); Jour. Roy. Geol. Soc., Dublin, V, p. 223, (1879) ; Sev. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., I, p. 496, (1880) ; Man. Geol. Ind., III, Econ. Geol., pp. 59-120, Cal. and Lond., (1881) ; ‘. Lalouchea iD, Ree.,-G. 3S. 1. XXVI,p. 95, (1893). Punjab. General.—Prinsep, J., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., VII, p. 848, (1838) , Jameson, Dr. W., Jour. As. Soc. Beny., XII, p. 183, (1843) ; Medli- cott, H. B., Oldham, T., and Kobertson, Maj. A., Coal and Iron in the Punjab, Govt. Ind., Cal., (1859), Baden-Powell, B. H., Punjab Products, pp. 27 to 34, pub. Rurki and Lahore, (1868 and L 146 BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 1872); Oliver, E. E., Sel. Rec. Pun. Govt., new series, No. XXI, (1883). Attock.—Scott, G. F., Rec., G. S. I., XVII, p.'73, (1884). Bhaganwala.—King, W., Rec., @. S. I., XXVI, pp. 71, 105, (1893) ; LaTouche, T. D., Rec., G. S. I., XXVII, p. 16, (1894). Dandot.—Grundy, J., Report on an Inspection of Dandot and Pidh Mines, Govt. Ind., Cal., (1896). Hazara.—Eng. Jour., Cal., Il, p. 343, (1859); Il, p. 42, (1860) ; Wynne, A. B., Rec., G. S. I., XII, p. 208, (1879); Coll. Guard., LIV, p. 309, (1888); Middlemiss, C. S., Ree, G. S. I., XXIT, 267, (1890) ; King, W., Rec., G. S. I., XXIII, p. 204, (1890) ; XXII, p. 272, (1890); XXVI, p. 106, (1893); Middlemiss, C. S., Mem., G. S. I., XXVI, pp. 140, 142, 287-290, (1896); Rec., G. S. I., XXX, pp. 49-52, (1904). Isa Khel.—Wynne, A. B., Mem., G. S. I., XVII, pp. 31, 38, 40, 52, 92, (1880); Simpson, R. R., Rec., G. S. I., XXXI, 9, (1904) ; Bull. Imp. Inst., Il, 185; Coll. Guard., I. and C. Suppl., I, 28, (1904). Kalka.—Rec., G. S. 1., XXIII, p. 272, (1890); XXIV, p. 137, (1891); XXV, p. 56, (1892); Griesbach, C. L., «bid. XXV, p. 7, (1892). Murree.—Medlicott, H. B., Sel. Ree. Govt. Ind., UXIV, (Coal No. 14), pp. 120-126, (1868). Salt Range—Flemming, A., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XVII, 2, p. 500, (1848); XVIII, p. 661, (1849); XXII, pp. 229, 333 and 444, (1853), and Sel. Pub. Corr. Punjab, Il, X, pp. 253-381, (1854) ; Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., IX, pp. 189 and 1852, (1853); Theobald, W., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XXIII, p. 651, (1854); Oldham, T., Sel. Rec. Govt. Ind., LUXIV, (1864); Rep. Proc., P. W. D., (1864-65) ; Verchere, A. M., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XXXV, 2, pp. 89 and 159, (1866); XXXVI, 2, pp. 9, 27, 103, 201-209, (1867); Wynne, A. B., Mem., G. S. I., XIV, (1878); Blackburn, @2 He Ree, (Ge see XV, p. 63, (1882); Marryatt, Maj. E. L., Prof. Papers. Ind. Eng., 3rd Series, II, (1884). Rajputana. Gener1l.—Oldham, R. D., Rec., G. S. I., XIX, p. 122, (1886) : XXI, p. 30, (1888). Palana, Bikanir.—Rec., G. S. I., XXV, p. 193, (1892) XXX, pp. 257, 259, (1897); LaTouche, T. D., zbid., XXX, p. 122, (1897), BIBLIOGRAPHY. 147 Clarke, R. W., Ind. and East. Eng., Ill, p. 187, (1898) ; LaTouche, T. D., Gen. Rep., G. S. I., p. 83, (1898-99) ; Griesbach, C. L., abid., p- 27, (1899-1900); abid., p. 14, (1901-02); Clarke, R. W., Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Mech. Eng., Newcastle, XXII, (1901-02); Rec., G. S. I., XXXI, p. 49, (1904). United Provinces. General.—Herbert, Capt. J. D., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., XI, Suppl., p. exlvi, pub. 1842, (1826); As. Res., XVI, p. 397, (1828); Medli- cott, H. B., Mem., G. S. J., II, pt. 4, p. 180, (1865) ; Mallet, F. R., idem, VII, p. 121, (1869); Thomson, Murray, Prof. Pap., Ind. Eng., 2nd Series, VII, p. 117, (1878); Gaz., N.-W. P., X, p. 291, (1882). Bijnaur.—Atkinson, HK. T., Notes on the Econ. Min. of N.-W. P., p. 32, N.-W. P. and Oudh Govt. Press, Allahabad, (1877). Dehra Dun.—Agabeg, E. C., Memo. on the Dehra Dun Coal Prospect, (1901) ; Ind. Engineering, XXXII, p. 60, (1902) ; Coll. Guard., LXXXIV, p. 522, (1902). Moradabad.—Ravenshaw, E. J., and Prinsep, J., Jour. As. Soc. Beng., Il, p. 264, (1833). Nahan.—Cautley, Lieut. P., As. Res., XVI, p. 387, (1828). Naini Tal.—Atkinson, E. T., Notes on Econ. Min. of N.-W. P., p. 32, Govt. Press, Allahabad, (1877). 1 74 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Locality. Latitude. Longitude. Abbottabad 34 9 73 12 Abor H. 28 «#0 95 10 AdjaiR. . ° ° 23 35 87 25 Aka H. : A > ‘ 27 +O 92 45 Akbarnagar . . 25 4 87 50 Ak Robat . , . 34 56 67 42 Aksapali : LORE 79 35 Aksapur 19 21 79 28 Akyab 20 10 92 57 Alapalli 17 50 80 32 Amanat R. 24 «5 84 15 Amb . 32 30 71 58 Ambera 234 83 5 Amilia 24 2 82 28 Amlei 23 12 81 39 Amwi 25 14 91 50 Andaman I. 12 30 93 0 Angara-Khyoung 20 O 93 12 Anji R. 3304 74 51 Ans R. 33 «6 74 51 Antargaon . 19) 32 | 79 33 Pages. 112. 9, 14. 40, 46. 9, 15, 36. | 38. 11, 95, 100. | 66, 68. 11, 95, 99, 59. 109. | 101. | {1, 101. | 11, 95, 100. ———— il BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Locality. | Latitude. Longitude. Pages. = z | Arakan : : : : : | 20) 92 56 | 10, 66, 68. Aranganur . < : : : | 11 58 79 53 | 103. Avkonam 2) 4) 0.0) Geen cr e1OH onan 7Onee4 malmiod Asansol. ‘ : : ~ |) 23) 41 Siz abs 47k Astangi : : : 6 | wcll) © (yf I) | Bis, AtemR. . : : ; : 22 59 82 45 | 82. Atghoki . : . : > ac o¢ 12. Athger © < 0 <0) "+ ol) 20s 0a eso 42g eae: Atong-wo . : : ; .| ll 25 | 99 O | 62,64. Attock ¢ 0 ots GRe MURU | agetasa eyo aire \mibeaiies Auranga R. : ° - | 23 49 84 20 | 10, 58, 59. Babisole. : . . c | 23 36 87 14 | 46. BagchaR.. . . - =| 23 12 | 81 38 | 78 Bahour—see Bavur : : 50 oC 103. Baisandar R. : ° 5 || Pee os 83 46 | 86. Baj . c 5 : 6 > || 2a} 163 69 44 61. Balbahara . 5 F s Fi 23 18 82 19 | 78,79. Ballarpur. : : 5 A 19 50 79 24 | 10, 89, 90. Balliari ‘ S A 6 A 23 44 86 27 b2e Bamian A : 5 3 6 34 50 67 50 113}, Bandar 5 : : ; ‘ 20 30 79 20 | 10, 90. Bangalore . c : . o | A bts) iolemalOs: Caen eee nee een nah ner nanan anS anne Locality. Bank simula Bankyop Banpyai Bansar Barakar R. Bargaon Barkui Barochi Pass Baronga I. . Bassein R. . Bavur Baxa Duars Beddadanol Begarmul . . < Begunia Bellary Bepur R. Betul Bhaddoah . Bhadrachalam Bhaganwala Bhakue Bhalmuri GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Latitude, Longitude. 86 20 yA) | Plate. 62. 4 62. 10, 81. 38, 39, 40, 44, 47, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56. 78. 94, 95. 11, 106, 107. 112. 44, 45. 11, 104. 102. 10, 91, 92, 93. 41. 96. UTE LOOE 83. 78, 79. iv BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. LS SR ST - EA TRR | Locality. | Latitude. Longitude. | Pages. | Bhamauri . : . : 5 | R ei | 114, 115. Bhamo ; : ‘ : F 24 16 97-16 | 10, 74. Bhadadiie. » Se Oot | 78 46 “94, Bhowra : | 23 41 | 86 28 | 53. Bhulanbarari. : : : | 23 42 | 86 30 | 52. Bikanir 5 3 : : . 28 40 | 73 22 | 11,112, 118. Bilaspur. , : : so || 22" 85 82 12 | 76, 81, 84. Binda é 6 : : . | 23 44 83 57 | 59. Bisrampur. «ee 2 SSS ae Omer: Bisrar R. . . ° . 5 oc on 82. Bogopani R. : : ° . | 25 20 91 46 | 26, 27. BohrH. . : ; ¢ - | 29 52 67 23 | 34. Bokahi . : : : .| 23 13 81 40 | 78, 79. Bokaro R. . : : : - | 23 47 85 42 | 55, 56. Bolan Pass . ‘ : , | 29 52 67 23 | 33. Bombay . ‘ . : rl el Sie ob 72 54 | 100, 123. Borachuck . ‘ C 0 - | 23 48 86 58 | 45. Borah . : - : o || 2 4 87 27 | 39. Borholi R.. . : : : 5 || 2 Gy 92 53 | 16. Borodhemo. ; : < . | 23 42 86 58 | 45. Borrea : - : : - | 23 45 86 55 | 44. Borsora : 3 : : et Pay 91 15 | 26, 28. Boruarchali c C 6 5 | 2 95 15 | 19. i GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. a Locality. Bowla Brahmini R.—Talchir . Brahmini R.—Rajmahal Bulia R. Bunbehal Bundella Bunkheri Burghat Burisuti Byrang Cachar Calcutta Calicut Caligherry Taluk (Kanigiri) . Chahil R. Chamarlang R. Cha-Mitwe—see Thatay-Chaung Chamil Champagiri. Chanch Chanda Chandameta Latitude. 27 «34 Longitude. 79 22 78 48 46. 37. 38. 114, 46. 95. 92. 30. 15. 25. 9, 29, 30. 40, 56, 121, 123, 125, 127. 103. 105. 9, 12, 13. 31. 63. 109. 23. 45, 47. 87, 88, 90. 95. vl BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. a Locality. Chandnai R. Chaparbhita Chappar-Rift Charanpur Cheduba I. Cheirdiah Chela Chenab R. . Cherrapunji Chhattisgarh Chhindwara Chicholi Chil—see Chahil . Chimur Chinchuria . Chinda Chindwin R. Chingleput . Chinur Chipagiri Chita Range Chittagong Choi . Latitude. | Longitude. ee Sam Pay {5) 83. 4 24 47 87 29 30 20 67 32 23 45 Sy 18 50 93 35 25\ 11 91 37 3B) (0) 74 51 25 17 91 47 21 15 81 41 22 3 78 59 19 54 719 #9 20 31 79 25 23 45 Sie we 22 13 718 63 24 0 94 35 12 42 80 1 18 62 79 52 25 35 90 18 33 44 72 15 22 21 91 53 33 «44 72 16 Pages, Plate. 10, 66, 68. 9, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30. 10, 84, 85. 10, 91, 94, 95. 89. 90. 45, 47. 94. 10, 72, 73, 74. 11, 104. 11, 95, 99. 25. 112. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. vil —_——— Locality. Chope Chora Chornai R. . Chotila Chotiali Chouk-Kalah Chowkidanga Chushmea . Cuddalore . Cutch Cuttack Dakaiti Dakaru R. . Dalhousie— Burma Daling Dalingkot Daltonganj Damercherla Damhamunda Damuda R. Dand Dandli ‘ A 23 33 Latitude, 44 oo 40) 14 32 Longitude. 85 71 74 46 35 25 Pages. 10, 57, 58. 46. 82, 83. 61. 9, 31. 65. 46. 109. 1038. 6, 10, 61. 38. 39. 15. 66. 36. P| 36. 10, 57, 59, 60. 1], 95, 96, 107, 108. 10, 83. 4, 8, 48, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 56, 57. 108. 11, 100, 101. BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. vill ar Locality. | Latitude. Longitude. Pages. ; onl me : oe: ee Dandot . : : : .| 35 89 | 73 © | 11, 109, 110, 125, 126, DaphlaHy: © « « © «// 2% OW) 93 40 omisese. Daranggiri . : : . -| 25 27 90 46 | 9523; 245.25: Darjiling 27 3 | 88 19) |S, Oyiessb.se: Darridih : : : =| 2a, 4: | 83 20 | 81. eres) 5 9) | DBD | 7a 0) Nine, Datla Pee ne |) eet | 78 37 | 94,95. Daud-Khel . 5. feel ab2e 262) eel one enh Ge mee | o | es ae bee, DedumH.2 = = ~= ~ =) 2502300 Son sao: ape Dehiwal . : F : i | 32) 32 72 36 | 109. Dehra Dun 3 : ; B | 30 19 78 56 | 114. Deolao R. . : : Si 225-308 | 93. 33eucor Dera Ghazi Khan , ; | 30. 5 70 51 31. Dhamgora R. | 83. Diamni «0 SS) MPeleeoede: {| 7osnomalaso: Dhela.R, 5 7 SE es as | 78 Bll: Dhosal F j : j 2 | 23 «441 87 12 | 46. Dhow . jo) 0h (2 S22 ip ize eecunname Dibrugarh. 8. 38. =. Sw || 27 «20 | 94 58 | 14,17. Digari ‘ : : . .| 30 10 67 8 | 34, 35. Dighawani . : . ; =i) ee as | 78 52 | 94. DihingR. 4 6 kat Bh 30" || 996 207) Wemiizeas: GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Locality. Latitude. Dikhu R. 27 0 Dikrang R . 26 55 Dilangsao R. 25 53 Dinghu H. . 25 38 Diphu R. 25 56 Dipkai 25 39 Dirgi . 30 20 Disai R. 26 37 Disang R. Pf Ay Dishargarh 23 42 Dissoma R.. 25 55 Diyang R. . 25 48 Doab 35 32 Dobandi R. 33 58 Dobrana 23 41 Doigrung R. 26 30 Dolari Pp A!) Dongchala . 25 20 Dongur-Parasia . 22 12 Dore R. 34 0 Drang 2 , 5 33 50 DudhiR. . < 5 : 22 56 Duki . 5 5 2 : 30 11 | | Longitude. | 69 12 78 32 ix Pages. 19, 20. 9, 21. 16, 18, 19. 44) 45) awd, 9, 22. 9, 22. 7, 13. 1], 12. 46. 9, 22, 23. | 93. 29. 94. 11, 112. 12. 91. 31. x BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Locality. Latitude. | Longitude. | ° , ° , Dumagudam 752 80 58 Dumarkachar | 23 13 82 10 Durgapur 25a 90 44 Durjmu R. . | Ril ots} 94 54 | feb R. é | 21 48 84 0 Gadawara . 22 55 78 50 Gajundoh 22 9 78 47 Gandak S10) 2 67 12 Gangpur 22s, 84 0 Ganjar R. 22 20 82 12 Ganjra R. | 2B} Pal 81 6 Gaori 19 48 79 21 Garhwal SO 78 30 Garo H. | 25 30 90 15 Gaurangdi . 23 50 Sian Ghazni 33 35 68 23 Ghordewa . 22 22 82 41 Ghugus 19 56 79 10 Ghusic 23 39 87 5 Gilhurria 24 51 87 28 Pages. 84, 85, 86. Ne 94. 115. Tl Wh 28% GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Locality. Giridih Godavari R. Golaghat Gooty Gopalpersad Gopalpur Guloti R. Guniri Gya R. Hapjan Haranpur Hard RR. .- Harigaon Harilong . Harnai Harri R. Hasdu R. Hatnal 0 : . Hazara, Afghanistan Hazara, Punjab . : Hazaribagh Heinlap Latitude. 27 32 25 23 30 25 22 23 34 34 23 12 59 24 Xl Longitude. | 23 | 86 59 95 26 73 Pages, 3, 6, 10, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 53, 122, 123, 124, 126. 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 96, 97, 99, 106, 108. 21. 104. 87. 9, 23, 24, 59. 32, 33. 30. 84. 45. Ss 11, 112. 40, 56, 57, 58. 62, 63. xil Locality. Latitude. | Longitude. o 4 o + Heinlat—see Heinlap Henzada 17 38 95 32 Hestho R. . 82 17 23 «13 Hingir 21 57 83 46 Hingladevi R. 22 10 78 44 Hinlapur Hissaruk 33 59 69 5 Hleemouk . 17 50 95 8 Hoshangabad 22 45 77 46 Hti-phan-Ko R. . 12 25 9950 Hulduani (Haldwani) . 29) 1 7) 38 Hung 29 11 79 33 Hura 24 58 87 27 Hurtah R. . 23 «49 84 4 Hutar 23 «50 84 7 Ikrah 23 42 87 11 Indeinmyo . 20 40 96 49 Inwin 20 35 96 41 Trrawadi R. 23 30 96 0 Isa Khel 32 41 71 19 Itarsi 22 36 77 48 Ithkuri 24 17 8 13 BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Pages. 62, 63. 10, 64. 81, 82, 83. 38, 83, 85. 94. 45. 1B 64. 92. 62, 63. 114. 67. 38, 39. 59. 10, 59. 44, 47. 70. 70. 16, 64, 65, 66, 72, 74. 75. wiles Ob: | 10, 58. er rte ee Locality. Jabalpur Jainti Jaintia—Baxa Duars Jaintia H. . Jaipur—Assam Jamehari Jammu Jamuna R. Jamuni R. . Jamuniha R. Janji . < 5 Jarain Jasaidih Jawai Pass Jehlam R. . Jhavria ;: : Jhilmilli. E Joba . - : Jodhpur . : Johilla R. . Jowai e 9 Jugiapetta . GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. xii Latitude, Longitude, Pages. 87, 91. 10, 40, 37. 9, 25, 26, 30, 37. 9, 16, 18, 19, 20. 46. 11, 100, 10%. 108. 11, 101, 110. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56, Oi US) 22 r2a5 124, 127. 2, 10, 75, 80. 46. SS Ns M xiv BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Locality. JumnaR. . . . Junara 4 Juswal A Kabwet . Kach . Kadapah . 5 Kairgura (Kergudem of map) Kalabagh Kalakot . ° : Kalawala Pass. ° Kalé Creek (see Myit-tha) Kaléwa . : Kalikapur . Kalimpong—see Dalingkot Kalipahari . : ‘ Kalka C ° Kalu R. 5 é Kamapying C ° Kamaram . < P Kamar Mashami . : Kaneegorum : : Kanhan R. i 1 \ | ! 23 23 Latitude. 12 36 \ Longitude. ° , 77 10 iy 73 19 95 59 94 20 Sie 10, 71, 72. 32. 11, 105. 100. 7, 109, 111. 11, 101. 114. 72. 1 46. 36. 47. 11, 112. 9, 23, 25. 62, 63. 11, 95, 99. iLL. 108. 94, 95. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. xv Locality. | Latitude, | Longitude. | Pages. ° r ° , Kanigheri—see Kunnagiri . : ae xe | 11, 95, 96. Kaniguram—see Kaneegorum ; +e we | 108, Kan-ma-pying . : : ieeens? yoo. 6S |, 62. Karanpura 3 . : .| 23 50 85. 56 | 10, 56, 87; 58. Karharbari “ i : ; 24 10 86 20 | 2, 5, 40, 41. Kasni “ : 5 ; : 19 22 19), 338 100. Kassaulia R. 5 : : | 30 49 76 59 | 112. mats ete MS 80) os (E24). 96, 0! |) 10, Kathiawar . : : ; A) P40) 70.55 | 10) 61. Katmirki . ‘ : ; . | 24 10 86 46 | 40. Katna R. . 4 : : ai 4) 8118} 81 46 | 78. Katni ‘ = ; : = i) Be GAS) SU2O0 | 10284. Katras 5 F A : ‘ 23 49 S6) 22) hi 515-52: evens ce cu ee wl Se) 1 Ue eo G OD” 63 || 31. Kedai : : 5 : : 50 SF 82. Kelhauri . . é : s | go ki 81 41 | 78. Kenda 5 : . 3 j | 23 40 87 14 | 46, Bendre. 084 fe. 12.) ened |) 67 28) | 4a. Kesla : 5 . 5 Simeone! sl) dig OO) sl 9D Ket-zu-bin . ; : : . | 22 44 95 B59) 72! Keyvergi . 5 = 2 = | 239 4 SIO O evo: Khapa 2 : ‘ = 5) eae ets} 78 45 | 91, 92. Khasia H. . . P ‘ : 25 34 SI 5b) | 7,9, 25, 26, 28. A RI SSIS SSSA M 2 xvi BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Longitude, | KS RS Locality. Latitude. Pages. Khatan 29 34 | 68 29 31 Kheri Pass . | : | 114. Kheura 32), 39) | 73. 3 4 109: Khila Ali Khan 30 14 | 67 36 | 32,33 Khila Hakim Khan 30 17 | 67 34 “52, Khodargaon Be PAT | Si-aes 78. Khorbahar 22 55 | 82 42 | 82. Khost a: 30 13 | 67 38 | 9, 31, 32, 33, 35, 12h Kite, aa. ee 22 54 | 95 55 | Kilacheri 13 2 | 79 53 | 104. Kinarswami R. . é . 17 49 | 80 31 “99, distri. ae AA 16 30 | 79 20 lu, 105, 106. Kodopali. c : c 21 48 83. 59 i Kost, (: ay x esi 24 10 | 84 2 | 58,59, 60. Kokaie > 9 ee B412 | 7a80 Lon Kohat "Se, . hee SE Skee Ware 77 | 7, 108. Koh-i-Daman 34 48 | 69 7 bia; Kohikundra 22 58 | 8243 89) Koithi 23 43 | 87 8 | 46, Kondul . r fanaa ic} 93 41 | 14. Koniakovil F 3 1250 79 54 | 103. Korar ale ean 23 88 |. 80 85 |. 10, 75, 76,.77. Korba. 29 20 | 82 46 | 10, 83, 84, 85. if GHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. =i ne nn Locality. Latitude. | Longitude. Pages, ° , , | Korea : : : : » We 2a, TOE |, 82.18. 1/83, KKoreagarh , ‘ : : = (ere a 82 32 | 10, 75, 84 Kota—Singrauli . : 5 ; | 23> 55 Kota—Godavary Valley 5 .| 18 54 SON 2) 099; Kotalwar . ¢ “ : Si 23ee 36 80 57 | Wir | Kotki ies nue © Pe ees eomtoo | 71 287 |, 100; Kotri 5 : 5 5 5 25 22 | 68 22 | 60. Kubo : : > : | 24 45 | 94 15 | 72. Kuch ‘ : : : ‘ | Som | (Ol Bys ili Kummure . 5 4 : : | Seo nl ade lh Ae KunarR. . $ 3 é : | 23 dl | S5o5>) 56: 10, 40. Feuncit Kueh ..8 2 © . «| 23068) | 87 14 Kunhar R. . § : ‘ - | 23 80 | 83) 51 80. Kunnigiri . é x s 3 | 17 21 80 40 | 11, 95, 96. eee ae 2 oe ati eis 26 || 10; 75, 23,84 Kurribari . ‘ 4 : 5) 25) ly) 89 56 | 23. icuruli 5 : : 2 = | 62:41 72 50 | 109. Kutkona . 5 F : peecoue4: 83 5 | 82. Rertcameee, Gd Ss 9 ape peOmOl”,| 7Ieo8 | 109. Kyaukphyu - eee ee Ole 93 41 | 67. Kywaising . 5 : : =p ele OO 95 14 | 64, 65. Ladda 2 5 S ° shlimiso: 12-D Loman ell, TOT. Lagat Sede ee: ieee eee Ss | SGRSS. 74, LA nn, xVill BALL Locality. Laikdih . ‘. ; 6 Lainyan - f Lairangao . 5 : ° Lait-ryng-iew—-see Lairangao c Lakadong . Lakhanpur : . : Lakhimpur ° Lakima . c . La Khuga Pass—see Atghoki. Lakpat Lameta . Lameta Ghat . ° Langator R. Langrin . ° Lashio : d z Ledo R. é : Legaung . é Teilan---see Lainyan . : C Lek-op-bin : - . Lenkensmit—see Dongchala Lenya R. . A : : LillariR. . : c Lingalla. c ‘ C Latitude, 23 «45 25 39 25 20 25 AT 22 59 27 12 25 13 23 50 23 6 23 «6 25 50 22 56 27 «20 20 44 22 46 Il 30 21 50 Usp 0) 68 91 83 80 0 53 54 AWD SiwiPSON ; COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 44, 45, 47. 10, 60. 9, 25, 27, 28. 9, 25, 27, 28. 9, 25, 30. 10, 81, 82, 83, 84. We 28. 12. 61. 10, 60. ie 9, 26, 29. 10, 62, 64. Soom eon oie a ES EE A GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. xis Locality. | Latitude. | Longitude. Lisu R. Lodhra R. . . Lokartalai . Longloi H. . Luagarkheyl Lumding Lynan—see Lainyan Maastoh . : : Mach 5 ee a Machariwa . ; . Machna R. . : ° Madancotta 5 : Madhabpur. Madras : ° Madavaram 5 MahadevaH. . Mahan R. . : Mahanadi R. - 5 Mahtin 5 : Mainpat . - . Maiobum . 5 ° Makarwal R. : 29 °o / 23 46 36. UTS OM | 92, 9, 21. 108. 21, 22, 74. ' 10, 60. 103, 104. 11, $5, 96, 197, 108, 38. BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA | Longitude. Locality. Latitude. | Ss at =. | o 4 os MakuR. . | 23 41 | 94 26 Makum. 27 TSM) 195), 1 Manabum Range . 27 40 | 96 5 Manchoung R. : 5 | | MandR, . . (oe eee te Mandalay . ° . | 21 59 9% 8 Manegaon . : é 0 | 22 37 78 45 Mangalpur . ° 3 | 23 39 87 13 ManiR. . ° |) epi Nei | 82 59 Manikmara R. . . 23 26 | 82 48 Manipur 5 24 48 93, 59 Man-sang . : 4 a) 274 ie 97 57 Man-se-le . c 4 on na) 0 98 16 Manton . 5 C 12 | 7 98 58 Mao-beh-lyrkar . . 25 24 91 49 Mao-don . . . f 25 14 91 45 Mao-long . a ° : ieee) sd 91 46 Mao-nai-chora . . . | ae Maosandrum—see Mao-syn-ram . Mao-syn-ram c ° 5 sy Alte 91 39 Margherita . : ° 5 |) 2a 1s 95 46 Masan R. . c ° 5 | 2) 283 83 6 3) Su |) 748k Mehowgala 5 ° Pages. 73. 9, 15, 17, 19, 20; 124, 126. 16. 72. 10, 83, 84, 85. 69, 70. SHE 46. 82. 80. 72. OF Opaiiie LOO 62. | 9, 25, 26, 27. | 25. 9, 25, 26, 27. 25. i ee ne re ee Locality. Meiktila Mergui Meyongdisa R. Mhowagurhi Mianwali Miaka. . Milu I. Minapalaung Mirampura Miri H. Mirzapur Mithwe Modong—see Maodon Moflong Posauns Mohoni R. . Mohpani . : Moradabad Moran R. . 5 Moriani . . Morne R. . : Moungaw R. : GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Mousandram—see Mao-syn-ram Xxi Latitude. 46 Longitude, 69. 62, 63, 64. xxii BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Locality. Latitude. Longitude. Pages. Mu R.—Katha district : ; 24 5 | 95 24 74. Mu R.—Thayetmyo . : : 19 27 | 94 46 | 65. Mud Gorge . “ - 5 || ai) pe! | 67 26 | 32) Mulla Khel 5 : “ ; 32) 56 | mk 318} |} a1C08), anal Murulidih . 5 - - | 23 44 86 22) || 52,54. Myingyan . - ; - | Pall 45} 95 26 | 10, 69. Myitkyina . < : ° 20 2a OT 28) alo: Myit-tha . : : 5 = |) 22} 94 5 | 72. Mymensingh : : . -| 2 0 | 90 0 Mysore - . . : | 2 US 7G) 42a aeRO: NagaH. . : : , . 906950" |) Oa aie 4) Olde: 29! Nahan - : : 6 : 330) 383 vee VAD) ale Nambor R. oda Be 2 BG sat 98) 750: (oh oie os: Namehik R. : . c : Bi 20 | 96. 35) 4 ONG: NamdangR: «4.5 9 <9) 0/27 lle |, 5) ete et as: Namma ‘ : . 5 Z 22) AZ 97 153 = S «J S 1 = F Namrup R. “ = c o |) 2A bo oO No) co ou _ EP — SS Namsang R. ° . . | eciial | yay aie) | AMG Nandnah . 5 : ° 7 | ea) 20 81 32 | 78, 79. Nangon . . : : - | 20 48 | 96.43 4 70: Nantahin . 5 . - | 23 20 94 20 | 73. Naraj. : : : 9 5 | AY Ake 85 50 | 38. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, xxii Locality. Narbada R. 5 Narpu : Narrainkuri Narsinghpur Nasak : Nattaik Nazira Nellore. 5 Ngotko-yagyi (“‘ Ngu” Nicobar I., Great Nicobar I., Little Nila . Nimcha . Nimugarh . 5 Noa Dihing R. . Nodiha . . Nokhara Nongbredem Nongkerasi : Nongmaotien . Nongyon . c Nowar Nagar . Nowgong . : ) 14 20 25 26 Latitude, 30 10 51 19 Longitude. 67 53 86 48 92 26 92 46 Pages. 69. DG LO 20: 1], 105. 69, 70. 14, 14. 109. 46. 87. 16. 47. 30. 26. 28. 28. | 28. aoe 21. 2, 3, 4, 8, 87, 91, 92. XX1V BALL AND SIMPSON : SOALFIELDS OF INDIA. er a EA Locality. Latitude. Longitude. Pages. o So Nuni . 23 46 Siem eaie Nurpur 32 40 72 39 | 109. Nursumuda 23 «41 86 59 | 45. Oira R. 21 49 83 43 | 86. Ondal ) 2h} 87 16 | 46. Pachmari 5 2227 78 29 | 92. Pachwara 5 | 24 30 Si ees: Padan R. 18 8 95. 8 | 65 Pagan ; 21 1 94 50 | 69. Pagoda H. . é 18 47 93 45 | 68. Paharbula . 23 11 82 55 | 82. Pakhoung . 69. Pakokku 21 21 O50 LONGO: Palamau 23) 153 84 18 | 58, 59. Palana : 27 50 dey Mae |) i, ate, Palghat A 10 43 76 46 | 103. Pali . 6 5 23 22 Sm as: Pallang Rao A 18 41 93 48 | 68 Panara y 22° 13 78 36 | 94, 95. Panchbhaini 3 5 | 2pimlil 82 55 | 10, 82 Panchet . ‘ F | Zo oil 86 49 2, 43. Locality. Pandua Pankabari . Panlaung R. Paoni. Papur Parsa Pasang R. . Patakhera . Patkai H. Patrapara . Payabyu . Peluswa R. Pench R. . Peni-khyong Peshawar Phlia Re) . 5 Pidh . Pindaya . Pind-Dadan-Khan Pinlebu. . Piparia . Pisgaon. . Pishin ;: é GHOGRAPHICAL INDEX Latitude. XXV i - Long ° 84 Pages. 60. 36. 10, 69, 70. 10, 90, 100. 89. 82. 81. 9, 15; 16, 22: 38. 70. 73. 91, 94, 95. 66. 108. 64. 109, 110. 70. XXV1 Locality. Place’s Garden Pondicherry r : : Poriharpur Posogyi . Pudree é 3 F é Po-pyu—see Payabyu . Pungin Kha R. Punja Ghat < : Putimari Haut . 3 Pwehla : z - Quetta : Quilon < ‘ é Raghunath-Bati Raghunathchak . ° : Raigarh . : C Rainanhong—see Yenangyaung Rajamahendri_ . C Rajahzompalli . ¢ C Rajhara . : ° ° Rajmahal . 3 ° = Rajpur e r) ° e Latitude. oO ’ 13 2 11 56 23 43 18 8 23 39 25 55 30. 4 23 «38 20 48 30 12 8 53 23 42 23 35 21 55 ip 24 10 25 2 30 24 Longitude, ° , 79) 53 7) 58) 87 65 95 8 81 43 97, 23 68 I JOO 96 44 67 4 76 37 86 59 87 10 83 28 81 48 84 5 87 53 usa BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. SL enter Pages. | | 11, 104, 11, 103. 46. 64, 65, 79. 70. 75. 33. 23. 69, 70. 96, 97. 59, 60. 8, 10, 38. 115. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. niet TLL LT TT Locality. Latitude. Longitude, Pages. Ramgarh H. l ° : yl 224 Gee 82. 57 | 83. Ramearh—Hazaribagh ; Sl PBs hss 85. 35 | 56. Remkoe « « -, « «| 28939) | 88 8 | 10,80: Ramnagar. . . . «| 23 45 | 86 54 | 44, 45, 47. Rampur—Sarguja : : : 22) 35 S30 a) LO; Se: Rampur—Chhattisgarh 21 48 84 0 | 10, 84, 85, 86. Rampur—Sohagpur. ; wi) eo) tS 81 45 | 78. Ramril. . : ; : lo 93 45 | 10, 66, 67. Ramthi R. . 5 . : : 26 56 88 39 | 36. Ranai R. 22 55 | 82 42 | 82. Ranchi i : : ; .| 23 22 | 85 24 | 56, 57. Ranibagh . = : 5 : sec oe 114, 115. Raniganj . . s F Slee oe oOn ll) Sil es 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9; 10; 18, | 35, 36, 43, 44 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, | 53, 54,55, 88, 122, Sy UPL Tar Ranikot . é 3 : Seep DLO roo |) GO! Raveralu . ; : : ea | HG tad 80.10 | 106. Rawalpindi. : f 109, 110. Rengchi R. : : 25 25 | 90 51 | 24. Rengma H.. 5 5 : ai Aa. 5 98. 45 4) 21. Rer R. : : ; 24 30 83. 5 .| 78, 80, 82. mA Dc ae +i Som line |) abe) Wl, 101, i | Rode : 4 Sue e2N 50 782),.-30) 4) 82: Rongrenggiri 2. .| 25 33 | 90.37 | 9,23; 04 | Longitude. XXViil Locality. Latitude. | ° , sf Ryagoodium Uf Hf 80 Ryuk R. 25 18 90 | Sabata 19° 9 94 Sabo . 2} 13 81 Sabz Kotal 35 35 | 67 Saffrai R. 26 51 | 94 Sagaing 21 54 96 Sahajori 24 «8 86 Sah-tyng-gah—see Satunga | Saighan 35 «(10 67 Sakkur R. . Salanpur 23 47 86 Salih . 238 82 Salkura Salma 23 37 | 87 Salt Range 32 40 | 73 Sambalpur . : Pile] 84 Samla 23 45 87 Sanctoria 23 42 86 Sandoway . 18 28 94. Sandrapali . ; 0 18 47 79 Sangar-Marg 33 «10 | 74 45 | | | , BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. ee rr Pages. 96. 24. 10, 40. 26, 30. ile 12, 18}, | 43, 44. | 6, 109, 110, 111. 86. A6. 44, 45, 46, 47, 48. 10, 66, 68. 95, 99. LOM YD TT ET Locality. Santrabari . Sarguja. Sasti . Satpura H, Satunga . 3 Saungka R. Searsole . - Secunderabad . Sehora. . 5 Semra : - Sendurgar . Shakadarra. ° Shapur 3 ° Sharigh . 5 Shella—see Chela Shemshanggiri phere.) 7. . Sherani H. . : Shermang . > Shillong . : Shin Dand . . Shinkai . : Shisha Alang . Latitude. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Longitude, 80 9 XX1X Pages. 37. 2, 8, 81, 82, 84. 10, 11, 90, 95, 100. 10, 91, 92. 26, 30. 75. 46. 97. 87. 39. 10, 82. 108. 10, 91, 93, 94. 9, 31, 32, 33, 35. 25, 27. 26, 27, 29. 108. 12. 9, 12, 13. XxX BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. | Locality. | Latitude. Longitude. | Pages. Shu R. - ° “ . ei) Me) 8) 94 52 66. ShuayningR. . . . : 17 55 95 14 | 64. Shushung-Durgapur—see Durgapur ss | 23. Shwegu . - : . S| eb les 96 50: | 74. Sibpur . : f - |) 23 44 87 8 | 44, 46, 47, 48, 49. Sibsagar . : C ° C 26 50 94 16 | 17. Siju. C - aie 5) || 2a Pall 90 45 | 9,24. Silani ° ‘ - : « 30 32 Thee Mefe |) Aes Simla “ - : 5 5 | Bik 6 Ct es Singareni . 5 F ¢ ei] wW7- Bl 80 16 | 11, 95, 97, 107, 124. Singpho H. - ; - = | Be LO 95 50" |) 9}eIb: S'ngra E 5 ‘ 24 #7 84 6 | 60. Singradli 2 Sw | Se |) 82 55+ | 1079) Singulebyin 5 - : = || P4Ot ce 9/ 96 33 | 69. Sirgora é - . : S|) ese ill 78 57 | 94, 95. Siro R. 6 ° : . -| 33 12 74 30 || TY TOL Sisagadh . - 5 : = || Gah G 69 24 | 10,61. Sisi R. : : : ° 5 || ei BH | 94 47 | 15. Sitalpur . é - 6 Il PRY aul 86 54 | 45. Sitarampur - A S - | 23 43 86 58 | 47. Sitariva . . 7 z | (22e 46 78 54 | 93. Sodepur . - : ai) 20 42 86 54 | 47. Sohagpur . é 5 Sill eta oll, SI Za LOniosnee ee mT Loea'ity. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, Latitude, Son R. ; 6 Sonachora . : Sonada . . Sonpur . ° Sor Range . . Sowakhan . = Spin Karez . Spintangi . . Subansiri R. , Sukakheri it 5 Suki R. . A Sultan Khel 3 Sumesari R. ° SundriR. . 5 Sunglewan . . _Sunri 5 : SupahiR. . : Syghan—see Saighan Sylhet 5 ° Tada Taluk : Tagit Creek Tagoo Creek ° 24 Ihe 44 53 on 14 | Longitude. 91 55 XXXi 109. 23, 24. 109. 59. 1, L25 138: 9, 29, 30. XXXII BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. SA AE a Locality. | Latitude. Longitude. | Pages. ° a ° la Tak—see Tank . A : : OD ac 108. Talang . ‘ ‘ ° : 25 50 Sip PAY | (lah Talchir : : ; ° “ 20 57 80 167) 2510 Sono: Taltore C . . 3 23 45 St AG: Tandur ° ° : ° yy) 19) 30 11, 95, 100. Tangi 5 . ; : : 33 58 69 2) 12. Tank : - : - = | 32 3 70 26 | 108. Tanse ° . ° . : P27 Nl 18 24 (95; Tatapani . ¢ : 2 || “ey ab 83 44 | 10, 80. TawaR. .»« . « « «| 22 14 | 78 “o) onmoosgemuamgns TelongB. . « « «© «| 2£ 2 |) 04 30) is: Tembiuns. «se | 2 Oo meor aleale Tendan 5 « %. » |e). 12 916) On) lomiltGomes: Tennasserim 5 6 5 ° WP 53 99 3 10, 61, 62, 64. Tennasserim R., Great ; 12 10 99 7 625633 Tennasserim R., Little . .| 12 4 | 99 3 | 10,62, 64. Tesaphuli <2 © me ey 228 AOR Cros alan Tezpur ° . . = | 26 (37 Op 2 |) Tey Thabyetaungdan ° . 5 | Pail 96 23 | 69. Thal . 5 5 : ; >| 68 45 | 9, 31. Thamakan . ° : : - | 20 42 96 42 | 70. Thambayadeing . . > 19| 29 94 46 | 66. Than : ° : . 22 33 Tl Me 10, 61. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. erik ee ee a a ee me ae eee ee te Locality. Latitude. Longitude, Pages. Thanjinath A ° . Et 25. Thatay Khyoung. : : : L221), 290 8) 2162; Thayetmyo. : . * Be te) oe 95 16 | 10, 65, 66. Therabwin . c . 4 OU Zee Sole Onn. Oo. Thigyit . 5 “ 2) |) 208 839 96 40 | 69. Thingadaw * ° : Aa er 2 eesy Dow OMe abe Thit-e-bin . 5 p : - os on 70. Thoo-hte-Khyoung—see ‘Thatay Khyoung : . : 62. Tikak ie : : : Sl eezu2O) 95 50 | 18. Timli Pass—see Kalawala Pass ete ot 114. Tindharia . 5 4 : si Zo ol SS | 36. Tipam H. . : : é oy ln 2G 95 28 | 16, 18, 19. TipanR. . . : 0 Size So 81 46 Tipra : c aie y ce : | 30 49 76N 59) || LZ: TirapR. . - : , | 2% 20 95,555 |: 16, 17. 19, 20. Cr a Tiru R. Zs 5 5 : Ste 26 wo: 94 AuStaikye | /. : - ‘ 4 DAS) 1530) 89 46 | 36, 27. or SS) Toleh 9 5 : 5 + 23) 49 84 3 Toorah > ° 2 3 a} 28) Gil 81 40 | 79. Toposi : . 2 : . | 23 40 Sy IPA] Ge Trak . c : 2 : 7 29 93 «39 + 14: Spee eet 1) On eNO |, 934Gb Td. Trombow . ° 4 5 : RB} i) 69 48 | 6, 10,61. ee BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Locality. | Latitude. Longitude. Pages. | ° , ° / Tsetama . C ‘ C 4 LS 57 93 56 67, 68. Tsing Koon ‘ ‘ ¢ oe Ie il 99 6 | 62, 64. Tundni i : c - a |) Pe 283 78 46 | 91. Tuinidih . Oy er, Som LO ESb: Tura Range z A F » 2529 90 16 BB} OY Tukalla R. . : A ; | ae ae 103. Ujeini A : : . «|| 240 0 82° 25 |) 79: Umaria - 6 . . 5 23 39 80 53 | 10, 75, 76, 77, 78. Umat ° ° . . -| 25 12 92 20 | 30. Umb—see Amb . ; : C we Ae 109. Umblay R. é ; c ; 25 20 OV bons: UmeniR. . ° . 5 < of o6 27. Umlotodo . S C C : | 25 12 92 20 | 30. ent eee ee. Morn |) on oa lon UmrarR. . . * . . 23 39 80 53 | 75. Umrileng . A : < 2 Pay Pall O23 9s 26529: Umsaomat c : C sc fe 26. Wri. : ° : ° c 34 11 74 2 | 101. Vadadey . . . e ° 16 49 80 It 106. Vipert. . ° . ° < 11 40 92 41 | 14 Vorkully . ‘ P ‘; : 8 44 76 45 103. Se a ER NE SR RTT ER EE TAN GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. arg Locality. Latitude. Longitude. Payes, a a | Wapungg . . . 25 25 | 92 22 | 9,26, 29. Warangul . : : “ mide 68 79 41 | 99. Wardha R. : : : . | 20 30 78 30 | 5,10, 87, 89, 99, 100. Warkilly—see Vorkully < = ee 0 103. Warora . . ° ° 20 14 : 79° 2 | 10,88; 89; 90. Wun. 5 . ° . ZOIS iy al 10, 87, 89. Wuntho . - : ; 3 20 52 95 45 74. Yaignaw . 5 ° : Yaw. = 5 ; - : Yellandu . : 5 . seit, ley este} 80 21 | Si. Yenangyat - 3 5 Bl eal ley 94 45 | 65. Yenangyaung . : : ol 20) 7925 || 94 56 | 10)68- Yuyinbyet . : : : - | 23 55 95 85 | 74. Zharakhu R. . ° ° =| 30) 0 67 8 | 34. Zardalu . . ; ‘ . Bi) A33 67 38 | 33. Zhuwakai Pass—see Jawai Pass . Sq : A 108. SUBJECT INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX. SUBJECT. Adams . : s Afghanistan coal Afghan-Turkistan coal Agabeg, E.C. . 5 . Almod Beds Analyses of coal Andaman Islands, coalin . Anderson, Dr. . 5 3 5 Anthracite : é 5 Applegarth, Colonel . : : Archean gneiss . 5 < Area of coalfields 6 ; Asphalt . 5 5 2 Assam coal ‘ F ; . —-—— Railways and Trading Co. 5 Ball, V. . c 6 ° . ° Baluchistan coal Z A Barakar beds . Bedford, J. 3 5 Bengal coal 6 2 . . ° Coal Co. 5 : 5 ; - Nagpur Railway Co. : A A Bibliography . z “ XXXVI]l1 Pages. 105. O11. 9, 12. 115. 2, 6, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,72, TBn 74,16; 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 98, 100, 104, 107, 110, 111, 114, 115. Fe Cray 712: 5, 12: 13. 105, 106. Te 8, 12. 105. 9, 14. ze 1, 14, 25, 39, 56, 58, 62, 81, 82, 83, 85, 116. 9, 31. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 38, 44, 50, 58, 76,. 80, 82, 87, 92, 96, 97, 99, 100. 56, 95. 128—147. XXXVill SUBJECT, Bihar and Orissa coal Bijori beds Bird & Co. 4 Blanford, Dr. W. T. Bolton. : . Bombay coal. Borings . “ . Bose, P. N. : : 5 s ‘ ; Brahmaputra River Briquettes. : Buckingham, His Grace the alee i Burma coal Burnes, Sir Alexander Busch, Dr. , 3 3 b 4 : Bye-products . : : : ‘ . Calorific value . : C A 5 Carboniferous coal Cautley, Sir Probyn Chemical Examiner for Bengal Chief Inspector of Mines in India, Annual Report Sh Central India coal ‘ ‘ , : Provinces coal P - ; c Coal Committee A Coke 5 5 6 6 Concealed coalfields Cost of production . cs . Cox, Captain Hiram . ‘. ; A Cretaceous coal fields . 5 = 3 C Cuddalore sandstones A 5 6 ‘ Cullen, General . 6 c 6 S Dalton, Lieutenant . é . ° . Damuda coal, character of . - F ls BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Pages. 10, a7 2, 3, 4. ines 31, 34, 43, 60, 61, 84, 85, 94, 96, 97, 99, 107, 108. 23. 10, 60. 37, 38, 39, 43, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 98, 104, 106, 112, 113, 115, 29, 36, 62. 14, 17, 23, 36, 37. 18, 36, 42. 96. 10, 61. 11, 108, 109. 14, 42, 18, 49, 54. 12, 62. 114, 104, 1. 10, 75. 10, 80. 75. 5, 15, 18, 27, 42. 37. 102, 103. 14, 15. SUBJECT INDEX. Subscror, Damuda series . ‘ ‘ Darjiling Himalayas, coal in Datta, P. N. Deccan Trap. DeCloset, A. P. . Department of Mines . Dixon, G. . F é Drummond, Captain . Dunston, Professor Wyndham Dwyka conglomerate . : “ East Indian Railway Co. Exports of coal . —-—-— and imports of cca fable of Farquhar and Motte . : “ Fedden, F. 5 : : Feismantel, Dr. . ; 5 Foote,R.B. . Fossil resin , a : Franklin, Captain - : Freight rates. : ° Fryar Mark : 5 0 Godavari Valley—coalfields Godwin-Austen, Colonel Gondwana coal . F = —-—- rocks—upper —-——-_ _ lower . Grant, Captain . : : Graphite . Great Indian Benecalse Rail ay Co. Griesbach, C. L. 5 6 z Grundy, J. C A ; F | 6. XXXiX Pages. 2, 3, 4,.6, 13, 43, 44, 56, 57, 104, 115. 5, 35 25, 69. 38, 39, 91. 103. 126. Las 1: 2. 42, 55. 121. 116, 118. 49. 61. 3. 104, 105, 106. 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 64. 2, 96, 99. | 28 ous 1, 36, 80, 87. 87, 104. 2, 13, 80, 97. 92, 93, 95. 12, 31, 32, 34, 74, 75, 80, 112. 35, xl BALL AND SIMPSON : SUBJECT. Harris, G. BE. . F 3 Hayden, H. H. . : - Helfer, Dr. ‘ ¢ Hochstetter, Dr. ‘ Holland, Sir T. H. Hopker, Sir R. Hope, EH. L. : é Hughes, Major, F.C. . — T. W. H. Hunter, Dr. Hutton, Captain Hyderabad coal ——Decean Co. Teneous dykes Illuminating power of coal as Imports of ¢ pal Indian Mining Association . —-— Railways, coal on Indus River 3 Tronstone shales James, Captain . : 5 - Jammu and Kashmir coal Jerdon, Dr. Jodhpur-Bikanir Railw ay Jones, E. J. ae ; 3 Jurassic coal =, 3 5 Kamthibeds . a ; : Karharbari beds > F : Karnul series . 5 ; COALFIELDS OF INDIA. Wie Hs} oily 5) B75 ves 61. 49, 54. 8, 40, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59), CYA hoy WKH 2, Phe eer, 87, 88, 98, 99, 100. 103, 104, 105. 11. 11, 95. 98. 40, 43, 53, 57, 80. 18, 27. 118. 127. 118. 60, 109, 111. 2, 3, 4, 44. 27. 11, 100. 94. 113. 32, 69, 70, 72, 94, 53. 6, 61. 2, 3, 4, 38, 90; 95, 97, 99, 106, 107. 2, 3, 12. 105. SUBJECT INDEX. ai re ce en ne me SURJECT. | Pages. sony Drv \ ee f : : F F - - | 26, 32, 89) 72, 84, 85, 93, 96, 97, 98, 103, 106, 107. Kohat Salt District . ; : ; : f + | LO8: ** Kurribari coalfield ” : : a. ; ; | 235 | Labour in mines A , : P «5 5 = |) Waite}, pay Lala Hira Lal . 5 : : . : ; 2 (SL; 825 8a LaTouche, T. D. ° ‘ ; ‘i ; : = | 1b, 16/023. 24, 25, 96, 27, 28, 29, 30, 60, 93, — 101, 108, 109, 112. Lignite . ; 5 - A * A F 5 | eh 7G IGE I OL eile Bie 60, 64, 66, 67, 70, 103, 104, 108, 113, 114, 115. Longwall system : : : - - - . | 124, 125. Louis, Professor H. 53. Lukstedt . ; : : ‘ , ‘ , . | 109. Lydekker, R. . . P : : é : oy LOE Machinery in mines. 5 - : - ° ael2o; Maclaren, J. M. . ; ‘ : : ‘ : Se aibaalG: Madras and Southern India coal . ; ; 5 5 |) Ah Oy, Malik Buda s ; , 5 , : - | 108: Mallet, F.R. . ‘ é : ; : F 5 | by 16 Is AO) 2s Bo, 37, 67, 68. Martin, Messrs. E. P. . : . ‘ , . | 53. Medlicott, H. B. : A : F : A > | 26 75, 885 100, 10. Methods of mining. . ‘ : : . el 23: Middlemiss, C. 8. : : 5 - : : 3 |) CO), TIS}, Mines Act No. VIII . c é : ; ‘ mele: Mining Board | 126. Mines Inspection - - : : : : a eLZGs Legislation ; : : : 4 . . | 126. Mining and Geological Institute . 5 : 5 5 |] 48 Motur beds. : : ; : : : a Ronee As xii BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. SUBJECT. Narbada coalfields Nerbudda Coal and Iron Co. Newbold, Captain Nicobar Islands coal Noetling, F. ; ; . A North-West Frontier Province coal North Western Railway Co. Nummulitic coal : > Oates, R. J. W. . Oldham, R. D. . —————— Dr a. Orr, Dr. Panchet beds. : Pascoe, E. H. Peninsula India coal . Petroleum. Powell, G. Prinsep, J. ‘ Pranhita-Godavari Valley Production of coal , table of Punjab coal Purana system . Raigarh-Hingir coalfield re-named Railway transport rates Raja of Sushung Rajputana coal . Raniganj beds Ravenshaw, E. J. 5 Rawalpindi Gas Works . . . . Pages. 2, 8. 93. 102. 7, 9, 13. 73, 74. 11, 108. 109, 110, 111. 108, 112. 76. 32, 34, 79, 110. 25, 27, 30, 37, 39, 62, 64, 71, 105, 106, 109, 111. 103. 2, 5, 43, 57. 15, 16. 3, 5. | 11, 31, 68. 105. 11, 27, 108, 109. 96. 116, 118. 119, 120. 11, 108. tk 85. 122. 24. 7 Al, 1p, ON ANG: 115. 110. SUBJECT INDEX. SUBINOT. Reader, G. FF. . : ‘ Rebate on exported coal Redwood, Professor B. Resinincoal . Rink, Dr. . Romanis, R. A A ‘ é Saise, Dr. W. . . Salma basaltic dyke Salt Range—Trans-Indus Sandeman, Sir R. Sankey, Lieutenant Satpura basin Schorl mistaken for coal Sections of coal measures Selling prices, table of Simpson, F. L. G. pa ens Sind, coal in Singapore market Sladen, Colonel . Smith, F. H. —-—, D. Spilsbury, Dr. Spontaneous combustion “ Square work ” 5 5 Statistical tables Steam coal : Steamer trials for testing coal Stevens, Captain Strover, Captain, G. A. Stuart, M. . 5 Sturt 5 2 5 5 Surface water—influx of . Talchir beds . 5 . ° ° . . . ° . . . a . | 94. . | 91, 92. xiii Pages, 78, 83, 86. 122. 67. 22, 23, 24, 26, 29. #4 5 leh 64. 3, 13, 22, 37, 41, 48, 49, 54, 59, 98. 43, 44, ay WI, 31. | 105. . . . . 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 63, 64, 97. 123. 93. 15; 195 20; Ow, aT: 7, 10, 31, 60, 110. 122. 66. 21, 22, 31. 2, 3, 4, 12, 38, 43, 56, 57, 58. xliv SUBJECT. Tertiary coal ee , character of Tertiary sandstones, upper . Theobald, W. Tipper, el Trade Travancore 5 Tremenheere, Captain Tween, A. United Provinces coal Upper Burma coal Vanstavern F A Vetch, Captain . A . Waldie, Dr. "| » Walker, H. ‘ - Wall Ward, T. H. Webster, G. C. . Wilcox, Lieutenant R. Wright, C. M. P. Wroughton, Captain . Wynne, A. B. BALL AND SIMPSON : COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 5 | Gs . | 6, 48, 107. ud 7, 16, 26, 30, 31, 62, 63, 74, 75, 101, 111, 114. 16, 108. 65. 14. 116. it ,102. Ij, 114, LOM7L. 106, 107. 15. 40, 104. 106. 52, 53. 16, 16. 101. 19. 6, 61, 108. ee ee "e % aS YY 7 Aff WA j Y / fy RIN Y Yy Yj ) LSS / \ é hig, yyy YY Tankarrata Ys Ie t SK Af ff “ys fy Uy ys 7 SQ ye fe NON Karkule”/ \\ ll / /) is f S AAS SMG : \ i Hl Yyyyyl AM) yy py 7) Yj, I Vi ple SG, . \ N ! yy Kr g Yyy chattel : CLM i Cf, /, Vp, gL NG We, Uy Alipur Jn. ‘Ghhy % l il | LS he _~ up Una AAS / “Nf, Yj Gamarituri we Malbahal Gothlird G / hifi tahall Mh 4 V4 Y-eyy 7 AX Y tangamatis , | Af ff, \ x Pripiaen’ ;' | O/ YY Kalalabur 7S y Pltakarl Singatulbor 4) | Yy (jj Yy Yj Kgehig, y Yip My) ¢ V4 Uj yy j Yy - 4 Yl anhat “4 4 LE hibegs SN S Yh, Pas J Ly Mid | ee NG yy “fp, Oalabsi Y Wy YJ ss usu yy fff, Y Salturl , f Mg VWs S Wi, farephar Ne bain ; ~ 4h é : ah SIUM ale . Y Y 4 AA) 3 KW Te il ty NS WG yy j \ WA 7; Al J WM, — Y, 1 sN VV; TS ee i ~ SG RAN D I | a NN A YY YY / é \X ¥ i W ml | dp \ Y ii tim HN SN My j abil ata 4, Y Wf Yyy \ i i i YY i \N SY jobarghal Wy yy, f, i \ \ A SN h YY i SG Me d yay, A / y tt SS > OH yeahs? Pabrial” Boban j il MH hea HY WSN NX RUG gegen, Gg Ups \ “ORCOyys\ Gf” Mo, xt NS S \ i R H 4 ay \ . SW U/, tH SRN > | | Y Vy all we hs i } | Lk NOODIH_BRANCI ¥ | \ | | E, | RY, |KHANOODIH_ BRANCH earl Uy Mh, il | Lenin | I La rll il y oat WA ee stn Y 4 Uy ef ui i ll || Bermuct poy | hs it | t |) [JU Altura Ungaria { Vi, the EON l 1} . . J l MUGM, | | | . i Chinchuria «4 f Cos AN Salty Wll|Taldanga |Dok| Bungalo BARAKAR ini i is latola aoe ma i fel 10 TN te ty | Nd \chalba/pbr, Telallja hit 4 im | “ \ Irku a || |e ~ OY } ane Haj er Si 2 | Moristala & j D Ye a Begunla me TAlLWvay Su ay o ce S ei bumackunde/ 5 =< RS % 3 mil) "| hunghal U cs fia ri SS catur y ITARAME! eee ) vain Q SS Bhars. “ Charmi s u A A Godindpur IME Wy ‘ pur hone 1 -8eidul nse 10 \\ Saragdhi H rae ‘ Gangutle 6, i aa 4 SS ni ; \ ; We = yoihe§ <0 IK s ee rm = * A z, Yy ae at \ Okamaa ae Y Yj : \ —_ Sepalpur YY W, yy * = Chotodhoma S \ pes Sass MS) { i Wy Yj J \ Yj | Ve Mallani: \. Jigabani SN : YY Nohachak} Radhanagap™ »< | \ Raysonde 7] f Fy ‘aysonda f ~ \ Yy } fl - . c Y Yj 7 A / Maratha Nopra i : g : Ss fae yy Y =U, YY fy y Ae = g YY rv - Yj Y Y Gy / Ss. yi Y =< a Y ix 2 (GG YH \y y < Deoli Saliur is Fi ty YY) Yy UY). YY Yj YY 4 an fro X ea Yi V7, Y Pigg L/S Salchura Naraingu; Y, V Yy Oi a § mre y y Z UY RLM, fl ae E> a \ parbatti”* 7 y Yy fy Oh DX adhi A fe Ne } oe 8 UY y, Hur fs ; ¥ Ly ps d s \ Roo Ste EEN Yy Y; Ye ie \ a Z Z Yy Yj Yj waa : % : irathiind f y YY LY Uy a . “ Metoria < Yyy iogondl Ds ‘Gopalpur\ Beni \ i 4 y Yl y, y y Y wy ete /, eee e EET Sirkad! ; Yj Y) “YG YY Yy GUY Y 4, a Ni} nariporea Barmaria (7 s Uy Uj: SOK) G, yy) Uy Yyy ‘ 7 hal ) Nimdana Londia . Yyyrbylyyy Gf A We/UYG4/ Uj x fee + Piharpur... Heth a py Wf. Yyf Z ! Puchoria’**»., killa 424 y fh Paharpur {3 Hadhi Sasa ” inurl. Yy, LM V p ‘Nutondhl) F*,— AY : Ys i Kaltes MAP OF THE (Oe tan S : A yy Yh, 4 be . yy : — = = ete g 28) fandagorla — — = yy fy ae Ly Yy Uy “4 x Y yandidht Y fg Lie “yy A’ , as . >. Kotbil G Ls Saeed : ee hi Lhatacha ‘ Ihagayr Hy Narula ee Yy LEGEND Yun, 8 “PACS MMA ddd wi ; “yy Uj 4 © poe ot if MaRS x \\Puradht \ heey Bhutsoka * q € Scale, 7 inch =7 mile. ——— = 8 a zs Say ¢ frrn., 7 \ \ Allustom..