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OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Jfountrrt 1)d ptftoate subscription, fn 1861.

No. ^<&:\ ^

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ptmoitf of tlte pustum of iBiomparatiw Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Vol. vni. No. 3.

THE

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

OF NORTH AMERICA.

By SAMUEL GARMAN.

ERRATA.

Page xxix. Transpose from line 11 to line 10, so as to read "occur the following variations: one " etc.
27. Tbop. lebebis, line 3, read " Nasal grooved or divided."
53. Under Scotrtphis. and p. 54. under 8. obsoletus, read " Anal bifid."

64. Sixth line, for 23, read 25.

65. After elafsoideus, insert "pi. V, f. 2."

66. After doliatus, erase "pi. V, f. 2."
85. Erase Cheilorhina and C. villabsii.

153. Under var. vclpivus, read "p. 299."

154. Under Ophibolus doliatus, erase reference to Dum. Bibr.

155. Var. calligaster, line 1, after " Harl." insert " 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, V, 359, — "
Under var. doliatus, line 3, after " f. 2," insert " D. & B., 1854, Erp., 621."

ptmotYjgi of the gtusrom of iSiorapamtiw ^00l0cjtj

AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Vol. viii, No. 3.

THE

REPTILES AND BATRAOHIAJBTS

OF NORTH AMERICA.

By SAMUEL G ARM AN

PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF THE KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

WITH TEN PLATES.

YEOMAN PRESS. FRANKFORT, KY.:
MAJOR. JOHNSTON & BARKETT.

L883,

I'KKUMIXARY NOTE.

The preparation of the following memoir was begun by Mr. Garman
during my term of service as Director of the Kentucky Geological Sur-
vey. Circumstances have made it necessary to delay its publication to
the present date.

In the act of L874, providing for the continuance of the Geological Sur-
vey, the Legislature of Kentucky permits "that the scientific results of
the Survey may be published in any scientific journal by permission of
the Director." Although this memoir will form a part of the second
volume of .Memoirs of the Kentucky Survey, it seems to me highly
desirable that it should secure the wider circulation that will he given
to it by this publication in the memoirs of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. The Kentucky Survey is fortunate in being able, by this
arrangement. t<> acknowledge the large debt it owe- to this Museum for
most effective aid in f\<'r\ step of its scientific work.

X. S. SHALER,

Formerly Director of '/<-' Kentucky Geological Sw

Cambridge, Mass., June, 1883.

ON THE

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS,

By SAMUEL GARMAN.

INTRODUCTION.

Reptiles and Batrachians.

The Reptiles and Batrachians belong to what are commonly called the
Cold-blooded Vertebrates. This name is applied because the heat-pro-
ducing capacity of their bodies is so low as to render them very susceptible
to thermal variation in the surrounding air or water, and unable to main-
tain any standard temperature. In Batrachia that breathe by means of
gills, the small amount of heat the body is capable of producing is limited
by the amount of oxygen in the water. A heart in which ventricles or
atria are more or less incompletely separated mixes venous with the
arterial blood supplied the tissues of lung-bearing Reptiles and Batrachi-
ans; and thus, in consequence of partial oxygenation, their heat-producing
capacity is reduced. Animals of these classes are, to a considerable
extent, dependent on external heat; they are more active during the
warmer portions of the season or of the day. During the winter of the
temperate zones or the dry sVason of the tropics they are comparatively
inactive.

The Turtles, Crocodiles, Lizards, Amphisbaenians, and Snakes are Rep-
tiles. They are hatched or born with the shape of the adult, breathe by
lungs, and generally are covered by a skin the outer layers of which are
folded so as to resemble scales. The Batrachians include such as the
Toads, Frogs, Salamanders, Newts, Sirens, and Csecilians. Nearly all of
them breathe and progress like fishes during the earlier portion of their
existence, and the majority go through a metamorphosis, taking on the
form of the adult and breathing by lungs later in life. They are without
the scale-like folds of the Epiderm.

From the Turtles to the Snakes of the one, and from the Frogs to the
worm-like Csecilians of the other of these classes, there is a great diversity
of forms and habits. In all the intelligence is of a low order. Commonly
one or more of the senses is feebly or not at all developed. Many are slow
in growth, and live to great ages. Most are tenacious of life, and able to
do without food or drink for long periods. The greater portion are harm-
less; the exceptions are such as the Crocodiles, the few venomous, and a

IV INTRODUCTION'.

tV'w large non-venomous serpents. Depending so much upon small ver-
tebrates and insects for food, the majority are important checks upon the
increase of the enemies of garden and field. Occasionally farmers recog-
nize the compensation received for protecting and gathering these despised
creatures; more often, unfortunately, in prejudice and ignorance of the
friendly habits, they exert themselves in favor of extermination. Even
the lizards that dart about on the bark, branches, and leaves in search
of grubs, borers, and other pests of the orchard, are included in the gen-
eral massacre. The dangerous serpents of the United States are the
Rattlesnake, the Moccasin, and Copperhead, and, though the error is on
the side of safety, the popular fear of these is much greater than is war-
ranted by fact.

The flesh of most of the Turtles, many of the Lizards, and that of
numerous Batrachians, is excellent for the table. Aside from their value
on account of flesh and habits of feeding, the Batrachia form an item of
food for fishes that is not to be overlooked by those engaged in stocking
ponds and streams.

Reptiles.
There is a great number of Reptiles among the fossils. Some of these
belong to recent genera; others are of enormous size, and pertain to genera
long ago extinct. It is the purpose, however, to confine attention in this
work to living forms, and in the main to such as now exist in North
America. These are included in four orders: Testpdixata, Turtles;
Rhizodoxta, Crocodiles and Alligators; Sauria, Lizards; and Ophidia,
Serpents.

Testudinata.
The form typical of this order has a short, clumsy body, of which the
vital portions are inclosed in a bony case, formed by the expansion and
consolidation of the backbones, ribs, and sternum. Perhaps it might he
more exact to say the shell or box is formed by a union of dermal and neural
skeletons. Young turtles have spaces covered by fibro-cartilage between
thi' ribs, near the margins! Among fresh water turtles, Trionycidce, this
peculiarity is persistent; the upper shell, carapace, occupies only the central
portion of the back, and the lower, plastron, is also incomplete. The Trunk-
back, Sphargis, has a leathery case rather than a shell. The epiderm has

INTRODUCTION'. V

the form of thin plates or scales; these are much thickened in the Hawk-
bill, Eretmochelys, and form the tortoise shell of commerce; they are hardly
noticed in such genera as Trionyx and Sphargis. The feel and limbs vary
greatly according to habits. Marine species have broad paddles in which
the toes are not distinct, and the claws appear as hooks on the margin.
Certain fresh-water species have the toes broadly webbed and furnished
with strong claws for tearing to pieces the creatures on which they feed.
And in the land Turtles, Testudo, foot, ankle and leg resemble clubs or
the feet of elephants. The skull is short, massive, and bears but a single
condyle. Ordinarily the neck is long and flexible, and the tail is short; in
sea turtles, however, the neck is comparatively short, and the tail of the
"Snapper" is long.

The sight is keen. The eyes are usually somewhat large and very
mobile; they are protected by two lids and a nictitating membrane. The
hearing is tolerably acute; the tympanum is not protected by valves or
cavity. As would be expected from the mode and infrecmency of breathing,
the sense of smell is dull. The tongue is thick and fleshy. From the man-
ner in which domesticated species select their food, there can be little doubt
of the possession of taste. Tins sense is probably more developed in the
vegetable-eating land tortoises. No specialized tactile organs are known,
unless, it may be, in the fleshy lips of some or barbels in exceptional cases,
as the Matamata. Respiration is effected by muscular exertion or swallow-
ing. Many, if not all, turtles have voice. The most recent verification of
this has been in Calemys Muhlenbergii, by Dr. Abbott. Few creatures are
more sensitive to changes of the weather. A passing cloud often drives
them to shelter.

All turtles arc oviparous. The eggs are fertilized within the oviduct;
they are deposited in the sand or earth, and left to be hatched by the heat
of the sun. The ovaries and testes are paired; the intromittent organ of
the male is simple. When in copulation the male is carried on the hack
of the female. On the paddle of male sea turtles the first claw is modified
so as to form a hook to grasp the edges of the shells of their mates. Males
of many species are distinguished by a depression or concavity in the
plastron.

Land Turtles generally have a well-ossified, high-arched shell, club feet,
and long necks. They travel slowly, feed on vegetables, and arc able to
endure fasts of great length. Sometimes they make long journeys for

VI INTRODUCTION.

water along accustomed routes. When drinking the head is plunged into
the liquid, which is taken slowly iii gulps, as if to prolong the enjoyment
as much as possible. South America and the Galapagos Islands possess
the largest living species. Our largest is the "Gopher" of the Southern
States, Xerobates, "Box Tortoises," Cistudo, are not uncommon east of
the Rocky .Mountains. In these both valves of the plastron are hinged,
and. when the head, tail, and limbs arc drawn within, can be closed tightly
against the carapace.

Mml Turtles have a more elongate shell than the preceding; and tin'
height, compared with the length, is less. In structure the plastron varies
considerably, most often it is rigid; one or the other, or both, of the lobes
may he hinged. Their food is mixed — animal and vegetable. Species
of Emys, ('< mist cnut m, and Ozotheca are common examples. One of the
largest that might be placed in this group is the gigantic river tortoise
of the Amazons, Podocnemys. The largest North American inland turtles
are the "Snappers," Chetydra, and Gypochelys. In them the head is large,
tail long, and plastron reduced in size.

Freshwater Turtles, such as belong to the genera Amyda, Platypeltis, and
Aspidonectes, are seldom seen on the land. Their shells are much depressed
and the margins are leathery. The nostrils arc produced beyond the snout
in a sort of proboscis, which admits of taking air without disturbing the
surface of the water or showing the head. They are carnivorous, and feed
on tishcs, batrachians and worms. The feet are webbed, furnished with
strong claws, and the marine species are hardly more expert in swimming.
Some of these arc quite as savage as the snappers.

The flesh of the majority of the land, mud, and water species is excellent.
When brought to market they are ordinarily known by the name "Ter-
rapin," though that best known by this title is the marsh turtle, Malaco-
clemmys palustris.

Sen Turtles are numerous off the coasts of Florida. "Trunk-backs" or
"Leather-backs." Sjphargis, are the largest, attaining more than a thousand
pounds in weight. As the common name suggests, carapace and plastron
are not ossified as in other marine genera. Sphargis is very erratic. Speci-
mens from the Gulf of Mexico find their way northward to the coasts of
New England, and are supposed to cross the Atlantic, individuals having
been taken at the British Isles. Loggerheads, Thalassochclys, are more
common. These reach a weight of four hundred pounds. They are said

INTRODUCTION. VIl

to eat almost anything — seaweed, sponges, Crustacea, mollusks, fish, etc. A
massive sponge growing around the Florida Keys is called Loggerhead
sponge, because, as the fishermen say, the turtles are very fond of it.
They take Conchs from their shells by biting off the small end of the
spiral. The Bastard Turtle, CoJpochelys, is smaller than, and intermediate
between, Loggerheads and Green. Green Turtles, Chelonia, are reported
to weigh as much as eight hundred pounds. They are most prized for the
markets. A peculiar grass, Zostera, growing on the bottom in shoal places,
is said to be their main dependence for food. A great many are shipped
from Florida and the West Indies to the Northern States and Europe.
Hawkbills or Shell-backs, Eretmochelys, are valued as the source of the
shell used in the arts. One hundred and sixty pounds is a large weight.
All of the marine species are used as food, but the Green is most sought.
Many men do little else than supply the markets with the meat and eggs.
According to an expert in these matters, Richard M. Kemp, turtlers most
often make their captures by means of the peg. Bits of the grass floating
above the grazing turtles betray their whereabout, and if they are not
startled it is not difficult to fasten the peg in the shell. A peg is an iron
instrument like a blunt nail, to which a line is attached, and which, when
driven into the shell, easily slips out of the end of the long pole in which
it is placed. By means of the line the turtle is drawn on board the
boat. Mr. Kemp says that the Bastard and the Leather-back couple and
lay in December, January and February, and the Hawkbill, Loggerhead,
and Green in April, May and June. When about to deposit the eggs, the
only time the shore is visited, the female selects some sandy beach, and in
the night drags herself out above high-water mark. Here she digs a hole
of one to two feet in depth, in which she drops seventy-five to two hundred
eggs. She then covers the nest carefully, packing down the sand with her
body, and retreats to the water. Fourteen or fifteen nights afterward she
returns to make another nest near the fii*st. Three to five times in a season,
the fishermen say, she returns in this way. If a turtler going his rounds
in the morning finds the tracks made on the way to and from the nest, he
takes a short stick and carefully thrusts it down here and there in the
trampled space until pushed through an egs,, the yolk upon the probe dis-
covers the nest. Fourteen nights later he is on the ground waiting till the
ci'eature comes ashore, when he turns her on her back, and in the morning
carries her to the markets. Persons in the business claim that there is no

VIII INTRODUCTION.

diminution in numbers, which, in view of the wholesale destruction, seems
hardly possible.

The eggs arc spherical and soft-shelled — that is, they are covered hy a
thick skin, on which the limy covering is thin. The young are furnished
with a sharp point in front of the nostrils, like that on the beak <>f a young
bird, with which they tear their way .out. At once, on freeing themselves
from the sand, they take to the water. I am told these animals are very
fond of the "Portuguese Men-of-War," Phy&aUa; and that, when engaged
in eating them, they shut their eyes to avoid the stings, and may be taken
into a boat without pegging. Nets are also used in taking them.

Rhizodonta.
Crocodiles have long bodies, long tails, short necks, and rather short
legs. The heads vary greatly in shape; in some the snout is long and
narrow; in other genera it is pointed, and in the alligators it is broad.
The condyle is single ; generally the vertebrae are concave in front. A com-
plete separation exists between the ventricles, but communication between
the atria mixes venous with the arterial blood going to the posterior portion
of the body. In the skin of the dorsal portions there are bony plates. The
epiderm is thin and corneous, closely attached to the skull, and arranged
over body and tail in transverse series of rectangular plates. The mouth
is large, and the jaws are strong. The teeth are numerous, conical in some,
compressed in others, and in all received in sockets by their bases. The
tongue is fleshy, short, non-extensile, and adherent to the floor of the mouth.
Nostrils, eyes, and ears are situated prominently on the top of the head,
which enables the animal to breathe, see, and hear without exposing itself.
The eye is provided with three lids; the pupil varies from horizontal to
vertical in the different genera. By means of valves the tympanic cavity
may be closed against the water. At the back of the tongue a valvular
arrangement closes the mouth cavity against the water when struggling
with the prey below the surface. In some respects the stomach resembles
that of birds; it is rounded and the coating is thick. The abdominal is
separated from the pectoral chamber by a muscular diaphragm. Croco-
diles are carnivorous; they commonly drown their prey, afterward going
to the shore to eat it. They are said sometimes to wait until it is partially
decomposed. Their flesh is rarely, if ever, eaten. Recently the skins have
come into use to a considerable extent for leather. The eggs are oblong,

INTRODUCTION. fX

and have a hard shell; they are left in holes in the earth and sand to
hatch. The cloaca] aperture is a longitudinal slit; the penis is single.
The Rhizodonts are long lived; the young grow rapidly, adults more
slowly. Specimens have been taken of lengths greater than fifteen feet.
When swimming they propel themselves by the tail, the webs between
the toes in many species being of more service in lifting them from the
mud.

Voice in this group seems to be limited to a sort of suppressed bellow
or blowing noise. Habits vary in different genera; some are nocturnal,
others diurnal. In regions affected by protracted drouths some bury them-
selves in the mud before it hardens, and reappear when the rains have
again softened it sufficiently to allow them to release themselves. Some
are very dangerous. Natives in crocodile-infested regions are able to free
themselves when seized by the creatures by thrusting the fingers into the
eyes. Few animals are harder to kill. A hook baited with flesh and tied
to a number of small cords, which get between the teeth, is the best means
of capture. Caught in this way the powerful blows of the tail are effec-
tively used in defense.

The common North American representative of the order is the Alli-
gator, ranging from Florida to Tehuantepec. Stragglers have been
reported as far north as the mouth of the Ohio river. A crocodile, C.
amcricanus, ventures north along the coasts of Mexico from Central
America. Another, probably C. intermedium, from the West Indies, is
occasionally found in Florida.

Sauria.
The transition from this order to the preceding and to the following is
so gradual that it is next to impossible to cite characters that shall be gen-
eral and exclusive. In a general way animals belonging to this order are
distinguished from' the Rhizodonts by dentition, squamation, structure of
heart, structure of ear, transverse anal aperture, and male sexual organs,
and from the Ophidians by lack of motion of maxillae and other bones
of the head, elastic symphysis of mandibles, structure of ear, structure
of eye, and presence of limbs. It will be seen at once that there are
numerous exceptions, especially in regard to the separation from the ser-
pents. Scolecophidia have the bones of the head more firmly united than
other snakes, and some agree with the Amphisbsense of the Sauria in the

X INTRODUCTION.

possession of rudiments of limbs nol visible externally. A few lizards
have the ears covered by the skin, and others have no eyelids. There are
serpents and lizards which have similar forms, motions, and habits. The
extent of variation may best be seen by comparison of the examples cited
below.

Development of the senses varies according to habits. In the serpent-
tongued lizai-ds we meet with great quickness of sight, hearing, scent and
touch, accompanied by lack of taste — the tongue simply being a very sen-
sitive tactile organ. Again, in species living upon vegetation, the touch is
deficient and the tongue is short and thick, evidently an organ of taste.
The keen-sighted Chamaeleon has a tongue which is probably an organ
of taste as well as touch.

Many of the Saurians are noted for transient variations of color. The
cause of these changes is found in the presence of pigments of different
coloi's at various depths below the surface of the skin. The expansion or
contraction of one or more of the layers, in consequence of muscular action,
nervous irritation, or contraction or inflation of the lungs, changes the pro-
portion of the different pigments visible at a particular instant. If the
upper layer contains the dark pigment, the contraction of its chromato-
phores lessens the visible amount of this color and exposes a greater amount
of that beneath it. These changes arc not to be confounded with that occur-
ring on soils of light color, or in regions where there is great reflection of
the rays of light; in such localities permanent lightening of the colors is
apparently due to a bleaching process undergone by the pigments. It seems
as if the effect of polarized light upon the pigment differed from that of the
direct unpolarized rays. Commonly each vertebra is concave in front and
convex behind. To this there is a very marked exception in the case of the
Uii yxchocephalia, a suborder founded on a family represented by a single
genus of New Zealand lizard, Hatteria or Sphenodon. Externally this ani-
mal resembles the species of the European genus Lacerta so much that one
can hardly believe it more than generically distinct. Skeletal structure and
details of anatomy discover differences of sufficient importance to warrant
the establishment of a different order. .Most noticeable of its peculiarities
are the series of palatine teeth, the structure of the skull, the biconcave
vertebrae, the presence of a cartilaginous rib beneath each transverse fold
of the skin of the abdomen, and the absence on the male of intromittent
sexual organs. Of those examined the females were lighter in color, and

INTRODUCTION". XI

possessed much lower crests than the males. Specimens from the Ru Rima
Reeks are smaller and darker than ethers from the main island. The
stomachs contained nothing luit insects.

ffeloderma, one of the largest North American lizards of the Sauria
proper, inhabits the arid region extending from Utah to Tehuantepec. It
is a clumsy, slow-motioned creature, and presents a repulsive appearance.
The skin is covered with transverse scries of thick plates, rounded and
separated somewhat on the back, quadrangular and close together on the
ventral surface. As if better protected from below, the Heloderma is said
to turn himself on his back when attacked. The teeth are long, slender,
sharp, and grooved. The saliva is very irritating when introduced into a
wound, as is almost certain to be the case when the animal is enraged.
It is generally considered to be fatal to the smaller animals. These are
probably the only venomous of the Saurians. They are terrestrial and
carnivorous; not at all particular as to kind and condition of food. Two
species of the genus are all that are known. By some authors they have
been placed in the Varanidce; for others they form the family IlelodermidcB,
which disposition is to be preferred.

The Varanidce include the largest lizards of the old world. They are
elongate and slender in build, and live near the water. The nostrils can be
closed by valves, and are provided with air pouches, arrangements which
greatly favor diving and remaining below the surface.

True Chamaeleonidce are not found in America. The home of the family
is Africa and Madagascar. One or two species have found their way north-
ward in Southern Asia and Europe. That wrongly called by the name in
the Southern United States is an Anolis. Chamaeleons have compressed
bodies, short necks, and prehensile tails. The head is angular, often crested
or provided with one or more proboscis-like processes in front. The skin is
covered with granular folds or scales. The tongue is long, slender, and very
extensile; it has a club:shaped extremity, prehensile and viscous in front.
The eyes are large, globular, very mobile, covered by a lid through the
center of which there is a narrow opening. A Chamaeleon is able to watch
an object ahead of him with one eye while closely examining with the other
something that has attracted his attention in the opposite direction. The
tympanum is covered by the skin, but as the latter is exceedingly sensitive
to irritation of any kind, it is possible the hearing is not greatly interfered
with. The limbs are slender, compressed, and each bears live toes disposed

Xlf rXTROBUCTlOtf.

in two opposable groups. Such an arrangement of the toes, with the pre--
hensile tail, enables the animals to walk lengthwise of the small branches
with readiness. They spend their lives in the trees, and feed mainly upon
insects, capturing them with the tongue, which can be thrust forward several
inches for the purpose. The females lay from eight to a dozen eggs under
the fallen leaves. In this group the transient variations of color are exces-
sive in amount and rapidity; they often differ on opposite sides. Ability
to take on at will the color of any object upon which an individual may be
placed does not exist.

Most of the Geccorddcv have rudimentary eyelids, and the eyeball covered
by a transparent membrane under which it moves with freedom, A few
have connivent lids. The pupil is most often oblong and erect. The tongue
is short and thick. The skin is covered with granular or tubercular promi-
nences, which are not imbricated. In the greater number of the species the
feet are provided with adhesive apparatus under the toes in the shape of
expansions or transverse series of plates, with which they are able to cling
to vertical and smooth surfaces. These disks vary greatly in the different
genera. Sometimes there are no disks, and sometimes the claws are absent.
Occasionally the claws are retractile as in cats. The body and head are
commonly depressed. When broken or lost, the tail grows out again; it
may be reproduced a number of times in the life of the individual. This
organ takes on fantastic shapes in some species; in all it is very fragile.
Pti/chozoon is marked by fringed dermal expansions on sides of tail, body,
and head, which form a sort of parachute, answering a similar purpose
when leaping to that of the membranes of Draco. The name Gecco is given
in imitation of the voice. Geccoes live in the tropics of both hemispheres,
Some frequent houses, where they are very useful on account of their insec-
tivorous habits. In the United States a single species is represented,
Sphaeriodactylus notatm Bd., at Key West, Florida. Three or four others,
belonging to Coleonyx, Dvplodactylus and Phyllodactylus, are reported from
Sonora and Lower California. Farther South they are more common.

The Aijiimiiliv belong to the Eastern Hemisphere. In this family the
eye and eyelid are well developed, the teeth are generally planted upon the
upper edges of the bones of the jaws, the tongue is thick, and slightly, or
not at all, extensile, the scales are imbricate, and the tail not nearly so
fragile as in other Saurians. The toes are without disks. Of the odd forms
in the various subfamilies, probably none is more striking than that of the

INTRODUCTION. XIII

Dragons or flying lizards, Draco. These possess a membranous expansion
on each side of the body, supported by the posterior or false ribs, which are
much lengthened for the purpose. This membrane may be folded back
against the body or expanded to serve as a parachute, as in case of the
flying squirrel. The ordinary mode of progression is by means of short
jumps. A dermal expansion or goitre depends from the throat; it is dis-
tended when in use by the hyoid apparatus. The tail is long and slender.
All the species of Dragons are small; the total length seldom exceeds seven
or eight inches. Lyriocephalus has its ears hidden under the skin, and its
snout surmounted by a globular prominence. Ceratophora has a lobe or
conical pointed horn above the tip of the snout. Moloch, an Australian
lizard, literally bristles with spines. Chlamydosaurus, also Australian, has
broad fan-like membranes extending backward from the sides of the back
of the head.

The Iguanidce belong almost entirely to the new world. They are diurnal.
Their eyelids are valvular, and their tongues thick and slightly notched.
This is one of the families in which forms and habits are most diversified,
as will be seen by the instances cited below. It contains some of the largest
species of the order. Among these are the terrestrial cactus-eating Cono-
lophus and the amphibious Amblyrhynchus, which feeds on sea weeds and
when pursued secretes itself beneath the rocks under the water, genera
inhabiting only the Galapagos Archipelago. Metapoceros, the Navassa lizard,
found also in llayti, is very large and strong. To aid in burrowing, older
specimens have peculiar scrapers under the basal joints of the third and
fourth toes, and the second joint of the third toe of the hind feet. These
scrapers are on the front side of the toes as they are pushed backward; they
are merely expanded and solidified scales, the lower extremities of which
form a sharp serrated edge of five or more denticulations arranged in a
curve, convex forward In Thysanodactylus the scales along the sides of the
toes are so much expanded as to answer the purpose of a web in swimming.
Iguana, though venturing north into Mexico, is properly a South American
genus. It is also a common lizard in the West Indies. The species are
large, rivaling the Galapagos lizards in bulk but much longer. Their
flesh and eggs are much prized by the natives of the localities in which
they are found. Where they have not been disturbed they are very tame
and enjoy sunning themselves in pleasant weather extended along leafless
branches of trees. They are hunted with dogs, and taken from the tree

XIV INTRODUCTION.

with the noose, the arrow, or the gun. The range of Basiliscus also extends
northward into Southern Mexico. Crested on head, back, and tail, slender
and spider-like in build, in novelty of appearance it rivals the Chlamydo-
saurus. In some genera, as Polychrus and Sphaerops, the skin is to such
an extent unprotected by the scales or granulations as to allow the tran-
sient color variations to be very noticeable.

Nine or ten genera of the family are found north of Central Mexico.
Only one, in ,-i single species, Sceloporus wndulatus, occurs east of the Mis-
sissippi. The undulated lizard ranges northward from the Gulf as far as
Southern Illinois and Maryland. It is common in parts of Kentucky and
Virginia. Phrynosoma, a viviparous genus, ranges from Mexico to Dakota;
it contains nine species, none of which appear East of the plains. One,
P. douglassii, is common in Southern Dakota. Early in August the female
gives birth to about eight young ones. Ants appear to form their principal
food, though they an' not by any means limited to them. They are vul-
garly called "Horned Toads." The subfamily Anoliidce is represented in
the Southern States by a common Saurian, the little greenish, flat-crowned,
slender-tailed, goitred lizard of the trees and bushes, sometimes called
"Chamaeleon" or "Scorpion."

The Lacertidce belong to the old world. They are diurnal land lizards,
with polygonal symmetrically-arranged shields on the head, slender, forked
exsertile tongues, eyes provided with lids, nonimbricate scales, four limbs,
and long fragile tails. They are the common lizards of Europe. The
genus Zootoca is viviparous.

The TeiidcB are Saurians of the Western Hemisphere. Their heads are
covered with angular shields; and their tongues are free, notched, and
exsertile. The only genus representing the family in the United States
contains the slender, short-limbed, six-lined lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus,
of the South. Species of this genus are more numerous in the Rocky
Mountain district, from Montana to Mexico. Teius contains several large
South American species; they are the "Tupinambis" of the Amazon basin.
A young individual ]1;ls the teeth fixed on the inside of the jaw bone, but
as he grows older the bone surrounds them more and more.

The Seines, Scincidde, generally have fusiform or subcylindrical bodies,
and are covered with glossy scales, which are either smooth, keeled, or
grooved. The limbs are short, the body ami tail rather long. In some
there are no limbs, Augais; in others there are two, Opkiodca; and in the

INTRODUCTION. XV

majority there arc four. The eyelids are connivent. Transparent lower
lids occur in species of Eumeces. The tongue is slender, exsertile, and pro-
vided with a pair of pointed extremities. In habits the Seines are terres-
trial. They secrete themselves under logs, bark, rocks, leaves, or in
shallow burrows in loose earth or sand. Their eggs number ten or a
dozen, and are laid in these situations. East of the Mississippi Ewmeees
fasciatus, the "Blue-tail," is the most common; it is found as far North
as Illinois and New York. Specimens ten inches in length are very large.
A second species, E. anthracinus, is found in the mountains of Pennsyl-
vania and Southward. Two others have been described from Florida.
Westward to Mexico the number is much increased. E. letptogrammus is
taken in Dakota. A species of another genus, Oligosoma laterale, has a
distribution somewhat similar to that of E. fasciatus^ probably not extend-
ing quite so far North. The family is found in all tropical and subtrop-
ical countries. TracAydosaurus, the "Stump-tail," and Cyclodus, Australian
genera, are of the largest.

A Californian genus, Aniella, furnishes a foundation for the family Anielr
lidce. This lizard has a long snake-like body and tail, and is without limbs.

The Acontias, Acontiadce, are from the Eastern Hemisphere. Aeon fins
has no limits, and the upper eyelid is rudimentary. Evesia has short limbs,
and the toes are not separate. Nessia has only three toes to the foot.

One of the common lizards of Southern California and Mexico, Ger-
rhonotus, belongs to the Zonuridce, a family of which the greater portion
belongs to the old world, and which is specially marked by a distinct longi-
tudinal fold or groove along each flank. Another member of this family is
the footless snake-lizard, Ophisaurus. The latter has a long, slender tail,
which is easily broken, and being longer than the body, more than half the
total length can be carried away without disabling the animal, which, by
a second growth, soon replaces the portion lost. It is to this peculiar genus
that we owe the fiction of the "Glass-snake." Pseudqpm, an allied genus of
Europe and Southern Asia, resembles the preceding, hut has on each side
of tin- vent a small limb, on which the toes are not separated.

The Amphisb.-knia form a very distinct suborder of the Sauria. In the
typical forms the body is long and subcylindrical, and the tail short and
thick. The bones of the skull are firmly articulated, and the symphysis of
the lower jaw is nonelastic. The tongue is flat, thick, and notched at the
end; the eyes are small and covered by the skin; the ears are hidden; and

XVI INTRODUCTION.

the surface of the skin is divided into small rectangular spaces by trans-
verse folds traversed by longitudinal grooves or furrows. Limbs are absent,
or only prcsnit in front. Chirotes, a Mexican genus, has the fore limbs;
the other genera are footless. Most of the species are said to be found in
or about the nests of ants. One species, Lepidosternon floridanum Bd.,
inhabits the Southeastern United States.

Ophidia. — Serpents.

The elongate spindle-shaped or subcylindrical form of the snake is a
familiar one. There are species which present no distinction between head,
neck, and tail, and there are others in which these parts are well marked.
The majority have no limbs; a few have rudimentary hind limbs, which
appear as claws on each side of the vent. A sternum is lacking, but in the
worm-snakes there are rudiments of a pelvic arch. Most of the serpents
have teeth on jaws and palate. In consequence of the elastic articulations
of the bones of the skull and the symphysis of the lower jaws, they are
able to swallow animals considerably larger than would otherwise be possi-
ble. All the species of the order are carnivorous. Some crush their prey
in the folds of the body, others kill the creatures on which they feed by
venomous secretions, but the greater number swallow living food. During
the operation of swallowing, small pores along the jaws give out a saliva
which renders the act more easy. Frequently the snake disgorges a partly-
swallowed meal to change its position in the mouth, or to take breath; the
slimy appearance of such morsels has given rise to the erroneous idea that
they have been deliberately covered with slime before the attempt to dine.
Movable eyelids do not exist in the Ophidia. The epiderm is continuous
over body and head, and forms a transparent cover for the eyeball. With
the slough or cast skin the outer envelope of the eye is carried away; this
happens at least once in a season.

Near the time of sloughing or moulting, the dermal covering of the eye is
loosened, more opaque, and interferes, to some extent, with the sight ; at such
times snakes are said to be blind. Size of ball, shape of pupil, keenness
of sight, etc., vary according to the habits of the species. Hearing is dull.
There are no external evidences of ears, and it is most likely the jar felt over
the whole body from an approaching tread often gives the needful warning.
The hissing sound produced by expelling the breath from the lungs has been
supposed to be the nearest approach to a voice. Lately, however, some

INTRODUCTION. XVII

Yellow Boas, Chilabothrus inornatus, in my possession have been repeatedly
heard to give utterance to a low plaintive whine as the breath has been
forcibly emitted. Apparently it is bythesenseof smell thai thesnake finds
its companion. Aboul the time of coupling many species arc possessed of a
powerful and very disagreeable odor. The sense of taste is probably lack-
ing. The tongue is a tactile organ; it is soft, slender, provided with a pair
of flexible tips, and can be retracted into a sheath at the bottom of the
mouth. As serpents move about they are constantly feeling ahead of them
with the tongue, and the forward thrust and peculiar appearance of this
organ has given rise to the false idea that with it the "stinging" is done.
The stomach is formed by a widening of the alimentary canal; its sides are
thicker than those of the aesophagus, and have longitudinal folds. Diges-
tion is quick or slow according to the temperature; venom hastens^the
process. One lung is often rudimentary; in species of Boa, Naja, and
Crotalus, both are developed; in Boa they are about equal in size. The
ovaries and testes are paired, tin1 right often larger and placed a little in
advance of the left. The male is furnished with a pair of intromittent
organs, one of which is placed on each side of the vent under the base of
the tail. They are tube-like, and bear a groove on the side; when in use
they are everted like the finger of a glove, and the groove becomes an
external furrow by which the seminal liquid is conducted into the oviduct.
Careless observers have mistaken these organs for feet. In certain species
their extremities are surrounded by series of strong, sharp spines or hooks.
The eggs are oblong, and have a soft, leathery envelope, for the rupture of
which in hatching the young are provided with an egg-tooth. Oviparous
serpents generally leave the eggs to hatch and care for themselves; the
Pythons or rock snakes of the Eastern Hemisphere are exceptions to this
rule; after the eggs are laid the female coils her body round them and incu-
bates. Viviparous species are those in which the eggs are hatched in the
oviduct; there are those in which hatching and laying happen so nearly at
the same time that they are at times oviparous and at others apparently
viviparous. The ribs are very numerous, in some species numbering hun-
dreds, and are loosely articulated to the vertebras. They furnish the main
dependence in locomotion. In reality, there are three methods of progres-
sion used by Ophidia, and each of these may he employed separately.
When a serpent glides he brings the lower ends of opposite ribs forward

Mem. — vol n — 2

XVIII INTRODUCTION.

at the same instant. Each step is short, hardly equal the length of one of
the ventral scutes. The ribs are attached to the scute in such a way that
its free posterior edge, braced against projections on the surface over which
the animal is moving, serves as a .support from which the body is pushed
ahead. A track left by a gliding snake may be a right line. This motion
can he executed so that the entire body moves along without apparent effort.
In walking opposed ribs are moved forward alternately, and the edge of the
end of the scute under the rib moved holds what is gained by the motion
while the opposite extremity is stepped ahead of it. This mode of travel-
ing gives rise to flexures of the body, and the track is undulating. I3v the
third method, the creature pushes or elbows its way with the body ami tail,
as do the eels or snake-like batrachians. Mostof the worm snakes progress
in this way. In fact, any snake hurriedly moving among grass, hushes, or
rocks, takes advantage of any support he can get for his sides or extremity.
Except when gliding, serpents in motion commonly use the three methods
at the same time.

The outer dermal layers are generally folded into the semblance of scales ;
occasionally they are tubercular or granular. The scaly folds are most often
imbricated on the body, and occasionally over the head. Generally labial
and other plates of the head are non-imbricated. When the epiderm is to
be shed, the snake rubs it loose at the lips, and, creeping against some
object, manages to strip it off entire, and ordinarily inside out. The num-
ber of times the skin is shed in a season is variously stated by different
authorities. .Serpents that were kept for study have sloughed hut once in a
year, and I am inclined to believe this is the common practice. Nocturnal
serpents are few, and belong to the torrid zone. Most, if not all, are affected
by a period of comparative inaction; during the winter this takes the form
of hibernation or a winter sleep. Such a sleep or rest is not an absolute
necessity; when waked and kept lively everyday of the winter they do not
seem to be any the worse for it in the spring.

In coloration these reptiles are excessively varied; individual variation is
great in the same species; the colors are more bleached in exposed situa-
tions; and of terrestrial species, those portions of the body that are habitu-
ally raised from the ground are commonly whiter beneath than the balance
of the ventral surface.

Certain good authorities have adopted the idea that some snakes swallow
their young for protection in times of danger. The evidence hardly appears

INTRODUCTION. XIX

•sufficient to warrant the belief. Instances reported to the writer concerned
some known to bs snake-eaters; others known to lay eggs, paying no farther
attention to them, and others of undeterminable species noticed by incom-
petent observers.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology possesses a specimen of Coluber
constrictor, the " Black Snake," taken in Essex county, Massachusetts, by
Prut'. Putnam, the stomach of which contained a half-digested specimen
of Cyclophis vernalis, the "Green Snake," and another of Storeria dekayi,
DeKay's "Brown Snake." It is a well established fact that this snake and
others feed upon their own species at times. Specimens of viviparous
species, in which the young were about ready for delivery, have led some to
the mistaken belief that the little ones had been swallowed.

The classification adopted in the following synopsis includes all serpents
in four groups or suborders: Scolecophidia, worm snakes ; Onychophidia,
clawed snakes; Acacophidia harmless snakes; Toxicophidia, venomous
snakes.

Scolecophidia.

Those of the first suborder are subcylindrical, wormlike, burrowing
species, which feed upon worms, larvae of insects, and the like, living
beneath the surface of the ground. The body is usually elongate, and
the tail short and thick. On account of their subterranean habits, the
eyes are protected by thickened plates, and are more or less imperfectly
developed. Probably it is by the sense of smell that the presence of food
is detected. The mouth is comparatively small, and the bones of the skull
are more firmly articulated than in other Ophidians. There is great simi-
larity between the scales of the back and those of the ventral surface.
The body is marked by a certain rigidity, necessary in burrowing, which
makes these snakes very awkward travelers upon the surface of the ground.
As if to aid in pushing, the tail is in cases provided with a sharp spine,
and in others it is truncate and tubercular. Venomous Scolecophidia are
unknown. North American representatives of the group are found in ten
or eleven species of the family Typhlopidce. They range from California
and Texas southward and westward. Worm snakes belong to tropical
and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Certain species possess a
rudimentary pelvis,

xx introduction.

Onychophidia.

Serpents of the second suborder, Onychophidia, arc distinguished by rudi-
mentary posterior limbs, the only external evidence of which is a .small
claw or prominence on each side of the vent. This group contains the
largest of the snakes, the Boas and Anacondas of the Americas and the
incubating Pythons of the old world, species of which are said to reach
a length greater than thirty feet. The section of the group containing
species with thick non-prehensile tails is represented in California and
Mexico by several burrowing snakes belonging to the genus Charina of
the Erycidce. Eunectes, containing the Anacondas, is a South American
genus, and its species reach greater size than other new world snakes; it
belongs to the section with prehensile tails. Of this section there are three
species of Boa in Mexico; a doubtful fourth is reported in the Yellow Boa,
Chilabothrus inornatus, properly of the West Indies. These Onychophidia
are expert climbers, and many are equally active in the water. None of
them are venomous. They are able to swallow animals of much greater
diameter than their own. Ordinarily they seize the prey with the teeth
and crush it in folds of the body.

ACACOPHIDIA.

The innocuous snakes comprise all the common, harmless species of the
ground, fresh water, or trees. Being not at all harmful, and feeding on
mice, moles, insects, etc., many of them are important aids in restraining
the increase of the most destructive enemies of the husbandman. The
vulgar fear of these animals is mainly the result of education or of preju-
dice, which lacks foundation in facts. In reality, some of the most dreaded
have no existence. Such as the "Ring" or ''Hoop Snake," which is said
to take the end of its tail in its mouth and roll over and over like a hoop,
killing everything it touches with its venomous horn, and the " Blow
Snake," the breath of which is deadly, are mere fictions. A few members
of the division prey upon others, and are said to conquer and eat species of
the Toxicophidia.

Several are possessed of considerable curiosity, and sometimes follow
objects that have attracted their attention. The common black snake,
Coluber constrictor, occasionally chases men in this way, but if turned upon
at once seeks safety in flight, It happens at times that harmless species

INTRODUCTION. XXI

put themselves in the attitude of defense, and resent attack when unable
to escape; their bites are mere scratches, and sin add occasion no anxiety.

Although typical earth, water, or tree snakes are very distinct, the
intermediates are so numerous as to make it impossible to classify them
according to habits. It is well, however, to note the differences of the
types, without losing sight of the fact that there are forms of such struc-
ture and habits as to make their position doubtful in either of the three
divisions.

Ground Snakes are rather stout and thick in body and tail. Their bodies
are usually cylindrical, and the tails most often short and conical. For the
most part they have smooth scales. The eye is of moderate size to small,
and the pupil generally round. Certain species which burrow, as those of
Heterodon, have valvular nostrils, and rostrals shaped somewhat like shovels
or plows.

Wafer Snake* are well represented in the genus Nerodia, in which
the body is stout and fusiform, the tail tapering, the nostrils valvular and
near the top of the snout, and the scales keeled. One of the most peculiar
forms of the division is Herpeton, which has a pair of feelers or tentacles
extending forward from the muzzle.

Tree Snakes are very long and slender. Their eyes are comparatively
large, and the pupil is either round or oblong, erect or horizontal. Tactile
appendages to the snout are possessed by some species. In general they
feed upon the small animals that make their homes among the leaves and
branches. Bachiodon, an African genus, feeds on eggs; it has very weak
teeth in the jaws, but the inferior processes of the vertebrae of the neck
extend into the sesophagus, and are tipped with enamel for the purpose
of crushing the shells after so far swallowed that the contents may not
escape by the mouth and be wasted. Green is a very common color in
this division.

In the list of families in this suborder north of Tehuantcpec, several
really belong to South America, being introduced on account of straggling
species reported from the Mexican region. Of the Dipsadince, a single
species ranges north of Mexico into Arizona and Texas. From Southern
Mexico two species of Scytalince have been noted. There are two species
of Dmdrophince, which also range into Mexico. The most abundant North
American snakes belong to the Niatricince, of which species, as Eutcenia
sirtalis, range over the whole continent, excepting the far North. The

XXII INTRODUCTION.

genera Eutcenia, IFerodia, Eegina, and Storeria, are North American; Eeli-
cops and Hydrops are better represented in Central and South America.

Although the family names in common use are retained here, they are
ranked as subfamilies of one great family, including all the Acaeophidia
or Colubrine snakes, the Colubrida?; The family Colvkrinae contains in the
genus Coluber several species very common in the United States: the Black
snake, C. constrictor, is found over a great portion of the continent, and the
section of the genus containing the Coach Whip snake (Masticophis), C.
flagelliformis, includes half a dozen species, from the Southern States, Mex-
ico, and as far south as Chili. Two species of the South American genus
Spihtes are found in the Gulf States. Pityophis, Cychphis, Phyllopkilophis,
and Salvadora ai'e North American. As the name Salvadora does not seem
to be used elsewhere in the animal kingdom, it has been retained. Promt-
cm is South American and West Indian, but contains one species peculiar
to the Southeastern United States and several others found in Southern
Mexico. The old world genus Elaplus claims several widely distributed
species from the southern half of the continent.

Tachymenis, Erythrolamprus, Liophis, and Xcnodon arc South American
CoroncUhuv, and are represented by a few species in the southern part of
Mexico. Ophibolus, Diadophis, Heterodon, Bhinocheilus, Cemophora, and /////*-
siglena are classed as North American; the first three are found in all
the States, with, perhaps, a few exceptions in the northern tier.

The CalamarincB, of the genera TantUla, Contia, Sonora, Virginia, and
Carphqphis are Northern; Ficimia, CAeilorhina, Stenorhina, Ninia, Creophis,
and Elapomorphus are shared by Mexico with South America.

Tree snakes are found in the Dipsadince, Scytalince, Dendrophince, and
Colubr'nm ; water snakes in the Natricinoe ; and ground snakes in the
Calamarince, Corpnellince, and Colubrince. But in each family there are
species whose habits are so uncertain as to render their positions doubt-
ful.

Toxicophidia.

Grouping all the venomous serpents in a single suborder, brings together
animals of considerable diversity. Because of their differences they have
been arranged in various sections : one, the Proteroghjpha, in which the
fangs are erect, immovable, and grooved in front ; and another, the Solen-
oglypha, which are distinguished by an erectile perforate fang. The Pro-

INTRODUCTION. XXIII

teroglypha are subdivided still farther into the Conocerca, the conical tailed
or colubriform, and the Platycerca, flat-tailed or sea snakes. The Solen-
oglypha are also subdivided into Abothrophera, pitless vipers, and Bothro-
phera, which are marked by a pit on the side of the face between the eye
and nostril.

The cosmopolitan genus Elaps contains all the North American species
of Conocercce. There are two species in the Southern States, and a half
dozen or more in Mexico. Our species are not considered dangerous.
Among the old world species of the division are some of the must deadly
of the order, such as the Cobras, Naja, of Southern Asia and Northern
Africa, the favorites of the Indian jugglers. As in other sections, there
are species which feed upon other snakes.

The Sea Snakes, Platycerca, have the nostrils on the top of the snout,
and the tail compressed so as to form a paddle. Three to five feet in length
is the common size; ten feet is a great length for the largest. They are
numerous in parts of the Indian Ocean. As far as known, a single species
has been found in fresh water, Hydrophis semperi, from Lake Taal in the
Philippines. Pelamijs bicolor has been taken off the coasts of Southern
Mexico. Sea snakes are said to approach the shores only when about to
give birth to the young. They feed upon marine animals of various kinds,
and are sometimes taken in the nets of the fishermen, who fear them very
little.

The Abothrophera belong to the Eastern Hemisphere. Serpents of this
division differ from those of the next principally in the absence of the pit
or lachrymal fossa. With this exception, structure, habits, effects of venom,
etc., are similar.

The pit vipers, Bothrophera, are the most venomous of the new world
Ophidia. A single family, Crotalidce, has heretofore included all of them.
As in the pitless vipers, the fangs are the only teeth upon the maxillaries.
The latter are short, and rotate upon the lachrymal and frontal bones in
such a manner as to allow the fangs to recline against the roof of the
mouth, where they are covered by an elastic membrane when not in use.
The fangs are replaced when shed or broken by others, which grow in a
reclining position behind those in function. A section of one of these fangs
indicates that the tooth has been folded from its sides forward and closed
around the groove which opens a short distance above the point. Another
opening at the base is opposed to the extremity of the duct from the venom

AX IV INTRODUCTION.

gland at the side of the skull behind the eye. This gland is hollow, and
contains the venom it secretes. Venom glands vary considerably in size
and position; they extend back upon the neck in certain Conocercse. Com-
pression by means of the muscles upon the gland forces its contents through
the duct and tooth. This compression is entirely independent of opening
the mouth or erecting the fangs. At the will of the serpent the venom
may or may not be delivered with the bite. As if the creature was
economical, and did not wish to waste its supply, it is frequently the case
that it strikes one or more times without using the poison, and is able to
strike a more effective blow when more thoroughly exasperated. If an
angry snake is held up by the neck, and its mouth kept open, it will raise
ami lower the fangs from time to time, and occasionally spurt the venom
through them with considerable force. Usually on being disturbed and
unable to retreat, the snake throws himself into an attitude of defence by
coiling his body so that the upper half can be readily straightened in the
act of striking. A Rattlesnake will place the tail in the coil with the rattle
directed upward. Very angry individuals strike whether coiled or not.
They do not jump; the hinder part of the body remains in position, and
none of our serpents are in the habit of reaching more than half of their
length. If a stroke is successful, and the fangs enter the flesh of the victim,
a backward pull throws the weight of the body on the fangs, tending to
make free a space in front of them for the introduction of the venom. A
blow is sometimes given when the fangs are not erected, sometimes with
the mouth wide open, and sometimes, apparently, with the jaws closed,
the fangs passing on the outside of the lower jaw which then serves as a
lever with which to disengage them. After wounding it fatally, the snake
watches the prey very intently until the venom has produced the desired
effect and the victim falls, when it appears as if an estimate of the size was
made with chin and tongue by passing from one end to the other of the body
before the attempt to swallow begins at its nose. This intent gazing at
squirrels, birds, etc., in their dying agonies, has given rise to the errone-
ous ideas concerning fascination. All there is of fascination or charming
is to be accounted for by the fact just mentioned, together with the quiet,
almost imperceptible motion of the snake and the recklessness and terror-
ism of the prey. Venom hastens decomposition, and thus renders digestion
more rapid.

INTRODUCTION. XXV

In general the venomous snakes of North America are much less danger-
ous than is supposed. What is fatal to the small animals which form their
food becomes much less troublesome to larger ones. The degree of danger
to men varies according to the size of the snake, the number of blood
vessels in the part bitten, and the condition of the system at the time.
There is a great variation in the amount of venom injected. After it has
bitten several times, the supply of venom is reduced, so that a bite from a
large specimen is not attended by serious consequences. The immediate
effects of the poison are a terrible pain and rapid swelling about the bitten
part, followed by general nervous prostration or exhaustion, retarded res-
piration, and enfeebled action of the heart, accompanied by vomiting,
perspiration, and partial loss of control of the muscles. When not fatal,
recovery is very rapid, usually being complete in about three days. A
peculiar swelling on the jaws remains for a long time in cattle that have
been bitten. Fatal cases in which men have been victims probably do not
number as many as one in twenty. The remedies are cutting out the bite,
burning with red-hot iron, caustic or nitric acid, suction by the mouth or
cups, ligatures to prevent the rapid dispersion of the poison through the
system, ammonia used as a wash and taken internally, and alcoholic stimu-
lants. If there are no cuts or sores in the lips or mouth, the poison can be
drawn out by suction; it is only when introduced into the blood that it is
effective. On receiving a bite, the first thing to be done is to suck out as
much of the poison as is possible, enlarging the wound with a knife for the
purpose. At once a bandage should be put on so as to keep the venom
from the rest of the body as long as possible. For a bite on the finger, it
should be tied between the bite and the hand; another ligature should be
placed around the wrist, and possibly a third around the arm; these should
be loosened gradually and for an instant at a time, the aim being to con-
trol the dispersion, and introduce the dangerous matter into the circulation
little by little. It is well to cauterize immediately if possible. Washing
the wound with ammonia is recommended, as also drinking a dilute mix-
ture of ten or fifteen drops in a glass of water. Alcoholic stimulants are
undoubtedly beneficial if not taken to excess, in which case they become
sedatives, and assist rather than counteract the poison.

The rattle of the Rattlesnake is formed of horny rings or shells, of which
the first is firmly attached to the end of the tail, and each of the others
loosely grasps that in front of it, and is itself grasped by the next in order.

XXVI INTRODUCTION.

It is believed that one joint is .added to the number each year; this is but
approximately true; there are variations connected with the different ages
and rates of growth, the extent of which have not been fully determined.
The joints are so easily worn out and broken that it is seldom the case that
a large snake has the complete series.

The probable use of the organ has given rise to a great deal of discus-
sion. Because of the resemblance of the sound to the crepitation of the
grasshopper, and to the shrilling of the Cicada or harvest fly, though much
less rapid in its vibrations than the latter, it is claimed that it draws insect-
eating birds within reach. This is possible; but the fact that the snakes are
usually so quiet when feeding, and that birds are so rarely found in their
stomachs, bears against the supposition. The idea that the rattle produces
terrorism in the prey is hardly tenable, since it appears to be least used
when feeding, and frightens the game away. The rattles are used in time
of coupling, but not with the energy marking their use in anger. In reality,
the attitude of the serpent is defensive at all times, unless it be when seek-
ing food; it prefers to economize venom and take no risk of losing fangs; it
does not wish to strike unless driven to do so; and the rattling is a threat
or warning that it is ready if it must. In economizing venom and fangs
the rattle is undoubtedly beneficial, and prevents a great many useless
strokes; at the same time its action is disadvantageous in that it calls the
attention of enemies to its owner. A snake appears to realize how much
its subsistence depends on an ever ready supply of venom and perfect
fangs, and how helpless it becomes without them.

It is often asserted that deer destroy a great many snakes. On what
foundation the assertion rests I do not know. Hogs are certainly fond of
them, and large fowl are especially destructive to the young.

Ancistrodon, Copperheads and Moccasins, and Crotalii*, Rattlesnakes, are
about equally to lie feared. These genera properly belong to North America.
Five species of Rattlesnakes are found East of the Mississippi.

Certain species having plates on the crown resembling those of the
Colubers have been given the generic names Crotalophorus, Caudisona, and
Crotalus by different authors. These names were synonymous at a time
when the species of which we speak were unknown. They were originally
applied to species which have not been separated from the genus as first
constituted. In view of this, it seems best to regard them as synonymous,
and to give to the species with the shields a name less liable to confuse on

iviKoiH rrrox. xxvn

account of previous association. The name proposed for the species grouped
under Crotalqphorm of Gray, Holbrook, and others, but not of Linne or
Gronow, is Sistrurus (aelarpov, a rattle).

Batrachia.

The Batrachians are vertebrates, such as the Csecilians, Salamanders,
Toads, and Frogs, the1 must of which are affected by a metamorphosis,
during which a branchial and fish-like respiration is changed to one in
which the main dependence is placed on lungs. Whether breathing by
means of gills in the earlier stages, or by lungs in the later, these animals
are possessed of a supplementary cutaneous respiration. It is by the aid
of the latter that they are enabled to pass periods of several months to a
couple (if years buried in the earth or mud during hibernation. Moisture
is at all times absolutely necessary; deprived of it they soon die. The
skin is naked, either smooth or rough. In cases the skin over the whole
body is glandular; in others the cutaneous glands are aggregated in par-
ticular portions of the body, as the parotoids of Toads and some Sala-
manders. A few of the snake-like batrachians have rudimentary scales
hidden in the skin. The slough is stripped off more or less entire, and
generally eaten. The gills are retained by certain forms throughout their
whole existence; in these, however, the lungs are partially developed, and
the respiration is at the same time branchial and pulmonary. The heart
has but a single ventricle, and the atria are incompletely separated.
There arc two occipital condyles. For the most part, the very young
feed on vegetation; in such the intestine is elongate. Those beginning
their independent existence after the tadpole stage has been passed, and
the later stages of all members of the class, are carnivorous. The prey
is swallowed entire. There are a few instances in which the embryo is
developed and the. young hatched in the oviduct. Commonly the eggs are
fertilized externally, as or after they are laid. Eggs of batrachia have been
favorites of embryologists in their researches; it was in them Prevost and
Dumas first noticed the cleavage masses, and in them Newport saw the
spermatozoon creep through the outer envelopes to the yolk. We know no
species of which the bite is poisonous. The nearest approach to venom is
in the acrid, milky secretion of the parotoids, which produces considerable
irritation when brought in contact with the membranes of eyes or mouth.

A XVIII INTRODUCTION.

Young specimens reproduce lost port-ions of the body with great readiness.
The flesh of many species is good for food.

This class contains three orders. To the first or footless order the name
Apoda is applied; another title for the same has been Ccecilia. To the
second, in which feet and tail arc present, the name Urodela is given; this
has also been called Tchtkyodi. And the third, having feet but lacking a
tail in the adult forms, is known by the name Anura.

The Apoda are snake-like or vermiform. Some of them are very long
and slender, others short and thick. As the name indicates, they are
without feet. The tail is short. The skin is smooth, slimy, and arranged
in transverse folds, between which rudimentary scales are sometimes found.
Usually but a single lung is developed. As might be expected from their
habits, burrowing in the ground to feed on worms, insects and the like,
the sight is somewhat imperfect, the eyes being partially hidden under
the skin. The young resemble the adults; the metamorphosis is slight.
Apoda are found between the tropics of both old and new worlds. The
only North American species yet found were taken in southern Mexico.

In Urodela limbs and tail are present. The number of limbs varies.
When there are but two, as in Siren, the hinder are lacking. The earlier
or larval stages resemble the fishes in means of breathing and progressing.
Siren, Proteus, and Necturus have persistent branchiae, and their lungs
remain rudimentary. The majority develop lungs and lose the gills. After
the gills are resorbed, the branchial openings close in most cases; a few.
as Menopoma,*Tetaiii a small opening through life. Very young larvae have
a cutaneous gular flap, free at the hinder margin, which extends backward
over the branchial arches and the isthmus between them; it unites first
with the skin of the sternal region, and later, as the gills disappear, with
that of the shoulders. The process is similar in larva? of those Anura in
which one side is entirely closed and a small passage is left for the passage
of the water on the other. Many species spend the greater portions of
their lives in damp localities on the land rather than in the water. Those
preferring the land are marked by greater roundness of the tail, the
aquatic forms having this organ compressed and expanded. There are
teeth on both jaws, and most often on the palate. The tongue is pedi-
cellate in some, has free margins in others, or is attached along the

center in others. The toes are without claws.f The fore legs appear first.
" Oryptobranchw. t Except Onychodaetyhs.

[INTRODUCTION. XX [.V

When first scon they arc fleshy buds. These elongate, and the rounded
extremity shows signs of dividing into two. One of the two becomes the
inner finger; on the outside of the other the third finger pushes out, and
beyond the latter toward the wrist the fourth. The hind limbs appear
in similar manner. A single toe is formed of the inner lobe, the outer
being one, or becoming two, three, or four according to the genus. In
certain genera there is much variation in regard to number of digits;
Protevts is a g I instance; Amphiuma is another. Of twenty-six spec-
imens of Amphiuma tridactylum, twenty have three toes, the normal
number, to each foot, and among the others occur the following one
has one toe on each hind foot; one has one variations: to the right hind
foot and two to the left; two have single toes on the right fore foot; another
has one. andvstill another has two on the left fore foot.

Salamandra atra is one of the cases in which the young are hatched in
the oviduct. The eggs of some are fertilized in the oviduct during copula-
tion; those of others are thrown free into the water to come in contact with
the sperm emitted by the male at the same instant, According to accounts
recently published by M. Gasco, the female Axolotl finds the spermatophore
which has been deposited by the male, and placing the cloacal opening over
it introduces a portion, and thus secures fertilization. It is generally con-
ceded that the males are more numerous than the females of species of this
order. One of the oddest forms is Flat rod vies, in which the ribs extend
through the skin on the flank.

The Until el a belong to the temperate regions of the Northern hemis-
phere. Most of them are found in North America. The largest known
is the Megalobatrachus of Japan. Of the North American, the largest is
the aquatic genus Menopoma*

The Axuha or tailless Batrachia have short bodies and short necks. The
vertebras are few, and in body or neck comparatively immovable. Gen-
erally the hind limbs are longer and stronger. There are four digits on the
hand and five on the foot. Except in a few species of those living in trees,
there are no webs between the fingers. Bhacophorus is the most marked
exception; it lias such extensive webs between fingers and toes as to be able
by their aid to sail long distances in the manner of living lizards or squirrels.
Webs are common to the aquatic species, as in frogs, Banidce. Terrestrial
frogs are more or less completely without the palmation. In Cystignathidce
the toes are five. Pipu, the Surinam Toad, one of the group Aglossa, or

PCryptobramchus,

XXX INTRODH '[ TOW.

tongueless Anura, has star-shaped extremities to the fingers, which are
probably sensitive tactile organs. DactyletAra, the clawed frog of Africa,
belonging to the same group, has claws on its toes. Of the group possess-
ing tongues, Opistfioglossa, those living in trees have fleshy bulbs or disks
on the ends of the digits, by means of which they cling to smooth surfaces.
The tree frogs, Hylidae, exhibit this structure at its greatest development.
Many species of the order have horny processes on the feet for burrowing.
The males of some develop horny claws or tubercles on the inside of the
thumbs or on the breast in the coupling season.

All of the Anura begin life as tadpoles, breathing and moving like fishes.
They undergo a complete metamorphosis in taking on the form of the adult.
Fertilization takes place externally, the male grasps the female tightly
around the body, and the spermatic liquid is emitted as ^he eggs are
extruded. Usually the males are smaller and more numerous. Habits
vary much in regard to care of eggs. Our common Toads and Frogs leave
them to care for themselves in the pools in which they are laid. The male
of the obstetric Toad, Alytes, carries the eggs until they are about to hatch
attached to his thighs, and then he enters the water. The male of the
Surinam Toad, Pijxi, places them carefully on the back of the female, and
the skin rises around each, enclosing it in a little cup, within which the
metamorphosis is effected. Nototrema carries the eggs in a pouch on the
hinder part of the back. Hyhdes martinicensis lays the eggs in the axils
of leaves, and transforms so soon after hatching that it can hardly be said
to have a tadpole stage. The larva of the Bull Frog, Sana catesbyana,
remains a tadpole from one to several years. Many of the young feed
upon vegetation for a time, afterward becoming carnivorous. M. Fernand
Lataste has recently called attention to series of pectinate fringes or teeth
outside of the horny lips of the tadpoles, and M. Heron-Rover finds so
much variation in the various genera as to aid him in classification.

As the lungs and limbs develop, the intestine is shortened and [the tail
resorbed. The lower jaws are toothless.* As in toads, Bufo, some are
entirely without teeth in the adult forms, and others, as the frogs, liana,
are in possession of teeth on upper jaws and on the roof of the mouth
1 x'tween the inner nostrils. The eyes are most often prominent and very
keen. The inner eyelid is transparent. An East Indian genus, Mega-
lophrys, and another from .South America, Ceratqphrys, have supraciliary
'Except in AmphigtuUhodoitf&da and Hemiphraelida.

INTRODUCTION. XXXI

prominences, which give them a fantastic appearance. The hearing is very
quick. The tympanic membrane is generally exposed on the side of the
head, and in certain species is very large. In OpistAoglossa the tongue is
used in capturing the prey. Most often it is attached in front, and the
hinder portion can be thrown forward out of the mouth; when not so free
the whole tongue is pushed forward. The food consists of worms, insects,
etc., and occasionally of small vertebrates. Several large species are said
to catch tish. The latter, however, are well able to retaliate, and the
batrachians furnish food for numbers of the fishes. A large number of
the species have voice. A special apparatus for its production, possessed
by the males, consists of a pair of membranous gular sacs, sometimes a
single one, under the floor of the mouth, with which they communicate
by a couple of slits. These sacs are either covered by the skin or, in a
few instances, there are openings through which they are protruded when
inflated with air from the lungs. The largest species of the order is the
Marine Toad, Biifo agua, of South America; the largest North American
is the Bull Frog, Rana catesbyana. The number of species north of Mexico
is about forty for each of the Anura and Urodela.

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILES.

PART I.

OPIIIDIA.— Serpents.

1. Rostral.

2. Nasals.

3. Loreal.

4. Preoculars or Antcorbitals.

5. Postoculars or Postorbitals.

6. Temporals.

7. Internasals.

8. Prefrontals.

9. Frontal.

10. Supraciliaries or Supraoculars.

11. Parietals.

12. Occipitals.

13. Labials.

14. Infralabials.

15. Gulars.

16. Mental.

17. Submentals.

18. Ventrals,

19. Dorsals.

20. Tongue.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

OPHIDIA.

Bromgnvtrt, 1800.

Vertebrate animals with elongate more or less cylindrical bodies, in
which head, neck, trunk and tail have the same axis; blood aerated in
lungs; bones of the head articulated by means of elastic ligament, which,
in the jaws especially, admits of considerable distention; limbs absent or
rudimentary ; without a movable eyelid or external evidence of ears.

Not venomous ;

no fold under the chin ;

wormlike; head and tail not distinct from the trunk;
no claws at the side of the vent

SCOLECOPHIDIA.

a fold under the chin ; head more or less distinct ;
a claw at each side of the vent

Onychophidia.

without claws or venom glands

ACACOPHIDIA.

Venomous ;

without claws ; head more or less distinct ;

with venom-secreting glands and fangs

Tqxicophidia.

Mem.— vol. ii — I

1 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

SCOLECOPHIDIA.

SCOLECOPHIDES.
l>n,ih til & Bibron, 1844.

