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7

A. AGASSIZ.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

eR A, -y.

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

GIFT OF

ALEX. AGASSIZ.

atlemorrs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
Vou. XXXVITI.. No. 1.

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION. TO THE
TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, ON THE
U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER ‘“ ALBATROSS,” FROM AUGUST,
1899, TO MARCH, 1900, COMMANDER JEFFERSON F. MOSER, U.S. N.,

‘COMMANDING. —
pA

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE
; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ,
BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER ‘‘ ALBATROSS,” FROM
OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT. COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT,

U. S. N., COMMANDING.
XVII.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF
THE PACIFIC.

By JOHN MURRAY anp G. V. LEE.

.
WITH FIVE PLATES AND THREE MAPS.

[Published by permission of GzorcE M. Bowers, U. §. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.]

CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A.:

Printey for the fMuseum,
JUNE, 1909,

TROPICAL PACIFIC.

The following Publications of the Museum contain Reports on the Dredging Operations in
charge of Alexander Agassiz, of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer “ Albatross,” during
1899 and 1900, Commander Jefferson F. Moser, U.S. N., Commanding. :

I. A. Acassiz. Preliminary Report and List of Stations.. With Remarks on the Deep-Sea
Deposits by Sir John Murray. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No.1. January, 1902.
114 pp. 21 Charts.

II. A. G. Mayer. Some Species of Partula from Tahiti. A Study in Variation. Mem. M.C.Z. —
Vol. XXVI. No. 2. January, 1902. 21 pp. 1 Plate.

Ill. A. Acassiz and A. G. Mayer. Meduse, Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 3. January,
1902. 40 pp. 13 Plates, 1 Chart.

IV. A. Acassiz. The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVIII.
February, 1903. 33, 410 pp.- 238 Plates.

V. C. R. Easrman. Sharks’ Teeth and Cetacean Bones from the Red Clay of the Tropical
Pacific. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 4. June, 1903. 14 pp. 3 Plates.

VI. W. E: Hoyts. Cephalopoda. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLIII. No.1. March, 1904. | 71 pp.
12 Plates.

VII. H. Lupwic. Asteroidea. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXII. July, 1905. 12, 292 pp. 35
Plates, 1 Chart.

VUI. W. E. Rirrer and Eprru 8. Byxper. The Pelagic Tunicata. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI.
No. 5. August, 1905. 20 pp. 2 Plates.

IX. Mary J. Rarasun. The Brachyura. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXV. No. 2. August,
1907. 54 pp. 9 Plates.

X. C.H. Gitgerr. The Lantern Fishes. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 6. July, 1908.
23 pp. 6 Plates.

XI. A. AGassiz. Echini: The Genus Colobocentrotus. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. XXXVI. No. 1.
November, 1908. 8,34 pp. 49 Plates.
\

XIL- Jonn Murray and G. V. Ler. The Depth and Marine Deposits of the Pacific. Mem.
M. C. Z., Vol. XXXVIII. No.1. May, 1908. 172 pp. 5 Plates, 3 Maps.

Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoclogn
AT HARVARD COLLEGE,
Vou. XXXVIII. No. 1.

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE
TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, ON THE
U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER “ALBATROSS,” FROM AUGUST,
1899, TO MARCH, 1900, COMMANDER JEFFERSON F. MOSER, U.S. N.,

COMMANDING.
ST

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE
EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ,
BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER “ALBATROSS,” FROM
OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT. COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT,
U.S. N., COMMANDING.
XVII.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF
THE PACIFIC.

By JOHN MURRAY anp G. V. LEE.

WITH FIVE PLATES AND THREE MAPS.

[Published by permission of Gzorcz M. Bowers, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. ]

” CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A.:

Printed for the Museum.
JUNE, 1909.

isieghy

2
OM .eul

ay

CONTENTS.

Intropuction (Extracts from Dr.
Alexander Agassiz’s prelimi-
nary reports bearing on the
bottom-deposits)
First Expedition
Second Expedition
Third Expedition

Fourth Expedition

O 8 spl 70) 16-25

Borrom Samptes collected during the

fourth expedition of Dr. Alex-
ander Agassiz, 1904-1905 . . .
Types of Deposits
Pelagic Deposits
Terrigenous Deposits. ... .
The Mineral Constituents observed
in the different deposits
Methods used for determination
Manganese Nodules
Palagonitic Tuffs
Hardened Deposit
Phosphatic Concretion . .....
Sharks’ Teeth and Cetacean Bones
Detailed descriptions of the Deposit-
Samples
Bortom Sampzss collected during the
third expedition of Dr. Alex-
ander Agassiz, 1899-1900. . .

OO OGG oAs0

er) cel) sey (pes fej). (oh fe) vey ve

Pace

80

PacE

Detailed Descriptions of the Deposit-
SHINES nis gb oo 6 6 oc 81
Manganese Nodules , ...... 145,

Tue Derrus or THE Pactric OckAN 149
DIsTRIBUTION OF Marine Deposits

IN THE PActFic OckAN. ... 153
lis IeClOleRy 6 6.5 0 66.6 3c 154
II. Globigerina Ooze. ..... 154
1GUE IDeA s 6 6 6 6 O10 © 155
IV. Radiolarian Ooze. ..... 155
Ve) Eteropod’@oze) yn es 155
VI. Coral Mud and Sand 156
VII. Other Terrigenous Deposits 156
PERCENTAGE OF CALCIUM CARBO-
NATE in the Deposits cover-
ing the floor of the Pacific
Osi yo. 26. 6he oon a 06 157
GENERAL REMARKS AND CONCLU-
STONSI cree es nomen al cle ce sen ets 160
Apprenpix. Notes on the examination
of materials from Station 2
(1899-1900 cruise) and Station
4719 (1904-1905 cruise) by Dr.
Wis JN; Casts oo 6 6 < elOD
ANS Palagvoniticy Nutty yy isnien- i 165
183, leech Oley oa 5 6 o Gc 168
EXPLANATION OF THE Puates. ... 171

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE
PACIFIC OCEAN.

. INTRODUCTION.

_ OF all the additions to our knowledge of the depth and deposits of the
Pacific Ocean during recent years, the most important are probably those
acquired by Dr. Alexander Agassiz during his various cruises in the Pacific.
Before proceeding to a detailed description of the samples of the deposits
submitted to us for examination, it seems desirable to bring together the
various accounts published in Dr. Alexander Agassiz’s preliminary reports,
as these show the observations made at the time of collection during the
course of these expeditions.

First Expedition— Dr. Alexander Agassiz’s first expedition in the Pacific,
in the U.S. Fish Commission steamer “ Albatross,’ in the year 1891, con-
sisted of three short cruises off the west coast of Central America. The
first cruise was from Panama to Point Mala, thence to Cocos Island, thence
to Malpelo Island, and back to Panama. The second cruise was from
Panama to Galera Point, thence to the southern face of the Galapagos, and
thence to Acapulco. The third cruise was from Acapulco, up the Gulf of
California, as far as Guaymas. Dr. Agassiz published a general sketch of
the expedition,’ from which the following remarks on the character of the
bottom-deposits are extracted : —

“We dredged frequently in most characteristic Globigerina ooze. On
one occasion the trawl came up literally filled with masses of a species of
Rhabdammina closely allied to R. lineata.

“Tt is interesting to note that, at two localities not far from the coast
off Mariato Point, we came across patches of modern greensand similar in

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., Vol. XXIII., No. 1, 1892.

8 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

formation to the patches discovered off the east coast of the United States
by the earlier dredgings of the Coast Survey, of Pourtalés, and of the

‘Blakkeyene
“‘ Nearly everywhere along our second line of exploration, except on the

face of the Galapagos slope, we trawled upon a bottom either muddy or
composed of Globigerina ooze, more or less contaminated with terrigenous
deposits, and frequently covered with a great amount of decayed vegetable
matter. We scarcely made a single haul of the trawl which did not bring
up a considerable amount of decayed vegetable matter, and frequently logs,
branches, twigs, seeds, leaves, fruits, much as during our first cruise.

“<7 was struck, while trawling on our second line between the Galapagos
and Acapulco, to observe the great distance from shore to which true terrig-
enous deposits were carried. There was not a station there occupied of
which the bottom could be characterized as strictly oceanic. At our most
distant points from shore, the bottom specimens invariably showed some
trace of admixture of terrigenous material. A very fine mud was the char-
acteristic bottom we brought up, often very sticky, and enough of it usually
remained in the trawl, even when coming up from depths of over 2,000
fathoms, materially to interfere with the assorting of the specimens con-
tained in our hauls. This mud continued all the way from the Galapagos
to Acapulco, and up to the mouth of the Gulf of California, where it became
still more of an impediment to dredging, so that little work was done until
we passed the Tres Marias. Even then the trawl was ordinarily well filled
with mud, and with it came up the usual supply of logs, branches, twigs, and
decayed vegetable matter.

“On going farther north, into the Gulf of California, the nature of the
bottom did not change materially from what it had been along the coast
from Acapulco to Cape Corrientes; it was the same viscid mud, mixed occa-
sionally with Globigerinze and masses of vegetable matter. So we found
the trawling most difficult from the weight of the mud brought up, but
occasionally a haul was made which more than repaid us for the time spent
on the less productive ones.

“In the dredgings of the ‘Blake’ in the Gulf of Mexico, off the West
Indies, and in the Caribbean, my attention had already been called to the
immense amount of vegetable matter dredged up from a depth of over
1,500 fathoms on the lee side of the West India Islands. But in none of
the dredgings we made on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus did we come

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 9

upon such masses of decomposed vegetable matter as we found on this ex-
pedition. There was hardly a haul taken which did not supply a large
quantity of water-logged wood, and more or less fresh twigs, leaves, seeds
and fruits, in all possible stages of decomposition.”

Second Eapedition.—In 1897 Dr. Agassiz explored the coral reefs of
the Fiji Islands, and published an interesting account' of his results, but
no bottom deposits were collected.

Third Expedition.—In 1899 and 1900 Dr. Agassiz made an extended
cruise in the tropical Pacific, proceeding from San Francisco to the
Marquesas, Paumotu, Society, Cook, Friendly, and Fiji groups of islands,
thence through the Ellice, Gilbert, Marshall, Caroline, and Ladrone groups
of islands to Japan. The following notes on the bottom-deposits are
extracted from Dr. Agassiz’s preliminary report” on the scientific results
of the expedition : —

“At Station 2, 2368 fathoms, lat. 28° 23’ N., long. 126° 57’ W., the
trawl came up with the bag full of red clay and of manganese nodules, sili-
ceous sponge spicules, a large pink Benthoecetes, spines of Phormosoma,
Euphronides, and Benthodytes in fragments. Together with the manganese
nodules came up many sharks’ teeth, whale ear-bones and other fragments
of cetaceans more or less coated with manganese. There were a number of
species of sharks represented: Carcharodon, Lamna, Oxyrhina, Carcharias.
There were also a number of flat slabs coated with manganese, the majority
from three to four inches thick, but many were nearly six inches through.
We must have brought up at least 800 pounds’ weight of nodules. The
slabs seemed to, be composed of volcanic ash. There were many rounded
masses of pumice covered by manganese and fragments of the stem of a
Gorgonian (Isis) coated with manganese.

‘‘ At this station we obtained 116 sharks’ teeth, a few ear-bones and other
bones of whales and dolphins.

“Nore. —Sir John Murray informs me that at Station 2 some of the material which
seemed to be manganese nodules proved to be rocks, evidently of continental origin, covered
with a thin coating of manganese.

“Mr. J. J. H. Teall, of the Geological Survey of England, who examined these rocks,
reports that they are a fragment of a rounded, pebble, consisting of a typical hornblende

andesite; a subangular fragment of a pale-green serpentine; an angular fragment of a
fine-grained sandstone composed of grains of quartz, felspar,and epidote, minute grains of

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXXIII., 1899.
2 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil., Vol. XXVI., 1902, pp. 70-S1.

10 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

mica being also present; fragments of a well-rounded pebble of black chert, traversed by
microscopic quartz veins.

“ How these pebbles, having all the characteristics of glacial-worn pebbles, came to be
carried to this point is an interesting question. As the sharks’ teeth and cetacean bones
found in the red clay seem to indicate that since tertiary times there have been but very
insignificant deposits at great distance from continental areas, similarly we may be tempted
to assume that these pebbles, which could not have been transported to their present
locality by any agency of the present epoch, were carried to it during the glacial epoch,
the thin coating of manganese indicating how small have been the bottom deposits since
the glacial period.” ...

“We could find no spherules of cosmic iron in the few samples of
manganese nodules which we ground to powder. .

“ At Station 13, in 2690 fathoms, lat. 9° 57’ N., long. 137° 47’ W.,
... the ‘Blake’ trawl came up full of large manganese nodules, balls
varying in diameter from 43 to over 6 inches ; a few of the largest measured

: Inches in diameter. . . . The manganese nodules were all more or less
mammary ; this is specially well-developed in the flat pieces. . . .

“At Station 31, in 2700 fathoms, lat. 12° 20’ S., long. 144° 15’ W. Red
clay. The sea being a little too heavy for a successful haul, the‘ Blake’
trawl came up with the net badly torn; it must have had too heavy a load
of manganese nodules, as the part of the bag left contained about a plate-
full of small, irregularly shaped nodules, incrusting also volcanic rock. . . .

“At Station 73 we lowered the trawl in 807 fathoms, lat. 17° 27’ S.,
long. 149° 32’ W. It brought up a mass of fine voleanic mud filled with
sticks and leaves and decayed vegetation, fragments of rocks and other tel-
luric material, pieces of sugar cane, and fragments of cocoanut shells. . . .

“At Station 133 we lowered the trawl in 742 fathoms, lat. 18° 05’ S.,
long. 142° 23’ W. ... The trawl came up in pieces; the pocket of the
bag contained a piece of obsidian as large as a hen’s egg, a piece of pumice
and of coral, both coated with manganese, a few fragments of wood simi-
larly coated, a fragment of Tubipora, also coated, and a mass of Globigerinz
connected by manganese, as well as volcanic fragments and particles of

manganese.
“ At Station 134, in 807 fathoms, lat. 18° 06’ S., long. 142° 24° W....
We sent the swabs down; brought up . . . some small manganese nodules

and sharks’ teeth. .
“ At Station 173, in 2440 fathoms, lat. 18° 55’ S., long. 146° 32’ W... .
The ‘Blake’ trawl brought up about half a ton of flattened manganese

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 11

nodules, generally mammillated on the surface, and slabs of all sizes, from
that of a large potato to that of a pea. Many of the nodules were spherical
or ellipsoidal. Many of the flattened pieces contained large sharks’ teeth;
there were but few ear-bones or other bones of cetaceans. Some of the
sharks’ teeth were fully four inches long.

“ At Station 183, in 2472 fathoms, lat. 19° 04’ S., long. 167° 41’ W....
The ‘ Blake’ trawl came up with a large hole on the side and the bottom
partly carried away, yet there were still left in the bag a number of small,
flat manganese nodules, from the size of a small walnut down. The bag
also contained a few pieces of pumice and one shark’s tooth, a few siliceous
sponge spicules, and fragments of a small siliceous sponge. . . .

“A comparison of the deposits collected by the ‘ Albatross’ on the line
from San Francisco to Tahiti with the ‘Challenger’ line of soundings from
Station 253, north of the Hawaiian Islands to Tahiti, shows a great similarity
in their characteristic structure. At Station 2 (lat. 28° 23’ N., long. 126°
51’ W.), in only 2368 fathoms, the ‘Albatross’ struck the characteristic
Pacific red clay which was met with as far as Station 14 (lat. 6° 41’ N.,
long. 137° W.), where in 2776 fathoms Globigerine and Foraminifera pre-
dominated and no Radiolarians occurred, while at next station, in 2583 fath-
oms, Radiolarians were again obtained, as well as at Station 18 (lat. 6° 25’S.,
long. 138° 59’ W.), in 2468 fathoms, and at Station 23 (lat. 8° 33’ S.,
long. 139° 36’ W.), in 1802 fathoms, near the Marquesas, together with vol-
canic particles. At the intermediate stations, varying in depth from 1939
to 2463 fathoms, Globigerina ooze was obtained. It may be stated that
Stations 14 to 23 are in a general way in the tract of the equatorial current
and counter current, characterized by the larger number of species consti-
tuting its surface fauna than in the stations to the north... .

“The bottom deposit at the stations in the vicinity of the Marquesas
are characterized by an admixture of Globigerina ooze and volcanic particles.
In the channel separating the Marquesas from the northwestern Paumotus,
a distance of not more than four hundred and fifty miles, the deeper parts,
in from 2456 fathoms to 2700 fathoms, are marked by all the characteristics
of the deposits in the deeper parts of the eastern Pacifie north of the Mar-
quesas ; the deposits passing from red clay associated with Radiolarians to
red clay mixed with Foraminifera, and in the lesser depths, 1208 fathoms
to 1932 fathoms, we meet with deposits consisting of Globigerina ooze, and
finally coral sand in the vicinity of the Paumotu plateau.

12 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

«Again in the channel separating the Paumotus from the Society Islands
a deposit allied to red clay, composed in part of Globigerinz, was found in
the deeper parts at a depth of somewhat over 2200 fathoms; the Globigerinz
becoming mixed with large proportions of volcanic mud as we approached
the Society Islands.

“Through the Paumotu Archipelago the soundings in less than 1400
fathoms are marked by the frequent occurrence of Pteropod ooze and of Glo-
bigerinz, but by far the greater number of soundings show a bottom made
up of Globigerine and of coral sand in proportion to the distance from the
atolls; the coral sand being coarser nearer the shores, gradually becoming
finer as we proceed seaward, and at the same time containing a larger per-
centage of Globigerinze or of Pteropod shells. . .

“ A similar state of things is found to hold good with the deposits at the
stations occupied in the central Paumotus, as well as in the easternmost
islands of the Paumotus we visited. When the depths separating the islands
are greater, . . . we find again red clay in depths varying from 2284 to
2467 fathoms containing a greater or less percentage of Foraminifera. Sim-
ilarly . . . in the deep water which separates Anu Anuraro from Here-
heretue, in 2265 and 2524 fathoms, the bottom deposit is red clay with an
admixture of Foraminifera; while at stations varying in depth from about
700 fathoms to nearly 2000 fathoms the deposit is made up of coral sand,
Pteropod ooze, and Globigerinz in different percentages, as in the deposits
of the north-western Paumotus.

“The deep soundings between Hereheretue and Tahiti . . . were made
up of red clay and Globigerine ; and on approaching Tahiti the coral sand
which characterized the vicinity of the atolls in the Paumotus is replaced
in the Society Islands by volcanic mud and volcanic sand and a small
percentage of Globigerine.

“‘One cannot fail to notice the frequent occurrence of particles of man-
ganese and of small manganese nodules in the deposits through the Paumotus
and Society Islands.

“In the deep water between Niue and Tonga which culminates at
Station 186 (lat. 21° 18’ S., long. 173° 51’ W.) in 4540 fathoms, we meet
with red clay deposits containing Radiolaria, . . . though at Station 182
the red clay in 2882 fathoms contained a considerable percentage of
Globigerine.

“On the way from Vavau to Fiji we found volcanic mud to the westward

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 13

of Letté while crossing the voleanic ridge which runs parallel to the Tonga
Island plateau. Crossing the eastern Fiji plateau we meet with deposits of
coarse coral sand, pteropod ooze, and fine coral ooze, associated with man-
ganese particles and Globigerinz, much as in the deposits of the Paumotus.

“On our way through the Ellice and Gilbert Islands to Jaluit we obtained
in the proximity of the islands coarse coral sand, pteropod ooze, and fine coral-
sand ooze more or less mixed with Globigerinze. In the deeper waters sepa-
rating the islands of each group, and the groups themselves, we encountered
only Globigerina ooze, varying greatly in the size of the species obtained ;
very coarse species being met with . . . in the Gilbert group in 1365 and
_ 1569 fathoms. .. .

“Tn 2221 fathoms, between Apamama and Maiana, we met with the same
Globigerine, characterizing the equatorial current, which we had obtained
before in the Paumotus and to the northward. Although on our way to
Jaluit from Taritari we sounded in over 2500 fathoms, yet we nowhere
obtained red clay in the bottom deposit, either on that line or in the deep
water separating the islands of the Ellice or of the Gilbert group. . . . We
found the same conditions in the Marshall group, coarse coral-sand, passing,
according to depth and distance from land, into fine coral-sand, or coral-sand
ooze, with a gradually increasing percentage of Globigerinee. These are
met with in as great a depth as 2613 fathoms, between Jaluit and Ailanglab
Lab and all through the Marshall group in deep water in the channels between |
the different groups. . . .

“Red clay is, however, met with in the bottom deposits of the northern
part of the Marshall group between Rongelab and Likieb . . . in depths
varying from 2469 to 2609 fathoms, though even at that depth it is asso-
ciated with a considerable percentage of Globigerinz.

“Similarly on our way through the Carolines we found Globigerine to
constitute a considerable percentage of the bottom deposits to depths of
nearly 2500 fathoms. . . . The bottom deposits in the Carolines consist, as
we would naturally expect from the geological structure of the Carolines,
near the island groups, in great part of voleanic mud mixed with coral sand
and Globigerine ; ‘the size of the sand, voleanic or coral, gradually decreasing
as the depth increases. . .

“Tt is only as we pass into the ‘ Caroline Deep’ separating the Carolines
from Guam and the Ladrones that we come upon bottom deposits consisting
of red clay, manganese nodules, and pumice, as well as volcanic particles;

14. THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

. and as we approach Guam, . . . in 2337 fathoms, we come upon de-
posits of fine volcanic sand.

“No soundings were made by the ‘ Albatross’ on the line from Guam to
Yokohama, as the line is parallel for a considerable length with that run by
the ‘Challenger’ from the Admiralty Islands to Japan.”

The same report also includes a few remarks by Sir John Murray on the
bottom deposits," accompanied by two colored maps: one showing the dis-
tribution of the deposit types, and the other showing the depths, in the por-
tion of the Pacific traversed by the “ Albatross.”

Fourth Expedition.—In the winter of 1904-1905 Dr. Alexander Agassiz
made his most recent expedition in the “ Albatross” in the eastern tropical
Pacific. From San Francisco the “ Albatross” proceeded to Panama, thence
to the Galapagos Islands, and to Aguja Point in Peru, thence out into deep
water and to Callao in Peru, thence to Sala y Gomez and Easter Island, then
back to Galapagos Islands, thence to Manga Reva in the Paumotu Archi-
pelago, and finally from Manga Reva to Acapulco. The following remarks
on the bottom-deposits are extracted from Dr. Agassiz’s General Report of
the Expedition : ”

“Off Mariato Point [on the voyage from San Francisco to Panama] the
‘ Albatross’ made two hauls in the vicinity of the stations where in 1891 she
found ‘modern greensand’ in 555 and 782 fathoms. It was interesting to
find the greensand again, as the specimens collected in 1891 were lost in
transit to Washington. . . . On the 2d [November] we left [Panama] for
Mariato Point to make a few additional trawl hauls in the region of the
greensand. In both the hauls made off Mariato Point greensand was
found, but not in the quantity obtained in 1891... .

“The bottom of the area explored by the ‘ Albatross’ in 1891 is covered
by green and brown mud mixed with masses of decayed and decaying vege-
table matter. South of this area we come upon the great tracts of the
Eastern Pacific, the bottom of which is covered by manganese nodules.
The extent of this tract is shown in Plate 3, where are given the northern ©
and eastern limits of the manganese nodules as well as its southern limit
extending from Easter Island to Manga Reva. From the northern extrem-
ity of Moser Basin the line forming the northern limit of the manganese

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil., Vol. XXVI., 1902, pp. 109-111, maps 1* and 1.
2 Ibid., Vol. XXXIII., 1906, pp. xi., xii., 5 et seg.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 15

nodules runs in a southeasterly direction to about 100° W. long., and 5°
south of the equator where it runs nearly due east off Aguja Point, its
eastern line then runs south, parallel to the South American coast. The
southern limit of the nodules as here given (PI. 3) is probably not its south-
ernmost limit, as the ‘Challenger’ obtained manganese nodules a long way
south in the latitude of Valparaiso; but nothing is known of the character
of the bottom on the area intervening between the lines of the ‘ Albatross’
and ‘ Challenger.’ The western and northern and eastern limits of the Radi-
olarian ooze (Pl. 3) indicate a great tract partly covering the area of
manganese nodules.

“To the west of the Radiolarian ooze area lies a great tract of Globiger-
ina ooze; it is east of the Marquesas and of the Paumotus and extends north
some way into Moser Basin (PI. 3).

“ Diatoms are found in a very wide belt reaching from the equator to
nearly the general latitude of 15° S., in some localities south and west of
Aguja Point, as well as others. Close to the South American coast they
occur in sufficient quantities to have formed siliceous earth. It will be noted
that the belt where diatoms occur is entirely within the influence of the
western and northern set of the Humboldt current, and that while diatoms
are found in great abundance in an area near the equator, yet they have
undoubtedly been brought north by the Humboldt current from more
southern latitudes than those explored by the ‘ Albatross,’ and have been
spread westward by the prevailing southeast trades of the belt where they
are found (Pl. 4)... .

“Hauls of the trawl made off the Galapagos and at the western ex-
tremity of our lines off Aguja Point brought us within the area of the
manganese nodules, with its Radiolarian ooze mud, Cetacean ear-bones, and
beaks of Cephalopods; nothing could stand the damaging work of these
nodules in grinding to pieces all the animal life the trawl may have obtained
(PI. 3). Down to a depth of 2200 fathoms or so the bottom was constituted
of Globigerina ooze, its character being more or less hidden when near the
coast by the amount of detrital matter and terrigenous deposits which have
drifted out to sea.

“North of the Galapagos, as in the 1891 expedition, we found vegetable
matter at nearly all the stations, and between the Galapagos and Callao such
material was not uncommon in the trawl.

“ Beyond the line of 2200 fathoms dead radiolarians become quite abun-

16 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

dant on the bottom, as well as in the mud of the manganese nodules, though
among the nodules it was not uncommon to find an occasional Biloculina.
Many of the dead radiolarians found on the bottom were obtained from the
guts of Salpg swimming near the surface or within the 300-fathom line in
the tow-nets sent to that depth. The same is the case with many of the
Dinoflagellata which Have beén considered as deep-sea types. . . .

“The samples of the bottom obtained by the soundings taken by the
expedition or gathered in the mud-bag and in the trawl indicate that an
immense area of the bottom of the Eastern Pacific is covered with manga-
nese nodules, and that they play an important part in determining the
character of the bottom, not only in the area covered by this expedition but
also in other oceanic regions ; the Eastern Pacific area of manganese nodules
probably extends to the northwest of our lines to join the stations where
manganese nodules were found by the ‘ Albatross’ in 1899 in the Moser
Basin, on the line, San Francisco to Marquesas (PI. 3).

“This area may also extend south of our lines, Callao to Easter Island,
and join the line west of Valparaiso where the ‘ Challenger’ obtained man-
ganese nodules at many stations. I do not mean to imply that manganese
nodules are present to the exclusion of radiolarians and of globigerine. It
is probable that the layer of nodules is partly covered by them, and by the
thick, sticky, dark chocolate-colored mud which is found wherever manganese
nodules occur. . . .

“The Salpx guts gave us, in addition to the finer tow-nets, immense col-
lections of radiolarians, diatoms, and dinoflagellata, many of which have
been considered to live at great depth and upon the bottom. It is most
interesting to note the number of diatoms found in this tropical region.
They have usually been considered as characteristic of more temperate and
colder regions. On several occasions the surface waters were greatly dis-
colored by their presence, and the extent of their influence on the bottom
deposits is shown by the discovery of a number of localities where the
bottom samples at depths from 1490 to 2845 fathoms, in the track of the
great Peruvian current, formed a true infusorial earth.”

After these interesting extracts, giving details of the observations made
on board ship during the various cruises, we may now proceed to a detailed
description of the samples of these deposits which were sent to us for
examination.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 17

BOTTOM SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE FOURTH EX-
PEDITION OF DR. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, 1904-1908.

The number of samples received was one hundred and six, but, unfor-
tunately, a large proportion of these was not available for full description.
Thus, in no less than twenty-nine cases, the labels could not be deciphered,
most of them apparently terrigenous deposits. The labels indicating the
position of each sample were not stuck on the bottles, but placed inside
them, in contact with the deposit; curiously enough, in the case of the
terrigenous deposits, the labels were, with a few exceptions, totally de-
stroyed, while they were relatively well preserved in the samples of pelagic
deposits. This is probably connected with the larger amount of decom-
posing organic matter in the terrigenous deposits.

In ten cases the material had evidently been subjected to a certain
amount of washing, and could not therefore be looked upon as represent-
ing the deposit in situ, while in seven cases the material consisted of man-
ganese nodules or rock fragments without any true deposit. In this way
the number of samples fully described in the sequel is reduced to sixty.
These are distributed in depth as follows: —

Samples from less than 1000 fathoms . Ride time nay ra he olin aia
Samples from 1000 to 2000 fathoms . . . 2. . 1... ... 1

Samples from 2000 to 3000 fathoms . . ........~. 4i
Samplesitromijover s000 fathomsyyiy-ns) ve Welt kes le al
ARO LAM MMA SUS a He eed fan Wades ciaWetiate Camb teen yee, er 4 OO

The types of deposit to which these sixty samples are referred are as

follows : —

Globigerina Ooze 36
Red Clay . 16
Green Mud 3
Blue Mud 2
Calecareous Mud 1
Volcanic Sand . 1
Diatom Ooze 1

Total 60

Between Panama and the Galapagos Islands the “ Albatross” took
samples of Green Sand and Green Mud in 556 and 776 fathoms respectively,

off Mariato Point. About midway between Panama and the Galapagos
9

18 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Islands the deposit was Globigerina Ooze in 1705 fathoms, and again under
the equator in 1418 fathoms, and close to Galapagos in 633 fathoms. On
the voyage from the Galapagos Islands to Aguja Point, a deep sounding
in 2235 fathoms gave a Red Clay, and nearer the coast, in 1036 fathoms,
a Green Mud was taken. On the voyage from Aguja Point out into open
water and thence to Callao, Red Clay was found in depths of 2370, 2600,
2845, 2338, and 3120 fathoms, and Blue Mud was found at 1490 and 1949
fathoms. On the voyage from Callao to Easter Island, the deposit
was mostly Red Clay, except that at 2205 fathoms, in lat. 21° 30’ S.,
long. 96° W., a Globigerina Ooze was met with, but approximating to the
Red Clay, since the percentage of calcium carbonate was only 34. On
approaching Sala y Gomez, Globigerina Ooze was again met with in 1939
fathoms, with Volcanic Sand close to Easter Island. After leaving Easter
Island, the expedition apparently ran along the border-line between Red
Clay and Globigerina Ooze, although the depths varied little; thus at 2020
fathoms, in lat. 25° 22’ §., the percentage of calcium carbonate was 62;
then in 2188 fathoms (lat. 23° 24’ S.) the percentage fell to 11, rising again
to 33 at 2168 fathoms (lat. 21° 59’ S.), falling again to 12 at 2265 fathoms
(lat. 19° 11’ S.), and rising again to 41 at 2228 fathoms (lat. 17° 18’ S.),
whence proceeding northwards the Globigerina Ooze became typical with a
high percentage of calcium carbonate, and continued all the way until the
Galapagos Islands were approached. On the passage from the Galapagos
Islands to Manga Reva, the bottom was covered with Globigerina Ocze,
except for a most unusual sample from 2285 fathoms (lat. 6° 30’ S.,
long. 101° 17’ W.), where a Red Clay containing no calcium carbonate
_ was found. At the two stations on each side, the deposit was Globigerina
Ooze, containing 60 per cent of calcium carbonate in 2153 fathoms, and
75 per cent of calcium carbonate in 2084 fathoms. One is almost inclined
to conclude that this sample does not represent the deposit at the bot-
tom, but that the shells of Foraminifera have in some way been re-
moved, leaving only what we call “fine washings” in the bottle.
Immediately after leaving Manga Reva on the voyage to Acapulco, a
sounding was taken in 2225 fathoms (lat. 21° 4’ S., long. 133° 1’ W.),
where, according to Dr. Agassiz’s preliminary report, the deposit was: “ Red
clay mud, many mineral particles, very few Globigerine, no Radiolaria or
Diatoms.” The material received is very peculiar, being mostly made up
of amorphous calcium carbonate, and is quite unlike the deposit usually

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 19

found at such a depth. At the next station in 2391 fathoms (lat. 18° 29'S.,
long. 130° 51’ W.), the deposit was Red Clay containing 18 per cent of
calcium carbonate; thence northwards the deposit continued to be Globi-
gerina Ooze with a percentage of calcium carbonate exceeding 60 as far as
lat. 5° S., then, finally, a peculiar Red Clay was met with at 1955 fathoms
(lat. 10° 38’ N., long. 106° 48’ W.), containing no calcium carbonate.

Types oF Deposits.

The deposits obtained during this cruise of the U.S. S. “ Albatross” all
belong to “ Deep-sea Deposits” found beyond the 100-fathoms line. The
ordinary classification still holds good in this case, and the material at hand
gives typical examples of both terrigenous and pelagic deposits. As may be
expected from the configuration of the eastern shores of the Pacific, the ter-
rigenous deposits form only a narrow belt along the continental shelf of
North and South America. We have there Blue Muds, Green Muds, and
Green Sands, giving place to pelagic deposits as the depth increases towards
the open sea.

Pelagic Deposits. Globigerina Ooze was the deposit most frequently met
with, 36 samples having been studied. As regards the organisms that make
up the calcium carbonate, it was at first proposed to give a complete list
of the various species of Foraminifera, but as no difference could be found
between the organisms of the successive stations, the Foraminifera are
indicated merely as pelagic or bottom-living. The pelagic Foraminifera
usually present are: Globigerina bulloides, Globigerina conglobata, Globigerina
aquilateralis, Globigerina rubra, Globigerina dubia, Globigerina sacculifera, Orbu-
lina universa, Spheroidina deliscens, Pullenia obliquiloculata (very frequent),
Pulvinulina menardi, and Pulvinulina tumida. Fishes’ teeth and Echinoid
spines are the most frequent calcareous remains that accompany the
Foraminifera.’

Red Clay. The collection contains sixteen samples of Red Clay. The
deepest sounding where this deposit was found was at 3120 fathoms, and
the shallowest 1955 fathoms, the average depth being 2404 fathoms. The

1 The determination of the percentage of calcium carbonate was done throughout by means of
the method based on the displacement of carbonic acid by an acid and loss of weight, a modification
of Mohr’s apparatus being used. This method is quite accurate and sensitive enough for the purpose,
especially as calcium carbonate cannot be equally distributed throughout a sample, even when small,
as is naturally the case with a deposit that has not been chemically, but mechanically, laid down, the
size and abundance of the constituents varying continually, as may be expected from their organic
origin.

20 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

percentage of calcium carbonate varies from 0 to 20, 0 per cent occurring
nine times, and the mean being 6.33 per cent. The mean percentage of
calcium carbonate in the Red Clays of the whole ocean is, according to the
“Challenger” researches: 8.39 per cent in 18 samples from 2000 to 2500
fathoms, 7.16 per cent in 42 samples from 2500 to 3000 fathoms. The
depths are of the same order of magnitude, and yet the percentage for
the whole ocean is strikingly higher. The lower percentage in the case
of the “ Albatross” Red Clay may very possibly be connected with the distri-
bution of the surface currents in this part of the ocean, and has certainly
nothing to do with depth, as many of the samples of Globigerina Ooze were
collected in depths not much less than those in which the Red Clay was
found, the average depth for Globigerina Ooze being 2001 fathoms against
2404 fathoms for Red Clay, and in a few cases Red Clay was found in
depths which at other stations allow Globigerina Ooze to be deposited. As
an illustration we may mention the Red Clay of Station 4544 (lat. 10° 38’ N.,
long. 106° 47’ W.), where, although the depth is only 1955 fathoms, the
amount of calcium carbonate is equal to 0 per cent.

Diatom Ooze is represented by a most interesting sample which will be
found fully described later, and Radiolarian Ooze is represented by two un-
labelled samples; Pteropod Ooze is not represented in the collection.

Terrigenous Deposits. Green Mud was found by the ‘ Albatross” in two
localities, in 776 and 1036 fathoms, and Geen Sand in 556 fathoms. The
calcium carbonate in one Green Mud was as high as 25 per cent; in the
other only traces were found, while the percentage in the Green Sand was 5.
Glauconite is, of course, the characteristic mineral in these deposits, and
is usually accompanied by a green flocculent matter, to which Sir John
Murray and the late Professor Renard rightly attributed a vegetable origin.
To test the question two samples from the Agulhas Bank were placed in
small bottles and left to digest, the one in ether, the other in chloroform,
and in both cases the solvent took a pronounced green tinge, a fact which
strongly supports the above-mentioned view.

Blue Mud was found off Callao in 1490 and 1949 fathoms; in the former
there was no calcium carbonate, while the latter contained 5 per cent.

Calcareous Mud. This name is applied here to a rather peculiar deposit
met with in lat. 21° 4’ &., long. 133° 1’ W., in 2225 fathoms. The re-
markable fact about this mud is that it is essentially composed of coccoliths
and Tunicate spicules, together with a large quantity of calcium carbonate

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 21

so finely comminuted as to appear quite amorphous under the microscope.
Phillipsite in minute crystals is also present, and this is not the least inter-
esting point in the deposit. As regards the origin of this mud there is no
evidence at hand to show exactly what it is, but according to the prelimi-
nary report the sounding comes after a series of soundings which had revealed
the presence of Coral Sand, in the vicinity of Manga Reva, in depths ranging
from 225 to 1394 fathoms; this mud may thus possibly represent a very
finely comminuted Coral Mud, the finer parts of which have been carried to
the place where they were deposited, in a depth of 2225 fathoms. Refer-
ence to the description will show that the calcareous constituents of this
deposit are so minute that there is no mechanical objection to the supposition
that they may have been held in suspension in the water and carried away a
certain distance from their point of origin. It must be observed, however,
that there is no known coral reef within 150 miles of this position.

Voleamie Sand. A typical sample of this deposit was brought up from
1552 fathoms, off Easter Island.

Toe MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OBSERVED IN THE DIFFERENT Deposits.

The mineral constituents in the Globigerina Oozes found by the “ Alba-
tross”’ are, as a rule, very small.’ When estimating the percentage of
minerals, the plan adopted by the authors of the Challenger Report on
Deep-Sea Deposits was adhered to; that is to say, particles that are not
washed away together with the fine clay are put down as “ minerals.”
These were weighed, and the percentage estimated after deducting the
amount of siliceous organisms as indicated later. In two cases no mineral
particles were observed ; in twenty-two cases the minerals were estimated
as traces; in six cases the percentage is estimated at less than 1, and in the
remaining six the percentage varies from 1 to 5. This fact is easily ac-
counted for, as the ooze extends in a broad tract far from land, where the
greater part of the mineral particles have a volcanic origin, continental
débris being only accidentally met with.

Augite, plagioclase, volcanic glass, and magnetite are the minerals that usu-
ally accompany Globigerina Ooze in this part of the Pacific; the oxides of
tron and manganese, in the shape of minute grains, are seldom absent, and,
even when not present as grains, it is to them that the brown color of the

“fine washings” is due.