-....- Nomabacta Yy yee daspur -, =? ee ae Etter Kilaturl Parad! ~ * es - oil aani Y a (Fa Balarampur\. pu (indy Pe = eee ae y Ss \ Raniganj or Upper Coal Series oi BOC ONG SS nats Ironstone Shales... a--_____-Molanpur siggora 4) G 4 =a ae aa N Borgulla ‘ Barakur or Lower Coal Series... hi a thes Ui — Talehir Group... She nip y Yyyyyyy ye ae i YY | Motamorphic Rocks....--..-.2.0.0- 20.2 ce eee pee See | ae - ieee eerops of Coal Seams. (Presumed continuation of seams —.—.—.—.—.—-—-—)}-- b y af Faults. < PG eee. = ae Uy, Yyy f || Trap D. kes. = RAY Hi ey 1 a4 \ -_ f a F ' —— — st 2 a a | mi : — .fW.2.. i i. Memoirs, Vol. Abt, Pl. 18. (I) Uy il mv E “Yi, aur C a . ll == il | Pht il | | i AAMT al l He He yA SKC ay Z WY SMP, Wf YY Ky Y ps yy g q ‘ie Sp W G Bhutsoka Y a \, ured 4 Yj P : . slave \ > \ VY : Y Cb 7 SS y Y/ IO Mb Upper Ges >> Wy “iy rband— r= ae £ Mpa: UY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memoirs, Vol. XLI, P1.19. MAP OF THE JHARIA COAL-FIELD. | Compiled from map by the Se ay ee 4 . * a 2 Udalbari| karo S = \Viurmidth ' a ; ~ ae f TS oR la Dora t FP hiea By Hi ‘ amualand LCoeelpwr: Nichitpe Oihs a hod S Late T. W. H. Hucues (Mem. G. S. 1, Vol. V ), Revised by T. H. Warp (Ree. G. S. 1, Vol XXYV), and Again revised by G. A. Sronter Scale, 1 inch = 1 mil | ay ey SY. . = | Bee AN: hi ce ) S ( QBish aa = © TON 7 ve) Ls Ox o yo OP \Pandarpata o °Serai Dhela oe w“ lll | < Baswari SS = aie eS ul NU XS Chandudi es. Y\ dudi i WNobindpur Ss ve || | Bete nares r; SSW =~ = \Narainpur’... “ N ~ x~ Seraidhela aN - b 2 | ’ v | A. / 2 — Sy > 4 ~~ ; i Guthbur : : SL Khanoodih TARA re 34 / j J i = Damudaggur 4 ft akcsp tae / J : 2 Pronto S~ , Y dw bat (~~ eBerhemasia i t rReaY, ) Kehram ¢ " LS Oj Bora ‘ 0 s 6 OH 1 \ Tilgashehar ‘ wy , iT | t een) »\e2 ‘ NAGE as «/ Amagarha re ‘Abhuasan *} < . 5 f ant, 2 ey Af ® Noe oC : Sapta} i Belgaria WE gy iY Glee SOF eh rie ; 23) 3 xt ; vaPZ at 23 ry Cy | \ te < \, Fagairagjh || Vendo Sie LE antsy, wien i x ia | ri vou . Nichitpur \\ ~ 4\ rai Golmara ; re %. ele \| | pm ° ON bg at f= Wi | Chant in Pargha Se Js F : | ml t Ay ! , | | > Sig he) (M18 Sr yA Ee A] | | ANG ; rho 4 | nm ow 45 Hi “y/*' ©“ Paharpl | \er Ly Bee | e Makunda \WSy Rete! FoF fie I & / SP SNE cack | Amifur >) Ss _ — ae NCS) ina / u | a) ol Y 4 H b uy A ¢Kasmatandis IW Nipania \ c, ~-Bhaguadih tay in = A7 ftaon, KA] ee i QI alee ioe pews Dates. Ye Sez ists | aie ~, 4 Sue (eee ARINC) ete ae Teno R ve f \ | 1 Rs, cay 1 FOG | | <-> Banderchuan Raghunathpur | | i) U x “” Sel =~ Suranga M Peis eae) “Ge pw, 2s : at Nie OX Ra cad hy Q “as : d : 1 Dun : 5 7 : q Eis Sate Si Ni : : oO is y : DilWarda / e! é : J 1 ae | \ PE si q A u : ‘ s : ae Andi onhar é SA S = mua " wk , : BL 2 } : tn angst rae oe Pht, 7 an : Pe = y oP Sl Pac ; fl . a ‘ y a SF . Sy ee EN 1 ‘. ‘ ee ‘ f a ’ : , " 7 a : cad ‘ o ° . 8 OR aiiicdih (CobindiMih) d (otal re lee ) nee si ° : ei / ~ j \\ | # ji 0, A ae 'Chatabad + ~ o \ Je. on nae i, t Parastlantht aes ee Bit 5 | eee, Se a i HEB a . Seharpura -=\ \ ea la “0 We] we N Manohartand ~' 5 > 4 | | lke . “ ! 4 | ~ ay) d | INDEX ai Shain | 5 ‘an eer 7 ia }) 40 =) Lo Pao ia iW I i OSH. Jamdotha - 4 N | | 40 BB) Ranigan) stage ) 1 nidih, yeenate aeeitie | 2 oUt Raghudi ) | Tronstone shales ) Damuda Series H g! L]] ; S pJogidinX ey Co Barakar stage - i / c so “A re | akar stag li 2 i < Renee | “Rohraband / > } Talchir Series ong 45 is 09 Badhadih. Pap tyke ° fo m/l a | " My Domgarh, ~ ~ Nd | 4 = ? = | [JJ crystattine and Metamorphic a) or\ a Nit 2 c “ ) Sind) — eh a \ {| wm Quartzove-breccia are ? . ] ————— Coal seams are shewn by a black line \ ly i = a ; 5 << (Shara | = She oes e 9 Gondtibheta ad Chatatan ae poe te P lad Ruardi Feel ood] Faults ow by a white line Peat ly ~ “ S"Faichar-'\_ || ave, >> Haichar.\ | Dip is shewn by an arrow 20) and the amounts ~~ Ne ees % | is given in degrees — , 10 Reg No. 148) B, 19.—1 ~1.240. iow Await ~ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Memoirs, Vol. XLI, Pl. 20. Be\"e ON a Raa i , ® + ee is THE COAL-FIELDS OF INDIA, EXCLUDING THOSE OF est THE PUNJAB, AND RAJPUTANA A ———-=+__—_ .e {The f rT aaitiney tl anflonts/ mh in apes = pal. os Scale, 1 inch = 64 miles. |-Fields Reg. No. 1068, 14-1 — 1,80, Bikar & Orissa—contd. Central Provinces —contd. ome i Fe 38 Rampur, (Raigath & Hingis) ... Sates BILE O Se en \ Khasia Hills sssseneXTVe 25 Ton = 2) onh-West and West of | 87 Korba... = a 50 Dilrang... 63 Cherrapunji, etc “} ania Ht 38 Aurangs es ss} Damuda Valley,....-¥-| 38 Mfohpani i = 51 Disai ... we | we 64 Lakadong, ete... see Jaintia, Hills ssseecseeeXV . Brahmini Valley,...... 1. 98 Daltongan) 39 Shapur or Betul 2 } Satpura Area, »..... VIL. 3 sed | 65 Baronga Islands... x eo Cobia we ae 7 | Upper Assam .vveeeXH. | 46 Ramei Island e\ Arka, ssrsnccoines BVI North of the Damuda 41 Bandar .. ei ee Fox! 67 Cheduba Island peacnaiaeas it 42 Waror, } Be Ba ase - co 43 Ghogus .. | Se Nene Rs = eee "\ ower Burs, .0.X VI of the Son and| 44 Wan... Z ee. COM ¥ sossannnanae VE:| 45 Between Won and Peper ...f VOD VN pete = ad ie 70 Thingadaw (Kabwet) Si Set Dameda Valley, o.n.-1V, 46 Junara and Chicholi = Py “| 71 Chindwin Roan 2p Upper Barats : m Santi and Ballarpur... ~ 61 Umblay... 7a = 72 Lashio, etc 3 uN, Shan States . te 7 * ‘pag? Pa 8 ye bo CALCUTTA SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA 8, HASTINGS STREET MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA eHIOM" A dul du Yew TA OvGRame oe . : a * . 4 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA VOLUME XLI, PART 2. ON THE GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA STATE, CENTRAL PROVINCES. By L. LEIGH FERMOR, D.SC., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Superintendent, Geological Survey of India. (With 12 plates.) Published by order of the Government of India CALCUTTA : SOLD AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 27, CHOWRINGHEE ROAD. LONDON: MESSRS. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNEB & CO. BERLIN: MESSRS. FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN. 1914, CONTENTS. Cuarter I.—InTRODUCTION. Paar. General . ny : : ; 3 ; - . 148 Names of the coalfields , . ; b y . 149 The Sanhat field 4 : 3 . ; ; . 150 The Kurasia field F ‘ F ; 5 rs . 150 Geological Map 7 ; ; : : ; , Lot Coal samples. : : : t : , 2 Lb Other formations . ; : : ; - . 152 Deccan Trap. - , : ; 6 “ . 152 Archean rocks . 2 : : ; 5 - #) bz Pendra Zamindari : ; : : : ; a bZ Acknowledgments : F 3 : : 2 . 153 Cuaprpr I]l.—PuHysicaL ASPECTS AND GENERAL GEOLOGY. Physical aspects 5 : : : . . . 154 Geological formations é : : - . . 154 The three plateaux or terraces. : ; A meebo Cuaprer II].—Derccan Trap. Dolerite dykes . : : : : 5 . 156 Dolerite sill F , 2 A : > fs 5 GS Chirmiri volcanic series : ; 4 F 0 5 Wests) CHAPTER [V,— ARCHHAN. Phunga inlier . 4 : : : : 5 UG Khargaon inlier - : : 2 c . 2 Lon Salba iniier , “ : 0 . : ; 5 LG Patna inlier . 4 3 ‘ : 5 - . 162 Quartz crystals i 5 “ : - . 162 Siroli inlier - s ; 5 . C : 5 G83 Karimati inlier s é 6 2 3 weelGe The pre-Talchir Archean surface : : - . 163 Easterly extension of the Satpuras . 6 6 . 164 Age of the Satpura core . . . > . . 164 CHAPTER V.—THE TALCHIRS. Distribution ° : . . 5 5 6 lod Lithology . ° ° : : : . Character of the Barakar-Talchir boundary . 5 5 UGE Thickness . . ° - . ° . ° LG Dips ° : 5 : - 6 5 . 0 ii CONTENTS. Cuarrer VI.—Tur Barakars. PAGE. Distribution 5 . ; ‘ ‘ & 5 5 ail Dips . ‘ : : : : : : 5 ket Faulting . : ‘ : ; : : is Lateral Gi ear ents 3 ‘ F A z ‘ 2 lis Sandstone dyke ‘ 5 : 5 : 4 > livia: Contorted sandstone veins . . ‘174 Lithological characters and peculambie of the Pandstones : : LO Sandstones underlying aad Gredane the coal series 5 : ; : : 5 . 2 76 The coal series : , é - 6 dlziz/ Mode of outcrop of paneenones 2 ‘ 3 ns Mode of outcrop of coal seams : 5 : . 178 Cliffs and ravines . : : 3 ; a llefs} Waterfalls or ghags_ . ; , ; ls Ferns, stalactites, etc. 5 . 2 . Ae lint) Gentle streams . . ; ; . 5 listo) Number and thickness of pon seams in one horizon : : ; ; : : . 180 Characters of the con : ; ; ‘ < A kes) Composition of the coal . : : - : 5 | ich Caking properties ; 5 ; : : : . 184 Sulphur. : g : ; c ; 5 - 184 Calorific value . ‘ ; . 184 Comparison of Barkui cave 7 aneein ‘toni : - 185 Comparison of Korean coals with other coals from the Central Provinces and Central India . - 86 Fossils : : : : : ; ‘i a USsy Concretions of Rahomanne : : : : 5 a kS7/ Correlation of the coal seams : y ; ‘ 7) ss CHapter VII.—THEe Sannat COALFIELD. Correlation of seams . : : : é : » 190 Horizon 1 . : : : ; ; : : 5 | OU Analyses. F - 5 . 19% Quantity of Eoat : ; : é o . 192 Horizon 2 . ; : ; 4 5 ‘ : a Analyses. , : : : ¢ : 5 USP Quantity of coal . ‘ : : ‘ : 5 Gy Western end of field ; : é A > ee} Analyses. ; : : F A - 293 Previous pnalyees é R : : - 194 Cuaprer VIII.—Tue Kourasta CoaLrrerp. Dips : ‘ . 5 Ute Work of Messrs. ‘Baghes pnd Hie Lal ; 5 . 195 Aneroid readings 9 : ; : ‘ . 196 CONTENTS. CHapter VIII.—Tur Kurasia CoALrirnp—contd. A.—The Kurasia Area, Correlation of seams Analyses Horizon 4 Horizon 3 Horizon 2 Site for horehole B.—The Chirmiri Area. Correlation of seams 5 A é 5 Analyses Horizon 4 Fi ; . Karar Khoh section, Raotia Nale ‘ Karar Khoh analyses Extension of the Karar Khan, series Quantity of coal Horizon 5 C.—General. Conclusions concerning the Kurasia field Other localities Previous analyses CHAPTER [X.—KorREAGARH COALFIELD CHAPTER X,—THE JHAGRAKHAND Coat AREA : 5 CHaPTeR XI.—GENERAL Economic SUMMARY Apprenpix I.—Correlated List of Coal Outcrops . - : II.—List of Korean Coal Outcrops (after Hughes) 99 I1l.—Geographical Index . : 9 SuBsEcT INDEX “ ‘ ; . - é ° rs “4° * - i i = | ri id ; . 7 : ie ¢ i -'y 7 n ,, ee a £ ‘ , ~ ihe; ee a ; ; Glen Wor. Ohad ag SW ; " 4 + s : 5 weet TA atl : c 7 : iB : is e « .- i a ‘ pecan "ar P a , 4 R:. ‘ “ . ; aw A it ey } Bey ormeryytety fan i hd are uJ i i } i mt’ Seer eey OOM ae 7 jak 4 ” : HerhreY wit) Caeia ie ee | Cheatin ek, cau a ii eA ‘y ae , 7 7 / Hi doundet TROD BA Pe ms wid dhol Dk fed elle ed LIST OF PLATES. Memoirs G. S. I. Vol. XLI, Part 2. Prate 21: Bartunga Hill (2,917 feet) composed of Barakar sandstones resting on Talchirs (forming the foreground). 22._Fig. 1.—Cliff,of Talchir Shales with thin limestone bands: Kudra N. Fig. 2.—Talchir boulder bed: Gej Nala. 22A.—Secratched and facetted pebble of sandstone from Talchir boulder bed : Hasdo River, near Karimati. 2 natural size. 23.—Fig. 1.—Coal faulted against sandstone : Kurasia Nala. Fig. 2.—Barakar sandstone containing a coal seam squeezed into lenticles ; Kachhan Kundi Nala. 24.—Fig. 1.—Joint cleft in Barakar sands‘one, occupied by the Kachhan Kundi Nala. Fig. 2.—Contorted sandstone veinlet in a coal seam : Charcha, 25.—Fig. 1.—“‘ Sun-cracked ” sandstone : Chirmiri. Fig. 2.—Pot-holes in Barakar sandstone : Kachhan Kundi Nala. 26.—Cliffs of Barakar sandstone, south edge of Kurasia coalfield near Bartunga Hill. Foreground is Talchirs. 27.—Fig. 1.—Sandstone overhanging band of carbonaceous shale : Dhuneti Nala. Fig. 2.—Sandstone overhanging coal seams : Parewa Ghag. 28.—Kirwahi Ghag. A 3’ seam of coaly shale at base of fall. 29.—Barrier of coal across Kaoria Nala. The elephant is standing on the parting between seams 4 and 5. 30:—Map of Kurasia coalfield, with coal outcrops. Seale 1”=1 mile. 31.—Geological Map of Korea State. Scale 1”=4 miles. i 1 PA vi i i Gare 4 ‘ ca Area ; Lay _ iiinden iGeh) ie sarees ' iy Do tole ahhh a ; Nobo" 1g 0s) ea a LP QP teiteraah Ti iba ees ae ee 7 My 1 il blarehetey f ; id, > oe * ate lec Ue } orig! fi CUaR aihi At Tino dets Ry Sees 4 we Prat st). isntaesne arqs eee ee. #10 beta : ' bi 4 wal os & as Fy 4, ) ¢ rk} ae Hit oe , Yaw a * t F , . # bith it i ‘ ‘ j - hi a) ‘ > ; f ; PP ahivd C=.) % : Fe i (ee \ i i 4 I ; ‘ hive Nye “su ce Fb ay ART ss “3 in vial’ ate) 4 Hunt Ae quote Ma . j Tae i , a ) oe ie J ] by f t Mall PEATE IGE hrc LO ME Se) a elias : out ae ao) Lab yi ee i ¥ . 4 ie 4 7 ‘ ii a ae dasibeh in (0 vi Fat w CO yh) Gol ie aaa ae MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. ON THE GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA STATE, CENTRAL PROVINCES. ‘By L. LEIGH FERMOR, D.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Superintendent, Geological Survey of India. (With 12 plates.) CHAPTER I. I.—INTRODUCTION The only account of the coalfields of Korea State previously published is contained in T. W. H. Hughes’ Memoir entitled ‘ The Southern Coal-fields of the Rewah Gondwana Basin: Umaria, Korar, Johilla, Sohagpur, Kirdsia, Korédgarh, Jhilmili ’, issued in 1885 as part 3, Volume XXI, of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India; but a preliminary paper by the same author contains references to the Korean granite and to the Talchirs of Kulharia Nala [ Records, G. S. J., XIV, pp. 311, 312, 317, (1881)]. Of the coalfields enumerated in the title of the memoir cited, two, namely Kurasia and Koreagarh, le entirely within the limits of Korea State, whilst the eastern end of the Sohagpur field, the main portion of which is situated in Rewah State, also lies in Korea. Owing, no doubt, to the relatively inaccessible situation of this State, no attention seems to have been given to the possibility of developing its coal resources until 1911, when Mr. HE. H. Blakesley, Political Agent to the Chhattisgarh Feudatory States, pointed out the desirability of investigating the capabilities of the Korean seams. For this purpose the Government of the Central Provinces engaged Mr. J. L. Harris, of Kamptee, who, after a tour in the State lasting from December 1911 to February 1912, submitted a report dated the 15th General. B 149 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. July 1912. In addition to visiting a considerable number of coal outcrops, the positions of most of which had apparently already been ascertained by villagers, Mr. Harris devoted some attention to the possible alignment of a branch railway into Korea from Jaithari station on the Katni-Bilaspur branch of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway. He also discusses the possible routes for roads; for except near Baikanthpur and in the western portion of the State, between Ghutra and Kelhari, Korea is at present practically devoid of any tracks. except those adapted to cooly and bullock transport. Mr. Harris’ report, in which are given a certam number of analyses, indicates the probability of some of the coal seams being of value, and to test these probabilities he recommends boring operations in various localities, the sites of the bore holes suggested being marked on his map. This report is the property of the Government of the Central Provinces. Owing to the favourable character of Mr. Harris’ report I was deputed by the Director of the Geological Survey of India to visit Korea during January and February 1913. Although my visit was a short one, yet the information obtained, of which a summary is presented in these notes, is sufficient to enable me, in agreement with Mr. Harris, to express the opinion that boring operations are likely to prove the existence of workable coal seams both along the southern edge of the Sanhat! (Sohagpur) field, and in the Kurasia field. I did not visit the small Koreagarh field, as neither Hughes’ memoir nor Mr. Harris’ report records the existence therein of any important coal seams; but it should be understood that no examination of this field more than cursory has yet been made, and that it by no means follows that workable coal seams are non- existent therein. Before proceeding further, it will be convenient to discuss the nomenclature of the coalfields in Korea State. In his memoir, Hughes definitely assigns the names Kurasia and Koreagarh to the two smaller fields. The third coal area is the eastern extension of the Sohagpur coalfield, and in assigning the name Sohagpur to the whole of this field, comprising nearly 1,600 sq. miles, Hughessays (p. 177) :— ‘It may hereafter be found convenient to introduce some restricted local designations. The portion within the Korea district appears suggestive Names of the coalfields. 1 See page 150, INTRODUCTION, 150 of such a course, but I have no doubt that the adjustment of names and titles will be satisfactorily carried out when the necessity arises.’ It now seems desirable to assign a separate name to that por- tion of the Sohagpur field lying within Korea State, and, for such a purpose, no name seems more suitable than that of Sanhat, the former capital of the State, situated upon this field. In this paper I shall, therefore, refer to this eastward extension of the Sohagpur coalfield as the Sanhat coalfield. In their survey of this State carried out in the early eighties, Messrs. Hughes and Hira Lal examined all the important streams traversing the northern or Sanhat coalfield, with the resultant discovery of numerous outcrops, the positions of which are marked on the map of the coalfields of the Rewah Gondwana basin accompanying Hughes’ memoir. The positions of these outcrops are also given in the Appendix of Coal Sites on pp. 236-245 of the same memoir. The Korean localities are repeated in Appendix II of the present paper. With reference to this work Hughes says (p. 201) :— ‘To obtain a standard section my colleague and myself ascended most of the streams, large and little, which, curiously enough, have their watershed nearly coincident with the upper limit of the productive measures, but there was in each instance too much incompleteness in the sequence of the rocks to secure this result.’ , From this it is evident that Hughes and Hira Lal were unable to correlate the seams exposed in various streams ; and, as the time at my disposal permitted me to visit only a small proportion of the exposures, I must confess myself equally unable to correlate with any certainty the coal outcrops of the Sanhat field. My visit must, therefore, be regarded as a reconnaissance for the purpose of ascertaining whether or no the outcrops indicate the possible existence of seams of coal of sufficient thickness and high enough quality to be workable. Nothing except boring operations aided by the most careful examination of every minute nala will enable this correlation to be successfully eflected. Nevertheless, as a possible help to future works, I have ventured to put forward a tentative correlation (see Table 6, page 190, and Appendix No. 1). In the Kurasia field, on the other hand, Hughes and Hira Lal were able to make only a most cursory examination. Conse- Rs aid! quently I devoted _to portions of this field a considerable portion of the time at my disposal, I examined a large number of outcrops of coal, both B2 The Sanhat field. 151 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. those known to the local inhabitants and also several discovered by myself ; and, as a result I am convinced that, were time allotted for a detailed and careful survey of this field, it would be pos- sible to correlate with some accuracy the coal seams exposed. On a map (Plate 30) of the country round the villages of Kurasia and Chirmiti on this field, I have indicated all the coal outcrops examined, and in the text (pages 188, 196, 197, 201, 202 and Appendix No. I), have suggested their possible correla- tion. The reason for the difference between the Sanhat and Kurasia fields in this respect (possibility of correlating seams) lies in the more hilly nature of the Kurasia field, on account of which the coal seams are less often obscured by alluvial material than in the northern field. In addition to the plan of the Kurasia field referred to above I reproduce with this report that portion of the geological map of the Rewah Gondwana basin, given in Hughes’ memoir, that relates to the Korea State (Plate 31) south of Lat. 23°30’N. I entered the State at its south- western corner near Jaraunda, and marched north-eastwards through Khargaon, Chirmiri, Kurasia, and Banjaridand, to Baikanthpur, Dewadand, the new capital of the State; thence I proceeded northwards to Rakeya, and then westwards along the southern edge of the Sanhat field, as far as Ghutra, whence I marched south- wards down the Hasdo valley by Balbahara, Karimati, and Banjji, finally leaving the State at Kora on my way back to Pendra Road. This tour enabled me to test the accuracy of my predecessors’ map at many points, and I find myself in complete agreement there- with, except for a few trivial differences. Consequently their map is repeated in this paper without any modification of the geological boundaries. But I have omitted the coal seams as shown on their map, inserting imstead on the Sanhat field serial numbers corresponding to the outcrops enumerated in Appendix I. The coal outcrops visited by me in the Kurasia field are shown in the larger-scale map (Plate 30) by numbers corresponding to those in the same Appendix. Geological map. In the task of reducing my coal samples to manageable bulk, I received considerable help from Babu Bankim Bihari Gupta, Field Collector of the Geological Survey, and on my departure southwards from Ghutra I Coal samples. INTRODUCTION. 152 despatched him westwards to take samples of coal from the localities of Putadand, Bahi, Kerabahara, Kelhari, and Bichatola. The method of sampling adopted was, where possible, to take a vertical cut through the seam at its outcrop and to reduce the coal thus obtained to both smaller size and bulk by the ordinary methods of coning and quartering. The coal was often very dirty and wet, owing to its mode of occurrence, and in these cases the coal obtained was washed by hand and dried in the sun _ before being broken down. The results of the analyses of these samples carried out in the laboratory of the Geological Survey by Mahadeo Ram are given on pages 191, 192, 193, 199, 203, 206, and, in estimating their value, allowance should be made for the fact that they are outcrop coals only, and that when obtained from the interior of the seam the samples would probably show less moisture and a little less ash. In addition to the Barakar and Talchir divisions of the Gond- wana system my tour enabled me to examine several of the inliers of Archean rocks—namely, those of Phunga, Khargaon, Salba, Patna, Siroli, and Karimati— as well as the large sill and many of the dykes of Deccan Trap age indicated on the map. Other formations. The most interesting point about the traps is that there is not, so far as I discovered, a single patch of Deccan Trap of extrusive character, the irregular strip running E. N. EK. across the State, beg a giant intrusive sill. Both it and all the dykes examined are composed of dolerite of various degrees of coarseness, sometimes free from, and sometimes rich in olivine. Deccan, Trap. The Archean rocks examined consist very largely of granites, eneisses, and schists, which can be matched, nearly or exactly, with specimens collected m the Chhindwara district some 230 miles further to the W. S. W., indicating that the State of Korea lies on the eastern extension of the Archean core of the Satpura Range. ‘These outliers of Archean rocks being of such variable composition and my ex- amination of them being cursory I do not propose to enter into any detail in their description, but merely to enumerate the rocks found and state their resemblances to, and differences from, their nearest analogues in the Chhindwara district. Archean rocks. 153 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. In my journeys through the Pendra zamindari, from Pendra Road to Korea State and back again, which lay almost entirely across Archean country largely obscured by the alluvium of the Son river and its tributaries, IT was also able to make casual examinations of the Pendra Archeans. They, also, agree im many respects with those of Chhindwara, but will receive no further attention in this paper. Finally I must close this introduction by expressing my thanks to Mr. E. H. Blakesley, Political Agent to the Chhattisgarh Feudatory States, and to Pandit Ghore Lal Pathak, Superintendent of the State, for the very efficient arrangements that were made for my visit. Pendra zamindari.} Acknowledgments. 1 Zamindari-estate. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND GENERAL GEOLOGY. 154 CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND GENERAL GEOLOGY. This State being so little known and out of the way, I cannot BRT Mees do better than remove bodily from the Gazet- teer of the Chhattisgarh Feudatory States the paragraph dealing with its boundaries and physical features. This paragraph is as follows :— ‘Korea was a State in the Chota Nagpur Division of Bengal until 1905 when it was transferred to the Central Provinces. It lies between 22°56 and 23°48’ N. and 81°56’ and 82°47’ E., with an area and population of 1,631! sq. miles and 35,113? persons respectively. It is bounded on the north by the Rewah State, on the east by the Surguja State, on the south by the Bilaspur District, and on the west by the Chang Bhakar and Rewah States. This State is virtually nothing but one vast mass of hill ranges, crowding in on one another and covered with dense forests. In the small villages between the hillranges there is a little cultivation. The country is divided into three distinct steppes; the first from the plains of Srinagar in Surguja State on the east of the low lands of Patna and Khargawan ; the second from thence to the uplands round Sonhat and the third to the great plateau stretching away to Chang Bhakar State on the west. The general level of the lower tableland is about 1,800 feet above the sea. The Sonhat plateau has an elevation of 2,477 feet and the maximum elevation of the highest plateau is 3,370 feet, this being the altitude of the Deogarh peak. The Sonhat plateau forms the watershed of streams flowing in three different directions—on the west to the river Gopath, which has its source in one of the ridges of the Deogarh peak, and divides Korea from Chang Bhakar, on the north-east to the Son, and on the south to the Hasdo, the largest river inthe State, which runs nearly north and south into the Bilaspur District and eventually falls into the Mahanadi. Its course is rocky throughout, and there is a fine waterfall at Kirwahi. Sonhat was until lately the capital of the State, but the Feudatory Chief found it unhealthy and has recently moved to Baikunthpur (some sixteen miles south) and is constructing a new capital there.’ 1<'This figure which differs {rom the area shown in the Census Report on 1901 was supplied by the Surveyor-General.’ 2 The population according to the Census of 1911 is 62,107 persons. 155 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. The following is a list of the geological formations represented in this State: 1. Deccan Trap (intrusive). 2. Gondwana (a) Supra-Barakars. (6) Barakars. (c) Talchirs. 3. Archean, A reference to the geological map (Plate 31) will show that 4 in a general way the geology of Korea corres- a eek Pinon ponds with the division into three plateaux or steps as given in the foregoing quotation. The lowest plateau, that of Patna and Khargaon, is largely occu- pied by the rocks of the Talchir formation, through which the underlying foundations of Archzan granites, gneisses, and schists, appear as several inliers; whilst on it rest two outliers of the Barakar rocks, comprising the Kurasia and Koreagarh coalfields, rising to elevations of 2,917 feet in Bartunga hill (see Plate 21) in the former field and 2,985 feet in Koreagarh. These two coal- fields are outliers of the second or Sanhat plateau, the extent of which coincides almost exactly with that of the Barakar rocks forming the northern coalfield, to which the name Sanhat coal- field thus seems peculiarly applicable (see p. 150). The elevation of the second plateau is given as 2,477 feet, the height of Sanhat, but places at a lower level, such as Ghutra at an elevation of about 2,000 feet, must also be regarded as lying on this plateau. The third or Deogarh plateau corresponds with the wide spread of Gondwana rocks designated supra-Barakars and regarded by Hughes as of Mahadeva age. Capping Koreagarh and the hill known as Doman Pahar (2,650 feet approx.) about 2 miles south of Kurasia are two patches of these supra-Barakars, which may be regarded as outliers of the third plateau. Geological formations. DECCAN TRAP. 156 CHAPTER III. THE DECCAN TRAP. Traversing the southernmost plateau is a series of roughly parallel easterly to north-easterly dykes of dolerite, mostly confined to the Talchirs but also appearing in the Barakars. These dykes, judging from their mineralogical characteristics, are of Deccan Trap age. They consist principally of augite, plagioclase and magnetite with in. terstitial, partially devitrified and altered, glass. Some of them are free from olivine, whilst others contain it in abundance. They are usually non-porphyritic, but the Paradol dyke and the Jhimar N. dyke, with its probable continuation, the Bhukbhuki dyke, contain abundant felspar phenocrysts. Immediately to the north of the Kurasia coalfield and partly overlying it, the map shows a mass of Deccan Trap lava of very irregular shape. This is not composed of superficial flows of basalt or compara- tively fine-grained dolerite, as might at first be anticipated, but consists of a large intrusive sill of dolerite, coarsely crystalline in the centre and more finely crystalline in its upper and lower portions, with the actual margins basaltic for 1 to 3 feet. This sill stretches in a general EK. N. E. direction for 25 miles within the limits of Korea State, extending 13 miles further in the same direction into Sarguja, judging from the map attached to Hughes’ memoir. Judging also from this map it is probable that a large number of the Deccan Trap outliers shown in the Sohagpur field in Rewah State are portions of this same dolerite sill. Its thickness is very variable, the smallest measurement being about 80 feet at a point about 1} miles north of Nagar (eastern village); the maximum thickness measured was on the hill 2,847 A\west of Kurasia, where an approximate vertical thickness of 350 to 400 feet was measured. The summit dolerite being of the most coarsely crystalline type represents, possibly, the middle of the flow, im which case the sill may have had an approximate thickness of 700 to 800 feet at this point. Judging from the few poimts at which this sill was visited, it has a general N. N. W. dip; at one point this dip could be definitely measured, namely near Nagar, where it is 22° Dolerite dykes. Dolerite sill. 157 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. to W. 35° N. At this particular point the sill has intruded itself between the topmost layers of the Talchirs almost at the junction with the overlying Barakars. To the E. N. E. of this poimt the sill seems to be definitely intrusive in the Barakars throughout practically the whole of its course,,whilst to the west and south-west the sill rests partly on the Talchirs and partly _ on the Barakars. It will be noticed from the map that some of the dykes are represented as definitely joined up with this sill and there can be no reasonable doubt that they represent the fissures through which the molten magma ascended. The eleva- tion of the base of the sill where it rests upon the underlying rocks is very variable; thus on the Sanhat Ghat road leading from Baikanthpur to Sanhat, N. E. of Buskata H. $., this height was measured as 2,435 feet. At the point near Nagar above referred to, this base is at only 1,960 feet. On the south slope of Kuro hill (2,496 feet) south of Nagar it is at about 2,350 feet ; in the Kurasia nala about 5 miles further south-west the dolerite base is seen at 1,927 feet, quickly rising to about 2,450 or 2,500 feet on Kurasia hill (42,847); whilst, finally, 5 miles further south-west, I discovered a very small outlier on the top of Bar- tunga Hill with its base at about 2,900 feet. These differences in elevation are, no doubt, partly due to the effects of denudation upon a dipping bed of rock; but they are undoubtedly partly due to the sill gradually rising or sinking in stratigraphical position. The main channel of eruption of this sill, judging from Hughes’ map, is probably the dyke indicated as stretching at intervals for some 26 miles from Sardih on the east, through Sarola, to a point north of Bouridand on the west. It is interesting to notice that these doleritic dykes are nowhere shown on Hughes’ map as piercing the Archean rocks. This may be due to the fact that Hughes and Hira Lal were chiefly studying the Gondwanas and therefore did not devote any more attention to the Archean inliers than was necessary to delineate their outlines; or it may have some special meaning not yet discovered. The striking case south of Siroli, where the dyke is shown as stopping short on either side of the Archean inlier, where the Hasdo river crosses it, lay in my way. Unfortunately heavy storms had flushed the Hasdo into semi-flood and I was able only to investigate the western shore. Here, however, I found the dyke actually extend_ DECCAN TRAP. 158 ing into the water, and judging from such outcrops of granitic rocks as protruded above water there was no reason why the dyke should not cross the river and connect up with the dyke- ridge seen clearly on the opposite bank. As in the case of the dykes, so also in that of the sill, the dolerites are composed of the minerals characteristic of the Deccan Trap surface lavas, namely augite, plagioclase, and magnetite, frequently with interstitial patches of partly devitrified and altered glass. Olivine is present more frequently than not, often in abun- dance ; but, curiously enough, the coarsely crystalline centre of the sill is usually devoid of olivine, as if sufficient time had elapsed after the intrusion of the sill and before its solidification, except at the actual margin, to permit of a degree of magmatic differentiation, in which the olivine crystals or the olivine-forming con- stituents had migrated from the centre of the sill towards its more peripheral portions. The central dolerite is so coarsely crystalline that it would be termed a gabbro were it not for the ophitic relation- ships of the augite and plagioclase and also the existence of the devitrified interstitial patches already mentioned. These dolerites are clearly of considerable petrographical and petrological interest, rendering it desirable to defer their detailed treatment to a future occasion: the same course seems necessary with reference to a series of volcanic rocks of uncertain age provisionally designated the Chirmiri volcanic series and to which a brief reference must now be made. About a quarter of a mile north-east of the most easterly ie. hamlet of Chirmiri village on the road _ to ene volcanic Kurasia, there is an outcrop of a curious volcanic rock traceable at intervals in a north- north-westerly and southerly direction for about three quarters of a mile. It is a vesicular rock apparently approximating to an andesite in composition; and from its vesicular nature one would deduce it to be a surface lava. Its linear distribution, however, suggests a dyke, and this supposition agrees with the fact that associated with it are included fragments of Barakar sandstones and shales. There are also admixtures of the two rocks, in which grains of detrital quartz are scattered through an andesitic matrix, whilst in addition there are banded hornstone- like masses of rock suggesting shales indurated by heat. All the facts mentioned above, except the vesicular structure, poimt to 159 FERMOR: GROLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. an intrusive character; but at one point, where a stream cuts across the line of outcrop of these vesicular lavas and associated altered sediments, it is found that these curious rocks do not continue in depth, typical massive Barakar sandstone being at once exposed. The evidence of the stream suggests a superficial distri- bution for the lavas. This agrees with the vesicular and, sometimes, almost pumiceous character of the lava and conflicts with its linear distribution and the altered character of the immediately associated sediments. In the short time at my disposal, I examined all the evidence that was immediately available, but was unable to reconcile the conflicting evidence with either hypothesis. Under the microscope the rock is seen to show extremely numerous felspar microlites in a colorless to black glassy matrix, often vesicular. In the most coarsely crystalline variety, the laths are found to be labradorite with an extinction of 39° referred to the albite twinning. They are set in a glassy matrix containing skeleton magnetites, but no augite. The rock seems, therefore, to be an unusual variety of andesite, corresponding m composition to the groundmass of typical andesites, the ferromagnesian silicates being absent. On the Kaoria Nala and its tributaries, I found several other obscure occurrences of this series of vesicular lavas and included sediments, usually in the form of loose blocks; but for want of time I was unable to track the fragments to their respective sources and thereby possibly obtain the key to the solution of the problem. It must be noticed that if we ascribe a superficial origin to these rocks we are confronted with one of two alternatives. Hither the lavas were extruded during the course of deposition of the Barakar sandstones at a fairly low horizon in the series, or they were erupted in recent times after denudation had cut down the Barakars to their present level. So far as I am aware there is no evidence of volcanic activity anywhere in India in the whole of the Gondwana period until Rajmahal time, nor does the alter- native of a recent age seem in the least degree possible. If we adopt the hypothesis that these rocks, in spite of meconsistencies, are intrusive, then we are provided with a possible source in the volcanic intrusions of Deccan Trap age, of which, as already related, there is abundant evidence in the form of the doleritic sill and dykes. It is true that the Chirmiri rocks are of andesitic. not DECCAN TRAP. 160 doleritic composition, but this is not a serious objection, and it may be that the glassy matrix if crystallised would have yielded augite. For the present, therefore, I am inclined to adopt the hypothesis that the Chirmiri volcanic rocks are of intrusive rather than of extrusive origin and possibly of Deccan Trap age, although there is no direct evidence of this. The facts against this hypo- thesis, namely the vesicular nature of the rock and its failure to extend in depth where the stream cuts across its outcrop, are not insurmountable difficulties, and may be explained at some future period when it is possible to make a careful investigation of this problem, 161 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. CHAPTER IV. THE ARCHAZAN ROCKS. As will be seen from the geological map, there are numerous inliers of Archean rocks in this State. A brief account must first be given of the petrographical composition of such of these inliers as it was possible to visit. We will then discuss the rela- tionship of the Korean Archeans to those of the Satpuras further west. The first inlier to be visited was that of Phunga inthe S. W. corner of the State. This hill mass is of very irregular outline, and rises to a height of 1,671 feet. It is entirely composed, as far as I examined it, of a medium-grained hornblende-granite with red felspar. The rock shows no noticeable gneissose structure, but is seen under the microscope to be exceedingly crushed and strained. One leucocratic variety was collected in which the hornblende was small and scarce, the rock itself showing a tendency to gneissose habits. The next inher to be visited was that on which is situated the large village of Khargaon, the headquar- ters of the zamindari of the same name. This mass was traversed from Khargaon in an N. N. W. direction towards Chirmiri. The rocks examined consist of a _ series of crushed biotitic gneisses, in a general way very similar to those examined in detail by Mr. Fox and myself in the Nakta Nala, Chhindwara district (Rec, G. S. JI., XLIII, p. 34, 19138). They vary from an augen-gneiss, through more crushed varieties of the same, analogous to our bead gneisses, to a biotite granulite, and finally to a dark grey quartzite-like rock containing scat- tered specks of pyrite and, found under the microscope to consist largely of an aggregate of quartz and felspar with minute biotite, epidote, and a black ore, probably ilmenite. There seems to be every gradation between a coarse augen-gneiss and this fine-grained pyritic granulite, just as in the Nakta Nala there is every grada- tion between coarse augen-gneisses through bead-gneisses, necklace- gneisses, and granulites, to hornstone-gneiss, which seems to be an even more intensely crushed rock than any of those of Khargaon. The original ferro-magnesian mineral of this series, as in Chhind- _ The Phunga inlier. The Khargaon inlier. ARCHAGAN. 