Body elongate cylindrical; head short, indistinct; tail short, thick.
Eyes imperfect, in sonic species invisible, covered by the ocular shields.
Mouth small, inferior. Ligamentary attachments of the hones of the head
possessing but little elasticity. No fold under the chin. Teeth few, on
either the upper jaw or the lower, none on the palate. Tongue forked,
exsertile. Scales smooth, imbricate, similar on hack and belly.

Found under rocks or pieces of wood, or in the earth, where they bur-
row to feed on worms, larv;e of insects, etc.

TYPHLOPIDAE.
TYPHLOPINAE.

Teeth in the upper jaw

Typhlops.

stenostomixae.
Teeth in the lower jaw ;

crown-shields resembling those of the

colubers Anomalepis.

crown-shields scale-like

Stexostoma.

TYPHLOPIDAE.

F'dziinjir, lSL'li.

typhlopinae.
Typhlops.

Schneider, 1801.

Teeth on the upper jaw. Rostral shield well developed, reaching the
upper part of the snout. Nasal vertical, divided or entire. (Jrown with
scales similar to those of the back. Labials four, rarely three, anterior
small. Hab. All tropical and subtropical regions.

Typhlops longissimus.

Ophthalmidion longissimum Bum. & Burr., L844, Erp. <!nx. VI, L'(i."..
TyPHLOPS longissimus Jon, lsiil, Arch, jicr hi Zool. I, 182.

Body long, slender, cylindrical; head depressed, rounded; tail short.
rounded at the extremity, armed with a small spine. Rostral linguiform.

SYNOPSES AMI DESCRIPTIONS. 3

Nasal small, rectangular, half as wide as the rostra] at the mouth. Pre-
oculars twice as high as wide. Oculars smaller than the preoculars,
similar in shape. Crown-shields small; one prefrontal, one frontal, two
supraoculars, and two parietals. Scales small in 22 longitudinal rows;
transverse rows 512.

Anterior portion of the head yellowish; body uniform ashy gray. Hab.
North America. (From descr.)

Typhlops perditus.

Peters, L869, MonatsberkJtb Beri. AJcad., 435.

Eyes invisible. Nostrils at the end of the snout. Head shields similar
to those of T. reticulatus, except that the posterior margin of the naso-
rostral is much less concave and the preocular less bent forward. Scales
in 18 longitudinal rows. Dorsal scales olivaceous brown with yellowish-
green margins. Beneath and on the end of the snout greenish-yellow.
(From descr.) Said to be from Orizaba, Mexico. Total length 0m, 285;
tail 0'", 004.

Typhlops basim.utlatus.

Cope, 1866, /V. Ac. X. Sc. Phil., 320.

Body compressed posteriorly ; head depressed, muzzle from above rounded
truncate; tail narrowed, obtuse. Rostral narrow. Eye invisible, ocular
extending to labials. A preocular, little wider than ocular. Supralabials
four. Scales in 18 longitudinal rows. Yellow, scales of seven dorsal rows
with a large brown spot at the base. Top of head and end of tail immac-
ulate. Cordova and Orizaba, Mexico. (From descr.)

Typhlops (Idiotyphlops) emunctus spec. nov.
Very long, slender, enlarging toward the tail; head not distinct from
the neck, slightly depressed, rounded, muzzle extending beyond the lower
jaw; tail not longer than the thickness of the body at the vent, rounded
to a point. Eye small, indistinct or invisible. Shields of the side of the
head small. Rostral large, bent far back on the head, lateral margins
concave, rather narrow, widening toward the top of the head, followed by
two short, broad verticals, acute angled laterally, of which the posterior
is shorter. Nasal deeper than long, divided diagonally from end to end;
nostril opening forward. Above the nasal a small plate has the form of a
spherical triangle with concave sides. Labials four: posterior scale-like;
anterior largest, beneath the nasal and extending forward in a long point

4 SYNOPSES AM) DESCBIPTIONS.

between it and the rostral; third extending obliquely backward beneath
the ocular, with which it is in contact at the angle. The triangular inter-
nasals are widely separated by the rostral. Below the internasal, a small
rhomboid plate vests in a notch between the second and third labials, and
behind this plate lies the small preocular.

Scales small, hinder margin rounded, in 22 rows, similar above and
beneath. Silvery brown, snout and lips light yellow. Hub. Panama and
northward.

ANOMALF.ris Jan,
Teeth on the upper jaw7. Rostral plate narrow, hardly reaching the top
of the head. Nasal grooved behind the nostril. Head with large plates
on the crown. Labials two. Scales smooth, lustrous, small in the ventral
rows. Anal divided.

Anomalepis mexicanus.

Jan, 1861, /"'». Ii'i'n. Ophid., Lirr. I, pi. V.

Body long, slender, subcylindrical ; head indistinct; tail very short,
bluntly rounded on the end. Muzzle broad, rounded. Mouth inferior,
outline not regularly curved. Eyes visible through the ocular. Rostral
narrow, scarcely reaching the top of the head. A pair of broad frontals.
Frontal shield-shaped, nearly as broad as long. Supraoculars larger than
the ocular. Ocular smaller than the preocular. Nasal with a groove
behind the nostril. Loreal larger than the first labial. Labials two, an-
terior small, quadrangular; posterior larger, separated from the preocular
by a narrow, elongate plate, and from the ocular by another that is similar
but shorter. Lower labials live, small. The scales in contact with the
head shields are larger than those farther back. Scales small, smooth,
glossy, those of the belly not larger. Anal bifid.

Color reddish-brown, very light below. A yellowish-white border on the
scales produces the appearance of reticulations. (From Jan.) Hab. Mex.

Stexostoma Wagler.

Body slender, cylindrical; tail short. .Muzzle large, extending beyond

the lower jaw. Mouth inferior. Teeth on the lower jaw (3-5). Eye

visible through the ocular. Nostrils anterior. Nasal grooved or divided.

Rostral large, reaching backward on the top of the head. Ocular large.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

5

Labials two to three, rarely four, not in contact with the rostral. Anal
entire, larger than the adjacent scales.

Tropical and semi-tropical regions.
*Scales in 14 longitudinal rows ;

two labials, separated by the ocular;

a small plate between the ocular and the medial row ;

lower labials four dulce.

no small plate between ocular and medial row ;

lower labials five tenuiculurti.

three labials, two in front of the ocular;

a small plate between ocular and medial row

myopiewm.
Scales in 13 rows phm&ps.

Stenostoma dulce.

Rena dulcis Baird& Girard, L853, Cat N. A. Serp., 142.
Stenostoma dulce Jan, 1861, Icon. Ophid., TAvr. TI,pl. V.

Body long, slender, cylindrical; head indistinct, slightly depressed,
muzzle rounded; tail short, thick, ending in a spine. Mouth semilunar,
inferior. Eyes distinctly visible. Rostral reaching on the top of the
head nearly as far back as the eyes. Nasal obliquely divided in two
parts, nostril between, separated from the ocular by a single labial. Ocu-
lar large, separated from the medial series by a single plate. A large
labial behind the ocular. Lower labials four. Scales smooth, lustrous, in
14 rows, ventral rather smaller, median dorsal row in contact with the
rostral and separating the supraoculars.

Reddish-brown above, reddish-white beneath. Hab. Texas.

Stenostoma tenuiculum, sj). n.

Body long, slender, cylindrical; head indistinct, slightly depressed,
rounded on the muzzle; tail short, thick, ending in a point. Mouth semi-
lunar, inferior. Eye small, distinctly visible. Rostral reaching on the
head nearly as far back as the eyes. Xasal in two parts, nostril between,
separated from the ocular by a single labial. Ocular large, in contact with
the vertebral series (/. e., oculars separated by a single scale on the top of
the head). A large labial behind the ocular. Lower labials five. Scales
smooth, glossy, posterior margins rounded, in 14 rows, medial row of the

*See Synopsis, p. 130.

6 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

belly larger, median dorsal row in contact with the rostral and separating
the oculars.

Light greyish-brown, white beneath.

Described from San Luis Potosi, Mex:

Stenostoma myopicum spec. nor.

"Body long, slender, subcylindrical ; head indistinct, slightly depressed,
muzzle rounded; tail short, thick, abruptly rounded downward and from
the sides to the terminal spine. Mouth semilunar, inferior. Eyes dis-
tinctly visible. Rostral broad, reaching back on the head to a vertical
from the eye. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Two labials between
nasal and ocular, anterior lower and beneath the nasal, posterior higher,
extending upward in a sharp angle in front of the eye. Ocular large,
rather narrow, separated from the medial row by a small plate. A large
labial behind the ocular. A pair of temporals, anterior resting on the
posterior labial and in contact with the ocular. Lower labials five, ante-
rior and posterior small. Scales smooth, glossy, rounded on the posterior
margin, in 14 rows, medial row of belly slightly larger, median dorsal in
contact with the rostral, separated from the oculars by a small scale.
Anal entire.

Dark reddish-brown above, white tinged with purple beneath. Largest
specimen 8 inches; tail, .43 in. Ilab. near Tampico, Mex. Dr. Edw.
Palmer.

This species bears some resemblance to S. bicolor, Jan. It is distin-
guished by the height and shape of the anterior labials, and the narrow-
ness of the upper half of the nasals.

Stenostoma phenops.

Cope, ls7r>. Jour. Ac. X. Sc., PkU., 128.

"Scales in 13 rows. The eve is distinct, and the nareal suture extends
to the rostral plate. The lower surfaces are without marking, but the
scales of the upper surface are black, with pale borders. There are three
white spots: one on the end of the rostral plate, one at the apex, and one
on the under side of the tail. Total length, 0m .156; tail, .009. The same
species was obtained near Coban, Guatemala, by Henry Hague." Tehuan-
tepec. Known only from the description.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 7

ONYCIIOPHIDIA.

With rudimentary limbs, the only external evidence of which is a claw
on each side of the vent. Pupil vertical.

Body nearly cylindrical ;

head rather indistinct from the neck;

tail usually short, thick, non-prehensile

Erycidaje.
Body compressed ;

head distinct from the neck ;

tail generally prehensile ; larger teeth in front

BOAEIDAE.
ERYCIDAE.

Body nearly cylindrical; head small, rather indistinct; tail non-prehen-
sile, short, thick, usually blunt. Eyes small, pupil vertical. Head-shields
irregular. With a spur on each side of the vent.

Asia, Africa, E. Indies, America.

Charixa Gray.
Body stout, subcylindrical; head small; tail short, thick, blunt. Eyes
small, pupil vertical. Head-shields irregular. Nasals in contact behind
the rostral. Nostrils lateral. Labials varying in number, reaching the
orbit, or subdivided and separated from it by small suborbitals. Loreals
one or more. Scales smooth, imbricate. Subcaudals one row, sometimes
irregular. Anal entire. Spurs small. Puget Sound to Mexico.

ClIARINA BOTTAE,

Toeteix bottae BlaineUle, 1835, Nate. Ann. du Mm. (IFF), 290,.pl 26, /. 1-15,

Chabina bottae Gray, L849, Cat. Snub* Brit. Mux., 113.

Body moderately "elongate, subcylindrical, slightly compressed, little fusi-
form; head small, rather indistinct; tail short, thick, blunt. Eye small,
pupil vertical. Mouth cleft moderate, outline nearly straight. Snout
prominent, broad, rounded. Head-shields and number of scales on the
body varying greatly. Rostral broad. Prefrontals varying, usually two
pairs. Frontal broader than long. Parietals broad and short, or dis-
sected. Supraorbital short, broad. Xasal in two parts, nostril between;
the anterior portions are longer, and meet on the top of the snout, or are
subdivided to form a pair of internasals. One or more loreals. One or

8 SYNOl'SKS AND DESCRIPTIONS.

more ante and two or more postorbitala, or the eye surrounded by a ring
of eight or ten scales. Labials nine or more, anterior commonly higher.
Infralabials ten or more, anterior broader or subdivided. Two or three
pairs of small submentals, decreasing in size backward. Scales small,
smooth, number of rows varying greatly (highest noticed, 45). Ventrals
varying in width and number (near 200), Anal entire.

Color uniform leaden to reddish-brown, light yellowish below.

Charina trivirgata.

Liciianura trivirgata Cape, 1861, Pr. Ac. N. Sc, Phil, 304.

Rostral prominent, elevated, recurved, five-sided. Loreals five. Ocular
ring of ten scales. Labials 14-15, anterior higher. Infralabials 15, ante-
rior five longest. A short mental fissure. Scales in 40 rows, inferior a
little larger. Total length, 25 inches; tail 4. Brownish-yellow, lighter
below. Belly and flanks speckled with reddish-brown. Back with three
deep, reddish-brown bands from muzzle to end of tail, median four, lateral
five, and separating spaces three and a half scales in width. (From descr. )

Hab. Lower Cal.

Possibly a variety of the preceding.

BOAEIDAE.

Body more or less compressed; head distinct; tail generally prehensile.
Pupil oblong, erect. Larger teeth in front, Submental fold conspicuous'.
A spur or rudimentary limb on each side of the vent.

Boa Linne.
Body elongate fusiform, slightly compressed; head distinct, flattened on
the crown, broad posteriorly, muzzle prominent; tail prehensile. Nasals
entire or divided. Nostril lateral. Teeth smooth, larger forward. Labials
not pitted, short, numerous. Scales covering the top of the head and the
loreal region and surrounding the eye, small. Dorsal scales small, smooth,
flat, Anal entire. Subcaudals simple.

Boa imperator.

Daudin, 1803, Hist. Bept. V, 150.

Body robust. Muzzle truncate, outline of extremity nearly vertical.
Scales of head, face, and temples small, rather larger than those of B. con-
atrictor, Eye surrounded by 16 to 18 scales, of which several are in

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. V

contact with the labials. Labials about 20, infralabials 20 to 22. Scales
in 65 to 69 rows, outer broader. Ventrals 233 to 240; subcaudals 52
to 57. Brownish, varying from light to dark (in alcohol), with a dorsal
scries of quadrangular brown spots, emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly,
separated from the series of triangular brown spots on the upper portion
of the flank by an interrupted narrow line of light color, which is most
distinct opposite the spots. Upper spots of the flank larger and more
distinct. An irregularly placed series on the outer rows of scales and the
edge of the abdomen. Spots darkening toward the tail, often with lighter
centers. A brown line on the head from the frontal region to the neck.
A brown line from behind the angle of the mouth through the eye to the
loreal region, spreading toward its extremities. A bar from the eye to the
lip. A pair of spots on each side of the lower jaw. Rostral with a spot.
Scales irregularly punctulate or spotted. Mex.

I have little doubt that this will eventually be degraded to the rank of a
variety. Specimens at hand from the Isthmus of Darien are intermediates
between this species and B. constrictor.

Boa constrictor.

I'd/-, isthmica.

Body stout, compressed; head distinct; snout broad, truncate; tail short,
prehensile. Rostral large, broader near the upper edge, concave at the
sides and below, rounded above, surrounded by scab's larger than the
others of the head. Nasal divided. Eye surrounded by eighteen or nine-
teen scales. Several larger scales in front of the oculars. Two rows
between oculars and labials. Labials 22-23. Infralabials 25-27. Scales
small, flat, smooth, in 78 rows, outer broader. Ventrals narrow, 240. Sub-
caudals 57.

Ground color light greyish (in alcohol). Pattern of markings as in B.
constrictor. Transverse brown bands of the back twenty-five, posteriorly
united by the darker margins with the triangular spot on the upper part
of the flank. Beneath the latter on the flank there is a series of oblong,
rounded spots, each enclosing a rounded spot of lighter color. A series of
more or less broken quadrangular black spots on each side of the belly
includes scales of the outer row. The spots unite on the tail so as to form
a dorsal and subcaudal row. A light brown band from rostral to neck
includes several light spots on the occipital region. A brown band with

10 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS!.

white margin extends from a point close behind the angle of the month
through the eye to the nasal, broadening on the Weal region, and descend-
ing across the mouth to the submentals. A short distance in front of the
angle of the mouth on the lower jaw there is a rounded brown' spot sur-
rounded by a white ring, by which it is separated from the edge of the
lip. An angular black spot descending from the eye does not reach the
labials. Central America.

Boa mexicana Bapp.

Boa divinii.iiquax var. MexicanaJan, 1S64, Icon. Ophid., r.in: V,pl. T1T.
The figure by which this species is known is that of a serpent more
closely allied to B. imperdtor than to B. diviniloguax. The muzzle is
broader and more vertically truncate than in the former, and the ground
color is more bleached. The pattern of coloration is the same, but some
of the lines of the head and the spots and punctulations of the flanks have
become obsolete. Nasals divided. Suborbitals in contact with labials.
Scales in 55 longitudinal rows.

SYNOPSES AMI DESCRIPTIONS. 11

ACACOPHIDIA.

Head and tail more distinct from the body, and eyes and teeth more
perfectly developed than in the Scolecophidia ; without claws at the side of
the vent, as in the Onychophidia ; ami without poison-secreting glands and
fangs, as in the Toxicophidia.

This group includes all the common, non-venomous snakes of the ground,
trees, or fresh waters. It contains hut a single family. For convenience
this is divided into subfamilies, nearly corresponding to what have hereto-
fore been accepted as families, and for which the old names have been
retained.

COLUBEIDAE.

Elongate, tapering, compressed; head broad; pupil generally elliptical

DlPSADINAE.

Moderately slender, subcylindrical ; head moderate; pupil elliptical

ScYTALINAE.

Slender, long; head long, narrow; eyes large; pupil round

Dendrophinae.

Fusiform, slender to stout; head broad behind; posterior maxillary teeth
usually larger; scales generally keeled Natricixae.

Elongate, tapering to head and tail; head distinct from the neck, mod-
erately broad; crown-shields regular; Ioreal usually present; teeth
smooth Colubrinae.

Subcylindrical; head more or less distinct, short, shields commonly regu-
lar; scales rarely keeled Coroxeleinae.

Cylindrical; head short, rather indistinct; usually some head-shields united ;
scales smooth or keeled Calamarinae.

mrsAOTNAE.

Tree snakes. Bodies move or less elongate and compressed, tapering to
head and tail; head large, distinct, somewhat triangular, broad behind,
depressed, muzzle broad and rounded; tail short to long and slender. Eye
large to very large, pupil generally elliptical. Nostrils lateral. Teeth
varying much. In the majority of the species the posterior maxillary
teeth are longer and grooved. Head-shields nine, short, broad. Scales
imbricate, smooth, rarely keeled, generally the vertebral row larger.

12 NYXOI'SKS AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Teeth equal, smooth ;

anal entire ; scales in 13-17 vows,
vertebral series larger

Leptognathus.
Posterior maxillary teeth longer, grooved ;
anal entire; scales in 19-27 rows,
vertebral series larger

Dipsas.
anal divided, rarely entire ; scales in 19-23 rows,
dorsal series similar

Si bon.

Leptognathus.

Dumiril, l.s.")2.

Body long, more or less compressed; head subquadrangular, high, dis-
tinct from neck; tail medium. Eye moderate, pupil erect. Teeth equal,
smooth. Head-shields nine, short, broad. Rostral broad, low. With or
without a distinct loreal. Orbitals 1 — 2+2 — 3, suborbitals sometimes
present. Scales moderate, rarely keeled, in 13-17 rows, vertebral gener-
ally larger. Anal rarely divided. Subcaudals in two rows.

Hab. Mexico to the Argentine Republic; India,

Scales keeled in vertebral series, rows 15-17;

loreal distinct fasciatus.

Scales smooth, rows 17;

loreal distinct dumeriffi.

Scales smooth, rows 15;

loreal and anteorbital fused;

transverse bands narrow nebulatus.

transverse bands broad dimidiatus.

Leptognathus fasciatus.

Tropidodii'sas fasciata, Gtkr., 1858, Cat. i 'ill. Snakes, 181.

Slender; head oval, crown slightly flattened, muzzle broad; tail long,
slender. Eye large, pupil erect. Head-shields broad. Frontals bent on
the side. A loreal. Orbitals '1-1. Temporals 1+2. Labials 6-7, penult-
imate largest. Infralabials 7, fifth largest. Submentals two or three

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 13

pairs, second half as large as first. Scales in 15-17 rows, some of the
dorsals with keels. Anal entire. Subcaudals in two rows.

Dark brown or black. The light color of the throat and chin-shields
extends upward as an occipital collar. Flanks with widely separated,
wedge-shaped, vertical bars of light color, which frequently meet in their
points on the back, forming transverse bands to the sides of the belly.
Belly much spotted with dark posteriorly.

Hab. Mexico and Central America.

Leptognathus dumerilii.

Jan, 1870, Icon. Livr. XXXVII, pi. V,fig. 2.

Scales smooth, in 17 rows. The principal difference between this species
and the preceding is in the carination of the scales. It is altogether likely
that individual variations in this respect will do away with its value, in
which case the form cannot even stand as a variety.

Leptognathus xebulatus.

Petaloonathus nebulatus Dunuril, 1852 (1853), Mem. de VAcad. Sri. XXIII, 466.

Slender, elongate, much compressed; head large, distinct, crown slightly
convex,. muzzle high; tail slender, tapering. Eye large, pupil erect. Head-
shields short, broad. Rostral as broad as high. Nasal in two parts, nos-
tril principally in anterior. Loreal and preocular fused. One preocular,
sometimes a small plate at its lower posterior angle. Postoculars two.
Temporals 1+2+3. Labials seven, fourth and fifth below the eye, sixth
largest. Infralabials nine, sixth largest. Submentals three pairs (2 — 3),
anterior larger. Scales smooth, in 15 rows, several of the dorsal broader,
the median broader than long. Ventrals 185 — 197. Anal entire. Sub-
caudals 87 — 90 pairs.

Greyish-brown, mottled with brown, with more or less irregular narrow
transverse white-edged bands of brown. A series of large blotches on each
side of the abdomen, apparently separated at the median line, more or less
confluent with the dorsal bands, and frequently with them forming com-
plete rings around the body. Belly yellowish, clouded and spotted with
brown. Head brown, irregularly marked with white (yellow). First
brown band immediately behind the head. Tail darker. Total length
17 inches; tail 4. Total length 1-fr, in.; tail 3|. Hab. Mexico to Brazil;
West Indies.

14 SYNOPSES AM) DESCRIPTIONS.

Leptognath is dimidiatus.

Guntlter, 1872, Ann. & Mug. Nat. Uist., IX, 31,

Long, slender, much compressed; head broad, short; tail less than one
third of the total length. Eye rather large, pupil erect. Internasals
small. Prefrontals large, bent down on the face, entering the orbit. Outer
edges of frontal nearly parallel. Loreal and preocular fused. Post-
oculars two. Temporals 1+2. Submentals three pairs, anterior largest,
crescent-shaped; middle longer than broad, posterior divergent. Labials
eight, fifth and sixth in orbit. An azygos seale-Iike shield under the chin,
surrounded by the first pair of infralabials, the mental and submentals.
Second to sixth infralabials in contact with anterior submentals, Scales
smooth, in L5 series, vertebral not larger. Yentrals 186. Anal entire.
Subcaudals 98 pairs.

Loily and tail with broad black rings, separated by narrow, whitish inter-
spaces. Twenty-five rings on the trunk, sixteen on tail; white interspaces
subdivided by a narrow black transverse line. Upper parts of head black;
with small, irregularly placed whitish spots, and a pair of large spots of
the same color on the neck, forming a sort of collar. Anterior chin-shields
black. (From Giinther.) Hab. Mexico.

Dipsas.

Laurent, 1768.

Slender, elongate, compressed; head very large, distinct, depressed,
broad behind, angles rounded, muzzle blunt; tail slender, tapering. Eye
moderately to very large, pupil erect. Posterior maxillary teeth longer,
grooved. Rostral broad, low. Head-shields nine, broad. Nasal divided.
A loreal, rarely fused with orbital. One preocular. Postoculars two to
three. Scales smooth, rarely keeled, in 19 — 27 rows, vertebral larger.
Anal entire or divided. Subcaudals in two rows. Hab. Mexico to Brazil;
Australia ; Africa.

(IliiiKiiifades.)

Dipsas cenchoa.

Coluber cenchoa Linnt, 1758, Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 226.

Dipsas cenchoa FUzinger, 1826, Neue Class Rept.,59.

Very long and slender, compressed, neck and tail very small; head

large, very broad, muzzle short, crown convex; tail near one third of the

total. Eye large, pupil erect. Mouth deeply cleft, curved. Internasals

SYNOPSES AXI) DESCRIPTIONS. 15

about one third as large as the prefrontals. Rostral subtriangular, broader
than high. Nasal divided, nostril mainly in anterior portion. Loreal
small. Preocular narrow, high. Postoculars two (sometimes one), small,
lower resting on the fifth labial. Labials eight, fourth and fifth in orbit,
sixth and seventh larger. Infralabials nine, sixth larger. Submentals
two pairs, anterior larger, posterior separated by small scales. Scales
lozenge-shaped, smooth, in 17 rows, medial and outer broader. Ventrals
244 (228—259). Anal bifid. Subeaudals 134 pairs (134—174.)

Light greyish-brown, scales more or less punctulate with brown. Ante-
riorly with dark-edged transverse blotches of brcwn; posteriorly these
become smaller, do not descend on the flank, and are very irregular and
broken. Hinder portion of body with spots irregularly distributed on the
lower portions of the flanks. Specimen described from Acapulco, Mex.
Total length 33 inches; tail 10 in, Hab. Mexico to Brazil.

DlPSAS LEUCOMELAS.

HlMANTODES LEUCOMELAS Cope, 1861, Five. Ac. N. Sc. Phil, 296.

Lateral borders of frontal nearly parallel, longer than the anterior.
Loreal higher than long. Two preoculars, not in contact with the frontal.
Infralabials ten, sixth largest. Scales smooth, in 17 rows, vertebral larger,
broader than long. Total length about three and one half times that of
the tail.

Greyish, crossed by about twenty-nine black bands, which encroach on
the ends of the ventrals. About eighteen spots on the tail. Spotted or
dotted with black on the belly. A pair of black spots from the supracil-
iaries over the occipitals to the neck. A band of black across the pre-
frontals. Scale pores single. (Unknown to me.) Vera Cruz.

Siron.

Fiizinger, 1S26.

Moderately long, slightly compressed, tapering to head and tip of tail;
head distinct, large, broad, depressed, with broad muzzle; tail moderate
Eye medium, pupil oblong, erect. Posterior maxillary teeth longer,
grooved. Head-shields regular. Xasal in two parts, nostril between.
One or more loreals. Oculars 1 to 3 — 2 to 3, sometimes with suboculars.
Scales smooth, imbricate, in 19 — 23 rows, dorsal not larger. Anal and
subeaudals divided. Hab. Texas and Mexico to Brazil,

16 SYNOPSES ANH DESCRIPTIONS,

Long, slender;

Scales in 23 (21—23) rows, vent nils 260 ( + )

biscutatufn.
Scales in 21 rows, ventrals 206—210 ( + )

var. latifasciatum.

Moderate;

Postmaxillary tooth longer, grooved;

Scales in 19—25 rows, ventrals 181—188 (+)

armulatum.
dorsal series broad transverse bands

var. septentrionale.
dorsal series of spots rather small

torquatum.
Postmaxillary teeth in continuous series, not grooved;
Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 179 — 182 (+)

discolor,

SlBON BISCUTATUM.
Dipsas biscutata Than. Bibr., 1854, Erp. (Ha. VIT, 1153.

Long, slender, compressed; bead distinct, broad oval, depressed, snout
prominent, broad, rounded; tail moderate, tapering. Eye large, pupil erect.
Mouth-cleft deep, slightly curved. Anterior maxillary teeth longer; pos-
terior large, isolated, grooved. Head-shields nine, broad. Rostral broader
than high. Nasal divided. Loreals two to four. Orbitals 2 to 3 — 2 to 3.
Temporals irregular. Labials 9 — 10, fourth and fifth usually under the
eye, the four preceding the last larger. Infralabials 11 — 13. Submentals
two pairs; posterior small, not in contact. Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals
264(+). Anal bifid. Subcaudals 94 ( + ) pairs.

Light brown, punctulate, with broad transverse bands or rhombs of
brown, which are paler in the center and separated by spaces about equal
to their width. The bands become narrower toward the abdomen, at the
rd^c of which there is an alternating series of spots. Abdomen sprinkled
with brown; subcaudals with blotches. A light band across the head
behind the internasals; another across the frontal passes through the eyes
to the angle of the mouth. A V-shaped light spot on the vertex and a
light collar behind the occiput. (From D. & 13. and Jan.) Hab. Mexico
and southward,

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 17

var. LA'iii AsrrATUM.

Dipsas biscutata var. i.atifasi'ia Peters, L869, MB. Berl. Acad., S77.

Rows of scales 21 — 22. Ventrals 20(> — 210. 13 — 14 brown bands on
the body; 5 — G on the tail. (From Peters.) l'nebla, Mexico.

SlBON ANXULATUM.

Coluber annulatus Lame, 1754, Mux. Ad. Frith: Tab. 8, frj. 2.
Sibon vxm i. Airs FUzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.,60.

Moderate, tapering to head and tip of tail; head large, distinct, depressed,
crown flattened, temples swollen; muzzle broad; tail medium. Eye mod-
erate, pupil oblong, erect. Posterior maxillary teeth longer, grooved.
Nasal in two parts; nostril lateral. Loreal present. Preoculars two;
upper large, reaching the top of the head, lower small in a notch between
the third and fourth labials, sometimes absent. Postoculars two, upper
large. Temporals 1+2. Labials eight, fourth and fifth in orbit, seventh
largest. Infralabials 10 (9 — 10), sixth largest. Submentals two pairs,
nearly equal. Scales smooth, in 23 rows (19 — 23), similar. Ventrals
188±. Anal bifid.

Light reddish-brown, with a series of brown spots on each side of the
median line, which are alternated and form a zigzag line or opposed and
form transverse bands or rhombs. The number of spots varies much; in
the specimen before me there are fifty on the body alone. Flank mottled
with brown, lower portion with a series of spots alternating with those of
the dorsal. Head of the ground color, with a brown band behind the eye,
above the angle of the mouth. Belly uniform light color. Scales lustrous.
llab. Mexico to Brazil.

Var. SEPTENTRIOXALE.

Dipsas skitkntkionai.is Kennkott, 1859, U. S. and Mi.r. Bound. Sum., IF, pi. VIII, f. 1, />. 16.

Preoculars three (2 — 3); upper large, reaching the top of the head:
lower very small. Scales in 19 — 23 rows, smooth.

Yellowish white (brownish), with irregular transverse bands of brown,
which extend across the back to the ventrals. The bands vary much in
shape and size; the specimen at hand has thirty-eight in all. Old speci-
mens with darker colors. A band from the nostril through the eye to the
hinder labial. Head mottled or blotched with brown, sometimes with a,
shield-shaped spot on the occipitals. Hab. Texas to Central America.

Mem. — vol. n — 2

18 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

SlBON TORQUATUM.
Leptodeira torquata Gunther, L860, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,pl. X, 1G9.

Posterior maxillary tooth larger, separated by an interspace. Scales in
21 rows. Ventrals 174. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 44 — 56. Total length
1<! in. 51.; tail 3 inches. Total length 17 in. 51.; tail 2 in. 31.

Brownish-grey, with a vertebral series of brown spots, some of which
arc confluent into a zigzag band; neck with a white collar, behind which
there is a large brownish-black blotch. Ilab. Nicaragua; Island of Laguna.
(From Gunther.)

SlBON DISCOLOR.
Leptodeika discolor Gunther, L860, /v. Z<»1. Soc. Land., :'.17.

Posterior maxillary tooth larger, in a continuous series with the other
teeth, not grooved. Scales in 1!) rows, smooth, rhombic, those of the sides
similar to those of the back. Ventrals 179 — 182. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
87—88. Total length 21 in. 1 1. ; tail G in.

Dirty white, with numerous black cross-hands extending on to the ven-
tral plates; belly uniform whitish. Fifty-one to fifty-four black bands cross
the trunk and extend to the edge of the belly; they are broader than the
interspaces between, and become interrupted and spot-like on the tail.
Upper part of head brown, with a whitish collar behind the occipitals.
Separated from S. armulatum by the teeth. Ilab. Oaxaca, Mex. (Prom
Gunther.)

SCYTALINAE.

Moderate, cylindrical to subcylindrical; head distinct from the neck,
broad behind, crown flat; tail medium, tapering. Eye medium, pupil
oblong or elliptical. Crown-shields nine. Nasal generally divided. A
loreal. Preoculars one to two. Postoculars two. Posterior maxillary

teeth longer, grooved. Scales smooth, in 17 to l!» rows, occasionally the
vertebral series larger. Anal entire. Subcaudals simple or bifid.

Oxyrhopus.

Waaler, 1830.
Elongate and subcylindrical to slender and slightly compressed; head
moderate, a little larger than the neck, depressed, muzzle rather broad,
crown fiat; tail short to moderate. I've medium, pupil elliptical, erect.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 19

Posterior upper maxillary teeth longer, grooved. Anterior teeth equal.
Crown-shields regular. Nasal divided. A loreal. Preocular one, some-
times two. Two postoculars. Scales smooth, lustrous, in 19 rows, varying
rarely to 17 or 15. Anal entire. Subcaudals in two rows.

Light reddish-white; scales more or less tipped with brown;

a yellowish collar cloelia.

Reddish-white, with about thirty black rings around the body.

doliatus.

OXYRHOPUS CLOELIA.
Coluber cloelia Daudin, 1799, BM. Rept. VI, pi. 78, p. 330.
Oxymiopus cloelia Gunther, 1858, Cat. Col. Serp., 189.

Elongate, slightly compressed, body tapering toward the tail; head
larger than the neck, depressed, rounded, crown flattened, muzzle broad;
tail rather less than a fourth of the total, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil
erect. Mouth-cleft but slightly curved. Crown-shields nine, broad. Ros-
tral as high or higher than broad, bent back in a blunt angle between the
internasals. Prefrontals broad, bent down on the side of the face. Frontal
broad, angle between the parietals a little less than right. Parietals large.
Nasal in two parts, anterior acute-angled between the rostral and first
labial. Loreal small, narrow in front. Oculars 1 — 2. One temporal in
contact with postoculars, a second below it in a notch between the labials.
Labials seven to eight, third and fourth or fourth and fifth in orbit, the
two preceding the last larger. Infralabials eight to nine, fifth larger.
Submentals two pairs, hinder smaller. Scales smooth, lustrous, with
two pores, in 19 rows. Ventrals 242. Anal entire. Subcaudals 77 pairs.

Light reddish-white, whiter below. Tips of scales slightly dotted with
brown. Crown-shields and sides of face dark brown. A triangular brown
patch on the back and sides of the neck, in front of which there is a yellow
collar which extends forward under the eye on the labials. Throat and
chin uniform white. Behind the dark patch on the neck the scales become
gradually lighter. Central America.

OXYRHOPUS DOLIATUS.

DumtoH & Bibron, 1854, Erp. Q6n. VII, 1020.

Elongate, compressed; head distinct from the neck, crown flat, broad

behind; tail moderate, less than one fourth of the total, tapering. Snout

short, broad, rounded. Eye moderate, pupil elliptical, erect. Posterior

20 SYNOPSES AM) DESCRIPTIONS.

maxilla rv tooth Longer, grooved. Crown-shields regular. Rostral broad,
low, reaching the top of the snout, [nternasals much smaller than pre-
frontals. One preocular, not in contact with the frontal. Postoculars
three (2 — 3). Loreal elongate. Labials eight, fourth and fifth in orbit.
Two temporals in contact with the oculars. Scales smooth, in 1!) rows,
medial rather larger. Anal entire.

Yellowish in alcohol, reddish in life, with thirty or more black rings —
more or less complete — encircling the body. The intervals on the back
are of varying width, reddish-white, and spotted with black. A dark spot
on the crown, somewhat broken by lighter streaks on the edges of the
plates. Belly yellowish, black bands often broken or incomplete. Central
and South America.

Dendrophinae.
Tree snakes. Slender, elongate; head very distinct from the neck, nar-
row, long, depressed, snout prominent; tail not distinct from the body, very
slender. Eye moderate to large, pupil round. Nostrils small, lateral.
Posterior upper maxillary teeth longer, grooved or smooth. Scales long,
narrow, in 15 to 21 rows. Ventrals commonly with a slight keel at the
side of the abdomen. Subcaudals in two rows. Tropics of both conti-
nents.

Posterior upper maxillary teeth longer, smooth;

scales smooth or keeled LEPTOPH is.

Posterior maxillary teeth longer, grooved behind ;

scales smooth Oxybelis.

LErTOPHIS.
Bell, 1S25.

Very slender, long; head long, narrow, depressed, distinct from the
slender neck. Snout produced beyond the lower jaw. Eye large, pupil
round. Postoculars 2 — 3. Abdomen slightly keeled at the sides. Post-
maxillary teeth longer, smooth. Scales in 15 to L9 rows, smooth or keeled.
Subcaudals in two rows.

Leptophis mexicanus.

Leptophis mexicanus Dumeril & Bibron, L854, Erp. Gen. VH, 536.
Two postoculars. Loreal present. Labials eight. Scales in 15 rows,
carinate on trunk and tail. Ventrals 157 — L69. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
138 — 154 pairs. Mexico. (From descr.)

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 21

OXYBELIS.
Wagkr, 1830.

Body much elongate, slender ; tail long. Head long, slender; snout very
long, produced. Rostral inferior. Pupil round. Noloreals. Nasal entire.
Oculars 1—2. Scales smooth. Subcaudals bifid. Posterior maxillary teeth

longer, grooved.

OXYBELIS AENEUS.
Dryinus abneus Wagler, L824, Sjii.r. Serp., Brazil, 12, pi. III.
Oxybelis aeneus Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., 183.

Very slender, slightly compressed; head distinct from the neck, long,
narrow, crown convex; snout elongate and narrow, sides concave; tail very
long and slender, a little shorter than the body. Eye large, pupil round.
Month deeply cleft, outline sinuous. ( 'rown-shields nine, anterior elongate,
parietals broad. Rostral reaching the top of the snout, but not bent back-
ward. Internasals long. Prefrontals long, bent down on the side. Fron-
tal narrow, tapering backward. Supraciliaries long, broad posteriorly.
Nasal long, narrow, entire. No loreal. One anteocular, as broad as long.
Postoculars two, lower small. Labials eight, posterior very long, fourth
to the sixth in the orbit, tnfralabials eight, fifth and sixth larger. Tem-
porals large 1+2. Submentals two pairs, posterior larger. Scales long,
pointed, in 17 rows, outer and vertebral broader. Ventrals 183. Anal
bifid. Subcaudals 197 pairs.

Light iridescent greyish or silvery punctulate with brown, sides and
belly slightly darker. A narrow line of light color along the middle of
the belly, more or less distinct. Irregularly sprinkled with brown spots
on the back and flanks. Anteriorly the belly, throat, chin, and labials are
nearly white, above this a dark brown border extends from the nostrils to
the sides of the neck. Top of head bronzed and clouded. Specimens
described from Obispo, Cent. Amer. Total length 41£ inches; tail 18|.
Total length 23^ inches; tail 11J.

j

XATIilC'TXAE.

Small to large, slender to stout, generally fusiform, approaching the sub-
cylindrical in Hydrops; head distinct, subtriangular, muzzle narrow across
the nasals; tail slender to stout, commonly tapering. Eye medium to
large, pupil round. Maxillary teeth subequal in a continuous series, or
posterior isolated, equal or larger, smooth or grooved. Internasals small,

22 synopses and inscriptions.

subtriangular or fused, sometimes displaced by the nasals. Scales keeled,
except in Hydrops.

.Scales keeled;

nasal divided;

teeth smooth in continuous scries;

loreal present tropidonatus,

loreal absent or present storeria.

nasal grooved or divided ;

postmaxillary teeth larger and isolated

HELICOPS.

scales smooth;

nasal grooved or divided ;

postmaxillary teeth little larger hydrops.

Tropidonotus.

KvM, 1826.

Stout to slender, tapering to head and tail, belly round; head distinct,
crown flat, occipital tract broad, snout narrow; tail tapering to a point.
Eye moderately large, pupil round. Teeth smooth and equal, or posterior
a little larger. Head-shields normal, anterior small. Nasal in two parts,
nostril between. Internasals small, narrowed anteriorly or triangular.
A loreal. Preoculars 1 — 3. Postoculars 2 — 5. Suboculars present in
T. cyclopivm. Scales keeled, pointed, truncate or emarginate, in 17 — 33
rows, outer broader. Subcaudals in two rows.

Anal entire;

series of rufous spots; rostral resembling that of Salvadora; series

of scales 21 rujipv/nctatus.

striped; series of scales 19 (17 — 19); slender saurita.

striped and spotted; series of scales 17 — 21 sirtalis
Anal bifid ;

banded transversely; series of scales 23 — 25 fasdatm.

transverse bands and spots; series 29 — 31 taocispilotas.

transverse bands to uniform ; with suborbitals ; scries 27 — 33

cyclopium.

irregularly spotted ; series 19 — 21 compresskaudus.

spots in longitudinal rows ; series 19 Mrtlandii.

striped ; orbitals 2 — 2 ; scries 19 leberis.

synopses amt descriptions. 23

Tropidonotus rufipunctatus.

Chjlopoma kufipunctatum Yarrow {Cope MS.;, 1875, Zool. Wheeler's Sum)/, p. 544, pi XX,fig. I.

Moderately slender, tapering to head and tail; head distinct, elongate,
narrowed anteriorly; tail about one fourth of total. Eye moderate, pupil
round. Crown-shields regular. Rostral turned over the superior face
of the muzzle, posterior border truncate. Internasals longer than wide.
Prefrontals decurved laterally. Nasal long, narrow. Preocular higher
than wide, in contact with the frontal. Two preoculars on one side.
Frontal elongate, obtuse behind. Parietals elongate, bounding the upper
postocular behind. Postoculars three. Temporals 1+3. Labials eight,
last very small, fourth and fifth bounding the orbit below. Infralabials
nine. Submentals two pairs. Scales keeled, in 21 rows, first and second
smooth, poreless. Ventrals 177. Subcaudals 4+83 pairs.

Light brown above, olive shaded on the head. Anterior half of body
marked with six rows of small alternating bright rufous or orange spots,
each of which occupies one and sometimes an adjoining scale. They stand
on the first and second, the fifth, and on the eighth rows respectively. On
the posterior third of the length they are wanting, and are indistinct poste-
rior to the middle. Lower surfaces pale brownish-grey; the base of each
ventral with blackish markings. Labials light; head without spots. The
figure does not agree with the description. Southern Arizona, (From
descr.)

Tropidonotus saurita, pi- HI, fi(J- 2.

Coluber saurita IAnni, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. XII. 385.
Tropidonotus saurita Schlegel, 1837, Ess. Pkys. Serp. II, 321.

Body slender; head distinct, crown flat; tail long, near a third of the
total length, slender. Eye large, over the fourth and fifth labials. Nino
head-shields. Frontal hexagonal. Rostral broader than high. Nasal in
two parts, nostril between, near the upper edge. A loreal. Oculars 1 — 3.
Temporals 1+2. Mouth-cleft deep, curved. Labials 8 (7 — 8), third and
fourth in orbit when there are but seven. Infralabials 10 (9 — 11), fifth
and sixth large. Submentals two pairs, elongate, narrow, hinder larger.
Scales keeled, in 19 rows, outer broader. Ventrals broad, 150 — 160 (with
var. proximus 150—180). Anal entire. Subcaudals 110—120 (100—120).

Brown to black, olivaceous beneath. With a dorsal and two lateral
narrow lines of yellow. Lateral lines upon the third and fourth rows of
scales; below them on the miter rows the color is brown, sometimes very

24 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

much faded, and shades into the olive beneath. Skin between the scales
black. Short white lines to be seen on stretching the skin. Specimens
from the Mississippi Valley show black spots in the brown of the flank.
A vertical spot of yellow on the anteorbital. Dark color of the head
extending to the rostral and upper labials. A pair of small yellow spots
near the inner margins of the occipitals. Closely allied to T. sirtalis.
Valley of the Mississippi and eastward.

var. proximus,
Stouter. Ventrals 168—178. Subcaudals 100—108. Mississippi Val-
ley to Mexico.

TltOPIDONOTUS SIRTALIS, pi. Ill, fi(j. 3.
Coluber sikta lis Linrrf, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 222; ed. XII, 1766, p. 383.
Tropidoxotcs siutalin HdWrook, 1S42, N. A. Herp. IV, 41, pi. XI.

Young slender, old moderately stout; head distinct, broad behind, nar-
row in front, flat on the crown ; tail medium, slender posteriorly, one
fourth to one fifth of the total length. Nine head-shields. Vertical hex-
angular. Rostral broader than high. Nasal in two parts, nostril between
— in anterior portion. Loreal quadrangular. One anteorbital. Postor-
bitals 3 — 4 Eye large, over the third and fourth or fourth and fifth
labials. Mouth-cleft deep, curved. Labials 7 or 8, antepenultimate largest.
Infralabials 10. Submentals two pairs, hinder larger. Scales keeled
in 17 — 21 rows, dorsal narrow, outer broad. Ventrals broad 1-10 — 155
(140 — 180 with the varieties). Subcaudals 50 — 90 pairs.

Brown above, varying from light ashy to very dark; olive beneath. A
dorsal and two lateral narrow lines of yellow, sometimes faded or oblit-
erated. In the brown space between the yellow lines on the flank are two
series of quadrate alternating spots; sometimes the upper of these forms
a band (var. collaris), and in cases the spots of the lower are joined to it
(var. fickeringii). A brown band on the outer row (sometimes obsolete),
with or without a series of spots. Black spots on the base near the
extremities of each ventral are visible on bending the body. When the
skin is stretched numerous short white lines are to be seen on the flanks
of most specimens. A small yellow spot near the inner margin of each
parietal shield. Chin and throat lighter colored, yellowish. Labials more
or less bordered with black. Kentucky specimens show a light collar
extending toward the occiput around the angle of the jaw, behind which

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 25

the dark color is produced toward the throat. On account of the amount
of variation of this species in different localities, it is hardly to be separated
from the preceding. Canada to Central America.
sirtalis. Rows 19. Spots 70—90. Ventrals 140—165+60—85 pairs.

Mississippi Valley and eastward.
marcidnm. Rows 21. .Spots 50 — 75. Ventrals 145 — 175+50 — 90 pairs.

Texas to Mexico.
parietalis. Rows 21. Spots 70—110. Ventrals 160—1854-50—90 pairs.

Valley of the Missouri and westward.
infernalis. Rows 17—19. Spots 100—120. Ventrals 145—175+75—95

pairs. California and northward.
collaris. Rows 19. Ventrals 151— 165 + 58— 84 (Jan.) Mexico to Panama.
ordinatus. Agrees with .sirtalis, hut has the lower scries of spots more

distinct, while the stripes arc* almost obsolete, and is found in various

isolated localities of the same district, as Alabama, South Carolina,

Martha's Vineyard, and Nova Scotia.

Tropidonotus sipedon, pi. II, Jiff. 3.

Coluber si pedon Limn'; 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 219.
Tropidoxotus sipedon Hblbrook, 1842, A*. A. Herp. IV, p. 6, pi. 29.

Stout, fusiform, belly broad; head distinct, narrow forward; tail smaller
than the body, tapering. Eye medium, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep,
abruptly curved near the angle. Nine head-shields. Rostral low, broader
than high. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. A loreal. One anteor-
bital, sometimes two. Postorbitals two to four. Temporals 1+2, large.
Labials 8 (7—9), sixth and seventh large. Infralabials 10 (9—11), fifth
and sixth large. Submentals two pairs, large, not in contact with the
mental. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 to 1*5 rows, dorsal narrow, outer
broader than long, keeled to smooth. Ventrals 130 — 155. Anal divided.
Subcaudals 40 — 75 pairs.

Varying from ashy to very dark brown, or to brownish-red; with three
series of dark-edged brown spots; dorsal about ten scales in width, varying
in shape from irregular rounded to nearly square, distinct or confluent with
the lateral into transverse bands, which widen toward the vertebral rows.
There are usually twenty-five to thirty spots on the flank, wider than long,
and from fifteen to twenty on the tail. Commonly the spots on the flanks
are more or less opposed and confluent anteriorly, but posteriorly alter-

26 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

nated with those of the dorsal series. A faded band of dark color from
the eye to the angle of the mouth. The markings are subject to great
variation, often very indistinct or obsolete. Belly reddish, yellowish, or
white, more or less spotted or mottled with brown, lighter under neck and
chin. Canada to Mexico.
sipedon. Greyish or brownish. Rows of scales 23 (23 — 25). Maine to

Sonora.
erythrogaster. Reddish. Rows of scales 23 — 25. Southeastern U. S.
rhombifer. Brownish, with transverse dorsal rhombs. Rows of scales 25.

Tropidoxotus taxispilotus.

Hdbrook, 1842, JV. A. Herp. IV, p. 35, pi VIII.
Stout, tapering to head and tail; head moderate, broader than the neck,
snout, narrow; tail about one fourth of the total length, somewhat distinct,
slightly compressed, tapering. Head-shields normal. Rostral broad, low.
Nasal in two parts, nostril between. A loreal. One anteorbital (1 — 2.)
Postorbitals 2 (2 — 3.) A single temporal in contact with the orbitals.
Labials 8 (7 — 9), the two preceding the last large. Infralabials 10 (9 — 11),
fifth and sixth larger. Scales keeled, notched at the extremity, in 29 — 31
rows, outer rather large. Ventrals broad, 130 — 141. Anal bifid. Sub-
cranials 80 pairs. Brown, with three series of dark blotches, separated by
spaces of 'nearly equal width. Lateral series little smaller than the dorsal.
Belly brownish, marked with yellow on the fore edges of the scales, more
yellow anteriorly. Southeastern United States.

Tropidonotus cyclopium, pi. II, fig. 4.

Dumlril& Bitmm, 1854, Erp. <;,'„. VII, 576.

Moderately stout, elongate fusiform; belly broad, back slightly com-
pressed; head distinct, broad behind, short in front of eyes; tail about one
fourth of the total, subtriangular, tapering. Head-shields nine. Rostral
broad, low. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Lower side of loreal
longer, upper short. One ante two post, and two to three suborbitals.
Temporals large, a single one in contact with the orbitals. Labials 8 — 9,
three preceding the last large, occasionally one or more in contact with the
orbitals. Infralabials 10 — 12. Submentals two pairs, anterior larger.
Scales notched at the end, keeled, in 27 — 33 rows, outer broader, faintly
keeled. Ventrals 138 — 150. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 60 — 75 pairs.

SYNOPSES AM) DESCRIPTIONS.

21

Clouded olivaceous browil', with narrow, irregular, more or less indistinct
vertical bands of about two scales in width, separate! by narrow spaces.
In places on the body these hands appear to meet on the hack, in others
they alternate, and posteriorly most of them are divided on the middle of
the flank to form alternating series of quadrate blotches, similar to those
of sipedon. Belly brown toward the vent, with semicircular yellow spots
on the hinder edges of the scutes; anteriorly it is yellow, with spots of
brown, somewhat similar in shape on the bases of the plates. There
is great variation in intensity and amount of marking. A very large
specimen from Florida shows only a narrow band of In-own on the base
of each ventral. Specimens of this species from Florida are hardly to be
separated from taxispilotus. Ohio to Florida.

ThoPIDOXOTUS COMrRESSICAUDUS.
Nbbodia compkessicattda KJennkott, I860, /v. Ac. .V St., Phil., 335.

Moderate, belly broad, back slightly compressed; head distinct, nar-
row; tail compressed, subtriangular, about one fourth of the total. Head
shields normal. Internasals as long or longer than wide, narrow in front.
Nasal divided obliquely, nostril near the upper margin. One anteorbital.
Postorbitals two (2 — 3). A large temporal in contact with the orbi-
tals. Labials eight (7 — 9), the two preceding the last large. Eye me-
dium, pupil round. Infralabials ten (9 — 11). Hinder pair of submentals
larger. Scales keeled, truncate or notched at the end, in 19 — 21 rows,
outer broader, keeled to smooth. Ventrals broad 125 — 135. Anal bifid.
Subcaudals 66 — 81 pairs.

Dark greyish-brown, much spotted and dotted with yellowish. Ventrals,
chin-shields, and labials with central rounded or oblong spots of yellow.
Flanks with faintly outlined vertical bands, appearing in parts of the body
as three or four series of spots, sometimes united at the neck into as many
short longitudinal bands. Head nearly black. Florida.

*o*

Tropidonotus leberis, pi. II, fig. 1.

Colubeb leberis Unrig, 1758, Syst., ed. X, T, 216; <<l XII, 17iiC>, :!7.">.

Tbofidonotus leberis Holbrook, 1842, N. .1. Herp. IV, i9,pl. XIII.

Body moderately stout and long; head very little larger than the neck,

depressed, crown flat; tail near one fourth of the total, tapering to a point.

Head-shields normal. Rostral broad, low. Nasal divided. Mouth deeply

cleft, curved posteriorly. A loreal. Anteorbitals two (2 — 3.) Postorbi-

28 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

tals two (2 — 3). Temporals 1+2. Labials seven (7 — 8). Eye over third
and fourth, fifth and sixth larger. Infralabials 10 (9 — 11), fifth and sixth
larger, posterior very small. Submentals two pairs, hinder larger. Scales
keeled, truncate or notched at the end, in 19 rows (19 — 21 var. validus),
dorsal narrow, outer broad, faintly keeled. Ventrals 140 — 150. Anal
bifid. Subeaudals 64 — 86 pairs.

Reddish-brown, more or less olive, with a band of light color from the
rostral along the upper labials the first and second rows of scales on the
flank; below this on the first row and ends of the ventrals there is a nar-
row brown space. The light bands are usually margined with a dark line.
Anteriorly the belly is yellowish, more or less mottled with olive, or bear-
ing two lines of olive near the middle; posteriorly the ventrals are olive,
with or without a narrow space of yellow in the middle. Chin, throat, and
labials light yellow. With or without vertebral and lateral narrow lines
of brown. In Kentucky specimens these lines are almost obsolete. Bright
fresh ones just taken from the water have the appearance of being striped
longitudinally, above and below, with narrow bands, the dark separated by
lighter of about the same width, which do not form very marked contrasts,
if we except the light stripe on the flank. South Carolina to California
and Mexico.

rigidus. Dorsal vittae distinct; colors dark. Southeastern United States.
grahamii. Vittae distinct; bands of yellow on the flank; a light band on

the middle of the back; belly yellow. Texas.
validus. Vittae obsolete; light brownish ash above; belly uniform yel-
lowish. California to Mexico.

Tropidonotus kirtlandii, jd. I, fig. 3.

Regina kirtlandii KennicoU, L856, FY. Ac. .V. Se., l'hil., 95.
Small. Moderately stout, tapering little to head and tail, belly broad,
back slightly compressed; head small, sub-oval, little larger than the
neck, depressed, crown convex, snout short, rounded; tail short, about one
fifth of the total, tapering regularly to the tip. Eye medium, pupil round.
Mouth-cleft deep, curved. Head-shields nine, l'arietals and frontal large.
Prefrontals broad, reaching down the side of the face. Rostral broad,
low. Nasal divided. A loreal. One anteorbital. Postorbitals two. Tem-
porals 14-2. Labials 6. eye over third and fourth, fifth and sixth larger.
Infralabials 7 (7 — 8), fifth and sixth larger. Submentals two pairs, sub-
equal. Scales keeled, in 19 rows, dorsal narrow, truncate, outer and caudal

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 29

broad, rounded at the end, Ventrals 129 — 133. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
50 — 59 pairs.

Light greyish-brown, scales punctulate with black, with three alternating
series of rounded black spots on each side. The median series of spots
are the largest, four or five scales in width, about fifty from head to vent,
and twenty-live on the tail. The spots of the upper series are much
smaller and less distinct than those of the median; and those of the
lower are still smaller and more faint. Belly yellowish, with a series of
black spots near each edge. These spots are on the bases of the ventrals,
a short distance from the extremity. Head to upper edge of labials dark
brown, with small yellow spots on the occiput; yellow beneath. Illinois.

Storeria.

Bui nl A- Girard, 1853.

Small species. Moderately elongate, rounded; head short, narrow, very
little larger than the neck, crown flat; tail tapering. Head-shields normal,
anterior short. Loreal absent or present. Nasal in two parts, nostril be-
tween, or grooved below the nostril. Teeth equal, smooth. Scales keeled,
in 15 — 17 rows. Anal divided or entire. Subcaudals in two rows. Hardly
to be ranked higher than as a subgenus of Tvo})hloiiottis. Canada to Mexico.
Anal bifid;

a loreal; orbitals 2 — 3;

scales in 15 rows storerioides.

No loreal; orbitals 2 — 2;

scales in 15 rows oceqtitomaculata.

orbitals 1—2;
scales in 17 rows dekayi.

Anal entire;

No loreal; scales in 15 rows; orbitals 1 — 2.

copei.
A loreal; scales in 17 rows;

nasal grooved lineata.

Storeria storerioides.

Tropidocloxicm stores >i s Cope, 1865, Pr. Ac. X. Sc, Phil, 100.

Small, not slender, muzzle obtuse, in general similar to S. dekayi. Nasal
divided or grooved. Head-shields nine. Loreal trapezoidal touching the
decurved prefrontals at the superior angle, sometimes entering the orbit

30 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

between the two anteorbitals. One temporal in contact with the three
postorbitals. Labials 7 (6 — 7), third and fourth in orbit. Infralabials 7,
fourth largest. Submentals two pairs. Scales keeled, in 15 rows, verte-
bra] narrow, outer broad, smooth. Ventrals 126+, Anal divided. Sub*
caudals 40 pairs.

Light to olive brown, punctulate above and below, with about fifty-four
light-edged black cross-bars extending over six rows of scales, alternating
with shorter ones on the sides, broken into spots on the neck. A large
blotch behind the occiput on each side. Total length 13 in. 5 1. ; tail 2 in.
8 1. (From descr.) Mexican Plateau, between Valley of Mexico and the
Eastern Range.

Storeria occipitomaculata, pi. I, jig. 2.

Tbopidonotus occipitomaculatus Storer, L839, Hep. Mass. /.'<yi/., 230.
Storeria occipitomaculatus Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Serp., 137.

Small, not stout, elongate, subcylindrical, belly round ; head distinct,
depressed, crown slightly convex, narrow in front; tail about one fourth of
the total, tapering regularly to a slender extremity. Eyes medium, pupil
round. Mouth-cleft deep, slightly curved. Head-shields nine, short, broad.
Rostral broader than high. Nasal divided, nostril in anterior portion. Lo-
real absent, rarely present (a specimen from Michigan has one on each
side). Two anteorbitals. Postorbitals two. Temporals 1+2. Labials 6
(5 — 6), low, eye over the third and fourth, penultimate larger. Infralabials
7 (6 — 7), fifth largest. Submentals two pairs, posterior half as large as
anterior. Scales keeled, notched at the end, in 15 rows, dorsal narrow,
outer much broader. Ventrals 117 — 128. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 43 — 50.

Brownish or greyish olive. A narrow band of light color on the middle
of the back, three scales in width, inclosed by a pair of narrow black lines;
on the inferior row there is a similar line or vitta. Closely examined, the
scales are punctulate or mottled with black. The middle of the belly is
yellowish white, red in life, and becomes more olive toward the flanks.
Behind each angle of the mouth, and on the occiput, there is a spot of
light color. Under the head and neck the scales are more or less punctu-
late or clouded with brown. The markings vary from very distinct to
obsolete. Mississippi Valley and Eastward.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 31

Stoeeria dekayi pi. I,fig.l.

Tbopidonotus dekayi Holbrook, 1842, N. A. Herp. 71". 53, pi. XIV.
Stokeiua dekayj Baird it Girard, 1853, Cat. Serp., 135.

Small. Body elongate fusiform, belly broad, rounded; head distinct,
do] tressed, rounded behind, narrow and angular in front; tail short, about
one fifth of the total, tapering gradually, slender near the extremity. Eye
moderate, pupil round. Snout prominent. Rostral broader than high.
Head-shields normal. Frontal short, broad. Nostril in hinder edge of
anterior portion of the nasal. No loreal. One anteorbital. Postorbitals
two, sometimes fused. One temporal in contact with the orbitals. Labials
7, eye over the third and fourth. Infralabials 7, fourth and fifth large.
Submentals two pairs, subequal. An elongate shield behind the fifth and
sixth infralabials. Scales keeled, slightly notched at the end, in 17 rows,
dorsal narrow, miter very broad. Ventrals 120 — 138. Anal bifid. Sub-
caudals 40—60.

Light brownish (dive, ashy to reddish, with two scries of small black
spots, about four scales apart, along the middle of the back. The spots
are irregularly placed, and often united across the intervening space, form-
ing short transverse bands of about seven scales in width. The spaces
between these spots is lighter than the flanks, and separated from them by
a dark line connecting the outer edges of the blotches. In the first pair
the spots are larger, and extend from the occiput down the back of the
head around the angles of the jaws. Head darker, a dark band across the
occipitals to the hinder labial, sometimes broken on the sides. A vertical
band of black under the eye. Often there is a second series of indistinct
spots on the flank below the dorsal vitta, alternating with the vertebral
series. Belly uniform, or with irregularly placed dots of black near the
sides. Chin and throat more yellow. Spots sometimes obsolete. Maine
to Mexico.

A specimen from Jalapa, Mexico, has 145 ventrals, a bifid anal, and
44 pairs of subcaudals. It is only by a close examination that it can
be distinguished from Massachusetts specimens.

Storeria COPEI.

Adelophis copei Cope, L879, /v. .1///. Phil. Soc.,p. 265 {Duga MSS.)
Head little larger than neck; tail pointed, near one fifth of the total.
Rostral not produced, projecting very slightly above the level of the muz-
zle. Internasals small, triangular. Frontal longer than wide, hexangu-

32 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

lar. Prefrontals in contact with Initials. Supraoculars elongate, straight.
Occipitals large. Nostril in posterior border of anterior portion of nasal.
No loreal. One anteorbital, Postorbitals two. Temporals 1+2. Labials
5, third and fourth in contact with orbitals and eye. Infralabials 5
(6). Submentals two pairs. Scales keeled, truncated, in 15 rows, outer
larger and smooth. Anal entire.

Light brown. A yellow band two scales in width along the vertebral
rows, bordered on each side by a reddish-brown band of equal width,
below which passes a narrow black line, ending in a black spot behind
the eye. Posterior margins of outer row marked with black. Top of
head reddish-brown. Lips and flanks yellow. Gruadalaxara, Mexico.
(From descr.)

Stoeekia lineata, pi. I, fig. 4.

Miceops lineatus HdfloweU, L856, Proc. Ac. N. Sc., PhU.,p. 241.

Small. Stout, subcylindrical, belly broad, rounded; head indistinct,
small, slightly convex on the crown; tail short, thick. Eye small, over
third and fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, curving near the
angle. Snout narrow, rounded. Head-shields nine. Prefrontals reaching
down on the side of the face. Rostral small, low, a little broader than
high. Nasal grooved below the nostril. Loreal elongate, low. Orbitals
1+2. Temporals 1 + 1+2. Labials seven, sixth wedged between the fifth
and seventh, not reaching the lip. Infralabials six, fourth largest. Sub-
mentals two pairs, posterior half as large as the anterior. Scales keeled,
in 17 rows, median narrow, notched, outer two broad, smooth, or faintly
keeled. Ventrals 138 — 145. Anal entire. Subcaudals 32 — 35 pairs.

Light greyish-brown. A light line from the occiput to the end of the
tail on the medial three rows of scales. The base of each scale in the row
next to this is black, forming two lines of dots. A white line occupies half
of each of the second and third outer rows. Last's of the scales black in
the first, second, fourth, and sometimes fifth rows. Under the epiderm the
appearance is much darker. Belly yellowish white; on each side of the
middle a series of black spots on the bases of the ventrals, more or less
confluent across the belly, and meeting on the neck. Head mottled with
black. Kansas to Texas.

synopses am) descbiptions. 33

Eelicops.

Wagler, 1830.