1 Murray and Renard call particles exceeding 0.05 mm. in diameter “ minerals.”

92 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

A very interesting fact brought to light by the cruises of the “ Albatross’
and the “Nero” is that the presence of manganese nodules in a deposit is
not at all incompatible with a high percentage of calcium carbonate, and
especially if many volcanic minerals are at the same time present in the
deposit, as indeed was indicated in the description of Station 297 in the
Challenger Report on Deep-Sea Deposits. Nodules were found in one deposit
containing 33 per cent of calcium carbonate, and in eight typical Globigerina
Oozes containing respectively 77, 62, 78, 54, 60, 75, 50, and 65 per cent of
calcium carbonate. We have here a large proportion of the total number
of stations where nodules were dredged, so that we may infer that
manganese nodules are by no means exclusively characteristic of Red Clay.
Their origin depends more on a ready supply of manganese and iron than
on depth, and is not dependent on the presence or absence of calcareous
organisms,’

The nodules, and specially those that are in course of formation, are often
associated with palagonitic tuffs, on which the oxides form a coating of
variable thickness; the oxides also form irregularly distributed nuclei within
the cakes of palagonitic tuffs. We may mention here the peculiar forma-
tion of Station 4693 (lat. 26° 30'S., long. 105° 45’ W.), where the oxides
are deposited within, and on the surface of, consolidated cakes of Globigerina
Ooze. This is the only instance met with during the cruise of a deposit being
dredged as consolidated lumps. During the cruise of the “Challenger” a
large piece of consolidated Globigerina rock was dredged between Arrou and
Banda at a depth of 129 fathoms; this rock differs from the hardened ooze
described here in being quite hard, requiring a sharp blow of the hammer to
break it, and, moreover, it is not associated with manganese oxide. The
formation most nearly resembling this one appears to be a Globigerina Ooze
dredged by the 8. 8. “ Britannia” in the year 1901 in lat. 14° 32’ S. and
long. 175° 55' W. According to the report by Sir John Murray and Mr.
Peake, the material came up perfectly hard and dry, and required a hammer
to knock it out of the tubes. Nevertheless, the phenomenon is of rare
occurrence, and is worth mentioning.

Phillipsite is by no means rare in the Globigerina Ooze of this part of the
Pacific Ocean. It was met with in five typical samples containing respec-

1 Reference to ‘‘ A Contribution to the Oceanography of the Pacific,” by James M. Flint (Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 55, 1905), will show that, in that part of the ocean traversed by the “ Nero,” man-
ganese concretions are generally present, and sometimes quite numerous, in Globigerina Ooze.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 23

tively 40, 65, 58, 72, and 65 per cent of calcium carbonate, and also in one
sample containing 33 per cent of calcium carbonate, which might be called
a Red Clay. The samples were dredged in stations situated as follows : —

Latitude. Longitude. Depth.
I? alsy IS), 100° 52’ W. 2168 fathoms.
21° 36'S. 131° 35’ W. 2228 Gs
22° 11'S. 133° 21’ W. 2123 uo:
13° 51'S. 126° 53’ W. 2042 &

g° 2S. 123° 20' W. 2186 =
21° 39'S. 104° 29’ W. 2422 “

These deposits have a truly pelagic character, having been formed far from
land, so that the mineral elements contained in them have mostly a volcanic
origin.

Reference to the descriptions will show the widespread distribution
of such minerals as volcanic glass, palagonite, pumice, etc., while augite and
felspars have almost certainly the same origin.

From the foregoing facts it will be seen that when a Globigerina Ooze
forms far from land, its nature, when calcareous organisms are not taken
into account, is very similar to that of a Red Clay, not only as regards its
chemical composition, but also as regards secondary products formed in situ.
It may be added that the minute calcareous coccoliths and rhabdoliths are
nearly always represented, but never in large amount, so that they have
not been indicated in the descriptions.

In Red Clay the minerals had to be put down as “traces” in the great
majority of the descriptions; the highest percentage observed is one of 4
per cent at Station 4658, and even then the 4 per cent is nearly wholly
represented by manganese grains. Actual mineral particles, volcanic or
continental, never make up an appreciable amount as such, but, of course,
if one could devise a means of separating and estimating the very minute
particles that pass away in decantation together with the “ fine washings,”
the relative percentages would be widely different. In the present study
the mineral particles together with the siliceous organisms were always dried
and weighed, and the relative proportions of siliceous organisms and minerals
roughly estimated by counting the particles spread on a microscopic slide.
When the weight of the residue was so small as to fall within the limits of
experimental errors, minerals and siliceous organisms had to be estimated as
traces.

24 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

With the exception of three samples ( from Stations 4649, 4666, 4672),
collected very near the limit of the Blue Mud, the “ Albatross” Red Clay
shows all the typical characters of the deposit as regards its mineral con-
stituents. The exceptions alluded to are clays in which quartz and
glauconite were detected; on account of these minerals the deposit might
perhaps in two cases have been called Blue Mud, but the total amount
of minerals having been estimated as traces, it may also be called Red
Clay, as it passes seawards into undoubted Red Clay, and there is no
Globigerina Ooze marking the limit between these two deposits. The third
sample partakes much more of the nature of Red Clay than of that of
Blue Mud, as among the minerals manganese grains and volcanic glass are
conspicuous (Station 4666).

Manganese nodules were present in six of the samples studied, and a
greater number would, no doubt, be at hand, were it not for the fact that
at many stations soundings alone were taken; trawling would almost cer-
tainly have shown the presence of nodules at all the stations, as manganese
is always present in the form of grains. The nodules of Station 4658
(lat. 8° 29’ S., long. 85° 35’ W.), in 2370 fathoms, must rank among the
finest ever dredged; they are of high specific gravity, very free from
foreign admixture, their shape is remarkably constant, and most of them
attain a very large size indeed.

The minerals that could be accurately determined, and that without any
doubt as to their true nature, were not very numerous, the same species
being generally represented in different stations with its usual characters.

Augite. Of clastic minerals the most frequently met with is a very pale
brown, nearly colorless augite, generally in fragments, entire crystals being
unusual.

Plagioclase. Next in order of abundance comes plagioclase, which, nearly
every time it exhibits the necessary optical properties required for accurate
determination, turns out to be a labradorite. For this determination use
was made as much as possible of sections of definite orientation, preferably
of those perpendicular to the acute or the obtuse bisectrix, and the results
were calculated from the data given by Mr. Michel Lévy in his treatise on
the determination of felspars. Very often, however, when the crystals were
too small, as in the case of microlites, the determination had to be based on the
measure of the value of the angle of extinction on lamelle perpendicular to

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 25

the plane (010), a determination quite reliable in the case of such highly basic
felspars. Good results are also obtained by the use of liquids of known re-
fractive index, as advocated by Schrider van der Kolk. The plagioclase
is present as (1) microlites, (2) fragments of relatively large crystals, and
(3) rarely in well-defined crystals with crystallographic outlines.

Orthoclase was not met with in the samples studied from this cruise,
either through its being really absent from the mother-rocks, or through
its having been quite decomposed. On the other hand it was found in a
few deposits collected during the 1899-1900 cruise. It may not be out of
place to draw attention once more to the fact that potassic felspars weather
_ at a remarkably high rate under the action of sea-water.

Volcanic glass is one of the most typical constituents of the area surveyed
by the “ Albatross.” It is quite colorless in certain cases, whilst distinctly
brewn and smoky in others. It is always present as sharp splinters of vari-
ous sizes, from microscopic fragments to pieces quite visible to the naked
eye.

Pumice. Large fragments of pumice were not often dredged during this
cruise ; on the other hand minute particles of finely comminuted pumice are
of frequent occurrence, even at long distances from volcanic centres.

Palagonite is in certain cases extremely abundant, forming large cakes of
palagonitic tuff. It forms angular grains of variable size (from 0.1 mm. to
2 or 3mm.), yellowish or light brown in color, having a resinous lustre and
conchoidal fracture. It is quite opaque unless in very thin sections, in which
case it is slightly pellucid ; it is also quite amorphous, exhibiting no trace of
birefringence. As to its origin, it is, in the case of the material studied here,
undoubtedly due to the decomposition of volcanic glass; in fact, certain
specimens were observed showing the gradual transformation of the glass
into palagonite. The latter is often accompanied by other products of
decomposition, usually yellow or yellowish green, and exhibiting crypto-
crystalline structure ; decomposition is too far advanced to permit the
determination of the original minerals.

Hornblende was only seldom met with.

Chiorite, the name being used in a broad acceptation, is fairly common,
but it was found impossible to determine it specifically, owing to its crypto-
crystalline structure and absence of well-defined optical properties. It is
quite possible that this substance may be the product of the transformation
of more than one kind of ferro-magnesian mineral.

26 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Olivine could be determined as such, with certainty, in a very few cases
only, owing mainly to the microscopic size of the particles; it is, however,
very likely more widely distributed than appears from the descriptions of
the deposits, as it was often observed in the deposits of the 1899-1900 cruise.

Magnetite is a widely-distributed mineral constituent, being rarely absent.

Hematite is less frequently met with, though its occurrence is by no
means rare.

Mica is relatively rare in these deep-sea deposits, and if present at all, is
always much decomposed, becoming opaque, and losing its birefringence.

Very often mineral particles had to be put down as “ products of decom-
position,” when nothing pointed to the exact nature of the original
mineral.

Quartz. By far the greater part of the deposits studied belong to the
pelagic class, so that quartz is rarely mentioned in the descriptions. Through
a defect in the labelling of the bottles practically all the samples of Blue
Muds, Green Muds, and Green Sands could not be localized, and had, there-
fore, to be left unstudied, a fact which brings down the degree of frequency of
quartz. It will be noticed that for the same reason other continental minerals,
such as tourmaline, zircon, and rutile, play no part in the descriptions, which
would not have been the case had these deposits been studied.

Rock Fragments. The most frequent are fragments of rocks belonging to
basic lavas, augite-andesites. These are black, with conchoidal fracture, and
weather reddish-brown ; all the fragments observed are angular.

From Station 4674, comparatively near the coast of Peru (lat. 12° 14’
S., long. 78° 43’ W.), some very large pieces of rock were dredged. They
consist of angular pieces, some of them over a foot in length, of hard, com-
pact, slightly argillaceous dimestone, greenish-gray in color, containing in
some places numerous examples of a Foraminifer belonging to the Textula-
ridx, probably Bolivina.

At Station 4622 (lat. 6° 21’ N., long. 81° 44’ W.) a peculiar manga-
nese nodule was dredged containing a nucleus made up of a white, hard,
granular, silicified limestone, flat and angular, and doubtless of continental
origin.

Secondary Minerals. Of minerals formed in situ the most frequently rep-
resented is glauconite, but as already stated, the deposits in which it is
formed were badly labelled, and were not studied. We shall not add any
more to the subject of glauconite, as part of the material on which our study

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 27

of this mineral was based ' came from the eastern shores of the Pacific in the
neighborhood of the track of the ‘“‘ Albatross.” ;

The owides of iron and manganese are widely distributed in the pelagic

deposits, either as grains or as nodules. There is hardly a Red Clay or a
Globigerina Ooze that does not contain manganese grains, or, at least,
minute particles diffused in the “ fine washings.” The grains average 0.1 mm.
in diameter, and have generally a botryoidal shape and shining surface; the
minute particles found in the “fine washings” have no sharply defined out-
lines, and appear to be mixed with more or less clayey matter, giving them
a flocculent appearance.
_ Phillipsite is of frequent occurrence and has been observed in Globigerina
Ooze as well as in Red Clay, but not in such large amount as is the case with
some of the Red Clays dredged further south by the “ Challenger.” Isolated
crystals are much more frequent than clusters; their breadth is relatively
larger than in the case of those found by the “ Challenger,” the proportion
of breadth to length being generally from 1 to 3 to 1 to 4. As it often
happened that only little material was available, it is quite possible that
phillipsite may have escaped observation more than once, and, therefore, may
be more abundantly distributed than it appears to be from the descriptions.

Methods used for Determination. Examination in reflected light with the
binocular microscope was always made of the mineral particles as they
stood after removal of the carbonate of calcium and the washing away of
the finer material. This examination gives indications as to the weathering
of the minerals, and as to their mutual relations, that is, a particle of mag-
netite, for instance, may be quite free, or, on the other hand, firmly attached
to some other mineral.

After this preliminary examination the particles are measured with a
graduated ocular micrometer, and then, if sufficiently thin, directly exam-
ined under the mineralogical microscope. For all purposes one can dispense
with actual slides mounted in balsam ; if the particles are too thick, they are
ground in an agate mortar to the requisite thinness; the diameter will, of
course, correspondingly decrease, but with a high power and an ocular fur-
nished with an iris diaphragm, the figures of interference in convergent light
can still easily be observed. This method saves much of the time that would
be required in order to make thin slices, and allows the studying of different

1 See Collet et Lee, “ Recherches sur la Glauconie.”’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., Vol. XXVI., p. 238,
1906.

28 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

portions of the same sounding to be rapidly made; after the washings have
been dried, the Schréder van der Kolk method is serviceable for determina-
tion by means of the refractive index.

In the case of particles belonging to the “fine washings,” often much less
than 0.01 mm. in thickness, a systematic microscopical examination cannot
be made, optical properties becoming indistinct in the case of all the minerals
excepting those that are highly birefringent. They can, however, often be
empirically determined, a little practice showing by comparison what is the
usual habit of one particular mineral. For instance, phillipsite is not to be
mistaken, even when in extremely minute crystals, its shape and general
appearance being characteristic.

One has also sometimes to have recourse to chemical analysis in order
to ascertain the nature of certain opaque, shapeless minerals, such as the
oxides of iron and manganese, phosphatic concretions, ete.

ManGANESE NODULES.

We give here descriptions of the manganese nodules obtained at the
various stations, arranged in the order of the cruise.

Station 4622, 21st October, 1904. Lat. 6° 21’ N.; long. 81° 44’ W.;
depth, 581 fathoms.

Fragments of a large and curiously shaped nodule were obtained at
this station. A flat piece of rock, four inches long by one-half inch thick,
served as a nucleus, having a thick covering of manganese and iron oxides.
The rock is some altered limestone, in which the greater part of the cal-
cium carbonate has been replaced by silica. The coating varies in thickness,
being in places as much as an inch, and shows a distinct arrangement in
layers, some layers being richer in iron than others. The nodule is too
fragmentary to enable one to restore its original shape, but it may be
assumed that it was very likely oblong, following generally the outline of
the rock forming the core. There is nothing to show what is the nature
of the deposit in which the nodule was found.

Station 4656, 13th November, 1904. Lat. 6° 54.6’ S., long. 83° 34.3’ W.;
depth, 2222 fathoms.

No deposit was received from this station, but there were a good many
nodules, and from the traces of deposit adhering to them it may be inferred
that the nodules were formed in a Red Clay; the station is, moreover, near

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 29

two other stations where the deposit is a Red Clay. The nodules are of low
specific gravity, with no shining lustre, and are rather incoherent, being
always mixed with a large proportion of foreign elements.

The first stage towards the formation of nodules is represented by cakes
of palagonite and other decomposed minerals (chloritic minerals and decom-
posed felspar, besides palagonite formed by decomposed glass), in which the
mineral particles are coated with a thin layer of the oxides; the whole cake
may also be coated with the oxides. The more perfect nodules are not
formed of solid oxides, but round a core of palagonite comes a layer of
oxides, then another layer of palagonite, and the latter is again covered
- with oxides, and so on.

The most interesting point about this station is that it contains remark-
able examples of deposition of manganese-iron oxides round very different
centres of accretion: we have here some curiously shaped pseudo-nodules
which are undoubtedly silic®us sponges impregnated with manganese and iron
oxides. The entire sponge is not always wholly preserved, but the siliceous
skeleton can always be detected, unaltered, in the midst of the oxides in
which it is embedded.

Organisms, sometimes of large size (Hydroids), are specially abvndant,
and can be seen attached in their original position on the surface of nearly
all the specimens. They are often distributed on the whole of the surface
of the nodule, so that the latter was either not deeply buried in the mud, or
had its position shifted.

The lack of metallic lustre alluded to is very likely due to the large pro-
portion of palagonite and other products of decomposition, taking part in the
formation of the nodules.

It may be added that it was possible to observe on certain grains of
palagonite the gradual transformation of brown volcanic glass into that
mineral, but such instances are of rare occurrence. It was also found, in
studying this material, that certain crystalline minerals, possibly felspar,
form products of decomposition very similar to that of volcanic glass.

Station 4658, 14th November, 1904. Lat. 8° 29.5'S.; long. 85° 35.6’ W. ;
depth, 2370 fathoms.

The nodules from this station (see Pl. 1, figs. re 2) are as remarkable for
their large size as for their constant shape, which is on a definite pattern.
These nodules have each two surfaces, which are, roughly speaking, re-

30 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

spectively dome-shaped and cone-shaped. Looking normally at one of the
surfaces, the wider portion is circular, so that there is practically an axis of
symmetry passing through the apex of both surfaces. The dome-shaped
one is due to the aggregation of a few smoothly undulating bosses or pro-
tuberances of large radius. It is very smooth and black, with a metallic
lustre, and has a distinctly scaly structure. The other surface is mammil-
lated, has a dull color, and is incoherent, breaking up with little exertion of
the fingers. A certain amount of clay is, moreover, mixed with the oxides,
filling the cavities between the mammillz. The important point is that living
organisms are implanted on that surface, arenaceous Foraminifera and Poly-
zoa, all of them in their natural state, and not containing the oxides of
manganese and iron. In one case the apex is formed by a well-preserved
ear-bone, also quite free from these oxides."

A section across a nodule shows it to be formed of successive concentric
layers following exactly in their distribution the contours of the smooth
surface. The innermost layer has absolutely the same shape as the outer
one. The difference between the alternate layers is mainly one of hardness.
In the samples cut, it has not been possible to find what was originally the
centre of accretion; it probably consisted of some material which has since
been transformed, or rather, replaced, by the oxides.

This particular kind of nodule does not appear to have been described
before; the nearest approach to it, as regards shape, is one represented in
fig. 4, Plate 3, of the Challenger Report on Deep-Sea Deposits.

Station 4660, 15th November, 1904. Lat. 9° 55.6’ S.; long. 87° 30’ W.;
depth, 2425 fathoms.

No deposit is at hand from this station, but three large manganese ”
nodules were received, on the surfaces of which some of the deposit, a
Red Clay, is still adhering. These nodules have a massive, irregular shape,
and the largest one is no less than seven inches in diameter. They are
characterized by a kind of non-homogeneity, 7. e. they are not formed of
one solid lump of manganese-iron oxides, but rather of numerous smaller
nodules grafted the one on the other. There is no metallic lustre, but

_ 1 Dr. Lee holds that the logical conclusion is that the cone-shaped mammillated surface is the
upper surface, the smooth shining one being embedded in the clay, whereas Sir John Murray takes
the view from his ‘‘ Challenger”? experience that the smooth surface was the upper one, and points to
figure 1, Plate IX, of the Challenger Report on Deep-Sea Deposits as confirmation of this, the smooth
surface in his opinion being formed above the level of the deposit.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 31

under the pressure of a hard smooth body, such as an agate pestle, they take
on a very shining metallic lustre. The nature of the surface does not vary,
so that the part embedded in the clay does not differ from the uppermost
one.

The smallest nodule (four inches in diameter) exhibits well the non-homo-
geneous character alluded to; it is formed of a flat slab, one inch thick, on
which is grafted another nodule, hemispherical in shape, the surface of sepa-
ration being marked by a thin layer of clay. The slab is broken, and the
fracture shows that no nucleus is present, or, if one has been present, it has
been replaced by the oxides.

After treatment with hydrochloric acid there remains but very little
residue, which is very light and formed of palagonite and other decomposed
minerals, and of pumice very much altered.

Station 4662, 16th November, 1904. Lat. 11° 13.8’S.; long. 89° 35’ W. ;
depth, 2439 fathoms.

No deposit is at hand from this station, but many manganese nodules
were received (see Pl. 2, fig. 3). There is much difference between the
various nodules; they do not appear to have been built on a constant
pattern, and have not the general family likeness that one sees, as a rule, in
nodules collected in one station. According to their nature and appearance,
cakes of

they may be divided into three groups: (1) imperfect nodules
palagonite and volcanic ash, more or less impregnated with oxides and
covered with a coating of the latter; (2) perfect nodules — very similar to
those of Station 4658, that is, having a circular section and two surfaces,
the one dome-shaped, the other practically level; the dome-shaped surface
has no mammille or protuberances, but has the appearance of shagreen,
whilst the other surface is furnished with mammille which have a metallic
lustre; (3) the third category is represented by nodules similar to those
of Station 4660; they have a massive, irregular shape, and look more like
clusters of smaller nodules than like one solid lump of the oxides. One of
them shows the presence of a good deal of fine-grained, decomposed volcanic
ash, forming a kind of nucleus, round which the oxides are deposited, more
thickly in some parts than in others, so as to form pronounced mammille.
Even the more perfect of these nodules (No. 2) can often be broken in
the hands by the exertion of a little strength, and the fracture always
appears to take place along cracks which had existed for a long time when

32 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

the nodule was at the bottom of the sea, as both sides are coated with a
thin film of clay.

Station 4676, 5th December, 1904. Lat. 14° 28.9’ S.; long. 81° 24’ W.;
depth, 2714 fathoms.

About half a dozen manganese nodules were brought up at this station, the
largest being two and one-half inches in diameter. Their shape is somewhat
spherical, but with a very rough surface, the mammille being very sharp-
pointed and acute. On the surface remnants of living organisms, such as
siliceous Sponges, are to be seen. The nodules are far from being formed ex-
clusively of the oxides of iron and manganese ; the general appearance of a
section made across a nodule shows it to be also partly made up of the clay
itself, with a good many small mineral particles. Many of the latter are
decomposed and cannot be determined, but felspar, volcanic glass, and
probably augite, can still be recognized.

A section made across a nodule did not reveal the presence of any hard
nucleus, and there is no trace of concentric structure, the nature of the con-
cretion being the same throughout, excepting towards the periphery, where
the clayey element is more conspicuous. A powdered portion of nodule,
treated with hydrochloric acid, leaves a residue quite similar to the clay
itself, with the only difference that mineral particles are there a little
more numerous, though very small, averaging 0.005 mm. in diameter, only
a few being as much as 0.02 mm. Of these, augite and felspar are the

only particles recognizable.

Station 4681, 8th December, 1904. Lat. 18° 47.1’ S. ; long. 89° 26’ W.;
depth, 2395 fathoms.

The nodules from this station vary in shape, from slabs two and one-half
inches in diameter to flat, elliptical, bean-shaped nodules. The more strictly
nodular forms (one inch in diameter) have a rather large nucleus, composed
of palagonite mixed with clay proper; concentric structure is hardly
noticeable, affecting only the outer zone. Both surfaces are structurally
identical, though the one is generally more soiled with clay than the other.
In both cases the surface is not shining, but finely granulated.

The slabs have the same structure; the internal layer contains more
mineral particles than the outer ones. Both surfaces are also finely granu-
lated, but one is nearly flat, whilst the other is mammillated. On the flat

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 33

side there are worm-tracks and arenaceous Foraminifera, together with
some egg-like white capsules. The flat side is, therefore, in this case the

upper one.

Station 4685, 10th December, 1904. Lat. 21° 36.2’S.; long. 94° 56’ W.;
depth, 2205 fathoms.

Numerous pieces of manganese slabs and a few manganese nodules
were brought up at this station. The slabs, which may be as much as
six inches in length and one and one-fourth inches in thickness, are essen-
tially cakes of volcanic ash more or less impregnated with the oxides of
manganese and iron, with formation of an actual crust of the oxides on
both surfaces. The volcanic ash is made up of particles of augite, some
of which belong to the violet variety, of basic felspar, and of volcanic
glass, more or less decomposed. The particles have a diameter of 0.01 to
0.02 mm., and are often even smaller.

The nodules are not so abundant as the slabs. They are discoidal,
their shape recalling that of a broad bean, and their diameter is from one-
half of an inch to three-fourths of an inch. They sometimes occur in
clusters of two or three individuals. The structure is scaly, due to the
concentric arrangement of the layers; the centre of the nodule is occu-
pied by a nucleus formed of an aggregate of loose mineral particles, at-
taining a diameter of 0.08 mm., which are the same as those occurring
in the slabs, 7 e. a great quantity of augite, with volcanic glass and
plagioclase. Magnetite is also present. There is no marked transition
between the nucleus and the body of the nodule proper, so that it is
difficult to say what is the relative proportion of the diameter of the
nucleus to that of the nodule; yet it appears to be not more than about
one-fifth in the case of a typical nodule.

Station 4711, 31st December, 1904. Lat. 7° 47.5’ S.; long. 94° 5.5’ W. ;
depth, 2240 fathoms.

The Globigerina Ooze from this station contains numerous typical
manganese nodules (see Pl. 2, fig. 4), some of which rival those from
Station 4658. About half a dozen are of very large size, one measur-
ing six inches in diameter. As they all have a distinctly mammillated
structure, the mammille breaking off easily, many of the smaller nodules

must be considered as having formed part of the larger ones.
3

384 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

As regards shape, the nodules do not appear to have been built ac-
cording to a definite type. They are angular, and have roughly the same
diameter in all directions. They are all mammillated, the mammille being
very prominent, each standing apart. A section across a nodule shows it
to be compact and homogeneous, in spite of a distinct concentric arrange-
ment, the different layers being in close contact with each other, and
there is no softer material between each consecutive layer. The trans-
verse section of the various layers does not form a regular line, but is
sinuous, each layer espousing the contour of the preceding, till one ap-
proaches the root of the external mammille, where there is no relation
between the last layer and the mammille surmounting it. It appears as
if on some smooth nodule, with only faintly outlined mammille, a new
generation of mammille had been grafted, independently of the original
protuberances.

Many nodules exhibit, though to no very great extent, an upper and
an under surface; that is to say, in one case the mammillex are larger and
smoother than in the other, where they are rougher and more distinctly
separated from each other. This could perhaps have been seen on all
the nodules, if during the process of collecting the mammille had not
been often destroyed.

Though a section across a nodule shows a concentric arrangement, still
no material playing the part of a nucleus can be seen. They are also
very free from foreign admixtures; in the parts less rich in oxides the
microscope shows only the presence of some kind of chloritic mineral, with
augite and microlites of felspar. Palagonite, so often met with in similar
formations, appears to be absent. Magnetic particles are likewise absent.

Station 4717, 13th January, 1905. Lat. 5° 10’ S.; long. 98° 56’ W.;
depth, 2153 fathoms.

A few small manganese nodules accompanied the Globigerina Ooze
from this station. They are flat in shape, and the diameter of the largest
one does not exceed three-fourths of an inch, its thickness being about
one-fourth of an inch. Both surfaces are identical, with a granulated ap-
pearance. Internally there is no concentric arrangement, the external
granular portion alone forming a differentiated layer.

These nodules are coal-black, quite hard, and must be considered perfect
nodules, although the deposit is a typical Globigerina Ooze.

i

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 35

Station 4721, 15th January, 1905. Lat. 8° 7.5’ S.; long. 104° 10.5’ W.;
depth, 2084 fathoms.

The trawl brought up a fair quantity of manganese nodules, although
the deposit is a Globigerina Ooze with 75 per cent of calcium carbonate.
These nodules have a peculiar appearance, being generally of low specific
gravity, somewhat slaggy looking, with a dull, not shining surface. They
have a very irregular shape, mostly flattened, and the diameter of the
largest does not exceed three inches. As regards structure, there is no
concentric arrangement round a central nucleus, the substance being equally
distributed throughout. They are not formed of pure iron and manganese
oxides, but contain a large amount of palagonite, in grains averaging 1 mm.
in diameter ; the grains are visible in the nodules themselves, but can be
best seen after removing the oxides with hydrochloric acid. Fresh, unde-
composed minerals are very few. The oxides very often form a coating
round each grain of palagonite, the whole nodule having then a granular
structure.

Besides actual nodules there are also deposits of manganese-iron oxides

- round what were originally siliceous Sponges, and in two cases the shape

is well preserved ; the siliceous skeleton has not disappeared, and can still
be seen on fractures, with a magnifying glass (see Pl. 3, fig. 5).

Generally speaking, one may say that at this station manganese and iron
oxides impregnated either Sponges or fragments of palagonite, these being
possibly the only solid bodies present. But in no case is concentric arrange-
ment round one central nucleus to be seen.

Station 4740, 11th February, 1905. Lat. 9° 2.1’ S., long. 123° 20.1’ W.;
depth, 2422 fathoms.

Three small manganese nodules were brought up at this station. These
call for no special description, but it is interesting to note their presence in
a typical Globigerina Ooze.

PALAGONITIC TUFFS.

In addition to the cakes of volcanic ash described under Station 4685,
palagonitic tuffs were brought up at two other stations : —

Station 4736, 23rd January, 1905. Lat. 19° 0.4’ S.; long. 125° 5.4’ W.;
depth, 2289 fathoms.

Several large cakes of palagonitic tuff from this station were mixed with

36 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

varied amounts of manganese grains and a few undeterminable crystalline
particles, and coated with a thin film of manganese. Palagonite largely pre-
dominates over manganese, and has all its usual characters: yellow color,
low specific gravity, and hardness. Besides palagonite proper there are
also angular yellow grains, which exhibit crypto-crystalline structure, but it
is not possible to say what is the mineral they are derived from. One of
the slabs is eight inches in length, four inches in breadth, and one and one-
half inches in thickness, and is in the same state as it was in at the bottom
of the sea, as the coating of oxides extends all over it. One side is still cov-
ered with mud, whilst the other is free from it. Both surfaces are very
uneven, being full of hollows and protuberances, which resemble worm-
tracks in many instances. No organisms have been observed on either
surface of the slabs.

Referring to the description of the Globigerina Ooze from which the slabs
were dredged, it will be remarked that curiously enough the minerals had to
be estimated as traces; the only deduction that can be made is that the vol-
canic material which formed the slabs was deposited during a phase of volcanic
activity which had nearly ceased when the ooze itself was laid down.

Disturbances of the sea-bottom might be indicated by the regular shape
of some of the slabs, which are coated with manganese on their whole sur-
face, after having probably been broken off some much larger flags, as their
shape indicates, and that very likely through volcanic action or movement
of the earth’s crust. There is mention of a similar phenomenon in the
Challenger Report on Deep-Sea Deposits, p. 124, Station 281, Oct. 6, 1875.

Station 4695, 23rd December, 1904. Lat. 25° 22.4'S.; long. 107° 45’ W.;
depth, 2020 fathoms.

By far the greater part of the solid material brought up at this station is
represented by large, irregular fragments of palagonitic tuff, up to five
inches in length, and coated with oxides of manganese and iron. The ex-
ternal surfaces have a distinctly mammillated structure, more pronounced
on one side than on the other; worm-tubes may be seen on both surfaces.

The tuff has a very low specific gravity, and is easily crushed between
the fingers. It is formed of yellow palagonite, with a waxy lustre, in frag-
ments from a fraction of a millimeter up to five or more millimeters in di-
ameter, cemented by a brown amorphous matter, which represents, most
likely, a further product of the decomposition of the palagonite.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 37

The tuff does not contain any organisms, either calcareous or siliceous ;
in all the specimens manganese oxide grains are irregularly distributed
throughout the mass, and some specimens contain large patches of the
oxides.

From this same station the trawl also brought up pieces of pumice, one
to two inches in diameter; a flat piece of black volcanic glass, very much
decomposed, but still recognizable, coated with a continuous layer of the
oxides of manganese and iron, the decomposition proceeding apparently
along cracks, so that with a little effort the fragment can be broken be-
tween the fingers; rounded pieces of decomposed rock, of high specific
gravity, are also coated with the oxides, the rock itself having turned yel-
-lowish-brown through decomposition.

HARDENED DEPposIT.

From Station 4693 (lat. 26° 30.1’ S.; long. 105° 45.2’ W.; depth, 1142
fathoms ; 14th December, 1904), angular blocks of consolidated Globigerina
Ooze, more or less covered and impregnated with manganese and iron oxides,
were brought up. These blocks (see Pl. 3, fig. 6) vary in size from a frac-
tion of an inch to four inches in diameter. In general appearance they look
very much like slag, the outer surface being rough, vesicular, and mammil-
lated. Of the specimens, the poorest in manganese oxide is a nearly pure
white agglomerate of Foraminifera with irregularly distributed patches of
the oxides inside the fragment, whilst the outside has the slaggy surface
alluded to. Its specific gravity is low. Another sample, also chiefly com-
posed of Foraminifera, is more coherent, and has a higher specific gravity.
In more advanced stages the proportion of the oxides increases and is more
equally distributed throughout the mass, giving it a rusty brown tinge, while
the density increases. Other samples show a similar further increase in the
proportion of the oxides of iron and manganese, but in none is a complete
replacement of the carbonate of calcium by the oxides to be seen; even the
parts purest in manganese still give a marked effervescence with acid.

As regards structure, there is no tendency towards an arrangement in
concentric layers around a common nucleus. The very few mineral par-
ticles present in these concretions are very small, and belong to the chlorite
group and other products of the decomposition of ferruginous minerals.

Though the above concretions are not actual manganese nodules, they
mark at least one step towards the formation of nodules, and this under

38 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

rather exceptional circumstances, the deposit itself being a Globigerina Ooze
forming at a very moderate depth (1142 fathoms). In Station 297 of the
“‘Challenger,’ where there is also a Globigerina Ooze, the manganese nod-
ules present are perfect nodules, and there is, moreover, a great abundance
of palagonitic tuff, not met with in the case of this formation.

PHOSPHATIC CONCRETION.

At Station 4642 (lat. 1° 30.5’ S.; long. 89° 35’ W.; depth, 300 fathoms;
7th November, 1904), the trawl brought up an irregularly-shaped phosphatic
concretion, four inches long, reddish-brown, very hard, and of high specific
gravity. A fresh fracture shows it to be composed of numerous shells of
Foraminifera, cemented by a reddish-brown matrix of amorphous phosphate
of lime. The carbonate of calcium amounts to 36.36 per cent, the remain-
ing portion being composed of phosphate of lime, with a little iron oxide
(2 or 5 per cent at most), and insoluble residue. The latter is formed of
mineral particles represented principally by plagioclase and augite. No
glauconite is present. The surface is slaggy-looking, vacuolar, and rough to
the touch; the only places where it has a shining appearance are inside the
larger vacuole. The nature of the surface is the same everywhere, and
organisms are growing on it in different places, so that the nodule could
not have been embedded to any great extent in the deposit.

SHarks’ TEETH AND CETACEAN BonzEs.

The remains of whales and sharks brought up from the floor of the
Pacific during this cruise of the “ Albatross” were submitted to Dr. C. R.
Eastman, who had previously reported’ on the similar remains procured by
Dr. Alexander Agassiz on his earlier cruise in 1899-1900, and the following
notes on the teeth and tympanic bones dredged at the various stations are
taken from Dr. Eastman’s report :?—

“Station 4656, depth 2222 fathoms. There were brought up by the
dredge from the bottom at this station 10 sharks’ teeth, amongst which 4
are recognizable as belonging to the genus Lamna, 1 to Oxyrhina, 1 to Car-
charodon, this last being a fine specimen, and the rest merely fragments.
The cetacean material consisted of 1 tympanic bulla of Hyperoodon, 1 peri-

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXVI., p. 179, 1908.
2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. L., pp. 80-82, 1906.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 39

otic of Kogia or some very similar form, and 1 indeterminate long and
slender bone. Most of these remains are but slightly encrusted with
manganese.

“Station 4658, depth 2570 fathoms. Four teeth of Oxyrhina, 9 Lamna, 2
nondescript fragments; also 1 delphinoid tympanic. Manganese coating
very slight.

“Station 4666, depth 2600 fathoms. No fishremains; 4 excellently pre-
served ear-bones of Hyperoodon, one having the tympanic still fused with the
periotic ; also 1 heavily encrusted delphinoid tympanic, and several corroded
osseous fragments.

“Station 4676, depth 2714 fathoms. No fish remains; 3 rather heavily
encrusted ear-bones of Hyperoodon, . . . and 1 unrecognizable fragment.

“ Station 4685, depth 2205 fathoms. This station, which lies within the
barren area, is remarkable for having furnished a larger number of vertebrate
remains than any other during the cruise, and with them were brought up
1; tons of manganese nodules. There are in all 73 sharks’ teeth, 5 of
which belong to Carcharodon; the rest to Lamna and Oxyrhina. Some of
the teeth, are embedded in nodular masses; none have the crowns heavily
encrusted, but the majority have dark-brown clay adhering to them.
Cetaceans are represented by 5 delphinoid ear-bones; the tympano-periotic
of one individual consists of a single piece.

“Station 4693, depth 1142 fathoms. According to the published record
of ‘ Albatross’ dredging stations, in the General Report of the Expedition,
sharks’ teeth and cetacean bones came up in the trawl at this locality.
None such are contained, however, in the collection submitted for examina-
tion, the only specimen marked with this station number being a well
preserved tergum of Lepas.

“Station 4695, depth 2020 fathoms. The vertebrate remains dredged
at this point are confined to 2 small and tolerably fresh-looking Oxyrhina
teeth.

“Station 4701, depth 2265 fathoms. Eight sharks’ teeth, including 1 large
and beautifully preserved Carcharodon, wholly unencrusted, also 1 large and
-6 smaller Oxyrhina teeth, very lightly coated ; 2 delphinoid ear-bones, like-
wise with very little coating.

“Station 4709, depth 2035 fathoms. Two small fresh-looking Lamna
teeth; 2 heavily encrusted ear-bones of Hyperoodon, 1 indeterminate

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXX., p. 44, 1906.

40 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

elongate bone, and several smaller fragments ; also 9 lightly coated delphinoid
ear-bones.

“Station 4711, depth 2240 fathoms. Two very slightly encrusted
Lamna teeth; 2 delphinoid ear-bones, one being a large, very heavily en-
crusted tympanic, the other a moderately coated tympano-periotic ; also a
number of corroded fragments, all charged with manganese, and betraying
only obscure indications of organic origin.

“Station 4721, depth 2084 fathoms. No fish remains; 4 delphinoid
tympani; 3 specimens of Kogia, one having the tympanic and periotic fused,
all lightly coated with manganese.

“ Station 4732, depth 2012 fathoms. One splendidly preserved Carcharo-
don crown without manganese coating, but with several worm-tubes adhering
to it; . . . no cetacean bones. This and the next following station lie
within the barren area.

“ Station 4736, depth 2289 fathoms. One small Carcharodon, 6 Oxyrhina,
13 large-sized Lamna teeth, all stained dark brown and very thinly coated
with manganese ; 3 delphinoid tympani, and 1 much decayed cetacean tooth
corresponding in size to Hyperoodon, more or less chocolate-colored.

“Station 4740, depth 2422 fathoms. One splendidly preserved Carchar-
odon tooth; . . . 1 Kogia, and 2 delphinoid ear-bones.”’

DrtTAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DEPOSIT-SAMPLES.

(Numbered consecutively as collected; the stations marked with an asterisk are Hydrographic Stations
where soundings alone were made.)

No. 1. Station 4630, 3rd November, 1904.
Lat. 6° 53’ N.; long. 81° 42.5° W.; depth, 556 fathoms.

GREEN SAND: dark green arenaceous material, which, when dried, is
quite incoherent, thus showing the absence of clayey matter. The dried
deposit is somewhat lighter in hue than the wet one.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 5.23 per cent, essentially composed of Foraminifera,
mostly Globigerinidx, together with a few broken Kchinoid spines.
REsIDUE: 94.77 per cent, same color and consistence as the deposit itself : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), represented by a few broken Sponge °
spicules.
Minerals (90 per cent) ; if this sample really represents the deposit on
the bottom of the sea, it is abnormally rich in minerals. As the minerals
are essentially represented by glauconite, this deposit would be even richer

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 41

’

in that mineral than the one dredged by the U.S. S. “ Tuscarora”’ in lat.
38° 82’ N., long. 123° 42’ W., which seemed to be the purest glauconitic sand
previously known. Here the glauconite is wholly in the form of grains (not
in that of casts), which are typically rounded in shape, and are ovoid and
elongated, or approach a spherical form. Most of them are coated with a
thin film of gray clayey matter, so that their real color can only be seen by
transmitted light, after the grains have been crushed in a mortar in order
to obtain particles sufficiently thin. The grains are not all identical; some
are dark grass-green, some yellowish green, and half the bulk is transformed
into a reddish-brown matter, where the crypto-crystalline structure is some-
~ times preserved when the transformation is not too far advanced. The mean
diameter of the grains is 0.25 mm., and the amount in which they are present
is to the other minerals something like ten to one. The other minerals de-
tected are quartz, and a plagioclase, probably andesine. Unlike the glauconite,
these particles are angular; their mean diameter is also 0.25 mm.