162 wara, is biotite, but well-formed idiomorphic dodecahedral pink garnets are contained in one specimen of augen-gneiss, garnet being also an occasional mineral in the augen-gneisses of Chhind- wara. At the northern end of this inlier I found abundant blocks of a fine-grained biotite-epidiorite, very similar to some of those discovered by Mr. Fox in the Kanhan valley of Chhindwara. I must not omit to state that the dips in the Khargaon inlier, where seen, varied in direction from north-west to south-west, averaging west to south-west, the angle of dip being 30° to 40°. The next inlier to be visited was that of Salba, rising to 1,785 feet. This was crossed between Mansak and Cher (Chare) on the march to Baikanthpur. On the ascent after crossing the Dharhund nala, one meets a series somewhat similar to that of Khargaon, consisting of crushed porphyritic gneisses (augen-gneiss and bead-gneiss) and granulites, with interbanded, rather fine-grained, richly hornblendic gneiss. The strike is W. N. W., vertical. In the Jhunka Nala between Salba and Cher are seen vertical green schists striking east, and followed by porphyritic biotite-gneiss. The fourth inlier to be noticed is that on which is situated Patna, the chief villaze of a zamindari of the same name. The western end of this inlier- was visited on the march from Baikanthpur vid Ani to Rakeya. South-east of Ani is a low ridge composed of a siliceo-calcareous series of rocks that must be regarded as metamorphosed sediments and are probably to be correlated with the Dharwars. The rocks vary from a fine-grained quartz-schist containing scattered calcite and a certain amount of biotite, through quartzites extremely rich in calcite, to siliceous fine-grained limestone. There is also a band of diopside-quartz-rock traversed by irregular veins of calcite and quartz, the quartz forming small crystals in druses. A peculiarity of these quartz crystals is that they frequently show the face s (1/27) which I have only once previously found in India, namely, on the quartz crystals found m druses in quartz veins traversing the Dharwars in the neighbourhood of Chaibassa in Singhbhum. The same face is also present on some of the quartz crystals irom the sapphire mines of Kashmir. Some of the Ani quartz crystals show trigonal terminations like those so characteristic of Deccan Trap geodes, The Salba inlier. The Patna inlier. Quartz crystals. 163 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KORFA, C. P. Not very far to the north of this series and still to the south of the present position of Ani village, medium-grained hornblende- eranite crops out. To the north of Ani village is an outcrop of leucocratic pink coarse-grained granite with both white and red felspars and subordinate quartz and biotite. The felspar is some- times in graphic intergrowth with quartz, and the rock suggests the irregularly pegmatitic granite dykes found in the Nakta Nala, Chhindwara. Associated with this granite is a melanocratic epidote- hornblende-gneiss, probably a metamorphosed dolerite. Further north some bedded fine-grained granulites were crossed, followed by a considerable extent of crushed biotite-gneiss. In the Gej Nala, pink bead gneiss and coarse-gramed, red, very felspathic gneiss are exposed. The general strike of the rock of this inlier is E. N. E., in places vertical, and in places with a moderate to steep dip to the south. The rocks of the Siroli inlier lymg at the western end of the State, and traversed by the Hasdo river, consist, as far as ex- amined, of porphyritic biotite-granites, often eneissose, and sometimes converted into augen- gneiss. They are associated with fine-grained grey gneiss with scattered phenocrysts. The strike varies from EK. by N. to E. by S. The smaller inlier east of Karimati and only some 3 miles S. W. of the Siro inher also consists of augen-oneisses, with an EK. 10° N. strike. On crossing from the Archean group to the Talchirs, one is often very puzzled as to where the exact The pre-Talchir boundary should be drawn. This is due to the Archean surface. . 4 : fact that the Talchirs were deposited on a hilly and extremely irregular surface of Archean rocks, many of the summits of the Archean hills now protruding through the Talchirs. This phenomenon is exceedingly well seen in the Phunga Archean inlier, where small patches of Talchirs, identifi- able by the character of the boulders, are found scattered about on the granitic massif. No general elevation, therefore, can be assigned to the Talchir-crystalline boundary, for most of the Archean inliers stand up as peaks from the shrouding Talchirs which, generally speaking, occupy the lower ground. Compare, for instance, the height of Dewadand, 1,273 feet, with that of Phunga, 1,671 feet. The most marked exception to this state of affairs is the peak known as Churi, which, as seen from The Siroli inlier. The Karimati inlier, ARCH ANAN. 164 the north, is a beautifully symmetrical pointed cone. I was not able to visit it, but, according to Hughes’ map, it consists of a basement of Archwan rocks with a strip of Talchirs climbing up from the low ground to the north to form the summit of the hill and descending again to the south. On an one-inch geological map of this area it would be possible to represent many more small Archean inliers than are shown on the map appended hereto. It will be seen that I have been able to match most of the crystalline rocks collected in Korea with more or less similar rocks from the Chhindwara district. Except in the Khargaon inlier, the strikes, which vary from HE. N. BE. to E. S. E., agree with the idea that the foundations of Korea consist of an east- north-easterly extension of the crystalline core of the Satpura Range; and the dips and strikes, and in many respects the characters, of the rocks observed in the Pendra zamindari to the west of Korea do not conflict with this idea. This suggestion that the crystalline core of the Satpuras (which we may term the Satpuran protaxis) continues as a geological entity as far as Korea, naturally leads one to speculate on how much further to the east this protaxis continues. In the absence of any personal acquaintance with the country east of Korea, I cannot at present discuss the question further, except to suggest that the Ranchi plateau will probably be found to be a portion of the ancient Archean range of hills, the western portions of which now form the core of the Satpuras. Although we cannot yet draw any decided conclusions as to the age of this Satpuran protaxis, yet some ea of the Satpura tentative ideas will not be out of place. If there be any connection, as seems probable, between the folding of the gneisses and schists constituting this core and its elevation as a mountain range, of which the core probably forms the denuded remnant, then we cannot accept the suggestion’ advanced on page 491 of the Manual of Geology of India (2nd edition, 1894) that :— “The close of the Cuddapah epoch appears to have witnessed a commence- ment of the earliest of those earth movements whose effects on the surface contours and geography of India are still prominently noticeable.” Easterly extension of the Satpuras. 1 T am indebted to my colleague, Mr. Fox, for drawing my attention to this passage. 9) 165 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. After referring to the Aravallis, it is stated :— “At the same time another zone of contortion was formed running along the south side of the Son and Narbadaé valleys, which was probably marked by a range of mountains or hills, not rising to the same height or importance as the Aravallis, and bearing much the same relation to them as the hills west of the Indus alluvial plain do to the Himalayas of the present day.” According to the division instituted by Sir Thomas H. Holland, in favour of which the evidence seems conclusive, the ancient non-fossiliferous rocks of the Peninsula of India may be grouped into two main divisions, the Archean and Purana, of which the younger Purana rocks have as a rule suffered practically no meta- morphism and dip at gentle angles, whilst the Archean rocks on which they rest have frequently been subjected to intense meta- morphism, folded together, and forced to dip at high angles. so that there is a vast unconformity, termed by Holland the great Eparchean unconformity, between the whole congeries of rock systems grouped under the term Archean and the systems included under the term Purana. It is difficult, therefore, to accept the suggestion that the formation of the earliest Satpura range 1s to be ascribed to the close of the Cuddapah period. The gneisses and metamorphosed Dharwar sediments must have suffered their principal folding prior to the Eparchean interval. In addition to these folded gneisses and schists, an important constituent part of the Satpura core consists of the various unfoliated or but slightly foliated granites so abundant in Chhindwara, Seoni, Mandla, and Balaghat, on the west side of the Maikal range (of which Amar- kantak forms one of the highest peaks), and in Pendra and Korea on the east side of this range. There is no reason for regarding these granites as of any but Archean age, and we may explain their intrusive relations with regard to the associated gneisses and schists, and also their comparative freedom from foliation, on the hypothesis that their intrusion at the close of the Archean period was the cause of the upheaval of the Satpuras as a mountain range of which we now see the denuded core; or at least that the in- trusion of these granites was intimately bound up with the tectonic movements to which the Satpuras owed their elevation. These ideas are put forward on the supposition that there 1s an intimate relationship between the folding of the Archean rocks constituting the present Satpura core and the formation ot the Satpuras as a mountain range, this being the idea expressed in the Manual as already quoted, the portion to which I take ARCH ANAN. 166 exception being that which ascribes the contortion to the close of the Cuddapah period. There is, however, another possibility. If it could be shown that the Satpuras do not owe their eleva- tion to the same processes as led to the folding of their constituent eneisses and schists, but to a system of parallel boundary faults at some subsequent period, then one could no longer maintain that the Satpura range was first formed as an _ orographical feature in Archean times. It might then have owed its upheaval to any of the principal systems of earth movements by which the Peninsula has been affected since Archean times.1 Should the latter alternative prove to be the true one, evidence in favour of it will probably be obtained im the course of the geological survey now being carried out in the Central Provinces. I put forward these advance speculations concerning the possible mode of formation and age of the Satpuras, firstly because they seem naturally to arise from the discovery of the ereat similarity, both petrographical and structural, between the Archean rocks of Pendra and Korea and those of Chhindwara, and secondly in order to indicate what seems to me to be the present state of the problem. 1The idea advanced in another paper, on the physical activity of the Hasdo River, that at the beginning of Talchir times there was already a breach in the Sat- puran protaxis where Korea now lies, sets, if correct, an upper limit to the age of this range. ; c2 167 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. CHAPTER V. THE TALCHIRS. As has already been stated, the principal portion of the southern- most or Khargaon plateau of Korea State is occupied by the Talchir formation. In a general way these Talchirs agree with the typical Talchirs of the country further to the east, being composed largely of shales, usually ereenish or blackish, but sometimes dull pur- plish, with or without scattered boulders and pebbles. Interbanded with these Talchir shales there are frequently thin courses, averaging 3” to 1’ thick, of a very fine-gramed limestone (see Plate 22, fig. 1). There are -also ovoid masses of simila1 limestone up to a yard long, which are almost certainly of secondary origin, probably formed by concretionary action accompanied by replacement of the shale. These limestones are well seen where the track from Jaraunda to Phunga crosses the Budra Nala. Some of the shales at this pot are traversed by an intricate net- work of thin veins of calcite evidently of secondary origin. Travers- ing the black shale there are also seams of fibrous calcite up to an inch thick, whilst an immediately adjoming band of lme- stone contains dull black remains of shale pointing to the formation of the limestone by replacement of the shale. Throughout the series there seems to be a great abundance ot boulder beds in which the matrix is usually shaly, but not infre- quently very sandy. The pebbles and boulders are composed of a great variety of materials some obviously local and some exotic. The local boulders consist, of course, chiefly of various gneisses and granites, and in some places near the junction between the Talchirs and the underlying Archeans, blocks of some particular variety of gneiss or granite become so large and numerous that it is difficult to determine whether one is looking at the actual summit of a buried Archean peak, or at loose blocks of the Archean rock shifted only a small distance before bemg incorporated in the Talchirs. The fragments that are obviously of exotic origin are not usually larger than 1 foot in diameter, and are frequently quite small pebbles. Amongst the foreign materials are varieties of quartzites, a certam proportion of pebbles obviously derived Distribution. Lithology. THE TALCHIRS, 168 from the i:Vindhyan formation, and occasional pebbles or small! boulders of red jasper breccia that might have come from the Bijawars. Amongst the Vindhyan fragments some were _ in- distinguishable, as far as memory went, from the Upper Rewah sandstone that I had seen in Baraunda State in Central India immediately before my visit to Korea. Other pebbles might have been derived from the Kaimurs. Vindhyan fragments seemed most abundant down the western margin of the State, and were particularly common near Sakra in the §8. W. corner. Some of the largest masses were angular blocks, whilst others were well rounded boulders and pebbles. Many of the small boulders and pebbles in the Talchirs show the facetting characteristic of the sroup and occasional scratched pebbles are found, the scratches being best preserved on hard fine-grained materials (see Plate 22A for a fine example of a scratched and facetted boulder). Since the nearest Upper Vindhyan rocks lie in Central India to the north and north-west, where Bijawar rocks also occur, it seems likely that the ice concerned in the formation of these boulder beds came from the N. W. quadrant. In another paper it is suggested that Korea marks the position of a breach in the Satpuran protaxis, through which flowed the river that deposited the line of Gondwana rocks stretching through Sambalpur to Talcher State. Towards the upper portion of this series, sandstones occur in considerable abundance ; they are usually extremely fine-grained, frequently argillaceous and of some tint of greenish to brownish- yellow. Not infrequently, however, they are comparatively free from argillaceous or ferruginous material, and are then harder and of pale cream tints. The only place where I saw a good exposure of the actual boundary between the Talchirs and the over- weigh en lying Barakars was in the Gorghela Nala, north of Dubchola. The exposures here are practically continuous, indicating a gradual upward passage from Talchirs to Barakars. The uppermost Talchir rocks form an interbedded series of shales and fine-grained argillaceous sandstones, with some thin bands of limestone, and a little sandstone with poikilitic calcite cement; whilst the lowermost Barakars consist of predominant fine-gramed argillaceous sandstone with occasional interlaminated shaly bands, passing upwards into coarser grained 169 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. felspathic sandstone and downwards into the still more fine-grained uppermost sandstones of the Talchirs. The exact point at which the boundary should be drawn is a matter of personal preference. Attention may here be drawn to the statement at the bottom of p. 161 of the Manual of the Geology of India, where, with refer- ence to the Karharbari stage, the following passage occurs :— “It is probable that this group will be found to have a wider dis- tribution than is now known and to be represented in all those sections where the Talchirs are described as conformable to the beds above them.’ No fossils were, however, found in the section: but this does not prove their absence, and it is possible that a careful search in the series of thin coal seams forming horizon No. | (see page 180) in the Barakars, only some 40—-50 feet above the approximate Talchir- Barakar boundary, might lead to the discovery of fossil plant remains well enough preserved to determine whether or not the Karharbari stage is present. As has been related in the previous chapter, the Talchirs fill up all the hollows in the pre-Talchir Archean eee of the ‘surface, lapping round the higher Archean summits, which now appear as inliers in the Talchirs and were no doubt previously covered to a considerable extent by Talchirs, sce denuded away. The deposition of detritus in a lake by melting ice seems a peculiarly simple method of filling in the depressions and gradually covering all the lower hills of an irregular Archean surface. Consequently we must expect to find great differences in the elevation of this formation from point to point according to the elevation of the underlying Archean surface at each spot. The lowest levels at which the Talchirs occur in Korea are near its southern boundary, the lowest point marked on the map being 1,273 feet near Dewadand, so that where the Hasdo river actually leaves the State the Talchirs there exposed cannot be at an elevation of much over 1,200 feet. Along the northern edge of the Talchirs the following approxi- mate heights were determined :— Gej Nala near Rakeya ‘ 1,900. feet. E. of Balbahara 3 A : 5 : s LGTSa tes The height of Churi Hill is not stated on the map, but it must be well over 2,000 feet, probably at least 2,200, which would give a vertical distance | of 1,000 feet between the highest and lowest portions of the Talchirs, supposing they had suffered no dis- THE TALCHIRS. 170 turbance since deposition: but this would not be the true thick- ness of Talchirs at any one point. I have no exact data by which to estimate this, but I should be surprised if it anywhere exceeds 500 feet. The Talchirs, however, are by no means still in their original positions ; for although in places they may be approximately horizontal, yet where a good section is observed they usually show a small dip (up to 10°) in a northerly direction (varying between north-west and north- east). Locally the dips may be much higher; thus, in the Budra N. near Phunga the calcareous rocks already referred to in the beginning of this section show dips varying from 30° to 60° to N. 35° E., although the general dip of the shales just here is very small. In a small nala N. E. of Nagar the Talchirs immediately overlying the dolerite sill show a dip of 20°—25° to W. 35° N., whilst in the Gej Nala between Rakeya and Murma, pebbly beds dip at about 40° to N. 40° KE. At this particular point the high dip is probably connected with local disturbance, for, a little further upstream at about the junction between the Barakars and the Talchirs, Talchir shales are seen thrown into several small sharp folds,—no less than six in the course of six yards. These folded shales abut abruptly against sandy shales, there being almost certainly a small north-westerly strike fault in the Talchirs at this point. ( Dips in the 'alchirs. 171 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. CHAPTER VI. THE BARAKARS. Resting on the Talchirs come the Barakars, of which, as_ will ret rare th be seen by a_ reference to the map, there are four separate patches within the limits of the State. The most northerly of these, which is also by far the largest, stretches right across the State from boundary to boundary with a maximum length of about 50 miles in an E. by S. direction and a width of 8 to 12 miles at right angles to the strike, which averages E. by N. This patch corresponds approximately with the second of the table-lands mentioned on p. 154, and is the eastern extension of the Sohagpur coalfield, continumg to the E. into the Jhilmili zamindari of Sarguja State, where it joins on to another coalfield known as the Jhilmili coalfield. For this northern strip of Barakars, | have suggested the name Sanhat coalfield (see p. 150); its total area is about 330 sq. miles and its highest pomt, Chamat Hill, 2,797 feet. To the west of the Hasdo river, on the western border of the State, is a small projection from the Sohagpur field occupying only 22 sq. miles. Coal is known to occur in the Jhagrakhand, Kulharia and Neori nalas, but the total area is so small that it seems unnecessary to give it a separate name. The third patch of Barakars is the Kurasia coalfield, an out- lier of some 48 sq. miles in area, and reaching its highest eleva- tion at Bartunga Hill (2,917 feet) of which the upper 10—15 feet consist of dolerite. The fourth and last patch of Barakars is the Koreagarh field, an outlier 6 sq. miles in area reaching an elevation of 2,985 feet at Koreagarh and 2,494 in Dugi Dei, each hill bemg capped by Supra-Barakars. The greater portion of my visit was devoted to the Kurasia coalfield, but I also travelled along the southern edge of the Sanhat field from Murma on the east to Ghutra and Balbahara on the west. As far as I observed, on the southern edge of the Kurasia field the Bara- kar-Talchir boundary is found at an elevation varying from 1,600 Dips in the Barakars. THE BARAKARS, 172 to {1,780 feet. I did not happen to cross the boundary of this field at either its eastern or western end. The height of the Barakar-Talchir boundary on the southern edge of the Sanhat field varies, as far as my observations go, from about 1,850 feet near Rakeya on the east through 2,000—2,150 (Kuro—Hill) feet in the neighbourhood of Nagar in the middle, to only 1,640 feet near Balbahara on the west. On the average, therefore, it is only a little higher than the southern boundary of the Kurasia field. Since almost everywhere along the southern boundary of the Sanhat field, there is a marked northerly dip ranging be- tween 6° and 20°, and averaging about 10° to 12°, it is obvious that if this dip had continued to the south in those portions of the Barakars that once joined the Sanhat to the Kurasia coal- field, the Kurasia field would have been at a much _ higher level than it actually is. The rocks of the Kurasia field are, as a rule, approximately horizontal with local dips in various directions due to slight rolling; but taking the accumulation of evidence provided by the numerous dips recorded, there is evidently a slight tendency towards a southerly to south-westerly dip. The evidence, therefore, of the respective elevations of the bases of the two coalfields and the general direction of dip indicate the former existence of a gentle anticlinal fold, the axis of which probably lay in those portions of the Barakars, now removed by denudation, that formerly joined the two coalfields. A reference to the geological map brings out a most interesting point, namely, that the largest exposed spreads of the dolerite sill already discussed on p. 156 lie in this very gap between the two fields, whilst the line half way between the two fields, which is approximately the position where one would feel inclined to place the anticlinal axis already referred to, happens to be occupied by the dolerite dyke indicated on p. 158 as the probable fissure up which rose the lava forming the intrusive sill. It seems, therefore, a reasonable suggestion that the intrusion of these dolerites was the cause of the folding of the Barakars. If this deduction be correct, then we must regard this doleritic intrusion as the principal cause of disturbance in the coalfields of this State. Consequently, when in the future these coalfields come to be worked, as they must be sooner or later, it will be a point of practical importance to the miner to make an exact study of the relationship of the dolerites to the Gondwanas, as thereby he may 173) =FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. be able to trace the connection between such faults in the Bara- kars as can be directly observed and the presence or the proximity of intrusive dolerite. He will then gradually discover to what distances from intrusive dolerite, either dyke or sill, he is to expect faulting m his coal seams, even where the surface evidence gives no clue. In the course of my short examination of the Kurasia field I found only one fault actually exposed. This was in the Kurasia nala, N. N. W. of Kurasia, at a pomt only about 1 furlong south of the main mass of intrusive dolerite (see Plate 23, fig. 1). There is good evidence for the existence of another fault, the direction of which could not be ascertained, in a tributary of the Kaoria Nala, the Gae-mara Nala and also in its tributary ata pomt about a mile south of a broad dolerite dyke; there is also evidence of the existence in the same neighbourhood of the Chirmiri voleanic series, which must be regarded, in view of its observed effects at Chirmiri itself, as another possible factor in the disturbance of the Barakars. Faulting. In several exposures, both in the Kurasia and Sanhat fields, where sandstones rest upon coal, I have found evidence of a lateral movement of the sand- stone relative to the underlying coal, which is frequently gently crumpled at its upper surface. In one or two places, moreover, this lateral movement has been sufficiently powerful to squeeze out a coal seam entirely, or to pinch it into small lenticles between which the overlying and underlying sandstone come into contact. This is particularly well seen im a rock fall in the Kachhan Kundi, a tributary of the Kaoria Nala, and is illustrated in Pl. 23, fig. 2. At this pomt not only has the coal been squeezed into lenticles, but the coarse overlying felspathic sandstone contains irregular lenticular strings of the bright, coal substance so commonly found not only in the coalfields; of, this State, but also in the coals from other parts of India, “where it is interlaminated with a duller and less pure coal. I can think of no method by which these coal stringers, which are evidently secondary with reference to the sandstone, could have reached their present position except a process of distillation from the coal and condensation in the overlyime sandstone of the particular hydro- carbon compounds essential to the formation of this bright coal which must be regarded as the approximately pure coal sub- Lateral movements. THE BARAKARS. 174 stance. The following is a proximate analysis of some material picked from these stringers :— Moisture. F : “ ; . ; . 11°55 Volatile matter . ‘ - ; ; - ; 34°53 Fixed Carbon. 4 : P , : ; 47°50 Ash . 5 ; ° " Fy / : F 6°42 Toran 100°00 The heat required for this suggested distillation of coaly matter must have been developed by the earth movements that crushed the coal. Taking into consideration all the evidence, it is clear that when a series of rocks of such variable characteristics as mas- sive sandstone with interlaminated horizons of coal and associated shales suffers tectonic disturbance, there is a tendency for the massive sandstone to slide over the underlying coal seam with gentle crumpling of the uppermost 3” to 6” of coal in mild cases, but with actual squeezing out into lenticles of the whole of a thin coal seam in the more violent cases. In fact the sandstone slides for at least a small distance over the coal with a produc- tion of an interbedded overthrust fault. At Lachman Jharia (No. 9, Kurasia field) there is a ‘sand- stone-dyke’ 3 to 5 inches wide, traversing the coal seam verti- cally in a N. 5° W. direction swerving to N. N. W. The sandstone is a grey and yellow micaceous argillaceous variety, and is probably an infilling from above of a fissure opened in the coal by earth movement. An allied phenomenon is seen at the Diwan Dham exposure, Charcha (No. 3 Sanhat field). A few inches below the top of the coal is a thin seam of cream-coloured clay, up to an inch thick, absent in places and gradually cutting across the coal, so that at one end it is only 2 inches below the top of the coal, whilst at the other end it is one foot below. There are also three curious contorted sandstone veins running downwards through the coal, two of them starting from the clay seam and one from the overlying sandstone. The coal is slightly disturbed on their edges and broken fragments are enclosed im the veins. One inch from the edge of these veins the coal is quite undistur- bed. There is also an irregular patch (53” long) of sandstone, starting from the overlying sandstone. This and one of the con- Sandstone-dyke. Contorted sandstone veins. 175 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. torted veins is shown in Pl. 24, fig. 2. The veins probably indicate fissures in the coal, produced by some earth movement and filled in by material broken from the overlying sandstone. The patch may be of similar origin, but it is difficult to picture to oneself the actual modus operandi of its formation. Lithologically, by far the greater proportion, probably at least 95 Lithological charac. P& cent., of the Barakar series consists of ters and peculiarities of felspathic sandstones, in which the felspar is the Barakar sandstones. white and decomposed. The typical variety is porous, friable, coarse-grained, massive, usually false-bedded, and of a light grey to cream colour. In addition to the quartz and felspar, the rock also contains scales of muscovite, though these are usually scarce and sometimes, also, minute dark grains, which, judging from the black sand sometimes found, consist mainly of magnetite, though some particles suggest decomposed biotite. In these black sand there is also an abundance of grains of pink garnet, which must, therefore, also occur in the sandstone, at least in places. This sandstone weathers with a rough, lght-grey, rounded surface, on which any _ structures, such as false-bedding, are excellently picked out. At many localities, especially im the neighbourhood of Chirmiri, the weathered surface has a_ tesselated appearance, exactly like that seen in sun-dried muds in river-beds, and in spite of the arenaceous character of the rock it seems difficult to avoid the conclusion that this network of cracks repre- sents sun-cracks (Plate 25, fig. 1). At other places the surface of the sandstone is traversed by a network of thin raised ridges, a fraction of an inch to an inch high. They are doubtless due to slight cementation of the sand- stone along certain lines, but I could not detect any lithological difference. In many places the sandstone contains ferruginous additions. These usually take the form of spherical concretions from } to 2 inches in diameter, but sometimes up to 6 inches across. Fre- quently they weather out and lie loose m large numbers at the surface. When one of these is fractured it 1s found to consist of a harder outer shell of lmonite or ochre-cemented sandstone with an imner core of softer un-impregnated sandstone. One of these concretions (at the Karauli Dhar coal exposure, in the over- lying sandstone) was cemented centrally by pyrite. Where still mm THE BARAKARS. 176 their matrix these concretions either stand up as numerous spheres on the weathered surfaces, or, if weathering has broken through the outer crust, especially of the larger concretions, they give rise to small circular hollows, whence the unaltered core has been removed, surrounded by a ferruginous rim. In addition to these concretions, infiltration of iron oxides may give rise to the formation of irre- gular hard veinlets, horizontal seams, and coatings along joints, of iron-oxide-cemented sandstone. Further, in some places, whole beds of sandstones are ferruginous, apparently due to the deposition of secondary ochres and limonite. There are frequent variations in the texture of the sandstones, which are sometimes coarse grits full of rounded, sub-angular, or angular fragments of quartz, with fewer fragments of felspar. Thin beds are also found composed largely of large fragments of white decomposed felspar } to } inch in diameter. Pebble beds also occur here and there, and, although they are not of any thickness, they make their presence evident by disintegrating into large numbers of small rounded pebbles, usually } to 1 inch across, scattered over the surface. As on the banks, so in the rivers and stream-beds the sand- stones usually exhibit a rough, grey surface, with the false-bedding, and ferruginous concretions and plates weathering out; but in addition the running water has frequently carved out an extra- ordinary number of pot-holes from a few inches up to several yards across (Plate 25, fig. 2). At irregular intervals in the vertical succession these coarse-grained Sandstones under. Sandstones contain intercalated beds of coal, lying and overlying the shale, and finer-grained sandstones in great BaRtSerice variety. Hach of these associations may be termed a coal series or coal horizon. The sandstones immediately underlying each coal series are more argillaceous and finer-grained than the generality of Barakar sandstones, being also less massive, and indeed often flaggy and well bedded, occasionally showing ripple marks. They also frequently possess a greenish or yellowish tint due to ferruginous or argillaceous matter. Their deposition seems to indicate a slight deepening of the water preparatory to the lay- ing down of the coal series itself. The sandstones immediately overlying each coal series are often typical coarse varieties, indicating a rapid shallowing of the water after the deposition of the coal. They sometimes contain detrital 177 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. lamine and fragments of shale or of coaly matter, indicating the lapse of a slight interval between the deposition of the coal series (? in lagoons) and the resumption of the shallow fluviatile conditions under which the typical false-bedded sandstones must have been deposited. In the discussion of the Talchirs (page 168) it has already been pointed out that fine-graimed argillaceous sandstones also occur at the base of the Barakar series. In fact the Barakar period seems to have commenced with a gradual shallowing of the deeper waters of the Talchir (? lacustrine), leading to their conversion into river valleys. The rocks comprising the coal series or coal The coal series. : horizons are :— (1) coal ; (2) every intermediate stage between coal and carbonaceous shale ; (3) several varieties of shale comparatively free from carbona- ceous matter, and often very micaceous ; (4) shaly sandstones or sandy shales composed of alternating layers of shale—carbonaceous or micaceous—and_fine- grained sandstone, usually very micaceous, and with the various layers thinning out lenticularly or displaying false-bedding on a small scale ; (5) micaceous sandstones, usually well-bedded or flagey. The coal often occurs as the topmost stratum, resting either on shale or shaly sandstone, the latter passing down into the flagey micaceous sandstone. But there is sometimes a small thick- ness of shale overlying the coal. In places the coal occurs alone, overlain and underlain directly by sandstone, being then usually very thin. When more than one coal seam occurs in a section there may be a great number of alternations of carbonaceous, argillaceous, and arenaceous rocks. Further, the coal seams them- selves are frequently broken up by shaly or sandy partings. The total thickness of rocks in these coal horizons is very variable, sometimes only a few feet, more usually 10 to 20 feet, but some- times very much greater, the greatest thickness observed being at the Karar Khoh in the Kaoria Nala (Kurasia field), namely about 92 feet (see page 205). The associated shales and sandstones are usually more important in the Kurasia field than in the Sanhat field, there being also a tendency for a greater thickness of coal at one horizon. A good idea of the composition of these coal THY BARAKARS. 