Form stout, tapering to head and tail; head larger than the neck,
bmad behind, narrow forward, crown flat; tail tapering. Eyes mod-
erate to small, pupil round. Teeth smooth, post maxillary larger and often
isolated. Head-shields eight or nine. Internasals narrow in front or
fused, generally in contact with the rostral. Nasal entire and grooved,
or divided. With or without a loreal. Commonly 1 — 2 ante, and 2 — 3
pestorbitals, suborbitals rarely present. Scales keeled in 19 — 25 rows.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two rows.
Nasal divided ;

internasals 2; scales keeled, in 19 — 21 rows

variabilis.
Nasal entire, grooved;

internasal 1 ; scales in 19 rows, keels few allenii.

Helicops variabilis.

Tretaxoriiints variabilis Than. A Bibr., 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, 349.

Fusiform; head distinct, narrow across the nasals, broad behind, de-
pressed, crown flat; tail moderate, tapering rapidly near the base. Eye
small, pupil round. Jaws nearly equal in length. Posterior maxillary
teeth little larger, slightly compressed. Rostral broader than high, con-
vex. Head-shields nine. Internasals small, irregular, subtriangular, not
at all or but little in contact with the rostral. Prefrontals broader in front,
longer than broad. Frontal pentagonal, truncate and narrower in front.
Nasal in two parts, the small nostril between, nearer the upper margin.
Loreals 2 (1 — 2), anterior smaller. Anteorbitals 2 (2 — 3), lowrer larger.
Postorbitals 2. Temporals 1+2+3. Labials 8 — 9, the two preceding the
last largest, a single one (fourth or fifth) under the eye. Infralabials
10 — 11, sixth largest (fifth or sixth). Submentals two pairs, posterior
larger. Scales keeled, lozenge-shaped, truncate, in 21 rows (19 — 21), dor-
sal finely striate, outer broader, nearly or quite smooth. Ventrals broad
142 (137—158). Anal bifid. Subcaudals 65 pairs (65—78).

Light greyish to dark brown, edges of scales lighter; young with irreg-
ular indistinct blotches of darker. A light line on the outer two rows of
scales from the neck to the tip of the tail. Belly yellowish white, mottled

Mem. — vol. n— 3

34 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

with brown, darker on throat and chin. A dark border to the lower edge
of the light line on the flank is not always present. A dark band passes
from the nasals through the eye to the neck. One of the specimens from
which this description is taken lias been named by Prof, Jan Helicons
AyaxsiziL link Mexico and Central America,

Helicops allenii, pi. VII, fir/. 4.

Gorman, ls74, Proc. Bost. Soc. Km. Etet., .VIVA 92.

Fusiform, stout, slightly compressed, belly rounded ; head small, crown
slightly convex and tapering to a point at the rostral; tail moderate, taper-
ing rapidly near the base. Eye large, pupil round, situated in advance of
the middle of the length of the mouth. Mouth-cleft deep, slightly curved.
Posterior maxillary teeth larger. Head-shields eight. Internasals fused,
very small. Frontal slightly narrower forward. Occipitals broad, in con-
tact with the labials. Supraciliaries elongate, narrow in front. Prefrontals
broad, reaching down on the side of the face. Rostral small, broader than
high. Nasals entire, in contact between rostral and prefrontals. Nostril
small, superior, a groove from its lower edge to the labial. Loreal quad-
rangular. One anteorbital. Postorbitals three, lower small. Temporals
1+2 (not in contact with the orbitals). Labials 8, sixth and seventh large,
hinder angle of third and the fourth entering the orbit. Infralabials 10
(10 — 11), fifth and sixth larger. Submentals two pairs, hinder larger.
Scales smooth, excepting several rows on the tail, lustrous, in 19 rows,
vertebral twice as long as wide, outer wider than long, the medial two
rows of the tail strongly and the next pair slightly keeled. Yentrals 128.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals 58 pairs.

Dorsal rows light reddish-brown (yellowish to flesh color on the flanks).
A vertebral band of rich dark In-own near five scales in width, the middle
of which is perceptibly lighter, A band of lighter brown on each flank,
two scales and two half scales, separated from the vertebral by a hand of
the ground color two half scales wide. Lateral edges of each scale darker.
Labials, chin and throat yellowish. Head of a uniform rich dark brown.
Florida.

Hydrops.

Wagler, L830.

Elongate fusiform to subcylindrical ; head rather indistinct, short, broad,
rounded; tail short, thick, pointed. Eye moderate, pupil round. Teeth
smooth, in continuous series, or posterior maxillary larger, sometimes iso-

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 35

lated, rarely grooved. Head-shields 8 — 9. Internasals 2 or fused. Nasal
grooved or divided. Loreal rarely present. Orbitals 1 — 2. Scales smooth,
lust runs, in 15 — 21 rows. Anal birid. Subeaudals in two rows.
Nasal grooved;
no loreal;

scales in 19 rows;

head-shields normal erythrogrammus.

internasals fused abacurus.

Nasal divided;
a loreal ;

scales in 21 rows ;

head-shields normal quiiiqucriffatus.

Hydrops erythrogrammus.

Coluber erythrogrammus Davdin, 1799, EM. Sept. VII, 93, Tab. 83,/. 2.

Stout, round, subfusiform; head hardly distinct from neck, slightly
depressed, rounded; tail short, one sixth to one eighth of the total, thick,
tapering to a point. Snout moderate, rounded. Eye medium, over the
third and fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth deeply cleft, outline nearly
straight. Teeth larger backward. Head-shields normal. Rostral broad,
convex. Internasals small. Prefrontals broad, entering the orbit. Fron-
tal hexagonal, lateral sides nearly parallel. Anteorbital and loreal united.
Postorbitals two. Temporals 1+2. Labials 7, penultimate largest. In-
fralabials eight, fifth larger. Submentals two pairs, posterior smaller.
Scales smooth, glossy, in 19 rows, dorsal broad, outer broader than long.
Ventrals broad 167 — 185. Anal bifid, exceptionally entire. Subeaudals
38 to 50 pairs.

Red or reddish brown, with four bands of lustrous dark-brown or black
from head to tail, each about three scales in width, separated by red spaces
of about one scale on the vertebral and the sixth rows on each flank.
Outer row, sometimes the first two or three rows, red. Lateral brown
band often narrowed, lower margin notched. A rounded spot of black
near each end of the ventrals. A row of spots along the middle of the
belly, sometimes broken or absent. Labials and chin-shields with central
spots of black. Head-shields more or less marked with red. Largest
specimen 39J inches in total; tail 5£ inches. Mississippi Valley and
eastward, as far north as Illinois and North Carolina.

3(5 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Hydrops lbacurus, pL Lf<j. 5.

Coluber abacurus HoVbrook, L836, N. A. Hay. Uted., 1, \.19,pl. XXIII.
Hydrops abacurus Dum. & Bibr., L854, Erp. Gen., Tab. 65.

Long, moderately stout, cylindrical; head very little larger than the
neck, depressed, rounded; tail short, thick, conical, one sixth tonne ninth
of the total. .Snout short, broad. Eye medium, over third and fourth
labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, slightly curved. Teeth little
larger backward. Head-shields eight. Internasals united. Prefrontals
reaching the orbit. Frontal hexangular. Nasal entire, grooved from the
nostril to the first labial. Nostril small, visible from above. Loreal
united with anteorbital. One anteorbital. Postorbitals two, lower small,
in a notch between the labials. Temporals 1+2. Labials seven, some-
times fused or divided, penultimate larger. Infralabials nine, fifth larger.
Submentals two pairs, hinder small. Scales smooth, glossy, rounded at
the end, in 19 rows, outer broader. Ventrals large, broad, 171 — 203.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals in 35 — 47 pairs.

Ground color red, yellow in alcohol. Back and usually -top of head
bluish-black. The black color extends down the flanks in wedge-shaped
points, separated by wedges of the red, which sometimes extend to the
middle of the back. The bands of black extend nearly or quite to the
middle of the belly, where they meet or alternate with those from the
opposite side. Red occasionally encircling the neck or scattered over
the top of the head. Anterior labials and chin-shields, with rounded
spots of black. Largest specimen 54 inches long; tail 5f inches. Mis-
sissippi Valley and eastward, as far north as Illinois and Virginia.

Hydrops quinquevittatus.

Homalopsis quinquevittatus Ihim. S% Bibr., ls">4, Erp. Gin. VII, 975.

Elongate, moderately stout, subcylindrical ; head distinct, little larger
than the neck, depressed, crown flat, muzzle narrow between the nostrils;
tail stout, tapering regularly to the point. Eye moderate, pupil round.
Mouth-cleft deep, outline curved. Posterior maxillary teeth longer, sepa-
rated by an interspace. Head-shields normal. Internasals small, narrow
in front. Frontal short, broad, truncate, or angled in front. Nasal divided
or entire. Loreal half as large as the anteorbital. Postorbitals two. Tem-
porals l-f2. Submentals two pairs, nearly equal, posterior diverging.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 37

Labials 8, sixth and seventh largest. Infralabials 10. Scales smooth,
lustrous, in 21 rows. Ventrals 160. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 65 pairs.
A band of black along each flank from the nostril to the tip of the tail.
One or two of the outer rows lighter. Dorsal region covered by a band
of greyish brown, lighter near the black bands. Labials, infralabials, and
chin-shields with rounded spots of black. Each ventral has a rounded
spot upon the base near each end which form a series along each side of
the abdomen. Southern Mexico and Central America.

COLTTBRINAE.

Elongate fusiform, stout to slender; head distinct from the neck, elon-
gate, crown flattened, sides concave; neck somewhat small; tail rather
long, not distinct from the trunk, tapering. Muzzle stout, produced.
Mouth deeply cleft, outline curved. Teeth subequal or posterior larger.
Eye large, pupil round. Scales smooth or keeled, imbricate; subcaudals
in two rows.

The typical genera of the family are those of Coluber and Elaphis,. the
genera to which the common black snakes of the United States belong.
Nasal divided;

edges of rostral free; scales smooth, in 17 series;

posterior maxillary teeth longer, isolated, smooth

Salvadoea.
Nasal entire;

teeth equal, smooth; loreal present or lacking;

anal bifid; scales smooth or keeled, in 15 or 17 series

Cyclophis.
Nasal divided-;

anal bifid; scales smooth or keeled; loreal present;

teeth becoming longer posteriorly Coluber.

anal entire;

teeth equal smooth; a loreal; crown-shields nine;
scales keeled or smooth, in 15 to 23 series

Spilotes.
scales keeled, in 27 to 35 series ;

crown-shields nine to eleven Pityophis.

38 SYNOPSES ANB DESCRIPTIONS;

anal bifid or entire;

teeth equal, smooth; a loreal; crown-shields nine;

scales keeled, sometimes obsoletely, in 19 to 25 series

Elaphis.
anal bifid ;

posterior maxillary teeth longer, smooth; loreal rarely absent;
crown-shields nine DKOMICUS.

Salvabora.

Baird& Girard, 1853.
Elongate, slender; head distinct from neck, long, snout produced; tail
slender, tapering gradually. Eye large, pupil round. Posterior maxillary
teeth larger, smooth, isolated. Head-shields nine. Rostral prominent,
bent back on the head, vd^r* more or less free. A loreal. Nasal divided.
Anteorbitals two to three. Postorbitals two to three. Scales smooth, gen-
erally in 17 rows. Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two rows.
Labials forming the lower edge of the orbit;

with longitudinal bands grahamii.

Orbit separated from the labials by small shields;

with a dorsal series of blotches decurtata.

Salvabora graham iae.

Bainl & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Aim r, Serp., 104.

Slender, fusiform; head moderate, distinct from the neck, with flat crown;
tail about one fourth of the total, slender. Eye large, pupil round. Snout
produced, truncate, inclined from a vertical. Rostral prominent, with
free edges, bent back on the top of the snout. Crown-shields nine. In-
ternasals broad, separated in front by the rostral. Prefrontals broad.
Supraciliaries and frontal long. Nasal divided, nostril lateral near the
margin of the prefrontal. Loreals one to three. Anteorbitals two. Post-
orbitals three to two. Labials nine, eye over the fifth and sixth, seventh
largest. Temporals two, followed by irregular shields. Infralabials nine
to ten, fifth largest. Posterior submentals small. Scales smooth, in 17
rows, medial narrow, outer broad. Ventrals 175 — 186. Anal bifid.
Subcaudals 75 to 106 pairs.

Top of the head yellowish brown, from this to the end of the tail extends
a medial band of dull yellowish one to three scales in width. On each

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 39

side from the nasal through the eye along the flank there is a black
band three or more scales in width. Below the black a band of yel-
lowish green a scale or more in width separates it from a second dark
band about half a scale in width; one or the other of these is often obso-
lete. Outer rows dull yellowish green. Belly uniform dull yellowish.
Mexico.

var. HEXALEPIS.

Piiymotiiyra iiexalepis Cope, 1SG6, Proc. Ac N. Sc, Phil, 304.

Is shorter, and has the loreal divided.

Salvadora decurtata.

Piiymotiiyra decurtata Cope, 1860, Proc. Ac. N. Sc, Phil., 310.

"This species is distinguished by many features. The head is short-
ened and somewhat arched, the rostral plate very broad and free, entirely
separating the internasals. There is a complete annulus of scales around
the eye. The tail is relatively shorter than in the known species.

"Ground color light grey; a series of • elongate parallelogramic brown
blotches occupies the dorsal region, from the nape to the end of the tail.
Labials and under surfaces unspotted. Length about 14 inches. This
serpent is remarkably different from the three already known representa-
tives of the genus. In these the orbit rests on the labials, and the color
is in bands." Upper part of Lower California.

Cycxophis.

Guniher, 1858.

Body slender, belly rounded; head ovoid, distinct from the neck; tail
long, tapering regularly. Eye somewhat large, pupil round. Teeth equal,
smooth. Head-shields nine. Loreal present or lacking. Nasal entire.
Orbitals 1 — '2. Scales smooth in 15 rows, or keeled in 17. Anal and
subcaudals bifid.

Cyclophis vernalis, pi. Ill, jifj. 4.

Coluber vernalis (De K. i Harlan, 1S2G, Jour. Ac. N. Sc, Phil., V, 361.
CYCLOPnis vernalis Giinther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, 119.

Moderately slender, subcylindrieal, with flat belly. Head moderate,
distinct from the neck, sides concave in front of the eye. Tail rather
stout, near one third of the total, tapering. Eye medium, over the third

40 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS'.

and fourth labials, pupil round. Head-shields nine. Supraciliaries prom-
inent. Frontal pentagonal. Muzzle prominent, extending beyond the
lower jaw. Rostral Went back and sharp-angled between the internasals.
Nasal entire, nostril near the center. Loreal present. Orbitals 1 — 2,
lower small. Temporals 1+2. Labials seven, sixth larger. Infralabials
eight, fifth larger. Posterior submentals shorter. Scales smooth, in 15
rows, medial narrow, outer broad. Ventrals 125 — 140. Anal bifid.
Subcaudals 69—95 pairs.
Grass green, whiter below.

(Phylloph itoph is.)
Cyclophis aestivus, pi. Ill, Jig. 1.

Coluber aestivus TAnni, 1766, Syst. Sal., ed. XII, vol. I, 387.
Cyclophis aestivus GiXniher, 1S3S, Cat. ('<>!. Snakes, 119.

Body long, slender, compressed, with small neck and flat belly. Head
distinct from the neck, elongate, with flat crown and pointed snout. Tail
slender, more than half as long as the body. Eye large, pupil round.
Mouth deeply cleft. Head-shields normal. Vertical pentagonal. Snout
prominent; rostral broad, reaching the top. Nasal entire, elongate, nostril
in the middle. Loreal present. Orbitals 1 — 2, lower smaller. Temporals
1+2. Labials seven, third and fourth in the orbit. Infralabials eight,
fifth very large. Posterior submentals longer. Scales narrow, in 17 rows,
keeled except on the outer or outer two, which are broader and smooth.
Ventrals 150—105. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 110—135 pairs.

Green, blue in alcohol, often with a reddish tint; belly white, greenish
posteriorly.

Coluber.

Linne", 1754, Mm. .11 Fridr.; Syst. Nat., «/. A', 1758, J, 216.

Elongate, moderate to slender, slightly compressed ; head distinct from
the neck, somewhat narrow, crown flat, subquadrangular in transverse
section at the eye; tail moderate to long and slender. Eye moderate,
pupil round. Teeth becoming larger and longer posteriorly. Crown-
shields nine. Nasal divided. Loreal present, sometimes divided. Pre-
oculars one to two. Postoculars two to three. Scales rhomboid, smooth
or keeled, in 14 to 23 rows. Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two rows.

(Ihiscaniion.)

§i N01jSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 4l

Scales in 17 rows;
anal entire ;

back plumbeous to black, in adults;

two labials in the orbit constrictor.

one labial in the orbit mentovarius.

(Masticophis.)

Anal bifid ;

dingy white, mixed with brown, varying to black on the anterior

half of the body flagelliformis.

reddish-brown; anterior scales darker in the center, posterior

with a light spot at the base testaceus.

color in longitudinal bands;

three preoeulars ; brown darkening anteriorly

aurigulus.
one preocular;

bands broken into transverse blotches anteriorly

mexicanus.
a yellow band on vertebral rows; a black line at ends of
ventrals spinalis.

Scales in 15 rows ;

a broad band of dark color on the back; flanks with narrow lines of
light color, separated by dark. taeniatus.

Coluber constrictor, pi. IV, fig. 3.

Linn/; 175S, Si/xl. Nat, ed. A", 7, 216; 1766, ed. XII, I, 385.

Elongate, slender, slightly compressed; head distinct from the neck,
long, narrow, angled in front, concave on the sides, crown flat, curving
downward near the snout; tail about one fourth of the total, slender.
Eyes large, over the third and fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft
deep, curved. Crown-shields normal. Prefrontals bent downward on the
side of the head. Rostral broad, very convex. Nasal in two parts, nostril
between. A loreal. Preoeulars two, sometimes but one. lower very small,
in a notch between the second and third labials. Postoculars two (2 — 3),
lower resting on the fourth labial. Temporals 24-24-2. Labials seven
(7 — 8), fourth, sixth, and seventh larger. Infralabials nine, fifth very

42 svxorsEs and descriptions.

large, posterior two small. Submentals two pairs. Scales smooth, iii
17 rows, medial narrow, outer and caudal as broad as long. Ventrals
175 — 190. Anal entire. Subcaudals 80 — 110 pairs.

Uniform lustrous black above, varying to olive or leaden, more or less
yellow, on the western prairies; chin, throat, and portions of the labials
white. The white extends upward behind the jaws, or is limited to the
chin.

The young are olivaceous with a dorsal series of large, darker-edged,
irregular-shaped brown spots, the largest of which forms a transverse
band immediately behind the head. Sides and abdomen with irreg-
ularly placed spots of brown, varying in size from that of a dot to
that of a couple of scales. The spots become obsolete backward. Read
yellowish brown above, spotted or mottled with dark, below yellowish.
Mississippi Valley and eastward.

Var. FLAVIVENTRIS.
Say, 1823, Long's Exp. II, 185.

The "Blue Racer" of the prairies is rather stouter than the "Black
Snake" of the Eastern States. On the back it is light olive, greenish
or blueish; beneath yellowish, some of the scales and interspaces showing
darker. The young are mottled like those of the black snake and without
spots below.

var. MENTOVARIUS.
Coryphodon mentovahu's Dumiril & Bibron, 1S54, Erp. Gin. VII, 187.

Back greenish-brown. A single labial entering the orbit. This species
resembles greatly C. constrictor; it is distinguished by the single labial
beneath the eye. The head is comparatively more elongate, and the eye
larger. The hinder submentals are longer than the anterior, which is not
the case in C. constrictor. (Dumeril.) Mexico.

Coluber flagellifor.mis.

BoTbrook, L836, V. .1. Werp., ed. 1. lo7, y./. ATA".

Long, slender, with flat belly; head distinct, elongate, narrow, subquad-
rangular in transverse section, as deep as wide at the eyes, crown flat, bent
downward slightly in front of the orbits ; tail long, near one fourth of total,
slender, tapering regularly to the tip. Eyes large, over the fourth and

SYNOPSES \\l> DESCRIPTIONS.

43

fifth labials, pupil round. Snout prominent, produced, rounded. Mouth-
cleft deep, curving. Teeth equal, smooth. Sides of the head concave
in front of the eyes. Crown-shields nine, large, elongate. Rostral con-
vex, little bent back between the internasals. Prefrontals large, slightly
decurved upon the side. Frontal long, broad in front, becoming narrow
at the middle, sides parallel posteriorly. Supraciliaries large, convex,
prominent over the eye. Parietals broad. Nasal in two parts, nostril
between. Loreal higher than long. Two preoculars; upper large, pro-
jecting over the loreal, upper angle in contact with the frontal; lower
small in a notch between the third and fourth labials. Postoeulars two,
lower resting on the fifth labial. Two or three temporals in contact with
the orbitals. Labials eight, posterior two largest. Infralabials ten, fifth
largest. Submentals two pairs, subequal. Scales smooth, in 17 rows,
outer broader. Ventrals 20Q—206 (with varieties 190—206). Anal bifid.
Subcaudals 94 to 111 pairs. Frequently there is a short incision in the
upper preocular near the upper edge of the loreal, sometimes this is met
by another, cutting out a triangular piece of the shield.

Young whitish, uniform posteriorly, with narrow transverse bands of
brownish anteriorly. The bands darken toward the head, which is banded
and clouded with brown, darkest on the supraciliaries.

Adult dark anteriorly — brown to black, mixed white and brown medially,
and whitish posteriorly. Belly dark anteriorly, clouded with brown, tinged
with red in the middle and white posteriorly. Upper anteorbital with a
yellow spot next the eye. The species varies considerably in the depth
of the color of the anterior half of the body and in the amount of yellow
about the chin. Mississippi river and eastward.

var. TESTACEUS.
Golubeii tkstaceus. Say, 1823, Long's Ftp. II, 48.

Elongate, tapering to head and tail; head a little larger than the neck,
long, quadrangular in transverse section at the eyes, with concave sides,
arched from the snout backward ; tail near one fourth of the total, tapering,
slender. Eye large, pupil round, brows overhanging. A couple of the
posterior maxillary teeth a little longer. Crown-shields normal. Pre-
frontals broad anteriorly, bent downward at the sides. Frontal broad in
front, narrow in the posterior half. Supraciliaries broadening backward.
Nasal divided. Loreal small, lozenge-shaped. Preoculars two; lower

44 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

small, in a notch between the third and fourth labials; upper large,
reaching the frontal. Postoculars two. (In this specimen there is a
large temporal between the truncate parietals and the posterior labials,
and in front of it there are three small ones, two of which are in contact
with the orbitals.) Labials eight, fourth and fifth entering the orbit, last
two larger. Infralabials ten, fifth large. Submentals two pairs, subequal.
Scales moderate, smooth, in 17 rows, outer broader. Ventrals broad,
191 — 198. Anal bifid, occasionally entire. Subcaudals 80 — 108 pairs.

Reddish-brown, more red below, lateral edges of scales lighter, each
scale with a brown line through its middle, darkening toward the tip.
On the hinder portion of the body each scale has a light spot at its base,
and the margin is brown. Head brown, more or less yellow or mottled
with yellow. Labials, chin, and throat yellow, more or less blotched with
brown. Usually there are two rows of brown spots on the shields of the
throat, sometimes extending under the body. In a specimen stripped of
the epiderm there are indistinct narrow transverse lines of darker on the
back. Total length 47 inches ; tail 12J inches. Arkansas to Mexico.

var. AURiGULUs.

Drymobius aurigulus Cope, 1861, J'i: Ac. X. Se., Phil., 301.

Crown flat, muzzle elongate. Eve moderate. Rostral plate rounded,
prominent, recurved above. Frontal elongate, posteriorly half as wide
as each supraciliary, not in contact with the preocular. Parietala don-
gate. Nasals and loreal very long, the latter encroaching much on the
preocular. Three pre, two postoculars. Labials eight, fourth and fifth
entering the orbit; the last equal in length and elevation to the penulti-
mate. Infralabials ten, fifth largest. Anterior submentals shorter. Scales
in 17 rows.

Brown, darkening anteriorly. Head-plates light brown, shaded with
yellow. A narrow yellow band around the muzzle from eye to eve. Tem-
poral region and postoculars each with a spot. Labials, chin, and anterior
portion of abdomen bright golden, as also the sides of the neck to the fifth
row of scales. On the second and third rows of scales of the neck there
is a black band, interrupted at intervals of about seven scales. It finally
becomes continuous, and with a band on the first row almost excludes the
ground color from the posterior and middle parts of the body. Abdomen
dirty yellowish. Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 45

COLUBEK MEXICANUS.

Zamenis m i:\ir.wrs D. & II, 1854, Erp. Gin.,6%.

Long, slender, belly broad; head distinct from neck, elongate, depressed,
crown flat, sides concave at the eye; tail near one third of the total,
slender, tapering regularly. Mouth-cleft deep, sinuous. Eye moderately
large, pupil round. Crown-shields normal. Rostral prominent, higher
than wide, bent back between the internasals in an acute angle. Pre-
frontals broader than long. Frontal long, sides concave. Supraciliaries
large, prominent. Nasal divided. Loreal present. Preoculars large, con-
siderably in contact with the anterior angles of the frontal. Two postoc-
ulars, lower resting on the sixth labial. Temporals 2+2+2. Labials nine,
fourth, fifth, and sixth in the orbit, hinder four larger. Infralabials ten,
sixth largest. Submentals two pairs, nearly equal. Scales smooth, in
17 rows, dorsal narrow, lateral as broad as long. A entrals 182. Anal
bitid. Subcaudals 128 pairs.

Light brownish or yellowish-brown. Posteriorly with four black bands
on the dorsal rows, each of the width of two scales, separated on the flank
by a space of equal width and by the median row of scales on the back.
Forward the bands are broken up and each scale of the dorsal rows is
more or less marked with black. The first band occupies a portion of
the outer row and all of the second. Anteriorly the back is crossed by
transverse bands of brown, the first of which crosses the head just behind
the parietals and meets the bands from the eye. Crown-shields broadly
margined with brown. Parietals divided longitudinally by a band, a dot
of brown on the yellow portion of each near the middle. Total length
31h inches; tail lOf inches. San Bias, Jalisco, Mexico.

Coluber spinalis.

Masticophis spinalis Peters, 1866, Mbnatsber. Berl. Akat!., 91.

Very long and slender; head twice as long as broad, snout prominent,
rounded; tail near one fourth of the total. Posterior maxillary tooth
longer, smooth. Crown-shields nine. Prefrontals broader than long, not
longer than the internasals. Nasal in two parts, nostril between, above
the middle. Loreal trapezoidal, longer than broad. Two preoculars;
upper large; lower small, in a notch between the third and fourth labials.
Frontal long, broad and blunt-angled in front, concave at the sides.
Parietals hardly longer than the frontal. Supraciliaries narrow in front,

46 svxorsEs and descriptions.

broader than the frontal posteriorly. Temporals 1+2. Labials eight,
fourth and fifth in the orbit. Infralabials ten, fifth largest. Submentals
two pairs, elongate. Scales smooth, in 17 rows, dorsal with two pores,
narrow, outer twice as broad. Ventrals 203. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
96 pairs.

Olive-tinted greenish-brown above; a yellow black-edged band one and
two half scales in width along the middle of the back. A blackish lino
on the ends of the ventrals and edge of the outer row. Above the dark
edges a light space on the outer vow extends along body and tail as a
light line. A yellow cross band on the hinder extremity of the pre-
frontals, the ante and postoculars. The greater part of the supralabials
and ventral surface yellow. Mexico.

Coluber taeniatus.

Leptophis taeniata ILiUoiirU, 1852, Proc. Ac. N. Si:, Phi!., 181.

Very long and slender; head distinct from the neck, elongate, narrow,
subquadrangular in transverse section, crown flattened, sides concave in
front of the eye; tail slender, long, one third of the total. Snout promi-
nent. Mouth-cleft deep, outline curved. Teeth equal, smooth. Eye
large, pupil round. Crown-shields nine, large, long. Rostral bent back
in a blunt angle between the internasals. Prefrontals broad, bent down-
ward at the sides. Frontal broad anteriorly, contracted in the middle.
Supraciliaries long, broad, prominent, convex. Nasal divided, nostril
between. Loreal longer than high. Preoculars two; lower very small,
in a notch between the third and fourth labials ; upper produced above
the loreal, sometimes reaching the verticil. Postoculars two, lower on
the fifth labial. Two temporals in contact with the orbitals. Labials
eight, seventh largest. Infralabials ten, fifth largest. Submentals two
pairs, the hinder longer. Scales smooth, lozenge-shaped, truncate at the
end, in 15 rows, outer broad. Ventrals 209. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
135 — 157 pairs.

A narrow longitudinal line of brown or black in the middle of each row
of scales. A dorsal band of brown about seven scales in width obscures
those of the medial rows; those on several of the outer rows are black.
At the upper edge of each flank there is a narrow band about one scale
in width of orange or red. The longitudinal lines on the outer rows are
more or less distinctly separated by spaces of orange. A rather indistinct

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 47

Land of reddish-brown extends along each side of the abdomen, separated
from the first brown line by a space of yellow. Belly and throat yellow,
spotted with brown anteriorly. Orbitals and crown-shields with yellow
margins or spots. Wyoming to Texas, California and Mexico.

Spilotes.

Wagler, 1830.

Body long, compressed; head distinct from the neck, muzzle rounded;
tail moderate. Eye large, pupil round. Teeth equal, smooth. A loreal.
Anteorbital one, rarely two. Postoculars two to three. Scales keeled
or smooth, in 15 — 23 rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals in two rows or
simple.

(Georgia.)

Scales smooth, in 17 rows; subcaudals generally simple;

black; labials seven; ventrals 184 — 190 couperi.

black, with reddish-white spots ; labials eight obsoletus.

(Spilotes.)

Scales smooth, in 17 rows, rarely 15; subcaudals usually in two rows;

brown ; lighter anteriorly, with faint indications of transverse zigzag
bands of dark; ventrals about 205 com is.

Scales faintly keeled, in 15 (15 to 17) rows;

yellowish, marked with chevron bands of brown; darker posteriorly;
ventrals about 220 variabilis.

16 rows of scales ;

posterior two thirds of body black melanurus.

18 or 19 rows of scales ;

hinder third of body with chevron bands of yellow

auribundus.
21 to 23 rows of scales;

uniform brown above, a few vertebral scales yellow with
black tip poecilonotus,

48 synopses and descriptions.

Spilotes couperi.

Coluber couperi HcAbrook, 1n4l', Herp. X. Awn: III, 75.
Spilotes couperi Cope, I860, Pr. Ac. A". &., Phil., 342 and 564.

Elongate, stout; head distinct from the neck, high, crown arching lon-
gitudinally; tail short, near one sixth of the total. Crown-shields nine.
Rostral broader than high. Frontal about as broad as long. Nasal in
two parts, nostril between. A loreal. Oculars 1 — 2, anterior large.
Labials seven, anterior smaller, eye over the fourth and fifth, fourth sup-
porting the postorbital, fifth small triangular, sixth very large, extending
forward over the fifth, seventh large. Scales lustrous, imbricate, smooth,
in 17 rows. Ventrals 184 — 190. Anal entire. Subcaudals 60, not divided.

Lustrous black. Belly more or less plumbeous; yellowish under the
throat and neck. The young are probably more yellow on the anterior
portions. Georgia, Texas.

Spilotes obsoletus.

Coluber obsoletus HcHbrooh, 1842, N. A. Herp. Ill, p. 01, pi. XII.

Body long, stout, compressed; head distinct from the neck; tail near
one sixth of the total. Eye medium, over the fourth and fifth labials.
Labials eight, fifth and seventh not in contact, sixth small, wedge-shaped.
Infralabials nine, fourth and fifth largest. A loreal, sometimes two.
Orbitals 1 — 2, posterior resting on the fifth labial. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 193. Subcaudals 56— (30.

Black, plumbeous below; anterior half of the body with reddish-white
spots on the bases of some of the dorsal scales, and on the bases of ven-
trals. On the sides and under the head yellowish-red. Posterior margins
of labials and lower plates of the head black. Texas.

Spilotes corals.

Coluber corais Daudin, 1803, HM. Rept. VII, 23.
Spilotes corais Dum. & Bibr., 1S54. Erp. Gen. VII, 223.

Elongate, stout, somewhat compressed; head large, subquadrangular in
cross section at the eye, crown flat; tail rather less than one fifth of the
total, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, curved.
Teeth gradually enlarging backward, smooth. Snout prominent, broad,
rounded. Crown-shields normal. Internasals subquadrate. Frontal and
prefrontals short ; the latter bent down on the sides of the face to the loreal.
Rostral broader than high. Nasal divided. One preocular, broader above.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 49

Postoculars two, small. Temporals 24-2, upper anterior small. Labials
eight, anterior four small, fourth and fifth under the eye, sixth triangular,
seventh and eighth very large, the last separated from the parietals by a
pair of large temporals. Infralabials nine, fourth and fifth larger. Sub-
mentals two pairs, subequal. Scales large, smooth, in 17 (15 to 17) very
oblique rows, outer broad. Ventrals 206, large, broad, bent up on the
sides. Anal entire. Subcaudals 72 pairs.

Brown, lighter posteriorly, with faint indications of zigzag transverse
bands of darker. These bands occupy the margins of the scales and are
more distinct on the removal of the epiderm. Belly, chin, and throat
little lighter than the upper portions. Brazil to Venezuela, possibly to
.Mexico.

Spilotes variabilis.

DumerilA Bibrm, L854, Erp. Gin. VII, 220.

Long, slender, compressed; head large, long, subquadrangular in sec-
tion across the eye, snout broad, crown slightly convex over frontal and
parietals; tail moderately slender, less than one third of the total, taper-
ing. Eye large, pupil round. Nostril lateral. Mouth-cleft deep, curved.
Teeth equal, smooth. Crown-shields normal, broad. Rostral broader
than high, reaching the top of the snout, convex. Prefrontals bent down
on the side of the face. Nasal divided. Loreal small. One preocular,
large, reaching the top of the head. Postoculars two, equal. Temporals
14-2. Labials nine, the anterior three with the fifth and seventh small,
eye over the fourth, fifth, and sixth, seventh triangular, allowing the sixth
and eighth to meet above it, eighth very large. Infralabials ten, sixth
larger. Submentals two pairs, equal. Scales large, much imbricate on
the sides, faintly keeled, in 15 rows (irregular, 15 to 17, if small scales
irregularly interspersed with the larger are counted). Ventrals 220,
broad, bent up on the sides. Anal entire. Subcaudals 121 pairs.

Anteriorly white (yellow in life), marked with chevron bands of brown
or black, posteriorly more dark color. Belly whitish with prolongations
from the dorsal bands extending upon it. Head whitish, marked with
black (a spot on each parietal and supraorbital margined with black). A
large black spot on each side of the neck immediately behind the head.
Total length 23| inches; tail b\ inches. Quite variable in colors and
squamation. South and Central America to Mexico.

Mem. — vol. n — 4

50 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Spilotes MELANURUS.
Dumh-U & Bibron, 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, 224.

Specimens belonging to this species differ from those of S. variabilis in
that the posterior two thirds of the body are entirely black. Temporals
1+14-2. Labials eight. Keels on the scales obsolete, faintly indicated
near the middle of the body. Rows of scales 16, Ventrals 226. Anal
entire, Subcaudals 123 pairs. Total length 58^ inches ; tail lo| inches.

'Spilotes auriisundus.

Cope, 1861, /V. Ac. N. Sc, Phil., 300.

Labials eight, ultimate as high or higher than the penultimate, fifth
large, approaching or reaching the postocular. Scales in 18 or 19 rows,
weakly keeled, first four or five smooth.

Crown of head yellow, crossed by four more or less irregular cross-bands
of black. Posterior third of body crossed by numerous narrow, chevron-
formed cross-bands of yellow ; the tail annulate with the same, Mirador,
Vera Cruz.

Spilotes roEciLONOTrs.

G-unther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes in Brit. Mas., 100.

Elongate, compressed; head distinct from the neck, rounded in front;
tail slender. Rostral broader than high, just reaching the top of the head.
Internasals short, broader behind ; prefrontals much larger. Frontal broad
in front, obtuse-angled behind. Supraciliaries broad behind. Parietals
short. One preocular, not reaching the frontal. Postocnlars two. Loreal
present. Nasal divided. Labials nine, fourth, fifth, and sixth in orbit.
Scales elongate, much imbricate, in 21 — 23 rows, dorsal keeled, the three
vertebral most strongly. Ventrals raised on the sides. Anal entire.
Subcaudals in two rows.

Uniform brown above, with the exception of some scab's in the medial
row, which are yellow, with black tip. Head yellow ami brown varie-
gated. Belly yellow anteriorly. Ventrals black-edged about the middle
of the body, becoming entirely black posteriorly. Total length 63 inches;
tail 18 inches. Honduras, Mexico,

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 51

PlTYOPHIS.

Holhmok, 1842, N. A. fferp. TV, 7.

Long, moderately stout, compressed; head distinct from the neck, sub-
conical, broad posteriorly, pointed at the muzzle; tail rather short. Eye
moderate, pupil round. Teeth equal, smooth. Crown-shields nine to
eleven. Prefrontals one to two pairs. Nasal divided. A loreal, rarely
suppressed. One to two preoculars. Postoculars two to five. Scales
keeled, in 27 to 35 rows. The individual variation is very great in
specimens belonging to species of this genus, particularly so in those of
the Rocky Mountains,

PlTYOPHIS MELANOLEUCUS.

Collt.er melanoleitcus Ddudin, 17'J'.\ IIL4. Nat. Rept. VI, 409.
PiTYorms MELANOLEUcrs Ilulbmok, 1842, N. A. Ila-p. IV, }J. 7, pi. I.

Long, moderately stout, slightly compressed; head moderate, distinct
from the neck, appearing subquadrangular when viewed from the front,
narrowing forward, conical or pointed, crown slightly convex, very broad
behind; snout prominent; tail short, rather less than one seventh of the
total, stout, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep,
slightly curving. Crown-shields more or less irregular, commonly two
pairs of prefrontals. Rostral very prominent, narrow, swollen, extending
on the upper surface of the head, between the internasals. Internasals
short, wide. Outer prefrontals extending on the side of the face to the
loreal, inner narrow posteriorly. Fi'ontal broad anteriorly. Supraciliarics
prominent, broadening backward. Parietals large, nearly as wide as long.
Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal small, sometimes united with
adjacent plates. One preocular. Postoculars three to four. Two or more
temporals in contact with the postoculars, sometimes broken into small
scales. Labials eight, fourth below the eye, fifth under the postorbital,
seventh largest. Infralabials thirteen to fourteen, fifth and seventh large,
hinder very small. A pair of large submentals, followed by a pair of
.smaller ones, which are separated by a pair of small plates. Scales
lozenge-shaped, usually in 27 or 29 rows (ranging in the different varie-
ties from 27 to 35), outer broad, lateral smooth, vertebral keeled. Ven-
trals 212 — 216, broad. Anal entire. Subcaudals 58 to 60 pairs.

Color whitish, tinged with red on the back, with a dorsal series of large
spots of dark brown or black — becoming bands posteriorly — thirty or more

52 SYNOPSES A\r> DESCRIPTIONS.

in number. Flanks with four series of small spots, alternating, more or
less irregular faded and broken ; the lower series on the edge of the abdo-
men. Posteriorly the lateral spots unite into a short vertical band, and
upon the tail this unites with the dorsal spot, forming a transverse band.
Head-shields spotted with brown. A band across the posterior extremity
of the prefrontals through the eye, across the cheek above the angle of
the mouth, a vertical wedge-shaped bar below the eye, and the margins
of the labials black. On old specimens these bands are often obsolete,
as is also the case to some extent with spots of the back and flank. The
scales generally have a darker line along the middle. A specimen from
Florida has three series of alternating quadrate brown spots on the belly,
back nearly uniform brown posteriorly, clouded and spotted anteriorly,
and the dorsal spots rather indistinct.

TITYOPHIS CATENIFKR.

Loreal one, sometimes two. Preocular one, often two, lower small.
Postoculars two to five, commonly three. Rows of scales 31 to 33.
Ventrals 222 to 243. Subcaudals 58 to 72 pairs.

Spots 90 to 98 (19 to 23 on the tail). The band across the head through
the eyes is distinct to obsolete. The vertical bar under the eve is usually
distinct. Dorsal and upper lateral series of spots more or less confluent
so as to form a chain on the back; in cases where the spots are separate
the effect is much the same. The colors vary much in intensity; the spots
are sometimes black, and occasionally quite indistinct. The ground color
varies from white to reddish brown. Ventrals 230 — 247. Subcaudals
60 — 71. Oregon to Lower California.

var. sayi.

Closely resembling P. melanoleueus. Spots rather more numerous,
though not so many as in P. bellona. Sometimes two loreals. Preocu-
lars 1 (1—2). Postoculars 3 (2—4). Scales in 27—29 rows. Ventrals
220—240. Subcaudals 52—55 pairs.

Belly more or less blotched in the middle. Mississippi Valley to Rocky
Mountains, and southward to Mexico.

var. MEXIC'AXITS.

Prefrontals two pairs, sometimes soldered into a single pair. Preoc-
ulars two, lower small. Postoculars four. Labials nine, fifth in the

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 53

6rbit. Scales in 33—35 rows. Ventrals 229—239. Subcaudals 57 to
65 pairs. Reaches a length of seven feet.

With the band across the frontal and behind the eye. More or less
spotted. Southwestern part of Mexico. (From descr.)

B
.

var. BELLONA.

Ground color lighter than in P. melanoleucus. Body more slender;
apparently not reaching the same dimensions. In large specimens the
bar below the eye and that across the head to the angle of the mouth
are conspicuous. Dorsal series of spots from 70 to 80. Some specimens
have the colors very much faded, others have the spots very black and
distinct, particularly on the tail. The young have four alternating series
of spots on each flank, the lower on the outer edge of the abdomen. Scales
in 31 to 35 series. Ventrals 220—231. Subcaudals 43—63. I have taken
this species at great distances from water on the open prairies. Rocky
Mountain region.

Elaphis.

Elaphis Aldrovandm, 1040 and 1765; Bonaparte, 1831 and 1S40;

Dumeril & Bibron, 1852 and 1S54; Giirdlur, 1858.
Elaphe FUzinger, 1833 and 1843.

Of moderate slendcrness, slightly compressed, belly flat; head distinct
from the neck, crown flat, muzzle rounded; tail moderate, tapering. Eye
medium, pupil' round. Teeth equal, smooth. A loreal. Nasal in two
parts, nostril between. Orbitals 2 — 2 to 3. Scales keeled, in 19 to 25
rows. Anal bifid or entire. Subcaudals in two rows. In particular cases
the carination of the scales becomes obsolete.

(JScotophis.)

Anal entire;

Light greyish-brown (reddish in life), with dorsal blotches of brown

or black, varying to uniform black obsoletus.

Pale red, with darker black-bordered blotches on the back, varying to
black, with a few white markings under the chin and neck

guttatus.
Anal bifid ;

with four longitudinal brownish bands qwdrivittatus.

■■54 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTION'S.

Elaphis obsoletus, pi. IV., jig. 2.

Coluber obsoletus Say, Isl':;, James' Acct of Long's Exp. I, 140.

Long, slender, tapering to head and tail, compressed; belly flat, angled
at the edges; neck small; bead large, broad behind, narrow in front of
the eyes, depressed, with fiat crown; tail short, near one fifth of the total,
slender. Eye moderately large, over the fourth and fifth labials, pupil
round. Month-cleft deep, curved. Head-shields nine, broad. Frontal
broad anteriorly. Prefrontals bent down on the side of the face. Snout
pimninent. Rostral large, a little broader than high, convex. Nasal in
two parts, nostril between. Loreal low. One large anteorbital. Post-
orbitals two. Temporals 24-3. Labials eight, seventh largest. Infra-
labials twelve, sixth largest. Submentals two pairs, the hinder separated
by small scales. Scales lozenge-shaped, extremity rounded, in 27 rows,
two or more of the outer smooth, medial keeled, those on the flanks more
faintly. Ventrals about 233. Anal entire. Subcaudals about 85 pairs.

Light greyish-brown, reddish in life, varying to black. In light colored
specimens of small size there is a dorsal series of about forty large spots,
with darker edges, separated by narrow spaces of light color. On the
flank three series of alternating spots, the spots in each half as large
as the next above. On the extremities of the abdominals a series of twice
as many quadrate spots. On each side of the median line of the belly a
series of quadrangular blotches. In large specimens only the upper and
lower of the series on the flank can be distinguished. A dark-edged band
across the postfrontals, through the eye, over the angle of the mouth. A
pair of diverging bands from the parietals to the neck. Anterior spots
more or less confluent. Dai'kening with age until nearly or quite black.
East of the Rocky Mountains.

Var. ALLEGHANIENSIS.

Dark brown to lustrous black, mottled with white under the throat.
Series of scales 27. Alleghany region and eastward.

var. LIXDHEIMEPJI.

Dark plumbeous, with brown or black blotches on back and flanks.
Series of scales 29. Texas.

Through its varieties this species is so closely related to the following
that the separation is a matter of considerable difficulty. It is quite

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 55*

likely that a larger series of specimens may render the degradation of
E. obsoletus to the rank of a variety of E. guttatus unavoidable.

Elapiiis guttatus, jA, IV, fig. 1.

Coluber guttatus Linn/', 1766, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, 385.
Elapiiis guttatus Dum. & Bibr., 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, 273.

Elongate, compressed, belly flat, angled at the sides; head elongate,
distinct from the neck, tapering regularly to the moderately broad snout,
crown fiat ; tail short, stout, nearly one sixth of the total, tapering. Eye
moderate, over the fourth and fifth labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep,
curved. Head-shields nine, broad. Parietals broad. Frontal broad ante-
riorly. Prefrontals bent down on the side of the face. Internasals small.
Rostral large, convex. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. A loreal.
One large anteorbital. Two postorbitals. Temporals 24-3. Labials eight,
seventh largest. Infralabials eleven (10 — 12), second small, sixth largest.
.Submentals two pairs, hinder separated by small scales. Scales lozenge-
shaped, fore extremity rounded, in 27 rows (with the varieties 25 — 29),
dorsal faintly keeled, keels obsolete on the lateral, two or more of the
outer slightly broader and smooth. Ventrals broad, 217 to 236. Anal
bifid. Subcaudals 63 pairs.

Pale red in life (brownish-yellow in alcohol), with about forty dorsal
blotches of darker red, with a narrow border of black, anteriorly longer
than broad, posteriorly broader than long, reaching to a point near the
middle of the flank, separated by spaces of two or three scales in width.
On the flank several (3 to 4) alternating very irregular and indistinct
series of spots, the lower reaching the keel of the edge of the abdomen,
and having twice as many spots as the others. Below yellowish with
quadrangular blotches of black, alternating on each side of the median
line or confluent. Head reddish, with a darker black-edged band across
the hinder portion of the postfrontals through the eye across the angle
of the mouth; a similar diverging band across the parietals to the neck,
inclosing a light-colored space on the top of the neck and back of head.
Vertical margins of labials and infralabials more or less black. The
pattern of markings is usually confused, except in young specimens.

56 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

var. VULPINUS.
Light brown, more or less red or gray, with broad quadrate blotches of
chocolate or brown. Series of scales 25. Michigan and adjacent States.

Elaphis quadrivittatus.

Colubeh qitadrivittatix HbUrrook, 1842, .V. .1. Herp. Ill, 89.
Elaphis Qi-ADKiviTT.vTi's Dim,. A- Bibr., 1854, Erp. Gin. VII, 265.

Elongate, compressed, angled at the sides; neck small; head distinct
elongate, tapering regularly to the moderately broad snout; crown flat;
tail short, near one fifth of the total, tapering. Eye moderate, over the
fourth and fifth labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, curved. Head-
shields nine, broad. Frontal broader anteriorly. Prefrontals bent down
on the face. Internasals much smaller than prefrontals. Rostral large,
broad. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. A loreal. Anteorbital large.
Two postorbitals. Temporals 2+3. Labials eight, seventh largest. In-
fralabials eleven, second small, sixth largest. Submentals two pairs,
hinder smaller and separated by small scales. Scales lozenge-shaped.
Extremity rounded, in 27 rows, dorsal faintly keeled, lateral with faint
keels, two or more of the outer broader and smooth. Ventrals 238.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals 95.

Light yellowish-red (tinged with green anteriorly), with four longitudinal
bands of brownish-red. The bands occupy the third to the fifth and the
tenth to the twelfth rows on each side. Belly mottled with brownish-red.
These colors occupy only the epiderm ; that taken off, the markings appear
as in the species guttatus. The head is uniform yellowish-red, with a faint
tinge of green, but on close observation the outlines of the head-bands can
be readily traced. A specimen before me, secured by Prof. J. A. Allen in
Florida, has the colors of quadrivittatus, bands and all, and at the same time
the black-margined spots and shorter tail of C. guttatus.

Dromicus.

Bibron, 1843.

Body somewhat slender, rounded ; head distinct from the neck, long,
ovoid, crown flat; tail tapering. Eye medium, pupil round. Posterior
maxillary teeth longer, smooth. A loreal, in one species united with pre-
frontal. Crown-shields nine. Nasal in two parts. Orbitals 1 — 2. Scales

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS 57

Smooth, commonly in 17 or 19 rows, rarely reaching 15 or 23. Common
in the West Indies and South America to Mexico. One species found on
the southeastern coast of the United States.
A loreal ;

scales in 17 rows; labials seven;

ventrals about 163 ; a hand on three vertebral series

laureatus.
ventrals about 120 ; dorsal band on eleven series

flavilatus.
scales in 17 to 19 series;

labials nine maryaritiferus.

No loreal ;

scales in 19 series;

labials eight putnami.

Dromicus laureatus.

Giinther, 1808, Ann. c£ Mag. Nat. Hid., 419.

Body and tail moderately slender; form of the head as in Coronella
laevis. Eye of moderate size. Maxillary teeth smooth, becoming longer,
stronger and further apart backward. Internasals scarcely half as large
as prefrontals. Frontal longer than the snout. Parietals longer than the
frontal. Rostral not extending to the upper surface of the head. Loreal
square. One preocular reaching to the upper surface of the head, but not
touching the frontal. Postoculars two. Labials seven, third and fourth in
orbit. Temporals 1+2+3, the anterior touching both oculars. Submen-
tals two pairs, nearly equal. Scales smooth, in 17 rows, many with a
small apical groove. Ventrals 163. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 95 pairs.

A lead-colored band three scales broad from the nape along the median
line of the back to the end of the tail. Flanks reddish, with a very indis-
tinct greyish streak along the fourth outer series of scales. Two yellow
lines across the rostral; the lower runs along the upper labials and across
the neck, thus entirely encircling the head; the upper runs along the
canthus rostralis, and stops or terminates in the temporal region. LoAver
parts uniform yellowish. Length 21 inches ; tail 7 inches. City of Mexico.

58 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Dromicus FLAVILATUS.
Cope, 1860, Pt. Ac. N. So.', Phil., 222.

Habit moderately slender; head distinct from the neck, elongate, oval;
tail 3.2 times in the total. Crown-shields nine. Internasals nearly quad-
rate. Prefrontals longer than wide. Frontal three fourths as long as
wide. Labials seven, third and fourth in the orbit, fifth higher than long,
with the sixth separated by a narrow temporal from the parietal, seventh
longer than high. Infralabials nine, four bounding the submentals. Nos-
tril in the anterior portion of the divided nasal. Loreal very small, high
as long. Oculars 1 — 2. Scales thin, without pores, in 17 series. Ventrals
126. Subcaudals 77 pairs.

A rich golden brown above, the scales of the two inferior rows on each
side broadly gold-edged, the color of the back commencing on the third
row. Ends of the scales of the vertebral row sometimes darker tipped.
Head dark brown, darkest behind, with numerous but obscure paler
vermiculations. Side of head paler, with a reddish-brown band from the
rostral plate through the eye to the middle of the last labial. Labials
whitish, with black dots on the posterior in oblique rows. Below white,
lower labials sparsely black dotted. A pair of pale dots on the common
occipital suture. Fort Macon, N. C.

Dromicus margaritiferus.

Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schkgel, 1837, Ess. Phys. & rp., 184 pt. IT; and Abbild. 1. 44, fig. 19—20.
Dromicus margaritiferus Guniher, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, 126.

Elongate, moderately slender; head distinct from the neck, long, crown
flattened, muzzle prominent; tail slender, near one half of the total length.
Eye rather large, pupil round. Mouth deeply cleft, curved. Upper post-
maxillary teeth large, isolated, smooth. Crown-shields nine. Prefrontals
bent down to the loreal. Nasal divided. Loreal longer than high. One
anteocular. Postoculars two, followed by two temporals. Labials nine,
fourth, fifth, and sixth in the orbit, the three preceding the last large.
Infralabials ten, sixth large. Submentals two pairs, posterior larger.
Scales lozenge-shaped, in 17 — 19 rows, feebly keeled, outer two or three
broader and smooth. Ventrals 154 (Schlegel), 115 (Dumeril). Anal bifid.

Greenish-yellow on flanks and below. All the scales bordered with
brown. The medial rows are described as black, with a whitish or
yellowish center. Top of head yellowish-brown. Mexico and Central
America.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTtoM 59

Dromicus PUTNAMI.
Jan., 1863, Elenc. Sist. Qfid. 67; 1867, Icon, Ophid. TAvr., 24, pi Q,fig. 3.

Moderately slender, belly broad; head distinct from neck, depressed,
narrow anteriorly; tail near one fourth of the total, tapering, pointed.
Eye moderate, pupil-round. Mouth-cleft deep, slightly curved. Crown-
shields nine. Rostral erect, broader than high. Internasals moderately
large. Prefrontals bent down on the side of the face. No loreal. Frontal
narrow, hexangular. Supraciliaries large. Parietals large. Nasal in two
parts. Oculars 1 — 2. Temporals 14-2-1-3. Labials eight, third, fourth,
and fifth in orbit. Infralabials ten, fifth and sixth large, third not in con-
tact with the submentals. Submentals two pairs, nearly equal. Scales
smooth, glossy, in 19 rows, dorsal narrow, lateral broader. Ventrals 171.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals 81 pairs.

Light brownish, with a dorsal band of brown three and two half scales
wide. Outer row of scales a shade darker than the flanks. Belly lighter.
Dorsal band continuing forward on the head. A narrow light-edged brown
line from the eye toward the angle of the mouth. Total length 21f inches ;
tail 5^ inches. San Bias, Jalisco, Mexico.

CORONELLINAE.

Subcylindrical, moderate to stout; head more or less distinct from the
neck, which is rather stout; tail tapering, thick or slender. Snout mod-
erate. Teeth equal and smooth; or posterior larger, separated by an
interspace, smooth or grooved. Eyes small to moderate, pupil round
(except in Mesotes and possibly Hypsiglma). Scales smooth, or, in excep-
tional cases, keeled.
Posterior maxillary teeth longer, grooved ;

scales in 17 to 21 series Tachymenis.

scales in 15 series Erythrolamprus.

Maxillary teeth compressed, posterior longer, smooth ;

anal entire Ophirolus.

Postmaxillary teeth longer, generally separated by an interspace;

anal usually bifid Liophis.

Teeth equal, smooth ;

anal bifid Diadophis.

rostral swollen, bent back on the snout Rhinocheilus.

GO SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Postmaxillary teeth larger, separated by an interspace ;'

rostral trihedral, sharp-angled HeterodoN.

Postmaxillary teeth longer, smooth;

rostral swollen, rounded Cemophora.

eye large, pupil round Xenodon.

eye small, pupil subelliptical Hypsiglena.

Tachymenis.

Wiegmann, 183-1.

Moderately stout to slender; belly broad, rounded; head distinct from
the neck, narrow in front; tail moderate, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil
round or subcircular. Posterior maxillary teeth longer, grooved ; anterior
equal or slightly longer than those immediately following. Loreal present
or united with other shields. Crown-shields nine. Internasals somewhat
narrow in front. Oculars 1 — 2. Scales smooth, in 17 to 21 rows. Anal
bifid.
Labials seven ; scales in 19 series ;

longitudinal bands, continued on the head Uneata.

ending at the back of the head imperialis.
vermilion, shading through orange to the goldon beneath

lateritia.
a dark band with white borders on each side of the neck

proterops.
Labials eight; scales in 21 (19 — 21) rows;

a white band on each side of the anterior part of the trunk

Jissidcns.
brown, with an indistinct dorsal streak

hi punctata.
head and neck brown; behind this a yellowish neck band of about
four scales in width melanocephala.

Several of these species can hardly be regarded as firmly established.
The descriptions are insufficient for comparison.

Tachymenis lineata.

Tomodon lineatus Dumeril & Bflyron, 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, 936, pi. 73.

Head distinct from the neck ; tail near one fourth of the total. Posterior
upper maxillary teeth longer, grooved. Crown-shields normal. Rostral

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 61

convex, bent backward. Nasal in two parts. Loreal trapezoidal. One
anteocular. Postoculars two, subequal. Labials seven (7—8), gradually
increasing in height backward to the penultimate, third and fourth in
orbit (3d to 5th). Infralabials eight. Submentals two pairs, subequal,
posterior diverging. Scales smooth, in 19 rows. Ventrals 1-59 — 169.
Anal divided. Subcaudals 62 — 76 pairs.

Gray above, white below. A baud of brown from the forehead to the
tail. A brown line from each nostril along the side of the head and mid-
dle of the flanks, black-edged and becoming black backward. Labials
and infralabials marked with brown. Sometimes a brown or black line
near the edge of the abdomen. The dark edges of the subcaudals form
a line under the middle of the tail.

Tachymenis imperialis.

Taeniophis Imperialis Baird (Kenn.), 1851), ('. ,S'. and Ma: J],>i<„<l<tri/ Sunry liqit., 23, pi. XIX, f. 1.

Form tapering anteriorly and posteriorly; tail continuous with the body;
head distinct from the neck; snout rounded. Rostral gibbous, twice as
broad as high. Loreal as high as long. Internasals one third as large
as prefrontals, larger than the loreal. Frontal elongate, narrow, pent-
agonal, scarcely wider anteriorly. Anteocular one, large, wider above.
Postoculars two, small, upper largest. Scales smooth, in 19 rows, central
narrow and acute, outer broader.

Deep purplish black above, with two dorsal stripes of yellowish-brown
from head to tip of tail, and separated by a narrow vertebral line of the
ground color. Head black above, with two narrow yellow lines from the
nostrils to the sides of the occiput, crossing the upper angle of the orbit.
Labials and under part of head yellowish, minutely mottled with black.
Ground color of the back extending on to the ends of the ventrals. Mid-
dle of the abdomen uniform light yellowish in the alcoholic specimen, said
to be bright red in life. (From descr.) Brownsville, Texas.

Tachymenis lateritia.

Coniopiiaxes latemtius Cope, 1861, Pi: Ac. N. Sc., Phi!., 524.

Head broad, pointed. Muzzle prominent, acute. Loreal square. Ocu-
lars 1 — 2. Labials seven, eye over third and fourth, fifth very large.
Infralabials ten. Scales in 19 rows. Frontal nearly as broad as long.
Anal bifid. Total length 21 inches; tail 7 inches.

62 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Bright vcrmillion, punctulate with brown, passing through orange to
golden on the belly. Head and neck for ten scales backward black.
Labials bordered and traversed by yellow lines. Parietals dotted with
yellow. (From descr.) Guadalaxara, Mexico.

Tachymenis proterops.

CoNioniANES proterops Cope, 1860, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., Phil, 249.

Small ; head scarcely distinct from the neck, muzzle not elevated.
Anterior plates of the head small. Loreal a little longer than high.
One pre, two postoculars. Labials seven, third and fourth in orbit. Fron-
tal elongate. Parietals long. Infralabials nine. Submentals two pairs,
subequal. Ventrals 130. Anal bifid.

Light brown above, every scale densely punctulatcd with darker,
especially near the margins. From the first to the fourth rows this is
deeper, giving the sides a darker shade. The vertebral rows of scales
from the occipitals to the end of the tail arc also darker. Top of the head
densely and obscurely vermiculated and punctulated. The dark shade on
the fourth row of scales becomes a band anteriorly, and is bordered above
and below with white on the neck. The lower white border is continued
to the eye, and is bordered above on the labials with black. The upper
white border is discontinued on the neck, but reappears as a spot three
scales back of the occipitals. Inferior half of rostral, upper and lower
labials, chin, throat, and belly, light brownish-yellow, densely punctulated
with brown. Each labial with a darker spot in the center. Fewer punc-
tulations on the urosteges. (From descr.) Jalapa, Mexico.

Tachymenis fissidens.

Coronella fissidens Giinther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, 3G.

Scales in 19 — 21 rows. Anal bifid. Labials eight, fourth and fifth in
orbit.

Back greyish-olive, the darker coloration of the sides well defined to-
wards the back. A black streak, sometimes white-edged beneath, through
the eye. On both sides of the anterior part of the trunk a white band,
beginning at the occiput, and soon disappearing. Belly white, on the
sides some irregular small black spots. Hinder maxillary tooth longest,
grooved. Mexico,

synopses and descriptions. 63

Tachymenis bipunctata.

CoRONELLA uipunctata OiXntlier, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, 36.

Moderate; tail rather elongate; head distinct from the neck, rounded,
rather pointed in front, crown flat. Rostral just reaching the top of the
head. Internasals small. Prefrontals much larger. Parietals moderate,
rounded behind. Frontal nearly twice as long as broad, with somewhat
concave lateral edges. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. A square
loreal. One anteocular. Postoculars two. Labials eight, fourth and
fifth in orbit. One elongate temporal shield in front, four or five smaller
ones behind. Scales rhomboid, rather small, in twenty-one rows. Anal
bifid.

Brown, with a very indistinct darker dorsal streak. Darker coloration
of the sides well defined towards the back. Labials yellowish above,
black-edged. Beneath yellowish; from the chin to the tip of the tail two
punctated lines, each ventral plate being provided with two black spots
toward the middle; there is another indistinct punctated line on each edge
of the abdomen. Total length 17 inches; tail 5J inches. (From Gthr.)

Tachymenis melanocephala.

Pri,^, 1869, ¥6. Berl. Akad., S7G.

Resembles somewhat T. bvpv/nctata in squamation and infralabials. The
entire head and neck for ten scales has a blackish-brown ground color,
behind which there is a yellowish neck band of four scales in width, while
the balance of the body is yellowish-brown above and uniform yellowish
beneath. (From descr.) Puebla, Mexico.

Erythrolamprus.

Bote, 1826.

Elongate, cylindrical; head not distinct from the neck, rounded, muzzle
short; tail short to, moderate. Crown-shields normal. Eye moderate,
pupil round. Posterior upper maxillary teeth longer, grooved. Nasal
in two parts, nostril between. Oculars 1 — 2. A loreal. Scales in 15
rows. Anal divided.

E. venustissimus. var. D.

Giinther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, 48.

Colors black, red, and yellow in rings around the body. Rings complete,
but not arranged in pairs, broad, alternating with white rings of the same
breadths. Muzzle black in front.

64 synopses and descriptions.

Ophibolus.

Baird cf- Qirard, 1853.

Body moderate to stout, rounded; head medium to small, little larger
than the neck, muzzle short, rounded, crown flat. Eye medium, pupil
round. Maxillary teeth compressed, posterior larger, smooth, not isolated.
Nasal in two parts, nostril between, rarely but one nasal. Loreal gener-
ally present. One anteocular. Two, sometimes three postoculars. Scales
smooth, short, broad, in 17 to 23 rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals in two
rows.

Loreal present or absent ;

scales in 19 rows; red, with pairs of black rings separated by white
or yellowish ;

ventrals 169 to 176 doliatus.

Loreal present;

scales in 21 to 25 rows ;

colors red, brown, or greyish, to very dark and yellowish;

ventrals 180 to 224 triangulus.

black or brown, with yellowish markings, to whitish or yellowish,
marked with dark getulus.

Ophibolus doliatus, pi. V, Jig. 2.

Coluber doliatus Linn., 1766, Syst. I, 379.