Fine Washings (3.77 per cent); as already stated, this percentage is not
above doubt, as the deposit may have been subjected to washing. The fine
washings are composed of very minute particles of glauconite and quartz,
together with some green, very flocculent, amorphous matter.

No. 2. Station 4631, 3rd November, 1904.
Lat. 6° 26’ N.; long. 81° 49’ W.; depth, 776 fathoms.

GREEN MUD: grayish-green, very plastic and sticky when wet; coherent
and forming hard lumps when dried. It contains pieces of black rock, one
of them | cm. in diameter.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 25.20 per cent, Foraminifera, both surface and
bottom living, for the greater part broken. Globigerina, Pulvinulina, Rotalia,
Truncatulina, and Cristellaria are the most common genera. There are also
a good many Kchinoid spines.

ResrpvuE: 74.80 per cent :—

Siliceous Organisms (25 per cent), mostly gray, clayey casts of Foramini-
fera. Dark-brown casts do not appear to be present in this deposit. Actual
siliceous organisms are here present in the form of Sponge spicules, which
are much less abundant than the gray casts.

Minerals (25 per cent); besides one or two isolated particles of quartz,
minerals are mainly represented by rock fragments and glauconitic grains.
The rock fragments largely predominate, and vary much in size; the aver-

42 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

age diameter of the more numerous fragments is 0.5 mm., but one piece
attains 1 cm. in diameter. The rock is an augite-andesite, colored dark
green by a high percentage of chloritic material. The fragments are
angular, not rounded.

Fine Washings (24.80 per cent), brownish-green amorphous matter con-
taining only a very few minute mineral particles.

No. 3. Station 4505, 5th November, 1904.
Lat. 3° 11.6’ N.; long. 84° 57.4’ W.; depth, 1705 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark gray, slightly plastic, dries into lumps coher-
ent to a small extent only; no macroscopic elements.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 38.35 per cent, shells, complete and broken, of
Foraminifera belonging mostly to the genera Globigerina and Pulvinulina,
Kchinoid spines, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

RESIDUE: 61.65 per cent: —

Siliceous Organisms (0.5 per cent), a few Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, and
diatoms.

Minerals (1.5 per cent), a few grains of pale augite and magnetite with
a mean diameter of 0.2 mm. These minerals are masked by an abundance
of small gray lumps, recalling in their general appearance comminuted
pumice. One fragment of volcanic glass was detected, which probably be-
longed to a piece of Pele’s hair, as it is rod-like and semi-circular, with the
bore occupying the greater part of the diameter.

Fine Washings (59.65 per cent), amorphous, flocculent matter, brown
when wet, gray when dry, in which exceedingly minute particles of augite
can be seen, but in small amount, together with broken Sponge spicules.

The following is a list’ of the species of Foraminifera observed in the
deposit from this station : —

Biloculina depressa, VOrb. Haplophragmium emaciatum, Brady.
ce “ var. murrhyna, Schw. Verneuilina pygmea (Egger).
ss irregularis, VOrb. Gaudryina pupoides, V Orb.
Spiroloculina tenuis (Czjzek). ee ce var. chilostoma, Rss.
Miliolina tricarinata (dOrb.). Bulimina elegans, VOrb., var. exilis, Brady.
“« trigonula (Lamk.). Ehrenbergina serrata, Rss.
Haplophragmium nanum, Brady. Lagena sulcata (W. & J.), var. interrupta,
Ms anceps, Brady. Will.

1 The lists of species of Foraminifera in the deposits from Stations 4505, 4691, 4705, and 4717
have been drawn up by Mr. F. G. Pearcey, formerly an assistant in the Challenger Office, now of the
Bristol Museum.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 43

Lagena alveolata, Brady. Pulvinulina umbonata, Rss.
“ exsculpta, Brady. G6 pauperata, P. & J.
“ gracilis, Will. Rotalia breckhiana, Kar.
“ feildeniana, Brady. “ soldanii, d’Orb.
Polymorphina angusta, Egger (?). Globigerina dubia, Egger.
Uvigerina brunnensis, Karrer. i rubra, V’Orb.
& asperula, Czjzek. us inflata, V’Orb.
6 cc var. ampullacea, Brady. & sacculifera, Brady.
a tenuistriata, Rss. 6 conglobata, Brady.
Truncatulina ungeriana (d’Orb.). Q bulloides, d’Orb.
@ akneriana (q’Orb.). b a var. triloba, Rss.
a wuellerstorfi (Schw.). ch equilateralis, Brady.
Anomalina ammonoides (Rss.). a pachyderma (Khrenb.) (?).
Pulvinulina menardii (VOrb.). Orbulina universa, @ Orb.
- 66 G6 var. fimbriata, Brady. “ porosa, Terq.
be tumida, Brady. Pullenia obliquiloculata, P. & J.
26 micheliniana (d’Orb.). G quinqueloba, Rss.
Os canartensis (d’Orb.). a spheroides (d’Orb.).
& karstent (Rss. ). Nonionina umbilicatula (Montag.).
ce exigua, Brady. a pompilioides (F. & M.).

“6 crassa (d’Orb.).

No. 4. Station 4639, 6th November, 1904.
Lat. 0° 4’ S.; long. 87° 39.5’ W.; depth, 1418 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, plastic, drying into hard lumps; no mac-
roscopic elements.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 55.57 per cent, present in two forms: (1) as shells
of Foraminifera belonging to the genera Globigerina and Pulvinulina, and (2)
as microscopic particles due probably to the mechanical destruction of
similar shells; these form a fine mud easily washed away, so that the liquid
containing them effervesces readily with acid.

ResipvuE: 44.43 per cent :—

Siliceous Organisms (0.5 per cent); these form the greater part of the
heavier parts of the residue. They are represented by a great variety of
Radiolaria in a fine state of preservation, by Sponge spicules, and by
Diatoms.

Minerals (traces); they can be estimated only as traces, as they are
present with the siliceous organisms in the proportion of one mineral parti-
cle to every ten organisms. They are angular, and the mean diameter is
0.05 mm. Pale augite is the principal constituent, and is accompanied by a
very little magnetite and a few shapeless flakes of some kind of green
chlorite.

44 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Fine Washings (43.93 per cent), earthy-brown in color when in great
quantity, composed of amorphous clayey matter, together with numerous
Radiolaria and Diatoms, which were too light to remain with the heavier
portions. The mineral particles present are exceedingly small, but augite
can still be recognized.

No. 5. Station 4641, 7th November, 1904.
Lat. 1° 34.4’ S.; long. 89° 30.2’ W.; depth, 633 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, with very little coherence, has a distinct

greenish tinge, very homogeneous, no macroscopic elements present.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 75.00 per cent, well-preserved shells of Foramin-

ifera, belonging principally to the genera Globigerina and Pulvinulina ; young

individuals are specially abundant. Other organisms were not detected.
ResipuE: 25.00 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1.5 per cent), gray clayey casts of Foraminifera,
perfect in shape, predominate over the organisms proper; Sponge spicules
are abundant, and in a good state of preservation, and parts of the skeletons
of Hexactinellidz may be seen. Many Radiolaria and Diatoms are present,
together with a few glauconitic casts and arenaceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (1 per cent), all angular excepting the few glauconitic grains
present ; their mean diameter is 0.15 mm. The most typical mineral in this
deposit is augite, which is represented by two varieties: the ordinary
light brown, and the violet; magnetite is fairly abundant, and so is hematite.
A red shapeless mineral is frequently observed, but cannot be determined,
as it is doubtless in course of decomposition, being sometimes translucid and
birefringent, sometimes quite opaque. Plagioclase is also met with, and also
many minute splinters of colorless volcanic glass. Common green horn-
blende is present in small amount. Of glauconite only a few rounded grains
could be detected.

‘ne Washings (22.5 per cent); in a gray-brown clayey ground-mass are
many minute fragments of Sponge spicules, Diatoms, and Radiolaria, accom-
panied by the above minerals, principally augite. A very flocculent green

matter, floating in water, gives its color to the deposit.
No. 6. Station 4649, 10th November, 1904.
Lat. 5° 17’ S.; long. 85° 19.5' W.; depth, 2235 fathoms.
RED CLAY: dark gray, plastic, drying into hard coherent lumps of a

lighter shade of gray.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 46

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 20.46 per cent, Foraminifera, mostly Globigerin-
idx, the individuals being of very small size, but in a good state of preser-
vation, and Echinoid spines.

Restpue: 79.54 per cent, earthy brown in color, and very fine grained : —

Siliceous Organisms (3.5 per cent); Radiolaria are very abundant and of
large size, and form the greater part of the heavier portion of the residue.
There are also'a good many Diatoms, and some Sponge spicules.

Minerals (traces) ; the mineral particles are so small and few in number
that they cannot be all identified. Magnetite, hematite, quartz, and a little
glauconite could be recognized. Particles having the appearance of horn-
blende, augite, and zircon may be mentioned, but their identification is very
doubtful.

Fine Washings (76.04 per cent); gray, somewhat brownish, matter, very
clayey, containing a great number of Diatoms, together with a few Sponge

spicules and minute mineral particles.

No. 7. Station 4654, 12th November, 1904.
Lat. 5° 46’ S.; long. 81° 31.9 W.; depth, 1036 fathoms.

GREEN MUD: dark green, very plastic and smooth to the touch, drying
into hard, coherent lumps. The dried material, powdered in a mortar, has
a vivid light-green color.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: traces; with acid the deposit gives hardly any
effervescence, and only one or two pelagic Foraminifera could be detected.
REsIDuE: 100 per cent: —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), only one or two Sponge spicules and
Diatoms.

Minerals (12.5 per cent), angular and rounded, mean diameter 0.15
mm.; of terrigenous minerals the most common are quartz and felspar. Of
the latter, two varieties appear to co-exist: some fragments have the optical
properties of an oligoclase containing 30 per cent of anorthite ; others be-
long to bytownite. Both these are in fairly large crystals, but, besides, there
are many microlites belonging presumably to oligoclase. One or two small
fragments of colorless voleanic glass are also present. Magnetite is repre-
sented in very small amount, and so also is white mica, in scales that have
lost much of their transparency. A mineral not often met with, namely,
chalcedony, is also to be seen, as small rounded fragments exhibiting the
phenomenon of the black cross between crossed nicols in parallel light.

46 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Glauconite is very abundant as grains, the green color varying in intensity
and hue, some grains being grass green, others rather yellowish.

Fine Washings (87.5 per cent); principally minute particles of the
minerals above mentioned, which passed away with the clayey matter, with
a few fragmentary Diatoms and Sponge spicules and fine flocculent clayey
matter colored green by the adjunction of the green matter usually met
with in Green Muds and Sands.

No. 8. Station 4658, 14th November, 1904.
Lat. 8. 29.5'S.; long. 85° 35.6’ W.; depth, 2370 fathoms.

RED CLAY: gray, sticky, plastic, fine-grained, very smooth to the touch;
dries into very hard lumps slightly reddish in tinge. The clay proper is
quite homogeneous, but contained many manganese nodules, sharks’ teeth,
and cetacean ear-bones.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.

ResipuE: 100 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (0.5 per cent), many different genera of arenaceous
Foraminifera are present, including Huaplophragmium; also a few Sponge
spicules and Diatoms.

Minerals (4 per cent); not taking into account the broken fragments of
manganese nodules, the mineral particles consist mostly of small grains (0.5
mm. in diameter) of the oxides of iron and manganese, together with a very
few particles of plagioclase, augite, magnetite, and hematite.

Fine Washings (95.5 per cent) ; principally a dark gray amorphous clay,
with a few microscopic mineral particles not determinable, and a few
Diatoms.

No. 9. Station 4666, 18th November, 1904.
Lat. 11° 55.5’ S. ; long. 84° 20.3’ W. ; depth, 2600 fathoms.

RED CLAY: gray, typically clayey, plastic, sticky, smooth to the touch,
drying into hard lumps.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: traces. Acid caused effervescence in one or two
spots only. A pelagic Foraminifer was detected, and unrecognizable tabular
fragments.

ResipuE: 100 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), principally Sponge spicules, with
Radiolaria and arenaceous: Foraminifera.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 47

Minerals (2.30 per cent); the mineral particles here may be roughly
divided into two groups according to size, —one has a mean diameter of
0.12 mm., the other about 1 mm. There are two fragments of rock, 2 and
3mm. in diameter, irregular, with blunted edges, brown and soft, repre-
senting a decomposed volcanic rock, and consisting essentially of limonite
and a glassy base, in which augite and a tabular isotropic mineral are ob-
served. To these fragments are firmly attached Sponge spicules forming
on their surface a reticulated design: The minerals proper consist of quartz,
in fragments sometimes 1 mm. in diameter, with blunted edges, augite, a
little plagioclase, a few flakes of a chloritic mineral, and a good many man-
ganese grains. Many splinters of colorless volcanic glass were also ob-
served, in addition to flakes of hematite.

Fine Washings (96.70 per cent), yellowish-gray clayey matter, with a
few small mineral particles.

No. 10. Station 4671, 20th November, 1904.
Lat. 12° 6.9’ S.; long. 78° 28.2’ W.; depth, 1490 fathoms.

BLUE MUD: dark green when wet, very soft to the touch, and plastic,
but not sticky ; when dried, slightly coherent and light gray in color with a
faint green tinge.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.
ResipvuE: 100 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (0.5 per cent), only Diatoms were observed.
Minerals (0.5 per cent), very few, angular and varying in size, mostly
quartz and glauconite, with a little felspar, magnetite, and hematite.
Fine Washings (99 per cent), fine greenish-colored clay, containing
many very minute mineral particles, 0.01 mm. in diameter, and Diatoms.

No. 11. Station 4672, 21st November, 1904.
Lat. 13° 11.6’ S.; long. 78° 18.3’ W.; depth, 2845 fathoms.

RED CLAY (might be called Blue Mud): gray, plastic, sticky, smooth
to the touch; dries into light-gray lumps difficult to break. The deposit has
undergone a kind of decomposition in the bottle, as parts of it have turned
nearly black.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.

ResipuE: 100 per cent : —

48 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Siliceous Organisms (small traces), a very few thin Sponge spicules and
one or two Diatoms.

Minerals (traces), angular quartz grains, 0.08 mm. in diameter, shapeless
flakes of a green chlorite, one or two fragments of decomposed felspar, and
a particle of manganese are all that could be detected.

Fine Washings (100 per cent), gray, flocculent clay, containing a large
proportion of minute mineral particles as mentioned above, with augite,
hematite, and perhaps hornblende, and a few fragments of siliceous organ-
isms. The mineral particles represent nearly one-half the bulk of the
deposit, but they are very small, averaging 0.01 mm. in diameter.

No. 12. Station 4509, 22nd November, 1904.
Lat. 12° 26.6’ S.; long. 78° 34.5’ W.; depth, 1949 fathoms.

BLUE MUD: very dark gray, almost black, plastic, but not sticky, finely
granular; much lighter in color when dry.

CaLcrum CARBONATE: 5.07 per cent, well preserved shells of Foraminifera
belonging to many genera, Textularidze being the most abundant.

ResipuE: 94.93 per cent, contains a brown matter apparently of vege-
table origin. The material appears to have undergone a certain amount of
sifting, either during collection or during transit, for mineral particles are
more abundant in some parts than in others, so that the figures given for
the percentages of siliceous organisms and minerals are only approximate : —

Siliceous Organisms (0.5 per cent), Sponge spicules and Diatoms.

Minerals (3.5 per cent), angular; mean diameter 0.08 mm., principally
quartz and plagioclase, with a chloritic mineral and other ferruginous, de-
composed minerals that could not be identified.

Fine Washings (90.93 per cent), brown, amorphous, flocculent matter,
with many fragments of minerals and siliceous organisms.

No. 13. Station 4674, 22nd November, 1904.
Lat. 12° 14.4’ 8; long. 78° 43.4’ W.; depth, 2338 fathoms.

The material obtained at this station is extremely interesting, consisting
of (1) a bottle of ooze, (2) cakes of consolidated sediment, apparently the
same as No. 1, and (3) large angular fragments of rocks, some of them over
a foot in diameter.

(1) DIATOM OOZE: dark grayish green, mottled with lighter colored

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 49

patches; placed in water it becomes plastic, but is coherent when dried.
Numerous pebbles, from 1 to 15 mm. in diameter, are scattered in the mass.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.

ResipuE: 100 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (80 per cent) constitute by far the greater poruon
of the deposit, but as they are mixed with a certain proportion of fine
amorphous clayey matter it is difficult to estimate the actual percentage.
It is also impossible to draw the line between those that should be included
under the heading of “fine washings.” Yet it may safely be assumed that
quite 80 per cent of the deposit is formed of the remains of siliceous
organisms. Diatoms are the most abundant, and are accompanied by
Radiolaria and minute Sponge spicules.

Minerals (traces) ; exclusive of the rock fragments, mineral particles are
few in number, are all angular, none showing rounded edges, and are very
variable in size (from less than 0.01 mm. to 0.2 mm. in diameter). They were
probably not all derived from the same source, as is indicated by the nature
of the rock fragments. The following are represented: magnetite, oxi-
dized at the surface, oligoclase, quartz, the products of the decomposition of
some ferro-magnesian mineral, also rather large flakes of what appears to
be decomposed biotite, splinters of volcanic glass, anda few very small
grains of glauconite. The numerous rock fragments are represented mostly
by a limestone, which is the same as that constituting the large angular
blocks, No. 3. These small fragments of limestone are sometimes rounded,
sometimes angular, and have all undergone surface decomposition. There
is also a pebble, 15 mm. in diameter, of a compact black rock, apparently
of voleanic origin, much rounded, smooth, and worn.

Fine Washings (20 per cent); the amorphous clayey matter is brownish
green and is irregularly distributed. The mottled appearance of the deposit
is due to this unequal distribution of the amorphous matter, or rather of
the substance giving it its brownish green color.

(2) The cakes of consolidated deposit, labelled “Siliceous earth” on
board ship, are greenish gray, extremely light, and coherent. They differ
in no way from the material in the bottle, being mainly made up of the
débris of siliceous organisms, in which a species of Coscivodiscus is conspic-
uous. The mineral particles belong to the same species as those enumerated
above, and are very scarce. Particles of what appears to be glauconite were

also detected.
4

50 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

(3) The large rock fragments are broken masses of an impure limestone,
showing in some cases traces of bedding, whilst other blocks are compact. A
microscopic slide showed no trace of organisms, but the blocks were subse-
quently broken into smaller fragments, and in some parts numerous shells of
Foraminifera belonging to one of the Textularidee (probably Bolivina) could
be seen crowded together. The same fossil occurs in the small pebbles de-
scribed above.

An unusual interest attaches to this deposit: a Diatom Ooze formed in
tropical latitudes, and yet free from the remains of lime-secreting organisms.
It is also curious that it should contain so many large fragments of rocks of
continental origin, and that small mineral particles should be so scarce. It
may be that in this case the large masses have not the same source as the
mineral particles, but were carried to this point by some such agent as
the roots of a floating tree, and that they happened to be in the way of the
trawl, although otherwise quite rare. The descriptions of the samples from
neighboring stations show that the abundant deposition of siliceous remains
in this region is extremely local.

No. 14. Station 4675, 22nd November, 1904.
Lat. 12° 54’ S.; long. 78° 35’ W.; depth, 3120 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very little material available, greenish-brown, soft, and plas-
tic, emitting a faint mouldy smell.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.
ResipvE: 100 per cent: —
Siliceous Organisms (0 per cent); none could be observed in the portion
of the sample taken for examination.
Minerals (traces), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm.; augite and fels-
_ par are the principal constituents; felspars are represented by oligoclase
and andesine; common grass-green hornblende is also fairly abundant.
Strangely enough, a few undoubted rounded grains of glauconite are to be
found, differing in no way from the typical glauconitic grains of a Green
Mud.
Fine Washings (nearly 100 per cent), greenish-brown, flocculent matter,
with a very large proportion of minute particles of the above-mentioned

minerals.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 61

No. 15. Station 4676, 5th December, 1904.
Lat. 14° 28.9’ S.; long. 81° 24’ W.; depth, 2714 fathoms.

RED CLAY: brown, plastic and sticky, drying into hard, gray lumps
with a reddish tinge.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.
ResiDUE: 100 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules and Diatoms.
Minerals (traces), one or two minute manganese grains, and mineral
particles too small to be determined.
' Fine Washings (nearly 100 per cent), brown flocculent clay, with very
- few minute mineral particles and remnants of Sponge spicules.

No. 16. Station 4679, 7th December, 1904.
Lat. 17° 26.4'S.; long. 86° 46.5’ W.; depth, 2485 fathoms.

RED CLAY: typical, light-brown clay, very plastic and sticky, drying into
hard lumps, reddish in hue.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.

ResipvE: 100 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules only.

Minerals (traces); most of the particles are so small (0.005 mm. in diam-
eter) that they cannot be determined. One large crystal of felspar, with
perfect prismatic faces, was observed, and also a few small manganese grains.
An elongated fragment of pumice, one inch long, is the only macroscopic
element present.

Fine Washings (nearly 100 per cent), amorphous, light-brown clayey
matter, with many very minute mineral particles.

No. 17. Station 4681, 8th December, 1904.
Lat. 18° 47.1'S.; long. 89° 26’ W.; depth, 2395 fathoms.

RED CLAY: typical, light brown clay, very plastic, forming extremely
hard lumps when dried; shining brown streak.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 4.23 per cent, Foraminifera belonging to the
genus Pulvinulina, and Fishes’ teeth.
ResIDUE: 95.77 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), Sponge spicules.
Minerals (traces), a few irregular manganese grains, and angular frag-
ments of felspar, 0.2 mm. in diameter.

52 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Fine Washings (95.77 per cent), practically pure flocculent clay. The
mineral particles present are so small that they cannot be determined; one
or two remnants of Sponge spicules.

No. 18. Station 4683, 9th December, 1904.
Lat. 20° 2.4'S.; long. 91° 52.5' W.; depth, 2385 fathoms.

RED CLAY: the little material available is quite similar to Nos. 16
and 17.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 3 per cent, Pulvinulinide.
ResipuE: 97 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules.
Minerals (traces); the most abundant mineral is phillipsite in crystals,
0.03 to 0.04 mm. in length, and 0.01 mm. in breadth; also a few manga-
nese grains. The other mineral particles are too small (0.01 mm. in diam-
eter) to be determined, but still they are probably mostly augite, in angular
fragments.
Fine Washings (97 per cent), flocculent reddish-brown clay, with a few
minute mineral particles.

No. 19. Station 4685, 10th December, 1904.
Lat. 21° 36.2’ 8.; long. 94° 56’ W.; depth, 2205 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark brown, plastic and sticky, of mottled
appearance, light yellow patches showing in the dark mass; contains many
manganese nodules; reddish and coherent when dried ; might be called Red
Clay.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 34.07 per cent— mean of two determinations ;
Foraminifera and a few Fishes’ teeth.

REsIDuE: 65.93 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules.

Minerals (2.5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.2 mm., mostly man-
ganese grains, and next in order of abundance, palagonite, small fragments
of rocks, magnetite, augite, and volcanic glass.

Fine Washings (62.43 per cent), brown amorphous clayey matter, con-
taining a few very small manganese grains and a great number of minute
crystalline particles.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 653

No. 20. Station 4687, 11th December, 1904.
Lat. 22° 49.5’ S.; long. 97° 30.6’ W.; depth, 2184 fathoms.

RED CLAY: dark chocolate-brown clay, plastic and sticky, drying into hard
lumps; a few Foraminifera visible to the naked eye as white specks.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 8.13 per cent; pelagic Foraminifera, mostly broken,
but individuals belonging to the genus Pulvinulina are recognizable ; also a
good many Fishes’ teeth.
ResIDUE: 91.87 per cent : —
_ Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules.
: Minerals (traces), a few particles from 0.1 to 0.3 mm. in diameter, with
some much smaller ; manganese grains and palagonite are the most frequent ;
augite, volcanic glass, and phillipsite were also detected, but are very rare.
Fine Washings (91.87 per cent), dark-brown clay with many microscopic
crystals of phillipsite, fragments of augite and other particles undeterminable,

and of Sponge spicules.

No. 21. Station 4689, 12th December, 1904.
Lat. 24° 5’S.; long. 100° 20’ W.; depth, 2185 fathoms.

RED CLAY: dark chocolate-brown clay, plastic and sticky, very hard when
dried; fragments of Foraminifera visible to the naked eye.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 13.94 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera and Fishes’
teeth.

ResipuE: 86.06 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (small traces), only a few fragmentary Sponge
spicules could be detected.

Minerals (traces), angular and rounded, ranging from 0.01 to 0.10 mm. in
diameter; plagioclase and augite can be recognized, with small isolated
erystals of phillipsite, 0.06 mm. long and 0.01 mm. broad. A little magnet-
ite is present, but the other particles are too minute for determination.

Fine Washings (86.06 per cent), brown clayey matter with minute
mineral particles.

No. 22. Station 4691, 13th December, 1904.
Lat. 25° 27.3’ S.; long. 103° 29.3’ W.; depth, 1939 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, plastic and sticky, drying into slightly
coherent gray lumps, with a reddish tinge.

54. THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 70.40 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Foram-
inifera, Ostracodes, rhabdoliths, and coccoliths.
ResipuE: 29.60 per cent, dark chocolate-brown, very clayey :—

Siliceous Organisms (traces) ; out of 22 grams of dried ooze there remained
after washing only one or two centigrams of mineral particles and siliceous
organisms of appreciable size, so that the part played by them is insignificant.
The more abundant siliceous organisms are arenaceous Foraminifera and
brown, imperfect casts of pelagic Foraminifera. Sponge spicules and Radio-
laria are present, but very rare.

Minerals (traces) ; one piece of palagonite, 2 mm. in diameter, a few
manganese grains, 0.8 mm. in mean diameter, one or two fragments of
colorless volcanic glass, crystals of plagioclase, and a little magnetite are all
that could be detected. This deposit contains a good many pieces of rock,
ranging from + inch to 2 inches in diameter. Most of them have very
blunted edges, though they cannot be described as rounded; one or two
pieces, on the other hand, are quite angular. The rock is very dark gray,
nearly black, and weathers brown; it is an augite-andesite, the glassy base
of which has decomposed and has been changed into an amorphous ferru-
ginous clay. Some pieces have “druses”’ coated with a thin layer of mangan-
ese oxide,

Fine Washings (29.60 per cent), chocolate-brown, flocculent clay, remark-
ably free from mineral particles and organic remains.

The following is a list of the species of Foraminifera observed in the
deposit from this station : —

Biloculina depressa, d’Orb. Virgulina schreibersiana, Czjzek.
a ce var. murrhyna, Schw. Cassidulina subglobosa, Brady.

OG ringens (Lamk.), var. denticulata, G crassa, Q’Orb.

Brady. Lagena acuta (Rss.), var.
Biloculina elongata, VOrb. “ alveolata, Brady.
Spiroloculina acutimargo, Brady. “© desmophora, Ry. Jones.
Miliolina venusta (Kar.). “* exsculpta, Brady.

< tricarinata (d’Orb.). “ globosa (Montag.).

G oblonga (Montag.). ‘¢ fimbriata, Brady.
Reophax nodulosa, Brady. Cristellaria convergens, Bornem.
Trochammina proteus, Kar. Uvigerina asperula, Czjzek.
Cyclammina pusilla, Brady. Globigerina conglobata, Brady.
Vernewilina pygmea (Egger). x sacculifera, Brady.
Gaudryina pupoides, d’Orb. Globigerina rubra, d’Orb.
Bulimina elegans, d’Orb. ws bulloides, d’Orb.

xs ce var. exilis, Brady. soo a var. triloba, Rss.

Virgulina subdepressa, Brady. 4 dubia, Egger.

On
Or

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Globigerina inflata, d’Orb. Truncatulina ungeriana (a Orb.).
s equilateralis, Brady. S lobatula (W. & J.).

Orbulina universa, VOrb. Pulvinulina micheliniana (@Orb.).
Pullenia quinqueloba, Rss. ss crassa (d’Orb.).

ef spheeroides (d’Orb.). ee menardit (d’Orb.).
Spheroidina dehiscens, P. & J. ee tumida, Brady.
Candeina nitida, VOrb. 3 exiqua, Brady.
Cymbalopora poeyi (d’Orb.) (?). a: umbonata, Rss.
Discorbina eximia, Hantk. (?). favus, Brady.

cs bertheloti (d’Orb.), var. baconica, ae karsteni (Rss.).

Hantk. @ canariensis (d’Orb.).
Discorbina araucana (d’Orb.). Nonionina umbilicatula (Montag.).

Truncatulina wuellerstorfi (Schw.).

No. 23. Station 4514* (hydrographic), 15th December, 1904.
Lat. 27° 16’ S.; long. 108° 56’ W.; depth, 1552 fathoms.

VOLCANIC SAND: brown, having an earthy texture and a mottled appear-
ance due to the presence of yellow patches; incoherent and not plastic
when wet. A decomposed soft piece of pumice (14 inches in diameter),
coated with manganese, was picked out.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 11.81 per cent, various species of pelagic Foramini-
fera; other organisms were not detected.

ResipuE: 88.19 per cent :—

Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules sticking to the sur-
faces of some of the larger mineral particles.

Minerals (19.48 per cent), principally fragments of decomposed pumice
and grains of the oxides of iron and manganese (1 to 2 mm. in diameter), the
latter containing much more iron than manganese. The actual mineral par-
ticles are angular, and have a mean diameter of 0.2 mm.; they are repre-
sented by common augite and olivine, and by plagioclase particles, which
could not be accurately determined ; there is also the yellow, opaque product
of decomposition of some ferruginous mineral.

Fine Washings (68.71 per cent), mostly fine mineral particles, with a

very little clayey matter.

No. 24. Station 4516,* 22nd December, 1904.
Lat. 26° 54.8’ S.; long. 109° 16.4’ W.; depth, 1627 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: fine-grained, plastic, gray, drying into chalky
lumps having little coherence ; contains one angular rock fragment a quarter
of an inch in diameter.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 33.33 per cent; pelagic Foraminifera (Globigerina,

56 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Pulvinulina, Orbulina) and their fragments form the greater part of the cal-
cium carbonate, with one or two bottom-living forms (Siloculina depressa) and
a few Echinoid spines.

REsiDUE: 66.67 per cent: —

Siliceous Orgasms (0 per cent); none could be detected.

Minerals (5 per cent), all the particles are angular, and their mean
diameter is a little under 0.1 mm. Of determinable mineral particles com-
mon augite is the most frequent, while felspar is also very abundant, and
could be accurately determined as labradorite (Ab, An,). There are also
many minute fragments of magnetite. The remaining portion is represented
by the brown product of decomposition of some ferro-magnesian mineral.
The fragment of rock is a hard, vitreous, black, volcanic glass, without any
trace of crystallization.

Fine Washings (61.67 per cent), brown, amorphous clayey matter,
with numerous minute mineral particles.

No. 25. Station 4517,* 22nd December, 1904.
Lat. 26° 50.9’ S.; long. 109° 12.5’ W.; depth, 1723 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light-brown, slightly plastic, drying into reddish-
brown lumps that have little coherence.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 63.55 per cent, many species of pelagic Foramini-
fera, including numerous small individuals ; one Echinoid spine was detected.
ResIpvuE: 36.45 per cent, dark brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), only a few arenaceous Foraminifera and
Sponge spicules.

Minerals (2.50 per cent), mostly angular ; augite plays the principal role ;
magnetite comes next in order of abundance, and there are a good many
microlites of basic plagioclase. Volcanic glass was not observed.

Fine Washings (33.95 per cent), dark-brown clay with minute mineral
particles.

No. 26. Station 4518, 22nd December, 1904.
Lat. 26° 47.3’ S.; long. 109° 9.3’ W.; depth, 1770 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, plastic, but not sticky; reddish-
brown and slightly coherent when dry.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 53.01 per cent, Foraminifera, most of the indi-
viduals being of small size, and Echinoid spines.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 57

Resipue: 46.99 per cent, dark chocolate-brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), Sponge spicules, spherical Radiolaria, and
a few arenaceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (1.4 per cent), angular; mean diameter 0.1 mm., principally
augite ; magnetite is abundant, mostly as particles firmly attached to other
minerals; felspars belonging to basic plagioclases are present, but cannot
be specifically determined ; also brownish and greenish products of decom-
position of some minerals, augite amongst others, as one particle of augite
is seen to pass laterally into a greenish-brown amorphous substance; a
few flakes of hematite.

Fine Washings (45.59 per cent), very flocculent, brown clay, with a
few mineral particles and siliceous remains.

No. 27. Station 4695, 23rd December, 1904.
Lat. 25° 22.4’ S.; long. 107° 45’ W.; depth, 2020 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: chestnut-brown, plastic and sticky; dries into
light reddish-gray coherent lumps.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 62.30 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, mostly broken
shells and rather small individuals; Fishes’ teeth and Hchinoid spines.
REsIDUE: 37.70 per cent, rich chestnut-brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules and arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (0.5 per cent), angular; mean diameter 0.1 mm., with frag-
ments of palagonite 1 mm. in diameter, and a reddish decomposed fragment
of rock, 3 mm.in diameter. Augite, plagioclase (labradorite), magnetite,
and manganese grains are equally abundant. Of the minerals forming the
fragment of rock alluded to, only a few crystals of augite and plagioclase
have escaped decomposition, the remaining portion being transformed into
an amorphous reddish-brown substance. The trawl also brought up frag-
ments of pumice, volcanic glass, and palagonitic tuff, described elsewhere.

Fine Washings (37.20 per cent), dark chestnut-brown flocculent clay,
very free from admixtures of mineral particles, though a few of these can

be seen.
No. 28. Station 4697, 24th December, 1904.
Lat. 23° 24.4’ S.; long. 106° 2.2’ W.; depth, 2188 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very dark chocolate-brown, with yellowish patches; dries into

hard lumps, giving a shining brown streak.

58 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 11.12 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera of small size
and generally broken.
ResiDuE: 88.88 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few Sponge spicules and arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (traces); most of the mineral particles pass off with the
“fine washings,” those of appreciable size (exceeding 0.05 mm. in diameter)
being very few in number, and consisting of plagioclase, augite, and man-
ganese grains.

Fine Washings (88.88 per cent), chocolate-brown flocculent clay, with
a few very minute mineral particles too small (0.005 mm. in diameter) to
be determined.

No. 29. Station 4699, 25th December, 1904.
Lat. 21° 39.5’ S.; long. 104° 29.8’ W.; depth, 2168 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: plastic and sticky, smooth to the touch; the
sample is partly dark brown, partly light yellowish-brown ; dries into hard
lumps; might be called Red Clay.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 33.02 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, mostly
broken, with a few small transparent bottom-living Foraminifera.

RESIDUE: 66.98 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), one or two Sponge spicules. Radiolaria
and arenaceous Foraminifera are mentioned in the preliminary report, but
were not observed in the sample examined.

Minerals (traces); the few minerals of appreciable size have a mean
diameter of 0.3 mm., and are angular, but most of the particles are too small
to be determined; the larger and more abundant particles are palagonite,
while plagioclase (not identified) and magnetite are also present; the most
characteristic mineral is phillipsite, of which there are a few, very small, iso-
lated crystals; manganese oxide is diffused in particles of microscopic size ;
there are also a few flakes of some greenish chloritic mineral.

Fine Washings (66.98 per cent), chocolate-brown flocculent clay, with
a few minute mineral particles.

No. 30. Station 4701, 26th December, 1904.
Lat. 19° 11.5’ S.; long. 102° 24” W.; depth, 2265 fathoms.

RED CLAY: dark chocolate-brown, plastic and sticky, forming when dried
hard lumps that give a shining brown streak.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 659

CaLciuM CARBONATE: 11.80 per cent, principally pelagic Foraminifera,
many broken; with a good many Fishes’ teeth, and a few bottom-living
Foraminifera (fotalia).

ReEsipuE: 88.20 per cent, mostly “fine washings,” the larger washings
from 12 grams of clay amounting to only a few centigrams : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), very few Sponge spicules.

Minerals (traces); the rare particles present are angular, and only very
few attain a diameter of 0.1 mm.; most of them belong to some decomposed
basic mineral, and are present as greenish, nearly opaque, flakes ; plagioclase,
augite, manganese grains, and phillipsite (in the form of isolated crystals,

_not in clusters) may be recognized.

Fine Washings (88.20 per cent), chocolate-brown flocculent clay, the
dark color being due to numerous very minute grains of manganese; a few
small crystals of phillipsite and other minute mineral particles observed.

No. 31. Station 4703, 27th December, 1904.
Lat. 17° 18.6’ S.; long. 100° 52.3’ W.; depth, 2228 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: earthy-brown, plastic, but not sticky; the dried
lumps are only slightly coherent; a few Foraminifera visible to the naked
eye.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 40.92 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera (mostly
broken), Fishes’ teeth, a few small Echinoid spines, and various bottom-living
Foraminifera.

RESIDUE: 59.08 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (0 per cent).

Minerals (traces); the principal mineral is phillipsite in crystals, 0.03 mm.
in length, and always isolated; a few particles, angular and 0.06 mm. in
mean diameter, belonging to a decomposed mineral, are nearly opaque,
brown, and have lost all birefringence; manganese grains are numerous, but
very small.

Fine Washings (59.08 per cent), flocculent clay, colored brown by
minute manganese grains, with a few very small mineral particles.

No. 32. Station 4705, 28th December, 1904.
Lat. 15° 5.3’ S.; long. 99° 19’ W.; depth, 2031 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light gray, in places yellowish, chalky.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 78.62 per cent, a great variety of pelagic and

60 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

bottom-living Foraminifera, with microscopic scales of calcite, doubtless due
to the comminution of these shells, a few Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, frag-
ments of Lamellibranchs and Pteropods.

ResipuE: 21.38 per cent, rich red-brown, very clayey : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), spherical Radiolaria, Diatoms, and Sponge
spicules.

Minerals (traces), a very few angular particles, 0.4 mm. in diameter,
belonging chiefly to a basic labradorite; pyriteés is met with in individuals
showing sometimes crystalline faces; there are also particles belonging to
a decomposed ferro-magnesian mineral, greenish, and nearly opaque; augite
cannot be identified with certainty.

Fine Washings (21.38 per cent), practically pure clay, brown and floccu-
lent, with a very few mineral particles too small for identification, and frag-
ments of siliceous organisms.

The following is a list of the species of Foraminifera observed in the
deposit from this station : —

Biloculina depressa, VOrb. Cassidulina subglobosa, Brady.
ee sphera, @Orb. x6 erassa, Orb.
Spiroloculina tenuis (Czjzek). Os parkeriana, Brady.

Miliolina venusta (Kar.). OS bradyi, Norman.

ue seminulum (Linn.). Lagena longispina, Brady.

«¢ oblonga (Montag.). ‘¢ alveolata, Brady.
Bathysiphon filiformis, Sars. cs BG var. substriata, Brady.
Rhizammina algeformis, Brady. ‘¢ torquata, Brady.
Reophax spiculifera, Brady. ‘¢ fimbriata, Brady.