178 horizons can be obtained by glancing through Appendix I. The characters of the coals will be dealt with in a separate section. The ordinary sandstones of the Barakar series are not only very Mode of outcrop of massive, but also as a rule remarkably free sandstones. from joints, except master jomt planes that extend vertically for considerable distances (see Plate 24, fig. 1). The coals and shales of the coal series, on the other hand, are not only well-bedded, but are broken up by a great abundance of joints in intersecting series. These differences, as wellas the differ- ent hardnesses of the respective rocks, lead to very striking con- trasts in the modes of outcrop. Since they afford but little soil, the massive sandstones crop out at the surface almost everywhere on the hill-slopes and in the stream-beds. They also give rise to magnificent vertical clifis, which are seen to the best advantage on the southern edge of the Kurasia field, the southern face of Bartunga Hill being especially noteworthy (see Plate 26). The nalas or water-courses being often of steep gradient, are adorned with a succession of rock-falls and waterfalls over barriers of sand- stone. The coal and shale, on the other hand, on account of their Mode of outcrop of Softness compared with that of the massive sand- coal seams. stone, are never found exposed on the _hill- slopes, being covered either by soil or by sandstone detritus derived from the overlying sandstone cliffs ; their outcrops are confined to the ravines and water-courses. There are three chief modes of occurrence of coal seams. The coal may crop out at the foot of a sandstone cliff (some- Coal outcrops in cliffs times as much as 80 to 100 feet high), and ravines. forming the head of a stream, as is well seen in numerous ravines around Bartunga Hill; in these cases the coal is sometimes clearly exposed and sometimes partly or entirely hidden by débris from the sandstone clifis, there being insufficient water, except perhaps in the rainy season, to remove débris. The coal series usually projects from beneath the sandstone, forming a succession of steps down the ravine, often partly hidden by boulders and jungle; but the coal itself is sometimes undercut. There is usually a small spring dripping over the rocks. Secondly, the coal seam may crop out at the foot of a Coal outcrops in sandstone fall across a river or watercourse, water-falls or “ghags.” ‘he goal seam is usually undercut beneath the 179 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. sandstone, so that the latter forms an overhanging cliff or barrier (see Plate 27, fig. 2); in places the coal series is eroded far enough backwards to give rise to a cave, in which the coal itself forms a part of the walls whilst loose blocks of sandstone fallen from the roof often litter the floor. In one case (Biyah Mandha Nala—Sanhat, No. 14) the erosion of the coal has given rise to a flat cave some 3 to 5 feet high extending imwards for 60 yards, where there is a small inlet from the bed of the dry water-course above, part of the water in the rains evidently passing over the fall, and a smaller portion through the cave itself. In the smaller stream-beds there is as a rule no water in the dry season, but in the larger streams and rivers there is every gradation from a mere trickle over the edge of the fall, to a fine waterfall. These falls, whether dry or provided with water, are locally known as ghag, the finest I saw, and I believe the finest in the State, being the Kirwahi Ghag on the Hasdo River figured in Plate 28. The height of the fall is about 75 feet, and the river here has eroded in the sandstone and underlying coal series a magnificent cirque some 200 yards across. In prospecting for coal, therefore, it is necessary to examine the base of each of these ghags or barriers, coal being often found where not otherwise indicated by peering between the sandstone blocks that sometimes litter the base of these falls. As might be anticipated, both the deep ravines noticed earlier, and these ghags, are often profusely adorned with moisture-and- shade-loving plants, such as ferns, mosses, and liverworts. Indeed, nowhere in India, not even in the moist parts of Sikkim, nor in the Nilgiris, have I noticed a greater variety of ferns, and a botanist would probably be amply rewarded by a visit to the coal terrains of this part of India. Stalactites, also,—though always of small size (up to 6 inches long)—are not infrequent in the under-cut caves. Ferns, stalactites, ete. As would be expected in a part inhabited by aboriginal tribes (Bhuinhars, Gonds, etc.), to whom most of the secrets of the jungles are known, each of these ghags and caves has a distinctive name, derived, usually, from some physical feature or tradition; this name is frequently extended to the stream itself, or to a section of it until another barrier or some other natural feature leads to a change of designation. THE BARAKARS. 180 The third mode of occurrence of the coal seams is in streams of low gradient, frequently largely alluvial, as peers ingentle in the Dhuneti Nala near Ghutra. In such a case the coal seam, usually with gentle dip, may form a small outcrop projecting above water or sand, or’ may extend as a flat outcrop for many yards. Now let us consider the coal seams themselves. Those occurs ring in a given horizon may be either single or two or more in Number and thickness Humber, separated one from another by one or of coal seams in one more of the rocks enumerated on page 177. EaeeoD They may vary in thickness from an_ inch up to some 12 feet. As examples of a single thin seam mention may be made of the 9 inch seam of Biyah Mandha Nala (Sanhat field, No. 4), and a 4 inch seam in the Chirra Jharia (Kurasia, No. 10); whilst as examples of a single thick seam mention may be made of the Bijaura Jharia (Kurasia, No. 7) 9 foot (715 feet) seam, the Gorghela Nala 8 foot seam (Kurasia, No. 4), and the Balbahara 10 foot seam (Sanhat, No. 18). For the extremes amongst multiple seams we may notice the lowest horizon in Gorghela Nala (Kurasia, No. 1), where 9 seams totalling only 30 inches occupy a total thickness of 23 feet 8 inches and the Karar Khoh section in the Kaoria Nala (Kurasia, No. 33), where 7 seams totalling 36 feet occupy a total thickness of 47 feet. We may now notice the characters of the coal. It is of the typical Gondwana banded habit, consisting of various proportions of bright and compara- tively dull coal. The bright coal is the purest, and, judging from its brilliant conchoidal fracture, is of the nature of a_ colloidal substance which has in some way segregated chemically from the admixed earthy materials that give rise to the greater proportion of the ash of the coal. This is well illustrated by the proximate analysis of a picked pure material from Daukihuri (Kurasia, No. 6) given below in Table No. 1. This bright material usually occurs in bands from } to 4 inch thick, but is sometimes 1 or even 2 inches thick. It is very brittle, falling to pieces readily; it usually alternates with the dull coal, but bands are occasionally found consisting entirely of bright coal up to a thickness of 6 inches. One variety, rather rare, consists of very thin alternating bright and dull lamin, the coal having a general bright appearance. A specimen of such coal from Balbahara showed a specific gravity of 151, whilst a piece Characters of the coal. D 181 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. from horizon 1, Gorghela Nala, showed a specific gravity of 1:52, and had the lamine so fine as to look at first sight like entirely bright coal (see table 1 for analysis). The dull coal can only be so called by comparison with the bright coal. It really has a distinct lustre varymg from greasy to silky, and often shows as low a specific gravity as bright coal. Thus a dull greasy-looking shaly coal from Kachhan Kundi Nala has a specific gravity as low as 1:36. As will be seen from the analysis in table 1, such coal is of high quality. Specimens of banded bright and dull coal from seams 1 and 2, Karar Khoh (Kaoria Nala), show G=1:35 and 1°38 respectively. . The dull coal tends to possess a shaly structure, and seems to oradate (see analysis of K. 3, table 1, for an intermediate stage) into a stony coal-shale or shale-coal of very distinctive appearance. This is heavy (G=1-°64), with a grey-black colour, almost bluish in the sun, a greasy lustre and a _ conchoidal fracture ; the general appearance is that shown by some varieties of psilomelane, except for the fact that this shale-coal is commonly thickly besprinkled with fragments of carbonised vegetable matter, and that it often shows small stringers and veinlets of bright coal. It tends to fracture into slabby pieces, but the shaly structure 1s not well developed. I refer to it, however, as shale- coal in this report. Its composition is well shown by the analysis of D. 154 in table 1. In addition, any of the varieties of coal may show films of ‘mineral charcoal’ or ‘ mother-of-coal.’ The coal seams are composed of these varieties of coal in differ- ent proportions at different localities. Moreover there seems to be every gradation from the dull oal into carbonaceous shale, so that where the partings between coal seams are of a highly carbonace- ous nature, it becomes a matter of personal preference whether the two seams should be grouped as one or kept separate. My tend- ency has been to separate them, but I have followed no rule in this matter, except that of convenience. The results of the assay of samples of Korean coal taken by me are scattered through the following pages. But it is instructive to give here a summary of results for purposes of comparison. For this purpose the mean composition of each group of samples seems the most suitable :— Composition of the coal. N GO sam “UMord BIT | use S294 a ig qua At0A “UMOIG WUBIT =| “OHTUAN “Bog “yse Jo NOT) | / iat “AUSIS | “AQUSIS . “a¥eo JOU Seog | “eY¥O Jou Seog ‘ayeo you se0q SIO}UIS 9NG "aye JOU #90 ‘avo you seod __ StoqUs gn soijiedoid Suryep | ‘ayeo Jou svog ayeo you Seog | 00-901 | 00-001 00-001 00-00T 00-001 00-00T 00-001 90-6E 96-FE 8-SE F291 ZF-OL 82-6 1¢-0 : 5 ° - ysy a 08-€F 96-8 Go SF | F8-SF 99-6F BESS 19:09 ss * uoqivo pox s 06-6T 86-6 OT-61 GS-1 9L-LZ | $9-€E 8-62 . 1O}VUL O]TFRIOA < FL | Ose OF OF 91-9 [ 99-4 086 | * + + amnqstont < i j ee eee a oe, | ~ | < LET T9-T #9-T | SBS-T CFT 98-1 08-1 AyAvas oyroods = She | ae = "Teos-ayey yeoo-ayRys peo | | -yeoo ApS | *S1oAR] pried i : “ase 2g *TEOI-sps 3 “Teoo AIS Scere poe *Twoo JO OJOBIVYO a Tip peard.sy, PST °C SU OmvS | pensny-Aseorp | Seda iat Feo UE UG | Apusnenma | tvoo qusi¢ pe a ‘* KVaS | “OHM UVuVT oH | “(PST “a S¥ aS) ‘HOHM ava xp: | “HOHY avavy ¢ KVAS OL ONILAVd “PST “a ‘LT NOZIUOH “N VITHSUOY) “VE pues € SNHVAS NGGMCAE ONIDUVI {81 ‘HOH, UVUV ST "$3 } ‘IdNO¥ NVHHOV ST ‘F9T a “TWOHIMOAVG “€8T a *KIITYOOT Ne eee 7009 fo suaundads-puny fo sashnup ‘l aTaVy, 188. FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. TABLE 2. Average Composition of Korean Coals. KURASIA FIELD. — SANHAT FIELD. KURASIA AREA. CHIRMIRI AREA. l 1 3 2 > | Western ‘ Karar HORIZON. 1 Da eatcrane| ime 2 3 4 5 3 | Khoh | 5 Number of ‘ | | Analyses 3 5 4 1 29)| a 6 1 9 10 | | ave > | | average. Moisture. 5:79} 4-19 | 3°48 ‘73 | 5:57 | 6:19 | 8:66 | 10:02] 9-46 7-7 | 7:44 4 Volatile matter . | 22-22 | 24:00 18-51 [29-25 27-18 | 29-39 30°92 } 31-06 | 30-72 29-1 p2siez Fixed Carbon. | 44-80 | 44:00 | 46-84 | 45-88 | 56-21 | 51-08 | 48-86 | 45-64 | 46-67 51-2 | 41°65 Ash . 5 . 721-19 | 27-81 31-17 720-14 } 11-04 | 13-34 | 11-56 | 13-28 § 13-15 12:0 | 22-69 yj Striking an average of these figures we get the following mean composition for the Sanhat and Kurasia fields respectively with which are compared average figures for coals from the Raniganj field 1 :— TABLE 3, Comparison of Composition of Korean and Raniganj Coals. ee Sanhat Kurasia pe | Benieas Barakar ae ficld. field. pee 2 mee seams. Moisture 3 : A 4-49 747 6-81 3°76 1-06 ‘ Volatile matter . 5 23-58 29-48 32°19 31°51 25°96 Fixed carbon . c : 45-21 48-40 44-76 49°68 56°22 Ash E 5 4 F 26-72 14-65 16-24 15-05 16-76 Calorifie value (calculated )? 5,674 6,217 5,870 6,417 6,915 1 Ball & Simpson, Mem., G. S. J., XLI, p. 48 (1913). : 2 Goutal., Comptes Rendus, Vol. 135, 1902, p. 447, and Cox, Philippine Journ. Sei.. A., Vol. 4, 1910, p. 172. THE BARAKARS. 184 A study of these figures leads to interesting conclusions. In the first place it is noticeable that the Sanhat coals are generally much inferior to the Kurasia coals, the Sanhat coals being much higher in ash, and lower in fixed carbon and volatile matter than the Kurasia coals; it is, indeed, evident on the basis of these figures that, attention should first be directed to the Kurasia field. A comparison of the Kurasia analyses with those of coals from the Raniganj measures of the Raniganj field, as given in the foregoing table, indicates the close resemblance between the coals of these two fields. Except that they show higher moisture, the Kurasia coals of seams 3 and 4 are very close in composition to that of the lower seams of the Raniganj series, but are about 2 per cent. better in ash. A glance at the average analyses of horizons 1 to 5 of the Kurasia section of the Kurasia field reveals another interesting point. The amount of moisture decreases steadily from 10 to under 5 per cent. in passing {rom horizon 5 to horizon 1. This decrease may be compared with the decrease from 6°8 to 1:06 per cent. in passing from the upper Raniganj seams to the Barakar seams in the Raniganj field (see above). It is also interesting to notice that the Sanhat coals, which occur near the base of the field, contain the same general percentage of moisture as horizons 1 and 2 in the Kurasia field. According to the laboratory tests, almost all the Korean coals are non-caking, so that this coal cannot be regarded as suitable for metallurgical purposes. Pyrite is often seen in the Korean coals, especially in the seams of bright coal. The only determinations of Caking propertics. Sulphur. : e sulphur hitherto made are as follows :— Sample K. 9—Seam 3A —Kaoria Nala 5 5 5 WRRISA ES K. 13—Seam 5—Kaoria Nala. : : - 0-289 8 K. 33—Upper seam—Bijaura Jharia . 2 > 0°6290 8 K. 35—Lower seam—Bijaura Jharia . ° 5 (UeTAE RM No tests have yet been made of the calorific values. But using Goutal’s formula, one can deduce from the average composition given on page 183 a calorific value of 6,217 calories for the average coal of the Kurasia field and 6,512 calories for the average of the Karar Khoh seams. These values compare favourably with those for Bengal coals. The Sanhat average gives a much lower value, namely 5,674. Calorific value. 185 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. For comparison with the Korean coals it will, be interesting at this poimt to give some hitherto unpublished analytical figures relating to the coals of Barkui in the Pench Valley field, Chhindwara district. The first column shows the composition of a large average sample of coal from Barkui. The second and third columns show separately the composition of the bright and dull material consti- tuting the alternating layers of coal. These two analyses were made on small quantities of carefully picked material. The analysis and specific gravity of the bright coal should be compared with the figures for D. 183 in table 1 and the analysis and specific gravity of the dull coal with those of D. 154, K. 2 and K. 4 in the same table. The Barkui coal compared with the average coal of the Kurasia field is higher in fixed carbon and ash and lower in moisture and volatile matter. The figures are as follows :— Comparison of Barkui and Korean coals. TABLE 4. Analyses of Barkua Coal. | LARGE SAMPLE. | PICKED MATERIAL. Banded bright | picpy jo vane - il enue iicnait | Bright layers. Dull layers. Moisture : : : : 1-73 2-20 1-26 Volatile matter . : al 24:07 | 26-38 19-23 Fixed carbon | 52:59 69-56 45-31 Reh Se) ee 21-61 | 1-86 34-26 Specific gravity . 5 : 56 | 1-295 | 1-44 Calorific power. - 5 7,315 8,690 6,270 Sulphur : 5 : A 0:73% Evaporative power 5 3 | 13-62 16-18 11-68 Caking properties . : . | Cakes strongly, Cakes but not | Does not cake a | | strongly .| but sinters slightly. Colour of ash * . | Light brown . | Brown . | Light grey. ce EE SO ET LS THE BARAKARS, 186 It is difficult to compare the quality of the Korean coals with that of the best-known fields in the Central Comparison of Ko- pea AS att jae ie . SANE : : eeUAhalk with) Cine Provinces and Central India, because of the coals from the Central paucity of published data, the majority of TOWINOOS) ANC | COnpnalen sre Me ee wane ee Nb Rea te i ayhyid we , raver India analy ses represe nting isolated samples. However, the following figures taken from Ball and Simpson’s memoir may be considered. TABLE 5, Comparison of Composition of Kurasia Coal with that of other ficids in the Central Provinces and Central India. ; Wet! igs A | §8 B Hea a ) Ral | [2 an) a = S e| eS | Py Q =) 5 ‘ s g Po 2 ‘ & oy 5 Tees = = 1 oe Bt S a= 8 es 5 a= ae S es ? ra Go) S = at a UN ary ih, Steet) he 2s | 3 Bits alata S = og So e Om 0 fen Me ia S ot or © - o 2 oo |} @.. Ores Dp th ke to bo Z bo oa. | ou bon ae ae Sn le s et its (| ERS ao os. oR oe os 25 = oF o> ries rs it) i} wat) eo | “a ar 43 =< = =< =“ B =“ = Moisture 747 11-72 2-52 2 rat | (11-10 | 3°71 Volatile matter = 29-48 29-33 24-26 20:55 $| 22-8 1 31:56 27°55 34:85 | | Sulphur 55 0-51 0-95 hasty «| Fixed Carbon ‘ 48-40 | 43:80 | 48-71 | 37-42 | 53-5 | 45-47 | 56-14 | 54-42 r fe | Ash . 5 § C 14:65 13-60 24-01 38:24 | 23:6 11:87 12:60 10-72 It is to be regretted that figures showing the average compo- sition of the coal as sold from these various fields are not avail- able. But it is understood that Umaria coal as now sold, and Warora coal as it was sold before the mine was shut down, are much higher in ash than indicated by the foregoing figures; whilst many of the Kurasia analyses (see tables 8 and 10) show lower ash than the solitary Ballarpur analysis given above. It is evident therefore that the Kurasia coal compares favourably with that of all the above fields except, perhaps, Johilla. The Sanhat average (see p. 183) is poor compared with that from all the above fields except Mohpani, but the coal of Murma and Rakeya in the Sanhat field (see p. 191) is not much inferior to that of Kurasia. 187 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Although fossil plants are not uncommon in the coals and associated shales and sandstones, yet few good Specimens were obtained. The plants noticed (identified by Babu Bankim Bihari Gupta) were Glossopteris indica, Vertebraria indica and Schizoneura. Fossils. At one locality, Upper Dubpani (Kurasia, No. 30), the coal contains concretions of numerous curious white bodies. They are confined to the bright layers, and ap- peared, when the coal was broken out of the bank in the course of sampling, as white spots suggesting splashes of white- wash. On examination these spots are found to be flattened spheres or oblate spheroids averaging about } inch in diameter, and consisting of a soft white minutely crystalline aggregate. These bodies are surrounded by a very thm brown coat, and this by a shell of black coal. From these bodies as nuclei, cracks radiate out into the bright coal im such a way as to suggest the petals of a flower, five in number, giving the whole structure a total diameter of ? to 1 inch. The general suggestion is of winged seeds, but there seems to be little doubt that the white bodies are of imorganic origin, probably concretionary ; the cracks radiatmg from the nuclei have been caused, doubtless, by a different coefficient of expansion for the nuclei and for the surrounding coal. Under the microscope the white nucleus is seen to be crypto-crystalline like chalcedony, but its softness, of course, precludes it from being this mineral. A quantitative chemical examination of these spheroids carried out by Babu Ajit Kumar Banerjee, Assistant Curator, gave the result — shown in column 1 :— Coneretions of litho- marge. I II Si0, : : ; : : ‘ ‘ : : 45:94 | 46:5 Al,O, . : : : ‘ ; : ¢ : 40:03 39:5 te MgO : 5 . : E 5 : 5 5 trace H,O ‘ : 4 4 : : : : P 14:02 | 14-0 MOnAti). 99-99 | 100-0 THE BARAKARS. 188 In column II are given the theoretical figures for pure kaolin (2H,O. Al,O3. 28i0,). In view of the crypto-crystalline character of the concretions as viewed under the microscope the most apt term to apply is probably lithomarge. The presence of these concretions of lithomarge is of considerable theoretical interest, for inasmuch as they must have been formed by the segregation of lithomargic material originally distributed through the bright coal in which they occur, their presence adds force to the deduction already drawn on page 180 that the bright coal is of the nature of a colloidal substance that has in some way segregated chemically from admixed earthy materials. The point now to be solved is why bright coal does not contain these lithomargic concretions more frequently. The coal horizons seem to occur chiefly in the lowerand middle portions of the Barakars. Thus, whilst the Pies of the altitudes of the Barakars in the Kurasia field range from about 1,700 feet to 2,900 feet, the measured altitudes of the coal outcrops range from 1,750 to 2,300 feet. The number of horizons is difficult to ascertain with certainty, owing to the difficulty already noticed of correlating the outcrops. But, judgmg from the outcrops in the Gorghela Nala and its tributaries, the Kurasia field has at least 6 horizons, unless faulting has caused duplication; even then the number of coal horizons must be at least 4. These horizons are numbered 1 to 6 from below upwards, and on the evidence of situation and baro- metric elevation I have attempted to correlate all the outcrops examined, the results being tabwated in Appendix I (see also pages 197, 201). From this table it will be seen that horizon 4, ranging in elevation from 1,864 feet (Kuar Jharia, No. 45) at the south-western corner of the field to 2,155 feet (Chirra Jharia, No. 21), in the north-eastern corner of the field, suggests a general, very slight, dip to the 8. 8. W. Workable coal seams appear to occur in horizons 4, 3, and 2. In the Sanhat field I examined only the southern edge; the coal exposures ranged in elevation from 1,720 feet (Balbahara, No. 10) at the western end of the field to 2,307 feet (Charcha, No. 19) towards the eastern end. They seem all to be referable to two horizons—if 1 may dare to attempt any correlation—with the excep- tion of one of the Biyah Mandha Nala exposures (No. 13; 2,150 feet) and the Bar Pani exposure (Charcha, No. 19; 2,307 feet). Numbering the seams from below upwards, seam 1 contains workable 189 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. coal at the eastern end of the field, and seam 2 at the west- em end. It is undesirable to insert in the text of this report the details of all the exposures examined, but they have been tabulated in Appendix I, where they are arranged according to the attempted correlation, horizon by horizon, a serial number being assigned to each outcrop, and inserted both in this table, and on the map (Plates 30 and 31). The numbers commence at unity in each field. The Kurasia field is divided into two sections—Kurasia and Chirmiri and the exposures tabulated separately. In the Sanhat field and the Chirmiri section of Kurasia, the exposures are numbered in order from east to west. In the Kurasia section the numbering is generally from south to north. From this table it will be seen that there is an extraordinary variation, both in thickness and im the character of the rocks of the coal series from point to point. Thus the 86 feet of coal of Karar Khoh in the Kaoria Nala (Kurasia, No. 33) is probably represented by the 3’ 5” seam, thinning to 11 inches, at Dubpani (No. 32) in the same nala, only about 1 mile away. Less sudden changes are seen at other points of both fields. These changes indicate that although one horizon seems to have been widely spread yet the conditions of deposition varied widely from point to point. We are now in a position to deal with each field separately from the economic point of view. THE SANHAT COALFIELD, 190 CHAPTER VII. THE SANHAT COALFIELD. As already stated, this field has an area of about 330 square miles. The numerous outcrops of coal discovered by Messrs. Hughes and Hira Lal are tabulated in Appendix IT, whilst the details of those examined by me are given in Appendix I, from which it will be seen that some of them are exposures not mentioned by Hughes. As already noted, Hughes did not succeed in correlating the various exposures, and it is only with great hesitation that I have ventured to correlate those examined by me along the southern margin of the field, the data employed being general elevation and distance from the Talchir boundary. Only by a careful examination of all the intervening nalas could the probability of the correlation be maintamed or disproved; and certainty can never be attained without boring operations. A summary of the correlation shown in Appendix I is given here :— Correlation of seams. TABLE 6. Correlation of Sanhat Coal Seams. Re eS Horizon 1. | (1) 1,965 ft. Murma (Pharkapani N.) 7’9"4+ coal, Sample K. 42. (2) 1,855 ft. Rakeya (Parewa Ghag) 4’4” coal in 5’3” | a3 ee 4s seam. | (3) 1,925 ft. Charcha (Diwan Dham N.) 3 . | 2+ coal, | (4) 23010 ft. . | Nagar (Biyah Mandha N.) . ¢ c 9” coal, (5) 1,973 ft. Nagar (Dummar Nakha NW.) 5 il] Au coal, is? me tADy (6) 1,800-1,870 ft. | Harra (Tutina Jharia) . | Up to 6’ coal, (7) 1827 ft. Harra (Ghogra N.) 20 coal, (8) 1,800 ft Kirwahi Ghag 2'6” coaly shale. (9) 1,745 ft. Dhuneti Ghag . 3’ carbon shale. (10) 1,720 ft Balbahara (Soa Pani) . 4? coal. Horizon 2. (11) 2,165 ft. Rakeya (Saman Dei N.) 14”+ coal (2 seams). (12) 2,125 ft. Sardih (Gae-mara N.) Li? coal and coal shale (13) 2,150 ft. Nea Cees ame N. 2*) 4’ coal, Sample K. 44. (14) 2,116 ft. 2/ coal (15) 1,918 ft. Kirwan ‘(Pakri Habe iS TAD A: 2! coal (16) 1,935 ft. Ghutra (Dhuneti N.) . * | 64+ coal, une Ke, AGc (17) 1,978 ft. Salba (Sitamarhi N.) . 4/11”4 coal in 78” seam. a Ae (18) 1,885 ft. Balbahara (Soa Pani) . 9/9” coal (2 seams) yy) aK 48: ye iS LOS Horizon 3. (19) 2,307 ft. Charcha (Bar Pani) 2’9” coal (3 seams). rr 191 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Assuming the possible correctness of this correlation, it will be noticed that the seam in the lower horizon (No. 1) is thick enough to be worth investigation at four localities (Nos. 1, 2, 5, and 6) distributed over a length of about 16 miles at the eastern end of the field, whilst the seam at one other locality (No. 3) shows 2’+ of coal. The samples from this horizon gave the following analytical results :— Horizon 1. carer Mura, RAKEYA, | NAGAR, Now: No. 2. No. 5. Sample number. K. 42. | K. 43. K. 45. Moisture . - d 3 c 8-20 6-00 | 3:18 Volatile matter ; A : a | 29-50 28-16 | 26-98 | Fixed carbon E rk , < 46°34 50-46 j 37-60 Ash 3 5 5 : 5 : | 15-96 15-38 32-24 Toran : 100-00 | aS 100-00 At Murma and Rakeya the coal is evidently of good enough quality to be worth working, if it can be proved to exist in sufficient quantity. On the other hand ‘the coal of Nagar further west is of little value and it is consequently impossible to put forward even the roughest of estimates concerning the quantities of workable coal im _ horizon 1. It is sufficient to say that every square mile of coal of 5 foot thickness in the Murma and Rakeya area probably contains some 53 million tons of workable coal (assuming 1:4 as the specific sravity of the coal). Quantity of coal. The next seam above (horizon 2) is of no value at the eastern end of the field, but at Nagar in the centre of the field, and at three localities towards the western end, namely peas aa Ghutra, Salba, and Balbahara, (Nos. 13, 16, 17, THE SANHAT COALFIELD, 192 18), thicknesses from 33’+ to 9’ 9"+ were measured, The samples from these localities gave the following results on analysis :— I occas ari GHUTRA. SALBA. BALBAHARA. s UE ACOUAEATS|! RCE DNE SW ERTL 1: | Sample number. K. 44. K. 46. Rogelio a) wisne a Saml| kc. 40, | | | Moisture . F , : 3°38 5-48 3-28 5-71 | 3-10 Volatile matter ‘ . 25:62 21-06 23°58 26:33 23-40 Fixed carbon . : 7 47-86 41-78 | 50-16 | 43:38 | 36-82 Ash . 6 - . 23-14 31:68 | 22-98 24-58 36-68 eek | 10 | Toran . 100-00 100-00 | 100-00 100-00 | 100-00 | } | On the evidence of the foregoing analyses, the coal of horizon 2 is of low grade, but it is possible that some of the coal might be considered worth working once railway facilities had been pro- vided ; one must remember that outcrop coal is often inferior to the fresh coal obtained some distance in from the surface. If it be considered desirable to investigate this area further, then in the first place the water-courses between Nagar and the more westerly exposures should be searched for outcrops, whilst particular attention should be given to the western group of exposures, where the flatness of the ground would mean but a small expenditure on boring. As regards thickness the Balbahara outcrop is particularly promising; it is apparently the 10 foot seam discussed by Hughes on page 199 of his memoir, of which he gives the analyses repeated below on page 194. Only 7 3” of this thickness was visible at the time of my visit because heavy rain had filled up a hollow at the foot of the seam, thus obscuring the lower part. The Balbahara analyses given above correspond to very poor coal, but those quoted on page 194 indicate much more favourable prospects. The exposures indicate the existence of considerable quantities of coalin this area, but the data are too few for any estimate of quantities to be attempted. It is sufficient to say that every square mile of coal-bearing ground proved in the Ghutra-Balbahara neighbourhood means on an average Quantity of coal. 193 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. thickness of 5 feet, 53 million tons of coal, assuming an average specific gravity of 1:4. IT was unable to visit the most westerly portion of this field, stretching for some 16 miles from Ghutra_ to Kelhari on the western border of the State. Consequently I sent Babu Bankim Bihari Gupta, Field Collector, to sample several outcrops in this area. His notes on the sections are given in Appendix I and are summarised here :— ® Western end of field. (20) Bahi (Papar Jhorka) 3/5” seam (3’3” coal). (21) Bahi (Hasia Nala) 3/1” seam (2’6” coal). (22) Khurpidhar 3/9” seam (3’ coal). (23) Putadand 4’/7” + coal. (24) Kerabahara (Gilapani N.) 4’7” + coal. (25) Karwabara Nala 3/5”+ coal. (26) Bichatola 1711” coal. (27) Barni Nala : : 113” coal in 2 seams. The following are the analyses of the samples taken :— — Pee | eat | Borsa a Re i if S Sample number. K. 50. K. 51. K. 52 K. 53. Moisture 4°14 2°32 2-96 4°50 Volatile matter 18:44 15°70 13-56 26-34 Fixed carbon | 54°48 46°10 42-00 | 44°78 Ash | 22°94 35-88 41-48 24-38 Seay a it ToTaL 100-00 | 100-00 100-00 100-00 | | I am, of course, unable to correlate these exposures with hori- zons 1 and 2 further east; but it is evident that the coal is of the same low grade as that of horizon 2 m the Balbahara-Ghutra area ; the composition and thickness of the seams do not encourage further investigation, except at Gilapani Nala and Papar Jhorka, where the level nature of the country should facilitate the pros- pecting of these outcrops by boring, if considered desirable. Volatile matter Fixed carbon 53°42 | Ash 17:73 Toran 100-00 Hygroscopic and 64 combined water. Previous analyses. THE SANHAT COALFIELD. 194 For comparison with the foregoing analyses of coals from the 2885 | BALBAHARA, 100-00 27:84 | 51-32 | | 20-84 5°6 Sanhat field I reproduce the following from Hughes’ memoir :— KARA- KACHAR Nervua. Kemarks NADI. 29-03 9°84 29°57 | All non- caking. 54-09 49°52 53°29 16:50 40-64 | 17-14 | —| 2 100-00 ~=100-00 100-00 | AL 49 | 5:92 2°26 8-28 and also the following analyses from Mr. J. L. H. Harris’ report and the Geological Survey (samples furnished by the Superintendent, Korea State) :— — Moisture. oe Dace Ash. | 1. Kohi Madda Nala AE abs 18 f; 6°20 32°64 50-06 11°30 2. Parewa Ghag Af 7:40 31-11 49°83 11:67 3. Murma (Karimati East) A 8°20 31°76 46°72 13°32 4. Bar Pani (Charcha) eats 4-00 25°61 48-15 22-24 5. Nagar Ape, Ek | “3 | 4-50 21°55 39°40 34:55 6. Nagar las. | 544 | 22-00 | 39-90 32-66 7. Jura Nala (Harra) ails} Hath), 28:60 26-06 36-86 33°58 8. Jharia Nala (Harra) Gas. AL: 4-48 27°74 41:44 26°34 9. Khurpi Dhar 5 J. L. H. 2-00 8°65 45°10 44°25 10. ,, + (Putadand) 6 | Ga tsb dle 2°44 9°26 32°88 55°42 nN 11. Bahi (Papar Jhorka) . 3 4°64 7:90 4-66 82-80 195 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. CHAPTER VIII. THE KURASIA COALFIELD. This, the second of the Korean coalfields in point of size, has an area of about 48 square miles according to Hughes, being some 10 miles long from west to east and 6 broad from _ north to south. It is an outlier entirely surrounded by Talchirs, except along its northern margin, where it is covered by the southern edge of the dolerite sill described on page 156. As far as one can ascertain from traversing this field, it has an average horizontal dip, with very gentle rolling about axes aligned in various directions ; but there is pro- bably a very slight general dip towards the south or south-west of the order of some 290 feet in 8 miles, this dip being deduced from the difference between the elevations of the Kuar Jharia (No. 45) and the Chirra Pani (No. 21) exposures of horizon 4, on the assumption that the correlation is correct. Messrs. Hughes and Hira Lal were unable to devote more than a very short period to the survey of this field, and consequently discovered only 7 outcrops of coal (Mem. G. S.I., XXI, p. 203). One of these, of excellent quality (that given as 13’6” thick), is probably the outcrop listed as Bijaura Jharia (No. 7) in Appendix I. The second outcrop is 1} miles 8. 8. E. of Kurasia, apparently in a tributary of the Kudra Nala. It is 6% feet thick, and has an excellent analysis, but was not visited by me. The third outcrop, 8 feet thick, in the ‘ Gorgheta’ corresponds with my Gorghela Nala (No. 4) of the same thickness. Owing to their inferior character details of the other exposures are not given, but three of them lie towards the western end of the field and are important as proving the extension of coal in that direction. During my own visit I was able to examine only those out- crops lying within reach of the villages of Chirmiri and Kurasia, and even then I was compelled to omit some of the outcrops known to the villagers. In Appendix I, I have given details of all the outcrops examined (except No. 33, see page 205) and in Tables 8 and 10 (pages 199 and 203) are shown the analyses of the samples taken. Dips. Messrs. Hughes and Hira Lal. THE KURASTA COALFIELD. 196 A brief discussion of the probable relationships of the outcrops is, however, necessary. In the first place, it is important to emphasise the point, already made on page 178, that with very rare exceptions the coal crops out only in the nalas or water-courses, being entirely covered by soil, débris, and jungle, on the intervening slopes and spurs. Any correlation of outcrops is, therefore, not a matter of certainty, but of probability. The dips being as a rule nil or very gentle, the aneroid is obviously as important as the hammer in this work. and the former instrument was tested to the full. My two base stations were my camp at Chirmiri, fixed as 2,100 feet by compari- son with Bartunga Hill (A 2,917 feet) and my camp at Kurasia, fixed as 2,200 feet by comparison with Kurasia Hill (A 2,847 feet). But although the difference in height between these two camps was by these measurements just 100 feet, yet on the two occasions when I travelled from one to the other, the difference appeared to be greater (230 and 155 feet respectively) ; but in each case I attribute these differences to unsettled weather, and prefer to rely upon the results of direct comparison with the hills men- tioned. I have dealt with this pomt in detail because on the relative heights of these two camps depends any attempt at correla- tion between the outcrops observed from Chirmiri with those examined from Kurasia. On the relative heights of the outcrops observed from one camp alone considerable reliance may be placed, because of the careful application I made throughout the day of corrections for diurnal variation, using a scale of corrections locally determined, and because in each case I returned after the day’s work to my starting point and was able to distribute any error caused by weather changes, which, however, were mostly very small whilst I was examining this field. Aneroid readings. A. The Kurasia Area. As the Gorghela Nala gives a good section of the field, I will discuss the Kurasia area first, confining this term to that portion of the field lying east of the ridge on which runs the road from Kurasia to Dubchola. In the Gorghela itself I saw only 4 seams (including Kundo Pani, the headwater of the Gorghela); but taking into account outcrops seen in tributaries of this nala (Nag Jhula, Saruplikha Nala, Bansa Dandi, etc.) we may count 5 horizons in all, with pethaps E Correlation of seams. 197. FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. a sixth, in the second Kundo Pani outcrop: the last is the head- water of the northward-flowing Kurasia Nala, for both the Gorghela and the Kurasia Nala rise at about the same spot. The height assigned to each series of outcrops in Appendix I is that of the top of the highest coal. The horizons may be numbered from 1 to 5 (or 6) from below upwards, the numbers really attaching to coal horizons rather than seams, for there may be one or more seams at each horizon, separated by stone or coaly shale. With these premises I may give the following abstract from Appendix I, showing the most probable correlation of outcrops, differences of elevation of the same seam being attributable partly to gradual dips in the succession of rocks, partly probably to local folds giving rise to sharper dips, partly no doubt to local faults, and partly to errors in the barometric readings. It is just possible, moreover, that larger faults not discovered may be leading me to an entirely erroneous correlation, as for example between the out- crops in the Gorghela and its tributaries on the one hand, and those lying east and north of Kurasia on the other. TABLE 7. Correlation of Kurasia Coal Seams. Horizon 1, (1) 1,761 ft. Gorghela Nala 30” coal (9 seams) | Sample K. 41, in 16/10’. (2) 1,750 ft. . | Trib. of Gorghela N. . 1’ 2” coal stringers. (3) 1,790 ft - | Gatti Jharia (Do.) . 24” coal (4 seams) in 4/10’. Horizon 2. (4) 2,011 ft. Gorghela N. : 5 5 % = | 8° ‘coal 5 Samples K. 25, 26. Horizon 3, | (5) 2,052 ft. Gorghela N. : , | 2’+4 coal. (6) 2,060 ft. Daukihuri . | 310” coal Samples K. 27, 28. (7) 2,045 ft. Bijaura Jharia . G 6 « | 1176" coal (+-4/ » XK. 38, 84, obscured) (?0ne 35. | seam). (8) 2,021 ft. F Do. trib. 4’3” coal. (9) 2,061 ft. Lachman Jharia | 3/2” coal Sample K. 37. (10) 2,049 ft. Chirra Jharia 4” coal. Horizon 4. (11) 2,129 ft. Nag Jhula . 5 6’8” coal (5 seams) | Sample K. 31. in. 12/7". (12) 2,123 ft. Ghumasarai N. . 2/4” + coal (2 py S25 seams) in 4/10”. (13) 2,126 ft. Saruplikha N. 8’6”+ coal (3 seams) in 11’1’. Samples K. 29, 30. 