Long, slender, subcylindrical ; head little larger than the neck, crown
slightly convex, narrow forward, snout prominent; tail short, about one
seventh of the total, thick, tapering to a point. Eye small, over the third
and fourth, labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft medium, curved. Crown-
shields nine, broad. Frontal broad, short Supi'aciliaries and internasals
small. Prefrontals bent down on the side, frequently united with the
loreal. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal present or absent,
sometimes present on one side and absent on the other as in the speci-
men figured. Oculars 1 — 2, lower small. Temporals 14-2. Labials seven,
hinder three large and wedged by the temporals. Infralabials eight, fifth
lai'ge, second and posterior small. Submentals two pairs, hinder smaller.
Scales smooth, subhexangular, rounded at the extremity in 19 (17 — 19)
rows, broadening toward the outer, which is as broad as long. Ventrals
large, 169 — 176. Anal entire. Subcaudals 31 — 43 pairs.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTION'S. 65

Scarlet in life, reddish-yellow in alcohol, with 20 — 25 pairs of narrow
black rings, those of each pair separated by a yellow hand. The space
between the pairs is nearly equal to that occupied by the pair and the
included yellow. The black rings diverge and become narrow toward the
belly, which in cases they do not cress. Occasionally the rings of different
pairs unite on the abdomen. The first pair is incomplete, and does not
encircle the neck, the anterior ring crosses the hinder extremity of the
parietals, and commonly sends forward on the frontal an oblong or square
extension, it stops at the angle of the mouth. The yellow rings widen on
the ventral surface. Southeastern States.

var. ELAPSOIDEUS.

Loreal shield absent. Southeastern States.

Ophibolus triangulus, pi. V, fig. 1.

Coluber Triangulum Boie, 1827, Isis, 537.

Moderately stout, subcylindrical ; head small, little broader than the neck,
depressed, crown slightly convex, snout comparatively broad; tail short,
one sixth to one seventh of the total. Eye small, over the third and
fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, not much curved. Crown-
shields nine, broad. Frontal broader anteriorly. Internasals small. Pre-
frontals bent down on the sides of the head. Rostral broader than high,
convex. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal low. Oculars 1 — 2,
lower small. Temporals 2+2 to 3. Labials seven, posterior three larger.
Infralabials nine (9—10), fifth large. Submentals two pairs. Scales
smooth, lozenge-shaped, ends rounded, in 21 rows, outer as broad as long.
Ventrals 200—215 (185—215). Anal entire. Subcaudals 45—55 pairs.

Brownish-yellow (more or less red in life), greyish on the flanks, with
broad black-edged blotches of reddish-brown or brownish-red. The yellow
separating the dorsal series is narrower than the blotches, and widens
toward the flank, where in most varieties it bifurcates, and with the oppo-
site band surrounds a medium-sized, light-centered blotch. Occasionally
there are two series of alternating blotches on the flank. Belly yellowish,
with quadrate black blotches, often more black than yellow. Back of
Mem. — vol. ii — 5

66 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

head with a triangular spot of yellow, bilobed in front. A band of brown
across the hinder part of prefrontals through the eye to the angle of the
mouth. East of the Mississippi Valley.

var. CALLIGASTER.

Colors somewhat lighter than in specimens from the Eastern States.
Scales in 25 rows. Northern portion of Mississippi Valley.

var. MEXICANUS.

Body as in specimens from the Eastern States; head much swollen at
the temples. Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 193 — 199. Anal entire. Sub-
caudals 56 — 58 pairs.

Brownish-grey to greyish-brown, with 38 — 40 transverse blotches of
red, inclosed by black, light-edged rings. These rings may be described
as pairs of transverse bands, which unite on the flank just above a large
light-edged black spot. The space occupied by the red and black together
about equals the dark one separating the rings. Alternating with the
spots on the flank there is a series of spots on each edge of tin1 abdomen,
which are more or less confluent with the blotches of the middle of the
belly. Belly yellow, blotched with black, sometimes much more black
than yellow, more yellow forward. Chin and throat yellow. A large
black spot behind the eye, V-shaped marks of black on the top of the
head, opening forward. First blotch behind the head irregular, emargin-
ate arrow-shaped or divided longitudinally. Mexico, near San Luis Fotosi.

var. doliatus, jil. V, fig. 2.
Red, dorsal blotches more or less ring-like, 20 to 30, with or without tho
spot on the flank. The triangular spot on the back of the head is replaced
by a transverse band, in front of which there is either a narrow black hand
or the whole top of the head is black, excepting the labials and rostral.
Arentrals 181 to 208. Subject to great variation. Ilab. southern part
of Mississippi Valley.

var. GENTILIS.
Crown-shields, oculars, and rostral black. Prefrontals and loreal mot-
tled with yellow, with twenty to forty yellow rings encircling the body.
Between the yellow there are pairs of black rings inclosing a narrow space
of red, across which the black is sometimes confluent on belly and back,

SYNOrSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 67

thus reducing the red color to vertical bars on the flank. (Ventrals 183
in a Utah specimen before me.) Hab. Colorado and Utah.

var. zonatus.

Fusiform, round ; head small, scarcely distinct from the neck, depressed,
rounded, crown slightly convex; tail short, stout to near the end. Eye
small, pupil round. Muzzle narrow, rounded. Mouth-cleft nearly straight.
Teeth equal, smooth. Head-shields short, broad. Rostral broad, low, con-
vex. Internasals and prefrontals much broader than long. Frontal nearly
as broad as long, posterior angle obtuse. Nasal in two parts, nostril be-
tween. Loreal very small. One anteocular, nearly as long as high. Post-
oculars two, lower small. Temporals 2+2. Labials seven, eye over third
and fourth, fifth and sixth large. Infralabials eight, fifth large. Submen-
tals two pairs, posterior half as large as the anterior. Scales short, broad,
in 21 rows, outer broader than long. Ventrals 213, broad. Anal entire.
Subcaudals 51 pairs.

Red. Each scale black-tipped. Head black to the temple. Surrounded
by a yellow ring across the hinder portion of the parietals; behind this a
complete black ring of equal width — about four scales — touches the angle
of the mouth. Body with seventeen pairs of narrow black rings — 14th on
the vent — confluent on the belly, but including a yellow space of their own
width three to four scales on the back, and separated from each other pair
by a red space about as broad as that occupied by the pair and included
space. Acapulco, Mexico.

O. getulus var. pyromelanus.

Head distinct from the neck, muzzle contracted ; tail five and one half
times in the total. Crown-shields nine. Frontal broad. Posterior sub-
mentals half as long as the anterior. Dorsal scales in 23 rows, rather
broad, outer not abruptly enlarged. Ventrals 224. Anal one. Sub-
caudals 66 pairs.

Ground color ochraceous white. Fifty to fifty-eight black annuli, on the
anterior portion of the body each is split by a Vermillion annulus, poste-
riorly the division is incomplete, all extending with irregularities on the
belly. In one specimen all the black annuli to the middle of the tail are
divided by the red, leaving the black as a margin to it; they are four
scales wide behind the middle of the body. In another only four anterior

G8 SYXOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

rings arc completely divided, those on the following third of the body
being divided by red on the sides; the remaining annuli black, three
scales wide; white annuli one and one half scales; anterior or nuchal red
annulus widest, its anterior black margin attaining the parietals. An
ochraceous band from the yular region, not quite completed, across the
parietals. Muzzle, prefrontals, and labial margin ochraceous, remainder
of top and sides of head black. Total length 30.5 inches. (From descr.)
Sonora,

Ophibolus getulus, pi. V, fig. 3.

Coluber getultts IAnnS, 1700, Syst. Nat. ed. XII, 382.
OPHiBOiiUS iihti.is Baird& Girard, is,");1), Cat. V. .1. Serp., 85.

Stout, subcylindrical, slightly compressed, belly broad, rounded; neck
large; head not very distinct, depressed, narrow in front; tail short, less
than one sixth of total, tapering to a point. Eyes medium, over the
third and fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, outline curved.
Crown-shields nine, broad. Frontal broader anteriorly. Rostral low,
broader than high, convex. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal
small. One large preocular. Postoculars two. Temporals 2+3. Labials
seven, increasing in size to the sixth. Infralabials nine, fifth largest.
Submentals two pairs. Scales rhomboid, smooth, in 21 rows (21 — 23),
outer broad. Ventrals 210—225 (with the varieties 210—240). Anal
entire. Subcaudals 48 — 55 pairs (48 — 65).

Lustrous brown to black, exceedingly variable. Back crossed by 25 to
35 narrow yellow bands, which bifurcate on the flanks to meet short longi-
tudinal bars on the outer rows with which they form more or less complete
unions to the bands immediately preceding or following, thus inclosing
large spaces of black on the dorsal rows. Belly uniform black, black with
yellow markings, yellow with quadrangular blotches of black, or nearly to
cpiite uniform yellow. Head spotted with yellow, vertical margins of black.
Some specimens are more yellow than black, others have very little yellow.
Southeastern United States.

\ar. sayi, ]>1. V, fig. 4.

Yellow bands more numerous, sometimes indistinct. All or nearly all
of the scales yellow in the center. Rows of scales commonly 21. Mis-
sissippi Valley and Southwestward,

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 09

var. boylii.
Broad white transverse bands or spots on the sides. Dorsal rows
usually 23. California to Mexico.

Liontis.

Wagler, 1830.

Moderately slender; belly broad, rounded; head little larger than the
neck, depressed ; muzzle rather short ; tail moderate, tapering. Eye mod-
erate, pupil round. Crown-shields nine. A loreal. Oculars 1 — 2. Pos-
terior maxillary teeth longer, smooth, generally separated by an interspace.
Scales smooth in 17 to 19 rows.

LlOPHIS ELAPOIDES.
Pliocerccs elapoides Cope, 18G0, Pr. Ac. N. .S'c, Phil, 253.

Body cylindrical; head scarcely distinct; tail two fifths of the total.
Posterior upper maxillary teeth longer, smooth. Crown-shields normal.
Rostral just visible from above. Length and breadth of the frontal equal
to the length of the suture of the parietals. Two preoculars ; upper large,
not reaching the frontal; lower small, partially between the third and
fourth labials. Postoculars two. Height and length of the loreal equal.
Nasal divided. Labials eight, fourth and fifth in orbit. Infralabials eight,
the last three times as long as the seventh, sixth largest; these three
plates border within a large shield which diverges from the outer posterior
extremity of the hinder submental. Submentals two pairs, equal. Scales
smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 131 (to 143). Anal bifid. Subcaudals 89
pairs. Total length 19| inches; tail 7| inches.

Brilliant red bands from four to six scales in width encircle the body:
these are separated by black rings, in sets of three, separated by yellow
intervals, ten or eleven on the body — one at the anus and six or seven on
the tail. The outer ring of each three is one and a half scales wide, and
is not continued on the belly; the yellow interval is of the same width,
and the central black is three and a half or four scales wide. The first
three is on the head and neck; the central black is seven or eight scales
wide, and does not extend upon the neck, but involves the ends of the
parietals and the last upper labial. The anterior yellow ring crosses the
parietals and involves one and a half temporals, the sixth, seventh, and
half the eighth upper labials. All the head anterior to this is deep lus-

70 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS:

trous black, except a narrow oral border of yellow. Chin immaculate.
Many of the scales of the body are tipped with brown, many with black.
(From descr.) Jalapa, Mexico.

DlADOPHIS.

Baird& Girard, 1853.

Small. Body subcylindrical, slightly depressed, slender; head distinct
from the neck, depressed; tail short, tapering. Teeth equal, smooth.
Crown-shields normal. Loreal present. Nasal divided. Eyes medium,
pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep. Scales smooth, in 15 — 17 rows. Anal
bind. Subcaudals in two rows.

With pairs of transverse bands;

scales in 17 rows ninnihitus.

with a white band along each side of head and neck decoratus.
with three longitudinal bands of brown fulvivittis.

with an occipital band;
scales in 15 rows ;

ventrals 148 — 160 punctatus.

ventrals about 190 docilis.

scales in 17 rows; occipital band rarely absent;

ventrals more than 200 regalis.

DlADOPHIS ANNULATUS.

Enicognathus ANNULATUS Dumt'ril & Bihnm, 1854, Erp. Gai. VII, 335.

Head little larger than the neck, slightly convex, muzzle rounded; tail
stout, long, near half as long as the body. Eye moderately large, pupil
round. Crown-shields nine, broad. Angle of rostral between internasnls
nearly a right one. Rostral convex. Loreal small, lower behind than in
front. Prefrontals decurved to the loreal. One lai'ge preocular. Postoc-
ulars two. Labials eight, fourth, fifth, and sixth in orbit, latter large.
Scales smooth, lozenge-shaped, in 17 rows. Ventrals 142. Anal divided.
Tail broken.

Brown, tinted with green. Head varied with black on the supraciliaries,
temporal region, and in three bars beneath the orbit. Neck tinged with
reddish, with pairs of transverse bands on the dorsal rows, followed by
three series of vittae or spots of black on the median and third or fourth
lateral rows. Flanks and ends of ventrals punctulate with brown. (From
descr.) Cohan (Haute Vera Paz).

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS 71

DlADOPHJS DECORATUS.
CorOnella decokata Gunther, 1858, Cat. Col Snakes, 35.

Body moderate, slightly depressed; head distinct, depressed; tail slen-
der, near one third of the total. Eye moderate, pupil round. Crown-
shields regular. Internasals and prefrontals broad. Frontal broad, acute-
angled posteriorly. Parietals large, in length equal to that of the head in
front of them. Nasal small, in 'two parts, nostril between. Loreal an
irregular polygon, in contact with six plates. Anteorbitals three, lower
very small, in notch between third and fourth labials. Postoculars two,
lower smaller. Temporals l-f-2, or fused with labial. Labials eight,
fourth and fifth in orbit, seventh large and abruptly higher than the
sixth. Infralabials nine, sixth large. Submentals two pairs, subeqnal,
posterior diverging. Scales smooth, flat, rounded at the extremity, in 17
rows, outer broader. Ventrals 160. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 107 pairs,
sometimes a few simple.

Greyish-brown, head darker, lighter toward the tail. A narrow white
dark-edged band from the muzzle along the facial angle through the upper
postocular slightly downward to the neck, then rising and occupying the
fifth row of scales on the body, where it becomes brownish, and continues
as a light line above a narrow line of dark on the fourth row. A narrow
black line on the vertebral row. Labials and ventral surface whitish, the
anterior labials and each extremity of the ventrals with a spot of dark.
Length 9^ inches; tail 3^ inches. Mountains of Alvarez, Mexico.

DlADOPHIS FULVIVITTIS.

RnADIN'EA FULVIVITTIS Cope, 1875, Bulr. and /.', pt. CoitO A'l'.v/, 130.

Very likely to prove a variety of the preceding. " Head small, not very
distinct from the body. Frontal a little longer than the suture from it to
the nasals, and a little shorter than the common suture of the occipitals,
two-thirds as wide as long. Rostral small, low; postnasal higher than
long; loreal as high as long. Superior labials eight, seventh highest;
temporals 1 — 1. Inferior labials ten, sixth largest, in contact with middle
of post geneials. Scales poreless, in 17 rows. Gastrosteges 177. Anal
divided ; urosteges 91.

"Color above fulvous, below fulvous yellow. The three brown bands
extend from the end of the nose to near the end of the tail; the lateral
involves the fourth and half of each adjacent row of scales, and is black-

72 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS'.

edged; the dorsal is three and two half scales wide, and is also black-edged.
The brown is paler on top of the head, and the ground color is a narrow
yellow band to the eye. Lips yellow, like the lower surfaces, unspotted.''
Orizaba, Vera Cruz.

DlADOPHIS PUNCTATUS, pi. IT, fg. 2.

Coluber punctatus IAnn$, L766, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, I, :i76.
Diadophis punctatus Baird& Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Sferp., 112.

Body slender, subcylindrical, slightly de}iressed; bead distinct from the
neck, depressed, crown flat; tail near one fifth of the total, tapering to a
point. Crown-shields normal, broad, anterior short. Rostral broad, low,
not reaching back on the head. Snout prominent, rounded. Frontal pen-
tagonal. Nasal divided, nostril mainly in the anterior portion. Loreal
nearly square. Oculars 2—2. Temporals 1 + 1. Labials seven, sixth
largest, third and fourth in orbit, or labials eight, seventh larger, fourth
and fifth in orbit. Infralabials eight, fifth very large. Posterior sub-
mentals half as large as the anterior. Eye moderate, pupil round.
Mouth-cleft deep, more than half behind the eye. Scales smooth, in 15
rows, dorsal narrow, outer as broad as long. Ventrals 148 — 160. Anal
bifid. Subcaudals 36 — 56 pairs.

Uniform bronzed, ashy or greenish brown above, with a narrow yel-
lowish, dark-edged band across the occiput (sometimes obsolete). Hinder
edge of the extremities of the ventrals with a black spot, giving the appear-
ance of a zigzag line. Belly yellow or orange, purplish or reddish, uni-
form or with black spots, irregularly scattered or in a central longitudinal
series. Chin yellow to upper margins of the upper labials, which, with
that of the rostral, arc black. New England to Mississippi.

var. aknyi.

DiADOPms aknyi Kemticott, 1S59, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 99.

Abdomen more spotted with black, ventrals 160. Subcaudals 50 pairs.
Kansas.

var. docilis.

Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Serp., 114.

Body above uniform ash-gray; yellowish white beneath, spotted with
black. A proportionally broad yellowish white occipital ring, margined

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 73

with a narrow black lino. Dorsal scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 193. Anal
entire. Subcaudals 57 pairs. (From descr.) Rio San Pedro of Rio
Grande.

DlADOPHIS REGALIS.
Baird& Girard, 1853, Cat. X. .1. S.rii., 115.

" Body above uniform greenish-ash ; beneath light yellow, scattered all
over with small black spots. No occipital ring. Dorsal scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 237+1+58 pairs." Sonora, Mexico.

A specimen of this species from San Luis Potosi has 210 ventrals.
Anal bifid, and 73 pairs of subcaudals. The lower surface of the tail and
hinder abdomen are a bright orange red, shading to yellow forward. Belly
spotted irregularly with black. Labials and chin-shields with black spots
on their hinder margins. Scales in the outer row dark with yellow bases,
medials dark, finely sprinkled with ashy.

The three preceding species of Diadophis are very closely related. I
am inclined to consider them as one, which, through several varieties,
gradually increases in length, number of ventral plates and brilliancy of
coloration from New England to Mexico.

■■&'

Rhinocheilus.

Baird & Girard, 1853.

Body elongate, tapering little to head and tail, slightly compressed ; head
small, rather indistinct, narrow, crown convex, snout produced, pointed ;
tail short, tapering regularly. Maxillary teeth equal, smooth, without
interspaces between anterior and posterior. Crown-shields nine. Rostral
prominent, bent back on the top of the snout. Nasal in two parts, nostril
between. Loreal present. Oculars 1 — 2. Scales smooth, short, broad,
in 23 rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals entire or divided (the specimen
before me has nineteen of the posterior divided).

Rhinocheilus lecontei.

Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. X. A. Serp., 120.

Long, slender, subcylindrical, belly flat; head rather indistinct from the
neck, little larger, crown convex, narrow and pointed in front; tail short,
near one eighth of the total, stout, tapering. Posterior upper maxil-
lary teeth stouter. Mouth-cleft medium, slightly curved. Eye moderate,
pupil subcircular (apparently a little oblong, erect). Rostral prominent,

74 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS'.

vertically compressed, so as to appear pointed in a side view, crowding
backward between the oblique internasals. Nasal in two parts, nostril
between. A loreal. Oculars 1 — 2. Temporals 2+3. Labials eight,
fourth and fifth in orbit, seventh largest. Infralabials nine, fifth largest.
Submentals one pair, followed by four small shields. Scales lozenge-shaped,
smooth, flat, in 23 rows, outer broader. Ventrals broad, 191 — 206. Anal
entire. Subcaudala 40 — 49 (on one specimen half of them are divided).

Black, red and yellow in life. In alcoholic specimens uniform yellowish
white, with about thirty-three transverse black bands, separated by nar-
rower spaces — 26 to the vent, Each black band is composed of a narrow,
elongate, subquadrangular spot on the middle of the back — about three
scales long by five in width — and a wedge-shaped extension of black scales,
with yellow spots, down each flank to the edge of the abdomen. On the
outer two rows and the extremity of the ventrals on each side there is a
series of irregular black spots, twice as many as there are of the bands.
The spaces between the black bands were red. Each scale has a black
spot in the center. Head black from frontal to neck. On each side of
this the scales are black, with light centers. Upper labials margined
with black. Muzzle yellowish.

The pattern of coloration is about as below. A dorsal series of elon-
gate black spots — about 26 to the vent — separated by spaces equal or
smaller, a series of twice as many small black spots on the flank — placed
opposite the extremities of the former — and a third series on the edge of
flank and abdomen alternating with the series above it. The increase of
the amount of black on the scales tends to form bands and obliterate the
original pattern. Southern California to Mexico.

Var. TESSELEATUS.

Labials eight. Infralabials ten. Ventrals 178. Subcaudals 37 entire,
plus 14 pairs. Coahuila, Mexico.

Heterodon.

Beauvms, 1799; Lalreille, 1800, Hist. Rep., IV, 32.

Of moderate size. Body stout, belly flat. Head short, broad, little
larger than the neck. Snout very prominent, shovel-shaped. Rostral a
produced trihedral. Posterior maxillary teeth larger, separated from the

SlXOI'SES AND DESCRIPTIONS 75

others by an interspace. Head, neck, and body very distensible. Tail
short, pointed. Scales keeled or smooth. Subcaudals bifid. United
States to the Argentine Republic.

Azygos shield in contact with the prefrontals platyrkinus.

Azygos surrounded by small plates simus.

Heterodon platyrhinus, pi. VI., fig. 5.

Latrcille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Kept, IV, 32,])!. XXVIII, fig. 1-3.

Stout, tapering backward, body, neck and head very distensible; head
broad, short, slightly convex on the crown; tail short, near one sixth of
the total, tapering. Eye large, surrounded on sides and below by small
scales, pupil round. Mouth-cleft moderate, forming a single curve with
the anterior face of the rostral. Posterior maxillary teeth larger, smooth,
separated by an interspace from the others. Crown-shields broad. Su-
praciliaries large. An azygos shield behind the rostral, in contact with
the internasals. Internasals subtriangular, separated by the rostral and
azygos. Rostral very prominent, curving upward into an acute-edged
trihedral or shovel, with a sharp ridge between the internasals. Nasal in
two parts, the valvular nostril between. Loreals two, lower larger. Ocu-
lars ten (9 — 14). Temporals varying, three to four. Labials eight, sixth
and seventh large. Infralabials eleven, third and fourth large. Sub-
mentals one pair, followed by small shields, in contact with three labials.
Scales keeled, broad at the extremity, in twenty-five rows (23 — 25), dorsal
narrow, caudal and outer row broad, first row smooth. Ventrals 120 — 150.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals 45 — 60 pairs.

Reddish or yellowish-brown to black (var. niger). A series of twenty to
thirty dorsal spots, usually surrounded by a margin of very light color.
Tail with about nine- transverse bands. On the upper portion of the flank
there is a series of medium-sized spots alternating with the dorsal; below
this there are three or four alternating series of small more or less indistinct
spots, the lower encroaching upon the ventral scales. Yellow under the
chin and throat, darkening posteriorly and becoming olivaceous mottled or
blotched with brown. A dark light-edged band across the prefrontals
through the eye to the angle of the mouth. A similar band on the frontal
and supraciliaries just behind the eye, more or less joined with the broad
band from each parietal to the sides of the neck. Immediately behind the

76 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

head, between the bands from the occiput, which spread around it, there is
a median short longitudinal band of half their length. Mississippi Valley
to the Atlantic.

var. niger.

Scytale nigeu Daudin, 1S03, Hist. Rept., V, 342.
IIeterodon platyruinos, var. nicer, Jan., 1863, Elenc. Sist.

Dark brown or olivaceous to uniform black.

II. catesbyi of Dr. Giinther is not separated from 7/. nasicus by the
description. Southeastern States.

IIeterodon simus, pi. VI., Jiff. 4.

Coluber simus Linac, 17GG, Syst. Nat., cd. XII, 375.
Heterodon simus Holbrook, 1842, X .1. Herp. IV, 57, /./. AT.

Stout, tapering backward, belly flat, body, neck, and head very disten-
sible. Head broad, short, slightly convex on the crown ; tail short, near
one sixth of the total, thick, tapering. Eye large, pupil round. Mouth-
cleft moderate, forming with the face of the rostral a continuous curve.
Posterior maxillary teeth isolated, larger, smooth. Crown-shields broad.
Parietals, frontal, and prefrontals frequently cut into smaller plates.
Supraciliaries broad. Azygos shield (behind the rostral) surrounded, and
the internasals separated from the rostral, by small plates. Rostral broad,
very prominent, produced obliquely upward and expanded into an acute-
edged spade-shaped trihedral, sharp-ridged on the top of the snout. Nasal
in two parts, sometimes three; nostril valvular. Loreals two, upper
smaller. Oculars 10 — 13. Temporals 4+5, varying much. Labials eight,
sixth and seventh large. Infralabials ten (9 — 11), fourth largest, four in
contact with the submentals. Submentals one pair, short. Scales keeled
in 25 (23 — 27) rows, medial narrow, lateral and caudal broad and
rounded. The outer row is keeled in some, smooth in others, and in
cases the keels are very indistinct on two* or three rows above it.

Yellowish-brown to brownish-yellow. Pattern of coloration similar to
that of //. platyrhinus, with a dorsal series (30 — 50) of large blotches;
alternating with this on the upper part of the flank a series hardly half as
large; below the latter, on the side, are three or four alternating series — ■
more or less irregular and confluent— of small spots, the lower being upon
the ends of the ventrals. Belly yellow, more or less clouded with brown,

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 77

to more black than yellow. Chin and throat yellowish. Tail generally
lighter below. A brown band across the prefrontals through the eye to
the anerle of the mouth; a .similar band behind the eve on the frontal and
supraciliaries, separated from the former by a narrow band of light color.
A broader band of brown from each parietal backward to the neck, and
between them on the median line of head and neck a short longitudinal
bar. Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic.

var. nasicus, /</. VI, fig. 6.

Heterodon nasicus Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Serp., pp. 61, 157.

Rostral more produced and bent; prefrontals more dissected; head
bands shorter and broader; belly with large quadrate blotches of dark
color to nearly uniform black. Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 135 — 150.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals 34 — 50. Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, Cali-
fornia.

var. KENNERLYI.
Heterodox KENNERLYI Ken uicutt, 1860, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 336.

Head broad, short anteriorly.

Pattern of colors as in si mux, spots smaller, more numerous, dorsal
sometimes divided into two alternating series a portion of the length.
Belly black, irregularly spotted with white. Oculars, loreal, internasals,
azygos, prefrontals, and sometimes the frontal, more or less cut into small
plates. In a specimen before me there are 21 plates in front of supracilia-
ries and frontal on the top of the head. Scales in 23 rows, outer broader,
smooth, balance keeled. Ventrals 148. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 35 pairs.
Mexico.

Cemophora.

Cope, 1860.
Body elongate, subcylindrical ; head rather indistinct; tail short, conical.
Eye small, pupil round. Posterior maxillary teeth longer, smooth. Ros-
tral swollen, not keeled. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal
rarely absent. Scales smooth, in 17 — 19 rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals
in two rows.

78 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Cemopiiora COCCIXEA, pi. VI, fi<J. 1.
Coluber coccineus Blum., 1788, Lkhi. & Voigt., Mag., V.

Rather small. Long, slender, subcylindrieal ; head little larger than the
neck, subconical, snout turned upward, with prominent rostral, but not
compressed into a sharp edge as in Heterodon, Tail short, near one sev-
enth of the total, tapering to a point. Eyes small, pupil round. Mouth-
cleft not very dee]), somewhat curved. Posterior maxillary teeth larger.
Crown-shields normal. Frontal broad, hexagonal. Supraciliaries very
small. Prefrontals broader than long. Rostral swollen, extending back
between the internasals. Nasal entire, sometimes grooved or half divided,
occasionally divided. A small loreal. Oculars 1 — 2, lower smaller. Tem-
porals 1 + 2. Labials six, second commonly entering the orbit, third be-
neath the eye and postorbitals. (A specimen shows fusion of the second
and third on one side, and the second, third, and fourth on the other.)
Infralabials eight, fourth largest. Submentals one pair. Scales smooth,
in 19 rows; dorsal lozenge-shaped, pointed, outer little broader. Ventrals
broad, 157 — 174. Anal entire. Subcaudals 34 — 45 pairs.

Crimson in life, yellowish in alcohol; white below. Crossed by pairs of
transverse bands of dark brown or black, each pair inclosing a narrow
band of yellow. Sixteen to nineteen yellow bands on the body, four to
five on the tail; they are limited on the outer rows by a series of spots of
dark, which alternate with the dark bands. Black rings about equal to
yellow, two or three scales. The red space between the black rings has a
width about equal to that occupied by the pair and the included yellow.
The red spaces are more or less completely inclosed by the union of the
black bands beneath them into a ring. The first black band crosses the
head, behind the eye, to the angle of the mouth; in front of this the head
is red, yellowish on the snout, behind it on the occiput the first yellow
band is followed by the second black. Southern States east of the Missis-
sippi.

var. copei.
The specimen described and figured by Prof. Jan under this name has
the red blotches on the back much shorter and more numerous than is
usual in the species. It had thirty-two black rings on body and tail.
The loreal enters the orbit below the anteorbital. Tennessee.

synopses and descriptions. 70

Xenodon.

Boie, 1827.

Stout, subcylindrical, belly flat ; head distinct from the nock, short,
broad, crown flat; tail short, stout, tapering. Posterior maxillary teeth
larger, smooth. Eye large. Crown-shields nine. A loreal. Rostral
moderate, reaching the top of the snout. Nasal divided. Scales smooth,
in oblique series, much imbricate. Anal entire or divided. Subcaudals in
two rows. Brazil to Mexico ; East Indies.

Xenodon bertholdi.

Jan, 18611, Arch, per la Zool. II, fuse. II, 108.

Stout, belly broad; head large, broad, crown flattened; tail short, taper-
ing. Eye moderate, pupil round. Posterior maxillary tooth long, smooth.
Crown-shields nine, short, broad. Prefrontals bent down to the loreal.
Frontal broad, concave or truncate in front. Parietals as broad as long.
Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal small. One anteocular, short,
high. Postoculars two or three, varying much in size and shape in differ-
ent individuals. A large temporal in contact with the oculars. Labials
eight, fourth and fifth in orbit, seventh largest. Infralabials eleven, sixth
largest. Submentals two pairs, anterior larger. Scales smooth, lustrous,
in 19 rows, lateral very oblique, much imbricate. Ventrals 149. Anal
entire. Subcaudals 47 pairs (42 — 47).

Brownish, with twelve to fourteen dark light-edged transverse bands,
which widen and bifurcate on the flanks, thus inclosing on the middle of
the back a light space, somewhat of a lozenge-shape, which frequently has
a darker patch in its center. Lower part of flank spotted with dark.
Abdomen yellowish to olive, mottled with darker. This species resembles
X. rhabdocephalus very much; the most prominent difference is in the entire
anal shield. Closely allied to X. colubrinm Gthr. Mexico.

Hypsiglena.

Cope, I860, Pr. Ae. N. Sc., Phil. 2M\.

Cylindrical; head distinct from the neck, depressed, broad posteriorly,
conic anteriorly; tail short, less than one fourth of the total. Upper poste-
rior maxillary tooth longer, smooth, separated by an interspace. Pupil
elliptic, erect. Crown-shields normal. Xasal divided. A loreal. Ocu-
lars 2 — 2. Scales smooth. Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two rows. Ari-
zona ; Lower California,

80 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

Hypsiglkxa OCHRORHYNCHA.
Cope, I860, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., I'hil., 246.

Elongate, subcylindrical, tapering little; head distinct from the neck,
short, subconical, crown flattened, snout prominent; tail short, near one
sixth of the total, tapering. Eyes small, pupil vertical. Post maxillary
teeth longer, smooth, isolated. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. A
loreal. Oculars 2 — 2. Temporals H-2+3. Labials eight, fourth and
fifth in orbit, sixth and seventh largest. Infralabials nine or ten, fifth or
sixth largest. Submentals two pairs, posterior smaller. Scales smooth, in
21 rows, outer as broad as long. Ventrals 167. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
48 pairs.

Scales of body and head minutely punctulate with brown, giving a light
brown or greyish appearance. With four series of alternating brown spots
on each side, about 33 to vent. The two dorsal rows are the larger, and
alternate or unite. The spots decrease in size down the flank ; the lower
are obsolescent. Belly light, immaculate. Head light; a brown band
from the eye above the angle of the mouth to the neck, spreading poste-
riorly. Cape St. Lucas ; Arizona.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 81

CALAMARINAK.

Body cylindrical, stout to elongate; head seldom larger than the neck,
comparatively short. Eve small to medium, pupil round. Usually some
of the head-shields united. One anteorbital, sometimes united with the
loreal. Not more than two postorbitals. Seales smooth or keeled, in 13
to 19 rows. Teeth equal and smooth, or the posterior maxillary larger
and grooved or smooth.

One preocular; loreal sometimes fused with other shields;

nasal usually grooved; loreal rarely present; rostral produced;

anal bifid; scales smooth, in 17 rows Ficoiia.

nasal entire; seales smooth, in 19 rows;

anal entire; loreal present • Cheilorhina.

nasal divided; scales smooth, in 17 rows; no loreal;

anal bifid Stenorhina.

nasal divided; no loreal; scales smooth, in 15 rows;

anal divided or entire Tantilla.

nasal entire; loreal rarely present; scales smooth, in 15 rows;
anal entire or divided ; post maxillary teeth larger, grooved

Elapomorphus.
nasal entire or divided ; scales smooth or keeled, in 15 rows ;
anal bifid CoNTIA.

Loreal and preocular united;

nasal divided ; scales keeled ;

anal entire NlNlA.

nasal divided; prefrontal entering the orbit;

anal bifid; scales smooth or keeled Virginia.

nasal entire; rostral produced ; scales smooth ;

anal bifid Carphophis.

nasal divided; scales smooth;

anal entire Geophis.

FlCIMIA.

Gray.

Moderately stout, subcylindrical ; head moderate, slightly depressed;
tail short to medium. Teeth small, equal, smooth. Eves small to me-
dium, pupil round, subcircular in variegata. Head-shields seven to nine,

Mem. — vol. n— (S

82 ' SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

short, broad; prefrontals and internasals often united. Rostral large,
prominent, produced backward lid ween the internasals or prefrontals,
convex, sometimes resembling that of Heterodon. Nasal usually entire
and grooved behind the nostril, sometimes divided or without the groove.
Oculars 1 — 2. .Scales smooth, broad, in 17 rows. Anal divided. Sub-
caudals in two rows. (Anterior labials, rostral, and nasal sometimes
united.)

Internasals and prefrontals not united;

rostral separating internasals but slightly;

prefrontal and labials in contact frontalis.

rostral separating internasals, but not reaching frontal

run a.

Internasals and prefrontals united;

nasal and anteorbital in contact nasus.

rostral not reaching the frontal;

loreal generally distinct maculdta.

rostral reaching the frontal ;

loreals fused with prefrontals ;

back with black cross bars variegata.

back blackish-olive olivacea.

FlCIMIA FRONTALIS.
Toluca frontalis Cope, 1864, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 167.

Muzzle prominent, pointed, slightly narrowed. Prefrontals slightly
separated by the rostral. Nasal long. Frontals in contact with labials.
Preocular low, narrow. Two postoculars, lower barely in contact with
one temporal. Seven upper labials; eye over third and fourth; seven
lower. Parietals longer than frontal. Anterior suture of frontal a little
longer than straight lateral. Scales in 17 rows, equal, thin. One pair
of short submentals. Ventrals 144. Anal bind. Subcaudals 44 pairs.
Total length 10* inches; tail, 1™ inches.

Greyish-brown, more rufous medially, with about thirty-six rhombic
dark-edged spots of brown, six scales wide and four long, the angles of
which are produced as vertical lateral bars. Spots becoming similar to
cross-bands posteriorly, separated by a pale spot on the vertebral line.
A brown cross-band across prefrontals and frontals; a longitudinal band
on each occipital and side of nape. (Cope.) From Colima, Mexico. A
doubtful species.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 83

FlCIMIA CANA.

Gyalopion (Axni Cope, 18G&, Pr. Ae. X. Sc., Phil., 243.

"Form stout; tail one eighth of total length. Head slightly distinct,
large, depressed. Rostral plate acute; its anterior border elevated; its
upper surface concave. It is produced backwards, separating the pre-
frontals, not reaching the vertical. Frontals two pairs. Nasal confounded
with the first labial, a groove from the nostril to the suture of the second
labial. No loreal; its place supplied by the post frontal. One pre two
post oculars. Scales smooth; anal and subcaudal scutellae divided. Teeth
small, of equal lengths. Pupil round."

Internasals small, triangular. Anterior border of frontal not angulated.
Labials seven, third and fourth in orbit. Infralabials seven, fourth largest.
Submentals short. Scales broad, in 17 rows. Ventrals 130. Subcaudals
28 pairs. Total length 7h inches, tail 11 lines.

Back brownish-grey, with irregular transverse bands of brown (thirty-
one in specimen described), which extend to the ventrals, and anteriorly
exhibit a tendency to divide in three series of spots. Eight spots on tail.
First spot on neck large. A brown band from one angle of the mouth to
the other, another through the eye across the frontals. Dirty yellowish
beneath, including the first row of scales. Arizona.

FlCIMIA NASITS.
Conopsis nascs Guntker, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, p. 6.

Body cylindrical ; head not distinct from neck, rounded, conical, sharply
pointed in front; tail stout, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil round. Mouth
moderate. Teeth equal, smooth. Upper jaw much the longer. Rostral
a protruding four-sided pyramid, with rounded edges, resembling Bhinos-
toma, but without sharp ridge. Frontals and internasals fused, bent on
the sides. Frontal very large, longer than broad, six-sided. Supraciliaries
elongate. Nasal entire, in direct contact with the anteorbital. No loreal.
One anteocujar, not raised on the crown. Postoculars two. Labials seven,
third and fourth in orbit. Temporal one, large, elongate. Submentals
two pairs, anterior larger. Scales smooth, short, rounded at the tip, in 17
rows. Ventrals 118. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 38 pairs.

Nearly uniform dark olive, anteriorly some obsolete black spots; sides
lighter; belly yellowish-white, edges of each ventral plate with two or
three black spots. Total length 10 inches; tail '1 inches. (Giinther.)
California.

•s4 . SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

FlCIMIA MACULATA.

Oxyi;hin\ maci lata Jan, 1862, Prodr. Icon. Gen. <>ji<l.,])t. IT, 01.

Subcylindrical ; head not distinct from neck, subcorneal, slightly de-
pressed, muzzle produced. Snout long, rostral conical. Eye moderate,
pupil round. Mouth-cleft deep, curved. Prefrontals and internasals
united. Frontal broader forward, hexangular. Nasal entire. A loreal,
sometimes absent. One anteorbital. Postorbitals 1 to 2. Temporals
1+2. Labials 6 to 7, the two preceding the last more or less wedged.
[nfralabials 6 to 7, fourth large, anterior four in contact with the sub-
mentals. Two pairs submentals, anterior larger. Scales smooth, short,
broad, in 17 rows. Ventrals 125 — 131. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 28 to
36 pairs.

Brownish, more or less punctulate, with a dorsal series of irregular
spots, the anterior of which are somewhat elongate. Flanks marked with
brown, as if the dorsal spots had continued downward and broken up.
Belly light, with spots of dark irregularly placed in a series on each side.
(Jan.) Mexico.

FlCIMIA VARIEGATA.
Amblymetopon vakibgatdm Gunther, L858, Cat. Cd. Snakes, 7.

Moderate; head not distinct, rounded, muzzle not elongate; tail rather
short, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil sub-elliptical. Rostral bent upward,
with a convex ridge, not tapering behind, separating the prefrontals.
Internasals and prefrontals united. Frontal large, seven-sided. Oculars
1 — 2. No loreal. Labials seven, third and fourth in orbit. Anterior
temporal elongate. Scales smooth, nearly square, in 17 rows. Ventrals
151. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 37 pairs.

Lack reddish-white, with 56 black narrow cross-liars, two on the neck
larger than the remainder. Head with symmetrical black markings.
Sides black spotted. Belly uniform whitish. (GKinther.) Mexico.

FlCIMIA olivaceA.

Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 80.

Head moderate, rather depressed; body subcylindrical; tail tapering.

Rostral large. Internasals and prefrontals fused, separated by the rostral.

Loreal and prefrontals united. Supraciliary small, triangular. Frontal

and parietals large. Nasal triangular, grooved behind the nostril. Eves

small, pupil round. Scales smooth, lustrous, broad, rounded at the tip.

Blackish-olive; lips, chin, and beneath pale yellowish. (Gfray.) Mexico.

synopses and descriptions. 85

Cheilorhina.
Shape and general appearance that of Elapomorphus, from which it is
distinguished by the greater number of rows of scales, and by the smooth
teeth, which gradually increase in size backward.

Cheilorhina villarsii.

(Be FU.) Jan, ism'. Prodr. lam. Ophid., pp. 55 and :>7; Icon. Livr., 48, pi I, fig. 5.

Head not distinct from the neck; tail short, thick, blunt; snout prom-
inent, broad, rounded. Internasals united with the prefrontals. Frontal
hexangular, anterior angle produced. Supraciliaries short, broad. Nasals
entire, united with the anterior labials. Loreal present. Preocular one.
One postocular. One temporal, in contact with the ocular. Five labials,
including that united with the nasal, third below eye and orbitals. Infra-
labials six. Submentals one pair. Scales broad, smooth, in 19 rows.
Ventrals 213. Anal entire. Subcaudals 15 pairs.

Crown, labials, and infralabials black to the temporals. With trans-
verse rings of black, more or less incomplete below, separated by spaces
of about half their width. The first black ring crosses the neck, and occu-
pies about seven scales. Two rings surround the tail; all grow narrower
on the flank. Western Mexico.

Stenorhina.

Dumi'ri! iC- Bibron, 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, S65.

Moderate, subcylindrical, belly flattened; head little larger than the
neck, depressed, narrow forward ; tail short, stout, conical. Eye small to
moderate, pupil round. Posterior maxillary teeth a little longer, grooved.
Internasals and nasals usually fused. Nasals divided. No loreal. Scales
smooth, in 17 rows. Generally one ante and two post oculars. Anal bifid.
Subcaudals in two rows. Mexico to Central America.

Uniform brownish or slightly blotched;

bases of scales darker fremenvillei.

with longitudinal bands of darker, quinquelineatus.

Stenorhina fremenvillei.

Dumeril & Bibron, 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, 868.

Cylindrical, belly broad, tapering slightly to neck and tail; head mod-
erate, little, if any. larger than the neck, depressed, crown flattened,
slightly arched in front of the eve; tail short, stout, conical. Eye small,

86 SYNOPSES AMi DESCRIPTIONS'.

pupil round. Internasal of each side united with the anterior portion of1
the nasal. Rostral broad, low, blunt-angled between the internasals.
Prefrontals broad, in contact with the posterior portion of the second
labials. Frontal hexangular, broader forward, hinder angle more acute.
Parietals short, broad. No loreal. One anteorbital, beneath the supra-
ciliary, not in contact with the nasal. Two post orbitals, lower small.
Temporals 1-f 2. Labials seven, third and fourth in orbit, fourth to sixth
large, and nearly equal in size. Infralabials seven, second smallest, fifth
largest. Submentals two pairs, posterior small. Scales smooth, broad,
rounded at apex, lateral as broad or broader than long. Ventrals 171 — 175
(165—175). Anal bifid. Subcaudals 35—40 pairs (35—43).

Light yellowish, to dark olivaceous, brown, base and sides of each scale
darker. Belly yellowish to olivaceous, mottled with olive, bases of ven-
trals darker. Throat, chin, and lips lighter to white or yellow. Central
America.

Stexorhina quixquelineata.

MicRornis quinquelineatus Hallowell, 1854, Pr. Ac. X. Sc, Phil, 97.

"Head of moderate size, short, depressed in the middle, covered with
nine plates; snout rounded; nostrils between the nasal and anterior frontal
plates; a frenal; one ante ocular; two post oculars; seven superior labials,
eye over third and fourth; eyes of moderate size, pupil round; supraciliary

plate not projecting over the eye; tail of moderate length Head,

body, and tail above ash color; five dark blue stripes extending from the
occiput to the base of the tail, the three intermediate ones broader than
the lateral; the other stripes prolonged upon the tail, the middle one to
near its extremity; 17 rows of smooth quadrangular scales; 170 abdominal
scuta; two bind preabdom ; 33 subcaudal." Honduras.

Taxtilla.

Baml& Girard, 1853, Cat. X. A. Serp., 131.

Body slender, subcylindrical ; head indistinct, depressed; tail rather
short, tapering. Eye small, pupil round. Nine head-shields. Nasal
divided, nostril in anterior part, sometimes entire. No loreal. Orbitals
1 — 1 to 2. Scales smooth, lustrous, in 15 rows. Anal divided or entire.
Subcaudals in two rows.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

$7

No band across the occiput;

oculars 1 — 1; labials six gracilis.

with three longitudinal bands of darker color

var. calamarina.

oculars 1 — 2; labials seven;

head black nyriceps.

an occipital band ;

oculars 1 — 2; labials seven coronata.

a black spot on the occiput;

oculars 1 — 1 planiceps.

Tantilla gracilis, pi. VI., fir/. 3.

Bairddc Girard, 1853, Co'. N. .1. Serp., 132.

Small, wormlike, slender, slightly depressed; head small, not distinct
from neck, depressed, crown convex; tail short, slender, tapering to a
point. Eye small, over third and fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth-
cleft deep, nearly straight. Snout broad, very prominent. Head-shields
nine, broad. Frontal hexagonal, or rounded in front. Rostral broad, sub-
triangular, convex. No loreal. Nasal in two parts, nostril in anterior.
Orbitals 1 — 1. Temporals 1-1-1. Labials six, posterior two larger, the
temporals wedging between them. Infralabials six, fourth larger, ante-
rior pair slightly separated by the submentals in the specimen described.
Submentals two pairs, posterior smaller. Scales smooth, in 15 rows,
dorsal lozenge-shaped, outer and caudals somewhat broader. Ventrals
124 — 129. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 41 — io pairs.

Light reddish or olivaceous-brown, head darker. Beneath much lighter,
yellowish. Posterior labials white; the white extending upward to the
middle of the temporal. Individuals vary in regard to contact of mentals
and submentals. Texas.

Var. CALAMARINA.
Cope, 1866, /V. .1.-. A. V., Phil, 320.
Head flat, not distinct from neck; tail near one sixth of total length.
Head -shields nine. Internasals narrow. Prefrontals in contact with
second labial. Frontal longer than broad, angled in front. Supracilia-
ries small. Nasal large. Orbitals 1 — 1, small. No loreal. Labials six,
third and fourth in orbit, and supporting the orbitals. Infralabials seven,

88

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

fourth largest; the anterior widely separated from each other by contact of
mental and submentals. Anterior submentals longer than broad, posterior
minute. Total length 7,72 inches; tail l'„ inches.

Brown, end of muzzle yellow, lower surfaces and occipital region pale.
Sides and top of head and three longitudinal hands hlackish; the latter
extend on to the common line of the third and fourth, and on the vertebral
series of scales. Guadalaxara, Mexico. (Cope.)

TaNTILLA NlGRICEPS.

gennicott, 18G0, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., I'hil, 328.

More slender than T. gracilis, head narrower. Frontal more elongate
posteriorly, parietala narrower. Orbitals 1 — 2. Labials seven.

Uniform brownish white (in Ale), light below. Crown as far as the
parietals deep black; no indication of a post-occipital black ring as in
T. coronata. (Kennicott.) Texas and New Mexico.

Tantilla coronata.

Baml ct- Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amef. Serp., 131.

Small, worm-like, slender, slightly depressed ; head small, indistinct,
depressed, crown convex; tail short, slender, tapering to a point. Head-
shields nine, broad. Prefrontals short. Frontal hexangular, broad ante-
riorly. Parietals long, much separated in front by the frontal. Snout
broad, prominent. Rostral broad, bent back on the snout. Nasal divided,
nostril in anterior portion. No loreal. Orbitals 1 — 2. Eye small, over
the third and fourth labials, pupil round. Labials seven, posterior largest.
Infralabials six (6 — 7), fourth largest. Posterior pair of submentals much
shorter. Temporals 1 + 1. Scales smooth, subrhomboidal, in 15 rows,
outer broader. Ventrals 144. Anal bifid, rarely entire. Subcaudals 40
pairs.

Reddish-brown, head darker. A band of black from one half to six
scales wide across the neck on the dorsal rows, sometimes absent. A
narrow band of light color, a scale or two in width, crosses the occiput
on the extremities of the parietals. Frequently a light spot on the fifth
labial, reaching toward the eye. Infralabials more or less black. Belly
and throat uniform whitish. South Carolina to Mississippi.

T. wagneri (Jan), from Florida; has an entire anal-shield.

.SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 89

T.VXTILLA PLANICEPS.
Coluber planiceps Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. dn Mvsie, p. 294, pi. 27, /. 3—36.
Tantilla plaxkeps Cope, 1875, (lurk lid, p. 35.

Slender, elongate, cylindrical, head small, depressed, little larger than
the neck; snout short; tail short, pointed. Nostril lateral, in the middle
of the elongate nasal. Eyes medium. Mouth broad, deeply cleft. Head-
shields nine. No loreal. Orbitals 1—1. Ventrals 134. Subcaudals 56
pairs. Scales broad, lustrous, smooth.

Uniform russet (light reddish-brown) above, whitish below, with a black
Spot on the occiput and commencement of the neck.

Dumeril & Bibron say the nasals are divided by a suture below the
nostril. Erp. Gen. VII, 8-58. (From descr.) California.

Elapomorphus.

{Wiegmann) Fitzinger, 1843, SytiL Kept, 25.

Form resembling that of Elaps. Long, cylindrical; head rather indis-
tinct from the neck; crown convex; tail short, thick, conical. Eyes small,
pupil round. Muzzle broad, rounded. Posterior upper maxillary teeth
generally somewhat larger and grooved. Nasal entire, rarely bifid. Lo-
real exceptionally present. Internasals two, or fused with prefrontals, or
each other. Prefrontals two, sometimes united. Preocular one. One
postocular, sometimes two. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Anal entire or
divided. Subcaudals in two rows.

Elapomorphus mexicanus.

GuiUher, 1862, Ann. & Mag. Nat EM.

Moderately slender; tail near one fourth of total. Internasals small,
short, broad. Prefrontals short, broad. Frontal six-sided, anterior a
little greater than a right-angle. Oculars 1 — 2, anterior not in contact
with the frontal. Labials seven, third and fourth in orbit, seventh largest.
Anterior temporal large. Submentals two pairs, anterior rather larger.
Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 158. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 52.

Brownish olive, with three blackish longitudinal bands, viz: one, almost
linear, along the vertebral series of scales; the two others along the sides,
each composed of two blackish, one line running along the middle of the
second outer series, the other along that of the third. Neck with a pair

90 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

of small yellowish spots ; front part of the snout crossed by a yellowish
band; a black spot on the lips below the eye; uniform yellowish below.
(From descr.) Mexico.

CoNTIA.

Bainl & Girard, 1853.

Moderately elongate, sub-depressed; head little larger than the neck,
depressed; tail short, tapering to a point. Eyes small, pupil round.
Crown-shields normal. Muzzle protruding. Rostral convex, broad. Nasal
entire or divided. A loreal, sometimes united with other shields. One
anteorbital. Generally two postorbitals, sometimes one or throe. Tem-
porals commonly l-|-2. Labials seven (5 — 7). Infralabials seven (6 — 8).
Scales smooth, rarely keeled, in 15 series. Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two
rows.

(Sonora.)

Colors in transverse bands ;

ventrals 149; bands 31 semiannulata.

ventrals 158; bands 41 occipitalis.

ventrals 158 — 167; bands 31 isozona.

scales keeled on the tail at inula.

(Contia.)

Colors not in transverse bands;
oculars 1 — 2;

labials eight; nasal grooved;

scales slightly keeled at the tail jn/r/aca.

labials seven; flank with longitudinal band;
scales smooth ;

entrals about 161, with black bases

m if is.
ventrals about 145 episcopus.

CoNTIA SEMIANNULATA.

Sonora semia.vsti.ata Bairdie Girard, 1853, Cat. AT. A. Serp., 117.

Body subcylindrical, moderate; head not very distinct from neck, nar-
rower on the snout, muzzle produced, elongated; tail short, about one

KVXOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 91

■fifth of total, tapering. Eye moderate, pupil round. Head-shields nine.
Frontal narrow anteriorly. Rostral large. Internasals one third smaller
than prefrontals. Nasal divided Loreal elongated, angular, horizontal.
Orbitals 1 — 3. Posterior 2 — 3. Temporals 14-2. Labials seven, nearly
equal, first and last smallest. Infralabials eight (7 — 8), fourth largest.
Scales smooth, broad, in 15 rows, outer broader. Ventrals 149. Anal
bifid. Subcaudals 39 pairs.

Body crossed with transverse jet black bars, 25 from head to anus,
extending between and involving the exterior rows, becoming narrower
on the flanks ; along the back three to four scales long. Space between
the bars above orange red, one scale wider than the black bars; on the
sides greenish, with the base of the scales blackish. On the tail six black
rings, continuing all around, covering two to eight scales; intermediate
space red orange, four to five scales wide. Beneath uniform dull green,
the black bars of the body not touching the scutellae. (From descr.)
Sonora.

Cc-NTIA OCCIPITALIS.
Piiinostoma occipitale Hallowell, 1854, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., PhU., 95.

"Teeth of equal length, posterior ones not channeled; head depressed,
eyes small ; a rostral, two anterior and two posterior frontals ; one anterior
and two posterior oculars; a ventical; two occipitals; a small frenal;
nostrils in a single plate; seven superior labials, the eye resting on the
third and fourth. Abdominals 158; subcaudals 34.

"Milk white above, with 41 transverse black bands, including seven
upon tail and one upon posterior part of head; six complete rings upon
tail; throat and abdomen white, with transverse bands continuous with
those upon back of tail ; 15 rows of smooth quadrangular scales." Mohave
Desert.

It is possible that this species and C. isozona will yet be united with
C. semiannulata.

var. ANNULATA.

Completely encircled by black rings. Colorado Desert.

92 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

CoNTIA ISOZONA.
Cope, 18G6, Proc. Ac N. Si:., Phil, 304:

Tail four and two fifths times in the total length. Eye small, diameter
twice in length of muzzle. Orbitals 1 — -2. Rostral rounded, slightly pro-
duced backward. Prefrontals and interriasala much broader than lung.
Loreal twice as long as high. Labials seven, all higher than long. Eye
over third and fourth. Scales in 15 rows, all broader than long. Ventrals
158 — 167. Anal divided. Subcaudals 52 pairs.

Twenty black half rings, separated by equal spaces of pinkish ground
color. Belly immaculate. Tail completely six-annulate. The second
specimen was Vermillion between the bars and on top of the head. Prob-
ably a variety of C. semianmdata. (From descr.) Utah.

(Proeinura.)

CONTIA AEMULA.
Procixtra AEMULA Cope, 1879, l'e. Ae. X. Se., Phil, 262.

Post maxillary teeth longer, smooth, not isolated. Subcylindrical (ela-
pomorph); head flattened on crown, muzzle projecting, rounded; tail short,
near one sixth of total, covered with roughly keeled scales. Head-shields
nine. Rostral obtuse-angled on top of snout. Prefrontals wider than
long. Frontal wide, sending a long angle backward. Parietals short,
wide. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal quadrangular. Or-
bitals 1 — 2. Temporals 1 + 2. Labials seven, first longer than high,
third and fourth in orbit. Infralabials eight, fourth largest. Submentals
two pairs, posterior small. Scales broad, rounded, in 15 rows, outer
broader, smooth on anterior portion of body, medial rows keeled a short
distance in front of the vent, caudals all keeled. Ventrals 148. Sub-
caudals 41 pairs.

Colors similar to those of Maps fulvius. Broad black rings surround the
body; these are broadly bordered with yellow, and separated by red twice
as wide as the yellow. Rod scales with black centers. A black spot on
the crown covers frontal, supraciliaries, and parietals. Total length 0m,
364; tail 0m, 061. (From descr.) Mexico.

(ConUa.)

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS 03

CONTIA PYGAEA, pi. VII, fi<J. 5.
Cope, 1871, Proc. Ac. X. Sfe., PhU., 223.

Small, moderately stout; head little broader than the neck, subcorneal,
slightly depressed; tail short, near one sixth of the total length, distinct,
tapering to a point. Eye moderately large, pupil round. Head-shields
nine. Rostral broad, low. Internasals narrow in front. Nostril small,
round, nearer the upper edge of the nasal, which is grooved to the anterior
labial. Lower angle of the loreal produced toward the eye. One anteor-
bital, narrow below. Postorbitals two. Labials eight, third, fourth, and
fifth touching the eye. Infralabials 9. One temporal in contact with the
orbitals, sometimes divided. Scales keeled, roof-shaped, or smooth, in 17
rows, apparently subhexangular, medial narrow, outer wider than long.
Ventrals 120 — 133. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 35 — 54 pairs.

Back uniform brown; in some young specimens each scale bears a light
line, which has the effect of strong keels. Bases of the ventrals dark
toward the flanks, more uniform yellow medially. The dark color of the
ventrals along the outer row forms a zigzag longitudinal line. Largest
specimen 6J inches ; tail one inch. North Carolina to Florida.

CONTIA MITIS.
Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Serp., 110.

Elongate, depressed; head depressed, little larger than the neck; snout
short, broad, rounded in front ; tail short, rather thick, tapering gradually
to a short distance from the tip, whence more abruptly to the spine-like
point. Eyes small, over the third and fourth labials. Head-shields nine,
anterior short, broad. Rostral broader than high. Nasal divided, often
partly or entirely united. Loreal present, sometimes fused with the pre-
frontals. Orbitals 1—2, rarely 1 — 1. Temporals 1 + 2. Labials seven,
sixth largest. Infralabials seven, fourth largest. Anterior submentals
much the larger. Scales smooth, in 15 rows, outer broader. Ventrals
161. Anal divided. Subcaudals 33 — 39 pairs.

Light reddish-brown, punctulate with black. A yellowish line on each
flank, on the fourth and fifth rows of scales. Bases of all the scales
darker, more distinctly so on the third and fourth rows, which presents
the appearance of a darker line continued forward to the nostrils, darken-
ing on the sides of the head and neck. Base of each ventral broadly

94 SYNOPSES AXI> DESCRIPTIONS.

banded with black. The subcaudals are much lighter, which suggests
the possible existence of a habit of carrying the tail raised from tho
ground. California,

Contia episcopa, pi VI, fig. 2.

Lamprosoma episcopum Kennicott, 1859, Mex. Boundary Survey Rept.,p. 22, j'h VIII, f. 2.
Contia episcopa Cope, liSy.'i, Check lint, 30.

Body stout, subcylindrical, tapering posteriorly ; head nut distinct from
neck, shoi't, depressed, crown flat; tail short, thick, conical. Eye moder-
ate, pupil round. Nostril small, lateral. Nasal entire. Head-shields
normal. Frontals short, broad. The upper angle of the rostral bent
back between the internasals. Loreal small, sometimes united with the
postfrontals. Orbitals 1 — 2. Labials seven, third and fourth in orbit.
Infralabials seven, fourth largest. Temporals 1+2. Anterior submentals
very large, posterior very small. Scales smooth, nearly square, in 15
rows, outer broader. Ventrals 145. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 45 pairs.

Uniform yellowish or greenish-brown, each scale with a lighter margin.
Belly yellowish. Total length 8f inches ; tail If inches. Texas.

NlNIA.

Baird & Girard, 1853.

Moderately elongate ; tail rather short. Eye small, pupil round. Teeth
equal, smooth. Internasals and supraoculars small. Nasal divided. Lo-
real and anteorbital fused. Postorbitals two. Scales keeled, in 17 — 19
rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals bifid.

Prefrontals united liebmanni.

tail short;

labials seven; brownish- white to brown;

a black collar selae.

labials six; brown to black;

no collar skbohli.

tail long, slender;

back black; belly white;

a light collar diademata.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 95

XlXtA LIEBMANNI.
Ciiersodromi-s i.iKHMAx.M Rei nhardt, I860, Vidensk, Meddel, Kjobenh., 242.

Head little larger than the neck; muzzle broad. Habit similar to other
species of this genus. Prefrontals united, entering orbit. Internasals
separate. Nasal divided. Loreal and anteorbital united. Postorbitals
and supraocular united. Frontal broad. Temporals 1+2. Labials seven,
third and fourth in orbit. Infralabials eight, fifth largest. Scales keeled,
in 17 rows. Ventrals 130. Subcaudals 42 pairs.

Brown, with a transverse band of light color across the parietals.
Mexico.

NlNIA SEBAE.
Ptreptopiiorus sebae Dum. <Se Bibr., 1854, Erp. Gin. VII, 515.
Ninia sebae Cope, 18G0, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 340 {name).

Of moderate size, subcylindrical, belly broad; head rather distinct from
the neck, crown convex, muzzle broad and rounded; tail short, tapering,
slender posteriorly. Eye small, pupil round. Head-shields nine. Ros-
tral small. Internasals and supraoculars very small. Frontal short,
broad. Prefrontals nearly as large as frontal, entering the orbit. Parie-
tals large. Nasal in two parts, nostril between. Loreal large, fused with
anteorbital. Postorbitals two, lower small. Temporals 1+2. Labials
seven, third and fourth in orbit, the former extended backward to reach
it. Infralabials seven, fourth large. Submentals two, anterior twice as
large as posterior, not in contact with the mental. Scales keeled, in 17
or 19 rows, outer broad. Ventrals 14(3 to 151. Anal entire. Subcaudals
5H to 64 pairs.

Brownish white, scales tipped with dark. A row of small black spots
on each side of the back. Head-shields black; labials more or less
margined with the same color. Separated from the black of the head by
about three scales there is a black collar on the neck, varying in length,
extending to the outer rows of scales. Belly and labials glossy yellowish-
white. Total length 11| inches; tail 2| inches. Mexico and Central
America.

Nix IV COLLARIS.
Streptophorus sebae var. collaris Jan., 1865, Icon. Ophid. I.irr. 12, pi. Ill, fig 6.

Differs from N. sebae in that it has no spots behind the broad collar on
the neck, and in the punctulations on the hinder part of the abdomen.
A variety of N, sebae..

90 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS,

NlNIA SIEBOLDI.
Elapiodes sieboldi Jan., 1 S<>2, Prodr. lean. (tin. Ophid., 27,21.

Elongate, subcylindrical, belly flattened; head not distinct from neck,
subconicalj slightly depressed, narrowed in front; tail short, conical. Eye
small, pupil round. Head-shields nine. Internasals very small. Pre-

*

frontals large. Frontal broader than long, supraciliaries much shorter.
Rostral small, little broader than high. Nasal divided. Anteorbital and
loreal fused. One postorbital. Labials six, third and fourth in orbit,
fifth largest; in the specimen figured it is in contact with the parietal.
Infralabials seven, fourth largest. A pair of submentals, followed by
large shields. Scales lustrous, iridescent, carinate in the dorsal rows to
the tail, in 17 series, outer broader and smooth. Yentrals 146 — 154.
Anal entire. Subcaudals 34 — 38 pairs.

Dark brown to black. Belly and throat white. Subcaudals darker at
the bases. Outer row of scab's marked with lighter. Labials and infra-
labials little lighter than top of head. (Jan.) Mexico.

NlNIA DIADEMATA.
Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Serp., 49.

All the upper portion of the trunk deep black; with a white collar; all
the ventrals black in their central portion and margined with white, form-
ing thus two white lateral bands. Labials six, third and fourth in orbit.
Rather more slender than other Niniae. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals
145. Anal entire. Subcaudals 89 pairs.

The essential colors are the deep black and the pure white. Thus the
under side of the head and the neck, which seems to be encircled by a
collar, are of a beautiful white, as also the sides of the belly and tail where
it forms a fine lateral band. The black covers the remainder of the body.
The head is twice as long as wide. Total length Um, 347; tail 0m, 0(57.
Mexico. (B. & G.)