“ — nodulosa, Brady. ‘<< marginata (W. & B.).
Haplophragmium latidorsatum (Bornem.). ‘© striatopunctata, P. & J.

ce globigeriniforme (P. & J.). sc feildeniana, Brady.

GG anceps, Brady. “striata (@Orb.),

56 glomeratum, Brady. Lagena hexagona (Will.).
Ammodiscus tenuis, Brady. “© exsculpta, Brady.
Trochammina pauciloculata, Brady. “ formosa, Schw.

BG ringens, Brady. ‘© semistriata, Will.
Webbina clavata, J. & P. Nodosaria roemert (Neugeb.).
Verneutlina pygmea (Egger). Uvigerina brunnensis, Kar.
Gaudryina pupoides, VOrb. < asperula, Czjzek.
Bulimina elegans, VOrb. c aculeata, VOrb.

ce aculeata, VOrb. Globigerina conglobata, Brady.
Virgulina subsquamosa, Egger. cs sacculifera, Brady.

Gc schreibersiana, Czjzek. a equilateralis, Brady.

Gh squamosa, VOrb. inflata, VOrb.
Bolivina punctata, VOrb. Gs rubra, VOrb.
Pleurostomella alternans, Schw. OG dubia, Egger.

77

subnodosa, Rss. « " digitata, Brady.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS

Globigerina bulloides, VOrbd.

ce u: var. triloba, Rss.

OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 61

Pulvinulina menardii (VOrb.).

a: tumida, Brady.

Orbulina universa, VOrb. s exigua, Brady.
Pullenia obliquiloculata, P. & J. cs karsteni (Rss.).
“ spheroides (d’Orb.). ce micheliniana (d’Orb.).
fs quinqueloba, Rss. Gh favus, Brady.
Spheroidina dehiscens, P. & J. “ canariensis (VOrb.).
Truncatulina lobatula (W. & J.) . sé crassa (d’Orb.).
us tenera, Brady. ‘ pauperata, P. & J.
as pygmea, Hantk. Rotalia soldaniti, dV Orb.
¢ dutemplei (d’Orb.). Nonionina umbilicatula (Montag.).
ce haidingerii (d’Orb.). Se depressula (W. & J.).
G wuellerstorfi (Schw.). co pompilioides (F. & M.).

= No. 33. Station 4707, 28th December, 1904.
Lat. 12° 33.2’ S.; long. 97° 42' W.; depth, 2120 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: olive-brown, plastic; reddish-gray and _ slightly
coherent when dried.
CaLcIuM CARBONATE: 71.01 per cent, prineipally pelagic Foraminifera,
with a few bottom-living forms (Biloculina).
ReEsIDUE: 28.99 per cent, earthy brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), spherical Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, and
a few arenaceous Foraminifera.
Minerals (traces); the few particles present are angular, and have a
mean diameter a little under 0.1 mm.; plagioclase, augite, and manganese
grains may be recognized, with particles of a decomposed ferro-magnesian

mineral.
Fine Washings (28.99 per cent), very flocculent, chocolate-brown clay

(very easily attacked by hydrochloric acid, leaving a white residue), with
a few fragments of minerals and siliceous organisms.

No. 34. Station 4709, 30th December, 1904.
Lat. 10° 15.2'S.; long. 95° 40.8’ W.; depth, 2035 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: there are two samples,—one pure white and
chalky, the other light gray, with a reddish tinge.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 78.10 per cent. This percentage is the mean of
analyses of the two samples, the white sample giving 81.20 per cent, and the
gray sample 75.00 per cent; shells of pelagic Foraminifera and their com-
minuted fragments.

ResipuE: 21.90 per cent, chocolate-brown in the case of the darker ooze,
yellowish in the case of the white one. The residue is easily attacked by

62 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

hydrochloric acid, the insoluble portion turning white, and manganese and
iron passing into solution.

Siliceous Organisms (traces), spherical Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, and
different species of arenaceous Foraminifera, all equally represented, and
more abundant than the mineral particles.

Minerals (hardly any — the washing of 30 grams of substance amounts
to no more than one or two centigrams). The very few particles are angular,
and have a mean diameter of 0.15 mm.; plagioclase, manganese grains, and
hematite were observed.

Fine Washings (21.90 per cent), brown flocculent clay, with manganese
grains, and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 35. Station 4711, 31st December, 1904.
Lat. 7° 47.5'S.; long. 94° 5.5'W.; depth, 2240 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brown, earthy, with little plasticity, containing
Foraminifera visible to the naked eye.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 54.54 per cent, principally pelagic Foraminifera,
with a few bottom-living forms, and Fishes’ teeth.

ResipvuE: 45.46 per cent, rich brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), mostly Radiolaria, with a few Sponge spic-
ules and arenaceous Foraminifera. Though Radiolaria, as individuals, are
numerous, they would, if estimated by weight, amount to a very small frac-
tion of 1 per cent.

Minerals (traces), manganese grains of various sizes (up to 2 mm. in
diameter), and small angular fragments of felspar, were observed.

Fine Washings (45.46 per cent), brown flocculent clay, with many frag-
ments of siliceous organisms, and a few mineral particles too small to be
identified, except manganese grains.

No. 36. Station 4713, 1st January, 1905.
Lat. 5° 35.3'S.; long. 92° 21.6’ W.; depth, 2191 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: according to the preliminary report there was a
light-brown ooze at the top of the cylinder, and a light-gray ooze below, but
only a small quantity of the two layers mixed was received; the ooze is
somewhat plastic when wet, incoherent when dry.

CaLcIuM CARBONATE: 54.54 per cent, many pelagic Foraminifera and a
few Kchinoid spines.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 63

ResipuE: 45.46 per cent, olive brown, slightly greenish : —

Siliceous Organisms (0.25 per cent approximately), spherical Radiolaria,
Sponge spicules, and Diatoms.

Minerals (traces), only manganese grains were recognized in the small
amount available for examination.

Fine Washings (45.21 per cent), greenish olive-brown in color when in
a sufficiently thick layer; under the microscope light-gray clay, with many
remains of siliceous organisms and a few mineral particles too small for iden-
tification, except manganese grains.

No. 37. Station 4715, 2nd January, 1905.
Lat. 2° 40.4’S.; long. 90° 19.3’ W.; depth, 1743 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light gray, nearly white, plastic when wet, chalky
when dry; very little material.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 50 per cent, mostly pelagic Foraminifera, gen-
erally broken; a few bottom-living forms (Rotalidz), one or two Kchinoid
spines.

ResipuE: 50 per cent: —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), Radiolaria, Diatoms, and Sponge spicules
equally abundant; also one or two arenaceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (traces), one or two manganese grains, and probably a few
fragments of augite, having a mean diameter of 0.01 to 0.02 mm.

Fine Washings (about 50 per cent), light-brown, flocculent clay, with
many fragments of siliceous organisms; a few extremely minute mineral
particles.

No. 38. Station 4520,* 11th January, 19085.
Lat. 1° 46.8’S.; long. 91° 36’ W.; depth, 1815 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: the material consists of two layers: one light gray,
the other light brown, the brown one being more coherent when dried.

CaLcIUM CARBONATE (the percentage of calcium carbonate was deter-
mined in both the gray and the brown ooze, and curiously enough was found
to be absolutely the same in both cases, viz.: 45.50 per cent): many species
of pelagic Foraminifera, mostly broken, with a good many Echinoid spines,
a few Fishes’ teeth, and bottom-living Foraminifera (Rotalide and Miliolide).

RESIDUE: 54.50 per cent, rich brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (0.10 per cent approximately), Radiolaria, Diatoms,

Sponge spicules, and arenaceous Foraminifera are equally abundant.

64 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Minerals (0.10 per cent approximately), angular, ranging from under
0.03 to 0.05 mm. in diameter; augite, plagioclase (probably labradorite),
magnetite, brownish volcanic glass are the most abundant, with a few
manganese grains and particles of some chloritic mineral, greenish and
crypto-crystalline.

Fine Washings (54.30 per cent), brown flocculent clay, with many frag-
ments of siliceous organisms and minute mineral particles.

No. 39. Station 4521,* 11th January, 1905.

Lat. 2° 14.3’ S.; long. 92° 29.9’ W.; depth, 1871 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray and plastic when wet; white, chalky, and
coherent when dried.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 45.01 per cent, principally pelagic Foraminifera,
mostly broken shells, with many bottom-living forms (/?ofalia), and a few
Kchinoid spines belonging to young individuals.

ResipuE: 64.99 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces); Radiolaria are the most abundant, Sponge
spicules and Diatoms being poorly represented.

Minerals (very few), angular ; mean diameter under 0.02 mm.; augite,
with a few manganese grains and flakes of hematite, can alone be identified ;
the other particles are too small to be determined.

Fine Washings (54.99 per cent), gray clay containing many fragments
of siliceous organisms and minute mineral particles.

No. 40. Station 4522,* 11th January, 1905.

Lat. 2° 42.4’ S.; long. 93° 30’ W.; depth, 1924 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light gray, plastic and slightly sticky; coherent
with chalky appearance when dried.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 55.90 per cent, shells of pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, and their comminuted fragments, and Echinoid spines.
RestpuE: 44.10 per cent : —
Siliceous organisms (traces), Radiolaria, Diatoms, and Sponge spicules.
Minerals (traces), angular; mean diameter 0.02 mm.; the most abun-
dant is an olive-green, ecrypto-crystalline, chloritic mineral, with a few parti-
cles of augite, and one or two manganese grains.
Fine Washings (44.10 per cent), light-gray clay, slightly greenish, half
its weight consisting of remains of siliceous organisms, with a few minute

mineral particles.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 65

No. 41. Station 4523,* 12th January, 1905.
Lat. 3° 34’ S.; long. 95° 35.4’ W.; depth, 2031 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: white, with brownish spots, slightly plastic when
wet; chalky and slightly coherent when dried.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 55.90 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, including
many young individuals, a few bottom-living forms (Rotalidx, Uvigerina),
and small Echinoid spines.

Resour: 44.10 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (0.5 per cent—the actual percentage is much
higher, as many broken particles pass off with the “fine washings”’), mostly
well-preserved Radiolaria belonging to different species, with a few Sponge
spicules, Diatoms, and arenaceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (traces); all that can be observed in the sample available for
examination are a few insignificant particles of some reddish product of
decomposition.

Fine Washings (43.60 per cent), light-gray flocculent matter, almost
entirely formed of the remnants of siliceous organisms; there is very little
actual clay, and the few mineral particles present are too small to be
identified.

No. 42. Station 4717, 13th January, 1905.
Lat. 5° 10’ S. ; long. 98° 56’ W.; depth, 2153 fathoms.

Besides the sample from the sounding tube used for the following
description, there is a fairly large quantity of material, which had apparently
been trawled and subjected to a certain amount of washing; it is dark gray
in color, yellowish on the top, and emits a faint smell of hydrogen sulphide,
very pronounced on treatment with hydrochloric acid. Although this gray
ooze fills many of the broken shells there are no actual casts.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light red-brown, plastic, with many Foraminifera
visible to the naked eye; when dried slightly coherent, the lumps break-
ing easily.

CaLciluM CARBONATE: 60.30 per cent; mostly pelagic Foraminifera, with
a few bottom-living forms, Echinoid spines, teeth of Fish, and coccoliths.

ResIpuE: 39.70 per cent :—

Siliceous Organisms (about 0.1 per cent), principally Radiolaria, arena-
ceous Foraminifera, and Diatoms, with a few Sponge spicules.
Minerals (traces), angular; mean diameter a little over 0.01 mm.; the

5

66 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

mineral particles are too small to be accurately determined, with the

exception of small particles of volcanic glass and plagioclase ; the determina-

tion of what appears to be augite is doubtful.

Fine Washings (39.60 per cent), rich brown, very flocculent clay, con-

taining many fragments of siliceous organisms, and a very few minute min-

eral particles.

The following is a list of the species of Foraminifera observed in the

deposit from this station :—

Biloculina ringens (Lamk.).

ts depressa, d’ Orb.

a cy .var. serrata, Brady.

elongata, d’Orb.
Miliolina venusta (Kar.).

Gs oblonga (Montag.).
Bathysiphon filiformis, Sars.
Hyperammina ramosa, Brady.
Rhizammina algeformis, Brady.
Reophax distans, Brady.

a6 dentaliniformis, Brady.

Haplophragmium globigeriniforme (P. & J.).

Hormosina globulifera, Brady.
Ammodiscus shoneanus, Sidd.
charoides (J. & P.).
Webbina clavata, J. & P.
Gaudryina pupoides, VOrb.
Clavulina communis, dV’ Orb.
Bulimina aculeata, V@Orb.
Virgulina schreibersiana, Czjzek.
66 squamosa, a’ Orb.
Pleurostomella brevis, Schw.
Cassidulina bradyi, Norman.
ce levigata, d’ Orb.
Ws subglobosa, Brady.
Lagena acuta (Kss.).
“ ~ alveolata, Brady.
“ feildeniana, Brady.
“ marginata (W. & B.).
“ sulcata (W. & J.).
“« gracillima (Seg.).

Nodosaria calomorpha, Rss.
Polymorphina longicollis, Brady.

ve sororia, Rss.
26 angusta, Egger.
Uvigerina asperula, Czjzek.
ce brunnensis, Kar.
Globigerina dubia, Egger.
6 conglobata, Brady.
“6 inflata, WV Orb.
6 dutertrei, @Orb.

Orbulina universa, WV Orb.
Pullenia obliquiloculata, P. & J.
ae spheroides (d’Orb.).

Spheroidina bulloides, d’Orb.

& dehiscens, P. & J.
Discorbina araucana (d’Orb.).
Truncatulina tenera, Brady.

us pygmea, Hantk.

cs haidingerti (VOrb.), var.
Pulvinulina exiqgua, Brady.

cc menardii (d’Orb.).

“ “

us jimbriata, Brady.
Pulvinulina tumida, Brady.

ce pauperata, P. & J.

a crassa (d’Orb.).

“ favus, Brady.
Rotalia soldanii, @’Orb.
Nonionina umbilicatula (Montag.).

of pompilioides (F. & M.).

var.

No. 43. Station 4719, 14th January, 1905.
Lat. 6° 29.8’ S.; long. 101° 16.8’ W.; depth, 2285 fathoms.

RED CLAY:! plastic and sticky, dark brown, but mottled with yellow
patches; it contains no macroscopical elements; when dried, not so coher-

1 For Dr. Caspari’s remarks on this deposit see Appendix, p. 167.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 67

ent as one would expect from its behavior in the moist state, the dry lumps
crumbling easily between the fingers. An interesting point about this de-
posit is the remarkable facility with which it is attacked by cold dilute
hydrochloric acid, which dissolves completely the oxides of iron, alumina,
and manganese, and leaves a residue of silica. It is reported that the
sounding-tube struck on a manganese nodule.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 0 per cent.

ReEstpvuE: 100 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms, 0 per cent.

Minerals (traces) ; the very few mineral particles present could not be
separated from the flocculent clay on account of their small size; they are
angular, with a mean diameter of about 0.02 mm.; augite is the only
species recognized, and that not with certainty; minute manganese grains
are distributed throughout the mass.

Fine Washings (100 per cent), flocculent clayey matter, with a few
minute mineral particles.

No. 44. Station 4721, 15th January, 1905.
Lat. 8° 7.5’ 8.; long. 104° 10.5’ W.; depth, 2084 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, granular, with little plasticity when
wet; practically incoherent when dried.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 75 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a very
few bottom-living forms (Rotalidz), and one or two small Kchinoid spines.
ResIDUE: 25 per cent: —

Siliceous Organisms (about 0.1 per cent), Radiolaria, arenaceous Fora-
minifera, Sponge spicules, and Diatoms; in the coarser portion of the
residue, siliceous organisms are much more abundant than mineral particles.

Minerals (traces), a few angular particles, 0.1 mm. in mean diameter,
including magnetite, augite, and a reddish product of decomposition.

Fine Washings (24.90 per cent), brown flocculent clay, with a good many
fragments of siliceous organisms, but remarkably free from mineral particles,

except minute manganese grains.
No. 45. Station 4726, 18th January, 1905,
Lat. 12° 30.1’ S.; long. 111° 42.2’ W.; depth, 1700 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dull brown, granular, very earthy, containing
many conspicuous Foraminifera; neither plastic nor sticky; incoherent
when dried.

68 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 68.01 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a few
bottom-living forms (Rotalidz); the more porous shells are colored light
brown by limonite.

ResipuE: 31.99 per cent; the residue consists essentially of “ fine wash-
ings,” nothing being left after careful decantation.

Siliceous Organisms, 0 per cent.

Minerals, 0 per cent.

Fine Washings (31.99 per cent), brown clay, remarkably rich mm
minute manganese grains and earthy limonite, with a very few remains of
siliceous organisms (Diatoms and Sponge spicules), and mineral particles
much too minute for identification.

No. 46. Station 4736, 23rd January, 1905.
Lat. 19° 0.4’ S.; long. 125° 5.4” W.; depth, 2289 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark chocolate-brown, plastic and sticky in the
wet state, but not very coherent when dried.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 50 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a few
bottom-living forms (Rotalidz) and a good many Fishes’ teeth.
REsIDUE: 50 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), a very few Sponge spicules and Radiolaria.
Minerals (traces), angular ; mean diameter 0.1 mm. ; augite, plagioclase,
magnetite, and a reddish product of decomposition, with a good many small,
well-formed, elongated crystals of phillipsite with pyramidal terminal faces, and
a few manganese grains.
Fine Washings (50 per cent), chocolate-brown clay, the brown color
being due to manganese oxide, with a few mineral particles and remnants of
siliceous organisms.

No. 47. Station 4525,* 25th January, 1905.
Lat. 21° 36.1’S.; long. 131° 35.3’ W.; depth, 2123 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark brown, with* yellow patches, plastic when
wet; forms when dried hard lumps crumbling under the action of water.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 65.90 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a few
bottom-living forms (Rotalide).
Resipur: 34.10 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (small traces), very few Sponge spicules and
Radiolaria.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 69

Minerals (traces), angular; mean diameter 0.1 mm.; felspar, a little
augite, magnetite, phillipsite, and manganese grains.

Fine Washings (34.10 per cent), chocolate-brown clay, with microscopic
manganese grains and many minute crystals of phillipsite.

No. 48. Station 4739, 26th January, 1905.
Lat. 22° 11.1’ S.; long. 133° 21’ W.; depth, 2042 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, earthy in texture, incoherent when
dried; many Foraminifera visible to the naked eye.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 58.62 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a few
bottom-living forms (Rotalide).

ResipuE: 41.38 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), arenaceous Foraminifera, Sponge spicules,
Radiolaria. ;

Minerals (0.75 per cent) ; two kinds of particles are present — (1) actual
mineral particles, 0.1 mm. in mean diameter, angular and rounded, felspar,
augite, olivine, volcanic glass (always angular), a good many small yellow
erystals of phillipsite (0.01 mm. by 0.03 mm.), and a few particles of hema-
tite ; and (2) reddish, shapeless, highly magnetic particles, nearly 1 mm. in
diameter, doubtless formed of magnetite, the surface of which is oxidized,
and making up about one-third of the minerals; there are also a few man-
ganese grains, some exceeding 2 mm. in diameter, and a good many cosmic
spherules, with a mean diameter less than 0.1 mm.

Fine Washings (40.63 per cent), flocculent clay, colored dark brown by
numerous minute manganese grains, with other very small mineral particles,
including phillipsite.

No. 49. Station 4526,* 27th January, 1905.
11 miles N. E. of Mt. Duff, Manga Reva; depth, 2070 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, with yellowish tinge, not sticky,
hardly plastic ; the dried lumps crumble under the action of water.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 75 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, including many
small shells, with a few bottom-living forms (Rotalidee and Biloculina depressa).
REsIDUE: 25 per cent, dark brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), only one or two arenaceous Foraminifera.
Minerals (0.25 per cent), angular; mean diameter 0.3 mm.; plagio-

70 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

clase, augite, olivine (?), voleanic glass, a little magnetite, a few manganese
grains, and one or two flakes of hematite.

Fine Washings (24.75 per cent), very flocculent brown clay, with
numerous but extremely minute mineral particles.

No. 50. Station 4531,* 6th February, 1905.
Lat. 21° 4.5’ S.; long. 133° 1.2’ W.; depth, 2225 fathoms.

CALCAREOUS MUD: light brown, slightly coherent, powdery, containing
no macroscopic elements.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 72.72 per cent, many very minute coccoliths and
Tunicate spicules, together with a large quantity of calcium carbonate, prob-
ably of organic origin, but so finely comminuted that no structure can be
recognized under the microscope.

REsIDuE: 27.28 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms, 0 per cent.

Minerals (0.1 per cent), principally manganese grains somewhat under
0.1 mm. in diameter; most of the other particles are microscopic, a few at-
taining a diameter of 0.1 mm.; the only one that can be specifically deter-
mined is phillipsite, in the form of clusters; one or two particles appear to
be volcanic glass.

Fine Washings (27.18 per cent), brown clay, darker in hue than the
deposit itself, colored by the oxides of iron and manganese; no siliceous
organisms can be seen, and the very rare mineral particles present are much
too small to be determined.

No. 51. Station 4632,* 7th February, 1905.
Lat. 18° 29.4’ §.; long. 130° 50.8’ W.; depth, 2319 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very dark brown, nearly black, very plastic and sticky, soft
and clayey to the touch.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 18 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Foramini-
fera, and Fishes’ teeth.
RESIDUE: 82 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (small traces), only a few fragmentary arenaceous
Foraminifera and Sponge spicules.
Minerals (small traces), principally manganese grains, 0.1 mm. in di-
ameter, a few angular splinters of colorless glass, and phillipsite in isolated
crystals and twins.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 71

Fine Washings (82 per cent), dark-brown flocculent clay, characterized
by a great abundance of minute crystals of phillipsite, with one or two
minute manganese grains.

No. 52. Station 4534,* 9th February, 1905.
Lat. 13° 51’S.; long. 126° 53.5’ W.; depth, 2185 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, slightly coherent, not sticky.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 72.72 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a few
bottom-living forms (otalia).
ResipuE: 27.28 per cent; no clastic minerals nor siliceous organisms
- observed; the residue consists, of chocolate-brown flocculent clayey matter,
containing numerous very small crystals of phillipsite and a few minute
manganese grains.

No. 53. Station 4535,* 10th February, 19085.
Lat. 11° 20’ S.; long. 125° 1.3’ W.; depth, 2215 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, slightly coherent when dried.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 77.26 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, many of the
shells being more or less fragmentary.
RusipuE: 22.74 per cent: —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), fragments of arenaceous Foraminifera and
of Radiolaria, with Diatoms, and a few Sponge spicules.
Minerals (traces), one or two manganese grains only.
Fine Washings (22.74 per cent), brown flocculent clay, containing
many minute manganese grains and other mineral particles much too small
to be identified, and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 54. Station 4740, 11th February, 1905.
Lat. 9° 2.1’ S.; long. 123° 20.1’ W.; depth, 2422 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, slightly coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 65 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera and_ their
fragments, with a few bottom-living forms (Rotalide).
ResIpDvuE: 35 per cent, dark brown: —
Siliceous Organisms (0.25 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, Sponge spicules,
and arenaceous Foraminifera.
Minerals (0.25 per cent), very much decomposed, yellow, palagonitic

72 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

substance, accompanied by a few manganese grains and one or two clusters
of phillipsite.

Fine Washings (34.50 per cent), very flocculent, brown, clayey matter,
‘with many siliceous remains, and minute manganese grains.

No. 55. Station 4537,* 13th February, 1905.
Tat. 4° 50.5’ S.; long. 120° 45.7’ W.; depth, 2350 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light gray, incoherent, many of the Foraminifera
being visible to the naked eye; very little material available.
CaLcIUM CARBONATE: 79 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera and their
fragments, with a few bottom-living forms (Rotalidz).
Resipve: 21 per cent: —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), Radiolaria, Diatoms, and Sponge spicules.
Minerals (traces), many small manganese grains.
Fine Washings (21 per cent), brown clay, very flocculent, with frag-
ments of siliceous organisms and minute manganese grains; other mineral
particles much too small for identification.

No. 56. Station 4538,* 14th February, 1905.
Tat. 2° 14’ S.; long. 118° 55.1’ W.; depth, 2291 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light gray, chalky, and incoherent, fine-grained.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 65.90 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, many of the
shells more or less fragmentary, with a few bottom-living forms (Rotalide),
and one or two Echinoid spines.
Resipve: 34.10 per cent : —
Silicemus Organisms (traces), Diatoms, fragments of Radiolaria, and
Sponge spicules.
Minerals, 0 per cent.
Fine Waskings (34.10 per cent), light reddish-brown clayey matter,
with remains of siliceous organisms, and a few very small mineral particles.

No. 57. Station 4742, 15th February, 1905.

Lat. 0° 3.4’ N.; long. 117° 15.8’ W.; depth, 2320 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light gray, nearly white, fine-grained, and of low
specific gravity when dried.

CaLcIUM CARBONATE: 63.62 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera and their
comminuted fragments. The trawl brought up some curious caleareous

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 73

organisms, apparently calcareous Sponges, in the shape of flat slabs formed
by the agglomeration of twelve-pointed spicules, but easily crumbling under
pressure ; the spicules are all joined to each other, so that there is very little
space between them, the whole body being thus rather compact, though not
strong.

REsIDUE: 36.38 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (traces), a few large Radiolaria and Diatoms remain
in the coarser part of the residue, but most of the siliceous remains pass
off with the “fine washings,’ of which they constitute a large part.

- Minerals (0.20 per cent), angular, varying from 0.01 to 0.10 mm. in
_diameter; felspar, manganese grains, brown decomposed particles, appar-
ently decomposed augite, and a few volcanic glass fragments.

Fine Washings (36.18 per cent), light-brown clay, with many fragments
of siliceous organisms, and minute mineral particles.

No. 58. Station 4540,* 17th February, 1905.
Lat. 3° 25.6’ N.; long. 115° 54’ W.; depth, 2200 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, incoherent, gray with a reddish tinge
when dried.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 69 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, with a few
bottom-living forms (Rotalidz), and small Echinoid spines.
_ Resipue: 31 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (0.10 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, and Sponge
spicules ; many siliceous remains pass off with the “ fine washings,” of which
they make up perhaps one-half the volume.

Minerals (traces); a few particles of magnetite and limonite were
observed.

Fine Washings (30.90 per cent), flocculent, brown, clayey matter, with
many fragments of siliceous organisms, and a few mineral particles too
minute for identification.

No. 59. Station 4541,* 18th February, 1905.
Lat. 4° 55' N.; long. 112° 27’ W.; depth, 2174 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark gray, slightly reddish, rather sticky, but inco-

herent when dried ; the Foraminifera shells are not quite fresh, being gener-
ally impregnated with clayey matter.

74. THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 68.18 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, mostly
broken, with a few Echinoid spines.
ResIpuE: 31.82 per cent; there is too little material to determine the per-
centages of minerals and siliceous organisms.
Siliceous Organisms form a large part of the “ fine washings,” and are
represented by Diatoms, broken Radiolaria, and Sponge spicules.
Minerals ; most of the mineral particles pass off with the “fine wash-
ings,” and include silicates too small for identification, and manganese grains.
Fine Washings, brown, flocculent, clayey matter, colored by the oxides
of manganese and iron, with fragments of minerals and siliceous organisms.

No. 60. Station 4544,* 21st February, 1905.
Lat. 10° 38’N.; long. 106° 47.6’ W.; depth, 1955 fathoms.

RED CLAY: sticky chocolate-brown clay, containing not a trace of calcium
carbonate. A very small quantity of material available for examination.

CALCIUM CARBONATE (0 per cent).
Resipur (100 per cent) : —
Siliceous Organisms (traces), a very few Sponge spicules. |
Minerals (about 1 per cent); the only mineral of appreciable size is
manganese in the form of grains 0.10 mm. in mean diameter ; other minerals
belonging to silicates are present, but are very minute and pass off with
the “ fine washings.”
Fine Washings (about 99 per cent), brown flocculent clay, containing a
few minute mineral particles and siliceous remains.
Note. — This sample is peculiar for such a depth, suggesting that the cal-
cium carbonate has by some means been removed.

Appended are brief descriptions of a few samples which do not apparently
represent the actual deposit at the bottom, followed by a few notes on the
unlabelled samples : —

WASHED SAMPLES.

Station 4611, 18th October, 1904.

Lat. 10° 33'N. ; long. 88° 30’ W.; depth, 1792 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: the deposit is not in its original state, and must have
been subjected to washing during the process of collection; it is quite inco-
herent and granular, and essentially composed of Foraminifera, pelagic and

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 75

bottom-living, but mostly pelagic: Globigerina and Pulvinulina; these shells are
all colored reddish-brown by oxide of iron. As the clayey matter has dis-
appeared, an estimation of the carbonate of calcium would have been useless.

Minerals (traces), angular; mean diameter 0.02 mm., quartz and mag-
netite are present in equal quantities; one or two greenish particles may be
attributed toa member of the chlorite family.

Siliceous Organisms; Sponge spicules are the only true siliceous or-
ganisms ; there are also a good many yellowish and brown imperfect casts of

Foraminifera.

Station 4642, 7th November, 1904.
Lat. 1° 30.5'S.; long. 89° 35’ W.; depth, 300 fathoms.

CALCAREOUS SAND: very little material,—incoherent sand, formed of
fragments (mean diameter, 2mm.) of Lamellibranch and Gasteropod shells,
accompanied by fragments of Corals, and entire specimens of surface and
bottom-living Foraminifera, together with young individuals of Gasteropoda.
Very few minerals are present; plagioclase, augite, a red product of the
decomposition of some ferruginous mineral, and a little magnetite.

Station 4693, 14th December, 1904.
Lat. 26° 30.1'S.; long. 105° 45.2’W.; depth, 1142 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, granular, incoherent, with many irregular
fragments of manganese nodules; some of the Foraminifera (especially
Orbulina universa) are visible to the naked eye.

A few Sponge spicules and arenaceous Foraminifera were observed.

Many fragments of pumice and other volcanic rocks, and fragments of
manganese nodules, are present; the mineral particles observed are angu-
lar, with a mean diameter of 0.3 mm.; augite, plagioclase, green chlorite,
with minute splinters of volcanic glass, also a brown opaque ferruginous
product of the decomposition of some basic mineral, and a little magnetite.

Station 4723, 16th January, 1905.
Lat. 10° 14.3'S.; long. 107° 45.5’ W.; depth not mentioned.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: the material is very granular and incoherent ;
principally pelagic Foraminifera, with many small individuals; a few bottom-
living forms (Rotalidge), a few Sponge spicules and Radiolaria; and a few
manganese grains, 0.1 to 0.5 mm. in diameter, angular fragments of augite,
and one or two splinters of volcanic glass.

76 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 4728, 19th January, 1908.
Lat. 13° 47.5’ S.; long. 114° 21.6’ W.; depth, 1055 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: the material is almost entirely made up of the
shells of pelagic Foraminifera and their fragments, with one or two very
small Echinoid spines; a very few Sponge spicules, one or two Radiolaria
and Diatoms; and a few angular fragments (4 to 3 inch in diameter) of a
black basalt, containing abundant glassy base, and showing hardly any

weathering.
Station 4732, 21st January, 19065.
Lat. 16° 32.5’ S.; long. 119° 59’ W.; depth, 2012 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: the material is light gray, with a slight reddish
tinge when dried, granular and incoherent, and consists almost entirely of
pelagic Foraminifera and their comminuted fragments, with a few cocco-
liths and rhabdoliths; a few remains of Radiolaria and Sponge spicules ;
and a little chestnut-brown flocculent clayey matter.

Station 4737, 24th January, 1905.
Lat. 19° 57.5’ 8.; long. 127° 20.3’ W.; depth, 2060 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: there is a very little washed material sticking to
the sides of the bottle, consisting chiefly of pelagic Foraminifera, with a
few bottom-living forms (Rotalidz and Miliolide); a few angular fragments
of felspar were observed.

UNLABELLED SAMPLES.

As already stated, twenty-nine of the bottles were unlabelled, and upon
examination the contents were found to be as follows : —

9, Globigerina Ooze, 4, Green Sand,

2, Red Clay, 1, Green Mud,

2, Radiolarian Ooze, 1, Volcanic Mud,

8, Blue Mud, 2, Incoherent material.

A. GLOBIGERINA OOZE. The Globigerina Ooze in three of the bottles
was found on examination to be similar in composition, and it is possible all
may have come from the same station. The percentage of calcium carbonate
is about 60 or 70, and the siliceous organisms make up about 10 per cent.

Another sample, in which most of the Foraminifera shells are broken,
approaches the border-line of Radiolarian Ooze, since the residue is almost
entirely made up of Radiolaria.

Another sample was found upon analysis to contain 38.91 per cent of

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 77

calcium carbonate; otherwise it might equally well have been called a Dia-
tom Ooze or a Radiolarian Ooze, so abundant were these siliceous remains.

Another sample was incoherent and finely granular, as though it had
been subjected to a certain amount of washing; the residue consists princi-
pally of Sponge spicules with glauconitic casts and a few Diatoms.

Another sample is apparently from deep water, as many of the shells are
broken. It is mottled light and dark brown, while the residue is chocolate
brown from the large proportion of manganese grains. The percentage of
calcium carbonate is 70 or 80, and there are many Radiolaria and Diatoms
probably equal to 5 per cent.

The shreds of a label were found in another bottle, and the number 4638
could with difficulty be made out. According to the preliminary report,
Station 4638 is in Lat. 0° 27’ N.; long. 87° 13’ W.; and the depth is 1450
fathoms. The deposit contains 61.51 per cent of calcium carbonate, and is
mottled dark and light gray; many of the Foraminifera shells are broken,
and discolored by manganese.

Another sample which was analyzed gave 53.76 per cent of calcium car-
bonate, though in the bottle it had the appearance of a Red Clay; and the
residue is of a chocolate color.

B. RED CLAY. One sample contained much manganese in the form of
small nodules and grains, with a few decomposed volcanic rock fragments,
and a few Radiolaria and Diatoms; no calcium carbonate.

Another sample also contained no calcium carbonate, and a few volcanic
mineral particles and one or two Radiolaria filled with clay were observed.
Shreds of a label were extracted from this bottle on which, after the word
“depth,” the figures 26 — were deciphered, so that it seems not unlikely
that the material came from Station 4511 (Lat. 15° 39’S.; long. 83° 27.4’ W.;
depth, 2620 fathoms).

C. RADIOLARIAN OOZE. One sample of Radiolarian Ooze contained
about 5 per cent of calcium carbonate (consisting principally of pelagic For-
aminifera), and probably less than 5 per cent of mineral particles (volcanic
glass and manganese grains). The skeletons of Radiolaria appear to make
up probably about one-half of this deposit.

Another sample contained no calcium carbonate; the ooze is of a pale
green color, and besides the Radiolaria, Diatoms are also very abundant,

while mineral particles are few and small.

78 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

D. BLUE MUD. The samples of Blue Mud were all of a greenish color,
except one which had undergone decomposition in the bottle, and had turned
black with a thin layer of a gray color on the top. The percentage of cal-
cium carbonate varied from 0 to about 5, while one sample, apparently ap-
proaching the border-line of Globigerina Ooze, gave on analysis 15.15 per cent.
The siliceous organisms ranged from 1 to 5 per cent, principally Diatoms,
with Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, and arenaceous Foraminifera. In one
sample the Diatoms were impregnated with sulphide of iron in the form of
minute spherules. The minerals made up from 10 to 40 per cent, the
quartz grains in one sample attaining a diameter of 0.6 mm., and in another
0.4 mm.; besides quartz, mica, felspar, and hornblende were noted. One
sample contained rock fragments ranging up to 3 inches in diameter, a
rolled pebble, worm-eaten twigs, worm-tubes (Onuphis, one very large),
fragments of bone, and hardened blocks of deposit, associated with a little
of the mud in which the other items enumerated were apparently embedded.

EK. GREEN SAND. The four samples of Green Sand may possibly have all
come from the same station. Though the percentage of calcium carbonate
seemed to vary somewhat (one sample analyzed gave 13.24 per cent, while
another seemed to contain about 25 per cent), one-half of the individual
samples was apparently made up of glauconite grains and glauconitie casts,
representing, indeed, one of the purest green sands ever submitted to us
for examination. Quartz and mica, and a few siliceous organisms (Sponge
spicules, Diatoms, and Radiolaria) were also noted.

F. GREEN MUD. The sample of Green Mud has undergone decomposition
in the bottle, for the lower portion is much darker green than the upper
portion. Analysis gave 61.63 per cent of calcium carbonate, made up
principally of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, while many Radio-
laria, with a few Diatoms and Sponge spicules, were noted, in addition to
glauconitic casts and glauconite grains and other minerals.

G. VOLCANIC MUD. The sample, though containing about 20 per
cent of calcium carbonate (pelagic Foraminifera with coccoliths and many
rhabdoliths), is principally made up of volcanic material, the particles col-
ored black, brown, and yellow, and having the appearance of volcanic ash.

H. INCOHERENT MATERIAL. One sample consists principally of manga-
nese nodules, embedded in a deposit that might be called a Radiolarian ooze.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 79

It contains no calcium carbonate, and besides the siliceous organisms and
manganese grains, only a few minerals were observed in the clayey matter.
Another sample consists of: (1) a small piece of volcanic rock in process
of transformation into palagonite, (2) a flat piece of palagonite much im-
pregnated with manganese, and (3) a small manganese nodule.

80 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

BOTTOM SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE THIRD EXPE-
DITION OF DR. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, 1899-1900.

The bottom deposits collected by the “ Albatross” during her 1899-1900
cruise were received at the Challenger Office shortly after the return of the
expedition, and were examined by Sir John Murray, Mr. James Chumley,
and Mr. Robert Dykes. Dr. Alexander Agassiz published some remarks on
the bottom deposits by Sir John Murray in the preliminary report already
cited. Most of the mineralogical determinations have recently been revised
by Dr. G. W. Lee, who has also examined the manganese nodules collected
during this cruise, which were not forwarded to the Challenger Office till
some considerable time after the deposit-samples. Dr. W. A. Caspari has
made a detailed study in the Challenger Office laboratory of the white pala-
gonitic tuff from Station 2, and his results will be found in an appendix to
this Report.

The number of samples received from this cruise was 237, but, unfor-
tunately, as many as 160 of these could not be fully described owing to the
fact that in 97 cases the material had evidently been subjected to a certain
amount of washing before reaching our hands, and in 53 other instances the
amount of material available was too small to allow of a definite analysis
being made. In 9 cases the material consisted of manganese nodules or
rock fragments without any true deposit, and in one case the bottle in
which the sample was contained was without any label or number, and the
description of the material is, therefore, less important than it might other-
wise have been. From these various causes the number of samples fully
described in the following pages is reduced to 77. These are distributed
in depth as follows : —

Samples from less than 1000 fathoms
is “« 1000 to 2000 “

« « 2000 to 3000 ee
ce « 3000 to 4000 “
6s “ over 4000 G

oak
QArHoBSn

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 81

The types of deposit to which these 77 samples are referred are as

follows : —
GlobigerinalOozey mcm Mic sll oiler Niet fl latte ila ip in 40) Samples
eee OMEN oud 650s to. bh <0, (BS ce Uo iby ec Rao eibuen dbo isaoe ume 40n 8
LCLO POC OOZOm ites mnie etal ieee Vat irh Natl ellraWeip ah eis) Natal ot, ot oem 1
RadtolariantOozeMmme tive tere tall cic Tittle rele vey icaee'e) hott! Wer sti of icy aca ee
Wolcamig Miho! S 646. (6 lo 8) 6 0 oo Be bo Oe ote oo heh

ike “

DeETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DEPOSIT-SAMPLES.