5 THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 198 Correlation of Kurasia Coal Seams—contd. ee ——————————— (14) 2,122 ft. (15) 2,088 ft. (16) 2,117 ft. (17) 2,187 ft. (18) 2,126 ft. (19) 2,124 ft. (20) 2,102 ft. (21) 2,155 ft. (22) 2,125. ft. ~— (28) 2,092 ft. (24) 2,036 ft. (25) 2,062 ft. (26) 2,209 ft. (27) 2,222 ft. (28) 2,197 ft. om Do. repeated 4’+ coal (2 seams) in 44", Dudhania N. : : 5 ° +) || Le coals | Horizon 5. | Kundo Pani 6 + 8/9” coal (2 Horizon 4—contd. Ama Jharia = ; P 2/10” coal (2 seams) | in 8/6" Bansa Dandi F 5 " 7 . | 1/10’+ coal (2 seams) Bijaura Jh. +4” +4 coal, Lachman Jh. 4’+ coal (7 second seam at 2,142’) Sample K. 36, Do. trib. 24’'+ coal (2 seams) in 94. Do. do. | 2’10” coal. Do. do, | +3) + coal, Chirra Jh. . +2'6"+ coal (2 seams) in 94’. Do, 8’2” coal (2 seams) ir K. 38. in 22%’. Kurasia N. 2’6” coal. seams) in 5/1” +35” coal (2 seams) in 4/10’, 34’ coal Kukri N. Ama Jharia Sample K. 39, (28A) 2,312 ft.2 . Horizon 6. | Kundo Pani C < | coal indications. The largest chances of erroneous correlation are the following :— The last four outcrops (nos. 7 to 10) placed under horizon 3 may really belong to horizon 2. They are placed with horizon 3 on the ground of their distance (70—100 feet) below outcrops of horizon 4 in the same nalas, this agreeing with the vertical distance (77 feet) between Nag Jhula and Gorghela (horizon 3), rather than that (118 feet) between Nag Jhula and Gorghela N. (horizon 2). The two outcrops (nos. 21 and 22) in Chirra Jharia placed finally Kundo in horizon 4 are assumed to belong to the same horizon repeated by faulting or folding, as in the more certain case of the two outcrops in Kurasia Nala (nos. 23, 24). Pani (no. 28A, horizon 6) might be Kundo Pani (no. 26, horizon 5) repeated ; but a rather sharp fault would be required. For comparison with the foregoing correlation I give below Analyses, the results of the analysis of the coal samples arranged according to horizon :— 1 ? horizon 3 or 4, repeated by folding or faulting. * Possibly only horizon 5 repeated. E2 199 TaBLu 8. FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, ©. P. 3 3 *(poqoofoa a 3) a o } ° [800-9/BYs) WROS 9,8 = ° = N ja) ia} “DID AT Duy S ” 3 a ee 5 . rd S 6 [woo (Fp aoMory A = KS <4 DUDY [ Dlbpy : : Z x 3 anys DAY | a & cS) aya S s aq x S | ‘Jwoo ,f urvos roddgQ Na) S + —) 3 | "DILDY UDULYID'T a0 a S = rs . o ice) AN N ie.) ~ = “§% wreos puooog Jo) a) ey > y ® . ~ es zi ig N vyyuydningy : es x = >| I : H = ro) a 5) & |',Z coMo] urvos roddyQ > 2 oy Og a8) id "A pyyuydnung | & = gS oY ; Soo ie Alea rie vo 3 [woo,B | St = 2 $ J “N toapspun UY) i.e) = oa = : = a © a 5.8/9 Suryez09 sureong | > = ca | ‘ynyp boxe | © = 3 3 EE ————————E Ee . + ioe) se) 5 qvoo ze | 8 8 3 <4 . . ioe) No) = J DLLDY UDULYOD'T = x SS S ; + 2 H + i) tf —-|\(ureos puodes B 2) ,9,7 = 2 = By ‘3 iJ [eseg ‘puny vindlig = iS 5 3 aie 1 “urees aoddn jo sH Je) oe) wa oo I Ye) B inp) : & lon) ~ 3 = , gaed IOMOT {8 UP = st =i a NI A J ‘piupy pp nanolig a 10 a g ae _— =] Q ie.2) vo} io,0) 4 a $2 | ‘wees aoddn yo doy = rc B rs) S] Ho | a | 8% eanye vunohg | % S 8 © = Esl e _ i ee SS . *[v0o ive) Ss 4 cheats © 6 3 % S GMMR LOKGE || Ss + oS S Xd J tal Or) i . No} Oo i2.2) ie) nq Wes OI € Jo % = a = > | “aenyeynog oe) st = . : 2) anes ‘mees g Jo fg | © 3 = 6 z 4 | Monod “N Maybion | ~ a 6 s N mt : 2 +H oo ro) 5 Q | wees .g jo fp doy | % 2 co) 3B . . © | ed io) fon} = . N Meybsop a ye) ——————— eee = 9 19 20 & z ae ‘survos ulq? ZL UT > a e) j : + a HS | wy | 102,86 ‘w Meybiop a + Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 200 On comparing the two sets of figures it at once becomes evident that in horizon 4 we have a group of seams of sufficient thickness and high enough quality to deserve very careful investigation. In fact, it will be noticed that in most of the cases where the observed thickness of coal is small the full thickness was not exposed, and it seems likely that a minimum average thickness of 5 feet of coal may be expected. The map indicates the possible extension of this seam over at least 4 square miles in the Kurasia area. And, as has already been noticed (see p. 191), every square mile of coal of this thickness means a quantity of 5} million tons. Horizon 3 also looks very promising at Bijaura Jharia, where 11} feet of coal broken into two portions by 4 feet of obscured ground allows a possibility of 15} feet of coal. This thickness, however, decreases to only 4’3” in a tributary a short distance away. The 8 foot seam of Gorghela Nala taken as horizon 2 has not been detected elsewhere, but in view of its good quality (see analyses K. 25, K. 26, Table 8) it seems worthy of further investigation. It seems in most cases unprofitable to suggest sites for boreholes in advance of any actual proposal to resort to such operations; but I cannot resist the temptation to point out a most desirable site for testing nearly the whole vertical succession of coal horizons in this field. This site is in the low ground immediately north of Kurasia village, somewhere near the hollow tree-trunk embedded in clay that serves as the village well. Such a hole would probably be too low for horizons 5 and 6, but would pass through all the others, if there are no complications due to faulting. My reading for the height of this well is 2,164 feet, so that horizons 4, 3 and 2 should be encountered im the first 200 feet of the bore-hole suggested. Horizon 4. Horizon 3. Horizon 2. Site for borehole. B. The Chirmiri Area. We may now consider the correlation of the coal seams in the Chirmiri area one with another, and with those of the Kurasia area. The most important exposure is that occurring at the water- fall inthe Kaoria Nala known as Karar Khoh, : and also for some distance down the bed of the Kaoria Nala, and up its side tributaries. The 36 feet of coal, Correlation of seams. 301 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. grouped into 7 seams in the section given on page 205, are distributed through a total thickness of 48 feet of coal and associated rock, and the correlation of such a horizon becomes therefore of the greatest import- ance. With the other outcrops in the Chirmiri area I can correlate it with some confidence, but in the correlation of the Kurasia and Chirmiri series with each other there is considerable uncertainty partly because the Chirmiri seams appear to be much more disturbed and variable in thickness than those of Kurasia, and partly because bad weather disturbed the barometer when I attempted to effect the correlation. However, it seems probable that the Karar Khoh series taken as a whole corresponds to horizon 4 of the Kurasia area, and on this supposition the followimg correlation may be advanced, the outcrops being arranged geographically from east to west (see Appendix I for details) :— TABLE 9. Correlation of Chirmiri Coal Seams. es = Horizon 3. (29) 1,816 ft. .| Kachhan Kundi. . . j ree Horizon 4. (30) 2,110 ft. . | Upper Dubpani . A O R . | 44’ coal. 6 . | Sample K. 40. (31) 2,070 ft. | Chirmiri N. ‘ 0 0 0 Paieulecoals (32) 2,030 ft. . | Dubpani . . 5 : o a | aPAicke ehitel Byte coal in 3 ex- posures. (33) 1,94u ft. . | Karar Khoh and Hathbandha N. - | 36’ coal in 48’ K. 2 to K. 14. (7 seams). (34) 1,910 ft. .|SareN. . A c 0 - . | 17’6"+ coalin 54’, of which 274” obscured (5 seams). (35) 1,8/7 ft. . | Gae-mara N. 0 0 . 3 . | 19’ to21’+ coal in 24’ (3 seams). (36) 1,964 ft. 5 Do. trib. . a 3 . | 134’4+ coal in 29’ | K. 24, (4 seams). (37) 1,907 ft. . | Trib. of Kaoria N. below Hathbandha | 11’ coal in 116” (2 | | N. seams). | (38) 1,887 ft. . | Barsi Pani S A : 0 . | 18)/+ coal in 30’ 10” (4 seams). (39) 2,045 ft. - | Manju Nacha N. : 5 5 . | 427+ coal. (40) 2,005 ft. . | Diwan Jharia . : 5 ; . | 4 coal in 53’ K. 20. (2 seams). a a ES RR a AES AEE eR ae THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 209 Correlation of Chirmiri Coal Seams—contd. Jae 3 5 Pe Horizon 1—contd. (41) 1,992 ft. Karauli Dhar. - ; > . | 3’+ coal ‘ K. 19. (42) 1,941 ft. r Kachhan Kundi . Fi 7 7 . | 2’+ coal. (43) 1,902 ft. fr Do. J A 5 ' . | 18” coal. (44) 1,936 ft. . | Paraspani N. « i ° f . | 14” coal. (45) 1,864 ft. . | Kuar Jharia ; : : A eles (COA in Se . 2 seams). (46) 1,889 ft. . | Jam N, A . ° * A - | 1/10’coal in 10’4” K 18, (2 seams). (47) 1,879 ft. . | Bija N. = ‘ 5 - E cee CORL GInn AUP Kye (2 seams). (48) 1,879 ft. . | Bhalubhil Sharia F A ' . | 54 coal (and shale) | K. 16. in 14’ (2 seams). (49) 1,865 ft. . | Am Nala . : : ‘ : . | 8’ coal (and shale) | K. 15, Horizon 6. (50) 2,103 ft. . | Trib. of Karauli Dhar Cs : - | +1’ coal. (51) 2,093 ft. . | Bara Am N. . c 5 ‘ . | 10” +coal. (52) 2,104 ft. . | Bare Mandil N. . 0 “ A . | 797+ coal in | K. 23’. 33’ 1” (3 seams). (53) 2,109 {t. . | Sendri Ama N. . c : 7 . | 78”+ coal in 273’ (2 seams). (54) 2,118 ft. . | Bijaura N. . . - - - | # coal. (55) 2,139 ft. . | Mangarmuhar N. s c 5 . | 927+ —caal in K. 21, 22. 337” (3 seams) (56) 2,161 ft. . | Samardhukela N. c C f . | 2/2”+ coal. (57) 2,157 ft. . | Trib. of Kachhan Kundi_ . 5 . | +3’+ coal. (58) 2,162 ft. || Am Jharia q : C 5 . | +2’ coal. Of the outcrops grouped in horizon 4 the least certain are the 5 exposures on the S. W. side of Bartunga Hill or Kadrewa Hill (in the Kuar Jharia and its tributaries); these might perhaps be equally well grouped in horizon 3. The difference of elevation between the Kachhan Kundi and Karar Khoh exposures and the Kuar Jharia is, however, less than that between the Karar Khoh and Dubpani exposures, and may indicate a general slight south-westerly dip (see p. 172). For comparison with the foregoing correlation I tabulate below ee: the analytical results of the samples taken, excluding those of the Karar Khoh section, \ which are tabulated on page 206 :— 203 TABLE 10. FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. Pp. Analyses of Chirmiri coals. Horizon 5. Horizon 3. a | “WHROS TOOT Se ee = SN woody ,€-,F1 “(Ge “ON) Oo Gg oO x =) id 3 . a ww S mS N MDYNRULDOUY a | x wros soddn— | 3 a re S Ss : [woo 4p “(eG oN) | S& a s+ & S ‘ ; ao nN S M4 ‘N apynutobuo yy — S| 2288 | 8 | [R09 9,8 “(BS oe enw = : ON) CAT puny anne HOON S id N) N Lpunyy eg nN = eS ee b Ss a] =) Ss ‘poyord ureos (¢ py Ste oe J ‘ ; ey © G) S : (6% “ON) vy wy | mo o nN r=) wal | toed -~ i es SS SS SS S = [809 18,1 feel Par ae = rr (SP ON) “AT YQ DUT NS S&S S <4 —_ : = ad ee pee = ECR S| «Sa ate 3 A (Lb (ON) wna vlig = o S = es { : os +. 2 co “10, >= ee) N a Ss =o [200 {OT : ‘ Ne : ; ‘(QP ‘ON) wD uD See BBN leh OPS S rw 97 N VE S : = = 2 = =) & | -uvees ,e jo <1 doy QS BS J . = So fr) Lied i] oO 4 (TP (ON) “oy ynvwwy 43 8 + S Sa S i=} Ne) H =) A “p-g ‘wees soddgq Tete ee 2 i oo & © S sd “(OF ON) Dimy pe Unni”? ms HH S i} Es a + Ht SO c=) A |ureos do} ‘jeoo fF (9¢ eemetmee 190% GO 2 alk ~ 4s 4 Go S sd ON) “Qa NT DAnw-apy oD S = ° N © ©) 6 S al ‘pojdues {8 ,Z yy ee Se 2 A . 1 ~ Lagu H f=) Oo id (z@ ‘ON) wordqng| 4 om S S ‘(pephpoxe e[eys [woo 2 8 8 Ss S ] 6) ULB9S 9,7 (0 ON) Lo — nN @ —) A . oD Tes) oS a rundqny dadd Q = - & é A o | Bs a | 5 8 ° =| a 2 @ § ; B23 5 2 8 OAS ‘8 sic Bader i ees htly. Norr.—None of the samples caked, but K. 24 sintered slig THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 9()4 On scanning the list of exposures of horizon 4 it is seen that those of workable thickness are confined to the Kaoria Nala at Karar Khoh and the neighbouring tributaries, with the possible exception of the Diwan Jharia and Upper Dubpani exposures. In fact we need discuss here only the Karar Khoh area. This section being so important has not been relegated to the Appendix, except in a sum- marised form, and will be given in full below. After leaving behind the Dubpani exposure (No. %2) and con- tinuing down the stream (which now becomes termed the Kaoria Nala) for nearly a mile over typical Barakar sandstone, below which the Dubpani exposure has dipped, one at last reaches a small fall over pot-holed sandstones, at the base of which lie some 3 feet of micaceous carbonaceous shales at an elevation of 1,988 feet. The overlying gritty sandstone itself contains several stringers of coaly matter in its basal 2 feet. Continuing westwards down the small gorge the shales are found to increase in thickness to 44 feet (including some sandy layers), resting on some 6 inches of very black shale, which itself rests on greenish, micaceous sandstone. There is now a gentle dip to 8. S. KE. After descending over some 10 feet of these bedded sandstones, a tributary joins from the south and then a few yards below the junction there commences the waterfall known as the Karar Khoh. This fall passes over seams 1 to 3A of the section given below, and at its base is a pool carved out by the falling water. Passing this pool, and continuing down the stream bed, the top of seam 4 is found cropping out at intervals in the banks on both sides, and in the bed itself, there being evidently a slight roll about a N. E. axis, so that the rocks are soon dipping to the N. W. Some little distance down stream the base of seam 4 is found on the top of a striking barrier or dam of coal (Plate 29) stretching across the river-bed from bank to bank. This dam, which is 11 feet high, consists, except for 1 foot of shale at the very top, entirely of seam 5. A lower 2 feet of this seam crops out for some 30 yards further down stream, and then the underlying argillaceous and rather fine-grained sandstones appear, soon passing down into the typical coarse-grained Barakar sand- stones. Between the Karar Khoh fall and the coal barrier a good section ranging from seam 1 to the top of seam 4 is exposed in the Hathbandha Nala, a steep ravine joining the left bank Horizon 4. Tno Karar Khoh section, Kaoria Nala. 205 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. of the Kaoria Nala. The Kaoria Nala below the Karar Khoh is shut in on either bank by vertical cliffs of Barakar sand- stone some 80 to 100 feet high, and their débris hides the underly- ing coal seams, except where mentioned above. As the result of careful measurements the following section has been constructed -— SS eee eS | sees Coarse-grained sandstones Bot » Carbonaceous shale 32’ 0” : Bedded, fine-grained, argillaceous sandstone 4’ 7" . | Interlaminated sandstones and shales ie ae . | Carbonaceous shale A : c noon 4’ 6° . | Seam 1.—Banded bright and dull coal 0 ' Sample K. 5. 11” > Carbonaceous shale 4 ¢ . ACOO 3° 0" . Carbonaceous sandstone with black shale (the steep | part of the waterfall begins here). 210" . | Seam 2.—Similar coal to seam 1 6 . . | Samples K. 6, K.7. 5” . | Black shale 5 c pielets 6" - | Seam 2A.—Bright ‘coal te - | Coaly shale . 6 6 sranete 4’ 0" . | Seam 3.—Dull coal with thin bright layers Samples K. 2, K. 8. Neri ke . | Black coaly shale al Sample Be ei 8” - | Seam 34—Mostly bright coal—rather pyritic : cy UGS 2’ 6” . | Micaceous sandstone (the surface of the pool is 14” below the top of this). | the . | Black shale . A . at | Ht6.50 12’ 0’ - | Seam 4.—Mostly silky or dull coal fi 9 . | Samples K. 4, K. 10, | > OT; Ko wes 02 . | Black shale * : 5 e rime 12’ 0” - | Seam 5.—Similar to 4, “except for basal 2 feet, Samples K. 13, K. 14. which is brighter coal. | Fine-grained argillaceous sandstones passing down into typical coarse-grained sandstones. TOTAL . 91’ 9” ; 9 91’ 9" containing 37’ coal. For comparison with the section, | give below the results of analysis of the samples taken. K. 2, K. 3, and K. 4, represent merely selected specimens, whilst the others are all bulky samples taken to represent the full thickness sampled. K. 2 represents a 3” band of entirely dull coal in seam 3, and K. 3 the 13” band of coaly shale between seams 3 and 3A, whilst K. 4 is a typical piece of dull coal from seam 4. The analysis of K. 3 is surpris- ingly favourable, and if future work confirms this result, then obviously seams 3 and 3A and the intervening coal shale can be worked as one seam of 5/9” thickness. Unfortunately no speci- mens or samples of the shale separating seams 2 and 2A, and seams 2A and 3 were taken; but there seems to be a possibility that they might all be regarded as one seam of a thickness of 12 feet (including seam 3A). At present, however, it will be convenient to retain the original numbering. The bulk samples of seams 1 to 3A were taken in the Hathbandha Nala, and those of 4 and 5 from the bed and barrier in the Kaoria Nala, the top of seam 4 being sampled in the Hathbandha Nala. It will be noticed that the thickness of seams 3 and 3A sampled in the Hathe bandha Nala is slightly greater than in the Karar Khoh section. io) > N THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 00.00T —o unas "3% [wsegd ip Saee 3B ayeo jou pip syjo IE 00.00T 00-00T 98-IT 0&-6 83-1S 00-2¢ 68-63 96.TE ¥0-8 ¥L-9 ss ss oS ee) ae ee —a ~ eo“ ald Eee) = : st “a ‘(DIDN DYpUDqyIMH pun ‘yoyY 01vy) DDN VI40DY mo, sadung nog fo sashjouy “A]QUSYS potas 00-001 00-00T 00-00T | 00-001 | 00-001 | 00-00L 80-9T TL-ST 9F-L GL-91 41-6 =| -*FF-6 02-FS 80-8F 6-6F 03-6F ¥6.1¢ 98.29 | SF-£S 60-83 98-88 | 8&-Lz $8.6 B9-L6 | $3.9 21-8 FL-8 0L.9 80.6 80-8 | | hn DH m2) 2) | 72) aa g o8 eS BS as Ss 83 3 ea |fes | gs = a] 8 ers on ~ SG ~ S 2 a Ss so 2 | =| = ak} | aller || ees | = ee ek Sie 2 oe E | n Le "“6L HM | (LE XL 6 00-00T GL-IL 08-67 98.08 GL.8 «9 ¥ —T Unes: TT Fav ‘UMOIG YSIppor 0} WAOIG SBA oso AOA UT Yse OGL “TB SCM ‘OUM ‘SM ‘LH ‘OM ‘OM “payws yvyz suo Ajuo oy) SI 6 “M aduleg ‘saxvadord buryno 00-00T 90-68 O&-SF 06-61 tL.F 00-001 | 00-001 . * USy uoqivo poxhyT 10}]UUL OTBIOA * 9mqsloyg "p wives WOIJ [vod IInp jo ueulioedspuey | GF-9L | 96-78 99-66 | 96-88 | 9-26 | 83.26 91-9 | 08 el:| | eee | eee | Bae | Bae Rn Lo) © c=) wned . is] yleee? = BES =8 aos a | ediog ° | PBo Bo z™ =e @ & = 09 Bo Bo ioc} us | | 3x | 307 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Giving due weight to the thickness of each seam the following average composition may be assigned to the 37’ 8” of coal form- ing this section :— —— Average. Limits. Moisture. : 5 A < 4 HET 6:2 to 91 Volatile matter . - ; 5 : 29:1 23-5 to 33-9 Fixed carbon . 3 A . : 51:2 54-2 to 48-1 Ash . : : : : . 12:0 5°5 to 16°7 ToTAL ; 100:0 Northwards of Karar Khoh, portions of the Karar Khoh series are seen in exposures 34 to 38, 11’+ to 21’+ of coal being visible. But in this direction the series has evi- See oe cons dently been disturbed, for in the tributary of the Gae-mara Nala the series must be faulted up; whilst no exposures were found in the Manju Nacha Nala (No. 39) at the expected altitude, possibly owing to jungle and débris, but more probably on account of faulting. Time did not allow me to examine the multitude of nalas intervening — be- tween this pomt and Chitajhor, and it is possible that the thick series may be picked up again in that direction. But it is significant that Mr. Harris, who visited Chitajhor, saw only a thin seam (5 to 6 feet) m the Kheradol Nala. In its southward extension this series is obviously limited by the cliffs forming the southern edge of the coalfield, and, since the Karauli Dhar and Diwan Jharia show only 3 to 5 feet of coal in all, it is obvious that the series has thinned out to the south, both in number of seams and total thickness. A little less than a mile due east the Karar Khoh series appears to be represented by the Dubpani exposures (12” to 43’ coal), whilst 13 miles to the west it is apparently represented by the Paraspani Nala and Kachhan Kundi exposures (13” to 2’ coal). It looks, therefore, as if the Karar Khoh series corresponds with the approximate centre of a basin of coal deposition that thimned rapidly in all directions, except possibly to the north: where, however, if it THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 208 once existed as a thick series, it has since been largely denuded away and perhaps previously faulted up. But the coal at Karar Khoh is so thick that it would repay working, even if boring should prove the existence of only a relatively small area of thick coal. Assuming a uniform rate of thinning from Karar Khoh to Dubpani, Diwan Jharia, and Kachhan Kundi, the maxi- mum possible area of 10’ thickness and upwards appears to be about 2 square miles; but, allowing for a rather sudden thin- ning, one should not count on more than 1 to 14 square miles of this thickness. But it is of course possible that the series may retain a thickness of at least 20 feet over as large an area as a square mile. In order that the prospective miner may know what quantity of coal he might expect to prove, it is sufficient to state that 1 square mile of area, if of 10’ thickness, corresponds to 10°9 million tons of coal, and, if of 20’ thickness, to twice that amount, namely, 21°8 million tons. Considering all the data, it seems to me likely that boring operations in this locality will prove the existence of at least 7 million tons of coal of good quality within one square mile, with the possibility of anything between this amount and 20 to 30 million tons, Quantity of coal. Attention has been concentrated on the Karar Khoh series (horizon 4), but a glance at the list in table 9 will show that the possibility of workable coal in horizon 5 round Bartunga Hill may be worth consideration. Horizon 5 does not, however, cover a greater area than about 3 square mile in Bartunga Hill. Horizon 5. C.—General. In view of the excellent quality of the coal in the two portions of this field—Kurasia and Chirmiri—and the considerable quantities of such coal that in all likelihood exist, probably some 10 to 20 million tons in each area, with possibilities of considerably larger amounis, this field is well worth the expenditure of con- siderable sums on boring operations. The chief difficulties that will be encountered in this field are probably small faults, and rapid changes in the thickness of the seams, Conclusions concern- ing the Kurasia field. 209 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. ‘oal has also been found im this area at several localities not visited by me. The following is a list :— Other Jocalities for coal. Chirmiri. village :— Sitamati, Mensarai Jharia, Sitakandh Jharia. Kadrewa village :— Lakh Jharia, Kera Jh., Kunwari Jh., Batanu Nala. Banjaridand village : Near Kotmi Pahar in Amnara. Bhukbhuki village :-— Sonwahi Nala. Chitajhor village :— Kheradol Nala. Ponri village :— Ponri Nala. It is not improbable that an examination of the N. W. portions of the field would reveal the existence of other workable areas, The following analyses are taken from Mr. Harris’ report, with the exception of those marked G. S. I., which represent samples collected by the Superin- tendent of the State and ene in the Geological Survey Laboratory :— Other analyses. Calorific F A —_— | value, cal-@ Moisture. Volatile Fixed Ash matter. carbon, culated. Kurasia Area. Gorghela Nala (4) 3 : 8:00 33°81 46°73 11-46 Nag Jhula (11) . a | 7-25 33°50 41-27 17:98 Saruplikha N. (13) 5 5 ll 8-00 28-52 49-68 13-80 Kukri N. (27) . 5 4 4-60 38-06 48-00 9-34 iGiien ING (Mh) (Ge is UB) s 6,650 9:18 33:28 51-28 6-26 Kundo Pani (26) . ty 6°85 28-92 46:07 18°16 Bijaura Jharia (7) 3 = il 7°45 28-04 55:48 9-03 Lachhman Jharia (17) = | 3-80 31-04 50:72 14-44 Chiriapani (22) . 5 P 5:00 36-67 49-02 9-31 Kheradol N. : 3 : 3:00 30:07 45:79 21-14 Do. (GOSa 1) 5 4:55 27°45 43-66 24°34 Chirmiri Area. Kaoria Nala (33) | 4:60 38-06 48-00 9-34 Be (33) (G. Ss, ite ) 6,850 7°22 34:10 52-76 5:92 THE KURASIA COALFIELD. 210) Two analyses are also given in Hughes’ memoir (op, cit., p. 203) :— Water, | hygroseo- | Volatile | Fixed pic and matter. carbon, Ash. com- bined.* Kurasia, $ mile 8, E. (? Bijaura Jharia) . 2-20 29°15 64-65 6°20 » IsmilesS.S. E. : ‘ ‘ 6-84 32°43 59-95 7-62 * Not included in the total, 211 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, ©. P. CHAPTER IX. KOREAGARH COALFIELD. This, the third of the Korean coalfields, is the smallest, having an area of about 6 square miles. Lala Hira Lal who surveyed it made only a hurried examination and found no seams of any value. In a stream-bed on the south slope of Koreagarh Hill he found a section showing 29” coal in 4 seams in a total thickness of 7'8”; he also found a 6” band of coal near Dugidei Hill. Mr. Harris reports the location of three exposures with thicknesses varying from 3 to 5 feet, with imtervening bands of stone. They occur in the Ganga Gauri Jharia, Sendha Am Jharia, and Bela Jharia, respectively. The coal appears to be of medium quality. The manager of the Khargaon Zamindari, in a list of the known coal exposures in his zamindari, gives the following additional localities :— Koreagarh :— Mendabera Nala, Lanjhar Nala. Dugg :— Chatapani Naia, Malin Ghag, Kurlia Ghag, Bija Ghag, Damankund Ghag. I was unable to visit this field myself. 1 Hughes, op. cit., p. 204. THE JHAGRAKHAND COAL AREA, O12, CHAPTER X. THE JHAGRAKHAND COAL AREA. This is the south-eastern corner of the Sohagpur coalfield, projecting into Korea State over an area of about 22 square miles on the western side of the Hasdo river. It is a narrow strip 11 miles long from north to south, and 1 to 3 miles broad. It is crossed by the Jhagrakhand, Kulharia, and Neori streams, in all of which coal has been found (Hughes, op. cit., p. 198), an analysis given by Hughes showing :— Moisture . F : é ; A c - : 6°7 Volatile matter . ; ‘ ‘ a P - F 28°2 Fixed carbon A 5 3 C : : é A 59-6 Ash ; 5 : : , : c A a 5°5 100-0 Mr. Harris reports the existence of three exposures in the Kulharia Nala, in two of which the coal is only 2 feet thick, and of no value, whilst in the third it is 5 feet thick. 213 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. CHAPTER XI. a ey GENERAL ECONOMIC SUMMARY. From the foregoing pages it is evident that coal of good quauty, and in sufficiently thick seams to deserve careful investigation, exists in both the Sanhat and Kurasia coalfields. In the Sanhat field two seams of value were examined. The lower of these (No. 1) is valueless in the western half of its course, but shows thicknesses of 4’-+ to 9’ over a length of 16 miles in its eastern portions. The analyses of the samples show the follow- ing limits and mean :— —— Limits. Mean. Moisture . : : 2 ‘ all 3:18 to 8:20 5:79 Volatile matter , P 3 3 : 26-98 to 29-50 28-22 Fixed carbon, 3 Sj 3 5 37:60 to 50:46 44-80 Ash . . é 5 C : 3 15:38 to 32-24 21:19 100-00 a RES The upper seam (No. 2) is valueless in its eastern portions, but ranges from 34’+ to 9’ 9”4 towards the west. The samples taken show the following limits and mean :— — Limits. Mean. Moisture , ‘ F : ; 3°10 to 5:7] 4-19 Volatile matter . A : ‘ ; 21-06 to 26°33 24-00 Fixed carbon 5 g 5 ‘ 36°82 to 50-16 44-00 Ash . C c 2 ¢ c . 22-98 to 36:68 | 27°81 100-00 GENERAL ECONOMIC SUMMARY. 214 Both seams dip, on the average, to the N. N. W., at an angle varying from 5° to 15° or more. In the Kurasia field two areas were examined. In the Kurasia area, where 6 coal horizons were noted, horizon 4 is the most important, the coal ranging in thickness from 1’ to 8 6” (2. to 5 seams). This horizon might, very likely, be proved by boring to cover about 4 square miles: an average thickness of 5 feet for the coal would correspond to 5} million tons per square mile. The samples show the following range and mean composition for the coal :— oo = Limits. Mean. Moisture. : A A : - 7:52 to 10-74 8-66 Volatile matter. . . . «| 30-12 to 31°32 30-92 Fixed carbon . P ' ; . 46-96 to 49°88 48-86 Ash . : ‘ ; 3 : : 9-32 to 13:82 11:56 | = — a | 100-00 | Horizons 3 (113’ coal at one locality—Bijaura Jharia) and 2 (8’ coal at one locality—Gorghela Nala) are also worth investigation. In the Chirmiri area of this field, the finest series of coal seams in the State is exposed in the Kaoria Nala at and below a water- fall known as the Karar Khoh. Seven seams of an ageregate thick- ness of 36 feet were measured, the analyses showing the following range and mean composition :— pot Limits. Mean. Moisture. : é ° , : 6:24 to 9-08 7:7 Volatile matter . , P : ei 23°48 to 33-86 99-] Fixed carbon . c F é 3 48-08 to 54-20 51-2 Ash . 5 3 ‘ ; ‘ 5-50 to 16°72 12-0 100-00 915 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. This series of seams (horizon 4) appears to thin out rapidly in all directions, but, even so, there is possibly 1 to 14 square miles, or even 2 square miles, over which the coal is at least 10 feet thick ; this thickness corresponds to 10:9 million tons coal per square mile. It is considered extremely probable that at least 7 million tons of good coal are available, with the possibility of 20 to 30 million tons. In this field dips are very low—practically horizontal as a rule. There is also a possibility of workable coal in horizon 5 im Bartunga Hill. In both fields small faults (probably not very numerous) will probably be discovered, whilst the seams will at times be found to vary greatly in thickness in a short distance. The seams usually have a sandstone roof, which is massive, and, though rather friable, will probably be found to be fairly sound. But it is possible that the master-jomts already referred to (p. 178) may cause a tendency to subsidences. Water is likely to be abundant in many places, and a considerable expenditure on pumping will doubtless be necessary. As for labour, it should be good, for the inhabitants are largely aboriginals—Gonds, Rajwars, etc.—and accustomed to hard work in the shape of carrying heavy loads slung across their shoulders by means of bhangis. The population is small—only 62,107 in 1911, or 838 persons per square mile, according to the Gazetteer. But the State affords them at present very little occupation, cultivation being scanty, and it is likely that sufficient labour will be obtainable for any moderate enterprise. At present Korea State is in a primitive condition, on account of its isolation from more civilised parts, and the old-fashioned scale of prices still prevails. Foodstuffs are very cheap, rice being (February 1913) 25 seers and milk 20 seers to the rupee, for instance, against prices of 10 seers of rice and 8 seers of milk to the rupee, even such a short way offas Pendra Road Railway Station. The consequence is that labour is exceedingly cheap, 1 anna a day being the nominal coolie wage. But once coal-mining operations begin, higher rates will prevail. For without a railway the coal cannot be profitably worked, and a railway will speedily put Korea into market communication with the rest of India. Coolie wages will probably begin at 2 annas a day, and as the prices of foodstufis adjust themselves to those of more accessible parts, wages will rise to 3 annas, and GENERAL HCONOMIC SUMMARY. 216 later on probably to 4 annas, which seems now to be the standard wage in those parts of the Central Provinces where there is any considerable demand for labour, as in mines and railway construc- tion. Once transport facilities exist there will probably be an extension of cultivation, and a small export of grain, together with a considerable export of lac (at present carried on pack bullocks), will bring revenue to the railway. But of much more importance than these, so I am informed by the Superintendent of the State, will be exports of timber, which will be on a large enough scale to support a railway, even without the coal. The question of alignment of necessary railways [ have not considered, this being outside my province. But Mr. Harris, in his report to the Central Provinces Administration, suggests a line’ from Jaithari station, Bengal-Nagpur Railway, in Rewah State, entering Korea to the west of Balbahara, and running eastwards as far as Patna, a total distance of 67 miles. According to this alignment the railway would keep just to the south of the southern edge of the Sanhat field ; and in the event of coal being worked separate branch lines would be necessary to the Kurasia field, and to the Ghutra and Charcha areas of the Sanhat field. The question of market for the coal produced also lies outside my province. But there would probably be a local outlet for a portion of it for railway purposes, if the quality be approved. As competitors it is necessary to consider the Umaria and Johilla fields in Rewah State to the west of Korea, and the group of coal- fields (Raigarh, Laphagarh, ete.,) lymg on the north-eastern and eastern fringes of Chhattisgarh. 217 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. APPENDIX I.—CORRELATED LIST OF COAL OUTCROPS. A. SANHAT FIELD. Horizon I. No. of F3 7% Stream or expo- | Village. a sure: River. 1 Murma Pharkapani (ivari- Nala (tribut- mati ary of Gej East). N.) 2 Rakeya Parewa Ghag Charcha Nagar Harra Do. Kirwahi (tributary of Gej N.) Diwan Dham N. (tribut- ary of Gej N.) Biyah Man- dha N. (trib- utary of Jhunka N.). Dummar Nakha N. (tributary of Halphali N.). Tutina Jharia (tributary of Jura N.). Ghogra N. (tributary of Jura N.). Kirwahi Ghag, Hasdo R. Altitude of top of coal in feet. 1965 . 1855 . 1925 . 2010 . 1973 . 1800 to 1870. 1800 . Details .... Sandstone 7’ 9" +coal 4 : Note.—} to } of whole is shale coal, .... Sandstone 2’ 8” coal 1” shale 6” coal 10” shale coal 1’ 2” coal - 5 Dee DALY micaceous sandstone. .... Sandstone 2’+ coa ... Sandstone 9” coal 4 ... sandstone .... Sandstone 9’ 0” coal 8”+ shale. 5 A 1’-1}’ coaly shale below | water. Sections up to 6” thick of same seam seen at inter- vals for about 1 mile up nala, owing to changing dip and strike. . Sandstone F : coai (8” and 24’ in two other places) fal ) ) 1’ 8” micaceous and sandy shales. .... Sandstones 0 3” black sandy shales . | 6’ 0” shaly micaceous sandstones. 3’ shaly sandstones vik? black shale A 12’ sandstone with shaly partings. | 2’ 6” coaly shale _ partly coal. | 2’ micaceous sand- , stones, carbona- ceous and = shaly above. 7°-12° to N. 10° to N. 15° W. 10° to W. 20° N. Sample No. K. 42. ke 43 (ex- cludes ta hed shale and shale coal). k. 45 (about 4 shaly coal excluded). ——— ed APPENDIX I. Horizon 1—conld. 10 Village. Salba Balbahara Soa Stream or River. Dhuneti Ghag (on Dhuneti N. a trib- utary of Hasdo R.) Pani (tributary of Hasdo R.). Altitude of top of coal in feet. “ 1745. 1720 . | 3’ 6" Details. . Sandstone : carbonaceous — shale with jy” coal layers. . ripple-marked argil- laceous and mica- ccous sandstones. . Sandstones 7 7" 4 0° 4’ 0" coal carbonaceous stones. obscured ; C flaggy micaccous sandstones. sand- Dip. 6* to W. by N.to and to N. 20° | Wis Sample No, Sanhat Field—Horizon 2. 11 12 13 14 15 16 Rakeya Sardih . Nagar Kirwahi Ghutra . Saman Dei N. (tributary of e Gej N.). | Gae-mara N. (tributary of Jhunka N.). - | Biyah Mandha N. (tributary of Jhunka N.). Biyah Man- dha N. Pakri Dabra N. (tribu- tary of Hasdo R.). Dhuneti N. (tributary of Hasdo R..). 2165 . 2125 . 2150 (2A.) 2116 . 1918 1935 . . Sandstones 3” 4’ 0" 2’ 0" coal sandy shale. obscured micaceous 6” + coal. (in situ) . obseured . Sandstone coal coal shale . obscured . Sandstone coal 5 Fi micaceous shale micaceous sandstone carbonaceous sandy shale. micaceous sandstone . Sandstone coal a sandy shales shaly micaceous sandstone. micaceous sandstone carbonaceous shale . . obscured . Sandstone . carbonaceous coal under water. 7’ 0’ sandstone : 3’ 6” +coal with coal-shale shale | 12°-15° to -N. by W. Small to N. N. W. Small to N. 3° to iS BE Mvp K. 44 (whole seam). K. 46, ex- cluding il coal-shale. | a 219 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Sanhat Field—Horizon 2—contd. No. of ' | Altitude} expo-| Village. Berg: | - hod Details. Dip. Sample No. sure. in feet. 17 Salba . | Sitamarhi N. | 1978 . | .... Sandstone 2 » | 8° toS..Ws 1K.) nase ex= (tributary of | 2’ 0” coal . 5 . cluding the Dhuneti N.). , 4” carbonaceous shale . 1” bands, 3” coal 1” carbonaceous shale . 4” shale 6” coal 2” shale ; 6 8” carbonaceous shale . 1’ 9” coal : 2” shale 4 | 1” coal ; 3 5 5’ 3” coal in 2” shale p 5 0 a A” coal 5 5 c seam, ’ shale " coal shale | | 1” coal - 5 . | 4” shale ; a 5 3”+ shaly coal 18 | Balbahara) Soa Pani | 1885 . | .... Sandstone 5 . | Gentle to} Lower seam: | (tributary of 2’ 6” coal . . N.W. K. 48 = re- | Hasdo R.). 12’ 2” shales and sandstone, presenting the | micaceous and car- bright coal, bonaceous. Kk. 49 the | 1’ 5” sandstone 5 shaly coal, 4” carbonaceous sand- Ratio about | stone. Sia 1’ 4” carbonaceous shale . 7’ 3”+ coal seam ; 5 3’0" coal 6G 3 5 1’0” carbonaceous shale . | 337+ coal 5 . | [water in a poo!] . Sanhat Field—Horizon 3. t | 19 | Charcha | Bar Pani | 2307 . | .... Sandstone . . 4° to ae (tributary of | 1’ 9” coal 5 5 : N.N. W. Gej N.). | 1’ 4” micaceous sandstone 4” coal : 5 . 4” sandy micaceous | shale. 8” coal 5 & : 1’+ micaceous sandstone Sanhat Field—Western end. 20 Bahi . Papar Jhorka do 1’0” micaceous carbona- 12° to N.| K. 50, Ae (tributary of ceous shale. 20° W. shale ex- Hasia R.). 1’ 3” micaceous sandstone cluded. 8” micaceous carbona- | ceous shale. 3’ 5” coal with 2” shale. 5” micaceous black shale . micaceous sandstone APPENDIX TI. Sanhat Field—Western end—contd. Details, sandstone , argillaccous sandstone carbonaceous shale , with thin coal band. 34” coal ° . . 74” shale with thin coal band. | 2” coal A | 24” shale coal 1’ 10” coal : A 1’ 6” argillaceous sand- stone. . sandy shale with 5” 1” 4’ 2” “y" _ Altitude No. of | | Sees : | expo-| Village. | RAM | cticoal rece in fect, | 21 Bahi Hasia R. | | (tributary of Hasdo R.). | | | | | | 22 =| Putadand. Khurpi Dhar | (tributary of | Karakuchar N.). 23 Do. . | Khurpi Dhar 24 Keraba- | Gilapani Nala hara. (tributary of Gundru N.). 25 Do. Karuabara Nala. 26 Bhains - | Kewai Nala dari and a tribu- (near tary. Bicha - tola). 27 ?Kelhari | Barni Nala (tributary of Kewai N.) 9” iy By 9” 1’ 5’+ black shale . black shale . : ” sandstone . Micaceous sandstone . Sandstone thin coal band. . Sandstone shale coal a 6 < black micacecous argil- laceous sandstone. black shale c coal shale coal : Fi shale with thin coal bands. black shale . Sandstone .... Sandstone 4’ 7” +-coal Dip. 1L® fo) AV. 20° N. bs 94” 7° ) E. 15° S. . Sandstone coal shale. f : +coal with thin shale partings. coal 6 coal shale coal 7 cj . coal shale : coal G A Ci shale coal sandstone C 6 coal shale (2’ 2” in tributary). black shale shale coal ‘ black shale coal } : mnicaceous _argilla- ceous sandstone. To N. 30° W. Slight to W.30°S. 220 Samplo No, K. 51 from the 1’ seam. K. 52. IK, (63: Te- presents the whole 4’ 7” coal. 921 KERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. B.—KURASIA FIELD. KURASIA SECTION. Horizon I. No. of expo- | sure. Village. 1 Dubchola | @ | Stream or River. | Altitude of top | of coal | in feet Details. Dip. Sample No. Gorghela Nala’ Tributary of Gorghela Nala. Gatti Jharia (tributary of Gorghela). | LoL. 1790 . 1’ to 2’ zone . Sandstone coaly shale coal coal shale coal 3 sandy shale shaly sandstone coal 5 coal shale coal shale coal Shale . 2 0 argillaceous sand- | stone. | shale and sandstone coal 6 5 é sandy shale shaly sandstone ; argillaceous sand- stone. shale coal argillaceous stone. coal : 5 coaly shale argillaceous stone. 9” shale. 2’ +argillaceous stone. sand- sand-— sand- | with lenti- cular coal strings or seams up to 2’ thick—?crushed. . Sandstone 5 11” sandy and coal shale coal ‘ shale coal c O shale!) a ” coal and coal shale 2’ 4” sandstone fs 5 8’+shale and _ shaly coal. 4’ 0” obscured c 5 . sandstone 5 5 Slight to N. Slight to N. K. 41 repre- sents top 6 seams (237 coal). U rr TE Altitude! | of top cere seein merece laws ewe nee Village. Kurasia APPENDIX I. Kurasia Section—Horizon 2. Stream or River, Gorghela N. | of coal in feet, 2011 . | 9’ Details. sandstone flaggy shaly stone, ” coal “ F F shaly and carbon- aceous sandstone. white sandstone shaly sandstone shaly sandstone shale. coal : 2’ 0” micaccous sandstone sand- | and | Kurasia Section—Horizon 3. Dip. 222 Sample No. K, 25—top 44’ good coal K, 26.— Bottom By largely shaly coal with basal 8” good coal, Kurasia Do. Do. Gorghela N. Daukihuri (in Nag Jhula). Bijaura Jh. (tributary of Kudra N.) Bijaura Jh. tributary. utary | Kudra N.) | Chirra Jh. (tributary of Dharhund N.) 2060 . 2045 . 2021 . 2061 . | 2049 . . Sandstones 6” obscured 2’+ coal : 3’ 0” approx., sandstone. 4” coal a : 6” shale .. Sandstone 310” coal 3 1’+ black shale 5’ 0” sandstone 9’ 0” coal (and coal ‘shale) 4’ 0” obscured fe 2’ 6” coal 5 “i. sandstone ” sandstone : micaceous sandy shale coal r ‘ shale . . . sandstone ; sandstone 4’ 0” grey shale 1” carbonaceous shale . 