Virginia.

Bainl & Girard, 1S53.

Rather small; body stout; belly broad; head distinct from the neck,

subcorneal, depressed; tail short, thick, tapering to a point. Eye medium,

pupil round. Crown-shields eight or nine. Internasals two or one. Nostril

anterior, in tin- anterior portion of the divided nasal. Loreal and anteor-

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 1»7

bital united. Prefrontal entering the orbit. Postorbitals two. Anal and
subcaudals bifid. .Scales smooth or keeled, in 15 to 17 rows.
Scales in 17 rows,
keeled ;

labials five;

one internasal striafula.

two internasals inornata.

smooth or keeled;

labials six elegans.

scales in 15 rows, smooth or keeled;
internasals two;

postorbitals two valeriae.

postorbitals three harperti.

Virginia striatula, pi VII, jig. 2.

Coluber stkiatuli's Linne, 1766, Syst. ed. XII, I, 375.

Small, moderately slender, subcylindrical, belly broad; head small, not
distinct from the neck, subcorneal, narrow in front; tail short, stout, tapering.
Snout moderate, narrow. Eye small, pupil round. Mouth-cleft medium,
slightly curved. Nostrils anterior, directed outward. Crown-shields eight.
Prefrontals long and broad, entering the orbit. One internasal. Rostral
subtriangular, very small. Nasal in two parts, nostril in anterior. No
loreal, fused with anteorbital. Orbitals 1 — 1. Temporals 1+1. Labials
five, third and fourth in orbit, fifth largest. Infralabials six, fifth largest.
Posterior pair of submentals half as long as the anterior. Scales keeled.
in 17 rows, dorsal narrow, outer broad and faintly carinate. Ventrals
119 — 130. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 25 — 46 pairs.

Uniform greyish or reddish-brown; light yellowish or reddish beneath.
With or without a band of light color across the occipitals which spreads
upon the posterior labials. Massachusetts to Mississippi.

Virginia inornata n. ,sy>.
Moderately stout, slightly depressed; head small, not distinct from the
neck, subcorneal; tail short, tapering to a point. Snout short, blunt. Eye
moderate, pupil round. Nostrils anterior, directed horizontally in the

Mem. — vol. n — 7

98 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

anterior portion of the divided nasal. Nine head-shields. Rostral very
small, not reaching the top of the head. Two internasals (left smaller in
each specimen). Loreal elongate, with the prefrontal forming the anterior
border of the orbit. Prefrontals as broad as long. One postorbital. Tem-
porals 1 + 1. Labials five, third and fourth in orbit, fifth largest. Infra-
labials six, fifth largest. Posterior submentals half as large as the anterior.
Scales carinate, lustrous, in 17 rows, dorsal narrow, outer broad and faintly
keeled. Ventrals 125 — 129. Anal divided. Subcaudals 30 pairs.

Uniform brownish olive on the dorsal rows. No band on the occiput.
Ventrals whitish, tinged with olive on the bases. Largest specimen total
length 10x32 inches; tail l,9, inches. Texas.

Virginia elegans.

Kamicott, L859, Pr. Ac. N. Sc, Phil., 99.

"Resembles V. valeriae; vertical and occipital plates narrower. Dorsal
scales very narrow and elongated, much more so than in V. valeriae, dis-
posed in 17 rows.

" Color uniform light olivaceous brown above; dull yellowish white beneath.
Readily distinguished from the nearly allied V. valeriae by the narrower
dorsal scales in 17 rows instead of 15 as in that species." Southern Illinois
and southward.

Virginia valeriae, pi. VII, fig. 3.

Balrd & Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A. Serp., 127.

Moderate, subcylindrical, belly broad; head small, elongate, little larger
than the neck, subelliptical; tail short, tapering to a point. Eye medium,
over third and fourth labials, pupil round. Mouth -cleft deep, nearly
straight. Snout narrow. Rostral erect, as broad as high. Nasal divided,
nostril in anterior portion. No loreal. Internasals two. Prefrontals broad,
entering the orbit. One elongate preocular, loreal and ocular united. Post-
oculars two (1 to 3). Temporals 1 — 2, anterior in a notch between the
fifth and sixth labials. Frontal broad, subhexangular. Parietals elongate.
Labials six, fifth and sixth larger. Infralabials six, fourth largest. .Sub-
mentals two pairs, posterior rather larger. Scales smooth, or with a weak
keel on those of hinder portion of the body, in 15 rows, dorsal broad,
rhomboid, outer broader. Ventrals broad, 117 — 128. Anal bifid. Sub-
caudals 24 to 37 pairs.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. '. .)

Greyish-brown, with two to four irregular longitudinal series of black
dots, sometimes absent. Belly uniform yellowish. Maryland to Georgia
and Illinois.

Virginia harperti.

Cabpophis harperti Dumeril & Bibron, L854, Erp. Gen. VII, 135.
Virginia harperti Cope, 1875, Checkligl,p. 35.

Two triangular internasals. Prefrontals large, entering the orbit Fron-
tal pentagonal. Nasal bifid. Loreal and anteorbital fused, forming a
long subrectangular plate. Postorbitals three, second largest. Temporals
1 + 2, anterior large, not in contact with orbitals. Labials six, third and
fourth in orbit, fifth largest, in contact with tin1 parietal by its upper angle.
Infralabials six. Two pairs of elongate submentals, posterior divergent.
Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 111. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 32 pairs.

Yellowish or olivaceous gray, punctulate with blackish. Lower portions
white. South Carolina. (D. & B).

Carphophis.

Gervais, 1843.

Body comparatively stout, subcylindrical ; head small, not distinct from
the neck, depressed; tail stout, conical. Crown-shields normal, short,
Broad, often fused or subdivided. Snout prominent, rostral bent back on
the top. Nasal entire. Preocular united with the loreal, or very small.
Scales broad, smooth, glossy, in 13 to 15 rows. Anal bifid. Subcaudals
in two rows.

A small preocular;

a pair of internasals straminea.

with transverse bands of black cincta.

preocular united with the loreal;

prefrontals and internasals fused kelenae.

prefrontals and internasals separate;

back reddish-brown amoena.

back black vermis.

Carphophis straminea.

Chilomeniscds stramineus Cope, 1860, /'/■. Ac. X. &., Phil., 339.
Internasals partly or entirely separated by the rostral. Frontal obtuse-
angled in front. Labials sewn, third and fourth in orbit. Infralabials

100 SYNOPSES AM) DESCRIPTIONS.

eight, fifth larger. Submentals two pairs, hinder half as long as the
anterior. Temporals 34-3. Scales hexagonal on the Hanks, elongate on
the back, in 13 rows. Ventrals 117. Subcaudals 22 pairs. Length y
inches; tail 1,', inches. Lower California. (Cope.)

»

Carphophis cincta.

Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861, Pr. Ac. N. Sc, PhU., 303.

Internasals separated by the rostral. Nasal grooved behind the nostril.
One small anteoeular. Two postoculars. Labials 7, first long, remainder
high, except the last two, which are nearly equilateral. .Scales very broad,
smooth, in 13 rows. Anal divided. Tail very short.

Reddish-white. Encircled by sixteen black rings upon the body and
three upon the tail. Rings and spaces about equal, three to five scales
each. Parietals and frontal black to the second labials. Chin shaded
with black. Guaymas, Gulf of California. Possibly the same as the
preceding. (Cope.)

Carphophis helenae.

Celuta helenae Kenrdcott, 1859, Pr. Ac. .V. Sc., Phil, 100.
Carphopiiis amoena var. helenae, Jan, 18(>2, Arch, per la Zodl.

"Snout shorter and narrower than in C. amoena. A single pair of
frontal plates. Color above lustrous chestnut brown; beneath pale yel-
lowish (flesh-color in life), color of the abdomen extending to second
lateral row of dorsal scales. Readily distinguishable by the suppression
of the anterior frontals." Mississippi, Illinois.

Carphophis amoena, pi. VII, jig. 1.

Coluber amoena Say, L825, ./•'"/■. A<-. X. Sc., Phil., -'■'•'.
Carphophis amoena Gervais, 1S43, Diet. d'Hist. Nat., Ill, 191.

Small, moderately stout, subcylindrical, belly broad; head not distinct
from the neck, crown convex, muzzle broad; tail short, near one fifth of
the total, thick, conical. Eye small, pupil round. Mouth moderate, nearly
straight. Head-shields nine, broad, excepting the supraciliaries, which are
very small. Frontal hexagonal. Internasals small. Rostral about as
broad as high, very convex. Nasal entire, the small nostril in its anterior
half. Xo loreal. Orbitals 1 — 1, anterior elongate. One temporal. Labials
five, third and fourth under the eye. fifth largest. Infralabials six, fourth

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS . 101

largest. Submentals two pairs, posterior less than half as large as the
anterior. Scales smooth, in thirteen rows, medial a little longer than
broad, outer and caudal as broad as or broader than lung. Ventrals
112 — 131. Anal divided. Subcaudals 24 — 36 pairs.

Uniform lustrous reddish-brown above (more red in life); light yellowish
beneath to second row of scales (flesh-color or red in life). Mississippi
Valley to Illinois and to Massachusetts.

VAR VERMIS.

Celuta vermis Kenn., 1859, Pr. Ac. N. »S'c, Phil., 99.

Larger than C. amoena. Prefrontals and internasals separate. Black
color of the back reaching only to the third rows of scales. Missouri and
Kansas. A variety of the preceding.

Geophis.

Wagler, 1830.

Body elongate, subcylindrical ; head scarcely distinct from the neck;
tail short, subcorneal. Eyes small. Teeth equal, smooth. Crown-shields
nine. Internasals much smaller than the prefrontals, rarely suppressed or
fused. Nasal divided. Loreal and anteorbital united. Postorbitals one
to two. Scales smooth, in 15 to 19 rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals in
two rows.

Scales in 15 rows ;

back transversely banded with black;

parietal and labials in contact semidoliatus.

scales in 17 rows;
back black ;

frontal longer than broad;

parietal and fifth labial in contact bicolor.

back plumbeous;

frontal broader than long;

parietal and labials not in contact latifrontalis.
scales in 19 rows;

back crossed by bands of black ;

parietals and labials not in contact lippiens.

102 SYNOPSES AXD DESCRH'TK i\s.

Geophis SEMIDOLIATUS.

RABDOSOMA SEMI-DOLIATUM Duitl. & Bl&T., I S.">4 , Krp. Ci'll. VII, 93.

Body slender; tail short, stout. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals
172. Anal entire. Suhcaudals 24 pairs. Whitish interiorly; the white
also serves as a ground color for large quadrilateral black or brown spots
or transverse bands on the back, which are separated by spares narrower
than themselves, and about thirty in number. The black cap on the head
is separated from the first spot on the back by a narrow collar of white.
Trunk 0™, 275; tail 0m, 027.

"Cinq plaques sus-labiales ; pas de sqUamme temporale. Dessus du
corps coupe en travers par de grandes taches noires, sur un fond blanc.
Plaque rostrale fort grande; bord anterieur de la frontale brise sous un
angle tres-ouvert; susoculaires extremement courtes; premiere nasale ne
descendent pas plus bas que la seconde; point de preoculaire; une seule
post-oculaire ; cinq supero-labiales, dout la 3e seule touche a l'oeil; deux
paires de plaques inter-sous-maxillaires. Queue robuste. ."....
II n'y a qu'une seule squamme temporale, mais elle est extremement
developpee; elle est oblongue pentagone inequilaterale et situee le long
de la plaque parietale ail dessus de la derneire supero-labiale." Mexico.
(D. & B.)

Geophis bicolor.

Gunther, 18G8, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist, 416.

"Head rather broad, short, and depressed; body and tail of moderate
length. Eye small. Anterior frontals about one fourth the size of poste-
rior; vertical rather longer than broad, with the anterior angle very open;
occipitals as long as postfrontals and vertical together, rounded behind;
six upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit; the fifth is the
largest, and forms a long suture with the occipital. The remainder of the
temple is covered by scale-like temporals, 1+2. Two postoculars. Ante-
rior chin-shields twice as long as posterior, in contact with four labials.
Scales in seventeen rows, smooth, without apical groove. Ventrals 160 —
168 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 39 — 48.

"Upper parts uniform black; below white; on the two or three outer
rows of scales the white color appears in more or less distinct small
spots, whilst the black of the upper parts extends to the angles of the
ventral shields, each subcaudal black in front." Largest 14£ inches long;
tail 3 inches. City of Mexico,

SYNOPSES AXD DESCRIPTIONS. 103

Geophis latifroxtalis n. sjj.

Moderately stout, tapering slightly toward the head, belly broad; head
not larger than the neck, depressed, snout broad, rounded, crown a little
convex; tail stout, conical, short, near one eighth of the total. Eye very
small. Head-shields nine. Rostral broader than high, bent back in a
blunt angle on the top of the snout. Internasals small. Prefrontals large,
as broad as long, entering the orbit. Frontal short, broader than long.
Supraoculars small, nearly as broad as long. Parietals large, about twice
as long as broad. Nasal divided. Loreal and anteorbital united. One
postorbital (two on one side, lower very small). Temporals 1 + 2, anterior
large. Labials six, third and fourth in orbit, fifth largest, and separated
from the parietals by a long temporal. Infralabials seven, fourth largest.
Submentals two pairs, short, broad; posterior half as long as anterior,
scale-like. Scales smooth, lustrous, in 17 rows, medial little longer than
broad, outer broader than long. .Ventrals 179, broad. Anal entire. Sub-
caudals in two rows, 32 pairs.

Park uniform dark plumbeous, tinged with purple; margins of scales
lighter. Ventrals white, mottled with leaden to uniform leaden. Total
length 15^ inches; tail If inches. Found fifty miles south of San Luis
Potosi, Mexico, by Dr. Edw. Palmer.

Geophis lippiexs.

Sympiioi.is lippiens Cope, 1861, Pr. Ac. X. Se., Phil, 524.

Body stout, tail blunt, hardly twice as long as the head, ending in a
convex shield. Muzzle prominent, obtuse. Teeth equal, smooth. Eye
very small. Rostral large. Prefrontals as broad as long. Frontal long,
right-angled at each end. Supraciliary and upper postocular fused, the
former as broad as the frontal. Loreal in orbit. One small preocular
over the loreal. Xasal united with the labial. Labials five, Inst not so
high as long. One temporal. Scales poreless, broader than long, in 1!)
rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals bifid.

Yellow, with eighteen black bands. A band covers the muzzle to behind
the eyes; two are on the tail. Total length 20| inches. Guadalaxara,
Mexico. (Cope.)

l'U Synopses and descriptions.

TOXICOPHIDIA.
Snakes with fixed grooved or movable tubular fangs, connected by ducts
with special glands for the secretion of venom.
Fangs grooved, erect, immovable.

PROTEROGLYPHA.

Tail conical Conocerca.

Tail compressed Platycerca.

Fangs tubular, reclining, erectile.

SOLENOGLYPHA.

No pit between the eye and nostril Abothrophera.

A pit on the side of the face Bothrophera.

Conocerca.

elapidae.

Body elongate; head moderate, crown flattened; muzzle short, broad,

rounded; tail stout, short to medium. Loreal generally absent. Fangs

erect, grooved, without or with smaller smooth teeth behind them. Eyes

small to moderate, pupil round in most genera. Scales smooth.

Elaps, the only genus of the family of which species are known in North
America, is also found in South America, Africa, and the East Indies.

Elaps.

Schneider, 1801.

Cylindrical, moderately to very slender; head indistinct, rounded, de-
pressed, crown flattened, muzzle short and broad; tail short, stout. Eye
small, pupil round. No other tooth behind the fang. Nasal in two parts.
No boreal. Anteorbital one, sometimes fused with prefrontal. Postorbitala
two, sometimes one. Scales smooth, in 13 — 15 rows. Anal entire or divided-
The American species are distributed from the Southern United States to
the Argentine Republic. The species mentioned in the synopsis are those
regarded as tolerably well established.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 105

Black rings not in groups;

first broad ring behind the occiput black fulvius.

first broad ring behind the occiput red euryxantkus.

black rings in threes;

occipital band red ; a yellow band in front of the eyes ; middle

band of group wider decoratus.

occipital band black;

black bands subequal, narrow; 13 — 14 groups elegans.
occipital band yellow;

middle band of each group much wider; 7 — 8 groups

laticollaris.

Elaps fulvius, pi. VIII, Jit/. 3.

Coluber fulvius Limn'-, 1 7< i('., Syst. Nat., ed. XII, p. 381.
Elaps fulvius Cwier, 1817, linjn. Anim., ed. /, p. 84.

Slender, cylindrical; head little broader than the neck, depressed, rounded;
tail short, thick, conical, near one seventh of the total. Mouth-cleft medium,
nearly straight. Head-shields nine, short, broad. Rostral low, broad, sub-
triangular. Nasal in two parts, nostril between, anterior larger. Orbitala
1 + 2, exceptionally one postorbital. Labials 7 (6 — 8), third and fourth in
orbit, fifth, sixth, and seventh larger. Infralabials 7, fourth large, in contact
with the posterior pair of submentals. Scales smooth, broad, in 15 rows,
outer broader. Ventrals 202—236 (tenere, B. et G., 224—236). Anal
divided, sometimes entire. Subcaudals 25—44 pairs. Head and tail
ringed with black and yellow, body with black, red, and yellow. Head
black, with a yellow ring crossing the occjpitals, its width equal to their
length, widening downward. Body encircled by 13 — 20 rings of each of
the black and the red, in some of the varieties the number is greater. The
yellow are twice as many and serve as borders to the black, in some cases
they are nearly obsolete. All the rings vary much in width, commonly the
yellow ones are very narrow, and with the included red one, occupy about as
much space as one of the black; frequently the black is the narrower. The
red is generally spotted or dotted with black; specimens from Alabama and
Florida show in the midst of the red band an oblong spot on each side of
the vertebral line and a large rounded spot on the middle of the belly.
Largest specimen two feet in total length ; tail three inches. Hab. South-
ern United States to Mexico, and southward through varieties.

106 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTION^.

var. NIGROCINCTUS.
Elaps nigrocinctus Girard, L854, I'r. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 226.

Head black to the middle of the parietals. Body encircled by 19 — 21
white-bordered black rings, separated by red spaces. Some scales and some
of the ventral plates in the red spaces marked with black. Tail with about
six rings, black and white. Ventrals in one specimen 222too. The white
color was probably yellowish in life. Mexico and Central America.

var. AFFINIS.

Elaps affinis Jan., 1859, Rev. & Mag. Zoi'd. [Prodr. Ophid., pp. 6 and 14, pi B).

Head black from muzzle to postorbitals. A yellow space extending to
the third or fourth scales on the neck is followed by bands of black three
or four scales wide separated by red spaces of ten to fourteen scales each.
In the red spaces the scales are tipped with black, and there are also black
spots of greater size irregular shape and position. Ventrals 216; anal
divided ; subcaudals 40 pairs. Mexico.

var. DISTANS.
Elaps distans Kennicott, 1860, Pr. Ac. N.Sc., PhU., 338.

"Body slender, with very narrow black rings, four or five scales in width,
separated by intervals three or four times as wide, of brownish or reddish,
entirely unspotted. No light rings separating the red and black ones.
Under lip and jaw wholly without black, and the tip of the nose light."
Chihuahua, Mexico (Kenn.) Florida (Cope.)

var. apiatus.

Flaps apiati's Jan., 1859, Rev. & Mag. Zo'dl. (Prodr. Ophid., p. 11).

Snout tipped with black. A spot of yellow in front of the eyes. A black
band across the head through the eves to the labials. A black collar
behind the parietals four scales in width. Thirty-one black bands on the
body; eight on the tail. The scales in the red spaces are not spotted with
black, but here and there are scales entirely of that color. Ventrals 202;
anal divided; eight entire subcaudals and 33 pairs. (Jan.)

' var. EPISTEMA.

Elaps epistema Dumeril & Bibrm, 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, 1222.
Back with large spots of black, without rings. Black of muzzle extend-
ing to postorbitals. Occiput and throat yellow. Behind this a black collar

SYNOPSES AM) DESCRIPTIONS. 107

interrupted at the first abdominal shields. Large rounded light-bordered
black spots, ten in number, widely separated on the body. Tail with three
wide rings of black. Scales of back black-tipped; belly probably uniform
red or yellow. Mexico. (I). & B.)

var. DIASTEMA.
Ei.aps diastema /'. & /.*., 1854, Erp. Gen. VII, p. 1222.

Muzzle and vertex black. Occiput crossed by a band of white or red
(yellow), behind which there is a black one extending under the throat.
Fourteen or fifteen black white-bordered rings on the body, separated by
white (red) spaces ten or twelve times as wide, in which the scales are
black-tipped. A second specimen had reddish intervals and twenty-one
rings. Mexico. (D. & B.)

Var. CEREBRIPUNCTATUS.
Elaps corallinus var. Peters, 18G9, ^1/. B. Berl. Akad., S77.

Snout to parietals black. A yellow band across the parietals. From
the parietals a black yellow-edged band covers the first seven rows of scales.
Ten narrow yellow-edged black rings on the body. Tail black and yellow.
The scales in the broad red spaces are tipped with black. Pueblo, Mexico.

Flaps euryxanthus.

Kennkott, 1860, Pr. Ac. N. Sc, Phil., p. 337.

"Head very small, narrower than the neck; entirely black as far back as
the angle of the mouth. Banded alternately with black and light brick-
red, separated by narrow rings of creamy white, all the bands immaculate.
First broad ring behind the occiput red instead of black as in the other
species." Sonoran region.

Flaps laticollaris.

Peters, 1869, Monateb. Berl. Akad., 877.

Head black to the parietals. A yellow band across the parietals covers
the first two rows of scales. Behind this a black ring of twelve or thirteen
scales in width, then a yellow of three or four scales, and then a black of
four or five precede the first red one, which occupies from six to nine
scales. Similar red rings separate the eight or nine triads of black ones
on the body. The middle ring of each triad is nearly twice as broad
as the others, from which it is separated by narrow yellow spaces. The

108 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

red scales are black-tipped. Tail, with three broad black, separated by
narrow yellow rings. Pueblo, Mexico.

Elaps DECORATUS.
Jan., L859, Rev. <i- Mag. Zodl, Prodr. Tarn. Ophid., pp. 7, 14, pi. B.

Rostral and internasals black. A black band on the frontals reaches the
labials. A collar of black behind the parietals; behind this a narrower
ring separated by four scales of yellow. A band in front of the eyes
yellow; that on the occiput red. Seven scales behind the second black
band on the neck are red, then commence the triplets of black. In each
triad the outer bands are about half as wide as the middle, which occupies
three or four scales, separated from the others by narrow spaces of yellow.
Number of triads fourteen, separated by as many spaces of red, in which
the scales are black -tipped. Ventrals 204 — 218. Subcaudals 14 — 20.
Mexico.

Elaps elegans.

Jan., 1859, Rev. & Mug. Zodl. Prodr. d'une Icon. Ophid., pp. G, 13, pi. B.

Muzzle to postoculars black. A white parietal band is interrupted on
the middle of the head. Behind this to the neck the bead is black. A
couple of series of white scales on the neck precede a large triangular black
spot posterior to which there is a white (red) space of three or four black-
tipped scales. From this point there are thirteen or fourteen triads of
black rings, more or less confluent on the abdomen, separated by single
series of white scales. The intervals between the groups is about the
width of the rings themselves, three or four scales each. Tail black, with
six white bands on single series of scales. Ventrals 199 — 2134-29 — 37.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 109

PLATYCERCA.
HYDROPHIDAE.

Sea serpents. Venomous. Elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, com-
pressed posteriorly; head rather indistinct, generally depressed; tail short,
compressed into a paddle. Eye small, pupil round. Fang small, erect,
grooved in front, followed by other teeth. Nostril valvular. Head-shields
generally irregular. No loreal. Scales small, with or without keels, or
tubercular. No claw at the side of the vent. Hal), tropical portions of
the Indian and Pacific oceans, sometimes entering fresh waters.

Pelamys.

Daudin, 1803.
Moderately long; neck rather large; head depressed; snout long, broad.
No internasals. Nasals in contact, nostrils near the hinder margins. No
loreal. Scales small, not imbricate. Ventrals indistinct or small. Lower
jaw not notched in front. One species of this genus is frequently met with
off the western coasts of Southern Mexico.

Pelamys platuha.

Much compressed posteriorly; neck stout; head little larger than the
neck, long, depressed; snout long, broad, and rounded in front; tail short,
of moderate width. Head-shields abnormal. .No internasals. Nasals
longer than broad, nostril near the outer posterior angle. Prefrontals
hexagonal, receiving the anterior angle of the frontal between them. No
loreal. One anteorbital, sometimes two. Two to three postorbitals.
Labials 7 — 9, second larger. Scales polygonal, commonly hexangular,
not imbricate; lower with a convexity or tubercular keel; upper flat.
In the specimen before me there are 53 rows around the middle of the
body. Ventral scales similar.

Back (23 rows of scales) and top of head black. Upper lip and lower
half of body yellow. Lower lip marked with black. Tail with three
transverse bands of black, the rounded ends of which extend near the
lower margin, where they alternate with four spots of black. Vent in a
spot of black. Tip of tail black. The coloration varies greatly in differ-
ent individuals. The specimen described was taken on the western coast
pf Nicaragua.

L10 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

SOLENOGLYPHA.
BOTHROPHERA.

CROTALIDAE.

Stout, fusiform; head large, distinct from the neck; subtriangularj
crown flat; tail short, with a rattle formed of horny rings, or tapering to
a point as in the Colubers. Pupil oblong, erect. A pit between the eye
and the nostril. Pangs tubular. Venom glands behind the eye at the
side of the skull. Scales keeled. Anal entire.
With a rattle;

parietal shields scale-like; frontal absent or divided

Crotalus.
frontal and parietals present Sistrurus.

without a rattle;

frontal and parietals present Ancistrodon.

crown-shields scale-like ;

subcaudals in two rows except near entremity

Lachesis.
subcaudals in two rows, rarely entire;

supraciliaries normal Trigonocephalus.

supraciliary small, commonly with a row of small prom-
inent scales along its edge Teleuraspis.

Crotalus.

Linne, 1754.

Tail terminating in a rattle. A deep pit in front of the eye. Top of

the head covered Avith scales, with several larger plates in front, or, in the

subgenus Crotalophorus, having parietals and frontals as in the Colvbridce.

Anal entire. Subcaudals simple, a few of the posterior sometimes divided.

Parietals and frontals scale-like;

nasal divided;

scales in 2D to 31 rows; keels swollen or tubercular;
a dorsal series of diamond-shaped spots

durissus.
. scales in 2~> to 29 rows; keels not tubercular;

a dorsal series of diamonds, varying to oblong subquad-
rangular spots or to transverse bands

adaiiiantt'us.

SYNOPSES AXD DESCRIPTIONS. Ill

scales in 23 to 25 rows;

a dorsal series of more or less irregular and broken
transverse bands horridus.

nasals undivided;

supraciliary produced as a sort of horn;

scales in 21 to 23 rows cerastes.

...
" supraciliaries and other large plates smooth"

lepidus.

nasals divided ;

scales in 21 to 23 series, slightly carinate

tigris.
scales in 23 to 25 rows lugubris.

parietals and frontals like those of the colubers ;

scales in 23 to 25 rows catenatus.

scales in 21 to 23 rows miliarias,

Ckotalus durissus.

TAnnt, 175S, Syst. Nat., ed. X, I, 214.

Stout, elongate, fusiform ; belly broad ; head large, triangular, tail short,
thick, with more or less acuminate rattle. Eye small. Internasals tri-
angular. Frontals two pairs. Scales of occiput and temples keeled.
Rostral touched by six plates. Two anteorbitals ; upper large, quad-
rangular; lower elongate, narrow, sometimes crowded from the orbit.
Two loreals. Five small orbitals beneath and behind the eye. Three
(2 — 5) rows of scales between suborbitals and labials. Labials 13 — 16,
first and fifth rather larger; infralabials 14—18. Submentals one pair,
large, or, through division of the anterior pair of infralabials, two pairs,
anterior small. Scales lozenge -shaped, with strong swollen keels, in
29 — 31 rows, outer broader, outer row smooth. Ventrals broad, 175 —
1834-19—33 (175—1994-19—33.)

Yellowish-brown. A light-edged dark band across the bead, through
the eyes to the angle of the month. A similar band of dark brown from
the head behind the supraciliaries on each side of the neck. These are
followed by a dorsal series of 25 — 27 (25 — 30) diamond-shaped spots of
brown, with lighter center and yellow borders occupying single rows of
scales. The borders continue upon the flanks there inclosing rhombs
of the ground color, and below them a series of half-rhombs which alter-

112 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

nate with a series of smaller spots on the lower edge of the side. Belly
yellowish, clouded or mottled. Hab. Mexico to Brazil.

Crotalus triseriatus.

Chotalus tbiseriatus Wiigm., -V«.s. Berol.

Uropsophus tbiseriatus Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph,, p. 170.

"Notaeo olivaceo serifi macularum in spina dorsi irregularium rhom-
bearum, rufuscenti-fuscarum, margins antioo nigro-limbatarum, serie macu-
laruni minorum, ejusdem formse ae coloris in utroque latere, posteriorum
cum mediis eonfluentium, anteriorum a mediis taeniola pallida diremtarum ;
gastraeo nigricante versus collum albescente; vitta pone oculos rufo-fusca."
Mexico, (Wagler.)

Crotalus adamanteus.

Beauvw, 1799, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IV, 368.

Stout, fusiform; head large, triangular, broad behind, covered with
small scales; tail short, thick. Eye moderate. Two or more pairs of
rugose small internasals and prefrontals. Head covered with small keeled
scales. Supraciliaries large, rugose, separate from the rostral by three
(3 — 4) plates. Rostral higher than broad. Anterior portion of nasal
larger, quadrangular, posterior narrow. Anteorbitals two; lower small,
angular. Two loreals, or upper united with a small prefrontal. Sub and
postorbitals five to six, small. Three (3 — 4) rows of scales between sub-
orbitals and labials. Labials 14 — 16, first and fourth larger. Infralabials
lfj — 19. Submentals one pair, large. Scales pointed, with strong keels,
in 27 — 29 rows, outer broad, with keels obsolete. Ventrals broad, 169 —
179 + 1+21—32 (169—188+19—32.)

Yellowish-brown, with a dorsal series of 27 — 36 rhomboidal yellow-mar-
gined, light-centered, dark-brown spots. Single series of yellow scales
form the margins; these meet on the fifth or sixth rows on the flank, where
they inclose an alternating series of less distinct rhombs and an opposite
series of half-rhombs on the outer rows. Posteriorly the spots fuse and
become transverse bands. Belly yellowish, more or less blotched or punc-
tulate with brown on the bases of the scutes. Tail black or barred with
bands of black. A dark band included between narrow white lines from
the forehead through the eye to the angle of the mouth. A narrow white
line on each side of the pit, nostril, and on each edge of the rostral shield.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 118

Hab. North Carolina to Texas, and through varieties to California and

Mexico,

var. SCUTULATUS.
Caudisona bcuttoata Kenn., 1861, Pr. Ac. N. Sc, Phil., 207.

Rattle and rostral plates as in C. heifer. Dorsal rows 25; superior
labials 16 ; 3 — 4 rows of inteorbital scales, bounded in front by two shields.
Yellow stripe from eyebrow above rictus oris. Yellowish-brown, with a
dorsal series of truncate, brown, yellow-edged rhombs; tail black-ringed.
{Kenn.) Arizona.

Colors resembling somewhat those of C. adamanteits. About thirty dor-
sal rhombs. Rostral higher than wide, upper angle acute. Internasals and
prefrontals regular, without small scales or plates around them. A pair of
plates between the front portions of the supraciliaries and a pair of smaller
ones behind them. Anterior portion of the nasal twice the size of the
posterior. Two small loreals, one above the other. One or two rows of
scales between the labials and suborbitals. Scales in 25 series. Ventrals
172+21. Taken by Dr. Edw. Palmer near San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

var. atrox.

Crotalus atrox Beard & Girard, 1853, Cat Serp., pp. 5 and 156.

Marked by bleached colors, shortening of the rhombs in the dorsal series
and increase in their number and tendency posteriorly to fuse with the
lateral spots. Sometimes the anterior infralabials are divided, forming a
small pair of submentals behind the mental. Labials 14 — 19. Scales in
25—27 rows (25—20). outer two or three smooth. Ventrals 179—186+
29 — 24, one to several of the subcaudals paired. Hab. Texas to Mexico.

Crotalus molossus.

Crotalus molossus Baird & Girard, 1853, Cat. Serp., 10.

Two internasals. Four prefrontals. A pair between the supraciliaries
in contact with each other and the prefrontals. Labials 18. Infralabials
17. Scales in 29 rows.

Yellowish. With a dorsal series of rhombs similar to those of C. ada-
manteits, with the outer angle produced down the side as a vertical bar,
centers light, confluent anteriorly. Ventrals 187+25. New Mexico.

Mem. — vol. n — 8.

114 svxorsES AND DESCRIPTIONS,

Crotalus coxfluentus.

Cuotalus confluentus Say, 1823, Long's Exp. II, 48.

Distinguished from atrox by the subdivision of the head-shields, a greater
shortening of the spots in the dorsal series, and the ashy colors. The num-
ber of spots and bands is increased. Internasals divided so as to place
small plates between them and the nasals. Loreals two or one — the upper
being united with the small prefrontal. A single scale between the anterior
suborbital and the labial. Labials 14 — 17. Scales in 25 — 29 rows, outer
two or three smooth. Ventrals 178 — 186-1-19 — 27, posterior subcaudals
bifid or entire. Spots in dorsal series 41 — 54. Young with the white lines
very distinct on the head. A lot of specimens from the same locality have
the rows of scales in 25, in 27, and in 29 rows.

Specimen 2455 (Mus. Camp. Zoo!.), taken near Ft. Hays, Kansas, by Mr.
J. A. Allen, has a supraciliary produced as in C. cerastes, two loreals on one
side and one on the other, and 29 rows of scales. C. pyrrhus, I am inclined
to think, was founded upon an individual variation.

Crotalus lucifer.

Crotalus lucifer Baird & Girard, 1852, Proc. Ac N. Sc., PhU., 177.

Spots or rhombs broader than in atrox or confluentus. Colors generally
darker. The black band from the eye backward passes above the posterior
labials. Nasal and anterior labial frequently separated by small scales.
One or two scales between the anterior suborbital and the labials. Loreal
one, sometimes two. Internasals subdivided, separated by a row of small
scales from the nasals (sometimes from rostral also). Labials 13 — 16.
Scales in 25 (25—27?) rows. Ventrals 169—179+19—24. Spots ami
bands 30—42. Hab.

Crotalus exsul n, sp.
Comparatively slender; neck small; head large, broad behind, outline as
seen from above a suboval; snout short, broad; tail short. Eye moderately
large. Head covered with small imbricate striate scales; a pair of larger
ones in contact with the rostral and each other, another pair in contact with
the nasals, but separated by a pair of small prefrontals. A larger scale on
each side between supraciliary and postnasal. Supraciliaries large, striate.
Rostral higher than wide, subtriangular, rather pointed above. Anterior

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 1X5

nasals large, narrowing toward the rostral; posterior higher and shorter.
Loreals two, or upper fused with prefrontal. Anteorbitals two, upper large,
lower elongate, narrow. Three plates surround the pit, in front of which
is a group of smaller scales (7 — 11). Sub and postorbitals 6 — 7. Ante-
rior orbital separated from the sixth labial by two scales. Cheek scales
larger than labials, smooth. Labials 16 — 17, sixth largest. Anterior pair
of infralabials small, not in contact, A pair of moderately large and broad
submentals, separated in the anterior half of their length by a pair of wedge-
shaped plates. The mental is separated from the submentals, and the
anterior infralabials from each other by a pair of polygonal plates somewhat
larger than the labials. Scales in 27 rows, striate and keeled, except the
outer two. Ventrals 188 f 24. Rattle resembling that of adatwnteus. In
the specimen described, which is (pate small, from the hindmost ring of the
rattle to the fifth there are eight which show a very slight increase in size;
in front of these the next has suddenly enlarged, and from this to the twelfth
and most recent the size remains the same.

Light greyish-brown. Shapes of markings similar to those of C. lucifer.
About thirty-three rounded, dark-edged spots on the back, separated by
whitish spaces of a scale in width, and twice as many small spots on the
lower edge of the flank, which also bears taint indications of a series alter-
nating with the dorsal. Tail, with a dorsal series of black spots opposed to
others on each side, with which they are more or less confluent. Belly uni-
form white or clouded lightly with olive near the flanks. Head nearly
uniform brownish -grey, with faint indications of a light band from the
frontal region to the central and hinder labials. A very faint band of light
behind the eye toward the angle of the mouth. Total length 20 inches;
tail 1| inches. Hab. Cedros Island, Lower California. Prof. Alex. Agassiz,
two specimens,

Crotalits HOimiDUS, pi. IX, Jiff. 1.

Linnt; 1758, ,%/xfi'inn Nat., ed. X, 7,214.

Stout, elongate fusiform; head distinct, triangular, very broad behind;
neck small; tail short, thick, slightly compressed, outlines of the rattle
approaching the parallelogramie. Head with one or more pairs of rugose
plates in front. A pair of internasals, generally present, separated from
the large elongate supraciliary by a single plate. With or without a pair
or more of small tVontals. Rostral higher than broad. Nasal in two por-

116 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

tions, anterior large, posterior narrow. Generally two small Weals, some-
times more. Eye rather large. Two anteorbitals; lower small, triangular,
touching the orbit in a sharp angle. Sub and postorbitals five or six, small,
anterior separated from the labials by one or two scales. Cheek scales
larger, smooth. Labials 12 — 16, first and fifth larger. Infralabials 13 — 18.
A pair of large submentals. Scales keeled, in 23 — 25 rows, outer broad,
nearly or quite smooth. Ventrals 165 — 175 f 19 — 25.

Brownish yellow to yellowish-brown or black. A dorsal and two lateral
series of light-edged black spots, which become confluent into transverse
bands posteriorly. Anteriorly the spots appear as if formed of sections of
a zigzag band. Tail banded in young, black in adults. The young have
the spots lighter in the center; a pair of elongate spots extend from the
back of the head on the nec'k; a band extends from the eye across the
angle of the mouth, a series of small oblong spots on the flank alternates
with those of the other series, and occasionally the anterior spots of the
dorsal series are bifid. There is great variation in shape and size of spots
and in depth of ground color; some are almost black, others are of a sul-
phur yellow. The sides of the rattle are nearly parallel in old specimens,
and commonly there is a secondary groove or series of indentations between
the median groove and the upper edge. In a specimen of a total length
of fifty-four inches the tail is less than four. Hab. Massachusetts to
Mississippi.

Crotalus CERASTES.
HaUmvett, 1854, Pr. Ac N. Sc, Phil., 95.

Small; head small, not angulate, crown tubercular. A single large nasal.
Lateral edge of supraciliary produced above the eye so as to resemble a
horn. Labials 11—13. Rows of scales 21—23. Ventrals 146-f 17.

Yellowish, with a dorsal series of indistinct brown blotches, below which
on the flanks are irregular series of brown dots. A brown stripe from the
orbit over the angle of the mouth. (From descr.) Hab. desert regions
about the Gila and Colorado rivers.

The supraciliary is sometimes produced upward in specimens of C. con-
Jtitaitus, which see.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 117

CrOTALUS LEPIDUS.
Caudisona lepida Kenn., 1861, Pr. Ac. X. Sc., PM., 206.

"Head ovoid, tapering to the nose, which is very narrow, pointed, and
much depressed. Nostril very small, circular, and placed near the point of
the nose in about the middle of a single nasal. Two elongated frontals
(internasals) in contact, extending behind the nostrils. Supraciliaries and
other large plates smooth. Rostral subtriangular, broader than high, the
apex turned back slightly upon the crown. Upper preorbital small, and
separated from the postnasal by the width of two larger plates. Labials
rather large, 12 above, 10 — 12 below. Color of head yellowish ash."

"By the smoothness and size of the plates and absence of the horn, it
will at once be distinguished from C. cerastes." Two heads from Presidio
del Morte and Eagle Pass were described. Species of doubtful position.

CROTALUS TIGRIS.
(Kenn.) Baird, 1858, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey Rept., 14, pi. IV.

Slender; head small, depressed. Supraciliaries and frontals smooth.
Four frontals, six postfrontals (does this mean a pair of internasals, a pair
of prefrontals and dissected frontal and parietals?) Two rows of scales
between suborbitals and labials. Labials 14 above, 13 — 14 below. Series
of scales 21 — 23, very slightly carinated.

Color yellowish ash above, with rather small, indistinct dorsal brown
blotches anteriorly; two posterior thirds of body banded with brown.
(Kennicott.) Deserts of Gila and Colorado.

Two internasals. Two prefrontals. Two shields between the supracil-
iaries, separated somewhat in front by a triangular shield; behind these
irregular scales or small shields. Labials 10, a small shield separating the
fourth and fifth from the eye. Series of scales 21. Ventrals 1604-21.

Brownish, with seven series of spots, median larger, confluent posteriorly.
A dark band from the lower border of the orbit above the angle of the
mouth. (C. intermedius.) Mexico.

Crotalus triseriatus.

Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., 176.

A pair of internasals. Four or more prefrontals. Frontal region covered
with scales or small polygonal plates. Labials 12 — 14. One to two scales

118 SYNOPSES AX I) DESCRIPTIONS;

between suborbitals and labials. Serifs of scales 23 — 25, outer two smooth.
Ventrals 137 to 154—166-1-21—31.

A pair of oval dark-brown spots on the occiput. An elongate spot on
each side of these from the supraciliary above the hinder labials. A bar
from each internasal through the eye to the angle of the mouth. A bar
from the eve to the Labials. A light line across the head on the supraeil-
iaries. A pair of large elongate spots on the neck between the hinder
extremities of the bars from the supraciliaries. Body with three series
of spots on each side, upper two more or less confluent; the upper is larger
and darker, and has somewhat the appearance of a medial series that has
been divided by a vertebral line. Infralabials with three or four spots
on each side. Belly irregularly spotted with brown, darker backward.
Mexico.

(Sistrunts.)

C ROT ALUS CATEXATUS, pi IX, Jit/. 2.
Crotalijjus catenates Baf., L818, Am. Month. Mag., IV, 11.

Larger than C. miliarius, with which it agrees in plan of coloration, except
in the possession of a dorsal band of red, which, however, is not always
present in that species. It is readily distinguished by a large anteorbital
in contact with the nasal and prefrontal, a small subtriangular loreal, which
does not reach the prefrontal, and a greater number of dorsal rows and of
ventral scutes. Rostral high, with seven sides, all concave. Nasals large.
Loreal small, subtriangular, acute-angled between the anteorbital and nasal.
Anteorbitals two; upper large, much longer than the lower, bent upward
to meet the prefrontal, in contact with the nasal; lower narrow. Sub and
postorbitals 3 — 5. One to five small scales in front of the pit. The large
suborbital in contact with the fourth and fifth labials. Labials 11 — 14.
Scales in 23 — 25 rows, one to three of the outer smooth. Ventrals 13(3 —
153+20—29. Spots in the dorsal row, 35^18.

Varies from light ashy brown to black on the back. Beneath the range
is from yellowish, spotted or punctulate with olivaceous, to dark olive or
slaty brown, flecked with lighter. In cases the spots on the flank are sepa-
rated by very narrow lines of light color. Specimens from the more ex-
posed prairies are apt to be ashy and faded above and very dark beneath.
Seven series of spots, dorsal large and more or less emarginate in front and

SYNOPSES AMD DESCRIPTIONS 119

behind, along the middle of the body ; frequently one or two of the lateral
series are obsolete.

Top of head brown, with a light band on the fore parts of supraciliaries
and frontal, a brown band from each parietal shield to the first blotch on
the neck, a brown band from the eye to the neck, separated from the
parietal by a light space, a light band from the nostril around the angle
of the month, and a vertical bar of light color on each side of the pit.
Labials dark. Lower lip with two light spaces on each side. Marks of
head sometimes obsolete. Ilab. Mississippi Valley from Ohio.

Crotalus miliapjus.

Unni, L766, Sysl. Nat., ed. XII, I, 372.

Small. Body fusiform; head distinct, broad behind, narrow and angular
forward, with flat crown; tail short, rattle small. Eye small. Rostral high,
broad near its upper extremity. Anterior nasal much larger. Nostril small.
Loreal four-sided, largely in contact with the prefrontal. Two anteorbitals,
upper much broader. One to four small scales in front of the pit. Sub
and postorbitals four to six, anterior large. Cheek scales large, smooth.
Labials 10 — 12. Infralabials 8 — 13. Scales in 21 — 23 rows, median
pointed, all keeled, or the outer smooth. Ventrals 130 — 1394-27 — 35,
posterior subcaudals often bifid.

Greyish or ashy brown, varying from quite light to very dark. A dorsal
series of 30 — 43, large light-edged more or less irregular black spots, band-
like or divided toward the tail. Three series of alternating smaller spots
on the flank, the upper often indistinct — sometimes obsolete, the lower on
the edge of the abdomen. The majority of specimens have a narrow red-
dish band along the middle of the back, more distinct between the spots,
though apparently crossing them. Three series of alternating spots on the
belly, blending posteriorly, commonly irregular forward. Tail with six to
twelve transverse bands. Head marked as in C. catenatus. Usually the
parietal bands do not meet on the neck in the first spot of the dorsal series.
The light band across the frontal and supraciliaries is sometimes indistinct,
as are also the vertical bars on each side of the pit. The light hand from
the nostril around the angle of the mouth and the two spots on each side of
the lower jaw are more distinct. The dark band from the eve to the neck
varies much in length. Hab. .Southern United States to Mexico.

120 SI N'oI'SES AM) DESCRIPTIONS.

var. K.vvrs.
Okotau-s bavus Cope, 1865, Pr. Ac. X. Sc., PMl., 191.
Cai disona kava Cope, 1875, Check Lint, p. :'.:!.

Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 147+26.

Color yellowish, with from 26 to 31 elongate narrow parallelogfamic deep

brown spots, four scales Long to five wide, and a scries of as many short,
transverse liars on the sides opposite them; a series of thrice the number
of small spots on the interior rows of scales. Head pale, without spots or
marks, except a minute punctulation. A brown anteriorly furcate nuchal
spot. Table land of Mexico. (From descr.)

Ancistrodox.

Beauvois, 1799.

Head triangular; snout prominent, its sides forming an acute angle with
the top; tail without a rattle, tapering to a point. Head-shields nine.
Frontal and pari'etals large. Loreal present or absent. Scales in 23 — 2-5
rows.

A loreal ; scales in 23 rows contort r/.r.

no loreal ; scales in 25 rows piscivorus.

Axcistrodox contortrix. {Copperhead.) PI. VIII, fly. 1.

Boa contortrix Limn', 17r.ii, Syst. Nat., i<l. XII, I, 373.

AGKISTRODON C0NT0RTRI3 Ilnial & Gimrd, 1853, Cat. S'./'/i. .V. Aunr., 17.

Body moderately stout, elongate fusiform, belly broad, back slightly
compressed; head distinct, subtriangular, broad behind, crown flat; tail
short, pointed. Head-shields nine. Parietals more or less broken poste-
riorly. Many specimens have small scales at one or both ends of the
frontal. Rostral broad to the upper extremity. Nasal in two parts,
anterior larger. Loreal moderate, in contact with prefrontal. Anteorbi-
tals three, upper large, middle narrow, lower very small. Sub and post-
orbitals 4 — 6, separated by one scale from the third and fourth labials.
Supralabials eight, first two and last smaller. Infralabials ten, second
and last smaller. One pair of submentals large, followed by two pairs of
smaller ones. Scales in 23 rows, outer broad, smooth, or faintly keeled.
Ventrals 146 to 154. Subcaudals 42 — 19, commonly some of the posterior
bifid.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 121

Light reddish-brown, lighter below, with fifteen to twenty inverted Y-
skaped darker spots, which vary in position from opposite to alternate,
on each flank. About twice as many dark spots appear on each edge of
the abdomen, sometimes spreading and confluent. All the scales are punc-
tulate with brown. Head brighter, more copper-colored, sides with a band
of cream color, bordered by a narrow line of light, inclosed by another of
dark, passing from the upper postorbital above the labials around the angle
of the mouth, and forward through the middles of the infralabials. A small
round, light-edged spot of dark brown near the inner edge of each parietal.
Tail darker. Terrestrial.

Ancistrodox tiscivorus. (Moccasin.) PL VIII, fig. 2.

Crotalus piscivorus Lacepede, 1789, Hist. Serp. II, pp. ISO and 424.
Ancistrodox piscivorus Cope, 1859, Pr. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 336 {name).

Body stout, fusiform, belly broad, back slightly compressed; head distinct,
subtriangular, broad behind, crown flat; tail short, pointed. Head-shields
nine. Occipitals more or less broken posteriorly. Rostral broad to the
upper extremity. Nasal in two parts, subequal. No loreal. Anteorbitals
three, upper large, middle small, not reaching the nasal, lower very small.
Postorbitals four (3 — 5.) Supralabials eight (7 — 9), third larger, reaching
the orbit, first and last small. Infralabials ten (10 — 11.) Submentals one
pair large, followed by two pairs of small. Scales in 25 rows, outer
faintly keeled. Ventrals 136 to 145. Subcaudals 42 to 54, some of the
posterior bifid.

Brown, reddish or olive. Eleven to fifteen more or less irregular and
badly defined vertical bars or pairs of bars of dark brown, with lighter
centers, on each flank. Tail dark brown or banded. Brownish -yellow
beneath, with blotches of dark, which sometimes spread over the entire
abdominal surface. Head uniform above, light-colored specimens showing
a small round spot of dark near the inner edge of each parietal. A yellow-
edged, dark band as wide as the eye passes from the postorbitals above the
angle of the mouth to the neck. Three similar bands on tin* infralabials of
each side. The head-markings are sometimes obsolete. In the variety puffr
nax from Texas the second labial is narrowed or crowded up. The total
length of a large specimen is 44 \ inches; tail 65 inches. Aquatic. South-
ern States, from the Carolinas to Texas.

122 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS.

The following is taken from a Mexican specimen: Markings similar to
those of A. jjiscioorus, posterior part of body almost black, general appear-
ance very dark. Labials eight, third and fourth below the eye, separated
from it by the sub and postoeulars (5). Two anteoculars. No loreal. The
specimen has five pairs of submentals, the anterior nearly twice the size of
those next following. Settles in 24 rows. Ventrals 135. Subcaudals one
pair, plus eleven entire, plus thirty-one pairs. Mexico.

Lachesis.

Davdin, 1S03.

*

Body long, back compressed, belly broad; head large, broad behind,
crown flat; tail short, pointed. Fangs and pit as in Crotalus. Pupil verti-
cal. Crown covered with small keeled scales. Scales with tubercular or
swollen keels. Tail without a rattle, pointed. Anal entire. Subcaudals
in two rows, except near the extremity, where they are small and keeled
like those of the upper surface. Brazils to Mexico.

Lachesis mutus.

Crotalus mutus Limit; 170(5, Si/st. Nat.,ed. XII, 373.
Lachesis mutus Daudiri, 1803, lli<l. Rept. ]', 351.

Resembles Crotalus durissus in form and squamation. Elongate, tapering
to neck and tail, flanks compressed, belly broad; head large, broad behind,
crown flat; tail short, near one twelfth of the total, thick, pointed. Eye
moderate, pupil erect. Crown-shields small, keeled. Supraciliaries large.
A pair of internasals, separated by small scales. A few large scales about
the pit. Labials ten (9—10), third large and below the pit, sometimes a
small plate wedged between the second and third. Infralabials 15 — 16,
anterior largest. Submentals one pair of large, followed by several pairs
of small ones. Scales lozenge-shaped, broad, keeled, in 33 — 35 rows, outer
broader and faintly keeled, inner with tubercular or swollen keels. Ven-
trals broad. 221 — 230. Anal entire. Subcaudals 33 — 35 pairs, followed
by small keeled scales under about one sixth of the length of the tail.

Yellowish-brown, with about twenty-eight (27 — 29) light-centered brown
lozenges on the back, more or less united along the vertebral rows, and
produced toward or upon the ventrals. Flanks between the dorsal lozenges
with or without spots or blotches of brown. Tail with 4 — 7 transverse

SYNOPSES AXD DESCRIPTIONS. 123

blotches of brown or black, separated by narrow spaces of light color.
Lower surface yellow, somewhat clouded posteriorly. Head spotted with
dark on the parietal region, with a transverse band of dark in front of the
supraciliaries through the eye to the hinder labial. Description from Bra-
zilian specimens. Species said to occur in Southern Mexico.

var. STENOPHRYS.

Lachesis stenophrvs Cope, 1875, Batr. and Rept Costa Rica, 152.

Muzzle short, depressed; rostral an equilateral triangle. Crown-scales
flat, hexagonal, faintly keeled. A trapezoid plate in front of the large
superior preocular. Four rows of scales between labials and orbits.
Labials nine, third largest, second low and not bounding the pit. Pit
bordered by three plates; upper narrow, in contact with both preoculars;
lower wider, above the third labial; anterior above the second labial.
Supraciliaries narrow, separated by twelve series of scales. Infralabials
thirteen, first large. Submentals one pair, truncate in front, narrowly
rounded behind. Scales in 36 rows, ten on each side of the median line
with a central tubercle. Ventrals 200. Subcaudals 32 pairs, plus 17
transverse series of small ones under the extremity of the tail, terminal
spine well developed.

Brown, with twenty-three reddish -brown rhombs on the median rows;
the lateral angles are dark spots on the flank, sometimes isolated. On the
middle of the body the rhombs have pale centers, posteriorly they are
darker, irregular, confluent into a zigzag band. Tail dark brown, with
narrow light cross-bands. Lower surfaces greenish -yellow, except the
throat and chin, which are white (in spirits). A black band from the eye
above the labials, broken upon the neck into a series of spots. Top of
head uniform brown. Total length 0™ 495; tail 0™, 50. (Cope.) Sipurio.

TRIGONOCEPHALUS.
Oppd, 1811.

Elongate fusiform, back slightly compressed; head large, distinct from
the neck, depressed, triangular, broad behind, pointed in front; muzzle
prominent, angular; tail short, tapering to a point, Crown-shields small,
scale-like. Eye moderate, pupil vertical. Scales keeled. Anal entire.
Subcaudals two-rowed, rarely simple. Mexico to Patagonia.

124 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTION s.

Subeaudals bifid;

scales in 27 — 29 rows asper.

scales in 23 — 25 rows atrox.

subeaudals entire;

scales in 27 rows affinis.

Trigonocephalus asper.

var. n. C. I.ANCEOLATI.

Body long, tapering to head and tail ; head large, broad behind, pointed
and angular in front; crown flat, covered with small keeled scales. A pair
of internasals, in contact behind the rostral; behind these on each side a
larger plate rests against nasal, loreal and anteocular, but is separated
from the large supraciliary by a small scale. Rostral subquadrangular.
Nasal in two parts, anterior larger. Loreal quadrilateral. Anteoculars
two; upper much larger, sometimes divided; lower half as long, narrow.
Suboculars narrow, fused, separated from the labials by a scale. Postocu-
lars 2 — 3. Labials seven, posterior four large. Infralabials 10 — 11. Sub-
mentals one pair, not in contact with the mental. Scales keeled, in 27
(27 — 29) rows. In large specimens the keel of the median rows is swollen,
and does not reach the end of the scale.

Reddish-brown, with Y-shaped marks of light color on the flanks, which,
when opposed, inclose rhombs of the ground color or lighter. When reg-
ularly opposed the pattern resembles that of Crotalus Aorridua or Lachesis
inufas. Flanks lighter with one or more scries of spots near the abdomen
and upon its edge. Belly and sides of head yellowish, the former mot-
tled posteriorly, the latter with a brown line from the eye to a point near
the angle of the mouth. The specimens described were taken at Obispo,
on the Isthmus of Uarien, by Dr. Maack. Compared with specimens from
Martinique and St. Lucia, they are distinguished by brighter colors and
swollen keels. The pattern of markings is similar. The numbers and
shapes of labials and other head-plates are the same.

Trigonocephalus atrox.

CoLtTBEit atrox Linne, 1754, Mim. Ad, Fridr., Tab. 22, Jig. 2, and OmeUn, 1788, %<(. NaL, 1107.
Cophias atrox Menem, L820, Tent. Syst., 154.
Body long, moderately slender, tapering to head and tip of tail; head
broad behind, pointed in front, crown flat, covered with small keeled scales;

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 125

rostral angles sharp; tail short, near one seventh of the total, tapering to
a slender extremity. Eye moderate, pupil erect. Anterior portion of the
nasal larger. Rostral higher than wide. A pair of small internasals,
commonly in contact; a similar shield over each loreal in contact with
the former. Labials eight (7 — 8;, separated from the orbit by one or two
scales, second entering the pit, posterior small. Infralabials ten, anterior
pair large, in contact, Submentals two pairs, posterior smaller, and sepa-
rated by smaller plates. Scales elongate, keeled, in 25 (23—25) rows,
outer a little broader. Ventrals broad, 199 — 205. Anal entire. Sub-
caudals 60 — 71 pairs.

Olivaceous, greenish or yellowish; dark-clouded to uniform yellowish
below. With scattered transverse dark-edged hands of brown, sometimes
divided along the vertebral row of scales, and tending toward alternation.
The variation in respect to marking is very great in this species. Instead
of transverse bands some specimens have triangles on the flanks. Others
have the bands much broken, sometimes forming dorsal and lateral series
of spots more or less irregular. Generally the bands are separated by
spaces much wider than themselves. A dark band from the eye to the
neck. Light-colored specimens show a lighter border to the spaces be-
tween the bands ; often the center of the space is dark. Brazil to Central
America, possibly to Mexico.

Trigonocephalus affinis.

Bothrofs ai'fims BoCourt, L868, Ami. Sri. Xni., 201.

Nasal divided; subcaudals simple; second labial not forming the ante-
rior border of the lachrymal fosse; rostral triangular, apex rounded, not
separated from the nasal by a row of scales; supraciliary long and narrow.
Nine or ten labials, fifth largest, and separated from the orbit by four rows
of scales. Back with twenty-three to twenty-five rhomboidal spots.

Resembling Teleuraspis nummifer, but distinguished by a more elongate
form, the rostral in contact with the nasals, instead of being separate by
a single row, the longitudinal development of the supraciliaries, and the
greater number of rhomboidal spots. The spot beneath the eye is charac-
teristic. Scales in 27 rows. Guatemala.

12g synopses and descriptions.

Teleuraspis.

Cope, 1859.

Moderately stout; head large, distinct from the neck, depressed, trian-
gular, broad behind, narrowed in front; muzzle prominent, angular; tail
short, tapering to a point. Crown-shields small, scale-like. Eye mod-
erate, pupil vertical. Supraciliary replaced by small scales or with a row
at the orbital edge. Scales keeled. Anal entire. Subcaudals entire or
bifid.

Subcaudals paired ;

scales in 21 rows; an undulating band along the back

undulatus.
subcaudals entire;

no band behind the eye; with scattered spots of dark color

nigroadspersus.
a band from the eye; with a dorsal series of lozenge-shaped spots

nwmmifer.

Teleuraspis undulatus.

Trigonocephaly (Atropos) undulatus .I:iii, L859, Prmlr. Icon. Ophid., 32.

Slipraciliaries replaced by prominent scales, forming a sort of crest; one
in particular is elongate, and constitutes an obtuse little horn. Crown cov-
ered by small carinate scales, a series of larger around the rostral angle.
Labials twelve, none touching the pit; separated from the orbit by two
scales. Infralabials thirteen. Submentals two pairs, posterior small; ante-
rior in contact with three infralabials. Scales keeled, in 21 rows. Yentrals
177. Anal entire. Subcaudals 42 pairs.

Greyish, mixed with brown, an undulating brown band along the back.
Flanks with small black spots. Belly greenish-yellow, with small black
dots. (Jan.) Mexico.

TELEURASriS NIGROADSPERSUS.
Bothrops (Teleuraspis) nigrqadspebsus Stemdachner, 1870, Site, Abo!. Wien., p. 34S, Taj. VIII.

Head broad, depressed. Body compressed; tail short. Xasal divided,
over the first labial. Two prominent shields at the outer edge of the large,
smooth supraciliary. Rostral angles sharp. Keeled scales on crown and
side of head; labials, pit-shields, nasals, and supraciliaries larger, smooth.

SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS. 127

Labials nine, third largest, separated from the orbit by two scales, second
forming a border to the pit. Scales keeled, in 23 rows. Ventrals 162.
Anal entire. Subcaudals 55, entire.

Yellow, with scattered spots or dots on head and body; belly light
yellow. Central America to Mexico,

Teleuraspis nummifee.

Atbopos nummifer Ruppell, 1845, Museum Senckenbergiarmm, 313.

BOTHROPS NUMMIFER Jflll, 1863, Eltnr. ,SV.s7., 120.

Stout; head short, triangular, broad behind; tail short, near one eighth
of the total. Eye moderate, pupil erect. Crown covered with small car-
inate scales. Supraciliaries small. Scales of the side of the face small.
Scales all keeled, in 25 rows, dorsal keels not reaching the end of the
scale. Ventrals 132. Anal entire. Subcaudals 33, entire.

A dorsal series of rhomboidal darker-edged brown spots, sometimes com-
plete and distinct, and sometimes triangular and alternating across the
back, but united in such a manner as to form a zigzag series. A series
of irregular-shaped black spots on the flank and another scries alternating
with these on the ends of the ventrals. Posteriorly the borders of the
dorsal rhombs unite with each other, and the lateral spots inclosing lighter
spaces on the flanks. Ventrals yellowish in front, becoming dark leaden
posteriorly spotted with light. Labials, infralabials, chin-shields, and scales
below the neck white. A dark band behind the eye, above the hinder
labials to the neck. End of tail lighter. (Jan.) Guatemala, Mexico.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

It is three years since the foregoing Synopses and Descriptions were
written. In that time additional researches and discoveries have neces-
sitated a number of changes. These can not be made in the text. They
appear in the Systematic List given below. The latter corrects the
preceding wherever they differ, and expresses my views in regard to
value of characters, classification, etc., at the latest date. Such descrip-
tions as are lacking in the earlier work, and any changes in the text
that may lie found necessary, are placed under their proper heads in
the List. In many eases the original diagnosis is somewhat closely fol-
lowed, changes 1 icing made only when really necessary.

At first it was the intention to devote these pages exclusively to Ken-
tucky species. The geographical position of this State, however, being
such as to make it a sort of neutral ground, of which none of the species
were peculiar to itself, it Was seen that it would greatly enhance the value
of the work for Kentucky, and for the other States, to increase its scope
so as to take in all North America from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
The descriptions include nearly or quite all the species occurring north
of the Isthmus, although a few of them are only stragglers from the
southward; the illustrations, with but one or two exceptions, are of those
of Kentucky. Whenever possible, individuals showing variations from
such as may have been figured or described by others have been selected
for illustration, with the purpose of adding to or correcting our knowledge
of the species.

November, 1882,

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

OPHIDIA 1

Brongniart, 1800, Bull. Soc. Philom.

SCOLECOPHIDIA. (Worm Snakes.) 2

Scokcophides Dum. Bibr., 1814, Erp. Gen., VI, 243.

TYPHLOPIDAE 2

Typhlopoidea Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., pp. 11, 25. Typhlopttidae Gray, 1840,
Syn. Brit. Mus., — 1845, Cat Lizards, 100.

TYPHLOPINAE

Typhlops 2

Schneider, 1801, Hist. Amph., II, .",00; D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 21'!);
Gray, 1845, Cat. Lizards, 130; Jan, 18(30, Arch. Zool., — 1804, Icon.
Text, 7.

Typhi.ops longissimus 2

Typhhps (Ophthalmidlon) longmimum Jan, 1861, Arch. Zool., I, 182,
— 1863, Icon. livr. 5, pi. 5, f. 0. OpMlialmidion longi&simum D. & B.,
1844, Erp., VI, 263; Dum., 1852, Cat. Meth., II; Baird & Girard,
1853, Scrp., 155.