( Numbered consecutively as collected.)

No. 1. Station 2, 27th August, 1899.
Lat. 28° 23’ N.; long. 126° 57’ W.; depth, 2368 fathoms.

RED CLAY: brown, with lighter-colored patches, but appears uniform in
composition ; contains a few small manganese nodules.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 1 per cent, a few coccoliths.

ResIDUE: 99 per cent, brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), represented by fragments of Radiolaria.

Minerals (small traces), mean diameter 0.06 mm.; the most abundant
mineral is felspar, represented by orthoclase and plagioclases having the op-
tical properties of andesine and labradorite. A more acid plagioclase appears
to be present, but its exact nature could not be determined. Volcanic glass
(one splinter 2 mm. long), augite (very rare), probably hornblende undergoing
decomposition, manganese grains, red palagonite, and small lumps of a
whitish opaque substance were also observed. Mineral particles are here
extremely rare, only a few having been obtained from the washing of a large
quantity of material.

Fine Washings (98 per cent), amorphous clayey matter.

Besides a good supply of the Red Clay, many manganese nodules and
slabs of palagonitic tuff described in the sequel, the “Albatross” obtained at
this station some rock fragments, determined by Dr. Teall, H. M. Geological
Survey, as: —

(1) hornblende-andesite,

(2) serpentine,

(3) fine grained sandstone,

(4) black chert.’

1 See Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXVI., No. 1, p. 71, 1902.
6

82 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

No. 2. Station 4, 29th August, 1899.
Lat. 24° 45’ N.; long. 130° 16’ W.; depth, 2628 fathoms.

RED CLAY: brown.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 2.05 per cent, only a few small Fishes’ teeth
observed.
ResipuE: 97.95 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.06 mm., angular, felspar, decom-
posed ferro-magnesian minerals, one or two crystals of phillipsite, magnetite.
Fine Washings (95.95 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
minerals, etc.

No. 3. Station 5, 30th August, 1899.
Lat. 22° 42’ N.; long. 131° 54’ W.; depth, 2740 fathoms.

RED CLAY: brown.
CaLciuM CARBONATE: 1 per cent, only a few Fish teeth observed.
ResipvE: 99 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, arenaceous
Foraminifera.
Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.08 mm., angular, felspar, glassy
particles, magnetite, and manganese grains.
Fine Washings (96 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, minute min-

erals, etc.
No. 4. Station 6, 31st August, 1899.

Lat. 20° 26’ N.; long. 133° 28’ W.; depth, 2810 fathoms.

RED CLAY: brown.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: | per cent, a few teeth of Fishes.
ResipuE: 99 per cent, brown: —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (1 per cent), mostly angular, mean diameter 0.12 mm. (one
grain of felspar 0.8 mm. in diameter observed), felspar (orthoclase), glassy
particles, augite, magnetite, manganese grains.

Fine Washings (97 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, etc.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 83

No. 5. Station 7, lst September, 1899.
Lat. 18° 19’ N.; long. 134° 57’ W.; depth, 2881 fathoms.

RED CLAY: light brown, with darker patches.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 1.05 per cent, a few teeth of Fishes.
RESIDUE: 98.95 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera.
Minerals (1 per cent), mostly angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., felspar,
glassy particles, grains of manganese, and magnetite.
: Fine Washings (96.95 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, etc.

No. 6. Station 11, 3rd September, 1899.
Lat. 14° 38’ N.; long. 136° 44’ W.; depth, 2646 fathoms.

RED CLAY: dark brown, mottled with lighter-colored patches.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 1 per cent, teeth of Fishes.
ResiDUE: 99 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, arenaceous
Foraminifera, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., felspar, glassy
particles, augite, magnetite, grains of manganese, phillipsite.
Fine Washings (96 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 7. Station 12, 4th September, 1899.
Lat. 12° 7’ N.; long. 137° 18’ W.; depth, 2883 fathoms.

RADIOLARIAN OOZE: light brown.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: | per cent, Fishes’ teeth.
ResipuE: 99 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (30 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (2 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., glassy particles,
felspar, hornblende.
Fine Washings (67 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

84 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

No. 8. Station 13, 5th September, 1899.
Lat. 9° 57’ N.; long. 137° 47’ W.; depth, 2690 fathoms.

RADIOLARIAN OOZE: light brown, with lighter spots and patches.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 1 per cent, Fishes’ teeth.
ResiDuE: 99 per cent, light brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (40 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (3 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.12 mm., obsidian,
manganese grains, sanidine (?), and decomposed ferro-magnesian minerals.
Fine Washings (56 per cent), clayey matter, with many splinters of sili-
ceous organisms and volcanic glass. :

No. 9. Station 14, 7th September, 1899.
Lat. 6° 41’ N.; long. 137° 0’ W.; depth, 2776 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 44.2 per cent, broken Foraminifera, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, Echinoid spines.
ResipvuE: 55.8 per cent, brown, very flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (15 per cent), Radiolaria and Diatoms, with one or
two Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., pumice, glassy
particles, and felspar.
Fine Washings (39.8 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of Radiolaria, etc.

No. 10. Station 15, 8th September, 1899.
Lat. 4° 35’ N.; long. 136° 54’ W.; depth, 2583 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 65.35 per cent, fragments of Foraminifera, small
Gasteropods, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Fish teeth.
ResipuE: 34.65 per cent, dark brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (10 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., felspar and
glassy particles.
Fine Washings (23.65 per cent), amorphous flocculent clayey matter,
with fragments of Radiolaria and Diatoms.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 85

No. 11. Station 16, 9th September, 1899.
Lat. 2° 38’ N.; long. 137° 22’ W.; depth, 2440 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 70.75 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, and EKchinoid spines.
Reswvue: 29.25 per cent, dark brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (10 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, Sponge spicules,
arenaceous Foraminifera.
‘Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., felspar and
glassy particles.
Fine Washings (18.25 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, and frag-
ments of Radiolaria,

No. 12. Station 17, 10th September, 1899.
Lat. 0° 50’N.; long. 137° 54’ W.; depth, 2463 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 64.85 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera, rhabdoliths,
and coccoliths.
ReEsIDUE: 39.15 per cent, light yellowish brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous organisms (5 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.06 mm., a few glassy particles.
Fine Washings (29.15 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with frag-
ments of siliceous organisms.

No. 18. Station 18, 13th September, 1899.
Lat. 6° 25’S.; long. 138° 59’ W.; depth, 2475 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 72.4 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Cephalopod beak, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, and minute
calcareous bodies in form like a horseshoe.

RESIDUE: 27.6 per cent, light brown : —

Siliceous Organsms (5 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, and
Diatoms.

Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.08 mm., angular, pumice, felspar,
and glassy particles.

Fine Washings (21.6 per cent), fragments of Diatoms, Radiolaria, and
minute mineral particles, with clayey matter.

86 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN,

No. 14. Station 19, 13th September, 1899.
Lat. 7° 58’S.; long. 139° 09’ W.; depth, 2287 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty gray in color.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 70.7 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Ostracodes, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.
RESIDUE: 29.3 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (6 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, Diatoms,
arenaceous Foraminifera.
Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.08 mm., angular, felspar, voleanic
glass, pumice, magnetite.
Fine Washings (23.3 per cent), clayey matter, with minute mineral
particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 15. Station 20, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 13’S.; long. 139° 10’ W.; depth, 2267 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, granular, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 69.35 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, small Fish teeth, and minute calcareous bodies
(horseshoe shaped).

XESIDUE: 30.65 percent, black mineral particles with reddish-brown floc-
culent clayey matter :-—
Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera.
Minerals (4 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., palagonite, plagio-
clase, decomposed ferro-magnesian minerals.
Fine Washings (24.65 per cent), flocculent amorphous clayey matter, with

minute mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 16. Station 21, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 28’S.; long. 139° 12’ W.; depth, 2183 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, slightly coherent.
CaLciuM CARBONATE: 65.75 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, rhabdoliths, coccoliths, and other small calcareous
bodies (horseshoe shaped).
ReEstDuE: 34.25 per cent, yellowish-brown, flocculent, clayey matter, with
black mineral particles.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 87

Siliceous Organisms (5 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms,
arenaceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., felspar, obsidian,
_ Inagnetite.

Fine Washings (24.25 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 17. Station 22, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 31’S.; long. 139° 26’ W.; depth, 1939 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, granular, slightly coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 70.9 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, rhabdoliths, coccoliths, and other minute calcareous bodies (horse-
shoe shaped).
ResipDuE: 29.1 per cent, yellowish-brown, flocculent, clayey matter, with
black deposit of mineral particles : —
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, arenaceous Fora-
minifera, and Sponge spicules.
Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., felspar (plagio-
clase), augite, obsidian, magnetite, hematite.
Fine Washings (21.1 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with Radio-
larian and Diatom fragments, and minute mineral particles.

No. 18. Station 23, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 33’ S.; long. 139° 36’ W.; depth, 1802 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, granular, slightly coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 69.5 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, and small calcareous horseshoe-shaped bodies.
ResIpuE: 30.5 per cent, flocculent, brownish-yellow, clayey matter, with
large amount of black mineral matter : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Diatoms, arenaceous
Foraminifera, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., augite, olivine,
magnetite, felspar (plagioclase, mostly kaolinized), chloritic minerals, man-
ganese grains, palagonite.

Fine Washings (18.5 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

88 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

No. 19. Station 31, 19th September, 1899.
Lat. 12° 20’ S.; long. 144° 15’ W.; depth, 2700 fathoms.

RED CLAY: dark chocolate colored, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 8 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera (mostly fragmentary), Fishes’ teeth, coccoliths.

Resipue: 92 per cent, chocolate colored : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., phillipsite
(abundant, in isolated crystals, and in aggregations), manganese grains, mag-
netite, palagonite, plagioclase, augite.

Fine Washings (86 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with many
minute phillipsite crystals, and other mineral particles.

No. 20. Station 32, 20th September, 1899.
Lat. 13° 37’ S.; long. 145° 42’ W.; depth, 2451 fathoms.

RED CLAY: dark chocolate colored, coherent. Manganese nodule one
inch by half an inch.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 21.4 per cent, fragments of pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, Kchinoid spines, Fish teeth, coccoliths, and small cal-
careous horseshoe-shaped bodies.

REsIDUE: 78.6 per cent, chocolate colored : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, arenaceous Fora-
minifera. -

Minerals (10 per cent), angular and rounded, mean diameter 0.1 mm.,
phillipsite (in individuals, twins, stellate, and subspherical groups, the last
mentioned 1 mm. in maximum diameter), palagonite, decomposed olivine,
decomposed plagioclase, augite, manganese grains, magnetite, and a small
cosmic spherule, 0.03 mm. in diameter.

Fine Washings (67.6 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with small
phillipsite crystals, etc.

No. 21. Station 33, 20th September, 1899.
Lat. 14° 10’ S.; long. 146° 10’ W.; depth, 2527 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very dark chocolate color, almost black, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 3.5 per cent, bottom-living Foraminifera and
minute fragments of pelagic Foraminifera.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 89

ResipuE: 96.5 per cent, black : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Radiolaria.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular and rounded, mean diameter 0.1 mm.,
consisting largely of ‘manganese grains, rounded balls of phillipsite, felspar,
and glass.

Fine Washings (90.5 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
manganese grains and phillipsite crystals.

No. 22. Station 35, 21st September, 1899.
Lat. 14° 42’ S.; long. 147° 08’ W.; depth, 1462 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, granular, incoherent.
- CaLcrum carBonaTE: 74 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, and other small calcareous horseshoe-shaped
bodies.
ResipuE: 26 per cent, reddish-yellow, flocculent, very little heavy

matter : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (1 per cent), a few angular fragments, mean diameter 0.08 mm.,
felspar, and glass.

Fine Washings (24 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral fragments, etc. |

No. 23. Station 40, 24th September, 1899.
Avatoru Passage, Paumotu Islands; depth, 661 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream color, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 77.3 per cent, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Kchinoid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tuni-
cate spicules, otoliths of Fish, Molluscan shell-fragments, small Lamelli-
branchs, and small calcareous horseshoe-shaped bodies.

ResipvuE: 22.7 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Sihiceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera. ;

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., one or two
glassy particles and felspar. There is very little mineral matter, considerably
less than 1 per cent.

Fine Washings (20.7 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with very
small mineral particles, etc.

90 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

No. 24. Station 41, 24th September, 1899.
Avatoru Passage, Paumotu Islands; depth, 684 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored with a tinge of pink, incoherent, fine-
grained.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 80 per cent, Pteropods, Heteropods (Atlanta), pelagic
and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, fragments of Mollusc shells
(small Gasteropod shells, like Pleurotoma, and Bivalves), coccoliths, rhabdo-
liths, Tunicate spicules.

REsIDUE: 20 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), arenaceous Foraminifera, Sponge
spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular glassy particles, one or two having a
mean diameter of 0.06 mm.

Fine Washings (18 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
particles of volcanic glass, etc.

No. 25. Station 47, 24th September, 1899.
About 7 miles off the south coast of Rangiroa, Paumotu Islands;
depth, 764 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 80 per cent, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Coral fragments, Mollusc-shell
fragments, small calcareous concretions containing pelagic Foraminifera,
Alcyonarian spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules.

ReEsIDUE: 20 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular particles of felspar and obsidian, mean
diameter 0.08 mm., manganese grains, and small cosmic spherule.

Fine Washings (18 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with very few
minute mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 26. Station 62, 26th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 33’ S.; long. 148° 45’ W.; depth, 2267 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, with gray patches, slightly coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 67.15 per cent, very small pelagic and bottom-

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 91

living Foraminifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules, and small cal-
careous horseshoe-shaped bodies.
RESIDUE: 32.85 per cent, chocolate colored, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., felspar,
magnetite, obsidian, and one twin crystal of phillipsite observed.

Fine Washings (30.85 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with small
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 27. Station 63, 26th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 42’ S.; long. 148° 44’ W.; depth, 2247 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish-red, coherent, clayey.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 56.9 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera (mostly small, some broken), coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

RESIDUE: 45.1 per cent, chocolate brown, flocculent : —

Stliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (2 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., felspar, horn-
blende, obsidian, magnetite, small fragment of pumice 0.2 mm. in diameter,
manganese grains.

Fine Washings (40.1 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, ete.

No. 28. Station 67, 27th September, 1899.
Lat. 16° 32’ S.; long. 148° 40’ W.; depth, 2363 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: grayish-brown, coherent, clayey.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 39.6 per cent, Foraminifera, — pelagic (mostly frag-
mentary) and bottom-living,—Ostracodes, Echinoid spines, small Fish teeth,
rhabdoliths, coccoliths.

REsiDUE: 60.4 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, arenaceous
Foraminifera.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., plagioclase,
augite, obsidian, magnetite.

Fine Washings (53.4 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles, etc.

92 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

No. 29. Station 68, 27th September, 1899.
Lat. 16° 57’ S.; long. 148° 58’ W.; depth, 2224 fathoms.

RED CLAY: grayish-brown, coherent, clayey.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 27.75 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Fishes’ teeth, Ostracodes, Echinoid spines.

Resipue: 72.25 per cent, brown, flocculent, with heavy mineral
particles : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), arenaceous Foraminifera, Radiolaria,
Sponge spicules, Diatoms.

Minerals (30 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., augite, olivine,
magnetite, felspar (plagioclase), hematite, chloritic mineral, biotite (1 or
2 flakes).

Fine Washings (40.25 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, ete.

No. 30. Station 70, 27th September, 1899.
Lat. 17° 21’ S.; long. 149° 15’ W.; depth, 1585 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD: dark grayish-brown, coherent, clayey, slightly gritty
to the touch.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 20.2 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResipuE: 79.8 per cent, brown, flocculent, with a great many mineral
particles : —
Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), arenaceous Foraminifera, Radiolaria,
Sponge spicules.
Minerals (50 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.12 mm., olivine,
augite, magnetite, hematite, chloritic mineral, felspar, volcanic glass.
Fine Washings (27.8 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with a large
amount of minute mineral particles.

No. 31. Station 74, 5th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 28.4’ S.; long. 149° 34’ W.; depth, 807 (?) fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD: grayish-black, coherent, clayey; on treatment with
dilute hydrochloric acid a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen is given
off, due to organic matter (portions of leaves, bark of trees, etc.).

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 30 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 93

Heteropods, Pteropods, Polyzoa, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, small
Gasteropods and Lamellibranchs, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths,
ResipuE: 70 per cent, black with greenish tinge, many coprolites : —

Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), arenaceous Foraminifera, Radiolaria,
Sponge spicules, Diatoms.

Minerals (20 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., augite, olivine,
oligoclase, sanidine (?), volcanic glass, magnetite very abundant.

Fine. Washings (47 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with small
coprolites, mineral particles, and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 32. Station 75, 5th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 57’ S.; long. 147° 29’ W.; depth, 1592 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: grayish-brown, coherent, granular.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 40.75 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, otoliths, Ostracodes, Echinoid spines, Coral fragments, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules.

ResipuE: 59.25 per cent, brown, flocculent, with black mineral
particles : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, arenaceous
Foraminifera, Diatoms.

Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., augite,
olivine, plagioclase, magnetite, chloritic mineral.

Fine Washings (47.25 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 33. Station 94, 14th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 57’ S.; long. 145° 49’ W.; depth, 1531 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, slightly coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 81.45 per cent, Foraminifera, — pelagic (including
a large proportion of young forms) and bottom-living, — Ostracodes, otoliths,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResiDuE: 18.55 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, imperfect
casts, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.06 mm., only one or two
particles of felspar and glass observed.
Fine Washings (15.55 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with
splinters of siliceous organisms and minute mineral particles.

94. THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

No. 34. Station 102, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 10’ S.; long. 145° 19’ W.; depth, 1679 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 84.3 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths.

ResipvE: 15.7 per cent, yellowish-brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules. °

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., plagioclase,
obsidian, altered hornblende (chloritized), magnetite.

Fine Washings (13.7 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, etc.

No. 35. Station 109, 16th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 13’ S.; long. 143° 48’ W.; depth, 987 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 79.4 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Pteropod fragments, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Os-
tracodes, otoliths, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

ReEsipuE: 20.6 per cent, yellowish-brown, flocculent : —

Stliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.

Minerals (traces), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., felspar, obsidian,
magnetite.

Fine Washings (19.6 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, ete.

No. 36. Station 113, 17th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 55’ 8.; long. 142° 39’ W.; depth, 1503 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 80 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Ostracodes, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, fragments of Cephalo-
pod bone.

Resipue: 20 per cent, yellowish brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., felspar,
obsidian, and magnetite.

Fine Washings (18 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of Radiolaria.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 95

No. 37. Station 136, 28th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 8’ S.; long. 141° 49’ W.; depth, 2187 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: reddish-brown, with lighter-colored patches, slightly
coherent, clayey.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 74.2 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, Alcyonarian spicules, coccoliths, rhabdo-
liths, Tunicate spicules.

RESIDUE: 25.8 per cent, chocolate colored, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, Diatoms,
arenaceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0,1 mm., obsidian
(brown, clear, and yellow fragments, some of the latter showing spherulitic
structure), felspar, augite, magnetite, manganese grains, phillipsite in isolated
crystals and rounded aggregates.

Fine Washings (19.8 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 38. Station 140, 29th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 27’ S.; long. 140° 21’ W.; depth, 2042 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 72.95 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, small
Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods.

ResIDvuE: 27.05 per cent, chocolate colored, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., volcanic glass,
felspar, augite (?), decomposed ferro-magnesian minerals, manganese grains.

Fine Washings (25.05 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 39. Station 142, 30th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 30’ S.; long. 139° 30’ W.; depth, 2103 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE : light brown, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 77.5 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResIpvuE: 22.5 per cent, chocolate colored, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

96 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. |

Minerals (2 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., felspar,
obsidian, pumice, isolated crystals of phillipsite, augite, small manganese
grains.

Fine Washings (19.5 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 40. Station 146, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 36’ S.; long. 159° 14’ W.; depth, 1725 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very little material; brown, clayey, and coherent.
- CALCIUM CARBONATE: 30 per cent, fragments of pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, coccoliths, small Fish teeth.
Resi1pvE: 70 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., obsidian,
felspar, magnetite, and manganese grains.
Fine Washings (59 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles, and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 41. Station 151, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 19° 27’ S.; long. 138° 47’ W.; depth, 1907 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown or cream color, slightly coherent,
finely granular.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 85 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera with large pro-
portion of young forms, one or two blackened by manganese, bottom-living
Foraminifera, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

ResrpvuE: 15 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), mean diameter 0.06 mm., angular and rounded,
a few particles of pumice, volcanic glass, and manganese grains.

Fine Washings (12 per cent), amorphous clayey matter.

No. 42. Station 152, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 19° 35’ S.; long. 139° 13’ W.; depth, 2335 fathoms.
RED CLAY or GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark brown or chocolate color
with yellow patches, coherent, clayey, granular to the touch.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 33.6 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Foram-
inifera, Fishes’ teeth, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths observed, but the greater

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 97

part of the material soluble in hydrochloric acid is in a crystalline form,
apparently reef fragments more or less transformed into dolomite (dolomitic
limestone).

ResipuE: 66.4 per cent, chocolate colored : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules.

Minerals (30 per cent), mean diameter 0.15 mm., rounded and angular,
phillipsite, palagonite, volcanic glass, decomposed plagioclase, manganese
grains, some of which attain a diameter of 4 mm., hematite, magnetite, de-
composed minerals,

' Fine Washings (35.4 per cent), amorphous clayey matter impregnated
-with manganese.
This deposit is most peculiar, and would merit a close examination, but
unfortunately little material is available.

No. 43. Station 156, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 31’ S.; long. 142° 0’ W.; depth, 2468 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very little material, dark brown, with yellow patches, coher-
ent, clayey.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 25.85 per cent, small pelagic and fragments of
bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Fish teeth and otoliths, cocco-
liths, and other calcareous horseshoe-shaped bodies.

ResipuE: 74.15 per cent, chocolate colored :—

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, arenaceous Foramini-
fera.

Minerals (30 per cent), angular and rounded, mean diameter 0.15 mm.,
phillipsite in isolated crystals, twins, and aggregates, manganese grains,
plagioclase, volcanic glass, palagonite, augite. (Some of the phillipsite aggre-
gates attain a diameter of 0.5 mm.,and some of the manganese grains 1 mm.)

Fine Washings (43.15 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with many
minute mineral particles.

No. 44. Station 157, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 46.5’ S.; long. 142° 51’ W.; depth, 2315 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very little material, dark brown, with white spots
(Foraminifera), coherent, clayey, with fragments of decomposed volcanic
glass impregnated with manganese, the largest being 7 mm. in diameter.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 41.8 per cent, the mean of two analyses which
7

98 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

gave 40.4 and 43.1 respectively; small pelagic Foraminifera, fragments of
bottom-living Foraminifera, Fish teeth, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, and other
calcareous, horseshoe-shaped bodies.
ReEsIDUE: 58.2 per cent, dark brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (20 per cent), rounded and angular, mean diameter 0.2 mm.,
volcanic glass, palagonite, felspar, manganese grains, phillipsite, magnetite.

Fine Washings (37.2 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with many small
mineral particles.

No. 45. Station 167, 3rd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 2’S.; long. 144° 28’ W.; depth, 2524 fathoms.

RED CLAY: chocolate color, extremely clayey.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 3.7 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera and their

fragments, Fish teeth, crystalline calcareous particles (dolomitic limestone
fragments).

ResipuE: 96.3 per cent, chocolate colored : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules.

Minerals (10 per cent), mean diameter 0.05 to 0.1 mm., angular and
rounded, volcanic glass (some fragments attain a diameter of 1 mm.),
palagonite, phillipsite in isolated crystals, twins, and aggregates, magnetite,
manganese grains, and other minerals too decomposed for determination.

Fine Washings (85.3 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles.

No. 46. Station 172, 3rd November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 22’ S.; long. 145° 47’ W.; depth, 2322 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dark brown, with light brown or yellow patches,
coherent, clayey; has the appearance of a typical Red Clay, but the
percentage of calcium carbonate is too high.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 40.5 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera and their
fragments (large proportion very small), bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid
spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

REsIDUE: 59.5 per cent, chocolate colored : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules.
Minerals (3 per cent), mean diameter 0.12 mm., angular and rounded, vol-
canic glass, palagonite, manganese grains, plagioclase, phillipsite, magnetite.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 99

Fine Washings (55.5 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with many
small mineral particles.

No. 47. Station 173, 4th November, 1899.
Lat. 18° 55’ S.; long. 146° 23’ W.; depth, 2440 fathoms.

A large quantity of Red Clay, containing many manganese nodules,
sharks’ teeth, etc., was obtained by the trawl. No deposit from the sound-
ing-tube was received, so the following description is prepared from clay
from the trawl.

RED CLAY: dark brown or chocolate colored.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 1 per cent, a few pelagic and bottom-living For-
-aminifera, Fish teeth, fragment of Gasteropod shell, and one or two
coccoliths observed.

REsIDUE: 99 per cent, chocolate colored : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (25 per cent), mean diameter 0.15 mm., angular and rounded,
volcanic glass, Pele’s hair, palagonite, pumice, olivine, manganese grains,
magnetite, plagioclase, augite, cosmic spherules, many tuff fragments, and
manganese grains of large size.

Fine Washings (73 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with many
minute minerals.

No. 48. Station 182, 23rd November, 1899.
Lat. 18° 59’ 8.; long. 164° 47’ W.; depth, 2882 fathoms.

RED CLAY: reddish brown, coherent, clayey.
CaLcIuM CARBONATE: (0) per cent.
Resipue: 100 per cent : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), fragments of Radiolaria.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., pumice, mag-
netite, manganese grains.
Fine Washings (98 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles.

No. 49. Station 186, 27th November, 1899.
Lat. 21° 18’ S.; long. 173° 51’ W.; depth, 4540 fathoms.

RED CLAY: brown, clayey, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: () per cent.

100 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

ResipuE: 100 per cent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules.

Minerals (30 per cent), mean diameter 0.15 mm., angular, pumice,
decomposed plagioclase, obsidian, magnetite, manganese grains, augite,
olivine, volcanic glass abundant.

Fine Washings (69 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles.

No. 50. Station 188, 6th December, 1899.
Lat. 18° 43’ S.; long. 175° 28’ W.; depth, 1381 fathoms.

RED CLAY or VOLCANIC MUD: brown, coherent, clayey.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 16.6 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, small Fish teeth, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.
Resipve: 83.4 per cent, dark brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), fragments of Radiolaria and Sponge
spicules.
Minerals (30 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.2 mm., plagioclase,
pumice, voleanic glass, magnetite, olivine, augite (?).
Fine Washings (52.4 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles.

No. 51. Station 191, 7th December, 1899.
Lat. 18° 56’ S.; long. 178° 43’ W.; depth, 600 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: dirty cream colored, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 82.5 per cent, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Fish
teeth, Polyzoa, Ostracodes, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate
spicules.

ResipuE: 17.5 per cent, reddish brown, flocculent, with black mineral
particles : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, Diatoms.

Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., pumice, vol-
canic glass, augite, magnetite, olivine, plagioclase.

Fine Washings (6.5 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 101

No. 52. Station 193, 9th December, 1899.
Lat. 18° 56.5’ S.; long. 179° 16’ W.; depth, 990 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 78.15 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Foram-
inifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, Ostracodes, otoliths, Fish teeth, small
Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

ResipuE: 21.85 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.

Minerals (8 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., pumice (the
largest fragment 10 by 6 by 4 mm.), volcanic glass, felspar, augite, olivine,
“magnetite.

Fine Washings (12.85 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 53. Station 194, 21st December, 1899.
Lat. 12° 43’ S.; long. 179° 50’ W.; depth, 1445 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, slightly coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 84 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

ResipuE: 16 per cent, reddish brown, flocculent :—

Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., pumice, vol-
canic glass, felspar, augite, magnetite, and manganese grains (the largest
about 2 mm. in diameter).

Fine Washings (10 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

From this station twelve rounded fragments of pumice were obtained in
the trawl, the largest being 55 by 30 mm. The pieces are partly decom-
posed, grayish brown in color, free from manganese. Some are close and
fine-grained, others very vesicular. There was also a small fragment of a

siliceous sponge.
No. 54. Station 197, 2nd January, 1900.
Lat. 0° 30’ N.; long. 173° 35’ K.; depth, 2221 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, slightly coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 83.3 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

102 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN,

Res1pvE : 16.7 per cent, light brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., voleanic glass,
pumice, felspar.
Fine Washings (13.7 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 55. Station 204, 4th January, 1900.
Lat. 1° 52’ N.; long. 173° 15’ E.; depth, 2156 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 73.7 percent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResiDuE: 26.3 per cent, brownish yellow, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., felspar and
volcanic glass.
Fine Washings (22.3 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 56. Station 206, 5th January, 1900.
Lat. 2° 27’ N.; long. 173° 09’ E. ; depth, 2255 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 83 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
REsIDUE: 17 per cent, brown, flocculent :—
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms,
casts.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., volcanic glass
and felspar.
Fine Washings (13 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 57. Station 208, 7th January, 1900.
Lat. 3° 57’ N.; long. 172° 0’ E.; depth, 2486 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, coherent, plastic, and clayey
to the touch.

CaLcIuM CARBONATE: 77.65 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Kchinoid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 103

ResipueE: 22.35 per cent, brown, flocculent :—
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., voleanic glass,
felspar, and magnetite.
Fine Washings (18.35 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 58. Station 209, 8th January, 1900.
Lat. 4° 25’ N.; long. 171° 15’ E.; depth, 2505 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 77.35 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
Resipur: 22.65 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.06 mm., volcanic glass,
felspar, and magnetite.
Fine Washings (18.65 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 59. Station 210, 8th January, 1900.
Lat. 4° 54’ N.; long. 170° 21’ E.; depth, 2444 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 74 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
REsIDUE: 26 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., felspar and
volcanic glass.
Fine Washings (22 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
siliceous splinters and small mineral particles.

No. 60. Station 211, 9th January, 1900.
Lat. 5° 20’ N.; long. 169° 43’ E.; depth, 2411 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 80.75 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
Resipue: 19.25 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

104. THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., felspar, vol-
canic glass, augite, chloritic mineral.

Fine Washings (15.25 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with
minute mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 61. Station 213, 14th January, 1900.
Lat. 6° 34’ N.; long. 169° 13’ E.; depth, 2613 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 65.8 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ReEsiDuE: 34.2 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., felspar and:
voleanic glass.
Fine Washings (30 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 62. Station 219, 15th January, 1900.
Lat. 8° 2’ N.; long. 167° 43’ EK. ; depth, 2179 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 82.3 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResipvE: 17.7 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (5 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (2 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., volcanic
glass, felspar, magnetite.
Fine Washings (10.7 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with

minute mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 63. Station 220, 16th January, 1900.
Lat. 8° 38’ N.; long. 167° 37’ E.; depth, 1897 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 85.9 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResipuE: 14.1 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Stliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.
Minerals (traces), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., volcanic ‘glass,

decomposed ferro-magnesian minerals, manganese grains.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 105

Fine Washings (11.1 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 64. Station 223, 18th January, 1900.
Lat. 10° 49' N.; long. 167° 15’ E. ; depth, 2469 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: reddish brown, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 63.65 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, many crystalline calcareous fragments (dolomitic limestone), otoliths,
Ostracodes, fragments of Corals and Mollusc shells, Echinoid spines, Alcyo-
narian spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

ResipuE: 36.35 per cent, brown, flocculent, with small rock particles : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.4 mm., palagonite,
decomposed ferro-magnesian minerals, a little felspar, altered, but apparently
orthoclase.

Fine Washings (24.35 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with
minute mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 65. Station 224, 19th January, 1900.
Lat. 10° 30’ N.; long. 167° 42’ E.; depth, 2586 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brown, coherent, clayey.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 54.9 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Coral fragments, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths,
crystalline calcareous particles (dolomitic limestone).

ResipuE: 45.1 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter, 0.3 mm., volcanic
glass, palagonite, felspar, hornblende (?), olivine, magnetite.

Fine Washings (33.1 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and “fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 66. Station 225, 19th January, 1900.
Lat. 10° 15’ N.; long. 168° 6’ E.; depth, 2609 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brown, coherent, clayey.
CaLciuM CARBONATE: 45.35 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Coral fragments, coccoliths.

ResipuE: 54.65 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

106 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Siliceous Organisms (3 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., voleanic glass,
decomposed olivine, decomposed plagioclase, magnetite.

Fine Washings (46.65 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 67. Station 226, 20th January, 1900.
Lat. 9° 55’ N.; long. 168° 56’ E.; depth, 2231 fathoms,

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, coherent, plastic.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 75.4 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths.

Resipue: 24.6 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (5 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., felspar, vol-
canic glass, and magnetite.

Fine Washings (18.6 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 68. Station 232, 25rd January, 1900.
Lat. 8° 50’ N.; long. 170° 26’ E.; depth, 2221 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 77.3 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

[4

ResipuE: 22.7 per cent: —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., decomposed
volcanic glass, felspar, magnetite, and augite.

Fine Washings (19.7 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute

mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.
fo)

No. 69. Station 236, 28th January, 1900.
Lat. 6° 34’ N.; long. 170° 59’ E. ; depth, 2482 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: grayish white, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 73.15 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
RESIDUE: 26.85 per cent, brown, flocculent : —

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 107

Siliceous Organisms (8 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (3 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.08 mm., volcanic glass,
plagioclase, augite, magnetite, fragment of decomposed pumice 3 mm. in
length, chloritic mineral.

Fine Washings (15.85 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 70. Station 237, 29th January, 1900.
Lat. 6° 11’ N.; long. 170° 25’ E.; depth, 2486 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 69.35 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
~nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResipvuE: 30.65 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (5 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., volcanic glass,
pumice, felspar(?), augite, magnetite.
Fine Washings (24.65 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 71. Station 238, 5th February, 1900.
Lat. 5° 48’ N.; long. 169° 1’ E.; depth, 2424 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, coherent, plastic.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 74.7 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
RestpuE: 25.3 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Stliceous Organisms (4 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (1 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., volcanic glass
and felspar.
Fine Washings (20.3 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 72. Station 240, 13th February, 1900.
Lat. 6° 49’ N.; long. 156° 36’ E.; depth, 2475 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brown, plastic, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 62.9 per cent (the mean of two analyses which
gave respectively 65.9 and 60 per cent), pelagic and bottom-living For-
aminifera (nearly all of which are fragmentary), otoliths, Ostracodes, Kchi-
noid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.

108 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

RESIDUE : 37.1 per cent, brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (15 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (3 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., pumice (one
particle measured 2 mm. in length), volcanic glass, felspar, magnetite.
Fine Washings (19.1 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

‘No. 73. Station 241, 13th February, 1900.
Lat. 6° 51’ N.; long. 154° 39’ E.; depth, 2533 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, plastic, coherent.
CaLciuM CARBONATE: 70 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths.
ResipvE: 30 per cent, dark brown, flocculent : —
Siliceous Organisms (10 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms.
Minerals (3 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., pumice, vol-
canic glass, felspar, magnetite, augite, olivine.
Fine Washings (17 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 74. Station 243, 15th February, 1900.
Lat. 6° 47’ N.; long. 152° 11’ E.; depth, 2162 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, plastic, coherent.

CaLcIuM CARBONATE: 72.8 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, Echinoid spines, Fish teeth and otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths.

ResipuE: 27.2 per cent, reddish brown, flocculent : —

Siliceous Organisms (8 per cent), Radiolaria, Sponge spicules.

Minerals (3 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., pumice (the
largest 7 mm. in length), volcanic glass, felspar, magnetite.

Fine Washings (16.2 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 75. Station 244, 17th February, 1900.
Lat. 8° 6’ N.; long. 151° 8’ E.; depth, 2205 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, plastic, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 66.6 per cent, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-

nifera, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, Fish teeth and otoliths, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 109

ResipvuE: 33.4 per cent, reddish brown, flocculent :—
Siliceous Organisms (10 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.
Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., pumice, vol-
canic glass, plagioclase, augite, olivine, magnetite, chloritic mineral.
Fine Washings (18.4 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with small
mineral particles less than 0.05 mm. in diameter, and splinters of siliceous

organisms.
No. 76. Station 245, 18th February, 1900.

Lat. 9° 31’ N.; long. 149° 36’ E.; depth, 2735 fathoms.

RED CLAY: reddish brown, plastic, coherent.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: 9.1 per cent (mean of two analyses which gave
9.65 and 8.50 per cent respectively), pelagic Foraminifera (mostly thin and
broken), bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Fish teeth.

REsIDUE: 90.9 per cent, reddish brown : —

Siliceous Organisms (2 per cent), Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, arena-
ceous Foraminifera.

Minerals (5 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.15 mm., felspar
(plagioclase), augite, olivine undergoing decomposition, phillipsite, decom-
posed volcanic glass, manganese grains, pumice (the largest particle about
2 mm. in length).

Fine Washings (83.9 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles and fragments of siliceous organisms.

No. 77. Station 246, 19th February, 1900.
Lat. 10° 34’ N.; long. 148° 25’ E.; depth, 2993 fathoms.

RED CLAY: chocolate brown, plastic, coherent.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: 9 per cent, pelagic Foraminifera.
RESIDUE: 95 per cent, brown : —
Siliceous Organisms (1 per cent), Sponge spicules, fragments of Radiolaria.
Minerals (10 per cent), angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., palagonitic
substance abundant, decomposed plagioclase, augite, apparently decomposed
olivine, manganese grains.
Fine Washings (84 per cent), amorphous clayey matter, with minute
mineral particles.

Appended are brief descriptions of those samples which appear to have
been subjected to a certain amount of washing during the process of collec-
tion, and of one unlabelled sample.

110 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

WASHED SAMPLES.

Station 24, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 14’ S.; long. 139° 46’ W.; depth, 1040 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very little material, consisting of the usual pelagic
Foraminifera, otoliths, etc., with fragments of manganese nodules, and many
small grains of manganese.

Station 25, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 48’ S.; long. 139° 48’ W.; depth, 830 fathoms.

The material consists of two manganese nodules with palagonitic nuclei,
the larger 25 mm. in maximum diameter, along with smaller particles
and grains of manganese, mixed with a few pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera.

Station 26, 14th September, 1899.
Lat. 8° 52’ S.; long. 139° 52’ W.; depth, 1173 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE or CORAL MUD: the material does not apparently rep-
resent the deposit i situ, being incoherent and fine-grained, consisting of
Pteropod fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines,
Ostracodes, Polyzoa, Coral fragments, small shells Mollusc, Serpuda, coccoliths ;
Diatoms, Sponge spicules; with palagonite, much oligoclase (partly decom-
posed), a little olivine, a bright red mineral, probably decomposition pro-

duct of olivine, and volcanic glass.

Station 27, 15th September, 1899.
Lat. 9° 1'S.; long. 140° 4’ W.; depth, 687 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE or VOLCANIC MUD: the material has the appearance of
having been partly washed, is granular and of a dirty gray color, contains small
Pteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Bryozoa,
Ostracodes; Sponge spicules, Diatoms; anda great amount of mineral parti-
cles (probably 30 per cent of the sample), consisting principally of volcanic
glass, felspar, and magnetite. Although apparently washed, a small portion
was submitted to analysis, and gave 56.4 per cent of calcium carbonate.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 111

Station 29, 17th September, 1899.
Lat. 9° 16’ S.; long. 140° 25’ W.; depth, 1932 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: appears to have been washed, is granular, and
slightly coherent; pelagic, bottom-living, and arenaceous Foraminifera,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Sponge spicules.
Minerals (mean diameter 0.07 mm.), augite, olivine (?), plagioclase, mag-
netite.
Station 30, 18th September, 1899.
Lat. 10° 29'S.; long. 141° 52’ W.; depth, 2456 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: has the appearance of having been washed, is
granular and incoherent, dirty brown in color, consisting of broken pelagic
Foraminifera, bottom-living Foraminifera, arenaceous Foraminifera, cocco-
liths, rhabdoliths ; Sponge spicules ; with volcanic mineral particles, angular,
mean diameter 0.1 mm., felspar, obsidian, much magnetite, and plagioclase.