3’ 2” coal 10”+ shaly micaceous sandstone. . Sandstone coal shaly sandstone 1’ 4” sandstone Slight to N. by W. Top 6” not sampled, next 2’ very wea- thered, Mop), j4e) 337, K. 33. 1” car- bonaceous shale, omit- ted. Bottom 4’ 8” of coal shale and bright coal. K. 34 of coal shale only. K. 35 is whole of lower 2’ 6” seam. 223 No. of expo- sure. ll 13 14 15 16 18 19 FERMOR. GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Kurasia Section—Horizon 4. | | Altitude Village. acre Sy oon Details. Dip. Sample No. | in feet. Kurasia | Nag Jhula | 2129 , . obscured by sand- K. 31 from (tributary of | stone, sandstone blocks. all the seams. Gorghela). 4” grey shales 2° 0" coal . . 1’ 0” shale and sandstone. | 2° 0" coal 9” shale | 10” coal 2 ; 3° 6” black shale 8” coal > 8” coaly shale 1’ 2” coal . 3” -+sandstone Do. Ghumasarai 2123 . | .... Sandstone Ke oz Ober N. (tribut- . obscured band. | ary of Gor- | 4” coal | ghela). 2’ 0” sandstone 6” shale 2’ 0” coal 9” 4+-shales . obscured, Do. Saruplikha 2126 .... Sandstones 8° to K. 29 of 2’ of Nala (tribut- 1’ 3” shaly sandstone Solo owe top seam, K. ary of Gor- 1’ 0” shale Section dis- 30 of whole vhela). 4’ 0” coal turbed seam. 2’ 0” obscured : with a 2’ 0” shaly sandstone S. 35° E. 2’ 6” coal fracture, .... obscured | 7’ 0” sandstone | 2’+ coal, inferior Do. Ama dh. | 2122 3’ 0” sandstone 5 ais) (tributary of 3’ 0” carbonaceous shale Gorghela). | 2' 0” coal 5 | 8” shaly sandstone | | 5’ 0” obscured 5 : | 10’ 0” shaly sandstone 5 | 10” coal 5 ‘ : 8”+carbonaceous sand- stone. Do. Bansa Dandi | 2083 . |+10” coal 5 : 5 40 (tributary of 2” argillaceous sandstone Gorghela). 1’ 0” shales : 1’+ coal Do. Bijaura Jh. | 2117 . | .... Sandstone p a G (tributary of 4” + coal : 4 5 | Kudra N.). sep GSDES 4c 0 | Do. Lachman |} 2137 . | (2142 ft.) coal (? upper K. 36 of whole Jh. (tribu- seam). seam. tary of 5’ 0” sandstone Kudra N). 4’ +- coal 4 | 4’ 0” obscured } .... sandstone. | | Do. .| Lachman | 2126 , | 30’ 0” sandstone 3 . A 5 Jh., — tribut- 1’+ coal 4 : 5 ary. 7’ obscure (with 1’ shale) | +14 coal . | .... alluvium Do. Do. 2124 . | .... sandstone ; A .... Shaly carbonaceous sandstone. 8” black shale | | 2° 10"+ coal } APPENDIX I, Kurasia Section—Horizon 4—contd, 224 Altitude | No. of | expo- Village, ic nl Shon Details, Dip. | Sample No. BkY | in feet. |. SSS ae : 20 Kurasia. | Lachman Jh., | 2102 . | +34’ coal tributary. 21 Do. Chirra gh. | 2155 . . Sandstone 15° to W. (tributary of | .... débris by N. in Dharhund | 6° + coal sandstone | )) 9’ 0" débris a little | + 2' + coal ad owana | | stream. 22 overs | Do. 2125 (? ... Sandstone | 5°toS. W. | K. 38 of upper } 21 re- | 4/6” coal seam. peated |13/ 0” sandstone | by 3/8” coal fault- | 6” shale ing). | . sandstone 23 Do. | Kurasia N. 2092 . | 5’ 0” sandstone Slight dip | (tributary of | 2° 6” coal to N. Halphali N.). 1’ 6” +shale : | .... Obscure, few feet erator sandstone 24 Do. Do. « | 2036 | 3/0” sandstone Slight to 8. (23 3/0” coal Wis | repeat- 4” shale ‘ . . | ed by 1/ 0’+coal ' - A fault), | .... sandstone ° 25 Do. Dudhania N, | 2062 .... Sandy shale 7° to W.S. (tributary of 1’ 0’ coal ; W. Kurasia N.) 2’ 0” shaly sandstone oon Kurasia Section—Horizon 5. ! 26 | Kurasia. | Kundo Pani | 2209. Sandstone blocks —. (source of +1’ coal 5 Gorghela N.). 6” shaly sandstone . 4” shale : 6” argillaceous * sand- stone. 2’ 9” coal . - 2” shaly sandstone . 1” micaceous sandstone . sandstone A 27 Do. Kukri N. | 2222 . Sandstone blocks (tributary of | +1’ 2” coal . Gorghela). | 1’ 5” sandstone and shale 2’ 3” coal 2” sandy shale | 10’+sandstone 28 Do. Ama Why lowe. 80’ sandstone cliff Slight to| K. 39—shale (tributary of | 7’ 6“ sandy carbonaceous S. E. coal (say } of Gorghela). | shales. 5 ‘ seam) reject- | 6” ferruginous sand- ed. | stone. 1’ 0” carbonaceous shale. 3’ 6” coal 7 6” carbonaceous shale - 2’ 3”+micaceous sand- stone. Horizon 6. 28a | Kurasia. Loose coal seen | Kundo Pani. | 2312 . | No. of | expo- sure. Village. 29 Chirmiri Section—Horizon 3, Stream or River. Kachhan Kundi. Altitude of top of coal in feet. 1816 . Details. + 20/ 0” Sandstone 2’ 0” shaly sandstone 15’ 0” sandstone 10” coal 5’ 0* sandstone UCOula a. . 6” black shale . 7” sandstone 9” grey sandstone 0” shaly sandstone 6” sandy shale . 0” shaly sandstone | Dip. | . | General dip . slight E.S. E. : | (Squeezed j beds. | | to | FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Sample No. 30) Chirmiri Do. 33 34 | A A = Chirmiri Section—Horizon 4. Upper Dub- pani (Kaoria Nala). Chirmiri Nala (trib. of Kao- ria Nata). Dubpani (Kao- ria Nala). Karar Khoh and Hath- bandha Nala | (Kaoria Nala), Sare Nala (trib. of Kaoria N.). 2110 . 2070 . 2030 . 1940 . 1910 . .. Sandstone blocks 1’ 0” black micaceous shale 4’ 6” coal 3 : 8” + shale . c] +15’ Sandstone 11” coal é 4” sandy shale Right Bank. Left Bank. sandstones . 8” sandy shale. 4” sand- stone. 11” coal 2” carbona- ceous sandstone, 1” coal 4” black shale. Sandstones. 8” sandy shale. 4” sand- stone. 3’ 5” coal 4” carbo- naceous sandstone. 1’ 0” black shale. . carbonaceous sand- stone, Given in full detail in text (p.205) 36’ coal (7 seams) in 48 feet of stra- ta. 29’ 0’ shales and sandstones. 1’ 0” coal and carb. shale 4’ 0” sandstone and shaly shaly 4’ 6” obscure. é : stone at base). 4’0”’ coal . : . 4’ 0” obscure. ° ; Slight to W. K. 40, exclud- ing 9” coal- shale and 1’ at the top, very weathered. K. 2 to K, 14. 36 37 38 39 40 Chirmiri Do. APPENDIX 1, Chirmiri Section—Horizon 4—conld. | altitude Stream or of he River. coal in feet. Gaemara Nala (trib. of Kaoria | N.). 1877 . | Trib. of Gae- | mara N. 1964 . Trib. of Kao- | ria Nala be- low Hathban- dha Nala. 1907 . Barsi Pani (trib. of Kaoria N). 1887 . Manju Nacha | 2045 . N. (trib. of | Kaoria N.). Diwan Jh. | 2005 (trib. of | Karauli Dhar). | 1’ 0” micaceous shale | 3’ to 4’ coal seam 1. | 8” + coal seam 2 | | Details. 2" 0” coal 5’ 0” shaly sandstone 16’ 0” obscure, 3’ 0” shaly sandstone 1’ 0” shale 3° 0” obscure, sane andstone . Sandstone 4’5’ coal. ? seam 1. 2’ 0” coal shale 3’ to 4’ coal. ? seam 2 1’ 0” coal shale i 12’ 0” coal at one 20’ 0” obscure. . sandy shales 12’ 0” shale and sandstone 4’ 0” coal. ? seam 1. 1’ 0” black shale 2’ 6” shaly sandstone 4’ 0" coal. ? seam 2 4’ 0” carb. shale 3’ 6” coal. ? seam 3 8’ 0” sandy shale . 7 2’ 0” coal. ? top of 4. 41’ 0” shale and bedded sandstone and obscured, 6’ shale. - : 4’0” coalseam3 . r 6” black shale 7” coal seam 3A. 2’ 6” sandstone and shale 33’ 0” obscure, sandstone A 50’ 0” sandstone é 15’ 0” sandstone and shale 4’ 3” coal. ? seam 1. 10” black shale 3’ 6” shaly sandstone 3’ 5” coal. 2? seam 2 3’ 6” shale 0 4’ 10’ coal. ? seam 3 4’ 6” shale and sandstone 6’ + coal. ? seam 4 5 obscure exposure of coal at 1849 feet. +2’+4 coal in soil . Shaly sandstones 1’ 0” shale to bonseurea O a 1’ 9” sandy carb. shale . | 1’ + wetcoal. ? 3rd seam (might be seam 2 due to some dip in Tock). Dip. 12 to N. 30° W. ? Seams 8, 4, 5. Slight to N.N.W. & | to W. series fault- ed up. 226 —— Sample No, K. 24 of top seam K. 20 from seam 1. 227 No. of expo- sure. 41 ~ to 43 44 46 47 48 49 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Chirmiri Section—Horizon 4—contd. Details. 8’ 0” sandstone 8* black shale 20’ 0” shaly sandstones and sandy shales. 9’ 0” obscure . 5 b 2’0* sandstone and shale 3’ + coal 5 . Sandstone ; 2’ + coal ..-. Sandstone 6” shale 13” coal 5 3” sandy shale 6” sandstone Few inches carb. sandy shale. 14” coal : ' 6” carb. sandstone 5 4’ 0” sandstone 0 . 6” shaly sandstone Altitude hia of top Villages || | “Semes of F coal in feet. Kadrewa | Karauli Dhar | 1994 . (trib. of | Kesmara N,). | | | Chirmiri Kachhan}] 1941. Kundi (trib. of Kaoria N,), Do. Kachhan | 1902. Kundi (in a cleft). Do. Paraspani N. | 1936 , (trib. of Kachhan K.,), Kadrewa | Kuar Jharia 1864 . Do. Jam Nala 1889 . Do. Bija Nala 1879 . | Do. Bhalubhil Jh. | | Do. Am Nala é 1’ 0’ carb. shale 5” coal 5 : 7” shale . . . 6” coal 5 5 1’ 0” shale . 70’ 0” sandstone 5 1’ 0” clay at junction 2’ 6” carb. shale 4 10” coal '. F 7 8” + black shale . 5 7’ 0” obscure 0 i 10” shale . 2 1’ + coal : .... Sandstone 1’ 6” shale 3” coal 4 5 1’ 0” argill. sandstone 3’ 0” shale . 8” coal ; 17” coaly shale . Sandstone .. Sandstone 1’ 0” sandy shale 1’ 6” coal : 5 8’ 6” obscure and sandstone f 1” coaly 4’ 0" coal seam | 137 Pate sae micaceous manil sandstone 19” coaly shale. 50’ 0” sandstone ‘ 6’ . u 2’ + coaly shale . : 2’ 0” sandstone and shale 3’ 0° coaly shale and poor coal. 7’ 0” obscure . .. Sandstone Dip. Slight to E..N. E. 42 repeated owing to dip (slight to KE. N. E.) or toa fault. Sample No. K. 19 of top 1}’. Remain- der of sean too wet. K.18 of upper seam. K. 17 of lower seam. K. 16 repre- sents middle 1’ 3” of lower seam. K. 15, picked coal from lower seam (about 3). No. of expo- | Village. sure | —EE 50 | Kadrewa 51 Do. 62 Do. 53 Do. 54 Do. 55 | Chirmiri 56 Do. 57 Do. 58 Do. APPENDIX I. Chirmiri Section—Horizon 5. ee ae TE bt Stream or River. Trib. of Kar- auli Dhar. Bara Am N, (trib. of Karauli Dhar). Bare Mandil | N. (trib. of Karauli Dhar). Sendri Ama N. (trib. of | Karauli Dhar). Bijaura N. Mangarmuhar | N. (trib. of Kachhan Kundi). Samardhukela N. (trib. of Kachhan K.). (Trib. of Kach- han K). (trib. of coal in feet. 2103 . 2093 . 2104 . 2109 . 2118.. 2139 . Altitude | 10”°+ coal . - = 3’ 6” coal . 1’ 4” shaly sandstone ‘ 8” coal : 5 1’ 0” shale a | 23’ 0” sandstones and shales. 4’ 0" + coal . = 2 | 20° Sandstone | 3’ 8” coal- —largely shaly 20’ 0” sandstones and | | | | 2161 . | 2157 . | 12’ obscured + 3’+ coal, Details. Obscure 1’ coal resting on 6” + shaly sandstone, .... Sandstone 1’ 0” shaly sandstone 60’ 0” Sandstone. shales, | 4’ 2” + coal . 7’ 0” obscure. sandstone , .. Sandstone. 4’ 0" coal 15’ shales and sandstone boulders < ... Sandstone cliff 4’ 0” coal—largely shaly 2’0” sandstones and shales. 2” coal 1’ 5” shaly sandstones 2’ 0” coarse sandstone 5’ + coal 5 : sandstone . : .. Sandstone cliff 2! Or 4 coal . is 0” obscured ’ 0” shale and Sandstone 2 O” carb. shale. : 5” sandstone r 1’ 0” carb. shale 4’ 0” sandstone obscure. carb. shale, properly top of lower coal seam. and | probably upper seam, . soil Z | 2’ coal, sandstone and | shale. “shale . P, 4 | a coaly shale ’ 0” obscured sandstone 228 Sample No. K. 23 of top seam. | K. 21 of top seam. K. 2 top 1’ 6” and basal 2’ being too weather- | ed and wet. 999 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. APPENDIX II.—LIST OF KOREAN COAL OUTCROPS (AFTER HUGHES). Village. River. | Lat.N. | Long. E. Amhar,1mileE.N.E. . ; . | Ghungatta, a tributary of Hasdo . | 23°29" 82°31’ Bahi, 3 ofa mile N. N. E. (j . | A tributary of Hasia . o - | 23°21’ 82°15° a mile "8 S.Wa : ‘ . ” . 5 5 Se » 1 mileS.E.. ' ' . a “ . c 5 | te A » 2 mile S.S.E. . : = || MECOBLA pal te , : sees | ae : », 2% miles South A : - sy 3 6 5 5 & ||| ae | 5 », 2} miles South 5 ° ° a 5 . 5 . . | 50 », 3 miles South ° 0 . an slelele 50 ate Balbahara, 1 mile N. N. E. . | A tributary of Hasdo . 5 a 23°18’ 82°19’ “5 1jmilesN. . S . | A tributary of Karakachar . a 1} milesN. . . . | Eastern tributary of Karakachar . | af 53 1 mileN.N.W. . . - 53 eorn| ss “A |. | emnilewe Sr Were ;, r 5 Sel ch ne e = 1} miles W.N.W. . . | Western tributary of Karakachar | a is 1} miles W.N.W.. . 9% 3 3 ss aA % 2 miles W.N.W. . . » ” . | es i 2 miles W.N.W.. . i s 75 eS a 5 2} miles N. W. - | a 15 yy ) ° ae 2} miles N. W. 4 D 35 23 miles W. N. W. . . Balsing, } ofa mile N. N. W. A tributary of Hasdo 0 o 23°23’ 82°21’ 3 tofamileS.S.E. . . ». 1}miles N.N.E. Lae » 1 mileN.E. . 5 . ~ 2 milesoS 7h. ° . | Hasdo 5 o | ! . ° . oe oe », 14milesS. E. 6 é 5 Baser, 34a mile W. N. W. 6 . | A tributary of Hasdo . 3 6 23°213' 82°25’ » 1 mile W.N.W. . oy alls 1 mileS. W. . : ° ” ” . . . ee oe Jura, a tributary of Hasdo . Tt milesis. Wes » l1¢milesS.S.W. . ° al ” ” . . . oe 35 zofamileS.E. . . oil Darpani . C 5 0 00 nO » 1 mileS.E. . . o ” . . . . 5 a0 e i APPENDIX II, 230 LIST OF KOREAN COAL OUTCROPS (AFTER HUGHES)—contd. Village. | River. Lat. N. Long. Bi. Bhoswai, 4a mile S. W. . Fi . | Atributary of Hasdo 23°24’ 82°37’ Pry 4a mile W. ‘ F . ” ” s# Charcha, 14 miles N. W. . - | Atributary of Gej. . 23°20’ 82°36’ dy 1 mile N. N. 0. ' ' i % . en ee oe ni j ofa mile N. B, < . A ” . r - | F 1 mile E. N. E.. C . ” ” Chatan, }amileS. . ° * . | Gandra Nadi. . . c 23°25 | 82°11’ Chitajhor, $a mile S.S. W. : . | Kauria Nadi, branch . . fi 23°23)’ | 82°23’ Deokhol, 1 mile N. . F ' . | Inatributary of Gej . 5 f 23°22’ 82°39’ Dubchola, 14 miles N, . : . | Gorghela (Qurgheta) . 5 23°9’ 82°27’ Ghutra, 1 mile W.S. W. é . | Hesin O 4 F 5 : 23°21’ 82°18’ ; 1 mile W.. 5 . é “5 “ A F . A FS 1} miles W.S. W. . 0 7) ; A . 5 . | os op 1} miles W.S.W. . . ” C . . . | ie ve ‘n 2milesS.W. . o ; 99 6 . . : sal oe a 2} milesS.W. . 5 . or ‘ ~ 5 A cul 50 5 sgamileS.E. . 5 : H 5 . . ° || +. ee Harra, } ofa mile N. W. o . | Eastern tributary of Jura . 5 | 23°17} 82°25’ A samile N. N. W. . C a3) ” ° ° | oe ne =A ZofamileN.N.W. . d 7 rH 5 | sie a6 os 1 mile W. N. W. . ; . + “n : 5 oe 40 op limilesN.W. . 4 4 5 9 . a 50 AD Kachar, }a mile N. N. E. ci . | Atributary of Dhob Nadi . { 23°19/ 82°26’ 3 famileS.E. . . ° op a . : is of $a mile EB. 2 - 7 5000 > : | ate ' ) lmileNaE; 3s & « tad oma a is = 14 miles E. N. E. iS : sq00 Khairbana, 1} milesS.S.E. . . | Kaoria . 4 5 fe ; 23°13’ 82°19’ Kirwahi, 1} miles W.S. W. : .| Hasdo 5 . 6 . : 23°20’ 82°22’ + a few score yards W. . . | Atthe fallsin Hasdo . 5 - | +s 1} miles N. 6 5 ; | Hasdo : : - c 6 | c Kurasia,4}amileS.E. . > 5 | Kudra branch, tributary of Hasdo | 23°14’ 82°27’ » IsmilesS.E. . ; 2 ” ” ” | . » 2milesS.W. . . - is en | ae ne » 14miles 8S. 5 O . | Gorghela Nadi branch, tributary : 5 RS | of Hasdo. Kusaha, S. E.. 5 5 : . | Hasdo - Cc 0 O A | 23°26’ 82°32’ 23) FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. LIST OF KOREAN COAL OUTCROPS (AFTER HUGHES)—coneld. Village. | River. Lat. N. Long. E. Labji, 1 mile 8. 8S. W. 3 A tributary of Jhunka Nadi . 28°28’ 82°32’ » i¢milesS.8.W. . . 5 a » Lai,?ofamileN.E. . : A tributary of Hasdo . ‘ . PREY spall Latma, } of a mile N. . : . Tributary of Hasdo . : . 23°223’ 82°37’ Mouhari, }amileS.E. . . . Keslara ; ‘ 2 23°26’ 82°4’ Nerua,lmileN. . : 5 . A tributary of Khatomadhar 5 23°25’ 82°11’ Pathargaua, 14 miles 8. BE. : . A tributary of Goknai F - 23°26’ =| 82°38’ Rataura, ImileN.E. . : . | Gundrakund 3 c ; 23°23" 82°14’ 3 + of a mile W. N. W. » Imile W. See di Bare Os r. Roji, a mile 8. BE. . . : . | ? Khatomadhar C : : 23°26" 82°77)’ Roudserai, 1 mile N. N. DB. : : | A tributary of Goknal 7 ; 23°26’ =| 82°41’ s. 1 mile N. E. Wee 355 » . | Sanhat, 1mileS.S.E. . 5 . | Hasdo ; S 5 ; 23°29" | 82°34’ A 1} miles 8.8. E.. 5 - | 9 2 S 6 Tanjara,14milesS.E. . : . | A tributary of Goknai é 6 23°29" =| 82°39’ | ' ————— SSS... bo Gs bo APPENDIX III.—GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Locality. Am Jharia (Chirmiri) Am Nala (Kadrewa) Ama Jharia (Kurasia) Ani Bahi . Baikanthpur Balbahara Banjaridand Banji Bansa Dandi Bar Pani Bara Am Nala Bare Mandil Nala Barni Nala Barsi Pani Bartunga Hill Batanu Nala Latitude. 23 22 23 23 82 21} 82 204 82 253 82 39 82 16 Sopot 82 16 82 261 82 221 82 291 82 32 | Longitude. | 202, 228. 202, 203, 227. 198, 199, 223, 224. 162, 163. 151, 193, 194, 220. 149, 151, 162. Noy, GE Anal, alee, 180, 188, 190, 191, 192, 216, 218, 219. 151, 209. 151. 196, 198, 223. 188, 190, 194, 219. 202, 228. 202, 203, 228. 193, 220. 201, 226. Had; 157, 171, 196; 202. 208. 209. A ) Locality. Bela Jharia Bhainsadari Bhalubhil Nala Bhukbhuki : Bichatola Bija Ghag (Duggi) Bija Nala (Kadrewa) Bijaura Jharia (Kurasia) Bijaura Nala (Kadrewa) Biyah Mandha Nala Bouridand . Budra Nala. ; 6 Buskata H.S. . Chamat Hill Charcha Chatapani Nala Char (Chare) a Chirmiri Latitude. ° 23 23 . 933 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. Longitude. Pages. 211. 82 7 | 220. 82 21 202, 203, 227. 82 243 | 156, 209. 82 5% | 151, 193, 220. 211. 82 21 | 202, 203, 227. 82 263 | 180, 184, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 210, 214, 222, 223. 82 223 | 202, 209, 228. 179, 180, 188, 190, 217, 218. 82 14% | 157. 82 14 | 167, 170. 82 353 | 157 82 454 | 171. 82 373 | 174, 188, 190, 194, 216, 217, 219. re ne es, | | 211. 82 36% | 162. 82 25 | 150, 151, 158, 160, 173, 176; 183. 188" 195, 196, 200, 201, 203, 209, 225, 226, 227, 228. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 234 Locality. Chirmiri N. Chirra Jharia (Chiria Pani) Chitajhor Churi Churi Hill . Damankund Ghag Daukihuri . Deogarh . Dewadand . Dharkund N. DhunetiGhag . Dhuneti Nala Diwan Dham Nala Diwan Jharia Doman Pahar Dubchola Dubpani Dudhania Nala Duggi Dummar Nakha Nala 23 23 Ly 113 Latitude. Longitude. 82 82 32 374 253 22 33} 20 23% 26 201. 1881, 80, 195, 197, 198, 199, 209, 222, 224. | 207, 209. 163. 163, 169. 211. 180, 182, 197, 199, 222. 154, 1565. 151, 163, 169. 162, 222, 224. 190, 218. 180, 190, 218, 219. 174, 190, 217. 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 226. ldv. 168, 196, 22). | 187, 188, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 225. , 198, 224. Wy, 211. 190, 217. ll es a 235 FERMOR: GEOLOGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF KOREA, C. P. a TO Locality. Latitude. |Longitude. Pages. Gae-mara Nala 2s} ll 82 232 | 173, 190, 201), 207, 218, 226. Ganga Gauri Jharia | 211. } | Gatti Jharia 20) 11 82 253 | 197, 221. | Gej Nala Domed 82 37% | 169, 170, 217, 219. Ghogra Nala 190, 217. Ghumasarai Nala 23 12 82 252 | 197, 199, 223. Ghutra 23 21 82 19% | 149, 151, 155, 180, 190, 191, 193, 216, 218. Gilapani Nala 23 23% | 82 12 | 193, 220. Gopath River 154. Gorghela Nala 23 12| 82 253 | 168, 180, 181, 188, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 214, 221, 222, 224. Gundru Nala c 220. Halphali Nala 23 154 82 21 Dimewa24as Harra 23 18% | 82 252 | 190, 194, 217. Hasdo River 22 574 82 264 | 154, 157, 163, 171, 179, 212, | 218, 219, 220. Hasiainiels 23 184 | 82 15} | 193, 219, 220. Hathbandha Nala 23 10$ | 82 233 | 201, 204, 205, 225, 226. Jaithari’station’s . 23 231 82 51% | 149, 216. 203, 218, Uhr (lt 192, 182, 197, 209, 223, 169, PAT 206, a ee A SS GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 236 Locality. Latitude. | donsities| Pages. | ° , | ° , Jam Nala . - , ot 23 «9 | 82 alg | 202, 203, 227. Jaraunda . . < ; 7 22a py | “82. 19 151; 167. Jhagrakhand Nala - s, 23 114} 82 15 pak Daley Jharia Nala : ; : Sah He Af | 194. Jhimar Nala. . : - | 23 9 | 82 14 | 156. Jhunka Nala ; , Cr F | 23 18 82 35 | 162, 217, 218. { Jura Nala . : : : zl 4, ne 194. ty | 173, 181, 182, 201, 202, 207, 208, 225, 227, 228. Kachhan Kundi . . : - | 23 10%) 82 bo i Kadrewa . A : : : OB) 82 21 209, 227, 228. Kadrewa Hill (Bartunga Hill) a lpeza) 9F | 82) 225" | °202: ReangWalaliegss| 4% © »» (Sez. XV.)—HIMALAYAN FOSSILS. Upper-triassic and liassic faunz of the exotic blocks of Malla Johar in the Bhot Mahals of Kumaon : Vol. I, pt. 1 (1908), pp. 100, pls. 16 (1 double), by Dr. C. Diener. Anthracolithic Fossils of Kashmir and Spiti: Vol. I, pt. 2 (1899), pp. 96, pls. 8, by Dr. C. Diener. The Permocarboniferous Fauna of Chitichun No. I: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897), pp. 105, pls. 13, y Dr. C. Diener. The Permian Fossils of the Products Shales of Kumaon and Garhwal : Vol. I, pt. 4 (1897), pp. 54, pls. 5, by Dr. C. Diener. The Permian Fossils of the Central Himalayas: Vol. I, pt. 5 (1903), pp. 204, pls. 10, by Dr. C. Diener. The Aa ee of the Lower Trias: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1897), pp. 182, pls. 23, by Dr. C. iener. The A at ag of the Muschelkalk : Vol. II, pt. 2 (1895), pp. 118, pls. 31, by Dr. C. jiener. Upper Triassic Cephalopoda Faunz of the Himalaya: Vol. III, pt. 1 (1899), pp. 157, pls. 22, by Dr. E. von Mojsisovics. Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata : Vol. III, pt. 2 (1899), pp. 76, pls. 12 (2 double), by Alexander Bittner. : The Fauna of the Spiti Shales: Vol. IV, Pt. 1, Fasc. 1 (1903), pp. 132, pls. 18; Fasc. 2 (1910), pp. 143—306, pls. 47 (2 double): Fasc. 3 (1910), pp. 307—395, pls. 38, by Dev. pan Facs. 3 (in the Press) : Bivalves and Gastropoda, by K. Holdhaus. The Fauna of the Tropites-Limestone of Byans: Vol. V, Memoir No. 1 (1906), pp. 201, pls. 17 (1 double), by Dr. C. Diener. - The Fauna of the Himalayan Muschelkalk : Vol. V, Memoir No. 2 (1907), pp. 140, pls. 17 (2 double), by Dr. C. Diener. 5 Ladinic, Carnic and Noric faune of Spiti: Vol. V, Memoir No. 3 (1908), pp. 157, pls. 24 » (5 double), by Dr. C. Diener. ~ Lower ‘Triassic Cephalopoda from Spiti, Malla Johar and Byans: Vol. VI, Memoir No. 1 (1909), pp, 186, pls. 51, by Drs. A. Von Kraft and C. Diener. The Fauna of the Traumatocrinus areag of Painkhanda. Nel. VI, Memoir No. 2 © (1909), pp. 39, pls. 5, by Dr. C. Diener. fhe Cambrian Fossils of "spit : : Vol. VII, Memoir No. 1 (1910), ae 70, pls. 6, by I’. R. C. ee The Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Central Himalayas : Vol. I1, Memoir No. 2 — (tn the Press), by F. R. C. Reed. é (Srr. XVI.)\—BALUCHISTAN FOSSILS, by FRITZ NOETLING, Pu.D., F.G.S. The Fauna of the Kellaways of Mazar Drik: Vol. I, pt. 1 (1895), pp. 22, ea Be The Fauna of the (Neocomian) Belemnite Beds : Vol. I, pt. 2 (1897), pp. 6, p The Fauna of the Paes Cretaceous (Maéstrichtien) Beds of the Mari nie: “VoL. I, pt. 3 (1897), pp. 79, pls . _(NEW SERIES.) The Cambrian Iauna of the Eastern Salt-range: Vol. I, Memoir 1 (1899), pp. 14, pl. 1, by K. Redlich. Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda: Vol. I, Memoir 2 (1899), pp. 58, pls. 4, by Fritz Noetling. ‘ Fauna of the Miocene Beds of Burma: Vol. I, Memoir 3 (1901), pp. 378, pls. 25, by Fritz Noetling (out of print). Observations sur quelques Plantes Fossiles des Lower Gondwanas : Vol. II, Memoir 1 (1902), pp. 39, pls. 7, by R. Zeiller. Permo-Carboniferous Plants and Vertebrates from Kashmir: Vol. II, Memoir No. 2 (1905), pp. 13, pls. 3, by A..C. Seward and A. Smith Woodward. The Lower Paleozoic Porsile of the Northern Shan States, Upper Burma : Vol. II, Memoir No. 3 (1906), pp. 154, pls. 8, by F. R. C. Reed. The Fauna of the Napeng Beds or the Rhetic Beds of Upper Burma: Vol. II, Memoir No. 4 (1908), pp. 88, pls. 9, by Miss M. Healey. The Devonian Faunas of the Nortiean Shan States : Vol. II, Memoir No. 5 (1908), pp. 183, pls. 20, by F. R. C. Reed. The Mollusca ‘Of the Ranikot Series : Vol. III, pt. 1, Memoir No. 1 (1909), pp. xix, 83, pls. 8, by M. Cossmann and G. Pissarro. Introduction, by E. W. Vredenburg. On some Fish-remains from the Beds at Dongargaon, Central Provinces : Vol. III, Memoir No. 3 (1908), pp. 6, pl. 1, by A. Smith Woodward. as Seay ope eS Fossils of the Shan States: Vol. ITI, Memoir No. 4 (1911), pp. 74, pls. 7, y ©. Diener. The ae Giraffidae of India: Vol. IV, Memoir No. 1 (1911), pp. 29, pls. 5, by G. E. grim. The Vertebrate Fauna of the Gaj Series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab: Vol. IV, Memoir No. 2, 1912, pp. 83, pls. 30 and 1 map, by G. E. Pilgrim. Lower Gondwana Plants from’ the Golabgarh Pass, Kashmir: Vol. IV, Memoir No. 3: (1912), pp. 10, pls. 3, by A. C. Seward. Mesozoic Plants from Afghanistan and Afghan- -Turkistan : Vol. IV, Memoir No. 4 (in the Press), by A. C. Seward. Triassic Faune of Kashmir: Vol. V, Memoir No. 1 (in the Press), by Dr. C. Diener. The price fixed for-these publications is four annas (4 pence) per single plate, with a minimum charge of Re. 1. RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Vou. I, 1868. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1867. Coal-seams of Tawa valley. Coal in Garrow Hills. Copper in Bundelkund. Meteorites. : Part 2 (out of print).—Coal-seams of neighbourhood of Chanda. Coal near Nagpur. Geo- logic notes on Surat collectorate. Cephalopodous fauna of South Indian cretaceous deporits. Lead in Raipur district. Coal in Eastern Hemisphere. Meteorites. Part 8 (out of print).—-Gastropodous fauna of South Indian cretaceous deposits. Notes on route from Poona to Nagpur vid Ahmednuggur, Jalna, Loonar, Yeotmahal, Mangali and Hingunghat. Agate-flake in pliocene (!) deposits of Upper Godavery. Boundary of Vindayan series in Rajputana. Meteorites. Vou. II, 1869. Part 1 (out of print).—Valley of Poorna river, West Berar. Kuddapah and Kurnool formations. Geological sketch of Shillong plateau. Gold in Singhboom, etc. Wells at Hazareebagh. Meteorites. Part 2.—Annual report for 1868. Pangshura tecta and other species of Chelonia from newer tertiary deposits of Nerbudda valley. Metamorphic rocks of Bengal. Part a onlay of Kuch, Western India. Geology and physical geography of Nicobar Islands. Part 4 (out of print).—Beds containing silicified wood in Eastern Prome, British Burma. Mineralogical statistics of Kumaon division. Coal-field near Chanda. Lead in Raipur district. Meteorites. Vor. III, 1870. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1869. Geology of neighbourhood of Madras. Alluvial deposits of Irrawadi, contrasted with those of Ganges. Part 2 (out of print).—Geology of Gwalior and vicinity. Slates at Chiteli, Kumaon. Lead vein near Chicholi, Baipor district. Wardha river coal-fields, Berar and Cen- tral Provinces. Coal at Karba in Bilaspur district. Part 3 (out of print).—Mohpani coal-field. Lead-ore at Slimanabad, Jabalpur district. Coal east of Chhattisgarh between Bilaspur and Ranchi. Petroleum in Burma. Petro- leum locality of Sudkal, near Futtijung, west of Rawalpindi. Argentiferous galena and copper in Manbhum. Assays of iron ores. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Mount Tilla, Punjab. Copper deposits of Dalbhum and Singbhum : 1.—Copper mines of Singbhum:; 2.—Copper of Dalbhum and Sing- bhum. Meteorites. A Vou. IV, 1871. Part 1.—Annual report for 1870. Alleged discovery of coal near Gooty, and of indications of coal in Cuddapah district. Mineral statistics of Kumaon division. Part 2.—Axial group in Western Prome. Geological structure of Southern Konkan. Supposed occurrence of native antimony in the Straits Settlements. Deposit in boilers of steam-engines at Raniganj. Plant-bearing sandstones of Godavari valley, on south- ern extensions of Kamthi group to neighbourhood of Ellore and Kajamandri, and on possible occurrence of coal in same direction. Part 3 (out of print).—Boring for coal in Godavari valley near Dumaguden and Bhadra- chalam. Narbada coal-basin. Geology of Central Provinces. Plant-bearing sand- stones of Godavari valley. Part 4 (out of print)—Ammonite fauna of Kutch. Raigur and Hengir (Gangpur) Coal. field. Sandstones in neighbourhood of first barrier on Godavari, and in country between Godavari and Ellore. E Vou. V, 1872. Part 1.—Annual report for 1871. Relations of rocks near-Murree (Mari), Punjab. Mineral- ogical notes on gneiss of South Mirzapur and adjoining country. Sandstones in ae of first barrier on Godavari, and in country between Godavari and ore. Part 2 (out of print).—Coasts of Baluchistan and Persia from Karachi to head of Persian Gulf, and some of Gulf Islands. Parts of Kummummet and Hanamconda districts in Nizam’s Dominions. Geology of Orissa. New coal-field in south-eastern Hyderabad (Deccan) territory. ! Part $.—Maskat and Massandim on east coast of Arabia. Example of local jointing. Axial group of Western Prome. Geology of Bombay Presidency. Part 4.—Coal in northern region of Satpura basin. Evidence afforded by raised oyster banks on coasts of India, in estimating amount of elevation indicated thereby. Possible field of coal-measures in Godavari district, Madras Presidency. Lameta or intratrappean formation of Central India. Petroleum localities in Pegu. Supposed eozoonal limestone of Yellam Bile. Vou. VI, 1873. Part 1.—Annual report for 1872. Geology of North-West Provinces. Part 2.—Bisrampur coal-field. Mineralogical notes on gneiss of south Mirzapur and ad- joining country. 7 Pet S eat pnd) — Ck sees Seeiat Rakes of F. 7 ah — Pare seme alcomer) = Geld, Godavari district. Gules ot pactcer Wane Soe Cal m Inde =Sak- sprig: of Pera Purt § (eut of groaz)—Irom deposits of Chamda (Central Provinces). Barren Islaads aad Narioagam Metaliiferesn reswarces of British Boren. Vea Vi, 8% ~ Part [ (ud ef print) —Annaal repor( fer 1875. Hill ramges between Indus valley im Ladak ama ShatiDula om fromter of Varkaed territory. ire @ees @& Keen Raw Moore, Pst Pet of a es BRargerh and Himgir coal elds. Va. IX, 18%. ~ Past I (ent of permet) —Anemnal report for 19%. Geology & Seed Part 2 (out of pemf)—Retrement of Dr. Oldbam Ace of some fosel Sorus m Inde Van. X, 1877. Part 1 —Aveze) regert for 1876 «=6Geolovical motes oo Great Indie Desert betwees Seed and Rajpmaca Coxtaccens reas Gneplaits new: Rimes Sie See and secundary rocks. How Kanpine fom the upper: texkunien ok Sail ¥ Otservations am wider: Part 2 (sut of pevat) —Rocks of the Lower Godavari +“ Aicark ” near Cuttack Foss] ferzs m New of rare mammal from the Sowelke 9 Atvel smi Nerth Eastere Ba Bormes for coal m India Part 3 (eut of perm) —Tetiary mre and yz ae oe mz m Potwar. i Lime u = Coal 1 rz Siames im metckbouriteed of Barakar- Forms of blowiagmadhine ued by aniths of Upper Assam snes «ee > : Pari £ 7 | Makaredi basin and its vicimtiy. Diamonds, golds, and lead ores of Sambalper district. ‘ Eryom Comp Barroversss.” McCoy, from Super matct grocg sear Macrae Fos’! forms @ Inds The Blami groep and ‘ Central Geers * @ Seb Heeekyee Tetiees cf Nett Wet Pepb Gees Coe merys aid Biaeaikeraam Vee. XL, 125%. Pert 1—Amoual report for 1987. Geology of Upper Godavari bas, between iver Wardia and Godavari, sear Sirome —S Kaskeor, Kiskiwar, and Z Swakt mamegs. Psaleowiclgicel -reletions of Goedwama system ‘Emaiics m Part 3.—Gdd indusizy im Wyzzad. Upper Gondwana seria im Trichaaogely ind Neds Kistes districte Semarmontiie from : 3 ae ee ee ee of fosl ages m Ind Sabmerged io Bombay Pert #—Geological motes. —Palecctclogical motes on lower trias of Himalayas. Ariesium wells 26 Pondscherry. Possiiaitty of fediee somes of water-supgly at Madres Pet 2?=—Neae Swa&$ weoeiostiy @ Nori’ Waster se. Gomdwems verte Ibeafes. $=QOsstferoes beds oi Hedcs @ Tit Mie aad ee rererd office Great, Beiiam; and Coal amd Metaliferons Mires Acts of 1872 (Ered) 3 Lehardacee Gtricta. $Fose] carsivora from Siwak ba. 7 Pert 4 —UsiScaiion of ceolorical pomenclatere and cartography. Genlory of SevaE rere . Part 3 (out of print).—Celt in ossiferous deposits of Narbada valley (Pliocene of Falconer) ; on age of deposits, and on associated shells. Barakars (coal-measures) in Beddadanole field, Godavari district. Geology of parts of Upper Punjab. Coal in India. Salt- springs of Pegu. se: Part 4 (out of print).—Iron deposits of Chanda (Central Provinces). Barren Islands and Narkondam. Metalliferous resources of British Burma. Vou. VII, 1874. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1873. Hill ranges between Indus valley in Ladak and Shah-i-Dula on frontier of Yarkand territory. lron ores of Kumaon. Raw materials for iron-smelting in Raniganj field. Elastic sandstone, or so-called Itaco- lumyte. Geological notes on part of Northern Hazaribagh. Part 2 (out of print).—Geological notes on route traversed by Yarkand Embassy from Shah-i-Dula to Yarkand and Kashgar. Jade in Karakas valley, Turkistan. Notes from Eastern Himalaya. Petroleum in Assam. Coal in Garo Hills. Copper in Narbada valley. Potash-salt from East India. Geology of neighbourhood of Mari hill station in Punjab. Part 8 (out of print).—Geological observations made on a visit to Chaderkul, Thian Shan range. Tormer extension of glaciers within Kangra district. Building and orna- mental stones of India. Materials for iron manufacture in Raniganj coal-field. Manga- nese-ore in Wardha coal-field. 7 Part 4 (out of print).—Auriferous rocks of Dhambal hills, Dharwar district. Antiquity of human race in India. Coal recently discovered in the country of Luni Pathans, - south-east corner of Afghanistan. Progress of geological investigation in Godavari district, Madras Presidency. Subsidiary materials for artificial fuel. Vou. VIII, 1875. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1874. The Altum-Artush considered from geo- logical point of view. Evidences of ‘ ground-ice’ in tropical India, during Talchir period. Trials of Raniganj fire-bricks. Part 2 (out of print).—Gold-fields of south-east Wynaad, Madras Presidency. Geological notes on Khareean hills in Upper Punjab. Water-bearing strata of Surat district. Geology of Scindia’s territories. Part 3 (out of print).—Shahpur coal-field, with notice of coal explorations in Narbada region. Coal recently found near Moflong, Khasia Hills. Part 4 (out of print)—Geology of Nepal. Raigarh and Hingir coal-fields. Vou. IX, 1876. nis Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1875. Geology of Sind. Part 2 (out of print).—Retirement of Dr. Oldham. Age of some fossil floras in India. Cranium of Stegodon Ganesa, with notes on sub-genus and allied forms. Sub-Hima- layan series in Jamu (Jammoo) Hills. Part 3 (out of print).—Fossil floras in India. Geological age of certain groups comprised in Gondwana series of India, and on evidence they afford of distinct zoological and botanical terrestrial regions in ancient epochs. Relations of fossiliferous strata at Maleri and Kota, near Sironcha, C. P. Fossil mammalian faune of India and Burma. Part 4 (out of print).—Fossil floras in India. Osteology of Merycopotamus dissimilis. Addenda and Corrigenda to paper on tertiary mammalia. Plesiosaurus in India. Geology of Pir Panjal and neighbouring districts. : Vor 5X, 1877. Part 1.—Annual report for 1876. Geological notes on Great Indian Desert between Sind and Rajputana. Cretaceous genus Omphalia near Nameho lake, Tibet, about 75 miles north of Lhassa. Estheria in Gondwana formation. Vertebrata from Indian tertiary and secondary rocks. New Emydine from the upper tertiaries of Northern Punjab. Observations on under-ground temperature. Part 2 (out of print).—Rocks of the Lower Godavari. ‘ Atgarh Sandstones ’ near Cuttack. Fossil floras in India. New or rare mammals from the Siwaliks. Arvali series in North-Eastern Rajputana. Borings for coal in India. Geology of India. ; Part 3 (out of print).—Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in North-West Punjab. Fossil floras in India. Erratics 11 Potwar. Coal explorations in Darjiling district. Lime- stones in neighbourhood of Barakar. Forms of blowing-machine used by smiths of Upper Assam. Analyses of Raniganj coals. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Mahanadi basin and its vicinity. Diamonds, golds, and lead ores of Sambalpur district. ‘ Eryon Comp. Barrovensis,’ McCoy, from Sriper- matur group near Madras. Fossil floras in India. The Blaini group and ‘ Central Gneiss’ in Simla Himalayas. Tertiaries of North-West Punjab. Genera Cheero- meryx and Rhagatherium. Vou. XI, 1878. Part 1.—Annual report for 1887. Geology of Upper Godavari basin, between river Wardha and Godavari, near Sironcha. Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar, and Pangi. Siwalik mammals. Paleontological . relations of Gondwana system. ‘ Erratics in Punjab.’ Part 2.—Geology of Sind (second notice). Origin of Kumaun lakes. Trip over Milam Pass, Kumaun. Mud volcanoes of Ramri and Cheduba. Mineral resources of Ramri, Cheduba and adjacent islands. 8 Part 3.—Gold industry in Wynaad. Upper Gondwana series in Trichinopoly and Nellore Kistna districts. Senarmontite from Sarawak. , Part 4.—Geological distribution of fossil organisms in India. Submerged forest on Bombay Island. Vou. XII, 1879. Part 1.—Annual report for 1878. Geology of Kashmir (third notice). Siwalik mammalia. Siwalik birds. Tour through Hangrang and Spiti. Mud eruption in Ramri Island (Arakan). Braunite, with Rhodonite, from Nagpur, Central Provinces. Palwontologi- cal notes from Satpura coal-basin. Coal importations into India. ee Part 2.—Mohpani coal-field. Pyrolusite with Psilomelane at Gosalpur, Jabalpur district. Gedlogloat. reconnaissance from Indus at Kushalgarh to Kurram at Thal on Afghan frontier. Geology of Upper Punjab. Part $.—Geological features of northern Madura, Pudukota State, and southern parts of Tanjore and ‘Trichinopoly districts included within limits of sheet 80 of {ndian Atlas. Cretaceous fossils from Trichinopoly district, collected in 1877-78. Sphenophyllum and other Equisetacee with reference to Indian form Trizygia Speciosa, Royle (Spheno- phyllum Trizygia, Ung.). Mysorin and Atacamite from Nellore district. Corundum from Khasi Hills. Joga neighbourhood and old mines on Nerbudda. Part 4.— Attock Slates’ and their probable geological position. Marginal bone of unde- scribed tortoise, from Upper Siwaliks, near Nila, in Potwar, Punjab. Geology of North Arcot district. Road section from Murree to Abbottabad. Vou. XIII, 1880. Part 1.—Annual report for 1879. Geology of Upper Godavari basin in neighbourhood of Sironcha. Geology of Ladak and neighbouring districts. Teeth of fossil fishes from Ramri Island and Punjab. Fossil genera Noggerathia, Stbg., Noggerathiopsis, Fstm., and Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., in palwozoic and secondary rocks of Europe, Asia, and Australia. Fossil plants from Kattywar, Shekh Budin, and Sirgujah. Volcanic foci of eruption in Konkan. 3 Part 2.—Geological notes.—Palzontological notes on lower trias of Himalayas. Artesian e wells at Pondicherry, and possibility of finding sources of water-supply at Madras. Part $.—Kumaun lakes. Celt of paleolithic type in Punjab. Paleontological notes from Karharbari and South Rewa coal-fields. Correlation of Gondwana flora with other floras. Artesian wells at Pondicherry. Salt in Rajputana. Gas and mud eruptions on Arakan coast on 12th March 1879 and in June 1843. Part 4.—Pleistocene deposits of Northern Punjab, and evidence they afford of extreme climate during portion of that period. Useful minerals of Arvali region. Correlation of Gondwana flora with that of Australian coal-bearing system. Reh or alkali soils i ae well waters. Reh soils of Upper India. Naini Tal landslip, 18th Septem- er H Vou. XIV, 1881. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1880. Geology of part of Dardistan, Baltistan and neighbouring districts. Siwalik carnivora. Siwalik group of Sub-Himalayan region. South Rewah Gondwana basin. Ferruginous beds associated with basaltic rocks of north-eastern Ulster, in relation to Indian laterite. Rajmahal plants. Travelled blocks of the Punjab. Appendix to ‘ Palzontological notes on lower trias of Himalayas.’ Mammalian fossils from Perim Island. Part 2.—Nahan-Siwalik unconformity in North-Western Himalaya. Gondwana verte- brates. Ossiferous beds of Hundes in Tibet. Mining records and mining record office of Great Britain; and Coal and Metalliferous Mines Acts of 1872 (England). Cobaltite and danaite from Khetri mines, Rajputana; with remarks on Jaipurite (Syepoorite). Zinc-ore (Smithsonite and Blende) with barytes in Karnul district, Madras. Mud eruption in island of Cheduba. : Part $.—Artesian borings in India. Oligoclase granite at Wangtu on Sutlej, North-West Himalayas. Fish-plate from Siwaliks. Paleontological notes from Hazaribagh and S ees ee owe carnivora from Siwalik hills. art 4.—Unification of geological nomenclature and cartography. Geolo i regi central and eastern. Native antimony obtained at Pulo dbin, fea a. gite from Juggiapett, Kistnah district, and zine carbonate from Karnul, Madras. Section from Dalhousie to Pangi, vid Sach Pass. South R i Submerged forest on Bombay Island. : Bree enesos (basin. Vou. XV, 1882. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1881. Geology of North-West 1 Khagan. - Gondwana labyrinthodonts. Siwalik eae Ficniin einniinada: Geo aaae Dalhousie, North-West Himalaya. Palm leaves from (tertiary) Murree and Kasauli beds in India. Iridosmine from Noa-Dihing river, Upper Assam, and Platinum from Chutia Nagpur. On (1} copper mine near Yongri hill, Darjiling district : (2) arsenical pyrites in same neighbourhood ; (3) koalin at Darjiling. Analyses of coal and fire-cla con Makum coal eld, Upyee sey ierpe ania on coal of Pind Dadun Khan,’ alt-range, with reference to production of gas, made April 29th ings o of yeneige sti Nall ee of Bologna. ais i Se oa, Pagieediage art 2 (out of print).