"North America."

Typhi.ops permits 3

Peters, 1809, Monatsb. Berl. Akad., 435.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Typhlops bastmaculatus 3

Cope, 1886, Pr. Phil. Acad., 320.

Cordova and Orizaba, Mexico.

Typhlops emuxctus sp. n 3

Central America.

STEXOSTOMINAE 4

Anomalepis 4

Jan, 1861, Arch. Zool., L85, 1863, Sist., 0, — 1864, Icon. Text, 6, —
1857, Ind. Rett. Mus. Milan (Name).

Anomalepis mexicanus 4

Jan, 1861, Arch. Zool., 185, 1861, Icon. livr. 3, pi. 5-6, f. 1, — 1863,
Sjst., 9, — 1864, Icon. Text, 7.

Mexico.

130

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

OPHIDIA-l Wtinued.

Stenostoma

Wagler, 1824, Spix Serp. Bras., 68; D. & I'.., L844, Erp., VI, 322; Jan,

1861, Arch, per la Zool., 1<SI>. For Synopsis, page 5, road:
Scales in 15 rows;

ocular not in contact with the vertebral series;

infralabials four duke

ocular in contact with vertebrals humile

scales in 1 1 rows;
two labials, separated by the ocular;
oculars not in contact with vertebrals;

infralabials five rubettum

oculars and vertebrals in contact;

infralabials five i< nuiculum

three labials, two in front of ocular;
oculars and vertebrals not in contact myopicurri

scales in 13 rows. phenopa

Stenostoma iui.ce

Rena (Mas B. & <;.. 1853, Serp., 142; Bd., 1859, P. R R. Rep., X. pi. 33,

f. 100. Stenostoma dula Jan, 1861, A.rch. Zool., 189,— rcon. livr. 2,

pi. 5,6, f. 5, — 1863, Sist., 15, - 1864, [con. Text, 36; Cope, 1880,

Bull. 20, C. S. Mn..., p. I'u, — 1875, Checklist, 44.

Texas.

Stenostoma humile

Rena humilis B, A G., 1853, Serp., 1 13. Stenostoma humile Cope, 1861,

Pr. Phil. A.-., 305 (Name), — 1875, Checklist, 41.

Body very slender ami cylindrical; tail short, conical, tapering, nut
acute, one-fifteenth of tin- total length. Head less depressed (than S.
dula . Eyes an J nostril more distinct than in the preceding species
(S. duke). The eye-shield in contact with the longitudinal series on
top of the head. No supraorbitals. I 'est parietals much smaller than
the parietals. Scales in 15 funs. Scales on the abdomen larger than
on the back. Uniform chestnut-brown, lighter beneath,

Valliecetas, Cal. (B. & G.)
Stenostoma rubellum sp. n

Lung, slender, cylindrical ; head indistinct, slightly depressed, muzzle
rounded; tail short, thick, ending in a spine which is directed down-
ward. Eyes distinctly visible beneath the ocular shields. Rostral

reaching backward as far as to n vertical fi the anterior edge of

the ocular. Nasal obliquely divided; lower portion narrow, separated
from the ocular by a single labial. Oculars reaching the edge of the
lip, broadening upward, separated by three small shields on the top of
the head, followed by a large labial. A pair of large broad parietals
on eaeli side behind the upper half of the ocular and the small supra-
ocular, separated on the vertex by the vertebral series, and the posterior
of eaeh pair separated from the labial bj a scale-like shield. Nasals
separated by the extremity of the rostral and the anterior scale of the
dorsal row. Rostral broad, upper extremity rather acute, [nfralabials

SYS' 131

OPHIDI A— Continued.

five. Scales in 11 ro any, larger. Each scale has

Eour li md its posterior margin is nearly a semicircle. Back
reddish brown; belly reddish white.

Resembles s'. ■ ' it [oration, bui ditTers in the number of dorsal
rows of of nasals by the rostral, five infra-

labials, instead of four, and in having only the anterior parietal in
contact with the posterior labial. Total length 8 inches; tail 0.38.

Uvalde, Texas.

STENI ST MA ILMIi I l.t M Sp. n

San Luis PotosI, Mexico.

Stenostoma myopicum sp. n

Tampico, Mexico.

Stenostoma phenops

Cope, is;:.. Jour. Phil. Ac., 128, —Checklist, 44.

Tehuantepec; Guatimala.

ONYCHOPHIDIA. (Clawed Snakes.) 7

ERYCIDAE 7

Erycina Bonap., 1831, Saj »io Distrib. Met An. Vert. Erycidae Bonap.,
1840, Roy. Acad. Turin, Mem., II; Gthr., 1864, Rept. Brit. Ind., 332.

ClIARINA 7

Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes, 113; B. & G., 1853, Serp., 154. Wenona B. &
<;., 1852, Pr. Phil. Lc, 176, — 1853, Serp., 139. Pseudoeryx .Ian,
1862, Arch. Natgesch., I, 242, — 1865, Icon., Text, 07. Lichanura
Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 304.

ClIAKI.VA BOTTAE .....' 7

Gray. 1849, Cat, 113; B. & (I., 1853, Serp., 154. Tortrix hottae Blainv.,
1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 289, pi. 26, f. 1-1/-. Pseudoeryx hottae Jan,
1SG3, Sist, 21, - Icon, livr., 3, pi. 2, f. 1, — 1865, Icon., Text, (17.

California to Mexico.

Var. PLUMBEA

Wenona plumbea li. & G., 1852, pr. Phil. Ac, 170, - 1853, Serp., 139;
Grd., 1858, Wilkes' Exp., Rept, 112, pi. 7, f. 1-7; Jan, 1863, si-t.. 21,

L864, [con., livr. 3. pi. 2, f. 2,-1865, Icon., Text, 69. W<
Isabella 15. A G, 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 17G, — 1853, Serp., 140; Grd.,
1858, Wilkes' Exp., Rept, 113, pi. 7, f. 8-14. Charina plumbea Cope,
1861, Pr. Phil, Ac, 305. Wenona Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 32,
f. 3.

Uniform brownish or leaden. Scales in 4-". rows. Ventrals2i 04-37.

California to Puget Sound.

ClIAKINA TBTVFBGATA 8

Lichanura Irivirgata Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304: Jan, ISO.".. Icon.,
Text, 7i). /.. Co] . Pr. Phil. Ac, 2. I.. myrioUpis

Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 2.

Lower California ; Mexico,

132 SYSTEM A TIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

OP HID I A— Continued.

BOAEIDAE S

Boidae Bonap., L831, Saggio, — 1S40, Roy. Acad. Turin.

Boa

Linn., 1758, Systema, I, 214, — 1766, Syst., I, 373 (Part); Cray, L825,
Ann. Phil., 209; Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., 168; D. & B., 1844,
Erp., VI, 500.

Boa imperatoe 8

Daudin, L803, Rept., V, 150; I>. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 519; Gray, 1849,
Cat. Snakes, 101; Jan, 1857, Ind. Sist Rett Mus. Milan, 44, — 18G3,
Sist., 23, — 1864, Icon., livr. 6, pi. 1, — 1865, Icon., rIY.\t, 81 ; Sumi-
chrast, 1880, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 179.

Central America and Mexico.

Boa constrictor

Bona constrictor Linn., 1754, Mus. Ail. Fridr., 38. Boa constrictor Linn.,
1758, Syst., T, 373; Schneider, 1801, Amph., II, 247; Fitz., 1826, Neue
Class., 54; Wagl., 1830, Syst., 168; D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 507; Cray,
1849, Cat Sn., 100; Jan, 1864, [con., livr. 5, pL 2, f. 2.

Brazil to Central America.

Var. istiimk'a «J

Central America.

Boa mexhaxa (Rapp) 1U

Boa diviniloquax var. mexicana Jan, 1863, Sist., 23, — 1804, Icon., livr.
5, pi. 4, i. 1, — 1865, Ccon., Text, 82.

CHILABOTIIRI'S

Dum. Bibr., 1841, Erp., VI, 5(12.

Body stout, slightly compressed; neck smaller; head broad, de-
pressed; tail rather short. Nostrils lateral, anterior. Eyes small,
pupil vertical. Anterior teeth larger. Labials imbricate, without
pits. Crown-shields large, irregular. Scales smooth, flat Subcaudals
simple, (laws distinct.

Chilabothrus INORNATUS

D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 563; Jan, 1863, Sist., 24, — 1864, Icon., livr. 6,

pi. 5, f. l. Boa inornata Reinh., is 13, Dansk. Vid. Selsk., pi. 21-23.

Body stout, slightly compressed; head distinct, crown fiat, snout
broad; tail short, prehensile, rather thick at the extremity. Rostral
large, pentangular, wider at the suture with the labial and nasal.
Nasal divided in three— upper portions largest and meeting between
internasals and rostral, or in two— anterior part much larger and reach-
ing from the anterior labial to the opposite nasal. Internasals and
prefrontals large, subequal or subdivided. Frontal and supraciliaries
large, the former often dissected. Parietals irregular, becoming scale-
like posteriorly. Loreal large, elongate, sometimes supplemented by
small shields. Anteoculars two, upper larger. Postoculars usually
four. Temporals scale-like. Labials commonly eleven, the sixth
touching the eye. Infralabmls about thirteen, anterior four or five
broad, anterior pair meeting behind the mental. Mental furrow deep.
Submentals small. Scales smooth, Hat. in 36 to 40 rows, outer and

SYSTEMATIC LIST AM) SYNONYMY. 133

O P H I D I A— Continued.

vertebra] broader. Ventrals 266 to 271. Subcaudals 36 to 52, entire.
Yellowish, reddish, or greyish brown, light to dark, punctulate and
clouded with darker, with irregular transverse badly defined hands of
darker, which are often confluent hit" inure or less distinct longitudinal
bands on the sides of the neck. Belly olivaceous, Becked with lighter.
Tail sometimes transversely banded. Some specimens are nearly uni-
form in coloration, very light to almost uniform black. The specimens
described were large ones from Porto Rico. Reiuhardt's specimens had
264 to -71 ventrals, and 67 to 69 subcaudals. The tail is shorter in the
adult, and commonly the tip is imperfect.

West Indies; (?) Central America; (?) Mexico.

ACACOPHIDIA. (Non-venomous Snakes.) n

COLUBRIDAE 11

Bonap., 1831, Saggio, etc.

DIPSADINAE 11

Lbptognathus 12

Dum., 1852, Mem. Acad., 23, p. 467; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 473;
Gthr., 1858, Cat., 177.

Leptognathus pasciatus '. 12

Tropitlodipsus fasciata Gthr., 1858, Cat, 181. Leptognathus philippii
Jan, 1863, Sist., 101, — 1870, Icon., livr. 37, pi. 5, f. 1. L. fasciata

Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 137.

Mexico; Central America.

Leptognathus dumemlit (?) 13

Jan, 1863, Sist., Ull, — 1870, Icon., livr. 37, pi. 5, f. 2.

Mexico.

Leptognathus nebulatus 13

Gthr., 1858, Cat, 177; Cope. 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 136.

Coluber nebuhtus Linn., 1754. Mus. Ad. Fridr., 32, pi. 24, f. 1, — 1758,

Syst, I, 222, — 1766, Syst:, I. 383; Weigel, 1782, Abb. Hall. Nat.

Ges., I. 32; Mus. Linck, 1783, I, 75; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1107;

Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 476; Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 164; Daud., 1803,

Rept, VI, 435; Men-., 1820, Syst., 104. Cerastes nebuhtus Laur., 1768,

Synops., 83. Sihon nebulaius Fitz., 1S26, Neue Class., 60. Dipsas

nebiOata Boie, 1827, Lis, XX, 550; S. hi., 1837, Essai, I, 162,11, 275,

pi. 11, f. 14, 15; DeFil., 1S40, Cat. Serp. Petahgnathm nebuhtus

Dum., 1852, Mem. Acad., XXIII. 466; D. &B., 1S54, Erp., VII, 464;

Marten-, 1856, Mus. Hell.. 27.

Seba. 17:: 1, Thcsaur., I, 22, pi. 14, f. 4, — 1735, pi. 29, f. 3;

Scheuch., 1735, Phys. Sacr., IV, 1532. pi. 74S, f. 8; Liun., 1749, Amoen.

Acad., I, 304; Daub., 1771, Diet. Anim., 657, 679; LaC, 1789, Quad.

Ovip. A: Serp.. IT. 271. 307; Bonnat, 1789, Ophiol. 36, pi. 20, f. 38;

Me,,-.. 1790, Beitr., I, 31, pi. 8; Bechst, 1802, Ueb. LaC. Nat, IV, 39,

96, pi. 4, f. 2.

Brazil to Mexico; West Indies (Gthr.)

1.34 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY:

OP HID I A— Continued.

Leftognathcs dimidiatcs 14

Guenther, 1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. IX, 31.

Mexico.

Leptognathus brevis (?)

Duin., L852, Mem. Acad., XXIII. 467; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 476;

Cope, L868, l'r. Phil. Acad., 136.

Mexico.

Dipsas 14

Laur., 1768, Syst. Bept, 89; Gthr., 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes, 169.

(Him \\ row 3. 1

Dipsas cenchoa 14

Max., 1825, Beitr. Brazils, I, 396; 1'itz.. 1826, Neue Class., 59; Boie,

1827, Ms, 560; Wagl I 10, An.!,]... LSI; Gthr., 1858, Col. Snakes,

174. Coluber cenchoa Linn., 175s. Syst Nat., I, 226, — 1766, Syst.

Nat., I, 389; Ginelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. Linn., I, HIS; Shaw, 1802,

Gen. Zool., Ill, 475; Latr., 1802, Hist. Rept., IV, 129; Daud., 1803,

Rept., VI,283; Kuhl, L820, Beitr., 88. Bungarus mlt Oppel, 1810,

Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., XVI, 392, 1811, Ord. Fain. Gatt. Rept, 70.

Dipsas weigetii Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 59; Schlegel, 1837, Ess.

Phys. Serp., I, L62, II, 278, pi. 11. I. L9-20; DeFil., 1840, Cat. Serp.;

Fitz., 181:1, Syst. Rept, 27. Himantodes cenchoa Dum. Bibr., 1854,

Erp. Gen., VII, 10G5; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 31; Jan. 1863, Eh nc.

Sist, 102, — 1871, Icon., livr. 38, pi. 2, f. 1. Natrii cenchoa Merr.,

10, Amph., 114.

17:,.. Thesaur., II, Tab. 15, f. 2, 3; Scheuchser, 1735, Phys.

Sacr., IV, Tab. 678, t. :'.; Linn.. 1749, Arnoen. Acad., I, 306; Paul...

1771, Diet Encycl., 601; Weigel, 1782, Berl. Nat. Ges., Ill; LaC,

1789, Quad. Ovip., II, 316; Bonn cycl. Meth., Oph., 35, pi.

29, 1. C.o; Bechst, 1802, Ueb. LaC. Natg., IV, 115.

Mexico i" Brazil.

Dipsas LEUCOMEI.AS 15

Cope, lsoi, l'r. Phil. Ac, 296.

Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Sibox 15

Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 60; Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 266.

SlBON BISCUTATUM 10

Dipsas biscutata D. & R, is:, I, Erp. Gen., VII. 115:;.
Dipsadomorplm biscxitatm < rthr., 1858, Col. Serp., 176. Eh irodipsas '
lata .Ian, L863, Sist, 105, - 1*72. [con., livr. 39, pL 1, f. .".. hycodon
lyrophanes Cope, I860, Pr. Ac Phil., 343. Trimorphodon biscutatus
Cope, 1869, l'r. Am. Phil. Soc, 152. Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope
1861, l'r. Phil. Ac. l".i7. Central America to Mexico.

Var. LA.TIFASCIATUM 17

Dipsas biscutata var. laiifasda Peters, 1869, M. B. Berl. Acad., 877.

Pueblo, Mexico.

Sibox i'psilox

Cope, 1879. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 152.
Loreals :',. Oculars 3—3. ] ' 3+3+3. Blotches forming

transverse bands. Gnadalaxara, Western Mexico.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 135

OPHIDIA— Continu 1

SlBOTJ AXXrt.ATrU

Fit/.., 1826, Neue Class., 60; Cope, I860, Pr.Phil. Ac, 266.

us Linn., 1704, Mus. Ad. Fridr., pi. 8, f. 2, — 1758, Syst.,

I. 224, — 1766, Syst.. I, 386; Mus. Linck., I, No. 76; Gmclin, 1788,
Syst. Linn., i. 1111; Shaw. 1802, Gen. Zool., Ill, 490; Latr., 1802,
Rept.,IV,127; Daud., 1803, Rept, VI, 369; Ktihl, 1820, Beitr., 85;
Merr., 1820, Amph., Ill, 1821, Beitr., fasc. 3, p. 25, pi. 3-4. Dipsaa
annxdata Schleg., 1-:::. Ess. Phys., I, 165, II, 294; DeFil., 1840, Cat
Serp.; D. & B., 1854, Erp. Gen., VII, 1141; Martins, 1856, Mus. Berl.,
32. Lya ' Boie, 1827, Isis, XX, 527. Leptodeira annulaia
I'll/.., L843, Sys , ," Gthr., 1858, Cat., hit;. Eteirodipsas annulaia
Jan, 1863, Sist., 105.

L735, II, pi. 41, f. 3, pi. 57, f. 1, pi. 71, f. :'.; Scheuchser,
1735, Phys. Sacr., IV, pi. 652, f. -2; Knurr, 1767, Delic. Surin. Nat,

II. pi. 6,f. 2; Haul.., 1771, Diet. Encycl., 591; LaC., 1789, Quad.
Ovip., II. 312; Bechst., 1802, (Jeb. LaC, I V. 107, pi. 13, l. 1 ; Merr.,
1790, Beitr., pt I, pi. 11 ; Herm., 1804, 1 >bs. Zool., I. 285.

Mexico to Brazil.

Var. SEPTENTRIONALE 17

Dipsaa septentrionalis Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound. Surv., II, 16, pi. VIII,

f. 1; Bd., 1859, P. I!. R. Rep., X, pi. 25, f. 18. Sibon septentrionalis

Cope, 1830, Pr. Phil. Ac., 226. Sibon annulalum subsp. septentrionale

Cope, 1875, Checklist, 38. Eteirodipsas annulata var. septentrionalis

Jan, 1872, Icon., livr. 39, pi. 1, f. 2.

Texas; Arizona; Mexico.

SlBON TORQUATUM IS

Leptodeira torquata Gthr., 1860, Ann. Mag. Hipsiglena t<ir<j<int,i Cope,
1861, Pr. Phil. A.-., 302. • Nicaragua.
Var. PACIFICUM

Leptodeira pa 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310.

Oculars -J _'. I. meal higher than lung. Labials 7, third and fourth
in in-hit. Temporals 1 +2. Scales in 19 rows, biporous, all nearly
equal. Ventrals 164. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 61 pairs. Back brown-
ish, with four series of blackish brown very small spots, of which the
median pair forms usually a short cross-bar by their union. A broad
black bar across the nape; a short brown line behind each eye, ami 'a.
number of dots on the crown. Below uniform cream color.

Mazatlan, Mexico.

Var. PERSONATUM

Lept I iru I 8, Pr. Phil. Ac 310

Oculars 1 ■_'. I.., real as high as long. Labials 8, fourth ami fifth
in orbit. Temporals 1+2. Scales in I':; tows, biporous. Ventrals 17";
anal divided. Cream color, with broad black cross bands on the dorsal
on, l':'. between nape ami vent. Top of bead black. A broad yel-
lowish collar.

Mazatlan. Mexico.

18

i i ■ in-. Lond., ",17.

< toaca, Mexico.

136 SYSTEMATIC LIST VNI) SYNONYM!

O P H I D I A— Continued.

SCYTALINAE 18

Scytaliew D. & 1!., 1854, Erp. Gen., VII, 988. Scytdidae Gthr., 1858,
Oat. CoL, L85.

OXYBHOPUS IS

Wagler, 1830, Amph., L85.

OxYRHOPUS CLOELIA 19

Guenther, L858, Cat. Col. Sn., 189. Coluber cloelia Daud., L803, Kept,

VI, 330, pi. 78. Nutria cloelia Merr., 1820, Amph., 98. Cloelia daudinii

Fitz., L826, Neue Class., 55, Nu. 2. Cloelia occipitalis Wagler, 1830,

Amph., 187. Lycodon cloelia Schl., 1837, Ess. Pins., I, 143, II, 114.

Deiropeda cloelia Fitz., 1843, Syst., 25. Braehyrylon cloelia D. >V B.,

1854, Erp. Gen., VII, L007.

Central America; Mexico (?).

OxYKiiorrs DOLIATUS 19

Dum. Bibr., 1854, Erp. Gen., VII, 1020; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 102.

Central America to Brazil; Mexico (?).

DENDROPHINAE 20

Dendrophidae Gthr., 1858, Cat., 142.

Leptopiiis o o . 20

Bell, 1825, Zool. .Tour., 32<J.

Leptopiiis mexicanus 20

Dum. Bibr., 1854, Erp. Gen., VII, 530; Jan, 1863, Sist, 84,— 1878,

Icon., livr. 49, pi. G, f. 4.
AhaetuUa mexicana Gthr., 1858, Cat., 154. Thrasopa mexicanus Cope,
18G0, Pr. Phil. Ac, 557.

Mexico.
OXYBELIS » 21

Wagler, 1830, Amph., 183.

OXYBELIS AENEl'S 21

Wagl., 1830, Amph., 183; Fitz., 1S43, Syst., 27. D. & B., 1854, Erp.
Gen., VII, 81!); Martens, 1856, Mus. Berl., 31. Dryinus aeneus Wagl.,

1824, Spix Serp. Bras., 12, pi. Ill; Boie, 1827, Isis, 546. Dryiophis
aeneus Cuv., 1829, Regn. An., II, 83. Coluber acuminatus Wied., 1830,
Abbild. Nat. Bras., Lief. 14, pi. I, — 1825, Beitr., 322. Dryiophis
aurata Schlep., 1837, Essai, pi. 10, i. 16-18. Dryinus auraius Bell,

1825, Zool. Jour., IE pi. 12. Dryiophis acuminata < rthr., bs.'is, Cat., 156.

Mexico to Brazil.

NATRICINAE 21

Natricidae Gthr., 1858, Cat,, 50.

Tropidoxotts 22

Kubl, 1S26, Isis, 205; Boie, 1827, Isis, 518; Wagl., 1830, Amph.. 179;

Schleg., 1837, Ess., 296; D. & B., 1S54, Erp. Gen., VII, 594; Gthr.,

1858, Cat, 59.

(Chilopoma.)

Tropidoxotts rufipuxctatus 23

Chilopoma rufipunctatum (Cope) Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Suit., V, 543,

pi. XX, f. 1 ; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 40.

Southern Arizona,

SYSTEMATIC LIST AM) SYNONYMY. 137

O P H I D I A— Continued.

(EfTAKNIA.)

TitoiMiMiN-nns KAriiiT.v I Ribbon Snake) 23

Schleg., 1837, Essai, I, 169, JI. 327; I». & B., 1854, Erp., VII. 585;
.Mart., 1856, Mus. BerL, 25; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 72; Jan, 1863, Sist,
69, 1865, Arch. Zool., 212, 1868, Icon., livr. 26, pi. 2, f. 1 ;
Allen. 1868, Pr. B. N. II. Soc, 180. Coluber saurita I. inn., 1766, Syst,
J, 385; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1109; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac,
V, 352, is:;."', Med. Res., 115; Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 532; Fitz.,
1826, Neue Class., 59; Daud., 1803, Rept,, VII, 81; Bonnat, 1789,
Qphiol., 58; Storer, 1839, Mass. Kept., 229; Thomps., 1842, Hist.
Venn. ait, 11."). Leptophis iauriLws Holhr., 1842, Herp., IV, 21, pi. 4;
DeK., 1842, N". Y. Fauna, Kept., 47, pi. 11, f. 24. Eutai nia taurita B.
&C, 1853, Serp., 24; Bd., 1854, Serp. N. Y., 14, — 1859, P. K. R.
Rep., X, pi. 26, f. 19; Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, pp. 545, 546.
Ribbon Snak Catesby, 174:J, Carol., 11,50.

Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic.

Var. sackknii

Eutaenia sackenii Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac., 98; Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's
Rep., V, pp. 545, 547; Cope, 1S77, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 64.

Slender. Back olive black, to edge of abdomen. Lateral stripe
greenish yellow, on third and fourth rows. No dorsal stripe. Belly
greenish.

Florida.

Var. faikeyi

Eutaenia faireui B. & Gh, 1853, Serp., 25; Bd., P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 26,
f. 20; Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, pp. 5 15, 547 ; < lope, 1880, Bull.
20, U. S. Mus., 23. Tropidonotm saurita var. faireui Jan, 1863, Sist.,
71; Cooper, 1800, P. R. R. Rep., XII (2), 299, pi. 13, 14.

Stouter than T. sauriia. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 168 to 178.
Subeaudals 112—115. Back to edge of abdomen blackish brown.
With three longitudinal stripes, outer on third and fourth rows.

Minnesota and Wisconsin Southward.

Var. PROXTMUS

Coluber proximus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 187. Tropidonotus murtoii
var. proximus .fan, is;:;, Sist., 70. Euiaenia proximo B. & 6., 1853,
'Serp., 25, — 1854, Marcy's Exp., 191, pi. 2; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep.,
X, pi. 2(5, f. 21; Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, pp. 545, 547; Cope,
1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 20; Sumichrast, 1881, Bull. Soc. Zool.
de Kranee. 182; ('ones & Yarrow, 1878, Hayd. Rep., IV, 280. E.
macrostemma Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 331; Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 307; Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 548. E. megahps Kenn.,
1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 330; Yarr.. 1875. Wheeler's Rep., V, pp. 545, 547.
Rfiamlabm Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 306; Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's
Rep., V, 547.

Arkansas and Texas to Mexico.

138 SYSTEMATIC LIST AXD SYNONYMY.

OPHIDI A— Continued.

Tropidonotus sirtalis (Garter Snake) 24

Coluber trirtalh Linn., 1758, Syst, I, 222, — 17CG, Syst., I, 383; Gmel.,
1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1107; Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 535; Merr., 1820,
Syst., 132; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac-., 352; Storer, 1 >39, Mass.
Bept., 221. Eviaenia sirtalis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 30; Bd., 1859,
P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 26, f. 23; Van-., is;:.. Wheeler's Rep., V, 550;
Cope, 1877,Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 64. Tropidonotus sirtalis Holbr., 1842;
Herp., IV, 41, pi. 11; Jan, I 63, ! i t., 69, - 1865, Arch. Zool.,

210. T. ordinatus var. B., Gthr., 1858, Cat., 74. T. bipunctatus
Schleg., 1837, Essai, I, 168, II. 320; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 582.
T. kennieoiti Jan, 18:;:;, Sist., 70, — 1865, Arch. Zool., 216. T. sirta1.is
var. dorsalis Jan, 1863, Sist., 69. Eutaenia dorsalis B. & <L, 1853,
Serp., 31; Bd., 1859, P. R R Rep., X. pi. 26, f. 2; Van-., 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V, 550. /•'. sirtalis subsp. dorsalk Yarr., 1875,
Wheeler's Hep., V, 554. E. sirtalis var. obscura Cope, 1880, Hull. 20,
U. S. Mus.; 2:i. Tropidonotus sirtalis var. dorsalis .Ian, 1867, [con.,
livr. 25, pi. I, f. 1. E. cyrtopsk subsp. ocellata i'<>|"'. 1880, Hull. 20,
U. S. Mus., 22. New England In the Mississippi Valley.

Var. ordinatus 25

Coluber ordinatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 379; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I,

1097; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, V, 349. Tropid tut ordinatus,

Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 45, pi. 12; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 73. Eutaenia
ordinata I!. .V: G., 1853, Serp., :!-J; Bd., 1859, 1'. R. 1!. Rep., X, pi. 26,
f. 24; Van-., 1875, Wheeler I: p., •' i51. Spotted Ribbon Snake
Catesby, 174;;, Carol, 11, pi. 51 and -";).

( !oa i. Region, N i to Gei rgia ; Alabat

Var. RADIX

Tropidonotus sirtalis var. radix Jan, 18 13, Sist., 69, i -ch. Zool.,

211. Eutaenia radix B. & G, 1853, Serp., 34; Bd., 1859, P. R. R.
Rep., X. pi. 26, f. 25, pi. 34, f. 5; Cooper, 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII,
(2), 299; Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 548; Coues & Yarrow,
1878, Hayden's Rep., IV, 277. B. radix twiningii Coues & Yarrow,
1878, Hayd. Rep., IV, '-'70. Thamnophis haydeni Cope, L862, Hayd.,
Trans. Am. Assoc, XII, 177. Eutai lia haydeni Kenn., I860, Coop.
P. R, R, Rep., VII (2), 298, pi. 14; Jan, 1865, Arch. Zool., 212.

Scales in 19 rows, outer broad. Black, with three narrow yellow
lines, in- dark brown, with the lines and with series of irregular
spots on the flanks. Lateral yellow lines on the third rows. Ven-
tral- 153. Subcaudals 51 pairs.

Northern part of Mississippi basin, Michigan lo Rocky Mountains.

Var. MARCIANA 25

Eutaenia marciana B. & G., 1853, Serp., pp. 36, 156, -- 1854, Marey's
Exp., 192,. pi. 3; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 26, f. 26; Yarrow,
1875, "Wheeler's Rep., V, pp. 549, 555 ; Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U.S. Mus.,
22; Sumicbrast, 1881, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 182. Tropidonotm marci-
a Jan, 1863 : i trch. Zool., 215 1 T. irtali* re-

lets, 1869, Mb. I'.rl. Akad. Kansas to Texas and Mexico.

systematic list And synonymy. 130

OPHIDI A— Continued.

Var, PARIETALIS 25

Coluber parietalis Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I. 186. Tropidonotus parietalis
Hall., 1856, l'r. Phil. Ac, 248. ZVopitfonoftM sirtalis var. parietalis
Jan, 1863, Sist., 69. Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis Coues >v Yarrow, L878,
Hayd. Rep., 1\'. 276. Eutaenia parietalis B. <S <;.. 1853, Serp., 28.
E. oraito I'm!.. 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 26, f. 22; Cope, 1866, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 305, 306, - 1875, Checklist, 11; Van-., L875, Wheel. Rep.,
V, 550, 553.

Missouri basin ami westward to Utah.

Var. VAGRANS. . .

Eutaenia vagram B. & G., 1853, Serp., 35; Grd., 1858, Expl. Exp.
Herp., 154, pi. XIV, f. 5-10; Cooper, 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII (2),
207; Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, pp. 305', 307, vars.; Yarrow, 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V, 548; Coues & Yarrow, 1878, Hayd. Rep., IV, 274;
Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 614; Baird, 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X,
Rept., 19, pi. 17. Euta Yarrow, 1875, Wheel.

Rep., V, 551. E. angustirostris Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 332; Yar-
row, 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 548. E. vagram subsp. angustirostris,
Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 554. Tropidonotus vagram Jan, 1863,

Sist., 70, - 1865, Arch. Zool., 215. Eutaenia couchii (Kenn.) Bd.,

1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Rept, 10; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 549.

Scales in -1 rows. Back brownish, with light vertebral line;
bully slatr color. Two series of small Mark spots, 95 to 105, on each
side. Ventrals 161 to 179. Subcaudals 70 to 90.

Rocky Mountains to the Sierras; Sonora.

Var. COLLARIS 25

Xropidonotus collaris Jan. L863, Sist., 69, — 1867, Icon., livr. 25, pi. 5,
2.

Southern Mexico; Panama.

Var. LEPTOCEPHALUS

Tropidonotus sirtalis var. leptocephala Jan, 1863, Sist., GO, — ISO", [con.,
livr. 25, pi. 4, f. 2. Eutaenia leptocepltala B. & G., 1853, Serp., 29;
Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 36, f. 2; Girard, L858, Expl. Exp.,
Herp., 151. pi. XII, i. 7 13; Coop., i860, I'. R. II. Rep., XII (2), 297;
Jan, 1865, Arch. Zool., 21 1 ; Van-., is;:,. Wheel. Rep., V, 550.
- Scales in 19 to 17 rows, outer smooth. <>rl>iials2 :;. Light olive
brown, with tun series (about 130) of small black spots <,n each
Hank. Lateral stripes obsolete. Scales black ai iia e, Ventrals
1 10 to 150. Subcaudals 57 to 66.

( Iregon

Var. INFERNALIS 25

Coluber infernalis Blainv., 1834, Nouv. Ann. Mas., Ill, 59, pi. XXVI,
f. 3. Eutaenia infernalis B. & <•.. 1853, Serp., 26; Grd., 1858, Expl.
Exp., Herp., 148, pi. XIV, f. 11-16; Bd., 1859, P. R. I!. Rep., X,
Rept., In; Van-., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 550. Tropidonotus saurita
var. infernalis Jan, I 63, Sist., 70. Eutaenia pkkeringii I:. & G.,
1853, Serp., 27; Grd., 1858, Expl. Exp., 150, pi. XIII, f. 11-20; Bd.,

140 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYXOXYMi.

O P H I D I A— Continued.

1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 36, f. 3; Coop., 1860, P. R. R. Eep., XII
(2), 296; Yarr., 1ST."., Wheel. Rep., V, 550; Coues A Yarr., 1875,
Havd. Rep., IV, 281. Trap, sirtalis var. .Ian, 1863, Sist, 69, — 1865,
Arch. Zool., 211. Eutaenia cooperi Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac; ('imp.,

1860, I'. R. R. Rep., XII (2), 296; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 551.
Trop. ttirtidw var. cooperi .Ian, 1863, Sist., 69, 1865, Arch. Zool., 212.
Eutaenia elegant 1'.. A <;., is:,:;, Serp., :;i ; (Kenn.) Bd., L859, P. R. R.
Rep., X, Rept., 10; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 549. Trop. elegant
Jan, 1863, Sist., 70, — 1865, Arch. Zool., 214. /.'. cyrtopsis Kenn., I860,
Pr. Phil. Ac, 333; Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, o' 6; Yarr., 1875, Wheel.
Rep., V, 550; Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 23. Thamnophi* cyr-
topsis var. cyclides Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 299. E. ordinuidts B. & G.,
1853, Serp., :i:i; Grd., 1858, Expl. Exp., Herp., 153, pi. 14, f. 1-4; Bd.,
1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 26, f. 3.; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep. V, 548.
Tropidonotw ordinoides B. .v.. (I., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 176. T. sirtalis
var. ordinoides Jan, 1863, Sist., 69, — 1S65, Arch. Zool., 211. Trop.
concilium Hall., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 182. Eut. amcinna 1!. & G., 1853,
Serp., 146; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Rept., 10; Coop., 1860, P. R.
R. Rep., XII (2 1, 298; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 549. E. liam-
mondi Kenn., I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 332; Yarr., 1S75, Wheel. Rep., V,
549. Tmp. hammondi Jan, 1863, Sist., 70, — 1865, Arch. Zool., 215.
Eutaenia atrata (Kenn.) Coop., 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII (2), 296;
Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 551. Trop. saurUus var. Jan, 1863,
Sist, 70, — 1S65, Arch. Zool. Eut. sumichrasti ('"]»•, 1866, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 306; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 547. Thamnophis scalaris
Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 369. Eutaenia scalaris Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 306; Yarr., 1875. Wheel. Rep., V, 549. Eutaenia phenax Cop.-,
1868, Pr. Ac Phil., 134; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep, Y, 549. (?) Trop.
scaliger Jan, 186:1, Sist., 70. (?) Trop. glaphyros Jan, 186.'!, Sist, 70.
T. ruficeps Peters, 1869, Mb. Brl. Akad, 877.

California to Mexico.

Yar. QUADBISERIALI8

Tropidonotus guadmerialia Fischer, 1S79, Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamb., 82.
Labials 8. Infralabials Hi. Orbitals 1—3. Scales in 19 rows,
keeled. Yentrals 149. Anal bifid. Snheandals 79 pairs. Oliva-
ceous, with four rows of small Mack spots.

Mazatlan, Mexico.

(Nerodia.)

Tbopidonott/s sipedon (Water Snake) "5

Coluhr sipedon Linn, 1758, Syst., L 219, — 1766, Syst, I, 379; Gmel,
1788, Syst. Xat. I. inn, I, 1098; Shaw, 1802, Z 51., Ill, 496; Men.,
1820, Syst, 124; TIarl, 1827, Jour. PhiL ic, 351, — 1835, Med. Res.,
114; Storer, 1839, Kepi Mass., 228; Thompson, 1842, Hist. Vermont,
118. Tropidonotus sipedon Holbr., 1812, Herp, IY, 29, pi. VI; Dum.
Bibr., 1851. Erp., VII, 568. Nerodia sipedon .'.. & G., 1853, Serp, 38
Baird, 1854, X. Y. Serp, 16, — 1S59, P. R. R- Rep., X, pi. 27, f. 27.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 141

O P H I D I A— Continued.

Tropidonotus Jasciatus var. Jan, 1863, S5st., 71 ; Trop. (Nerodia) sipe-
(hni Jan, 1865, Arch. Zool., 222. Coluber faiciatvi Linn., 1766, Syst.,
I, 378; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Nat. Linn., I, 1094; Holbr., 1838, Herp.,
1. 93, pi. 20. Nerodia fanAata B. A U., 1853, Serp., 39; Bd., 1859, P.
K. K. Rep., X, pi. 34, f. 4. Twpidonotusfasciatui Schleg., 1837, Essai,
1, 109, II, 323, pi. 12, f. 10, 17; Holbr, 1842, Herp., IV, 25, pi. V; D.
& B., 1854, Erp., VII, 500; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 70; Jan, 1863, Sist., 71,

— 1808, Icon., livr. 20, pi. 3, 1'. 2; Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Sec, 04,

— 18S0, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., L2; Mart., 1850, Mus. Berl., 24. Trop.
niger Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, p. 37, pi. 9; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII,
572. Nerodia niger B. & G., 1853, Serp., 147; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep.,
X, pi. 27, f. 31. Coluber poreatus Had., 1S27, Jour. Phil. Ac, 356.
Nerodia couchii Kenn., 1800, Pr. Phil. Ac, 335. Tropidonotui couchii
Cope, 1860, Pr. Ac. Phil., 342. Nerodia agassizii B. A G., 1853, Serp.,
41. Tropidonotui obliguus Hall., 1850, Pr. Phil. Ac, 2-18. Tropido-
notui rhombifer Jan, 1863, Sist., 71, - 1868, Icon., livr. 20, pi. 4, f. 2.
Colubi r poxUogaster Max., 1839, Reise Nord. Amer., 106. Tropidonotui
sipedon woodhousei Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 22.

Mississippi Valley to Maine

Var. EEYTHEOGASTER 26

Coluber erythrogaster Holbr., 1838, Herp., II, 91, pi. 19. Trcqmlonotus
erythrogaster Holbr., 1S42, Herp., IV, 33, pi. VH; D. & B., 1854, Erp.,
VII, 579. Nerodia erythrogasU r B. & G., 1853, S,rp., 40; Bd., 1859, P.
R. R. Rep., X, pi. 27, f. 28. Copper-belly Snake, Catesby, 1743,
Carol., II, p. 40,id. 40.

Southeastern States.

Var. RHOMBIFER 26

Nerodia rhombifer 11. & <i., 1853, Serp., 147, 42; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep.,
X, pi. 34, f. 2. Tropidonotui rhombifer 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177; Cope,
1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 298, — 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 22. Nerodia
woodhousei I'.. A (i., 1853, Serp., 42; Bd., 1859, P. R. K. Rep., X, pi.
34, f. 3. Tropidonotui vcoodhousei < ope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 342; Jan,
1863, Sist., 71,— 1868, Icon., livr. 26, pi. 4, f. 1. Nerodia hdlbrooMi
B.'.v, (1., 1853, Serp., 43; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 27, f. 30.

Tropidonotui triiiixirrxK.i Hall., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 177. Nerodia tram-
vena B. & (i., 1853, Serp., 148; I'd., 1859, P. R. P. Pep., X, pi. 20,
f. 1.

Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin.

TROPIDONOTUS TAXI8PILOTUS *"

Holbrook, 1842, Herp.. IV. 35, pi. 8; Duro. Bibr., 1854, Erp., VII, 603;

Jan, 1863, Sist., 71, 1868, hen., livr. 26, pi. 5, f. 1.
Nerodia taxispilota B. & G., 1853, Serp., 43; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X,

pi. 27, f. 29. Tropidonotui pogonias D. <& I'... 1854, Erp., VII, 574;

Gthr., 1858, Cat., 248. Trop. fatciatui var. pog. Jan. 1863, Sist., 71, —

[con., 1868, livr. 26, pi. 3, f. 1.

Southeastern States.

142 SYSTEMATIC 1. 1ST AM) SYNONYMY.

OJP HID I A— Continued.

TBOPIDONOTUS CYCL0PI0N 2(i

Dum. Bibr., 1854, Erp., VII, 576; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 77. 248; Jan, 1868,
Sist, 71, — 1868, lion., livr. 26, pi. 5, f. 1 and 2; Mart., 1856, Mus.
Berl., 24.

Ohio to Florida.

Tbopidonotus compbessicaudtjs 27

Xifuiliit compressicauda Kenn., I8601, Pr. Ac. Phil., 335. Tropidonotus
compsolaemus Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac 368, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac,
71. Tropidonotus ustus ( ope, I860, Pr. Pliil. Ac, :;40.

Florida.

! Regina.)

Tbopidonotus lebebis 27

Coluber leberis Linn.. 1758, Syst, I. 216, — 1766, Syst., I. 375; Gmelin,
Syst. Linn., I, 1086; Shaw, 1804, Zool., III, 433. Tropidonotus leberis
DeKay, 1842, X. Y. Fauna Rept., p. 45, pi. 11 ; Holbr., 1S42, Herp.,
IV, 49, pi. 13; 1'. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 579 ; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 78;
Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 342; .Ian, 1863, Sist., 72, - 1868, [con.,
livr. 27. pi. •">. I. 1. Regina leberk B. iv. G., 1853, Serp., 45; Baird,
1854, X. V. Serp., 17. — 1859, I'. II. II. Rep., X. pi. 27, f. 32. Coluber
septemwtiatus Say, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, 240; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil.
Ac, 335, — 1835, Med. Res., II*.

Michigan to Texas.

Var. bigidtjs 28

Coluber rigidus Say, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, 2.".:'. Tbopidonotus rigidus
Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 39, pi. X; I>. & V,., 1854, Erp., VII, :»77;
Cope, 1860, Pr. Ac Phil., 342. Tropidonotus leberis var. .Ian, 1.SG3,
Sist., 72. Regina rigida B. <& <;., 1«). Serp., 46; 11.1., 1859, P. R. K.
Rep., X, v\. 27. f. 33.

New York southward.

Var. clarkii

Regina clarkii B. & G., 1853, Serp., 48; Bd., 1859, 1'. R. R. Rep., X, pi.
27, f. :;.">. Tropidonotus clarkii Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 7-1; Jan,
1863, Sist., 7::. 1868, [con., livr. 27, pi. 6, f. 1. - 1880, Hull. 20, U.
S. Mus., 22. Tropidonotus medusa Gthr., 1858, Cat., 78.

Orbitals 1 — 3 to 2. Loreal longer than high. Labials 8, fifth and
sixth largest. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 132. Anal entire Sub-
caudals57 pairs. Yellowish brown, with four longitudinal bands of
darker. Belly yellowish, with two brownish black-dotted bands.

Texas to Mexico.

Var. gbahamii 28

Regina graliamii B. & <;.. is;,:;. Serp., -17; Bd., 1859, P. P. R Rep., X,
pi. 27, f. 34. Tropidonotu grahamii I rthr., 1858, fat.. 78. Tropidono-
tus leberis var. Jan. 1863, Sist, 72. T. baronis mueUeri Trosch., 1865,
in Muell Wirbelth., Mex., 79.

Michigan to Texas,

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. H3

OPHIDI A- Continued.

Var. validos 28

Begina mlida Kenn., 1860, I'r. Phil. Ac, 334. Tropidonolus validm

Cope, I860, l'r. Phil. Ac, 342, — 1861, I'r. Phil. Ac, 298. Trop.

I !0pe, I860, IV. Phil. Ac, oil. Trop. tephrtyleura Cope, I860,

Pr. Ac Phil., 341. (?) Tropidonoius mesomelanus Jan, 1863, Sist., 73,

— 1808, Icon., livr. 27, pi. 5 and (i, f. 'J.

California to Mexico.

Tropidonotus kirtlandii 28

Begina kirtlandi Kenn., 1856, IV. Phil. A,-., 95; Bd., 1859, 1'. R. K.
Rep., X, pi. '-'7, £. 36. Tropidochnwn Hrlkndi Cope, I860, l'r. Ac
Phil., 340, 1875, Checklist, 42. Ischnognathus kirtlandi Jan, 1863,
Sist., 74, — 1868, Icon., livr. 3D, pi. 1, f. 1.

Illinois to Ohio.

Storeria 29

Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. Serp., 135.

Stokeria storerioides 29

Tropidodonium stort rioid iCopi I 365, Pr. Phil. Ac, 190, — 1875, ( Iheck-

li-i, 42.

Mexico.

Storeria occipitomaculata 30

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 137; Baird, 1854, N. Y. Serp., 26, -- Bd.,
1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, E. 99; Cope, 1877, l'r. Am. Phil. Soc,
ill. C7">, Checklist, 42. Ischnognathus occipitomacidatus Gthr., 1858,
Cat., si ; Jan, 1863, Sist., 74, — 1868, Icon., livr. 3d. pi. 1, f. 2. Trop-
idonotus occipitomacidatus Storer, 1839, Rept. Mass., 230. Coluber venus-
lus Hall., 1847, l'r. Phil. Ac, 274, — 1849, l'r. Phil. Ac, 245.

Mississippi Valley and eastward.

Stokeria dekayi ■ 31

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 135; Baird, 1854, N. Y. Serp., 26, — Bd.,
1859, P. R. R. Rep., pi. 33, f. 98; Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mns.,22.
Tropidonotus dekayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 53, pi. II. Trop. ordi-
nate Storer, 1839, Rept. Mass., 223. Tschnognathus dekayi Dum.
Bibr., 1854, Erp., VII. 507; Gthr., 1858, Cat., si ; .Ian, 1863, Sist., 74,

— 1868, Icon., livr. 30, pi. 1, f. 3.

Maine to Mexico.

STORER] \ CQPEI 31

Adelophis copei Cope, 1879, I'r. Am. Phil. Soc, 265.

( luadalaxara, Mexico.

Storeria lineata -"'2

\ficrops lineatus Hall., 1856, l'r. Phil. Ac. 211 : Bd., 1859, P. R. P. I;.']..,
X, pi. 34, f. 6. Tropidodonium lineaturn I lope, 1860, I'r. Phil. Ac. 76,
- 1875, Checklist, 12. 1880, Bull., U. S. Mus., No. 20, p. 22.

Texas to Kansas.

Helicops 33

Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., 170.

Page 33, line 3, reel: Teeth smooth, posterior maxillary larger and
often isolated.

144 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY,

O P H I D I A— Continued.

(Tketanorhinus.)

Helicops variabilis 33

Tretanorhinus variabilis D. A ft, 1854, Erp. Gen., VII, 349; Jan, 1863,
Sist., 76. Helicops agassizii Jan, 1863, Sist, 70, — 1S68, Icon., livr. 28,
pi. 2, f. 1. Tretanorhinus variabilis var. adnexus Jan, 1863, Sist., 76.

Nicaragua to Mexico.

Helicops nigroluteus

Tretanorhinus nigroluteus Cope, 1861, l'r. Ac. Phil., 298.

Head narrow, slightly distinct Rostral broader than high, sepa-
rated from internasals by the nasals. Nasal in two parts, nostril
between. Prefrontals as long as frontal. Anterior border of frontal
equal to lateral. Loreals two, anterior smaller. Oculars 2— 2. La-
bials 8, fourth in orbit. Infralabials 10. Scales keeled, in 21 rows.
Ventrals 136. Anal bifid. Black above; yellow beneath; punctu-
lated anteriorly, punetulations forming bands near the Hank.

Central America.

Helicops allenii 34

Garman, 1874, Pr. Post. Sue., 92; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 43.

Florida.

Hydrops ' 34

Wagler, 18:30, Amph., 170; Gray, 1842, Zool. Misc., 07; Fitz., 1843,
Syst., 25; Gray, 1849, Cat Serp., 75.

Hydrops erythrogrammus 35

Coluber erythrogrammus Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 141; Daud., 1803, Rept,
VII, 03, pi. 83, f. 2; Ilarl., 1827, .Tour. Phil. Ac., 301 ; llolbr., 1830,
Herp., I, 115, pi. 22. Abastor erythrogrammus B. & G., 1853, Serp.,
125; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep-. X, I1'- 33, f- 93; Gray, 1849, Serp., 78;
Gthr., 1858, Cat., 275. Caloptema erythrogrammus I>- & B., 1854, Erp.,
VII, 336; Mart., 1850, Mas. Berl., 27; Jan, 1863, Sist, 75, — 180S,
Icon., livr. 20, pi. 4, f. 2, pi. 5, f. 1. Homalopsis erythrogrammus Boie,
1827, Isis, 551. Helicops eryfftrogramMwi Waul., 1830, Amph., 170;
Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 107, pi. 25. Homalopsis pKcatUis var. Schleg.,
1837, Essai, 173, II, 353. Ntdrix erythrogrammus .Men-., 1820, Amph.,
117.

Illinois and Virginia southward.

Hydrops abacurus 36

Coluber abacurus Holbr., L836, Herp., I, 119, pi. 23. Hydrops abacurus

D. & B., 1854, Erp., Atlas, pi. 65. Calopwna abacurum D. & B., 1854,
Erp., VI r. 342 ; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 27. II Keeps abacurus Holbr.,
18 12. I [erp., Ill, pi. 20. Hydrops n mwardtii Gray, 1842, Zool. Misc.,
c>7. Homalopsis reinwardtii Schleg., 1837, Kssai, I, 173, II, 357.
Farancia fasdaia Gray, 1S49, Cat., 74; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 275. Faran-
cia drummondi Gray, 1842, Zool. Misc., 68. Farancia abacurus B. &
G., 1853, Serp., 123; Bd., 1859, P. P. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f. 02. Calo-
pisma reinwardtii Jan, 1803, Sist., 75, — 1868, Icon., livr. 20, pi. 0, f.
1-2.

The Carolinas to Texas,

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 145

OPHIDI A— Continued.

Hydrops auiNcjUBVirrATcs 36

Homalopsis quinquevitiatiu 1>. & 13., 1854, Krp., VII, 975. Calopisma
quinqu* vittatwm Jan, 1803, ISi.st., 75, — 1865, Arch. Zool., 244, — 1808,
Icon., livr. 30, pi. 2, f. 1. C. quinquevtitatum var. mexicana Jan, J803,
sist., 7"', 1868, Icon., livr. 30, pi. 2, i. 2.

Mexico ami Central America.

Hydrops septemvittatus

i 'ulopisma septemvittatum Fischer, ls79, Verh. Nat. Vereins, Harab., 84.
Intern asals fused. Nasal entire, grooved. Loreal present. Labials
8. Infralabials 0. Temporals 1+2+3. Scales in 111 runs, smooth. '
Ventrals 122 to 130. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 63 to 81 pairs (in de-
scription 53 to 73). Hack chocolate brown, with four longitudinal
black bands. Belly yellowish white, with three Longitudinal black
bands.

Mexico.

COLUBRINAE 37

Colvtbridae Gthr., 1858, Cat., 84.

Salvadora 38

Baird ami Girard, 1853, Serp., 104. Phimothyra Cope, I860, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 253 ami 566.

Salvadora grahami] 38

B. A < i., 1853, Serp., pp. 104, 161 ; Ed., 1859, P. R. E. Rep., X, pi. 32,
f. 78, — Mex. Bound. Surv., II, 21, pi. 5, 1". 2; Jan, 1861, Icon., livr.
1, pi. 3, f. 1, — 1863, Sist., 58. Phimothyra grahamii Cope, 1861, Pr.

Phil. Ac, 300, — 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 310, — 1875, Checklist, 38;
Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 538; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V,
020.

California to Mexico and Utah to Texas.

Var. bairdii

Salvadora bairdii Jan, 1861, Icon., livr. 1, pi. 3, f. 2,— 1863, Sist., 58.
Phimothyra bairdii Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 300; Sumichrast, 1S73,
Arch. Sri., 245; Ptas., 1869, Mb. Brl. Aka.l, 870.

Oculars 2 2 to 3. Loreals 2. Labials 8, sixth largest. Infra-
labials 10. Temporals 2+2+:'.. Rostral less produced backward, less
prominent, and less free on the margins than that of 8. grahamii.

Mexico.

Var. iiexai.kpis . . . . 39

Phimothyra hexaleph Cope, 1866, TV. Phil. Ac, 305. Phimothyra gra-
hamiae subsp. hexalepii Cope, bs75, Checklist, 38. Phimothyra gra-
hamiae hexalepis Coues, L875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 020.

Arizona.

Salvadora decitrtata •*"

Phimothyra deeurtata Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310, — 1875, Checklist,

38.

Lower California.

Mem. — vol. u — 10.

146 SYSTEMATIC LIST AM) SYNONYMY.

QPHIDI A— Continued.

CyCLOPHiS 39

Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., L19. CMoroaoma B. & G., 1853, Serp., 106.
(Cyclophis. i

Cyclophis vernalis (Green Snake) 39

Gthr., 1858, Cat, 119; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 38; Yam, 1875, Wheel-
er's Rep., V, 539; Coues & Yarrow, 1878, Hayden'a Rep., IV, 285.
Coluber vernalis (DeK.) Harlan, 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac., 361, —1835, Med.
Res., 121; Storer, 1839, Rept. -Mass., 224; Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 79,
pi. 17; Thumps., 1842, Hist. Vermont Rept, 117; DeKay, 1842, N.
Y. Fauna, III, 40, pi. 11, f. 22; Jones, 1865, Rept Neva Scotia, 0.
IAopeltis vernalis Cope, 1S60, Pr. Phil. Ac, 560; Jan, 1863, Si<t.. 82, —
Icon., livr. 31, pi. 5, f. 3; Hayd., 1862, Trans. Am. Phil. Hoc, 177;
Allen, 1869, Pr. Bost. Soc., 182.
Chlorosoma vernalis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 100; Bd., 1359, P. R. R. Pep.,
X, i>l. 32, f. 81 ; Verr., 18G3, Pr. Post. Si «., 195. 11 rpetodryag << rnalii
Hall., 1850, Pr. Phil. Ac, 243.

East of the Rocky Mountains to Nova Scotia.

(PhYLLOPHILOPHIS.)

CYCLOPHIS AESTIVUS (Green Snake) 40

Gthr., 1858, Cat, 119; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 38, — 1880, Bull. 20, U.

S. Mus., 23, — 1877, Pr. Phil. Am. See., 64.
Coluber aestivus Linn., 1766, Syst, T, 387; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I,
1114; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 357, — 1835, Med. Res., 121. Lep-
iophis aestivw Bell, 1826, Zool. Jour., II, 329; Holbr., 1842, Her].., IV,
17, pi. 3; B. A (i., 1853, Serp., loo.; Bd., 1859, P K. K. Pep., X, pi.
32, f. 79. Liopeltis aestivus Jan, 1863, Sist., si, — 1869, Icon., livr. 31,
pi. 5, f. 1.
Opheodri/s <i,.iHrna Cope, lsoti, Pr. Ac Phil., 500. Herpetodryas aestivua
Schleg., 1837, Essai, I, 151, II, lso, pi. o, f. 12, 13; I). A- B., 1854,
Erp., VII, 200; Mart., 1856, Mus. Perl., 20. Leptophis majalis B. &
G., 1853, Serp., 107, 101, — 1854, Marcy's Exp., 203, pi. 9; Bd., P. R.
R. Rep., X, pi. 32, f. 80.

The Green Snake Catesby, 1743, Carol., II, pi. 57; Bartram, 1791, Geor-
gia, 10.

Maryland to Mexico.

Coluber 40

Coryphodon D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII. 178; Gthr., 1858, Cat 107.
(Bascanium.

Coluber constrictor (Black Snake) 41

Linn., 1758, Syst, 1,210,- 1766, Syst., I, 385 ; Gmel., I788,Syst Linn.,
1, 1100; Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 164; I.atr., 1802, Rept, IV, 178;
Men-., Isl'o. Syst., L08; Daud., lso:;, Kept., VI, 402; Harl., Isl'7,
Jour. Phil. Ac, 348, - 1835, Med. Res., 112; Schleg., is:;;, Essai, I,
111, II, 133, ].l.5, f. :: and 1; Stor., 1839, Kept. Mass., 225; Holbr.,
1842, Herp., Ill, 55, pi. ii; Thomps., 1842, Vermont 117; DeK.,
1842, X. V. Rept, 35, pi. 10, £. 20; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl.,24; Jones,
IS05, Kept. .Nova Seotia, 4.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY 147

OP HID I A— Continued.

Bas>, B. & <;.. 1853, Serp., 93; Baird, 1854, Serp. X. Y.,

22; Bd., L859, P. R. R. Rep., X. pi. 31, f. 07; Allen, 1869, Pr. Bost,

Soc, 180; I !ope, I 575, Checklist, 40, — 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 64,
Coryphodon constrictor D. & I'.., 1854, Erp., VII, 183; Gthr., 1858, Cat.,

108; Jan, 1863, Sist., 64, — 1867, [con., livr. 22, pi. 4, f. 3,— 1876,

Icon., livr. 48, pi. 6, f. 1.
Baseanion Foxii B. & G., 1853, Serp., 96; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X,

pi. 31, f, 69. Hierophis constrictor Bonap., 1841, It. Fauna, II.
The Black Snah I atesby, 171';, Carol., II, 48, pi. 48; Kalm., 1704, Reise

Amer., II, 202; Penn., 1792, Arct. Zool., II, Supp., 92.

Texas to Xova Scotia.

Var. Fi.AYiYKvrins | Blue Racer) 42

Coluber flaviventris Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 185.

Bascanium flaviventre P. & G., 1853, Serp., 96; Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound.,

II, Rept, 20, — P. R. E. Kept., X, pi. 31, f. 70; Hayd., 1862, Trans.

Phil. Soc., 177; Allen, 1874, Pr. Bost Soc, 69; Varr., 1875, Wheel.

Rep., V, 511, 515, and 541; Coues & Yarrow, 1878, Hayd. Rep., TV,

284. Coryphodon flaviventris Hall., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 241.
('. constrictor var. flaviventris Jan, 1863, sist., 04, — 1867, Icon., livr. 22,

pi. ::, f. 1-2, — 1876, Icon., livr. 48, pi. 0, f. 2.
Baseanion vetustm P.. & <;.. 1853, Serp., 07; Girard, 1858, F.xpl. Exp.,

Rept,, 127; Bd, 1850, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 30, t. 0; Cooper, I860, P.

R. R. Rep., XII (2), 301.
Bii.tniiiiiiiii miidrictur subsp. trtustum Varrow, 1 875, "Wheeler's Rep., V,

541; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 40. Coryphodon constrictor var. vetustum

Jan, 1800, Sist, 64, - Icon, livr. 22, pi. 4, f. 1^2. (?) Baseanion Fre,

montii P.. \ Ci, 1853, Serp., 95; Bd., 1850, 1'. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 31, f.

GS.

Mississippi basin westward to the Pacific.

Var. MBNTOVABitrs 42

Coryphodon mentovarim I>. tV P., 1854, Erp, VII, 187; Jan, 1863, Sist.,
64. Bascanium meniovarium Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 271.

Mexico; Tehuantepec.
(Mastioophis.)

Coluber flagellipormis ("Coach-whip Snake") 42

Anguis flageUiformis, The Coach-whip Snake, Catesby, 1710, Carol, II,
54. Coluber flagellum Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 475. < 'oluberflagi Uiformis
Holhr, 1836, llerp, I, 107, pi. 10. Psammophis flageUiformis Holbr.,
1842, llerp, IV, 11, pi. 2. Masticophis flageUiformis P.. & G., 1850,
Serp, 08; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Pep, X, pi. 31, f. 71, pi. 02, f. 72; Jan,
1863, Sist., 05, — Icon, livr. 20. [0. o, f. l. JTerpetodryas flageUiformis
1). A P... 1854, Erp., VII, 210; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 26; Gthr.,
1858, Cat., lis. Drymobim flageUiformis Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac,
501. Bascanium flagettiformi Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 64.
Bascanium flagelliformi subsp. flageUiforme Cope. ls75. Checklist, 40.
Herpetodryas psammophis Schleg., 1837, Kssai. I, 152, II, 105.
Coach-whip Snah Bartram, 1791, Travels, 210.

Southern States westward to Louisiana.

148 SYSTEMATIC LIST AXl) SYNONYMY.

OPHIDI A— Continued.

Var. TESTACEUS 43

Coluber testaceus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., 11,48; Ilarl., 1827, Jour. Phil.
Ac, 348, 1835, Med. Res., L13; Holbr., L842, Herp., Ill, 63, pi. 13;
B. &G., 1853, Serp., 150. Coryphodon testaceus Gthr., L858, Cat., 108.
Drymobius testaceus Cope, I860, l'r. Phil. Ac, 561. Masticophis testa-
ceus B. & G., 1859, -Mix. Bound., 11, Rept., 20; Baird, 1859, P. R. R.
Rep., X, 43; Cope, 1866, l'r. Phil. Ac, 305. Baseanium flagclliforme
subsp. testaceum Cope, L875, Checklist, 10, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S.
Mas., 23; Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, nil'; Coues, 1875, Wheel.
Rep., V, hit. Masticophis flageUiformis var. testaceus Jan, 1863, Sist.,
65,-1867, Icon., livr. 20, pi. 6, f. 2. Psammophis flavigularis Hall.,
1852, l'r. Phil. Ac, 17S, — 1853, Sitgreave's Exp., f. 31, 1 Hi. Mastico-
phis flavigularis B. & G, 1853, Serp., 99, 159, — B. &G., 1854, Marcy's
Exp., 201; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 32, f. 73. Eerpetodryas
flavigularis Hall., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Kept., 12. (?) Coluber mor-
mon B. & G., 1852, Stansbury's Exp., 351. Masticophis mormon 15. &
G., 1853, Serp., 101 ; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 32, f. 7 1.

Dakota to Texas and the Pacific Coast.

Var. aurigulus 44

Drymobius aurigulus Cope, 1801, Pr. Phil. Ac, 1301, — 1875, Checklist, 40.

Lower California.

CoLUIiEfi MEXICANCS 45

Zamenis mexkanus D. & B., 1854, lap., VII, 095. (?) Masticophis mex-
icanus Jan, 1863, Sist., 65, — 1867, Icon., livr. 22, pi. 6, f. 1. Phimo-

thyra mcciaiun Cope, 1804, l'r. Phil. Ac, 107.

Mexico.
Coluber spinalis 45

Masticophis spinalis Peters, 1800, MB. Berl. Akad., 91.
Coluber taeniatus 46

Leptophis taeniata Hall., 1852, l'r. Phil. Ac, 181, — 1853, Sitgreave's
Exp., 133, 146. Masticophis taeniatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 103; Bd.,
1850, P. II. R. Rep., X, 20, pi. -1::, pi. 32, f. 76; Cooper, 1860, P. R R.
Rep., XII, 302; Jan, 1863, Sist.. 64, — 1867, Iron., livr. 22, pi. 5;
Cope, 1806, Pr. Phil. Ac, 305. Drymobius taeniatus Cope, I860, l'r.
Phil. Ac, 561. Baseanium taeniatum subsp. taeniatum Cope, 1875,
Checklist, 40. Baseanium taeniatum Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep.,
V, 616. Leptophis lateralis Hall., 1853, l'r. Phil. Ac, 237, — 1859, I'.
R. R. Rep., X, Rept., 13, pi. 1, f. 3. Masticophis schotta B. & <!., 1853,
Serp., 160; Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, 20,— P. R. R Hep-. X, pi.
Ill', f. 77. Baseanium taeniatum subsp. laterale Cope, 1875, Checklist,
40; Yarr., 1875, Wheel. Rep., V, 543. Baseanium laterale Van-., 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V, 512. Baseanium taeniatum var. ornatum Coues,
1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 617; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 40. Masticophis
ornatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 102, 159; Bd., 1859, P. It. R. Rep., X,
pi. 32, f. 75. Baseanium flageUifornu subsp. pict urn < lope, 1875, Check-
list; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 617. Baseanium taeniatum
subsp. piceum Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 24.