Station 34, 20th September, 1899.

Lat. 14° 26’ S.; long. 146° 25’ W.; depth, 1208 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very little material, which has the appearance of
having been washed, cream colored, quite incoherent, consisting of pelagic
and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, Polyzoa, Echinoid spines, frag-
ments of Molluse shells, including one or two small Gasteropod shells
(like Pleurotoma), coccoliths, rhabdoliths; arenaceous Foraminifera, Sponge
spicules ; plagioclase, volcanic glass, and small phillipsite crystals, one or
two cosmic spherules.

Station 37, 24th September, 1899.
Avatoru Pass, Paumotu Islands; depth, 112 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material, made up of small fragments of Coral,
pelagic Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, small Gasteropods (Pleurotoma), Tuni-
cate spicules; volcanic glass, felspar, magnetite, and grains of manganese.

Station 38, 24th September, 1899.
Avatoru Pass, Paumotu Islands; depth, 604 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: incoherent, white, made up of broken Corals, pelagic
Foraminifera, coccoliths, Pteropods, Heteropods, Echinoid spines, small
Gasteropods (like Pleurotoma), Ostracodes; small mineral fragments, the
largest about 2 mm. in diameter, containing felspar.

112 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 39, 24th September, 1899.
Avatoru Pass, Paumotu Islands; depth, 645 fathoms.

CORAL MUD or PTEROPOD OOZE: white, slightly coherent, fine-
grained, consisting of broken Corals, Mollusc shells, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, coccoliths, Pteropods, Heteropods (Af¢lanta, etc.),
Kchinoid spines.

Station 42, 24th September, 1899.
Avatoru Pass, Paumotu Islands; depth, 661 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: very little material, which may not represent the
deposit im situ, consisting of Pteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Ostracodes, Mollusc shells, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhab-
doliths, ete.

Station 43, 24th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 13’S.; long. 147° 53’ W.; depth, 341 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream color, incoherent, consisting of Coral fragments,
Pteropods, Heteropods (Addanta, etc.), small Gasteropods (Pleurotoma, etc.),
Bivalves, and Brachiopods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, cocco-
liths, less than 1 per cent of angular mineral particles, mean diameter
0.1 mm., including obsidian and felspar, small cosmic spherule.

Station 44, 24th September, 1899.
Rangiroa, Paumotu Islands; depth, 391 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream or gray in color, made up of Coral fragments,
Polyzoa, Pteropods, Heteropods (Aflanta, etc.), small Gasteropods, Bivalves,
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 45, 24th September, 1899.
Rangiroa, Paumotu Islands; depth, 524 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: gray, incoherent, fragments of Coral, Polyzoa, Pteropods,
Heteropods, small Gasteropods, Echinoid spines, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules.
Station 46, 24th September, 1899.
Rangiroa, Paumotu Islands; depth, 450 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE or CORAL SAND: gray, incoherent; made up of
Coral fragments, Pteropods, Heteropods, Echinoid spines, Polyzoa, Aleyo-

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 113

narian spicules, small Bivalves and Gasteropods, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules; some of the Forami-
nifera are coated with manganese.

Station 48, 24th September, 1899.
Between Rangiroa and Tikehau, Paumotu Islands ; depth, 897 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored with very slight tinge of pink, inco-
herent; has the appearance of having been slightly washed; Pteropods,
Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Coral
fragments, fragments of Molluscs, with small Gasteropods and Lamelli-
branchs, Ostracodes, otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules ; small
siliceous Sponge spicules, Radiolaria ; angular mineral particles, 0.07 mm.
in mean diameter, felspar, volcanic glass, manganese grains, and small

cinders.
Station 49, 24th September, 1899.

Lat. 15° 25’ S.; long. 148° 8’ W.; depth, 1123 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, very little material; appears
washed; consisting of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, otoliths,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules, Pteropods, Kchinoid spines, Sponge
spicules; only a very few mineral particles were observed.

Station 50, 25th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 25.5’ S.; long. 148° 24.4’ W.; depth, 1486 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular; appears washed ; pela-
gic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths,
Tunicate spicules, arenaceous Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Sponge spicules;
no mineral particles observed over 0.04 mm. in diameter.

Station 51, 25th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 2’ S.; long. 148° 24’ W.; depth, 488 fathoms.

There is so little material from this station that it is impossible to say of
what the deposit consists 7x situ; only one or two calcareous particles were
observed.

Station 52, 25th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 1.4’ S.; long. 148° 25’ W.; depth, 670 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material; gray, incoherent; consisting of
broken Corals, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
8

114 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

nifera, Echinoid spines, small Gasteropods (Pleurotoma) and Lamellibranchs,
Alcyonarian spicules, Tunicate spicules; very little mineral matter.

Station 53, 25th September, 1899.
Off Tikehau, two miles from last position; depth, 782 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: very little fine material ; incoherent, white, granular ;
Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid
spines, Polyzoa, Coral fragments, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules,
Molluse shells, arenaceous Foraminifera; a few angular mineral particles,
mean diametar 0.06 mm., felspar and obsidian; manganese is represented
by one or two grains, and it fills the foramina of some of the Forami-
nifera shells, while a small fragment of Polyzoon was coated with it.

e

Station 54, 25th September, 1899.
Off Tikehau, three miles from last position ; depth, 850 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: a little material, which has apparently been washed,
incoherent, gray, granular; contains many Pteropods, with Heteropods,
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Coral fragments, small Lamelli-
branchs and Gasteropods (P/eurotoma), Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdo-
liths, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Aleyonarian spicules.

Station 55, 25th September, 1899.
Off Tikehau, five miles from last position; depth, 844 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: incoherent, granular, gray in color; hardly any fine
material; Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Kchinoid spines, Coral fragments, small Gasteropods (Pleurotoma) and Lamelli-
branchs, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules, Aleyonarian spicules, oto-
liths; small broken Pleurotoma and some of the Coral fragments and
Orbitolites coated with manganese, and one or two grains of manganese were
observed ; but no other minerals or siliceous organisms were seen.

Station 56, 25th September, 1899.
Lat. 14° 56’ S.; long. 148° 44’ W.; depth, 711 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: white, granular, incoherent; hardly any fine material,
only a few Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Echinoid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules, otoliths of Fish,
manganese grains, and small fragments of Coral coated with manganese.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 115

Station 57, 25th September, 1899.
Three miles from last position, north of Matahiva, Paumotu Islands ;
depth, 486 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: gray, incoherent, granular; has the appearance of having
been washed; containing a few Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, Aleyonarian spicules, Echinoid spines (some blackened
with manganese), Coral fragments, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, otoliths.

Station 58, 25th September, 1899.
Two and a half miles off west shore of Matahiva, Paumotu Islands ;
depth, 624 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: gray, granular, incoherent ; appears to have been washed ;
consists of Coral and Molluscan-shell fragments, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, otoliths, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods (Pleurotoma),
Echinoid spines blackened with manganese, Alcyonarian spicules, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules.

Station 59, 25th September, 1899.
Four miles off southwest shore of Matahiva, Paumotu Islands ;
depth, 860 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE or CORAL SAND: gray, incoherent, granular; ap-
pears to have been washed ; consists of Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Coral fragments (some coated with manganese),
otoliths, Echinoid spines, small Gasteropods (Plewrotoma, etc.) and Lamelli-
branchs, Aleyonarian spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, and Tunicate spicules.

Station 60, 25th September, 1899.
Off south shore of Matahiva, Paumotu Islands; depth, 1257 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent; appears to
have been washed; consists of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Echinoid spines, Alecyonarian spicules, Tunicate spicules, otoliths, small Coral
fragments, Polyzoa, Mollusc shells, with small Lamellibranchs and Gas-
teropods (Pleuretoma), fragments of Pteropods, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

116 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 61, 25th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 16'S.; long. 148° 46’ W.; depth, 1762 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: incoherent, cream colored, with slight tinge of
pink; partly washed; containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules.

Station 64, 26th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 51’ S.; long. 148° 15’ W.; depth, 581 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: white, gritty, quite incoherent; may have been washed ;
consisting of broken Corals, Polyzoa, Echinoid spines, Pteropods, Hetero-
pods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Aleyonarian spicules, otoliths,
small Gasteropods (Pleurotoma) ; obsidian fragment 1 mm. in diameter.

Station 65, 26th September, 1899.
Lat. 15° 57.3’S.; long. 148° 18.8’ W.; depth, 1363 fathoms.

CORAL SAND or GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very small quantity of ma-
terial, which has the appearance of having been washed; it is impossible to
state with certainty the type of the deposit in situ. The sample is quite
incoherent, gritty, and contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
fragments of Pteropods and Corals; grains and small concretions of man-
ganese, the largest 2 mm. in diameter, small particles of obsidian.

Station 66, 26th September, 1899.
Lat. 16° 10’S.; long. 148° 26’ W.; depth, 2238 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE or RED CLAY: very little material; appears to
have been washed; granular, incoherent, and of a brownish gray color;
consisting of broken pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines,
Pteropod fragments, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Sponge spicules; manganese
grains and concretions.

Station 71, 27th September, 1899.
Lat. 17° 25.3’8.; long. 149° 26’ W.; depth, 775 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD: grayish-black, clayey, gritty to the touch; appears to
have been partly washed; contains about 20 per cent calcium carbonate,
consisting of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, Heteropods
(Atlanta), otoliths, Ostracodes, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods (Plew-
rotoma), coccoliths and rhabdoliths, Tunicate spicules; one or two arenaceous

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 117

Foraminifera; mineral particles (probably about 60 per cent), mean diame-
ter 0.3 mm., angular and rounded, augite, magnetite, olivine, dark green
chloritic mineral, labradorite, palagonite, and rock fragments.

Station 73, 5th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 27’S.; long. 149° 32’ W.; depth, 807 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD or SAND: gray, fine-grained, quite incoherent ; appears
to have been washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pter-
opods, Echinoid spines, Gasteropods (Pleurotoma), Ostracodes, Polyzoa, oto-
liths, Aleyonarian spicules, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; angular
mineral particles, 0.15 mm. mean diameter obsidian, felspar, augite, mag-
netite ; one or two coprolites observed.

Station 76, 6th October, 1899.

Lat. 15° 56.2’S.; long. 147° 40’ W.; depth, 2269 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: light brown, coherent; very little material, con-
taining about 50 per cent calcium carbonate, which consists of pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, mostly fragmentary, small Fish teeth, cocco-
liths and rhabdoliths ; small mineral particles including obsidian and felspar.

Station 77, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 3’8.; long. 147° 11’ W.; depth, 1322 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, slightly coherent; con-
taining no amorphous clayey matter, but large numbers of small pelagic
Foraminifera, bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Coral fragments,
otoliths, Ostracodes, fragment of Dentalium, Fish teeth, coccoliths, rhabdo-
liths, one or two Pteropod fragments, Tunicate spicules, and small calca-
reous bodies (horseshoe shaped); Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms; a
very few small mineral particles, including augite and olivine.

Station 78, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 8’ 8.; long. 146° 42’ W.; depth, 609 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, slightly coherent; very little
fine material ; seems to have been washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, Echinoid spines, small Lamellibranchs
and Gasteropods (small Pleurotoma), otoliths, Ostracodes, Fish teeth, cocco-
liths, rhabdoliths, and Tunicate spicules; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, Dia-
toms; obsidian, felspar, and magnetite.

118 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 79, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 10’ S.; long. 146° 23’ W.; depth, 252 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material; coarse-grained and quite incoherent ;
some of the larger shell fragments blackened by manganese; Coral frag-
ments, Mollusc shells and their fragments, Echinoid-spine fragments, Polyzoa,
Serpula, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, Aleyonarian
spicules, Tunicate spicules; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria; grains of felspar,
the largest attaining a diameter of 0.5 mm.

Station 80, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 11.5’ S.; long. 146° 25’ W.; depth, 491 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material ; coarse-grained, incoherent, white ; con-
tains Coral fragments, Polyzoa, Mollusc-shell fragments, with small Lamel-
libranchs and Gasteropods (Pleurotoma), Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules,
otoliths, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Heteropods (Adlanta), Pter-
opods; grains of felspar.

Station 81, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 54.5’ S.; long. 146° 20’ W.; depth, 677 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: fine-grained, incoherent ; some of the particles blackened
by manganese, fragments of Corals, Polyzoa, Echinoid spines, Gasteropods,
Pteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Ostracodes, Aleyonarian
and Tunicate spicules; siliceous Sponge spicules; one or two small grains
of felspar.

Station 82, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 42’ S.; long. 146° 20’ W.; depth, 675 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: fine-grained, incoherent, cream colored; appears
washed ; contains Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Ostracodes, otoliths, Echinoid spines, Coral fragments, fragments
of Mollusc shells, with small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods (Pleurotoma),
Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 83, 7th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 34’ S.; long. 146° 26’ W.; depth, 333 fathoms.

CORAL SAND (?): so little material that it is impossible to state with cer-
tainty the character of the deposit cz situ; one or two pelagic Foraminifera

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 119

were observed, but what material there is consists principally of Coral frag-

ments; it is probably a Coral Sand.

Station 84, 8th October, 1899.

Lat. 15° 35.8’ 8. ; long. 146° 27.5’ W.; depth, 6135 fathoms,
PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; containing
Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Mollusc-
shell fragments, with small Gasteropods (Plewrotoma) and Lamellibranchs,
Coral fragments, Polyzoa, Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules, Fish teeth,
otoliths, Ostracodes, Serpula, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths;

fragments of obsidian.

Station 85, 8th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 34.3’ S.; long. 146° 28’ W.; depth, 520 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: there are only three small fragments of Corals, the largest
being 11 by 5 by 3 mm.

Station 86, 8th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 18.3’. ; long. 146° 23’ W.; depth, 654 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent; containing
Coral and Polyzoa fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropods, Heteropods, Kchinoid spines, Alcyonarian spicules, Serpula,
Ostracodes, Fish teeth, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods (Pleurotoma,
Voluta), Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; and Sponge spicules.

Station 87, 8th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 15’ S.; long. 146° 7’ W.; depth, 1564 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream color, granular, quite incoherent; most of
the fine material washed away ; consists of pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, small fragments of Polyzoa, the cells of which are filled with
manganese, Sponge spicules,

Station 88, 9th October, 1899.
Lat. 14° 57’ S.; long. 144° 34’ W.; depth, 360 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent; containing
Coral fragments, Polyzoa, Mollusc-shell and LEchinoid-spine fragments,

120 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Ostracodes, Aleyonarian spicules, otoliths, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths;
Sponge spicules.

Station 89, 14th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 3.5’ S.; long. 145° 43’ W.; depth, 599 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; containing
Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid
fragments and spines, Aleyonarian spicules, otoliths, Ostracodes, Serpula,
small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Mollusc-shell and Coral fragments,
Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; and fragments of obsidian.

Station 90, 14th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 2’ S.; long. 145° 43.5’ W.; depth, 666 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; appears to
have been washed ; consists of Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, Mollusc-shell fragments with small Lamellibranchs
and Gasteropods, Coral fragments (some coated with manganese), Polyzoa,
Kehinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhab-
doliths, Tunicate spicules.

Station 91, 14th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 38’S.; long. 145° 31’ W.; depth, 602 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: similar in composition to Station 90, but the remains
of the benthonic organisms appear to make up a larger proportion of the
deposit.
Station 92, 14th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 44’ S.; long. 145° 35’ W.; depth, 839 fathoms.
Aggregation (2 by 2 by 1 cm.) of calcareous deposit (GLOBIGERINA
OOZE) coated with manganese. The usual species of pelagic Foraminifera,
coccoliths, and rhabdoliths may be observed on rubbing down a little of the
internal portion.
Station 93, 14th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 51’S.; long. 145° 42’ W.; depth, 1300 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; appears

to have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 121

Pteropod fragments, Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules, otoliths, Ostra-
codes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Sponge, spicules; small
fragments of obsidian, felspar, and one or two isolated crystals of phillipsite.

Station 95, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 9’ S.; long. 146° 0’ W.; depth, 1079 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent; has the
appearance of having been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera (some of the shells coated with manganese), Mollusc-shell
fragments, Hchinoid spines, otoliths, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths;
-arenaceous Foraminifera, Sponge spicules, Radiolaria.

Station 96, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 14.5’ 8. ; long. 145° 49’ W.; depth, 527 fathoms.
Fragments of branching Coral, 35 mm. long, blackened with manganese.

Station 97, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 17’ S.; long. 145° 45.5’ W.; depth, 804 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent; very little
fine material; consists of Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, small Gasteropods, Mollusc-shell fragments, Coral fragments
coated with manganese, otoliths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths,
rhabdoliths; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria; small fragments of obsidian,

pumice, and felspar.

Station 98, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 21’ S.; long. 145° 41’ W.; depth, 642 fathoms.

Very little material, from which it is impossible to state with certainty
the nature of the deposit in situ. It consists of fragments of Pteropods,
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, otoliths, Mollusc-shell fragments
and small Gasteropods (Plewrotoma), Tunicate spicules; small fragments of
obsidian, and grains of manganese.

Station 99, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 22’ S.; long. 145° 37’ W.; depth, 568 fathoms.
CORAL SAND: very little material, white, gritty, quite incoherent; con-
sisting of fragments of Corals blackened with manganese, the largest 7 mm.
in length, Polyzoa, otoliths, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echi-

noid spines, Pteropods, Heteropods.

122 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 100, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 20’ S.; long. 145° 31’ W.; depth, 225 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: white, gritty, quite incoherent; consisting of Coral and
Polyzoa fragments, Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, otoliths, Ostracodes, Pteropods, Heteropods, small
Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, and Tunicate spicules; Sponge spicules;
fragments of obsidian and felspar.

Station 101, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 20'S. ; long. 145° 31’ W.; depth, 225 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; has the appear-
ance of having been washed ; contains Coral fragments and Mollusc-shell
fragments blackened with manganese, the largest being 6 mm. in length,
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, small Lamellibranchs and Gaster-
opods, Pteropod fragments, Heteropods, otoliths, Ostracodes, Echinoid spines,
Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; Sponge spicules; fragments of
obsidian, the largest about 5 mm. in length, and palagonite, highly scori-
aceous, the vesicles lined with a purple colored material, and the outside
of the pieces black and glassy, coated with manganese, the largest fragment
nearly 4 mm. in length.

Station 103, 15th October, 1899.

Lat. 17° 3’S.; long. 145° 8’ W.; depth, 1733 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, slightly coherent ; appears to have
been washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Aleyonarian
spicules, Ostracodes, otoliths, Tunicate spicules, Pteropod fragments, rhab-
doliths, coccoliths; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria, Diatoms; angular mineral
particles mean diameter 0.07 mm., magnetite, plagioclase, volcanic glass,

decomposed ferro-magnesian mineral.

Station 104, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 55’S.; long. 145° 3’ W.; depth, 966 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; appears
to have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropods, Heteropods, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Coral frag-
ments, smal] Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Tunicate spicules, rhabdoliths,
coccoliths; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria; angular mineral particles, mean
diameter 0.07 mm., consisting of felspar, obsidian, and magnetite.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 123

Station 105, 15th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 53’S.; long. 145° 0’ W.; depth, 654 fathoms.
CORAL SAND: very little material ; black in color, gritty, quite incoherent ;
consisting of fragments of manganese, the largest about 1 by 2 mm., fragments
of Corals, Pteropods, Heteropods, small Gasteropods, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, minute particles of obsidian and felspar.

Station 106, 16th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 55’S.; long. 144° 56’ W.; depth, 269 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, gritty, quite incoherent ; consisting of Coral
fragments, Alcyonarian spicules, Echinoid spines, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, small Gasteropods (Pleurotoma), Serpula.

Station 107, 16th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 24’S.; long. 143° 59’ W.; depth, 467 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent; appears to
have been washed; contains Coral and Mollusc-shell fragments, Aleyonarian
spicules, Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, otoliths, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, Pteropod fragments, Heteropods, Serpula, one or two Tunicate
spicules observed ; also small particles of felspar, obsidian, and magnetite.

Station 108, 16th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 20’S. ; long. 143° 55’ W.; depth, 856 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, slightly coherent; appears
to have been washed ; consists of Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, Alcyonarian spicules, Kchinoid spines, Ostracodes,
otoliths, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Serpula, Coral fragments ;
a few grains of plagioclase, oligoclase, sanidine, magnetite, and volcanic glass
(but no ferro-magnesian minerals) were observed.

Station 110, 16th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 3’S.; long. 143° 32’ W.; depth, 1084 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored with tinge of pink, granular, quite
incoherent ; has the appearance of having been partly washed ; consists of
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, otoliths, Ostracodes,
Kchinoid spines, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Tunicate spicules,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria; one or two fragments

124 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

of obsidian about 1 mm. in length, and minute particles of felspar and
magnetite were observed.

Station 111, 17th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 53’ 8.; long. 143° 26’ W.; depth, 1805 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular; appears to have been
washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Ostracodes,
otoliths, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; arenaceous Foraminifera ;
minute particles of obsidian observed.

Station 112, 17th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 54’ S.; long. 143° 6’ W.; depth, 1568 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular; appears to have been
washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Ostracodes,
otoliths, Echinoid spines, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; small
particles of obsidian.

Station 114, 17th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 56’ 8.; long. 142° 29’ W.; depth, 1385 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored with a tinge of pink, fine-grained,
incoherent ; appears to have been partly washed; contains pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Coral frag-
ments, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Radiolaria, Sponge
spicules; minute mineral particles consisting of felspar, obsidian, and
magnetite.

Station 115, 17th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 56.3’ S.; long. 142° 29’ W.; depth, 508 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, gritty, very little material, quite incoherent ;
has the appearance of having been washed; consists of Coral fragments, Ech-
inoid spines, Alcyonarian spicules, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropods, Heteropods, Mollusc-shell fragments with small Gasteropods and
Lamellibranchs, otoliths, Ostracodes ; particles of obsidian.

Station 116, 18th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 53’ S.; long. 142° 14’ W.; depth, 572 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: gray colored, coarse-grained, gritty, quite incoherent; no
fine material; appears to have been washed; contains Coral fragments,

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 125

Kchinoid fragments and spines, Alcyonarian spicules, small Gasteropods and
Lamellibranchs, otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropod fragments, Heteropod fragments, Polyzoa; small particles of
obsidian were observed.

Station 117, 18th October, 1899.
Lat. 15° 54’ S. ; long. 142° 16’ W.; depth, 563 fathoms.

Only one or two small fragments of decomposed pumice, coated with
manganese, were at hand, the largest being about 2 mm. in length, also some
calcareous grains, which look like Coral fragments.

Station 118, 18th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 12’ S.; long. 142° 31’ W.; depth, 630 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: gray, granular, quite incoherent; appears to have been
washed ; consists of fragments of Corals, Polyzoa, small Lamellibranchs and
Gasteropods, otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropods, Heteropods, Echinoid spines, Alcyonarian spicules, Tunicate
spicules; small particles of obsidian and magnetite were observed.

Station 119, 18th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 14’ 8.; long. 142° 50’ W.; depth, 1516 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent ; appears
to have been washed; consists of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
otoliths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; minute par-
ticles of obsidian and magnetite were observed.

Station 120, 18th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 21’ S.; long. 143° 14’ W.; depth, 928 fathoms.

CORAL SAND or PTEROPOD OOZE: very little material ; cream colored,
granular, quite incoherent; appears to have been washed ; contains Coral
fragments, Polyzoa, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Fora-
minifera, Ostracodes, otoliths, Tunicate spicules; small particles of obsidian
and magnetite.
Station 121, 19th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 25’ S.; long. 143° 33’ W.; depth, 1108 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE : very little material; granular, cream colored, inco-
herent; has the appearance of having been washed ; consists of Pteropods,

126 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, oto-
liths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; a few minute
particles of obsidian were observed.

Station 122, 20th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 29'S.; long. 143° 41’ W.; depth, 540 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material; cream colored; appears to have been
washed ; consists of Coral fragments, Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules,
otoliths, Ostracodes, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Pteropods,
Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Polyzoa, Tunicate
spicules; minute particles of obsidian were observed.

Station 123, 25th October, 1899.
Lat. 16° 35’ S.; long. 143° 31’ W.; depth, 603 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: gray, gritty, quite incoherent ; containing Coral fragments,
the largest 9 by 6 by 4 mm., Alcyonarian spicules, small Lamellibranchs
and Gasteropods, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Pteropods, Hetero-
pods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Tunicate spicules; small parti-

cles of obsidian.
Station 124, 25th October, 1899.

Lat. 16° 42’ S.; long. 143° 10’ W.; depth, 1221 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray, spotted with black (manganese), granular,
quite incoherent, very little material; appears to have been washed ; con-
tains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropod fragments, Hetero-
pod fragments; grains of manganese and small particles of obsidian were

observed.
Station 125, 26th October, 1899.

Lat. 17° 7’ S.; long. 142° 49’ W.; depth, 1235 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, fine-grained, incoherent ; appears
to have been washed ; consists of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropods, Heteropods, Ostracodes, otoliths, Echinoid spines, Tunicate
spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Sponge Spicules, Radiolaria; minute parti-
cles of felspar, obsidian, and magnetite.

Station 126, 26th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 7’ 8.; long. 142° 49’ W.; depth, 1235 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: dirty cream colored, granular, incoherent; has the
appearance of having been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 127

Foraminifera, Kchinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, small Gasteropods, Tuni-
cate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; minute particles of obsidian, felspar,
and magnetite.

Station 127, 26th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 20’ S.; long. 142° 35’ W.; depth, 617 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, fine-grained, incoherent; appears to
have been washed ; consists of Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, otoliths, Ostra-
codes, Tunicate spicules, rhabdoliths, coccoliths; small particles of felspar,
_ obsidian, and magnetite.

Station 129, 27th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 35’ S.; long. 142° 42’ W.; depth, 348 fathoms,

CORAL SAND: cream colored, granular, incoherent; contains Coral frag-
ments, Aleyonarian spicules, Hchinoid spines, Pteropod fragments, Hetero-
pods, otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Polyzoa,
Tunicate spicules; minute particles of obsidian were observed.

Station 130, 27th Octeber, 1899.
Lat. 17° 35’ S.; long. 142° 44’ W.; depth, 798 fathoms.

CORAL SAND or PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, granular, inco-
herent ; appears to have been washed; contains Coral fragments, Pteropods,
Heteropods, Polyzoa, otoliths, Ostracodes, Aleyonarian spicules, Kchinoid
spines, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, Tunicate spicules; one or two minute particles of felspar and
obsidian observed.

Station 131, 28th October, 1899.
Lat. 17° 47’ S.; long. 142° 29’ W.; depth, 1372 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, fine-grained, slightly coherent ; ap-
pears to have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foram-
inifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, otoliths, Ostracodes, small Lamellibranchs,
Tunicate spicules, rhabdoliths, coccoliths; Sponge spicules ; minute particles
of felspar and obsidian.

128 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 132, 28th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 0’ S.; long. 142° 29’ W.; depth, 1620 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent; appears to
have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, small
Lamellibranchs, otoliths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdo-
liths ; small particles of obsidian, felspar, and magnetite.

Station 133, 28th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 5’ S.; long. 142° 23’ W.; depth, 742 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE or CORAL SAND: very little material, from which
it is impossible to state the type of deposit with certainty ; cream colored
with black grains (manganese), granular, quite incoherent ; appears to have
been washed; no fine amorphous clayey matter; consists of pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, Echinoid spines, otoliths,
Ostracodes, Coral fragments coated with manganese; particles of obsidian
and magnetite, mostly angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm.

From this station the following specimens were taken by the trawl : —

(1) Small branch of tree, about two inches long, rotten, and impreg-
nated with manganese; small strips of bark, one showing leaf seat; small
piece of charred wood.

(2) Piece of anthracite, angular, clean, showing conchoidal fracture in
places, glistening, 23 by 2 by 1 inches.

(3) Piece of coral-rock, showing structure of Coral clearly, 2 by 14 by
1 inches, perfectly blackened inside and outside with manganese.

(4) Flat oblong rounded piece of coral-rock or calcareous material,
showing no structure of Coral, 1} by + inches, blackened by manganese
and impregnated with it; full of vesicular cavities containing very fresh
and perfectly white pelagic Foraminifera, Pteropods, and Heteropods.

(5) Flat rounded piece of caleareous material, same as above, ? by
t inches.

(6) Flat oblong angular piece of calcareous material, same as above,
1 by & by + inches.

(7) Rounded piece of soft white chalky calcareous rock, a by + inches,
consisting of coccoliths, rhabdoliths, and fine amorphous calcareous matter.

(8) Three angular furnace cinders, the largest being 3 by 1 by 3
inches.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 129

(9) Oblong flat piece of yellowish colored clay, 22 by 11 by 7 mm.,
compact, fine-grained, can be scratched with the finger-nail, spotted on
all sides with imperfect dendrites of manganese, edges angular, somewhat
brick shaped with a slight bend, not unlike a piece of decomposed earth-
enware; contains in its argillaceous ground-mass fibrous glassy particles
and undeterminable crystalline particles.

Station 134, 28th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 6’ S.; long. 142° 24’ W. ; depth, 807 fathoms.

CORAL SAND or PTEROPOD OOZE: cream colored, with blackened

Coral fragments, granular, incoherent; appears to have been washed ; con-
sists of Coral fragments, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, otoliths, Ostracodes, Echinoid spines, Mollusc-shell fragments,
small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Tunicate spicules, rhabdoliths, cocco-
liths ; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria; obsidian, plagioclase, and other felspars,
manganese grains. ;

From this station were also obtained some Coral fragments blackened
with manganese, small cinders, fragments of calcareous matter coated with
manganese, similar to specimens (4) to (6) at Station 135, and a piece of
what appears to be consolidated ooze, about 2 inch in diameter, made up
of pelagic Foraminifera, etc. ; also a piece of anthracite, flat, almost rectan-
gular, 12 by 9 by 2 mm., similar to specimen (2) at Station 133.

Station 135, 28th October, 1899.
Pass between Marokau and Ravahere, Paumotu Islands;

depth, 278 fathoms.

Very little material, from which it is impossible to state the type of
deposit in situ, consisting of grains of Coral coated with manganese, the
largest being 6 by 1 mm.; one or two pelagic Foraminifera (Globigerina).

Station 137, 29th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 7’ 8.; long. 141° 26’ W.; depth, 1715 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, quite incoherent; appears
to have been washed; consists of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria; minute

particles of felspar, obsidian, and magnetite.
9

130 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 138, 29th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 5’ S.; long. 141° 3’ W.; depth, 425 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, quite incoherent; containing Coral frag-
ments, Echinoid spines, Alcyonarian spicules, otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Heteropods, small Lamellibranchs and Gastero-
pods, Tunicate spicules; Sponge spicules; one or two minute particles of
obsidian and felspar.

Station 139, 29th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 8’ S.; long. 141° 4’ W. ; depth, 812 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, quite incoherent; containing Coral frag-
ments, Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules, otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic
Foraminifera, Heteropods, Tunicate spicules, Mollusc-shell fragments, and
small Gasteropods; no mineral particles observed.

Station 141, 30th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 29’ S.; long. 139° 53’ W.; depth, 1490 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent; appears to
have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echi-
noid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Sponge spicules ;
minute mineral particles (very scarce), volcanic glass, decomposed ferro-

magnesian mineral, and manganese grains.

Station 143, 30th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 34’ S.; long. 139° 19’ W.; depth, 15364 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: gray with black grains, very little material,
granular, incoherent; appears to have been washed; contains pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; minute mineral parti-
cles consisting of obsidian, magnetite, and grains of manganese.

Station 144, 30th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 30’ S.; long. 139° 15’ W.; depth, 377 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: cream colored, gritty, incoherent; appears to have been
washed ; contains Coral fragments, Echinoid spines, Aleyonarian spicules,
otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, small Gastero-

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 131

pods and Lamellibranchs, Heteropods, Pteropods, Tunicate spicules; minute
particles of felspar, obsidian, magnetite, and manganese.

Station 145, 30th October, 1899.
Lat. 18° 36’S.; long. 189° 14’ W.; depth, 1725 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent; has the ap-
pearance of having been washed; contains Coral fragments, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, otoliths, Ostracodes, Echinoid spines, Pteropods,
Mollusce-shell fragments, Tunicate spicules; minute particles of obsidian

observed.

Station 147, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 19° 17’ S.; long. 138° 54’ W.; depth, 1688 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored with black grains (manganese),
granular, incoherent; appears to have been washed ; contains pelagic Fora-
minifera and one or two bottom-living forms; the manganese particles
vary from the merest grains up to 5 mm. in diameter, and many of them
have a brilliant black shining fracture, with mammillated external portions.

Station 148, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 19° 16’ S.; long. 138° 49’ W.; depth, 636 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE or CORAL SAND: cream colored, granular, inco-
herent ; appears to have been washed ; consists of Coral fragments, Ptero-
pods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Alcyonarian
spicules, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules; minute

particles of obsidian and grains of manganese observed.

Station 149, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 19° 23.5’ 8. ; long. 138° 46’ W.; depth, 860 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE (?): very little material, consisting of pelagic For-
aminifera, with grains and particles of manganese.

Station 150, 31st October, 1899.
Lat. 19° 27.5’ S.; long. 138° 44’ W. ; depth, 486 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: incoherent ; consisting of fragments of Corals, Molluscs,
Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid

spines, Aleyonarian and Sponge spicules, etc.

132 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 153, 1st November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 45.5’ S.; long. 139° 54’ W.; depth, 1494 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE with manganese: very little material, apparently
washed, consisting of pelagic Foraminifera, Ostracodes, etc., mixed with
many grains and fragments of manganese, the largest attaining a diameter
of 3 mm., with black shining fracture.

Station 154, lst November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 52’S.; long. 140° 16’ W.; depth, 2284 fathoms.

RED CLAY: small quantity of material, yellowish brown in color, clayey ;
consisting of pelagic Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, bottom-livmg Fora-
minifera, Fish teeth, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; residue dark brown, many
grains and particles of manganese (one 4 mm. in diameter), phillipsite,
felspar, volcanic glass, ete. A very small portion of the sample gave 24.5
per cent calcium carbonate, but the material available is quite inadequate
for a detailed description.

Station 155, Ist November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 7’ S.; long. 141° 0’ W.; depth, 2391 fathoms.

Half a dozen small grains of manganese, the largest 2 mm. in diameter.

Station 158, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 43’ S.; long. 143° 5’ W.; depth, 649 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material, apparently washed; consisting of
Coral fragments, Polyzoa, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, otoliths, Aleyonarian spicules, Echinoid fragments and spines,
Molluse-shell fragments, Tunicate spicules; Sponge spicules.

Station 159, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 42’ S.; long. 143° 3’ W.; depth, 736 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: the material is quite incoherent; probably washed ;
consisting of Coral fragments (the largest 13 mm. in diameter), pelagic
and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, and other Molluscs,
Polyzoa, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Alcyonarian spicules, Serpula tubes;
Sponge spicules.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 133

Station 160, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 40’ S.; long. 143° 9’ W.; depth, 1609 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very little material, incoherent; consisting of
Coral fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Alcyonarian spic-
ules, Pteropods and other Molluscs, Echinoid spines; Sponge spicules; and
many manganese grains (one or two 2 mm. in diameter).

Station 161, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 37’ S.; long. 143° 15’ W.; depth, 574 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE (?): the material is incoherent, consisting principally
of Pteropods, Heteropods, and their fragments, with Coral fragments,
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, otoliths, Aleyonarian spicules, Mol-
luse fragments, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 162, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 37’ S.; long. 143° 18’ W.; depth, 659 fathoms.

PTEROPOD OOZE or CORAL SAND: very little material, incoherent, con-
sisting of Coral fragments, Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, Molluscs, Echinoid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, ete.

Station 163, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 34’ S.; long. 143° 23’ W.; depth, 1890 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: the material is incoherent and very fine-grained,
consisting principally of minute pelagic Foraminifera, along with a small
proportion of larger specimens, bottom-living Foraminifera, Kchinoid spines,
coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 164, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 29’ S.; long. 143° 29’ W.; depth, 438 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material, consisting of Coral fragments, Polyzoa,
Pteropods and Heteropods and other Molluscs, bottom-living Foraminifera,
one or two pelagic Foraminifera, Alecyonarian spicules, Tunicate spicules,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths, ete. Polytrema rubra is very abundant, giving a pink
tinge to the otherwise white material.

134 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 165, 2nd November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 27’ S.; long. 143° 32’ W.; depth, 406 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material, consisting of Coral fragments, Ptero-
pods and Heteropods and other Molluscs, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-

nifera, Aleyonarian spicules, Kchinoid spines, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths,

and rhabdoliths.
Station 166, 2nd November, 1899.

Lat. 20° 15’ S.; long. 144° 0’ W.; depth, 2265 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE or RED CLAY: little material, which does not ap-

parently represent the deposit i situ; containing pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, crystalline calcareous particles (dolomitic limestone), coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, and other calcareous bodies (horse-shoe shaped); with many
manganese grains and nodules, the largest 10 mm. in diameter, consisting
of volcanic glass in various stages of decomposition impregnated and coated
with manganese. Some of the volcanic glass fragments are entirely con-
verted into palagonite of a brilliant red color, others greenish, and one
nodule quite white internally was composed of unaltered volcanic glass with
a thin covering of manganese ; some are free from manganese, and others
only slightly blackened; phillipsite in twins and isolated crystals was also

observed.
Station 168, 3rd November, 1899.

Lat. 19° 54’ 8.; long. 144° 48’ W.; depth, 1719 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very little material, apparently washed ; consisting
almost entirely of pelagic Foraminifera, a large proportion of small size,
with one or two bottom-living forms, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 169, 3rd November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 54’S.; long. 144° 53’ W.; depth, 594 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material, apparently washed, consisting of Coral
fragments, Pteropods and Heteropods and other Molluscs, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, Polyzoa, Serpula, ete.

Station 170, 5rd November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 54’8.; long. 144° 59’ W.; depth, 189 fathoms.
CORAL SAND: very little material, apparently washed, consisting of Coral
fragments, Pteropods and other Molluscs, pelagic and bottom-living Forami-
nifera, etc.; several particles of iron rust, evidently from sounding machine.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 135

Station 171, 3rd November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 50’S. ; long. 145° 3’ W.; depth, 1688 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: little material, principally pelagic Foraminifera,
large proportion of small size, bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines,
otoliths, coccoliths, rhabdoliths, etc., with many Coral fragments, the largest
12 mm. in diameter, some of them colored brown on the outside. This de-
posit is remarkable for the large amount of fine calcareous matter (coccoliths,
rhabdoliths, primordial cells of Foraminifera, and very small pelagic Foram-
inifera) associated with such large fragments from the reefs.

Station 175, 5th November, 1899.
Lat. 18° 3’S.; long. 147° 48’ W. ; depth, 2129 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD (?): little material, apparently washed, consisting almost
entirely of splinters of recent volcanic glass, with a few pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 176, 5th November, 1899.
Lat. 17° 54’S. ; long. 148° 0’ W.; depth, 832 fathoms.