—Geology of Travancore State. Warkilli bed . eiated deposits at Quilon, in Travancore. Siwalik and Natbads fone Cea 9 rocks of Upper Rer and Mand rivers in Western Chutia Nagpur. Pench river coal- field in Chhindwara district, Central Provinces. Borings for coal at Engsein, British ae Sapphires in North-Western Himalaya. Eruption of mud volcanoes in eduba. Lora Part $ (out of print).—Coal of Mach (Much) in Bolan Pass, and of Sharigh on Harnai route between Sibi and Quetta. Crystals of stilbite from Western Ghats, Bombay. Traps of Darang and Mandi in North-Western Himalayas. Connexion between Hazara and Kashmir series. Umaria coal-field (South Rewah Gondwana_ basin). Daranggiri coal-field, Garo Hills, Assam. Coal in Myanoung division, Henzada district. Part 4 (out of print).—Gold-fields of Mysore. Borings for coal at Beddadanol, Godavari district, in 1874. Supposed occurrence of coal on Kistna. . Vou. XVI, 1883. Part 1.—Annual report for 1882. Richthofenia, Kays (Anomia Lawrenciana, Koninck). Geology of South Travancore. Geology of Chamba. Basalts of Bombay. Part 2 (out of print).—Synopsis of fossil vertebrata of India. Bijori Labyrinthodont. Skull of Hippotherium antilopinum. Iron ores, and subsidiary materials for manu- facture of iron, in north-eastern part of Jabalpur district. Laterite and other manga- nese-ore occurring at Gosulpore, Jabalpur district. Umaria coal-field. Part 3.—Microscopic structure of some Dalhousie rocks. Lavas of Aden. Probable occur- rence of Siwalik strata in China and Japan. Mastodon angustidens in India. Traverse between Almora and Mussooree. Cretaceous coal-measures at Borsora, in Khasia Hills, near Laour, in Sylhet. Part 4.—Paleontological notes from Daltonganj and Hutar coal-fields in Chota Nagpur. Altered basalts of Dalhousie region in North-Western Himalayas. Miscroscopic struc- ture of some Sub-Himalayan rocks of tertiary age. Geology of Jaunsar and Lower Himalayas. Traverse through Eastern Khasia, Jaintia, and North Cachar Hills. Native lead from Maulmain and chromite from the Andaman Islands. Fiery eruption from one of mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Irrigation from wells in North-Western Provinces and Oudh. | Von. XVII, 1884. Part 1.—Annual report for 1883. Smooth-water anchorages or mud-banks of Narrakal and Alleppy on Travancore coast. Bilia Surgam and other caves in Kurnool district. Geology of Chauari and Sihunta parganas of Chamba. Lyttonia, Waagen, in Kuling series of Kashmir. Part 2.—Earthquake of 31st December 1881. Microscopic structure of some Himalayan granites and gneissose granites. Choi coal exploration. Re-discovery of fossils in Siwalik beds. Mineral “resources of the Andaman Islands in neighbourhood of Port Blair. Intertrappean beds in Deccan and Laramie group in Western North America. Part 3 (out of print).—Microscopic structure of some Arvali rocks. Section along Indus from Peshawar Valley to Salt-range. Sites for boring in Raigarh-Hingir coal-field (first notice). Lignite near Raipore. Central Provinces. Turquoise mines of Nishdpar, Khorassan. Fiery eruption from Minbyin and Volcano of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Langrin coal-field, South-Western Khasia Hills. Umaria coal-field. Part 4.—Geology of part of Gangasulan pargana of British Garhwal. Slates and schists imbedded in egneissose granite of North-West Himalayas. Geology of Takht-i-Sulei- man. Smooth-water anchorages of Travancore coast. Auriferous sands of the Suban- siri river, Pondicherry lignite, and phosphatic rocks at Musuri. Billa Surgam caves. Vou. XVIII, 1885. Part 1.—Annual report for 1884. Country between Singareni coal-field and Kistna river. Geological sketch of country between Singareni coal-field and Hyderabad. Coal and limestone in Doigrung river near Golaghat, Assam. Homotaxis, as illustrated from Indian formations. Afghan field notes. Part 2.—¥ossiliferous series in Lower Himalaya, Garhwal. Age of Mandhali series in Lower Himalava. Siwalik camel (Camelus Antiquus, nobis ex Fale. and Caut. MS.). Geology of Chamba. Probability of obtaining water by means of artesian wells in plains of Upper India. Artesian sources in plains of Upper India. Geology of Aka Hills. Alleged tendency of Arakan mud volcanoes to burst into eruption most frequently during rains. Analyses of phosphatic nodules and rock from Mussooree. Part $.—Geology of Andaman Islands. Third species of Merycopotamus. Percolation ag affected by current. Pirthalla and Chandpur meteorites. Oil-wells and coal in Thayetmyo district, British Burma. Antimony deposits in Maulmain district. Kash- mir earthquake of 30th Mav 1885. Rengal earthauake of 14th July 1885. . Part 4.—Geological work in Chhattisgarh division of Central Provinces. Bengal earth- auake of 14th July 1885. Kashmir earthquake of 30th May 1885. Excavations in Billa Surgam caves. Nepaulite. Sabetmahet meteorite. Von. XIX, 1886. Part 7.—Annual report for 1885. International Geological Congress of Berlin. Paleozoic Fossils of Olive group of Salt-range. Correlation of Indian and Australian coal- bearing beds. Afghan and Persian Field-notes. Section from Simla to Wangtu, and petrological character of Amphibolites and Quartz Diorites of Sutlej valley. 10 Part 2 (out of print).—Geology of parts of Bellary and Anantapur districts. Geology of Upper Dehing basin in Singpho Hills. Microscopic characters of eruptive rocks from Central Himalayas. Mammalia of Karnul Caves. Prospects of finding coal in Western Rajputana. Olive group of Salt-range. Boulder-beds of Salt-range. Gond- wana Homotaxis. Part $3 (out of print).—Geological sketch of Vizagapatam district, Madras. elge of Northern Jesalmer. Microscopic structure of Malani rocks of Arvali region. Mala khandi copper-ore in Balaghat district, OC. P. a. Part 4 (out of print).—Petroleum in India. Petroleum exploration at Khétan, Boring in Chhattisgarh coal-fields. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 3, Turkistan, Fier eruption from one of mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Nammiantha aerolite. Analysis of gold dust from Meza valley, Upper Burma. VoL. XX, 1887. Part 1.—Annual report for 1886. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 4, from Turkistan to India. Physical geology of West British Garhwal; with notes on a route traversed through Jaunsar-Bawar and ‘Tiri-Garhwal. Geology of Garo Hills. Indian image- stones. Soundings recently taken off Barren Island and Narcondam. ‘Talchir boulder- beds. Analysis of Phosphatic Nodules from Salt-range, Punjab. Part 2.—Fossil vertebrata of India. Echinoidea of cretaceous series of Lower Narbada Valley. Field-notes : No. 5—to accompany geological sketch map of Afghanistan and North-Eastern Khorassan. Microscopic structure of Rajmahal and Deccan traps. Dolerite of Chor. Identity of Olive series in east with speckled sandstone in west of Salt-range in Punjab. Part 3.—Retirement of Mr. Medlicott. J. B. Mushketoff’s Geology of Russian Turkistan. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaun, Sec- tion I. Geology of Simla and Jutogh. ‘ Lalitpur’ meteorite. Part 4.—Points in Himalayan geology. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaon, Section II. Iron industry of western portion of Raipur. Notes on Upper Burma. Boring ‘exploration in Chattisgarh coal-fields. (Second notice). Pressure Metamorphism, with reference to foliation of Himalayan Gneissose Granite. Papers on Himalayan Geology and Miscroscopic Petrology. Vou. XXI, 1888. Part 1.—Annual report for 1887. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section III. Birds’-nest of Elephant Island, Mergui Archi- pelago. Exploration of Jessalmer, with a view to discovery of coal. Facetted pebble from boulder bed (‘speckled sandstone’) of Mount Chel in Salt-range, Punjab. Nodular stones obtained off Colombo. Part. 2.—Award of Wollaston Gold Medal, Geological Society of London, 1888. Dharwar System in South India. Igneous rocks of Raipur and Balaghat, Central Provinces. Sangar Marg and Mehowgale coal-fields, Kashmir. , Part 3 (out of print)—Manganese Iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. ‘ The Carboni- ferous Glacial Period.” Pre-tertiary sedimentary formations of Simla region of Lower Himalayas. Part 4.—Indian fossil vertebrates. Geology of North-West Himalayas. Blown-sand rock sculpture. Nummulites in Zanskar. Mica traps from Barakar and Raniganj. Vor. XXII, 1889. - Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1888. Dharwar System in South India. Wajra Karur diamonds, and M. Chaper’s alleged discovery of diamonds in pegmatite. Generic position of so-called Plesiosaurus Indicus. Flexible sandstone or Itacolumite, its nature, mode of occurrence in India, and cause of its flexibility. Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia. j ‘Part 2 (out of print).—Indian Steatite. Distorted pebbles in Siwalik conglomerate. “* Carboniferous Glacial Period.’’ Notes on Dr. W. Waagen’s ‘‘ Carboniferous Glacial Period.’’ Oil-fields of Twingoung and Beme, Burma. Gypsum of Nehal Nadi, Kumaun. Materials for pottery in neighbourhood of Jabalpur and Umaria. Part $ (out of print).—Coal outcrops in Sharigh Valley, Baluchistan. Trilobites in Neobolus beds of Salt-range. Geological notes. Cherra Poonjee coal-field, in Khasia Hills. Cobaltiferous Matt from Nepal. President of Geological Society of London on International Geological Congress of 1888. ‘Tin-mining in Mergui district. Part 4 (out of print).—Land-tortoises of Siwaliks. Pelvis of a ruminant from Siwaliks. Assays from Sambhar Salt-Lake in Rajputana. Manganiferous iron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. Palagonite-bearing traps of Rajmahal hills and Deccan. Tin- smelting in Malay Peninsula. Provisional Index of Local Distribution of Important een Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones and Quarry Stones in Indian Empire. art 1. nj- Vor. XXIII, 1890. Part 1.—Annual report for 1889. Lakadong coal-fields, Jaintia Hills. Pectoral and pelvic irdles and skull of Indian Dicynodonts. Vertebrate remains from Nagpur district with description of fish-skull). Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower Hima- layas. Garhwdél and Kumaon, Section IV. Bivalves of Olive-group, Salt-range Mud-banks of Travancore coasts. 1] Part 2 (out of print).—Petroleum explorauons in Harnai district, Baluchistan. Sapphire. Mines of Kashmir. Supposed Matrix of Diamond at Wajra Karur, Madras. Sonapet Gold-field. Field notes from Shan Hills (Upper Burma). New species of Syring- ospheride, ; Part 8 (out of print).—Geology and Economic Resources of Country adjoining Sind-Pishin.. Railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of country between it and Khattan. journey through India in 1688-89, by Dr. Johannes Walther. Coal-fields of Lairungao, Maosandram, and Mao-be-lar-kar, in the Khasi Hills. Indian Steatite. Provisional Index of Local Distribution of Important Minerals, Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones, and Quarry Stones in Indian Empire. Part 4 (out of print).—Geological sketch of Naini Tal; with remarks on natural conditions. governing mountain slopes. Fossil Indian Bird Bones. Darjiling Coal between Lisu and Ramthi rivers. Basic Eruptive Rocks of Kadapah Area. Deep Boring at Luck- » now. Coal Seam of Dore Ravine, Hazara. : Vou. XXIV, 1891. Part 1.—Annual report for 1890. Geology of Salt-range of Punjab, with re-considered theory of Origin and Age of Salt-Marl. Graphite in decomposed Gneiss (Laterite) in Ceylon. Glaciers of Kabru, Pandim, etc. Salts of Sambhar Lake in Rajputana, and ‘Reh’ from Aligarh in North-Western Frovinces. Analysis of Dolomite from Salt- range, Punjab. Part 2.—Oil near Moghal Kot, in Sherdni country, Suleiman Hills. Mineral Oil from. Suleiman Hills. Geology of Lushai Hills. Coal-fields in Northern Shan States. Reported Namstka Ruby-mine in Mainglon State. Tourmaline (Schorl) Mines in ~_ Mainglon State.—Salt-spring near Bawgyo, Thibaw State. Part 8 (out of print).—Boring in Daltongunj Coal-field, Palamow. Death of Dr. P. Martin Duncan. Pyroxenic varieties of Gneiss and Scapolite-bearing Rocks. Part 4.—Mammalian Bones from Mongolia. Darjiling Coal Exploration. Geology and Mineral Resources of Sikkim. Rocks from the Salt-range, Punjab. Von. XXV, 1892. Part 1.—Annual report for 1891. Geology of Thal Chotidli and part of Mari country. Petrological Notes on Boulder-bed of Salt-range, Punjab. Sub-recent and Recert Deposits of valley plains of Quetta, Pishin, and Dasht-i-Bedaolat; with appendices on Chamans of Quetta: and Artesian water-supply of Quetta and Pishin. Part 2 (out of print).—Geology of Saféd Kéh, Jherria Coal-field. Part 3.—ocality of Indian Tscheffkinite. Geological Sketch of country north of Bhamo. _ Economic resources of Amber and Jade mines area in Upper Burma. Tron-ores and - Iron Industries of Salem District. Riebeckite in India. Coal on Great Tenasserim River, Lower Burma. ; Part 4.—Oil Springs at Moghal Kot in Shirani Hills. Mineral Oil from Suleiman Hills. New Amber-like Resin in Burma. Triassic Deposits of Salt-range. Vor. XXVI, 1893. Part 1.—Annual report for 1892. Central Himalayas. Jadeite in Upper Burma. Bur- mite, new Fossil Resin from Upper Burma. Prospecting Operations, Mergui District, 1891-92. Part 2 (out of print).—Earthquake in Baluchistan of 20th December 1892. Burmite, new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Alluvial deposits and Subterranean water- supply of Rangoon. Part 3 (out of print).—Geology of Sherani Hills. Carboniferous Fossils from Tenasserim. Boring at Chandernagore. Granite in Tavoy and Mergui. Part 4.—Geology of country between Chappar Rift and Harnai in Baluchistan. Geology of part of Tenasserim Valley with special reference to Tendau-Kamauping Coal-field. Magnetite containing Manganese and Alumina. Hislopite. Vou. XXVII, 1894. Part 1.—Annual report for 1893. Bhaganwala Coal-field, Salt-range, Punjab. Part 2.—Petroleum from Burma. Singareni Coal-field, Hyderabad (Deccan). Gohna Landslip, Garhwal. : Part 3.—Cambrian Formation of Eastern Salt-range. Giridih (Karharbari) Coal-fields. Chipped (?) Flints in Upper Miocene of Burma. Velates Schmideliana, Chemn., and Provelates grandis, Sow. sp., in Tertiary Formation of India and Burma. Part 4.—Geology of Wuntho in Upper Burma. Echinoids from Upper Cretaceous System of Baluchistan. Highly Phosphatic Mica Peridotites intrusive in Lower Gondwana Rocks of Bengal. Mica-Hypersthene-Hornblende-Peridotite in Bengal. Vou. XXVIII, 1895. Part 1.—Annual report for 1894. Cretaceous Formation of Pondicherry. Early allusion to Barren Island. Bibliography of Barren Island and Narcondam from 1884 to 1894. Part 2.Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India and geographical conditions during later cretaceous times, Experimental Boring for Petroleum at Sukkur from October 1893 to March 1895. Tertiary system in Burma. Part $.—Jadeite and other rocks, from Tammaw in Upper Burma. Geology of Tochi Valley. Lower Gondwanas in Argentina. 12 Part 4.—Igneous Rocks of Giridih (Kurhurbaree) Coal-field and their Contact Effects Vindhyan system south of Sone and their relation to so-called Lower Vindhyany Lower Vindhyan area of Sone Valley. ‘Tertiary system in Burma. F Vou. XXIX, 1896. 8 Part 1.—Annual report for 1895. Acicular inclusions in Indian Garnets. Origin and Growth of Garnets and of their Micropegmatitic intergrowths in Pyroxenic rocks. Part 2.—Ultra-basic rocks and derived minerals of Chalk (Magnesite) hills, and other localities near Salem, Madras. Corundum localities in Salem and Coimbatore districts, Madras. Corundum and Kyanite in Manbhum district, Bengal. Ancient Geography of “‘ Gondwanaland.”’ Notes. Part 8.—Igneous Rocks from the Tochi Valley. Notes. } Part 4.—Steatite mines, Minbu district, Burma. _Lower Vindhyan (Sub-Kaimur) area of Sone Valley, Rewah. Notes. : Vor. XXX, 1897. Part 1.—Annual report for 1896. Norite and associated Basic Dykes and Lava-flows in Southern India. Genus Vertebraria. On Glossopteris and Vertebraria. Part 2.—Cretaceous Deposits of Pondicherri. Notes. : Par? $.—Flow structure in igneous dyke. Olivine-norite dykes at Coonoor. Excavations for corundum near Palakod, Salem District. Occurrence of coal at Palana in Bikanir. Geological specimens collected by Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1896. Part 4.—Nemalite from Afghanistan. Quartz-barytes rock in Salem district, Madras Presidency. Worn femur of Hippopotamus irravadicus. Caut. and Falc., from Lower Pliocene of Burma... Supposed coal at Jaintia, Baxa Duars. Percussion Figures on micas. Notes. : Vot. XXXI, 1904. Part 1 (out of print).—Prefatory Notice. Copper-ore near Komai, Darjeeling district. Zewan beds in Vihi district, Kashmir. Coal deposits of Isa Khel, Mianwali district, Funjab. Um-Rileng coal-beds, Assam. Sapphirine-bearing rock from Vizagapatam district. Miscellaneous Notes. Assays. : ; Part 2 (out of print).—Lt.-Genl. C. A. McMahon. Cyclobus Haydeni Diener. Auriferous Occurrences of Chota Nagpur, Bengal. On the feasibility of introducing modern methods of Coke-making at East Indian Railway Oollieries, with supplementary note by Director, Geological Survey of India. Miscellaneous Notes. Part $ (out of print).—Upper Trahoosdie formations of Eurasia. Glaciation and History of Sind Valley. Halorites in Trias of Baluchistan. Geology and Mineral Resourcer of Mayurbhanj. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Upper Assam. Auriferous Occurrences of Assam: Curious occurrence of Scapolite from Madras Presidency. Miscellaneous Notes. Index. Vout. XXXII, 1905. Part 1 (out of print).—Review of Mineral Production of India during 1898—1903. Part 2 (out of print).—General report, April 1903 to December 1904. Geology of Pro- vinces of Tsang and U in Tibet. Bauxite in India. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 8 (out of print).—Anthracolithic Fauna from Subansiri Gorge, Assam. Elephas Antiquus (Namadicus) in Godavari Alluvium. Triassic Fauna of Tropites-Limestone of Byans. Amblygonite in Kashmir. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4.—Obituary notices of H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford. Kangra Earthquake of 4th April 1905. Index to Volume XXXII. Von. XXXII, 1906. Part 1 (out of print).—Mineral Production of India during 1904. Pleistocene Movement in Indian Peninsula. Recent Changes in Course of Nam-tu River, Northern Shan States. Naturai Bridge in Gokteik Gorge. Geology and Mineral Resources of Narnaul Dis- trict (Patiala State). Miscellaneous Notes. \ Part 2 (out of print).—General report for 1905. Lashio Coal-field, Northern Shan States. Namma, Mansang and Man-se-le Coal-fields, Northern Shan States, Burma. Mis- cellaneous Notes. : Part $ (out of print).—Petrology and Manganese-ore Deposits of Sausar Tahsil, Chhind- wara district, Central Provinces. Geology of part of valley of Kanhan River in Nagpur and Chhindwara districts, Central Provinces. Manganite from Sandur Hills. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4 (out of print).—Composition and Quality of Indian Coals. Classification of the Vindhyan System. Geology of State of Panna with reference to the Diamond- bearing Deposits. Index to Volume XXXIII. Vor. XXXIV, 1906. Part 1.—¥ossils from Halorites Limestone of Bambanag Cliff, Kumaon. Upper-Triassic Fauna from Pishin District, Baluchistan. Geology of portion of Bhutan. Coal Occur- rences in Foot-hills of Bhutan. Dandli Coal-field : Coal outcrops in Kotli Tehsil of Jammu State. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2 (out of print).—Mineral Production of India during 1905. Nummulites Douvillei, with remarks on Zonal Distribution of Indian Nummulites. Auriferous Tracts in Southern India. Abandonment of Collieries at Warora, Central -Provinces. Mis- cellaneous Notes. 5 13. Part 3 (out of print).—Explosion Craters in Lower Chindwin district, Burma. Lavas of Pavagad Hill. Gibbsite with Manganese-ore from Talevadi, Belgaum district, and Gibbsite from Bhekowli, Satar District. Classification of Tertiary System in Sind ~ with reference to Zonal distribution of Eocene Echinoidea. Part 4 (out of print).—Jaipur and Nazira Coal-fields, Upper Assam. Makum Coal-fields between Tirap and Namdang Streams. Kabat Anticline, near Seiktein, Myingyan district, Upper Burma. Asymmetry of Yenangyat-Singu Anticline. Upper Burma. Northern part of Gwegyo Anticline, Myingyan District, Upper Burma, Breynia Multitubercalata, from Nari of Baluchistan and Sind. Index to Volume XXXIV. Vor. XXXV, 1907. Part 1 (out of print).—General report for 1906. Orthophragmina and Lepidocycling in Nummulitic Series. Meteoric Shower of 22nd October 1903 at Dokachi and neighbour- hood, Dacca district. p ; Part 2.—Indian Aerolites, Brine-wells at Bawgyo, Northern Shan States. Gold-bearing Deposits of Loi Twang, Shan States. Physa Prinsepii in Maestrichtian strata of Baluchistan. Miscellaneous Notes. : Part 3.—Preliminary survey of certain Glaciers in North-West Himalaya. A.—Notes on certain Glaciers in North-West Kashmir. ; Part 4.—Preliminary survey of certain Glaciers in North-West Himalaya. B.—Notes on certain Glaciers in Lahaul. C.—Notes on certain Glaciers in Kumaon. Index to. Volume XXXV. Von. XXXVI, 1907-08. Part 1.—Petrological Study of Rocks from hill tracts, Vizagapatam district, Madras Presidency. Nepheline Syenites from hill tracts. Vizagapatam district, Madras Presi- dency. Stratigraphical Position of Gangamopteris Beds of Kashmir. Volcanic out- burst of Late Tertiary Age in South Hsenwi, N. Shan States. New suide from Bugti Hills, Baluchistan. Permo-Carboniferous Plants from Kashmir. Part 2 (out of print).—Mineral Production of India during 1906. Ammonites of Bagh Beds. Miscellaneous Notes. Part $ (out of print).—Marine fossils in Yenangyaung oil-field, Upper Burma. Fresh- water shells of genus Batissa in Yenangyaung oil-field, Upper Burma. New Species of Dendrophyllia from Upper Miocene of Burma. Structure and age of Taungtha ills, Myingyan district, Upper Burma. Fossils from Sedimentary rocks of Oman (Arabia). Rubies in Kachin hills, Upper Burma. Cretaceous Orbitoides of India. _ Two Calcutta Earthquakes of 1906. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4.—Pseudo-Fucoids from Pab sandstones at Fort Munro, and from Vindhyan series. Jadeite in Kachin Hills, Upper Burma. Wetchok-Yedwet Pegu outcrop, Magwe dis- trict, Upper Burma. Group of Manganates, comprising Hollandite, Psilomelane and Coronadite. Occurrence of Wolfram in Nagpur district, Central Provinces. Mis- cellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XXXVI. Vor. XXXVII, 1908-09. Part 1 (out of print).—General report for 1907. Mineral Production of India during 1907. Occurrence of striated boulders in Blaini formation of Simla. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2 (out of print).—Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Freshwater Deposits of Baluchistan and Sind. Geology and Mineral Resources of Rajpipla State. Suitability of sands in Rajmahal Hills for glass manufacture. Three new Manganese-bearing minerals :— Vredenburgite, Sitaparite and Juddite. Laterites from Central Provinces. Miscella- neous Notes. Part 3 (out of print).—Southern part of Gwegyo Hills, including Payagyigon-Ngashan- daung Oil-field. Silver-lead niines of Bawdin, Northern Shan States. Mud volcanoes of Arakan Coast, Burma. Part 4.—Gypsum Deposits in Hamirpur district, United Provinces. Gondwanas and related marine sedimentary system of Kashmir. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XXXVII. Vor. XXXVIII, 1909-10. Part 1 (out of print).—General report for 1908." Mineral Production of India during 1908. Part 2.—Ostrea latimarginata in Burma. China-clay and Fire-clay of Rajmahal Hills. cla at Gilhurria. Pegu Inlier at Ondwe. Salt Deposits of Rajputana. Miscellaneous otes. Part $.—Geology of Sarawan, Jhalawan and Las Bela. Hippurite limestone in Seistan, Afghan Fusulinide. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4.—Western Prome and Kama. Recorrelation of Pegu system. Pegu fossil fish- teeth. Yenangyat Oil-field. Iron-ores of Chanda. Geology of Aden Hinterland. Petrography of Aden Hinterland. Fossils from Aden Hinterland. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XXXVIII. : Von. XXXIX, 1910. Quinquennial Review of Mineral Production for 1904 to 1908. Index to Volume XXXIX, : Vor. XL, 1910. ‘Part 1.—Pre-Carboniferous Life-Provinces. Lakes of the Salt Range. Glaciers in Sikkim. New Tertiary mammals. 14 ‘ — ee 0 i i Part 2.—General Report for 1909. Mineral Production of India during 1909. ; Part 3.—Tertiary Freshwater Deposits of India. Silurian-'T'rias sequence in Kashmir. Fenestella beds in Kashmir. j ’ Part 4.—Alum Shale and Alum Manufacture, Kalabagh, Mianwali district, Punjab. Coal- fields in North-Eastern Assam. Sedimentary Deposition of Oil. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XL. Vou. XLI, 1911-12. Part 1.—Age and continuation in Depth of Manganese-ores of Nagpur-Balaghat Area, Central Provinces. Manganese-ore deposits of Gangpur State, Bengal, and Distribu- tion of Gondite Series in India. Baluchistan Earthquake of 21st October 1909. Iden- tity of Ostrea Promensis from Pegu System of Burma and Ostrea Digitalina Eichwald from Miocene of Europe. Mr. T. R. Blyth. Miscellaneous Notes. ; _ Part 2.—General Report for 1910. Devonian Fossils from Chitral, Persia, etc. Sections in Pir Panjal Range and Sind Valley, Kashmir. Part $.—Mineral Production of India during 1910. Samarskite and other minerals in Nellore District, Madras Presidency. Coal in Namchik Valley, Upper Assam. Mis- cellaneous Notes, Part 4.—Pegu-Eocene Succession in Minbu District, near Ngape. Beegy of Henzada District, Burma. Geology of Lonar Lake, with note on Lonar Soda Deposit. Inter- a Geological Congress, Stockholm. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume LI. Vor. XLII, 1912. Part 1.—Survival of Miocene Oyster in Recent Seas. Silurian Fossils from Kashmir. Blodite from Salt Range. Gold-bearing Deposits of Mong Long, Hsipaw State, Northern Shan States, Burma, Steatite Deposits, Idar State. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2.—General Report for 1911. Dicotyledonous Leaves from Coal Measures of Assam. Poting Glacier, Kumaon, Himalaya, June 1911. Miscellaneous Notes. 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OLDHAM and J. MORRIS. Vou. I, pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72. 1863-79. Pt. 1; Raéjmahal Group, Rajmahal Hills Pt. 2; The same (continued). Pt. 3; Plants from Golapili. Pt. 4; Outliers on the Madras Coast. Vor II, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26. 1876-78. Pt. 1; Jurassic Flora of Kach. Pt. 2; Flora of the Jabalpur group. ; Vou. III, pp. xi, 64+149, pls. 80 (9 Bouts) (I—XXXI+IA—XLVIIA). 1879-81. Pt.1: The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds. Pt. 2; The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions. Pt. 3; The same (c concluded). Von. IV, pp. xxvi, 25+66, pls. 35 (2 double) (I=XXT4-TA—XNVA). Pt. 1 (1882); Fossil Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana basin. Pt. 2 (1886); Fossil Flora of some of the coal-fields in Western Bengal. (Srr. IX.)—JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH. Vou. I (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. WAAGEN, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (6 double). Vou. II, pt. 1 (1893). The Echinoidea of Kach, by J. W. GRecory, pp. 12, pls. 2 (out of print). of print). The Brachiopoda, by F. L. Kircutn, pp. 87, pls. 15. Lamellibranchiata : Genus Trigonia, by F. td Kitcuin, pp. 122, pls. 10 (out of print). (Ser. IV.)—INDIAN PRE-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. VoL. I, pp. vi, 137, pls. 26. 1865-85. Pt. 1 (1865); The Vertebrate Fossils from tie Panchet rocks, by T. H. HuxXuLEy. Pt. 2 (1878) ; The Vertebrate Fossils @ of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sm P. pz M. Grey Eerrton, L. C. MIALL, and W. T. Branrorp. Pt. 3 (1879); Reptilia and Batrachia, by R. LyprekKer. Pt. 4 (1885); The Labyrinthodont from the Bijori group, by R. Lyprexxer (owt of print). Pt. 5 (1885); The Reptilia and Am- phibia of the Maleri and Denwa groups, by R. LYDEKKER (out of print). (Szr. X.)—INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA, by R. LYDEKKER, except Vou. I, Pt. I, by R. B. FOOTE. Vou. I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 50. 1874-80. Pt. 1; Rhinoceros deccanensis. Pt. 2; Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia. Pt. 3; Crania of Ruminants. Pt. 4; Supplement to Pt. 3. Pt. 5; Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia. Vou. II, pp. xv, 363, pls. 45. 1881-84. Pt. 1; Siwalik Rhinocerotide. Pt. 2; Supple- ment to Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia. Pt. 3; Siwalik and Narbada Equide. Pt. 4; Siwalik Camelopardalide. Pt. 5; Siwalik Selenodont @ Suina, ete. Pt. 6; Siwalik and Narbada Carnivora. Von. III, pp. xxiv, 264, pls. 38. 1884-86. Pt. 1; Additional Siwalik Perissodactyla and ; Proboscidia. Pt. 2; Siwalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina. Pt. 3; Vor. IIT, pt. 1 (1900). Vou. III, pt. 2 (1903). ) “Von. ITI, pt. 2 (1900). The Corals, by J. W. Grecory, pp. 196, I—IX, pls. 26 (out ) ) Rodents and new Ruminants from the Siwaliks. Pt. 4; Siwalik Birds. Pt. 5; Mastodon Teeth from Perim Island. Pt. 6; Siwalik and Nar- bada Chelonia. Pt. 7; Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia and Ophidia. Pt. 8; Tertiary Fishes. Vou. IV, pt. 1, 1886. Siwalik Mammalia (Supplement 1); pp. 18, pls. 6. Vou. IV, pt. 2, 1886. The Fauna of the Karnul caves (and adacniee to pt. 1);-pp. 40 (19—58), pls. 5 (vii—xi). Vou. IV, pt. 3, 1887. Eocene Chelonia from the Salt-range; pp. 7 (59—65), pls. 2 (xii- xili). (Ser. VII, XIV. See AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA, by P. MARTIN DUNCAN and W. PERCY SLADEN, eacept Pt. 1, by F. STOLICZKA. Vou. I, pp. 164+110+382+91=599, pls. 54+28458+13—104. 1871—85. Pt. 1: Tertiary Crabs from Sind and Kach. Pt. 1 (new 2): Sind Fossil Corals and Aleyonaria; by P. Martin Duncan. Pt. 3: The Fossil Echinoidea of 4 Sind : Mas. 1, The Cardita beaumonti beds; las. 2, The Ranikot Serica in Western Sind; /’as. 8, The Khirthar Series; Mas. 4, ‘The Nari (Oligocene) Series; Mas. 5, The Gaj (Miocene) Series; /'as, 6, I he Makrén (Pliocene) Series; by Duncan and Sladen, Pt. 4; the Vossil Echinoidea of Kach and Kattywar; by Duncan, Sladen and Blantord. (Sur. XIII.)—SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, by WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pu.D. Productus-Limestone Group ;: Vol. I, pt. 1 (1879). Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6. ” wy ag », 2 (1880), Gastropoda and supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111 (73—183), pls. 10 (1 double) (vii— Xvi). 3 (1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185—328), pls. 8 (Xvii—xxiv). 4 (1882-85). Brachiopoda, pp. 442 (329—770), pls. 62 (xxv—Ixxxyvi). 5 (1885), Bryozoa—A nnelida—Kchinodermata, pp. 64 (771—814), pls. 10 (1xxxvil—xcyi). »» 6 (1886). Colenterata, pp. 90 (835—924), pls. 20 E (xcevii—cxvi), », 7 (1887). Coelenterata, Protozoa, pp. 74 (925— 998), pls, 12 (exvii—exxviii). Fossils from the Ceratite Formation : Vol. II, pt. 1 (1895). Pisces—Ammonoidea, pp. 324, pls. 40. Geological Results : Vol. IV, pt. 1 (1889), pp. 1—88, pe. 4 (out of print). 2 (1891), pp. 89—242, pls. 8 (out of print). (Ser. XV.)—HIMALAYAN FOSSILS. Upper-triassic and liassic faune of the exotic blocks of Malla Johar in the Bhot Mahals of Kumaon : Vol. I, pt. 1 (1908), pp. 100, pls. 16 (1 double), by Dr. C. Diener. y aatypacolithic Fossils of Kashmir and Spiti : Vol. 1, pt. 2 (1899), pp. 96, pls. 8, by Dr. C. iener. The Permocarboniferous Fauna of Chitichum No. I: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897), pp. 105, pls. 13, by Dr. Diener. z The Poet Fossils of the Productus Shales of Kumaon and Garhwal: Vol. 1, pt. 4 (1897), pp. 54, pls. 5, by Dr. C. Diener. The Permian Fossils of the Central Himalayas: Vol. I, pt. 5 (1903), pp. 204, pls. 10, by Dr. C. Diener. ; ; ' The ee onda of the Lower Trias: Vol. II, pt. 1 (1897), pp. 182, pls. 23, by Dr. C. iener. The pceee opoas of the Muschelkalk : Vol. II, pt. 2 (1895), pp. 118, pls. 51, by Dr. C. iener. . Upper Triassic Cephalopoda Faune of the Himalaya: Vol. III, pt. 1 (1899), pp. 157, pls. 22, by Dr. E. von Mojsisovics. Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata ; Vol. III, pt. 2 (1899), pp. 76, pls. 12 (2 double), by Alexander Bittner. ‘Fhe Fauna of the Spiti Shales : Cephalopoda : Vol. IV, Pt. 1, Fasc. 1 (1903), pp. 132, pls. 18; Fasc. 2 (1910), pp. 133—306, pls. 47 (2 double); Fasc. 3 (1910), pp. 307—395, pls. 38, by Dr. V. Uhlig; Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda : Pt. II, Fasc. 4 (1913), pp. 397— 456, pls. 7, by Dr. K. Holdhaus; Additional Notes on the Fauna of the Spiti Shales : Pt. II, Fasc. 5, by Miss Paula Steiger, Ph.D. (in the Press). The Fauna of the Tropites-Limestone of Byans: Vol. V, Memoir No. 1 (1906), pp. 201, pls. 17 (1 double), by Dr. C. Diener. The Fauna of the Himalayan Muschelkalk : Vol. V, Memoir No. 2 (1907), pp. 140, pls. 17 (2 double), by Dr. C. Diener. Ladinic, Carnic and Noric faune of Spiti: Vol. V, Memoir No. 3 (1908), pp. 157, pls. 24 (3 double), by Dr. C. Diener. Lower Triassic Cephalopoda from Spiti, Malla, Johar and Byans: Vol. VI, Memoir. No..1 (1909), pp. 186, pls. 31, by Drs. A. von Kraft and C. Diener. The Fauna of the Traumatocrinus Limestone of Painkhanda. Vol. VL, Memoir No. 2 (1909), pp. 39, pls. 5, by Dr. C. Diener. | The fk gaa Fossils of Spiti : Vol. VII, Memoir No. 1 (1910), pp. 70, pls. 6, by F. R. C. eed. Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Central Himalayas: Vol. VII, Memoir No. 2 (1912), pp. 168, pls. 20,-by F. R. C. Reed. (Ser. XVI.)—BALUCHISTAN FOSSILS, by FRITZ NOETLING, Pu.D., F.G.S. The Fauna of the Kellaways of Mazar Drik : Vol. I, pt. 1 (1895), pp. 22, pls. 13. The Fauna of the (Neocomian) Belemnite Beds: Vol. I, pt. 2 (1897), pp. 6, pls. 2. The Fauna of the Upper Cretaceous (Maéstrichtien) Beds of the Mari Hills: Vol. I, pt. 3 (1897), pp. 79, pls. 23 ”? td ” ” ” » ” ” ”» > » ” ”? > a 2) > (NEW SERIES.) The one Fauna of the Eastern Salt-range : Vol. I, Memoir 1 (1899), pp. 14, pls. 1, y K. Redlich. Notes on the Morphology of the Pelecypoda: Vol. I, Memoir 2 (1899), pp. 58, pls. 4, by Fritz Noetling. Fauna of the Miocene Beds of Burma: Vol. I, Memoir 3 (1901), pp. 378, pls. 25, by Fritz Noetling (out of print). Observations sur quelques Plantes Fossiles des Lower Gondwanas: Vol. II, Memoir 1 (1902), pp. 39, pls. 7, by R. Zeiller (out of print). 5 Permo-Carboniferous Plants and Vertebrates from Kashmir: Vol. II, Memoir No. 2 (1905), pp. 18, pls. 2, by A. C. Seward and A. Smith Woodward. d The Lower Paleozoic Fossils of the Northern Shan States, Upper Burma: Vol. II, Memoir No. 3 (1906), pp. 154, pls. 8, by F. R. C, Reed. ; The Fauna of the Napeng Beds or the Rhetic Beds of Upper Burma: Vol. II, Memoir No. 4 (1908), pp. 88, pls. 9, by Miss M. Healey. : The Devonian Faunas of the Northern Shan States ; Vol. II, Memoir No. 5 (1908), pp. 183, pls. 20, by F. R. C. Reed. The Mollusca of the Ranikot Series: Vol. III, Part 1, Memoir No. 1 (1909), pp. xiv, 83, _ pls. 8, by M. Cossmann and G. Pissarro. Introduction by E. W. Vredenburg. On some Fish-remains from the Beds at Dongargaon Central Provinces: Vol. III, Memoir No. 3 (1908), pp. 6, pl. 1, by A. Smith Woodward. - : Anthracolithic Fossils of the Shan States: Vol. III, Memoir No. 4 (1911), pp. 74, pls. 7, by C. Diener. The aoa Giraffide of India: Vol. IV, Memoir No. 1 (1911), pp. 29, pls. 5, by Dr. G. E. ilgrim, The Vertebrate Fauna of the Gaj Series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab: Vol. IV, Memoir No. 2, 1912, pp. 83, pls. 30, and 1 map, by G. E. Pilgrim. Nit ale Lower Gondwana Plants from the Golabgarh Pass, Kashmir: Vol. 1V, Memoir No. 3 (1912), pp. 10, pls. 3, by A. C, Seward. Mesozoic Plans from Afghanistan and Afghan-Turkistan : Vol. IV, Memoir No. 4 (1912), pp. 57, pls. 7, by A. C. Seward. $ Tae Faune of Kashmir: Vol. V, Memoir No. 1 (1913), pp. 133, pls. 13, by Dr. C. iener. The Anthracolithic Faune of Kashmir, Kanaur and Spiti: Vol. V, Memoir No. 2 (in the Press), by Dr. C. Diener. Supplementary Memoir on New Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States : Vol. VI, Memoir No. 1 (in the Press), by F. R. C. Reed. The price fixed for these publications is four annas (4 pence) per single plate, with a minimum charge of Re. 1. RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Vou. I, 1868. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1867. Coal-seams of ‘Tawa valley. Coal in Garrow Hills. Copper in Sicadatban as Meteorites, Part 2 (out of print).—Coal-seams of neighbourhood of Chanda. Coal near Nagpur. Geo- logical notes on Surat collectorate. Cephalopodous fauna of South Indian cretaceous deposits. Lead in Raipur district. Coal in Hastern Hemisphere. Meteorites. Part 3 (out of print).—Gastropodous fauna of South Indian cretaceous deposits. Notes on route from Poona to Nagpur vid Ahmednuggur, Jalna, Loonar, Yeotmahal, Mangali and Hingunghat. Agate-flake in pliocene (1) deposits of Upper Godavery. Boundary of Vindhyan series in Rajputana. Meteorites. Von. II, 1869. Part 1 (out of print).—Valley of Poorna river, West Berar. Kuddapah and Kurnool formations. Geological sketch of Shillong plateau. Gold in Singhbhoom, etc. Wells at Hazareebagh. Meteorites, Part 2.—Annual report for 1868. Pangshura tecta and other species of Chelonia from newer tertiary deposits of Nerbudda valley. Metamorphic rocks of Bengal. on eae of Kuch, Western India. Geology and physical geography of Nicobar slands. Part 4 (out of print).—Beds containing silicified wood in Eastern Prome, British Burma. ineralogical statistics of Kumaon division. Coal-field near Chanda. Lead in Raipur district. Meteorites. Vor. III, 1870. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1869. Geology of neighbourhood of Madras. Alluvial deposits of Irrawadi, contrasted with those of Ganges. Part 2 (out of print).—Geology of Gwalior and vicinity. Slates at Chiteli, Kumaon. Lead vein near Chicholi, Raipur district. Wardha river coal-fields, Berar and Cen- tral Provinces. Coal at Karba in Bilaspur district. Part 3 (out of print).—Mohpani coal-field. Lead-ore at Slimanabad, Jabalpur district. Coal east of Chhattisgarh between Bilaspur and Ranchi. Petroleum in Burma. Petio- leum locality of Sudkal, near Futtijung, west of Rawalpindi. Argentiferous galena and copper in Manbhum. Assays of iron ores. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Mount Tilla, Punjab. Copper deposits of Dalbhum and Singbhum : 1.—Copper mines of Singbhum: 2.—Copper of Dalbhum and Sing- bhum. Meteorites. a Vou. IV, 1871. Part 1.—Annual report for 1870. Alleged discovery of coal near Gooty,and of indications of coal in Cuddapah district. Mineral statistics of Kumaon division. Part 2.—Axial group in Western Prome. Geological structure of Southern Konkan. Supposed occurrence of native antimony in the Straits Settlements. Deposit in boilers of steam-engines at Raniganj. Plant-bearing sandstones of Godavari valley, on south- ern extensions of Kamthi group to neighbourhood of Ellore and Rajamandri, and on possible occurrence of coal in same direction. Part 3 (out of print).