From the Plains to the Pacific.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 149

O P H I D I A— Continued.

Yar. BILIN'EATUS

Mastkophis bUineatus .Tan, 1863, Sist, 40, — 1867, Icon., livr. 22, pi. 6,
f. 1.

Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Oculars 2—2, lower anteoeular very
small. Temporals 2+2+2. Labials 8, fourth and fifth in orbit, or
9, fifth and sixth touching the eye, seventh largest. Infralabials 10
to 11. Back black, with two narrow lines of light color along each
flank. Orbitals, loreal, and nasals each with white spot Labials
and ventral surface light.

Mexico.

17

Spilotes

Wagler, 1830, Amph., 179; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 90. Georgia B. & G.,
1853, Serp., 92.
(Georgia.)

Spilotes coupebj • • • 48

Cope, L860, IV. Phil. Ac, 342, 504, — 1875, Checklist, 39. Coluber
couperi Holbr., 1842, Heip., Ill, 75, pi. 10. Georgia couperi B. & G.,
is:,::. Serp., 92; Bd., 1859, P. E. R. Rep., X, pi. 31, f. 66.

Gulf States.

Spilotes obsoletus 48

Coluber obsoletus Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 61, pi. 12. Georgia obsoUta'B.
& G., Serp., 158; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 31, f. 66. Spilotes
erebennw Cope, 1860, IV. Phil. Ac, 342, 564, — 1804, Pr. Phil. Ac,
167, - L875, Checklist, 39; Sumichr., 1873, Arch. Sci., 240. Spilotes
corah erebennus Cope, 1877, IV. Am. Phil. Sue., 64.

Florida to Texas.

(Spilotes.)

Spilotes cobais 48

(•„li,h,r corais M'uv.) Boie, 1827, tsis, 537; Sri, leg., 1837, Essai, II, 139,

pi. 5, f. 9-11, 1844(71, Abbild., pi. 28, f. 9-11 (skull),
Spilotes corals D. ^v B., 1854, Erp., VII, 222; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 98; Jan,
1863; Sist., 62, — 1870, Iron., livr. 48, pi. 4, f. 6, pi. 5, f. 1.

Brazil to Mexico.

Spilotes variabilis 49

Du.n. Bibr., 1854, Erp., VII, 220; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 99; Sumichr.,

" 1873, Arch. Sci., 245. Coluber variabilis Max., 1825, Beitr., 271, —
1830, Abbild., Lief. 14, pi. 2, f. 3 6; Boie, 1827, tsis, 537. Coluber
puUalus I. inn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., pi. 20, f. 3. Cerastes mexicanus
A- r. coronatus Laur., 1768, Synops., 83. Coluber mexicanus Gmel.,
1788, Syst. Nat. Linn., I, 1088. Coluber plutonius Daud., 1803, Rept.,
324; Merr., 1790, Beitr. (2), pi. 12. Coluber caninana Men-., 1820,
Syst., 121. Spilotes pullatuts Wagl., 1830, Amph., 179; Schleg., 1837,
Essai, 149, pi. 6, f. 1, 2; Fit?.., 184::. Syst., 20; Cope, 1801, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 300.
Seba, 1735, Thesaur., II, pi. 20, f. 1, pi. 105, f. 4; Scheuch., 1730, Bibl.
Sacr., pi. 662, E. 11, pi. 747, f. 3.

Mexico to Brazil.

150 SYSTEMATIC list AM) SYNOtfYMYj

O PHI D I A— Continued.

Var. iuribundus ■»'

SpUotes puUatrn suhsp. auribundm Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 300. .y/-
iofes aim&undua [S. salvinii Gthr.) Cope, 1864, Pr. l'liil. Ac, 107;
Sumichr., 1st:;, Arch. Sci., 245.

Mexico.

Spilotes melanurus 50

Dum. Bibr., 1854, Erp., VII. 224; Jan, 1863, Sist., 63, — 1S7G, Icon.,
livr. 48, pi. 5, f. 2. S. corais var. melanurus Gthr., 1858, Cat., 99.

Mexico.

Spilotes poecilonotus 50

Guenther, 1858, Cat., 100; Sumichr., 1873, Arch. Sci., 245.

Mexico.

Pityophis 51

Holbrook, 1842, Herp., IV, 7; Harl., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181 ; B. & G.,

1853, Serp., 04; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VI, 232; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 85.
Pityophis melanoubucus (Bull Snake) 51

Holbr., 1S42, Herp., IV. 7, pi. 1; P. & G., 1853, Serp., 05; D. * IS.,

1854, Erp., VII, 233; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 20; Gthr., 1858, Cat.,
80; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 29, f. 44; Cope, 1S75, Checklist,
39, — 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 64. Coluber melanoleucw Daud., 1803,
Kept., VI, 409; Harl., 1S27, Jour. Phil. Ac, 359, — 1835, Med. Res.,
122.

riu' Snake or Hull Snake Bartram, 1791, Travels, 270.

East of the Mississippi, south of Ohio and Pennsylvania.

PlTYOrillS CATENIFER 52

Coluber catenifer Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 290, pi. 20, f. 2.
Pityophis nihii> fir B. & <;., 1853, Serp., 69; Grd., 1858, Expl. Exp.,
Rept., 135; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rt p.. X, pi. 30, f . 4 ; Gthr., 1858, Cat.,
87; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, William-
son's Route, 11. P. annectem P. & G., 1853, Serp., 72; Bd., 1859, P.
R. R. Rep., X, pi. 29, f. 48; P. mlkesii P. & G., 185::, Serp., 71;
Grd., 1858, Wilkes' Exp., Rept, 137, pi. 9, f. 1—7; Bd., 1859, P. R.
R. Rep., X, pi. 20, f. 47. /'. melanoleucus var. catenifer Jan, 1863,
Sist., 59, — 1867, Icon., livr. 22, pi. 1. f. 1. /'. heermanni Hall., 1853,
Pr. Phil. Ac, 236. Coluber vertebralis Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IV,
293, pi. 27, f. 2; P. A G., 1853, Serp., 152. Pityophis vertebralis TV &
B., 1854, Erp., VII, 238; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 86; Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 300, — 1875, Checklist, 39; Hall., 1859, P. R. R. Hop.. X. 14.
P. haematois Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac. 342. /'. melanoleucus var. m r-
tebralis Jan, 1863, Sist., 59, — 1S67, Icon., livr. 22, pi. 1, f. 3.

Oregon to Mexico.

Var. sayi 52

Coluber sayi Schleg., 1837, Essai, II, 157; B. & G., 1853, Serp., 151. C.
melanoleucus var. Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 300, — 1S35, Med. Res.,
123. Pityopl icus Max., 1865, Reise N. Amer., 95. P. sni/i

B. & G., 1853, Serp., 152; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 29, f. 45)

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 151

0 P H I D I A— Continued.

Coop., 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII (2), 300; Hayden, 1862, Trans. Phil.

Soc, 177. /'. sayi subsp. sayi Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39. P. McClel-

lanii B. »v <;., 1853, Serp., 68, 1854, Marcy's Exp., 196, pi. 5; Bd.,

1859, P. EL R. Etep., X, pi. 29, f. 47.

Rocky Mountains to Illinois.

Var. MEXICANTJS 52

Pityophis mexicanvs D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 236; Jan, 1863, Sist, 59,

— 1867, [con., livr. 22, pi. 2, f. 1. Anasime mexieanus D. & B., 1S54,
Erp., .Atlas, pi. 02. (?) Pityophis sayi var. wkv/Vio/im < "pe, 1875,
Checklist, 39. (?) P. sayi subsp. mexieanus Yarr., 1S75, Wheeler's
Rep., V, 539. (?) P. sayi mexieanus Cope, 18S0, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus.,
23. Mexico.

Var. DEPPEr

Elaphis deppei D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 208. Pityophis deppei Jan,
1863, Sist., 59, - 1867, Iron., livr. 22, pi. 2, f. 2. J', deppei var. pholi-
dostictus Jan. 1863, Sist, 59, Arizona elegans i Kenn.) Bd., 1859, P. R.
R. Rep., X, 42, — 1859, Mex. Bound., II, pi. XIII. Pityophis elegans
Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39; Yarr., 1S75, Wheel. Rep., V, 541, & Coues,
p. 018. (?) Arizona jani Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 369. (?) Arizona
KneaUcoUis (.'ope, 1861, Pr. Ac. Phil., 300.

Scales in 29 to 31 rows, keels of vertebral low to obsolete. Oculars
1 to 2 — 2. Loreal narrow. Temporals 3+3 t<> 4. Prefrontals com-
monly two, sometimes four. Ventrals 235; anal entire; subcaudals
07 pairs. Dorsal and lateral series of blotches more or less irregular

in shape. Head nearly uniform light.

Arizona to Mexico.

Var. luiioNA 53

Clmrchillia beUona B. & G., 1852, gtansbury's Exp., 350. Pityophis bel-

lona B. & G., 1853, Serp., 00, 157 ; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 87; i Kenn. I Bd.,

1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, 42, pi. 28, f. 40,— .Mex. Bound., II, 18;

Cope, 1866, Pr. Ac. Phil., 305; Allen, 1874, Pr. Bost Soc, 69. P.

sayi var. beUona Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39. P. sayi subsp. beUona

Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Hep., V, 540, & Coues, p. 017; Coues A Yarr.,

1878, Ilayd. Rep., IV. 282. P. affinis Hall., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181,

— 1853,, Sitgr. Exp., 130, 140.

The Utah basin.

Elaphis 53

Aldrovandus, 1040, Hist. Serp. Drac, 207 (re-print, 1765); Bonap.,
L831,Saggio. Dum., 1852, Mem. Sci. Nat., XXIII. 15.".; D. <& 1',, 1854,
Erp., VII, 243; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 92. Elaphe Fitz., 1833, Wagler's
[con . pi. 27, 1843, Syst., 26.

(SCOTOPHIS. I

Elaphis obsoletus (Black Snake) 54

Coluh.r obsoletus Say. 1823, Long's Exp., I, 140; Harl., 1827. Jour. Phil.
Ac, 347, — 1835, Med. Res.. 112. Scotophis Obsoletus Kenn., 1800, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 339. I obsoletus subsp. obsoletus Cope, 1875, Checklist,

39. Elaphis spiloidei I'. & B., 1854, Erp., VII. 209; Gthr.. 1858, Cat.,
90. Mississippi Valley.

102 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

O P H I D I A— Continued.

Var. illeghaniensis (Black Pilot Snake) 54

Coluber alleglumienm Holbr., L842, Herp., Ill, pi. 19. Scotophis aUeghar
niensis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 73; (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X,
pi. 29, f. 49. Elaphis aUeghaniensia Hall., 1856, Pr. Phil, Ac, 243;
Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 27; Jan, 1863, Sist., 62, — 1867, [con., lirr.
24, pi. 2, f. 1-2; Allen, 1869, Pr. Bost. Soc, 181. E. Hblbrookii D. &
£., 1S54, Erp., VII, 272. E. rubriceps I>. & B., 1854, Erp., Vll, 270.
_E. aUeghaniensis vars. /'c/.e.V. ps ,e holbroohii Jan, 1863, Si8t., 62. N'»-
topftis confims I!. & G., 1853, Serp., 76; Bd., 1859, P. K. K. Rep., X, pi.
30, f. 52.

New England to Alabama.

Var; LINDHEIMEKH 54

Scotophis lindheimerii B. A- G., 1853, Serp., 74; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep.,
X, pi. 29, f. 50. Coluber lindheimerii Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39, —
1880, Bull. 20, U. S. -Mas., 2:;. Scotophis rhinomegas Cope, I860, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 255. S. laetm B. & G., 1853, Serp., 77, — 1854, Marcy's
Exp., 198, pi. 0; lid., 1859, P. R. B. Rep., X, pi. 30, f. 53. S. calligas-
I, r Kenn., 1850, l'r. Phil. Ac, 98. Elaphis guttatvs var. caUigasU r Jan,
1863, Sist, 62, — 1867, Icon., livr. 21, pi, 6, E. 2. E. guttatus var.
rhinomegas Jan, 1863, Sist., 62. Scotophis emoryiB. & G., 1853, Serp.,
157; (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, 42, pi. 30, f. 50. Coluber
, moryi Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 23.

Illinois to Texas.

Var. BAIRDII

Coluber bairdi (Yarrow) Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. II.

Vertical plate longer than broad, with a slight notch in anterior
border; posterior portion very large, broader than long. Nine upper
labials, seventh largest Lower labials twelve, seventh largest. Dorsal

rows of seales 27, long and lozenge-shaped ; three tipper dorsal rows

slightly carinated. General color above (alcoholic) warm grayish-ash;
beneath yellowish; behind occipitals two converging oblong In-own
blotches, and posterior to these a series of narrow transverse brown
blotches, eighty in number, becoming obsolete near caudal extremity;
these blotches are six scales In width (Yarrow).

Fort Davis, Texas.

Ei.mtiis m-TT\Trs (Corn Snake) 55

Coluber guttatus Linn., 1766, Syst, I, 385; Daub., 1771, Encycl. Meth.,
002; Gmel., 1788,.Syst. Linn., I, 1110; Schleg., 1837, Essai, I, HO, II,
168; Holbr., 1842, Her].., HI, 65, pi. 14; Harl., 1827, .lour. Phil. Ac,
363, — 1835, Med. Res., 126; Holbr., 1838, Herp., II. 109; Gthr.,
1858, Cat, 89; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39. C. carolinianus Shaw, 1S02,
Zool., Ill, 460, pi. 19. C. macidatus Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 73 ; Harl.,
1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 362, — 1835, Med. Res., 125. C. molossus
Daud., 1803, Rept, VI, 269; Harl, 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 3G3, —
1835, Med. Res., 126. C. floridanus Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 3C0,
— 1S35. Med. lies., 121. C. ,., tsus (Donnd.) Bechst, 1802, tTeb.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 153

O P H I D I A— Continued.

LaC.,Amph, IV. 236, pi. 36, f. 2. C. pantherinus, p. 102, Natrix gutta-
tus, p. 99, and N. maculatus, p. 124, Men-., 1820, Syst Amph. Seoto-
phis guttatws D. & B., Erp., VII, 273; Mart.. 1856, Mus. Bed., 27; Jan,
1863, Sist., 62, - 1867, Icon., livr. 21, pi. 6, f. 1. Elaphis guttatus IX
& I?., 1854, Erp., VII. '27:;; Mart., 1856, Mus. Beri., 27; Jan, 18G3,
Sist., 62, — 1867, I. -on., livr. 21. pi. G, f. 1.

LaC, 1789, Quad. Ovip., II, 329; Bonn., 1790, Encycl. Meth., Ophiol.,
lit; Men-., 17110, Beitr., II. t. 11.

Corn Snake Catesby, 174:;, Carol., II, pi. 55.

Southeastern Stales to Virginia.

Var. VTi.nxrs 56

Scotophis wdpirws B. & (1.. 1853, Serp., 75; lid., 1859, P. R R. Rep.. X,
pl. 20, f. 51 ; ( Kenn.) Coop., 1SG0, P. B. R. Rep., XII (2), 00. < hluber
nil/iintm Cope, 1S75, Checkli.it, 39.

Massachusetts to Nebraska.

Elaphis quadktvtttatus (Chicken Snake) 56

Coluber guadrivittatus Holbr., 1842, Herp., III. so, pl. 20; Gthr., 1858,
Cat., 88; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 39, — 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, G4.
Scotophis quadrivittatw B. & G., 1853, Serp, 80; Bd., 1S50, P. R. R.
Rep., X, pl. 30, f. 55. Elaphis quadrimttatus D. it B, 1854, Erp., VII,
2G5 ; Jan, 18G3, Sist, G2.

Florida to Virginia.

Dromicits °"

Bibron, 1843, Kept- Cuba, Sagra, 221; D. A B., 1854, Erp., VII, 646;
Gthr., 1S5S, Cat, 12G.
Drohicus laureatus "

Guenther, 1868, Ann. Mag, 419.

"City of Mexico."

Dromicus fi.avilatus *>8

Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac, — 1875, Checklist, 38, — 1877, Pr. Am. Phil.

Soc, G5.

Florida to North Carolina.

DROMICUS MARGARrTIFERUS 58

Guenther, 1858, Cat., 126. Kerpetodryas margaritiferus Schleg., IS37,
Essai, I, 151, II, 184, — Abbild., t. 44. Leptophis margaritiferus D. &
B, is:,::, Erp., VH, 539; Mart, 1856, Mus. Beri., 2(1. Thamnowphii
margaritiferus .Ian, 1863, Sist., 82, - 1868, Icon., livr. 31, pl. 6, I'. •"•■
Zamenis tricolor Hall., 1855, Jour. Phil. Ac, 31. I'. ::. Coluber hiekan*
eOa Shaw, 1802, Zool., 111,511.

Mexico and Central America.

Dromicus tits-ami ""'

Jan, 1SG3, Sist, 07, — 1SG7, Icon, livr. 6, f. 3. Tomodon nasutut ( ope,

1SG4, Pr. Phil. Ac, 1GG.

Southern Mexico.

154 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

OP HID I A— Continued.

CORONELLINAE 50

CoroneUidae Gthr., 1858, Cat, 22.
Taciiymexis (10

Wiegmann, 1834, Nov. Act. Acad. Cars. Ia'<>j>., 2.r>2; Gthr., 1858, Cat.,
33.

Taciiymexis uneata GO

Tomodon lineatum D. & B., ls;>4, Erp., VII, 936, — Atlas, pi. 73 (named
Eudromus linealus); Jan, 1803, Sist., 57, — 1866, Icon., livr. 19, pi. (!,
f. 3. Psuimnojihk luhnhm Gthr., 1858, Cat., 135. Mexico.

Taciiymexis imperialis 61

Taenicphis imperialis B. & G., 1855, Gilliss' Exp., II, 215 (name); Bd.,
1859, Mcx. Bound. Rept, 23, pi. 19, f. 1, — P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33,
f. 87. Couiiijihaiics inijii'i'iulix Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 74, — 1875, Check-
list, 38. Texas and Mexico.

Taciiymexis eatekitia 61

Conwphanes lateritia Cope, 1SG1, Pr. Phil. Ac, 524.

"Guadalaxara, Mexico."

Taciiymexis proterops 62

Coiiliiphdiits I'ful, rii/is Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 240.

Mexico, New Grenada.

T/ACHYMENIS FISSIDENS 62

Coronella fissidens Gthr., 1858, Cat., 36.

Glaphyrophis lateralis Jan, 1863, Sist., 54, — 1866, Icon., livr. 18, pi. 5,
f. 3. Mexico.

Taciiymexis bipunctata 63

Coronella bipunctata Gthr., 1858, Cat, 36.

Glaphyrophis pictus Jan, 1863, Sist, 54, — 1866, Icon., livr. 18, pi. 5, f. 4.

Mexico.

Taciiymexis melanocephala 63

Peters, 1869, Berl. Akad. Monatsb., 876. Mexico.

Erythrolamprus 63

Boie, 1826. Isis, 981 ; Wagl., 1830, Syst, 187; D. & P.., 1854, Erp., VII,
843; Gthr., 185s, Cat, 47.

Erytheolamprus guentheri G3

/•.'. venustissimus var. D. Gthr., 1858, Cat, 48.

"Mexico (?)"

Ophibolus 64

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 82.

< tciiir.oi.rs iioi.iATis 64

Coluber doliatus Linn.. 1766, Syst., T, 379; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I,
1096; Ilarl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac. 362, - 1835, Med. Pes., 125. Cor-
onella doliata llollc, 1842, Herp., II, 105, pi. 24; P. & P.., 1854, Erp.,
VII. 621; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 41. C. coccinea Schleg., 1837, Essai, I,
135. II, 57, pi. 2, f. 1. Ophibolus doliatus subsp. UtAiatus Cope, 1875,
Checklist, 37 i part . S/ili, imphis coccinta Fitz., 1st:;, Syst., 25.

Southeastern States.

MSTKMATIO LIST AX1) SYXOXYM\. 15")

O P H I D I A— Continued.

Var. ELAPS0IDEC9 65

Osceola elapsoidea Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 133; Mart., 1856, Mus.
Berl., 24; Bd., 1859, P. R. K. Rep., X, pi. 33, f. 97; Cope, 1875, Check-
list, 36, — 1ST", Pr. Am. Phil. Sue-., 65. Calamaria elapsoidea Ilolbr.,
1842, Herp., Ill, 119, pi. 28.

Coronella coccinea Jan, 1863, Sist., 46, — 1866, Icon., livr. 17, pi. 1, f. 1.
Cemophoracoccinea Jan, 1865, Icon., livr. 11, pi. 5, f. 1.

Southern States east of the Mississippi.

Ophibolus triangulus 65

La Triangle LaC, 1789, Serp., II, 331. Coluber triangulus Boie, 1827,
Isis, 537. Ablabes triangulum D. <V r>., 1854, Erp., VII, 315. Lampro-
peltis triangula Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 256; Allen, 1869, Pr. Bost.
Soc, 180. Coluber eximius Stor., 1839, .Mass. Rep., 227; Holbr., 1S42,
Herp., Ill, 69, pi. 15; DeK., 1842. X. V. Rept., 28, pi. 12, f. 25-,
Gthr., 1858, Cat, 91. Ophibolus eximius & clericus B. & G., 1853,
Serp., 87 and 88; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 30, f. 61, 62, —
1854, Serp. N. Y., 21. 0. doliatus var. triangulus Cope, 1875, Check-
list, 37. Coronella eximia Jan, 1863, Sist., 46, — 1866, Icon., livr. 17,
pi. I, f. 3.

PseuMaps y Berth., is 13, Abh. Gott., I, 67, pi. 1, f. 11 and 12. Ablar
bes triangulum var. clericus Hall, 1850, Pr. Phil. Ac, 246.

Coluber eximius of Harlan, with 250 + 33 to 60 ventrals and subcaudals;
is probably a species of Scotophis.)

House Snake; Chicken Snake; Milk Snake; or Thunder Snake.

East of the Mississippi to Canada.

Var. CALLIGASTER 66

Coluber caMgaster Harl., 1835, Med. Res.., 122. Ablabes triangulum var.
caUigaster Hall., 1856, Pr. Ac. Phil., 244. Lampropeltis caUigaster Cope,
1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255. Ophibolus caUigaster Cope, 1875, Checklist,
37. O. evansii Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99. (?) Coronella evansii
Jan, 1863, Sist., 47, — 1866, Icon., livr. 17, pi. 2, f. 3.

Northern portion of the Mississippi Valley.

Var. Mexican™ 66

San Luis lVtosi.

Var. DOLIATUS 66

Ophibolus doliatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 89; Bd., 1859, P. K. R. Rep., X,
pi. 30, f. 63. ' 'oroneUa doliata var. gentilis Jan, 1863, Sist., Hi, — 1866,
[con., livr. 17, pi. 1, f. 2. Tjampropeltis multistriala Kenn., 1860, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 328. Coronella doliata Jan, 1863, Sist., 46, 1865, Icon.,
livr. 14, ]il. 4, f. 1.

Nebraska and southward.

Var. gextius 66

Ophibolm gentais B. * G, 1853, Serp., 90. — 185 I. Marcy's Exp., 22m. pi.
8; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 30, f. 64. Lampropeltis doliata
Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 256. Ophibolw doliatus subsp. doliatus Cope,

1875, Checklist, 37.

Arkansas to Utah.

156 SYSTEMATIC LIST AXD SYXoXYMY.

OPHIDI A— Continued.

Var. zonatus G7

Coluber (zacholus) zonatus Blainv., is:;."), Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 2!):"!; B.
it (i., 1853, Serp., 153. BeUophis zonatus Lockington, 1 s7< >, Pr. Cal.
Acad. California.

Var. annulatus

Lampropeltis annulate/, Kenn., I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 320; Cope, 1860, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 257. Ophibolus doliatw subsp. annulatus Cope, 1875, Check-
list, 36; Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 537. ? Lampropeltis poly-
zona Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 258. ? I. amaurus Cope, I. c, 258.

Bright red, 18 to 22 pairs of black rings from head to vent, each
pair inclosing a spotless yellow ring, which encircles the body, widen-
ing but little on the Hanks. Belly between the yellow rings black.
Top of head black, this color extending back upon the occipitals in
an acute angle. A broad occipital yellow ring. (Kenn.)

Mexico.

Var. RHOKBOMACTIXATUS

CoroneUa rhombomaculata Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 103, pi. 23; Jan, 1863,
Sist, 47, — 1866, Icon., livr. 17, pi. II, f. 1 — 2. Ophibolus rhombomao-
Hiatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 86; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 30, f.

60; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 57. Lampropeltis rhombomaculatus Cope,
1860, Pr, Phil. Ac, 255.

Top> of head and back chestnut brown, with a vertebral scries of
rhomboid reddish-brown spiots. Lower surface salmon-colored, more
or less bright. Ventrals211; subcaudals 45. (Holbr.)

Southeastern United States.

Ophibolus getulus (Chain Snake) 68

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 255; Bd., L854, Serp. N. Y., 20, — 1859,
P. R. R. Hep., X, pi. 31, f. 65. Coluber getulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I,
382; (iniel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, HOC; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac,
358,-1835, Med. Res., 122; Peale, 1829, Macl. Lye, 1, pi. V; Gthr.,
1S58, Cat., 249. CoroneUa geiula Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 95, pi. 21;
D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 616; Jan, 1863, Sist., 47. — 1865, Icon., livr.
14, pi. 5, f. 1. Lampropeltis getula < 'ope, 18G0, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255.
Ophibolus getulus subsp. getulus Cope, 1875, Checklist, 37, — 1880,
Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 23. Pseudoelaps getulus Fitz., 1826, Neue (lass.
Rept., 26.

Chain Snake Catesby, 174:1, Carol., 11,52. Chain Snake; King Snake;
Thunder Snake. Southern Stales to Texas.

Var. sayi (King Snake) 68

CoroneUa sayi Moll,,-., 1842, Herp., 99, pi. 22; I). & B., 1854, Erp., VII,
619; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 41. Coluber sayi DeK., 1842, Rept., 41. II, r-
petodryas getulus Schleg., 1837, Kssai, I, 15:1. II, 198. Lampropeltis get'
ulus Fitz.. 1843, Syst.. 25. Laiaiirupillis *">/i Cope, 18(10, Pr. Phil. Ac,
254. Ophibolus sayi II. & G., 1853, Serp., pp. 84, 159, — 1854, Marcy'a
Exp., pi. 7 ; Bd., 1S59, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 30, f. 59. 0. getulus var.
sayi Cope, 1S75, Checklist, 37. O. getulus sayi Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U.
S. Mus., 23. CoroneUa getulus var. sayi .Ian, 1863, Sist., 47, — 1865,
Icon., livr. 14, pi. 5, f. 2. Mississippi Valley to Illinois and Texas.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 157

OPHID I A— Continued.
Var.

C9

Ophibolua boylii B. & G, 1853, Serp., 82; Bd., 1859, P. R R. Rep., X,
11, pi. 30, f. 57, — 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 20; Cope, 1806, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 305, 0. getulus subsp. boylii Cope, 1875, Checklist, 37;
Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 538; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep.,
V, (Us. Coronella balteala Hall., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac., 236, — 1859, P.
K. R. Rep., X, 14. ? ( '. getida Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 25. C. getvlm
var. boylii Jan, 1863, Sist,, 47. Lampropeltis boylii Cope, 1860, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 255. /.. boylii var. conjuncta Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil, Ac, 255,
— 1861, 1. c, p. ".in. Coronella gelvlw var. pseudoi/etaZus .Ian, 1863,
Sist, 47, — 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 6, f. 2.

California to Mexico.

Var. SPLENDIDU8

Ophibolm xplendidw P. .V G., 1853, Serp., 83; Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound.,
II, Rept., pi. 1 1, 1'. 20, - P. R R. Rep., X, pi. 30, f. 58; Cope, 1866,
IV. Phil. Ac, 310. LampropeUh splendida Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac,
255. Ophibolm getulus subsp. splendidw Cope, 1875, Checklist, 37;
Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Pep., V, 619. Coronella getulus var. splendida
Jan, 1863, Sist, 47, 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 6, f. 1.

Back black, crossed by 50 to 63 broad bands of Iighl color, forming
a spot in the middle of each seale. Nearly all scales on the flank,
with more or less white in the center. The dorsal hands bifurcate
on the Hank, inclosing rhomboid spots of darker, which often extend
upon the ventrals. Belly white, blotched with black.

Arizona ami Southern California to Mexico.

Var. CALIFORNIAE

Coluber (Ophis) californiae Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IV, pi. 27, f . 1 ; B.
&G., 1853, Serp., 153. Coronella californiae T>. &B., 1854, Erp., VII,
623. ( '. ;/• tulus var. californiae Jan, 1S63, Sist, 47, — 1865, Icon., livr.
14, j.1. 5, f. 3. Ophibolus californiae Cope, 1875, Checklist, 37.

More yellow than black, the latter forming more or less effaced,
anastomosing and broken longitudinal lines on the hack. The ver-
tebral lines darker. Oculars 1 — 2.

California.

Var. PYRRHOMELAS ■

Ophibolvs pyrrhomelanus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 305. 0. pyrrnomelas
Cope, 1875, Checklist, 37; Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 537. O.
pyrrhomelas ('oik's, 1875, Wheeler's Pep., V, (ill).

Arizona; Sonora.

Liopiiis

Wagler, 1830, Amph., 187; D. & P., 1854, Erp., VII, 697; Gthr., 1858,
Cat., 42.

LlOPHIs BLAFOIDES

Pliocercus elapoides Cope, 1860, Pr. ri.il. Ac, 253; Pete,-. 1869, Mb.,
' Perl. Akad., 876. Elapochrus deppei Peters, 1860, Mb. Berl. Akad.,

263. UopUis tricincM Jan, 1863, Sist, 53, — 1866, Icon., livr. 18, pi.

4, f. 4-C. Mexico.

G7

Gil

69

158 SYSTEMATIC LIST AXD SYNONYMY.

OPHIDI A— Continued.

DlADOPIIIS 70

Baird and Giiard, 1853, Serp., 112.

DlADOPIIIS ANNULATU8 70

Enicogtmthus annulatus 1>. & J!., 1854, Erp., VII, 335, pi. SO, f. 1-3; Jan,
1863, Sist., 51, — 1866, Icon., livr. 16, pi. 4, f. 3.

Mexico.

DlADOPIIIS DECORATUS 71

Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 250. Coronella decorate Gthr., 1858, Cat., 35.
Enicognathus vittatus Jan, 1863, Sist., 50, — 1SGG, Icon., livr. 16, pi. 2,
f. 2-3. Bhadinea decorata Cope, 1875, Jour. PliiJ. Ac, 138.

Southern Mexico.

DlADOPHIS FULVIVITTIS * 71

Rhadinea fulncitta Cope, 1875, Jour. Phil. Ac, 139.

Southern Mexico.

DlADOPIIIS PUNCTATUS 72

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 112; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f.
82; Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 250; Jan, 1S63, Sist., 49, — 1866, Icon.,
livr. 15, pi. 6, f. 1; Bd., 1854, Serp. N. Y., 24; Allen, 1869, Pr. Bost.
Soc, 182. Coluber punctatus Linn., 1700, Syst., I, 370; Gmel., 1788,
Syst. Linn., I, 1089; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 354, — 1835, Med.
Res., 117; Storer, 1839, Kept. Mass.. 225; Holhr., 1842, Herp., Ill,
81, pi. 18; DeK., 1842, Rept. N. Y., 39, pi. 14, f. 29; Jones, 1805,
Rept. Nova Scotia, 5. Calamaria punctata Sohleg., 1837, Essai, I, 132,
II, 39. SpUetes punctatus Swains., 1839, Hist. Asaph., II, 364. Ablabet
punctata 1>. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 310; Gthr., 185S, Cat., 28. Diado-
phis punctatus subsp. punctatus Cope, 1875, Checklist, 37. 1). punctata)
var. paUidus Cope, 1800, Pr. Phil. Ac, 259.

Southern and Eastern States to Nova Scotia.

Var. arnyi 72

Diadophis arnyi Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99; Cope, 1875, Checklist,
38. Liophis | Diadophis) arnyi < rthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 413. Diado-
phis punctatus var. arnyi Jan, 1803, Sist., 49, — 1866, Icon., livr. 15,
pi. <;, f. 5. 1). dysopes Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 251, — 1875, Check-
list, 38. /'. punctatus var. hiilus Jan, 18(13, Sist., 49, — 1866, Icon.,
livr. 15, pi. 0, f. 0.

Illinois to Arkansas.

Var. DOCILIS 72

Diadophis dodlis I'.. A; G., is:,:;, Serp., Ill; '.' Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Pep.,
X, pi. 32, I'. 1, pi. 33, i. 8|; Coues, 187:., Wheeler's Rep., Y, 623. D.
punctatus var. docilis Jan, 181,:;. Sist., 19, - 1866, Icon., livr. 15. pi. (i,
f. 2. Ablabes occipitalis Gthr., 1858, Cat., 29. Diadophis occipitalis
Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac. 250. ]). punctatus var. stictogenys Cope, 1860,
Pr. Phil. Ac, 250, — 1875 (subspecies), Checklist, !!7, — 1880, Bull.
20, U. S. Mus., 23. I>. U censis Kenn., 1800, Pr. Phil. Ac, 328.

Texas to Mexico,

SYSTEMATIC LIST AM) SVXoXYMV. 1-59

OPHIDIA-Com

lnucii

Var. AMABILIS

Jan, 1863, Sist., 49, — 1866, Icon., livr. 15, p], ft, f. 4. Diadophit ama-
bin* B. & G., 1853, Serp., 11:!; Bd., 1859, 1'. R K. Rep., X, pi. ::::, f.
83. DiadophispulcheRm 15. A <;., 1853, Serp., 115; Bd., 1859, P. R. R.
Eep., X, pi. 33, t". 85; Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 538. D.
punctatua var. pttleheRtn < tope, 1860, IV. Phil. Ac, 250; Jan, 1863, Sist.,
49, — 1SG6, Icon., livr. 15, pi. 6, f. 3.

( rreenish to blackish-brown, punctulate with black. Belly orange,
more or less sprinkled or spotted with black. Occipital ring moder-
ate. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 184 to 204. Subcaudals 59 to 60.

Arizona to California.

Diadopiiis regalis 73

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 115, 161 ; Bd., 1S59, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi.
33, f. SO; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, ftl':'.; Cope, 1875, Check-
list, 38. Mexico.

Rhinocheii.us 73

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 120.

RHINOCHEILUS LECONTEI 73

B. & G., 1853, Serp., 120, 101 ; Bd., 1S59, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f. 90 ;
Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304; Jan, 1863, Prodr. Icon. Olid., II, —
1863, Sist., 43, — 1876, Icon., livr. 48, pi. 3, '.. 1 ; Coues, 1875, Wheel-
er's Rep., Y, 623; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 36, — 1880, Bull. 20, U. S.
Mus., 23.

Texas to California.

Var. tessei.i.a'its var. n 74

Mexico.

Heteeodon 74

(Pal. de Beauv., 1799) Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 32; Fitz., 1826, Class., 5(i;
Gray, 1831, Synops. (An. King. Grill'., IX), 85; Troost, 1836, Ann. X.
Y. Lye, III, 183; Schleg., 1837, Essai, 11,96; Holhr., 1842, Herp.,
Ill, 37; B. A: <!., 185.;, Serp., 51 ; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 764; Gthr.,
1S5S, Cm., 82.

Hetebodon platykhincs (Hog-nose Snake) 75

Latreille, L802, Kept., IV, 32, pi. 28, !'. 1-::; Holbr., 1838, Herp., 11,97,
pi. 21, — 1812, Herp., IV, pi. 17; B. & G., 1853, Serp., 51 ; Bd., 1859,
P. R. 1!. Pep., X. pi. 28, f. 38; Stor., 1839, Kept., Mass., 231; D. &
B., 1851, Erp., VII, 766; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 82; Jan, 1863, Sist., 44, -
1X7(1, Icon., livr. 48. pi. .",, f. 2; Cope. 1S75, Checklist, 4:1, 1X77,
Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, ftl; DeK., 1842, Rept. X. Y, 55; Bd., 1854, Serp.
N. Y., IX; Allen, 1869, Pr. Post. Soc, 182. //. cotpiatus P.. & <i..
185::, Serp., 54; Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound. Surv., II. 17, P. P. R.
Rep., X, pi. 28, f. 39. Coluber heterodon Daud., 1803, Rept., VII, 153,
1.1. (ill, f. 28; Say, 1818, Am. Jour. Sc'i., 1, 261; Hail., 1X27, Jour.
Phil. Ac., 357, — 1835, Med. Res., 120. //. tigrinus Troost, 1836, Ann.
N. Y. Lye, III, 189; DeK., 1842, Rept. X. Y., 52. E Snake

C'atesby, 1743, Carol., II, 56.

Eastern, Middle, and Southern States.

1(50 systematic LIST A\l» SYNONYMY,

O P H I D I A— Continued.

Var. NIGER 7G

Jan, L863, Sist., 44. Heterodon niger Troost, 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 186;
Holbr., 1838, Herp., II, L05, pi. 23, 1842, Herp., IV, 63, pi. 1G;
DeK., 1842, Rept. N. V., 52; B. A G., 1853, Serp., 55; D. & 1!., 1854,
Erp., VII, 769; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 83; Bd., 1859, I'. R. E. Rep., X, pi.
28, f. 40. H.atmodea I!. A- <!., 1853, Serp., 57; Bd., 1859, P. R. Ii.
Rep., X, pi. 28, f. 41. //. platyrhinus subsp. at/nodes Cope, 1875,
Checklist, 45. Scytale niger Land., 1803, Rept, V, 342; Hurl., 1827,
Jour. Phil. Ac, 307, — 1835, Med. Res., 130. Coluber cacodaemon
Shaw, 1802, Zool., HI, ."77, [J. 102. C. tivraso Harl., 1885, .Mel. Res.,
120. Heterodon annulatm Troost, 1836, Ann. Lye. N. Y., Ill, 188;
DeK., 1812, Rept N. Y., 52. The Block Viper Catesby, 174:!, Carol.,
II, 44. Southern Slates easl of the Mississippi.

Heterodon simub 76

Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 57, pi. 15; DeK., 1842, Kept. N. Y., 52; I!. &
G., 185:;, Serp., 59; Mart., 1856, Mas. Berl., 2'.); Bd., 1859, I'. R. R.
Lop., X, pi. 28, f. 42, 12 b. II. platyrhinus Sehleg., 1837, Essai, I, 140,
II, pi. 3, f. 20-22. Coluber simm Linn., 1700, Syst., I, 375; Gmel.,
1788, Syst., Linn., I, 1086. II. simus subsp. simus Cope, 1875, Check-
list, 43. Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic

Var. nasicuS 77

Heterodon nasicus B. & G., 1852, Stansbury's Exp., 352, — 1854, Marcy's
Exp., 193, pi. 4, — 1853, Serp., 01, 157; Bd., 185!), P. R. R. Rep., X,
pi. 28, f. 43; Hall., 1853, Sitgreave's Exp., 147, — 1850, IV. Phil. Ac,
249; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Lop., X, Whipple's 41, Beckwith's 19, —
1859, Mex. Bound., II, Kept., 18, pi. 11, £. 1; Hayd., 1802, Trans. Am.
Phil. Sue, 177; Cope, 1806, Pr. Phil. Ac, 307; Allen, 1874, Pr. Bosk
Sue, 69; Jan, 1863, Sist., 40, — 1805, Iron., livr. 10, pi. 5. H. cutenbyi
Gthr., 185S, Cat., 83. //. simus subsp. nasicus Cope, 1875, Checklist,
43; Yarrow, 1S75, Wheeler's Rep., V, 555; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's
Rep., V, 611. California to Texas and Nebraska.

Var. kenxeulyi 77

Jfeleniihni. huiirrhji Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336; Jan, 1865, Icon.,
livr. 10, pi. 5, f. 2. Sonora, Mexico.

Cemophora 77

Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 244.

Cemophora coccinea 78

Cope, 1800, Pr. Phil. Ac, 244; Jan, 1803, Sist., 45, — 1805, Icon., livr.
11, pi. 5, f. 2; O.po, L875, Checklist, 36, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc,
05. Coluber coccineus Blumenbach, 1788, Licht & Voigt, Mag., pi. V;
Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., 1, 1097; Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 138; Daud.,
Rept,, VII, pi. 83, f. 1; liar!., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 356, — 1835,
Med. Res., 119. Heterodon coccineus Schleg., 183,7, Essai, I, 141, II,

102, pi. 3, f. 15, 16. Simntrs euerhi, us I >. c\ 1!., 1854, Erp., VII, 637, pi.
82, f. 2; Mart.. 1856, Mus. Berl., 25; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 26. Rhinos-
loma coccinea Holbr., 1842, Herp., HI, 125, pi. 30; B. & G., 1853, Serp.,
118; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f. 89. Maps coccineus Merr.,
1820, Syst. Amph., 145. Southern States east of Texas,

- [-EMATIC LIST and SYNONYMY, 161

OP HID I A— Continued.

Var. copei "8

copi i Jan, 1863, Sist., 45, — Icon., livr. 1 1, pi. 5, f. 3.

Tennessee.

Xenodon 79

Boie, 1827, Ms, 541; Schleg., 18 .7, Essai, II, p. 80; D. & B., L854, Erp.,
VII, 7."):',; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 53; Jan. 1863, Arch. Zool., 106.

Xenodon bertholdi 79

Jan, 1863, Aroh Zool., H. 108, 1863, Sist., 56, 1866, [con., livr. 19,
pi. 4, f. 2. A variety of X. colubrinus, from Para, of Guenther.

Mexico.

Hypsiglena » . . . . 79

Cope, I860, 1'r. Phil. Ac, 246.

Hypsiglena ocheobhyncha 80

//. ochrorhynchm Cope, I860, l'r. Phil. Ac, 246, — 1875, Checklist, 38.

Lower ( 'alifornia.

Var. chlorophaea

Hypsiglena chloropliaea Cope, 1860, l'r. Phil. Ac, 247. II. ochrorhynchiu
var. chlorophaea Cope, 1866, l'r. Phil. Ac, 304. IT. ochrorhynchm
subsp. chlorophaea Cope, 1875, Checklist, 38. 11. ochrorhyncha chloro-
phaea Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 622.

More slender. Colors darker; spots black. Ventrals 167. Subcau-
dals 55 pairs.

Arizona to Sonora.

CALAMARINAE 81

Calamaridae Gthr., L858, Cat., 2; Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., I.

Ficimia 81

Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80.

Ficimia frontalis • 82

Toluca frontalis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 107.

ColimA, .Mexico.

Ficimia cana S3

Gyalopion canum Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 243, 310, — 1875, Checklist,
36; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V> 624, pi. 18, l. 2.

Arizona.

Ficimia nascx 83

C6nopsis iiiixhs < itbr., 1858, Cat., 6. California.

Ficimia lineata

Toluca lineata i Cenn.) Bd., 1589, Mex. Bound., II, Kept.. 23, pi. 21, f. 2,
- 1859, P. R. R. Hep.. X. pi. 35, f. 8; Cope, L860, Pr. Phil. Ac., 241.
Oxyrhina >'<■ Filippii Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, pp. 54, 61, — 1863,
Sist., 41. Stenorhina di FUippii Jan, 1857, Ind. Rett Mus. Milan, 48.
Stenorhim varians Jan, 1857, Ind. Rett. Mus. Milan, 18. Oxyrhina
variant Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., IT. pp. 54, 60, - 1863, sist., 11.

Body stout; head Bhort, indistinct, pointed; ~in.ui acute, promi-
nent; crown arched; tail short, about one sixth of total. Rostral
Mem. — vol. n — 11.

162 SYSTEMATIC LIST AM> SYNONYMY,

0 P H I D I A— Continued.

large, turned back on the top of the snout. Frontal large, anterior
angle separating the prefrontals. Nasal entire. No loreal. Oculars
1—2. Labials 7, first small. Infralabials 6. Scales smooth, in 17
rows, outer row broader than long. Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two
rows. Uniform light-brownish ash above, with three imperfect lon-
gitudinal stripes of blackish, each on a single row of scales.

Mexico.

FlCIMIA MACULATA 84

Oxyrhina rnaculata Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 54, 61, — 1863, Sist., 41,
— 187(5, Icon., livr. 48, pi. 2, f. 2-4.

Mexico.

FlCIMIA VARfEGATA 84

Cope, 1S66, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120. ArrMymetopon variegation Gthr., 1S58,

Cat. 7.

Mexico.

FlCIMIA OLTVACEA 84

Gray, 184',), Cat. Serp., 80; Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120, - 1866, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 132; Peters, 1869, Mb. Deri. Akad., 875; Steind., 1870,
Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, 344, pi. 6.

Mexico.

Cheilorhina 85

Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., LT, 57.

Cheilorhina vii.i.ahsii 85

Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 57,— 1863, Hist., 41, - 1876, [con., livr. 48,
pi. 1, f. 5.

Western .Mexico.

Stenorhina 85

Dum. Bibr., 1854, Erp., VII, 865.

Stenorhina fremlnvillei 85

D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 868. S. degi nhardtii var. fn min.mll i Jan, 1862,
Arch. Zool., II, 65, — 1SG3, Sist., 41. '.' Bergenia mexieana Steind.,
1807, Novara Exp., Kept., 92.

Central America and Mexico.

Stenorhina quinquelineAta 86

Mierophu quinqudineatw Hall., 1854, I'r. Phil. Ac, 97. S. degenhardtii
var. quinqvdineata Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., 55,05. Stenorhina quinqve-
lineata Cope, I860, l'r. Phil. Ac, 243.

Mexico.

Tantiixa 80

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 131.

Tantilla gracilis 87

B. & G., 1853, Serp., 132, 161 ; Cope. 1866, I'r. Phil. Ac, 126, — 1S75,
Checklist, 35, - 1880, Bull. 20, V. S. Mus., 20; Bd., 1859, Mcx.
Bound., II, Bept., 23. Homalocranion gracile Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool.,
II, 50, — 1803, Sist., 39, — 1800, Icon., livr. 15, pi, 2, f. 1.

Texas.

SYSTEMATIC MST AND SYNONYMY, 163

OPHID I A— Continued.

Yar. hallowellh

T'uuiiiii Hall., 1856, Pr. Phil. A.c, 246. T. Hailowellii Cope, 1860, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 77, — 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120,— 1875, Checklist, 35.

Oculars 1 1. Noloreal. Frontal broad, short, hexagonal. Tem-
porals -'. Labials 6, third and fourth in orbit, fourth to sixth large.

Infralabials (i, fourth largest. Scales s th, in 15 rows, outer

larger. Ventrals 130. Anal entire. Snbcaudals 1*2 pairs. Light
brown or olive above; light beneath. A villi bra] narrow dark-
colorcl line from the back of the head.

Kansas.

Var. CALAMA1SINA 87

Tantilla calamarina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 320. T. bimacufata Cope,
1875, Rept. Costa Rica, 143.

Guadalaxara, Mexico.

Tantilla nigriceps , 88

Kennicott, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 328; Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 12G,—
1875, Checklist, :;.">, — 1880, Lull. 20, V. S. Mus., 20; Cones, 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V. 626. Scolecophis fumkeps (.'ope, I860, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 371, — 1801, Pr. Phil. Ac, 74.

Texas and New Mexico.

Tantilla coronata . . . . ; 88

Laird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 131; Bd., 1850, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f.
00; Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120, — 1875, Checklist, 35, — 1S77, Pr.
Am. Phil. Soc, 05. Homahcranum melamoeephalum Jan, 1862, Arch.
Zool., 11,50, 51 (mixed).

Gulf States.

Var. wagnbri" 88

Homalocranion wagneri .Ian. 1862, \rch. Zoul., II, 50, 51, — 1803, Sist.,
40, — 1800, Icon., Iivr. 15, pi. 2, f. 3.

Florida.

Tantilla planiceps 89

Cope, 1875, Checklist, 35 (name). Coluber planiceps Llainv., 1835,

Nouv. Ann. .Mus. Paris, IV. 294, pi. 27, f. 3; B. & G., 1853, Serp.,

154. HomaJocranion planiceps Dum., 1852, Mem. Ac. Sci., XXIII,

M00; I>. & ]',., 1854, I'.rp., VII, S57; Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 51, 55,

- 1SG3, Sist., 40, — 1800, Icon., Iivr. 15, pi. 2, f. 2.

California.

Elapomorphtjs 89

(Wiegmann) Fitz., 1843, Syst. Rept., 25.

Elapomorphtjs mexicantts 89

Guenther, 1S02, Ana. -Mag. Xat. Hist., pi. 0. f. 1 (extr. p. 0).

Mexico.

Contia 90

Laird and Girard, 1853, Serp., 110.

1C4 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

OP HID I A— Continued.

(SONORA.)

OONTU SEMI ANNUL ATA 90

Sonora sermanrndata B. &G., 1853, Serp., 117; Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound.,
II, Kept., 21, pi. lit, f. 3, — P. R. K. Rep.,X, pi. 33, E. 88; Cope,
1875, Checklist, 36.

Sonora.

CONTIA OCCIPITALia HI

Bhinostoma occipiUrte Hull., 1854, IV. Phil. Ac, 95, — 1856, IV. Phil.
Ac, 311, — 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Kept., 1"). Lamprosoma occipitale
Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 21, pi. 21, f. 1, — I'. B. B. Rep., X,
pi. 35, f. ii7. ChionactU occipitalis Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 241, —
1875, Checklist, 35.

Arizona.

Var. ANNl'I.ATA 91

Lamprosoma annulatum Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., 11,22. Chionactis occip-
italis subsp. cmnvlata Cope, 1875, Checklist, 36.

Arizona.

CoNTIA ISOZONA 92

Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304, — 1875, Checklist, 36; Yarrow, 1875,
Wheeler's Exp., V, 037, pi. IS, f. 1.

Arizona to Utah.

( PnOCINURA.)

Contia aemtla i'.' position) '.'2

Procinura aemiUa Cope, 1S70, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 262.

Mexican Plateau.

(CoNTIA.)

CONTIA I'YGAEA 93

Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac, 223, — 1875, Checklist, 30, — 1877, Pr. Am.
Phil. Soc, 65.

Florida.

Contia mitis 93

Baird & Girard, 1853, Serp., 110; Bd., 1859, P. K. R. Pep., X, pi. 36, f.

7; Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 251, - 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 74. Ablabes

. purpureocauda Gthr., 1858, Cat., 245. Homalosoma mite Jan, 1862,

Arch. Zool., II, 33, 35, — 1863, Si~t., 3ti. - - 1865, Icon., livr. 13, pi. 4,

f. 1.

California.

Contia episcopa 94

Cope. 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 251, — 1875, Checklist, 36, - 1880, Bull. 2(1,
U. S. Mus., 2o. Lamprosoma episcopum Kenn., 1859, .Mex. Bound., II,
Rept., 22, pi. 8, f. 2. 1 ( 'ontia episcopa subsp. torquata Cope, 1880, Bull.
20, U. S. Mas., 20. C. episcopa suhsp. episcopa Cope, /. c, 20. Homo-
losoma episcopum Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 33, 35, — 1863, Sist., 37,
— 1805, Icon., livr. 13, pi. 1, f. 2.

Texas.

4

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 165

O P H I D I A— Continued.

LODIA

Baird & < rirard, 1853, < !at N. A. Serp., 116.

Head distinct Frontal divided transversely. Nasal in two parts.
Loreal entering orbit, fused with the lower anteocular. Oculars 1—2.
Mentals nne pair. Eyes rather large, pupil round. Scales smooth.
Anal bifid. Subcaudals in two rows.

LontA TENUIS

B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., N, pi. 36, f. 8; Cope,
1875, < iheoklist, 36. ( 'alamaria tenuis I'.. & ( i., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 176.
Body slen.ler, subcylindrieal; tail short, conical, tapering. Frontal
hexagonal, lateral borders parallel. A small subelliptical shield
between prefrontals and frontal. Internasals subtriangular, about
half as large as prefrontals. Rostral broad. Nasal in two parts,
nostril between. Loreal large, elongate, entering the orbit, fused
with lower anteocular. Oculars 1 — 2. Anterior temporal largest,
elongate. Labials (5. Infralabials 0, fourth largest. One pair of
mentals, (scales rather large, smooth, in 15 rows, outer broader.
Yentrals 150. Anal entire. Subcaudals 33 pairs. Brown above,
bluish laterally, with a longitudinal stripe of lighter on each flank.
Belly lighter, bases of scutes bluish.

Oregon and Washington Territories.

Ninia 94

B. &G., 1853, Serp., -10. Streptophorus D. & B., 1854, Erp., YII, 514.

Ninia uebmanni 95

Chersadromus liebmanni Keinh., 1860, Vid. Medd. Kjobenh., 35, pi. IY,
f. 10, 11; Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac., 302; Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II,
25, — 18G5, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 3, f. 2.

Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Ninia sebae 95

Cope, 18G0, Pr. Phil. Ac., 340. Streptophorus sebae I). & B., 1854, Erp.,
VII, 515; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 10; Jan, 1S02, Arch. Zool., II, 26, 27, —
1803, Sist., 34, — 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 3, f. 4; Mart., 1850, Mug.
Berl., 28.

Mexico.

Ninia COTXARIB 95

Streptoplwrus sebae var. coUaris J&u, 1805, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 3, f. 6.

Mexico.

Ninia sieboldi '• • 90

Ehpoides sieboldi Jan, 1802, Arch. Zool., II, 21, - 1863, Sist., 33, —

L865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 1, i. 4.

Mexico.

Ninia diademata 90

B. & G., 1853, Serp., 49; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 27, f. 37.
Tropidnnotm dimidiatus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 297. Streptophorus
bifastiatus D. & P., 1854, Erp., YII, 520; Cope, 1800, Pr. Phil. Ac,
::■ Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 20, — 1863, Sist., 34, — 1865, Icon.,
livr. 12, pi. :;, f. 3. -Mexico.

lG<j SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

O P H I D I A— Continued.

Southeastern States.

Virginia 96

B. & G., L853, Serp., 127

Virginia striatula 07

t\,hii>,r gtriatulm Linn., 1766, Syst., I. 375; Gmel., 1788, Syst. I. inn., T,
1087; Daub., 1784-92, Encycl. Meth., [1,684; Latr., 1802, Rept., IV,
84; Daud., 1803, Rept., VII, 200; Merr., 1820, Syst., 118; Harl., 1827,
Jour. Phil. Ac, V, 354, 1835, Med. Res., 117. Calamaria striatula
Schleg., 1837, I, 133, 11, 43; Htolbr., 1842, Herp, III, 123, pi. 29.
Hatdea striatula B. & G., Is:,::, Serp., 122; Mart., 1856, Mas. Berl.,23;
Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X. pi. 32, I. 91 ; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 35, —
1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mm, 20. Conocepkalus striaivlvi D. .V B., 1854,
Erp., VII, 140; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 17; Jan, 1862, Arch. Zo.Jl., II, 24,
— 1863, Sist, 34, - Icon., livr. 12, pi. 3, )'. 1.

Virginia to Texas.

Virginia inornata sp. n 97

Texas.

Virginia elegans 98

Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 00; Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 24, — 1863,
Sist., 34, — 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 2, f. 6; Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S.
Mus., p. 20.

Southern Illinois.

Virginia Valerias 98

B. & G., 1853, Serp., 127; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f. 04; Jan,
18G2, Arch. Zool., II, 24, — 1863, Sist., 34, — 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi.
2, f. 5; Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., p. 20.

Maryland to Georgia and Illinois.

Var. iiarperti 99

Carphophis harperii D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 135; Cope, 1880, Bull. 20,
r. S. Mus.. 20. Virginia harperti Cope, 1875, Checklist, 35. I". vale-
riae Jan, 1863, Sist., 34. ( 'duta harp Hi Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 23.

Georgia to Texas.

Carphoppis 99

Gervais, 184?., D'Orb. Diet. d'llist. Nat, TIT, 191; D. & B., 1854, Erp.,
VII, 13?.. Celvta B. & G., 1853, Serp. 129

Carphophis straminea 99

Chilomeniscus straminew Cope, I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 33, — 1861, Pr. Phil.
Ac., 302, — 1875, Checklist, 35.

Lower California.

CARrttorms cincta 100

Chilomeniscm cinctm Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 303, — 1875, Checklist,

35. C. ephippicus Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 85, — 1875, Checklist, 35.

Guaymas, Sonora.

Carphophis helenae 100

Celuta helii'i, Kenn.. 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 100. Carphophiopt helenae
Cope, 1S75, Checklist, 34. Carphophw amoena var. helenae Jan, 1862,
Arch. Zool., 2o, — 1863, Sist, 33. Illinois to Mississippi

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 167

OPHIDI A— Contained.

CARpnorins amoena ("Ground Snake") 100

Gervais, 1843, D'Orb. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, III, 191; D. & B., 1854, Erp.,
VII, 131; Gthr., 1858, Cat, 18; Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 79; Jan,
1862, Arch. Zool., 23, — 1863, Sist, 33, — 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 2,
f. 4; Allen, 1869, Pr. Bost Soc, 182. Cohihn- amoenua Say, 1825,
.Lair. Phil. Ac, IV, 237; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 355, — 1835,
Med. Res., 118; Storer, 1839, Rept Mass., 226; Linsley, 1844, Am.
Jour., vol. 45, p. 43. Brachyorrhos amoenua Holla., 1842, Herp., Ill,
115, pi. 27. Carphophiops vermiformis Gerv., 1S43, Dirt. Hist. Nat.,
Ill, 101. C. amoenus Cope, 1875, Checklist, 34. Calamarw amoena
Schleg., 1837, Essai, I, 130, II, 31, pi. 1, f. 10-20. Cduta amoena B. &
G., 1S53, Serp., 129; Mart., 1856, Mua. BerL, 23; Baird, 1854, Serp.
N. Y., 25, — 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 33, f. 95.

Massachusetts to Illinois and southward.

Var. vermis 101

Cduta vermis Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99. Carphophiops vermis Cope,
1875, Checklist, 34.

Missouri and southward.

Geopiiis 101

Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., 342.

Geopiiis semidoliatus 102

Peters, 1859, Mb. Berl. Akad., 275. Rabdosoma semidoliatum T>. & B.,
1854, Erp., VII, 93. Rhabdosoma semidoliatum <llhr., 1858, Cat, 10;
Mart, 1856, Mus. Berl., 23; Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 78. Colostoma
semidoliatum Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 339. Elapoides semidoliatus
Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., 21, 22, — 1863, Sist, 33, — 1865, Icon., livr.
12, pi. 2, f. 1.

Mexico.

Geopiiis BICOLOB ■ 102

Guenther, 1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 413.

Valley of Mexico.

Geopiiis latifrontalis sp. n 103

San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Geopiiis i.ippiens 103

Sympholis lippiens Cope, 1801, Pr. Phil. Ac, 524

Guadalaxara, Mexico.

1G8 SYSTEMATIC Lisr AND SYNONYMY.
TOXICOPHIDIA (Venomous Snakes) 104

PROTEROGLYPHA 104

CONOCERCA 104

ELAPIDAB 104

Gthr., 1858, Cat., 209.

Elaps 104

Schneider, 1801, Hist. Amph., II, 280.

Elaps fulvius ("Harlequin Snake") 105

Cuvier, 1817, Regn. Anim., II, 84; Fit/.., L828, tteue Class., lil ; Holbr.,
L838, llerj)., II, 87, pL 18, - 1842, Herp., Ill, 40, pi. X; B. & G.,
L853,Serp.,21; D. & V,., 1854, Erp., VII, 1215; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 235;
11.1. , P. K. E. Rep., X, pi. 25, f. 15; Cope, 1859, IV. Phil. Ac, 344, —
1875, Checklist, 34, — 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mns., 23; Jan, 1859, Rev.
& Mag. Zool. (Extr., p. 6), — 1863, Sist., 113, — 1872, Icon., livr. 42,
pi. 2, f. 1; Dam. BoC, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., pi. 23; Audubon, Orni-
thol., I, pL 44. ( 'oluber fulviva Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 381 ; Gmel., 1788,
Syst. Linn., 1, 1104; Latr., 1802, Rept., IV, 140; Shaw, 1802, Zool.,
Ill, 469; Baud., 1803, Rept., VI, 300; Say. 1825, Am. Jour. Sci., I,
202. Vipera fulvia Harl., 1827, .lour. Phil. Ac, 304, — 1885, Med.
Res., 127. Le Noire etfauve LaC., 1789, Quad. <>vip. et Serp., II, 299.
? EUij'.< fulvius var. hypoetema Jan. 1863, Sist., 113.

Southern States east of the Mississippi.

Var. NIGKOCINCTtJS 106

Elaps nigrocinetw Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 226, — 1855, Gilliss' Exp.,
11,210; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 345; Sumichrast, 1881, Hull. Soc
Zool.de France, 184 /.'. divai •icatus Hall., 1855, Jour. Phil. Ac, 36.
E. jii-iiKj' H Jan, 1859, Rev. & Mag. Zool, pp. 5 and 10. E. fulvius
vat.jtizingeri Jan, 1863, Sist., 113, — 1872, [con., livr. 42, pi. 2, f. 3.

Central America to Mexico.

Var. affinis 106

Jan, 1863, Sist., 113, — 1872, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 1, f. 2. Elaps affinis
Jan, 1850, Rev. & .Mag. Zool., pp. 6 and 14, pi. B, f. 2.

Mexico.

Var. bipunctigeb

Elaps Upundiger l». & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1227. Elaps d!aln>ix Kenn.,
18G0, Pr. Phil. Ac, 338; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 34. E. ornatissimta
Jan, 1859, Rev. <& Mag. Zool. I Extr. pp. 5 and 10, pi. A, f. 3), — 1863,
Sist, U3, — 1872, Ic.n., livr. 42, pi. I, I'. 1.

Scales unicolor. Throat white, perhaps yellowish in life. Vertex
black, followed by a collar of white or red. The specimen described
had forty-three circles of white or red. The rings were narrow, occu-
pying but two of the ventrals. Muzzle without a black spot. The
name bipunctiger was given on account of a couple of light-colored
Spots in the black of the crown. Tip of tail black.

Mexico; Florida.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 169

TOXICOPHIDI A— Continued.

Var.TENEB

Wlaps tenere B. & <;.. 1853, Serp., pp. 22, 156; Bd., 1859, P. R. R Rep.,
X. pi. 25, f. 16. /■: trittis B. &G., 1853, Serp., 23; Bd., 1859, P. R. R.
Rep., X, pi. 25, f. IT. E. fulvius subsp. tener Cope, 1875, Checklist,
34.

Anterior portion of head black. A yellow occipital ring. Black
rings fifteen in number. Red rings broadest. Yellow rings about
half us wide us the black, and twice us many as either black or red.
Tip of tail black. Ventrals 224 to 227. Subcaudals 26 to 38.

Texas.

Var. Apia-its • 10"

Jan, 1863, Sist., 113. Elaps opiates .Tun, 1859, Rev. & Mag. Zool.
(Extr., pp. (i, 11, pi. A, f. 4).

Vera Cruz.

Var. EPISTEMA 106

Elaps epistema D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1222; Gthr., 1858, Cat., 236;
Jan, 1859, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (Extr., p. 0), — 1803, Sist., 113.

Mexico.

Var. ni istema 107

Jan, 18112,, Sist., 11.",. Elaps diastema P. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1222;
Sumichr., 1881, Bull. Soc. Zoiil. de France, 185.

Mexico.

Var. CEREBIilPUNCT ATI'S 107

Maps eerebripunctatus Pet, 18G9, Mb. Berl. Akad., 877.

Pueblo, Mexico.

Elaps eubyxahtjtus • • 107

Kenn., I860, Pr. Pbil. Ac., 337; Cope,1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 296, - 1866,

Pr. Phil. Ac, 307, — 1875, Checklist, 34; Coues, 1875, Wheeler's

Rep., V, 611.

Arizona to Mexico.

El.APS LATICOLLAKIS 107

Elaps marcgravii var. laticoUaris Pet., L869, Mb. Berl. Akad.. 877.