CORAL SAND or VOLCANIC MUD: little material, apparently washed,
consisting of calcareous fragments and volcanic mineral particles in about
equal proportions; the following were observed: pelagic and _ bottom-
living Foraminifera, Pteropods and other Molluscs and their fragments, Alcy-
onarian spicules, Corals, Serpuda, Echinoid spines ; volcanic glass, palagonite,
felspar, magnetite, etc.

Station 177, 5th November, 1899.
Lat. 17° 51’S. ; long. 148° 3’ W.; depth, 142 fathoms.

A few fragments of vesicular volcanic rock, the largest 10mm. in diameter,
with one or two calcareous fragments (Molluscs, Corals, bottom-living
Foraminifera).

Station 178, 5th November, 1899.
Lat. 17° 46’S.; long. 148° 23’ W.; depth, 2111 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD: little material, apparently washed, consisting almost
entirely of small splinters of recent vesicular volcanic glass, with a few
pelagic Foraminifera.

136 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 179, 5th November, 1899.
Lat. 17° 35’8. ; long. 148° 48’ W.; depth, 1755 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD: not much material, black with white specks; like the
material from last station.

Station 180, 15th November, 1899.
Lat. 17° 30’S.; long. 149° 41’ W.; depth, 981 fathoms.

VOLCANIC MUD: gritty, fine-grained, incoherent; has the appearance of
having been washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echi-
noid spines, Polyzoa, small Molluse shells, Pteropods, Heteropods; minerals
abundant, angular, mean diameter 0.1 mm., augite, palagonitic matter,
olivine, plagioclase, chloritic mineral, biotite, much magnetite.

Station 183, 24th November, 1899.
Lat. 19° 4’S.; long. 167° 41’ W.; depth, 2472 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very little material, incoherent, apparently washed, consist-
ing of angular mineral particles, mean diameter 0.1 mm., felspar, obsidian,
pumice, magnetite, and manganese, small rock particles about 1mm. in
diameter, Radiolaria, Fish teeth.

Station 184, 26th November, 1899.
Lat. 20° 15’S. ; long. 172° 0’ W.; depth, 3141 fathoms.

RED CLAY: almost black in color, slightly coherent; may have been
washed, as the percentage of minerals is quite 70 per cent of the whole
sample; consists of anzular mineral particles, mean diameter 0.15 mm.,
olivine, augite, volcanic glass, magnetite, palagonite, plagioclase, cosmic
spherules.
Station 185, 27th November, 1899.
Lat. 21° 18’S.; long. 173° 31’ W.; depth, 4173 fathoms.

RED CLAY: light brown, slightly coherent; appears to have been washed ;
contains about 40 per cent of angular mineral particles, mean diameter
0.2 mm., one piece of pumice 1 cm. in diameter, brown volcanic glass abund-
ant, augite, plagioclase, magnetite ; Radiolaria, and Sponge spicules.

Station 198, 2nd January, 1900.
Lat. 0° 46’N.; long. 173° 9’ E.; depth, 1365 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent ; appears to
have been washed; containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 137

Echinoid spines, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; Sponge spicules, Radio-
laria, casts of Foraminifera; particles of volcanic glass, felspar, magnetite.

Station 199, 2nd January, 1900.
Lat. 1° 12’ N.; long. 173° 5’ E.; depth, 413 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE(?): brownish gray, granular, incoherent; appar-
ently washed ; containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Ostracodes,
otoliths, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, rhabdoliths ; Radiolaria, Sponge frag-
ments and spicules, arenaceous Foraminifera, perfect casts of Foraminifera ;
volcanic glass, and felspar.

Station 202, 3rd January, 1900.
Lat. 19 17’ N.; long. 173° 9’ E.; depth, 1569 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, granular, incoherent; appears to
have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Hchi-
noid spines, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; minute particles of felspar, volcanic
glass, and decomposed ferro-magnesian mineral.

Station 203, 4th January, 1900.
Lat. 1° 40.5’ N. ; long. 172° 59’ E.; depth, 170 fathoms.

Very little material, granular; appears to have been washed; consists of
pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropods, Heteropods, HKchinoid
spines, otoliths, Ostracodes; minute particles of volcanic glass, and felspar.

Station 205, 4th January, 1900.
Lat. 2° 4’N.; long. 173° 16’ E.; depth, 431 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: very little material, granular; appears to have been
washed ; contains Coral fragments, Mollusc-shell fragments, Echinoid spines,
Alcyonarian spicules, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Heteropods,
small Gasteropods, otoliths; Sponge spicules.

Station 207, 5th January, 1900.

Lat. 2° 49’N.; long. 173° 1’ E.; depth, 1461 fathoms,
GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, granular, incoherent ; apparently
washed ; containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines,
coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Radiolaria, Sponge spicules, Diatoms; minute par-
ticles of felspar, volcanic glass, and magnetite.

138 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 212, 9th January, 1900.
Lat. 5° 44’ N.; long. 169° 45’ E.; depth, 1937 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: brownish gray, granular, incoherent; apparently
washed, containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines,
otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths ; Sponge spicules, Radiolaria ;
minute mineral particles, angular, mean diameter 0.07 mm., felspar, volcanic
glass.

Station 214, 15th January, 1900.
Lat. 7° 0’ N.; long. 169° 1’ E.; depth, 2137 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: very little material, granular, incoherent ; appears
to have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Radiolaria,
Sponge spicules; felspar, volcanic glass.

Station 215, 15th January, 1900.
Lat. 7° 8’ N.; long. 168° 56’ E.; depth, 1283 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent; appears to —
have been washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echi-
noid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Fish scales, coccoliths, rhabdoliths; Radio-
laria, Diatoms, Sponge spicules; felspar, volcanic glass.

Station 216, 15th January, 1900.
Lat. 7° 29’ N.; long. 168° 32’ E.; depth, 1068 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE (?): gray in color, granular, incoherent; ap-
parently washed ; containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Coral
fragments, Mollusc-shell fragments, small Gasteropods, Polyzoa, Pteropods,
otoliths, Ostracodes; Sponge spicules; mineral particles consisting of vol-
canic glass and felspar.

Station 217, 15th January, 1900.
Lat. 7° 37’ N.; long. 168° 27’ E.; depth, 906 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE (?): brownish gray, granular, incoherent; appears
to have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Pteropods, otoliths, Echinoid spines, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths and rhabdo-
liths ; Sponge spicules; particles of felspar and volcanic glass.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 139

Station 218, 15th January, 1900.
Lat. 7° 45’ N.; long. 168° 21’ E.; depth, 631 fathoms.

CORAL SAND (?): gritty, coarsely granular, incoherent, gray in color ; con-
sisting of Coral fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, otoliths,
Kehinoid spines ; small grains of manganese.

Station 221, 18th January, 1900.
Lat. 11° 9’ N.; long. 166° 46’ E.; depth, 400 fathoms.

CORAL SAND (?): granular, incoherent, gray in color; consisting of Coral
and Mollusc-shell fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Kchi-
noid spines, Polyzoa, otoliths, small Gasteropods, Pteropod fragments, Heter-
opods, Tunicate spicules; Sponge spicules; minute particles of volcanic
glass.
Station 222, 18th January, 1900.
Lat. 11° 7.5’ N.; long. 166° 46’ E.; depth, 827 fathoms.

CORAL SAND (?): very little material; incoherent, granular, gray in
color; consisting of Coral and Molluse-shell fragments, pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, small Gasteropods,
Pteropods, Heteropods, Tunicate spicules; minute particles of volcanic glass,
felspar, and magnetite.

Station 227, 21st January, 1900.
Lat. 9° 48’ N.; long. 169° 14’ E.; depth, 468 fathoms.

CORAL SAND (2): granular, incoherent, gray in color; appears to have
been washed; containing Coral and Mollusc-shell fragments, Echinoid
spines, Pteropods, Heteropods, small Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, oto-
liths, Ostracodes, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Tunicate spicules ;
Radiolaria, Sponge spicules; Diatoms; minute mineral particles, angular,
mean diameter 0.07 mm., volcanic glass, felspar, and magnetite.

Station 228, 21st January, 1900.
Lat. 9° 47’ N.; long. 169° 14’ E.; depth, 934 fathoms.

CORAL SAND(?): grayish white, incoherent; apparently washed; consist-
ing of Coral and Mollusc-shell fragments, Echinoid spines, small Lamelli-
branchs and Gasteropods, otoliths, Ostracodes, pelagic and bottom-living
Foraminifera, Tunicate spicules; Radiolaria, Sponge spicules; minute par-

ticles of volcanic glass, felspar, and magnetite.

140 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Station 229, 21st January, 1900.
Lat. 9° 40’ N.; long. 169° 32’ E.; depth, 1583 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent ; apparently
washed ; containing pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines,
otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths and rhabdoliths; Radiolaria, Sponge spicules ;
particles of felspar, voleanic glass and magnetite.

Station 230, 23rd January, 1900.
Lat. 9° 19’ N.; long. 170° 10’ E. ; depth, 482 fathoms.

CORAL SAND (?): very little material, incoherent; apparently washed ;
containing Coral fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid
spines, Aleyonarian spicules, Polyzoa, fragments of Mollusc shells, Tunicate
spicules, coccoliths ; Sponge spicules.

Station 231, 23rd January, 1900.
Lat. 9° 17’ N.; long. 170° 11’ E. ; depth, 1187 fathoms.

CORAL SAND or MUD (?): little material, incoherent ; apparently washed ;
containing Coral fragments, pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Pteropod
fragments, Mollusc fragments (including Dentalium, Cadulus, Cecum), Echinoid
spines, Aleyonarian spicules, Polyzoa, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths and rhab-
doliths ; Sponge spicules.

Station 233, 24th January, 1900.

Lat. 7° 54’ N.; long. 170° 56’ E. ; depth, 1009 fathoms.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE (?): cream colored, granular, incoherent ; apparently
washed ; consisting of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid
spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, Tunicate spicules, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 234, 24th January, 1900.
Lat. 7° 21’ N.; long. 171° 35’ E. ; depth, 1326 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: little material, dirty white or cream colored, inco-
herent, fine-grained ; apparently washed; consisting of pelagic and bottom-
living Foraminifera, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths.

Station 235, 28th January, 1900.
Lat. 6° 57’ N.; long. 171° 34’ E. ; depth, 1253 fathoms.

GLOBIGERINA OOZE: cream colored, granular, incoherent; appears to
have been washed ; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 141

spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, coccoliths, and rhabdoliths; Sponge spicules,
Radiolaria ; minute particles of felspar, voleanic glass, and magnetite.

Station 239, 9th February, 1900.
Three fourths of a mile south of Port Lottin, Kusaie, Caroline Islands;
depth, 371 fathoms.

VOLCANIC SAND or MUD: brownish gray, granular, incoherent ; appears
to have been washed; contains pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera,
Kchinoid fragments and spines, Polyzoa, Pteropods, Heteropods, small
Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods, Coral fragments, otoliths, Ostracodes,
Tunicate spicules; large amount of mineral particles (almost 50 per cent
of the material), angular, mean diameter 0.3 mm., augite, a decomposed
ferro-magnesian mineral (perhaps olivine), volcanic glass, apparently decom-

posed felspar, magnetite, and manganese grains.

Station 242, 14th February, 1900.
Lat. 6° 55’ N.; long. 152° 40’ E. ; depth, 526 fathoms.
CORAL SAND (2): gray, very little material ; consisting of one or two Coral
fragments, measuring about 6 mm. in diameter, Mollusc-shell fragments,
small valve of an Ostrea, Echinoid spines, pelagic Foraminifera.

Station 247, 20th February, 1900.
Lat. 11° 35’ N.; long. 147° 15’ KE. ; depth, 3213 fathoms.

RED CLAY: very little material, gritty, incoherent, gray brown in color ;
containing fragments of pumice, the largest being about 10 mm. in length,
much decomposed, some of the vesicles containing zeolitic crystals; angular
mineral particles, consisting of volcanic glass, palagonite, pumice, felspar,
augite, magnetite, and manganese; Sponge spicules, one broken pelagic
Foraminifer (Spheroidina dehiscens) observed.

Station 248, 20th February, 1900.
Lat. 12° 51’ N.; long. 145° 46’ E. ; depth, 4813 fathoms.

RADIOLARIAN OOZE: this is the deepest sounding obtained by
the “ Albatross,’ and it would have been extremely interesting to have
had a large sample of the deposit at our disposal, but unfortunately very
little material was brought up, and it apparently does not represent the
deposit in situ, being composed almost exclusively of the frustules of one of
the largest known Diatoms (Ethmodiscus or Coscinodiscus), so that one would

142 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

feel inclined to call it a Diatom Ooze. There are also many Radiolaria, and
small mineral particles, consisting of volcanic glass, felspar, and magnetite.
It is probable that the Radiolarian Ooze, found in the deepest sounding taken
by the ‘“‘ Challenger” further to the southwest, may extend to this position,
but if so, most of the Radiolaria must have been washed out of the tube '
in process of collection, while the large cylindrical tenuous frustules of
Ethmodiscus have remained behind.

Station 249, 21st February, 1900.
Lat. 13° 8’ N.; long. 145° 26’ E. ; depth, 2337 fathoms.

RADIOLARIAN OOZE (2): very little material; apparently washed; including
one or two pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera, numerous Radiolaria,
Sponge spicules, a few Diatoms, and many volcanic mineral particles, pumice,
volcanic glass, palagonite, felspar, and magnetite.

Lagoon of Niau.

CORAL SAND (?): pale salmon pink in color, finely granular, incoherent ;
consisting of Coral fragments, small Lamellibranchs, bottom-living Forami-
nifera, and Tunicate spicules.

Anchorage, Vavau, Fiji Islands; depth, 18 fathoms.

CORAL SAND: grayish yellow, plastic, coherent; contains large Coral
fragments, one measuring 1 by ¢ by } inches, covered with Serpula, Molluse-
shell fragments, Ostrea 12 by 9mm., Cerithium 15 mm. long, pelagic and
bottom-living Foraminifera, Echinoid spines, otoliths, Ostracodes, portion of
Crustacean’s claw.

Ist January, 1900; Sea Beach, South shore of
Apamama Island, Gilbert Islands.

CORAL SAND: white, granular, incoherent; made up almost entirely of
small angular and rounded pieces of Corals and Mollusc-shell fragments,
mean diameter about 0.5 mm., Echiroid spines, Tunicate spicules, Aleyonarian
spicules ; small fragments of pumice, the largest being 11 by 6 by 4 mm.

26th September, 1899. Makatea (Aurora) Island, Paumotu Islands.

Fossils from the third terrace, about 200 feet above high water :—
(1) Fragment of Corals, 20 by 15 by 3 mm., converted into calcite ; has
almost entirely lost its original structure.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 143

(2) Fragments of Corals, the largest 20 by 15 by 10 mm., converted into
calcite, and still retaining their original structure.

(3) Piece of white calcite, 14 by 1 by # inches, probably Coral, but it has
lost all original structure; contains on one side a small Gasteropod shell,
half an inch in length.

(4) Shell (Cypraea sp.) almost entirely transformed into dolomite, 15 by
11 by 7 mm.

UNLABELLED SAMPLE.

One bottle, on which there was no label or number, contained black, fine-
grained material, coherent; consisting of about 50 per cent of mineral
- particles, angular, mean diameter 0.2 mm., plagioclase, volcanic glass, horn-
blende, quartz, augite, magnetite, biotite; Sponge spicules; about 20 per
cent calcium carbonate, consisting of pelagic and bottom-living Foraminifera
in fragments, Mollusc-shell fragments, Echinoid spines, otoliths, and
Ostracodes.

ManGANESE NODULES.

We give here descriptions of the manganese nodules obtained at the

various stations of this 1899-1900 cruise of the “ Albatross” : —

Station 2, 27th August, 1899.
Lat. 28° 23’ N.; long. 126° 57’ W.; depth, 2368 fathoms.

Besides the rock fragments obtained at this station, described by Dr.
Teall, the following were dredged: —

A large box and a large bag full of lumps of a whitish ashy material
(described in detail in the Appendix), and three large bags full of manganese
nodules, numbering many thousands of specimens (see PI. 3, figs. 7 and 8),
two of which are figured in Dr. Alexander Agassiz’s preliminary report.’
The ashy material occurs as blocks of irregular shape, probably broken off
some larger masses, some of which (PI. 3, fig. 7) represent a term of transi-
tion between cakes of ash and manganese nodules, as shown below.

The nodules collected at this station in immense numbers vary in
diameter from 1 to 15 cm., and show an extraordinary variety of shape ;
they are never rounded and symmetrical, but are angular with large
protuberances. The larger ones have cylindrical holes running through the
mass just as in the case of the ash lumps. All the nodules take on a
shining lustre when rubbed with. the finger-nail. The surface has not

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. XXVI., Plate, Manganese Nodules, figs. 5 and 6.

144 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

the shagreen appearance met with elsewhere, but in some cases there are
minute mamunille between the large protuberances. The specific gravity
is higher in the small nodules than in the large ones, but is never very high.

A number of nodules were cut, but no nucleus was detected, nor any
concentric arrangement of manganese layers; the manganese-iron oxides are
distributed throughout a ground-mass of white material, which is certainly the
same thing as the ashy substance mentioned above, but harder. The
proportion of this substance to that of the oxides varies so much that in
some cases it is difficult to say whether one is dealing with a nodule or
with one of the lumps referred to above, but in the more perfect nodules —
that is, the small ones — the proportion of oxides predominates over that of
the palagonite ground-mmass.

To conclude: the very interesting point about these nodules is their
mode of formation; they were not formed by the successive deposition of
oxides round a nucleus, but are due to the impregnation of ash cakes by
manganese-iron oxides without any increase in volume. Worm-burrows
running through the hard nodules demonstrate this clearly, for the worms
could not have burrowed through such a hard substance, so that their
burrows existed before the deposition of the oxides.

It is also interesting to note that the white ground-mass of the more
perfect nodules is harder and more compact than that of the nodules still

poor in manganese-iron oxides.

Station 13, 5th September, 1899.
Lat. 9° 57’ N.; long. 137° 47’ W.; depth, 2690 fathoms.

At this station a large quantity of nodules was dredged, one of which is
figured in Dr. Alexander Agassiz’s preliminary report... They somewhat re-
semble those of Station 4711 of the 1904 cruise. Here again they obey
a law to which we have often had occasion to refer, all the nodules being
formed under definite but unknown conditions, which brought on a definite
type of structure.

They average 4 to 6 inches in diameter, and are all irregularly spherical
or irregularly cubical, and never tend to form slabs. Their most conspicuous
feature is the high degree of mammillated structure ; the whole surface is
covered with large protuberances, which may be as much as one inch in
diameter. Sometimes these protuberances may be compounds, that is, formed

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil., vol. XXVI., Plate, Manganese Nodules, fig. 1.

{

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 145

of smaller ones grafted the one on the other. On the one side of the nodule
the mammille have a relatively smooth surface, on which rubbing will de-
velop a shining lustre; on the other side the mammille are more dull, with a
shagreen-like appearance.

A few remains of organisms can be seen attached to the nodules, mostly
in the crevices separating the mammille, and appear to be confined to the
side with the dull surface, which is also the side on which the greater quantity
of clay is still adhering.

All these nodules develop cracks within themselves, the cracks being ori-
entated along the radii ofthe sphere, from centre to periphery. In this re-
spect they resemble the septaria of sedimentary strata, but unlike them are
not subsequently filled by deposition from solution. These cracks were most
certainly developed when the nodules were on the sea-bottom, as is conclu-
sively proved by the fact that their sides are covered with some of the clay
in which the nodules were formed.

As regards mode of formation, in no case could a nucleus or centre of ac-
cretion be detected, but there is a typical concretionary structure in layers
(reminding one of the structure ofan onion). One layer of the hard, black
manganese-iron oxide is enveloped by a layer of loose, practically incoherent,
palagonitic substances containing only very little of the oxides, then comes
another layer made up mostly of the oxides, then again a layer poor in oxides,
and so on. It shows in a conclusive manner that the harder and blacker
layers of the more compact nodules dredged elsewhere are also the layers
richer in oxides. If infiltration and replacement had been allowed to go
further in the present case, so as to bring on the formation of hard compact
nodules, the two sets of layers would probably still have been recognizable.

To this alternation of layers is due the fact that the nodules not only
break along the cracks already referred to, but break also in a tangential
direction along the layers of incoherent palagonitic material. Under the
microscope the latter is seen to contain, besides a yellowish palagonitic sub-
stance, a few crystalline particles, 0.02 to 0.05 mm. in diameter, apparently
augite, olivine, and felspar, together with a few microlites of a colorless min-
eral, birefringent and extinguishing nearly straight. Magnetite is absent,
and no cosmic spherules could be detected.

The successive layers of palagonitic material appear to have, as a rule, a
constant composition, but in one case one of the layers is different from the

others, being light yellow and formed of much finer material. Dendritic
10

146 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

ramifications appear to be constantly present, spreading from one oxide layer
to another through the palagonitic layers.

Station 31, 19th September, 1899.
Lat. 12° 20’S.; long. 144° 15’ W.; depth, 2700 fathoms.

About one hundred small manganese nodules and small cakes and slabs of
palagonite were obtained at this station. The nodules averaging 1 to 3 em.
in diameter have a distinctive feature, — they are nearly always formed of
smaller nodules cemented together; the shape of the composite nodules is
therefore very irregular, the component individual parts being angular or
bean-shaped. The surface is smooth and takes on a lustre when rubbed. As
regards constitution, some of the nodules have an irregular nucleus of palag-
onite, round which are successive layers of manganese-iron oxides. Others are
most likely the product of the impregnation ofa cake of palagonite by the ox-
ides. In fact, there are small fragments of palagonitic cakes showing incipient
“manganization.” Generally speaking, the nodules are not very solid, break-
ing easily along the radii; polished sections also show cracks along the radii.

The palagonitic nuclei contain more or less decomposed volcanic glass,
some of which has still preserved its pellucidity, felspar, and apparently
augite. The palagonite is represented either by angular cakes, 2 to 3 cm.
in diameter, light brown and rather soft, or by thin slabs (one was 25 mm.
by 5 mm.), hard and bright yellow. Both kinds are thinly coated with
manganese-iron oxide. The mineral particles contained in these palagonitic
cakes and slabs are apparently the same as those extracted from the palago-
nitic nucleus of one of the nodules.

Station 173, 4th November, 1899.
Lat. 18° 55’ S. ; long. 146° 32’ W.; depth, 2440 fathoms.

These nodules, of which three are figured in Dr. Agassiz’s preliminary
report,’ constitute one of the most remarkable hauls of the cruise. At this
station, where the deposit is Red Clay, immense numbers were dredged, vary-
ing in size from that of a small hazel-nut to potato-shaped nodules, three or
four inches in diameter, and slabs over six inches in length (see PI. 4, figs.
10, 12, 13, 14; Pl. 5, fig. 772). Although the shape varies, the surface
characters are absolutely constant, and belong to a type which was met with
only at this particular spot. The surface of all the nodules, large and small,
is even, that is to say, not covered with protuberances, but it is not smooth,

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. XXVI., Plate, Manganese Nodules, figs. 2-4.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 147

being covered with numberless closely set mammills, giving it the appear-
ance of shagreen or coarse leathers On account of the presence of these
mammilla — 1 mm. in diameter, as a rule — the surface is dull, not shining.
The color is brown, never black. The external layer, from 1 to 2 mm. in
thickness, peels off easily. In some cases the layer coming next to it
shows shagreen structure; in other cases it does not, being smooth. This
external layer is generally the only one that can be removed; the rest of
the nodule is very compact, and so hard as to be scratched with a knife
only with difficulty. When whole and with no fracture previously exist-
ing, the nodules cannot be broken in the hand, even when great strength
is exerted ; the specific gravity is very high.

All the nodules that were cut in order to study their structure were
found to be formed round a nucleus, which is relatively large and in-
variably composed of a palagonitic tuff. The palagonitic substance form-
ing the nucleus varies from a creamy white to a reddish color, the white
portion being relatively soft and incoherent, whilst the red portion is so
hard as to be cut with a knife only with difficulty. This tuff is most inter-
esting, inasmuch as one can follow under the microscope its mode of forma~
tion: it is undoubtedly due to the decomposition of a volcanic glass, a few
particles of which can still be recognized, as they have only partly lost their
transparence, and can be seen to pass into opaque palagonite. A few scarce
particles of partially decomposed olivine accompany the palagonite, together
with rare particles of felspar. The presence of augite cannot be made
absolutely certain, but it probably occurs together with the other minerals.
These particles are only a few hundredths of a millimeter in diameter, but
in one case the centre of a nucleus is occupied by a flake of volcanic glass
about 2 mm. in diameter.

The nucleus occupies a large portion of the nodule, its diameter varying
from one-third to one-half of that of the whole nodule.

The manganese-iron oxides portion of the nodule does not pass
gradually into the palagonitic nucleus, but envelops it without pene-
trating into it, so that a nucleus can be decorticated simply by fracturing
the nodules and removing the manganese layer. The latter is very com-
pact and homogeneous, so that indications of a concentric arrangement of
the layers can hardly be made out, with the exception of the external,
shagreen-like one. One of the nodules shows a peculiar structure; the
nucleus is surrounded by a layer of oxides a centimetre in thickness,

148 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

then comes a thin layer of palagonitic tuff, identical with that of the
nucleus, but only on one side of the nodule, so that in transverse section
it forms a half circle midway between the nucleus and the surface. It
looks as if a relatively small nodule had been covered on one side with
palagonite, and as if the concretionary process had still gone on afterwards,
enveloping it as it enveloped the nucleus. The heavy manganese-iron
oxide layers contain a certain proportion of palagonite in the shape of
small grains irregularly distributed, and not forming individualized layers.
Pounded nodules showed the absence of magnetite and magnetic spherules.
The slabs differ from the nodules in shape only, and may be considered
as flattened nodules, not as fragments detached from larger masses; the
largest one measures 18 by 12 by 2i.cm. Just as in the case of the nodules
proper, a large flat nucleus is enveloped by manganese-iron oxides, having
a finely mammillated structure all over, without any signs of fracture. All
that can be said is that the shape of the slab follows the shape of the
nucleus, but why the latter is flattened cannot be satisfactorily explained.

Station 174, 4th November, 1899.
Lat. 18° 28’ S.; long. 147° 11’ W.; depth, 2087 fathoms.

Two small manganese nodules, each about 15 mm. in diameter, form
the only material obtained at this station. The one is oblong in contour,
with nucleus of red palagonite, the other subspherical, harder than the first,
with nucleus of whitish volcanic glass, the decomposition not being so far
advanced.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 149

THE DEPTHS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

The additions which have been made to our knowledge of the bathymetry
of the Pacific Ocean in recent years, not only by Dr. Alexander Agassiz’s
cruises, but also by other American ships and by cable ships, make it desir-
able to summarize what is known of the depth of this great ocean at the
present time. The general result has been to increase the area between
2000 and 3000 fathoms, and to limit the area greater than 3000 fathoms,
while the various contour-lines of depth have become more complicated and
definite. It may be said that the bathymetry of the Pacific is now known
in all its broad general outlines.

On Map I. accompanying this paper, the depth conditions in the Pacific
are indicated on an equal surface projection hemisphere by varying shades of
blue color — the darker the shade of blue the deeper the water — contour
lines being drawn in at depths of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000
fathoms. All soundings in depths exceeding 1000 fathoms are indicated on
the map by the first two figures: thus 1468 is given as 14, 5269 as 52, the
last two figures being omitted. A similar map for the large part of the
Pacific traversed by the “Albatross” during the 1899-1900 cruise was pub-
lished in Dr. Alexander Agassiz’s preliminary report’ in January, 1902, and
a comparison of that map with the present one shows that in the interval of
seven years few deep-sea soundings have been added to the southeastern
regions of the Pacific, apart from those taken by the “Albatross” during
the 1904-1905 cruise. Considerable differences may be noticed in the con-
formation of the deeper parts of the ocean, especially where the depth
exceeds 3000 fathoms. This is to some extent due to the fact that in
drawing in the deep contours the plan has been followed of extending the
areas where there was no evidence to the contrary, and thus in many cases
uniting together two or more areas previously isolated.

The southwestern portion of the Pacific lying to the east of Australia
and Tasmania has been dealt with in great detailin a paper” prepared by

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. XXVI., no. 1, Map IB.

2 On the depth, temperature of the ocean waters, and marine deposits, of the Southwest Pacific
Ocean. Queensland Geogr. Jour., N.S., vol. XXI., pp. 71-134, 1906.

150 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Sir John Murray for the anniversary celebration of the Royal Geographical
Society of Australia, to which the reader is referred.

The entire Pacific Ocean, excluding the fringe of partially enclosed seas
on its northern and western borders, that is to say, as bounded by the Aleu-
tian Islands on the north, by the Antarctic continent on the south, by the
Americas on the east, and by Kamschatka, the Kurile Islands, New Guinea,
Australia, and Tasmania on the west, is estimated to cover an area exceeding
sixty-two millions of square miles. Planimeter measurements give the fol-
lowing approximate areas between the consecutive contour lines of depth
drawn in at intervals of 1000fathoms, and the percentages to the total area : —

Square Miles. Per Cent.
Less than 1000 fathoms ..... . 5,610,000 9.0
1000 to 2000 fe Si be OMS O000 16.8
2000 to 3000 as ee ee ele 700:000 67.0
3000 to 4000 “ a ee 2301000 6.8
Moreythant4000 3 Sn ae ee 220,000 0.4

62,290,000 100.0

From this table it seems that by far the largest area (about two-thirds of
the entire ocean) is that between 2000 and 3000 fathoms in depth. An in-
spection of the map shows this very well, for it is seen that the dominant
shade is the fifth one, indicating depths of 2000 to 3000 fathoms, which is
broken only by several irregular deeper and shallower areas.

Depths of less than 1000 fathoms (1829 metres) are found round the shores
of the continents and islands and also in a few cases in the more central parts
of the ocean where submarine elevations have been discovered.

Depths between 1000 and 2000 fathoms (1829-3658 metres) also occur
round the coasts, but in some localities cover a much larger area than the shal-
lower zone, as, for instance, off the coast of Central America, where there is a
large area, which has been called the Galapagos Plateau; and, again, off the
coast of South America, between 32° and 50°S., where there isa smaller area,
which has been called the Juan Fernandez Plateau. In the South Pacific
there is a broad tract extending from 38° to 74° S. and from 145° E. to
105° W., sending a branch northward into the Coral Sea; to the north
of this is a large area, stretching from 8° to 28°S., and from 102° to 142° W.,
which has been called the Albatross Plateau. In the North Pacific there is
a small area off the coast of Mexico, founded on two soundings taken during
the “ Albatross’ 1904-1905 cruise, and a second small area between 175°
and 179° E. and 21° and 23°N., as well as a few other small scattered areas.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 151

As already stated, the area between 2000 and 3000 fathoms (8658-5487
metres) in depth covers by far the greater part of the floor of the Pacific,
and it is worthy of note that it forms an almost continuous area, for only in
the southwest Pacific are there two separated areas: a comparatively small
one in the Coral Sea, and a larger one in the sea between Australia and New
Zealand, between 24° and 52°S8. and 149° and 165° E., to which the name

Thomson Basin has been given.

Euuines Maximum Approximate

Name of Deep. _ Depth Area in
Tatitude: Tongitudes in Fathoms. Square Miles.
1. Murray .... .| 27° N. to 89° N. | 149° W. to 177° W. | 3,500 | 1,033,000
2; Musearora, . . . . | 23° N. to 52° N. || 142° EB. to 172° BE. 4,600 908,000
8, Aldrich”. . . . {| 15°S: to 48° §. | 169° W. to 179° W. | 5,155 613,000
ARS OWITCu ey Hei Oo Ne bOrzooUNE, el220°F tonlssoMes «40700 550,000
5. Brooke ... . .| 12° N. to 19° N. | 152° EB. to 169° E. 3,400 282,000
6. Bailey. . .. . .| 21° N. to 28° N. | 156° K. to 180° E. 3,400 241,000
7. Belknap... . .| 18° N. to 17° N. | 152° W. to 163° W. | 3,300 165,000
8. Challenger. . . .| 11° N. to 19° N. | 142° E. to 152° E. 5,269 129,000
9. Campbell . . ..| 1°8. to 5°N. | 166° W. to 172° W. | 3,400 125,000
10. Hilgard .....) 4°8. to 8°S. | 165° W. to 176° W. | 3,300 116,000
11. Pourtalés ... .| 11° N. to 15° N. | 140° E. to 146° E. 3,600 67,000
12. Wyman .... .| 21° N. to 26° N. | 147° W. to 154° W. | 3,300 55,000
13. Ammen ... . .| 19° N. to 22° N. | 172° W. to 178° W. | 3,100 31,000
14, Tanner ... . .| 32° N. to 38°N. | 186° W. to 143° W. | 3,200 21,000
by, Chehy 6 co 5c oc |) JUIO IN, WoO IEP ING |] aLZO UN oO "Wes | so) 19,000
16. Maury .... .| 52° N. to 55° N. | 157° W. to 165° W. | 3,600 17,000
life Glovers 442) 2 © |rate Ne tor39° Ne |) 186° We to 137° W. || 3:200 13,000
18. Bartholomew. . .| 18° N. to 22°S. 72° W.to 73° W. | 3,500 13,000
19. Supan. .... .| 50° N. to 51° N. | 173° W. to 176° W. | 4,000 12,000
20. Richards. . .. .| 24°S. to 26°S. 71° W.to 72° W. | 4,100 12,000
21. Milne-Edwards . .| 11°S. to 138°S. 79° W. to 80° W. | 3,300 8,000
22. Renard .... .| 19° N. to 22° N. | 155° W. to 156° W. | 3,100 6,000
Zou Dandies ail ie Neto SON 13400 tol3o° 1h: 4,400 6,000
Bile NGI bic Bo 5° §. 131° E. 4,100 1,000
255 Karummel 2 = - 7° 8. 74° W. 3,700 1,000
265 Haeckel a4: 38° 8. 74° W. 3,000 1,000
Wigebachers eo.0s = 3 33° N. 130° W. 3,200 1,000
2 Same OSC LR a 17° N. 187° W, 3,000 1,000
I CeWaCNA 6 Go gs 4°§,. 172° W. 3,000 1,000
30. Thomson .... 32° 8. 153° E. 3,000 1,000
ole Oldhame eae) 7° 8. 131° E. 3,500 1,000

In recent oceanographical literature the term “ Deep” has been applied to
~ those parts of the ocean where the depth exceeds 3000 fathoms (5487 metres).
There are altogether 31 Deeps shown on the accompanying map of the
Pacific, and these are for the most part confined to the western half of the
ocean. They have been named after ships which have had some connection
with deep-sea exploration, or naval officers, geographers, or naturalists inter-
ested in oceanography. In the preceding table are given the names, posi-

152 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

tions, maximum depths, and approximate areas of the deeps in the Pacific,
arranged according to their superficial area.

As will be seen from the foregoing table in only eight of these Deeps
have depths exceeding 4000 fathoms (7316 metres) been taken, and in
only two have depths exceeding 5000 fathoms (9144 metres) been re-
corded. The deepest sounding known at the present time is one of
5269 fathoms in the Challenger Deep, obtained by the U.S.S. “Nero”
near Guam Island, one of the Ladrone group in the North Pacific, in
November, 1899. Previously, the deepest sounding known was one of
5155 fathoms in the Aldrich Deep in the South Pacific. These are the
only places on the surface of the globe where depths of 5000 fathoms
have been recorded.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 153

DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE DEPOSITS IN THE PACIFIC
OCEAN.

Dr. Agassiz’s explorations have greatly increased the area with depths
between 2000 and 3000 fathoms in the southeastern Pacific, which likewise
increases the area covered by deposits of Globigerina Ooze, for this type of
deposit is most widely distributed in these depths.

On Map II. accompanying this paper the distribution of the different
types of deposits is shown by different colors. No attempt is made to
indicate the distribution of all the individual types of terrigenous deposits,
Coral Muds and Coral Sands being shown by a yellow color, while the re-
maining types of terrigenous deposits (Volcanic Muds and Sands, Green
Muds and Sands, Red Muds, and Blue Muds) are all included in the blue
color on the map. A similar map was published in Dr. Agassiz’s prelimi-
nary report’ in January, 1902, the principal modification being the large
area of Globigerina Ooze now introduced in the southeast Pacific, as the
result of the recent cruise of the “Albatross.”

Planimeter measurements give the following approximate areas cov-
ered by the various types of deposits within the Pacific Ocean, as already
defined, and the percentages to the total area: —

Square Miles. Per Cent.
RedhClayern emia. ese pai teense 29,300,000 47.0
GlobigerinajiOozey =i) eee ne 16,540,000 26.5
Diatomi@ozeres lieve o) sa 3,630,000 5.9
Radiolarian’Oozeee sei one ane 3,330,000 5.5
IPteropode@ozeusrur- ace Cea 120,000 0.2
Corale\indsandt Sandys ease eee 1,330,000 21
Other terrigenous deposits .... . 8,040,000 12.8

62,290,000 100.0

This table shows that by far the most important deposit in the Pacific
is the Red Clay, which is estimated to cover an area nearly twice as large
as that covered by Globigerina Ooze, and about eight times greater than
that covered by either Diatom Ooze or Radiolarian Ooze. A glance at
the map corroborates this statement, for it is seen that Red Clay occupies

1 Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoil., vol. XXVI., no. 1, Map IA.

154 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

nearly all the northern Pacific, and Red Clay and Globigerina Ooze together
the greater part of the southern Pacific.

The distribution of the different types of deposits in the Pacific Ocean
may be briefly summarized as follows : —

I. Red Clay.—-There are nine areas covered by this type, but four are
small, viz., one based on a single sounding to the southwest of Galapagos,
a second to the west of the New Hebrides, a third in the centre of the
Coral Sea, and a fourth in the sea between New Zealand, New Caledonia,
and the Fiji Islands. Of the larger areas, one is laid down in the deep
water between New Zealand and Tasmania and Australia, extending from
25° to 55° south latitude, and having a breadth in its southern portion of
about 15° of longitude. Two other areas touch the terrigenous band
bordering the west coast of South America, one extending from 5° to
35° south latitude, the other extending from 45° to nearly 60° south lati-
tude. The remaining two areas of Red Clay are by far the largest, and
might be termed the North Pacific area and the South Pacific area respec-
tively, though in the one case the Red Clay extends about 18° south of
the equator, and in the other about 8° north of the equator. The South
Pacific area covers about seven millions of square miles in the centre of
the ocean, and is surrounded by Globigerina Ooze and Radiolarian Ooze.
The North Pacific area covers about eighteen millions of square miles,
and is surrounded by a band of Diatom Ooze in the extreme north, by
borders of terrigenous deposits along the coasts of North America and
Asia, and by bands of Radiolarian Ooze and Globigerina Ooze on the
south.

Il. Globigerina Ooze. — This type covers a large, but very irregular,
area in the South Pacific, consisting of two portions joined by a narrow
band along the south; the eastern portion covers an area of about eight
millions of square miles, stretching from 8° north to 56° south latitude,
and touching the band of terrigenous deposits bordering the west coast
of South America both in its northern and southern parts; the western
portion is much smaller, and is broken up by areas of Red Clay, of Ptero-
pod Ooze, and of terrigenous deposits, stretching from 5° north to 59°
south latitude, and from the coasts of Australia and Tasmania to the
Chatham, Kermadec, and Friendly groups of islands. Another area of
Globigerina Ooze covers about a million square miles in the central part
of the Pacific, stretching from 133° to 165° west longitude, and from 12°

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 155

north to 2° south latitude, the southern boundary coinciding with the
parallel of 2° south. A third considerable area of Globigerina Ooze sur-
rounds the Caroline archipelago, and a fourth surrounds the Marshall and
Gilbert archipelagos, while several small isolated areas surround the scat-
tered groups of islands, and cover the summits and flanks of some sub-
marine elevations. It will be observed that generally the Globigerina Ooze
is found in depths between 1000 and 2300 fathoms, while the Red Clay is
found in depths exceeding 2300 fathoms. There are, however, important
exceptions to this statement.