—Boring for coal in Godavari valley near Dumaguden and Bhadra- chalam. Narbada coal-basin. Geology of Central Provinces. Plant-bearing sand- stones of Godavari valley. Part 4 (out of ee rae eae fauna of Kutch. Raigur and Hengir (Gangpur) Coal- field. Sandstones in neighbourhood of first barrier on Godavari, and in country between Godavari and Ellore. Vout. V, 1872. Part 1.—Annual report for 1871. Relations of rocks near Murree (Mari), Punjab. Mineral- ogical notes on gneiss of South Mirzapur and adjoining country. Sandstones in cereus of first barrier on Godavari, and in country between Godavari and ore. Part 2 (out of print).—Coasts of Baluchistan and Persia from Karachi to head of Persian Gulf, and some of Gulf Islands. Parts of Kummummet and Hanamconda districts in Nizam’s Dominions. Geology of Orissa. New coal-field in south-eastern Hyderabad (Deccan) territory. Part 3.—Maskat and Massandim on east coast of Arabia. Example of local jointing. Axial group of Western Prome. Geology of Bombay Presidency. Part 4.—Coal im northern region of Satpura basin. Evidence afforded by raised oyster banks on coasts of India, in estimating amount of elevation indicated thereby. Possible field of coal-measures in Godavari district, Madras Presidency. Lameta or intratrappean formation of Central India. Petroleum localities in Pegu. Supposed eozoonal limestone of Yellam Bile. Vou. VI, 1873. Part 1.—Annual report for 1872. Geology of North-West Provinces. Part 2.—Bisrampur coal-field. Mineralogical notes on gneiss of south Mirzapur and ad- joining country. 7 / Part § (out of print).—Celt in ossiferous deposits of Narbada valley (Pliocene of Falcotier) : on age of deposits, and on associated shells. Barakars (coal-measures) in Beddadanole field, Godavari district. Geology of parts of Upper Punjab. Coal in India. Salt- springs of Pegu. : Part 4 (out of print).—Iron deposits of Chanda (Central Provinces). Barren Islands and Narkondam. Metalliferous resources of British Burma. Vou. VII, 1874. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1873. Hill ranges between Indus valley in Ladak and Shah-i-Dula on frontier of Yarkand territory. Iron ores of Kumaon. Raw materials for iron-smelting in Raniganj field. Elastic sandstone, or so-called Itaco- lumyte. Geological notes on part of Northern Hazaribagh. Part 2 (out of print).—Geological notes on route traversed by Yarkand Embassy from Shah-i-Dula to Yarkand and Kashgar. Jade in Karakas valley, Turkistan. Notes from Eastern Himalaya. Petroleum in Assam. Coal in Garo Hills. Copper in Narbada valley. Potash-salt from East India. Geology of neighbourhood of Mari hill station in Punjab. : Part 3 (out of print).—Geological observations made on a visit to Chaderkul, Thian Shan range. Former extension of glaciers within Kangra district. Building and orna- mental stones of India. Materials for iron manufacture in Raniganj coal-field. Manganese-ore in Wardha coal-field. ; Part 4 (out of print).—Auriferous rocks of Dhambal hills, Dharwar district. Antiquity of human race in India. Coal recently discovered in the country of Luni Pathans, south-east corner of Afghanistan. Progress of geological investigation in Godavari district, Madras Presidency. Subsidiary materials for artificial fuel. Vou. VIII, 1875. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1874. The Altum-Artush considered from geo- logical point of view. Evidences of ‘ ground-ice’ in tropical India, during Talchir period. Trials of Raniganj fire-bricks. Part 2 (out of print).—Gold-fields of south-east Wynaad, Madras Presidency. Geological notes on Khareean hills in Upper Punjab. Water-bearing strata of Surat district. Geology of Scindia’s territories. Part 3 (out of print).—Shahpur coal-field, with notice of coal explorations in Narbada regions. Coa) recently found near Moflong, Khasia Hills. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Nepal. Raigarh and Hingir coal-fields. Vou. IX, 1876. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1875. Geology of Sind. Part 2 (out of print).—Retirement of Dr. Oldham. Age of some fossil floras in India. Cranium of Stegodon Ganesa, with notes on sub-genus and allied forms. Sub-Hima- layan series in Jamu (Jammoo) Hills. Part 3 (out of print).—Fossil as in India. . Geological age of certain groups comprised in Gondwana series of India, and on evidence they afford of distinct zoological and botanical terrestrial regions in ancient epochs. Relations of fossiliferous strata at Maleri and Kota, near Sironcha, C. P. Fossil mammalian faune of India and Burma. Part 4 (out of print).—Fossil floras in India. Osteology of Merycopotamus dissimilis. Addenda and Corrigenda to paper on tertiary mammalia. Plesiosaurus in India. Geology of Pir Panjal and neighbouring districts. . Vou. X, 1877. Part 1.—Annual report for 1876. Geological notes on Great Indian Desert between Sind and Rajputana. Cretaceous genus Omphalia near Nameho lake, Tibet, about 75 miles north of Lhassa. Estheria in Gondwana formation. Vertebrata from Indian tertiary and secondary rocks. New KEmydine from the upper tertiaries of Northern Punjab. Observations on under-ground temperature. . Part 2 (out of print).—Rocks of the Lower Godavari. ‘ Atgarh Sandstones ’ near Cuttack. Fossil floras in India. New or rare mammals from the Siwaliks. Arvali series in North-Eastern Rajputana. Borings for coal in India. Geology of India. Part 3 (out of print).—Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in North-West Punjab. Fossil floras in India. Erratics in Potwar. Coal explorations in Darjiling district. Lime- stones in neighbourhood of Barakar. Forms of blowing-machine used by smiths cf Upper Assam. Analyses of Raniganj coals. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Mahanadi basin and its vicinity. Diamonds, golds, and lead ores of Sambalpur district. ‘ Eryon Comp. Barrovensis,’ McCoy, from Sriper- matur group near Madras. Fossil floras in India. The Blaini proup and ‘ Central Gneiss”’ in Simla Himalayas. Tertiaries of North-West Punjab. General Choero- meryx and Rhagatherium. é Vou. XI, 1878. Part 1.—Annual report for 1877. Geology of Upper Godavari basin, between river Wardha and Godavari, near Sironcha. Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar, and Pangi. Siwalik mammals. Paleontological relations of Gondwana system. ‘ Erratics in Punjab.’ Part 2. eaabloey of Sind (second notice). Origin of Kumaun lakes. Trip over Milam Pass, Kumaun. Mud volcanoes of Ramri and Cheduba. Mineral resources of Ramri, Cheduba and adjacent islands. ; 4 Part 3 (out of print).—Gold industry in Wynaad. Upper Gondwana series in Trichinopoly and Nellore-Kistna districts. Senarmontite from Sarawak. Part 4.—Geological distribution of fossil organisms in India. Submerged forest on Bombay Island. 3 hl eet a Vou. XII, 1879. Part_1.—Annual report for 1878. Geology of Kashmir (third notice), Siwalik mammalia. Siwalik birds. Tour through Hangrang and Spiti. Mud eruption in Ramri Island (Arakan). Braunite, with Rhodonite, from Nagpur, Central Provinces. Pal«ontologi- cal notes from Satpura coal-basin. Coal importations into India. ' Part Bb da coal-field. Pyrolusite with Psilomelane at Gosalpur, Jabalpur district. Geological reconnaissance from Indus at Kushalgarh to Kurram at Thal on Afghan frontier. Geology of Upper Punjab. Part 8.—Geological features of northern Madura, Pudukota State, and southern parts of Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts included within limits of sheet 80 of Indian Atlas. Cretaceous fossils from "eichinopoly district, collected in 1877-78. Sphenophyllum and other Equisetacese with reference to Indian form Trizygia Speciosa, Royle (Spheno- hyllum Trizygia, Ung.). Mysorin and Atacamite from Nellore district. Corundum rom Khasi Hills. Joga neighbourhood and old mines on Nerbudda. Part 4.— Attock Slates’ and their probable geological position. Marginal bone of unde- scribed tortoise, from Upper Siwaliks, near Nila, in Potwar, Punjab. Geology of North Arcot district. Road section from Murree to Abbottabad. Vou. XIII, 1880. Part 1.—Annual report for 1879. Geology of Upper Godavari basin in neighbourhood of Sironcha. Geology of Ladak and neighbouring districts. ‘Teeth of fossil fishes from Ramri Island and Punjab. Fossil genera Noggerathia, Stbg., Noggerathiopsis, I'stm., and Rhiptozamites, Schmalh., in palazozoic and secondary rocks of Europe, Asia, and Australia. Fossil plants from Kattywar, Shekh Budin, and Sirgujah. Volcanic foci of eruption in Konkan. é Part 2.—Geological notes. Paleontological notes on lower trias of Himalayas. Artesian wells at Pondicherry, and possibility of finding sources of water-supply at Madras. Part. 8.—Kumaun lakes. Celt of palexolithic type in Punjab. Paleontological notes from Karharbari and South Rewa coal-fields. Correlation of Gondwana flora with other floras. Artesian wells at Pondicherry. Salt in Rajputana. Gas and mud eruptions on Arakan coast on 12th March 1879 and in June 1843. Part 4.—Pleistocene deposits of Northern Punjab, and evidence they afford of extreme climate during portion of that period. Useful minerals of Arvali region. Correlation of Gondwana flora with that of Australian coal-bearing system. Reh or alkali soils aa ae well waters. Reh soils of Upper India. Naini Tal landsiip, 18th Septem. er 1880, Vou. XIV, 1881. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1880. Geology of part of Dardistan, Baltistan, and neighbouring districts. Siwalik carnivora. Siwalik group of Sub-Himalayan region. South Rewah Gondwana basin. Ferruginous beds associated with basaltic rocks of north-eastern Ulster, in relation to Indian laterite. Kajmahal plants. Travelled blocks of the Punjab. Appendix to ‘ Paleontological notes on lower trias of Himalayas.” Mammalian fossils from Perim Island. Part 2.—Nahan-Siwalik unconformity in North-Western Himalaya. Gondwana _ verte- brates. Ossiferous beds of Hundes in Tibet. Mining records and mining record office of Great Britain; and Coal and Metalliferous Mines Acts of 1872 (England). Cobaltite and danaite from Khetri mines, Rajputana; with remarks on Jaipurite (Syepoorite). Zine-ore (Smithsonite and Blende) with barytes in Karnul district, Madras. Mud eruption in island of Cheduba. Part 3.—Artesian borings in India. Oligoclase granite at Wangtu on Sutlej, North-West Himalayas. Fish-plate from Siwaliks. Paleontological notes from Hazaribagh and Lohardagga districts. Fossil carnivora from Siwalik hills: Part 4.—Unification of geological nomenclature and cartography. Geology of Arvali region, central and eastern. Native antimony obtained at Pulo Obin, near Singapore. Turgite from Juggiapett, Kistnah district, and zinc carbonate from Karnul, Madras. Section from Dalhousie to Pangi, vid Sach Pass. South Rewah Gondwana basin. Submerged forest on Bombay Island. Von. XV, 1882. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1881. Geology of North-West Kashmir and Khagan. Gondwana labyrinthodonts. Siwalik and Jamna mammals. Geology of Dalhousie, North-West Himalaya. Palm leaves from (tertiary) Murree and Kasauli beds in India. Iridosmine from Noa-Dihing river, Upper Assam, and Platinum from Chutia Nagpur. On (1) copper mine near Yongri hill, Darjiling district ; (2) arsenical pyrites in same neighbourhood ; (3) kaolin at Darjiling. Analyses of coal and fire-clay rom Makum coal-field, Upper Assam. Experiments on coal of Pind Dadun Khan, Salt-range, with reference to production of gas, made April 25th, 1881. Proceedings of International Congress of Bologna. Part 2 (out of Say ceclons of Travancore State. Warkilli beds and reported asso- ciated deposits at Quilon, in Travancore. Siwalik and Narbada fossils. Coal-bearing rocks of Upper Rer and Mand rivers in Western Chutia Nagpur. Pench river coal- field in Chhindwara district, Central Provinces. Borings for coal at Engsein, British Cee Sapphires in North-Western Himalaya. Eruption of mud volcanoes in eduba. ; Part 3 (out of print).—Coal of Mach (Much) in Bolan Pass, and of Sharigh on Harnai route between Sibi and Quetta. Crystals of stilbite from Western Ghats, Bombay. Traps of Darang and Mandi in North-Western Himalayas. Connexion between Hazara and Kashmir series. Umaria coal-field (South Rewah Gondwana basin}. Darenesint coal-field, Garo Hills, Assam, Coal in Myanoung division, Henzada istrict. 9 z Part 4 (out of print).—Gold-fields of Mysore. Borings for coal at Beddadanol, Godavari district, in 1874. Supposed occurrence of coal on Kistna. Vor. XVI, 1883. Part 1.—Annual report for 1882. Richthofenia. Kays (Anomia Lawrenciana, Koninck). Geology of South Travancore. Geology of Chamba. Basalts of Bombay. Part 2 (out ef print).—Synopsis of fossil vertebrata of India. Bijori Labyrinthodont. Skull of Hippotherium antilopinum. Iron ores, and subsidiary materials for manu- facture of iron, in north-eastern part of Jabalpur district. Laterite and other manga- nese-ore Occurring at Gosulpore, Jabalpur district. Umaria coal-field. Part 3.—Microscopic structure of some Dalhousie rocks. Lavas of Aden. Probable occur- rence of Siwalik strata in China and Japan. Mastodon angustidens in India. Traverse between Almora and Mussooree. Oretaceous coal-measures at Borsora, in Khasia Hills, near Laour, in Sylhet. Part 4.—Paleontological notes from Daltonganj and Hutar coal-fields in Chota Nagpur. Altered basalts of Dalhousie region in North-Western Himalayas. Microscopic strue- ture of some Sub-Himalayan rocks of tertiary age. Geology of Jaunsar and Lower Himalayas. Traverse through Eastern Khasia, Jaintia, and North Cachar Hills. Native lead from Maulmain and chromite from the Andaman Islands. Fiery eruption from one of mud volcanoes of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Irrigation from wells in North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Vou. XVII, 1884. Part 1.—Annual report for 1883. Smooth-water anchorages or mud-banks of Narrakal and Alleppy on Travancore coast. Billa Surgam and other caves in Kurnool district. Geology of Chauari and Sihunta parganas of Chamba. Lyttonia,-Waagen, in Kuling series of Kashmir. Part 2.—Karthquake of 31st December 1881. Microscopic structure of some Himalayan granites and gneissose granites. Choi coal exploration. Re-discovery of fossils in Siwalik beds. Mineral resources of Andaman Islands in neighbourhood of Port Blair. Intertrappean beds in Deccan and Laramie group in Western North America. Part 8 (out of print).—Microscopic structure of some Arvali rocks. Section along Indus from Peshawar Valley to Salt-range. ites for boring in Raigarh-Hingir coal-field (first notice). Lignite near Rajpore, Central Provinces. Turquoise mines of Nishapur, Khorassan. Fiery eruption from Minbyin mud Volcano of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Langrin coal-field, South-Western Khasia Hills. Umaria coal-field. Part 4.—Geology of part of Gangasulan pargana of British Garhwal. Slates and schists imbedded in gneissose granite of North-West Himalayas. Geology of Takht-i-Sulei- man. Smooth-water anchorages of Travancore coast. Auriferous sands of the Suban- siri river, Pondicherry lignite, and phosphatic ro¢ks at Musuri. Billa Surgam caves. Vou. XVIII, 1885. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1884. Country between Singareni coal-field and Kistna river. Geological sketch of country between Singareni coal-field and Hydera- bad. Coal and limestone in Doigrung river near Golaghat, Assam, Homotaxis, as illustrated from Indian formations. Afghan field notes. Part 2.—Fossiliferous series in Lower Himalaya, Garhwal. Age of Mandhali series in Lower Himalaya. Siwalik camel (Camelus Antiquus, nobis ex Fale. and Caut. MS.), Geology of Chamba. Probability of obtaining water by means of artesian wells in ~ plains of Upper India. Artesian sources in plains of Upper India. Geology of Aka Hills. Alleged tendency of Arakan mud volcanoes to burst into eruption most frequently during rains. Analyses of phosphatic nodules and rock from Mussooree. Part 3.—Geology of Andaman Islands. Third species of Merycopotamus. Percolation as affected by current. Pirthalla and Chandpur meteorites. Oil-wells and coal in Thayetmyo district, British Burma. Antimony deposits in Maulmain district. Kash- mir earthquake of 30th May 1885. Bengal earthquake of 14th July 1885. Part 4.—Geological work in Chhattisgarh division of Central Provinces. Bengal earth- quake of 14th July 1885. Kashmir earthquake of 30th May 188& Kxcavations in Billa Surgam caves. Nepaulite. Sabetmahet meteorite. Vou. XIX, 1886. Part 1.—Annual report for 1885. International Geological Congress of Berlin. Palxozoic Fossils of Olive group of Salt-range. Correlation of Indian and Australian coal- bearing beds. Afghan and Persian Field-notes. Section from Simla to Wangtu, and petrological character of Amphibolites and Quartz Diorites of Sutlej valley. Part 2 (out of print).—Geology of parts of Bellary and Anantapur districts. Geology of Upper Dehing basin in Singpho Hills. Microscopic characters of eruptive rocks from Central Himalayas. Mammalia of Karnul Caves. Prospects of finding coal in Western Rajputana. Olive group of Salt-range. Boulder-bed of Salt-range. Gond- wana Homotaxis. Ae Fe ( Part 3 (out of print).—Geological sketch of Vizagapatam district, Madras. Geology of Northern Jesalmer. Microscopic structure of Malani rocks of Arvali region. Malanj- khandi copper-ore in Balaghat district, C. P. ; Part 4 (out of print).—Petroleum in India. Petroleum exploration at Khaitan. Boring in Chhattisgarh coal-fields. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 3, Turkistan, Fiery eruption from one of mud voleanoés of Cheduba Island, Arakan. Nammianthal wrolite. Analysis of gold dust from Meza valley, Upper Burma. Vor. XX, 1887. Part 1.—Annual report for 1886. Field-notes from Afghanistan: No. 4, from Turkistan to India. Physical geology of West British Garhwal; with notes on a route traversed 10 through Jaunsar-Bawar and Tiri-Garhwal. Geology of Garo Hills. Indian image- stones. Soundings recently taken off Barren Island and Narcondam. ‘lalchir boulder- beds. Analysis of Phosphatic Nodules from Salt-range, Punjab, Part 2.—¥Fossil vertebrata of India. Echinoidea of cretaceous series of Lower Narbada Valley. Field-notes : No. 5—to accompany geological sketch BP of Afghanistan and North-Eastern Khorassan. Microscopic structure of Rajmahal and Deccan traps. Dolerite of Chor. Identity of Olive series in east with speckled sandstone in west of Salt-range in Punjab. Part 3.—Retirement of Mr. Medlicott, J. B. Mushketoff’s Geology of Russian Turkistan. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaun, Sec- tion I. Geology of Simla and Jutogh. ‘ Lalitpur’ meteorite. : Part t (out of print).-—Points in Himalayan geology. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower fins aya, Garhwal, and Kumaon, Section II. lLron industry of western portion of Raipur. Notes on Upper Burma. Boring exploration in Chattisgarh coal- fields. (Second notice). Pressure Metamorphism, with reference to foliation of Himalayan Gneissose Granite. Papers on Himalayan Geology and Microscopic Petrology. Vou. XXI, 1888. Part 1.—Annual report for 1887. Crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Lower Himalaya, Garhwal, and Kumaun, Section III. Birds’-nest of Elephant Island, Mergui Archi- pelago. Exploration of Jessalmer, with a view to discovery of coal. Facetted_ pebble from boulder bed (‘ speckled sandstone’) of Mount Chel in Salt-range, Punjab. Nodular stones obtained off Colombo. Part 2.—Award of Wollaston Gold Medal, Geological Society of London, 1888. Dharwar System in South India. Igneous rocks of Raipur and Balaghat, Central Provinces. Sangar Marg and Mohowgale coal-fields, Kashmir. Part 3 (out of print).—Manganese Tron and Manganese Ores of Jabalpur. ‘ The Carboni- ferous Glacial Period.’ Pre-tertiary sedimentary formations of Simla region of Lower Himalayas. Part 4 (out of print).—Indian fossil vertebrates. Geology of North-West Himalayas. Blown-sand rock sculpture. Nummulites in Zanskar. Mica traps from Barakar and Raniganj. Vou. XXII, 1889. Part 1 (out of print).—Annual report for 1888. Dharwar System in South India. Wajra Karur diamonds, and M. Chaper’s alleged discovery of diamonds in pegmatite. “Generic position of so-called Plesiosaurus Indicus. Flexible sandstone or Itacolumite, its nature, mode of occurrence in India, and cause of its flexibility. Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia. Part 2 (out of print).—Indian Steatite. Distorted pebbles in Siwalik conglomerate. “* Carboniferous Glacial Period.’’ Notes on Dr. W. Waagen’s ‘‘ Carboniferous Glacial Period.”’ Oil-fields of Twingoung and Beme, Burma. Gypsum of Nehal Nadi, Kumaun. Materials for pottery in neighbourhood of Jabalpur and Umaria. Part 3 (out of print).—Coal outcrops in Sharigh Valley, Baluchistan. ‘Trilobites in Neobolus beds of Salt-range. Geological notes. Cherra Poonjee coal-field, in Khasia Hills. Cobaltiferous Matt from Nepal. President of Geological Society of London on International Geological Congress of 1888. Tin-mining in Mergui district. Part 4 (out of print).—Land-tortoises of Siwaliks. Pelvis of a ruminant from Siwaliks. Assays from Sambhar Salt-Lake in Rajputana. Manganiferous iron and Manganess Ores of Jabalpur. Palagonite-bearing traps of Rajmahdl hills and Deccan. Tin- smelting in Malay Peninsula. Provisional Index of Local Distribution of Important peers Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones and Quarry Stones in Indian Empire. art 1. ' Vou. XXIII, 1890. Part 1.—Annual report for 1889. Lakadong coal-fields, Jaintia Hills. Pectoral and pelvic girdles and skull of Indian Dicynodonts. Vertebrate remains from Nagpur district (with description of fish-skull). Crystallinesand metamorphic rocks of wax Hima- layas. Garhwdl and Kumaon, Section IV. Bivalves of Olive-group, Salt-range Mud- banks of Travancore coasts. Part 2 (out of print).—Petroleum explorations in Harnai district, Baluchistan. Sapphire Mines of Kashmir. Supposed Matrix of Diamond at Wajra Karur, Madras. Sonapet Gold-field. Field notes from Shan Hills (Upper Burma). New species of Syring- ospheride. Part 3 (out of print).—Geology and Economic Resources of Country adjoining Sind-Pishin Railway between Sharigh and Spintangi, and of country between it and Khattan. Journey through India in 1888-89, by Dr. Johannes Walther. Coal-fields of Lairungao, Maosandram, and Mao-be-lar-kar, in the Khasi Hills. Indian Steatite. Provisional Index of Local Distribution of Important Minerals, Miscellaneous Minerals, Gem Stones, and Quarry Stones in Indian Empire. Part 4 (out of print).—Geological sketch of Naini Tal; with remarks on natural conditions governing mountain slopes. Fossil Indian Bird Bones. Darjiling Coal between Lisu and Ramthi rivers. Basic Eruptive Rocks of Kadapah Area. Deep Boring at Luck- now. Coal Seam of Dore Ravine, Hazara. Vou. XXIV, 1891. Part 1.—Annual report for 1890. Geology of Salt-range of Punjab, with re-considered theory of Origin and Age of Salt-Marl. Graphite in decomposed Gneiss (Laterite) in Ceylon. Glaciers of Kabru, Pandim, etc. Salts of Sambhar Lake in Rajputana, and ‘Reh ’ from Aligarh in North-Western Provinces. Analysis of Dolomite from Salt- range, Punjab. 2 ’ 11 fart 2.—Ouu near Moghal Kot, in Sherani country, Suleiman Hills. Mineral Oil from Suleiman Hills. Geology of Lushai Hills. Uoal-fields in Northern Shan States. Reported Namséka Ruby-mines in Mainglon State. Tourmaline (Schorl) Mines in’ Mainglén State.—Salt-spring near Bawgyo, Thibaw State. Part 3 (out of print).—Boring in Daltongunj Coal-field, Palamow. Death of Dr. P. Martin Duncan. Pyroxenic varieties of Gneiss and Scapolite-bearing Rocks. Part 4.—Mammalian Bones from Mongolia. Darjiling Coal Exploration, Geology and Mineral Resources of Sikkim. Rocks from the Salt-range, Punjab. . \ Vout. XXV, 1892. Part 1.—Annual report for 1891. Geology of Thal Chotidli and part of Mari country. Petrological Notes on Boulder-bed of Salt-range, Punjab. Sub-recent and Recent Deposits of valley plains of Quetta, Pishin, and Dasht-i-Bedalot ; with appendices on Chamans of Quetta; and Artesian water-supply of Quetta and Pishin. Part 2 (out of print).—Geology of Saféd Kéh. Jherria Coal-field. Part 3.—Locality of Indian 'T'scheffkinite. Geological Sketch of country north of Bhamo. Economic resources of Amber and Jade mines area in Upper Burma. Iron-ores and Iron Industries of Salem District. Riebeckite in India. Coal on Great Tenasserim River, Lower Burma. : Part 4.—Oil Springs at Moghal Kot in Shirani Hills. Mineral Oil from Suleiman Hills. New Amber-like Resin in Burma. Triassic Deposits of Salt-range. Vou. XXVI, 1893. Part 1.—Annual report for 1892. Central Himalayas. Jadeite in Upper Burma. Bur- ae Fossil Resin from Upper Burma. Prospecting Operations, Mergui District, Part 2 (out of print).—Earthquake in Baluchistan of 20th December 1892. Burmite, new amber-like fossil resin from Upper Burma. Alluvial deposits and Subterranean water- supply of Rangoon. a Part 3 (out of print).—Geology of Sherani Hills. Carboniferous Fossils from Tenasserim. Boring at Chandernagore. Granite in Tavoy and Mergui. ; Part 4.—Geology of country between Chappar Rift and Harnai in Baluchistdén. Geology of part of Tenasserim Valley with special reference to Tendau-Kamauping Coal-field. Magnetite containing Manganese and Alumina. Hislopite. Vou. XXVIII, 1894. Part 1.—Annual report for 1893. Bhaganwala Coal-field, Salt-range, Punjab. Part 2.—Petroleum from Burma. Singareni Coal-field, Hyderabad (Deccan). Gohna Landslip, Garhwal. Part 3.—Cambrian Formation of Eastern Salt-range. Giridih (Karharbari) Coal-fields. Chipped (?) Flints in Upper Miocene of Burma. Velates Schmideliana, Chemn., and Provelates grandis, Sow. sp., in Tertiary Formation of India and Burma. . Part 4.—Geology of Wuntho in Upper Burma. LEchinoids from Upper Cretaceous System of Baluchistan. Highly Phosphatic Mica Peridotites intrusive in Lower Gondwana Rocks of Bengal. Mica-Hypersthene-Hornblende-Peridotite in Bengal. Vou. XXVIII, 1895. Part 1.—Annual report for 1894. Cretaceous Formation of Pondicherry. Tarly allusion to Barren Island. Bibliography of Barren Island and Narcondam from 1884 to 1894. Part 2.—Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India and geographical conditions during later cretaceous times. Experimental Boring for Petroleum at Sukkur from October 1895 to March 1895. Tertiary system in Burma. Part 3.—Jadeite and other rocks, from Tammaw in Upper Burma. Geology of Tochi Valley. Lower Gondwanas in Argentina. Part 4.—Igneous Rocks of Giridih (Kurhurbaree) Coal-field and their Contact Effects. Vindhyan system south of Sone and their relation to so-called Lower Vindhyans. Lower Vindhyan area of Sone Valley. Tertiary system in Burma. / Vou. XXIX, 1896. Part 1.—Annual report for 1895. Acicular inclusions in Indian Garnets. Origin and Growth of Garnets and of their Micropegmatitic intergrowths in Pyroxenic rocks. Part 2 (out of print).—Ultra-basic rocks and derived minerals of Chalk (Magnesite) hills, and other localities near Salem, Madras. Corundum localities in Salem and Coimbatore districts,: Madras. Corundum and Kyanite in Manbhum district, Bengal. Ancient Geography of “‘ Gondwanaland.’’ Notes. Part 3.—Igneous Rocks from the Tochi Valley. Notes. Part 4.—Steatite mines, Minbu district, Burma, Lower Vindhyan (Sub-Kaimur) area of Sone Valley, Rewah. Notes. Vou. XXX, 1897. Part 1.—Annual report for 1896. Norite and associated Basic Dykes and Lava-ficws in Southern India. Genus Vertebraria. On Glossopteris and Vertebraria. Part 2.—Cretaceous Deposits of Pondicherri. Notes. Part 3.—¥Flow structure in igneous dyke. Olivine-norite dykes at Coonoor. Excavations for corundum near Palakod, Salem District. Occurrence of coal at Palana in Bikanir. Geological specimens collected by Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1896. Part 4.—Nemalite from Afghanistan. Quartz-barytes rock in Salem district, Madras Presidency. Worn femur of Hippopotamus irravadicus, Caut, and Falc., from Lower Pliocene of Burma. Supposed coal at Jaintia, Baxa Duars. Percussion Figures on micas. Notes. @ 12 Vout. XXXI1, 1904. Part 1 (out of print).—Prefatory Notice. Copper-ore near Komai, Darjeeling district. Zewan beds in Vihi district, Kashmir. Coal deposits of Isa Khel, Mianwali district, Punjab. Um-Rileng coal-beds, Assam. Sapphirine-bearing rock from Vizagapatam district. Miscellaneous Notes. Assays. Part 2 (out of print).—Lt.-Genl, C. A. McMahon. Cyclobus Haydeni Diener. Auriferous Occurrences of Chota Nagpur, Bengal. On the feasibility of introducing modern methods of Coke-making at East Indian Railway Collieries, with supplementary note by Director, Geological Survey of India. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 3 (out ¢f rint).—Upper Palwozoic formations of Eurasia. Glaciation and History of Sind Valley. Halorites in Trias of Baluchistan. Geology and Mineral Resources of Mayurbhanj. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4 (out of print).—Geology of Upper Assam, Auriferous Occurrences of Assam. Mela occurrence of Scapolite from Madras Presidency. Miscellaneous Notes, ndex. Von. XXXII, 1905. Part 1 (out of print).—Review of Mineral Production of India during 1898—1903. Part 2 (out of print).—General report, April 1903 to December 1904, Geology of Pro- vinces of ‘sang and in Tibet. Bauxite in India. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 3 (out of print).—Anthracolithic Fauna from Subansiri Gorge, Assam. Elephas ' Antiquus (Namadicus) in Godavari Alluvium. Triassic Fauna of Tropites-Limestone of Byans. Amblygonite in Kashmir. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 4.—Obituary notices of H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford. Kangra Earthquake of 4th April 1905. Index to Volume XXXII. : Von. XXXIII, 1906. f Part 1 (out of men eneral Production of India during 1904. Pleistocene Movement in Indian Peninsula. Recent Changes in Course of Nam-tu River, Northern Shan States. Natural Bridge in Gokteik Gorge. Geology and Mineral Resources of Narnaul Dis- trict (Patiala State). Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2 (out of print).—General report for 1905. Lashio Coal-field, Northern Shan States. _Namma, Mansang and Man-se-le Coal-fields, Northern Shan States, Burma. Mis- cellaneous Notes. Part 3 (out of print).—Petrology and Manganese-ore Deposits of Sausar Tahsil, Chhind- wara district, Central Provinces. Geology of part of valley of Kanhan River in Nagpur and Chhindwara districts, Central Provinces. Manganite from Sandur Hills. Miscellaneous Notes. , Part 4 (out of print).—Composition and Quality of Indian Coals. Classification of the _ Vindhyan System. Geology of State of Panna with reference to the Diamond- bearing Deposits. Index to Volume XXXIII. Vou. XXXIV, 1906. Part 1.—Fossils from Halorites Limestone of Bambanag Cliff, Kumaon. Upper Triassic Fauna from Pishin District, Baluchistan. Geology of portion of Bhutan. Coal Occurrences in Foot-hills of Bhutan. Dandi Coal-field : Coal outcrops in Kotli Tehsil of Jammu State. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2 (out of print).—Mineral Production of India during 1905. Nummulites Douvillei, with remarks on Zonal Distribution of Indian Nummulites. Auriferous Tracts in Southern India. Abandonment of Collieries at Warora, Central Provinces. Mis- cellaneous Notes. Part 3 (out of print).—Explosion Craters in Lower Chindwin district, Burma. Lavas of Pavagad Hill. Gibbsite with Manganese-ore from Talevadi, Belgaum district, and Gibbsite from Bhekowli, Satar District. Classification of Tertiary system in Sind with reference to Zonal distribution of Eocene Echinoidea. Part 4 (out of print).—Jaipur and Nazira Coal-fields, Upper Assam. Makum Coal-fields } between Tirap and Namdang Streams. Kabat Anticline, near Seiktein, Myingyan district, Upper Burma. Asymmetry of Yenangyat-Singu Anticline, Upper Burma. Northern part of Gwegyo Anticline, Myingyan District, Upper Burma, Breynia Multituberculata, from Nari of Baluchistan and Sind. Index to Volume XXXIV. . Von. XXXV, 1907. Part 1 (out of print).—General report for 1906. Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina in Nummulitic Series. Meteoric Shower of 22nd October 1905 at Dokachi and neighbour- hood, Dacca district. Part 2.—Indian Aerolites. Brine-wells at Bawgyo, Northern Shan States. Gold-bearing Deposits of Loi Twang, Shan States. Physa Prinsepii in Maestrichtian strata of Baluchistan. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 3.—Preliminary survey of certain Glaciers in North-West Himalaya. A.—Notes on certain Glaciers in North-West Kashmir. Part 4.—Preliminary survey of certain Glaciers in North-West Himalaya. B.—Notes on certain Glaciers in Lahaul. C.—Notes on certain Glaciers in Kumaon. Index to Volume XXXV. Vou. XXXVI, 1907-08. Part 1.—Petrological Study of Rocks from hill tracts, Vizagapatam district, Madras Presidency. Nepheline Syenites from hill tracts. Vizagapatam district, Madras Presidency. Stratigraphical Position of Gangamopteris Beds of Kashmir. Volcanic outburst of Late Tertiary Age in South Hsenwi, N. Shan States. New suide from Bugti Hills, Baluchistan. Permo-Carboniferous Plants from Kashmir, 13 Part 2 (out of print).—Mineral Production of India during 1906. Ammonites of Bagh Beds. Miscellaneous Notes. Part § (out of print).—Marine fossils in Yenangyaung oil-field, Upper Burma. Fresh- water shells of genus Batissa in Yenangyaung oil-field, Upper Burma. New Species of Dendrophyllia from Upper Miocene of Burma. Structure and age of Taungtha hills, Myingyan district, Upper Burma. Fossils from Sedimentary rocks of Oman (Arabia). Rubies in Kachin hills, Upper Burma. Cretaceous Orbitoides of India. : Two Calcutta Earthquakes of 1906. Miscellaneous Notes. ’ Part 4.—Pseudo-Fucoids from Pab sandstones at Fort Munro, and from Vindhyan series. ; Jadeite in Kachin Hills, Upper Burma. Wetchok-Yedwet Pegu outcrop, Magwe dis- trict, Upper .Burma. Group of Manganates, comprising Hollandite, Psilomelane and Coronadite. Occurrence of Wolfram in Nagpur district, Central Provinces. Mis- cellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XXXVI. ; Vor. XXXVIT, 1908-09. Part 1 (out of print).—General report for 1907. Mineral Production of India during 1907. Occurrence of striated boulders in Blaini formation of Simla. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2 (out of print).—Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Freshwater Deposits of Baluchistan and Sind. Geology and Mineral Resources of Rajpipla State. Suitability of sands in Rajmahal Hills for glass manufacture. Three new Manganese-bearing minerals :— Vredenburgite, Sitaparite and Juddite. Laterites from Central Provinces. Miscella- neous Notes. Part § (out of print).—Southern part of Gwegyo Hills, including Payagyigon-Ngashan- daung Oil-field. Silver-lead mines of Bawdin, Northern Shan States. Mud voice of Arakan Coast, Burma. ; Part 4 (out of print).—Gypsum Deposits in Hamirpur district, United Provinces. Gond- wanas and related marine sedimentary system of Kashmir. Miseellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XXXVII. Vou. XXXVIII, 1909-10. Part 1 (out of print).—General report for 1908. Mineral Production of India during 1908. Part 2.—Ostrea latimarginata in Burma. China-clay and Fire-clay of Rajmahal Hills. Coal at Gilhurria. Pegu Inlier at Ondwe. Salt Deposits of Rajputana. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 3.—Geology of Sarawan, Jhalawan and Las Bela. Hippurite limestone in Seistan, Afghan Fusulinide. “Miscellaneous Notes. : Part 4.—Western Prome and Kama. Recorrelation of Pegu system. Pegu fossil fish- teeth. Yenangyat Oilfield. Iron-ores of Chanda. Geology of Aden Hinterland. Petrography of Aden Hinterland. Fossils from Aden Hinterland. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XXXVIII. Vou. XXXIX, 1910. Quinquennial Review of Mineral Production for 1904 to 1908. Index to Volume XXXiX. Vou. XL, 1910. Part 1.—Pre-Carboniferous Life-Provinces. Lakes of the Salt Range. Glaciers in™ Sikkim. New Tertiary mammals. Part 2.—General Report of 1909. Mineral Production of India during 1909. | Part 3.—Tertiary Freshwater Deposits of India. Silurian-Trias sequence in Kashmir. Fenestella beds in Kashmir. “ Part 4.—Alum Shale and Alum Manufacture, Kalabagh, Mianwali district, Punjab. Coz fields in North-Eastern Assam. Sedimentary Deposition of Oil. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume XL. ; Vou. XLI, 1911-12. Part 1.—Age and continuation in Depth of Manganese-ores of Nagpur-Balaghat Area, Central Provinces. Manganese-ore deposits of Gangpur State, Bengal, and Distribu- tion of Gondite Series in India. Baluchistan Earthquake of 2lst October 1909. Iden- tity of Ostrea Promensis from Pegu System of Burma and Ostrea Digitalina Eich- wald from Miocene of Europe. Mr. T. R. Blyth. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2.—General Report for 1910. Devonian Fossils from Chitral, Persia, etc. Sections in Pir Panjal Range and Sind Valley, Kashmir. Part 3.—Mineral Production of India during 1910. Samarskite and other minerals in Nellore District, Madras Presidency. Coal in Namchik Valley, Upper Assam. Mis- cellaneous Notes. Part 4.—Pegu-Eocene Succession in Minbu District near Ngape. Geology of Henzada District, Burma. Geology of Lonar Lake, with note on Lonar Soda Deposit. Inter- pee Geological Congress, Stockholm. Miscellaneous Notes. Index to Volume Vor. XLII, 1912. wo Part 1.—Survival of Miocene Oyster in Recent Seas. Silurian Fossils from Kashmir. Blodite from Salt Range. Gold-bearing Deposits of Mong Long, Hsipaw State, Northern Shan States, Burma. Steatite Deposits. Idar State. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2.—General Report for 1911. Dicotyledonous Leaves from Coal Measures of Assam. Poting Glacier, Kumaon, Himalaya, June 1911. Miscellaneous Notes. Part §.—Mineral Production of India during 1911. Kodurite Series. ; Part 4.—Geological: Reconnaissance through Dihong Valley, being Geological Results of Abor Expedition, 1911-12. Traverse Across the Naga Hills of Assam. Indian Aéro- lites. Miscellaneous Notes. 14 Vor. XLII, 1912. Part 1.—General Report for 1912. Garnet as a Geological Barometer. Wolframite in Tavoy District, Lower Burma. Miscellaneous Notes. Part 2:—Mineral Production of India during 1912. Relationship of the Himalaya to the Indo-Gangotic Plain and the Indian Peninsula. Hambergite from Kashmir. Part 3.—Contributions to the Geology of the Province of Yiinnan in Western China, I. The Bhamo-Téng-Yiieh Area. iL Petrology of the Volcanic Rocks of the ‘Téng-Yiieh District. The Kirana Hills. The Banswal Aerolite. Part 4.—Gold-bearing- Alluvium of the Chindwin River and Tributaries. Correlation of the Siwaliks with Mammal Horizons of Europe. Contributions to the Geology of the Province of Yiinnan in Western China. III. Stratigraphy of the Ordovician and Silurian Beds of Western Yiinnan, with Provisional Paleontological Determinations. Further Notes on the species ‘‘ Camarocrinus Asiaticus ’’ from Burma. Vou. XLIV, 1914. Part 1.—General Report for 1913. Carbonaceous Aérolite from Rajputana. Nummulites as Zone Fossils. ' Part 2.—Contributions to the Geology of the Province of Yiinnan in Western China: IV. Country around Yiinnan Fu. Dyke of White trap from Pench Valley Coalfield, -Chhindwara District. Statement of Mineral Concessions granted during 1913. The price fixed for the publication is 1 rupee (1s. 4d.) each part, or 2 rupees (2s. 8d.) each volume of four parts. 1b MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS. A Manual of the Geology of India. 4 Vols. With map 1879-1887— Vol. 1. Peninsular Area. . By H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford Vol. 2. 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