"Pueblo, Mcxic,."

El. APS DECORATUS I(|S;

Jan, 1859, Rev. £ Mag. Zool. (Extr., pp. 7, 14, pi. B, f. 5), — 1863, Sist.,
114, — 1s7l>, [con., livr. 4:', pi. li, f. 4.

Mexico.

Kl.AI'S ELEGANS 10S

Jan, L859, Rev. .V Mag. Zool. (Extr., pp. 0. 1:5, pi. B, f. 11. — 180:',, Sist.,
114, — 1872, Icon., livr. 42, pi. 5, i. 2; Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 295.

Mexico.

PLATYCERCA 109

HYDROPHIDAE 10°

Pelamis 1°9

Daudin, 1S03, Rept., VII, 357.

170 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

TOXICOPHIDI A— Continued.

I'm. AMIS PLATUKA

Angvk plaiura Linn., 1766, Syst, [,391. Hydrophis plaiwra Latr., 1802,
Bept., IV, 197. Hydrus bkobr Schneid., 1801, A.mph., I, 242; Shaw,
1802, Zool., Ill, 566. Pdamis bicohr Daud., L803, Rept, VII, 366, pi.
89; Men-., 1820, Syst., 138; Cray, 1842, Zool. Misc., 60, - L849, Cat.
Snakes, 41; I>. & P.., 1854, Brp., VII, 1335; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac,
347, — 1875, Jour. Phil. A.c, 95, 148; .Ian, 1859, Rev. A Mag. Zo5L,
Kxtr., p. 24; Fischer, 1856, A.bhandl. Naturw. Hamb., 61; Gthr.,
1864, Rept. Brit. India, 382; Trosch., 1865, Mueller's Wirbelth. Mex.,
78. Hydrophis bkolor Mart., 1856, Mas. Berl., 32; Jan, 1863, Sist.,
109, — 1872, Icon., live. 40, pi. 2, f. 3-4, pi. 3, f. 2. 11. pelamis
Schleg, 1837, Essai, I, 1*7, II, 508, pi. 18, f. 13-15. II. variegata
Schleg., 1838, Fauna Jap. Rept., lab. 8. I', I,, mix ornata Gray, 1849,
Cat. Snakes, 43.

Seba, 1735, Thesaur., II, pi. 77, f. 2; Vosmaer, 1774, Nat. Hist. Plat-
staart Slang uit Mexico; Russell, 1796, End. Serp., I, 47, pi. 41, —
1801, vol. II, pi. 12.

West coast of Mexico and Central America to the East Indies and
China.

SOLENOGLYPHA no

BOTHROPHERA HO

CROTALIDAE 110

Orotalini Oppel, 1811, Sur la Cla-s. Rept., Mem. I, 44,— Ann. Mils.,
387. Crotaloidea Fit/.., 1826, Neue Class., 62. CrotaMdae Gray, 1842,
Zool. Misc., 47, — 1849, Cat. Serp., 3.

CltOTALUS 110

Crotcdus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 39. Crotatm Linn., 1758, Syst.,
I, 214,— 1766, Syst., I, 372 (inel. C. milhriw) ; Latr., 1801, Rept.,

III, 166; Laud., 1803, Kept., Y, 297; Cuv., 1817, Regn. An., II, 77,
— 1836, R. An., I, 412; Men., 1820, Amph., 156; Fitz., 1826, Neue
Class., 34, 63; Wagl., 1830, Amph., 176; (nay, 1849, Cat. Serp., 19;
B. & G., 1853, Serp., 1; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1453; Cope, 1859,
Pr. Phil. Ac., 336. Crotcdophorui Linn., 1749, Amoen. Acad., I, pp.
297,500, — 1756, Syst. Nat., Ed. 9, p. 35; Gronow, 1756, Hist. Amph.,
Gen., 45, — 176:'., Zoophylac, p. 26, sp. 137-138. Caudisona Linn.,
1735, Syst. Nat., Ed. 1; Laurent, 1768, Syn. Kept., 92; Cope, L861,
Mitch. Res., 119. Crotalinus Raf., 1818, Am. Month. Mag., Ill, 446,

IV, 41. Uropsophus Wagler, 1830, Amph., 176; Cray, 1819, Cat.

Serp., 18; Fitz., 1813, Syst., 29. DwCTOtalon Fit/.., 1813, Syst., 29.

Crotalus durissus Ill

CroUdm durissus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214, — 1766, Syst., I, 372; Gmel.,
1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1081; Bonn., 1790, Ophiol., 2, pi. 3, f. 4; Cuv.,
1817, R. An., II, 78, — 1836, R. An, I, 413; Merr., 1820, Syst., 156;
Boie, 1827, Lis. 562; Griffith, L831, Cuv. An. King, IX, 267; LeC,
1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 116; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 337; Yarrow,
1875, Whcler's Rep, V, 532; Sumichr., 1881, Bull. See. Zool. de
France, 1S5. Cavdisona ihtrissa Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 292, — 1801,

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 171

SOLENOGLYPH A— Continued.

Mitch. Res., 120, — 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 308. Crotalus horridus Latr.,
1801, Rept., Ill ISO; Daud., 1803, Rept, V,311; Max., 1824, Beitr.
Bras., I, 1:',">, — 1827, Abbild. Bras., lief. 11, pi. 4; Kit/.., 1826, Neue
class.,!;::; Wagl., 1830, ^.uiph., 176; Schleg., 1837, Kssai, II, M], pi.

L'ii, E. L2-14; Gray, ism, Cat., 2( ixed); D. & I'.., 1854, Erp., VII,

1472, pi. si bis, i. 2; .Marl., 1856, Mus. Berl., 34; .Ian, 1859, Rev. A
Mag. Zool., Extr., p. 28, - 1863, Sist., 124, 1874, Icon., livr. 46, pi.
3, f. 1-2. Caudisona terriflca Laur., 1768, Syn. Rept., 93; Cope, 1861,
Mitch, lies., 120,— 1866, IV. Phil. Ac, 308. Crotalus terrificus Yar-
row, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, .">:;2. Crotalus cascaveUa Wagl., 1824,
Spix. Bras. Serp., 60, pi. 24, — 1830, Syst., 170. Crotalus gimus Latr.,
1801, Rept, III, 202; Daud., 1803, Rept, V, 321. Crotalus l<,ijlh,<jii
IIuuil.., 1833, Recueil d'l >bs. Zool., p. 6; < tope, 1861, Mitch. Pes., 120.
Li Boiquira, p. 390, ami I,< durissus, p. 42:i, LaC, 1739, Serp., II, text
only.

Brazil to Mexico.

Var. MOLOSSUS 113

.( 'rotalusmolossus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 10 ; D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 14S2;
Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept, 14, pi. ::, — 1859, I'. R. I!. Rep., X,
Rept, pi. 24, f. 5; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 338, — 1875, checklist,
:;:;; Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Pep., pp. 531, •"':::'.; Coues, is;."), Wheel-
er's Rep., Y, mi."). Caudisona molossus Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res., 124, —
1866, Pr. Phil. A,'., 308. Crotalus cnn/lne Hall., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac,
192, — 1859, P. R. R. Pep. (Parke's), X, pi. 2, pi. 24, f. 5, — Cope,
1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 338.

Northern Mexico; Arizona; New Mexico.

Var. BASILISCUS ."

Caudisona basilisca Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 166, — 18G6, Pr. Phil. Ae.,
008. Crotalus bagiliscus Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Pep., V, 532.

Muzzle plates two pairs, a third pair subdivided. Rostra] higher
than wide, in contact with nasals ami internasals. Labials 14, sep-
arated from suborbitals by two and three rows. Scales iii 29 rows,
outer largest, outer three smooth. Ventrals 199. Subcaudals 24.
Pale yellowish-brown, head and tail darker. Markings on entire
Scales. Dorsal rhombs about thirty; five obscure rings on the tail.
Two elongated occipital spois. No lines on the neck. Labials yel-
lowish.

Western Mexico.

Crotalus adamanteus (Diamond Rattlesnake) 112

Crotalus adamanteus Beauv., 1799, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IV, 3G8;
Ilolhr., 1842, Ilerp., Ill, 17, pi. 2; DeK., 1842, N. V. Fauna, Rept,
57; II. & G., 1853, Serp., :'.; Bd., 1859, P. P. P. Rep., X, pi. 24, f. 2;
LeC, is;,:;, Med. Jour., IX, 664; .Tan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr.,
p. 28, — 1863, Sist., 123. — 1S74, Icon., livr. 46, pi. 2, f. 2: Yarrow,
1S75, Wheeler's Pep., V, 534; Cope, 1*77. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, <>4.
Orotalus terrificus Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 337; LeC, 1853, Pr. Phil.
Ac, 419. Caudis i adamantea Cope, 1861, Mitch. Pes., IL'1, — 1S66,

172 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

SOLENOGLYPH A— Continued.

Pr. Phil. Ac, ".oft. Crotalus adamanteus subsp. adamanteus Cope,
1875, Checklist, 33. C. rhombifer Latr., 1801, Kept., III. 197: Daud.J
1803, Kept., V, :'.!':;, pi. 60, f. -J'-', 23, pi. 69, f. 2; Men-., 1820, Syet,
157; 1>. & 1'.., 1854, Erp., VII, 1170; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 34;
Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza, IV, 22. C. durissus Shaw, 1802, Zool.,
Ill, pt. 2, 333, pi. no. C. /„„,■;./".-.• Latr., 1801, Rept, III, 109.

Texas to the Carolinas.

Var. sc iTtiATts 113

Caudisona scutulatus Kenn., 1861, IV. Phil. A.'., 207; Cope, 1866, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 307, 309. Crotalus scutulata! Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep.,
V, 5:;.",. Caudisona adamantea sribsp. scutulata Cope, 1875, Checklist,
33. Caudisona adamantea scutulata Coues, IS75, Wheeler's Hep., V,

607.

Arizona; Mexico.

Var. atkox 113

Crotuli,* atrox I'.. A; G., 1853, Serp., pp. 5, 150; P. A B., 1854, Erp., VII,
1482; Bd., 1850, Mex. Bound., II, 14, pi. 1,— 1859, P. R. R. Rep.,
X, Whipples, 39, pi. 24, f. 3; Cope, 1859, IV. Phil. Ac, 337; Yarr.,
1875, Wheeler's Hep., Y, 534; Duges, 1S79, La Naturaleza, IV, 26.
Caudisona atrox Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res., 121, — 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac,
309. Caudisona adamantea atrox < 'oues, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 607.
Crot.ih,* adamant, us atrox Cope, 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Mus., 24. Crota-
lus adamanteus subsp. atrox « 'ope, 1875, Checklist, 33; Yarr., 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V,529. Crotalus adamanteus Jan, 1874, Icon., livr.
4G, pi. 2, f. 1. C.adamanteus var. atrox .Ian, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
Extr., p. 28, — 1863, Sist., 12:1. Caudisona atrox var. sonoriensia Kenn.,
1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 206. Caudisona atrox sonorienm Cope, 1801, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 202. Crotalus adamanteus var. sonoriensis Jan, 1863, Sist.,
124.

Texas to Mexico.

C'rtOTAI.rs CONFLUENTUS 114

Crotalus confluentus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 48; R. & G., 1853, Serp.,
S, — 1854, Marcy's Exp., L88, pi. 1 ; 1». >v. I!., 1854, Erp., VII, 1475;
Bd., 1S50, Mex. Bound., II, Kept., It. — 1859, 1'. R. R, Rept, X,
Whipples, 40, pl. 24, f. 1; Cooper, I860, P. K. R. Rep., XII, pt 2,
295; Hall, 185H, Pr. Phil. Ac, 250; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 337;
Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 530, 533; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 33,

— 1880, Bull. 20, U.S. Mus, 21; Cones ,v Yarrow, 1878, Ilay.l Re].,

iy, 263. Caudisona eonfluenta (ope, 1861, Mitch. Res., 122, 1866,
Pr. Phil. Ac.j 307,309; Ulen, 1874, Pr, Bost. Soc, 309; Corns, 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V, 604. Crotalus Ucontei Hall., L851, Pr. Phil. Ac,
ISO, — 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Williamson's, 18, — 1853, Sitgreave's
Exp, 139. Caudisona Ucontei Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res, 121; Hayd,
18G2, Trans. Am. Phil. Sue.. 177. Caudisona eonfluenta var. lecontei
Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac. 307. Crotalus adamanteus var. confluentus
Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr, p. 28, — 1863, Sist, 124.

Dakota to Texas.

SYSTEMATIC LIST A-KP SY.VOXYMY. 173

SOLENOGLYPH A— Continued.

Var. l'YKKiir.s

Caudisona pyrrha Cope, L868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 308, 310; Coues, 1875,

Wheeler's Bep., V, 608. Crotahu pyrrkus Cope, 1875, Checklist, 33;

Yarrow, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 535. A doubtful variety.

Arizona.

CBOTALUS OREGONTJS

Crotalus oregomis Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 21, pi. 3; DeK., 1842, N. Y.
Fauna, Rept.,57; I'., & <:., 1853, Serp., 145; Bd., 1'. R. R. Rep., X,
pi. X, 24, f. 6; I'. A B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1482; Cope, 1859, Pr. Pl.il.
Ac, 337. Crotalu* lucifer 1'.. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177, — 1853,
Serp., 6 (parti; 1). & R, 1854, Erp., VII, 14M'; Grd., 1858, Herp.,
Wilkes' Exp., 187, pi. 15, f. 1-6; Bd., 1850, P. R. R. Rep., X, Wil-
liamson, 10, pi. 11, pi. 30, f. 1; Cooper, 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII, pt.
2,295. Caudisona lucifer Cope, 1861, Mitch. Pes., 121, — 1800, Pr.
Phil. Ac, 307, 309.

Internasals and prefrontals small irregular. Labials 15 to Pi, two
to three rows of scales between them and the orbit. Scales in 25
(25 to 27) rows. Ventrals 168 to 177. Subcaudals 22 to 25. Tight
brown, tinged with yellow or ash, darker posteriorly. Irregular
rhomboid dark-bordered areas of the ground color or darker form a
vertebral series. Posteriorly the spots heroine transverse bands.
Outside of the dark borders there are more or less indistinct lines of
light color which cross on the flank inclosing a similar small spot on
the lower part of the side opposite each of the dorsal series. Of
spots and hands there are about forty to the series. A light line
crosses the frontals, and passes through the supraciliary to the poste-
rior labial. Another line of light color passes in front of the eye,
and includes the lower portions of the labials. The dark colors are
darker and the light whiter than those of confluentm.

Oregon to California.

Var. LUCIFER 114

Crotalus lucifer P.. A < h, 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 177, and 1853, Serp., 0, part;
Cope, 1850, Pr. Phil. Ac, 337, — 1875, Checklist, 33; Yarr., 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V, 533. Caudisona lucifer Coues, 1875, Wheeler's
Rep., Y, 000. Crotalus adamanteus var. lucifer dan, 1863, Sist., 124.
Crotalus horridus Gthr., 1858, Cat., 207, ? part.

California to Mexico.

Var. CERBERUS

Caudisona lucifer var. cerberus Cones, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 607.

'• Nearly black, especially on the head."

Arizona.

Var. MiTcriEi.t.ii

Caudisona mUcheUii Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 203. 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac,
310. Crotalus mitcheUii Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., Y, 535; Cope,
1875, Checklist, 33.

Crown scales small, rough. One h 'real. Anterior portion of nasal
small, higher than long, separated from rostral and labials by small

174 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

SOLENOGLYPH A-Continued.

scales. Labials 16, the last large, three- rows between them and the
orbit. Scales in 25 rows, keels of outer row weaker. Ventrals 198.
Subcaudals 26. Greyish-yellow, punctulate with brown. Dorsal
spots about 42, lateral angles produced down the Hank. Five black
cross bands on the tail. A yellow band from the nasals to the upper
borders of the hinder labials. Above this a brown band from the
eye.

Lower California.

Var. enyo

Caudisona enyo Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 293, —1866, Pr. Phil. Ac,
309. Crotalva enyo Van-., 1875, Wheeler's Pep., V, 534; Cope, 1875,
Checklist, 33.

Internasals and Erontals small, scale-like. Rostral low, equilateral.
Nasal in contact with rostral. Numerous small scales in front of the
pit. Labials 13 or 11, separated from Orbit by three scales. Infralab-
ials 14 or 15. Scales in 23 rows, keels in outer two or three obsolete.
Ventrals ltiti. Subcaudals 26. Light greyish-brown, shaded with
yellow. A pair of small brown spots on vertex. A light band bor-
dered with dark across the supraeiliarics. A hand from the eye over
the last labial to the neck. A series of about thirty-three vertebral
spots, longer anteriorly, broader posteriorly, and fusing with the lat-
eral spots, forming vertical hands on the Hanks. Belly yellow, mot-
tled with darker. Resembles C. motossua in coloration.

Lower California.

Crotalus EXSULsp. n 114

Cedros Island.

Crotai.t-s eiorridus "Banded Rattlesnake" 115

Crotcdw horridva Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214. — 1766, Syst., I, 372; Bonn.,
1790, Ophiol., 1, pi. 2, f. 3; Shaw, 1802, ZooL, III, 317, pi. 88; Cuv.,
1817, R. An., II, 78, — 1836, R. An., I, 413; Guerin, 1829-38, Icon.
R. An., Rept, 15, pi. 23, f. 2; Griffith, 1831, An. King., IX, 207;
Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., 78, mixed; LeC., 185:;, Pr. Phil. Ac, 417;
Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 338, — 1875, Checklist, 33; Yarr., 1875,
Wheeler's Rep., V, 534. Cavdiaonn horrida Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res.,
122, — 1800, Pr. Phil. Ac., 309. Caudiiona durissa Laur., 1708, Syn.
Rept., 93. Crotalva durissus Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1081, after
Laur., mixed; Latr.,1801, Kept., Ill, lot); Daud.,1803, Kept., V, 301,
pl. lis, f. 12; Ib.rl., lv>7. Jour. Phil. Ac, 368, — 1835, Med. Res., 132;
Schleg., 1837, K.ssai. I. 192, II, 365, 1.1. 20, f. 15, 10; Storer, 1839,
Rept. Mass., 233; Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 9, pl. 1; Ik-K., 1842.,
N. Y. Fauna, III, Rept, 55, pl. 9, f. 19; B. .V I i„ is.',:;, Serp., 1 ; LeC,
1853, Med. Jour., 663; Bd., 1S51, N. V. Serp., 9, — 1859, P. R R.
Rep., X, Whipple, 39, pl. 24, f. 1; P. & P., ls.54, Erp., VII, 1405;
Mart., 1856, Mus. Perl., 34; Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr., p. 28,
- 1863, Sist., 123, — 1N74, Icon., livr. 40, pl. 1, f. 1,2; Allen, 1869,
Pr.Bost.Soc, IT'.i Crotalinus Cyanurw Raf., 1818, Am. Month. Mag.,
Ill, 440, IV, 41. Urocrotalon durissu* Fitz., 1843, Syst., 29. Uro]>-

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 175

SOLENOGLYPH A-Continued.

tophus durissm Gray, 1849, Cat, 1!). Croialus atricaudatus Latr., 1S01,
Rept, III 209; Dawfc, 1803, Rept.,V,316; Men-., 1820, Syst, 157,
Boie, 1827, feis, 562; Wagl., 1830, Amph., 177; Gray, 1842, Zool.
Misc., 51. ? C. durissus var. nmcu'tir Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
Extr., p. 28. C. durissus var. mctonums .Jan, 1«59, Eev. Mag., Extr.,
p. 28, — 1863, Sist, 123. /.< durissiu LaC, 1789, Serp., pi. 18, f. 3,
not text. Le Boiquira LaC, 1789, pi. IS, f. 1, not text. Fipwa caudi-
sona Catesby, 1743, Carol., II, 41.

Texas to New England.

Crot.ua's cerastes 116

Crotahis cerastes Hall., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95, — 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X,
Williamson, 17, pi. IV, f. 1, pi. 35, f. 4, 5; (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex.
Bound., II, 14, pi. 3 ; Cope, 1829, l'r. Phil. Ac, 337, — 1875, Checklist,
33; Jan, 1863, Sist., 124, — 1874, Icon., livr. 46, pi. 3, f. 5; Yarr.,
1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 534. Caudisona cerastes Cope, 1861, Mitch.
Res., 124, — 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 309. ' 'audisona ( Aechmophrys) ceras-
(es Couea, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 609. Aechmophrys cerastes Coues,
1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 009.

California; Arizona; Mexico.

?Cbotalus lkpidds 117

Caudisona lepida Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 206; Cope, 1861, Mitch.
Res., 124. Aploaspis lepida Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310, — 1875,
Checklist, 33; Van-., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 535.

Western Texas.

CitOTAI.CS TIGRIS H7

Orotalus tigris (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound, II, Kept., 14, pi. 4, —
1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pi. 35, f. 1; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 338, -
1875, Checklist, 33; Van., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 534. Caudisona
tigris Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res., 122, — 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 309; Coues,
1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 608.

.Mexico.

Crotalus triseriatus 112, 117

Orotalus triseriatus Wiegm., 1828, Mus. Berl.; Mart.', 1856, Mus. Berl.,
34; Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 166; Van-., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V.
5:;:;. Uropsophus triseriatus Wagl., 1830, Ampli., 176; Gray, 1N4L',
-Zool. Misc., ;>l. Caudisona triseriata Cope, 1866, l'r. Phil. Ac, 308.
Croialus lugubris .Ian, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr., pp. 28, 31, pi. E, f.
4,— 1863, Sist, 124; Cope, 1859, l'r. Phil. Ac, 338, — 1864, IV. Phil.
Ac, 166; Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza, IV, 25. Caudisona lugubris
Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res., 122. Orotalus lugubris var. multimaculata .Ian,
1863, Sist., 124, — ls74. Icon., livr. Hi. pi. 3, f. 3. Caudisona pdysticta
Cope, 1865, IV. Phil., Ac, 191, — 1866, l'r. Phil. Ac, 308. Orotalus
polystictus Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V. 5::::. Orotalus (Crotah-
phorus) miliarias, var. triseriatus .Ian, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr., p.

29.

Mexico,

17G SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

SOLENOGLYPH A-Contin'ued.

Var. jiMENBzii

Crolalus jimenetii Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza, l\', 23.

tnternasals four. Prefrontals four. Labials 14 to 15, separated from
the orbit by two or (lure series, Scales in 25 rows, outer three smooth.
Brownish-yellow, tinted with flesh color below, with live series of brown
white-margined spots, of which the vertebral are larger. On each side
of the occiput ami neck a brown band. A brown band from t lie eye
above the angle of the mouth to the neck; above this another from the
supraciliary. A vertical band from the eye to the labials; a similar
one from the pit to the mouth. Mexico.

Sistuurus 110, 118

Caudistma Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 63 (not of Laurent); Wagl., 1830,
Amph., 176; Bonap., 1832, Saggio, 24; Cray, 1842, Zool. Misc., 51;
Fitz., 1843, Syst. Kept., 29; Cope, 1*75, Checklist, 33. Orotalophonu
Cray, 1825, Ann. Phil., 205 mot of Linne); Ilolbr., 1842, Herp., Ill,
25; Gray, 1840, Cat. Serp., 17; P.. .^ C, is;,:;, Serp., 11 ; Cope, 1859,
Pr. Phil. Ac, 336. CroUdw Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res., A.pp., 110 (not
of Lin no).
SlSTRURUS CATENATUS 118

Crotalinus catenatus Raf., 1818, Am. Monti,. Mag., IV, 41. OroUxlia '</■-
geminm Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 499; Boie, 1*24, Isis, 270 (Cope),

— 1827, Isis, 563; Karl., 1*27, Jour. Phil. Ac., 372, — 1835, Mel.
Res., 135; D. & I!., 1854, Erp., VII, 1470, pi. 84 his, f. 5; Cope,
18(31, Mitch. Pes., 125; Hayd., 1862, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, 177.
CroUdophorwtergeminw Cray, 1831, Syn. Kept., 78, — 1840, Cat. Serp.,
18; Ilulbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 20, pi. V; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Kept., 57;
B. & C, 185:;, Serp., 14; Bd., 1854, Serp. N. Y., 11, — 1859, P. R. II.
Rep., X, 14, pi. 25, f. 9; (ope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336. Caudkma
tergemina Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 176; Cope, 1875, Checklist, 34;
C'oues and Yarrow, 1S78, Hayd. Re],., IV, 269. Crotalophorus kirt-
landi Holbr., 1842, Herp., HI, 31, pi. 6; DeK., 1S42, N. Y. Rept., 57;
Gray, 1S40, Cat. Serp., 18; I!. & G., 1853, Serp., 10; D. A B., 1854,
Erp., VII, 1482; Bd., 1854, Serp. N. Y., 12 (>'. massassauga Kirthmd),

— 1850, P. R. P. P.p., X. 14. pi. 25, f. 1 1 ; Cope, 1850, Pr. Phil. Ac,
336. Crotalophorus sp. Agassiz, 1850, Lake Superior, 381, pi. 6, f. 6-8.

Ohio and Michigan to the Plains and southward to Mississippi.

Var. CONSORS

( 'rotalophorus comors P. & I K, 1853, Serp., 12 ; D. & B., 1851, Erp., VII,
1482; Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Pep., pi. 24, f. 8.

Frontal cordiform. Prefrontals moderate. Parietals rather broad.
Scales in 25 rows, outer two smooth. Ycntrals 147 ; snhcandals 25.
No vertebral red line. Olivaceous brown, with seven series of about
fifty spots each, all small. Blotches darker, with a narrow border
of darker, surrounded by a light margin. Two lines from the vertex
along the neck to the first blotch. A band from the eye to the neck.
A whitish line from the nostril to the angle of the mouth. A verti-
cal band on each side of the pit. Belly yellowish-white, blotched
with darker. Texas.

SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY. 177

SOLENOGLYPH A-Oontinned.

SlSTRUBUS MII.IAKUS 119

Orotalus miliarius Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 372; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I,
1080; Bonn., L790, Ophiol., 1; Latr., 1801, Rept., [IT, 203; Shaw,
180l', Zool., Ill, 336; Daud., 1803, Kept, V, 328; Cuv., 1817, R. An.,
11,79; Merr., 1820, Syst., 156; Boie, 1827, [sis, 562; Hurl., 1827, Jour.
I'liil. Ac, 370, — 1835, Med. Res., 134; Schleg., 1837, Essai, I, 192, II,
56!), pi. 20, f. 17, 18; Holbr., 1838, Herp., II, pi. 15; IX & B, 1854,
Erp., VII, 1477; Cope, 1861, Mitch. Res., 124; Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag.
ZoiU., Extr., p. 28, — 1863, Sist, 124. Orotalophona mUiariw Gray,
1825, Ann. Phil., 205, — 1831, Syn. Rept., 78; Holbr., 1842, Herp.,
Ill, 25, pi. 4; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Kept., 57; Cray, 1849, Cat. Snakes,
17; B. & (i., 1853, Serp., 11 ; Cithr, 1858, Cat, 267; lid., 185*9, P. R.
R. Rep., X, Whipple, 40, pi. 24, f. 7; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336.
Caudisona miliaria Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 63, 1843, Syst. Rept,
29; Wagl., 1830, Amph, 176; Gray, 1842, Zool. Misc., 51; Cope,
1875, Checklist, 34, - Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 64, — 1880, Bull. 20, V. S.
Mus, 24. Orotalus miliarius var. tergeminus Jan, 1859, Be\;. Mag.
Zool., Extr., 28, — 1863, Sist., 124, — 1874 Icon, livr. 46, pi. 3, f. 4.
? Orotalus tergeminus Mart, 1856, Mus. Berl., 34. Vipera caudisona
minor Catesby, 1743, Carol, II, 42. Le Millet LaC, 1789, Quad. Ovip.
Serp, II, 421, pi. 18, f. 2.

Southern States.

Var. edwardsii

Crotahphorus edwardsii B. A- G., 1853, Serp, 15; D. & B, 1854, Erp, VII,
1 185; 11,1, 1858, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 15, — 1859, P. R. R. Rep,
X, pi. 25, f. 10; Hugos, 1879, La Naturaleza, IV, 27. Orotalus edward-
siiCope, 1861, Mitch. Res, 125; Cones, 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 610.
Caudisona edwardsii Cope, 1875, Checklist, 31; Yarrow, 1875, Wheel-
er's Rep, V, 531. ? Orotalus miliaria* var. edwardsii Jan, 1863, Sist.,
124. CroUdita miliarius Jan, 1S74, Icon, livr. 46, pi. 3, f. 6.

Scales in 23 rows, outer two smooth. Ventrals 143 to 153. Sub-
caudals 23. Yellowish-brown, with seven (five to seven) series of
spots. A band of brown from prefrontal over eye to neck; beneath
this a yellowish stripe f mm nostril to neck. Yellowish bars down-
ward from each side of the pit. About forty-two black-bordered
light-margined blotches in the vertebral series. Belly light yellow-
, ish, mottled with brown.

Texas; Arizona; Sonora; Mexico.

Var. ravus 120

Orotalus ravus Cope, L865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 101. Caudisona ram Cope, 1875,

Checklist, 33.

Mexican Plateau.

Ancistrodon 120

Agkistrodon Pal. ,!<■ Beauv., 1799, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., IV, 381; B. &

G., 1853, Serp., 17. Cenchris Hand, 1803, Rept, VIII, 388. IYw-

phone Fitz, 1826, Neue Class., 6::. Toxicophix Troost., 1833, Ann.

Lye. X. Y, III, 176.
Mem. — vol. ii — 12.

178 SYSTEMATIC LIST AM) SYNONYMY.

SOLENOGLYPH A-Continued.

Ancisteodon contortrix (Copperhead) 120

j;. & G., 1853, Serp., 17: Bd., L854, Serp. N. Y., 13, 1859, P. R. E.
Rep., X. pi. 25, f. 12; Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336, ls75, check-
list, 34. — 1880, Bull. 20, U. S. Miis., 24; Allen, Inch, Pr. Bust. Sua,
11. Coluber contortrix Linn., 1758, Syst., r, 216. Boa contortrix Linn.,
1766, Syst., I, 373; Gmel., I7.ss, Syst. Linn., I, 1083. Trigonocephalus
contortrix Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 39, pi. 8; 1>. & I!., 1854, Erp., VII,
1494; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 35; Hall., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 249;
Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zoiil., Extr., p. 29, 1863, Sist., 125, — !s74,
Icon., livr. 4ii, pi. 5, I'. 1. Trigonocephalus histrionicus Dum., 1852,
Mem. Acad. Sci., XXIII, 534. T. cenehris Schleg., 1837, Essai, I,
191, II, 553, pi. 20, f. 10, 11. Cenehris contortrix Gray, 1825, Ann.
Phil.,— 1849, Cat. 16. C. mockeson Daud., 1803, Rept., V, 358, pi.
fill, f. 25, [.1. 70, f. :;, 4; Harl., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 366,— 1835,
Med. Res., 128; Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 175. Agkistrodon mokason
t'.ranv., 1 700, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., IV, 380. Scytatus cupreus Rat,
1834, Am. Jour. Sci., I, 85. Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic.

Var. ATROFUSCUS ("Higllland Moccasin")

Acontias atrofuscus Troost, 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 181. Toxicophis atro-
fuscus Troost, 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 100; P. A <;., 1853, Serp., 150.
Cenehris atrofuscus Gray, 1849, Cat., 1G. Trigonocephaly* atrofuecus
Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 4.'!, pi. 0; D. & P., 1854, Erp., VH, 1495.
Aneistrodon atrofuscus <'"]h\ 1875, < hecklisl 34.

"The colour of the upper parts of the body must be considered a8
black, variegated with brown spots, which are nut of a uniform shade,
but pass from dark into a Lighter colour; they are irregularly scat-
tered over the body; nevertheless, they exhibit a tendency to run
from one side toward the other, widening towards the hack. The
light spots are composed of smoky gray, passing into blackish brown,
exhibiting all the intermediate shades between these two colours;
they arc rather small stripes of the breadth of from two to four
scales, and disappear near the tail altogether, which is entirely black,
having only four small white points, which are probably accidental."
Top of head black, whitish behind the eye. A band from the eye
above posterior labial. Belly whitish, blotched with black.

Mountain region from Virginia southward.

Ancistrodon PISCIVORTJS (Moccasin) 121

Crotalus piscivorus LaC, 1789, Quad. Ovip. Serp., II, pp. 130, 424. Tri-
gonocephalus piscivorus Holbr., 1838, Herp., II. 63, pi. 13, — 1842, Herp.,
Ill, 33, pi. 7; D. & I'... ISM. Erp., VII, 1 101 ; Marl., 1856, Mus. Berl.,
35; Jan, L859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr., p. 29, 1863; Sist., 125, —
1874, Icon., livr. 40, pi. 4, f. 2-4. Cenckris piscivorus Gray, 1849, Cat.
Snakes, HI; Gthr., 1858, Cat.. 207. Toxicophis piscivorus P.. A- (4.,
1853, Serp., 10; Bd., 1859, I'. K. 1!. Rep., X, Whipple's, 40, pi. 25, f.
13. Aneistrodon piscivorus Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336, — 1^77, Pr.
Am. Phil. Soc, 01, 1880, Pull. 20, U. s. Mus., 24. Aneistrodon pis-
civorus subsp. piscivorus Cope, 1875, < Ihecklist, 34. Acontias leucostoimu '
Troost, 1833, Ann. X. Y. Lye, III, 170. South Carolina to Texas.

SYSTEMATIC LTST AND SYNONYMY. 17$

SOLENOGLYPH A— Continued.

Var. pugnax

Toxicophia pugnaa B. & G., 1853, Serp., pp. 20, 156; Bfl., 1859, P. R. R
Rep., X, pi. 25, f. 14. Toxicophis piscivorvs subsp. pugnax Cope, 1875,
Checklist, 34. Trigonocephaly piscimrus var. pmjiut.r Jan, 1863, Sist.,
125.

No loreal. Second labial with a narrow edge or acute angle at the
mouth. Thiol and fourth labials in orbit. Light olive-brown above;
yellowish, with brownish blotches on each side, beneath. Tail black.
About thirty blotches of darker on the back. Margins irregular,
often indistinct. Cheek ba nil obsolete. Ventrals 145. Suhcaudals
22, plus 23 pairs. Scales in 25 rows.

Texas.

AnCISTEODON BILINI!ATnS

Guenther, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 364; Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac,
101 ; Sumichrast, 1881, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 185.

"Shining deep black, with scattered white spots, arranged in nar-
row, distant, transverse bands; the white spots are more numerous
and irregular on the belly ; a yellow line runs from the rostral along
the canthus rostralis and the supraciliary edge to behind the angle
of the mouth. A yellow hand along the upper labials, the lower
margin of which is black. Rostral, with a vertical yellow band,
continued on the chin. Upper labials eight. Scales keeled, in 23
series. Ventrals 137; subcaudals 65, the fourteen last double."

Western Mexico; Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Lachesis 122

Daudin, L803, Kept., V, 351; AVagh, 1830, Syst., 175; D. & B., 1854,
Erp., VII, 1483; dray, 1849, Cat., 13. OraspedocepluUvs Gray, 1825,
Ann. Phil., 205.

Lachesis mitts 122

Qrotaius mvtus Linn., 170(1, Syst., I, 373; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I,
1082; Schleg., 1837, Essai, II, 570, pi, 20, f. 19, 20; Jan, 1859, Rev.
Mag. /.oi,l., Extr., p, 29. TMehesis mvtut Hand., 1803, Kept., V, 351;
Wagl., 1830, Syst.. 175; Gray, ls42, Zool. Misc., 50, — 1849, Cat., 13;
D. * 1'.., 1854, Erp., VII, 1485; Mart., 1850, Mus. Herb, 35; Cope,
1859, Pr. Phil. Ac-.. 339; Jan, 1803, Sist., 124. Lachesis rhombeatus
.Max., 1824, Abbild. Bras. lief. 5, pi. 5; Fit/.., 1826, Neue Class., 63,
- 1843, Syst., 29; Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., 79. Oraspedocephalus ero-
talinus Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., 205. Cophias crotalina Merr., 1820,
Syst., 154. Bothrops sum, -a en Wagl., 1824, Spix. Serp. bras., p. 50, pi.
23? /.'.'« muta LaC, I7>9, Quad. Ovip. Serp., II, 389. /<'<« crotalina
Shaw, 1802, Zool., HI, 352. Scytal catenate Latr., 1801, Kept., Ill,
162. Trigonocephaly rhombifer Cuv., 1829, K. An. II, 90.

Brazil to Mexico.

Var. stenoi'iiuvs 123

Lachesis stenophrys Cope, ls75. Jour. Phil. Ac, 152.

Central America.

180 SYSTEMATIC LIST AND SYNONYMY.

SOLENOGLYPHA — Continued.

TRIGONOCEPHALUS 123

Trigonocephalus Oppel, 1811, Class. Rept, 55. Cophias, Merrem, 1820,
Syst., 154; Gray, L831, Syn. Kept., 7'.). Bothrops Wagler, L824, Spix.
Berp. Bras., 50, - 1830, Syst Amph., 174; 1). & J'.., L854, Erp., VII,
1502; Fit/.., 1843, Syst. Rept., 29. Craspedoeepkalus Fit/.., 1826, Class.
Kept., 62; Gray, is l:i, Cat., 4.

Tbigonoi ephalus ahper 124

Possibly a variety of T. lanceolatus, which it resembles, but which is a
West Indian species.

Isthmus.

Tbigonocephalus atrox 124

Coluber atrox Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Frklr., pi. 22, f. 2; Gmel., 1788,
Syst. Linn., I, 1107. Cophias atrox Merr., 1820, iSyst., 154. Vipera
atrox I.aur., 1768, Syst., 103. Bothrops atrox Wagl., 1830, Syst. A mph.,
174; D. & R, Erp., VII, 1507; Mart., 1856, Mus. Berl., 35. Bothrops
tessettatw pi. 21, f. 2, B. taeniaius pi. 21, f. 3, and B. Imeurus pi. 22, f.
2, Wagl. in Spix. Serp. Bras. B. atrox var. tmellatUS Jan, 1875, loon.,
livr. 47, pi. 2, f. 4. Craspedocephalm atrox Fit/., 1826, Neue Class.,
66; Gray, 1810, Cat., 0. Trigonocephalus atrox Kuhl., 1820, Beitr.,
pp. 91, 100; Schleg., 1837, Essai, II, pi. 19, f. 5, 6.

Brazil to Mexico, through varieties.

TniGoxocEPiiAi.rs affinis 125

Bulhrops affinis Bocourt, 1863, Ann. Sci. Nat., pt. II, 201. Bothriopsis
affinis Cope, 1S75, Jour. Phil. Ac, 150.

Guatemala.

Teleuhaspis 126

Cope, 1S60, Pr. Phil. Ac., 345.

Teleuhaspis unihtlatus 126

Trigonocephalus undvlatus Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., Extr., p. 30. T.
{Atropos) undulatus Jan, 1859, I. c. p. 32. Atropos undvlatus Jan, 1859,
I. c, pi. E, f. (i, — 1803, Sist., 127.

Mexico.

Tjxeuraspis nigeoadspersus 126

BoOirops (Teleuraspis) nigroadtpersus Steind., 1870, Sitzb. Ak. AVien, 348,
pl. 8.

Central America to Mexico.

TELEVEASriS Nt'MMIFER 127

Atropos nummifer Ruepp., 1S45, Mus. Scnek., 313. Teleuraspis rmmmifer
Grthr., 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 25. Atropos mexkanus D. & B.,
1854, Erp., VII, 1521, pl. S3 his, f. 1, 2. Bothriechis mexkanus Cope,
1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 204. ? Trigonocephalus nummifer Jan, 1859, Rev.
Mag. Zool., Extr., 30. 1 Bothrops nummifer Jan, 1863, Sist., 126, —
1875, Icon., livr. 47, pl. 5, f. 2.

Mexico.

INDEX.

A.

abacurus 30, 144

Ablabes, Contia 164

Ablabes, Ophibolus. .... 155
Abothrophera .... xxnr, 104
Aoacophidia. . . . xx, 1, 11, 133
Acontiadse xv

Acnlltias XV

Acontias, Ancistrodon ... 17S

acuminatus 136

adamanteus 112, 171

Additions 128

Adelophia 143

adnexus 144

Aechmophrya 175

aemula 92, 101

aeneus 21, 136

aestivus 40, 146

affinis, Elaps 106, 168

affinis, Pityophis 151

affinis, Trigonocephalus . f25, ISO

Agamidae xn

agassizii, Helicops 144

agassizii, Nerodia 141

Agkistrodon 177

alleghaniensis 54, 152

allenii 34, 144

Alytes xxx

amabilis 159

amaurus 156

Ainblvmetopon 162

Amblyrhynchus xm

amoena 100, 167

Amphiuma xxix

Amphisbaena xv

Amyda vi

Anasime 151

Ancistrodon . xxvi, 110, 120, 177

Anguis xiv

angustirostris 139

annectens 150

Anniella xv

Anniellidae xv

annulata, Contia. . . . 91, 104
annulatum, Sibon ... 17, 135
annulatus, Diadophis. . 70, J.58
annulatus, Heterodon. . . . 160
annulatus, Ophibolus .... 150

Anoliidae xiv

Anomalepis 2,4, 120

anthracinus xv

Anura xxviii-xxx

apiatus 106, 169

Aploaspis 175

Apoda xxvni

Arizona 151

arnyi 72, 158

asper 124, 180

Aspidonectes vi

atmodes 1C0

strata 1 to

atricaudatus 175

atrofuscus 178

Atro[ios 120, ISO

atrox, Crotalus 114, 172

atrox, Trigonocephalus . 124. ISO

aurata 136

auribundus 50, 150

aurigulus 44, 148

B.

bairdii, Elapliis 152

bairdii, Salvadora 145

balteata 157

baronis-muelleri 142

Bascaniura 40, 140

Basiliscus xiv

basiliscus, Crotalus 171

basimaculatus 3, 129

Bastard Turtle vn

Batrachia xxvn

Batrachians in

Bellophis 156

bellona 53, 151

Bergenia 102

bertholdi 79, 101

bicolor, i reophis .... 102, 107

bicolor, Pelamys. . . . 109, 170

bifasciatus 105

bilineatus, Ancistrodon ... 179

bilineatus, Coluber 149

biraaculata 87, 163

bipunctata, Coronella. . 63, 154

bipunctatus, Tropidonotus. . 138

bipunctiger los

biscutatum Iff, L34

Black Snake .... XIX, 41, 146

Black Snake, Pilot 151

Blue Tail xv

Boa 8, 132

Boaeidae 7, 8, 132

Boiquira 171

Bothriechis 180

Bothriopsis ISO

Bothrophera. . . xxm, 110, 170

Bothrops 179, 180

bottae 7, 131

boylii G9, 157

Brachyorrhos 107

brevis 134

Bufo xxx

Bull Frog xxx

Bull Snake 150

C.

cacodaemon 100

Caecilia xxvm

Calamaria 165

calamarina 87, 103

Calamarinae. . . xxn, 11, 81, 161

Calemys v

californiae 157

calligaster, Elaphis 152

calligaster, Ophibolus. . 06, 155

Calopisma 143

cana 83, 161

caninana 149

Carphophiops 166

Carphophis 99, 100

carolinianus 152

cascavella 171

catenatus, Scytale 179

catenatus . '. 118, 170

catenifer 52, 150

catesbyi 160

Catostoma 107

Caudisona, Sistrurus .... 176
Caudisona, Crotalus .... 170

celaeno 143

Celuta 101, 166

Ccmophora 77, 160

cencboa 14, 1.", 1

( 'enchris 177, 178

cencoalt 134

cerastes 110, 175

Ceratophora xm

Ceratophrys ■ • • xxx

Cerberus 173

cerebripunctatus. . . . 107, 169
Chain Snake 68, 156

< 'hamaeleonidae xi

Changes of color x

Charina 7, 131

Cheilorhina 85, 102

< Ihelonia vn

< Ihelydra vi

Chersodromus 95, 165

Chicken Snake 153

Chilabothrus xvn, 132

Chilomeniscus 166

Chilopoma 136

Chionactis 104

Chirotes xvi

Chlamydosaurus. . . . xm, xiv

chloropbaea 101

( 'hl< irosoma 140

Churchillia 151

cincta 100, 100

Cinosternum vi

Cistudo .... vi

clarkii 142

clericus 155

cloelia 19, 136

Cnemidophorus xiv

Coach-whip Snake 147

ci iccinea, Cemophora . . 78, 160
coccinea, Coronella . . . 154, 155

cognatus 159

Coleonyx xn

collaris, N'inia .... 95, 105
collaris, Tropidonotus. . 25, 133

( tolpochelye vn

Coluber 40, 146

Colubridae xxn, 11, 133

Colubrinae • . . xxn, 11, 37, 145
colubrinus, Xenodon . . 79, 161

182

IXItKW

compressi caudus- ■ • • 27, 142

compressus 152

compsolaemus 142

concinnus 3 40

concolor 175

confinis 152

confluentus 114, 172

Coniophanes 154

conjuncta 157

Conocephalus 166

Conocercn xxiii, 104, 168

( lonolophus xin

( lonopsis ........ 83, 161

consors 176

constrictor, Boa 9, 132

constrictor, Coluber . xix, 41, 14(i

Contia 90, 163

contortrix 120, 178

cooperi . 140

copei, < iemophora ... 78, Kil

copei, Storeria 31, 14"

Cophias 180

Copperhead 120, 178

corais 48, 149

corallinus 107

coronata, Tantilla . . . 88, 163

con matus, Spilotes 149

Coronelhnae. . . xxii, 11, 59, 154
Corn Snake 55, 152

< Corrections 128

( li ii \ flinilim. 146

couchii, Eutaenia 139

couchii, Nerodia 141

cooperi 48, 149

Craspedocephalus . ■ . 170, 180

< Irotalidae .... xxiii, 110, 170

Crotalini 170

crotalinus, Craspedocephalus, 170

( Irotalinus, ( Irotalus 170

Crotaloidea 170

Crotalophorus, Crotalus. • • 170
Crotalophorus, Sistrurus, 118, 170

Crotalus x.wi, 110, 170

cyanurus 174

cyclides 140

Cyclodus xv

Cyclophis 39, 140

cyclopium 26, 142

cyrtopsis 138, 1 10

Cystignathidae xxix

D.

Dactylethra xxx

daudinii 136

decoratus, Diadophis . . 71 . 158
decoratus, Elaps .... 108, 169

decurtata 39, 1 15

de Filippii 161

degenhardtii 102

dekayi 31, 143

Dendrophinae . . xxi, 11, 20. 136

deppei, Elapochrus 157

deppei, Pityophis 151

diadeinata. 00, 165

Diadophis 70, 158

diastema 107, 169

dimidiatus, Leptognathus, 14, 134

dimidiatus, Ninia 165

Diplodactylus xn

Dipsadinae xxi, 11, 133

Dipsas 12, 14, 134

discolor 18, 135

distans 105, 10S

divaricatus 168

diviniloquax 1"2

docilis 72, 158

doliatus, Ophibolus. . • 64, 154

doliatus, triangulus var. . 66, 155

doliatus, Oxyrhopus ■ . 19, 136

dorsalis I :;s

Draco xin

Dromicus 56, 153

drummondi Ill

Dryinus 136

Drymobius 147

dulce . ." 5, 130

dulcis 130

dumerilii 13, 133

durissus Ill, 170

durissus 174

dysopes 158

E.

edwardsii 171

Elaphis 53, 151

Elapidae 104, 168

Elapochrus 157

Elapoides 165

elapoides, Liophis . . . 69, 157

Elapomorphus 89, 163

Elaps 104. 168

elapsoideus 65 , 155

elegans, Elaps 108, Li 9

elegans, Pityophis 151

elegans, Tropidonotus .... 140

elegans, Virginia . . . . 98, 166

emoryi 152

emunrtus 3, 120

Emys vi

Enicognathus 158

i'ii v. i 174

ephippicus 166

episcopa 94, 164

epistema 106, 169

erebennus 140

Eretmochelys v, vn

Erycidae 7, 131

Erycina 131

erythrogaster 26, 141

erythrogrammus .... 35 I

erythrolamprus .... 03, 154

Eudromus 154

Eutaenia 13*

evansii 155

Evesia xv

Euraeces xv

Eunectes xx

euryxanthus .. 107, 169

eximius 155

exsul 114, 171

F.

Farancia 144

faireyi 137

Fangs xxii]

fasciata, Farancia ill

fasciata, Tropidodipsas . . • . 133

fasciatus, Eumeces xv

fasciatus, Leptognathus. • 12, 133

fasciatus, Tropidonotus . . . Ill

Fascination xxiv

Ficimia 81, 161

Qssidens 62, 154

fitzingeri 168

flagelliformis 42, 1-17

flagellum 1 17

flavignlaris L48

flavilabris 137

flavilatns 58, l.r,3

Baviventris 42, 147

floridanum, Lepidosternum . xvi

noridanus, Coluber 152

foxii 1 17

freminvillei 85, 162

Eremontii 147

Freshwater Turtles vi

frontalis . . ... 82, 161

fulvius 105, 168

fulvivittis 71, 158

fumiceps io:>

G.
( larter Snake • . .
Gecco

< fecconidae ....

gentilis

i tei iphis

< reorgia

( rerrhonotus ....

getulus

glaphyros

< class Snake ....

ilis

0 ahamii, Regina. .

mit, Palvadora
< , reen Snake ....
( ; round Snakes. . .
( Iround Snake. . .

■ lentheri

guttatus, Elaphis. .

( ryalopion

Gypochelys . . . .

H.

haematois

Haldea

hallowellii

hammondi

Harlequin Snake . .

harperti

Hatteria

haydeni

heermanni

helenae

Helicops

Heloderma

1 [elodermidae . . •
Herpetodryas . . .

Herpeton

Heterodon

hexalepis . . . . .
I [i ig-nose Snake • ■
holbrookii, Elaphis ■
holbrookii, Nerodia.
I [omalocranion • . .
Homalopsis . . . .
Homalosoma . . .
I li irned Toads . . •

horridus

Hibernation . . . .
hickanella

I lierophis

Highland Moccasin

I I imantodes . . . .
histrionicus . . . .

humile

Hydrophidae . • .

Hydrophis

Hydrops

Hydrus

Hy'idae

Hylodes

21, 138

66,
L01,

17,

OS,

87

xn

XII

155

107

149

xv
156
140

xv

102

28, 142

38,
10,

145
140
. . xxi
. . 107
63, 154
55", 152

83,

161

vi

105,
99,

loo,
33,

150
166
163
1 10
168
166
x
138
150
166
143

XI
XI

1-40
xxi
xi. 74, 159
39, I I")
75, 159
. . 152
. . 1 11
102, 163

. . 1 14
. . 104
. . XIV

115, 174
win
. . 153
. . 147
. . 178
14, 134
. . 178
. . 130

loo, 169

. . xxx

84, lit
. . 170
. . xxx
. . xxx

INDEX,

183

Hypsiglena

70,

101

hypostema

• •

168

I.

Idiotyphlops

8

[guana

XIII

[guanidae

. .

Mil

132

imperialis

01,

154

infernalis

25,

139

inornata, Virginia . .

07,

166

inornatus, ( Ikilabothrus,

XVI

. XX,

i:;2

intermedins, Crotalus.

. .

117

Isabella

. .

131

143

isozona

92,

in l

isthmica

• 9,

132

J.

pmenezn

■ ■

176

K.

kennerlyi

i ' .

160

kennicotti

138

King Snake

68,

kirtlandi, Regina. . .

28,

l-l :

kirtlandi, Sistrurus. .

• •

170

L.

Lacertidae

XIV

Lachesis

133.

170

laetus, 1 (iadophis. . .

158

laetus, Sootophis . . .

152

Larapropeltis

1.. .

Lamprosoma

. .

101

lam latns

. .

180

Land Turtles. . .

. .

V

laterale, < Uig isoma. .

XV

lateralis, < ioluber. . .

1 18

lateritia

01 ,

151

laticollaris

107,

169

latifascia

134

latifasciatum

17,

131

latifrontalis

in::,

107

laureatns

• >, .

1..:;

Leatherbacks ....

VI

leberis

27,

1 12

lci-< mtfi . ( Totalus

172

lecontei, Rbinocheilus

73,

159

Le durissus

. .

171

Le Millet

170

Lepidosternon ....

XVI

lepidus

117,

I7.">

leptocephalus ....

139

Leptognathus ....

12,

i:;:;

leptogrammus ....

XV

Ueptophis, t yclophis .

110

Leptophis .....

20,

136

leucomelas

lo,

134

leucostomua

178

Lichanura

131

liebmanni

95,

1 1 15

lindheimerii

54

152

lineata, Ficimia . . .

Oil

lineata, Storeria ■ • •

32,

143

lineata, Tachymenis •

CO

154

lineaticollis

151

Liopeltis

. . .

1 10

Liophis

69

157

lippiens

in::

H.7

Lodia

. . .

10.3

loeflingii 171

Loggerheads vi

longissimum 2, 120

lucifer 114, 173

lugubris- ■. 175

l.\ riooephalua xm

lyrophanes 134

M.
maculata, Ficimia . . - 84, 162

tnaculal us. ( Ioluber 152

macrostemma 137

majalis 110

inalacoclemmys vi

marcgravii loo

marciana 2."), 138

margaritiferus 58, 153

M:n in.' Toad. xxvi

Massassauga 118, 170

Masticophis 41, 147

mcClellani 151

medusa 142

Megalobatrachus xxix

Megalophrys xxx

in. _. dops 137

melanocephala, Tachymenis, 03,

154
melanocephalum, Homalocra-

nion 163

melanoleucus 51, 150

nielanurus, Crotalus .... 175
melanurus, Spilotes . . . 50, 150

Menopoma xxvm

mentovarius 42, 147

mesomelanus 143,

mesotes 59

Metapoceros xm

mexicana, Boa 10, 132

mexicana, Bergenia 162

mexicana, ( 'alopisma. . . . 145
mexicanus, A nomalepis • . 4 , 129
mexicanus, Apropos ■ . 180
mexicanus, Coluber . . 45, 14S
mexicanus . Blapomorphus, 89, 163
mexicanus, Leptophis ■ 20, 136
mexicanus, < iphibolus. • 66, 155
mexicanus, Pityophis . ■ 52, 151

mexicanus, Spilotes 140

M icrophis 162

Microps 32, 143

miliarius -119, 177

mitchellii ......... 17:',

ruitis 93, 164

Moccasin 121, 178

Mockason 178

Moloch xm

tnolossus, Coluber 152

molossus, Crotalus . . . 113, 171

mormon 148

myopicmn 5, 6) 1 31

myriolepis 131

Mud Turtles vi

muhlenbergii v

muhimaculuta 175

nuiltisiriata 155

rautus 122, 17'.i

N.

nnsicus 77, 160

nasus 83, 00

Natricinae .... xxi, 11. 21, 136

nebulatus 13, 133

Neeturus xxvm

Nerodia xxi, 140

Nessia. . .
niger, I [etcn

Nerodi

in.
niger, [Neroaia . .

nigriecps

nigroauspersus. .
nigrocinctus . • .
nigroluteUs.

xv

70, ion
. . 141

SS, 105

126, 180

In;, 168
. . 144

Ninia 04, 105

Nototrema xxx

nummifer 127, 180

obliquus

obscura

c4,sulriiis. El aphis
obsoletus, spil ites
occipitalis, < ontia
occipitalis, Diadopl
occipitomaculata .
ocellata • ■ •

ochrorhyncha . .
Oligosoma. . . .

olivacea

Onychophidia . .
Ojiheodrys ....
Ophibolus. . . .

Opliidia

<i|.lii..,U-s ....

(i|il,is

( Iphisaurus . . .
< Ipbthalmidion. •
( Ipisthoglossa . .
ordinatus ....
ordinoides ....

oregonus

ornata, Pelamys .
cfrnatissimus . • .
ornatus, ( oluber .
ornatus, Crotalus.

i iseeola

Oxybelis ....
» Ixyrhina ....
Oxyrliopus . . .
Ozotheca ....

54 ,
48,

01 ,

30,

SO,

SI.
1.7

64,

141
I5S
151
140
104
15S
143
138
161
xv
102
13.1
140
154
xvi, 1
. XIV
. 157

pacificuin . . .

pallidus . . . ,

pantherinus . .

parietalis . . .

palustris. . . •
platura ...

Pelamis . . . ,
perditus. . .

personatum . .
Petalognathus
piceum . . .

pickeringii . .

pictus

Pine Snake . .

Pipa

piscivorns . • •

Pityophis . . •

Podocnemys. •

pi lecilonotus . .

pogonias. ■ ■ .
Poison * Hands.

Polychrus . ■ •

polj sticta . . .

polyzona . . . .

porcatus. . . ,

phenax . . . ,
phenops • . •

philippii . . ,

xv
129

\ \ \ . XXXI

138
I4C

173,
170
168
148
171
1 55
136
102
130
vi

135

21,

18,

2),

ii. mo,

158

153
139

VI

170
169
129
135

. . 13

. . 148

24, 130

. . 154

. . 150

XIX',

xxx

121

178

51

150

VI

'

1 51 1

141

XXIV

6,

XIV

175
156
141
140
131
133

184

INDEX.

pholidostictus

Phrynosoma

Phyllodactylus

Phyllophilophis .... 39

Phymothyra

planiceps 89

Platycerca xxm, 109

Platypeltis

platyrhinus 75

Pleurodeles

plieatilis.

Pliocercus

plumbea

plutonius

procinura 92

proteroglypha . . . xxn, 194

proterops 62

Proteus xxvin.

proximus 24

psammophis

Pseudelaps

Pseudoeryx

pseudogetulus

Pseudopus

Ptychozoon

pugnax

pulchellus

pullatus

punctatus 72

purpureocauda

putnami 59

pygaea 93

pyromelamis

pyrrhomelas 07

pyrrhus 114

151
x i v

XII

, 146

145

, 163
, 169

VI

, 159

X X I X

144
157
131

Uli
10 1

168

154

XXIX

137

147
155
131
157
XV

XII

179
159

149
15S
U14
15:;
164
(17
157
17.".

Q.

quadriserialis.
quadrivittatus .
quinquelineata.
quinquevittatus

Rabdosoma ....

Bachiodon

radix

Ranidae

Rattles

ravus

regalia

Regina ....
reinwardti

Iv'IIM'ilicS

Rena

rhabdocephalus . .
Rhabdosoma. . . •
Rhacophorus. . . .

Rhadinea

RhinoeheiluB. . . .
rhinomegas ....
Rhinostoma, < temoph
Rhinostoma, < lontia
Rhizodonta ....
rhombeatus . . .
rhombifer, < 'retains.
rhoral lifer, Nerodia.
rhombifer, Trigonoce]
rhombomaculatus
Rhynchocephalia-

Ribl Snake . .

rigidus ....
roseofusca ....
ruli. Hum ....
rubrieeps ....

. . 140

5(1, 153

86, 162

36, 1 15

. 167

. XXI

. 138

XXIX

XXV

1 21 1

7:;,

23,

2s,

ruficepa 140

rufipunctatua 2.'!, 136

177
159

27. 112

..in

. . XXV

. 5, 130

. . 79

. . 1(17

XXIX

. . 158

7:1, 159
. . 152

. . Kin
. . 1(14
. VIII
. . 179
. . 172
2H, 1 II
alus, 17'.i
1511
x
137
1 12

131
130

152

sackenii.
Salamandra ■ .
Salvadora . . .
salvinii ....
Sauria ....
saurita ....
sayi, ( tphib 'Ins
ayi, Pityophis.

S.

.... 137

. . . . XXIX

XXII, 38, 145
. . . 150
. . . . IX
137
156
150

23

OS
52,

Sphaeriodactylua xn

Sphaerops xiv

Sphargis iv-vj

Sphenodon x

Sphenophis 154

Spiletes 158

spiloides 151

Spilotes 47, 149

spinalis 45, 148

splendidus 157

Spotted Ribbon Snake . . . 138

Slbon 12, 15, 134

sieboldii 96, LBS

Simotes 160

siinus, < Irotalus . 171

Milium. Heterodon. . . . 7(1, 160

sipedon 25, 14(1

Siren XX VII 1

sirlalis 24, 138

Sistrurus. • ■ xxvn, 110, lis. 170

Shedding the Skin xvin

Sea Snakes .... XXIII, 109, Hi!)

Sea Turtles VI

sebae 95, 165

seraiannulata 90, nil

semidoliatus 102, K17

septentrionale .... 17, 135
septemvittata, Regina. . . . 142
septemvittatus, Hydrops • ■ 145

Serpent locomotion xvn

Serpents swallowing voung, xvin
Solenoglypha . xxn, 104, 110, 17(i

Sonera '. !«), 1H4

sonoriensia 172

Sli lughing xviu

stenophrya 12:!, 179

Stenorhina 85, 162

Stenostoma 2, 4, 130

Stenostominae 129

stictogenys 158

Storeria 29, 1 13

storerioides - 29, 1 13

straminea 99, 166

slriatnla 97, Kill

Streptophorus 95, 105

scalaris 140

scaliger iio

Sceloporus xiv

Schottii : . . . . lis

Synonymy 129

Systematic List 129

Seineidae . .

Scolecophidia
Scolecophis ....

Scorpion

Scotophis

scutnlatus

Scytale, Heterodon.
Scytale, Lachesis. .
Scytalinae . . . xxi, 11, is, 136
sumichrasti 140

snruelieu 17'.i

, Sympholis 107

xix. 1, 2

53,
113,

70,

xiv

12! I

Hi:;
xiv

151
172

1(1(1
179

60,
46,

Tachymenis ....
taeniatus, Bothrops
taeniatus, < loluber .

Taeniopbis

Tantilla. 80,

taxispilotus 20,

Teiidae

Teius

ttner • • . . .

tenuiculum 5,

tenui

Teleuraspis 126,

tephropleura

tergeminus

terrificus

tessellatns, Botbrops ....
tessellatus, Rhinooheilus, 74,

testaceus 41!,

Testudinata

Testudo

texellsis

Tlialassoelielys

Tliainnopliis

Thysanodactylus

tigrinus

tigris 117,

Tisiphone

Toluca 82,

Tomodon

torquatum is,

Torlrix

Toxicophidia . . xxn, 1, 104,

Toxicophia

Trachydosaurus

transversus

Tree Snakes ....
Tretanorhinus . . .

triangulus

trieinetus

tricolor

Trigonocephalus, 123, 178,179,

triseriatU8 1 12, 1 17,

tristis

154
180
148
111
102
141
xiv

XIV

II 10
131
105
ISO
143
170
171
180
15!)
148

IV

V

1 58

VI

13S

33,

(15,

XIII

1 5! I
175
177
101
154
135
131
108
177

XV

1 II

XXI

143.
155
157
153
180
175
111!)
131

trivirgata 8,

Trionycidae iv

Tropidoclonion 143

Tropidodipsas 12

Tropidonotus 22, 130

Tmnkbacks vi

Turtle's nests VII

twiningii 138

Typhlopidae xix, 2, 129

Typhlopinae 2, 12!)

Typlilops 2, 129

U.

undulatus 126, ISO

upsilon 134

Urocrotalon 170, 174

(Jrodela xxvin, xxix

I'ropsoplius 170

UStUS 142

vagrans

valeriae

validus

Varanidae

variabilis, Helicops.
variabilis, Spilotes •

. . • •

139

. . 98,

100

. . 28,

143

. . . .

XI

. . 33,

144

. . 49,

149

l.NDKX.

185

vanans .
variegata, Ficimi:
variegata, Ilydrof
Venom . . .
venustis8imus
venustos .
vermiformis
vermis • •

vi'i-nalis . .

\ ertebralis.
vetustua. .
villarsii . •

84,

101,
39,

n;i

162

17(1

: x i J i

63
143
167
1(17
14li
151)
147

85

Vipera .
Virginia.

villains .
vulpinus

wagneri . .
Water Snake
Water Snaki
weigelii . .
woodhousei

W.

96,
56,

88

168
L66

15S

153

163

I in

XXI

134

141

Xenodon
Xerobates

Yellow Boa

Zacholus
zonatus . .
Zonuridae
Zootoca • .

Z.

79, 161

VI

xvii. 132

. . 156
67, 156

. . XIV

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