III. Diatom Ooze.—This type occurs in the form of two broad bands,
the larger in the far south and the smaller in the far north. The south-
ern one forms part of the circumpolar band surrounding the Antarctic
continent, outside the band of Blue Mud, and covers an area of about two
and a half millions of square miles, while the northern one stretches
across the northern boundary of the Pacific, from Japan on the west to
Vancouver on the east, and covers over a million square miles. One of
the most interesting results of the recent expedition of the “Albatross”
is the discovery of this type of deep-sea deposit, so characteristic of high
latitudes, within the tropics, viz., in latitude 12° south, off the west coast
of South America, where, however, it has apparently a very restricted
area of distribution.

IV. Radiolarian Ooze.— This type covers two large and two or three
small areas in the tropical part of the Pacific. The most important one
is the comparatively narrow band in latitude 10° north, stretching from
165° to 80° west longitude, and covering an area of nearly two million
square miles. A second area, nearly a million square miles in extent,
stretches from latitude 8° north to 12° south, and from longitude 180° to
164° west. Of the other smaller areas, one occupies the Challenger Deep
in the North Pacific, extending from 143° to 147° east longitude and
from 12° to 15° north latitude, and two lie in the South Pacific, one in
latitude 3° to 8° south and longitude 151° to 153° west, the other in lati-
tude 10° south and longitude 156° west.

V. Pteropod Ooze. — It is rather curious to note the absence of this type
in the northern and eastern Pacific, the most northerly and easterly posi-
tion hitherto known being latitude 9° south and longitude 139° west in the
Marquesas group. Several small areas of Pteropod Ooze are dotted over the
western portion of the Globigerina Ooze area of the South Pacific, especially

156 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

in the neighborhood of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia and the Fiji
group of islands, and a few among the islands of the Paumotu and Marquesas
groups, the aggregate area being relatively very small. This deposit may be
said to be limited to tropical and sub-tropical areas where the depth is less
than 1500 fathoms at a considerable distance from land.

VI. Coral Mud and Sand. — These deposits are found encircling the many
coral islands in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific, and off the
Great Barrier Reef of Australia, the aggregate area covered by these types
being estimated to exceed a million square miles.

_ VII. Other Terrigenous Deposits.—The terrigenous deposits other than Coral
Mud and Sand cover an area of about eight millions of square miles, forming
a border around the shores of the Pacific, and around the continental and
volcanic islands, like Japan, the Philippines, New Guinea, the Solomons, the
New Hebrides, Tasmania, New Zealand, etc. Blue Mud covers that part of
the ocean between the Diatom Ooze of the far south and the Antarctic conti-
nent, forming part of the great circumpolar band bordering that continent.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 157

PERCENTAGE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN THE DEPOSITS
COVERING THE FLOOR OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Map III. accompanying this paper represents the first attempt to show

the percentage of calcium carbonate in the deposits of the Pacific Ocean as
a whole. A similar map for the southwestern portion of the Pacific was
published in 1906 (Murray, op. cit., Map V.).
[As regards the source of the calcium carbonate found in marine deposits
it may be stated that by far the larger part has been derived from sea water
by the action of organisms, being made up of fragments of Fish bones,
Mollusc shells, Corals, spicules of Tunicates and Sponges, shells of Fora-
minifera, remains of calcareous Algz, and, indeed, remains of all the
calcareous structures secreted by marine organisms.

A very important division may be made of the calcareous remains into two
classes, viz., those which have been secreted by organisms living habitually
in the surface and subsurface waters of the ocean, such as pelagic Molluscs,
pelagic Foraminifera, and pelagic calcareous Alge (plankton organisms),
and those which have been secreted by organisms living on the bottom of the
ocean (benthos organisms).

The remains of all the pelagic (plankton) organisms are especially abun-
dant in the deposits far from land and in moderate depths. Near the land
their presence is masked by detrital matters, while in great depths they dis-
appear, being dissolved by the action of sea water either while falling to the
bottom or soon after reaching the bottom. In depths of 1000 fathoms far
from land they may make up fully 95 per cent of the deposit.

The remains of organisms which live at the bottom of the ocean (benthos),
such as Corals, Molluscs, Foraminifera, etc., are very poorly represented in
deep water, but in shallow water they may make up nearly the whole of the
deposit now in process of formation; this is especially the case round coral
islands.

On the accompanying map the percentage of calcium carbonate in the
deposits is shown by four shades of green color, the deeper the shade
the higher the percentage. Planimeter measurements give the following

158 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

approximate areas covered by the different shades of color, and the per-
centages to the total area: —

Square Miles. Per Cent.

Area covered by palest shade denoting less than 25% CaCO;. . . 41,010,000 65.9
Area covered by second shade denoting 25% to 50% CaCO; . . . 7,300,000 ial 7/
Area covered by third shade denoting 50% to 75% CaCO; . . . . 9,170,000 14.7

Area covered by darkest shade denoting more than 75% CaCO,. . 4,810,000 UU
62,290,000 100.0

This table indicates that by far the largest area is covered by the shade
denoting less than 25 per cent of calcium carbonate, which is about six times
greater than the area covered by the next shade (25 to 50 per cent), five
times greater than the area covered by the third shade denoting 50 to
75 per cent, and ten times greater than the area covered by the darkest
shade, indicating over 75 per cent of calcium carbonate. This lightest shade
of green covers nearly the whole of the North Pacific as well as a large part
of the South Pacific. In the North Pacific there are only three large areas
covered by the darker shades of green, viz., one surrounding the Caroline
Islands, a second surrounding the Marshall and Gilbert archipelagos, and a
third stretching from 137° to 163° west longitude and from 9° north to 3°
south latitude, with many small areas surrounding coral islands and on sub-
marine elevations. In the South Pacific, on the other hand, there is a large
dark-colored area consisting of two portions, one in the east and one in the
west, joined by a narrow band along the south, and stretching from 58°
south to 7° north latitude. These portions are separated by a central area
of lightest green, and while the western one abuts on the Great Barrier Reef
of Australia, the eastern one is separated from the coast of South America
by an area covered by the lightest color.

The second shade of green, denoting 25 to 50 per cent of calcium carbo-
nate, covers a smaller area than the third shade, indicating 50 to 75 per
cent of calcium carbonate, forming generally an irregular border to the dark
areas where the percentage exceeds 50.

On comparing this map with the depth map it will be observed that the
higher percentages of carbonate of calcium correspond generally with the
moderate depths of the ocean and to the shore regions where coral reefs pre-
vail, while the lower percentages correspond with the very deep water
and to the shallow water around the continents and islands not of coral
formation.

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 159

On comparing this map with the deposit map it will be observed that
away from the coast the deep shades correspond with the Globigerina and
Pteropod Oozes. Thus the outlines of the principal Globigerina Ooze areas
are almost exactly reproduced in the darker shades of green. Again, the
faint shades of green on the map correspond with the areas showing Red Clay
and terrigenous deposits excluding coral deposits.

160 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

GENERAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS.

The character of a deep-sea deposit is determined not only by the depth
and conditions of the overlying waters but also by the geographical environ-
ment of those waters, including volcanic phenomena which may take place
on the floor of the ocean. It may here be proper to follow out the general
changes in the nature of the deposits which may be expected on proceeding
from the remotest land-locked branches of the ocean to its midmost areas.

The Black Sea, to take an extreme instance of enclosed seas, is far re-
moved from the great oceans, and the deeper water is cut off by submarine
barriers at the Bosphorus and the Straits of Gibraltar. Vertical circulation
is much restricted by this and other physical conditions, and the deeper
waters of the Black Sea become more or less saturated with sulphuretted
hydrogen; no living organisms other than bacteria are met with in depths
greater than 100 fathoms. Amorphous pulverulent carbonate of lime is
precipitated from the sea water of the Black Sea, and makes up a consider
able part of the deposits now in process of formation; this is the only place
where this reaction is known to occur in the seas of the present day, with
one doubtful exception in the Pacific (see Station 4531). In all partially
enclosed seas—like the Mediterranean and the Red Sea—circulation is
generally cut off by submarine barriers, and this produces temperature and
other conditions which are less favorable to organisms than the conditions
existing in the open ocean, where free communication with polar waters
obtains, and where there is consequently a more abundant supply of oxygen.
The deposits in those seas which interpenetrate the continental masses are
terrigenous in origin, although there may be an approach to pelagic condi-
tions towards the more central parts, as for instance in the Red Sea.

The continental shelf facing the great oceans is continually swept by waves,
tides, and oceanic currents, down to an average depth of 100 fathoms.
Just beyond this depth all the minute mineral and organic fragments torn
from the continental shelf come to rest on the bottom, and form what Sir
John Murray has called the mud-line. This constitutes the great feeding-

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 161

ground of the ocean. Large numbers of Holothurians and other marine
creatures here eat the mud to obtain the organic matter associated with it ;
indeed, it is more than probable that all marine deposits are in this way
passed through the intestines of organisms. Very many Crustaceans fre-
quent this area to pick up the little particles of organic matter which are
just settling on the bottom, and some of them—like Nyctiphanes — are
provided with phosphorescent organs to enable them to do this more effec-
tively. All these mud-eating creatures are in turn the prey of carnivorous
animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate.

The continental slope extends from the mud-line (100 fathoms) down to
the mean sphere level, 1450 fathoms.'' The continental slope, and similar

areas around oceanic islands, present a greater variety of conditions than is
found elsewhere on the ocean-bed beyond the continental shelf. At the
upper limit the sun’s rays may produce twilight, but elsewhere there must
be total darkness, except where this is relieved by the phosphorescent light
of organisms. The temperature conditions are likewise widely different at
the upper and lower limits of the region. At some points the descent from
the 100-fathoms line is known to be almost perpendicular; at other points
outcrops of stratified and volcanic rocks are indicated; generally, however,
the slope is by no means pronounced, though much steeper than between the
deeper contour-lines.

The deposits now being laid down over the continental slope vary
greatly according to position: off large rivers they are chiefly made up
of detritus from the land; at other places, especially where cold and warm
currents alternately occupy the surface, pelagic conditions are more or less
approached, and Green Sand and phosphatic deposits are being laid down ;
quartz and other continental minerals predominate. Generally it may be
said that in enclosed seas, and along the continental shelf and slope, de-
posits are now forming which are chiefly made up of continental detritus,
and are quite similar to those which have made up the stratified rocks of
past ages. Indeed, it seems as if inland seas and the borders of conti-
nental masses had again and again been pushed up into dry land, and again
and again been torn down and transported to the ocean by the same denud-
ing and disintegrating agents, the final result being that quartz particles

1]f all the elevated portion of the earth’s crust were cut away and filled into the hollows till the
whole surface were uniform, then the whole earth would be covered by an ocean 1450 fathoms in
depth — the mean sphere level.

11

162 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

accumulate on the continental areas, rendering these rocks specifically
lighter than the deposits on the oceanic areas.

In the abysmal regions, beyond the depth of the mean sphere level, cover-
ing about one-half of the earth’s surface, the physical conditions are uniform
and widespread ; the temperature everywhere approaches zero centigrade ;
the darkness is relieved only by phosphorescent light; motion of all kinds
must be extremely slow, and there is no evidence of transport or erosion,
although where the abysmal area passes into the continental slope a creep
of large masses of deposits is sometimes indicated. In these cold and silent
depths, which are undoubtedly affected at times by volcanic outbursts, the
deposits generally vary according to the surface conditions: where carbon-
ate of lime secreting organisms abound at the surface Globigerina Ooze or
Pteropod Ooze is found at the bottom; where silica-secreting organisms
abound at the surface, Radiolarian Ooze or Diatom Ooze is found at the
bottom. In very great depths, however, the carbonate of lime remains are
removed by solution, and in some places the siliceous skeletons are also
partly or wholly removed. In the deep water of the South Pacific Ocean,
at points the furthest removed from continental land on the globe, the trawl
brings up, in a single haul, over wide areas, hundreds of sharks’ teeth and
dozens of ear-bones of whales, belonging to extinct species, tons of man-
ganese nodules, and mixed up in the Red Clay magnetic spherules of
metallic iron and nickel and chondres, which are only found in meteorites.
All the indications go to show that the rate of accumulation of the deposit
is extremely slow, possibly not more than a foot since tertiary times. The
reason why these teeth and bones and extra-terrestrial spherules are found
here more abundantly than elsewhere is because few other materials reach
these remote and deep areas to cover them up or mask them as in other
deposits. ‘

The above is the explanation which has hitherto been advanced to account
for the phenomena presented by the deep-sea deposits situated far from con-
tinental land towards the central regions of the great ocean basins. Gener-
ally speaking it seems to be a sufficient explanation. The large number of
deposits which have now been procured and examined from the central re-
gions of the Pacific present, however, in some cases, difficulties ; for instance,
at Stations 4719 and 4544, where the depths are respectively 2285 and 1955
fathoms, we have deposits of Red Clay without any calcium carbonate. Thus
at these relatively shallow depths a pure Red Clay is found where we should

THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 163

under ordinary circumstances expect to find a Globigerina Ooze. Indeed, in
the case of Station 4719, the adjacent stations, where the depth is quite
similar, give Globigerina Oozes containing over 50 per cent of calcium car-
bonate. It seems, therefore, that in these exceptional cases some hypogene
action has taken place, resulting in the removal of the whole of the calcium
carbonate shells and remains from the deposit. That some such action had
taken place at the bottom of the sea wasindicated ata few stations during the
“Challenger” expedition, but from the larger number of instances revealed
by the examination of Dr. Agassiz’s collections this explanation seems now
clearly necessary. Again, at Station 4531, where the percentage of calcium
carbonate is 72, the calcareous shells have disappeared, and the deposit con-
“sists of a large quantity of comminuted particles of calcium carbonate together
with coccoliths and Tunicate spicules. Probably this calcium carbonate has
all been derived from the shells of marine organisms, but these have disap-
peared through some hypogene action. Possibly there may also have been a
chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate.

The mineral particles found in Red Clay and Globigerina Ooze are nearly
always of volcanic origin, and we may once more draw attention to the great
role that palagonite and allied minerals play in the southern Pacific Ocean.
This distribution of decomposed basic volcanic elements coincides with the
frequent occurrence of phillipsite, and explains the presence of this mineral
in Globigerina Ooze as well as in Red Clay, its origin being thus independent
of a question of great depth. The same may be said of manganese concre-
tions and nodules; being generally found far from land, the origin of the
manganese is not to be sought for in the products of continental erosion, but
in those of the decomposition of the volcanic elements we have found to be
so widely distributed.

It must be remembered that the Red Clay of the deeper parts of the ocean
has no definite composition. It is made up of materials from very different
sources, as we have just seen. In the South Pacific basic volcanic rocks, like
sideromelan and palagonite, predominate ; in the North Pacific the triturated
fragments of pumice are most abundant. In some parts of the Atlantic the
Red Clay receives additions which have a continental origin, as in the case
of sand grains transported by the Harmattan Winds off the west coast of
Africa.

Dr. W. A. Caspari, who has been assisting in chemical examination of the
deposits in the ‘‘ Challenger” Office, has prepared some notes upon his exami-

164 THE DEPTH AND MARINE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

nation of a palagonitic tuff from Station 2 and of the peculiar Red Clay above
referred to, from Station 4719, and these appear as an appendix to this paper.

Throughout the abysmal area, quartz grains, when present, are rare,
compared with their abundance in the terrigenous deposits close to shore,
and it is very doubtful if any stratified rock has yet been discovered which
can be regarded as the equivalent of any deposit now forming in the deep
water far from continental land. It is extremely difficult to picture to one’s
self how a continent, such as we understand the term, could ever have
existed in the centre of any of the great ocean basins, which appear to be
the most stable portions of the earth’s crust, while the continental areas,
especially the border regions, are the most unstable.

APPENDIX.

NOTES ON THE EXAMINATION OF MATERIALS FROM STATION 2
(1899-1900 CRUISE) AND STATION 4719 (1904-1905 CRUISE).

By W. A. Caspart.

A. Palagonitic Tuff from Station 2, 2368 fathoms.
B. Red Clay from Station 4719, 2285 fathoms.

A. PALAGONITIC , TUFF from Station 2, 2368 fathoms.

At the suggestion and under the direction of Sir John Murray, this substance, which is
somewhat of a novelty in deep-sea deposits, was submitted to a special investigation.

The tuff was brought up in large blocks and slabs, some of them the size of a bucket.
It is of a creamy-white color and rotten consistency, crumbling to a floury powder when
rubbed. Interspersed in the mass are numerous minute grains of black manganese, a thin
deposit of which also covers the irregularly mammillated upper surfaces. Most of the
blocks have been much bored by worms, and the tunnels thus formed have silted up with
Red Clay.

Viewed under the microscope, it appears as an apparently amorphous substance of very
loose texture, with no features, apart from specks of manganese, to interrupt its homoge-
neity, except a few casts of Globigerina shells. The casts occur very rarely, but are re-
markably well formed when they do occur; the internal and external casts are of the same
material, and between them the shell itself has been dissolved out, leaving an empty space,
across which run innumerable threads of the casting matter, corresponding to foramina
which have been filled up. Under a high power, the crushed substance is seen to consist
of transparent particles, mean diameter about 0.005 mm., many of which are of parallel-
sided or prismatic habit, though indisputably crystallographic contours could not be de-
tected. Micro-sections show an intricately felted, homogeneous network, at the boundaries
of which can be perceived aggregations, which have broken loose from the mass, strongly
resembling twinned prisms. On the whole, the substance seems to have a subcrystalline
character. i

Moistened with water, the substance loses coherence and turns to a pale yellowish-
brown color. On drying, it resumes its whiteness; it does not bake hard, and can be
crushed by the fingers even after exposure to dull red heat. It is therefore not of the
nature of a clay.

By elutriation with water, followed by separation with bromoform, some particles of
undecomposed minerals can be extracted. They are present to the extent of fairly exactly
1 per cent, have a mean diameter of 0.15 mm., and consist for the greater part of oligo-
clase, which is mostly in very fresh condition; there are also green tabular splinters of
voleanic glass, an unidentified mineral (olivine ?), which has decomposed to a red amor-
phous body, and a little magnetite.

166 APPENDIX.

A quantity of the substance was prepared for analysis by elutriating away from the
heavier admixtures, washing several times with distilled water, collecting on a filter and
drying. Treatment with dilute acid is not only unnecessary, since calcium carbonate is
absent, but harmful, inasmuch as the substance is very sensitive to even dilute acids. It is
a hydrated silicate, and has the typically zeolitic property of assuming whatever degree of
hydration brings it into equilibrium with its environment. Hence constant results cannot
be obtained by drying it either in air or in the oven. Roughly, there are about 18.5 per
cent of moisture in the air-dried material, and about 7.6 per cent after drying at 110° C.
Heated to 300° C. it is not completely dehydrated, and reabsorbs moisture on exposure.
At red heat it turns buff-colored and ceases to be hygroscopic. Even then, however, it
still retains 1 per cent or so of moisture, the last traces of which are only driven off by
heating to incipient white heat, when the substance sinters to a light brown, opaque glass.

The analysis, reduced to terms of anhydrous material, runs as follows : —

Phillipsite,
“Challenger”? Station 275.
(Mean of three analyses. )

Palagonitic Tuff,
** Albatross’? Station 2.

63.40 58.60
19.82 20.55
3.72 7.03
0.52 0.41
0.98 2.52
3.65 1.39
5.14 5.92
3.49 4.98

100.72 101.40

Since all deep-sea deposits formed in situ retain a certain ballast of undecomposed rock-
silicates, these were separated by treating the material with boiling sulphuric acid, fol-
lowed by dilute alkali, when a residue of 7.1 per cent of rock-silicates was found. This
contained 69,3 per cent of SiO, and 19.7 per cent of Al,O;, so that it cannot affect the
bulk analysis seriously.

The analysis is chiefly remarkable for the high content of alkalies, such as is unknown
in any secondary deep-sea silicate except palagonite, glauconite, and phillipsite. Alto-
gether the substance approximates to phillipsite in composition, as is seen by comparison
with the foregoing mean of three phillipsite analyses from Murray and Renard (Challenger
Report on Deep-Sea Deposits, page 404).

Final proof of the zeolitic nature of the substance is afforded by its behavior towards
dilute acids, to which it readily gives up alkalies and alumina. Even when it was
attempted to clear the substance of manganese for analysis, by treatment with cold dilute
acid and So,, the figures for the bases were found too low.

An extraction of a sample containing 18.36 per cent of total water was carried out by

heating up 2 grams and boiling for ten minutes with 50 ce. of a hydrochloric acid, the

process being thrice repeated. The residue was collected and the extract analyzed, with
the following results : —

APPENDIX. 167

Residue: 59.6 per cent, dried at 110° C.
Ignition loss of same: 8.32 per cent.
Extract, in percentages of original material : —

SiORae curt pec hiimiieumr ag em Toh testa. st | cake ns 6.27
INK Ging ox MB NOB. dae re Wo ag imal Merle tala lee
HevOMP Me ee aia ay cael NLL BT
CaO Meramec io) bra real deen ae, tel Lye 0.44
Mic OP aes eie: mea tae iitey | vopi\ea, cc betes 1.65
DECAG) iy cet eee We hi aah CA arora 3.37
NG's OM mae out lemal cease eh ales 2.70

27.07

The substance is thus divided into : —

Total water. 5. . . =. . . . 18.36 per cent.
SRO ATAES 5 6 ol oo 0 oo AU
Anhydrous residuey seis) sige n v1 04:00) 1 9c

From this experiment it is seen that the substance gives up about three-fourths of its
bases, and a larger proportion than this of its alkalies, when boiled with quite dilute acid.

Altogether, then, it may be concluded that we have at this station a thick semi-compact
deposit of fairly pure zeolitic matter.

Loose concretions of white matter similar to this occur at Stations 4695 (2020 fathoms)
and 4736 (2289 fathoms) in large slabs, and in the nuclei of manganese nodules at Station
2. Itis also found in the manganese nodules of several of the “ Challenger” stations. The
tuff from Station 4695 is comparatively ferruginous, and has an ochreous appearance,
though parts of it are just as white as that from Station 2, Both this tuff, and still more
markedly that from Station 4736, contained much decomposed volcanic glass, which either
remains as honey-colored palagonite or has disappeared, leaving vacuoles lined with limo-
nite. In this respect the last named tuff resembles the white nuclei of nodules from “ Chal-
lenger” Stations 285 and 297, with which substance, indeed, it appears to be identical.

As regards the origin of palagonitic tuffs such as those enumerated, it seems clear from
the accompanying minerals and general associations that they arise from the decomposition
of layers of volcanic ash which have fallen on a Red Clay bottom. Assuming the white
matter to consist of zeolites, we have two possible mother-substances for it, viz., basic vol-
canic glass and felspar. These always occur together in volcanic ash, and the generation
of zeolites from the one and the other under submarine decomposition has been amply
demonstrated by the mineralogical examination of the “Challenger” dredgings. The zeo-
lites have been deposited from solution, as is evidenced by their proneness to form casts in
Globigerina shells, and have often the appearance of having soaked, as it were, out of the
mother-substance.

Now the peculiarity of the tuff from Station 2 lies in the almost complete absence of
true palagonite or the remains of palagonite, whence its white color and low iron-content.
The layer of rock-silicates from which it was derived would seem therefore to have con-
sisted mainly of acid minerals with an insignificant proportion of ferro-magnesian ores ;
and since there is no evidence of the presence of rhyolitic glass in the deposit or neighbor-
hood, the minerals were, doubtless, chiefly felspathic. That is, the original volcanic ash
must have been more or less sorted before reaching the bottom, presumably by reason of
the lower specific gravity of felspar. We may suppose either that a richly ferruginous
layer of ash sank home underneath a felspathic layer, or, what is more probable, that the
felspathic fragments, whilst sinking, were carried sideways by an oceanic current, and

168 APPENDIX.

eventually came to rest as a layer of felspar on a Red Clay bottom. That the ash remained
suspended for some time in the sea before settling on the bottom is clear from the fact that
it carried down with it some shells of pelagic Yoraminifera, which are now represented by
the casts above described.

Secondary products as these zeolitic masses are, they are themselves destined to pass
into some more stable form of deposit. Their rarity in such bulk as at Station 2, their
porous consistency, and their sporadic occurrence preserved, like flies in amber, in man-
ganese nodules, testify to their decadent nature. Such a tuff as those here dealt with
doubtless formed, at one time, an extensive and continuous sheet, which was presently
broken up by movements of the earth’s crust. As we now find it, it is well on its way,
under the chemical attack of sea-water and the boring operations of worms, to being
merged in the surrounding Red Clay.

5. RED CLAY from Station 4719, 2285 fathoms.

As pointed out in the concluding remarks, this deposit is abnormal in so far as it con-
tains no calcium carbonate, while at the adjacent stations, where the depth is only 100
fathoms less, the deposits contain over 50 per cent of calcium carbonate.

The elementary particles of this deposit are comparatively large, translucent, gelatinous
flakes, which readily sink when suspended in water, whereas the fine opaque particles
of an argillaceous Red Clay of the Atlantic or North Pacific type, or ordinary terrestrial
clay, remain suspended for a long time. Under the microscope the gelatinous and semi-
transparent character of the deposit is still further brought out; the coloring-matter, so
far as it does not consist of occasional specks of manganese, seems to be dissolved rather
than disseminated in the substance, and varies in intensity from place to place, whence the
mottled look of the deposit. When nearly, but not quite, dried, the substance is intensely
slippery and unctuou’ to the touch, far more so than ordinary Red Clay.

The deposit yields very readily to the attack of warm or even, on prolonged standing,
of cold dilute acid, an almost colorless flocculent residue being left behind.

A chemical analysis of the deposit was made, and an extraction test was carried out by

boiling up one gram three times with 50 ec. of F —n. hydrochloric acid and analyzing the

filtrate. The extraction-residue consisted mainly of hydrated silica, with a little alumina,
iron, and manganese.

The analytical figures for the deposit itself and for the extract, calculated to substance
dried at 110° C., are as follows : —

Analysis.

Tgnition loss 9.91
SiO, 45.31

6.39

23.72

4.93

ata

5.81

1.61

0.95

99.74

APPENDIX. 169

It is seen that both the absolute percentage of ferric oxide and its ratio to alumina are
remarkably high, as also is the magnesia-content. The alkalies, perhaps, are rather higher
than one would expect in the truly argillaceous portion of a northern Red Clay, The ex-
traction test shows how loosely the bases are combined with silica; an argillaceous Red
Clay would retain its bases, and especially its iron, more tenaciously under acid attack.

The appearance of the deposit suggests comminuted palagonite rather than true clay.
In chemical composition it differs slightly from palagonite by excess of magnesia and de-
fect of alkalies. If we take it, then, that the deposit is not argillaceous, we have two
alternative views of its nature, between which it is difficult to decide.

On the one hand, the deposit may be palagonite in the process of breaking down to
clay, that is in a post-palagonitic stage. The complete disappearance of minerals, and the
structureless condition of the deposit favor this view.

On the other hand, it follows from the analysis that the deposit is less like palagonite
than the basic volcanic glass from which palagonite is derived (cf. Murray and Renard,
Challenger Report on Deep-Sea Deposits, page 307); in fact, it markedly resembles this
glass plus water. Doubtless the first stage of decomposition of basic glass is simply hydra-
tion without exchange of bases with the surrounding sea-water. Thus the deposit may be
a not fully developed palagonite. If this were the case, we should expect to find remnants
of original glass and palagonitic pseudomorphs of the glass fragments. The absence of
these may perhaps be accounted for by a fine state of subdivision of the mother-substance,
and further by trituration of the deposit through volcanic movements.

In general, the Red Clays from this region of the Pacific seem to be of a different
character from North Pacifie and North Atlantic Red Clays, apart from the circumstance
that they are richer in manganese and therefore of a darker color. It was observed, for
instance, that the Red Clay from Station 4701 (2265 fathoms), and the Red Clays which
are disseminated in Globigerina Oozes, Station 4705 (2031 fathoms) and Station 4707 (2120
fathoms), behave towards dilute acid like the Red Clay from Station 4719 under discussion.
It is almost possible to differentiate North and South Pacific specimens by boiling a small
quantity with dilute hydrochloric acid in a test-tube. The South Pacific variety leaves a
white residue in large flakes; the North Pacific variety a light grayish- or pinkish-brown
residue in finer flakes; the residue from North Atlantic Red Clay, again, has a decided
reddish-brown color. In chemical composition, the most striking point of difference lies
in the higher contents of magnesia and alkalies in the South Pacific variety. The great
predominance of iron at Station 4719 is probably a local peculiarity.

That Red Clay should vary so considerably in character need cause no surprise when
we remember what very different mother-substances it is derived from. It is a product
mainly of acid volcanic glasses (pumice) in the North Pacific, and of basic volcanic glasses
in the South Pacific. The former materials decompose slowly, so that much finely-divided
undecomposed pumice is found intimately mixed with the Red Clay; the latter contain
more manganese and pass, in decomposing, through a palagonitic stage. These differences
explain, at least to some extent, the differences in the respective Red Clays.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

(All the figures are natural size.)

Puate 1,

Fia. 1. Typical manganese nodule from Station 4658, November 14, 1904, lat. 8° 29.5’S.,
long. 85° 35.6’ W., depth, 2370 fathoms. All the nodules dredged from this sta-
tion may be referred to this type. The photograph shows well the symmetrical
shape round an axis, and the two surfaces, one smooth, the other roughly mam-
millated.

Fic. 2. Section of another nodule from Station 4658. The apex is occupied by a well-
preserved ear-bone. The structure in alternate layers is well displayed, showing
how the internal layers espouse the contours of the dome-shaped smooth surface.

‘ALBATROSS’ FASTERN PACIFIC EXPEDITION

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—— pat ‘it vo i800

PLATE 2.

Fie. 3. Typical nodule from Station 4662, November 16, 1904, lat. 11° 13.8’ S,
long. 89° 35’ W., depth, 2439 fathoms. The nodules from this station are,
contrary to what obtains at most stations, variable in shape and structure. This
photograph represents a typical nodule of the second category as indicated in the
text. The one surface is finely mammillated and resembles shagreen, while the
other surface is smooth, with broad, flat protuberances.

Fic. 4. Typical nodule from Station 4711, December 31, 1904, lat. 7° 47.5’ S.,
long. 94° 5.5’ W., depth, 2240 fathoms. This large nodule shows the high degree
of mammillated structure, the large mammille being covered by smaller mam-
mille, All the nodules dredged at this station show these characters.

“ALBATROSS” EASTERN PACIFIC

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PLATE 3.

Fic. 5. Skeleton of siliceous Sponge, impregnated with the oxides of manganese and iron,
from Station 4721, January 15, 1905, lat. 8° 7.5’S., long. 104° 10.5) W.,
depth, 2084 fathoms. The siliceous spicules are preserved, so that there is no
replacement, but deposition. A similar case was observed among the material
dredged at Station 4656.

Fie. 6. Consolidated Globigerina Ooze from Station 4693, December 14, 1904,
lat, 26° 30.1’ S., long. 105° 45.2’ W., depth, 1142 fathoms. This slaggy-looking
concretion is mainly made up of the shells of pelagic Foraminifera cemented
together by, and subsequently impregnated with, the oxides of manganese and
iron, which are irregularly distributed through the consolidated ooze, and do
not form concentric layers.

Fig. 7. Lump of white ashy material, broken off some larger mass, and being enveloped
by a coating of manganese-iron oxides, from Station 2, August 27, 1899,
lat. 28° 23’ N., long. 126° 57’ W., depth, 2368 fathoms. A worm burrow tra-
verses the white core. This may be taken as a term of transition between cakes
of pure white ashy substance and manganese nodules. The white internal por-
tions of these nodules are formed of palagonitic tuff, of which Dr. Caspari gives
an analysis in the appendix.

Fie. 8. Section through a typical nodule from Station 2. The white portions are of the
same nature as the white core in Fig. 7. The manganese-iron oxides may be
seen impregnating the white portion, not deposited in alternate layers round a
nucleus ; two worm burrows are well shown.

‘ALBATROSS’ EASTERN PACIFIC EXPEDITION
ON PLATE

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PuatTE 4,

Fic. 9. Typical nodule from Station 13, September 5, 1899, lat. 9° 57’ N., long. 137° 47’ W.,

Fia.

Fia.

10.

13.

depth, 2630 fathoms. Nodules of this size are very abundant at this station.
The shape and surface characters are also highly characteristic, so that the
nodules all look exactly alike. Note the resemblance to the nodule from Station
4711 shown in Pl. 2, Fig. 4.

Spherical nodule from Station 173, November 4, 1899, lat. 18° 55’S.,
long. 146° 32’ W., depth, 2440 fathoms, where the spherical shape is the most
commonly met with. This photograph is given to show the remarkable surface
characters. The numerous minute, closely-set mammille, giving the surface
its coarse shagreen-like appearance, are characteristic of the nodules dredged
at this point, and are to be found on all of them, whatever their shape and size

may be.

. Section through a flat, slab-like nodule from Station 173, This figure shows,

not very distinctly, the central core of palagonite, of one of the flat, slab-like
nodules. The shape of the nodule corresponds to that of the nucleus.

Section of nodule from Station 173. A nucleus of palagonitic substance as shown
here is present in all the nodules. The photograph also shows white specks
of palagonitic substance distributed throughout the thick layer of manganese-
iron oxides. These specks may be seen specially well on the fractured portion,
friction having more or less obliterated them on the cut surface. The dense
compact nature of the layer of oxides is well displayed.

Section through a small nodule from Station 173. This figure shows the rela-
tively very large nucleus of the small nodule, sliced and mounted on a slide.

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Puate 5.

Fia. 11. A large flat, slab-like nodule from Station 173. The surface characters are
similar to those exhibited on the spherical specimen shown in PI. 4, Fig. 70.

PLATE 5.

‘ALBATROSS’ EASTERN PACIFIC EXPEDITION

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Map I.
The Depths of the Pacific Ocean compiled from the latest sources, 1908. _

THE DEPTHS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN

COMPILED FROM THE LATEST SOURCES, 1908
MAP I.

“ALBATROSS” EAST PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

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DEPTHS IN FATHOMS

**Challenger” Track _..._-__
“* Albatross” 1899-1900... -.-.-.-.-.-.-
** Albatross ” 1904-1905

Soundings in depths exceeding 1000 fathoms
are indicated by the first two figures only, thus
5269=52, the last two figures being omitted.

o8

South | Pole

‘The Edinburgh Geographical Institute-J.G. Bartholomew

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Map 1k

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Distribution of Marine Deposits in the Pacific Ocean.

DISTRIBUTION OF INE DEPOSITS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

AFTER SIR JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.

“ALBATROSS” EAST PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

MAP II.

Hi <@ {
CL Dal »

SCALE OF COLOURS

(rte ost

Coral Muds and Sands
Globigerina Ooze

Sear Lae eas

| Pteropod Ooze

[ciate de —

|) Radiolarian Ooze

Diatom Ooze
“Challenger” Track = _..-._..__

| Red Clay
** Albatross”? 1899-1900 -.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-

** Albatross ” 1904-1905

Ocean Depths are shown by contour lines at 100,
500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 fathoms.

Soundings in depths exceeding 1000 fathoms
are indicated by the first two figures only, thus
§269=52, the last two figures being omitted.

The Edinburgh Geographical Institate- J.G. Bartholomen.

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Map IIL. .
Percentage of Calcium Carbonate in the Deposits of the Pacific Ocean. \ ‘

PERCENTAGE OF CALCIUM CAR

“ALBATROSS” EAST PACIFIC EXPEDITION.

** Albatross ” 1904-1905

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AFTER SIR JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.

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The Edinburgh Geographical Institute -J. G. Bartholomew.

-ONATE IN THE DEPOSITS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN

MAP III.

SCALE OF COLOURS
0 to 25% CaC03
26 to 50% ,,

50 to 75% 55

Over 75% 4,

Ocean Depths are shown by contour lines at 100,
500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 fathoms.
Soundings in depths exceeding 1000 fathoms
are indicated by the first two figures only, thus
5269=52, the last two figures being omitted.

7 i

EASTERN TROPICAL: PACIFIC.

The following Publications of the Museum contain Reports on the Dredging Operations in
charge of Alexander Agassiz, of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross,” duri we
1904 and 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U.S. .N., commanding.

1.

Il.

Iii.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

A. Acassiz. Three Letters to the Hon. George M. Bowers. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI.
No. 4. April, 1905. 22 pp.

Harrrer Ricuarpson. Description of a New Genus of Isopods, Typical of a Peculiar
Family. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI. No. 6. July, 1905. 4 pp. 1 Plate.

C. A. Kororm. Craspedotella, a New Genus of the Cystoflagellata, an Example of Con-
vergence. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI. No.9. September, 1905. 6 pp. 1 Plate.

W. 4. Rirrer. Octacnemus. Bull. M.C.Z., Vol. XLVI. No.13. January, 1906. 22 pp.
3 Plates.

A. AGassiz. General Report of the Expedition. Mem, M.C. Z., Vol. XXXIII. January,
1906. 14, 75 pp. 96 Plates.

T. W. VaucHan. Madreporaria. Bull. M.C. Z., Vol. L. No.3. August, 1906. 14 pp.
10 Plates.

C. R. Eastman. Sharks’ Teeth and Cetacean Bones. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. L. No. 4.
November, 1906. 26 pp. 4 Plates.

S. F. Crarke. “The Hydroids. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXV. No.1. February, 1907.
20 pp. 15 Plates.

C. A. Koroiw. New Species of Dinoflagellates. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. L. No.6. Feb-
ruary, 1907. 48 pp. 17 Plates, 1 Chart. -

Mary J. Rarasun. The Brachyura. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXV. No.2. August,
1907. 56 pp. 9 Plates. .

F. E. Scuuuze, Die Xenophyophoren. Bull. M. C. Z, Vol. LI. No. 6. November,
1907. 22 pp. 1 Plate.

S. Garman. The Reptiles of Easter Island, Bull. M.C.Z, Vol. LIL No.1. June,
1908. 14 pp. 1 Plate.

E. C. Srarks. The Characters of Atelaxia, a New Suborder of Fishes. Bull, M. C. Dy
Vol. LIT. No. 2. July, 1908. 8 pp. 5 Plates.

W.H. Dart. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLIII. No. 6.
October, 1908. 285 pp. | 22 Plates.

J.TureLe. Ueberdie Anatomie und systematische Stellung von Bathysciadium Lepetella,
und Addisonia. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. LII. No.5. October, 1908. 12 pp. 2 Plates.

H. B. Bieetow. The Meduse. Mem. M.C. Z., Vol. XXXVII. February, 1909. 243 pp.
48 Plates.

Joun Murray and G. VY. Ler. The Depth and Marine Deposits of the Pacific. Mem.
M. C. Z., Vol. XXXVIII. No.1. May, 1908. 172 pp. 5 Plates, 3 Maps.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE Z00L06Y

aT HARVARD COLLEGE.

There have been published of the Buttery Vols. toLL; |
of the Memoms, Vols. I. to XXIV., and also Vols. XXVIL, A of
XXIX., XXXL. to XXXIII,and XXXVI. ah:

Vols. LIL. and LIL. of the Buttermy, and Vols. XXV.,
KKVi, -3XV BAX, XXXIV, XXEF, XXXVI,
and XXXVIIL of the Memoms, are now in course of publi-

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on application to the Librarian of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

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